Datasets:

turingmachine

/

hupd-npe-balanced-same-year-same-class-subset

like 0

ACCEPTED

Bucket For A Mechanical Shovel

This invention relates to a bucket (12) for a mechanical shovel (10). The bucket has a hollow body (16) provided with an inlet (14) for receiving material into its interior and an outlet (15) for discharging material therefrom. A door (18) is secured to the body and is movable between a closed condition in which it closes the outlet, and an open condition in which it permits discharge under gravity of material from the bucket. A buffering device in the form of a working fluid containing telescopically extensible and retractable piston-and-cylinder assembly (22) is operatively connected between the body and the door of the bucket for buffering movement of the door relative to the body. The assembly (22) includes a fluid flow control assembly (72) constructed and arranged to cause free fluid flow through the fluid flow assembly during opening of the door and to cause throttled fluid flow through the fluid flow assembly during closing of the door, such that movement of the door towards its closed condition is buffered.

1. A bucket (12) for a mechanical shovel (10), the bucket having a hollow body (16) provided with an inlet (14) for receiving material into its interior and an outlet (15) for discharging material therefrom, the bucket having, secured to the body, a door (18) which is movable relative to the body between a closed condition in which it closes the outlet of the bucket so that material cannot be discharged therefrom, and an open condition in which it permits discharge under gravity of material from the bucket, the bucket also including at least one buffering device (22) operatively connected between the body and the door of the bucket for buffering movement of the door relative to the body, the bucket being characterized in that each buffering device is in the form of a working fluid-containing telescopically extensible and retractable piston-and-cylinder assembly (22), the piston-and-cylinder assembly including a fluid flow control assembly (72) constructed and arranged to cause fluid flow through the fluid flow assembly during opening of the door and to cause throttled fluid flow through the fluid flow assembly during closing of the door, which throttled flow is throttled relative to the fluid flow during opening of the door, such that movement of the door towards its closed condition is buffered relative to movement of the door towards its open condition. 2. A bucket as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the fluid flow control assembly includes a non-return valve (78) permitting flow of fluid through the flow control assembly only during opening of the door, and a throttle device (82) for throttling fluid flow through the flow control assembly during closing of the door. 3. A bucket as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the throttle device is constructed to permit adjustment of the fluid flow rate through the flow control assembly, to permit adjustment of the degree of buffering. 4. A bucket as claimed in claim 2 or claim 3, characterized in that the fluid flow control assembly includes a pressure-relief valve (86) for overriding the action of the throttling device when the pressure of the fluid as it flows through the flow control assembly during closing of the door exceeds a predetermined threshold pressure, to discontinue the throttling. 5. A bucket as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the piston-and-cylinder assembly includes a cylinder (38) and a piston (36) longitudinally slidably received in the cylinder, the piston having a piston rod (39) projecting longitudinally from an end of the cylinder and a piston head (42) located in the cylinder and slidably sealingly engaging the wall (43) of the cylinder, two compartments (64, 66) containing working fluid being defined respectively between the piston head and the respective opposite ends of the cylinder. 6. A bucket as claimed in claim 5, characterised in that the two compartments are in flow communication with each other via the fluid flow control assembly, such that working fluid flows from one of the compartments to the other compartment via the flow control assembly in response to any change in length of the piston-and cylinder assembly during movement of the door relative to the body. 7. A bucket as claimed in claim 5 or claim 6, characterized in that the door is hingedly secured to the bucket, such that it hinges between its closed condition and its open condition, with the cylinder and the projecting end of the piston rod respectively being provided with securing formations (52, 62) by means of which the piston-and-cylinder assembly is hingedly secured in position between the body and the door. 8. A bucket as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fluid flow control assembly is located outside the interior of the cylinder of the piston-and-cylinder assembly. 9. A bucket as claimed in any one of claims 1-7 inclusive, characterized in that the fluid flow control assembly is located in the interior of the cylinder of the piston-and-cylinder assembly. 10. A bucket as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the bucket includes a releasable latch (19) for retaining the door in its closed condition. 11. A bucket as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the piston-and-cylinder assembly is operatively connected between the body and the door such that opening of the door causes the piston-and-cylinder assembly to retract and closing of the door causes it to extend. 12. A bucket as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the piston-and-cylinder assembly is a hydraulic assembly, the working fluid being a liquid.

In accordance with the invention there is provided a bucket for a mechanical shovel, the bucket having a hollow body provided with an inlet for receiving material into its interior and an outlet for discharging material therefrom, the bucket having, secured to the body, a door which is movable relative to the body between a closed condition in which it closes the outlet of the bucket so that material cannot be discharged therefrom, and an open condition in which it permits discharge under gravity of material from the bucket, the bucket also including at least one buffering device operatively connected between the body and the door of the bucket for buffering movement of the door relative to the body, each buffering device being in the form of a working fluid-containing telescopically extensible and retractable piston-and-cylinder assembly, the piston-and-cylinder assembly including a fluid flow control assembly constructed and arranged to cause fluid flow through the fluid flow assembly during opening of the door and to cause throttled fluid flow through the fluid flow assembly during closing of the door, which throttled flow is throttled relative to the fluid flow during opening of the door, such that movement of the door towards its closed condition is buffered relative to movement of the door towards its open condition. The fluid flow control assembly may include a non-return valve permitting flow of fluid through the flow control assembly only during opening of the door, and a throttle device for throttling fluid flow through the flow control assembly during closing of the door. The throttle device may be constructed to permit adjustment of the fluid flow rate through the flow control assembly, to permit adjustment of the degree of buffering. As will be appreciated, adjustment of the fluid flow rate through the flow control assembly, results in adjustment of the speed at which the door closes. The throttling device is typically a throttle valve. The fluid flow control assembly may also include a pressure-relief valve for overriding the action of the throttling device when the pressure of the fluid as it flows through the flow control assembly during closing of the door exceeds a predetermined threshold pressure, to discontinue the throttling and to permit relatively unrestricted fluid flow through the fluid flow control assembly. The piston-and-cylinder assembly may include a cylinder and a piston longitudinally slidably received in the cylinder, the piston having a piston rod projecting longitudinally from an end of the cylinder and a piston head located in the cylinder and slidably sealingly engaging the wall of the cylinder, two compartments containing working fluid being defined respectively between the piston head and the respective opposite ends of the cylinder. The two compartments may be in flow communication with each other via the fluid flow control assembly, such that working fluid flows from one of the compartments to the other compartment via the flow control assembly in response to any change in length of the piston-and cylinder assembly during movement of the door relative to the body. The door may be hingedly secured to the bucket, such that it hinges between its closed condition and its open condition, with the cylinder and the projecting end of the piston rod respectively being provided with securing formations by means of which the piston-and-cylinder assembly is hingedly secured in position between the body and the door. The fluid flow control assembly may be located outside the interior of the cylinder of the piston-and-cylinder assembly. Instead, the fluid flow control assembly may be located in the interior of the cylinder of the piston-and-cylinder assembly. Conveniently, when located in the interior of the cylinder, the fluid flow control assembly may be located in the head of the piston. The bucket may include a releasable latch for retaining the door in its closed condition. The piston-and-cylinder assembly may be operatively connected between the body and the door such that opening of the door causes the piston-and-cylinder assembly to retract and closing of the door causes it to extend. The piston-and-cylinder assembly may be a hydraulic assembly, the working fluid being a liquid, although gas such as nitrogen can be used instead. The invention is now described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings. In the drawings: FIG. 1 shows a schematic side elevation of part of a mechanical shovel, the shovel including a bucket in accordance with the invention; FIG. 2 shows a schematic side elevation of the bucket in accordance with the invention: FIG. 3 shows a schematic axial section of a buffering device forming part of the bucket in accordance with the invention; FIG. 4 shows a flow diagram of a fluid flow control assembly forming part of the buffering device shown in FIG. 3; and FIG. 5 shows a schematic axial section of another embodiment of a buffering device forming part of a bucket in accordance with the invention. With reference to FIG. 1 of the drawings, a mechanical shovel or—digger, only part of which is shown, is generally indicated by reference numeral 10. The shovel 10 includes a bucket 12 in accordance with the invention (see also FIG. 2) for receiving fragmented material such as rubble to be moved and by means of which said material can be scooped up. The bucket 12 is more or less box-shaped and has an open top 14 forming an inlet via which material is received into its interior. The open top 14 is defined by upper edges of a body 16 of the bucket 12, which body is defined by rectangular side walls, only one of which is visible and is not numbered. The bucket 12 also includes an outlet 15 at is lower end and a floor provided by a door in the form of a trap door 18, which trap door 18 is hingedly secured by means of a hinge 20 to the body 16 of the bucket 12 and closes the outlet 15. A buffering device in the form of a hydraulically operated telescopically extensible and retractable piston-and-cylinder assembly 22 (see also FIG. 3) is pivotally connected about a horizontal axis to the hinge 20 of the trap door 18 and about a horizontal axis to the body 16 of the bucket 12 for controlling movement of the trap door 18 as hereinafter described. The piston-and-cylinder assembly 22 is arranged such that it extends in response to closing of the trap door 18 and such that it retracts in response to opening of the trap door 18. Naturally, in differently constructed embodiments of the bucket 12, the piston-and-cylinder assembly 22 can be arranged such that it retracts in response to closing of the trap door 18 and such that it extends in response to opening of the trap door 18. The trap door 18 is movable, under gravity, between a closed condition (FIGS. 1 and 2) in which it forms a floor of the bucket 12, and an open condition (not shown) in which it is pivoted downwardly away, under gravity, from its closed condition to permit discharge under gravity of fragmented material from the bucket 12. The bucket 12 also includes a releasable latch (shown schematically at 19 in FIGS. 1 and 2) for retaining the trap door 18 in its closed condition. The shovel 10 further includes a cantilever arm 21 having a free end on which a sheave or wheel 24 is rotatably mounted. A steel rope 26 is deflected over the sheave or wheel 24 and is secured to upper edges of side walls of the body 16 by means of a pivotable securing lever arrangement 28. The arm 21 and its associated cable 26 provide for lifting and lowering of the bucket 12. The shovel 10 also includes a further cantilever arm 30 located below the arm 21, a free end of the arm 30 being pivotally connected about a horizontal axis to a bracket 32 (not shown in FIG. 2) mounted on a lower part of the body 16. An extensible and retractable connection 34 (shown schematically), which is typically in the form of a hydraulically operable telescopically extensible and retractable piston-and cylinder-assembly, connects the upper part of the body 16 to the arm 30. This extensible and retractable connection 34 is pivotally connected to the body 16 and to the arm 30 at a position spaced from the bucket 12 about horizontal axis such that when the connection 34 extends, the bucket 12 is pivoted, about the axis of its connection to the arm 30 at the bracket 32, to a charging condition in which its open top 14 faces more or less horizontally such that teeth 35 (only one tooth being visible) projecting from the upper periphery of the body 16 extend more or less horizontally and can dig into fragmented material such as rubble and such that the material is received in the bucket 12. When the connection 34 retracts, it pivots the bucket 12 to the condition, as shown in FIG. 1, in which the latched closed trap door 18 serves as a floor of the bucket 12, and in which condition the material which has been scooped up into the bucket 12 is held therein. Referring now to FIG. 3 of the drawings, the piston-and-cylinder assembly 22 includes a piston 36 and an elongated cylinder 38 within which the piston 36 is longitudinally slidably received. The piston 36 has a piston rod 39 having an outwardly projecting end 40 which projects from one end of the cylinder 38, and a piston head 42 which is sealingly axially slidably received in the cylinder 38. Sealing between the piston head 42 and a wall 43 of the cylinder 38 is effected by means of an annular seal 46. An annular bearing strip 44 is provided between the piston head 42 and the wall 43, the strip 44 being axially inwardly spaced from the seal 46. The cylinder 38 has an end 48 which is closed off by means of an end plate 50 which incorporates a securing formation in the form of a connecting bracket 52 for pivotable connection to the body 16 of the bucket 12. The opposite end of the cylinder 38, in turn, is sealed off by an end plate 54 which includes a spigot or plug received spigot-fashion into said opposite end of the cylinder 38, the end plate 54 being secured to the cylinder 38. The end plate 54 is provided with a central opening 56 receiving the rod 39 of the piston 36. To this end, the end plate 54 is of brass, so that its wall defining said central opening also contributes to the sealing. Two axially spaced annular seals 58 ensure a sealing abutment between the plug of the end plate 54 and the wall 43 of the cylinder 38. In turn, four axially spaced annular seals 60 effect sealing in the central opening 56 between the plug of the end plate 54 and the piston rod 39. The projecting end 40 of the piston rod 39 is also provided with a securing formation in the form of a connecting bracket 62 for pivotable connection thereof to the bracket 20 of the trap door 18. The piston head 42 divides the interior of the cylinder 38 into two compartments respectively indicated by reference numerals 64 and 66 in which a hydraulic fluid is received. The Applicant has found that AZOLLA™ ZS68 or AZOLLA™ ZS45 hydraulic fluid or oil available from TOTAL SOUTH AFRICA (PROPRIETARY) LIMITED is advantageously used. In this regard, it will be appreciated that a so-called soluble oil, soluble in water, will normally be used in warm environments, and that synthetic fluid or oil, which resists freezing, will normally be used in cold environments. Openings 68 and 70 provided in the wall 43 of the cylinder 38 respectively provide access into the respective compartments 64, 66. The piston-and-cylinder assembly 22 further includes a fluid flow control assembly 72 (see also FIG. 4) for controlling flow of the hydraulic fluid between the two compartments 64, 66. The two compartments 64, 66 are in communication with each other by means of fluid flow lines 74, 76 which are joined together by the fluid flow control assembly 72. The fluid flow control assembly 72 includes a one-directional or non-return valve 78 permitting relatively free or unrestricted fluid flow in the direction indicated by arrow 80, i.e. fluid flow from the compartment 64 to the compartment 66, such that retraction of the piston-and-cylinder assembly 22 is relatively unrestricted. In use, opening of the trap door 18 is thus relatively unrestricted by the assembly 22. Fluid flow in the direction indicated by arrow 81, i.e fluid flow from the compartment 66 to the compartment 64 in response to extension of the piston-and-cylinder assembly 22 when the trap door 18 is closed, is throttled by means of an adjustable throttle valve 82 provided in a fluid flow line 84 which bridges or by-passes the non-return valve 78, i.e. it is in parallel therewith. The fluid flow control assembly 72 further includes a relief valve 86 provided in parallel with both the non-return valve 78 and the throttle valve 82, which relief valve 86 acts as a safety valve when a permitted threshold pressure of hydraulic fluid flowing through the throttle valve 82 is exceeded. The relief valve 86 is located in a fluid flow line 88 in parallel with the fluid flow lines 74 and 84. As will be appreciated, when the piston-and-cylinder assembly 22 are arranged such that it retracts in response to closing of the trap door 18 and such that it extends in response to opening of the trap door 18, the arrangement of the fluid flow control assembly 72 will be the reverse of what is hereinbefore described, i.e. flow from the compartment 66 to the compartment 64 will be relatively unrestricted, whilst flow from the compartment 64 to the compartment 66 will be throttled. The compartments 64, 66 and the fluid flow connection therebetween, i.e. the flow lines 74, 76 and the fluid flow control assembly 72, thus form a closed system. Because the space that the rod 39 occupies in the cylinder 38 changes as the piston 36 is displaced relative to the cylinder 38, the volume of the said closed system changes upon displacement of the piston 36 relative to the cylinder 38, increasing as the assembly 22 extends and decreasing as it retracts. Further, although the fluid flow control assembly 72 is illustrated as being outside the cylinder 38, it can naturally be located inside the cylinder 38, e.g. in the piston head 42 as shown in broken lines in FIG. 3. In use, when material has been received in the bucket 12 and the bucket 12 has been pivoted to the condition shown in FIG. 1, the mechanical shovel 10 is moved to a position where the material is to be discharged. Upon discharge, the latch 19 is released and the trap door 18 pivots under gravity towards its open condition, which pivoting movement is relatively unrestricted due to the particular configuration of the piston-and-cylinder assembly 22. Material thus discharges more or less freely and rapidly under gravity from the bucket 12. The mechanical shovel 10 is then moved back to an area from which material is to be removed and the bucket 12 is pivoted by means of the secondary arm 30 and moved to a required height by means of the steel rope 26 to a charging condition as hereinbefore described in which material can be scooped up. Upon pivoting of the bucket 12 towards said charging condition in which material can be scooped up, the trap door 18 pivots under gravity towards its closed condition. Due to the particular configuration of the piston-and-cylinder assembly 22, such pivoting of the trap door 18 into its closed condition is buffered so that the trap door 18 closes in a cushioned and controlled fashion, thereby inhibiting or reducing damage to the mechanical shovel 10 arising from excessive shocks and vibrations which otherwise occur as the trap door 18 comes more or less forcibly into contact with the body 16 of the bucket 12 upon closing. As will be appreciated, in other embodiments (not shown), the piston 38 can include another rod (not shown) fast with and projecting from the opposite side of the piston head 42 as the rod 39. In this case, the end plate 50, like the end plate 54, will be provided with a central opening receiving said other rod, such that said other rod projects from the end 48 of the cylinder 38. Naturally, said other rod will not be fast with the securing formation 52, and will be longitudinally displaceable relative thereto. In this embodiment, the volume of the closed system constituted by the compartments 64, 66 and the fluid flow connection therebetween will remain constant during displacement of the piston 39 in the cylinder 38. Referring now to FIG. 5 of the drawings, a variant embodiment of the buffering device is generally indicated by reference numeral 90. The device 90 in many respects resembles the device 22 and, accordingly, unless otherwise indicated, like reference numerals used to indicate parts or features of the device 22 are used to indicate like parts or features of the device 90. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the end of the piston rod 39 associated with the piston head 42 is, on the one hand, provided with an internally screw-threaded socket (not visible). The piston head 42, on the other hand, is provided with an axially extending passage 92, in which passage 92 an axially extending externally screw-threaded spigot 94 is secured, the socket defined by the said end of the piston rod 39 being screw-theadingly received on the screw-threaded spigot 94. This particular construction thus provides for easy removal of the piston rod 39 from the cylinder 38, by unscrewing said socket from the spigot 94, should the need arise. Furthermore, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, sealing between the piston head 42 and the wall 43 of the cylinder 38 is effected by means of two axially spaced seals 46, axially spaced on opposite sides of the bearing strip 44. The assembly 90 is further provided with two alignment pins 96 which provide for circumferential alignment of the end plate 54 relative to the cylinder 38. Typically, in this embodiment, the end plate 54, once aligned, is secured to the cylinder 38 by means of welding. Likewise, the externally screw-threaded spigot 94 is secured to the piston head 42 by means of welding. The buffering device 90 functions in exactly the same fashion as the device 22 and, accordingly, the functioning of the device 90 is not described. The device 22 can thus be fitted to the bucket 12 of a mechanical shovel 10 to reduce damage to the shovel 10 arising from shocks and/or vibrations caused by the trap door 18 slamming closed against the body 16 of the bucket 12. Further, the device 22 can also reduce noise pollution.

20070424

20100209

20070920

91024.0

E02F340

BEACH, THOMAS A

BUCKET FOR A MECHANICAL SHOVEL

SMALL

ACCEPTED

E02F

ACCEPTED

Fuse Module

It is an object to provide a fuse module having a power distribution function of distributing a common power to a plurality of power input sections and a function of protecting a circuit from an overcurrent during the power distribution based on fuse elements interposed in the circuit, while allowing for replacement and concentrated management of the fuse elements. A fuse module as specific means for achieving the object is adapted to connect a common power supply to a plurality of power-input sections of a circuit assembly, and provided with an insulation housing 52, a branch-connection conductor 54 and a plurality of power-input conductors which are held in the insulation housing. The branch-connection conductor 54 has an input terminal 55 adapted to be connected to the power supply, and a plurality of fuse-connection terminals 54a disposed correspondingly to the respective power-input sections. Each of the power-input conductors is electrically connected to a corresponding one of the power-input sections, and has a fuse-connection terminal and disposed in a pair with a corresponding one of the fuse-connection terminals 54a. Then, a fuse element is installed in each of a plurality of fuse-installation portions arranged in the insulation housing 52 so as to be connected to the fuse-connection terminal 54a of the branch-connection conductor 54 and the corresponding fuse-connection terminal of the power-input conductor to be interposed between the fuse-connection terminals of the pair.

1. A fuse module for supplying a power from a common power supply to a plurality of power input sections of a circuit assembly through respective fuse elements, comprising: a branch-connection conductor having an input terminal adapted to be connected to said power supply, and a plurality of fuse-connection terminals disposed correspondingly to said respective power input sections; a plurality of power-input conductors adapted to be electrically connected to a corresponding one of said power input sections, and each having a fuse-connection terminal disposed in a pair with a corresponding one of the fuse-connection terminals of said branch-connection conductor; and an insulation housing holding said branch-connection conductor and said power-input conductor, said insulation housing being formed with a plurality of fuse-installation portions for allowing said respective fuse elements to be detachably installed therein in such a manner that each of said fuse elements is connected to the fuse-connection terminal of said branch-connection conductor and the corresponding fuse-connection terminal of said power-input conductor to be interposed between said fuse-connection terminals of the each pair. 2. The fuse module as defined in claim 1, wherein said circuit assembly has a plurality of bus bars including a plurality of input bus bars corresponding to said power input sections, said bus bars being arranged to form a power circuit, wherein each of said input bus bars has an end which is formed with said fuse-connection terminal and held in said insulation housing to serve as said power-input conductor. 3. The fuse module as defined in claim 1, wherein each of said power-input conductors has an electric-connection portion protruding outside said insulation housing to be electrically connected to a corresponding one of the power input sections of said circuit assembly. 4. The fuse module as defined in claim 3, wherein said circuit assembly has a plurality of bus bars including a plurality of input bus bars corresponding to said power input sections, said bus bars being arranged to form a power circuit, wherein each of said power-input conductors is provided with a press-fit portion as the electric- connection portion, the press-fit portion adapted to be press-fitted into a through-hole formed in a corresponding one of said input bus bars to be electrically connected to said input bus bar. 5. The fuse module as defined in claim 1, wherein said plurality of fuse-installation portions formed in said insulation housing are arranged along a direction orthogonal to an aligning direction of said fuse-connection terminals of the pair in each of said fuse-installation portions, and said branch-connection conductor extends along an direction in which said pairs of the fuse-connection terminals are arranged. 6. The fuse module as defined in claim 1, which includes a power-connection conductor having a fuse-connection terminal, and an input terminal adapted to be connected to an additional power supply other than said power supply to be connected to the input terminal of said branch-connection conductor, wherein: a specific one of said power-input conductors is associated with said power-connection conductor and adapted to be electrically connected to a specific one of said power input sections, said specific power-input conductor having an end formed with a fuse-connection terminal; and said insulation housing holds said power-connection conductor and said specific power-input conductor, said insulation housing being formed with a fuse-installation portion for allowing one of said fuse elements to be detachably installed therein in such a manner that said fuse element is connected to the fuse-connection terminal of said power-connection conductor and the fuse-connection terminal of said specific power-input conductor, and interposed between said two fuse-connection terminals. 7. The fuse module as defined in claim 6, wherein said branch-connection conductor and said power-connection conductor are disposed such that the fuse-connection terminals formed in said branch-connection conductor and the fuse-connection terminal formed in said power-connection conductor are aligned approximately in a line. 8. The fuse module as defined in claim 1 which includes: an output conductor adapted to be connected to a power output section provided in said circuit assembly, said output conductor having an end formed with a fuse-connection terminal; an external-output conductor having a fuse-connection terminal, and an external-output terminal adapted to be connected to an external circuit, wherein; said insulation housing holds said output conductor and said external-output conductor, said insulation housing being formed with a fuse-installation portion for allowing one of said fuse elements to be detachably installed therein in such a manner that said fuse element is connected to the fuse-connection terminal of said output conductor and the fuse-connection terminal of said corresponding external-output conductor to be interposed between said two fuse-connection terminals. 9. The fuse module as defined in claim 8, wherein said circuit assembly has a plurality of bus bars including an output bus bar corresponding to said power output section, said bus bars being arranged to form a power circuit, wherein said output bus bar has an end which is formed with said fuse-connection terminal and held within said insulation housing to serve as said power-output conductor. 10. The fuse module as defined in claim 8, wherein said power-output conductor has an electric-connection portion protruding outside said insulation housing to be electrically connected to the power output section of said circuit assembly. 11. The fuse module as defined in claim 1, wherein said branch-connection conductor includes a direct-connection portion adapted to be electrically connected directly to a specific one of said power input sections in said circuit assembly without interposition of said fuse element. 12. The fuse module as defined in claim 11, wherein said branch-connection conductor includes an inter-terminal portion extending in a direction parallel to an arranging direction of said fuse-installation portions in said insulation housing so as to pass through between said fuse-connection terminals of said pair disposed at a specific one of said fuse-installation portions of said insulation housing, wherein said direct-connection portion extends from said inter-terminal portion toward said specific power input section. 13. A fuse module-equipped circuit assembly comprising the fuse module as defined in claim 1, and a circuit assembly having a plurality of power input sections, wherein each of the power-input conductors of said fuse module is electrically connected to a corresponding one of said power input sections. 14. The fuse module-equipped circuit assembly as defined in claim 13, wherein said circuit assembly includes a current-detection bus bar provided with an input terminal and an output terminal between which a detection-target current is allowed to flow, at least one of said input and output terminals being held in said insulation housing. 15. The fuse module-equipped circuit assembly as defined in claim 14, wherein said insulation housing holds the output terminal of said current-detection bus bar and the input terminal of said branch-connection conductor in a state that the output terminal and the input terminal are superimposed on each other. 16. A fuse-module mounting structure for mounting the fuse module as defined in claim 1, to a vehicle, wherein the input terminal of said branch-connection conductor is fixed to a vehicle-mounted device or a vehicle body, while superimposed on a circuit-connection bus bar for connecting a power supply connected to said input terminal to another vehicle-mounted circuit.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a fuse module to be interposed between a power supply and a circuit assembly mounted on an automobile or the like. BACKGROUND ART Heretofore, as a circuit assembly for distributing a power from a common power supply to a plurality of loads in a vehicle such as an automobile, there has been generally known an electric connection box including a bus bar board. The bus bar board is of a laminated construction with alternating bus bar layers serving as a power circuit and insulating plates. From each of the bus bar layers are perpendicularly bent a plurality of tab terminals, to which circuit-protective fuse elements and switching elements such as a relay switch are connected. Late years, there has also been known a power distributor intended to reduce a thickness of the circuit assembly, as disclosed in the following Patent Publication 1. In this power distributor, a switching element consisting of a FET or the like is interposed between a power-input bus bar and each of a plurality of output bus bars. Each of the output bus bars is divided into two segments at an intermediate position thereof, and a fuse member is welded to the segments so as to bridge therebetween. According to this power distributor, a thickness of the entire circuit assembly can be reduced. Further, even if the switching element fails to be turned off during occurrence of an overcurrent, a circuit and a vehicle-mounted load on a downstream side of the fuse member is protected from the overcurrent since the fuse member in the output bus bar associated with the failed switching element is fused. Patent Publication 1: Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2001-286037 DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION In the aforementioned structure where the fuse element is attached to each of the tab terminals perpendicularly bent from the bus bar board in place, the fuse elements are scattered on the bus bar board, which is liable to cause structural complexity, and difficulty in concentrated management of the fuse elements in one place. In the power distributor disclosed in the Patent Publication 1, the fuse member cannot be replaced with a new one when burned out, because the fuse member is welded to be integrally incorporated in each of the output bus bars of the power distributor. Consequently, the application of this fuse member is liable to be limited to a region with extremely low possibility of meltdown, like a region where a fail-safe fuse for the occasion when a switching element such as a FET fails to be turned off in spite of occurrence of overcurrent is set. In view of the above circumstances, it is an object of the present invention to provide a fuse module capable of having a power distribution function of distributing a common power to a plurality of power input sections and a function of protecting a circuit from an overcurrent with fuse elements interposed in the circuit during the power distribution, while enable replacement and concentrated management of the fuse elements. The present invention provides a fuse module for supplying a power from a common power supply to a plurality of power input sections of a circuit assembly through respective fuse elements. The fuse module comprises: a branch-connection conductor having an input terminal adapted to be connected to the power supply and a plurality of fuse-connection terminals disposed correspondingly to the respective power input sections; a plurality of power-input conductors electrically connected to a corresponding one of the power input sections and each having a fuse-connection terminal disposed in a pair with a corresponding one of the fuse-connection terminals of the branch-connection conductor; and an insulation housing holding the branch-connection conductor and the power-input conductors. The insulation housing is formed with a plurality of fuse-installation portions for allowing the respective fuse elements to be detachably installed therein in such a manner that each of the fuse elements is connected to the fuse-connection terminal of the branch-connection conductor and the corresponding fuse-connection terminal of the power-input conductor, to be interposed between the fuse-connection terminals of the each pair. According to the above fuse module, a power input from the power supply into the input terminal of the branch-connection conductor is distributed to the respective power input sections of the circuit assembly through the corresponding fuse elements and the corresponding fuse-connection terminals of the power-input conductors. If an overcurrent occurs in any circuit, a corresponding one of the fuse elements will be fused to protect the circuit. Better still, the fuse elements are installed into the fuse-installation portions formed in the common insulation housing, which enable concentrated management and easy replacement of the fuse elements. That is, the present invention has an effect of distributing a power from a common power supply to the two or more power input sections while protecting the circuits with the fuse elements and enabling replacement and concentrated management of the fuse elements. In the case where the circuit assembly has a plurality of bus bars including a plurality of input bus bars corresponding to the power input sections and the bus bars are arranged to form a power circuit, each of the input bus bars may have an end which is formed with the fuse-connection terminal and held in the insulation housing to serve as the power-input conductor. These input bus bars can be additionally used as the power-input conductors to reduce the number of components and enhance reliability in connection. On the other hand, each of the power-input conductors may have an electric-connection portion protruding outside the insulation housing to be electrically connected to a corresponding one of the power input sections of the circuit assembly, which makes it possible to construct the fuse module independently of the circuit assembly. In this fuse module, each of the power-input conductors may be provided with a press-fit portion as the electric-connection portion, the press-fit portion adapted to be press-fitted into a through-hole formed in a corresponding one of the power input sections to be electrically connected to the power input section, which enables an interconnection between the power-input conductor and the power input section in a simplified structure without the need for soldering or the like. The conductors and the fuse-installation portions may be formed in any suitable shape and arranged in any suitable pattern. Preferably, the plurality of fuse-installation portions formed in the insulation housing are arranged along a direction orthogonal to an aligning direction of the fuse-connection terminals of the pair in each of the fuse-installation portions, and the branch-connection conductor extends along an direction in which the pairs of the fuse-connection terminals are arranged. In this case, both the fuse-installation portions and the branch-connection portions can be disposed along a specific direction to reduce the entire height dimension (that is a size in a direction orthogonal to the specific direction) of the module. In the present invention, the fuse module may include any suitable conductor other than the branch-connection conductor and the power-input conductor. For example, the fuse module may include a power-connection conductor having an input terminal adapted to be connected to an additional power supply other than the power supply to be connected to the input terminal of the branch-connection conductor, and a fuse-connection terminal. In this fuse module, the insulation housing holds the power-connection conductor and a specific one of the power-input conductors associated with the power-connection conductor and adapted to be electrically connected to a specific one of the power input sections. The specific power-input conductor has an end formed with a fuse-connection terminal. The insulation housing is formed with a fuse-installation portion for allowing one of the fuse elements to be detachably installed therein in such a manner that the fuse element is connected to the fuse-connection terminal of the power-connection conductor and the fuse-connection terminal of the specific power-input conductor, and interposed between the two fuse-connection terminals. This makes it possible to input a power to the circuit assembly through a different line from the branch-connection conductor. In this case, the branch-connection conductor and the power-connection conductor may be disposed such that each of the fuse-connection terminals formed in the branch-connection conductor and the fuse-connection terminal formed in the power-connection conductor are aligned approximately in a line. This enables a power input through a plurality of lines with a small height dimension of the entire module. The fuse module of the present invention may include an output conductor which is adapted to be connected to a power output section provided in the circuit assembly and has a fuse-connection terminal at an end, and an external-output conductor which has an external-output terminal and a fuse-connection terminal. In this fuse module, the insulation housing holds the output conductor and the external-output conductor, formed with a fuse-installation portion in which one of the fuse elements is detachably installed in such a manner that the fuse element is connected to the fuse-connection terminal of the output conductor and the fuse-connection terminal of the corresponding external-output conductor, to be interposed between the two fuse-connection terminals. This makes it possible to interpose the fuse element between the input terminal of the branch-connection conductor and each of the power input sections of the circuit assembly, and further to output a power from the power output section of the circuit assembly to an external circuit through the fuse element and the external-output conductor. Better still, the fuse elements are installed into the respective fuse-installation portions formed in the common insulation housing, which enable concentrated management of the fuse elements interposed between the power output section and the external-output conductor with the fuse elements interposed between the branch-connection conductor and the respective power input sections. In this fuse module, when the circuit assembly has a plurality of bus bars including an output bus bar corresponding to the power output section, and the bus bars are arranged to form a power circuit, the output bus bar may have an end which is formed with the fuse-connection terminal and directly held within the insulation housing to serve as the power-output conductor. In this case, the output bus bars can be additionally used as the power-output conductors to reduce the number of components and enhance reliability in connection. Otherwise, the power-output conductor may have an electric-connection portion which is formed to protrude outside the insulation housing, and electrically connected to the power output section of the circuit assembly, which makes it possible to construct the fuse module independently of the circuit assembly. The branch-connection conductor may include not only the fuse-connection terminals, but also a direct-connection portion adapted to be electrically connected directly to a specific one of the power input sections in the circuit assembly without interposition of the fuse element. This enables both a power input through the fuse elements and a direct power input without interposition of the fuse element into the circuit assembly, with the common branch-connection conductor. In a specific embodiment, the branch-connection conductor may include an inter-terminal portion extending in a direction parallel to an arranging direction of the fuse-installation portions in the insulation housing so as to pass through between the fuse-connection terminals of the pair disposed at a specific one of the fuse-installation portions of the insulation housing, the direct-connection portion extending from the inter-terminal portion toward the specific power input section. This allows the branch-connection bus bar to extend in a direction parallel to the arranging direction of the fuse-installation portions in the insulation housing with effective utilization of a space between the fuse-connection terminals of the pair, and enables a direct power input from the inter-terminal portion disposed between the fuse-connection terminals of the pair to the circuit assembly through the direct-connection portion without interposition of the fuse element. Thus, even if the power input sections of the circuit assembly are located at spaced-apart positions between which the output conductor and the external-output conductor exist, a power can be input from the branch-connection conductor to each of the power input sections. The present invention provides also a fuse module-equipped circuit assembly comprising the above fuse module, and a circuit assembly having a plurality of power input sections, each of the power-input conductors of the fuse module electrically connected to a corresponding one of the power input sections. This circuit assembly enables a power distribution from a common power supply to a plurality of the power input sections through the fuse elements, in a simple structure where the fuse module is simply attached to the circuit assembly. In the fuse module-equipped circuit assembly, the circuit assembly may include a current-detection bus bar with an input terminal and an output terminal between which a detection-target current is allowed to flow, at least one of the input terminal and output terminals held in the insulation housing. The incorporation of the current-detection bus bar in the circuit assembly add a current-detection function to the circuit assembly, while at least one of the input and output terminals of the current-detection bus bar being held in a simple structure with utilization of the insulation housing. Further, the insulation housing may hold the output terminal of the current-detection bus bar and the input terminal of the branch-connection conductor in a state that the output terminal and the input terminal are superimposed on each other. This structure enables electrical interconnection between the output terminal of the current-detection bus bar and the input terminal of the branch-connection conductor, which allows a power distribution circuit comprising the fuse module and the circuit assembly to be connected to a downstream side of the current-detection bus bar. The present invention further provides a structure for mounting the above fuse module to a vehicle, wherein the input terminal of the branch-connection conductor is fixed to a vehicle-mounted device or a vehicle body, while superimposed on a circuit-connection bus bar for connecting a power supply connected to the input terminal to another vehicle-mounted circuit. The mounting structure realizes both an connection of the input terminal of the branch-connection conductor and an external circuit to the power supply, and a fixation of the fuse module simultaneously only with fasting the input terminal of the branch-connection conductor to a vehicle-mounted device or a vehicle body in a state that the input terminal is superimposed onto the external-circuit-connection bus bar. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing the configuration of a major portion of a power circuit included in a circuit assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a front view showing a metal plate punched into a shape corresponding to power-circuit-forming bus bars to be included in the circuit assembly, and a current-detection bus bar arranged therewith. FIG. 3 is a front view showing a bus bar layer formed by processing the metal plate having the shape illustrated in FIG. 2. FIG. 4A is a circuit diagram of a detection circuit of a current censor to be incorporated in the circuit assembly, and FIG. 4B is a back view showing a specific configuration of the sensor. FIG. 5A is a top plan view of a power distributor comprising the circuit assembly and a fuse module incorporated therein, and FIG. 5B is a front view of the power distributor. FIG. 6A is a sectional view take along the line A-A in FIG. 5B; FIG. 6B is a sectional view take along the line B-B in FIG 5B; and FIG. 6C is a sectional view take along the line C-C in FIG. 5B. FIG. 7A is a front view of a fuse module included in the power distributor, and FIG. 7B is a bottom view of the fuse module. FIG. 8 is a front view showing a power distributor in which each conductor in a fuse module is constructed as a member separated from the circuit assembly. FIG. 9 is a top plan view of the power distributor illustrated in FIG. 8. FIG. 10 is a sectional view taken along the line D-D in FIG. 8. FIG. 11A is a front view of an insulation housing of a fuse module included in the power distributor illustrated in FIG. 8, and FIG. 11B is a bottom view of the insulation housing. FIG. 12A is a top plan view showing a power distributor in which a part of a branch-connection bus bar in a fuse module extends to pass through between each pair of fuse-connection terminals, and FIG. 12B is a front view of the power distributor. FIG. 13A is a sectional view take along the line E-E in FIG. 12B; FIG. 13B is a sectional view take along the line F-F in FIG. 12B; and FIG. 13C is a sectional view take along the line G-G in FIG. 12B. FIG. 14A is a front view of a fuse module included in the power distributor illustrated in FIG. 12, and FIG. 14B is a bottom view of the fuse module. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION A preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described based on the drawings. In this embodiment, there is attached a fuse module 50 illustrated in FIG. 7 to a circuit assembly with an array of bus bars illustrated in FIGS. 2 to 4 to construct a power distributor illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6. FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing the configuration of a major portion of a power circuit formed in the circuit assembly. This circuit assembly includes a current-detection bus bar 10 constituting a current sensor which will be described in detail later. The current-detection bus bar 10 has an input terminal 11 to be connected to an unillustrated vehicle-mounted power supply (that is alternator in this embodiment), and an output terminal 12. The output terminal 12 of the current-detection bus bar 10 has a branching connection to a plurality of output terminals 20, and a fuse element 16 and a switching element 18 are interposed between the output terminal 12 and each of the output terminals 20. As the switching element 18 is preferably used a mechanical relay switch or a semiconductor element such as a FET. In this embodiment, there are produced a plurality of power-circuit-forming bus bars for forming the power circuit by punching a single metal plate into a shape as shown in FIG 2. These power-circuit-forming bus bars and the current-detection bus bar 10 are arranged approximately flush with each other to make up a bus bar layer BL. This bus bar layer BL is directly bonded to a circuit board 30 indicated by the two-dot chain line in FIG. 2 through an insulating layer consisting of a coating-type adhesive or an adhesive sheet, and an appropriate region of the bus bar layer BL is cut off and bent to produce a major portion of the circuit assembly having both the current sensor and the power circuit in a significantly thin and simple structure as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. In this circuit assembly, the configuration of the current sensor including the current-detection bus bar 10 will be firstly described based on FIGS. 4A and 4B. FIG. 4A shows a detection circuit of the current sensor. This detection circuit includes a plurality of circuit elements such as a resistor 32, a comparator circuit 34, an FET 36, etc., and these circuit elements are mounted on the circuit board 30. On the current-detection bus bar 10 are located two measurement points 11p, 12p, between which a current path having a given current-detection resistor is formed. Each of the measurement points 11p, 12p is electrically connected to the circuit board 30. Among the measurement points 11p, 12p, the measurement point lip, located closer to the input terminal 11, is connected to a first input terminal of the comparator circuit 34 through the resistor 32, and further connected to a drain of the FET 36. The measurement point 12p, located closer to the output terminal 12, is connected directly to a second input terminal of the comparator circuit 34. The comparator circuit 34 is operable to output a potential difference between respective signals input into the first and second input terminals of the comparator circuit 34, i.e. a signal representing a voltage drop between the measurement points 11p, 12p. This output signal is input into a gate of the FET 36 to allow a drain-source current of the FET 36 to flow at a value corresponding to that of the voltage drop. FIG. 4B shows a specific structure of the current sensor. The current-detection bus bar 10 is formed of a single metal plate. The input terminal 11 and the output terminal 12 of the current-detection bus bar 10 are each formed in a rectangular shape, and arranged in spaced-apart and adjacent relation to each other in a direction parallel to a width direction of the rectangular shape, respective proximal ends of the input terminal 11 and the output terminal 12 being connected together through a connection portion 14 extending in the arranging direction of the terminals 11, 12. More specifically, an outside portion of the input terminal 11 is connected to one end of the connection portion 14 through a joint portion 11b narrower than the input terminal 11, and an outside portion of the output terminal 12 is connected to the other end of the connection portion 14 through a joint portion 12b narrower than the output terminal 12. Further, respective distal ends of the input terminals 11, 12 are bent approximately at a right angle in the same orientation, and formed with bolt insertion holes 11a, 12a, respectively. The current-detection bus bar 10 of the above shape can be readily produced, for example, by forming an inverted T-shaped slit 15 as illustrated in FIG. 4B in a rectangular metal plate, and bending input terminals 11, 12 separated by the formed slit 15, in the same orientation. This current-detection bus bar 10 may be bonded to the circuit board in such a manner that at least the connection portion 14 of the current-detection bus bar 10 is superimposed onto the circuit board 30 and at least a part of the input terminals 11, 12 protrudes beyond an edge of the circuit board 30, which gives a structure capable of easy interconnection between each of the terminals 11, 12 and an external circuit. In this embodiment, the measurement points 11p, 12p in the current-detection bus bar 10 are located on the joint portions 11b, 12b respectively or at positions adjacent thereto, and electrically connected to the circuit board 30. Further, a conductor pattern constituting the current sensor on the circuit board 30 (that is a meandering pattern making up the resistor 32 in FIG. 4B) e is disposed so as to be superimposed with the connection portion 14. Incidentally, the circuit assembly according to the present invention does not necessarily require the current-detection bus bar 10; the present invention is applicable to a circuit assembly connectable with an after-mentioned fuse module 50. Secondly, the following description will be made about the power-circuit-forming bus bars constituting the bus bar layer BL of the circuit assembly together with the current-detection bus bar 10. The power-circuit-forming bus bars include a plurality of input bus bars 22, an input bus bar 23, a plurality of output bus bars 24, 25, and further a plurality of signal input/output bus bars 26 arranged therein. Each of the input bus bars 22 is designed to be connected to the output terminal 12 of the current-detection bus bar 10 through the after-mentioned fuse module 50 and the fuse element 16. Each of the input bus bars 22 has one end bent at two positions to form a step, and a tip of the end is formed as a fork-shaped fuse-connection terminal 22a into which a terminal of the fuse element 16 can be press-fitted. The input bus bars 22 are arranged such that the fuse-connection terminals 22a are aligned in a line. The input bus bar 23 is designed to be connected to a vehicle-mounted power supply (a battery in this embodiment) other than the alternator, through the after-mentioned fuse module 50 and the fuse element 16. The input bus bar 23 has an end bent at two positions in the same manner as the end of the input bus bar 22, and a tip of the end is formed as a fork-shaped fuse-connection terminal 23a in the same manner as the fuse-connection terminal 22a. The input bus bar 23 is arranged such that the fuse-connection terminal 23a is aligned in a line with the fuse-connection terminals 22a. Each of the output bus bars 24, 25 is arranged such that an appropriate region thereof is adjacent to an appropriate region of a specific one of the input bus bars 22. Each of the switching elements 18 is disposed to bridge between the adjacent pair of the input bus bar 22 and the output bus bar 24 or 25, and electrically connected to the circuit board 30. For mounting the switching elements 18 is preferably used the following process, for example. 1) A plurality of solder patterns 27 as shown in FIG. 2 are printed in appropriate regions of the bus bars 22, 24, 25, and corresponding to the respective solder patterns 27 a plurality of through-holes are formed in the circuit board 30. 2) Through a corresponding one of the through-holes is placed a lead 18a of each of the switching elements 18 on an associated one of the solder patterns 27, and the solder pattern 27 is molten to form a fillet so as to electrically connect the lead 18a to an associated one of the bus bars 22, 24, 25. On the other hand, a part of the lead 18a is soldered and mounted directly to a conductor pattern on the circuit board 30. In the circuit board 30, in addition to the detection circuit of the current sensor, a control circuit for on-off controlling the switching elements 18 is built. The control circuit outputs a control signal which performs an on-off control of the switching elements 18, i.e. a control of an electrical continuity between each of the input bus bars 22 and a corresponding one of the output bus bars 24, 25. Among the output bus bars 24, 25, each of the output bus bars 24 has an end bent at a right angle, and a tip of the end is formed as a tab terminal 24a constituting the aforementioned output terminal 20 illustrated in FIG. 1. The output bus bars 24 are arranged such that the tab terminals 24a protrude in an opposite direction relative to the fuse-connection terminals 22a. On the other hand, the output bus bar 25 has an end bent at two positions in the same manner as each of the ends of the input bus bars 22, 23, and a tip of the end of the output bus bar 25 is formed as a fork-shaped fuse-connection terminal 25a in the same manner as each of the fuse-connection terminals 22a, 23a. The output bus bar 25 is arranged such that the fuse-connection terminals 25a are aligned in a line with the fuse-connection terminals 22a, 23a. Each of the signal input/output bus bars 26 is for interconnecting a circuit built in the circuit board 30 and an external circuit. Each of the output bus bars 26 has an end bent at a right angle, and a tip of the end is formed as a tab terminal 26a. The signal input/output bus bars 26 are arranged such that the tab terminals 26a are aligned in a line with the tab terminals 24a. Appropriate regions of the respective bus bars 22 to 26 has a direct connection to a circuit built in the circuit board 30 through through-holes or the like, in the same manner as the measurement points 11p, 12p in the current-detection bus bar 10. In the above circuit assembly, there is fixed a heat-dissipation member 40 as shown in FIG. 6 onto one surface of the bus bar layer BL (a second surface on the opposite side of a first surface bonded onto the circuit board 30). Further, attached are an insulation cover 46, a fuse module 50 according to the present invention, and a connector housing 58 to the heat-dissipation member 40, thus constructing a final product as the power distributor illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6. In FIG. 5B, all components overlapping each other are illustrated by solid lines for the sake of simplicity. The heat-dissipation member 40 is, in this embodiment, formed in a plate-like shape from a metal material with high thermal conductivity, such as aluminum. One surface of the heat-dissipation member 40 serves as a flat bonding surface, on which the bus bar layer BL is bonded through the medium of an adhesive layer. This adhesive layer is preferably made of a material excellent in insulating performance and thermal conductivity, for example, a material prepared by mixing filler such as alumina into a base material consisting of an epoxy resin or the like. From an upper end of heat-dissipation member 40 extends a mounting portion 42 obliquely upward, an appropriate step provided between the mounting portion 42 and a main body of the heat-dissipation member 40. The mounting portion 42 is formed with a bolt-insertion hole 42a penetrating the mounting portion 42 in a through-thickness direction. The insulation cover 46 is disposed to cover the mounting portion 42 from one side (the same side as that of the bus bar layer BL), and also formed with a bolt-insertion hole 46a. A bolt is inserted through both the bolt-insertion holes 42a, 46a, and fastened to a vehicle body for example, thus fixing the heat-dissipation member 40 to the body to allow heat held in the heat-dissipation member 40 to be released toward the body by thermal conduction. The fuse module 50 has an insulation housing 52 as shown in FIGS. 5 to 7. In the insulation housing 52 is held the input and output terminals 11, 12 of the current-detection bus bar 10, a branch-connection bus bar (branch-connection conductor) 54 formed of a metal plate, a plurality of external-output conductors 56, a power-connection conductor 53, and further the ends of the input bus bars 22, 23 and the output bus bar 25 (the ends on the side of the fuse-connection terminals 22a, 23a, 25a) in the bus bar layer BL, the ends introduced into the insulation housing 52 as power-input conductors and output conductors. This insulation housing 52 is formed with a plurality of fuse-installation portions 52a in each the fuse element 16 can be attached, the fuse-installation portions 52a arranged along a direction parallel to the arranging direction of the fuse-connection terminals 22a, 23a, 25a of the input bus bars 22, 23 and the output bus bar 25. The branch-connection bus bar 54 held in the insulation housing 52 is for branching connection of the output terminal 12 of the current-detection bus bar 10 to the respective input bus bars 22 of the bus bar layer BL through the respective fuse elements 16. The external-output conductors 56 are for connections of the output bus bar 25 to an external circuit through the corresponding fuse elements 16. The power-connection conductor 53 is for connection of the input bus bar 23 to the battery, a vehicle-mounted power supply, through the corresponding fuse element 16. More specifically, the branch-connection bus bar 54 extends in a direction parallel to the arranging direction of the fuse-connection terminals 22a, i.e. a direction parallel to the arranging direction of the fuse-installation portions 52 (rightward/leftward direction in FIGS. 5 and 7). One end of the branch-connection bus bar 54 is formed as a branch-connection input terminal 55 protruding in a direction orthogonal to a longitudinal direction of the bus bar 54. This branch-connection input terminal 55, which is held in the insulation housing 52 in superimposed relation with the output terminal 12 of the current-detection bus bar 10, is formed with a bolt-insertion hole 55a aligned with the bolt-insertion hole 12a of the output terminal 12. Each of the output terminal 12 and the branch-connection input terminal 55 protrudes outside the insulation housing 52 through a terminal-insertion groove 52d provided in the insulation housing 52. In a state that the terminals 12, 55 are superimposed on external-circuit-connection bus bars 64, 66, a bolt 60 as shown in FIG. 6A is inserted into bolt-insertion holes formed in the respective bus bars (that is the bolt-insertion holes 12a, 55a in the output terminal 12 and the branch-connection input terminal 55), and driven into a screw hole formed in a case 62 of an electric connection box installing the power distributor (or in the vehicle body), thus achieving a fixation of the power distributor and a connection between the superimposed output terminal 12/branch-connection input terminal 55 and an external circuit, simultaneously. The insulation housing 52 is formed with also a terminal-insertion groove 52c for allowing the input terminal 11 of the current-detection bus bar 10 to extend outside. The input terminal 11 is connected to a power-connection bus bar through a bolt inserted into the bolt-insertion hole 11a of the input terminal 11. The other end of the branch-connection bus bar 54 is formed as a plurality of fork-shaped fuse-connection terminals 54a corresponding to the fuse-connection terminals 22a of the input bus bars 22 respectively. Each of the fuse-connection terminals 54a is disposed at a position opposed to a corresponding one of the fuse-connection terminals 22a. Pairs of the fuse-connection terminals 22a, 54a are located in an appropriate one of the fuse-installation portions 52a while aligned in a direction orthogonal to the arranging direction of the fuse-installation portions 52a. Thus, when a fuse element 16 as shown in FIGS. 6B and 6C is inserted into the fuse-installation portion 52a, a terminal pair 16a of the fuse element 16 is fitted with the fuse-connection terminals 22a, 54a, sandwiched therebetween. This fitting engagement establish an electrical connection between the terminal pair 16a and the terminals 22a, 54a, which interposes the fuse element 16 between the branch-connection bus bar 54 and a corresponding one of the input bus bars 22. On the other hand, external-output conductors 56 are disposed corresponding to the output bus bar 25 in the bus bar layer BL. One end of each of the external-output conductors 56 is formed as a fork-shaped fuse-connection terminal 56a corresponding to each of the fuse-connection terminals 25a of the output bus bar 25, each of the fuse-connection terminals 56a disposed at a position opposed to a corresponding one of the fuse-connection terminals 25a. Similarly, the power-connection conductor 53 is disposed corresponding to the input bus bar 23 of the bus bar layer BL. One end of the power-connection conductor 53 is formed as a fork-shaped fuse-connection terminal 53a corresponding to the fuse-connection terminal 23a of the input bus bar 23 respectively. The fuse-connection terminal 53a is disposed at a position opposed to the fuse-connection terminal 23a. These conductors are held in the insulation housing 52 in such a manner that the paired fuse-connection terminals 25a, 56a, aligned in a direction orthogonal to the arranging direction of the fuse-installation portions 52a, are located in an appropriate one of the fuse-installation portions 52a, and that the similarly paired fuse-connection terminals 23a, 53a, aligned in a direction orthogonal to the arranging direction of the fuse-installation portions 52a, are located in an appropriate one of the fuse-installation portions 52a. Thus, when the fuse element 16 is inserted into each of the fuse-installation portions 52a, the terminal pair 16a of the fuse element 16 is fitted with the fuse-connection terminals 25a, 56a, sandwiched between or fitted with the fuse-connection terminals 23a, 53a. These fitting engagements establish interposition of the fuse elements 16 between the output bus bar 25 and each of the external-output conductors 56, and between the power-connection conductor 53 and the input bus bar 23, respectively. The other end of each of the external-output conductors 56 is formed as a tab terminal 56b which is an external-output terminal, and the other end of the power-connection conductor 53 is formed as a tab terminal 53b which is a power-connection terminal. All of the tab terminals 56b, 53b are disposed to protrude in the same orientation (downward in the illustrated embodiment). The insulation housing 52 is formed with a hood 52b which covers the tab terminals 56b, 53b from the lateral side thereof and has a downward opening. When a connector led from an external circuit is inserted into the hood 52b, terminals of the connector are fitted into the tab terminals 56b, 53b. The fitting engagements establish a connection of each of the external-output conductors 56 to the external circuit, and a connection of the power-connection conductor 53 to the battery. The connector housing 58 has a hood 58a of a shape covering the tab terminals 24a, 26a of the output bus bars 24 and the signal input/output bus bars 26 of the bus bar layer BL, and having a lateral opening. When a connector led from an external circuit is inserted into the hood 58a, terminals of the connector are fitted into the tab terminals 24a, 26a to connect the output bus bars 24 and the signal input/output bus bars 26 to the external circuit. An operation of this circuit assembly will be described below. In response to input of a power (a power from the alternator) into the input terminal 11 of the current-detection bus bar 10, there flows a current from the input terminal 11 to the output terminal 12 through the connection portion 14, introducing a voltage drop between the measurement points 11p, 12p of the bus bar 10. This voltage drop is detected by the detection circuit of the circuit board 30 connected to the measurement points 11p, 12p, and a value of the current flowing between the measurement points 11p, 12p is calculated based on the voltage drop. A resulting detection signal is input into a control unit (not shown). When the current value exceeds a predetermined allowable value, a current-carrying in the control unit will be stopped by turning off the switching elements 18 and so on, thus the power unit protected from an overcurrent. While this current causes heat generation in the current-detection bus bar 10, the heat is effectively released to the vehicle body through the heat-dissipation member 40 bonded to the current-detection bus bar 10. The current which has flowed into the output terminal 12 is supplied to an external circuit through the external-circuit-connection bus bars 64, 66 connected to the output terminal 12, while flowing into the input terminal 55 of the branch-connection bus bar 54 superimposed on the output terminal 12 and being distributed from the respective fuse-connection terminals 54a of the branch-connection bus bar 54 to the respective fuse-connection terminals 22a of the input bus bars 22 through the corresponding fuse elements 16. The current which has flowed into the input bus bars 22 further flows into the respective output bus bars 24, 25 through the corresponding switching elements 18, and is output from the tab terminals 24 of the output bus bars 24 to an external circuit through a connector fitted in the tab terminals 24a. The current is further output from the circuit assembly to an external circuit also through the fuse-connection terminals 25a of the output bus bar 25, the fuse elements 16, the external-output conductors 56, and a connector fitted into the external-output conductors 56. On the other hand, from the buttery which is an additional power supply other than the alternator, a power is input also into the input bus bar 23 through the power-input terminal 53 and the fuse element 16, and introduced into the power circuit. In the above configuration, a power which is input from the alternator into the input terminal 55 of the branch-connection bus bar 54 through the current-detection bus bar 10 is distributed to the respective input bus bars 22 through the corresponding fuse elements 16. Further, when an overcurrent occurs in either one of the branch circuits, a corresponding one of the fuse elements 16 will be fused to protect the branch circuit. In addition, all of the fuse-installation portions 52a are formed in the common insulation housing 52, which enable the concentrated management and easy replacement of the fuse elements 16. The respective ends of the input bus bars 22, 23 and the output bus bar 25 in the circuit assembly are introduced into the insulation housing 52 to be additionally used as conductors which serve as components of the fuse module 50, thus reducing the number of components by that much, and enhancing reliability in connection. In the illustrated structure, since a plurality of the fuse-installation portions 52a formed in the insulation housing 52 are arranged along a direction orthogonal to the opposed direction of the fuse-connection terminals of the pair in each of the fuse-installation portions 52a, and the branch-connection bus bar 54 extends along the arranging direction of the fuse-installation portions 52a, both the branch-connection bus bar 54 and the group of fuse-installation portions 52a can be disposed along a specific direction (rightward/leftward direction in FIG. 5) to reduce the entire height dimension (vertical dimension in FIG. 5B) of the module. In the illustrated embodiment, the fuse module 50 comprises the power-connection conductor 53 in addition to the branch-connection bus bar 54, which enable a power input from an additional power supply (the battery in this embodiment) other than a power supply (the alternator in this embodiment) connected to the branch-connection bus bar 54 through a separate line. Further, since the fuse-connection terminals 54a formed in the branch-connection bus bar 54 and the fuse-connection terminal 53a formed in the power-connection conductor 53 are disposed to be aligned approximately in a line, a power input in a plurality of lines can be realized with a small height dimension of the entire module. In the power distributor, in a simplified structure utilizing the insulation housing 52 of the fuse module 50, also the input terminal 11 and the output terminal 12 of the current-detection bus bar 10 is held. Further, the output terminal 12 and the input terminal 55 of the branch-connection bus bar 54 are held in the insulation housing 52 while superimposed on each other, which enables an interconnection between the terminals 12, 55 to connect a power distribution circuit by the fuse module 50 and the circuit assembly to a downstream side of the current-detection bus bar 10. Although, in the fuse module 50 illustrated in FIGS. 5 to 7, the respective ends of the input bus bars 22, 23 and the output bus bar 25 on the side of the bus bar layer BL are introduced into the insulation housing 52 to be additionally used as power-input conductors and output conductors respectively, these power-input conductors and output conductors may be constructed independently of the bus bar layer BL One example of this case is shown in FIGS. 8 to 10. In the illustrated embodiment, there are held a plurality of power-input conductors 22′ and a plurality of output conductors 25′ in the insulation housing 52 as different members from the input bus bars 22 and the output bus bar 25 included in the bus bar layer BL. One ends of the conductors 22′, 25′, which are formed as fuse-connection terminals 22a, 25a identical to the fuse-connection terminals 22a, 25a illustrated in FIG. 2, respectively, are disposed in opposed relation to the fuse-connection terminals 54a of the branch-connection bus bar 54 and the fuse-connection terminals 56a of the external-output conductors 56, respectively. The other ends of the conductors 22′, 25′ are so formed as to protrude downward from a lower surface of the insulation housing 52, and bent toward the bus bar layer BL into an L shape. Each of the other ends is formed in a pin-like shape to make up a press-fit portion 29. These press-fit portions 29 are press-fitted into through-holes formed in the bus bars 22, 25 respectively to make electrical connections between the corresponding bus bars 22, 25, and the power-input conductors 22′ and the output conductors 25′. The structure for electrical interconnection of the conductors 22′, 25′ and the corresponding bus bars 22, 25 is not limited to the illustrated embodiment. For example, soldering may achieve the interconnection. While FIGS. 11A and 11B are a front view and a bottom view of the fuse module 50 respectively, as with FIGS. 7A and 7B, FIGS. 11A and 11B shows only the insulation housing 52 of the fuse module unlike FIGS. 7A and 7B. Shown in FIG. 11B are a groove 52e into which the branch-connection bus bar 54 is inserted, and a groove 52f into which the external-output conductors 56 is inserted. In this embodiment, there is further extending a direct connection portion 54b from one end (right end in FIG. 8) of the branch-connection bus bar 54 on the opposite side of the input terminal 55 directly to a specific one of the input bus bars 22 on the bus bar layer bypassing the fuse element 16. The direct connection portion 54b is also formed with the aforementioned pin-like press-fit portion 29, which is press-fitted into a through-hole of the input bus bar 22 to establish a direct connection of the bus bar 54 to the input bus bar 22. The addition of the direct connection portion 54b to the branch-connection bus bar 54 makes it possible to build both a circuit for inputting a power into the input bus bars 22 through the fuse elements 16 and a circuit for inputting a power directly into the input bus bar 22 without interposition of the fuse element 16. A certain circuit design may require an interposition of an additional connection conductor between the fuse-connection terminal 54a and the direct-connection portion 54b of the branch-connection bus bar 54 or between the direct-connection portions 54b. In this case, an adoption of a structure as shown in FIGS. 12 to 14, for example, enable a desirable arrangement of the fuse-connection terminal 54a and the direct-connection portion 54b with a small height dimension of the entire fuse module 50. In FIGS. 12 to 14, the branch-connection bus bar 54 has three direct-connection portions 54b in addition to the fuse-connection terminals 54a, and further between the direct-connection portions 54b are interposed a plurality of conductor pairs. As also shown in FIG. 13B, each of the conductor pairs consist of a fuse-input conductor 23′ for introducing a power from the bus bar layer BL and inputting the power into one of the terminals 16a of the fuse element 16 installed in the fuse-installation portion 52a, and a fuse-output conductor 24′ for outputting the power from the other terminal 16a of the fuse element 16 to the output bus bar 24 of the bus bar layer BL. The conductors 23′, 24′ are formed with fuse-connection terminals 23a, 24i respectively, which are located in respective fuse-installation portions 16. On the other hand, the branch-connection bus bar 54 is, as shown in FIG. 14B, formed with an inter-terminal portion 54c extending in a direction parallel to the arranging direction of the fuse-installation portions 16 so as to pass through between the fuse-connection terminals 23a, 24i. From the inter-terminal portion 54c through the lateral side of the conductor pair 23′, 24′, the direct connection portions 54b protrudes downward from the lower surface of the insulation housing 52, the protruded end of the direct connection portion 54b bent toward the bus bar layer BL to be connected to the input bus bar 22. This structure allows the branch-connection bus bar 54 to extend in a direction parallel to the arranging direction of the fuse-installation portions 16 by effective utilization of a space between the fuse-connection terminal pair 23a, 24i, thus allowing the direct-connection portions 54b to be formed at a desirable position in the bus bar 5. The position of the inter-terminal portion 54c is not limited to the space between the fuse-connection terminal 23a of the fuse-input conductor 23′ and the fuse-connection terminal 24a of the fuse-output conductor 24′. For example, the inter-terminal portion 54c may be interposed between the fuse-connection terminal 23a of the power-input conductor 23 and the fuse-connection terminal 53a of the power-connection conductor 53 as shown in FIG. 6C, or between the fuse-connection terminal of the output conductor and the fuse-connection terminal of a corresponding one of the external-output conductors.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Heretofore, as a circuit assembly for distributing a power from a common power supply to a plurality of loads in a vehicle such as an automobile, there has been generally known an electric connection box including a bus bar board. The bus bar board is of a laminated construction with alternating bus bar layers serving as a power circuit and insulating plates. From each of the bus bar layers are perpendicularly bent a plurality of tab terminals, to which circuit-protective fuse elements and switching elements such as a relay switch are connected. Late years, there has also been known a power distributor intended to reduce a thickness of the circuit assembly, as disclosed in the following Patent Publication 1. In this power distributor, a switching element consisting of a FET or the like is interposed between a power-input bus bar and each of a plurality of output bus bars. Each of the output bus bars is divided into two segments at an intermediate position thereof, and a fuse member is welded to the segments so as to bridge therebetween. According to this power distributor, a thickness of the entire circuit assembly can be reduced. Further, even if the switching element fails to be turned off during occurrence of an overcurrent, a circuit and a vehicle-mounted load on a downstream side of the fuse member is protected from the overcurrent since the fuse member in the output bus bar associated with the failed switching element is fused. Patent Publication 1: Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2001-286037

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing the configuration of a major portion of a power circuit included in a circuit assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a front view showing a metal plate punched into a shape corresponding to power-circuit-forming bus bars to be included in the circuit assembly, and a current-detection bus bar arranged therewith. FIG. 3 is a front view showing a bus bar layer formed by processing the metal plate having the shape illustrated in FIG. 2 . FIG. 4A is a circuit diagram of a detection circuit of a current censor to be incorporated in the circuit assembly, and FIG. 4B is a back view showing a specific configuration of the sensor. FIG. 5A is a top plan view of a power distributor comprising the circuit assembly and a fuse module incorporated therein, and FIG. 5B is a front view of the power distributor. FIG. 6A is a sectional view take along the line A-A in FIG. 5B ; FIG. 6B is a sectional view take along the line B-B in FIG 5 B; and FIG. 6C is a sectional view take along the line C-C in FIG. 5B . FIG. 7A is a front view of a fuse module included in the power distributor, and FIG. 7B is a bottom view of the fuse module. FIG. 8 is a front view showing a power distributor in which each conductor in a fuse module is constructed as a member separated from the circuit assembly. FIG. 9 is a top plan view of the power distributor illustrated in FIG. 8 . FIG. 10 is a sectional view taken along the line D-D in FIG. 8 . FIG. 11A is a front view of an insulation housing of a fuse module included in the power distributor illustrated in FIG. 8 , and FIG. 11B is a bottom view of the insulation housing. FIG. 12A is a top plan view showing a power distributor in which a part of a branch-connection bus bar in a fuse module extends to pass through between each pair of fuse-connection terminals, and FIG. 12B is a front view of the power distributor. FIG. 13A is a sectional view take along the line E-E in FIG. 12B ; FIG. 13B is a sectional view take along the line F-F in FIG. 12B ; and FIG. 13C is a sectional view take along the line G-G in FIG. 12B . FIG. 14A is a front view of a fuse module included in the power distributor illustrated in FIG. 12 , and FIG. 14B is a bottom view of the fuse module. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20060724

20090317

20071018

95401.0

H01H8504

VORTMAN, ANATOLY

FUSE MODULE

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

H01H

ACCEPTED

Comminuting Apparatus, Especially Document Shredder

Disclosed is a comminuting apparatus, particularly a document shredder, comprising an approximately funnel-shaped feeding area (2) for the material that is to be comminuted. In order to make the apparatus safer while keeping the same easy to operate, a flap which constricts the feeding area (2) to a narrow feeding path (13) and extends across the width thereof is pivotally and/or movably (9) mounted in the feeding area (2).

1. A comminuting apparatus, especially a document shredder, comprising an approximately funnel-shaped feeding area for the material that is to be comminuted, wherein a flap or the like located in the feeding area constricts the feeding area to a narrow feeding path and extends across the width thereof is pivotally and/or movably mounted in the feeding area. 2. The comminuting device according to claim 1, wherein the flap is movably or pivotally mounted in a position which unblocks the feeding area. 3. The comminuting device according to claim 1, wherein the flap surface located opposite a support surface for the material to be comminuted extends parallel or in a sharp angle thereto in the direction toward the feed. 4. The comminuting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the rotational axis of the flap is located in the upper part of the feeding area or above the feeding area. 5. The comminuting device according to claim 4, wherein the rotational axis of the flap is arranged behind and above a surface opposite the support surface of the feeding area. 6. The comminuting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the rotational axis of the flap is pivotally mounted in an elongated hole which extends approximately perpendicularly to the support surface of the material to be comminuted and is movable against the spring force in opposite direction to the support surface. 7. The comminuting device according to claim 6, wherein the rotational axis of the flap actuates a switchgear which turns off the drive when a certain force or a certain displacement path is exceeded. 8. The comminuting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the flap is connected with a switch which turns off the forward drive when the flap is lifted. 9. The comminuting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an electric switchgear, especially a contactless operating electronic and hysteresis-free working device which turns off the drive when the flap is pivoted upwards or, especially shifted in the arrow direction. 10. The comminuting apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the switchgear is bridgeable by means of a touch contact. 11. The comminuting apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the switchgear can be switched particularly by means of a contact switch which produces a temporary switch pulse both in a forward and reverse direction.

The invention relates to a comminuting apparatus, especially a document shredder with an approximately funnel-shaped feeding area for the material that is to be comminuted. Since these devices are in ever wider circulation and are used not only in offices but also in rooms heavily frequented by the public including children as well, it is desirable that the devices exhibit a safety standard that extends beyond the minimum requirements. The object of the invention is therefore to increase the device safety on the one hand, while keeping the apparatus easy to use on the other. This object is met according to the invention in that a flap which constricts the feeding area to a narrow feeding path and extends across the width thereof is pivotally and/or movably mounted in the feeding area of the comminuting apparatus. In this way, unauthorized persons are prevented from reaching into the actual feed and the danger of injury is mostly prevented as a result. This additional safety measure is attained without complicating the operation in any way. In addition, the functions do not change at all if the transport of the material to be comminuted is reversed, since the flap swings back by itself and the material to be comminuted can exit unimpededly. Inasmuch as the material. to be comminuted thickens by bulging, folding or the like while being fed, an increase in the clamping arises from the friction of the material to be comminuted on the corresponding surface of the flap, but by no means an unwanted opening thereof. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the flap is pivotable into a position which unblocks the feeding area, so that one obtains unobstructed access to the cutting unit inlet if necessary. The support surface for the material to be comminuted extends preferably parallel or in a sharp angle to the opposing flap surface in the direction toward the inlet. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the rotational axis of the flap is located in the upper part of the feeding area or above it. Its alignment behind and above the surface opposite the support surface of the feeding area is particularly advantageous. The rotational axis of the flap is preferably mounted in an elongated hole which extends for example perpendicularly to the support surface of the material to be comminuted and is movable against the elastic force in the opposite direction relative to the support surface, in order to act on a switchgear for turning off a drive in this way, which represents a heightened safety feature. In this way, a crushing of finger tips or hands is prevented as a result of incorrect handling when feeding the material to be comminuted. Namely, as soon as the rotational axis of the flap exceeds a certain displacement path and with it a preset load, the drive of the comminuting apparatus is thereby turned off at least in the forward direction by means of a switchgear. For safety reasons the flap is also connected to an additional switch which turns off the forward drive when the flap is lifted. The switchgear can also be designed such that it reacts to rotation as well as to displacement. In this way, injuries are prevented resulting from an unauthorized tampering with the apparatus. For emptying the cutting unit however it may be necessary to conduct a forward motion with a lifted flap. An additional switchgear is provided for this purpose, particularly a push-button switch which actuates a brief switch pulse with which the forward and reverse drive can be conducted even when the flap is lifted. As a further safeguard, an additional electronic switchgear can be arranged which especially acts to prevent hysteresis mistakes and which turns off the entire drive and not only the forward drive when the flap is pivoted fully upwards. The drawing shows an embodiment of the invention as follows: FIG. 1 is a cross-section of the upper part of the document shredder with an uncut flap located in a lower position, FIG. 2 is a drawing according to FIG. 1 with a flap located in an upper position, FIG. 3 is a drawing according to FIG. 1 of another embodiment with a cropped cutting unit shown schematically. The upper part 1 of an otherwise not shown document shredder is provided with a funnel-shaped feeding area 2. This feeding area is constricted by the support surface 3 for the material to be comminuted which is also not shown and the opposing surface 4. A flap 5 is located in the feeding area 2 which is rotatably mounted around an axis 6. This flap is located behind and above the opposing surface 4 and is mounted in a elongated hole 7 extending perpendicularly to the support surface 3 and longitudinally movable against the load of a spring 8 in the direction of arrow 9 by a certain measure. The surface 10 of the flap 5 located opposite the support surface 3 is convexly shaped and forms a sharp angle with the support surface 3, so that a constricted feeding path 13 results. As shown in FIG. 2, the flap 5 can be rotated upwards, wherein the feeding area 2 is completely cleared, so that, if necessary, one has access to the cutting unit not shown. The flap 5 exhibits an arm 11 protruding over the rotational axis 6 and extending approximately parallel to its surface 10, which interacts with a switch 12. The switch 12 acts together with the drive of the document shredder, not shown, and is closed in the position of flap 5 according to FIG. 1, so that the drive is switched on. As soon as the flap 5 is pivoted upwards, it releases the switch 12 which interrupts the drive, so that one can safely reach into the feeding area 2. The rotational axis 6 acts on a further switchgear which is not shown. If, for example, too much material to be comminuted is fed into the feeding area 2 or a foreign material or the finger of a hand accidentally gets caught under the flap 5, the pressure against the flap 5 is first increased until the flap and with it its rotational axis 6 shifts against the force of the spring 8 in the direction of arrow 9. As soon as a certain path and thus a preset tension is surpassed, the switchgear is then activated, so that the drive is suspended at least in forward direction in this way. A circular segment-shaped arm 14 is provided instead of the arm 11 in the embodiment according to FIG. 3. The switch 12 is thereby approximately aligned in the direction of arrow 9 and the control lever 15 abuts the outer edge 16 of the circular segment 14. Consequently, the control lever 15 of the switch 12 is operated when swinging up the flap 5 as well as when shifting the flap in the direction of arrow 9. In addition, the dimensional dependencies are illustrated in FIG. 3. X in this regard denotes the allowable required contact path according to the standard to the hazard area in the cutting unit 17, S is the allowable required opening width of the feeding path 13 according to the standard, and Y is an additional safety measure. The flap 5 should be designed such that the measure Z is bigger than the measure X.

20070507

20100511

20070920

98021.0

B02C1822

FRANCIS, FAYE

COMMINUTING APPARATUS, ESPECIALLY DOCUMENT SHREDDER

SMALL

ACCEPTED

B02C

ACCEPTED

Abnormality Diagnosing Apparatus and Abnormality Diagnosing Method

A abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment including a rotating or sliding part relative to a stationary member includes a detecting portion 31 fixed to the rotating or sliding part or the stationary member and including a vibration sensor 32 and a temperature sensor 33, and a signal processing portion 81 for determining a state of the part from a detecting signal outputted by the detecting portion 31. The signal processing portion 81 determines presence or absence of a abnormality, or presence or absence of the abnormality and a degree of a damage of the part based on a combination of a measured result by the vibration sensor 32 and a measured result by the temperature sensor 33.

1. A abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment including a rotating or sliding part relative to a stationary member, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus comprising: a detecting portion fixed to the rotating or sliding part or the stationary member and including at least one vibration system sensor of a vibration sensor, a sound sensor, an ultrasonic sensor and an AE sensor; and a temperature sensor; and a signal processing portion for determining a state of the part from a detecting signal outputted by the detecting portion; wherein the signal processing portion determines presence or absence of a abnormality of the part, or presence or absence of the abnormality of the part and a degree of a damage based on a combination of a measured result by the vibration system sensor and a measured result by the temperature sensor. 2. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein measured values by the vibration system sensor and the temperature sensor or rates of changes of the measured values over time are calculated at least by once; wherein the signal processing portion includes a abnormality determining portion for determining presence or absence of the abnormality, or presence or absence of the abnormality determining portion and the degree of the damage by comparing the measured values or the rates of the changes with predetermined values. 3. A abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment including a rotating or sliding part relative to a stationary member, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus comprising: a driving unit for driving the rotating or sliding part; a detecting portion fixed to the part or the stationary member and including at least one of at least one vibration system sensor of a vibration sensor, a sound sensor, an ultrasonic sensor and an AE sensor; and a temperature sensor; and a signal processing portion for determining a state of the part from a detecting signal outputted by the detecting portion; wherein the signal processing portion diagnoses a abnormality of the part based on the detecting signal of a vibration or a temperature by the detecting portion when the part is moved by inertia within a predetermined speed zone when a power of the driving unit is turned off. 4. A abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment including a rotating part relative to a stationary member, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus comprising: a driving unit for driving to rotate the part; a detecting portion fixed to the part or the stationary member and including at least one of: at least one of vibration system sensor of a vibration sensor, a sound sensor, an ultrasonic sensor and an AE sensor; and a temperature sensor; and a signal processing portion for determining a state of the part from a detecting signal outputted by the detecting portion; wherein the signal processing portion diagnosis a abnormality of the part based on the detecting signal of a vibration or a temperature by the detecting portion when the part is rotated within a rotational speed zone 100 min−1 or faster and 1500 min−1 or slower. 5. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the signal processing portion diagnoses the abnormality of the part based on the detecting signal of the vibration or the temperature by the detecting portion when the part is rotated by inertia within the rotational speed zone without turning off a power of the driving unit. 6. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the driving unit is used by repeatedly turning on and off the power of driving unit, and the part is movable by inertia when a power of the driving unit is turned off. 7. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according claim 3, wherein a state of moving the part by inertia when a power of the driving unit is turned off is detected based on an OFF signal of the driving unit. 8. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising: a rotational speed sensor for detecting a rotational speed of the driving unit, wherein the abnormality of the part is diagnosed in cooperation with a detecting signal of the rotational speed by the rotational speed sensor and the detecting signal of the vibration or the temperature by the detecting portion. 9. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the signal processing portion includes: a comparing and checking portion for comparing a frequency component owing to damage of the part calculated based on the rotational speed signal and a frequency component of measured data based on the signal detected by the vibration system sensor; and a abnormality determining portion for determining presence or absence of the abnormality of the part and specifying a damaged portion. 10. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the signal processing portion includes: a filter processing portion for removing an unnecessary frequency band from a signal waveform detected by the vibration system sensor; an envelope processing portion for detecting an absolute value of the waveform which after being subjected to a filter processing transmitted from the filter processing portion; and a frequency analyzing portion for analyzing a frequency of the waveform transmitted from the envelope processing portion. 11. A abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment including at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus comprising: at least one detecting portion for outputting a signal generated from the machine equipment as an electric signal; and a signal processing portion for: analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the electric signal; sampling a peak of a spectrum larger than a reference value calculated based on the spectrum provided by analyzing the frequency; comparing and checking a frequency between the peaks and a frequency component owing to a damage of the part calculated based on a rotational speed signal or a moving speed signal; and determining presence or absence of a abnormality of the part and an abnormal portion based on a result of the checking. 12. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the signal processing portion subjects the detected signal to at least one of an amplifying processing and a filter processing and the signal processing portion subjects thus processed waveform to an envelope processing. 13. A abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment including at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus comprising: at least one detecting portion for outputting a signal generated from the machine equipment as an electric signal; and a signal processing portion for determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the part based on a frequency of a shockwave in which a waveform of the electric signal per unit time exceeds a threshold, and a rotational speed signal or a moving speed signal. 14. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the signal processing portion subjects the waveform of the electric signal to a filter processing and converts the waveform to an all time rectified waveform, whenever the waveform exceeding the threshold, the signal processing portion makes a waveform which is converted so as to hold the waveform at a value exceeding the threshold for a predetermined period of time according to the rotational speed signal, and the processing portion informs a possibility of bringing about the abnormality in the part according to a number of times in which the waveform exceeds the threshold per a predetermined rotational number. 15. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the signal processing portion determines true or false of the possibility of bringing about the abnormality in the part according to the number of times in which the waveform converted to hold the threshold exceeds the threshold per the predetermined rotational number by a plurality of times of statistical determinations. 16. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according claim 1, wherein the signal processing portion is executed when a rotational speed of the part is substantially constant. 17. A abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment including at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus comprising: at least one detecting portion for outputting a signal generated from the machine equipment as an electric signal; and a signal processing portion for: analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the electric signal, comparing and checking a frequency component of a measured spectrum data provided by analyzing the frequency and a frequency component owing to the part with a variable allowable width; and determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the part based on a result of the checking. 18. A abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment including a rotating part, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus comprising: at least one detecting portion for outputting a signal generated from the machine equipment as an electric signal; and a signal processing portion for: analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the electric signal, comparing and checking a frequency component of a measured spectrum data provided by analyzing the frequency and a frequency component owing to the rotating part with an allowable width; and determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the rotating part based on a result of the checking; wherein a zone having un upper limit and lower limit, both of which are calculated from the rotational speed of the rotating part and dimensional specification of the rotating part, is divided into at least one zone, a central value in the divided zone is calculated, and the allowable width is set as at least a zone having an arbitrary size which is given with respect to the central value, and wherein the signal processing portion compares and checks the frequency component of the measured spectrum data and the frequency component owing to the rotating part at least at each of the allowable width. 19. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the allowable width is given to at least one of a case where the rotating part includes a plurality of rotating parts having different dimensional specification design from each other; and a case where the rotational speed of the rotating part is varied. 20. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the allowable width is increased as the frequency component becoming a high frequency component. 21. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the allowable width is increased or decreased in accordance with a frequency band of the frequency component. 22. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the allowable width is increased or decreased in accordance with the rotational speed. 23. A abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment having at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus comprising: at least one detecting portion for outputting a signal generated from the machine equipment as an electric signal; and a signal processing portion for: analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the electric signal; comparing and checking a frequency component of a measured spectrum data provided by analyzing the frequency and a frequency component owing to the part; and determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the part based on a result of the checking; wherein a reference value used for the comparing and checking is calculated based on a limited frequency range of the measured spectrum data. 24. A abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment including at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus comprising: at least one detecting portion for outputting a signal generated from the machine equipment as an electric signal; a signal processing portion for analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the electric signal; comparing and checking a frequency component of a measured spectrum data provided by analyzing the frequency and a frequency component owing to the part; and determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the part based on a result of the checking; a storing portion for storing a result of a diagnosis diagnosed by the signal processing portion; an outputting portion for outputting the result of the diagnosis in a predetermined style; and a report forming portion for forming a report from an outputted result outputted by the outputting portion based on at least one program. 25. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the detecting portion includes an integrated type sensor, in which at least one of the temperature sensor for detecting the temperature of the machine equipment and a rotational speed sensor for detecting the rotational speed of the rotating part, is installed in a single case in addition to a sensor for detecting a vibration generated from the machine equipment. 26. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the machine equipment includes a bearing constituting the rotating part and a bearing box for fixing the bearing; wherein the integrated type sensor is fixed to a flat portion of the bearing box. 27. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising data transmitting unit which transmits a result of a determination by the signal processing portion. 28. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a microcomputer which carries out a processing by the signal processing portion, and a processing of outputting the result of the determination to a control system. 29. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the machine equipment is a bearing unit for a railway vehicle. 30. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the machine equipment is a bearing unit for a windmill. 31. The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the machine equipment is a bearing unit for a spindle of a machine tool. 32. A abnormality diagnosing method used in a machine equipment including at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing method comprising the steps of: detecting a signal generated from the machine equipment and outputting the signal as an electric signal; analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the detected signal; a step of sampling a peak of a spectrum larger than a reference value calculated based on the spectrum provided by the analyzing step, and comparing and checking a frequency between the peaks and a frequency component owing to a damage of the part calculated based on a rotational speed signal or a moving speed signal; and determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the part based on a result of checking at the comparing step. 33. A abnormality diagnosing method used in a machine equipment including at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing method comprising the steps of: detecting a signal generated from the machine equipment and outputting the signal as an electric signal; and detecting presence or absence of a abnormality of the part based on a frequency of a shockwave in which a waveform per a unit time period of the electric signal exceeds a threshold, and a rotational speed signal or a moving speed signal. 34. A abnormality diagnosing method used in a machine equipment including at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing method comprising the steps of: detecting a signal generated from the machine equipment and outputting the signal as an electric signal; analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the detected signal; comparing and checking a frequency component of a measured spectrum data provided at the analyzing step and a frequency component owing to the part with a variable allowable width; and determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the part based on a result of the checking at the comparing step. 35. A abnormality diagnosing method used in a machine equipment including a rotating part, the abnormality diagnosing method comprising the steps of: detecting a signal generated from the machine equipment and outputting the signal as an electric signal; analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the detected signal; setting at least one allowable width such that: a zone having an upper limit and lower limit, both of which are calculated from the rotational speed of the rotating part and dimensional specification design of the rotating part, is divided into at least one zone, a central value in the divided zone is calculated, and the allowable width is set as at least a zone having an arbitrary size which is given with respect to the central value comparing and checking a frequency component of a measured spectrum data provided by analyzing the frequency and a frequency component owing to the rotating part at each of at least one of the allowable width; and determining presence or absence of an abnormality and an abnormal portion of the rotating part based on a result of the checking at the comparing step. 36. A abnormality diagnosing method used in a machine equipment including at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing method comprising the steps of: detecting a signal generated from the machine equipment and outputting the signal as an electric signal; analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the detected signal; comparing and checking a frequency component of a measured spectrum data provided at the analyzing step and a frequency component owing to the part; and determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the part based on a result of the checking at the comparing step; wherein a reference value used in the comparing and checking is calculated based on a limited frequency range of the measured spectrum data. 37. A abnormality diagnosing method used in a machine equipment including at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing method comprising the steps of: detecting a signal generated from the machine equipment and outputting the signal as an electric signal; analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the detected signal; comparing and checking a frequency component of a measured spectrum data provided at the analyzing step and a frequency component owing to the part; determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the part based on a result of the checking at the comparing step; storing a result of a diagnosis provided by at least by one of the analyzing, comparing and determining steps; outputting the result of the diagnosis in a predetermined style; and forming a report from a result of an output outputted by the outputting step based on at least one program.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a abnormality diagnosing apparatus and a abnormality diagnosing method of a rotating or a sliding part used in a machine equipment of, for example, an axle or a gear box of a railway vehicle or a reduction gear of a power generating windmill. Particularly, the present invention relates to a abnormality diagnosing apparatus and a abnormality diagnosing method of specifying presence or absence of the abnormality or a premonitory sign of the abnormality of the part, or a failed portion thereof. BACKGROUND ART Conventionally, in a rotating part of a railway vehicle, a power generating windmill or the like, after having been used for a constant period of time, presence or absence of a abnormality of damage, wear or the like is periodically inspected with regard to a bearing or other rotating part. The periodic inspection is carried out by disassembling a machine equipment integrated with the rotating part, and damage or wear brought about at the rotating part is discovered by inspection by optical observation of the person in charge. Further, as a main defect discovered by the inspection, in the case of a bearing, there is a indentation produced by biting a foreign matter, and flaking by rolling fatigue, other wear or the like, in the case of a gear, there is fracture, wear or the like of a teeth portion, in the case of a wheel, there is wear of flat or the like, and in any of the cases, when roughness, wear or the like which is not present in a new product is discovered, then the product is interchanged by the new product. However, in the method of disassembling a total of the machine equipment and inspecting by the person in charge by optical observation, enormous labor is required in a disassembling operation of removing a rotating part or a sliding part from an apparatus, or an operation of re-assembling the rotating part or the sliding part as inspected again to the apparatus to pose an undesirability of bringing about a significant increase in maintenance cost of the apparatus. Further, in re-assembling the apparatus, there is a possibility that the inspection per se causes to bring about a defect of the rotating part or the sliding part such that a dent which has not been present before inspection is produced in the rotating part or the sliding part or the like. Further, when a number of bearings are inspected by optical observation in a limited period of time, there also poses a subject that a possibility of overlooking the defect remains. Further, there is an individual difference in determining a degree of the defect, even when the defect is not substantially present, the part is interchanged and therefore, wasteful cost is taken. Hence, there have been proposed various methods of diagnosing a abnormality of a rotating part in an actually operating state without disassembling a machine equipment integrated with the rotating part (refer to, for example, Patent References 1 through 7). As the most general method, as described in Patent Reference 1, there is known a method of carrying out a diagnosis by installing an acceleration meter at a bearing portion, measuring acceleration of vibration of the bearing portion, and sampling a signal of a vibration generating frequency component by processing the signal by FFT (fast Fourier transformation). According to the apparatus described in Patent Reference 2, in a railway vehicle, a abnormality of a bearing is monitored by mounting a temperature sensor at a bearing box thereof and outputting an abnormality signal to a driver's cab when a detecting temperature rises to a reference value or a higher, or measuring a temperature from a ground side. Further, according to the apparatus described in Patent Reference 3, in a general machine equipment, a condition of a bearing is always monitored by a vibration or temperature sensor, when respective measured values rise to reference values or higher, a abnormality alarm is outputted, or operation of the apparatus is stopped. Further, there have variously been proposed a method of detecting a flat portion referred to as flat wheel, which is produced at a rolling face of a wheel of a railway vehicle by friction of wear with a rail by locking or sliding the wheel by erroneous operation of a brake or the like (refer to, for example, Patent References 8 through 12). Patent Reference 8 proposes an apparatus of detecting a defect state of a railway/vehicle wheel and a rail track on which a train passes by a vibration sensor, a rotation measuring apparatus or the like. Patent Reference 1: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-A-2002-22617 Patent Reference 2: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-A-9-79915 Patent Reference 3: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-A-11-125244 Patent Reference 4: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-A-2003-202276 Patent Reference 5: European Patent Unexamined Publication No. 1338873 specification (European Patent Application Publication corresponding to Patent Reference 4) Patent Reference 6: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-A-2004-257836 Patent Reference 7: European Patent Application Publication No. 1548419 specification (European Patent Application Publication corresponding to Patent Reference 6) Patent Reference 8: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-T-9-500452 Patent Reference 9: U.S. Pat. Examined Publication No. 5,433,111 (U.S. Patent Publication corresponding to Patent Reference 8) Patent Reference 10: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-A-4-148839 Patent Reference 11: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-T-2003-535755 Patent Reference 12: PCT Patent Publication No. WO01/94175 pamphlet (International Patent Application Publication corresponding to Patent Reference 11) DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Subjects that the Invention is to Solve Meanwhile, according to the apparatus described in Patent Reference 3, only either one sensor of a temperature sensor and a vibration sensor is installed and therefore, there poses a subject that when a abnormality is detected, a degree of damage of a rotating part has frequently become terrible and the rotating part cannot be used continuously, and a machine equipment needs to be stopped urgently. The subject is similarly posed also to the apparatus described in Patent Reference 2 in which presence or absence of a abnormality is determined by whether the temperature of the bearing rises to the reference value or higher. Specifically, according to the apparatus described in Patent Reference 3, presence or absence of a abnormality of a rotating part is determined based on a signal by either one sensor of the temperature sensor and the vibration sensor. Therefore, for example, in the case of seizure of a bearing, it is difficult to catch the abnormality before the bearing is overheated by bringing about a temperature rise. Further, there poses a subject that a stable operation is prevented such that an erroneous operation is brought about by an influence of abrupt disturbance noise or the like to output a abnormality alarm. In addition thereto, according to the apparatus, there poses a subject that even when the abnormality alarm is outputted and operation of the machine equipment is stopped, an abnormal portion cannot be specified. Further, according to the apparatus described in Patent Reference 3, the apparatus integrated with the rotating part is mounted with rotation driving means of a motor or the like for transmitting a rotation drive force to the rotating part. Therefore, there poses a subject that the stable operation is prevented such that in driving a motor, electric noise of electromagnetic sound or the like is abruptly produced, an SN ratio (signal to noise ratio) with regard to abnormality diagnosis is deteriorated, and the abnormality alarm is outputted by erroneous diagnosis. An apparatus integrated with a rotating part is frequently used in a wide zone of a rotational speed, that is, the rotating part is used at from low speed to high speed. For example, in a bearing for an axle of a railway vehicle, the bearing is inspected periodically intervals by low speed rotation in a wheel set test or the like. In this case, a rigidity of a housing integrated with a bearing is high and therefore, for example, even when a raceway surface of the bearing is damaged, an impact force by passing a rolling element of a roller or the like on the damage is small and there is a possibility of overlooking the damage of the bearing. On the other hand, in the case of high speed, sound or vibration or the like from rotation driving means becomes large and therefore, an SN ratio with regard to abnormal diagnosis is deteriorated, and there is a possibility of overlooking the damage of the bearing similarly in the case of low speed. Further, even in the method of diagnosing abnormality described in Patent Reference 1, depending of a way of setting a determination reference value, diagnosis accuracy is deteriorated by an influence of noise or the like and there poses a subject of preventing a stable operation such that the abnormality alarm is outputted by erroneous diagnosis. Further, although according to the abnormality diagnosing method described in Patent Reference 1, the vibration generating frequency component is calculated based on the rotational speed, in a case in which an actual rotational speed cannot directly be inputted, when rotational speed data used in the calculation is shifted from the actual rotational speed, there poses a subject that the diagnosis accuracy is deteriorated. Further, in a machine equipment using a number of bearings as rotating parts, when inner and outside diameters, width dimensions of the bearings are the same among each rotating parts, even though various other elements of design dimensions at insides thereof differ, the bearings may be used together. In this case, when the various other elements of design dimensions of the bearings differ, also set values, which are used in abnormality diagnosis, differ, thus the diagnosis becomes complicated. Therefore, there is a case of integrating parts having the same various elements of design dimensions at specified portions to pose a subject that an operational efficiency in assembling is deteriorated. Further, according to the above-described abnormality diagnosing method, a large amount of a diagnosis result is accumulated, and forming a report based on the large amount of diagnosis result constitutes an excessive workload. Further, according to an apparatus of detecting a defect state described in Patent Reference 8, there poses a subject that it cannot be identified that a defect indicating an abnormal vibration in a railway vehicle is derived from a wheel, an axle bearing, or a railway or other abnormality. The invention has been carried out in view of the above-described situation and it is an object thereof to provide a abnormality diagnosing apparatus and a abnormality diagnosing method of diagnosing a abnormality of a rotating or a sliding part while ensuring a diagnosis accuracy in an actually operating state without disassembling a machine equipment integrated with the rotating or sliding part. Particularly, it is a first object of the invention to provide a abnormality diagnosing apparatus capable of simultaneously diagnosing presence or absence of a part and a degree of damage thereof in an actual operating state without disassembling a machine equipment comprising a rotating or a sliding part and capable of carrying out abnormality diagnosis having high SN ratio and high reliability by preventing erroneous diagnosis by an influence of an abrupt noise or the like. It is a second object of the invention to provide a abnormality diagnosing apparatus and a abnormality diagnosing method capable of specifying presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion while ensuring a diagnosis accuracy even when an actual rotational speed cannot directly be inputted. It is a third object of the invention to provide a abnormality diagnosing apparatus capable of specifying presence or absence of abnormality or an abnormal portion even when a plurality of rotating parts, which have various elements of design dimensions different from each other, are integrated to arbitrary portions. It is a fourth object of the invention to provide a abnormality diagnosing apparatus and a abnormality diagnosing method capable of lightening a work load of forming a report of a diagnosis result. It is a fifth object of the invention to provide a abnormality diagnosing apparatus and a abnormality diagnosing method capable of accurately detecting a state of bringing about a abnormality of part such as flat of a wheel of a railway vehicle or the like, and also specifying the wheel. Means for Solving the Subjects The object of the invention is achieved by constitutions described below. (1) An abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment including a rotating or sliding part relative to a stationary member, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus comprising: a detecting portion fixed to the rotating or sliding part or the stationary member and including at least one vibration system sensor of a vibration sensor, a sound sensor, an ultrasonic sensor and an AE sensor; and a temperature sensor; and a signal processing portion for determining a state of the part from a detecting signal outputted by the detecting portion; wherein the signal processing portion determines presence or absence of a abnormality of the part, or presence or absence of the abnormality of the part and a degree of a damage based on a combination of a measured result by the vibration system sensor and a measured result by the temperature sensor. (2) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to (1), wherein measured values by the vibration system sensor and the temperature sensor or rates of changes of the measured values per time are calculated at least by once; wherein the signal processing portion includes a abnormality determining portion for determining presence or absence of the abnormality, or presence or absence of the abnormality determining portion and the degree of the damage by comparing the measured values or the rates of the changes with predetermined values. (3) A abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment including a rotating or sliding part relative to a stationary member, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus comprising: a driving unit for driving the rotating or sliding part; a detecting portion fixed to the part or the stationary member and including at least one of at least one vibration system sensor of a vibration sensor, a sound sensor, an ultrasonic sensor and an AE sensor; and a temperature sensor; and a signal processing portion for determining a state of the part from a detecting signal outputted by the detecting portion; wherein the signal processing portion diagnoses a abnormality of the part based on the detecting signal of a vibration or a temperature by the detecting portion when the part is moved by inertia within a predetermined speed zone when a power of the driving unit is turned off. (4) A abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment including a rotating part relative to a stationary member, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus comprising: a driving unit for driving to rotate the part; a detecting portion fixed to the part or the stationary member and including at least one of: at least one of vibration system sensor of a vibration sensor, a sound sensor, an ultrasonic sensor and an AE sensor; and a temperature sensor; and a signal processing portion for determining a state of the part from a detecting signal outputted by the detecting portion; wherein the signal processing portion diagnosis a abnormality of the part based on the detecting signal of a vibration or a temperature by the detecting portion when the part is rotated within a rotational speed zone 100 min−1 or faster and 1500 min−1 or slower. (5) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to (4), wherein the signal processing portion diagnoses the abnormality of the part based on the detecting signal of the vibration or the temperature by the detecting portion when the part is rotated by inertia within the rotational speed zone without turning off a power of the driving unit. (6) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to (3) or (5), wherein the driving unit is used by repeatedly turning on and off the power of driving unit, and the part is movable by inertia without turning on the power of the driving unit. (7) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to any one of (3), (5) and (6), wherein a state of moving the part by inertia without turning on the power of driving unit is detected based on an OFF signal of the driving unit. (8) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to any one of (3) through (7), further comprising: a rotational speed sensor for detecting a rotational speed of the driving unit, wherein the abnormality of the part is diagnosed in cooperation with a detecting signal of the rotational speed by the rotational speed sensor and the detecting signal of the vibration or the temperature by the detecting portion. (9) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to any one of (1) through (8), wherein the signal processing portion includes: a comparing and checking portion for comparing a frequency component owing to damage of the part calculated based on the rotational speed signal and a frequency component of measured data based on the signal detected by the vibration system sensor; and a abnormality determining portion for determining presence or absence of the abnormality of the part and specifying a damaged portion. (10) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to (9), wherein the signal processing portion includes: a filter processing portion for removing an unnecessary frequency band from a signal waveform detected by the vibration system sensor; an envelope processing portion for detecting an absolute value of the waveform which after being subjected to a filter processing transmitted from the filter processing portion; and a frequency analyzing portion for analyzing a frequency of the waveform transmitted from the envelope processing portion. (11) A abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment including at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus comprising: at least one detecting portion for outputting a signal generated from the machine equipment as an electric signal; and a signal processing portion for: analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the electric signal; sampling a peak of a spectrum larger than a reference value calculated based on the spectrum provided by analyzing the frequency; comparing and checking a frequency between the peaks and a frequency component owing to a damage of the part calculated based on a rotational speed signal or a moving speed signal; and determining presence or absence of a abnormality of the part and an abnormal portion based on a result of the checking. (12) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to (11), wherein the signal processing portion subjects the detected signal to at least one of an amplifying processing and a filter processing and the signal processing portion subjects thus processed waveform to an envelope processing. (13) A abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment including at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus comprising: at least one detecting portion for outputting a signal generated from the machine equipment as an electric signal; and a signal processing portion for determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the part based on a frequency of a shockwave in which a waveform of the electric signal per unit time exceeds a threshold, and a rotational speed signal or a moving speed signal. (14) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to (13), wherein the signal processing portion subjects the waveform of the electric signal to a filter processing and converts the waveform to an all time rectified waveform, whenever the waveform exceeding the threshold, the signal processing portion makes a waveform which is converted so as to hold the waveform at a value exceeding the threshold for a predetermined period of time according to the rotational speed signal, and the processing portion informs a possibility of bringing about the abnormality in the part according to a number of times in which the waveform exceeds the threshold per a predetermined rotational number. (15) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to (14), wherein the signal processing portion determines true or false of the possibility of bringing about the abnormality in the part according to the number of times in which the waveform converted to hold the threshold exceeds the threshold per the predetermined rotational number by a plurality of times of statistical determinations. (16) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to any one of (11) through (15), wherein the signal processing portion is executed when a rotational speed of the part is substantially constant. (17) A abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment including at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus comprising: at least one detecting portion for outputting a signal generated from the machine equipment as an electric signal; and a signal processing portion for: analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the electric signal, comparing and checking a frequency component of a measured spectrum data provided by analyzing the frequency and a frequency component owing to the part with a variable allowable width; and determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the part based on a result of the checking. (18) A abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment including a rotating part, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus comprising: at least one detecting portion for outputting a signal generated from the machine equipment as an electric signal; and a signal processing portion for: analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the electric signal, comparing and checking a frequency component of a measured spectrum data provided by analyzing the frequency and a frequency component owing to the rotating part with an allowable width; and determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the rotating part based on a result of the checking; wherein a zone having an upper limit and lower limit, both of which are calculated from the rotational speed of the rotating part and dimensional specification of the rotating part, is divided into at least one zone, a central value in the divided zone is calculated, and the allowable width is set as at least a zone having an arbitrary size which is given with respect to the central value, and wherein the signal processing portion compares and checks the frequency component of the measured spectrum data and the frequency component owing to the rotating part at least at each of the allowable width. (19) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to (18), wherein the allowable width is given to at least one of a case where the rotating part includes a plurality of rotating parts having different dimensional specification design from each other; and a case where the rotational speed of the rotating part is varied. (20) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to any one of (17) through (19), wherein the allowable width is increased as the frequency component becoming a high frequency component. (21) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to any one of (17) through (20), wherein the allowable width is increased or decreased in accordance with a frequency band of the frequency component. (22) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to (17) or (18), wherein the allowable width is increased or decreased in accordance with the rotational speed. (23) A abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment having at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus comprising: at least one detecting portion for outputting a signal generated from the machine equipment as an electric signal; and a signal processing portion for: analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the electric signal; comparing and checking a frequency component of a measured spectrum data provided by analyzing the frequency and a frequency component owing to the part; and determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the part based on a result of the checking; wherein a reference value used for the comparing and checking is calculated based on a limited frequency range of the measured spectrum data. (24) A abnormality diagnosing apparatus used in a machine equipment including at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus comprising: at least one detecting portion for outputting a signal generated from the machine equipment as an electric signal; a signal processing portion for analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the electric signal; comparing and checking a frequency component of a measured spectrum data provided by analyzing the frequency and a frequency component owing to the part; and determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the part based on a result of the checking; a storing portion for storing a result of a diagnosis diagnosed by the signal processing portion; an outputting portion for outputting the result of the diagnosis in a predetermined style; and a report forming portion for forming a report from an outputted result outputted by the outputting portion based on at least one program. (25) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to any one of (11) through (24), wherein the detecting portion includes an integrated type sensor, in which at least one of the temperature sensor for detecting the temperature of the machine equipment and a rotational speed sensor for detecting the rotational speed of the rotating part, is installed in a single case in addition to a sensor for detecting a vibration generated from the machine equipment. (26) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to (25), wherein the machine equipment includes a bearing constituting the rotating part and a bearing box for fixing the bearing; wherein the integrated type sensor is fixed to a flat portion of the bearing box. (27) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to any one of (1) through (26), further comprising data transmitting unit which transmits a result of a determination by the signal processing portion. (28) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to any one of (1) through (27), further comprising a microcomputer which carries out a processing by the signal processing portion, and a processing of outputting the result of the determination to a control system. (29) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to any one of (1) through (28), wherein the machine equipment is a bearing unit for a railway vehicle. (30) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to any one of (1) through (28), wherein the machine equipment is a bearing unit for a windmill. (31) The abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to any one of (1) through (28), wherein the machine equipment is a bearing unit for a spindle of a machine tool. (32) A abnormality diagnosing method used in a machine equipment including at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing method comprising the steps of: detecting a signal generated from the machine equipment and outputting the signal as an electric signal; analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the detected signal; a step of sampling a peak of a spectrum larger than a reference value calculated based on the spectrum provided by the analyzing step, and comparing and checking a frequency between the peaks and a frequency component owing to a damage of the part calculated based on a rotational speed signal or a moving speed signal; and determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the part based on a result of checking at the comparing step. (33) A abnormality diagnosing method used in a machine equipment including at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing method comprising the steps of: detecting a signal generated from the machine equipment and outputting the signal as an electric signal; and detecting presence or absence of a abnormality of the part based on a frequency of a shockwave in which a waveform per a unit time period of the electric signal exceeds a threshold, and a rotational speed signal or a moving speed signal. (34) A abnormality diagnosing method used in a machine equipment including at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing method comprising the steps of: detecting a signal generated from the machine equipment and outputting the signal as an electric signal; analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the detected signal; comparing and checking a frequency component of a measured spectrum data provided at the analyzing step and a frequency component owing to the part with a variable allowable width; and determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the part based on a result of the checking at the comparing step. (35) A abnormality diagnosing method used in a machine equipment including a rotating part, the abnormality diagnosing method comprising the steps of: detecting a signal generated from the machine equipment and outputting the signal as an electric signal; analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the detected signal; setting at least one allowable width such that: a zone having an upper limit and lower limit, both of which are calculated from the rotational speed of the rotating part and dimensional specification design of the rotating part, is divided into at least one zone, a central value in the divided zone is calculated, and the allowable width is set as at least a zone having an arbitrary size which is given with respect to the central value comparing and checking a frequency component of a measured spectrum data provided by analyzing the frequency and a frequency component owing to the rotating part at each of at least one of the allowable width; and determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the rotating part based on a result of the checking at the comparing step. (36) A abnormality diagnosing method used in a machine equipment including at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing method comprising the steps of: detecting a signal generated from the machine equipment and outputting the signal as an electric signal; analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the detected signal; comparing and checking a frequency component of a measured spectrum data provided at the analyzing step and a frequency component owing to the part; and determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the part based on a result of the checking at the comparing step; wherein a reference value used in the comparing and checking is calculated based on a limited frequency range of the measured spectrum data. (37) A abnormality diagnosing method used in a machine equipment including at least one rotating or sliding part, the abnormality diagnosing method comprising the steps of: detecting a signal generated from the machine equipment and outputting the signal as an electric signal; analyzing a frequency of a waveform of the detected signal; comparing and checking a frequency component of a measured spectrum data provided at the analyzing step and a frequency component owing to the part; determining presence or absence of a abnormality and an abnormal portion of the part based on a result of the checking at the comparing step; storing a result of a diagnosis provided by at least by one of the analyzing, comparing and determining steps; outputting the result of the diagnosis in a predetermined style; and forming a report from a result of an output outputted by the outputting step based on at least one program. ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to the invention of (1), information of temperature and vibration, which is generated in accordance with a state of rotating the rotating part or a state of sliding the sliding part, are simultaneously detected; presence or absence of the abnormality and the degree of the damage are simultaneously determined based on the combination of the measured result by the vibration system sensor and the measured result by the temperature sensor. Therefore, the degree of the damage utilizing a characteristic of an abnormal mode of the rotating or sliding part with regard to the vibration and temperature, can be determined. Further, the abnormality diagnosis having high reliability can be carried out by preventing an erroneous diagnosis by an influence of abrupt disturbance noise or the like. Furthermore, since presence or absence of the abnormality and the degree of the damage can simultaneously be inspected in an actual operating state without disassembling the machine equipment comprising the rotating or sliding part, an optimum timing of interchanging the rotating part can be known, and efficient maintenance can be carried out. According to the invention of (3), the abnormality of the part is diagnosed based on the detecting signal of vibration or temperature by the sensor when the rotating or sliding part is operated by inertia within the predetermined speed range when a power of the driving unit is turned off. Therefore, the abnormality of the part can be diagnosed in the actual operating state without disassembling the machine equipment comprising the rotating or sliding part, the signal can be detected with high sensitivity and high SN ratio (signal to noise ratio) by restraining the electric disturbance noise of the driving unit. Further, according to the invention of (4), when the rotating part is rotated within the rotational speed zone equal to or faster than 100 min−1 and equal to or slower than 1500 min−1, the abnormality of the rotating part is diagnosed based on the detecting signal of vibration or temperature by the sensor. Therefore, since the abnormality of the rotating part can be diagnosed in the actual operating state without disassembling the machine equipment integrated with the rotating part, a vibrating force by a damage of flaking of the bearing or flat wear of a wheel or the like can be detected with high SN ratio, thus the abnormality diagnosis having high reliability can be carried out. According to the invention of (11) and (32), a peak of the spectrum larger the reference value, which is calculated based on the spectrum provided by analyzing the frequency, is sampled; the frequency between the peaks and the frequency component owing to the damage of the rotating or sliding part calculated based on the rotational speed signal or the moving speed signal are compared and checked; and presence or absence of the abnormality and the abnormal portion of the part are determined based on a result of the checking. Therefore, in a case in which the actual rotational speed cannot directly be inputted, even when the rotational speed data used for the calculation is deviated from the actual rotational speed, presence or absence of the abnormality and the abnormal portion can accurately be specified. Further, presence or absence of the abnormality and the abnormal portion can be specified without disassembling the machine equipment comprising the rotating or sliding part by a simple constitution, labor required for disassembling or integrating the apparatus can be alleviated, and the part can be prevented from being damaged in accordance with disassembling or assembling. Further, according to the invention of (13) and (33), presence or absence of the abnormality and the abnormal portion of the part are determined based on the frequency of the shockwave in which the waveform per a unit time period of the electric signal outputted from the signal generated from the machine equipment exceeds the threshold and the rotational speed signal or the moving speed signal. Therefore, by accurately detecting a state of bringing about the abnormality of the part of flat of the wheel in the railway vehicle or the like, the wheel can be specified. According to the invention of (17) and (34), the frequency component of the measured spectrum data provided by analyzing the frequency and the frequency component owing to the rotating or sliding part are compared and checked with the variable allowable width, presence or absence of the abnormality and the abnormal portion of the part are determined based on the result of the checking. Therefore, in a case in which the actual rotational speed cannot directly inputted, even when the rotational speed data used for the calculation is deviated from the actual rotational speed, presence or absence of the abnormality or the abnormal portion can accurately be specified. Further, presence or absence of the abnormality and the abnormal portion can be specified without disassembling the machine equipment comprising the rotating or sliding part by a simple constitution, labor required in disassembling or integrating the apparatus can be alleviated, and the part can be prevented from being damaged in accordance with disassembling or assembling. Further, according to the invention of (18) and (35), the zone having the upper limit value and the lower limit value calculated from the rotational speed of the rotating part and the dimensional specification of the rotating part is divided into at least one zone, a central value of each of the divided zone is calculated, and comparing and checking are carried out with at least one allowable width having an arbitrary size with respect to the central value. Therefore, presence or absence of the abnormality and the abnormal portion can be specified even when a plurality of rotating parts having dimensional specification different from each other are integrated to arbitrary portions or even when the rotational speed is varied. According to the invention of (23) and (36), when the frequency component of the measured specter data and the frequency component owing to the rotating or sliding part are compared and checked, the reference value used in comparing and checking is calculated based on the limited frequency range of the measured spectrum data. Therefore, accuracy of diagnosis can be promoted by making an influence of noise difficult to be effected, presence or absence of the abnormality and the abnormal portion can be specified. Further, presence or absence of the abnormality and the abnormal portion can be specified without disassembling the machine equipment comprising the rotating or sliding part by a simple constitution, labor required for disassembling or integrating the apparatus can be alleviated, and the damage of the part accompanied by disassembling or assembling can be prevented. Further, according to the invention of (24) and (37), a result of the diagnosis of presence or absence of the abnormality, the abnormal portion, the spectrum waveform (measured spectrum data) in the diagnosis are outputted in the predetermined style, and the report is formed by the result of the output based on at least one program. Therefore, operation of forming the report based on the result of the diagnosis is facilitated. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an outline view of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus in which a diagnosis object according to a first embodiment of the invention is targeted to a rolling bearing unit for a railway vehicle including a double row tapered roller bearing; FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a signal processing route of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus; FIG. 3 is a graph showing an aging change of a vibration value when a seizure of a bearing is brought about; FIG. 4 is a graph showing an aging change of a temperature of an outer peripheral surface of an outer ring when a seizure of a bearing is brought about; FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a relationship between a portion of a damage of a rolling bearing and a vibration generating frequency generated owing to the damage; FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining a relationship of an abnormal vibration frequency generated by bringing gears in mesh with each other; FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a signal processing route of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to a second embodiment of the invention; FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing a processing flow of a rotational state determining portion according to the second embodiment; FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing a processing flow of a rotational state determining portion of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to a third embodiment of the invention; FIG. 10 is an outline diagram of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a signal processing portion of FIG. 10; FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing a processing flow of a abnormality diagnosing method according to a fourth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing a processing flow of a abnormality diagnosing method according to a fifth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 14 is a flowchart showing a processing flow of a abnormality diagnosing method according to a sixth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 15 is an outline diagram of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to a seventh embodiment of the invention; FIG. 16 is a flowchart showing a processing flow of a abnormality diagnosing method according to the seventh embodiment of the invention; FIG. 17 is an outline diagram of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to an eighth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 18 is a sectional view of a bearing unit for a railway vehicle which is a machine equipment integrated with a detecting portion of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus; FIG. 19 is an outline diagram of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus integrated with the eighth embodiment and the seventh embodiment of the invention; FIG. 20 are an outline diagram of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to a ninth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 21 is a block diagram of a abnormality diagnosing module shown in FIG. 20; FIG. 22 is a flowchart showing a processing flow of the abnormality diagnosing module shown in FIG. 20; FIGS. 23A and 23B illustrate diagrams for explaining a processing waveform of a abnormality diagnosis according to the ninth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 24 is a block diagram of a abnormality diagnosing module according to a tenth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 25 is an explanatory diagram of an erroneous operation of the abnormality diagnosing module shown in FIG. 24; FIG. 26 is a block diagram of a abnormality diagnosing module according to an eleventh embodiment of the invention; FIG. 27 illustrates diagrams for explaining a processing waveform of a digital processing portion shown in FIG. 26; FIG. 28 is a graph showing a vibration waveform by a vibration sensor when power electricity of a motor is not turned off in test 2 according to the second embodiment of the invention; FIG. 29 is a graph showing a vibration waveform by the vibration sensor when power electricity of the motor is turned on in test 2 according to the second embodiment; FIG. 30 illustrate graphs of analyzing a frequency of a vibration of a housing when a rotational speed is changed in test 3 according to the third embodiment of the invention; FIG. 31 is a diagram for explaining a abnormality diagnosis of Example 3 in test 4 according to the fourth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 32 is a diagram for explaining a abnormality diagnosis of Example 4 in the test 4 according to the fourth embodiment; FIG. 33 is a diagram for explaining a abnormality diagnosis of Example 5 in the test 4 according to the fourth embodiment; FIG. 34 is a diagram for explaining a abnormality diagnosis of in test 5 according to the fifth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 35 is a diagram for explaining a abnormality diagnosis of a background art in test 5 according to the fifth embodiment; FIG. 36 illustrates diagrams for explaining a abnormality diagnosis in test 6 according to the sixth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 37 is other diagram for explaining the abnormality diagnosis in test 6 according to the sixth embodiment; FIG. 38 illustrates diagrams for explaining a abnormality diagnosis in test 7 according to the sixth embodiment; FIG. 39 is a diagram for explaining a abnormality diagnosis in test 8 according to the seventh embodiment of the invention; and FIG. 40 is a diagram for explaining a abnormality diagnosis of a background art in test 8 according to the seventh embodiment. Description of Reference Numerals and Signs 10 rolling bearing unit (machine equipment) 11 double row tapered roller bearing (rotating part) 12 bearing box (stationary member) 31, 70 detecting portions 32 vibrating sensor (vibrating system sensor) 33 temperature sensor 35 filter processing portion 37 envelope processing portion 38 frequency analyzing portion 39 comparing and checking portion 42 abnormality determining portion 52 rotational state determining portion 60, 120 machine equipments 62 rolling bearing (rotating part) 72 sensor 80 controller 81, 82 signal processing portions 84 controlling portion 90 outputting apparatus 93 monitor 94 alarm 95 report forming portion 96 storing portion 97 data outputting portion 100 data accumulating and distributing portion 102 rotation analyzing portion 104 filter processing portion 106 vibration analyzing portion 108 comparing and determining portion 110 inner data holding portion 200 railway vehicle (machine equipment) 201 vibration sensor 202, 220, 230 abnormality diagnosing module 203 communication network 204 wheel (rotating or sliding part) 205 digital processing module 206 rotational speed sensor 207, 236 LPF 208 ADC 209 waveform shaping circuit 210 TCNT 211 CPU 212 communication protocol IP 213 SIO 214 line driver 215 envelope circuit 216, 235 HPF 217 all wave rectifying circuit 218 peak hold 219, 231 digital processing portions 232 envelope processing 233 Hilbert transformation 234 amplitude decode 237 threshold count 238 diagnosing portion BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION A detailed explanation will be given of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus and a abnormality diagnosing method according to respective embodiments of the invention in reference to the drawings as follows. First Embodiment First, an explanation will be given of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to a first embodiment of the invention in reference to FIG. 1 through FIG. 6. As shown by FIG. 1, the rolling bearing unit 10 for a railway vehicle including a machine equipment applied with a abnormality diagnosing apparatus includes: a double row tapered roller bearing 11 constituting a rotating part; and a bearing box 12 constituting a stationary member constituting a portion of a carriage for the railway vehicle. Further, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus includes: a detecting portion 31 for detecting a signal generated from the rolling bearing unit 10; a controller 80 including a signal processing portion 81 for determining a state of a abnormality or the like of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 from an electric signal outputted by the detecting portion 31; a controlling portion 84 for controlling to drive the roller bearing unit 10; and the outputting unit 90 of the monitor 93, the alarm 94 or the like. The double row tapered roller bearing 11 includes: a pair of inner rings 14, 14 rotatably supporting an axle 13 of the railway vehicle constituting a rotating shaft driven to rotate by a drive motor 13a constituting a driving unit and having inner raceway surfaces 15, 15 inclined in a shape of a conical outer face at an outer peripheral surface thereof; a single outer ring 16 having a pair of outer raceway surfaces 17, 17 inclined in a shape of a tapered inner surface at an inner peripheral surface thereof; tapered rollers 18, 18 constituting rolling elements arranged in double rows and by a plurality thereof between the inner raceway surfaces 15, 15 of the inner rings 14, 14 and the outer raceway surfaces 17, 17 of the outer ring 16; pressed retainers 19, 19 in a ring-like shape for rollably retaining the tapered rollers 18, 18; and a pair of seal members 20, 20 respectively mounted to both end portions in an axial direction of the outer ring 16. Further, the drive motor 13a is used by repeating turning ON and turning OFF, and when electricity is not energized to the drive motor 13a, the double row tapered roller bearing 11 is rotated by inertia along with the axle 13. The bearing box 12 includes a housing 21 constituting a side frame of the carriage for the railway vehicle. The housing 21 is formed in a cylindrical shape to cover an outer peripheral surface of the outer ring 16. Further, a front lid 22 is arranged on a side of a front end portion in an axial direction of the housing 21, and a rear lid 23 is arranged on a side of a rear end portion in the axial direction of the housing 21. An inner ring spacer 24 is arranged between the pair of inner rings 14, 14. The axle 13 is press-fitted to the pair of inner rings 14, 14 and the inner ring spacer 24, and the outer ring 16 is fitted to the housing 21. The double row tapered roller bearing 11 is loaded with a radial load by weights of various members or the like and an arbitrary axial load, and an upper side portion in a peripheral direction of the outer ring 16 constitutes a loaded zone. Here, the loaded zone refers to a zone in which the load is applied to the rolling element. One seal member 20 arranged on the side of the front end portion of the axle 13 is integrated between an outer side end portion of the outer ring 16 and the front lid 22, and other seal member 20 arranged on the side of the rear end portion is integrated between an outer side end portion of the outer ring 16 and the rear lid 23. A through hole 26 penetrated in a diameter direction is formed at an outer peripheral portion of the housing 21 at a position substantially at a center portion in the axial direction of the double row tapered roller bearing 11, and the through hole 26 is fixed with the detecting portion 31 constituting a portion of the abnormality diagnosing apparatus in a state of being contained in a single case 27. The detecting portion 31 is a composite integrated type sensor in which a vibration system sensor capable of detecting vibration of at least one of a vibration sensor, an AE (acoustic emission), a sound sensor, an ultrasonic sensor and a temperature sensor are integrally contained to be fixed at inside of the case 27. Further, the detecting portion 31 shown in FIG. 1 includes the vibration sensor 32 and the temperature sensor 33. The vibration sensor 32 is a vibration measuring element of a piezoelectric element or the like and is used for detecting: flaking of the inner and the outer raceway surface 15, 15, 17, 17 of the double row tapered roller bearing 11; fracture of a gear; flat wear of a wheel or the like. Further, the vibration sensor 32 may be able to form an electric signal from vibration of acceleration, speed or displacement type or the like and when attached to a machine equipment full of noise, it is preferable to use an insulating type since an influence of noise is not effected thereon. Further, as a sound sensor, a microphone capable of collecting sound emitted from an axle portion or the like as a sound wave to be formed into an electric signal may be used, and a microphone having a directivity is preferable for collecting sound. The temperature sensor 33 is a temperature measuring element of a non-contact type of a thermistor temperature measuring element, a platinum temperature measuring resistor, a thermocouple or the like, and is arranged at a vicinity of the outer peripheral surface of the outer ring 16 at inside of the case 27. Further, as the temperature sensor 33, there can be used a temperature fuse which is not turned on by separating a contact of a bimetal or melting to cut the point when an ambient temperature exceeds a rectified value. In that case, a abnormality in temperature is detected by breaking down the turning on of the temperature fuse when the temperature of the rolling bearing unit 10 exceeds the rectified value. Further, the detecting portion 31 is attached to the load zone of the radial load of the bearing box 12 fitted to a non-rotational side ring of the double row tapered roller bearing 11. Therefore, for example, when the bearing raceway surface is damaged, an impact force produced when the rolling element passes through the damaged portion is larger in the loaded zone than in a non-loaded zone and the side of the bearing loaded zone can detect abnormal vibration with excellent sensitivity. Further, the detecting portion 31 can detect vibration and temperature of a gear or a wheel (both of which are not illustrated) in accordance with a constitution of a machine equipment other than a rolling bearing such as the double row tapered roller bearing 11. Further, the embodiment is provided with a rotational speed sensor 40 (refer to FIG. 2) of an encoder or the like for detecting a rotational speed of the double row tapered roller bearing 11. According to the signal processing portion 81, as shown by FIG. 2, simultaneously with outputting a vibration signal by the vibration sensor 32 to the abnormality determining portion 42 by way of a vibration measured value analyzing portion 50 after amplifying a vibration signal, a temperature signal by the temperature sensor 33 is outputted to the abnormality determining portion 42 by way of a temperature measured value analyzing portion 51 after amplifying the temperature signal. The abnormality determining portion 42 determines presence or absence of a abnormality and a degree of damage of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 based on a combination of respective change rates of respective measured values of vibration and temperature over time. Here, the respective measured values may be average root-mean-square values or peak values at arbitrary time. That is, when an flaking damage is brought about at the bearing raceway surface, an impact is produced at each time of passing the rolling element through the damaged portion and therefore, a change in the vibration value becomes large. However, the temperature is hardly changed at a premonitory sign thereof or immediately thereafter. On the other hand, when a seizure is brought about at the bearing, as the premonitory sign, there is a characteristic of increasing the changes in vibration and temperature over a measured period of time. In this way, according to the embodiment, there is utilized the characteristic of an abnormal mode of the rotating part in which ways of changing vibration and temperature differ by the kind of the abnormality, and presence or absence of the abnormality and the degree of damage of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 can be determined by combining the respective change rates of the respective measured values of vibration and temperature over time. FIG. 3 shows an aging change of vibration until bringing about a seizure at the bearing, and FIG. 4 shows an aging change of temperature until bringing about the seizure at the bearing. In reference to FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, as the premonitory sign of bringing about seizure at the bearing, vibration is rapidly increased from point A, however, temperature is hardly changed. Thereafter, vibration is further increased from point B and temperature rises from the same time point. It is known that after further increasing vibration, seizure is brought about at point C, temperature after seizure further rises and the bearing is overheated. Therefore, presence or absence of the abnormality and the degree of damage of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 is determined by calculating the change rates of the measured values of vibration and temperature at points A, B, C or over time based on a measured result shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 and comparing the values with a previously set predetermined values. Further, according to the embodiment, with regard to information of vibration by the vibration sensor 32, a frequency analysis is carried out by subjecting a vibration waveform to filter processing, thereafter, an envelope processing to be able to determine presence or absence of the damage of the bearing or the like and specify the damaged portion to thereby ensure reliability of abnormality diagnosis. That is, as shown by FIG. 2, the vibration signal generated by the vibration sensor 32 is a amplified and converted by A/D conversion by way of wired or wireless signal transmitting unit 34 and thereafter transmitted to the filter portion 35. The filter portion 35 samples only a predetermined frequency band in correspondence with a characteristic frequency from the vibration signal based on the characteristic frequency of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 stored to a characteristic frequency storing portion 36. Further, amplification and A/D conversion of the vibration signal may be carried out before transmission and an order of amplification and A/D conversion may be reversed. The characteristic frequency can easily be calculated by vibrating the double row tapered roller bearing 11 as a measured object by subjecting a vibration detector attached to the measured object or sound emitted by striking as a frequency analysis. Further, when the measured object is the double row tapered roller bearing, the measured object is provided with a characteristic frequency owing to any one of the inner ring, the outer ring, the rolling element, the retainer and the like. Generally, a plurality of natural frequencies of a machine part are present, and an amplitude level at the characteristic frequency is increased and therefore, a sensitivity of measurement is excellent. Thereafter, at the envelope processing portion 37, an absolute value detecting processing for detecting an absolute value of a waveform is carried out for the predetermined frequency band sampled by the filter portion 35. Further, a processing of analyzing the frequency of the waveform is carried out at the frequency analyzing portion 38 and measured value data is transmitted to the comparing and checking portion 39. On the other hand, at a theoretical frequency calculating portion 41, calculated value data of a frequency owing to damage of a rotating part of flaking of the bearing, fracture of a gear, flat of a wheel or the like calculated based on the rotational speed sensor 40 is transmitted to the comparing and checking portion 39. Further, when a rotating part is a roller bearing, the calculation value data becomes frequency data owing to damage of the inner ring, the outer ring, the rolling element, the retainer as shown by FIG. 5. Further, when a rotating part is a gear, the calculation value data becomes a frequency data owing to damage as shown by FIG. 6. Further, the measured value data and the calculation value data are compared and checked at the comparing and checking portion 39, and at the abnormality determining portion 42, presence or absence of abnormality is determined, an abnormal portion is specified, and a degree of damage is determined. The outputting unit 90 outputs a result of determining presence or absence of abnormality, the degree of damage of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 and specifying the abnormal portion and outputs warning of an alarm or the like when abnormality is detected and inputs the result of determination to a storing portion. Here, information is transmitted from the abnormality determining portion 42 to the outputting unit 90 by wired or wireless data transmitting unit 92. Further, the result of determination may be outputted to the controlling portion 84 for controlling operation of a mechanism of driving the roller bearing unit 10 and a control signal in accordance with the result of determination may be fed back. Further, according to the vibration signal processing after amplification, various data processing and operation are carried out, for example, a computer or an exclusive microchip or the like can be used therefor. Further, the operation processing may be carried out after storing the detected signal to storing means of a memory or the like. In this way, according to the embodiment, information of vibration and temperature in accordance with a state of rotating the double row tapered roller bearing 11 constituting the rotating part are simultaneously detected, presence or absence of abnormality and the degree of damage are simultaneously determined based on a combination of the measured result by the vibration system sensor of vibration sensor, sound sensor, ultrasonic wave sensor, or AE sensor or the like and the measured result by the temperature sensor and therefore, the degree of damage can be determined by utilizing the characteristic of the abnormal mode of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 with regard to vibration and temperature. Further, the abnormality diagnosis having high reliability can be carried out by preventing erroneous diagnosis by influence of abrupt disturbance noise or the like. Further, presence or absence of abnormality and the degree of damage of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 can simultaneously be inspected in the actual operating state without disassembling the rolling bearing unit 10 for the railway vehicle integrated with the double row tapered roller bearing 11. As a result, an optimum timing of interchanging the double row tapered roller bearing 11 is known and efficient maintenance can be carried out. Particularly, according to the invention, by combining the measured values or the change rates of vibration and temperature, presence or absence of abnormality is diagnosed to determine by a plurality of times. Further, with regard to information of vibration, by comparing the frequency component owing to damage of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 calculated based on the rotational speed signal and the frequency component of the measured data provided by subjecting the vibration waveform of the signal detected by the vibration sensor 32 to the filter processing and the envelope processing, presence or absence of abnormality of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 can be determined and the damaged portion can be specified, and reliability of abnormality diagnosis can further be ensured. Second Embodiment Next, a abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to a second embodiment of the invention will be explained in details in reference to FIG. 7 and FIG. 8. Further, portions equivalent to those of the first embodiment are attached with the same notations and an explanation thereof will be omitted or simplified. According to the embodiment, a state of rotating the double row tapered roller bearing 11 by inertia in a predetermined rotational speed zone when turning off the drive motor 13a (refer to FIG. 1) is detected by the signal processing portion 81 based on an OFF signal of the drive motor 13a, and the rotational speed sensor 40 and in the detecting, a abnormality of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 is diagnosed based on detecting signals by the vibration sensor 32 and the temperature sensor 33. First, as shown by FIG. 7, the vibration signal generated by the vibration sensor 32, the temperature signal generated by the temperature sensor 33 are transmitted to the rotational speed determining portion 52 after amplification and A/D conversion by way of the signal transmitting unit 34. Further, amplification and A/D conversion of the vibration signal may be carried out before transmission, further, an order of amplification and A/D conversion may be reversed. The rotational state determining portion 52 determines whether the drive motor 13a falls in the rotational speed zone by inertia in which electricity is not energized to the drive motor 13a after driving to operate the drive motor 13a within the predetermined rotational speed zone. For example, as shown by a processing flow of FIG. 8, the rotational state determining portion 52 determines whether an OFF signal on a side of the drive motor is outputted (step S11) and determines whether information of the rotational speed of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 from the rotational speed sensor 40 falls in a previously set predetermined rotational speed zone (step S12). Further, when the OFF signal (turning off) on the side of the drive motor is not outputted, or information of the rotational speed of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 from the rotational speed sensor 40 does not fall in the previously set predetermined rotational speed zone, the operation returns to step S11 to repeat processing. On the other hand, when the OFF signal on the side of the drive motor is outputted to the rotational speed determining portion 52 and information of the rotational speed of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 from the rotational speed sensor 40 falls in the previously set predetermined rotational speed zone, the vibration signal and the temperature signal at the time point are detected and transmitted to the filter portion 35, the temperature measured value analyzing portion 51 (step S13). Further, the rotational speed determining portion 52 may detect the vibration signal and the temperature signal based on the output of the OFF signal of the drive motor when it is confirmed that information of the rotational speed of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 falls in the rotational speed zone. Or, when it is determined that the drive motor 13a is brought into turning off state by a change in information of the rotational speed by the rotational speed sensor 40, a abnormality of the rotating part may be diagnosed in corporation with the detecting signal of the rotational speed by the rotational speed sensor 40 and the detecting signal of vibration or a temperature by the detecting portion 31. Further, when the drive motor 13a is brought into the turned off state, information of vibration is processed similar to the first embodiment as shown by FIG. 7, and the abnormality determining portion 42 determines presence or absence of the abnormality in vibration of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 and specifies the abnormal portion. The outputting unit 90 outputs a result of determining the abnormality in the double row tapered roller bearing 11 and specifying the abnormal portion, a warning of an alarm or the like is outputted, or the result of determination is inputted to a storing portion. On the other hand, the temperature signal detected when the OFF signal on the side of the drive motor is outputted and information of the rotational speed of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 falls in the previously set predetermined rotational speed zone is processed by the temperature measured value analyzing portion 51 and thereafter outputted to the abnormality determining portion 42. The abnormality determining portion 42 determines whether a previously set threshold is exceeded, when the threshold is not exceeded, it is determined that a abnormality is not brought about at the bearing, when the threshold is exceeded, it is determined that a abnormality of seizure or the like is brought about at the bearing, a result of determining the abnormality in the double row tapered roller bearing 11 is outputted by the outputting unit 90, and a warning of an alarm or the like is outputted. In this way, according to the embodiment, the signal processing portion 81 determines the abnormality in the double row tapered roller bearing 11 based on the detecting signals of the vibration sensor 32 and the temperature sensor 33 in the state of rotating the double row tapered roller bearing 11 by inertia in the predetermined rotational speed zone when the drive motor 13a is brought into the turning off state and therefore, the abnormality of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 can be diagnosed in an actual operating state without disassembling the roller bearing unit 10 for the railway vehicle integrated with the double row tapered roller bearing 11, a signal of a high SN ratio (signal to noise ratio) can be detected with high sensitivity by restraining electric disturbance noise of electromagnetic sound or the like in driving the drive motor 13a, and the abnormality can be diagnosed with high reliability. According to the embodiment, in driving the drive motor 13a, an influence of electric disturbance noise of electromagnetic sound or the like is larger in the vibration sensor 32 than in the temperature sensor 33 and therefore, at least the signal from the vibration sensor 32 may be transmitted to the rotational state determining portion 52 by way of the signal transmitting unit 34, and the signal from the temperature sensor 33 may be transmitted to the temperature measured value analyzing portion 51 without passing the rotational state determining portion 52. Further, other constitution and operation are similar to those of the first embodiment. Third Embodiment Next, a abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to a third embodiment of the invention will be explained in reference to FIG. 9. Further, portions equivalent to those of the second embodiment are attached with the same notations and an explanation thereof will be omitted or simplified. According to the abnormality diagnosing apparatus of the embodiment, as shown by a flowchart of FIG. 9, the rotational state determining portion 52 (refer to FIG. 7) determines whether information of the rotational speed of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 from the rotational speed sensor 40 falls in a zone of the rotational speed equal to or faster than 100 min−1 and equal to or slower than 1500 min−1 (step S21). Further, when information of the rotational speed of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 is outside of the zone of the rotational speed equal to or faster than 100 min−1 and equal to or slower than 1500 min−1, the operation returns to step S21 to repeat processing. On the other hand, when information of the rotational speed of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 falls in the zone of the rotational speed equal to or faster than 100 min−1 and equal to or slower than 1500 min−1, the vibration signal and the temperature signal at the time point are detected and transmitted to the filter portion 35, the temperature measured value analyzing portion 51 (step S22). Therefore, according to the abnormality diagnosing apparatus of the embodiment, the rotational speed determining portion 52 of FIG. 7 is constituted to determine whether the double row tapered roller bearing 11 falls in the zone of the rotational speed equal to or faster than 100 min−1 and equal to or slower than 1500 min−1 without using the output of the OFF signal of the drive motor 13a. However, also in the abnormality diagnosing apparatus of the embodiment, similar to the second embodiment, the rotational state determining portion 52 may determine that the drive motor 13a is brought into the turning off state by using the output of the OFF signal of the drive motor 13a, or by the change in information of the rotational speed by the rotational speed sensor 40. Therefore, by detecting the vibration signal and the temperature signal when the double row tapered roller bearing 11 is rotated by inertia within the zone of the rotational speed equal to or faster than 100 min−1 and equal to or slower than 1500 min−1, the influence of the electromagnetic component in conducting electricity to the drive motor 13a is eliminated, and the abnormality can be diagnosed with higher accuracy. Therefore, according to the abnormality diagnosing apparatus of the embodiment, when the double row tapered roller bearing 11 is rotated within the zone of the rotational speed equal to or faster than 100 min−1 and equal to or slower than 1500 min−1, the abnormality of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 is diagnosed based on the detecting signals of the vibration sensor 32 and the temperature sensor 33 and therefore, the abnormality of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 can be diagnosed in an actual operating state without disassembling the rolling bearing unit 10 for a railway vehicle integrated with the double row tapered roller bearing 11, the vibrating force by flaking of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 by damage or flat wear of the wheel or the like can be detected by the high SN ratio without being influenced by the disturbance noise or the like, as a result, the abnormality can be diagnosed with high reliability. Particularly, in the roller bearing unit 10 of the railway vehicle integrated with the double row tapered roller bearing 11 having an outside diameter equal to or larger than φ200 mm (inside diameter φ100 mm, width 150 mm), by diagnosing the abnormality when the double row tapered roller bearing 11 is rotated within the rotational speed zone, the abnormality can be diagnosed with high reliability. Other constitution and operation are similar to those of the second embodiment. Further, there is a case in which depending on a machine equipment, mesh of a gear train is intermittently carried out by using a clutch mechanism or the like, in addition to the second and the third embodiments, by diagnosing the abnormality of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 based on the detecting signals by the vibration sensor 32 and the temperature sensor 33 when mesh of the gear train by the clutch is separated, influence of mechanical noise of mesh of the gear train and electric noise is not effected, and the abnormality can be diagnosed with higher SN ratio. Further, when a signal is outputted to the side of the drive motor in separating mesh of the gear train and the signals of vibration and the temperature are detected and the abnormality is diagnosed after the drive motor is brought into the turning off state, efficient formation of the diagnosis can be achieved. Further, when used by the railway vehicle, in addition to the second and the third embodiments, similar operation and effect can be achieved by diagnosing the abnormality of the double row tapered roller bearing 11 based on the detecting signals by the vibration sensor 32 and the temperature sensor 33 when there is not a joint or a switch of a railway track and a railway vehicle is running on a straight line. In this case, efficient formation of the diagnosis can be achieved when signals of vibration and temperature are detected and the abnormality is diagnosed after the drive motor is brought into the turning off state when a signal is outputted to a side of the driver's cab or the side of the drive motor, when, for example, the railway vehicle passes a location from which the railway vehicle runs on the straight line. Fourth Embodiment Next, a abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to a fourth embodiment will be explained in reference to FIGS. 10 through 12. As shown by FIG. 10, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus includes a detecting portion 70 for detecting a signal generated from the machine equipment 60, the controller 80 including the signal processing portion 82 for determining a abnormality or the like of a rotating part of the machine equipment 60 from an detecting signal outputted by the detecting portion 70 and the controlling portion 84 for controlling to drive the machine equipment 60, and the outputting unit 90 of the monitor 93, the alarm 94 and the like. The machine equipment 60 is provided with the rolling bearing 62 constituting a rotating part as an example, and the rolling bearing 62 includes an inner ring 64 constituting a rotating ring outwardly fitted to a rotating shaft (not illustrated), an outer ring 66 constituting a fixed ring inwardly fitted to a housing (not illustrated), balls 68 constituting a plurality of rolling elements arranged between the inner ring 64 and the outer ring 66, and a retainer (not illustrated) for rollably holding the ball 68. The detecting portion 70 includes a sensor 72 for detecting vibration generated from the machine equipment 60 in operating the machine equipment 60. The sensor 72 is fixed to the housing at a vicinity of the outer ring by fixing by a bolt, adhering, fixing by a bolt and adhering, or embedding by a mold member. Further, when fixed by a bolt, a function of stopping to rotate may be provided. Further, when the sensor 72 is molded, waterproof performance is achieved, vibration isolating performance is promoted against vibration from outside and therefore, reliability of the sensor 72 per se can remarkably be promoted. Further, the sensor 72 may be a vibration system sensor capable of detecting vibration and may be able to convert vibration into an electric signal of a vibration sensor, and AE (acoustic emission) sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a shock pulse sensor or the like, or of acceleration, speed, strain, stress, displacement type or the like. Further, when attached to a machine equipment frequent of noise, it is preferable to use an insulating type since the insulating type is less effected with an influence of noise. Further, when the sensor 72 uses a vibration detecting element of a piezoelectric element or the like, the element may be constituted by being molded by plastic or the like. In addition thereto, according to the machine equipment 60 of the embodiment, other than the rolling bearing 62, vibration of a gear or a wheel (also which are not illustrated) or the like can be detected by the sensor 72. Further, similar to the detecting portion 31 of FIG. 1, the detecting portion 70 may be an integrated type sensor for containing the sensor 72 for detecting vibration generated from the machine equipment, a temperature sensor for detecting a temperature of the machine equipment and the rotational speed sensor in a single case. In this case, it is preferable to fix the integrated sensor to a flat portion of a bearing box for fixing the rolling bearing 62 (refer to FIG. 18). The temperature sensor may be a temperature fuse of a type in which turning off by separating a contact of a bimetal or melting the contact when the temperature becomes a certain predetermined value. Thereby, when a temperature equal to or higher than a certain predetermined value, the temperature fuse is turned off the electricity and therefore, a abnormality can be detected. The controller 80 including the signal processing portion 82 and the controlling portion 84 is constituted by a microcomputer (IC chip, CPU, MPU, DSP or the like) for receiving an electric signal from the sensor 72 by way of digital transmitting unit 74. As shown by FIG. 11, the signal processing portion 82 includes a data accumulating and distributing portion 100, the rotation analyzing portion 102, the filter processing portion 104, the vibration analyzing portion 106, the comparing and determining portion 108, the inner date holding portion 110. The data accumulating and distributing portion 100 is provided with a collecting and distributing function for receiving an electric signal from the sensor 72 and an electric signal with regard to a rotational speed to temporarily store and distributing the signals to either of the analyzing portions 102, 106 in accordance with kinds of the signals. The various signals are converted to digital signals by A/D conversion by an AD converter, not illustrated, before being transmitted to the date accumulating and distributing portion 100 and transmitted to the data accumulating and distributing portion 100 after having been amplified by an amplifier, not illustrated. Further, an order of A/D conversion and amplification may be reversed. The rotation analyzing portion 102 calculates a rotational speed of the inner ring 64, that is, the rotating shaft based on an output signal from a sensor (not illustrated) for detecting a rotational speed and transmits the calculated rotational speed to the comparing and determining portion 108. Further, when the detecting element is constituted by an encoder attached to the inner ring 64 and a magnet and a magnetic detecting element attached to the outer ring 66, a signal outputted by the detecting element becomes a pulse signal in accordance with a shape and a rotational speed of the encoder. The rotation analyzing portion 102 is provided with a predetermined conversion function or conversion table in accordance with a shape of the encoder and calculates the rotational speed of the inner ring 64 and the rotating shaft from the pulse signal in accordance with the function or table. The filter processing portion 104 samples only a predetermined frequency band in correspondence with a characteristic frequency from the vibration signal based on the characteristic frequency of the rolling bearing 62, a gear, a wheel or the like constituting a rotating part and eliminates an unnecessary frequency band. The characteristic frequency can easily be calculated by vibrating the rotating part as a measured object by a striking method and subjecting a vibration detector attached to the measured object or sound emitted by striking to frequency analysis. Further, when the measured object is a rolling bearing, a characteristic frequency owing to any of the inner ring, the outer ring, the rolling element, the retainer or the like is provided. Generally, a plurality of natural frequencies of mechanical parts are present, further, an amplitude level at the characteristic frequency is high and therefore, a sensitivity of measurement is excellent. The vibration analyzing portion 106 analyzes a frequency of vibration generated at the bearing 62, a gear, or a wheel based on an output signal from the sensor 72. Specifically, the vibration analyzing portion 106 is an FFT calculating portion for calculating a frequency spectrum of the vibration signal and calculates the frequency spectrum of the vibration based on an algorism of FFT. The calculated frequency spectrum is transmitted to the comparing and determining portion 108. Further, the vibration analyzing portion 106 may carry out an absolute value processing or an envelope processing as a pretreatment of carrying out FFT to convert only to a frequency component necessary for diagnosis. The vibration analyzing portion 106 outputs also envelope data after the envelope processing to the comparing and determining portion 108 as necessary. The comparing and determining portion 108 compares the frequency spectrum of the vibration by the vibration analyzing portion 106 and a reference value used for analyzing a abnormality calculated from the frequency spectrum, samples a peak component larger than the reference value from the frequency spectrum and calculates the frequency value between peaks. On the other hand, the comparing and determining portion 108 calculates vibration generating frequency components of rotating parts generated owing to abnormalities of the respective rotating parts from the relationships shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, that is, frequency component of damages Sx of the bearing (inner ring frequency component of damage Si, outer ring frequency component of damage So, rolling element frequency component of damage Sb and retainer frequency component of damage Sc), a frequency component of damage Sg in correspondence with mesh of gears, wear of a rotating member of a wheel or the like or an unbalance component Sr thereof and compares the vibration generating frequency components and frequency values between peaks. Further, the comparing and determining portion 108 determines presence or absence of the abnormality and specifies the abnormal portion based on a result of the determination. Further, calculation of the vibration generating frequency components may be carried out therebefore, and when a similar diagnosis is carried out therebefore, data may be stored to the inner date holding portion 110 and the data may be used. Further, various elements data of design of the respective rotating parts used for calculation is inputted and stored beforehand. Further, a result of determination at the comparing and determining portion 108 may be held at the inner data holding portion 110 of a memory, HDD or the like, or may be transmitted to the outputting unit 90 by way of the data transmitting unit 92. Further, the result of determination may be outputted to the controlling portion 84 for controlling operation of the mechanism of driving the machine equipment 60 and a control signal in accordance with the result of determination may be fed back. Further, the outputting unit 90 may display the result of a determination to a monitor or the like in real time, or may notify abnormality by using an alarm, a buzzer or the like when the abnormality is detected. Further, the data transmitting unit 74, 92 may be able to transmit and receive signals precisely, may be wired, or may utilize wireless in consideration of a network. Next, an explanation will be given of a specific example of a processing flow of a abnormality diagnosis based on the vibration signal in reference to FIG. 12. First, the sensor 72 detects vibrations of respective rotating parts (step S101). The detected vibration signals are converted into digital signals by an A/D converter (step S102), amplified by a predetermined amplification factor (step S103), thereafter, the filter processing of sampling only predetermined frequency bands in correspondence with the natural frequencies of rotating parts by the filter processing portion 104 is carried out (step S104). Thereafter, at the vibration analyzing portion 106, the envelope processing is carried out for the digital signals after the filter processing (step S105), and frequency spectra of digital signals after the envelope processing are calculated (step S106). Next, from the relationships shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, the frequency components (bearing frequency component of damages Sx (inner ring frequency component of damage Si, outer ring frequency component of damage So, rolling element frequency component of damage Sb and retainer frequency component of damage Sc), frequency component of damage Sg in correspondence with mesh of gears, wear of a rotating member of a wheel or the like and unbalance component Sr) generated owing to abnormalities of rotating parts are calculated based rotational speed signals (step S107). On the other hand, reference values (for example, sound pressure level or voltage level) used for abnormality diagnosis are calculated from the frequency spectra provided by the vibration analyzing portion 106 (step S108). Further, the reference values may be root-mean-square values or peak values of digital signals of measured spectra data at arbitrary time, or may be calculated based on the values. Next, peak components larger than the reference values calculated at step S108 are sampled from the frequency spectra provided at step S106 and frequency values between peaks are calculated (step S109). Further, the frequency values between peaks and vibration generating frequency components of rotating parts at step S107 are compared (step S110), and when all of components do not coincide, it is determined that there is not a abnormality in the rotating parts (step S111). On the other hand, when any of the components coincides therewith, it is determined that a abnormality is present and the abnormal portion is specified (step S112) and a result of the checking is outputted to the control portion 84, and the outputting unit 90 of the monitor 93, the alarm 94 and the like (step S113). In this way, according to the embodiment, the peaks of the spectra larger than the reference values calculated based on the spectra provided by the frequency analysis are sampled, the frequencies between peaks and the frequency components owing to damages of the rotating parts calculated based on the rotational speed signals are compared and checked, presence or absence of abnormalities of the rotating parts are determined and abnormal portions are specified based on a result of the checking and therefore, presence or absence of abnormalities can be determined and abnormal portions can be specified with excellent accuracy even when the rotational speed data used for calculation is deviated from the actual rotational speed in a case in which the actual rotational speed cannot directly be inputted. Further, according to the abnormality diagnosing apparatus and the abnormality diagnosing method of the invention, presence or absence of abnormalities can be determined and abnormal portions can be specified without disassembling the machine equipment integrated with the rotating parts by a simple constitution, labor required for disassembling or integrating the apparatus can be reduced, and damage of the parts in accordance with disassembling or assembling can be prevented. Further, according to the abnormality diagnosing apparatus and the abnormality diagnosing method of the embodiment, the signal processing portion is constituted by a microcomputer and therefore, the signal processing portion is unitized and small-sized formation or module formation of the abnormality diagnosing apparatus can be achieved. Fifth Embodiment Next, a abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to a fifth embodiment will be explained in reference to FIG. 13. Further, portions equivalent to those of the fourth embodiment are attached with the same notations and an explanation thereof will be omitted or simplified. The embodiment differs from the fourth embodiment in the processing at the comparing and determining portion 108 of the signal processing portion 82. The comparing and determining portion 108 according to the embodiment compares and checks the frequency components owing to the rolling bearing 62, the gear, the wheel and the frequency components of the measured spectrum data of the vibrations by the vibration analyzing portion 106 with variable allowable widths. According to the embodiment, whereas the comparing and determining portion 108 calculates the reference values (for example, sound pressure level or voltage level) from the measured spectrum data, the comparing and determining portion 108 calculates the frequencies (vibration generating frequency) owing to the damages of the rolling bearing and the gear by using the relationships shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, samples sound pressure levels (or voltage levels) within the ranges of providing the variable allowable widths to the vibration generating frequencies from the measured spectrum data to compare with the reference values. Further, the comparing and determining portion 108 determines presence or absence of the abnormality and specifies the abnormal portion based on a result of the determination. Further, calculation of the vibration generating frequencies may be carried out therebefore similar to the fourth embodiment and when a similar diagnosis is carried out therebefore, data thereof may be stored to the inner data holding portion 110 and data may be used. Further, specification data of design of the respective rotating parts used for calculation are inputted to store beforehand. Further, the variable allowable widths in comparing and checking can correspond to a change in the actual rotational speed (a change by influence of wear of the wheel in the railway vehicle or the like) when the variable allowable widths are in cooperation with the frequency bands or the rotational speeds constituting the objects by setting the frequency components such that the higher the frequency component, the larger the variable allowable width. A specific example of a processing flow of a abnormality diagnosis based on the vibration signal will be explained in reference to FIG. 13. First, also in the embodiment, processing (step S201 through step S206) similar to step S101 through step S106 of the fourth embodiment are carried out. Next, from the relationships shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, the vibration generating frequencies generated owing to the abnormalities of the respective rotating parts are calculated based on the rotational speed signal (step S207), sound pressure levels of abnormal frequency bands of respective rotating parts (in the case of the rolling bearing 62, bearing frequency component of damages Sx, that is, inner ring frequency component of damage Si, outer ring frequency component of damage So, rolling element frequency component of damage Sb and retainer frequency component of damage Sc, in the case of the gear, gear frequency component of damage Sg in correspondence with mesh, and in the case of the rotating member of a wheel or the like, wear of the rotating member or unbalance component Sr) having allowable width variable relative to the calculated frequencies are calculated (step S208). On the other hand, similar to the fourth embodiment, the reference values (for example, sound pressure level or voltage level) used for the abnormality diagnosis are calculated from the frequency spectra provided from the vibration analyzing portion 106 (step S209). Successively, the sound levels (or voltage levels) of the abnormal frequency bands of the respective rotating parts calculated at step S208 and the reference values calculated at step S209 are compared for the respective rotating parts having different various elements of design in turn (step S210). When all of the components do not coincide therewith, it is determined that the rotating parts are not abnormal (step S211). On the other hand, when any of the components coincide therewith, it is determined that abnormality is present and the abnormal portion is specified (step S212), and a result of the checking is outputted to the controlling portion 84, the outputting unit 90 of the monitor 93, the alarm 94 and the like (step S213) In this way, according to the embodiment, the frequency components of the measured specter data provided by frequency analysis and the frequency components owing to the rotating parts are compared and checked with variable allowable widths, presence or absence of abnormalities of rotating parts and abnormal portions are determined based on a result of the checking and therefore, presence or absence of abnormalities can be determined and abnormal portions can be specified with excellent accuracy even when the rotational speed data used for calculation is deviated from the actual rotational speed in a case in which the actual rotational speed cannot directly be inputted. Other constitution and operation are similar to those of the fourth embodiment. Sixth Embodiment Next, a detailed explanation will be given of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus and a abnormality diagnosing method according to a sixth embodiment of the invention in reference to FIG. 14. Further, portions equivalent to those of the fifth embodiment are attached with the same notations and an explanation thereof will be omitted or simplified. The embodiment differs from the fifth embodiment in the processing at the comparing and determining portion 108 of the signal processing portion 82. Also in the embodiment, as shown by a processing flow of FIG. 14, step S301 through step S306 are carried out similar to step S101 through step S106 of the fourth embodiment. Next, from the relationships shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, the vibration generating frequencies generated owing to abnormalities of respective rotating parts are calculated based on the rotational speed signals (step S307). Further, there are calculated allowable widths constituting zones having upper limit frequencies and lower limit frequencies of the frequency component of damages of the rotating parts at respective specification data calculated from the rotational speeds of the rotating parts and dimensional specification of the rotating parts and central frequencies of the widths (step S308). Further, at step S308, as necessary, the allowable width is divided to one or more of widths, central frequencies with regard to the respective widths are calculated, and allowable widths having widths of arbitrary sizes are provided to the central frequencies. Further, the allowable width may be set to increase in correspondence with the frequency band. Thereafter, there are calculated sound pressure levels of abnormal frequency bands of the rotating parts having allowable widths for frequencies calculated at step S307 (in the case of the rolling bearing 62, bearing frequency component of damages Sx, that is, inner frequency component of damage Si, outer ring frequency component of damage So, rolling element frequency component of damage Sb and retainer frequency component of damage Sc, in the case of the gear, gear frequency component of damage Sg in correspondence with mesh, and in the case of the rotating member of a wheel or the like, wear of the rotating member or unbalance component Sr) (step S309). On the other hand, similar to the fifth embodiment, reference values (for example, sound pressure levels or voltage levels) used for abnormality diagnosis are calculated from the frequency spectra provided at the vibration analyzing portion 106 (step S310), the sound pressure levels (or voltage levels) of the abnormal frequency bands of the respective rotating parts calculated at step S309 and the reference values calculated at step S310 are compared for respective rotating parts having different various elements of design in turn (step S311). Further, at step S311, comparisons are repeated by an amount of a number of times of dividing the allowable width of the frequency. Further, when all of the components do not coincide therewith, it is determined that the rotating parts are not abnormal (step S312). On the other hand, when any of the components coincides therewith, it is determined that the abnormality is present and the abnormal portion is specified (step S313), and a result of the checking is outputted to the controlling portion 84 and the outputting unit 90 of the monitor 93, the alarm 94 and the like (step S314). Further, in a case in which abnormality is present in the rotating part, when the allowable width is divided at step S308, there is a case in which it is determined that abnormality is present at any of the divided allowable widths. Therefore, when diagnosis of an amount of two allowable widths is carried out, at step S311, at a time point of determining that the abnormality is present as a result of diagnosis at a first width, it is possible that the diagnosis at a second width is not carried out, after diagnosing as normal by the first width, the diagnosis at the second width is carried out. The vibration generating frequencies generated owing to abnormalities of the respective rotating parts at step S309 are provided by the rotational speeds and the dimensional specification data of design as shown by the relationships of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 and therefore, rotational speed fluctuation and differences in the specification data of dimension of design hamper high accuracy diagnosis. Therefore, it is effective to set the allowable widths as step S308 when the rotating parts are provided with a plurality of rotating parts having dimensional specification different from each other, or when the actual rotational speed signals cannot directly be inputted and the rotational speeds of the rotational parts are varied. For example, even when the actual rotational speed signal cannot directly be inputted, there is a case in which the width of a fluctuation of the rotational speed when rotated at a constant rotational speed is known. In this case, the allowable width is calculated by calculating a characteristic frequency component owing to the damage of the rotating part based on a lower limit rotational speed and an upper limit rotational speed, when the allowable width is large, a number of frequency components other than the frequency component of damage of the rotating part are included and the diagnosis accuracy is deteriorated. Therefore, the allowable width is divided as necessary, the central frequencies with regard to the respective divided widths are calculated, allowable widths having widths of arbitrary sizes are provided for the central frequencies, comparing and checking are carried out by an amount of a number of the divided allowable widths and the diagnosis can be carried out with high accuracy without being influenced by variations in the rotational speeds. Therefore, according to the abnormality diagnosing apparatus and the abnormality diagnosing method of the embodiment, a zone having the upper limit value and the lower limit value calculated from the rotational speed of the rotating part and the dimensional specification data of design of the rotating part is divided into at least one zone, central values of the respective divided zones are calculated, comparing and checking are carried out by providing at least one allowable width of an arbitrary size provided to the central value and therefore, even when the plurality of rotating parts having dimensional specification different from each other are integrated to arbitrary portions or even when the rotational speeds of the rotating parts are varied, presence or absence of abnormality or the abnormal portion can firmly be specified, and the diagnosis can be carried out with high accuracy. Further, thereby, labor in which parts having the same various elements need to be assembled as in the background art can be saved, even when parts of different various elements are assembled, the diagnosis can be carried out and therefore, the operational efficiency can be promoted and effective maintenance can be carried out. Further, the abnormality diagnosis of the embodiment is effective even in a case of a machine equipment in which rotating parts are provided with a plurality of rotating parts having dimensional specification design different from each other and rotational speeds of the rotating parts are varied. Further, in the abnormality diagnosis of the bearing, respective frequency components shown in FIG. 5 are constituted by multiplications of the rotational frequency by an integer and therefore, when various elements of the bearing are previously known, the central frequencies can also be calculated without calculating the upper and the lower frequencies in accordance with variations in the rotational speed. Further, the abnormality diagnosis of the embodiment is not applied only to the frequency spectrum of carrying out the envelope processing but is applicable to any method of diagnosing presence or absence of the frequency component owing to the damage of a rotating part from information of the rotational speed. Seventh Embodiment Next, a abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to a seventh embodiment will be explained in reference to FIG. 15 and FIG. 16. Further, portions equivalent to those of the fourth embodiment are attached with the same notations and an explanation thereof will be omitted or simplified. As shown by FIG. 15, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus includes the detecting portion 70 for detecting the signal generated from the machine equipment 60, the controller 80 including the signal processing portion 82 having a constitution similar to that of FIG. 11 for determining a state of abnormality or the like of the machine equipment 60 from the electric signal outputted by the detecting portion 70 and the controlling portion 84 for controlling to drive the machine equipment 60, and the outputting unit 90 of the monitor 93, the alarm 94, the report forming portion 95 and the like. The comparing and determining portion 108 of the signal processing portion 82 compares and checks the frequency components owing to the rolling bearing 62, the gear, the wheel and the frequency components of measured spectrum data of vibrations by the vibration analyzing portion 106. According to the embodiment, whereas the comparing and determining portion 108 calculates a reference value (for example, sound pressure level or voltage level) from a limited frequency range of measured specter data, the comparing and determining portion 108 calculates the frequency (vibration generating frequency) owing to damage of the rolling bearing or the gear by using the relationships shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, samples the sound pressure level at the vibration generating frequency from measured spectrum data to compare with the reference value. Further, the comparing and determining portion 108 determines presence or absence of abnormality and specifies the abnormal portion based on a result of determination. Further, calculation of the vibration generating frequency may be carried out therebefore, when a similar diagnosis is carried out therebefore, date may be stored to the inner data holding portion 110 and the data may be used. Further, various element data of design of respective rotating parts used for calculation are inputted to store beforehand. Further, a result of determination by the comparing and determining portion 108 may be held at the inner data holding portion 110 of the memory, HDD or the like or may be transmitted to the outputting unit 90 by way of the data transmitting unit 92. Further, a result of determination may be outputted to the controlling portion 84 for controlling operation of the mechanism of driving the machine equipment 60 and the control signal in accordance with the result of determination may be fed back. Further, the outputting unit 90 may display the result of determination at the monitor 93 or the like in real time, or may notify abnormality by using the alarm 94 of light, buzzer or the like when abnormality is detected. Further, the outputting unit 90 includes the storing portion 96 for storing a result of diagnosis of presence or absence of abnormality, an abnormal portion, spectrum waveform (measured spectrum data) in diagnosis provided by the signal processing portion 82, the data outputting portion 97 for outputting the result of diagnosis by a predetermined style, and the report forming portion 95 for forming a report based on at least one program from a result of output outputted by the data outputting portion 97. Thereby, the report forming portion 95 can easily carry out operation of forming the report based on a result of diagnosis. Here, the predetermined style is a style requested for processing at the report forming portion 95. Further, all of the object data may be outputted to be selected by the report forming portion 95 or object data may be selected and thereafter outputted at the data outputting portion 97. Next, an explanation will be given of a specific example of a processing flow of abnormality diagnosis based on the vibration signal in reference to FIG. 16. Also in the embodiment, as shown by a processing of FIG. 16, step S401 through S406 are carried out similar to step S101 through step S106 of the fourth embodiment. Next, from the relationships shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, vibration generating frequencies generated owing to abnormalities of respective rotating parts are calculated based on rotational speed signals (step S407), there are calculated sound pressure levels of abnormal frequency bands of respective rotating parts in correspondence with calculated frequencies (in the case of the rolling bearing 62, bearing frequency component of damages Sx, that is, inner ring frequency component of damage Si, outer ring frequency component of damage So, rolling element frequency component of damage Sb and retainer frequency component of damage Sc, in the case of the gear, gear frequency component of damage Sg in correspondence with mesh, and in the case of the rotating member of the wheel or the like, wear of the rotating member or unbalance component Sr) (step S408). On the other hand, reference values (for example, sound pressure levels or voltage levels) used for abnormality diagnosis are calculated from frequency spectra provided by the vibration analyzing portion 106 (step S409). Here, the reference value of the embodiment is calculated by using a limited frequency range of the measured spectrum data at arbitrary time. That is, the reference value may be an root-mean-square value (root mean square of frequency spectrum) of spectrum data in a predetermined frequency range calculated by eliminating a plurality of spectra from the provided frequency range (for example, upper 10 pieces and lower 10 pieces) in order to reduce influence of noise of a DC component or the like, or may be calculated based on Equations (1) and (2) shown below based on the root-mean-square value. (reference value)=(root-mean-square value)+α (1) (reference value)=(root-mean-square value)×β (2) where α, β: predetermined values variable by kinds of data. Further, the reference value may be calculated by using an average value or a peak value of measured spectrum data arbitrary time in place of the root-mean-square value. Successively, sound pressure levels (or voltage levels) of the abnormal frequency bands of respective rotating parts calculated at step S408 and the reference values calculated at step S409 are compared for respective rotating parts having different various elements of specification design in turn (step S410). When all of the components do not coincide therewith, it is determined that the rotating parts are not abnormal (step S411). Meanwhile, when any of the components coincides therewith, it is determined that there is abnormality and the abnormal portion is specified (step S412) and a result of the checking is outputted to the controlling portion 84 and the outputting unit 90 of the monitor 93, the alarm 94 and the like (step S413). Further, at step S413, a result of diagnosis provided at steps S411, S412 is stored to the storing portion 96 of the outputting unit 90. Further, when a report is formed, a result of diagnosis stored to the storing portion 96 is transmitted to the data outputting portion 97, and object data is selected from data transmitted to the data outputting portion 97 (step S414). Further, selected object data is transmitted to the report forming portion 95 having a report forming program and the report based on the result of diagnosis is formed (step S415). In this way, according to the embodiment, when the frequency component of the measured specter data and the frequency component owing to the part are compared and checked, the reference value used in comparing and checking is calculated by the root-mean-square value, the average value, or the peak value based on the limited frequency range of the measured spectrum data and therefore, diagnosis accuracy can be promoted by making influence of noise of a DC component or the like difficult to be effected, presence or absence of abnormality can be determined and the abnormal portion can be specified. Further, according to the abnormality diagnosing apparatus and the abnormality diagnosing method of the embodiment, there are provided the storing portion 96 for storing the result of diagnosis of presence or absence of abnormality, the abnormal portion, spectrum waveform in diagnosing (measured spectrum data) provided by the signal processing portion 82, the data outputting portion 97 for outputting the result of diagnosis by a predetermined style, and the report forming portion 95 of forming the report based on at least one program from the output result outputted by the data outputting portion 97 and therefore, the report can simply be formed by outputting the result of diagnosis accumulated by a large amount in a predetermined style of data of a portion constituting an object as necessary. Other constitution and operation are similar to those of the fourth embodiment. Further, although according to the embodiment, the storing portion 96 for storing the result of diagnosis is provided at inside of the outputting unit 90, the storing portion 96 may be provided at inside of the controller 80 and the result of diagnosis may be transmitted to the data outputting portion 97 by way of the data transmitting unit 92 in forming the report. Eighth Embodiment Next, a detailed explanation will be given of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus and a abnormality diagnosing method according to an eighth embodiment of the invention in reference to FIGS. 17 through 19. Further, portions equivalent to those of the fourth embodiment are attached with the same notations and an explanation thereof will be omitted or simplified. According to the embodiment, as a abnormality diagnosing apparatus of a machine equipment 120 including a plurality of the rolling bearings 62, 62, a single processing unit 140 installed in a detecting portion including the sensor 72 and a signal processing portion comprising a microcomputer 130 is assembled into a bearing unit of the rolling bearing 62. Thereby, the abnormality diagnosing apparatus can concentratedly carry out a control and therefore, efficient monitoring can be carried out. Further, by integrating the single processing unit to inside of the bearing unit, an advantage of making a total of the apparatus compact is achieved, which is preferable. Further, compact formation may be achieved by integrating the single processing unit to inside of the machine equipment, further, the single processing unit may be constituted for a plurality of the rolling bearings. For example, according to a bearing unit for a railway vehicle shown in FIG. 18, the axle 13 is rotatably supported by the bearing box 12 constituting a portion of the carriage for the railway vehicle by way of the double row tapered roller bearing 62 (11), detecting portions 70 (31), 70 (31) are fixed to the loaded zone of the radial load of the bearing box 12, and abnormality is diagnosed by detecting vibration of the bearing box 12. Also in this case, electric signals from the respective detecting portions 70 (31), 70 (31) can be processed by the single processing unit 140. Other constitution and operation are similar to those of the fourth embodiment and are applicable also to those of the fifth through the seventh embodiments. Further, FIG. 19 shows an example of applying the embodiment to the seventh embodiment. Ninth Embodiment Next, a detailed explanation will be given of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus and a abnormality diagnosing method according to a ninth embodiment of the invention in reference to FIG. 20 through FIG. 23. As shown by FIG. 20, the one railway vehicle 200 is supported by two front and rear carriages, and each carriage is attached with 4 pieces of the wheels 204. A bearing box of each wheel 204 is attached with the vibration sensor 201 constituting a detecting portion comprising a piezoelectric type acceleration sensor or the like for outputting a vibration acceleration in a direction orthogonal to the ground face. Further, a vibration sensor for measuring a vibration acceleration in an advancing direction of the railway vehicle 200 or in an axial direction of the wheel may further be attached. The output of the vibration sensor 201 is processed by the abnormality diagnosing module 202 constituting a signal processing portion installed at a control panel of the vehicle 200. As shown by FIG. 21, the abnormality diagnosing module 202 includes the digital processing module 205 for diagnosing a abnormality by a digital processing. A vibration waveform detected by the vibration sensor 201 is converted into a discrete value by the AD converter (ADC) 208 by way of the low pass filter (LPF) 207 and is inputted to CPU 211. Here, a frequency of a vibration generated by flat constituting a abnormality of the wheel 204 is concentrated to a frequency zone lower than 1 kHz in power thereof and is widened also to a zone higher than 1 kHz. The low pass filter 207 promotes an S/N ratio by attenuating the frequency equal to or larger than 1 kHz having a large noise component. Further, a pulse signal detected by the rotational speed sensor 206 of an encoder or the like is shaped into a pulse by the waveform shaping circuit 209, by counting the pulse by the time counter (TCNT) 210, a rotational speed signal is inputted to CPU 211 and CPU 211 analyzes abnormality diagnosis based on the vibration waveform and the rotational speed signal. Further, a result of diagnosis diagnosed by CPU 211 is transmitted from the serial interface (SIO) 213 of, for example, USB or the like to the communication network 203 by way of the line driver 214 based on the communication protocol IP 212 configuring the transmitting unit. Therefore, according to the embodiment, the digital processing module 205 is constituted by the AD converter 208, the timer counter 210, CPU 211, the communication protocol IP 212, the serial interface 213, the line driver 214. CPU 211 detects flat of the wheel 204 by processing waveform block data in which a sampling frequency fs and a sample number Ns are made to be constant when the rotational speed signal detected by the rotational speed sensor 206 is substantially a constant predetermined speed (185 through 370 min−1 according to the embodiment). Specifically, when fs=2 kHz, Ns=2000, a section length of block data=1 sec. By comparing a number of times of counting vibration waveform pulses by flat of the wheel in 1 second and a number of times of rotating the wheel 204 in 1 second derived from a vehicle speed detected by the rotational speed sensor 206, flat of the wheel is detected. A vibration acceleration in a state of bringing about flat at the wheel 204 is frequently large, and a value of a vibration acceleration brought about by a vibration of a normal vehicle is frequently smaller than the above-described vibration frequency. Further, a vibration of a rail joint constitutes a level of a vibration acceleration equivalent to or larger than that of flat of the wheel. Further, also a level of a vibration acceleration derived from friction between a rail and the wheel 204 at a curve of the rail is also equivalent to those of flat of the wheel and the rail joint. On the other hand, whereas an impact is brought about by flat of the wheel by one time per one rotation, in the case of an impact by the joint of the rail, the impact is brought about by a longer period, in the case of an impact by friction with the rail, the impact is not periodically brought about. Hence, according to the embodiment, attention is paid to a regularity of bringing about the impact (pulse) exceeding a threshold of the vibration acceleration particular to flat, a number of times of shockwaves per unit time at substantially constant speed is counted, and when a count number thereof coincide with a number of rotation of the wheel, a abnormality is diagnosed such that there is a high possibility of bringing about flat. Further, according to the embodiment, there is designed as algorism of processing to diagnose the same wheel 204 repeatedly by using the sensors 201, 206, and the abnormality diagnosing module 202 mounted to the vehicle 200, and reliability of a abnormality diagnosis is promoted by a statistical determining method in consideration of a variation in a number of counting the pulse number, an influence of noise or the like. A detailed explanation will be given of a abnormality diagnosing method of carrying out such processing in reference to a flowchart of FIG. 22. First, the signal detected by the vibration sensor 201 is converted into a digital signal by the AD converter 208 (step S500), and the rotational speed signal is inputted from the rotational speed sensor 206. The abnormality diagnosis of the embodiment is executed in a section of running substantially at constant speed when the rotational speed falls in a range of 185 through 370 min−1 and therefore, it is determined whether the rotational speed in the section length of data is changed by 15% or more by rapid acceleration or deceleration (step S501). Further, when the rotational speed is changed by 15% or more, an internal output “N” is outputted and the abnormality diagnosis is not carried out (step S502). On the other hand, when it is determined that the vehicle runs substantially at a constant speed, the digital signal converted by the AD converter 208 is formed into an absolute value to constitute an all wave rectified waveform (step S503), and data exceeding a threshold is held to a value exceeding the threshold by only a constant time period (τ) by a peak hold processing (step S504). The holding time period (τ) is determined by a rotational speed of a wheel and is made to be a value shorter than an amount of rotating the wheel by one time. A peak can be measured stably by the peak hold processing for forming the data into the absolute value to hold the constant period of time. Further, a number of times of pulses exceeding the threshold is counted as an event count processing (step S505), and it is determined whether the count number coincides with the rotational number of the wheel (step S506). When the count number is recognized to coincide with the rotational number of the wheel, flat is determined to be present and an internal output “F” (Flat of the wheel) is outputted (step S507), and when the count number does not coincide with the rotational number of the wheel, flat is determined not to be present and “G” (Good) is outputted to outside (step S508). Further, according to the embodiment, there is a case of being influenced by the rail joint and therefore, also a count number of (wheel rotational number +1) is regarded to coincide with the wheel rotational number. For example, the rotational speed of the wheel is substantially constant to be 185 min−1, that is, about 3 rotations per second, and FIG. 23A shows a behavior of generating 3 times of shockwaves in a waveform of one second. According to the abnormality diagnosis, the peak holding time period τ is made to be 30 ms, during 30 ms in which the absolute value of the shockwave exceeds threshold once, the absolute value is held at the value of exceeding the threshold regardless of original data. When 30 ms has elapsed from a time point of exceeding the threshold first, the same processing is repeated, and when data reaches an amount of 1 second, a number of times of exceeding the threshold is counted from the converted waveform (threshold holding waveform). A waveform of FIG. 23B is produced by subjecting the waveform of FIG. 23A to the absolute value processing and the peak hold processing. Further, according to the embodiment, a simple statistical determination based on, for example, any of following conditions is carried out by using the output provided by one time per second such that a diagnosis result with high reliability is achieved (step S509). (1) Consecutive 3 times of “F” are outputted. (2) In an effective data of past 10 times, 6 times or more of “F” are outputted. In a case in correspondence with (1), (2), the wheel is firmly determined to bring about flat, “F” is outputted finally as an external output (step S510), in a case other than (1), (2), “G” is outputted as external output (step S511). Further, a case of outputting “F” even when flat is not brought about is a case owing to an influence of noise of sound of friction between the wheel and the rail or the like, or an influence propagated from the wheel bringing about flat to a normal wheel by way of the axel or the rail or the like. In this case, a frequency of outputting “F” is smaller than that of the wheel bringing about flat of the wheel and therefore, an accurate determination can be carried out by a plurality of times of statistical processing as in (1), (2). Further, when at step S510, “F” is outputted as the external output, a abnormality signal is outputted from the serial interface 213, the line driver 214 by way of the communication network 203 to alarm occurrence of a abnormality of flat of the wheel or the like from an outputting apparatus of the alarm or the like. Therefore, according to the abnormality diagnosing apparatus and the abnormality diagnosing method of the embodiment, in the waveform of the vibration acceleration per unit time subjected to the low pass filtering during a time period of rotating the wheel 204 by N derived from the waveform of the vibration acceleration by the vibration sensor 201 attached to the bearing box of the wheel 204 and the rotational speed signal of the wheel 204 by the rotational speed sensor 206, in the waveform of holding a state of exceeding the threshold by a certain time period in accordance with the rotational speed when a previously set threshold is exceeded, the number of times of exceeding the threshold is counted, and occurrence of a abnormality of occurrence of flat of the wheel is alarmed by recognizing that the number of times of counting coincides with the rotational number of the wheel and therefore, the abnormality of the rotational part can accurately be specified by a comparatively simple circuit or a software. Further, according to the embodiment, the abnormality is diagnosed based on the all wave rectified waveform after forming the absolute value without converting the waveform of flat to an envelope detecting waveform and therefore, an amount of operation is small and the diagnosis can be carried out simply. Further, although according to the embodiment, the low pass filter (LPF) 207 is inserted between the vibration sensor 201 and the AD converter 208, according to a type of including LPF at inside of a sensor, the LPF 207 can simply be constituted by an LC filter or the like, further, when a frequency component other than flat of the wheel is restrained, a digital filter can also be provided at inside of the digital processing module 205. In this case, the digital filter can also be realized as the software of CPU. Tenth Embodiment Next, a detailed explanation will be given of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus and a abnormality diagnosing method according to a tenth embodiment of the invention in reference to FIG. 24 and FIG. 25. Whereas according to the ninth embodiment, the digital signal after the A/D conversion processing is subjected to peak hold by a bit processing, according to the embodiment, a peak hold processing is carried out at a stage of an analog signal before the A/D conversion processing. Further, portions equivalent to those of the ninth embodiment are attached with the same notations and an explanation thereof will be omitted or simplified. The diagnosing module 220 according to the tenth embodiment is constructed by a constitution of inserting the envelope circuit 215 of analog processing between the vibration sensor 201 and ADC 208, as shown in the block diagram of the abnormality diagnosing module of FIG. 24. The envelope circuit 215 is constituted by a low pass filter, the full wave rectifier 217 as the absolute value circuit, the peak hold circuit 218 for analog and the like. Therefore, according to the embodiment, the absolute value processing and the peak hold processing at step S503 and step S504 are carried out before A/D conversion (step S500), the digital processing portion 219 carries out processing similar to those of steps S501, S502, S505 through S511 of the ninth embodiment, a number of times of exceeding the threshold within a constant period of time is counted and in a case of a value in accordance with the rotational speed of the wheel an alarm signal is outputted by determining that the value constitutes flat of the wheel. According to the embodiment, in comparison with the ninth embodiment, although the analog circuit is separately needed, the processing after having been digitized is simplified, and a sampling rate of A/D conversion at the AD converter 208 including the peak hold circuit can be made to be low. An shockwaveform having a band up to about 1 kHz is constituted by flat of the wheel and therefore, in a case of the waveform constituted by passing through the low pass filter 207 as in the ninth embodiment, there is a concern of lowering the peak of the impact acceleration unless a sampling rate of about 2 kHz is adopted, however, when the peak hold circuit 218 is inserted to the analog circuit at a preliminary stage of the AD converter 208 as in the embodiment, even by sampling at about 200 Hz, a sufficient speed can be obtained for detecting flat of the wheel. Also a time constant (τ) of the peak hold circuit 218 in this case is pertinently selected in accordance with a vehicle speed range between several ms through several tens ms. It is preferable to cut noise by inserting the low pass filter 207 to the preliminary stage of the AD converter 208 also for the waveform detected by envelope detection by the full wave rectifier 217. Further, according to the embodiment, the high pass filter (HPF) 216 is provided at a preliminary stage of the envelope circuit 215. The high pass filter 216 is inserted for removing the DC component and a low frequency component extremely proximate thereto and may be a simple AC coupling capacitor. A ripple by the DC component of the envelope waveform can be restrained by the high pass filter 216. Further, although according to a waveform designated by a dotted line in FIG. 25, there is a case of bringing about erroneous operation in counting a number of times of exceeding the threshold by an influence of ripple, the erroneous operation can be avoided by changing a height of the threshold such as rise VH and fall VL. According to the embodiment, as shown in FIG. 25, when one time count is constituted after crossing VH in rising and successively crossing VL set to be lower than VH in falling, even the waveform as shown by the dotted line can accurately be counted. Naturally, such a processing stays to be equivalent even when counting is carried out by a hardware. Further, other constitution and operation are similar to those of the ninth embodiment. Eleventh Embodiment Next, a detailed explanation will be given of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus and a abnormality diagnosing method according to an eleventh embodiment of the invention in reference to FIG. 26. According to the embodiment, a digital processing is made to substitute for the envelope circuit according to the tenth embodiment. Further, portions equivalent to those of the tenth embodiment are attached with the same notations and an explanation thereof will be omitted or simplified. According to a diagnosing module 230 of the eleventh embodiment, as shown by FIG. 26, a digital processing portion 231 at a post stage of the AD converter 208 is constituted by a high speed processor of DSP or the like, a low frequency component is removed by the digital high pass filter (HPF) 235, the amplitude is decoded by the amplitude decoding 234 for calculating root mean square value from a complex signal of a real number portion and an imaginary number portion by the Hilbert conversion filter 233 of the envelope processing circuit 232 to provide an envelope waveform, further, remaining noise is cut by the digital LPF 236, a number of times is counted by the threshold counter 237 and presence or absence of flat of the wheel is determined by the diagnosing portion 238. The digital processing portion 231 of the embodiment constituted as described above can execute a software of providing an envelope waveform by using a high speed processor of DSP or the like in real time without preventing a diagnosis time period. A waveform of FIG. 27B is constituted by a waveform produced by generating an envelope waveform by subjecting an input waveform shown in FIG. 27A removing a low frequency component by the high pass filter 235 at the preliminary stage to the envelope processing 232 and removing noise by the low pass filter 236. The waveform processed in this way is subjected to a processing of determining flat of the wheel or the like similar to the tenth embodiment by the threshold counting 237 and the diagnosing portion 238. Specifically, it is known that 3 times of shockwaves are generated in 1 second by the waveform shown in FIG. 27B. Further, other constitution and operation are similar to those of the tenth embodiment. Further, the invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments but can pertinently be modified within the range not deviated from the gist of the invention. The machine equipment of the invention may include a rotating or sliding part constituting an object of diagnosing a abnormality and includes a bearing unit for a railway vehicle, a bearing unit for a windmill, a bearing unit for a spindle of a machine tool and the like. Further, the rotating or sliding part may be a rotating part of a rolling bearing, a gear, an axle, a wheel, a ball screw or the like, or a sliding part of a linear guide, a linear ball bearing or the like and may be a part of generating a periodic vibration by damage. Further, although as a speed signal for calculating a frequency component owing to damage of a rotating part, the rotational speed signal is used, as a speed signal in a case of a sliding part, a moving speed signal is used. Further, the outer ring of the rolling bearing fixed to the bearing box is included in the rolling bearing which is a rotating or sliding part relative to a stationary member. Further, a signal detected by a detecting portion includes sound, vibration, ultrasonic wave (AE), stress, displacement, strain or the like and in these signals, when a defect or a abnormality is present in a machine equipment including a rotating or sliding part, the signal includes a signal component indicating the defect or the abnormality. Further, the above-described embodiments can be embodied by pertinently combining various embodiments. EXAMPLES Test 1 A abnormality of a rolling bearing is diagnosed twice by using the abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to the first embodiment of the invention as follows. As a rolling bearing of Examples 1 and 2, a ball bearing having an outside diameter of 62 mm, an inside diameter of 30 mm, a width of 16 mm and a number of balls of 7 is used, the vibration sensor is fixed to the bearing box, and the temperature sensor is attached to the outer peripheral surface of the outer ring of the bearing. The inner ring is rotated by 3000 min−1 and the bearing is loaded with a radial load. Table 1 and Table 2 show measured values of vibration and temperature at respective measuring points A, B, C in correspondence with FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 in Example 1 and rates of changes over time (amplification factors relative to measured values at preceding time), Table 3 and Table 4 show measured values of vibration and temperature at respective measuring points A, B, C in Example 2 and rates of changes over time. Further, Table 1 through Table 4 presence or absence of a frequency component owing to damage (flaking) of the bearing from a result of subjecting a vibration waveform to envelope analysis in addition to predetermined values (predetermined values) to the measured values of vibration and temperature (Table 1, Table 3) and the change rates (Table 2, Table 4). TABLE 1 frequency A B C predetermined component point point point value of damage vibration 0.24 0.67 1.5 0.48 not present (G) temperature 143 141 205 172 (° C.) TABLE 2 predetermined frequency component A-B B-C value of damage vibration 2.8 2.3 2 not present temperature 0.99 1.4 1.2 TABLE 3 frequency A B C predetermined component point point point value of damage vibration 0.32 0.74 1.68 0.64 present (G) temperature 115 118 112 150 (° C.) TABLE 4 predetermined frequency component A-B B-C value of damage vibration 2.3 2.3 2 present temperature 1.0 0.9 1.3 In Example 1, as shown by Table 1, measured values of vibration exceed the predetermined value both at B point, C point and at C point, also the measured value of the temperature exceeds the predetermined value. Further, the frequency component of damage of the bearing is not present in vibration and therefore, it is known that seizure abnormality is brought about at the bearing and it is known that the bearing needs to be interchanged urgently. Further, according to the Example 1, a similar determination can be carried out also from the change rate of Table 2. Further, in Example 2, as shown by FIG. 3, although the measured value of vibration exceeds the rectified value both at B point, C point, a change is not recognized in temperature. Further, the frequency component of damage of bearing is present in vibration and therefore, it is known that flaking abnormality is brought about at the bearing. Further, according to Example 2, a similar determination can carried out also from the change rate of FIG. 4. Therefore, according to the example, by combining the measured values or the change rates of vibration and temperature, presence or absence of abnormality is diagnosed by a plurality of times to determine and therefore, even when the measured value is increased rapidly by abrupt noise as in the background art, the abnormality is not determined and abnormality diagnosis having reliability higher than that of the background art can be carried out. Test 2 Here, in order to confirm reliability of a result of diagnosis when the abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to the second embodiment of the invention is used, Test 2 is carried out as follows. In Test 2, a tapered roller bearing (outside diameter=245 mm, inside diameter=130 mm, width=170 mm) having a defect at an outer ring raceway surface is assembled to a housing of a bearing box, vibration generated when the inner ring is rotated by 150 min−1 is detected by a piezoelectric insulting type acceleration sensor attached to the housing, and a signal after amplification is subjected to frequency analysis (envelope analysis) to compare. FIG. 28 shows an example of a result of subjecting vibration of the housing to frequency analysis (envelope analysis) when the bearing is rotated by inertia by bringing the drive motor for transmitting rotation to the bearing into the turning off state (OFF state) when the inner ring of the bearing is at 150 min−1. Further, FIG. 29 shows an example of a result of subjecting vibration of the housing to frequency analysis (envelope analysis) when the bearing is driven to rotate by bringing the drive motor for transmitting rotation to the bearing into the turned on state (ON state) when the inner ring of the bearing is at 150 min−1. It is known from FIG. 28 and FIG. 29 that there are significantly present a plurality of frequency components owing to damage of the outer ring in a vibration waveform when the bearing is rotated by inertia by bringing the drive motor into the turning off state (OFF state), and in the vibration waveform when the bearing is driven to rotate by bringing the drive motor into the turning on state (ON state), the influence of the electromagnetic component by driving the drive motor is considerable and the above-described significant noise component is generated. Therefore, it is known that the abnormality diagnosis having high SN ratio can be carried out without being influenced by disturbance noise by the vibration by detecting the vibration in the zone of rotating by inertia when the rotation driving unit is not operated by the rotational state determining portion. Test 3 Next, in order to confirm reliability of a result of diagnosis when the abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to the third embodiment of the invention is used, Test 3 is carried out as follows. In Test 3, a tapered roller bearing (outside diameter=208 mm, inside diameter=130 mm, width=152 mm) having a defect at an outer ring raceway surface is assembled to a housing of a bearing box, the vibration generated when the inner ring is rotated at 50 through 2000 min−1 is detected by a piezoelectric insulating type acceleration sensor attached to the load zone of the housing and a signal after amplification is subjected to a frequency analysis (envelope analysis). Whether the defect can be detected is determined by whether the characteristic frequency component owing to the outer ring defect is present at respective rotational speeds calculated by using the equations of FIG. 5. FIG. 30 shows an example of a result of subjecting the vibration of the housing to frequency analysis (envelope analysis) when the inner ring of the bearing is rotated at 50 min−1, 100 min−1, 150 min−1, 300 min−1, 650 min−1, 1000 min−1, 1500 min−1, 1600 min−1. Here, a solid line designates an envelope frequency specter based on vibration data, and a dotted line designates a frequency component owing to the outer ring damage based on various elements of design of the bearing shown in FIG. 5. It is known from the result that although a significant peak is not present when the inner ring is rotated at 50 min−1, 1600 min−1, a significant peak is present on a frequency component owing to the outer ring damage at 100 min−1 through 1500 min−1 and the outer ring is damaged. Table 5 summarizes a result of determining presence or absence of abnormality based on the analysis at respective rotational speeds. ◯ indicates a case in which the characteristic frequency component owing to the outer ring defect is present in the analysis, and x designates a case in which the characteristic frequency component is not present. TABLE 5 rotational speed (min−1) 50 100 150 250 350 450 550 650 1000 1500 1600 2000 diagnosis X ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ X X result It is known from the above-described result of analysis that although a plurality of components owing to the outer ring damage are significantly present in vibration waveforms when the rotational speed is at 100 min−1 through 1500 min−1, the characteristic frequency component is not present in the vibration waveforms other than those in the rotational speed zone. Therefore, by detecting vibration when the tapered roller bearing is rotated in the rotational speed zone, the abnormality can be diagnosed with high SN ratio without being influenced by disturbance noise or the like. Test 4 A specific example is shown with regard to abnormality diagnosis of a rotating part using the abnormality diagnosing apparatus and a method thereof according to the fourth embodiment of the invention as follows. FIG. 31 shows a result of subjecting a vibration of a housing to a frequency analysis after an envelope processing when a single row deep groove ball bearing having a defect at an outer ring raceway surface is rotated at 1500 min1 as Example 3. In the drawing, solid line designates an envelope frequency spectrum based on measured vibration data, and a dotted line designates a reference value. It can be diagnosed from a result of FIG. 31 that a peak component exceeding the reference value is present in the frequency spectrum, a frequency value between the peaks coincides with a frequency component (64.4 Hz) owing to the outer ring damage and therefore, the outer ring of the bearing is damaged. FIG. 32 shows a result of subjecting a vibration of a housing to a frequency analysis after an envelope processing when a normal single row deep groove ball bearing is rotated at 1500 min−1 as Example 4. As a result, it is known that a peak component exceeding the reference value is not present in the frequency specter and the bearing is not abnormal. FIG. 33 shows a result of subjecting a vibration of a housing to a frequency analysis after an envelope processing when a single row deep groove ball bearing having a defect at an outer ring raceway surface is actually rotated at 2430 min−1 as Example 5. However, rotational speed data used in calculation is at 2400 min−1 which is deviated from the actual rotational speed, and a one-dotted chain line designates a frequency component owing to the outer ring damage based on the rotational speed of 2400 min−1. As is seen in FIG. 33, it is known that when a difference between the actual rotational speed and the rotational speed used in diagnosis is large, a high frequency component of a generated frequency is considerably deviated to effect an influence on accuracy of diagnosis. However, it is known that when the diagnosing apparatus and the method of the invention are applied, presence or absence of abnormality is determined and the abnormal portion is specified by using a frequency value between peaks and therefore, the influence of the deviation from actual rotational speed is reduced and a diagnosis having excellent accuracy is carried out. Test 5 A specific example will be shown with regard to a abnormality diagnosis of a rotating part using the abnormality diagnosing apparatus and a method thereof according to the fifth embodiment of the invention. FIG. 34 shows a result of subjecting a vibration of a housing to a frequency analysis after an envelope processing when a single row deep groove ball bearing having a defect at an outer ring raceway surface is actually rotated at 2430 min−1. However, rotational speed data used in calculation is at 2400 min−1 which is deviated from an actual rotational speed. In the drawing, a solid line shows an envelope frequency spectrum based on measured vibration data, and a dotted line designates a reference value. Further, respective netted ranges indicate frequency components owing to the outer ring damage based on the rotational speed of 2400 min−1 and high frequency wave thereof and allowable widths of comparing and checking are increased in correspondence with frequency bands. As a result, a peak exceeding the reference value coincides with the frequency component owing to the outer ring damage having a variable allowable width and therefore, it can be diagnosed that the outer ring of the bearing is damaged. On other hand, FIG. 35 shows a case of fixing an allowable width of comparing and checking (1 Hz) under the condition the same as that in the case of FIG. 34. As a result, a peak exceeding the reference value does not coincide with a frequency component owing to the outer ring damage and therefore, there is a concern that the abnormality is determined not to be present. That is, it is known that when the difference between the actual rotational speed and the rotational speed used in the diagnosis is large, the high frequency component of the generated frequency is considerably deviated to effect an influence on accuracy of diagnosis. It is known from the result, that presence or absence of abnormality of a rotating part can be determined and an abnormal portion can be specified with excellent accuracy by carrying out the abnormality diagnosis based on the fifth embodiment. Test 6 Next, a specific example will be shown with regard to abnormality diagnosis of a rotating part using the abnormality diagnosing apparatus and a method thereof according to the sixth embodiment of the invention. As rotating parts, there are prepared tapered roller bearings of three kinds (A, B, C) having different various elements of specification design of an inner portion although inside and outside diameter dimensions are the same (bearing outside diameter: 220 mm, bearing inside diameter: 120 mm, bearing width: 150 mm), and defects are attached to respective outer raceway surfaces of the bearings and the individual bearings are assembled to a housing. Further, a vibration generated when the inner ring is rotated at 200 min−1 is detected by a piezoelectric insulating type acceleration sensor attached to the housing, and a signal after amplification is subjected to a frequency analysis (envelope analysis) to compare based on the processing flow according to the sixth embodiment. FIG. 36 shows a result of subjecting vibrations of the housing to the frequency analysis after an envelope processing when three kinds of the bearings are rotated. Here, a solid line designates an envelope frequency specter based on measured vibration data, and a dotted line designates a reference value. Further, respective netted ranges show allowable widths for central frequencies of lower limit frequencies and upper limit frequencies of frequency components owing to the outer ring damage based on the rotational speed of 200 min−1 and various elements of inner portions of 3 kinds (A, B, C) of the bearings, and the allowable widths of comparing and checking are increased in correspondence with frequency bands. According to the test, the frequency components owing to the outer ring damage based on the various elements of the bearings are calculated from FIG. 5, central frequencies fCL1 between the lower limit frequencies and the upper limit frequencies are calculated, further, an allowable width Δf is provided for the central frequencies fCL1. Further, the allowable width Δf is set to 2 Hz in correspondence with the frequency band. It can be diagnosed from the result that a plurality of peaks exceeding the reference values are present in any of the bearings although frequencies thereof differ, further, the peaks are included in frequencies owing to the outer ring damages indicated by the netted ranges and therefore, it can be diagnosed that the outer rings are damaged in any of the bearings having different various elements of the specification design. On the other hand, FIG. 37 shows a case of applying the abnormality diagnosis of the sixth embodiment to a normal bearing without damage. Further, the specification design of the bearing is similar to those of the bearing A. It can be diagnosed from the result shown in FIG. 37 that in the normal bearing, the outer ring is not damaged since a significant peak exceeding the reference value is not included in the frequency owing to the outer ring damage indicated by the netted range. Test 7 Next, a test is carried out by using the processing flow of the sixth embodiment when the rotational speed is varied slightly although various elements of specification design of an inner portion of the bearings are the same. FIG. 38 shows a result of making a defect to the outer ring raceway surface of the tapered roller bearing, detecting a vibration generated when an inner ring is rotated at 200 min−1 and 170 min−1 is detected by a piezoelectric insulting type acceleration sensor attached to a housing and subjecting a signal after amplification to a frequency analysis (envelope analysis) to compare. Further, in FIG. 38, respective netted ranges show allowable widths with regard to central frequencies of frequency components owing to outer ring damage based on various elements of specification design of an inner portion of the bearing and a high frequency wave width thereof and the allowable width of comparing and checking is increased in correspondence with frequency bands. Further, the netted range depends on a width of varying the rotational speed and is set such that when a rotation carrying width is large, the netted range is widened. Although the abnormality diagnosis may be carried out by presence or absence of a component included in the netted range under the state, when the netted range is widened, a number of frequency components other than the bearing frequency component of damage are included and therefore, there is a possibility of deteriorating accuracy of diagnosis. Therefore, according to the test, the corresponding netted range is divided into two zones (A, B), central frequencies (fCLA, fCLB) in correspondence with the zone widths are calculated, further, an allowable width Δf with regard to a central frequency thereof is provided. Specifically, according to the test, based on a width of varying the rotational speed of 170 through 200 min−1, the lower limit and the upper limit frequencies and the central frequency are calculated, the allowable width Δf is set to 2 Hz and the allowable width is set to be large in correspondence with the frequency band. As a result, in a case of the rotational speed of 200 min−1, a peak owing to the damage is not present in the zone A, however, a peak is present in the zone B and therefore, the peak can be determined as the outer ring damage. On the other hand, in a case of a rotational speed of 170 min−1, a peak owing to the damage is present in the zone A and therefore, it can be determined that the outer ring is damaged although a peak is not present in the zone B. Test 8 Next, a specific example will be shown with regard to abnormality diagnosis of a rotating part using the abnormality diagnosing apparatus and a method thereof according to the seventh embodiment of the invention. FIG. 39 shows a result of subjecting a vibration of a housing to a frequency analysis after an envelop processing when noise is included in rotating a tapered roller bearing having a defect at an outer ring raceway surface at 200 min−1. In the drawing, a solid line designates an envelope frequency spectrum based on measured vibration result, a dotted line designates a reference value (here, root-mean-square value +6 dB), and one-dotted chain lines designates frequency components (f1 through f5) owing to outer ring damage based on a rotational speed of 200 min−1. Further, netted ranges show frequency ranges used for calculating reference values, here, f1−3 Hz through f5+3 Hz. It can be determined from the result that the outer ring of the bearing is damaged since a peak exceeding the reference value coincide with the frequency component owing to the outer ring damage. On the other hand, FIG. 40 shows a case in which the frequency range used for calculating the reference value is constituted by a total zone of a result of a frequency analysis provided under the condition the same as that in the case of FIG. 39. In FIG. 40, the frequency component owing to outer ring damage does not exceed the reference value and therefore, there is a concern of determining that the abnormality is not present. Therefore, it can be confirmed from the result of FIG. 39 and FIG. 40 that by calculating the reference value used for comparing and checking from a limited range of measured spectrum data, an influence of noise is difficult to be effected and diagnosis having excellent accuracy can be carried out. Although an explanation has been given of the invention in details and in reference to the specific embodiments, it is apparent for the skilled person that the invention can variously be changed or modified without deviating from the spirit and the range of the invention. The application is based on Japanese Patent Application (Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-265009) filed on Sep. 13, 2004, Japanese Patent Application (Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-265219) filed on Sep. 13, 2004, Japanese Patent Application (Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-004128) filed on Jan. 11, 2005, Japanese Patent Application (Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-018338) filed on Jan. 26, 2005, Japanese Patent Application (Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-018339) filed on Jan. 26, 2005, Japanese Patent Application (Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-018340) filed on Jan. 26, 2005, Japanese Patent Application (Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-168204) filed on Jun. 8, 2005, Japanese Patent Application (Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-176505) filed on Jun. 16, 2005, Japanese Patent Application (Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-176507) filed on Jun. 16, 2005, a content thereof is in cooperated here by reference. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY A abnormality of a rotating or a sliding part used in a machine equipment such as an axle or a gear box of a railway vehicle or a reduction gear of a power generating windmill can be diagnosed while ensuring accuracy of diagnosis in an actual operating state without disassembling the machine equipment.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Conventionally, in a rotating part of a railway vehicle, a power generating windmill or the like, after having been used for a constant period of time, presence or absence of a abnormality of damage, wear or the like is periodically inspected with regard to a bearing or other rotating part. The periodic inspection is carried out by disassembling a machine equipment integrated with the rotating part, and damage or wear brought about at the rotating part is discovered by inspection by optical observation of the person in charge. Further, as a main defect discovered by the inspection, in the case of a bearing, there is a indentation produced by biting a foreign matter, and flaking by rolling fatigue, other wear or the like, in the case of a gear, there is fracture, wear or the like of a teeth portion, in the case of a wheel, there is wear of flat or the like, and in any of the cases, when roughness, wear or the like which is not present in a new product is discovered, then the product is interchanged by the new product. However, in the method of disassembling a total of the machine equipment and inspecting by the person in charge by optical observation, enormous labor is required in a disassembling operation of removing a rotating part or a sliding part from an apparatus, or an operation of re-assembling the rotating part or the sliding part as inspected again to the apparatus to pose an undesirability of bringing about a significant increase in maintenance cost of the apparatus. Further, in re-assembling the apparatus, there is a possibility that the inspection per se causes to bring about a defect of the rotating part or the sliding part such that a dent which has not been present before inspection is produced in the rotating part or the sliding part or the like. Further, when a number of bearings are inspected by optical observation in a limited period of time, there also poses a subject that a possibility of overlooking the defect remains. Further, there is an individual difference in determining a degree of the defect, even when the defect is not substantially present, the part is interchanged and therefore, wasteful cost is taken. Hence, there have been proposed various methods of diagnosing a abnormality of a rotating part in an actually operating state without disassembling a machine equipment integrated with the rotating part (refer to, for example, Patent References 1 through 7). As the most general method, as described in Patent Reference 1, there is known a method of carrying out a diagnosis by installing an acceleration meter at a bearing portion, measuring acceleration of vibration of the bearing portion, and sampling a signal of a vibration generating frequency component by processing the signal by FFT (fast Fourier transformation). According to the apparatus described in Patent Reference 2, in a railway vehicle, a abnormality of a bearing is monitored by mounting a temperature sensor at a bearing box thereof and outputting an abnormality signal to a driver's cab when a detecting temperature rises to a reference value or a higher, or measuring a temperature from a ground side. Further, according to the apparatus described in Patent Reference 3, in a general machine equipment, a condition of a bearing is always monitored by a vibration or temperature sensor, when respective measured values rise to reference values or higher, a abnormality alarm is outputted, or operation of the apparatus is stopped. Further, there have variously been proposed a method of detecting a flat portion referred to as flat wheel, which is produced at a rolling face of a wheel of a railway vehicle by friction of wear with a rail by locking or sliding the wheel by erroneous operation of a brake or the like (refer to, for example, Patent References 8 through 12). Patent Reference 8 proposes an apparatus of detecting a defect state of a railway/vehicle wheel and a rail track on which a train passes by a vibration sensor, a rotation measuring apparatus or the like. Patent Reference 1: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-A-2002-22617 Patent Reference 2: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-A-9-79915 Patent Reference 3: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-A-11-125244 Patent Reference 4: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-A-2003-202276 Patent Reference 5: European Patent Unexamined Publication No. 1338873 specification (European Patent Application Publication corresponding to Patent Reference 4) Patent Reference 6: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-A-2004-257836 Patent Reference 7: European Patent Application Publication No. 1548419 specification (European Patent Application Publication corresponding to Patent Reference 6) Patent Reference 8: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-T-9-500452 Patent Reference 9: U.S. Pat. Examined Publication No. 5,433,111 (U.S. Patent Publication corresponding to Patent Reference 8) Patent Reference 10: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-A-4-148839 Patent Reference 11: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-T-2003-535755 Patent Reference 12: PCT Patent Publication No. WO01/94175 pamphlet (International Patent Application Publication corresponding to Patent Reference 11)

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is an outline view of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus in which a diagnosis object according to a first embodiment of the invention is targeted to a rolling bearing unit for a railway vehicle including a double row tapered roller bearing; FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a signal processing route of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus; FIG. 3 is a graph showing an aging change of a vibration value when a seizure of a bearing is brought about; FIG. 4 is a graph showing an aging change of a temperature of an outer peripheral surface of an outer ring when a seizure of a bearing is brought about; FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a relationship between a portion of a damage of a rolling bearing and a vibration generating frequency generated owing to the damage; FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining a relationship of an abnormal vibration frequency generated by bringing gears in mesh with each other; FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a signal processing route of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to a second embodiment of the invention; FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing a processing flow of a rotational state determining portion according to the second embodiment; FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing a processing flow of a rotational state determining portion of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to a third embodiment of the invention; FIG. 10 is an outline diagram of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a signal processing portion of FIG. 10 ; FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing a processing flow of a abnormality diagnosing method according to a fourth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing a processing flow of a abnormality diagnosing method according to a fifth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 14 is a flowchart showing a processing flow of a abnormality diagnosing method according to a sixth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 15 is an outline diagram of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to a seventh embodiment of the invention; FIG. 16 is a flowchart showing a processing flow of a abnormality diagnosing method according to the seventh embodiment of the invention; FIG. 17 is an outline diagram of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to an eighth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 18 is a sectional view of a bearing unit for a railway vehicle which is a machine equipment integrated with a detecting portion of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus; FIG. 19 is an outline diagram of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus integrated with the eighth embodiment and the seventh embodiment of the invention; FIG. 20 are an outline diagram of a abnormality diagnosing apparatus according to a ninth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 21 is a block diagram of a abnormality diagnosing module shown in FIG. 20 ; FIG. 22 is a flowchart showing a processing flow of the abnormality diagnosing module shown in FIG. 20 ; FIGS. 23A and 23B illustrate diagrams for explaining a processing waveform of a abnormality diagnosis according to the ninth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 24 is a block diagram of a abnormality diagnosing module according to a tenth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 25 is an explanatory diagram of an erroneous operation of the abnormality diagnosing module shown in FIG. 24 ; FIG. 26 is a block diagram of a abnormality diagnosing module according to an eleventh embodiment of the invention; FIG. 27 illustrates diagrams for explaining a processing waveform of a digital processing portion shown in FIG. 26 ; FIG. 28 is a graph showing a vibration waveform by a vibration sensor when power electricity of a motor is not turned off in test 2 according to the second embodiment of the invention; FIG. 29 is a graph showing a vibration waveform by the vibration sensor when power electricity of the motor is turned on in test 2 according to the second embodiment; FIG. 30 illustrate graphs of analyzing a frequency of a vibration of a housing when a rotational speed is changed in test 3 according to the third embodiment of the invention; FIG. 31 is a diagram for explaining a abnormality diagnosis of Example 3 in test 4 according to the fourth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 32 is a diagram for explaining a abnormality diagnosis of Example 4 in the test 4 according to the fourth embodiment; FIG. 33 is a diagram for explaining a abnormality diagnosis of Example 5 in the test 4 according to the fourth embodiment; FIG. 34 is a diagram for explaining a abnormality diagnosis of in test 5 according to the fifth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 35 is a diagram for explaining a abnormality diagnosis of a background art in test 5 according to the fifth embodiment; FIG. 36 illustrates diagrams for explaining a abnormality diagnosis in test 6 according to the sixth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 37 is other diagram for explaining the abnormality diagnosis in test 6 according to the sixth embodiment; FIG. 38 illustrates diagrams for explaining a abnormality diagnosis in test 7 according to the sixth embodiment; FIG. 39 is a diagram for explaining a abnormality diagnosis in test 8 according to the seventh embodiment of the invention; and FIG. 40 is a diagram for explaining a abnormality diagnosis of a background art in test 8 according to the seventh embodiment. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"? Description of Reference Numerals and Signs 10 rolling bearing unit (machine equipment) 11 double row tapered roller bearing (rotating part) 12 bearing box (stationary member) 31, 70 detecting portions 32 vibrating sensor (vibrating system sensor) 33 temperature sensor 35 filter processing portion 37 envelope processing portion 38 frequency analyzing portion 39 comparing and checking portion 42 abnormality determining portion 52 rotational state determining portion 60, 120 machine equipments 62 rolling bearing (rotating part) 72 sensor 80 controller 81, 82 signal processing portions 84 controlling portion 90 outputting apparatus 93 monitor 94 alarm 95 report forming portion 96 storing portion 97 data outputting portion 100 data accumulating and distributing portion 102 rotation analyzing portion 104 filter processing portion 106 vibration analyzing portion 108 comparing and determining portion 110 inner data holding portion 200 railway vehicle (machine equipment) 201 vibration sensor 202, 220, 230 abnormality diagnosing module 203 communication network 204 wheel (rotating or sliding part) 205 digital processing module 206 rotational speed sensor 207, 236 LPF 208 ADC 209 waveform shaping circuit 210 TCNT 211 CPU 212 communication protocol IP 213 SIO 214 line driver 215 envelope circuit 216, 235 HPF 217 all wave rectifying circuit 218 peak hold 219, 231 digital processing portions 232 envelope processing 233 Hilbert transformation 234 amplitude decode 237 threshold count 238 diagnosing portion

20060721

20101228

20080925

92799.0

G06F1900

VO, HIEN XUAN

ABNORMALITY DIAGNOSING APPARATUS AND ABNORMALITY DIAGNOSING METHOD

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

G06F

ACCEPTED

Vectors for expression of hml-2 polypeptides

A nucleic acid vector comprising: (i) a promoter; (ii) a sequence encoding a HML-2 polypeptide operably linked to said promoter; and (iii) a selectable marker. Preferred vectors comprise: (I) a eukaryotic promoter; (ii) a sequence encoding a HML-2 polypeptide downstream of and operably linked to said promoter, (iii) a prokaryotic selectable marker; (iv) a prokaryotic origin of replication; and (v) a eukaryotic transcription terminator downstream of and operably linked to said sequence encoding a HML-2 polypeptide. Vectors of the invention are particularly useful for expression of HML-2 polypeptides either in vitro (e.g. for later purification). Or in vivo (e.g. for nucleic acid immunization). They are well suited to nucleic acid immunization against prostrate tumors. A preferred HML-2 is PCAV, which is located in chromosome 22 at 20.428 megabases (22q11.2).

1. A nucleic acid vector comprising: (i) a promoter; (ii) a sequence encoding a polypeptide from a member of the HML-2 subgroup of the HERV-K family of endogenous retroviruses, said sequence being operably linked to said promoter; and (iii) a selectable marker. 2. The vector of claim 1, further comprising: (iv) an origin of replication; and (v) a transcription terminator downstream of and operably linked to (ii). 3. The vector of claim 2, wherein: (i) & (v) are eukaryotic; and (iii) & (iv) are prokaryotic. 4. The vector of claim 1 wherein the HML-2 is PCAV from human chromosome 22. 5. The vector of claim 1 wherein the promoter is functional in vivo in a human. 6. The vector of claim 1 wherein the promoter is a viral promoter. 7. The vector of claim 6, wherein the viral promoter is from cytomegalovirus (CMV). 8. The vector of claim 1 comprising transcriptional regulatory sequences in addition to the promoter. 9. The vector of claim 1 wherein the HML-2 polypeptide is a gag, prt, pol, env, cORF or PCAP polypeptide. 10. The vector of claim 9, wherein the HML-2 polypeptide: (a) has at least 65% identity to one or more of SEQ ID NOS : 1-50, 69-74, 78 and 79; and/or (b) comprises a fragment of at least 7 amino acids from one or more of SEQ ID NOS : 1-50, 69-74, 78 and 79. 11. The vector of claim 1 wherein the selectable marker functions in a bacterium. 12. The vector of claim 1 wherein the selectable marker is an antibiotic resistance genes. 13. The vector of claim 1 wherein the vector is a plasmid. 14. The vector of claim 1 wherein the vector comprises an origin of replication. 15. The vector of claim 14, wherein the origin of replication is active in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes. 16. The vector of claim 1 further comprising a eukaryotic transcriptional terminator sequence downstream of the HML2-coding sequence. 17. The vector of claim 1 further comprising a multiple cloning site. 18. The vector of claim 1 further comprising an IRES upstream of a second sequence encoding a eukaryotic polypeptide. 19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the vector of claim 1. 20-21. (canceled) 22. A method for raising an immune response, comprising administering an immunogenic dose of the vector of claim 1 to an animal. 23. A method for treating a patient with a prostate tumor, comprising administering to them the pharmaceutical composition of claim 19. 24. A virus-like particle (VLP) comprising HML-2 gag polypeptides. 25-26. (canceled) 27. A method of raising an immune response in an animal, comprising administering to the animal the VLP of claim 24. 28. A method for treating a patient with a prostate tumor, comprising administering to them the VLP of claim 24. 29. A method for diagnosing cancer in a patient, comprising the step of (a) contacting antibodies from the patient with the VLP of claim 24, and/or (b) contacting antibodies against the VLP of claim 24 with a patient sample.

All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are incorporated herein by reference to the same extent as if each individual document were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to nucleic acid vectors for polypeptide expression. BACKGROUND ART Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men in the USA. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the abnormal growth of benign prostate cells in which the prostate grows and pushes against the urethra and bladder, blocking the normal flow of urine. More than half of the men in the USA, aged 60-70 and as many as 90% percent aged 70-90 have symptoms of BPH. Although BPH is seldom a threat to life, it may require treatment to relieve symptoms. References 1 and 2 disclose that human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) of the HML-2 subgroup of the HERV-K family show up-regulated expression in prostate tumors. This finding is disclosed as being useful in prostate cancer screening, diagnosis and therapy. In particular, higher levels of an HML-2 expression product relative to normal tissue are said to indicate that the patient from whom the sample was taken has cancer. Reference 3 discloses that a specific member of the HML-2 family located in chromosome 22 at 20.428 megabases (22q11.2) is preferentially and significantly up-regulated in prostate tumors. This endogenous retrovirus (termed ‘PCAV’) has several features not found in other members of the HERV-K family: (1) it has a specific nucleotide sequence which distinguishes it from other HERVs within the genome; (2) it has tandem 5′LTRs; (3) it has a fragmented 3′LTR; (4) its env gene is interrupted by an alu insertion; and (5) its gag contains a unique insertion. Reference 3 teaches that these features can be exploited in prostate cancer screening, diagnosis and therapy. References 1 to 3 disclose in general terms vectors for expression of HML-2 and PCAV polypeptides. It is an object of the invention to provide additional and improved vectors for in vitro or in vivo expression of HML-2 and PCAV polypeptides. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The invention provides a nucleic acid vector comprising: (i) a promoter; (ii) a sequence encoding a HML-2 polypeptide operably linked to said promoter; and (iii) a selectable marker. Preferred vectors further comprise (iv) an origin of replication; and (v) a transcription terminator downstream of and operably linked to (ii). Vectors of the invention are particularly useful for expression of HML-2 polypeptides either in vitro (e.g. for later purification) or in vivo (e.g. for nucleic acid immunization). For use in nucleic acid immunization it is preferred that (i) & (v) should be eukaryotic and (iii) and (iv) should be prokaryotic. The Promoter Vectors of the invention include a promoter. It is preferred that the promoter is functional in (i.e. can drive transcription in) a eukaryote. The eukaryote is preferably a mammal and more preferably a human. The promoter is preferably active in vivo. The promoter may be a constitutive promoter or it may be a regulated promoter. The promoter may be specific to particular tissues or cell types, or it may be active in many tissues. Preferred promoters are viral promoters e.g. from cytomegalovirus (CMV). Where viral-based systems are used for delivery, the promoter can be a promoter associated with the respective virus e.g. a vaccinia promoter can be used with a vaccinia virus delivery system, etc. The vector may also include transcriptional regulatory sequences (e.g. enhancers) in addition to the promoter and which interact functionally with the promoter. Preferred vectors include the immediate-early CMV enhancer/promoter, and more preferred vectors also include CMV intron A. This was originally isolated from the Towne strain and is very strong. The complete native human immediate-early CMV transcription control unit is divided schematically into four regions from 5′ to the ATG of the sequence whose transcription is controlled: I—modulator region (clusters of nuclear factor 1 binding sites); II—enhancers region; III—promoter region; and IV—5′ UTR with intron A. In the native virus, Region I includes upstream sequences that modulate expression in specific cell types and clusters of nuclear factor 1 (NF1) binding sites. Region I can be inhibitory in many cell lines and is generally omitted from vectors of the invention. Regions II and III are generally included in vectors of the invention. Intron A (in Region IV) positively regulates expression in many transformed cell lines and its inclusion enhances expression. The promoter in vectors of the invention is operably linked to a downstream sequence encoding a HML-2 polypeptide, such that expression of the encoding sequence is under the promoter's control. The Sequence Encoding a HML-2 Polypeptide Vectors of the invention include a sequence which encodes a HML-2 polypeptide. The HML-2 is preferably PCAV. HML-2 is a subgroup of the HERV-K family [4]. HERV isolates which are members of the HML-2 subgroup include HML-2.HOM [5] (also called ERVK6), HERV-K10 [6,7], HERV-K108 [8], the 27 HML-2 viruses shown in FIG. 4 of reference 9, HERV-K(C7) [10], HERV-K(II) [11], HERV-K(CH) [1,2]. Because HML-2 is a well-recognized family, the skilled person will be able to determine without difficulty whether any particular HERV-K is or is not a HML-2 e.g. by reference to the HERVd database [12]. It is preferred to use sequences from HML-2.HOM, located on chromosome 7 [5, 13], or PCAV [3]. PCAV is a member of the HERV-K sub-family HML2.0, and SEQ ID 75 is the 12366 bp sequence of PCAV, based on available human chromosome 22 sequence [14], from the beginning of its first 5′ LTR to the end of its fragmented 3′ LTR. It is the sense strand of the double-stranded genomic DNA. The transcription start site seems to be at nucleotide 635+5, and its poly-adenylation site is at nucleotide 11735. The HML-2 polypeptide may be from the gag, prt, pol, env, or cORF regions. HML-2 transcripts which encode these polypeptides are generated by alternative splicing of the full-length mRNA copy of the endogenous viral genome [e.g. FIG. 4 of ref. 15, FIG. 1A of ref. 16, FIG. 9 herein]. Although some HML-2 viruses encode all five polypeptides (e.g. ERVK6 [5]), the coding regions of most contain mutations which result in one or more coding regions being either mutated or absent. Thus not all HML-2 HERVs have the ability to encode all five polypeptides. HML-2 gag polypeptide is encoded by the first long ORF in a complete HML-2 genome [17]. Full-length gag polypeptide is proteolytically cleaved. Examples of gag nucleotide sequences are: SEQ ID 1 (HERV-K108); SEQ ID 2 (HERV-K(C7)); SEQ ID 3 (HERV-K(II)); SEQ ID 4 (HERV-K10); and SEQ ID 76 (PCAV). Examples of gag polypeptide sequences are: SEQ ID 5 (HERV-K(C7)); SEQ ID 6 (HERV-K(II)); SEQ IDs 7 & 8 (HERV-K10) ; SEQ ID 9 (‘ERVK6’); SEQ ID 69; and SEQ ID 78 (PCAV). HML-2 prt polypeptide is encoded by the second long ORF in a complete HML-2 genome. It is translated as a gag-prt fusion polypeptide. The fusion polypeptide is proteolytically cleaved to give a protease. Examples of prt nucleotide sequences are: SEQ ID 10 [HERV-K(108)]; SEQ ID 11 [HERV-K(II)]; SEQ ID 12 [HERV-K10]. Examples of prt polypeptide sequences are: SEQ ID 13 [HERV-K10]; SEQ ID 14 [‘ERVK6’]; SEQ ID 71. HML-2 pol polypeptide is encoded by the third long ORF in a complete HMI-2 genome. It is translated as a gag-prt-pol fusion polypeptide. The fusion polypeptide is proteolytically cleaved to give three pol products—reverse transcriptase, endonuclease and integrase [18]. Examples of pol nucleotide sequences are: SEQ ID 15 [HERV-K(108)]; SEQ ID 16 [HERV-K(C7)]; SEQ ID 17 [HERV-K(II)]; SEQ ID 18 [HERV-K10]. Examples of pol polypeptide sequences are: SEQ ID 19 [HERV-K(C7)]; SEQ ID 20 [HERV-K10]; SEQ ID 21 [‘ERVK6’]; SEQ ID 73. HML-2 env polypeptide is encoded by the fourth long ORF in a complete HML-2 genome. The translated polypeptide is proteolytically cleaved. Examples of env nucleotide sequences are: SEQ ID 22 [HERV-K(108)]; SEQ ID 23 [HERV-K(C7)]; SEQ ID 24 [HERV-K(II)]; SEQ ID 25 [HERV-K10]. Examples of env polypeptide sequences are: SEQ ID 26 [HERV-K(C7)]; SEQ ID 27 [HERV-K10] ; SEQ ID 28 [‘ERVK6’]. HML-2 cORF polypeptide is encoded by an ORF which shares the same 5′ region and start codon as env. After around 87 codons, a splicing event removes env-coding sequences and the cORF-coding sequence continues in the reading frame +1 relative to that of env [19, 20]. cORF has also been called Rec [21]. Examples of cORF nucleotide sequences are: SEQ IDs 29 & 30 [HERV-K(108)]. An example of a cORF polypeptide sequence is SEQ ID 31. The HML-2 polypeptide may alternatively be from a PCAP open-reading frame [22], such as PCAP1, PCAP2, PCAP3, PCAP4, PCAP4a or PCAP5 (SEQ IDs 32 to 37 herein). PCAP3 (SEQ. IDs 34 & 46) and PCAP5 are preferred (SEQ ID 37). The HML-2 polypeptide may alternatively be one of SEQ IDs 38 to 50 [22]. Sequences encoding any HML-2 polypeptide expression product may be used in accordance with the invention (e.g. sequences encoding any one of SEQ IDs 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 31-50, 69-74, 78 or 79). The invention may also utilize sequences encoding polypeptides having at least α% identity to such wild-type HML-2 polypeptide sequences. The value of α may be 65 or more (e.g. 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.5, 99.9). These sequences include allelic variants, SNP variants, homologs, orthologs, paralogs, mutants etc. of the SEQ IDs listed in the previous paragraph. The invention may also utilize sequences having at least b% identity to wild-type HML-2 nucleotide sequences. The value of b may be 65 or more (e.g. 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.5, 99.9). These sequences include allelic variants, SNP variants, homologs, orthologs, paralogs, mutants etc. of SEQ IDs 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29 and 30. The invention may also utilize sequences comprising a fragment of at least c nucleotides of such wild-type HML-2 nucleotide sequences. The value of c may be 7 or more (e.g. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300 or more). The fragment is preferably a proteolytic cleavage product of a HML-2 polyprotein. The fragment preferably comprises a sequence encoding a T-cell or, preferably, a B-cell epitope from HML-2. T- and B-cell epitopes can be identified empirically (e.g. using the PEPSCAN method [23, 24] or similar methods), or they can be predicted e.g. using the Jameson-Wolf antigenic index [25], matrix-based approaches [26], TEPITOPE [27], neural networks [28], OptiMer & EpiMer [29, 30], ADEPT [31], Tsites [32], hydrophilicity [33], antigenic index [34] or the methods disclosed in reference 35 etc. The invention may also utilize sequences encoding a polypeptide which comprises a fragment of at least d amino acids of wild-type HML-2 polypeptide sequences. The value of d may be 7 or more (e.g. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300 or more). The fragment preferably comprises a T-cell or, preferably, a B-cell epitope from HML-2. The invention may also utilize sequences comprising (i) a first sequence which is a wild-type HML-2 sequence or a sequence as disclosed above and (ii) a second non-HML-2 sequence. Examples of (ii) include sequences encoding: signal peptides, protease cleavage sites, epitopes, leader sequences, tags, fusion partners, N-terminal methionine, arbitrary sequences etc. Sequence (ii) will generally be located at the N- and/or C-terminus of (i). Even though a nucleotide sequence may encode a HML-2 polypeptide which is found naturally, it may differ from the corresponding natural nucleotide sequence. For example, the nucleotide sequence may include mutations e.g. to take into account codon preference in a host of interest, or to add restriction sites or tag sequences. The Selectable Marker Vectors of the invention include a selectable marker. The marker preferably functions in a microbial host (e.g. in a prokaryote, in a bacteria, in a yeast). The marker is preferably a prokaryotic selectable marker (e.g. transcribed under the control of a prokaryotic promoter). For convenience, typical markers are antibiotic resistance genes. Further Features of Nucleic Acid Vectors of The Invention The vector of the invention is preferably an autonomously replicating episomal or extrachromosomal vector, such as a plasmid. The vector of the invention preferably comprises an origin of replication. It is preferred that the origin of replication is active in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes. Preferred vectors thus include a prokaryotic marker for selection of the vector, a prokaryotic origin of replication, but a eukaryotic promoter for driving transcription of the HML-2 coding sequence. The vectors will therefore (a) be amplified and selected in prokaryotic hosts without HML-2 polypeptide expression, but (b) be expressed in eukaryotic hosts without being amplified. This is ideal for nucleic acid immunization vectors. The vector of the invention may comprise a eukaryotic transcriptional terminator sequence downstream of the HML2-coding sequence. This can enhance transcription levels. Where the HML2-coding sequence does not have its own, the vector of the invention preferably comprises a polyadenylation sequence. A preferred polyadenylation sequence is from bovine growth hormone. The vector of the invention may comprise a multiple cloning site In addition to sequences encoding a HML-2 polypeptide and a marker, the vector may comprise a second eukaryotic coding sequence. The vector may also comprise an IRES upstream of said second sequence in order to permit translation of a second eukaryotic polypeptide from the same transcript as the HML-2 polypeptide. Alternatively, the HML-2 polypeptide may be downstream of an IRES. The vector of the invention may comprise unmethylated CpG motifs e.g. unmethylated DNA sequences which have in common a cytosine preceding a guanosine, flanked by two 5′ purines and two 3′ pyrimidines. In their unmethylated form these DNA motifs have been demonstrated to be potent stimulators of several types of immune cell. Pharmaceutical Compositions The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a vector of the invention. The invention also provides the vectors' use as medicaments, and their use in the manufacture of medicaments for treating prostate cancer. The invention also provides a method for treating a patient with a prostate tumor, comprising administering to them a pharmaceutical composition of the invention. The patient is generally a human, preferably a human male, and more preferably an adult human male. Other diseases in which HERV-Ks have been implicated include testicular cancer [36], multiple sclerosis [37], and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) [38], and the vectors may also be used against these diseases. The invention also provides a method for raising an immune response, comprising administering an immunogenic dose of a vector of the invention to an animal (e.g. to a human). Pharmaceutical compositions encompassed by the present invention include as active agent, the vectors of the invention in a therapeutically effective amount. An “effective amount” is an amount sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results, including clinical results. An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations. For purposes of this invention, an effective amount is an amount that is sufficient to palliate, ameliorate, stabilize, reverse, slow or delay the symptoms and/or progression of prostate cancer. The effect can be detected by, for example, chemical markers or antigen levels. Therapeutic effects also include reduction in physical symptoms. The precise effective amount for a subject will depend upon the subject's size and health, the nature and extent of the condition, and the therapeutics or combination of therapeutics selected for administration. The effective amount for a given situation is determined by routine experimentation and is within the judgment of the clinician. For purposes of the present invention, an effective dose will generally be from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg, or about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg or about 0.05 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg of the compositions of the present invention in the individual to which it is administered. The compositions can be used to treat cancer as well as metastases of primary cancer. In addition, the pharmaceutical compositions can be used in conjunction with conventional methods of cancer treatment, e.g. to sensitize tumors to radiation or conventional chemotherapy. The terms “treatment”, “treating”, “treat” and the like are used herein to generally refer to obtaining a desired pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect. The effect may be prophylactic in terms of completely or partially preventing a disease or symptom thereof and/or may be therapeutic in terms of a partial or complete stabilization or cure for a disease and/or adverse effect attributable to the disease. “Treatment” as used herein covers any treatment of a disease in a mammal, particularly a human, and includes: (a) preventing the disease or symptom from occurring in a subject which may be predisposed to the disease or symptom but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the disease symptom, i.e. arresting its development; or (c) relieving the disease symptom, i.e. causing regression of the disease or symptom. A pharmaceutical composition can also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a carrier for administration of a therapeutic agent, such as antibodies or a polypeptide, genes, and other therapeutic agents. The term refers to any pharmaceutical carrier that does not itself induce the production of antibodies harmful to the individual receiving the composition, and which can be administered without undue toxicity. Suitable carriers can be large, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers, and inactive virus particles. Such carriers are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers in therapeutic compositions can include liquids such as water, saline, glycerol and ethanol. Auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, and the like, can also be present in such vehicles. Typically, the therapeutic compositions are prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid vehicles prior to injection can also be prepared. Liposomes are included within the definition of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can also be present in the pharmaceutical composition, e.g. mineral acid salts such as hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, sulfates, and the like; and the salts of organic acids such as acetates, propionates, malonates, benzoates, and the like. A thorough discussion of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients is available in reference 39. The composition is preferably sterile and/or pyrogen-free. It will typically be buffered at about pH 7. Once formulated, the compositions contemplated by the invention can be (1) administered directly to the subject; or (2) delivered ex vivo, to cells derived from the subject (e.g. as in ex vivo gene therapy). Direct delivery of the compositions will generally be accomplished by parenteral injection, e.g. subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravenously or intramuscularly, intratumoral or to the interstitial space of a tissue. Other modes of administration include oral and pulmonary administration, suppositories, and transdermal applications, needles, and gene guns or hyposprays. Dosage treatment can be a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule. Intramuscular injection is preferred. Methods for the ex vivo delivery and reimplantation of transformed cells into a subject are known in the art [e.g. ref. 40]. Examples of cells useful in ex vivo applications include, for example, stem cells, particularly hematopoetic, lymph cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, or tumor cells. Generally, delivery of nucleic acids for both ex vivo and in vitro applications can be accomplished by, for example, dextran-mediated transfection, calcium phosphate precipitation, polybrene mediated transfection, protoplast fusion, electroporation, encapsulation of the nucleic acid(s) in liposomes, and direct microinjection of the DNA into nuclei, all well known in the art. Targeted Delivery Vectors of the invention may be delivered in a targeted way. Receptor-mediated DNA delivery techniques are described in, for example, references 41 to 46. Therapeutic compositions containing a nucleic acid are administered in a range of about 100 ng to about 200 mg of DNA for local administration in a gene therapy protocol. Concentration ranges of about 500 ng to about 50 mg, about 1 μg to about 2 mg, about 5 μg to about 500 μg, and about 20 μg to about 100 μg of DNA can also be used during a gene therapy protocol. Factors such as method of action (e.g. for enhancing or inhibiting levels of the encoded gene product) and efficacy of transformation and expression are considerations which will affect the dosage required for ultimate efficacy. Where greater expression is desired over a larger area of tissue, larger amounts of vector or the same amounts re-administered in a successive protocol of administrations, or several administrations to different adjacent or close tissue portions of e.g. a tumor site, may be required to effect a positive therapeutic outcome. In all cases, routine experimentation in clinical trials will determine specific ranges for optimal therapeutic effect. Vectors can be delivered using gene delivery vehicles. The gene delivery vehicle can be of viral or non-viral origin (see generally references 47 to 50). Viral-based vectors for delivery of a desired nucleic acid and expression in a desired cell are well known in the art. Exemplary viral-based vehicles include, but are not limited to, recombinant retroviruses (e.g. references 51 to 61), alphavirus-based vectors (e.g. Sindbis virus vectors, Semliki forest virus (ATCC VR-67; ATCC VR-1247), Ross River virus (ATCC VR-373; ATCC VR-1246) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (ATCC VR-923; ATCC VR-1250; ATCC VR 1249; ATCC VR-532); hybrids or chimeras of these viruses may also be used), poxvirus vectors (e.g. vaccinia, fowlpox, canarypox, modified vaccinia Ankara, etc.), adenovirus vectors, and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors (e.g. see refs. 62 to 67). Administration of DNA linked to killed adenovirus [68] can also be employed. Non-viral delivery vehicles and methods can also be employed, including, but not limited to, polycationic condensed DNA linked or unlinked to killed adenovirus alone [e.g. 68], ligand-linked DNA [69], eukaryotic cell delivery vehicles cells [e.g. refs. 70 to 74] and nucleic charge neutralization or fusion with cell membranes. Naked DNA can also be employed. Exemplary naked DNA introduction methods are described in refs. 75 and 76. Liposomes (e.g. immunoliposomes) that can act as gene delivery vehicles are described in refs. 77 to 81. Additional approaches are described in refs. 82 & 83. Further non-viral delivery suitable for use includes mechanical delivery systems such as the approach described in ref. 83. Moreover, the coding sequence and the product of expression of such can be delivered through deposition of photopolymerized hydrogel materials or use of ionizing radiation [e.g. refs. 84 & 85]. Other conventional methods for gene delivery that can be used for delivery of the coding sequence include, for example, use of hand-held gene transfer particle gun [86] or use of ionizing radiation for activating transferred genes [84 & 87]. Delivery DNA using PLG {poly(lactide-co-glycolide)} microparticles is a particularly preferred method e.g. by adsorption to the microparticles, which are optionally treated to have a negatively-charged surface (e.g. treated with SDS) or a positively-charged surface (e.g. treated with a cationic detergent, such as CTAB). Vaccine Compositions The pharmaceutical composition is preferably an immunogenic composition and is more preferably a vaccine composition. Such compositions can be used to raise antibodies in a mammal (e.g. a human) and/or to raise a cellular immune response (e.g. a response involving T-cells such as CTLs, a response involving natural killer cells, a response involving macrophages etc.) The invention provides the use of a vector of the invention in the manufacture of medicaments for preventing prostate cancer. The invention also provides a method for protecting a patient from prostate cancer, comprising administering to them a pharmaceutical composition of the invention. Nucleic acid immunization is well known [e.g. refs. 88 to 94 etc.] The composition may additionally comprise an adjuvant. For example, the composition may comprise one or more of the following adjuvants: (1) oil-in-water emulsion formulations (with or without other specific immunostimulating agents such as muramyl peptides (see below) or bacterial cell wall components), such as for example (a) MF59™ [95; Chapter 10 in ref. 96], containing 5% Squalene, 0.5% Tween 80, and 0.5% Span 85 (optionally containing MTP-PE) formulated into submicron particles using a microfluidizer, (b) SAF, containing 10% Squalane, 0.4% Tween 80, 5% pluronic-blocked polymer L121, and thr-MDP either microfluidized into a submicron emulsion or vortexed to generate a larger particle size emulsion, and (c) Ribi™ adjuvant system (RAS), (Ribi Immunochem, Hamilton, Mont.) containing 2% Squalene, 0.2% Tween 80, and one or more bacterial cell wall components from the group consisting of monophosphorylipid A (MPL), trehalose dimycolate (TDM), and cell wall skeleton (CWS), preferably MPL+CWS (Detox™); (2) saponin adjuvants, such as QS21 or Stimulon™ (Cambridge Bioscience, Worcester, Mass.) may be used or particles generated therefrom such as ISCOMs (immunostimulating complexes), which ISCOMS may be devoid of additional detergent [97]; (3) Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) and Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA); (4) cytokines, such as interleukins (e.g. IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12 etc.), interferons (e.g. gamma interferon), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), etc.; (5) monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) or 3-O-deacylated MPL (3dMPL) [e.g. 98, 99]; (6) combinations of 3dMPL with, for example, QS21 and/or oil-in-water emulsions [e.g. 100, 101, 102]; (7) oligonucleotides comprising CpG motifs i.e. containing at least one CG dinucleotide, with 5-methylcytosine optionally being used in place of cytosine; (8) a polyoxyethylene ether or a polyoxyethylene ester [103]; (9) a polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester surfactant in combination with an octoxynol [104] or a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether or ester surfactant in combination with at least one additional non-ionic surfactant such as an octoxynol [105]; (10) an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide (e.g. a CpG oligonucleotide) and a saponin [106]; (11) an immunostimulant and a particle of metal salt [107]; (12) a saponin and an oil-in-water emulsion [108]; (13) a saponin (e.g. QS21)+3dMPL+IL-12 (optionally+a sterol) [109]; (14) aluminium salts, preferably hydroxide or phosphate, but any other suitable salt may also be used (e.g. hydroxyphosphate, oxyhydroxide, orthophosphate, sulphate etc. [chapters 8 & 9 of ref. 96]). Mixtures of different aluminium salts may also be used. The salt may take any suitable form (e.g. gel, crystalline, amorphous etc.); (15) chitosan; (16) cholera toxin or E.coli heat labile toxin, or detoxified mutants thereof [110]; (17) microparticles (i.e. a particle of ˜100 nm to ˜150 μm in diameter, more preferably ˜200 nm to ˜30 μm in diameter, and most preferably ˜500 nm to ˜10 μm in diameter) formed from materials that are biodegradable and non-toxic (e.g. a poly(α-hydroxy acid), a polyhydroxybutyric acid, a polyorthoester, a polyanhydride, a polycaprolactone etc., such as poly(lactide-co-glycolide) etc.) optionally treated to have a negatively-charged surface (e.g. with SDS) or a positively-charged surface (e.g. with a cationic detergent, such as CTAB); (18) monophosphoryl lipid A mimics, such as aminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphate derivatives e.g. RC-529 [111]; (19) polyphosphazene (PCPP); (20) a bioadhesive [112] such as esterified hyaluronic acid microspheres [113] or a mucoadhesive selected from the group consisting of cross-linked derivatives of poly(acrylic acid), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrollidone, polysaccharides and carboxymethylcellulose; (21) double-stranded RNA; or (22) other substances that act as immunostimulating agents to enhance the efficacy of the composition. Aluminium salts and/or MF59™ are preferred. Vaccines of the invention may be prophylactic (i.e. to prevent disease) or therapeutic (i.e. to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of a disease). Specific Vectors of the Invention Preferred vectors of the invention comprise: (i) a eukaryotic promoter; (ii) a sequence encoding a HML-2 polypeptide downstream of and operably linked to said promoter; (iii) a prokaryotic selectable marker; (iv) a prokaryotic origin of replication; and (v) a eukaryotic transcription terminator downstream of and operably linked to said sequence encoding a HML-2 polypeptide. Particularly preferred vectors are shown in FIGS. 2 to 8 (SEQ IDs 51 to 56 & 80). Virus-Like Particles HML-2 gag polypeptide has been found to assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs). This particulate form of the polypeptide has enhanced immunogenicity when compared to soluble polypeptide and is a preferred form of polypeptide for use in immunization and/or diagnosis. Thus the invention provides a virus-like particle, comprising HML-2 gag polypeptide. The gag polypeptide may be myristoylated at its N-terminus. The invention also provides a VLP of the invention for use as an immunogen or for use as a diagnostic antigen. The invention also provides the use of a VLP of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for immunizing an animal. The invention also provides a method of raising an immune response in an animal, comprising administering to the animal a VLP of the invention. The immune response may comprise a humoral immune response and/or a cellular immune response. For raising an immune response, the VLP may be administered with or without an adjuvant as disclosed above. The immune response may treat or protect against cancer (e.g. prostate cancer). The invention also provides a method for diagnosing cancer (e.g. prostate cancer) in a patient, comprising the step of contacting antibodies from the patient with VLPs of the invention. Similarly, the invention provides a method for diagnosing cancer (e.g. prostate cancer) in a patient, comprising the step of contacting anti-VLP antibodies with a patient sample. The invention also provides a process for preparing VLPs of the invention, comprising the step of expressing gag polypeptide in a cell, and collecting VLPs from the cell. Expression may be achieved using a vector of the invention. The VLP of the invention may or may not include packaged nucleic acid. The gag polypeptide from which the VLPs are made can be from any suitable HML-2 virus (e.g. SEQ IDs 1-9, 69 & 78). Definitions The term “comprising” means “including” as well as “consisting” e.g. a composition “comprising” X may consist exclusively of X or may include something additional e.g. X+Y. The term “about” in relation to a numerical value x means, for example, x±10%. The terms “neoplastic cells”, “neoplasia”, “tumor”, “tumor cells”, “cancer” and “cancer cells” (used interchangeably) refer to cells which exhibit relatively autonomous growth, so that they exhibit an aberrant growth phenotype characterized by a significant loss of control of cell proliferation (i.e. de-regulated cell division). Neoplastic cells can be malignant or benign and include prostate cancer derived tissue. References to a percentage sequence identity between two nucleic acid sequences mean that, when aligned, that percentage of bases are the same in comparing the two sequences. This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be determined using software programs known in the art, for example those described in section 7.7.18 of reference 114. A preferred alignment program is GCG Gap (Genetics Computer Group, Wisconsin, Suite Version 10.1), preferably using default parameters, which are as follows: open gap=3; extend gap=1. References to a percentage sequence identity between two amino acid sequences means that, when aligned, that percentage of amino acids are the same in comparing the two sequences. This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be determined using software programs known in the art, for example those described in section 7.7.18 of reference 114. A preferred alignment is determined by the Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of 12 and a gap extension penalty of 2, BLOSUM matrix of 62. The Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm is taught in reference 115. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows the pCMVkm2 vector, and FIGS. 2 to 8 show vectors formed by inserting sequences encoding HML-2 polypeptides into this vector. FIG. 9 shows the location of coding sequences in the HML2.HOM genome, with nucleotide numbering according to ref. 5. FIG. 10 is a western blot showing gag expression in transfected 293 cells. Lanes 1 to 4 are: (1) gag opt HML-2; (2) gag opt PCAV; (3) gag wt PCAV; (4) mock. FIG. 11 also shows western blots of transfected 293 cells. In FIG. 11A the staining antibody was anti-HML-2, but in FIG. 11B it was anti-PCAV. In both 11A and 11B lanes 1 to 4 are: (1) mock; (2) gag opt HML-2; (3) gag opt PCAV; (4) gag wt PCAV. The upper arrow shows the position of gag; the lower arrow shows the β-actin control. FIG. 12 shows electron microscopy of 293 cells expressing (12A) gag opt PCAV or (12B) gag opt HML-2. MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Certain aspects of the present invention are described in greater detail in the non-limiting examples that follow. The examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a disclosure and description of how to make and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention nor are they intended to represent that the experiments below are all and only experiments performed. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g. amounts, temperature, etc.) but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Celsius, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. Vectors for Expressing HML-2 Polypeptides The basic pCMVkm2 vector is shown in FIG. 1. This vector has an immediate-early CMV enhancer/promoter and a bovine growth hormone transcription terminator, with a multiple cloning site in between. The vector also has a kanamycin resistance gene and a ColE1 origin of replication. Sequences coding for HML-2 polypeptides being inserted between SalI and EcoRI in the multiple cloning site: FIG. SEQ ID HML-2 polypeptide 2 51 cORF 3 52 PCAP5 4 53 gag 5 54 gag 6 55 Prt 7 56 Pol Except for the vector shown in FIG. 4 (SEQ ID 53), the inserted sequences were manipulated for codon preference, including addition of an optimal stop codon: cORF Manipulation: Start with SEQ ID 57 (SEQ ID 43); manipulate to SEQ ID 58 (SEQ ID 67): ATGAACCCATCAGAGATGCAAAGAAAAGCACCTCCGCGGAGACGGAGACATC cORFwt_hml (1) ATGAACCCCAGCGAGATGCAGCGCAAGGCCCCCCCCCGCCGCCGCCGCCACC corfopt_hml (1) GCAATCGAGCACCGTTGACTCACAAGATGAACAAAATGGTGACGTCAGAAGA cORFwt_hml (53) GCAACCGCGCCCCCCTGACCCACAAGATGAACAAGATGGTGACCAGCGAGGA corfopt_hml (53) ACAGATGAAGTTGCCATCCACCAAGAAGGCAGAGCCGCCAACTTGGGCACAA cORFwt_hml (105) GCAGATGAAGCTGCCCAGCACCAAGAAGGCCGAGCCCCCCACCTGGGCCCAG corfopt_hml (105) CTAAAGAAGCTGACGCAGTTAGCTACAAAATATCTAGAGAACACAAAGGTGA cORFwt_hml (157) CTGAAGAAGCTGACCCAGCTGGCCACCAAGTACCTGGAGAACACCAAGGTGA corfopt_hml (157) CACAAACCCCAGAGAGTATGCTGCTTGCAGCCTTGATGATTGTATCAATGGT cORFwt_hml (209) CCCAGACCCCCGAGAGCATGCTGCTGGCCGCCCTGATGATCGTGAGCATGGT corfopt_hml (209) GTCTGCAGGTGTACCCAACAGCTCCGAAGAGACAGCGACCATCGAGAACGGG cORFwt_hml (261) GAGCGCCGGCGTGCCCAACAGCAGCGAGGAGACCGCCACCATCGAGAACGGC corfopt_hml (261) CCA---TGA cORFwt_hml (313) CCCGCTTAA corfopt_hml (313) PCAP5 Manipulation: Start with SEQ ID 59 (SEQ ID 37); manipulate to SEQ ID 60 (SEQ ID 68): ATGAACCCATCGGAGATGCAAAGAAAAGCACCTCCGCGGAGACGGAGACAT pCAP5wt_hml (1) ATGAACCCCAGCGAGATGCAGCGCAAGGCCCCCCCCCGCCGCCGCCGCCAC pcap5opt_hml (1) CGCAATCGAGCACCGTTGACTCACAAGATGAACAAAATGGTGACGTCAGAA pCAP5wt_hml (52) CGCAACCGCGCCCCCCTGACCCACAAGATGAACAAGATGGTGACCAGCGAG pcap5opt_hml (52) GAACAGATGAAGTTGCCATCCACCAAGAAGGCAGAGCCGCCAACTTGGGCA pCAP5wt_hml (103) GAGCAGATGAAGCTGCCCAGCACCAAGAAGGCCGAGCCCCCCACCTGGGCC pcap5opt_hml (103) CAACTAAAGAAGCTGACGCAGTTAGCTACAAAATATCTAGAGAACACAAAG pCAP5wt_hml (154) CAGCTGAAGAAGCTGACCCAGCTGGCCACCAAGTACCTGGAGAACACCAAG pcap5opt_hml (154) GTGACACAAACCCCAGAGAGTATGCTGCTTGCAGCCTTGATGATTGTATCA pCAP5wt_hml (205) GTGACCCAGACCCCCGAGAGCATGCTGCTGGCCGCCCTGATGATCGTGAGC pcap5opt_hml (205) ATGGTGGTGTACCCAACAGCTCCGAAGAGACAGCGACCATCGAGAACGGGC pCAP5wt_hml (256) ATGGTGGTGTACCCCACCGCCCCCAAGCGCCAGCGCCCCAGCCGCACCGGC pcap5opt_hml (256) CATGATGACGATGGCGGTTTTGTCGAAAAGAAAAGGGGGAAATGTGGGGAA pCAP5wt_hml (307) CACGACGACGACGGCGGCTTCGTGGAGAAGAAGCGCGGCAAGTGCGGCGAG pcap5opt_hml (307) AAGCAAGAGAGATCAGATTGTTACTGTGTCTGTGTAGAAAGAAGTAGACAT pCAP5wt_hml (358) AAGCAGGAGCGCAGCGACTGCTACTGCGTGTGCGTGGAGCGCAGCCGCCAC pcap5opt_hml (358) AGGAGACTCCATTTTGTTCTGTAC---TAA pCAP5wt_hml (409) CGCCGCCTGCACTTCGTGCTGTACGCTTAA pcap5opt_hml (409) Gag Manipulation: Start with SEQ ID 61 (SEQ ID 69); manipulate to SEQ ID 62 (SEQ ID 70): ATGGGGCAAACTAAAAGTAAAATTAAAAGTAAATATGCCTCTTATCTCAGCT gagwt_hml (1) ATGGGCCAGACCAAGAGCAAGATCAAGAGCAAGTACGCCAGCTACCTGAGCT gagopt_hml (1) TTATTAAAATTCTTTTAAAAAGAGGGGGAGTTAAAGTATCTACAAAAAATCT gagwt_hml (53) TCATCAAGATCCTGCTGAAGCGCGGCGGCGTGAAGGTGAGCACCAAGAACCT gagopt_hml (53) AATCAAGCTATTTCAAATAATAGAACAATTTTGCCCATGGTTTCCAGAACAA gagwt_hml (105) GATCAAGCTGTTCCAGATCATCGAGCAGTTCTGCCCCTGGTTCCCCGAGCAG gagopt_hml (105) GGAACTTTAGATCTAAAAGATTGGAAAAGAATTGGTAAGGAACTAAAACAAG gagwt_hml (157) GGCACCCTGGACCTGAAGGACTGGAAGCGCATCGGCAAGGAGCTGAAGCAGG gagopt_hml (157) CAGGTAGGAAGGGTAATATCATTCCACTTACAGTATGGAATGATTGGGCCAT gagwt_hml (209) CCGGCCGCAAGGGCAACATCATCCCCCTGACCGTGTGGAACGACTGGGCCAT gagopt_hml (209) TATTAAAGCAGCTTTAGAACCATTTCAAACAGAAGAAGATAGCGTTTCAGTT gagwt_hml (261) CATCAAGGCCGCCCTGGAGCCCTTCCAGACCGAGGAGGACAGCGTGAGCGTG gagopt_hml (261) TCTGATGCCCCTGGAAGCTGTATAATAGATTGTAATGAAAACACAAGGAAAA gagwt_hml (313) AGCGACGCCCCCGGCAGCTGCATCATCGACTGCAACGAGAACACCCGCAAGA gagopt_hml (313) AATCCCAGAAAGAAACGGAAGGTTTACATTGCGAATATGTAGCAGAGCCGGT gagwt_hml (365) AGAGCCAGAAGGAGACCGAGGGCCTGCACTGCGAGTACGTGGCCGAGCCCGT gagopt_hml (365) AATGGCTCAGTCAACGCAAAATGTTGACTATAATCAATTACAGGAGGTGATA gagwt_hml (417) GATGGCCCAGAGCACCCAGAACGTGGACTACAACCAGCTGCAGGAGGTGATC gagopt_hml (417) TATCCTGAAACGTTAAAATTAGAAGGAAAAGGTCCAGAATTAGTGGGGCCAT gagwt_hml (469) TACCCCGAGACCCTGAAGCTGGAGGGCAAGGGCCCCGAGCTGGTGGGCCCCA gagopt_hml (469) CAGAGTCTAAACCACGAGGCACAAGTCCTCTTCCAGCAGGTCAGGTGCCTGT gagwt_hml (521) GCGAGAGCAAGCCCCGCGGCACCAGCCCCCTGCCCGCCGGCCAGGTGCCCGT gagopt_hml (521) AACATTACAACCTCAAAAGCAGGTTAAAGAAAATAAGACCCAACCGCCAGTA gagwt_hml (573) GACCCTGCAGCCCCAGAAGCAGGTGAAGGAGAACAAGACCCAGCCCCCCGTG gagopt_hml (573) GCCTATCAATACTGGCCTCCGGCTGAACTTCAGTATCGGCCACCCCCAGAAA gagwt_hml (625) GCCTACCAGTACTGGCCCCCCGCCGAGGTGCAGTACCGCCCCCCCCCCGAGA gagopt_hml (625) GTCAGTATGGATATCCAGGAATGCCCCCAGCACCACAGGGCAGGGCGCCATA gagwt_hml (677) GCCAGTACGGCTACCCCGGCATGCCCCCCGCCCCCCAGGGCCGCGCCCCCTA gagopt_hml (677) CCCTCAGCCGCCCACTAGGAGACTTAATCCTACGGCACCACCTAGTAGACAG gagwt_hml (729) CCCCCAGCCCCCCACCCGCCGCCTGAACCCCACCGCCCCCCCCAGCCGCCAG gagopt_hml (729) GGTAGTAAATTACATGAAATTATTGATAAATCAAGAAAGGAAGGAGATACTG gagwt_hml (781) GGCAGCAAGCTGCACGAGATCATCGACAAGAGCCGCAAGGAGGGCGACACCG gagopt_hml (781) AGGCATGGCAATTCCCAGTAACGTTAGAACCGATGCCACCTGGAGAAGGAGC gagwt_hml (833) AGGCCTGGCAGTTCCCCGTGACCCTGGAGCCCATGCCCCCCGGCGAGGGCGC gagopt_hml (833) CCAAGAGGGAGAGCCTCCCACAGTTGAGGCCAGATACAAGTCTTTTTCGATA gagwt_hml (885) CCAGGAGGGCGAGCCCCCCACCGTGGAGGCCCGCTACAAGAGCTTCAGCATC gagopt_hml (885) AAAAAGCTAAAAGATATGAAAGAGGGAGTAAAACAGTATGGACCCAACTCCC gagwt_hml (937) AAGAAGCTGAAGGACATGAAGGAGGGCGTGAAGCAGTACGGCCCCAACAGCC gagopt_hml (937) CTTATATGAGGACATTATTAGATTCCATTGCTCATGGACATAGACTCATTCC gagwt_hml (989) CCTACATGCGCACCCTGCTGGACAGCATCGCCCACGGCCACCGCCTGATCCC gagopt_hml (989) TTATGATTGGGAGATTCTGGCAAAATCGTCTCTCTCACCCTCTCAATTTTTA gagwt_hml (1041) CTACGACTGGGAGATCCTGGCCAAGAGCAGCCTGAGCCCCAGCCAGTTCCTG gagopt_hml (1041) CAATTTAAGACTTGGTGGATTGATGGGGTACAAGAACAGGTCCGAAGAAATA gagwt_hml (1093) CAGTTCAAGACCTGGTGGATCGACGGCGTGCAGGAGCAGGTGCGCCGCAACC gagopt_hml (1093) GGGCTGCCAATCCTCCAGTTAACATAGATGCAGATCAACTATTAGGAATAGG gagwt_hml (1145) GCGCCGCCAACCCCCCCGTGAACATCGACGCCGACCAGCTGCTGGGCATCGG gagopt_hml (1145) TCAAAATTGGAGTACTATTAGTCAACAAGCATTAATGCAAAATGAGGCCATT gagwt_hml (1197) CCAGAACTGGAGCACCATCAGCCAGCAGGCCCTGATGCAGAACGAGGCCATC gagopt_hml (1197) GAGCAAGTTAGAGCTATCTGCCTTAGAGCCTGGGAAAAAATCCAAGACCCAG gagwt_hml (1249) GAGCAGGTGCGCGCCATGTGCCTGCGCGCCTGGGAGAAGATCCAGGACCCCG gagopt_hml (1249) GAAGTACCTGCCCCTCATTTAATACAGTAAGACAAGGTTCAAAAGAGCCCTA gagwt_hml (1301) GCAGCACCTGCCCCAGCTTCAACACCGTGCGCCAGGGCAGCAAGGAGCCCTA gagopt_hml (1301) TCCTGATTTTGTGGCAAGGCTCCAAGATGTTGCTCAAAAGTCAATTGCTGAT gagwt_hml (1353) CCCCGACTTCGTGGCCCGCCTGCAGGACGTGGCCCAGAAGAGCATCGCCGAC gagopt_hml (1353) GAAAAAGCCCGTAAGGTCATAGTGGAGTTGATGGCATATGAAAACGCCAATC gagwt_hml (1405) GAGAAGGCCCGCAAGGTGATGGTGGAGCTGATGGCCTACGAGAACGCCAACC gagopt_hml (1405) CTGAGTGTCAATCAGCCATTAAGCCATTAAAAGGAAAGGTTCCTGCAGGATC gagwt_hml (1457) CCGAGTGCCAGAGCGCCATCAAGCCCCTGAAGGGCAAGGTGCCCGCCGGCAG gagopt_hml (1457) AGATGTAATCTCAGAATATGTAAAAGCCTGTGATGGAATCGGAGGAGCTATG gagwt_hml (1509) CGACGTGATCAGCGAGTACGTGAAGGCCTGCGACGGCATCGGCGGCGCCATG gagopt_hml (1509) CATAAAGCTATGCTTATGGCTCAAGCAATAACAGGAGTTGTTTTAGGAGGAC gagwt_hml (1561) CACAAGGCCATGCTGATGGCCCAGGCCATCACCGGCGTGGTGCTGGGCGGCC gagopt_hml (1561) AAGTTAGAACATTTGGAAGAAAATGTTATAATTGTGGTCAAATTGGTCACTT gagwt_hml (1613) AGGTGCGCACCTTCGGCCGCAAGTGCTACAACTGCGGCCAGATCGGCCACCT gagopt_hml (1613) AAAAAAGAATTGCCCAGTCTTAAATAAACAGAATATAACTATTCAAGCAACT gagwt_hml (1665) GAAGAAGAACTGCCCCGTGCTGAACAAGCAGAACATCACCATCCAGGCCACC gagopt_hml (1665) ACAACAGGTAGAGAGCCACCTGACTTATGTCCAAGATGTAAAAAAGGAAAAC gagwt_hml (1717) ACCACCGGCCGCGAGCCCCCCGACCTGTGCCCCCGCTGCAAGAAGGGCAAGC gagopt_hml (1717) ATTGGGCTAGTCAATGTCGTTCTAAATTTGATAAAAATGGGCAACCATTGTC gagwt_hml (1769) ACTGGGCCAGCCAGTGCCGCAGCAAGTTCGACAAGAACGGCCAGCCCCTGAG gagopt_hml (1769) GGGAAACGAGCAAAGGGGCCAGCCTCAGGCCCCACAACAAACTGGGGCATTC gagwt_hml (1821) CGGCAACGAGCAGCGCGGCCAGCCCCAGGCCCCCCAGCAGACCGGCGCCTTC gagopt_hml (1821) CCAATTCAGCCATTTGTTCCTCAGGGTTTTCAGGGACAACAACCCCCACTGT gagwt_hml (1873) CCCATCCAGCCCTTCGTGCCCCAGGGCTTCCAGGGCCAGCAGCCCCCCCTGA gagopt_hml (1873) CCCAAGTGTTTCAGGGAATAAGCCAGTTACCACAATACAACAATTGTCCCCC gagwt_hml (1925) GCCAGGTGTTCCAGGGCATCAGCCAGCTGCCCCAGTACAACAACTGCCCCCC gagopt_hml (1925) GCCACAAGCGGCAGTGCAGCAG---TAG gagwt_hml (1977) CCCCCAGGCCGCCGTGCAGCAGGCTTAA gagopt_hml (1977) Prt Manipulation: Start with SEQ ID 63 (SEQ ID 71); manipulate to SEQ ID 64 (SEQ ID 72): ATGTGGGCAACCATTGTCGGGAAACGAGCAAAGGGGCCAGCCTCAGGCCCCA Protwt_hml (1) ATGTGGGCCACCATCGTGGGCAAGCGCGCCAAGGGCCCCGCCAGCGGCCCCA protopt_hml (1) CAACAAACTGGGGCATTCCCAATTCAGCCATTTGTTCCTCAGGGTTTTCAGG Protwt_hml (53) CCACCAACTGGGGCATCCCCAACAGCGCCATCTGCAGCAGCGGCTTCAGCGG protopt_hml (53) GACAACAACCCCCACTGTCCCAAGTGTTTCAGGGAATAAGCCAGTTACCACA Protwt_hml (105) CACCACCACCCCCACCGTGCCCAGCGTGAGCGGCAACAAGCCCGTGACCACC protopt_hml (105) ATACAACAATTGTCCCCCGCCACAAGCGGCAGTGCAGCAGTAGATTTATGTA Protwt_hml (157) ATCCAGCAGCTGAGCCCCGCCACCAGCGGCAGCGCCGCCGTGGACCTGTGCA protopt_hml (157) CTATACAAGCAGTCTCTCTGCTTCCAGGGGAGCCCCCACAAAAAACCCCCAC Protwt_hml (209) CCATCCAGGCCGTGAGCCTGCTGCCCGGCGAGCCCCCCCAGAAGACCCCCAC protopt_hml (209) AGGGGTATATGGACCCCTGCCTAAGGGGACTGTAGGACTAATCTTGGGACGA Protwt_hml (261) CGGCGTGTACGGCCCCCTGCCCAAGGGCACCGTGGGCCTGATCCTGGGCCGC protopt_hml (261) TCAAGTCTAAATCTAAAAGGAGTTCAAATTCATACTAGTGTGGTTGATTCAG Protwt_hml (313) AGCAGCCTGAACCTGAAGGGCGTGCAGATCCACACCAGCGTGGTGGACAGCG protopt_hml (313) ACTATAAAGGCGAAATTCAATTGGTTATTAGCTCTTCAATTCCTTGGAGTGC Protwt_hml (365) ACTACAAGGGCGAGATCCAGCTGGTGATCAGCAGCAGCATCCCCTGGAGCGC protopt_hml (365) CAGTCCAAGAGACAGGATTGCTCAATTATTACTCCTGCCATACATTAAGGGT Protwt_hml (417) CAGCCCCCGCGACCGCATCGCCCAGCTGCTGCTGCTGCCCTACATCAAGGGC protopt_hml (417) GGAAATAGTGAAATAAAAAGAATAGGAGGGCTTGGAAGCACTGATCCAACAG Protwt_hml (469) GGCAACAGCGAGATCAAGCGCATCGGCGGCCTGGGCAGCACCGACCCCACCG protopt_hml (469) GAAAGGCTGCATATTGGGCAAGTCAGGTCTCAGAGAACAGACCTGTGTGTAA Protwt_hml (521) GCAAGGCCGCCTACTGGGCCAGCCAGGTGAGCGAGAACCGCCCCGTGTGCAA protopt_hml (521) GGCCATTATTCAAGGAAAACAGTTTGAAGGGTTGGTAGACACTGGAGCAGAT Protwt_hml (573) GGCCATCATCCAGGGCAAGCAGTTCGAGGGCCTGGTGGACACCGGCGCCGAC protopt_hml (573) GTCTCTATCATTGCTTTAAATCAGTGGCCAAAAAATTGGCCTAAACAAAAGG Protwt_hml (625) GTGAGCATCATCGCCCTGAACCAGTGGCCCAAGAACTGGCCCAAGCAGAAGG protopt_hml (625) CTGTTACAGGACTTGTCGGCATAGGCACAGCCTCAGAAGTGTATCAAAGTAC Protwt_hml (677) CCGTGACCGGCCTGGTGGGCATCGGCACCGCCAGCGAGGTGTACCAGAGCAC protopt_hml (677) GGAGATTTTACATTGCTTAGGGCCAGATAATCAAGAAAGTACTGTTCAGCCA Protwt_hml (729) CGAGATCCTGCACTGCCTGGGCCCCGACAACCAGGAGAGCACCGTGCAGCCC protopt_hml (729) ATGATTACTTCAATTCCTCTTAATCTGTGGGGTCGAGATTTATTACAACAAT Protwt_hml (781) ATGATCACCAGCATCCCCCTGAACCTGTGGGGCCGCGACCTGCTGCAGCAGT protopt_hml (781) GGGGTGCGGAAATCACCATGCCCGCTCCATCATATAGCCCCACGAGTCAAAA Protwt_hml (833) GGGGCGCCGAGATCACCATGCCCGCCCCCAGCTACAGCCCCACCAGCCAGAA protopt_hml (833) AATCATGACCAAGATGGGATATATACCAGGAAAGGGACTAGGGAAAAATGAA Protwt_hml (885) GATCATGACCAAGATGGGCTACATCCCCGGCAAGGGCCTGGGCAAGAACGAG protopt_hml (885) GATGGCATTAAAATTCCAGTTGAGGCTAAAATAAATCAAGAAAGAGAAGGAA Protwt_hml (937) GACGGCATCAAGATCCCCGTGGAGGCCAAGATCAACCAGGAGCGCGAGGGCA protopt_hml (937) TAGGGAATCCTTGC---TAG Protwt_hml (989) TCGGCAACCCCTGCGCTTAA protopt_hml (989) Pol Manipulation: Start with SEQ ID 65 (SEQ ID 73); manipulate to SEQ ID 66 (SEQ ID 74): ATGAATAAATCAAGAAAGAGAAGGAATAGGGAATCCTTGCTAGGGGCGGCCA polwt_hml (1) ATGAACAAGAGCCGCAAGCGCCGCAACCGCGAGAGCCTGCTGGGCGCCGCCA polopt_hml (1) CTGTAGAGCCTCCTAAACCCATACCATTAACTTGGAAAACAGAAAAACCAGT polwt_hml (53) CCGTGGAGCCCCCCAAGCCCATCCCCCTGACCTGGAAGACCGAGAAGCCCGT polopt_hml (53) GTGGGTAAATCAGTGGCCGCTACCAAAACAAAAACTGGAGGCTTTACATTTA polwt_hml (105) GTGGGTGAACCAGTGGCCCCTGCCCAAGCAGAAGCTGGAGGCCCTGCACCTG polopt_hml (105) TTAGCAAATGAACAGTTAGAAAAGGGTCATATTGAGCCTTCGTTCTCACCTT polwt_hml (157) CTGGCCAACGAGCAGCTGGAGAAGGGCCACATCGAGCCCAGCTTCAGCCCCT polopt_hml (157) GGAATTCTCCTGTGTTTGTAATTCAGAAGAAATCAGGCAAATGGCGTATGTT polwt_hml (209) GGAACAGCCCCGTGTTCGTGATCCAGAAGAAGAGCGGCAAGTGGCGCATGCT polopt_hml (209) AACTGACTTAAGGGCTGTAAACGCCGTAATTCAACCCATGGGGCCTCTCCAA polwt_hml (261) GACCGACCTGCGCGCCGTGAACGCGGTGATCCAGCCCATGGGCCCCCTGCAG polopt_hml (261) CCCGGGTTGCCCTCTCCGGCCATGATCCCAAAAGATTGGCCTTTAATTATAA polwt_hml (313) CCCGGCCTGCCCAGCCCCGCCATGATCCCCAAGGACTGGCCCCTGATCATCA polopt_hml (313) TTGATCTAAAGGATTGCTTTTTTACCATCCCTCTGGCAGAGCAGGATTGCGA polwt_hml (365) TCGACCTGAAGGACTGCTTCTTCACCATCCCCCTGGCCGAGCAGGACTGCGA polopt_hml (365) AAAATTTGCCTTTACTATACCAGCCATAAATAATAAAGAACCAGCCACCAGG polwt_hml (417) GAAGTTCGCCTTCACCATCCCCGCCATCAACAACAAGGAGCCCGCCACCCGC polopt_hml (417) TTTCAGTGGAAAGTGTTACCTCAGGGAATGCTTAATAGTCCAACTATTTGTC polwt_hml (469) TTCCAGTGGAAGGTGCTGCCCCAGGGCATGCTGAACAGCCCCACCATCTGCC polopt_hml (469) AGACTTTTGTAGGTCGAGCTCTTCAACCAGTTAGAGAAAAGTTTTCAGACTG polwt_hml (521) AGACCTTCGTGGGCCGCGCCCTGCAGCCCGTGCGCGAGAAGTTCAGCGACTG polopt_hml (521) TTATATTATTCATTGTATTGATGATATTTTATGTGCTGCAGAAACGAAAGAT polwt_hml (573) CTACATCATCCACTGCATCGACGACATCCTGTGCGCCGCCGAGACCAAGGAC polopt_hml (573) AAATTAATTGACTGTTATACATTTCTGCAAGCAGAGGTTGCCAATGCTGGAC polwt_hml (625) AAGCTGATCGACTGCTACACCTTCCTGCAGGCCGAGGTGGCCAACGCCGGCC polopt_hml (625) TGGCAATAGCATCTGATAAGATCCAAACCTCTACTCCTTTTCATTATTTAGG polwt_hml (677) TGGCCATCGCCAGCGACAAGATCCAGACCAGCACCCCCTTCCACTACCTGGG polopt_hml (677) GATGCAGATAGAAAATAGAAAAATTAAGCCACAAAAAATAGAAATAAGAAAA polwt_hml (729) CATGCAGATCGAGAACCGCAAGATCAAGCCCCAGAAGATCGAGATCCGCAAG polopt_hml (729) GACACATTAAAAACACTAAATGATTTTCAAAAATTACTAGGAGATATTAATT polwt hml (781) GACACCCTGAAGACCCTGAACGACTTCCAGAAGCTGCTGGGCGACATCAACT polopt_hml (781) GGATTCGGCCAACTCTAGGCATTCCTACTTATGCCATGTCAAATTTGTTCTC polwt_hml (833) GGATCCGCCCCACCCTGGGCATCCCCACCTACGCCATGAGCAACCTGTTCAG polopt_hml (833) TATCTTAAGAGGAGACTCAGACTTAAATAGTAAAAGAATGTTAACCCCAGAG polwt_hml (885) CATCCTGCGCGGCGACAGCGACCTGAACAGCAAGCGCATGCTGACCCCCGAG polopt_hml (885) GCAACAAAAGAAATTAAATTAGTGGAAGAAAAAATTCAGTCAGCGCAAATAA polwt_hml (937) GCCACCAAGGAGATCAAGCTGGTGGAGGAGAAGATCCAGAGCGCCCAGATCA polopt_hml (937) ATAGAATAGATCCCTTAGCCCCACTCCAACTTTTGATTTTTGCCACTGCACA polwt_hml (989) ACCGCATCGACCCCCTGGCCCCCCTGCAGCTGCTGATCTTCGCCACCGCCCA polopt_hml (989) TTCTCCAACAGGCATCATTATTCAAAATACTGATCTTGTGGAGTGGTCATTC polwt_hml (1041) CAGCCCCACCGGCATCATCATCCAGAACACCGACCTGGTGGAGTGGAGCTTC polopt_hml (1041) CTTCCTCACAGTACAGTTAAGACTTTTACATTGTACTTGGATCAAATAGCTA polwt_hml (1093) CTGCCCCACAGCACCGTGAAGACCTTCACCCTGTACCTGGACCAGATCGCCA polopt_hml (1093) CATTAATCGGTCAGACAAGATTACGAATAATAAAATTATGTGGGAATGACCC polwt_hml (1145) CCCTGATCGGCCAGACCCGCCTGCGCATCATCAAGCTGTGCGGCAACGACCC polopt_hml (1145) AGACAAAATAGTTGTCCCTTTAACCAAGGAACAAGTTAGACAAGCCTTTATC polwt_hml (1197) CGACAAGATCGTGGTGCCCCTGACCAAGGAGCAGGTGCGCCAGGCCTTCATC polopt_hml (1197) AATTCTGGTGCATGGAAGATTGGTCTTGCTAATTTTGTGGGAATTATTGATA polwt_hml (1249) AACAGCGGCGCCTGGAAGATCGGCCTGGCCAACTTCGTGGGCATCATCGACA polopt_hml (1249) ATCATTACCCAAAAACAAAGATCTTCCAGTTCTTAAAATTGACTACTTGGAT polwt_hml (1301) ACCACTACCCCAAGACCAAGATCTTCCAGTTCCTGAAGCTGACCACCTGGAT polopt_hml (1301) TCTACCTAAAATTACCAGACGTGAACCTTTAGAAAATGCTCTAACAGTATTT polwt_hml (1353) CCTGCCCAAGATCACCCGCCGCGAGCCCCTGGAGAACGCCCTGACCGTGTTC polopt_hml (1353) ACTGATGGTTCCAGCAATGGAAAAGCAGCTTACACAGGACCGAAAGAACGAG polwt_hml (1405) ACCGACGGCAGCAGCAACGGCAAGGCCGCCTACACCGGCCCCAAGGAGCGCG polopt_hml (1405) TAATCAAAACTCCATATCAATCGGCTCAAAGAGCAGAGTTGGTTGCAGTCAT polwt_hml (1457) TGATCAAGACCCCCTACCAGAGCGCCCAGCGCGCCGAGCTGGTGGCCGTGAT polopt_hml (1457) TACAGTGTTACAAGATTTTGACCAACCTATCAATATTATATCAGATTCTGCA polwt_hml (1509) CACCGTGCTGCAGGACTTCGACCAGCCCATCAACATCATCAGCGACAGCGCC polopt_hml (1509) TATGTAGTACAGGCTACAAGGGATGTTGAGACAGCTCTAATTAAATATAGCA polwt_hml (1561) TACGTGGTGCAGGCCACCCGCGACGTGGAGACCGCCCTGATCAAGTACAGCA polopt_hml (1561) TGGATGATCAGTTAAACCAGCTATTCAATTTATTACAACAAACTGTAAGAAA polwt_hml (1613) TGGACGACCAGCTGAACCAGCTGTTCAACCTGCTGCAGCAGACCGTGCGCAA polopt hml (1613) AAGAAATTTCCCATTTTATATTACACATATTCGAGCACACACTAATTTACCA polwt_hml (1665) GCGCAACTTCCCCTTCTACATCACCCACATCCGCGCCCACACCAACCTGCCC polopt_hml (1665) GGGCCTTTGACTAAAGCAAATGAACAAGCTGACTTACTGGT-ATCATCTGCA polwt_hml (1717) GGCCCCCTGACCAAGGCCAACGAGCAGGCCGACCTGCTGGTGAGCAGC-GCC polopt_hml (1717) CTCATAAAAGCACAAGAACTTCATGCTTTGACTCATGTAAATGCAGCAGGAT polwt_hml (1768) CTGATCAAGGCCCAGGAGCTGCACGCCCTGACCCACGTGAACGCCGCCGGCC polopt_hml (1768) TAAAAAACAAATTTGATGTCACATGGAAACAGGCAAAAGATATTGTAcAAcA polwt_hml (1820) TGAAGAACAAGTTCGACGTGACCTGGAAGCAGGCCAAGGACATCGTGCAGCA polopt_hml (1820) TTGCACCCAGTGTCAAGTCTTACACCTGCCCACTCAAGAGGCAGGAGTTAAT polwt_hml (1872) CTGCACCCAGTGCCAGGTGCTGCACCTGCCCACCCAGGAGGCCGGCGTGAAC polopt_hml (1872) CCCAGAGGTCTGTGTCCTAATGCATTATGGCAAATGGATGTCACGCATGTAC polwt_hml (1924) CCCCGCGGCCTGTGCCCCAACGCCCTGTGGCAGATGGACGTGACCCACGTGC polopt_hml (1924) CTTCATTTGGAAGATTATCATATGTTCACGTAACAGTTGATACTTATTCACA polwt_hml (1976) CCAGCTTCGGCCGCCTGAGCTACGTGCACGTGACCGTGGACACCTACAGCCA polopt_hml (1976) TTTCATATGGGCAACTTGCCAAACAGGAGAAAGTACTTCCCATGTTAAAAAA polwt_hml (2028) CTTCATCTGGGCCACCTGCCAGACCGGCGAGAGCACCAGCCACGTGAAGAAG polopt_hml (2028) CATTTATTGTCTTGTTTTGCTGTAATGGGAGTTCCAGAAAAAATCAAAACTG polwt_hml (2080) CACCTGCTGAGCTGCTTCGCCGTGATGGGCGTGCCCGAGAAGATCAAGACCG polopt_hml (2080) ACAATGGACCAGGATATTGTAGTAAAGCTTTCCAAAAATTCTTAAGTcAGTG polwt_hml (2132) ACAACGGCCCCGGCTACTGCAGCAAGGCCTTCCAGAAGTTCCTGAGCCAGTG polopt_hml (2132) GAAAATTTCACATACAACAGGAATTCCTTATAATTCCCAAGGACAGGCCATA polwt_hml (2184) GAAGATCAGCCACACCACCGGCATCCCCTACAACAGCCAGGGCCAGGCCATC polopt_hml (2184) GTTGAAAGAACTAATAGAACACTCAAAACTCAATTAGTTAAACAAAAAGAAG polwt_hml (2236) GTGGAGCGCACCAACCGCACCCTGAAGACCCAGCTGGTGAAGCAGAAGGAGG polopt_hml (2236) GGGGAGACAGTAAGGAGTGTACCACTCCTCAGATGCAACTTAATCTAGCACT polwt_hml (2288) GCGGCGACAGCAAGGAGTGCACCACCCCCCAGATGCAGCTGAACCTGGCCCT polopt_hml (2288) CTATACTTTAAATTTTTTAAACATTTATAGAAATCAGACTACTACTTCTGCA polwt_hml (2340) GTACACCCTGAACTTCCTGAACATCTACCGCAACCAGACCACCACCAGCGCC polopt_hml (2340) GAACAACATCTTACTGGTAAAAAGAACAGCCCACATGAAGGAAAACTAATTT polwt_hml (2392) GAGCAGCACCTGACCGGCAAGAAGAACAGCCCCCACGAGGGCAAGCTGATCT polopt_hml (2392) GGTGGAAAGATAATAAAAATAAGACATGGGAAATAGGGAAGGTGATAACGTG polwt_hml (2444) GGTGGAAGGACAACAAGAACAAGACCTGGGAGATCGGCAAGGTGATCACCTG polopt_hml (2444) GGGGAGAGGTTTTGCTTGTGTTTCACCAGGAGAAAATCAGCTTCCTGTTTGG polwt_hml (2496) GGGCCGCGGCTTCGCCTGCGTGAGCCCCGGCGAGAACCAGCTGCCCGTGTGG polopt_hml (2496) ATACCCACTAGACATTTGAAGTTCTACAATGAACCCATCAGAGATGCAAAGA polwt_hml (2548) ATCCCCACCCGCCACCTGAAGTTCTACAACGAGCCCATCCGCGACGCCAAGA polopt_hml (2548) AAAGCACCTCCGCGGAGACGGAGACATCGCAATCGAGCACCGTTGACTCACA polwt_hml (2600) AGAGCACCAGCGCCGAGACCGAGACCAGCCAGAGCAGCACCGTGGACAGCCA polopt_hml (2600) AGATGAACAAAATGGTGACGTCAGAAGAACAGATGAAGTTGCCATCCACCAA polwt_hml (2652) GGACGAGCAGAACGGCGACGTGCGCCGCACCGACGAGGTGGCCATCCACCAG polopt_hml (2652) GAAGGCAGAGCCGCCAACTTGGGCACAACTAAAGAAGCTGACGCAGTTAGCT polwt_hml (2704) GAGGGCCGCGCCGCCAACCTGGGCACCACCAAGGAGGCCGACGCCGTGAGCT polopt_hml (2704) ACAAAATATCTAGAGAACACAAAGGTGACACAAACCCCAGAGAGTATGCTGC polwt_hml (2756) ACAAGATCAGCCGCGAGCACAAGGGCGACACCAACCCCCGCGAGTACGCCGC polopt_hml (2756) TTGCAGCCTTGATGATTGTATCAATGGTGGTAAGTCTCCCTATGCCTGCAGG polwt_hml (2808) CTGCAGCCTGGACGACTGCATCAACGGCGGCAAGAGCCCCTACGCCTGCCGC polopt_hml (2808) AGCAGCTGCAGC---TAA polwt_hml (2860) AGCAGCTGCAGCGCTTAA polopt_hml (2860) Env Manipulation: Start with SEQ ID 81 (SEQ ID 83); manipulate to SEQ ID 82: envwt_HML2 ATGAACCCAAGCGAGATGCAAAGAAAAGCACCTCCGCGGAGACGGAGACATCGCAATCGA envopt_HML2 ATGAACCCCAGCGAGATGCAGCGCAAGGCCCCCCCCCCCCGCCGCCGCCACCGCAACCGC envwt_HML2 GCACCGTTGACTCACAAGATGAACAAAATGGTGACGTCAGAAGAACAGATGAAGTTGCCA envopt_HML2 GCCCCCCTGACCCACAAGATGAACAAGATGGTGACCAGCGAGGAGCAGATGAAGCTGCCC envwt_HML2 TCCACCAAGAAGGCAGAGCCGCCAACTTGGGCACAACTAAAGAAGCTGACGCAGTTAGCT envopt_HML2 AGCACCAAGAAGGCCGAGCCCCCCACCTGGGCCCAGCTGAAGAAGCTGACCCAGCTGGCC envwt_HML2 ACAAAATATCTAGAGAACACAAAGGTGACACAAACCCCAGAGAGTATGCTGCTTGCAGCC envopt_HML2 ACCAAGTACCTGGAGAACACCAAGGTGACCCAGACCCCCGAGAGCATGCTGCTGGCCGCC envwt_HML2 TTGATGATTGTATCAATGGTGGTAAGTCTCCCTATGCCTGCAGGAGCAGCTGCAGCTAAC envopt_HML2 CTGATGATCGTGAGCATGGTGGTGAGCCTGCCCATGCCCGCCGGCGCCGCCGCCGCCAAC envwt_HML2 TATACCTACTGGGCCTATGTGCCTTTCCCGCCCTTAATTCGGGCAGTCACATGGATGGAT envopt_HML2 TACACCTACTGGGCCTACGTGCCCTTCCCCCCCCTGATCCGCGCCGTGACCTGGATGGAC envwt_HML2 AATCCTACAGAAGTATATGTTAATGATAGTGTATGGGTACCTGGCCCCATAGATGATCGC envopt_HML2 AACCCCACCGAGGTGTACGTGAACGACAGCGTGTGGGTGCCCGGCCCCATCGACGACCGC envwt_HML2 TGCCCTGCCAAACCTGAGGAAGAAGGGATGATGATAAATATTTCCATTGGGTATCATTAT envopt_HML2 TGCCCCGCCAAGCCCGAGGAGGAGGGCATGATGATCAACATCAGCATCGGCTACCACTAC envwt_HML2 CCTCCTATTTGCCTAGGGAGAGCACCAGGATGTTTAATGCCTGCAGTCCAAAATTGGTTG envopt_HML2 CCCCCCATCTGCCTGGGCCGCGCCCCCGGCTGCCTGATGCCCGCCGTGCAGAACTGGCTG envwt_HML2 GTAGAAGTACCTACTGTCAGTCCCATCTGTAGATTCACTTATCACATGGTAAGCGGGATG envopt_HML2 GTGGAGGTGCCCACCGTGAGCCCCATCTGCCGCTTCACGTACCACATGGTGAGCGGCATG envwt_HML2 TCACTCAGGCCACGGGTAAATTATTTACAAGACTTTTCTTATCAAAGATCATTAAAATTT envopt_HML2 AGCCTGCGCCCCCGCGTGAACTACCTGCAGGACTTCAGCTACCAGCGCAGCCTGAAGTTC envwt_HML2 AGACCTAAAGGGAAACCTTGCCCCAAGGAAATTCCCAAAGAATCAAAAAATACAGAAGTT envopt_HML2 CGCCCCAAGGGCAAGCCCTGCCCCAAGGAGATCCCCAAGGAGAGCAAGAACACCGAGGTG envwt_HML2 TTAGTTTGGGAAGAATGTGTGGCCAATAGTGCGGTGATATTACAAAACAATGAATTCGGA envopt_HML2 CTGGTGTGGGAGGAGTGCGTGGCCAACAGCGCCGTGATCCTGCAGAACAACGAGTTCGGC envwt_HML2 ACTATTATAGATTGGGCACCTCGAGGTCAATTCTACCACAATTGCTCAGGACAAACTCAG envopt_HML2 ACCATCATCGACTGGGCCCCCCGCGGCCAGTTCTACCACAACTGCAGCGGCCAGACCCAG envwt_HML2 TCGTGTCCAAGTGCACAAGTGAGTCCAGCTGTTGATAGCGACTTAACAGAAAGTTTAGAC envopt_HML2 AGCTGCCCCAGCGCCCAGGTGAGCCCCGCCGTGGACAGCGACCTGACCGAGAGCCTGGAC envwt_HML2 AAACATAAGCATAAAAAATTGCAGTCTTTCTACCCTTGGGAATGGGGAGAAAAAGGAATC envopt_HML2 AAGCACAAGCACAAGAAGCTGCAGAGCTTCTACCCCTGGGAGTGGGGCGAGAAGGGCATC envwt_HML2 TCTACCCCAAGACCAAAAATAGTAAGTCCTGTTTCTGGTCCTGAACATCCAGAATTATGG envopt_HML2 AGCACCCCCCGCCCCAAGATCGTGAGCCCCGTGAGCGGCCCCGAGCACCCCGAGCTGTGG envwt_HML2 AGGCTTACTGTGGCTTCACACCACATTAGAATTTGGTCTGGAAATCAAACTTTAGAAACA envopt_HML2 CGCCTGACCGTGGCCAGCCACCACATCCGCATCTGGAGCGGCAACCAGACCCTGGAGACC envwt_HML2 AGAGATCGTAAGCCATTTTATACTATTGACCTGAATTCCAGTCTAACAGTTCCTTTACAA envopt_HML2 CGCGACCGCAAGCCCTTCTACACCATCGACCTGAACAGCAGCCTGACCGTGCCCCTGCAG envwt_HML2 AGTTGCGTAAAGCCCCCTTATATGCTAGTTGTAGGAAATATAGTTATTAAACCAGACTCC envopt_HML2 AGCTGCGTGAAGCCCCCCTACATGCTGGTGGTGGGCAACATCGTGATCAAGCCCGACAGC envwt_HML2 CAGACTATAACCTGTGAAAATTGTAGATTGCTTACTTGCATTGATTCAACTTTTAATTGG envopt_HML2 CAGACCATCACCTGCGAGAACTGCCGCCTGCTGACCTGCATCGACAGCACCTTCAACTGG envwt_HML2 CAACACCGTATTCTGCTGGTGAGAGCAAGAGAGGGCGTGTGGATCCCTGTGTCCATGGAC envopt_HML2 CAGCACCGCATCCTGCTGGTGCGCGCCCGCGAGGGCGTGTGGATCCCCGTGAGCATGGAC envwt_HML2 CGACCGTGGGAGGCCTCGCCATCCGTCCATATTTTGACTGAAGTATTAAAAGGTGTTTTA envopt_HML2 CGCCCCTGGGAGGCCAGCCCCAGCGTGCACATCCTGACCGAGGTGCTGAAGGGCGTGCTG envwt_HML2 AATAGATCCAAAAGATTCATTTTTACTTTAATTGCAGTGATTATGGGATTAATTGCAGTC envopt_HML2 AACCGCAGCAAGCGCTTCATCTTCACCCTGATCGCCGTGATCATGGGCCTGATCGCCGTG envwt_HML2 ACAGCTACGGCTGCTGTAGCAGGAGTTGCATTGCACTCTTCTGTTCAGTCAGTAAACTTT envopt_HML2 ACCGCCACCGCCGCCGTGGCCGGCGTGGCCCTGCACAGCAGCGTGCAGAGCGTGAACTTC envwt_HML2 GTTAATGATTGGCAAAAAAATTCTACAAGATTGTGGAATTCACAATCTAGTATTGATCAA envopt_HML2 GTGAACGACTGGCAGAAGAACAGCACCCGCCTGTGGAACAGCCAGAGCAGCATCGACCAG envwt_HML2 AAATTGGCAAATCAAATTAATGATCTTAGACAAACTGTCATTTGGATGGGAGACAGACTC envopt_HML2 AAGCTGGCCAACCAGATCAACGACCTGCGCCAGACCGTGATCTGGATGGGCGACCGCCTG envwt_HML2 ATGAGCTTAGAACATCGTTTCCAGTTACAATGTGACTGGAATACGTCAGATTTTTGTATT envopt_HML2 ATGAGCCTGGAGCACCGCTTCCAGCTGCAGTGCGACTGGAACACCAGCGACTTCTGCATC envwt_HML2 ACACCCCAAATTTATAATGAGTGTGAGCATCACTGGGACATGGTTAGACGCCATCTACAG envopt_HML2 ACCCCCCAGATCTACAACGAGAGCGAGCACCACTGGGACATGGTGCGCCGCCACCTGCAG envwt_HML2 GGAAGAGAAGATAATCTCACTTTAGACATTTCCAAATTAAAAGAACAAATTTTCGAAGCA envopt_HML2 GGCCGCGAGGACAACCTGACCCTGGACATCAGCAAGCTGAAGGAGCAGATCTTCGAGGCC envwt_HML2 TCAAAAGCCCATTTAAATTTGGTGCCAGGAACTGAGGCAATTGCAGGAGTTGCTGATGGC envopt_HML2 AGCAAGGCCCACCTGAACCTGGTGCCCGGCACCGAGGCCATCGCCGGCGTGGCCGACGGC envwt_HML2 CTCGCAAATCTTAACCCTGTCACTTGGGTTAAGACCATTGGAAGTACTACGATTATAAAT envopt_HML2 CTGGCCAACCTGAACCCCGTGACCTGGGTGAAGACCATCGGCAGCACCACCATCATCAAC envwt_HML2 CTCATATTAATCCTTGTGTGCCTGTTTTGTCTGTTGTTAGTCTGCAGGTGTACCCAACAG envopt_HML2 CTGATCCTGATCCTGGTGTGCCTGTTCTGCCTGCTGCTGGTGTGCCGCTGCACCCAGCAG envwt_HML2 CTCCGAAGAGACAGCGACCATCGAGAACGGGCCATGATGACGATGGCGGTTTTGTCGAAA envopt_HML2 CTGCGCCGCGACAGCGACCACCGCGAGCGCGCCATGATGACCATGGCCGTGCTGAGCAAG envwt_HML2 AGAAAAGGGGGAAATGTGGGGAAAAGCAAGAGAGATCAGATTGTTACTGTGTCTGTGGCCTAA envopt_HML2 CGCAAGGGCGGCAACGTGGGCAAGAGCAAGCGCGACCAGATCGTGACCGTGAGCGTGGCCTAA In Vitro Expression of Gag Sequences Three different gag-encoding sequences were cloned into the pCMVKm2 vector: (1) gag opt HML-2 (SEQ ID 54, including SEQ ID 62 and encoding SEQ ID 70—FIG. 5). (2) gag opt PCAV (SEQ ID 80, including SEQ ID 77 and encoding SEQ ID 79—FIG. 8). (3) gag wt PCAV (SEQ ID 53, including SEQ ID 76 and encoding SEQ ID 78—FIG. 4). The vectors were used to transfect 293 cells in duplicate in 6-well plates, using the polyamine reagent TransIt™ LT-1 (PanVera Corp, Madison Wis.) plus 2 μg DNA. Cells were lysed after 48 hours and analyzed by western blot using pooled mouse antibody against HML2-gag as the primary antibody (1:400), and goat anti-mouse HRP as the secondary antibody (1:20000). FIG. 10 shows that ‘gag opt PCAV’ (lane 2) expressed much more efficiently than ‘gag wt PCAV’ (lane 3). Lane 1 (‘gag opt HML-2’) is more strongly stained than lane 2 (‘gag opt PCAV’), but this could be due to the fact that the primary antibody was raised against the homologous HML-2 protein, rather than reflecting a difference in expression efficiency. To address this question, antibodies were also raised against the PCAV product and were used for Western blotting. FIG. 11A shows results using the anti-HML2 as the primary antibody (1:500), and FIG. 11B shows the results with anti-PCAV (1:500). Each antibody stains the homologous protein more strongly than the heterologous protein. Nucleic Acid Immunization Vectors of the invention are purified from bacteria and used to immunize mice. T Cell Responses to PCAV Gag CB6F1 mice were intramuscularly immunized with pCMVKm2 vectors encoding PCAV gag (FIGS. 4 & 8) and induction of gag-specific CD4+ and CD8+ cells were measured. Mice received four injections of 50 μg plasmid at week 0, 2, 4 and 6. These plasmids included the wild type gag sequence (SEQ ID 76). Mice were then split into two separate groups for further work. The first group of three mice received a further 50 μg of plasmid at 25 weeks, but this plasmid included the optimized gag sequence (SEQ ID 77). Eleven days later spleens were harvested and pooled and a single cell suspension was prepared for culture. Spleen cells (1×106 per culture) were cultured overnight at 37° C. in the absence (“unstimulated”) or presence (“stimulated”) of 1×107 plaque-forming units (pfu) of a recombinant vaccinia which contains the PCAV gag sequence (“rVV-gag”, produced by homologous recombination of cloning vector pSC11 [116], followed by plaque purification of recombinant rVVgag). Duplicate stimulated and unstimulated cultures were prepared. The following day Brefeldin A was added to block cytokine secretion and cultures were continued for 2 hours. Cultures were then harvested and stained with fluorescently-labeled monoclonal antibodies for cell surface CD8 and intracellular gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Stained samples were analyzed by flow cytometry and the fraction of CD8+ cells that stained positively for intracellular IFN-γ was determined. Results were as follows: Culture condition Culture #1 Culture #2 Average Unstimulated 0.10 0.14 0.12 Stimulated 1.51 1.27 1.39 Difference 1.27 An average of 1.27% of the pooled splenic CD8+ cells synthesized IFN-γ in response to stimulation with rVV-gag. This demonstrates that the DNA immunization induced CD8+ T cells that specifically recognized and responded to PCAV gag. The second group of four mice received a further 50 μg of plasmid at 28 weeks, but this plasmid included the optimized gag sequence (SEQ ID 77). Twelve days later spleens were harvested. As a specificity control, a spleen was also obtained from a CB6F1 mouse that had been vaccinated with a pCMV-KM2 vector encoding HML2 env. Single cell suspensions from individual spleens were prepared for culture. Spleen cells (1×106 per culture) were cultured overnight at 37° C. in the absence of stimulation or in the presence of 1×107 pfu rVV-gag. As a specificity control, additional cultures contained another recombinant vaccinia virus, rVV-HIVgp160env.SF162 (“rVV-HIVenv”—contains full-length env gene from SF162 isolate of HIV-1), which was not expected to cross-react with either gag or env from PCAV. Duplicate cultures were prepared for each condition. The following day Brefeldin A was added to block cytokine secretion and anti-CD28 antibody was added to co-stimulate CD4 T cells. Cultures were continued for 2 hours and then harvested and stained with fluorescently-labeled monoclonal antibodies for cell surface CD8 and CD4 and intracellular IFN-γ. Stained samples were analyzed by flow cytometry and the fractions of CD8+CD4− and CD4+8− T cells that stained positively for intracellular IFN-γ were determined. Results are shown in the following table, expressed as the % of stained cells in response to stimulation by either PCAV gag or HIV env during spleen culture, after subtraction of the average value seen with cells which were not stimulated during spleen culture: Spleen culture Vector administered at 28 weeks stimulation PCAV gag PCAV gag PCAV gag PCAV gag PCAV env CD8 PCAV gag 1.32 1.88 3.00 2.09 0.13 HIV env 0.04 0.12 −0.02 0.23 0.05 CD4 PCAV gag 0.26 0.17 0.40 0.22 −0.01 HIV env 0.01 −0.02 −0.03 0.01 −0.02 For the 4 mice that had been vaccinated with a vector encoding PCAV gag, therefore, the rVV-gag vector stimulated 1.32% to 3.00% of CD8+ T cells to produce IFN-γ. However, there were few CD8+ T cells (<0.23%) that responded to the irrelevant rVV-HIVgp160env vector. The CD8+ T cell response is thus specific to PCAV gag. Furthermore, the control mouse that was immunized with PCAV env had very few CD8+ T cells (0.13%) which responded to the vaccinia stimulation. Similarly, vaccination with PCAV gag, but not with PCAV env, induced CD4+ T cells specific for PCAV gag (0.17% to 0.40%). DNA immunization with vectors encoding PCAV gag thus induces CD8+ and CD4+ T cells that specifically recognize and respond to the PCAV gag antigen. Virus-Like Particles 293 cells were fixed 48 hours after transient transfection with pCMV-gag, either from HML-2 or from PCAV, and inspected by electron microscopy (FIG. 12). VLPs were produced in both cases, but these were mainly intracellular for PCAV and mainly secreted for HML-2. The assembly of viable VLPs from PCAV and HML-2 indicates that the gag protein has retained its essential activity even though the endogenous virus is “dormant” and might thus be expected to be subject to mutational inactivation. The above description of preferred embodiments of the invention has been presented by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. It will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that many changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. Sequence Listing Index SEQ ID DESCRIPTION 1-9 Gag sequences 10-14 Prt sequences 15-21 Pol sequences 22-28 Env sequences 29-31 cORF sequences 32-37 PCAP sequences 38-50 Splice variants A-M sequences 51 pCMVKm2.cORFopt HML-2 (FIG. 2) 52 pCMVKm2.pCAP5opt HML-2 (FIG. 3) 53 pCMVKm2.gag wt PCAV (FIG. 4) 54 pCMVKm2.gagopt HML-2 (FIG. 5) 55 pCMVKm2.Protopt HML-2 (FIG. 6) 56 pCMVKm2.Polopt HML-2 (FIG. 7) 57-66 Nucleotide sequences pre- and post-manipulation 67 Manipulated cORF 68 Manipulated PCAP5 69 & 70 Gag - pre- and post-manipulation 71 & 72 Prt - pre- and post-manipulation 73 & 74 Pol - pre- and post-manipulation 75 PCAV, from the beginning of its first 5′ LTR to the end of its fragmented 3′ LTR 76 & 77 PCAV Gag nucleotide sequences - pre-and post manipulation 78 & 79 PCAV Gag amino acid sequences - pre-and post manipulation 80 pCMVKm2.gagopt PCAV (FIG. 8) 81 Wild-type env from HML-2 82 Optimized env from HML-2 83 Amino acid sequence encoded by SEQ IDs 81 & 82 NB: SEQ IDs 1 to 9 disclosed in reference 1 as SEQ IDs 85, 91, 97, 102, 92, 98, 103, 104 & 146 SEQ IDs 10 to 14 disclosed in reference 1 as SEQ IDs 86, 99, 105, 106 & 147 SEQ IDs 15 to 21 disclosed in reference 1 as SEQ IDs 87, 93, 100, 107, 94, 108 & 148 SEQ IDs 22 to 28 disclosed in reference 1 as SEQ IDs 88, 95, 101, 107, 96, 108 & 149 SEQ IDs 29 to 31 disclosed in reference 1 as SEQ IDs 89, 90 & 109 SEQ IDs 32 to 37 disclosed in reference 1 as SEQ IDs 10, 11, 12, 7, 8 & 9 SEQ IDs 38 to 50 disclosed in reference 1 as SEQ IDs 28-37, 39, 41 & 43 SEQ ID 75 disclosed in reference 3 as SEQ ID 1. REFERENCES (the contents of which are hereby incorporated in full by reference) 1. International patent application WO02/46477 (PCT/US01/47824). 2. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/016,604 (filed Dec. 7, 2001). 3. International patent application PCT/US02/39136 (filed Dec. 9, 2002). 4. Andersson et al. (1999) J. Gen. Virol. 80:255-260. 5. Mayer et al. (1999) Nat. Genet. 21 (3), 257-258 (1999) 6. Ono et al., (1986) J. Virol. 60:589 7. U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,723 8. Barbulescu et al. (1999) Curr. Biol. 9:861-868. 9. Zsiros et al. (1998) J. Gen. Virol. 79:61-70. 10. Tönjes et al. (1999) J. Virol. 73:9187-9195. 11. Genbank accession number AB047240 12. Paces et al. (2002) Nucleic Acids Res. 30:205-206. 13. Reus et al. (2001) Genomics 72:314-320. 14. Dunham et al. (1999) Nature 402:489-495. 15. Löwer et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 93:5177 16. Boese et al. (2000) Oncogene 19:4328-4336. 17. Mueller-Lantzsch et al., AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 9:343-350 (1993) 18. Berkhout et al. (1999) J. Virol. 73:2365-2375. 19. Löwer et al. (1995) J. Virol. 69:141-149. 20. Magin et al. (1999) J. Virol. 73:9496-9507. 21. Magin-Lachmann (2001) J Virol. 75(21):10359-71. 22. International patent application PCT/US02/39344 (filed Dec. 9, 2002). 23. Geysen et al. (1984) PNAS USA 81:3998-4002. 24. Carter (1994) Methods Mol Biol 36:207-23. 25. Jameson, B A et al., 1988, CABIOS 4(1):181-186. 26. Raddrizzani & Hammer (2000) Brief Bioinform 1(2):179-89. 27. De Lalla et al. (1999) J. Immunol. 163:1725-29. 28. Brusic et al. (1998) Bioinformatics 14(2):121-30 29. Meister et al. (1995) Vaccine 13(6):581-91. 30. Roberts et al. (1996) AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 12(7):593-610. 31. Maksyutov & Zagrebelnaya (1993) Comput Appl Biosci 9(3):291-7. 32. Feller & de la Cruz (1991) Nature 349(6311):720-1. 33. Hopp (1993) Peptide Research 6:183-190. 34. Welling et al. (1985) FEBS Lett. 188:215-218. 35. Davenport et al. (1995) Immunogenetics 42:392-297. 36. U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,723 37. Johnston et al. (2001) Ann Neurol 50(4):434-42. 38. Medstrand et al. (1998) J Virol 72(12):9782-7. 39. Gennaro (2000) Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 20th edition, ISBN: 0683306472. 40. WO 93/14778 41. Findeis et al., Trends Biotechnol. (1993)11:202 42. Chiou et al. (1994) Gene Therapeutics: Methods And Applications Of Direct Gene Transfer. ed. Wolff 43. Wu et al., J. Biol. Chem (1988) 263:621 44. Wu et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1994) 269:542 45. Zenke et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) (1990) 87:3655 46. Wu et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1991) 266:338 47. Jolly, Cancer Gene Therapy (1994) 1:51 48. Kimura, Human Gene Therapy (1994) 5:845 49. Connelly, Human Gene Therapy (1995) 1:185 50. Kaplitt, Nature Genetics (1994) 6:148 51. WO 90/07936 52. WO 94/03622 53. WO 93/25698 54. WO 93/25234 55. U.S. Pat. No. 5,219,740 56. WO 93/11230 57. WO 93/10218 58. U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,127 59. GB Patent No. 2,200,651 60. EP-A- 0 345 242 61. WO 91/02805 62. WO 94/12649 63. WO 93/03769 64. WO 93/19191 65. WO 94/28938 66. WO 95/11984 67. WO 95/00655 68. Curiel, Hum. Gene Ther. (1992) 3:147 69. Wu, J. Biol. Chem. (1989) 264:16985 70. U.S. Pat. No. 5,814,482 71. WO 95/07994 72. WO 96/17072 73. WO 95/30763 74. WO 97/42338 75. WO 90/11092 76. U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,859 77. U.S. Pat. No. 5,422,120 78. WO 95/13796 79. WO 94/23697 80. WO 91/14445 81. EP 0524968 82. Philip, Mol. Cell Biol. (1994)14:2411 83. Woffendin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (1994) 91:11581 84. U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,152 85. WO 92/11033 86. U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,655 87. WO 92/11033 88. Donnelly et al. (1997) Annu Rev Immunol 15:617-648. 89. Strugnell et al. (1997) Immunol Cell Biol 75(4):364-369. 90. Robinson & Torres (1997) Seminars in Immunol 9:271-283. 91. Brunham et al. (2000) J Infect Dis 181 Suppl 3:S538-43. 92. Svanholm et al. (2000) Scand J Immunol 51(4):345-53. 93. DNA Vaccination-Genetic Vaccination (1998) eds. Koprowski et al. (ISBN 3540633928). 94. Gene Vaccination:Theory and Practice (1998) ed. Raz (ISBN 3540644288). 95. WO90/14837 96. Vaccine Design: subunit and adjuvant approach (1995) ed. Powell & Newman (ISBN 030644867X). 97. WO00/07621 98. GB-2220221 99. EP-A-0689454 100. EP-A-0835318 101. EP-A-0735898 102. EP-A-0761231 103. WO99/52549 104. WO01/21207 105. WO01/21152 106. WO00/62800 107. WO00/23105 108. WO99/11241 109. WO98/57659 110. WO93/13202. 111. Johnson et al. (1999) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 9:2273-2278. 112. International patent application WO00/50078. 113. Singh et al. (2001) J. Cont. Rele. 70:267-276. 114. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (F. M. Ausubel et al., eds., 1987) Supplement 30. 115. Smith and Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. (1981) 2: 482-489. 116. Chakrabarti et al. (1985) Mol Cell Biol 5:3403-3409.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men in the USA. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the abnormal growth of benign prostate cells in which the prostate grows and pushes against the urethra and bladder, blocking the normal flow of urine. More than half of the men in the USA, aged 60-70 and as many as 90% percent aged 70-90 have symptoms of BPH. Although BPH is seldom a threat to life, it may require treatment to relieve symptoms. References 1 and 2 disclose that human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) of the HML-2 subgroup of the HERV-K family show up-regulated expression in prostate tumors. This finding is disclosed as being useful in prostate cancer screening, diagnosis and therapy. In particular, higher levels of an HML-2 expression product relative to normal tissue are said to indicate that the patient from whom the sample was taken has cancer. Reference 3 discloses that a specific member of the HML-2 family located in chromosome 22 at 20.428 megabases (22q11.2) is preferentially and significantly up-regulated in prostate tumors. This endogenous retrovirus (termed ‘PCAV’) has several features not found in other members of the HERV-K family: (1) it has a specific nucleotide sequence which distinguishes it from other HERVs within the genome; (2) it has tandem 5′LTRs; (3) it has a fragmented 3′LTR; (4) its env gene is interrupted by an alu insertion; and (5) its gag contains a unique insertion. Reference 3 teaches that these features can be exploited in prostate cancer screening, diagnosis and therapy. References 1 to 3 disclose in general terms vectors for expression of HML-2 and PCAV polypeptides. It is an object of the invention to provide additional and improved vectors for in vitro or in vivo expression of HML-2 and PCAV polypeptides.

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 shows the pCMVkm2 vector, and FIGS. 2 to 8 show vectors formed by inserting sequences encoding HML-2 polypeptides into this vector. FIG. 9 shows the location of coding sequences in the HML2.HOM genome, with nucleotide numbering according to ref. 5. FIG. 10 is a western blot showing gag expression in transfected 293 cells. Lanes 1 to 4 are: (1) gag opt HML-2; (2) gag opt PCAV; (3) gag wt PCAV; (4) mock. FIG. 11 also shows western blots of transfected 293 cells. In FIG. 11A the staining antibody was anti-HML-2, but in FIG. 11B it was anti-PCAV. In both 11 A and 11 B lanes 1 to 4 are: (1) mock; (2) gag opt HML-2; (3) gag opt PCAV; (4) gag wt PCAV. The upper arrow shows the position of gag; the lower arrow shows the β-actin control. FIG. 12 shows electron microscopy of 293 cells expressing ( 12 A) gag opt PCAV or ( 12 B) gag opt HML-2. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20091209

20130827

20100408

83650.0

A61K3912

CROUCH, DEBORAH

A NUCLEIC ACID VECTOR COMPRISING A PROMOTER AND A SEQUENCE ENCODING A POLYPEPTIDE FROM THE ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUS PCAV

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

A61K

ACCEPTED

Lawsonia intracellularis subunit vaccines

The present invention relates i.a. to nucleic acids encoding novel Lawsonia intracellularis proteins. It furthermore relates to DNA fragments, recombinant DNA molecules and live recombinant carriers comprising these sequences. Also it relates to host cells comprising such nucleic acids, DNA fragments, recombinant DNA molecules and live recombinant carriers. Moreover, the invention relates to proteins encoded by these nucleotide sequences and to their use for the manufacturing of vaccines. The invention also relates to vaccines for combating Lawsonia intracellularis infections and methods for the preparation thereof. Finally the invention relates to diagnostic tests for the detection of Lawsonia intracellularis antigens and of antibodies against Lawsonia intracellularis.

1-9. (canceled) 10. A DNA fragment comprising a nucleic acid according to claim 33. 11. A recombinant DNA molecule comprising a nucleic acid according to claim 33 under the control of a functionally linked promoter. 12. A live recombinant carrier comprising a nucleic acid according to claim 33. 13. A host cell comprising a nucleic acid according to claim 33. 14-24. (canceled) 25. A vaccine for combating Lawsonia intracellularis infections, comprising at least one nucleic acid according to claim 33, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 26. The vaccine according to claim 25, comprising an adjuvant. 27. The vaccine according to claim 25 comprising an additional antigen derived from a virus or micro-organism pathogenic to pigs or genetic information encoding said antigen. 28. The vaccine according to claim 27, wherein said virus or micro-organism pathogenic to pigs is selected from the group consisting of Pseudorabies virus, Porcine influenza virus, Porcine parvo virus, Transmissible gastro-enteritis virus, Rotavirus, Escherichia coli, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Salmonella cholerasuis, Haemophilus parasuis, Pasteurella multocida, Streptococcus suis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. 29. A vaccine for combating Lawsonia intracellularis infections, comprising antibodies against a protein according to claim 34. 30. (canceled) 31. Diagnostic test for the detection of antibodies against Lawsonia intracellularis, wherein said test comprises a protein or a fragment thereof as defined in claim 34. 32. Diagnostic test for the detection of antigenic material of Lawsonia intracellularis, wherein said test comprises antibodies against a protein or a fragment thereof as defined in claim 34. 33. An isolated nucleic acid encoding an immunogenic Lawsonia intracellularis protein that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, and SEQ ID NO: 17. 34. An isolated Lawsonia intracellularis protein, or an immunogenic fragment thereof, having the same immunological characteristics as an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, and SEQ ID NO: 18. 35. A vaccine for combating Lawsonia intracellularis infection, comprising at least one protein according to claim 34, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 36. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 33, selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, and SEQ ID NO: 17. 37. The isolated protein of claim 34, selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, and immunogenic fragments thereof. 38. A vaccine for combating Lawsonia intracellularis infection, comprising at least one protein according to claim 37, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 39. The vaccine according to claim 38, comprising at least one protein selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 12 and SEQ ID NO: 16.

The present invention relates i.a. to nucleic acids encoding novel Lawsonia intracellularis proteins, to DNA fragments, recombinant DNA molecules and live recombinant carriers comprising these sequences, to host cells comprising such nucleic acids, DNA fragments, recombinant DNA molecules and live recombinant carriers, to proteins encoded by these nucleotide sequences and to their use for the manufacturing of vaccines, to vaccines for combating Lawsonia intracellularis infections and methods for the preparation thereof and to diagnostic tests for the detection of Lawsonia intracellularis antigens and for the detection of antibodies against Lawsonia intracellularis. Porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE or PE) has become an important disease of the modern pig industry world-wide. The disease affects 15% to 50% of the growing herds and up to 30% of the individual animals in established problem herds. Today annual economical losses have been estimated US$ 5-10 in extra feed and facility time costs per affected pig. PPE is a group of chronic and acute conditions of widely differing clinical signs (death, pale and anaemic animals, watery, dark or bright red diarrhea, depression, reduced appetite and reluctance to move, retarded growth and increased FCR). However there are two consistent features. The first, a pathological change only visible at necropsy, is a thickening of the small intestine and colon mucosa. The second is the occurrence of intracytoplasmatic small-curved bacteria in the enterocytes of the affected intestine. These bacteria have now been established as the etiological agent of PPE and have been name Lawsonia intracellularis. Over the years Lawsonia intracellularis has been found to affect a large group of animals including monkeys, rabbits, ferrets, hamsters, fox, horses, and other animals as diverse as ostrich and emoe. Lawsonia intracellularis is a gram-negative, flagellated bacterium that multiplies in eukaryotic enterocytes only and no cell-free culture has been described. In order to persist and multiply in the cell Lawsonia intracellularis must penetrate dividing crypt cells. The bacterium associates with the cell membrane and quickly enters the enterocyte via an entry vacuole. This then rapidly breaks down (within 3 hours) and the bacteria flourish and multiply freely in the cytoplasm. The mechanisms by which the bacteria cause infected cells to fail to mature, continue to undergo mitosis and form hypoplastic crypt cells is not yet understood. The current understanding of Lawsonia intracellularis infection, treatment and control of the disease has been hampered by the fact that Lawsonia intracellularis can not be cultivated in cell-free media. Although there are reports of successful co-culturing Lawsonia intracellularis in rat enterocytes this has not lead to the development of inactivated vaccines for combating Lawsonia intracellularis, although there clearly is a need for such vaccines. It is an objective of the present invention to provide a vaccine for combating Lawsonia intracellularis infection. It was surprisingly found now, that Lawsonia intracellularis produces nine novel proteins each of which is capable, separately or in combination with any of the other of these nine novel proteins, to induce protective immunity against Lawsonia intracellularis. The first of these nine novel proteins will be referred to as the 75 kD protein. The amino acid sequence of the novel protein is presented in sequence identifier SEQ ID NO: 2. The gene encoding this protein has been sequenced and its nucleic acid sequence is shown in sequence identifier SEQ ID NO: 1. The gene will also be referred to in the Examples as “gene 5074”. The second of these nine novel proteins will be referred to as the 27 kD protein. The amino acid sequence of the novel protein is presented in sequence identifier SEQ ID NO: 4. The gene encoding this protein has been sequenced and its nucleic acid sequence is shown in sequence identifier SEQ ID NO: 3. The gene will also be referred to in the Examples as “gene 5669”. The third of these nine novel proteins will be referred to as the 62 kD protein. The amino acid sequence of the novel protein is presented in sequence identifier SEQ ID NO: 6. The gene encoding this protein has been sequenced and its nucleic acid sequence is shown in sequence identifier SEQ ID NO: 5. The gene will also be referred to in the Examples as “gene 4423”. The fourth of these nine novel proteins will be referred to as the 57 kD protein. The amino acid sequence of the novel protein is presented in sequence identifier SEQ ID NO: 8. The gene encoding this protein has been sequenced and its nucleic acid sequence is shown in sequence identifier SEQ ID NO: 7. The gene will also be referred to in the Examples as “gene 3123”. The fifth of these nine novel proteins will be referred to as the 74 kD protein. The amino acid sequence of the novel protein is presented in sequence identifier SEQ ID NO: 10. The gene encoding this protein has been sequenced and its nucleic acid sequence is shown in sequence identifier SEQ ID NO: 9. The gene will also be referred to in the Examples as “gene 5293”. The sixth of these nine novel proteins will be referred to as the 44 kD protein. The amino acid sequence of the novel protein is presented in sequence identifier SEQ ID NO: 12. The gene encoding this protein has been sequenced and its nucleic acid sequence is shown in sequence identifier SEQ ID NO: 11. The gene will also be referred to in the Examples as “gene 5464”. The seventh of these nine novel proteins will be referred to as the 43 kD protein. The amino acid sequence of the novel protein is presented in sequence identifier SEQ ID NO: 14. The gene encoding this protein has been sequenced and its nucleic acid sequence is shown in sequence identifier SEQ ID NO: 13. The gene will also be referred to in the Examples as “gene 5473”. The eighth of these nine novel proteins will be referred to as the 26/31 kD protein. The amino acid sequence of the novel protein is presented in sequence identifier SEQ ID NO: 16. The gene encoding this protein has been sequenced and its nucleic acid sequence is shown in sequence identifier SEQ ID NO: 15. The gene will also be referred to in the Examples as “gene 4320”. The ninth of these nine novel proteins will be referred to as the 101 kD protein. The amino acid sequence of the novel protein is presented in sequence identifier SEQ ID NO: 18. The gene encoding this protein has been sequenced and its nucleic acid sequence is shown in sequence identifier SEQ ID NO: 17. The gene will also be referred to in the Examples as “gene 2008”. It is well-known in the art, that many different nucleic acid sequences can encode one and the same protein. This phenomenon is commonly known as wobble in the second and especially the third base of each triplet encoding an amino acid. This phenomenon can result in a heterology of about 30% for two nucleic acid sequences still encoding the same protein. Therefore, two nucleic acid sequences having a sequence homology of about 70% can still encode one and the same protein. Thus, one embodiment relates to nucleic acids encoding a Lawsonia intracellularis protein and to parts of that nucleic acid that encode an immunogenic fragment of that protein, wherein those nucleic acids or parts thereof have a level of homology with the nucleic acid of which the sequence is given in SEQ ID NO: 1 of at least 90%. Preferably, the nucleic acid encoding this Lawsonia intracellularis protein or the part of said nucleic acid has at least 92%, preferably 94%, more preferably 95% and even more preferably 96% homology with the nucleic acid having the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 1. Even more preferred is a homology level of 98% or even 100%. The level of nucleotide homology can be determined with the computer program “BLAST 2 SEQUENCES” by selecting sub-program: “BLASTN” that can be found at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/bl2seq/bl2.html. A reference for this program is Tatiana A. Tatusova, Thomas L. Madden FEMS Microbiol. Letters 174: 247-250 (1999). Parameters used are the default parameters: Reward for a match: +1. Penalty for a mismatch: −2. Open gap: 5. Extension gap: 2. Gap x_dropoff: 50. Another approach for deciding if a certain nucleic acid is or is not a nucleic acid according to the invention relates to the question if that certain nucleic acid does hybridise under stringent conditions to nucleic acids having the nucleotide sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1. If a nucleic acid hybridises under stringent conditions to the nucleotide sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1, it is considered to be a nucleic acid according to the invention. The definition of stringent conditions follows from the formula of Meinkoth and Wahl (1984. Hybridization of nucleic acids immobilized on solid supports. Anal. Biochem. 138: 267-284.) Tm=[81.5° C.+16.6(log M)+0.41(% GC)−0.61(% formamide)−500/L]−1° C./1% mismatch In this formula, M is molarity of monovalent cations; % GC is the percentage of guanosine and cytosine nucleotides in the DNA; L is the length of the hybrid in base pairs. Stringent conditions are those conditions under which nucleic acids or fragments thereof still hybridise, if they have a mismatch of 10% at the most, to the nucleic acid having the sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1. A second embodiment relates to nucleic acids encoding a Lawsonia intracellularis protein and to parts of that nucleic acid that encode an immunogenic fragment of that protein, wherein those nucleic acids or parts thereof have a level of homology with the nucleic acid of which the sequence is given in SEQ ID NO: 3 of at least 90%. Preferably, the nucleic acid encoding this Lawsonia intracellularis protein or the part of said nucleic acid has at least 92%, preferably 94%, more preferably 95% and even more preferably 96% homology with the nucleic acid having the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 3. Even more preferred is a homology level of 98% or even 100%. A third embodiment relates to nucleic acids encoding a Lawsonia intracellularis protein and to parts of that nucleic acid that encode an immunogenic fragment of that protein, wherein those nucleic acids or parts thereof have a level of homology with the nucleic acid of which the sequence is given in SEQ ID NO: 5 of at least 90%. Preferably, the nucleic acid encoding this Lawsonia intracellularis protein or the part of said nucleic acid has at least 92%, preferably 94%, more preferably 95% and even more preferably 96% homology with the nucleic acid having the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 5. Even more preferred is a homology level of 98% or even 100%. A fourth embodiment relates to nucleic acids encoding a Lawsonia intracellularis protein and to parts of that nucleic acid that encode an immunogenic fragment of that protein, wherein those nucleic acids or parts thereof have a level of homology with the nucleic acid of which the sequence is given in SEQ ID NO: 7 of at least 90%. Preferably, the nucleic acid encoding this Lawsonia intracellularis protein or the part of said nucleic acid has at least 92%, preferably 94%, more preferably 95% and even more preferably 96% homology with the nucleic acid having the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 7. Even more preferred is a homology level of 98% or even 100%. A fifth embodiment relates to nucleic acids encoding a Lawsonia intracellularis protein and to parts of that nucleic acid that encode an immunogenic fragment of that protein, wherein those nucleic acids or parts thereof have a level of homology with the nucleic acid of which the sequence is given in SEQ ID NO: 9 of at least 90%. Preferably, the nucleic acid encoding this Lawsonia intracellularis protein or the part of said nucleic acid has at least 92%, preferably 94%, more preferably 95% and even more preferably 96% homology with the nucleic acid having the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 9. Even more preferred is a homology level of 98% or even 100%. A sixth embodiment relates to nucleic acids encoding a Lawsonia intracellularis protein and to parts of that nucleic acid that encode an immunogenic fragment of that protein, wherein those nucleic acids or parts thereof have a level of homology with the nucleic acid of which the sequence is given in SEQ ID NO: 11 of at least 90%. Preferably, the nucleic acid encoding this Lawsonia intracellularis protein or the part of said nucleic acid has at least 92%, preferably 94%, more preferably 95% and even more preferably 96% homology with the nucleic acid having the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 11. Even more preferred is a homology level of 98% or even 100%. A seventh embodiment relates to nucleic acids encoding a Lawsonia intracellularis protein and to parts of that nucleic acid that encode an immunogenic fragment of that protein, wherein those nucleic acids or parts thereof have a level of homology with the nucleic acid of which the sequence is given in SEQ ID NO: 13 of at least 90%. Preferably, the nucleic acid encoding this Lawsonia intracellularis protein or the part of said nucleic acid has at least 92%, preferably 94%, more preferably 95% and even more preferably 96% homology with the nucleic acid having the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 13. Even more preferred is a homology level of 98% or even 100%. An eighth embodiment relates to nucleic acids encoding a Lawsonia intracellularis protein and to parts of that nucleic acid that encode an immunogenic fragment of that protein, wherein those nucleic acids or parts thereof have a level of homology with the nucleic acid of which the sequence is given in SEQ ID NO: 15 of at least 90%. Preferably, the nucleic acid encoding this Lawsonia intracellularis protein or the part of said nucleic acid has at least 92%, preferably 94%, more preferably 95% and even more preferably 96% homology with the nucleic acid having the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 15. Even more preferred is a homology level of 98% or even 100%. A ninth embodiment relates to nucleic acids encoding a Lawsonia intracellularis protein and to parts of that nucleic acid that encode an immunogenic fragment of that protein, wherein those nucleic acids or parts thereof have a level of homology with the nucleic acid of which the sequence is given in SEQ ID NO: 17 of at least 90%. Preferably, the nucleic acid encoding this Lawsonia intracellularis protein or the part of said nucleic acid has at least 92%, preferably 94%, more preferably 95% and even more preferably 96% homology with the nucleic acid having the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 17. Even more preferred is a homology level of 98% or even 100%. Since the present invention discloses nucleic acids encoding novel Lawsonia intracellularis proteins, it is now for the first time possible to obtain these proteins in sufficient quantities. This can e.g. be done by using expression systems to express the genes encoding the proteins. Therefore, in a more preferred embodiment, the invention relates to DNA fragments comprising a nucleic acid according to the invention. Such DNA fragments can e.g. be plasmids, into which a nucleic acid according to the invention is cloned. Such DNA fragments are e.g. useful for enhancing the amount of DNA for use as a primer, as described below. An essential requirement for the expression of the nucleic acid is an adequate promoter functionally linked to the nucleic acid, so that the nucleic acid is under the control of the promoter. It is obvious to those skilled in the art that the choice of a promoter extends to any eukaryotic, prokaryotic or viral promoter capable of directing gene transcription in cells used as host cells for protein expression. Therefore, an even more preferred form of this embodiment relates to a recombinant DNA molecule comprising a DNA fragment or a nucleic acid according to the invention that is placed under the control of a functionally linked promoter. This can be accomplished by means of e.g. standard molecular biology techniques. (Sambrook, J. and Russell, D. W., Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2001. ISBN 0-87969-577-3). Functionally linked promoters are promoters that are capable of controlling the transcription of the nucleic acids to which they are linked. Such a promoter can be a Lawsonia promoter e.g. the promoter involved in in vivo expression of any of the genes encoding the nine novel proteins, provided that that promoter is functional in the cell used for expression. It can also be a heterologous promoter. When the host cells are bacteria, useful expression control sequences which may be used include the Trp promoter and operator (Goeddel, et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 8, 4057, 1980); the lac promoter and operator (Chang, et al., Nature, 275, 615, 1978); the outer membrane protein promoter (Nakamura, K. and Inouge, M., EMBO J., 1, 771-775, 1982); the bacteriophage lambda promoters and operators (Remaut, E. et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 11, 4677-4688, 1983); the α-amylase (B. subtilis) promoter and operator, termination sequences and other expression enhancement and control sequences compatible with the selected host cell. When the host cell is yeast, useful expression control sequences include, e.g., α-mating factor. For insect cells the polyhedrin or p10 promoters of baculoviruses can be used (Smith, G. E. et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 3, 2156-65, 1983). When the host cell is of mammalian origin illustrative useful expression control sequences include the SV-40 promoter (Berman, P. W. et al., Science, 222, 524-527, 1983) or the metallothionein promoter (Brinster, R. L., Nature, 296, 39-42, 1982) or a heat shock promoter (Voellmy et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82, 4949-53, 1985). Bacterial, yeast, fungal, insect and mammalian cell expression systems are very frequently used systems. Such systems are well-known in the art and generally available, e.g. commercially through Invitrogen (www.invitrogen.com), Novagen (www.merckbiosciences.de) or Clontech Laboratories, Inc. 4030 Fabian Way, Palo Alto, Calif. 94303-4607, USA. Next to these expression systems, parasite-based expression systems are very attractive expression systems. Such systems are e.g. described in the French Patent Application with Publication number 2 714 074, and in U.S. NTIS Publication No U.S. Ser. No. 08/043,109 (Hoffman, S. and Rogers, W.: Public. Date 1 Dec. 1993). A still even more preferred form of this embodiment of the invention relates to Live Recombinant Carriers (LRCs) comprising a nucleic acid encoding any of the genes encoding the nine novel proteins or an immunogenic fragment thereof according to the invention, a DNA fragment according to the invention or a recombinant DNA molecule according to the invention. Such carriers are e.g. bacteria and viruses. These LRCs are micro-organisms or viruses in which additional genetic information, in this case a nucleic acid encoding any of the genes encoding the nine novel proteins or an immunogenic fragment thereof according to the invention has been cloned. Animals infected with such LRCs will produce an immunogenic response not only against the immunogens of the carrier, but also against the immunogenic parts of the protein(s) for which the genetic code is additionally cloned into the LRC, e.g. the 75 kD protein or any of the other proteins according to the invention. As an example of bacterial LRCs, attenuated Salmonella strains known in the art can attractively be used. Live recombinant carrier parasites have i.a. been described by Vermeul en, A. N. (Int. Journ. Parasitol. 28: 1121-1130 (1998)) Also, LRC viruses may be used as a way of transporting the nucleic acid into a target cell. Live recombinant carrier viruses are also called vector viruses. Viruses often used as vectors are Vaccinia viruses (Panicali et al; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79: 4927 (1982), Herpesviruses (E.P.A. 0473210A2), and Retroviruses (Valerio, D. et al; in Baum, S. J., Dicke, K. A., Lotzova, E. and Pluznik, D. H. (Eds.), Experimental Haematology today. 1988. Springer Verlag, New York: pp. 92-99 (1989)). The technique of in vivo homologous recombination, well-known in the art, can be used to introduce a recombinant nucleic acid into the genome of a bacterium, parasite or virus of choice, capable of inducing expression of the inserted nucleic acid according to the invention in the host animal. Finally another form of this embodiment of the invention relates to a host cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding a protein according to the invention, a DNA fragment comprising such a nucleic acid or a recombinant DNA molecule comprising such a nucleic acid under the control of a functionally linked promoter. This form also relates to a host cell containing a live recombinant carrier containing a nucleic acid molecule encoding a any of the genes encoding the nine novel proteins or a fragment thereof according to the invention. A host cell may be a cell of bacterial origin, e.g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus species, in combination with bacteria-based plasmids as pBR322, or bacterial expression vectors as pGEX, or with bacteriophages. The host cell may also be of eukaryotic origin, e.g. yeast-cells in combination with yeast-specific vector molecules, or higher eukaryotic cells like insect cells (Luckow et al; Bio-technology 6: 47-55 (1988)) in combination with vectors or recombinant baculoviruses, plant cells in combination with e.g. Ti-plasmid based vectors or plant viral vectors (Barton, K. A. et al; Cell 32: 1033 (1983), mammalian cells like Hela cells, Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO) or Crandell Feline Kidney-cells, also with appropriate vectors or recombinant viruses. Another embodiment of the invention relates to the novel proteins and to immunogenic fragments thereof according to the invention. The concept of immunogenic fragments will be defined below. One form of this embodiment relates i.a. to Lawsonia intracellularis proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% homologous to the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 2 and to immunogenic fragments of said protein. In a preferred form, the embodiment relates to such Lawsonia intracellularis proteins that have a sequence homology of at least 92%, preferably 94%, more preferably 96% homology to the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 2 and to immunogenic fragments of such proteins. Even more preferred is a homology level of 98% or even 100%. The level of protein homology can be determined with the computer program “BLAST 2 SEQUENCES” by selecting sub-program: “BLASTP”, that can be found at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/bl2seq/bl2.html. A reference for this program is Tatiana A. Tatusova, Thomas L. Madden FEMS Microbiol. Letters 174: 247-250 (1999). Matrix used: “blosum62”. Parameters used are the default parameters: Open gap: 11. Extension gap: 1. Gap_dropoff: 50. It will be understood that, for the particular proteins embraced herein, natural variations can exist between individual Lawsonia intracellularis strains. These variations may be demonstrated by (an) amino acid difference(s) in the overall sequence or by deletions, substitutions, insertions, inversions or additions of (an) amino acid(s) in said sequence. Amino acid substitutions which do not essentially alter biological and immunological activities, have been described, e.g. by Neurath et al in “The Proteins” Academic Press New York (1979). Amino acid replacements between related amino acids or replacements which have occurred frequently in evolution are, inter alia, Ser/Ala, Ser/Gly, Asp/Gly, Asp/Asn, Ile/Val (see Dayhof, M. D., Atlas of protein sequence and structure, Nat. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington D.C., 1978, vol. 5, suppl. 3). Other amino acid substitutions include Asp/Glu, Thr/Ser, Ala/Gly, Ala/Thr, Ser/Asn, Ala/Val, Thr/Phe, Ala/Pro, Lys/Arg, Leu/Ile, Leu/Val and Ala/Glu. Based on this information, Lipman and Pearson developed a method for rapid and sensitive protein comparison (Science, 227, 1435-1441, 1985) and determining the functional similarity between homologous proteins. Such amino acid substitutions of the exemplary embodiments of this invention, as well as variations having deletions and/or insertions are within the scope of the invention as long as the resulting proteins retain their immune reactivity. This explains why Lawsonia intracellularis proteins according to the invention, when isolated from different field isolates, may have homology levels of about 90%, while still representing the same protein with the same immunological characteristics. Those variations in the amino acid sequence of a certain protein according to the invention that still provide a protein capable of inducing an immune response against infection with Lawsonia intracellularis or at least against the clinical manifestations of the infection are considered as “not essentially influencing the immunogenicity”. A second form of this embodiment relates i.a. to Lawsonia intracellularis proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% homologous to the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 4 and to immunogenic fragments of said protein. In a preferred form, the embodiment relates to such Lawsonia intracellularis proteins that have a sequence homology of at least 92%, preferably 94%, more preferably 96% homology to the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 4 and to immunogenic fragments of such proteins. Even more preferred is a homology level of 98% or even 100%. A third form of this embodiment relates i.a. to Lawsonia intracellularis proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% homologous to the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 6 and to immunogenic fragments of said protein. In a preferred form, the embodiment relates to such Lawsonia intracellularis proteins that have a sequence homology of at least 92%, preferably 94%, more preferably 96% homology to the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 6 and to immunogenic fragments of such proteins. Even more preferred is a homology level of 98% or even 100%. A fourth form of this embodiment relates i.a. to Lawsonia intracellularis proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% homologous to the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 8 and to immunogenic fragments of said protein. In a preferred form, the embodiment relates to such Lawsonia intracellularis proteins that have a sequence homology of at least 92%, preferably 94%, more preferably 96% homology to the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 8 and to immunogenic fragments of such proteins. Even more preferred is a homology level of 98% or even 100%. A fifth form of this embodiment relates i.a. to Lawsonia intracellularis proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% homologous to the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 10 and to immunogenic fragments of said protein. In a preferred form, the embodiment relates to such Lawsonia intracellularis proteins that have a sequence homology of at least 92%, preferably 94%, more preferably 96% homology to the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 10 and to immunogenic fragments of such proteins. Even more preferred is a homology level of 98% or even 100%. A sixth form of this embodiment relates i.a. to Lawsonia intracellularis proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% homologous to the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 12 and to immunogenic fragments of said protein. In a preferred form, the embodiment relates to such Lawsonia intracellularis proteins that have a sequence homology of at least 92%, preferably 94%, more preferably 96% homology to the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 12 and to immunogenic fragments of such proteins. Even more preferred is a homology level of 98% or even 100%. A seventh form of this embodiment relates i.a. to Lawsonia intracellularis proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% homologous to the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 14 and to immunogenic fragments of said protein. In a preferred form, the embodiment relates to such Lawsonia intracellularis proteins that have a sequence homology of at least 92%, preferably 94%, more preferably 96% homology to the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 14 and to immunogenic fragments of such proteins. Even more preferred is a homology level of 98% or even 100%. An eighth form of this embodiment relates i.a. to Lawsonia intracellularis proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% homologous to the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 16 and to immunogenic fragments of said protein. In a preferred form, the embodiment relates to such Lawsonia intracellularis proteins that have a sequence homology of at least 92%, preferably 94%, more preferably 96% homology to the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 16 and to immunogenic fragments of such proteins. Even more preferred is a homology level of 98% or even 100%. A ninth form of this embodiment relates i.a. to Lawsonia intracellularis proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% homologous to the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 18 and to immunogenic fragments of said protein. In a preferred form, the embodiment relates to such Lawsonia intracellularis proteins that have a sequence homology of at least 92%, preferably 94%, more preferably 96% homology to the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 18 and to immunogenic fragments of such proteins. Even more preferred is a homology level of 98% or even 100%. When a protein is used for e.g. vaccination purposes or for raising antibodies, it is however not necessary to use the whole protein. It is also possible to use a fragment of that protein that is capable, as such or coupled to a carrier such as e.g. KLH, of inducing an immune response against that protein, a so-called immunogenic fragment. An “immunogenic fragment” is understood to be a fragment of the full-length protein that still has retained its capability to induce an immune response in the host, i.e. comprises a B- or T-cell epitope. At this moment, a variety of techniques is available to easily identify DNA fragments encoding antigenic fragments (determinants). The method described by Geysen et al (Patent Application WO 84/03564, Patent Application WO 86/06487, U.S. Pat. No. 4,833,092, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 81: 3998-4002 (1984), J. Imm. Meth. 102, 259-274 (1987), the so-called PEPSCAN method is an easy to perform, quick and well-established method for the detection of epitopes; the immunologically important regions of the protein. The method is used world-wide and as such well-known to man skilled in the art. This (empirical) method is especially suitable for the detection of B-cell epitopes. Also, given the sequence of the gene encoding any protein, computer algorithms are able to designate specific protein fragments as the immunologically important epitopes on the basis of their sequential and/or structural agreement with epitopes that are now known. The determination of these regions is based on a combination of the hydrophilicity criteria according to Hopp and Woods (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 78: 38248-3828 (1981)), and the secondary structure aspects according to Chou and Fasman (Advances in Enzymology 47: 45-148 (1987) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101). T-cell epitopes can likewise be predicted from the sequence by computer with the aid of Berzofsky's amphiphilicity criterion (Science 235, 1059-1062 (1987) and U.S. patent application NTIS U.S. Ser. No. 07/005,885). A condensed overview is found in: Shan Lu on common principles: Tibtech 9: 238-242 (1991), Good et al on Malaria epitopes; Science 235: 1059-1062 (1987), Lu for a review; Vaccine 10: 3-7 (1992), Berzowsky for HIV-epitopes; The FASEB Journal 5:2412-2418 (1991). Therefore, one form of still another embodiment of the invention relates to vaccines capable of protecting pigs against Lawsonia intracellularis infection, that comprise a protein or an immunogenic fragment thereof, according to the invention as described above together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Still another embodiment of the present invention relates to the proteins according to the invention for use in a vaccine. Still another embodiment relates to the use of a protein according to the invention for the manufacturing of a vaccine for combating Lawsonia intracellularis infections. One way of making a vaccine according to the invention is by biochemical purification of the proteins or immunogenic fragments thereof according to the invention from bacteria obtained through mucosal scrapings taken from the infected intestine wall. This is however a very time-consuming way of making the vaccine. It is therefore much more convenient to use the expression products of the genes encoding the proteins or immunogenic fragments thereof according to the invention in vaccines. The nucleic acid sequences of the genes encoding the nine novel proteins are provided by the present invention. Such vaccines based upon the expression products of these genes can easily be made by admixing a protein according to the invention or an immunogenic fragment thereof according to the invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier as described below. Alternatively, a vaccine according to the invention can comprise live recombinant carriers as described above, capable of expressing the proteins according to the invention or immunogenic fragments thereof according to the invention. Such vaccines, e.g. based upon a Salmonella carrier or a viral carrier infecting the enteric epithelium, or e.g. the respiratory epithelium have the advantage over subunit vaccines that they better mimic the natural way of infection of Lawsonia intracellularis. Moreover, their self-propagation is an advantage since only low amounts of the recombinant carrier are necessary for immunisation. Vaccines described above all contribute to active vaccination, i.e. the host's immune system is triggered by a protein according to the invention or an immunogenic fragment thereof, to make antibodies against these proteins. Alternatively, such antibodies can be raised in e.g. rabbits or can be obtained from antibody-producing cell lines as described below. Such antibodies can then be administered to the host animal. This method of vaccination, passive vaccination, is the vaccination of choice when an animal is already infected, and there is no time to allow the natural immune response to be triggered. It is also the preferred method for vaccinating immune-compromised animals. Administered antibodies against Lawsonia intracellularis can in these cases bind directly to the bacteria. This has the advantage that it immediately decreases or stops Lawsonia intracellularis growth. Therefore, one other form of this embodiment of the invention relates to vaccines comprising antibodies against at least one of the novel Lawsonia intracellularis proteins according to the invention. Vaccines can also be based upon host cells as described above, that comprise the proteins or immunogenic fragments thereof according to the invention. An alternative and efficient way of vaccination is direct vaccination with DNA encoding the relevant antigen. Direct vaccination with DNA encoding proteins has been successful for many different proteins. (As reviewed in e.g. Donnelly et al., The Immunologist 2: 20-26 (1993)). This way of vaccination is very attractive for the vaccination of pigs against Lawsonia intracellularis infection. Therefore, still other forms of this embodiment of the invention relate to vaccines comprising nucleic acids encoding a protein according to the invention or immunogenic fragments thereof according to the invention, and to vaccines comprising DNA fragments that comprise such nucleic acids. Still other forms of this embodiment relate to vaccines comprising recombinant DNA molecules according to the invention. DNA vaccines can easily be administered through intradermal application e.g. using a needle-less injector. This way of administration delivers the DNA directly into the cells of the animal to be vaccinated. Amounts of DNA in the microgram range between 1 and 100 μg provide very good results. In a further embodiment, the vaccine according to the present invention additionally comprises one or more antigens derived from other pig pathogenic organisms and viruses, or genetic information encoding such antigens. Such organisms and viruses are preferably selected from the group of Pseudorabies virus, Porcine influenza virus, Porcine parvo virus, Transmissible gastro-enteritis virus, Rotavirus, Escherichia coli, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Salmonella cholerasuis, Haemophilus parasuis, Pasteurella multocida, Streptococcus suis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. All vaccines according to the present invention comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can be e.g. sterile water or a sterile physiological salt solution. In a more complex form the carrier can e.g. be a buffer. Methods for the preparation of a vaccine comprise the admixing of a protein according to the invention, or an immunogenic fragment thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Vaccines according to the present invention may in a preferred presentation also contain an adjuvant. Adjuvants in general comprise substances that boost the immune response of the host in a non-specific manner. A number of different adjuvants are known in the art. Examples of adjuvants are Freunds Complete and Incomplete adjuvant, vitamin E, non-ionic block polymers, muramyldipeptides, Quill A(R), mineral oil e.g. Bayol(R) or Markol(R), vegetable oil, and Carbopol(R) (a homopolymer), or Diluvac(R) Forte. The vaccine may also comprise a so-called “vehicle”. A vehicle is a compound to which the polypeptide adheres, without being covalently bound to it. Often used vehicle compounds are e.g. aluminium hydroxide, -phosphate or -oxide, silica, Kaolin, and Bentonite. A special form of such a vehicle, in which the antigen is partially embedded in the vehicle, is the so-called ISCOM (EP 109.942, EP 180.564, EP 242.380) In addition, the vaccine may comprise one or more suitable surface-active compounds or emulsifiers, e.g. Span or Tween. Often, the vaccine is mixed with stabilisers, e.g. to protect degradation-prone polypeptides from being degraded, to enhance the shelf-life of the vaccine, or to improve freeze-drying efficiency. Useful stabilisers are i.a. SPGA (Bovarnik et al; J. Bacteriology 59: 509 (1950)), carbohydrates e.g. sorbitol, mannitol, trehalose, starch, sucrose, dextran or glucose, proteins such as albumin or casein or degradation products thereof, and buffers, such as alkali metal phosphates. In addition, the vaccine may be suspended in a physiologically acceptable diluent. It goes without saying, that other ways of adjuvating, adding vehicle compounds or diluents, emulsifying or stabilising a polypeptide are also embodied in the present invention. Vaccines according to the invention can very suitably be administered in amounts ranging between 1 and 100 micrograms, although smaller doses can in principle be used. A dose exceeding 100 micrograms will, although immunologically very suitable, be less attractive for commercial reasons. Vaccines based upon live attenuated recombinant carriers, such as the LRC-viruses and bacteria described above can be administered in much lower doses, because they multiply themselves during the infection. Therefore, very suitable amounts would range between 103 and 109 CFU/PFU for respectively bacteria and viruses. Many ways of administration can be applied. Oral application is a very attractive way of administration, because the infection is an infection of the digestive tract. A preferred way of oral administration is the packaging of the vaccine in capsules, known and frequently used in the art, that only disintegrate after they have passed the highly acidic environment of the stomach. Also, the vaccine could be mixed with compounds known in the art for temporarily enhancing the pH of the stomach. Systemic application is also suitable, e.g. by intramuscular application of the vaccine. If this route is followed, standard procedures known in the art for systemic application are well-suited. From a point of view of protection against disease, a quick and correct diagnosis of Lawsonia intracellularis infection is important. Therefore it is another objective of this invention to provide diagnostic tools suitable for the detection of Lawsonia intracellularis infection. A diagnostic test for the detection of Lawsonia intracellularis antibodies in sera can be e.g. a simple standard sandwich-ELISA-test in which any of the novel proteins according to the invention or antigenic fragments thereof according to the invention are coated to the wall of the wells of an ELISA-plate. A method for the detection of such antibodies is e.g. incubation of the 75 kD protein (or any other protein according to the invention) or antigenic fragments thereof with serum from mammals to be tested, followed by e.g. incubation with a labelled antibody against the relevant mammalian antibody. A colour reaction can then reveal the presence or absence of antibodies against Lawsonia intracellularis. Another example of a diagnostic test system is e.g. the incubation of a Western blot comprising the 75 kD protein or an antigenic fragment thereof according to the invention, with serum of mammals to be tested, followed by analysis of the blot. Thus, another embodiment of the present invention relates to diagnostic tests for the detection of antibodies against Lawsonia intracellularis. Such tests comprise a protein or a fragment thereof according to the invention. A diagnostic test based upon the detection of antigenic material of any of the nine proteins of Lawsonia intracellularis antigens and therefore suitable for the detection of Lawsonia intracellularis infection can e.g. also be a standard ELISA test. In one example of such a test the walls of the wells of an ELISA plate are coated with antibodies directed against the 75 kD protein (or any other protein according to the invention). After incubation with the material to be tested, labelled anti-Lawsonia intracellularis antibodies are added to the wells. A colour reaction then reveals the presence of antigenic material from Lawsonia intracellularis. Therefore, still another embodiment of the present invention relates to diagnostic tests for the detection of antigenic material of Lawsonia intracellularis. Such tests comprise antibodies against a protein or a fragment thereof according to the invention. The polypeptides or immunogenic fragments thereof according to the invention expressed as characterised above can be used to produce antibodies, which may be polyclonal, monospecific or monoclonal (or derivatives thereof). If polyclonal antibodies are desired, techniques for producing and processing polyclonal sera are well-known in the art (e.g. Mayer and Walter, eds. Immunochemical Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology, Academic Press, London, 1987). Monoclonal antibodies, reactive against the polypeptide according to the invention (or variants or fragments thereof) according to the present invention, can be prepared by immunising inbred mice by techniques also known in the art (Kohler and Milstein, Nature, 256, 495-497, 1975). Methods for large-scale production of antibodies according to the invention are also known in the art. Such methods rely on the cloning of (fragments of) the genetic information encoding the protein according to the invention in a filamentous phage for phage display. Such techniques are described i.a. at the “Antibody Engineering Page” under “filamentous phage display” at http://aximt1.imt.uni-marburg.de/˜rek/aepphage.html., and in review papers by Cortese, R. et al., (1994) in Trends Biotechn. 12: 262-267., by Clackson, T. & Wells, J. A. (1994) in Trends Biotechn. 12: 173-183, by Marks, J. D. et al., (1992) in J. Biol. Chem. 267: 16007-16010, by Winter, G. et al., (1994) in Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12: 433-455, and by Little, M. et al., (1994) Biotechn. Adv. 12: 539-555. The phages are subsequently used to screen camelid expression libraries expressing camelid heavy chain antibodies. (Muyldermans, S. and Lauwereys, M., Journ. Molec. Recogn. 12: 131-140 (1999) and Ghahroudi, M. A. et al., FEBS Letters 414: 512-526 (1997)). Cells from the library that express the desired antibodies can be replicated and subsequently be used for large scale expression of antibodies. EXAMPLES Example 1 Isolation of Lawsonia intracellularis from Infected Porcine Ilea L. intracellularis infected ilea, confirmed by histopathology and acid-fast Ziehl-Neelsen staining, were collected from pigs died with PE, and stored at −80° C. After thawing L. intracellularis bacteria were isolated from mucosal scrapings taken from the infected intestinal wall. The ileal scrapings were homogenized repeatedly in PBS in an omnimixer to release the intracellular bacteria as described by Lawson et al. (Vet. Microbiol. 10: 303-323 (1985)). Supernatant obtained after low-speed centrifugation to remove cell debris was filtered through 5.0, 3.0, 1.2, and 0.8 μm filters (Millipore). The filtrate was subsequently centrifuged at 8000 g for 30 min, giving a small pellet of L. intracellularis bacteria. These bacteria were further purified using a Percoll gradient. The identity of the purified bacteria was assessed by PCR (Jones et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 2611-2615 (1993)) whereas purity of the isolated bacteria (>95%) was assessed by phase contrast microscopy to reveal any contaminating bacteria or gut debris present. Bacterial Strains and Plasmids L. intracellularis cells were isolated from infected ileal material as described above. Escherichia coli host strain BL21 star(DE3) containing vector pLysSrare and plasmid pET-His-1 were purchased from Novagen (Madison, Wis., USA). E. coli strain TOP10F′ was purchased from Invitrogen (Groningen, the Netherlands). Stocks of all bacterial strains, containing 30% glycerol, were stored at −70° C. Luria Bertani broth (LB) and LB plates were prepared according to standard procedures. DNA Isolation In order to obtain highly purified L. intracellularis chromosomal DNA, DNA was prepared from bacterial cells using a Biorad chromosomal DNA isolation kit (Biorad, Veenendaal, the Netherlands). Plasmid DNA was isolated using Qiagen products. PCR Amplification PCR amplification was performed using a PCR mixture containing 52 U/ml Expand High Fidelity Enzyme Mix (Roche Applied BioSciences), Expand HF buffer with 2.5 mM MgCl2, 16 mM dNTPs (Promega, Wis., USA), 20 pmoles of primers and 15 ng chromosomal DNA of L. intracellularis as template. For standard applications (i.e. colony PCR) the PCR mixture contained 20 U/ml Supertaq and Supertaq buffer (HT Biotechnology Ltd, Cambridge, UK), containing 8 mM dNTPs (Promega, Wis., USA), 10 pmoles of primers and 15 ng template. Ligation and Transformation Ligations were performed in a 1× ligation buffer with 1 unit of ligation enzyme (Gibco BRL Life Technologies Inc., USA) at 16° C. overnight. 1 μl of the ligation reaction was transformed to E. coli competent cells by heat shock. The BL21star(DE3) E. coli competent cells and the TOP10F′ E. coli competent cells were made competent using standard methods. Expression of 8×HIS Fusion Proteins For the 75 kD, 27 kD, 62 kD and the 57 kD gene, the following expression method was used. The DNA sequence of the expression vector was confirmed by standard sequencing techniques before the expression vector was transformed to BL21 star(DE3) containing pLysSrare. The resulting strain was grown overnight at 37° C. at 200 rpm in 5 ml LB with 100 μg/ml ampicillin. The overnight culture was diluted 1:100 in 50 ml LB with 100 μg/ml ampicillin. This culture was grown under the same conditions until the OD600 reached 0.5. The culture was induced with IPTG to a final concentration of 1 mM and continued to grow for a subsequent 3 hours. 100 μl samples were taken for analysis. E. coli strain BL21 star(DE3) containing pLysSrare was grown and induced under the same conditions and samples were taken as a negative control. The samples were analyzed by SDS page. In Vitro Transcription and Translation For the 74 kD, 44 kD, 43 kD, 26/31 kD and the 101 kD gene, the following expression method was followed. In vitro transcription and translation was performed using the Rapid Translation System from Roche Applied Science (Mannheim, FRG) according the manufacturer's protocol. Summarizing, first the knowledge based sequence-optimization tool ProteoExpert RTS E. coli HY was used to design high yield variants of the original gene. This program optimizes the DNA template for the translation step by suggesting mutations in the DNA sequence. Only silent mutations were allowed, leading to identical amino-acid sequences on the protein level. However, changes of up to 8 nucleotides within the first 6 codons were proposed by the ProteoExpert service to give better expression results. Ten sense and a universal antisense primers, containing a 5′ overlapping region of 20 nucleotides and 30-38 additional gene-specific nucleotides, were used in 10 different PCR reactions to amplify these variants with purified L. intracellularis chromosomal DNA as template. The obtained amplicons were purified from gel and used for the generation of linear expression constructs for cell-free protein expression using the RTS E. coli Linear Template Generation Set, His-tag, to introduce the necessary T7 regulatory elements. Again the obtained amplicons were purified from gel, and after quantification, the appropriate amount of DNA was used for protein expression analysis in a 50-μl RTS 100 E. coli HY reaction mixture. Expression was analysed using Western blotting with an anti polyhistidine monoclonal antibody. The construct that gave the highest protein yields was ligated to pCR2.1 TOPO TA vector using the TOPO TA cloning kit. The obtained plasmid was used for medium scale protein production using the RTS 500 E. coli HY kit. The samples were analyzed by SDS page and by Western blot. The DNA sequence of the expression vector was conformed using an ABI 310 automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems, California, USA). If needed protein was purified using TALON immobilized metal affinity chromatography resin according to the protocol of the manufacturer for purification using denaturing conditions. Subsequently, the purified protein fraction was dialyzed against PBS to remove urea from the sample. Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Western Blotting SDS-PAGE was performed using 4-12% Bis-Tris gels from the NuPAGE electrophoresis system (Invitrogen, www.invitrogen.com). Western blotting was performed using semi dry blotting procedures. Western blots were developed using chicken anti-Lawsonia polyclonal serum that was raised against a whole cell preparation in a water:oil=45:55 emulsion or using a pig serum that had been obtained from a animal that been orally challenged with purified L. intracellularis cells and that had developed clinical signs and post-mortem lesions typical for L. intracellularis infection. The sera were pre-adsorbed using an equal volume crude cell extracts from BL21star(DE3) containing vector pLysSrare at 4° C. for 4 hours. Results Cloning of L. intracellularis Gene 5074 in T7 Based Expression Vector Gene 5074 was amplified using primer 2075 (CATGCCATGGCTAGTCTTACAGCAGGAATGTG) and 2076 (CCGCTCGAGACACGCTTCATATTTACAACTG). In the process a 5′ NcoI and 3′ XhoI site were introduced into the PCR product. The obtained PCR product was digested using restriction enzymes NcoI and XhoI. The digested PCR product was subsequently ligated to pET22b that had been cut with the same two restriction enzymes. The ligation mixture was transformed to E. coli TOP10F and incubated o/n at 37° C. Putative transformants were checked for the right plasmid, using colony PCR. The plasmid inserts, of colony PCR positive transformants, were checked by nucleotide sequence analysis. One of the clones that contained a sequence as expected on basis of the cloning strategy was chosen and designated pET5074. Expression of L. intracellularis Gene 5074 from T7 Promoter in E. Coli Plasmid pET5074 was transformed to BL21Star(DE3)pLysSrare. The resulting strain was tested for recombinant protein production as described above. Samples of the induced culture and control samples were analysed by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis (FIG. 1A). A clear protein band of approximately 75 kD was observed in sample that had been taken after 3 hours of induction (FIG. 1A, lane 3) in comparison with the un-induced sample (FIG. 1A, lane 2). The same samples were also analysed by western blot using the pig and chicken serum. A reaction with the 75 kD protein was observed using the serum from the pig that had been orally challenged with purified L. intracellularis cells (FIG. 1B, lane 3). and with the chicken anti-L. intracellularis serum (FIG. 1C, lane 3). Conclusion: the 75 kD vaccine component could be successfully expressed in large quantities and is indeed clearly recognised by both orally challenged pig anti-L. intracellularis serum and by chicken anti-L. intracellularis serum Cloning of L. intracellularis Gene 5669 in T7 Based Expression Vector Gene 5669 was amplified using primer 2185 (CATGCCATGGATGCACTTGAGTTCATACAAGA) and 2186 (CCGCTCGAGATGAATTTGGATTTCAATTT). In the process a 5′ NcoI and 3′ XhoI site were introduced into the PCR product. The obtained PCR product was digested using restriction enzymes NcoI and XhoI. The digested PCR product was subsequently ligated to pET22b that bad been cut with the same two restriction enzymes. The ligation mixture was transformed to E. coli TOP10F and incubated o/n at 37° C. Putative transformants were checked for the right plasmid, using colony PCR. The plasmid inserts, of colony PCR positive transformants, were checked by nucleotide sequence analysis. One of the clones that contained a sequence as expected on basis of the cloning strategy was chosen and designated pET5669. Expression of L. intracellularis Gene 5669 from T7 Promoter in E. Coli Plasmid pET5669 was transformed to BL21 Star(DE3)pLysSrare. The resulting strain was tested for recombinant protein production as described above. Samples of the induced culture and control samples were analysed by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis (FIG. 2A). A clear protein band of approximately 27 kDa was observed in sample that had been taken after 3 hours of induction (FIG. 2A, lane 3) in comparison with the uninduced sample (FIG. 2A, lane 2). The same samples were also analysed by western blot using the pig and chicken serum. A reaction with the 27 kD protein was observed using the serum from the pig that had been orally challenged with purified L. intracellularis cells (FIG. 2B, lane 3). and with the chicken anti-L. intracellularis serum (FIG. 2C, lane 3). Conclusion: the 27 kD vaccine component could be successfully expressed in large quantities and is indeed clearly recognised by both orally challenged pig anti-L. intracellularis serum and by chicken anti-L. intracellularis serum Cloning of L. intracellularis Gene 4423 in T7 Based Expression Vector Gene 4423 was amplified using primer 2171 (CATGCCATGGATGCTAGCTATGTGGTTTTGCC) and 2172 (CCGCTCGAGGTTATCTTCAACAGCCTTAG). In the process a 5′ NcoI and 3′ XhoI site were introduced into the PCR product. The obtained PCR product was digested using restriction enzymes NcoI and XhoI. The digested PCR product was subsequently ligated to pET22b that had been cut with the same two restriction enzymes. The ligation mixture was transformed to E. coli TOP10F and incubated o/n at 37° C. Putative transformants were checked for the right plasmid, using colony PCR. The plasmid inserts, of colony PCR positive transformants, were checked by nucleotide sequence analysis. One of the clones that contained a sequence as expected on basis of the cloning strategy was chosen and designated pET4423. Expression of L. intracellularis Gene 4423 from T7 Promoter in E. Coli Plasmid pET4423 was transformed to BL21Star(DE3)pLysSrare. The resulting strain was tested for recombinant protein production as described above. Samples of the induced culture and control samples were analysed by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis (FIG. 3A). A clear protein band of approximately 62 kDa was observed in sample that had been taken after 3 hours of induction (FIG. 3A, lane 3) in comparison with the uninduced sample (FIG. 3A, lane 2). The same samples were also analysed by western blot using the pig serum. A reaction with the 62 kD protein was observed using the serum from the pig that had been orally challenged with purified L. intracellularis cells (FIG. 3B, lane 3). Conclusion: the 62 kD vaccine component could be successfully expressed in large quantities and is indeed clearly recognised by orally challenged pig anti-L. intracellularis serum. Cloning of L. intracellularis Gene 3123 in T7 Based Expression Vector Gene 3123 was amplified using primer 2167 (CATGCCATGGATCAGTTTAATAAACCCTCTTT) and 2168 (CCGCTCGAGGGTTCGACCATGTACAAACT). In the process a 5′ NcoI and 3′ XhoI site were introduced into the PCR product. The obtained PCR product was digested using restriction enzymes NcoI and XhoI. The digested PCR product was subsequently ligated to pET22b that had been cut with the same two restriction enzymes. The ligation mixture was transformed to E. coli TOP10F and incubated o/n at 37° C. Putative transformants were checked for the right plasmid, using colony PCR. The plasmid inserts, of colony PCR positive transformants, were checked by nucleotide sequence analysis. One of the clones that contained a sequence as expected on basis of the cloning strategy was chosen and designated pET3123. Expression of L. intracellular is Gene 3123 from T7 Promoter in E. Coli Plasmid pET3123 was transformed to BL21 Star(DE3)pLysSrare. The resulting strain was tested for recombinant protein production as described above. Samples of the induced culture and control samples were analysed by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis (FIG. 4A). A protein band of approximately 57 kDa was observed in sample that had been taken after 3 hours of induction (FIG. 4A, lane 3) in comparison with the uninduced sample (FIG. 4A, lane 2). The same samples were also analysed by western blot using the pig serum. A reaction with the 57 kD protein was observed using the serum from the pig that had been orally challenged with purified L. intracellularis cells (FIG. 4B, lane 3). Conclusion: the 57 kD vaccine component could be successfully expressed in large quantities and is indeed clearly recognised by whole-cell vaccinated pig anti-L. intracellularis serum. Cloning of L. intracellularis Gene 5293 For the evaluation of the ProteoExpert suggestions, linear DNA templates were generated via PCR using the RTS Linear Template Generation Set. The primers used in these experiments also introduced a His6-tag at the C-terminus for detection and purification. The PCR-generated templates were examined for their expression performance using RTS 100 E. coli HY Kit. The suggested DNA sequence that gave the highest yields was constructed using primers 5293A5 and 5293B (Table 1) in the first PCR. The obtained expression construct was ligated to pCR2.1 TOPO TA vector and the resulting vector was transformed to E. coli TOP10F and incubated o/n at 37° C. Putative transformants were checked for the right plasmid, using colony PCR. The plasmid inserts, of colony PCR positive transformants, were checked by nucleotide sequence analysis. One of the clones that contained a sequence as expected on basis of the cloning strategy was chosen and designated pTOPO5293. TABLE 1 Sequence of the degenerated primers used for the amplification of gene 5293. Primer Sequence 5293A5 CTTTAAGAAGGAGATATACCATGGCGGATTATTTAA 5293B GTGGTGGAATTTCTTITGGAGG TGATGATGAGAACCCCCCCCTGCACCAAGTTGCC Expression of L. intracellularis Gene 5293 Using RTS Technology Plasmid pTOPO5293 was purified from E. coli TOP10F and the appropriate amount of DNA was added to a RTS500 vial. After incubation conform the protocol of the manufacturer, a sample was taken for analysis using SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis (FIG. 5A). A clear protein band of approximately 74 kDa was observed in sample that had been taken after 30 Hours of induction (FIG. 5A, lane 3) in comparison with the control sample (FIG. 5A, lane 2). The same samples were also analysed by western blot using pig serum. The 74 kD protein was specifically recognized by the polyclonal pig serum used in this experiment (FIG. 5B, lane 3). Conclusion: The 74 kD protein according to the invention can efficiently be expressed and is specifically recognized by the polyclonal pig serum. The 74 kD protein is an important vaccine component for the protection of pigs against Lawsonia intracellularis infection. Cloning of L. intracellularis Gene 5464 For the evaluation of the ProteoExpert suggestions, linear DNA templates were generated via PCR using the RTS Linear Template Generation Set. The primers used in these experiments also introduced a His6-tag at the C-terminus for detection and purification. The PCR-generated templates were examined for their expression performance using RTS 100 E. coli HY Kit. The suggested DNA sequence that gave the highest yields was constructed using primers 5464A5 and 5464B (Table 2) in the first PCR. The obtained expression construct was ligated to pCR2.1 TOPO TA vector and the resulting vector was transformed to E. coli TOP10F and incubated o/n at 37° C. Putative transformants were checked for the right plasmid, using colony PCR. The plasmid inserts, of colony PCR positive transformants, were checked by nucleotide sequence analysis. One of the clones that contained a sequence as expected on basis of the cloning strategy was chosen and designated pTOPO5464. TABLE 2 Sequence of the degenerated primers used for the amplification of gene 5464. Primer Sequence 5464A5 CTTTAAGAAGGAGATATACCATGGCTAACG TATCAGGAATTCCTGCACCACGATT 5464B TGATGATGAGAACCCCCCCCTTGTATATTATTTTCATCTG Expression of L. intracellularis Gene 5464 Using RTS Technology Plasmid pTOPO5464 was purified from E. coli TOP10F and the appropriate amount of DNA was added to an RTS500 vial. After incubation conform the protocol of the manufacturer, a sample was taken for analysis using SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis (FIG. 6A). A clear protein band of approximately 44 kDa was observed in sample that had been taken after 30 hours of induction (FIG. 6A, lane 3) in comparison with the control sample (FIG. 6A, lane 2). Using the anti-polyhistidine monoclonal in Western blot revealed a second reactive protein suggesting the presence of an internal translation start site in the gene or post translational modification of the mature protein (FIG. 6B, lane 3). A polyclonal serum was raised against purified 44 kD protein. In ELISA this serum specifically recognized purified whole L. intracellularis cells that were used as coating material with a reasonable titer (>2 log 9). Low titers were measured using a control serum (<2 log 3). Conclusion: The 44 kD protein according to the invention can efficiently be expressed. Moreover, antiserum raised against the expressed protein is perfectly capable of recognising Lawsonia intracellularis cells. The 44 kD protein is an important vaccine component for the protection of pigs against Lawsonia intracellularis infection. Cloning of L. intracellularis Gene 5473 For the evaluation of the ProteoExpert suggestions, linear DNA templates were generated via PCR using the RTS Linear Template Generation Set. The primers used in these experiments also introduced a His6-tag at the C-terminus for detection and purification. The PCR-generated templates were examined for their expression performance using RTS 100 E. coli HY Kit. The suggested DNA sequence that gave the highest yields was constructed using primers 5473A2 and 5473B (Table 3) in the first PCR. The obtained expression construct was ligated to pCR2.1 TOPO TA vector and the resulting vector was transformed to E. coli TOP10F and incubated o/n at 37° C. Putative transformants were checked for the right plasmid, using colony PCR. The plasmid inserts, of colony PCR positive transformants, were checked by nucleotide sequence analysis. One of the clones that contained a sequence as expected on basis of the cloning strategy was chosen and designated pTOPO5473. TABLE 3 Sequence of the degenerated primers used for the amplification of gene 5473. Primer Sequence 5473A2 CTTTAAGAAGGAGATATACCATG ACAAATTTTGGAGATATTAGCGGAAGCTCCG 5473B TGATGATGAGAACCCCCCCCCTCACGTGCACCA Expression of L. intracellularis Gene 5473 Using RTS Technology Plasmid pTOPO5473 was purified from E. coli TOP10F and the appropriate amount of DNA was added to a RTS500 vial. After incubation conform the protocol of the manufacturer, a sample was taken for analysis using SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis (FIG. 7A). However, it was impossible to see whether the reaction mixture had produced a protein of around 40 kDa because the mixture already contains a dominant protein of around 40 kDa (FIG. 7A, lane 2 and 4). The RTS 500 reaction containing pTOPO5473 and the control mixture were loaded onto a IMAC column and proteins that had bound to the column were analyzed using SDS-PAGE. From the gel it appeared that a 43 kDa protein was eluted from the column (FIG. 7A, lane 5) that was not purified from the control sample (FIG. 7A, lane 3), so protein was expressed. The same samples were also analysed by Western blot using pig-derived and chicken-derived L. intracellularis anti-serum. A reaction with the 43 kD protein was observed both using serum from L. intracellularis bacterin vaccinated pigs (FIG. 7B, lane 5) and chickens (FIG. 7C, lane 5). Conclusion: The 43 kD protein according to the invention can be efficiently expressed. Moreover, antiserum raised against Lawsonia intracellularis cells from both chickens and pigs recognises the expressed protein. The 43 kD protein is an important vaccine component for the protection of pigs against Lawsonia intracellularis infection. Cloning of L. intracellularis Gene 4320 For the evaluation of the ProteoExpert suggestions, linear DNA templates were generated via PCR using the RTS Linear Template Generation Set. The primers used in these experiments also introduced a His6-tag at the C-terminus for detection and purification. The PCR-generated templates were examined for their expression performance using RTS 100 E. coli HY Kit. The suggested DNA sequence that gave the highest yields was constructed using primers 4320A8 and 4320B (Table 4) in the first PCR. The obtained expression construct was ligated to pCR2.1 TOPO TA vector and the resulting vector was transformed to E. coli TOP10F and incubated o/n at 37° C. Putative transformants were checked for the right plasmid, using colony PCR. The plasmid inserts, of colony PCR positive transformants, were checked by nucleotide sequence analysis. One of the clones that contained a sequence as expected on basis of the cloning strategy was chosen and designated pTOPO4320. TABLE 4 Sequence of the degenerated primers used for the amplification of gene 4320. Primer Sequence 4320A8 CTTTAAGAAGGAGATATACC ATGAGCTTAGTAATTAACAATAACCTGATGGCCG 4320B TGATGATGAGAACCCCCCCCGCCAATAAGTTGCTG Expression of L. intracellularis gene 4320 using RTS technology Plasmid pTOPO4320 was purified from E. coli TOP10F and the appropriate amount of DNA was added to an RTS500 vial. After incubation conform the protocol of the manufacturer, a sample was taken for analysis using SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis (FIG. 8A). Two clear protein bands of approximately 31 and 26 kDa were observed in sample that had been taken after 30 hours of induction (FIG. 8A, lane 3) in comparison with the control sample (FIG. 8A, lane 2). Both bands reacted with an anti-polyhistidine monoclonal suggesting the presence of an internal translation start site in the gene or post translational modification of the mature protein (FIG. 8B, lane 2). Using polyclonal pig and chicken sera, high titers (>2 log 10) were observed in an ELISA using purified 26/31 kD protein and purified whole L. intracellularis cells as coating material. Using IHC we found that polyclonal anti-26/31 kD protein specifically recognized L. intracellularis infected enterocytes, whereas no reaction was seen in with coupes cut from the ilia of healthy pigs. The serum used in IHC also gave high titers (>2 log 15) against whole L. intracellularis cells in ELISA. Conclusion: The 26/31 kD protein according to the invention can be efficiently expressed. Moreover, antiserum raised against Lawsonia intracellularis cells from both chickens and pigs recognises the expressed protein in ELISA tests, where the wells were coated with the 26/31 kD protein. Moreover, polyclonal anti-serum raised against the 26/31 kD protein specifically recognized L. intracellularis infected enterocytes. The 26/31 kD protein is an important vaccine component for the protection of pigs against Lawsonia intracellularis infection. Cloning of L. intracellularis Gene 2008 Sequence analysis of gene 2008 had revealed that the gene encoded a putative N-terminal signal sequence and a C-terminal beta-barrel structure. Both structures are known to be very hydrophobic. Because the RTS system has been found unsuitable for the expression of proteins that contain large hydrophobic regions it was decided to amplify gene 2008 from base 37 to 1958. Expression of this gene fragment resulted in a protein of 63 kD. For the evaluation of the ProteoExpert suggestions, linear DNA templates were generated via PCR using the RTS Linear Template Generation Set. The primers used in these experiments also introduced a His6-tag at the C-terminus fox detection and purification. The PCR-generated templates were examined for their expression performance using RTS 100 E. coli HY Kit. The suggested DNA sequence that gave the highest yields was constructed using primers 2008A6 and 2008B (Table 5) in the first PCR. The linear expression construct was ligated to pCR2.1 TOPO TA vector and the resulting vector was transformed to E. coli TOP10F and incubated o/n at 37° C. Putative transformants were checked for the right plasmid, using colony PCR. The plasmid inserts, of colony PCR positive transformants, were checked by nucleotide sequence analysis. One of the clones that contained a sequence as expected on basis of the cloning strategy was chosen and designated pTOPO2008. TABLE 5 Sequence of the degenerated primers used for the amplification of gene 2008. Primer Sequence 2008A6 CTTTAAGAAGGAGATATACCATGGCAGATGTAT TTTTCGAAGGCAGAACCGAAAC 2008B TGATGATGAGAACCCCCCCCATTAACATACCAAATAGAT Expression of L. intracellularis Gene 2008 Using RTS Technology Plasmid pTOPO2008 was purified from E. coli TOP10F and the appropriate amount of DNA was added to an RTS500 vial. After incubation conform the protocol of the manufacturer, a sample was taken for analysis using SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis (FIG. 9A). A clear protein band of approximately 63 kDa was observed in sample that had been taken after 30 hours of induction (FIG. 9A, lane 3) in comparison with the control sample (FIG. 9A, lane 2). The same samples were also analysed by western blot using both pig- and chicken-antiserum. A strong reaction with the 63 kD protein was observed using both the polyclonal pig (FIG. 9B, lane 3) and chicken serum (FIG. 9C, lane 3). Conclusion: the 63 kD fragment of the protein according to the invention can efficiently be expressed. Moreover, the 63 kD protein fragment is strongly and equally well recognised by both chicken- and pig-antiserum against Lawsonia intracellularis cells. The 101 kD protein according to the invention and the 63 kD protein fragment thereof are important vaccine components for the protection of pigs against Lawsonia intracellularis infection. Example 2 The objective of this experiment was to test for active protection in pigs induced by Experimental Lawsonia recombinant combi subunit vaccine comprising the 75 kD, 44 kD, 26/31 kD and the 27 kD protein. Vaccine Inactivated recombinant subunit combi vaccine in micro-Diluvac Forte. The following antigens were incorporated: 75 kD, 44 kD, 26/31 kD and the 27 kD protein. The mixture of recombinant antigens was dialyzed against a dialysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH8.0, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM oxidized glutathione, 3 mM reduced glutathione, 10 mM CHAPS) and concentrated using PEG20,000. The concentration of all antigens was estimated from Coomassie stained NuPage gel using Gene Tools software (Syngene, Cambridge, England). The antigens were formulated in the vaccine at a concentration of 50 μg of every single antigen per ml. Experimental Design Eighteen 6-week-old SPF pigs (3 groups of 6 pigs each) were used for the experiment. Group 1 pigs were vaccinated intramuscularly (neck) with 2 ml of the recombinant combi subunit vaccine at T=0 and T=4w. Group 2 was left as non-vaccinated challenge control group. Group 3 was a non-treated performance control group. At T=6w (12 weeks of age) groups 1 and 2 were challenged orally with homogenized infected mucosa. Subsequently all pigs were daily observed for clinical signs of Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy (PPE) during 3 weeks. At T=9w (15-week-old) all remaining pigs were euthanized and post-mortem examined. The intestines (ileum) were examined for macroscopical changes typical for Lawsonia intracellularis infection and samples were taken for histological examination. Preparation of Challenge Material Challenge material was prepared by scraping the mucosa of the ileum of confirmed PPE cases. The material was stored in batches of 200 grams at −20° C. until further use. Shortly before challenge, 200 gram of the infected mucosa was thawed and mixed with 200 ml physiological salt solution. This mixture was homogenized in an omnimixer for one minute at full speed and then further diluted with 400 ml physio logical salt solution (up to 800 ml). Vaccination The pigs were assigned to 3 treatment groups as described below. Time in Group Number Unit Vaccine Dose Route weeks 1 6 5 Sub-unit vaccine 2 ml IM T = 0 and T = 4 2 6 5 Non-vaccinated — — — Challenge control 3 6 12 Non-vaccinated — — — Negative control Challenge Group 1 and 2 were challenged orally with 20 ml challenge inoculum at T=6w (12 weeks of age). Group 3 was left as a non-treated control group. Post-Mortem Examination and Histopathology All pigs were killed at T=9w (15 weeks of age, 3 weeks after challenge) and subjected to a post-mortem examination to assess the efficacy of the different vaccines. — Normal 1 minimal to mild redness/erosions without thickening of mucosa over limited area 2 mild to moderate redness/erosions and/or thickening of mucosa over limited area 3 moderate redness/erosions and/or thickening of mucosa over extended area 4 moderate to severe redness/erosions and/or ulceration and/or severe thickening of mucosa and intestinal wall over extended area From each pig at least one sample of the ileum (if present from an affected area) was taken for histology. Histologic scoring of ileum samples was based on: a) Presence of L. intracellularis bacteria in slides: Warthin Starry was performed for detection of bacteria. b) Evaluation of histologic lesions in Hematoxylin/Eosin slides: Severity of L. intracellularis-specific lesion (adenomatous glandular proliferation) was scored. Other lesions are described. Warthin HE lesion Histologic lesion Starry score Remark No abnormalities detected 0 0 Adenomatous mild 2 1 Typical glandular (multi)focal PPE proliferation moderate 2 2 diffuse or multifocal severe diffuse 2 3 Other lesions 0/1 Lesion is described (not going along with adenomatous proliferation) Warthin Starry: 0: no bacteria evident 1: presence of single/small numbers of bacteria within lesion 2: presence of considerable numbers of bacteria within lesion Evaluation of Results All data were recorded for each pig individually. The mean score per group was calculated for the parameters histopathology score and post-mortem score. Starting from the score of the challenge control group, the % protection in the vaccinated was calculated. Pathology scores were compared using two-sided Mann-Whitney U test. Results Post-Mortem and Histology Post-mortem results after challenge are shown in Table 1. Histopathological scores showed clear cut results. Only the control pigs showed the typical histopathological lesions (=severe diffuse adenomatous glandular proliferation) and only the enterocytes in the control histopathology slides contained numerous Lawsonia bacteria, whereas no bacteria were observed in the enterocytes of the vaccinated and non-challenged animals. CONCLUSION The post-mortem and histopathological examination gave clear cut results. The subunit vaccine tested appeared to induce 100% protection against histopathological lesions and the occurrence of Lawsonia in the enterocytes (=against infection). TABLE 1 Post-mortem examination 3 weeks after challenge (T = 9 w) Histo-pathological scores Macroscopically Histological group pig # ileum WS HE remarks/description 1 177 3 0 0 NAD sububit 180 2 0 0 NAD in μ-DF 356 3 0 0 one crypt abscess, one focus of mild GP IM route 2x 361 0 0 0 NAD 378 2 0 0 mild focal GP, thick tunica muscularis 385 2 0 0 mild focal GP, thick tunica muscularis total 12 0 0 p-valuea 0.054 0.000 2 181 4 2 3 severe diffuse adematous GP challenge 193 3 2 2 moderate diffuse adematous GP control 194 3 2 3 severe diffuse adematous GP 195 4 2 3 severe diffuse adematous GP 351 2 NS NS NS 376 4 2 3 severe diffuse adematous GP total 20 10 14 3 173 2 0 0 NAD untreated 174 2 0 0 NAD contact 179 0 0 0 NAD controls 183 1 0 0 NAD 200 1 0 0 NAD 388 0 0 0 NAD total 6 0 0 p-valuea 0.008 0.000 atwo-sided Mann-Whitney U test (compared to control group 3) WS = Warthin Starry staining, HE = haematoxilin-eosin staining, NAD = no abnormality detected, NS = no sample GP = glandular proliferation, MFPC = multifocal propria congestion N.B. all group 4 pigs showed (macroscopically) congestion of lymph vessels LEGEND TO THE FIGURE FIG. 1. Analysis of the over-expression of Lawsonia intracellularis gene 5074 in Escherichia coli BL21 STAR/pLysSRARE by SDS-PAGE (A) and Western blotting with polyclonal pig serum (B) and polyclonal chicken serum (C). Lane 1, molecular weight marker; lane 2, pET5074 T=0; lane 3, pET5074 T=3. Arrows indicate the location of the expression product. FIG. 2. Analysis of the over-expression of Lawsonia intracellularis gene 5669 in Escherichia coli BL21 STAR/pLysSRARE by SDS-PAGE (A) and Western blotting with polyclonal pig serum (B) and polyclonal chicken serum (C). Lane 1, molecular weight marker; lane 2, pET5669 T=0; lane 3, pET5669 T=3. Arrows indicate the location of the expression product. FIG. 3. Analysis of the over-expression of Lawsonia intracellularis gene 4423 in Escherichia coli BL21 STAR/pLysSRARE by SDS-PAGE (A) and Western blotting with polyclonal pig serum (B). Lane 1, molecular weight marker; lane 2, pET4423 T=0; lane 3, pET4423 T=3. Arrows indicate the location of the expression product. FIG. 4. Analysis of the over-expression of Lawsonia intracellularis gene 3123 in Escherichia coli BL21 STAR/pLysSRARE by SDS-PAGE (A) and Western blotting with polyclonal pig serum (B). Lane 1, molecular weight marker; lane 2, pET3123 T=0; lane 3, pET3123 T=3. Arrows indicate the location of the expression product. FIG. 5. Analysis of the expression of Lawsonia intracellularis gene 5293 using RTS500 technology by SDS-PAGE (A) and Western blotting with polyclonal pig serum (B). Lane 1, molecular weight marker; lane 2, control; lane 3, pET5293 Arrows indicate the location of the expression product. FIG. 6. Analysis of the expression of Lawsonia intracellularis gene 5464 using RTS500 technology by SDS-PAGE (A) and Western blotting using anti-polyhistidine monoclonal (B). Lane 1, molecular weight marker; lane 2, control; lane 3, pET5464 Arrows indicate the location of the expression product. FIG. 7. Analysis of the expression of Lawsonia intracellularis gene 5473 using RTS500 technology by SDS-PAGE (A) and Western blotting with polyclonal pig serum (B) and polyclonal chicken serum (C). Lane 1, molecular weight marker; lane 2, control; lane 3, bound protein fraction IMAC purification control sample; lane 4 pET5473; lane 5, bound protein fraction IMAC purification pET5473. Arrows indicate the location of the expression product. FIG. 8. Analysis of the expression of Lawsonia intracellularis gene 4320 using RTS500 technology by SDS-PAGE (A) and Western blotting using anti-polyhistidine monoclonal (B). Lane 1, molecular weight marker; lane 2, control; lane 3, pET4320 Arrows indicate the location of the expression product. FIG. 9. Analysis of the expression of Lawsonia intracellularis gene 2008 using RTS500 technology by SDS-PAGE (A) and Western blotting with polyclonal pig serum (B). Lane 1, molecular weight marker; lane 2, control; lane 3, pET2008 Arrows indicate the location of the expression product.

20081105

20110927

20090226

79139.0

A61K39395

SWARTZ, RODNEY P

LAWSONIA INTRACELLULARIS SUBUNIT VACCINES

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

A61K

ACCEPTED

Recursive Feature Eliminating Method Based on a Support Vector Machine

Method, apparatus and system are described to perform a feature eliminating method based on a support vector machine. In some embodiments, a value for each feature in a group of features provided by a training data is determined. At least one feature is eliminated from the group by utilizing the value for each feature in the group. The value for each feature in the group is updated based upon a part of the training data that corresponds to the eliminated feature.

1. A method, comprising determining a value for each feature in a group of features provided by a training data; eliminating at least one feature from the group by utilizing the value for each feature in the group; updating the value for each feature in the group based on a part of the training data that corresponds to the eliminated feature. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the training data further comprises a plurality of training samples, each of the training samples corresponding to the group of features. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the value comprises: computing a kernel data based on the training data; computing the value for each feature of the group based on the kernel data; and storing the kernel data in a buffer. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein computing the kernel data further comprises computing a matrix as the kernel data, each component of the matrix comprising a dot product of two of training samples provided by the training data. 5. The method of claims 1, wherein updating the value further comprises: retrieving a kernel data from a buffer; updating the kernel data based on the part of the training data that corresponds to the eliminated features; and updating the value for each feature of the group based on the updated kernel data. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein updating the kernel data further comprises: subtracting a matrix from the kernel data, each component of the matrix comprising a dot product of two of training samples provided by the part of the training data. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein eliminating at least one feature comprises: computing a ranking criterion for each feature of the group based on the value for the each feature; eliminating the at least one feature with the minimum ranking criterion from the group; and recording the eliminated feature in a feature ranking list. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: repeating of eliminating the at least one feature from the group and updating the value for each feature of the group until a number of features in the group reaches a predetermined value. 9. An apparatus, comprising: a training logic to determine a value for each feature in a group of features provided by a training data; and an eliminate logic to eliminate at least one feature from the group by utilizing the value for each feature in the group, wherein the training logic further updates the value for each feature in the group based on a part of the training data that corresponds to the eliminated feature. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the training data comprises a plurality of training samples, each of the training samples having the group of features. 11. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising: a decision logic to decide whether to repeat the elimination of the at least one features from the group and update of the value for each feature of the group until a number of features in the group reaches a predetermined value. 12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the training logic further comprises: a kernel data logic to compute a kernel data based upon the training data; a buffer to store a kernel data; a value logic to compute the value based on the kernel data. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the kernel data logic further updates the kernel data in the buffer based on the part of the training data that corresponds to the eliminated features, and the value logic further updates the value based upon the updated kernel data. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the kernel data logic further subtracts a matrix from the kernel data, each component of the matrix comprising a dot product of two of training samples provided by the part of the training data. 15. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the eliminate logic further comprises a ranking criterion logic to compute a ranking criterion for each feature of the group based on the value for the each feature. 16. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the eliminate logic further comprises a feature eliminate logic to eliminate the at least one feature having the minimum ranking criterion from the group. 17. A machine-readable medium comprising a plurality of instructions, that in response to being executed, result in a computing system: determining a value for each feature in a group of features provided by a training data; eliminating at least one feature from the group by utilizing the value for each feature in the group; and updating the value for each feature in the group based on a part of the training data that corresponds to the eliminated feature. 18. The machine-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the training data further comprises a plurality of training samples, each of the training samples corresponding to the group of features. 19. The machine-readable of claim 17, wherein the plurality of instructions that result in the computing system determining the value, further result in the computing system: computing a kernel data based on the training data; computing the value for each feature of the group based on the kernel data; and storing the kernel data in a buffer. 20. The machine-readable of claim 19, wherein the plurality of instructions that result in the computing system computing the kernel data, further result in the computing system computing a matrix as the kernel data, each component of the matrix comprising a dot product of two of training samples provided by the training data. 21. The machine-readable of claim 17, wherein the plurality of instructions that result in the computing system updating the value, further result in the computing system: retrieving a kernel data from a buffer; updating the kernel data based on the part of the training data that corresponds to the eliminated feature; and updating the value for each feature of the group based on the updated kernel data. 22. The machine-readable of claim 21, wherein the plurality of instructions that result in the computing system updating the kernel data, further result in the computing system: subtracting a matrix from the kernel data, each component of the matrix comprising a dot product of two of training samples provided by the part of the training data that corresponds to the eliminated feature. 23. The machine-readable of claim 17, wherein the plurality of instructions that result in the computing system eliminating at least one feature, further result in the computing system: computing a ranking criterion for each feature of the group based on the value for the each feature; eliminating the at least feature with the minimum ranking criterion from the group; and recording the eliminated feature in a feature ranking list. 24. The machine-readable of claim 17, wherein the plurality of instructions further result in the computing system: repeating of eliminating the at least feature from the group and updating the value for each feature of the group until a number of features in the group reaches a predetermined value.

BACKGROUND A recursive feature eliminating method based on a support vector machine (SVM-RFE) is widely used in data intensive applications, such as disease genes selection, structured data mining, and unstructured data mining, etc. The SVM-RFE method may comprise: SVM training an input training data to classify the training data, wherein the training data may comprise a plurality of training samples corresponding to a group of features and class labels associated with each of the training samples; eliminating at least one feature with a minimum ranking criterion from the group of features; and repeating the aforementioned SVM training and eliminating until the group becomes empty. The SVM-RFE may be used to rank the features, for example, to rank the genes that may cause a disease. Rounds of SVM training and eliminating are independent with each other. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention described herein is illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the accompanying figures. For simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements illustrated in the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity. Further, where considered appropriate, reference labels have been repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a computing system applying a SVM-RFE method. FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a SVM-RFE machine in the computing system of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a SVM-RFE method; FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a SVM training method involved in the SVM-RFE method of FIG. 3. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The following description describes techniques for a recursive feature eliminating method based on a support vector machine. In the following description, numerous specific details such as logic implementations, pseudo-code, means to specify operands, resource partitioning/sharing/duplication implementations, types and interrelationships of system components, and logic partitioning/integration choices are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the current invention. However, the invention may be practiced without such specific details. In other instances, control structures, gate level circuits and full software instruction sequences have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure the invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art, with the included descriptions, will be able to implement appropriate functionality without undue experimentation. References in the specification to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “an example embodiment”, etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to effect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. Embodiments of the invention may be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or any combination thereof. Embodiments of the invention may also be implemented as instructions stored on a machine-readable medium, that may be read and executed by one or more processors. A machine-readable medium may include any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computing device). For example, a machine-readable medium may include read only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; flash memory devices; electrical, optical, acoustical or other forms of propagated signals (e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.) and others. FIG. 1 shows a computing system for implementing a recursive feature eliminating method based on a support vector machine (SVM-RFE). A non-exhausive list of examples for the computing system may include distributed computing systems, supercomputers, computing clusters, mainframe computers, mini-computers, client-server systems, personal computers, workstations, servers, portable computers, laptop computers and other devices for transceiving and processing data. In an embodiment, the computing system 1 may comprise one or more processors 10, memory 11, chipset 12, I/O device 13, BIOS firmware 14 and the like. The one or more processors 10 are communicatively coupled to various components (e.g., the memory 11) via one or more buses such as a processor bus as depicted in FIG. 1. The processors 10 may be implemented as an integrated circuit (IC) with one or more processing cores that may execute codes under a suitable architecture, for example, including Intel® Xeon™ MP architecture available from Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif. In an embodiment, the memory 12 may store codes to be executed by the processor 10. In an embodiment, the memory 12 may store training data 110, SVM-RFE 111 and operation system (OS) 112. A non-exhaustive list of examples for the memory 102 may comprise one or a combination of the following semiconductor devices, such as synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) devices, RAMBUS dynamic random access memory (RDRAM) devices, double data rate (DDR) memory devices, static random access memory (SRAM), flash memory devices, and the like. In an embodiment, the chipset 12 may provide one or more communicative path among the processors 0, memory 11 and various components, such as the I/O device 13 and BIOS firmware 14. The chipset 12 may comprise a memory controller hub 120, an input/output controller hub 121 and a firmware hub 122. In an embodiment, the memory controller hub 120 may provide a communication link to the processor bus that may connect with the processor 101 and to a suitable device such as the memory 11. The memory controller hub 120 may couple with the I/O controller hub 121, that may provide an interface to the I/O devices 13 or peripheral components (not shown in FIG. 1) for the computing system 1 such as a keyboard and a mouse. A non-exhaustive list of examples for the I/O devices 13 may comprise a network card, a storage device, a camera, a blue-tooth, an antenna, and the like. The I/O controller hub 121 may further provide communication link to a graphic controller and an audio controller (not shown in FIG. 1). The graphic controller may control the display of information on a display device and the audio controller may control the display of information on an audio device. In an embodiment, the memory controller hub 120 may communicatively couple with a firmware hub 122 via the input/output controller hub 121. The firmware hub 122 may couple with the BIOS firmware 14 that may store routines that the computing device 100 executes during system startup in order to initialize the processors 10, chipset 12, and other components of the computing device 1. Moreover, the BIOS firmware 14 may comprise routines or drivers that the computing device 1 may execute to communicate with one or more components of the computing device 1. In an embodiment, the training data 110 may be input from a suitable devices, such as the I/O component 13, or the BIOS firmware. Examples for the training data 110 may comprise data collected for a feature selection/ranking task, such as gene expression data from a plurality of human beings or other species, or text data from web or other sources. The data format may be structured data, such as a database or table, or unstructured data, such as matrix or vector. The SVM-RFE 111 may be implemented between the training data 110 and the operation system 112. In an embodiment, the operation system 112 may include, but not limited to, different versions of LINUX, Microsoft Windows™ Server 2003, and real time operating systems such as VxWorks™, etc. In an embodiment, the SVM-RFE 111 may implement operations of: SVM training the training data 110 that corresponds to a group of features; eliminating at least one feature from the group according to a predetermined ranking criterion; and repeating the SVM training and feature eliminating until the number of features in the group reaches a predetermined value, for example, until the group becomes empty, wherein the rounds of SVM training and eliminating dependent with each other. The SVM-RFE 111 may output a feature elimination history or a feature ranking list. Other embodiments may implement other modifications or variations to the structure of the aforementioned computing system 1. For example, the SVM-RFE 111 may be implemented as an integrated circuit with various functional logics as depicted in FIG. 2. For another example, the memory 11 may further comprise a validation software (not show in FIG. 1) to validate the SVM-RFE classification by the SVM-RFE 111. More specifically, the validation software may determine whether a person has a disease by checking his/her gene expression with a gene ranking list output by the SVM-RFE 111. An embodiment of the SVM-RFE 111 is shown in FIG. 2. As shown, the SVM-RFE 111 may comprise a decision logic 21, a SVM learning machine 22, a ranking criterion logic 23 and an eliminating logic 24. In an embodiment, the training data 110 input to the SVM-RFE 111 may comprise a plurality of training samples [x1, x2, . . . , xm] corresponding to a group of features, wherein m represents the number of training samples. The training data may further comprise class labels associated with each of the training samples [y1, y2, . . . , ym] In an embodiment, each of the training samples represents a vector of n dimensions, wherein each dimension corresponds with each feature, and each of the class labels has a number of values. For example, if the training data is gene data collected from a plurality of persons, each of the training samples represents a pattern of n gene expression coefficients for one person, and each of the class labels has two values (i.e., [1, −1]) to represent two-class classification of its associated training sample, e.g., whether the person has a certain decease (y1=1) or not (y1=−1). In an embodiment, the decision logic 21 may determine whether the group is empty and output a feature ranking list or feature elimination history if so. However, if the group is not empty, the SVM learning machine 22 may train the training data by setting a normal to a hyperplane where the training data may be mapped to leave the largest possible margin on either side of the normal. The SVM learning machine 22 may comprise a linear SVM learning machine and non-linear SVM learning machine. In an embodiment for linear SVM learning machine, a normal may comprise a vector ({right arrow over (ω)}) representing a linear combination of the training data. For non-linear SVM learning machine, a normal may comprise a vector ({right arrow over (ω)}) representing a non-linear combination of the training data. Each component of the vector represents a weight for each feature in the group of features. In an embodiment, the ranking criterion logic 23 may compute a predetermined ranking criterion for each feature based upon the weight vector {right arrow over (ω)}. The eliminating logic 27 may eliminate at least one feature with a certain ranking criterion from the group of features, for example, the at least one feature with a minimum or maximum ranking criterion in the group of features. Then, the decision logic 21 may determine whether the group becomes empty. If not, then in another round of SVM training and feature eliminating, the SVM learning machine 22 will retrain the training data corresponding to the group of features without the eliminated ones, the ranking criterion logic 23 and eliminating logic 24 may compute the predetermined ranking criterion for each features in the group and eliminate at least one features with a minimum ranking criterion from the group of features. The SVM-RFE 111 may repeat the rounds of SVM training and feature eliminating as described above until the group becomes empty. In an embodiment, the SVM learning machine 22 may comprise a kernel data logic 220, a buffer 221, a Lagrange multiplier logic 222 and a weight logic 223. In a first round of SVM training, the kernel data logic 22 may compute the kernel data based on the training data corresponding to the group of features and store the kernel data in the buffer 22 and then in each round of SVM training later, the kernel data logic 220 may retrieve a kernel data from the buffer 23, update the kernel data based on a part of the training data corresponding to the at least one feature that may be eliminated in a previous round and store the updated kernel data in the buffer in place of the old one. In an embodiment, the Lagrange multiplier logic 222 may compute a Lagrange multiplier α1 for each of the training samples by utilizing the kernel data output from the kernel data logic 220 and the weight logic 224 may obtain a weight ωk for each feature in the group of features, wherein i is an integer in a range of [1, the number of training samples], and k is an integer in a range of [1, the number of features]. FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of a SVM-RFE method that may be implemented by the SVM-RFE 111. As depicted, the SVM-RFE 111 may input the training data 110 in block 301. In an embodiment, the training data may comprise a plurality of training samples [x1, x2, . . . , xm], wherein m represents the number of training samples. The training data may further comprise class labels associated with each of the training samples [y1, y2, . . . , ym]. Each of the training samples may represent a vector of n dimensions, wherein each dimension corresponds to each feature in a group of features (hereinafter, the group is labeled as group G), and each of class labels has a number of values to represent the class that its associated training sample belongs to. In block 302, the decision logic 21 of SVM-RFE 111 may determine whether the number of features in the group G is zero (block 301). If the number of features in the group G is greater than zero, then the SVM learning machine 22 of SVM-RFE 111 may train the training data corresponding to the features in the group G, so as to obtain a vector ({right arrow over (ω)}) for the training data (block 303). Each component of the weight vector represents a weight (e.g., weight (ωk)) for a feature (e.g., the kth feature) in the group G. Then, the ranking criterion logic 23 may compute a ranking criterion for each feature in the group G based on its weight in block 304. In an embodiment, the ranking criterion is a square of the weight, e.g., ck=(ωk)2, wherein ck represents the ranking criterion for the kth feature. However, in other embodiments, the ranking criterion may be obtained in other ways. In block 305, the eliminating logic 24 may eliminate at least one feature with a certain ranking criterion from the group G. In an embodiment, the at least one feature (e.g., the kth feature) may correspond to the ranking criterion (e.g., ck=(ωk)2) that is the minimum in the group G. In another embodiment, the at least one feature may correspond to the ranking criterion that is the maximum in the group G. In other embodiments, the at least one feature may be eliminated in other ways. In block 306, the eliminating logic 24 of the SVM-RFE 111 or other suitable logics may optionally update the training data by removing a part of the training data that corresponds to the eliminated features. In an embodiment that the input training data may comprise m training samples and m class labels associated with the training samples, and each of the training samples is a vector of n dimensions wherein each dimension corresponds to each feature of the group G, the updated training data may comprise m training samples and m class labels associated with the training samples, and each of the training samples is a vector of (n-p) dimensions wherein (n-p) represents the number of the features in the group G after p features may be eliminated in block 305. In block 307, the eliminating logic 24 of the SVM-RFE 111 or other suitable logics may record the eliminating history, or record the feature ranking list based on the eliminating history. In an embodiment, the at least one features eliminated in block 305 may be listed as a least important feature in the feature ranking list. In another embodiment, the at least features may be listed as a most important feature in the feature ranking list. Then, the decision logic 21 of the SVM-RFE 111 may continue to determine whether the number of features in the group G is zero in block 302. If not, the round of SVM training and feature eliminating as described with reference to blocks 303-307 may be repeated until the group G is determined to be empty, namely, the number of features therein is zero. If the decision logic 21 determines the number of features in the group G is zero in block 302, then the decision logic 21 or other suitable logics of SVM-RFE 111 may output the eliminating history or the feature ranking list. FIG. 4 depicts an embodiment of SVM training implemented by the SVM learning machine 22 in block 303 of FIG. 3. In the embodiment, blocks depicted in FIG. 4 may be implemented in each round of SVM training and feature elimination. As depicted, the kernel data logic 220 of the SVM learning machine or other suitable logics may determine whether it is the first round of SVM training for the training data 110 (block 401). This determination may be accomplished by setting a count number. If it is the first round of SVM training, then the kernel data logic 220 may compute a kernel data based on the training data 110 in block 402. In an embodiment for linear SVM training, the kernel data may be computed by the following equations (1) and (2): K round   1 = [ k 1 , 1 round   1 … k 1 , m round1 … k k i , j round   1 … k m , 1 round   1 … k m , m round   1 ] ( 1 ) k ij round   1 = x i T  x j = ∑ k = 1 n  x ik  x jk ( 2 ) wherein, Kround1 is the kernel data of a matrix with (m·m) components kijround1, m represents the number of training samples, xiT represents a transpose of ith training sample that is a vector of n components, xi represents jth training sample that is another vector of n components, n represents the number of features in the group G. Other embodiments may implement other modifications and variations to block 406. For example, for non-linear SVM training, the kernel data may be obtained in a different way, e.g., the Gaussian RBF kernel: k i , j round   1 =  -  x i - x j  2 2  σ 2 . ( 3 ) Then, the kernel data logic 220 stores the kernel data in the buffer 221 of the SVM learning machine 22 in block 403. The Lagrange multiplier logic 222 may compute a Lagrange multiplier matrix based upon the kernel data in blocks 408-412 and the weight logic 223 may compute a weight vector based on the Lagrange multiplier matrix in block 414. With these implementations, the first round of SVM training for the training data 110 is completed. However, if the kernel data logic 220 or other suitable logics determines that it is not the first round of SVM training for the training data 110 in block 401, then in block 404, the kernel data logic 220 or other suitable logics may input the at least one feature eliminated in a previous round of feature elimination implemented in block 305 of FIG. 3. For example, if it is qth round of SVM training (q>1), then the kernel data logic or other suitable logics may input the at least one feature eliminated in a (q−1)th round of feature elimination (e.g., the pth feature that is eliminated from the group of n features in the (q−1)th round of feature elimination). Then, the kernel data logic 220 may retrieve the kernel data stored in the buffer 221 in a previous round of SVM training (block 405), and update the kernel data based on a part of the training data corresponding to the at least one eliminated feature (block 406). In an embodiment for linear SVM training, the kernel data may be updated by the following equations (4) and (5): K round   ( q ) = [ k 1 , 1 round   ( q ) … k 1 , m round   ( q ) … k i , j round   ( q ) … k m , 1 round   ( q ) … k m , m round   ( q ) ] ( 4 ) k ij round   ( q ) = k ij round   ( q - 1 ) - x ip  x jp ( 5 ) wherein, kijround(q) represents a component of the kernel data K in qth round of SVM training, kijround(q−1) represents a component of the kernel data K in a (q−1)th round of SVM training, xip represents the jth training sample with pth feature that is eliminated in (q−1)th round of feature elimination, xjp represents the jth training sample with pth feature that is eliminated in (q−1)th round of feature elimination. Other embodiments may implement other modifications and variations to block 406. For example, for non-linear SVM training, the kernel data may be updated in a different way, e.g., for the Gaussian RBF kernel, a component for the kernel data K in qth round may be updated by k ij round   ( q ) = k ij round   ( q - 1 ) ×  - ( x ip - x jp ) 2 2  σ 2 . ( 6 ) Then, in block 407, the kernel data logic 220 may replace the kernel data in the buffer 221 with the updated kernel data obtained in block 406. The Lagrange multiplier logic 222 may compute a Lagrange multiplier matrix based on the kernel data in blocks 408-412 and the weight logic 223 may compute a weight vector based on the Lagrange multiplier matrix in block 414. With these implementations, the qth round of SVM training is completed. More specifically, in block 408, the Lagrange multiplier logic 222 may initialize a Lagrange multiplier matrix α in each round of SVM training, wherein each component of the α matrix represents a Lagrange multiplier (e.g. αi) corresponding to a training sample xi. In an embodiment, the initialization of the Lagrange multiplier matrix may be implemented by setting a predetermined value (e.g., zero) to each component of the Lagrange multiplier matrix. Then, in block 409, the Lagrange multiplier logic 222 may determine whether each of the Lagrange multipliers corresponding to each of the training samples (e.g., [α1, α2, . . . , αm]) fulfill the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions. More specifically, whether each of the Lagrange multipliers fulfills the following five conditions: 1.  ∂ ∂ w v  L  ( w , b , α ) = w v - ∑ i = 1 m  α i  y i  x iv v = 1 , …  , n 2.   ∂ ∂ b  L  ( w , b , α ) = - ∑ i  α i  y i = 0 3.   y i  ( x i · w - b ) - 1 ≥ 0 i = 1 , …  , m 4.  α i ≥ 0 ∀ i 5.   α i  ( y i  ( x i · w - b ) - 1 ) = 0 wherein, wv represents the weight for the vth feature, b represents a bias value, L(w, b, α) represents a Lagrangian with w, b and α as variables: L  ( w , b , α ) = 1 2  〈 w · w 〉 - ∑ i = 1 m  α i  [ y i  ( 〈 w · x i 〉 + b ) - 1 ] ( 7 ) If not all of the Lagrange multipliers fulfill the KKT conditions, the Lagrange multiplier logic 222 may initialize an active set for two Lagrange multipliers in block 410. In an embodiment, the initialization of the active set may be implemented by clearing a data fragment in a memory of the computing system to store the active set. In other embodiments, the active set may be initialized in other ways. Then, in block 411, the Lagrange multiplier logic 222 may select two Lagrange multipliers (e.g., α1 and α2) as an active set with heuristics, wherein the two Lagrange multiplier violates the KKT conditions with minimum errors (e.g., errors E1 and E2 respectively associated with the two Lagrange multipliers α1 and α2) under a predetermined constraint. In order to do that, the Lagrange multiplier logic 222 may obtain the errors associated with each of the Lagrange multipliers (e.g., [α1, α2, . . . , αm]) by utilizing the kernel data stored in the buffer 221. In an embodiment for linear SVM training, the predetermined constraint may comprise 0≦αi≦C wherein C is a predetermined value, and the error associated with each Lagrange multiplier may be obtained by the following equation and then stored in an error cache: E j = ( ∑ i = 1 m  α i  y i  k ij round   ( q ) - y j ) j = 1 , …  , m ( 8 ) wherein, Ej represents an error associated with a Lagrange multiplier αj in qth round of SVM training, kijround(q) may be obtained from the kernel data stored in the buffer 221. Other embodiments may implement other modifications and variations to block 411. For example, the active set may comprise the number of Lagrange multipliers other than two. Then, in block 412, the Lagrange multiplier logic 222 may update the Lagrange multipliers in the active set by utilizing the kernel data K stored in the buffer 221. In an embodiment that the SVM learning machine is a linear learning machine and the active set may comprise two Lagrange multipliers (e.g., α1 and α2), the Lagrange multipliers may be updated with the following equations: α 2 new = α 2 + y 2  ( E 2 - E 1 ) η , η ≡ 2  k 12 - k 11 - k 22 ,  E j = ( ∑ i = 1 m  α i  y i  k ij round   ( q ) - y j ) - y j ( 9 ) α 2 new , clipped = { H if α 2 new ≥ H α 2 new if L < α 2 new < H L if α 2 new ≤ L ( 10 ) L = max  ( 0 , α 2 - α 1 ) , H = min  ( C , C + α 2 - α 1 ) ( 11 ) α 1 new = α 1 + s  ( α 2 - α 2 new , clipped ) , s = y 1  y 2 ( 12 ) However, other embodiments may implement other modifications and variations to block 412. Then, in block 413, the Lagrange multiplier logic 222 may update the error cache by computing the errors associated with the updated Lagrange multipliers in the active set with the equation (8). Then, the Lagrange multiplier logic 222 may continue to update other Lagrange multipliers in the Lagrange multiplier matrix in blocks 408-413, until all of the Lagrange multipliers in the matrix fulfill KKT conditions. Then, the weight logic 223 may compute the weight vector ({right arrow over (ω)}) based on the Lagrange multipliers obtained in blocks 408-413, wherein each component of the vector corresponds to each of the feature. In an embodiment for linear SVM training, weight for each feature may be obtained with the following equation: w k = ∑ i = 1 m  α i  y i  x ik ( 13 ) wherein, wk represents a weight for kth feature, m represent the number of the training samples, xik represents the training samples corresponding to the kth feature. However, other embodiments may implement other modifications and variations to block 414. Although the present invention has been described in conjunction with certain embodiments, it shall be understood that modifications and variations may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as those skilled in the art readily understand. Such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of the invention and the appended claims.

<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>A recursive feature eliminating method based on a support vector machine (SVM-RFE) is widely used in data intensive applications, such as disease genes selection, structured data mining, and unstructured data mining, etc. The SVM-RFE method may comprise: SVM training an input training data to classify the training data, wherein the training data may comprise a plurality of training samples corresponding to a group of features and class labels associated with each of the training samples; eliminating at least one feature with a minimum ranking criterion from the group of features; and repeating the aforementioned SVM training and eliminating until the group becomes empty. The SVM-RFE may be used to rank the features, for example, to rank the genes that may cause a disease. Rounds of SVM training and eliminating are independent with each other.

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>The invention described herein is illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the accompanying figures. For simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements illustrated in the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity. Further, where considered appropriate, reference labels have been repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a computing system applying a SVM-RFE method. FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a SVM-RFE machine in the computing system of FIG. 1 . FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a SVM-RFE method; FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a SVM training method involved in the SVM-RFE method of FIG. 3 . detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20060720

20100323

20081002

59029.0

G06F1518

COUGHLAN, PETER D

RECURSIVE FEATURE ELIMINATING METHOD BASED ON A SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

G06F

ACCEPTED

Blasting method

A blasting method of processing a bomb by forming an explosive layer on an outermost surface of the bomb to be processed having a casing in a particular shape and by exploding the explosive layer, wherein the explosive layer comprises a first explosive layer formed around the outermost surface of the casing and a second explosive layer formed as to surround the first explosive layer, an explosive in the second explosive layer has a higher explosion velocity than an explosive in the first explosive layer, and the second and first explosive layers are exploded at a certain time interval by igniting a particular region of the second explosive layer. The method allows low-cost blasting of bombs, by relaxing the impact of the scattering casing fragments.

1. A blasting method of processing a bomb by forming an explosive layer on an outermost surface of the bomb to be processed having a casing in a particular shape and by exploding the explosive layer, wherein the explosive layer comprises a first explosive layer formed around the outermost surface of the casing and a second explosive layer formed as to surround the first explosive layer; an explosive in the second explosive layer has a higher explosion velocity than an explosive in the first explosive layer; and the second and first explosive layers are exploded at a certain time interval by igniting a particular region of the second explosive layer. 2. The blasting method according to claim 1, wherein the casing is cylindrical in shape; the first and second explosive layers are placed symmetrically with respect to an axis of the casing; and the ignition region is placed at an intersection of the axis of the casing with the second explosive layer. 3. The blasting method according to claim 2, wherein the ignition region is placed on top of the second explosive layer; and no first explosive layer is formed between the ignition region and a top region of the casing. 4. The blasting method according to claim 1, wherein the first explosive layer is formed with an explosive ANFO. 5. The blasting method according to claim 1, wherein the first explosive layer is formed with an explosive having a desirable flowability. 6. The blasting method according to claim 1, wherein the casing is cylindrical in shape and the explosive layer is formed in the following steps including: a first step of placing the cylindrical bomb to be processed upright on a bottom plate in a particular shape, a second step of covering the cylindrical bomb to be processed with a cylinder having an inner diameter larger by a particular length than an outer diameter of the cylindrical bomb to be processed and a height larger by a particular length than a height of the cylindrical bomb to be processed, a third step of filling an explosive having a desirable flowability in a space between the cylinder and the cylindrical bomb to be processed, a fourth step of covering the cylindrical bomb to be processed by placing a cap plate on top of the cylinder, and a fifth step of forming a second explosive layer on the outermost surface of the cylinder and the cap plate, and placing a detonator on the cap plate. 7. The blasting method according to claim 1, wherein the casing is cylindrical in shape and the explosive layer is formed in the following steps including: a first step of placing the cylindrical bomb to be processed upright on a bottom plate in a particular shape, a second step of covering the cylindrical bomb to be processed with a cylinder carrying a second explosive layer formed previously on the peripheral surface, the cylinder having an inner diameter larger by a particular length than an outer diameter of the cylindrical bomb to be processed and a height larger by a particular length than a height of the cylindrical bomb to be processed, a third step of filling an explosive having a desirable flowability in a space between the cylinder and the cylindrical bomb to be processed, and a fourth step of covering the cylindrical bomb to be processed by placing a cap plate having a previously formed detonator and a second explosive layer on top of the cylinder. 8. The blasting method according to claim 1, wherein the casing is cylindrical in shape and the explosive layer is formed in the following steps including: a first step of placing a cylinder upright on a bottom plate in a particular shape, the cylinder having an inner diameter larger by a particular length than an outer diameter of the cylindrical bomb to be processed and a height larger by a particular length than a height of the cylindrical bomb to be processed, a second step of infusing inside of the cylinder with an explosive having a desirable flowability for forming a first explosive layer in a particular amount, a third step of pushing the cylindrical bomb to be processed into the explosive infused in the cylinder, a fourth step of covering the cylindrical bomb to be processed by placing a cap plate on top of the cylinder, and a fifth step of forming a second explosive layer on the outermost surface of the cylinder and the cap plate, and placing a detonator on the cap plate. 9. The blasting method according to claim 1, wherein two or more of the bombs having the explosive layers are processed as they are placed in parallel and ignited at the same time. 10. The blasting method according to claim 1, wherein two or more of the bombs having the explosive layers are processed as they are piled and a particular region of the bomb to be processed being located at the top is ignited. 11. The blasting method according to claim 1, wherein the bomb to be processed contains a chemical agent hazardous to a human body inside the casing and is blasted in a tightly sealed vessel. 12. The blasting method according to claim 11, wherein a fluidal substance is filled in a wall of the tightly sealed vessel. 13. The blasting method according to claim 12, wherein the thickness of the wall is 250 millimeters or more.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a method of blasting a bomb, and in particular to a method of blasting a chemical bomb. BACKGROUND ART Military bomb such as shell, bomb, land mine, and naval mine are normally filled with an explosive in a steel casing. In particular, chemical weapons are filled with an explosive as well as a chemical agent hazardous to a human body. Examples of the chemical agents used include, for example, mustard and lewisite hazardous to the body. Treatment of chemical weapons by blasting has been known as a method of processing and detoxifying such chemical weapons. The treatment by blasting has advantages that it does not demand disassembling operation, allows treatment not only of favorably preserved bombs but also of the bombs that are difficult to disassemble because of aged deterioration and deformation, and that most of the chemical agents therein are decomposed under the ultrahigh temperature and ultrahigh pressure generated by explosion. Such a processing method is disclosed, for example, in Patent Document 1. The blasting is frequently performed in a tightly sealed vessel, for prevention of leakage of the chemical agents to outside and adverse effects on environment such as noise and vibration of blasting. It is also advantageous to blast a bomb in a tightly sealed vessel under vacuum, keeping a negative pressure in the vessel even after treatment, for more reliable prevention of the outward leakage of the chemical agents. [Patent Document 1] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. No. 7-208899. However, when a bomb is blasted by the method described in the Patent Document 1, the vessel should be rigid enough to prevent noise and to withstand the impact by explosion. However, solid fragments, for example, from the bomb shell of weapon scatter at a significantly high velocity by explosion and collide to the vessel, often causing damages on the internal wall of the vessel. Accordingly, the vessel should be replaced occasionally, because it is damaged significantly after several treatments. The vessel is larger in size and weight, and thus, is not easy to replace. Since establishment of the chemical weapons ban treaty, there is an ever-increasing demand for demolition of chemical weapons all over the world. For example, the Japanese Government ratified the chemical weapons ban treaty and has an obligation under the treaty to demolish chemical weapons left in China by the old Japanese Army. According to the “Outline of the Project for the Destruction of Chemical Weapons abandoned by the old Japanese army” issued in October 2002 by the Project Team for Destruction of Abandoned Chemical Weapons, Cabinet Office, there are estimated, approximately 700,000 chemical weapons still abandoned in all areas of China. In designing the processing facility, the report says that a facility should have a processing capacity of 120 bombs per hour, assuming that 700,000 bombs are processed in three years. Accordingly, for efficient low-cost processing of a number of the abandoned chemical weapons by the blasting described above, there is a strong demand for a method of blasting bombs in a tightly sealed vessel without damage therein that can reduce the labor and time for exchanging the vessel. In addition, there is a strong need for a highly efficient method of processing many weapons at the same time. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a method of blasting bombs that can solve the problems described above. An aspect of the present invention is a method of processing a bomb by forming an explosive layer on an outermost surface of the bomb to be processed having a casing in a particular shape and by exploding the explosive layer. The explosive layer comprises a first explosive layer being formed around the outermost surface of the casing and a second explosive layer being so formed as to surround the first explosive layer. An explosive in the second explosive layer has a higher explosion velocity than an explosive in the first explosive layer, and the second and first explosive layers are exploded at a certain time interval by igniting a particular region of the second explosive layer. By the method, the second explosive layer explodes first, and the inner first explosive layer explodes then as it is compressed by the high-speed detonation of the second explosive layer. It is thus possible to obtain a strong detonation force, even if an explosive having a lower explosion velocity is used in the first explosive layer. Generally, such low-velocity explosives are cheaper and more easily available and thus, contribute to a reduction in the cost of processing. It is also possible to direct the scattering velocity of the bomb shell fragment particles inward, because the detonation vector of the first explosive layer heads inward. Further, the detonation vector of the explosive present inside the casing, which is inherently directed outward, is changed to a detonation vector directed inward or in parallel, as it is driven by the inward detonation vector of the explosion in the first explosive layer. It is thus possible to reduce the velocity of the bomb shell fragments scattering in the diameter direction by explosion and avoid the damage of its vessel, for example, when the bomb is exploded in the vessel. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a sectional view illustrating the configuration of a 15-kg red bomb, an example of the bomb processed by an embodiment of the processing method according to the present invention. FIG. 2A is a sectional view illustrating a way of covering a red bomb with a cylinder carrying an adhered explosive SEP by the first method of forming an explosive layer. FIG. 2B is a sectional view illustrating a cylinder being placed on a bottom plate by the second method of forming an explosive layer. FIG. 3A is a sectional view illustrating a way of filling an explosive ANFO in a space between a red bomb and a cylinder by the first method of forming an explosive layer. FIG. 3B is a sectional view illustrating a way of infusing an explosive ANFO into a cylinder and pushing a red bomb into the explosive by the second method of forming an explosive layer. FIG. 4 is a sectional view illustrating a cap plate carrying an adhered explosive SEP being placed on the top end of a cylinder and an exploding bridge wire detonator (EBW detonator) being placed thereon. FIG. 5 is a sectional view illustrating a red bomb placed in a pressure vessel. FIG. 6 is a sectional view illustrating the configuration of a red bomb having a diameter of 75 millimeters. FIG. 7 is a sectional view showing the results of a detonation propagation simulation experiment. FIG. 8 is a sectional view showing the results of another detonation propagation simulation experiment performed in a model different from that in FIG. 7. FIG. 9 is a sectional view illustrating a method of blasting a red bomb while it is surrounded by a water wall. FIG. 10 is a sectional view illustrating a method of processing multiple red bombs placed in parallel at the same time. FIG. 11 is a sectional view illustrating a method of processing multiple red bombs as they are piled. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Hereinafter, favorable embodiments of the present invention will be described. FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating the configuration of a 15-kg red bomb A, an example of the chemical weapon, to be processed in the blasting method according to the present invention. The red bomb A is a chemical weapon containing a red agent such as sneezing or vomiting agent, and most of the chemical weapons the old Japanese army brought into China are said to be red bombs. The red agent is filled in the space between a casing 10 and an internal cylinder 11, and the internal cylinder 11 and the casing 10 are fixed to each other. A brass burster 13 is connected to an internal cap 12 bolted to the internal cylinder 11. Picric acid is filled inside the burster 13, while a TNT-based explosive (specifically, for example, TNT containing 15% or 20% naphthalene) is filled inside the internal cylinder 11 (outside the burster 13). A cap 14 is bolted to the internal cylinder 11 in the head area. Hereinafter, the procedure of processing the red bomb A in an embodiment of the blasting method according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 2A to 5. As shown in FIG. 2A, a red bomb A is placed on and fixed to a bottom plate 21 with its nose facing upward, and the red bomb A is covered with a cylinder 22, for example, of a plastic sheet or paper having openings at both ends. The outermost surface of the cylinder 22 is wrapped with a sheet-shaped explosive (an explosive SEP in this embodiment). In this manner, a second explosive layer 32 is formed. In covering the bomb, the cylinder 22 is preferably placed at the position with its axis almost identical with that of the red bomb A. The inner diameter of the cylinder 22 is larger than the outer diameter of the casing 10 of red bomb A, and the height of the cylinder 22 is larger than that of the casing 10 of red bomb A. After enclosure with the cylinder 22, there is a ring-shaped opening g formed between the red bomb A and the cylinder 22 (see FIG. 3A). The bottom plate 21 and the cylinder 22 are tightly connected to each other without any gap, for prevention of leakage of the explosive ANFO described below from the opening g. Then as shown in FIG. 3A, a granular explosive ANFO is filled into the ring-shaped opening g, forming a first explosive layer 31. After the explosive is filled to the neck of the cylinder 22, as shown in FIG. 4, a cap plate 23, for example of a plastic sheet or paper, is connected to the top end of cylinder 22. A sheet-shaped explosive (explosive SEP) is placed on the top face of the cap plate 23, forming a second explosive layer 32. Finally, an EBW detonator 24 is placed on the center of the cap plate 23. The explosion velocity of the explosive (explosive SEP) forming the second explosive layer 32 is larger than that of the explosive forming the first explosive layer 31 (explosive ANFO). Alternatively, a first explosive layer 31 and a second explosive layer 32 may be formed around the red bomb A according to the following method: First, a red bomb A is placed on and fixed to a bottom plate 21 with its nose facing upward, and a cylinder 22 is placed at the position with its axis almost identical with that of the red bomb A. Then, as shown in FIG. 3A, a granular explosive ANFO is filled into the ring-shaped opening g forming a first explosive layer 31, and as shown in FIG. 4, a cap plate 23 is connected to the top end of cylinder 22. A sheet-shaped explosive (for example, explosive SEP) is then adhered to the outermost surface of the cylinder and the top face of the cap plate 23, forming a second explosive layer 32, and finally, an exploding bridge wire detonator (EBW detonator) 24 is connected to the center of the cap plate 23. Yet alternatively, a first explosive layer 31 and a second explosive layer 32 may be formed around the red bomb A, according to the following method: As shown in FIG. 2B, a cylinder 22 is first placed in the upright state on a bottom plate 21. Then, as shown in FIG. 3B, a granular explosive ANFO forming a first explosive layer 31 is added inside the cylinder to a particular amount. The red bomb A is then pushed forward, making the added explosive ANFO surround the peripheral surface of the red bomb A. As shown in FIG. 4, a cap plate 23 is then connected to the top end of the cylinder 22; a sheet-shaped explosive (for example, explosive SEP) is adhered to the outermost surface of the cylinder and the top face of the cap plate 23, forming a second explosive layer 32; and then, an EBW detonator 24 is connected to the center of the cap plate 23. In this method, it is possible to place the explosive ANFO additionally under the base of the red bomb A. Thus, it is possible to blast the bomb more reliably. In such a case, an additional second explosive layer 32 may be formed under the lower surface of the bottom plate 21. It is possible to blast the bomb more reliably. FIG. 5 shows a pressure vessel 1 for use in blasting. The pressure vessel 1 is a steel pressure vessel having an inner diameter of almost 2 meters and a capacity of approximately 7 cubic meters, and contains a high-tension steel protective cylinder 2 inside with its axis extending in the horizontal direction. A number of protective chains 3 are hung in two layers, enclosing the both terminals of the protective cylinder 2 in the axial direction. A hanger fitting 4 is welded to the internal face (ceiling face) of the protective cylinder 2. As shown in FIGS. 2A to 4, the red bomb A having an adhered explosive ANFO layer 31 and an explosive SEP layer 32 placed in a bag 25 is hung to the hanger fitting 4. The red bomb A is then placed almost in the center of the pressure vessel 1, with its nose (i.e., the EBW detonator 24 side) facing upward. A blasting wire 26 lead out of the EBW detonator 24 is electrically connected to a blasting machine not shown in the Figure, and the bomb is blasted after the pressure vessel 1 is tightly sealed. As a result, explosion of the explosive SEP layer 32 occurs first in the EBW detonator 24 region, and then, the inner explosive ANFO layer 31 explodes as compressed by the explosion. It is thus possible to obtain a strong detonation force, even by using a cheap and low-explosion-velocity explosive such as the explosive ANFO layer 31. Thus, the present invention provides an effective and low-cost blasting method. Because the detonation vector of the explosive ANFO layer 31 heads inward, the scattering velocity of the fragment particles of the bomb shell (including red bomb casing 10, internal cylinder 11, and cap 14, and others) is also in the inward direction. The detonation force denotes a pressure of the shock wave caused by detonation, and the detonation vector denotes the direction of the shock wave caused by detonation. The detonation vector of the explosive such as picric acid or TNT inside the casing, which is inherently directed outward, is redirected inward or in parallel (downward) by the inward detonation vector of the explosive ANFO layer 31. Accordingly, it is possible to reduce the velocity of the bomb shell fragments scattering by explosion in the diameter direction and to reduce the damage of the protective cylinder 2 and the protective chain 3. The effect will be described in detail in the simulation experiments below once again. In the present embodiment, both the explosive ANFO layer 31 and the explosive SEP layer 32 are formed symmetrically with respect to an axis of the red bomb A to be processed, and the initiation point of the explosive SEP layer 32 (EBW detonator 24) is present on the axis. Thus, the detonation propagates also symmetrically around the axis, making the compression of the explosive ANFO layer 31 by the explosive SEP layer 32 larger and giving a greater detonation force on the explosive ANFO layer 31. In the present embodiment, it is also possible to make the explosive ANFO layer 31 and the explosive SEP layer 32 surround the periphery of the red bomb A easily, by covering the red bomb A with a cylinder 22 having an explosive SEP layer 32 and placing a granular explosive ANFO layer 31 between the cylinder 22 and the red bomb A. Accordingly, it is possible to simplify the step of blasting. For verification of the advantageous effects of the blasting method, performed were the following experiments. EXPERIMENT 1 A steel pressure vessel 1 having an inner diameter of 1.8 meters, a length of 3.55 meters, a capacity of 7.1 cubic meters, and an designed pressure of 1 MPa was prepared, and a high-tension steel protective cylinder 2 having a thickness of 50 millimeters that endures a pressure of 580 MPa and a number of protective chains 3 in the two-layered curtain shape were placed inside it for protection from the scattering fragments. Then, a simulator bomb having a diameter of 75 millimeters and resembling a red bomb was prepared. As shown in FIG. 6, the red simulator bomb A is slightly smaller than the 15-kg red simulator bomb (FIG. 1) described above; and as for the dimensions of the main region, the burster 13 had a diameter of 29 millimeters and a height of 80 millimeters; the internal cylinder 11 had a diameter-of 44 millimeters and a height of 295 millimeters; and the casing 10 had a diameter of 74 millimeters and a height of 302.5 millimeters. As for the red simulator bomb A, all of the casing 10, internal cylinder 11, internal cap 12, burster 13, and cap 14 were made of SS400 steel. 252 grams of an explosive TNT was filled in the internal cylinder 11 and burster 13 of red simulator bomb A. 96.8 grams of a simulant (octanol) for the red agent was filled in the space between the internal cylinder 11 and the casing 10 of red simulator bomb A. A first explosive (explosive ANFO) layer 31 having a thickness of approximately 10 millimeters was formed uniformly on the external surface of the simulator bomb A according to a method similar to those shown in FIGS. 2A to 4, and in addition, a second explosive (explosive SEP) layer 32 having a thickness of 5 millimeters was formed on the external and top faces thereof. The amounts of the explosives used were 815 grams of an explosive ANFO and 733 grams of an explosive SEP. An EBW detonator 24 was connected to the center of the explosive SEP layer 32 on the top face, and as shown in FIG. 5, the entire bomb was placed in a bag 25 and hung to the hanger fitting 4 in the center of a pressure vessel 1, and the bomb was blasted in the pressure vessel 1 after it was tightly sealed and evacuated. Visual observation of the internal surface of the protective cylinder 2 after explosion revealed presence of the dents due to hit of the bomb shell fragments on the side wall. However, the depth of the dents was shallow. There were also dents on the bottom face side of the protective cylinder 2 and the depth thereof was rather shallower, although it is deeper than the dents on the side wall. There was no severe damage such as through-hole in the protective cylinder 2 at all. Thus, the 580 MPa-grade high-strength steel plate having a thickness of 50 millimeters used in the experiment seems to endure repeated blasting more than a conventional plate, and allows a decrease in the frequency of exchange. After explosion, air was supplied until the pressure in the vessel reaches atmospheric pressure; six liters of air therein was collected as a gas sample; and octanol, a simulant, in the gas sample was collected with silica gel and analyzed by GC/FID after removal of the solvent. There was no octanol detected due to a concentration below the detectable lower limit amount (1.7 milligram/liter). In addition, after explosion, part of the internal surface of the protective cylinder 2 was washed with eight liters of water, giving a water sample; and the residual amount of the octanol filled in the simulator bomb was determined. The amount of the residual octanol was determined by analysis by GC/FID after removal of the solvent from the water sample. The residual rate of the simulant, assuming that it is uniformly distributed on the solid surface of the vessel after explosion, was determined to be 0.033 percent. These results indicate that most of the chemical agent is decomposed under the ultrahigh temperature and ultrahigh pressure by explosion. EXPERIMENT 2 A simulator bomb resembling the “15-kg red bomb” shown in FIG. 1 that was larger than the red bomb having a diameter of 75 millimeters used in experiment 1 was prepared. As for the main dimensions of the red bomb A, the burster 13 had a diameter of 30 millimeters and a height of 123 millimeters; the internal cylinder 11 had a diameter of 64 millimeters and a height of 350 millimeters; and the casing 10 had a diameter of 100 millimeters and a height of 380 millimeters. An explosive TNT was filled both inside the burster 13 and the internal cylinder 11 of red simulator bomb A. The amount of the explosive TNT filled was 667 grams. 293.6 grams of a simulant (octanol) for the red agent was filled in the space between the internal cylinder 11 and the casing 10 of red simulator bomb A. In a similar manner to experiment 1, a first explosive layer 31, i.e., an explosive ANFO layer, was formed on the external surface of the simulator bomb A to a thickness of approximately 10 millimeters, and in addition, a second explosive (explosive SEP) layer 32 having a thickness of 5 millimeters, i.e., a sheet explosive (explosive SEP) layer was formed on the external and top faces thereof. The amounts of the explosives used were 1,379 grams of an explosive ANFO and 1,099 grams of an explosive SEP. In a similar manner to experiment 1, an EBW detonator 24 was connected to the center of the explosive SEP layer 32 on the top face; the entire bomb was placed in a bag 25 and hung to the hanger fitting 4 in the center of a pressure vessel 1; and the bomb was blasted in the pressure vessel 1 after it is tightly sealed and evacuated. Visual observation of the internal surface of the protective cylinder 2 after explosion revealed presence of the dents due to collision of the bomb shell fragments on the side wall. However, the depth of the dents was very shallow. There were also dents observed on the bottom face side of the protective cylinder 2; the depth thereof was rather deeper than that of the dents on the side wall; and the edge of the dents was more distinct than that of the dents on the bottom face side in experiment 1 (indicating high-speed hit of fragments). However, the dents were rather shallow. In addition, there was no severe damage such as through-hole in the protective cylinder 2 at all. The amount of the residual simulant octanol was measured in a similar manner to experiment 1, but there was no octanol detected in the gas sample. The residual rate thereof, as calculated from the water sample, was 0.156 percent. EXPERIMENT 3 Separately, an experiment for simulating the detonation propagation when the 15-kg red simulator bomb is blasted by using an EBW detonator 24 was performed by using a computer. The results are summarized in FIG. 7. The detonation velocity of the explosive was calculated, by assuming that the detonation velocity of explosive TNT is 4.23 kilometer/second; that of explosive SEP, 6.15 kilometer/second; and that of explosive ANFO, 3.00 kilometer/second. It was also assumed that the shock wave velocity propagating in SS400 steel was 5 kilometer/second and the detonation started when the shock wave reached the explosive surface. The shock wave velocity in the simulant was not considered particularly, and assumed to be the same as that in SS400 steel. In addition, in the simulation model for calculation, the cylinder 22 and the cap plate 23 were omitted. The calculation results are shown as a semi-sectional view in FIG. 7. According to the results shown in FIG. 7, the detonation process from ignition by the EBW detonator 24 to completion of propagation of the detonation wave proceeded over a period of approximately 75 μseconds. In the initial process, explosives SEP, ANFO, and TNT are blasted in that order. Noteworthy is the direction of the detonation wave in the explosive ANFO layer 31. The direction of the detonation wave in explosive ANFO layer 31 at the interface with the casing 10 (SS400 steel) is outward in the initial phase, but the direction of the detonation wave changes to inward over time or along progress of detonation, as it is driven by the high-detonation velocity (detonation vector) of the explosive SEP layer 32, after 50 μseconds. Thus, the scattering velocity of the bomb shell fragment particles also heads inward after 50 μseconds. The result seems to be the reason for a decrease in the outward velocity of the bomb shell fragments and the reduction of the damage on the protective cylinder 2. In addition, the explosive TNT initiates detonation approximately 8 μseconds after initiation of blasting, by the shock wave propagating in the SS400 steel cap 14, and the detonation wave propagates in the direction from top to bottom. However, after 15 μseconds, the direction of detonation wave gradually changes inward, as it is driven by the high shock-wave velocity in the SS400 steel internal cylinder 11. The phenomenon also seems to be effective in reducing the bomb shell fragment velocity heading outward. A comparative experiment was performed under a condition similar to the Experiment above, by using another simulation model (FIG. 8) different from that above. The simulation model shown in FIG. 8 is characteristic in two points: One is that there is a space lacking the explosive ANFO layer 31 between the nose of the red bomb A (cap 14) and the EBW detonator 24; and the other is that the explosive SEP layer 32 covering the nose of the simulator bomb A is formed in the conic shape. In the model, the explosive SEP layer 32 (conic region) first initiates detonation by initiation of blasting by the EBW detonator 24, but propagation of the detonation wave directly to the cap 14 is prohibited by the space. Thus, the detonation wave propagates from the EBW detonator 24 to the explosive ANFO layer 31 by a roundabout way from outside. Different from the results shown in FIG. 7, the detonation vector in the explosive ANFO layer 31 is already heading inward from the initial phase (after approximately 20 μseconds) in the simulation experiment. Thus, by placing a space between the EBW detonator 24 and the nose as in the model shown in FIG. 8, it is obviously possible to direct the scattering velocity of bomb shell fragment particles inward, more reliably than in the model shown in FIG. 7. It is also possible to place a first explosive layer 31-forming explosive ANFO 31 below the red bomb A and a second explosive layer 32-forming explosive SEP on the bottom face of the explosive ANFO 31. In such a case, the explosive ANFO layer 31 in the lower red bomb A is connected to the explosive ANFO layer 31 on the external surface of the red bomb A; and the explosive SEP layer 32 in the lower red bomb A is connected to the explosive SEP layer 32 cylindrically covering the outside of the red bomb A and explosive ANFO layer 31. In other words, the first and second explosive layers surrounding the external surface of the red bomb A are extended to the bottom face of the red bomb A (tail side). In this manner, it is possible to reduce the downward particle velocity of the bomb shell fragments. In the embodiment described above, described is a method of blasting a bomb inside a steel pressure vessel, but the present invention is not limited to such a case. The bomb to be processed may be blasted in an open space, if it is less toxic or nontoxic. Alternatively, it may be blasted in a sealed space surrounded by walls of a water-filled member. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 9, the bomb to be processed is placed in a polyvinyl chloride bucket-shaped vessel 51 filled with water, as it is enclosed in a polyvinyl chloride jig 52 immersed therein. The jig 52 is a pipe 54 formed on the bottom plate 53, and the pipe 54 inside is divided by two partition plates 55 into three compartments, top, intermediate and bottom. Among the three compartments in the pipe 54, the top compartment contains the bomb to be processed inside. In the region of the bottom compartment, a communicating hole 56 is formed in the pipe 54, allowing the jig 52 to be immersed in water in the vessel 51 and water in the bucket-shaped vessel 51 to flow into the bottom compartment in the pipe 54 through the communicating hole 56. The lower partition plate 55 is tightly connected to the internal surface of the pipe 54, prohibiting flow of the water in the bottom compartment into the middle and top compartments. The inner diameter of the pipe 54 is slightly larger than the outer diameter of the bomb to be processed, and there is a ring-shaped space 57 formed between the bomb to be processed and the internal surface of pipe 54. There is a space 59 formed between the bottom of the bomb to be processed and the water wall 60 of the jig 52. On the other hand, a plywood board 61 is placed above the bomb to be processed as it encloses the top end of the pipe 54 and a water bag 62 is placed thereon, forming a bomb-blasting space that are sealed with water walls filled with water. Then, an experiment was performed by using this vessel. EXPERIMENT 4 In this experiment, the “red simulator bomb having a diameter of 75 millimeters” used in experiment 1 above was placed in the tightly seated space. The kinds and amounts of the explosives used were the same as those in experiment 1. The distance t1 between the outermost surface of red simulator bomb A and the internal face of pipe 54 was 107 millimeters; the average thickness t2 of the water wall region 58 formed between the pipe 54 and the bucket-shaped vessel 51 in the diameter direction was 280 millimeters; the thickness of the space 59 in the axial direction was 200 millimeters; the thickness of the water wall region 60 under pipe 54 in the axial direction was 200 millimeters; the thickness of the plywood 61 placed on the top edge of the pipe 54 was 10 millimeters; and the thickness of the water bag 62 was approximately 50 millimeters. For evaluation of the power of the fragments scattering during blasting, a SS400 steel plate 63 (test plate) having a width of 500 millimeters and a length of 800 millimeters was placed upright along a table 64 placed at a position separated from the center by approximately 1 meter. Two test plates 63 were placed, facing each other and holding the vessel 51 inside. The experiment was not performed in the pressure vessel shown in FIG. 5 but in a particular pit for blasting experiment. After initiation and blasting under the condition above, the appearance of the test plates 63 was observed visually, showing that there was no damage at all on the two plates that was seemingly caused by the bomb shell fragments. The appearance of the internal surface of the bucket-shaped vessel 51 was also observed, showing that there were many scratches seemingly due to the scattering fragments but there was no damage penetrating the vessel 51. The results indicate that the power of the fragments scattering by explosion is weakened by the water wall regions 58 and 60 and the fragments reached the internal surface of the bucket-shaped vessel 51 but did not penetrate it. A comparative experiment 1 was performed under a condition similar to that of the experiment above, except that the bucket-shaped vessel 51 was replaced with a slightly smaller bucket-shaped vessel (not shown in Figure), and the average thickness of the water wall region 58 surrounding the red simulator bomb A in the diameter direction was 162 millimeters. As a result, there were two through-holes in the test plates 63. There were also many penetrating damages in the smaller bucket-shaped vessel. Separately, in another comparative experiment 2, a red simulator bomb A was blasted as it was immersed directly in water without use of the jig 52. In other words, the experiment was performed without the spaces 57 and 59. The average thickness of the water wall region surrounding the red simulator bomb A was calculated to be 269 millimeters. After the experiment, the test plates 63 were completely free from damage and there was also no damage seemingly caused by bomb shell fragments on the internal surface of the bucket-shaped vessel 51. It is apparent from the results above that it is possible to reduce the power of the bomb shell fragments scattering during explosion effectively, by increasing the thickness t2 of the water wall region 58 in the diameter direction to at least approximately 250 millimeters or more. Favorable embodiments of the present invention were described above, but the present invention is not limited to the methods in the embodiments above, and, for example, may be modified in the following manners: (1) The explosive used in the first explosive layer is not limited to the granular explosive ANFO. An emulsified (fluidal) explosive such as PETN-based explosive may be used in the first explosive layer. In such a case, it is possible to form a first explosive layer surrounding bomb to be processed in a simple operation, by filling the emulsified explosive inside the cylinder 22 and then immersing the bomb to be processed in the infused emulsified explosive. (2) The explosive in the second explosive layer is not limited to the explosive SEP. For example, RDX-based, PETN-based, and other explosives may be used. In short, the explosive is arbitrary, as far as it has an detonation velocity higher than that of the first explosive layer. (3) The present invention is not limited to the case where only one bomb is processed at a time. Multiple bombs A may be processed at a time, for example by placing, in parallel, the multiple bombs to be processed A having the first and second explosive layers and applying power to the respective EBW detonators 24 at the same time, as shown in FIG. 10. (4) Alternatively, multiple bombs A may be processed at a time, by piling multiple bombs to be processed A one on another and blasting them consecutively by applying power to the EBW detonator 24 of the top bomb A to be processed, as shown in FIG. 11. In these ways, it is possible to process multiple bombs A at a time and improve the processing efficiency drastically. In addition, the particle velocity of the bomb shell fragments of the bomb to be processed A heads inward in both cases, and thus, it is possible to reduce or eliminate the damage of the vessel even when multiple bombs are blasted in a vessel. Alternatively, four bombs A, two bombs in the horizontal direction and two bombs in the vertical direction, may be processed at the same time. (5) The processing method according to the present invention is not limited to the processing of the red bomb above, and applicable to other chemical weapons such as yellow bomb. It is also applicable to processing of high explosive bombs and ammunition. As described above, the new blasting method is a method of processing a bomb by forming an explosive layer on an outermost surface of the bomb to be processed having a casing in a particular shape and by exploding the explosive layer, wherein the explosive layer comprises a first explosive layer formed around the outermost surface of the casing and a second explosive layer formed as to surround the first explosive layer, an explosive in the second explosive layer has a higher explosion velocity than an explosive in the first explosive layer, and the second and first explosive layers are exploded at a certain time interval by igniting a particular region of the second explosive layer. In the method, the second explosive layer explodes first, and the inner first explosive layer explodes then as it is compressed by the high-speed detonation of the second explosive layer. Thus, it is possible to obtain a strong detonation force, even when an explosive having a low explosion velocity is used in the first explosive layer. It is also possible to direct the scattering velocity of the bomb shell fragment particles inward, because the detonation vector of the first explosive layer heads inward. Further, the detonation vector of the explosive present inside the casing, which is inherently directed outward, is changed to a detonation vector directed inward or in parallel, as it is driven by the inward detonation vector of the explosion in the first explosive layer. Thus, it is possible to reduce the velocity of the bomb shell fragments scattering in the diameter direction by explosion and avoid the damage of its vessel, for example, when the bomb is exploded in the vessel. When the casing is cylindrical in shape, it is preferable to place the first and second explosive layers symmetrically with respect to an axis of the casing and form an ignition region at an intersection of the axis of the casing with the second explosive layer. It is possible to obtain stronger detonation force when the explosives are placed symmetrically to the axis, because the detonation also propagates symmetrically to the axis and the first explosive is compressed more intensely by detonation of the second explosive. It is also possible to place the ignition region on top of the second explosive layer and to eliminate the first explosive layer from a space between the ignition region and a top region of the casing. It is thus possible to direct the scattering velocity of the bomb shell fragment particles of the bomb to be processed inward more reliably. Accordingly, it is possible to further reduce the particle velocity of the bomb shell fragment. The first explosive layer is preferably formed with an explosive ANFO. The explosive ANFO is cheaper, and it is possible to process chemical bombs at lower cost by using this explosive. The first explosive layer is preferably formed with an explosive having a desirable flowability. The desirable flowability is a flowability to the degree allowing easier infusion of the explosive into the cylinder and easier pushing of the bomb to be processed into the explosive. In this way, it is possible to form the first explosive layer easily at low cost. It is also possible to blast the bomb efficiently. The explosive layer is preferably formed by (1) placing a cylindrical bomb to be processed upright on a bottom plate in a particular shape, (2) covering the cylindrical bomb to be processed with a cylinder having an inner diameter larger by a particular length than an outer diameter of the cylindrical bomb to be processed and a height larger by a particular length than a height of the cylindrical bomb to be processed, (3) filling an explosive having a desirable flowability in a space between the cylinder and the cylindrical bomb to be processed, and (4) covering the cylindrical bomb to be processed by placing a cap plate on top of the cylinder and forming a second explosive layer on the outermost surface of the cylinder and the cap plate, and placing a detonator on the cap plate. Alternatively, the explosive layer may be formed by (1) placing a cylindrical bomb to be processed upright on a bottom plate in a particular shape, (2) covering the cylindrical bomb to be processed with a cylinder carrying a second explosive layer formed previously on the peripheral surface, the cylinder having an inner diameter larger by a particular length than an outer diameter of the cylindrical bomb to be processed and a height larger by a particular length than a height of the cylindrical bomb to be processed, (3) filling an explosive having a desirable flowability in a space between the cylinder and the cylindrical bomb to be processed, and (4) covering the cylindrical bomb to be processed by placing a cap plate having a previously formed detonator and a second explosive layer on top of the cylinder. Yet alternatively, the explosive layer may be formed by (1) placing a cylinder upright on a bottom plate in a particular shape, the cylinder having an inner diameter larger by a particular length than an outer diameter of the cylindrical bomb to be processed and a height larger by a particular length than a height of the cylindrical bomb to be processed, (2) infusing inside of the cylinder with an explosive having a desirable flowability for forming a first explosive layer in a particular amount, (3) pushing the cylindrical bomb to be processed into the explosive infused in the cylinder, (4) covering the cylindrical bomb to be processed by placing a cap plate on top of the cylinder and (5) forming a second explosive layer on the outermost surface of the cylinder and the cap plate, and placing a detonator on the cap plate. It is possible to form explosive layers easily by these methods of forming explosive layers. It is thus possible to make the blasting simpler and provide a blasting method superior in processing efficiency. Two or more of the bombs to be processed having the explosive layers may be processed as they are placed side by side and ignited simultaneously. Alternatively, two or more of the bombs to be processed having the explosive layers may be processed as they are piled and a particular region of the bomb to be processed being located at the top is ignited. In this way, it is possible to process multiple chemical bombs at a time and thus, to provide a blasting method superior in processing efficiency. The bomb to be processed, which contains a chemical agent hazardous to the body inside the casing, is preferably blasted in a tightly sealed vessel. By processing in a tightly sealed vessel, it is possible to prevent leakage of toxic chemical agent, if partly remaining after blasting, directly into air. The walls of the tightly sealed vessel may be formed by filling them with a fluid such as water. It is thus possible to weaken the power of the bomb shell fragment scattering by blasting, with the walls formed of the fluid such as water. Accordingly, it is possible to avoid the damage of the vessel, for example, when the bomb is exploded in the vessel. The thickness of the walls formed of the fluid is preferably 250 millimeters or more. It is possible in this way to weaken the power of the bomb shell fragments scattering by blasting more effectively. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention relates to a method extremely useful for elimination of chemical weapons, the philosophical basis of the chemical weapons ban treaty. It has an industrial advantage that it is possible to process abandoned chemical weapons at low cost.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Military bomb such as shell, bomb, land mine, and naval mine are normally filled with an explosive in a steel casing. In particular, chemical weapons are filled with an explosive as well as a chemical agent hazardous to a human body. Examples of the chemical agents used include, for example, mustard and lewisite hazardous to the body. Treatment of chemical weapons by blasting has been known as a method of processing and detoxifying such chemical weapons. The treatment by blasting has advantages that it does not demand disassembling operation, allows treatment not only of favorably preserved bombs but also of the bombs that are difficult to disassemble because of aged deterioration and deformation, and that most of the chemical agents therein are decomposed under the ultrahigh temperature and ultrahigh pressure generated by explosion. Such a processing method is disclosed, for example, in Patent Document 1. The blasting is frequently performed in a tightly sealed vessel, for prevention of leakage of the chemical agents to outside and adverse effects on environment such as noise and vibration of blasting. It is also advantageous to blast a bomb in a tightly sealed vessel under vacuum, keeping a negative pressure in the vessel even after treatment, for more reliable prevention of the outward leakage of the chemical agents. [Patent Document 1] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. No. 7-208899. However, when a bomb is blasted by the method described in the Patent Document 1, the vessel should be rigid enough to prevent noise and to withstand the impact by explosion. However, solid fragments, for example, from the bomb shell of weapon scatter at a significantly high velocity by explosion and collide to the vessel, often causing damages on the internal wall of the vessel. Accordingly, the vessel should be replaced occasionally, because it is damaged significantly after several treatments. The vessel is larger in size and weight, and thus, is not easy to replace. Since establishment of the chemical weapons ban treaty, there is an ever-increasing demand for demolition of chemical weapons all over the world. For example, the Japanese Government ratified the chemical weapons ban treaty and has an obligation under the treaty to demolish chemical weapons left in China by the old Japanese Army. According to the “Outline of the Project for the Destruction of Chemical Weapons abandoned by the old Japanese army” issued in October 2002 by the Project Team for Destruction of Abandoned Chemical Weapons, Cabinet Office, there are estimated, approximately 700,000 chemical weapons still abandoned in all areas of China. In designing the processing facility, the report says that a facility should have a processing capacity of 120 bombs per hour, assuming that 700,000 bombs are processed in three years. Accordingly, for efficient low-cost processing of a number of the abandoned chemical weapons by the blasting described above, there is a strong demand for a method of blasting bombs in a tightly sealed vessel without damage therein that can reduce the labor and time for exchanging the vessel. In addition, there is a strong need for a highly efficient method of processing many weapons at the same time.

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a sectional view illustrating the configuration of a 15-kg red bomb, an example of the bomb processed by an embodiment of the processing method according to the present invention. FIG. 2A is a sectional view illustrating a way of covering a red bomb with a cylinder carrying an adhered explosive SEP by the first method of forming an explosive layer. FIG. 2B is a sectional view illustrating a cylinder being placed on a bottom plate by the second method of forming an explosive layer. FIG. 3A is a sectional view illustrating a way of filling an explosive ANFO in a space between a red bomb and a cylinder by the first method of forming an explosive layer. FIG. 3B is a sectional view illustrating a way of infusing an explosive ANFO into a cylinder and pushing a red bomb into the explosive by the second method of forming an explosive layer. FIG. 4 is a sectional view illustrating a cap plate carrying an adhered explosive SEP being placed on the top end of a cylinder and an exploding bridge wire detonator (EBW detonator) being placed thereon. FIG. 5 is a sectional view illustrating a red bomb placed in a pressure vessel. FIG. 6 is a sectional view illustrating the configuration of a red bomb having a diameter of 75 millimeters. FIG. 7 is a sectional view showing the results of a detonation propagation simulation experiment. FIG. 8 is a sectional view showing the results of another detonation propagation simulation experiment performed in a model different from that in FIG. 7 . FIG. 9 is a sectional view illustrating a method of blasting a red bomb while it is surrounded by a water wall. FIG. 10 is a sectional view illustrating a method of processing multiple red bombs placed in parallel at the same time. FIG. 11 is a sectional view illustrating a method of processing multiple red bombs as they are piled. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20060726

20080715

20070705

69768.0

F42B3300

HAYES, BRET C

BLASTING METHOD

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

F42B

ACCEPTED

Gene Detection Field-Effect Device And Method Of Analyzing Gene Polymorphism Therewith

A gene detection field-effect device provided with an insulation film (2), a semiconductor substrate (3), and a reference electrode (4), includes:(a) the insulation film (2) including a nucleic acid probe (5) immobilized on one of the surfaces thereof and is in contact with a sample solution (6) containing at least one type of a target gene (601) for detection and analysis; (b) the semiconductor substrate (3) being installed so as to abut against the other surface of the insulation film (2); and (c) the reference electrode (4) being provided in the sample solution (6).

1-9. (canceled) 10. A method of analyzing gene polymorphism using a gene detection field-effect device provided with an insulation film including a nucleic acid probe immobilized on one of the surfaces thereof, a semiconductor substrate being installed so as to abut against the other surface of the insulation film, and a reference electrode, comprising the steps of: (a) bringing a nucleic acid probe immobilized to an insulation film into contact with sample solution containing at least a target gene to hybridize the nucleic acid probe and the target gene on the insulation film; (b) introducing cleaning liquid on the insulation film to remove the target gene which is not reacted; (c) introducing deoxyadenosine triphosphoric acid (dATP), deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP), deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP), and deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) as ground substances onto the insulation film along with Taq DNA polymerase as an enzyme for elongation to cause elongation; (d) introducing cleaning liquid on the insulation film to remove the enzyme and the ground substances which are not reacted; and (e) introducing buffer liquid on the insulation film, and measuring a differential output value V1 between a first gene detection field-effect device in which a wild-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized and a third gene detection field-effect device in which the nucleic acid probe is not immobilized on the insulation film; measuring a differential output value V2 between a second gene detection field-effect device in which a mutant-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized and the third gene detection field-effect device, and classifying into three patterns; a pattern in which V1 is larger than V2 (V1>V2), a pattern in which V1 and V2 is almost the same (V1≈V2), and a pattern in which V1 is smaller than V2 (V1<V2) and displaying the same; and measuring an output value of the gene detection field-effect device. 11. The method of analyzing gene polymorphism according to claim 10, wherein at least two of the gene detection field-effect devices are provided and at least two types of nucleic acid probes including a wild-type (normal-type) nucleic acid probe having a base sequence which is complementary with a wild-type (normal type) base sequence of the target gene and a mutant-type nucleic acid probe having a base sequence which is complementary with the wild-type base sequence of the target gene are immobilized to the respective insulation films of the gene detection field-effect devices. 12. The method of analyzing gene polymorphism according to claim 11, wherein a base at a non-immobilized end, which is an end of the nucleic acid probe not immobilized to the insulation film of the mutant-type nucleic acid probe is different from a base at a non-immobilized end of the wild-type nucleic acid probe. 13. The method of analyzing gene polymorphism according to claim 10, wherein at least one type of the nucleic acid probe is selected from the group consisting of oligonucleotide, a complementary DNA (cDNA) and peptide nucleic acid (PNA). 14. The method of analyzing gene polymorphism according to claim 10, wherein the nucleic acid probe is immobilized via a metal electrode. 15. The method of analyzing gene polymorphism according to claim 14, wherein at least one type of the metal electrode is selected from the group consisting of white gold, gold, silver, palladium, titan, and chrome. 16. The method of analyzing gene polymorphism according to claim 10, wherein a heater and a temperature sensor are further integrated. 17. The method of analyzing gene polymorphism according to claim 10, wherein the insulation film is formed of silicon nitride. 18. A gene polymorphism measuring system having at least a flow cell, a flow channel and a signal processing circuit, comprising: (a) the flow cell including therein a gene detection field-effect device provided with an insulation film including a nucleic acid probe immobilized on one of the surfaces thereof, a semiconductor substrate being installed so as to abut against the other surface of the insulation film, and a reference electrode; (b) the flow channel for introducing a sample solution to the gene detection field-effect device being connected to the flow cell; and (c) the flow cell being connected to the signal processing circuit for processing a signal detected by the gene detection field-effect device. 19. The gene polymorphism measuring system according to claim 18, wherein at least two of the gene detection field-effect devices are provided and at least two types of nucleic acid probes including a wild-type (normal-type) nucleic acid probe having a base sequence which is complementary with a base sequence of a target gene and a mutant-type nucleic acid probe having a base sequence which is complementary with the mutant-type base sequence of the target gene are immobilized to the respective insulation films of the gene detection field-effect devices. 20. The gene polymorphism measuring system according to claim 19, wherein a base at a non-immobilized end, which is an end of the nucleic acid probe not immobilized to the insulation film of the mutant-type nucleic acid probe is different from a base at a non-immobilized end of a wild-type nucleic acid probe. 21. The gene polymorphism measuring system according to claim 18, wherein at least one type of the nucleic acid probe is selected from the group consisting of oligonucleotide, a complementary DNA (cDNA) and peptide nucleic acid (PNA). 22. The gene polymorphism measuring system according to claim 18, wherein the nucleic acid probe is immobilized via a metal electrode. 23. The gene polymorphism measuring system according to claim 22, wherein at least one type of the metal electrode is selected from the group consisting of white gold, gold, silver, palladium, titan, and chrome. 24. The gene polymorphism measuring system according to claim 18, wherein a heater and a temperature sensor are further integrated. 25. The gene polymorphism measuring system according to claim 18, wherein the insulation film is formed of silicon nitride. 26. The gene polymorphism measuring system according to claim 18, wherein Taq DNA polymerase as an enzyme for elongation and deoxyadenosine triphosphoric acid (dATP), deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP), deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP), and deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) as ground substances are introduced on the insulation film for effecting elongation. 27. The gene polymorphism measuring system according to claim 18, wherein a differential output value V1 between a first gene detection field-effect device in which a wild-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized and a third gene detection field-effect device in which a nucleic acid probe is not immobilized on the insulation film is measured; a differential output value V2 between a second gene detection field-effect device in which a mutant-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized and a third gene detection field-effect device is measured, and classification into three patterns; a pattern in which V1 is larger than V2 (V1>V2), a pattern in which V1 and V2 is almost the same (V1≈V2), and a pattern in which V1 is smaller than V2 (V1<V2) is performed and displayed; and an output value of the gene detection field-effect device is measured.

TECHNICAL FIELD The invention in this application relates to a gene detection field-effect device and a method of analyzing gene polymorphism therewith. More specifically, the invention in this application relates to a novel gene detection field-effect device and a method of analyzing gene polymorphism therewith which enables detection and analysis of genes with high degree of sensitivity and high degree of accuracy, and reduction of the size and cost of a gene polymorphism analyzing system in comparison with the related art. BACKGROUND ART Under the circumstance such that decoding of the whole base sequence of human genome is terminated and decoding of base sequence for genome of other living organisms is in breakthrough, a huge amount of base sequence information is being accumulated. It seems that a gene-related technology will be dramatically developed in a wide range of fields such as diagnosis of various diseases, development of medicaments, breed improvement of agricultural products by revealing the function of gene in the living organisms on the basis of the genome base sequence information. A base of such development of the new field is information on gene expression and function in addition to the base sequence information. DNA chip or DNA microarray (hereinafter referred to as “DNA microarray” as a generic nomination of both) has been developed as a technology for performing a large scale decoding of the gene function and the gene expression and leading the same to the genetic screening. However, many of the DNA microarrays in the status quo are based on a principle of fluorescence detection. It has problems that laser or complex optical system is required, and the system is upsized and expensive. Most of the currently developed DNA microarrays are based on a principle of detection of double strand DNA on the basis of hybridization and selectivity of reactions is not very high. Therefore, there is a problem in accuracy of the gene polymorphism analysis. In particular, in the field of medical practice, it is necessary to detect gene polymorphism or Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (hereinafter, it may be abbreviated as SNP) simply in high degree of accuracy for realization of a tailor-made medical practice. Therefore, a technology which can satisfy increase of both simplicity and accuracy has been required. As a method of resolving these problems, some DNA microarrays of a current detection system which is combined with an oxidation-reduction indicator are reported. For example, there is developed a system for detecting a target gene by fixing an end of a molecule denominated as molecule wire to a metal electrode, hybridizing a nucleic acid probe to the other end thereof, and the detecting oxidation-reduction indicator and giving receiving of electrons of metal electrode as variations in electric current on the basis of hybridization with respect to the target gene (Non-Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2). There is also developed a system for detecting hybridization by measuring the oxidation-reduction current at the metal electrode using Ferrocenylnaphthalene Diimide as an electrochemically active indicator (Non-Patent Document 3). There is further developed a medicinal virtue inspection system for hepatitis C using a current detection system DNA tip (Non-Patent Document 4). In this system, an expensive laser, a complex optical system or the like are not necessary, a simple and compact system can be established. However, in the case of the four systems in Non-Patent Documents 1 to 4, since detection is based on the oxidation-reduction reaction on the metal electrode in principle, there is a problem such that if there exists an oxidizing substance or a reducing substance in a sample (for example, ascorbic acid), an electric current based on oxidation or reduction flows, which hinders detection of gene and results in deterioration of detection accuracy. In association with measurement of the electric current, electrode reaction is proceeded on the metal electrode. Since the electrode reaction is irreversible and non-equilibrium reaction, corrosion of the electrode or generation of gas may be resulted, and consequently, separation of immobilized nucleic acid or impairment of stability of current measurement may be resulted. Therefore, there is a problem such that the detection accuracy may be deteriorated specifically when measurement is repeatedly performed. There is also reported a trial to detect the hybridization of DNA using the field-effect device (Non-Patent Document 5). This technology is for detecting a change in electric charge by hybridization using the field effect on the basis of the fact that the DNA molecule has a negative electric charge in solution. However, since the DNA probe formed on a substrate has the negative electric charge by nature, the amount of change in electric charge by the hybridization of the target gene is small, and hence identification from non-specific adsorption is impossible. Therefore, increase in sensitivity and improvement of accuracy have been subjects to be solved for genetic screening. It is also difficult to detect a slight difference (one base is different) between two genes such as the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) since both the sensitivity and accuracy (selectivity) are low. Non-Patent Document 1: Nature Biotechnology, vol. 16, p. 27-31, 1998 Non-Patent Document 2: Nature Biotechnology, vol. 16, p. 40-44, 1998 Non-Patent Document 3: Anal, Chem, 72, p. 1334-1341, 2000 Non-Patent Document 4: Intervirology, 43, p. 124-127, 2000 Non-Patent Document 5: J. Phys. Chem. B., 101 p2980-2985, 1997 DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION In view of such circumstances, it is an object of the invention in this application to provide a novel gene detection field-effect device and a method of analyzing gene polymorphism therewith that enables detection and analysis of genes with high degree of sensitivity and high degree of accuracy, and reduction of the size and cost of the gene polymorphism analyzing system in comparison with the related art. The invention in this application provides the aspects of the invention from (1) to (9) shown below as means for achieving the above-described object. (1) A gene detection field-effect device provided with an insulation film, a semiconductor substrate, and a reference electrode, including: (a) the insulation film including a nucleic acid probe immobilized on one of the surfaces thereof and is in contact with sample solution containing at least one type of target gene; (b) the semiconductor substrate being installed so as to abut against the other surface of the insulation film; and (c) the reference electrode being provided in the sample solution; (2) A gene detection field-effect device wherein two of the gene detection field-effect devices described in (1) are provided and at least two types of nucleic acid probes including a wild-type (normal-type) nucleic acid probe having a base sequence which is complementary with a base sequence of a target gene and a mutant-type nucleic acid probe having a base sequence which is non-complementary with the base sequence of the target gene are immobilized to the respective insulation films of the gene detection field-effect devices; (3) The gene detection field-effect device according to (2), wherein a base at a non-immobilized end, which is an end of the nucleic acid probe not immobilized to the insulation film of the mutant-type nucleic acid probe is different from a base at a non-immobilized end of the wild-type nucleic acid probe; (4) The gene detection field-effect device according to any one of (1) to (3), wherein at least one type of the nucleic acid probe is selected from a group of oligonucleotide, a complementary DNA (cDNA) and peptide nucleic acid (PNA); (5) The gene detection field-effect device according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the nucleic acid probe is immobilized via a metal electrode; (6) The gene detection field-effect device according to (5), wherein at least one type of the metal electrode is selected from a group of white gold, gold, silver, palladium, titan, and chrome; (7) The gene detection field-effect device according to any one of (1) to (6), wherein a heater and a temperature sensor are further integrated; (8) A method of analyzing gene polymorphism using a gene detection field-effect device according to any one of (1) to (7), including the steps of; (a) bringing a nucleic acid probe immobilized to an insulation film into contact with sample solution containing at least a target gene to hybridize the nucleic acid probe and the target gene on the insulation film; (b) introducing cleaning liquid on the insulation film to remove the target gene which is not reacted; (c) introducing deoxyadenosine triphosphoric acid (dATP), deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP), deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP), and deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) as ground substances onto the insulation film along with Taq DNA polymerase as an enzyme for elongation to cause elongation; (d) introducing cleaning liquid on the insulation film to remove the enzyme and the ground substances which are not reacted; and (e) introducing buffer liquid on the insulation film and measuring an output value of the gene detection field-effect device; and (9) The method of analyzing gene polymorphism according to (8), wherein measuring the output value in step (e) includes measuring a differential output value V1 between a first gene detection field-effect device in which the wild-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized and a third gene detection field-effect device in which the nucleic acid probe is not immobilized on the insulation film; measuring a differential output value V2 between a second gene detection field-effect device in which the mutant-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized and the third gene detection field-effect device, and classifying into three patterns; a pattern in which V1 is larger than V2 (V1>V2), a pattern in which V1 and V2 is almost the same (V1≈V2), and a pattern in which V1 is smaller than V2 (V1<V2) and displaying the same. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram illustrating an embodiment of a gene detection field-effect device according to the invention in this application. FIG. 2 is a graph schematically showing a detection principle of the gene detection field-effect device in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing an example of a gene detection field-effect transistor according to the gene detection field-effect device in the invention in this application. FIG. 4 is a graph schematically showing a detection principle of the gene detection field-effect transistor in FIG. 3. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing a state in which a nucleic acid probe in which one base is different is immobilized in the gene detection field-effect transistor composed of the gene detection field-effect device according to the invention in this application, in which (A) is a gene detection field-effect transistor to which a wild-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized, (B) is a gene detection field-effect transistor to which a mutant-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing states of elongation in the respective gene detection field-effect transistors shown in FIG. 5, in which (A) is a gene detection field-effect transistor to which a wild-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized, (B) is a gene detection field-effect transistor to which a mutant-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized. FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing a state in which the nucleic acid probe is immobilized via a metal electrode in the gene detection field-effect device composed of the gene detection field-effect device according to the invention in this application, in which (A) shows a gene detection field-effect transistor to which the wild-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized and (B) shows a gene detection field-effect transistor to which the mutant-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized. FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing a state in which an intercalator is caused to produce a response with the nucleic acid probe in FIG. 7, in which (A) shows a gene detection field-effect transistor to which the wild-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized and (B) shows a gene detection field-effect transistor to which the mutant-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized. FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing a state in which a heater and a temperature sensor is integrated in the gene detection field-effect transistor composed of the gene detection field-effect device composed of the gene detection field-effect device according to the invention in this application. FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing an embodiment in which the gene detection field-effect transistor composed of the gene detection field-effect device according to the invention in this application is formed into an array. FIG. 11 is a schematic pattern diagram showing an entire configuration of a measuring system using the gene detection field-effect device according to the invention in this application. FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing a flow cell for mounting the gene detection field-effect device according to the invention in this application. FIG. 13 is a schematic explanatory drawing showing a measurement protocol according to the gene detection field-effect device according to the invention in this application. Reference numerals in the drawings designate members shown below. 1A gene detection field-effect device 1B, 1B′ gene detection field-effect transistor 1C gene detection field-effect transistor array 2 insulation film 201 gate insulation film area 3 semiconductor substrate 4 reference electrode 5 nucleic acid probe 501 wild-type nucleic acid probe 502 mutant-type nucleic acid probe 503 immobilized end 504 non-immobilized end 6 sample solution 601 target gene 7 gate electrode 8 electron 9 source n-type area 10 drain n-type area 11 drain electrode 12 drain ampere meter 13 metal electrode 14 intercalator 15 heater 16 temperature sensor 17 p-well 18 silicon substrate 19 insulation film 20 heat-conductive substance 21 opening 22 copper plate 23 Pertier element 24 flow cell 25 flow channel 26 sample 27 reagent 28 buffer liquid 29 cleaning liquid 30 valve 31 pump 32 dispenser 33 waste liquid bottle 34 reference electrode 35 3M KC1 solution 36 liquid-liquid coupling 37 signal processing circuit 38 printed board 39 wire 40 pin 41 protection cap BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The invention in this application has the characteristics shown above, and embodiments thereof will be described in detail below. A characteristic of the invention in this application is a capability of detecting and analyzing a difference of one base between two genes, that is, detecting and analyzing gene polymorphism or Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) with high degree of sensitivity and high degree of accuracy by combining a gene detection field-effect device according to the invention in this application and a molecular biological reaction. Referring now to FIG. 1 to FIG. 13, the gene detection field-effect device and a method of SNP analysis with high-accuracy therewith according to the invention in this application will be described below. FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram illustrating an embodiment of a gene detection field-effect device according to the invention in this application. As shown in FIG. 1, a gene detection field-effect device (1A) according to the invention in this application at least includes an insulation film (2), a semiconductor substrate (3), and a reference electrode (4). A nucleic acid probe (5) is immobilized on one of surfaces of the insulation film (2), and is kept in contact with a sample solution (6) which at least contains the target gene. The nucleic acid probe (S) has a base sequence which is complementary with a base sequence of the target gene which can be hybridized with the target gene (described later) which is an object of detection and analysis. The insulation film (2) has a structure characterized by provision of the semiconductor substrate (3) on the other surface thereof. The material of the semiconductor substrate (3) is not specifically limited as long as it has a function thereof, and may be p-Si4 (silicon) or germanium, or the like. The gene detection field-effect device (1A) according to the invention in this application is provided with the reference electrode (4) in the sample solution (6), which is electrically connected to the semiconductor substrate (3). It is also possible to provide a gate electrode (7) and apply a voltage VG thereto as needed. The mode, length and the like of the nucleic acid probe (5) are not specifically limited as long as it can be hybridized with the target gene as an object of detection and analysis and can be detected and analyzed. For example, natural oligonucleotide, artificial oligonucleotide, cDNA fragment, peptide nucleic acid, and the like are preferable. The length is preferably composed of 300 or less bases in general, and in particular, when the natural or artificial oligonucleotide is used, it is more preferable to use the nucleic acid fragment including 80 or less bases. The insulation film (2) may be formed of a material such as silicon dioxide (SiO2), silicon nitride (SiN or Si3N4), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) independently or in combination. In general, it is preferable to employ a two-layer structure formed by laminating silicon nitride (SiN), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) or the like on silicone oxide (SiO2) in order to maintain the electrical characteristic of a surface of the semiconductor substrate (3). In order to immobilize the nucleic acid probe (5) on the surface of the insulation film (2), an end of the nucleic acid probe (5) is chemically modified with amino group (NH2 group), thiol group (SH group), biotin or the like first. For example, when the nucleic acid probe (5) which is chemically modified with the amino group is employed, the surface of the insulation film (2) is chemically modified with animopropylethoxysilane, polylysine or the like to introduce amino group on the surface of the insulation film (2) for causing the same to produce a response with glutaraldehyde or phenylene di-isocyanate (PDC), whereby the nucleic acid probe (5) which is chemically modified with amino group is immobilized on the surface of the insulation film (2). When immobilizing the nucleic acid probe (5) chemically modified with thiol group on the surface of the insulation film (2), it is also possible to form a thin gold film on the insulation film (2) and immobilize the nucleic acid probe (5) utilizing hydrophilic property between the thiol group and gold. When immobilizing the nucleic acid probe (5) chemically modified with biotin, the nucleic acid probe (5) is immobilized on the surface of the insulation film (2) by introducing streptavidin on the surface of the insulation film (2) and utilizing the hydrophilic property between the biotin and streptavidin. When the nucleic acid probe (5) is actually immobilized, solution containing the nucleic acid probe (5) is dropped or spotted only on the surface of the insulation film (2) to cause the same to produce a chemical response with the function group on the insulation film (2) to immobilize the nucleic acid probe (5). The nucleic acid probe (5) may be immobilized via the metal electrode. The metal electrode may be, for example, white gold, gold, silver, palladium, titan, chrome, and so on. The sample solution (6) contains a number of genes including the target gene as an object of detection and analysis. As described above, since the nucleic acid probe (5) having the base sequence complementary with the base sequence of the target gene is immobilized on the insulation film (2) of the gene detection field-effect device (1A), the target gene and the nucleic acid probe (5) are hybridized under an adequate reaction condition to form a double strand. In addition, only the double strand sample formed by hybridizing the target gene and the nucleic acid probe (5) can be efficiently elongated by introducing reagents for achieving elongation of the gene (Taq polymerase, dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP, and so on) into the sample solution (6) and applying temperature control such as heating operation and/or cooling operation to the gene detection field-effect device (1A). In other words, since the gene which is not the target gene contained in the sample solution (6) and the immobilized nucleic acid probe (5) cannot form the double strand by hybridization, elongation is not accelerated as a matter of course. Temperature control means in the gene detection field-effect device (1A) can control the reaction temperature for hybridization and elongation to an optimal value by integrating a heater (15) and a temperature sensor (16), for example, as shown in FIG. 9, described later, whereby the hybridization and elongation can be achieved with a high degree of accuracy on the insulation film (2) of the gene detection field-effect device (1A). The nucleic acid is charged in negative under an adequate pH condition of buffer solution used for the reaction. Therefore, by forming the double strand and accelerating the elongation as described above, the negative electric charge on the surface of the insulation film (2) is increased and, consequently, the density of carriers, that is, electrons (8) on the surface of the semiconductor substrate (3) formed of silicon or the like is changed by an electrostatic interaction. By detecting the electric signal in association with the change of density of the electrons (8), analysis of SNP can be performed with high degree of sensitivity and high degree of accuracy. The output value of the gene detection field-effect device (1A) according to the invention in this application depends on pH of the buffer liquid and, in particular, when the value of pH1 is 7 or lower, a significant difference is achieved, and it is preferable to set the pH to 4 or lower in order to obtain a high signal/noise ratio (S/N ratio). FIG. 2 is a conceptual drawing showing an example of detection of the change in density of the carrier on the surface of the semiconductor substrate as a change in capacitance of the gene detection field-effect device. FIG. 2 is a drawing showing a state of change in capacitance potential characteristic when the reference electrode and the electric terminal of the semiconductor substrate (silicon) are connected to a capacitance meter, and a minute (on the order of 50 mV) voltage of a frequency between several Hz to 1 mHz is superimposed and applied while sweeping a voltage Vc. When p-type silicon is employed, a capacity of depleted layer on the surface of the semiconductor substrate is changed in association with the change in VG, and the whole capacitance Cc to be measured is a sum of the capacity of the insulation film and the capacitance of the depleted layer on the surface of the semiconductor substrate. Therefore, a characteristic indicated by a reference sign A in the drawing is observed. A voltage at which the energy band in the silicon in the semiconductor substrate becomes flat is referred to as flat band voltage, and serves as an index for characterizing the capacitance potential characteristic. The flat band voltage of the capacitance potential characteristic indicated by the reference sign A is indicated by VF1. When the nucleic acid probe and the target gene are hybridized and forms the double strand on the surface of the insulation film, the density of the negative electric charge on the surface increases. Therefore, the capacitance potential characteristic is shifted in the positive direction along a voltage axis, and exhibits a characteristic indicated by a reference sign B in the drawing. The shift amount of flat band voltage ΔVF=VF2−VF1 (arrow D), where VF2 is the flat band voltage at this time, depends on the change in electric charge density on the surface of the insulation film. Therefore, hybridization can be verified by measuring ΔVF. In addition, when the DNA is elongated on the surface of the insulation film, the length of the double strand is increased. Therefore, the negative electric charge on the surface is further increased. In other words, the capacitance potential characteristic is shifted in the positive direction, and a characteristic indicated by a reference sign C in the drawing is observed. The amount of shift of the flat band voltage ΔVF=VF3−VF1 (arrow E), where VF3 is the flat band voltage at this time, becomes an index of the change in electric charge density due to the elongation, and is larger than the amount of shift when only the hybridization is performed, whereby measurement with high degree of sensitivity is enabled. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing the gene detection field-effect device (1A) in which a source n-type area (9) and a drain n-type area (10) are formed as a source and a drain in the vicinity of a surface of a p-type silicon (p-Si) as the semiconductor substrate (3) to configure a gene detection field-effect transistor (1B) in the gene detection field-effect device (1A) exemplified in FIG. 1. The gene detection field-effect transistor (1B) may be represented simply as the gene detection field-effect device (1A). As shown in FIG. 3, a drain electrode (11) for applying a voltage VD between the source n-type area (9) and the drain n-type area (10) is provided, and an electric current ID which flows at that time between the source n-type area (9) and the drain n-type area (10) is measured by a drain ampere meter (12). The nucleic acid probe (5) is immobilized on the surface of the insulation film (2) between the source n-type area (9) and the drain n-type area (10) (hereinafter, this area may be expressed as “gate insulation film area (201)”). When the target gene to be detected and analyzed is contained in the sample solution (6) and the nucleic acid probe (5) having the base sequence which is complementary with the target gene is immobilized on the gate insulation film area (201) of the gene detection field-effect transistor (1B), the target gene and the nucleic acid probe (5) are hybridized and form the double strand. Then, as in the examples shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the negative electric charge on a surface of the gate insulation film area (201) is increased by the formation of the double strand by hybridization and, consequently, the density of the electrons (8) on the surface of the semiconductor substrate changes by the electrostatic interaction, and the electric signal in association therewith is detected. FIG. 4 is a conceptual drawing showing an example in which the change in density of the carriers on the surface of the semiconductor substrate is detected as the change in the gate voltage VG-drain current ID characteristic of the gene detection field-effect device. When a negative voltage is applied to the gate voltage VG in a state in which the constant voltage VD is applied between the source and the drain, the electrons which are minority carriers are disappeared from the surface of the p-type semiconductor substrate by the electrostatic interaction, and holes as majority carriers are accumulated. On the other hand, since the source and the drain are the n-type areas, when the voltage VD is applied between the source and the drain, a voltage in the reverse direction from the pn coupling is absolutely applied to any one of the source and the drain. Therefore, the drain current ID does not flow (negligibly small). When the gate voltage VG is gradually increased, the electrons are induced by the surface and the density of electrons on the surface is increased. When a sufficient magnitude of the gate voltage VG is applied, the n-type areas of the source and the drain are connected by a layer of electrons induced on the surface of the semiconductor substrate, and the drain current ID flows out while demonstrating a high conductivity. The gate voltage VG when the drain current ID is flowed out is referred to as a threshold voltage VT, and serves as an index for characterizing the VG-ID characteristic. When the gate voltage VG is applied in the positive direction, the density of electrons on the surface of the semiconductor substrate increases, and the drain current ID also increases. Therefore, a characteristic indicated by reference sign A′ in FIG. 4 is achieved, and a threshold voltage at this time is indicated by VT1. When the double strand is formed by the nucleic acid probe and the target gene being hybridized on the surface of the gate insulation film, the density of the negative electric charge on the surface is increased. Therefore, the VG-ID characteristic shifts in the positive direction along the voltage axis, and a characteristic indicated by reference sign B′ in FIG. 4 is achieved. The shift amount of the threshold value, ΔVT=VT2−VT1 (arrow D′), where VT2 is the threshold voltage at this time, depends on the change in density of the electric charge on the surface of the gate insulation film area. Therefore, the hybridization can be verified by measuring the value ΔVT. In addition, when the DNA is elongated on the surface of the gate insulation film area, the length of the double strand increases, and hence the negative electric charge on the surface is further increased. Therefore, the VG-ID characteristic is shifted further in the positive direction, and a characteristic indicated by reference sing C′ in FIG. 4 is achieved. The shift amount of the threshold voltage ΔVT=VT3−VT1, where VT3 is the threshold voltage at this time, serves as an index of change in density of electric charge as a result of elongation, and the shift amount is larger than the case in which only the hybridization is performed. Therefore, measurement, that is, detection with high degree of sensitivity is enabled. FIG. 5 a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing a state in which two of the gene detection field-effect devices (1B) composed of the gene detection field-effect device (1A) according to the invention in this application are provided, and the different nucleic acid probes (5) are immobilized respectively on the gene detection field-effect devices (1B) to be hybridized with a target gene (601), in which (A) is a state in which the nucleic acid probe (wild-type) nucleic having the base sequence which is completely complementary with the base sequence of the target gene is immobilized, and (B) shows a state in which the nucleic acid probe (mutant-type) in which only one base is different from the base sequence of the target gene is immobilized. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing a state in which elongation is accelerated in the example shown in FIG. 5, in which (A) shows a state in which the target gene and the nucleic acid probe are elongated, and (B) shows a state in which the elongation of the target gene and the nucleic acid probe is stopped. The basic configurations in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 are substantially the same as the example in FIG. 3. As shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, according to the invention in this application, by employing the gene detection field-effect transistor (1B) in which at least two of the gene detection field-effect transistors (1B) are provided and at least two types of the nucleic acid probes (5) are immobilized on the insulation films (2) of the respective gene detection field-effect transistors (1B), analysis of the SNP can be achieved with a high degree of sensitivity and a high degree of accuracy as described above. At least two types of the nucleic acid probes (5) described above mean a wild-type (normal type) nucleic acid probe (501) having the base sequence which is complementary with the base sequence of the target gene (601) as an object of analysis and a mutant-type nucleic acid probe (502) having the base sequence which is not complementary with the base sequence of the target gene (601). The mutant-type nucleic acid probe (502) is preferably configured in such a manner that the base at the end on the opposite side from an immobilized end (503) which is an end to which the nucleic acid probe (5) is immobilized on the insulating film (2), that is, at a non-immobilized end (504), which is an end of the nucleic acid probe (S) not immobilized is different from the base at the non-immobilized end (504) of the wild-type nucleic acid probe (501). In the example shown in FIG. 5(B), the base at the non-immobilized end (504) of the mutant-type nucleic acid probe (502) is “G”, and the base of the target gene corresponding to this position is “T”. Therefore, the hybridization is stopped halfway, and the double strand cannot be formed. On the other hand, the base at the non-immobilized end (504) of the wild-type nucleic acid probe (501) is “A”, which has a complementary relation with the base “T” of the target gene corresponding to this position, so that they are hybridized and form the double strand. Then, the sample solution (6) containing the base sequence of the target gene (601) is introduced on the insulation film (Z) of the field-effect device (1B) composed of the gene detection field-effect device (1A) to cause hybridization and washes the target gene (601) before reaction with buffer solution or the like. Subsequently, a process of molecular biological reaction such as the elongation of DNA or a reaction with the intercalator molecule are effected continuously on the surface of the insulation film (2) using deoxyadenosine triphosphoric acid (dATP), deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP), deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP), and deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) as ground substances along with DNA synthetic enzyme such as Taq DNA polymerase or the like to wash the enzyme or the ground substance not reacted. Consequently, using the field-effect of the change in density of electric charge on the surface generated by the DNA elongation or the like, the change in density of the electrons (8) electrostatically induced on the surface of the semiconductor substrate (3) is detected. In order to achieve the measurement with high degree of sensitivity by increasing the change in density of electric charge on the surface, a phenomenon of hybridization can be detected with a large signal/noise ratio (S/N ratio) by increase in negative electric charge caused by elongation of the nucleic acid, enhancement of the signal caused thereby, introduction of the positive electric charge achieved by the reaction with the intercalator, and so on in addition to the negative electric charge which is possessed by the target gene (601) by itself. In other words, the gene type (that is, SNP) of the target gene (601) as the object of analysis can be analyzed by comparing the outputs from the respective gene detection field-effect devices (1A). When designing the base sequence of the nucleic acid probe (5) to be immobilized on the surface of the insulation film (2), as described above, the position of the mutation is set to the non-immobilized end (504) as an end on the opposite side from an immobilized end (503) with respect to the surface of the insulation film (2). Then, the wild-type nucleic acid probe (501) corresponding to the wild (normal) type in the SNP of the target gene (601) and the mutant-type nucleic acid probe (502) corresponding to the mutant-type are immobilized separately to cause hybridization simultaneously for one type of sample solution (6) for achieving elongation, so that the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) can be measured with high degree of accuracy. In addition, by setting the temperature at the time of hybridization to a dissociation temperature (Tm) of the wild-type nucleic acid probe (501) or the mutant-type nucleic acid probe (502), the selectivity of the hybridization can be improved, and by causing the elongation, the specificity of the reaction can further be enhanced, whereby the SNP analysis with higher degree of accuracy is achieved. This is because hydrophilic property between bases is low in the hybridization with a mismatched mutant-type nucleic acid probe (502) which includes the mutation at an end, and hence sufficient hybridization is not achieved, whereby elongation does not occur. On the other hand, in the case of the fully matched wild-type nucleic acid probe (501), the bases at the non-immobilized ends surely form the double strand by hydrogen bonding, and hence the elongation occurs, whereby the negative electric charge increases. Accordingly, the density of electrons (8) on the surface of the semiconductor is changed with the electrostatic interaction, and by measuring the change in electric characteristic in association therewith, the SNP can be analyzed with high degree of accuracy. In other words, the method of analyzing gene polymorphism according to the invention in this application is, in particular, as regards the measurement of the output value, based on measuring a differential output value V1 between the first gene detection field-effect transistor (1B) in which the wild-type nucleic acid probe (501) is immobilized (gene detection field-effect device), and a third gene detection field-effect transistor (not shown) in which no nucleic acid probe is immobilized on the insulation film (gene detection field-effect device), and a differential output value V2 between a second gene detection field-effect transistor (1B′) in which the mutant-type nucleic acid probe (502) is immobilized (gene detection field-effect device) and the third gene detection field-effect transistor (gene detection field-effect device), and displaying three patterns classified on the basis of the measurements, including a pattern in which V1 is larger than V2 (V1>V2), a pattern in which V1 and V2 are almost the same (V1≈V2), and a pattern in which V1 is smaller than V2 (V1<V2) is performed and displayed. FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing a state in which the nucleic acid probe (5) is immobilized on the insulation film (2) via a metal electrode (13) in the invention in this application. The metal electrode (13) may be formed of white gold, gold, silver, palladium, titan, chrome, and so on as described above, whereby the change in electric characteristic in association with the change in density of the electrons (8) can be detected with higher degree of accuracy. FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing a state in which an intercalator (14) caused to produce a response in the invention in this application. The intercalator (14) reacts only with the double strand nucleic acid, and is ionized and positively charged in the solution. Therefore, using this property, when the intercalator (14) is introduced, it reacts more with the double strand nucleic acid of the gene detection field-effect transistor (1B) on which the wild-type nucleic acid probe (501) which is elongated by the elongation is immobilized, and hence a large signal change is obtained, which is to be detected. As the intercalator (14), for example, Hoechst33258, ethidium bromide, Cyber Green, or Pico Green can be employed. FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing another embodiment of the invention in this application. The basic configuration or the like are substantially the same as the examples shown in FIG. 3, FIG. 5, or FIG. 6. In the invention in this application illustrated in FIG. 9, the heater (15) as an n-type area for a heater is formed as temperature control means for accelerating the elongation of the nucleic acid and the temperature sensor (16) is formed as a pn coupling for a temperature sensor on the semiconductor substrate (3) on which the gene detection field-effect transistor (1B) illustrated in FIG. 3, FIG. 5 or FIG. 6. In this case, a plurality of p-wells (17) are formed on one semiconductor substrate (3) and the heater (15) and the temperature sensor (16) are integrated. The wild-type nucleic acid probe (501) and the mutant-type nucleic acid probe (502) are immobilized respectively on a gate insulation film area (201) of the gene detection field-effect transistor (1B) so that the hybridization with the target gene (601) in the sample solution (6) and elongation are accelerated, and hence the SNP analysis with high degree of accuracy is achieved. In this case, the heater (15) and the temperature sensor (16) were operated and the temperature of the sample near the semiconductor substrate (3) was set and controlled to 45° C. at the time of hybridization and to 62° C. at the time of elongation. By integrating the heater (15) and the temperature sensor (16) on the gene detection field-effect transistor (1B) as the temperature control means as described above, the temperatures at the time of hybridization and elongation can be set to optimal values, whereby measurement with higher degree of accuracy is achieved. FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing a structure in which the embodiment in FIG. 9 is formed into an array to enable a plurality of SNP analyses. As illustrated in FIG. 10, the respective semiconductor substrates (3) on which the gene detection field-effect transistors (1B) are formed are arranged one of the surfaces of an insulation film (19) so as to be capable of setting the temperatures thereof to optimal temperatures corresponding to the dissociation temperature of the nucleic acid probe (5), so that heat is efficiently radiated via the insulation film (19). In addition, a structure in which the respective gene detection field-effect transistors (1B) (silicon substrates (18)) are surrounded by heat-conductive substance (20) such as silicone or polysilicon is employed in order to reduce the temperature cross-talk among the respective semiconductor substrates (3) and enable independent temperature control, thereby allowing beat to be radiated efficiently via the beat-conductive substance (20). In order to introduce the sample solution containing the target gene on the gene detection field-effect transistors 1B, openings (21) are formed on the insulation film (19) and the gene detection field-effect transistors (1B) are aligned so as to match the openings (21) of the insulation film (19). In addition, with the provision of a Pertier element (23) bonded to a copper plate (22) on a back surface of the copper plate (22), accuracy of temperature control can be improved, and the time required for cooling can be reduced. With a gene detection field-effect transistor array (1C) having such a structure, analysis with high degree of accuracy can be performed in parallel in the plurality of SNPs, and a high-throughput analyzing system can be established. FIG. 11 is a conceptual pattern diagram showing an example of a measuring system using the gene detection field-effect device (1A) according to the invention in this application. In other words, according to the invention in this application, the gene detection field-effect device (1A) having the characteristic as described above (or the gene detection field-effect transistor) is mounted to a flow cell (24) and connected to a flow channel (25) as shown in FIG. 11. Buffer liquid (28) and cleaning liquid (29) are connected to the flow channel (25) via a valve (30), and the buffer liquid (28) and the cleaning liquid (29) can be introduced in the flow cell (24) by driving a pump (31). A sample (26) and Taq DNA polymerase as enzyme for elongation and reagent (27) such as dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP, as the ground substance are dispensed into the valve (30) with a dispenser (32), and is introduced into the flow cell (24), so as to cause the same to produce a response with the gene detection field-effect device (1A) (gene detection field-effect transistor). After the reaction, the used liquid is transferred to a waste liquid bottle (33) by the pump (31). Ag—AgCl electrode is used as a reference electrode (34), 3M KD1 solution (35) is passed therethrough and is connected to the flow channel (25) on the downstream side of the flow cell (24), where a liquid-liquid coupling (36) is formed and is electrically connected to the gene detection field-effect device (1A) (gene detection field-effect transistor). The output of the gene detection field-effect device (1A) after reaction (gene detection field-effect transistor) is processed/calculated by a signal processing circuit (37). FIG. 12 is a schematic drawing of a structure of the flow cell (24) illustrated in FIG. 11. The gene detection field-effect device (1A) is mounted to a printed board (38) in the flow cell (24), and is electrically connected to the printed board (38) with a wire (39). A pin (40) is provided on the printed board (38), and is connected to the signal processing circuit (37) illustrated in FIG. 11. The sample solution is introduced into the gene detection field-effect device (1A) through the flow channel (25) (or to the gene detection field-effect transistor). The wire (39) portion is protected by a protection cap (41) so that the sample solution does not come into contact with the wire (39) as the signal transmitting line. The material of the protection cap (41) is not specifically limited as long as it has an insulating property, and preferably, materials, for example, acryl, polypropylene, polycarbonate, are suitable. Since the measuring system in which the gene detection field-effect device (1A) in this configuration is used employs a measurement of a flow system, a number of samples can be processed continuously and automatically, and hence it is effective for a measurement of a high throughput. As shown in the examples above, when polymorphism (for example, single nucleotide polymorphism or microsatellite polymorphism) is analyzed using the invention in this application, it is carried out in the following steps, for example, as shown in FIG. 13. That is: (1) introducing the cleaning liquid to the flow cell; (2) introducing the buffer liquid to the flow cell (displacement of cleaning liquid) (3) setting the temperature of the field-effect device to an optimum temperature of the nucleic acid probe; (4) measuring the output value of the respective gene detection field-effect devices and calculating the differences; (5) dispensing the sample to the valve, and introducing the hybridization liquid to the flow cell; (6) hybridizing in the flow cell; (7) introducing the buffer liquid to the flow cell and removing the sample which is not reacted; (8) measuring the output value of the respective gene detection field-effect devices and calculating the differences; (9) introducing Taq polymerase and mixed liquid of dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP as the ground substance to the flow cell and cause the same to be elongated; (10) introducing the buffer liquid and removing enzyme and the ground substance which is not reacted; (11) measuring the output value of the respective gene detection field-effect devices and calculating the differences; (12) setting the sample temperature in the flow cell to 95° C.; (13) introducing the cleaning liquid and cleaning the inside of the flow cell; and (14) returning back to the procedure in (1). Arrows in FIG. 13 indicate timings to read the output potentials. Subsequently, examples are shown below and the invention in this application will be described further in detail. The following example is not intended to limit the invention in this application as a matter of course. EXAMPLE Example 1 Detection and Analysis of SNP in Factor VII Gene The Factor VII gene as one of blood coagulation genes includes a plurality of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) existing therein. It is known that the wild-type (normal) of one of the SNPs at a position −122 is thymine (T) and the mutant-type thereto is cytosine (C). In order to detect the SNP at the portion −122 of the Factor VII gene, two types of nucleic acid probes formed of 11 bases, which correspond to the wild-type and the mutant-type, respectively were synthesized. The base sequences thereof were as follows, in which a sequence number 1 designates a wild-type nucleic acid probe and a sequence number 2 designates a mutant-type nucleic acid probe. Wild-type nucleic acid probe: 5′-CGTCCTCTGAA-3′ (sequence No. 1) Mutant-type nucleic acid probe: 5′-CGTCCTCTGAG-3′ (sequence No. 2) In this example, the nucleic acid probes were synthesized so that the base of the SNP portion corresponds to a 3′ terminal end of the nucleic acid probe. In other words, the base of the 3′ terminal end was adenine (A) in the wild-type nucleic acid probe, and it was guanine (G) in the mutant-type nucleic acid prob. Other base sequences were all the same in the wild-type and in the mutant-type, and hybridization to the Factor VII gene as the object of detection could be carried out. On the other hand, a 5′ terminal end of the nucleic acid probe was modified with the amino group and was immobilized to a surface of the gate insulation film area. The gate inflation film of the gene detection field-effect transistor in this example was modified with silicon nitride, and the surface thereof was chemically modified with γ-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, and the amino group was introduced to a surface of the nitrided semiconductor substrate. Then, the amino group of the nucleic acid probe and the amino group of silicon nitride were caused to produce a response with, for example, bifunctional reagent such as glutaraldehyde, and formed the coupling by Schiff base, so that the nucleic acid probe was immobilized on the surface of the nitrided semiconductor substrate. This example was, for example, as shown in FIG. 5, the wild-type nucleic acid probe was immobilized on the surface of the gate insulation film area of one of the gene detection field-effect transistors, and the mutant-type nucleic acid probe was immobilized to the surface of the gate insulation film area of the other gene detection field-effect transistor, and the sample which was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in advance was caused to produce a response. The sample, after having extracted human genome from white blood cell in blood, and having amplified the area of a length of 20 bases including the SNP portion, was introduced into the gene detection field-effect transistor in which the wild-type nucleic acid probe and the mutant-type nucleic acid probe were immobilized, and was subjected to hybridization for 8 hours at 45° C. After hybridization, cleaning with buffer liquid was carried out to remove the sample which was not reacted. Since the base sequence of the wild-type nucleic acid probe was completely complementary with the base sequence of the wild-type sample, it was completely coupled into complementary strand including the SNP portion to form the double strand DNA. On the other hand, in the case of the mutant-type nucleic acid probe, since the base at the 3′ terminal end was guanine (G), it was not coupled into the complementary strand with base thymine (T) on the wild-type sample nucleic acid, so that the double strand DNA was formed in the shape in which the 3′ terminal end was opened. Therefore, the wild-type nucleic acid probe and the mutant-type nucleic acid probe were different in base sequence, the dissociation temperatures (Tm) of both parties were different, and hence the selectivity of the double strand formation could be enhanced by controlling the hybridization temperature. Subsequently, enzyme Taq DNA polymerase and mixed liquid including dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP which serve as the ground substance were introduced into the sample, and the elongation were carried out on the gate insulation film at a temperature set to 62° C. As shown in FIG. 6, in the gene detection field-effect transistor in which the wild-type nucleic acid probe was immobilized, since the completely complementary double strand including the terminal end was formed by the introduction of the sample containing the target gene of the wild-type (normal type), the double strand was synthesized by elongation. By this elongation, the output of the gene detection field-effect transistor, in which the wild-type nucleic acid probe was immobilized, was changed by 20 mV. On the other hand, in the gene detection field-effect transistor in which the mutant-type nucleic acid probe was immobilized, since the bases at the 3′ terminal ends were not coupled and were in the opened shape, the elongation did not occur. Therefore, the output of the gene detection field-effect transistor in which the wild-type nucleic acid probe was immobilized was little changed (only the change of 1 mV). On the other hand, when the sample which contained only the mutant-type target gene was introduced, the elongation occurred only in the gene detection field-effect transistor in which the mutant-type nucleic acid probe was immobilized, and the output thereof was change by 18 mV. In this case, the output of the gene detection field-effect transistor in which the wild-type nucleic acid probe was changed by 0.5 mV, which was little. When the sample which contains both the wild-type and the mutant-type object genes was introduced, the outputs of the both gene detection field-effect transistors were changed. The output of the gene detection field-effect transistor in which the wild-type nucleic acid probe was immobilized was changed by 12 mV, and the output of the gene detection field-effect transistor in which the mutant-type nucleic acid probe was immobilized was changed by 10 mV. From the results shown above, it was found that the SNP of the gene in the sample solution could be detected by designing the nucleic acid probes so that the base at the 3′ terminal ends corresponded to the SNP portion, immobilizing the wild-type and mutant-type nucleic acid probes respectively on the gate insulation films on the respective gene detection field-effect transistors, causing the hybridization with the sample solution containing the target gene, and causing the elongation continuously. Furthermore, it was confirmed that a wild-type homozygote, a wild-type and mutant-type heterozygote, and a mutant-type homozygote could be identified by comparing the magnitude of change in output of the gene detection field-effect transistors in which the wild-type and mutant-type nucleic acid probes were immobilized, and hence genotype could be detected. Example 2 When Peptide Nucleotide Acid, PNA was Used in Detection of SNP in Factor VII Gene In the example 1 shown above, the double strand nucleus acid with higher stability can be formed by using Peptide Nucleotide Acid, PNA as the nucleic acid probe to be immobilized to the gate insulation film area of the gene detection field-effect transistor. Therefore, in this example, Peptide Nucleotide Acid (PNA) was used as the nucleic acid probe although the basic characteristics are substantially the same as the example 1. Consequently, in the case of the sample containing the wild-type homozygote, the output of the transistor in which the wild-type PNA probe was immobilized was changed by 23 mV, while the output of the transistor in which the mutant-type PNA probe was immobilized was changed by 4 mV. In the case of the sample containing the wild-type and mutant-type heterozygote, the output of the gene detection field-effect transistors in which the wild-type and mutant-type PNA probes were immobilized were 15 mV, 13 mV respectively, and both the wild-type and mutant-type could be detected. In the case of the sample containing the mutant-type homozygote, the output of the gene detection field-effect transistor in which the wild-type PNA probe was immobilized was changed by 2 mV, which was little, while the output of the gene detection field-effect transistor in which the mutant-type PNA probe was immobilized was changed by 19 mV. As described above, it was found that the wild-type homozygote, the wild-type and mutant-type mixed heterozygote, and the mutant-type homozygote could be recognized, and hence the genotype of the target gene could be detected by employing the PNA as the nucleic acid probe. It means that the PNA, being different from oligonucleotide, cDNA, or the like having the negative electric charge, has no electric charge and is neutral, and hence there is no electrostatic repulsion between the nucleic acid probe and the target gene, so that a strong double strand nucleic acid can be formed on the gate insulation film. It also means that when the differential measurement is carried out using the gene detection field-effect device in which the nucleic acid probe is formed and the gene detection field-effect device for reference in which the nucleic acid probe is not formed, if the PNA having the neutral electric charge is used, there is no change in flat band voltage or threshold voltage between the gene detection field-effect device and the gene reference field-effect device, and hence the differential measurement with high degree of accuracy can be performed and hence it is effective particularly for the gene detection field-effect device of the electric charge detection type. In the SNP detection and genotyping using the gene detection field-effect transistor and the elongation as in this example, the procession of reaction can be monitored by constantly measuring the electric potential while the respective processes of induction of sample on the gate insulation film, hybridization, and elongation are in process. Therefore, the completion of reaction can be detected from the change in electric potential, and the SNP detection and the genotyping can be carried out efficiently. In this example, since the synthesis of bases in association with elongation is detected as the amount of increase in electric charge, the nucleic acid can be detected with high degree of sensitivity by optimizing the length of the base of the nucleic acid probe and the sample nucleic acid and the length of the base after elongation and synthesis. Example 3 SNP Detection of Alcohol Dehydrogenase Related Gene It is known that there exists the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the alcohol dehydrogenase related gene. The nucleic acid probe is designed so that the SNP portion corresponds to the base at the 3′ terminal end. The base at the SNP portion is thymine (T) in the wild-type and cytosine (C) in the mutant-type, and the base sequences of the nucleic acid probes corresponding thereto are shown below. The wild-type nucleic acid probe in this example is shown by the sequence No. 3, and the mutant-type nucleic acid probe is shown by the sequence No. 4. The wild-type nucleic acid probe: 5′-CATACACTA-3′ (sequence No. 3) The mutant-type nucleic acid probe: 5′-CATACACTG-3′ (sequence No. 4) In this example, the basic configuration and the procedure of experiment are the same as in the example 1 and the example 2. In this example, for example, as shown in FIG. 7 described above, the gene detection field-effect transistor in which the wild-type nucleic acid probe shown in (A) was immobilized and the gene detection field-effect transistor to which the mutant-type nucleic acid probe shown in (B) is immobilized, in which the mutant-type nucleic acid probe shown in (B) was immobilized, were employed. In this example, the metal electrode was formed on the gate insulation film of the gene detection field-effect transistor, and the 5′ terminal end of the nucleic acid probe was modified with thiol group and was coupled directly to the metal electrode, so that the nucleic acid probe was immobilized on the surface of the gate insulation film. In this example, a structure formed by laminating gold on a chrome thin film was used as the metal electrode. The sample, after having extracted human genome from white blood cell in blood, and having amplified the area of a length of 100 bases including the SNP portion, was introduced into the gene detection field-effect transistor in which the wild-type or mutant-type nucleic acid probe was immobilized, and was subjected to hybridization for 8 hours at 45° C. After hybridization, cleaning with the buffer liquid was carried out to remove the sample which was not reacted. Since the sample used in this example was a sample containing only the wild-type target gene, the double strand was formed by the complete complementary coupling with the wild-type nucleic acid probe. On the other hand, since the mutant-type nucleic acid probe included the SNP at the 3′ terminal end, it was not coupled into complementary strand, and the double strand was formed in a state in which the 3′ terminal end was opened. Subsequently, the Taq DNA polymerase and mixed liquid including dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP which serve as the ground substance were introduced into the sample, and the elongation were carried out on the gate insulation film at a temperature set to 62° C., as in Example 1 and Example 2. In the gene detection field-effect transistor in which the wild-type nucleic acid probe was immobilized, the double strand with the complete complementary strand was formed including the terminal end by introducing the sample which includes only the wild-type target gene as described above. Therefore, the elongation was accelerated, and the output was changed by 28 mV. On the other band, in the gene detection field-effect transistor tin which the mutant-type nucleus acid probe is immobilized, since the base at the 3′ terminal end was not coupled and was in the opened state, the elongation did not occur, and the output was little changed (changed only by 3 mV). The characteristic of this example is in that the intercalator, which reacts with the double strand nucleic acid is introduced after elongation. The intercalator is generally used as fluorescent dye in an experiment in the molecular biology. Many of molecules of intercalator are ionized in the solution and is charged with positive electricity. In other words, the intercalator in the invention in this application was used for its property as a dye, but for the property as the electric charge. In this example, Hoechst33258 was used as the intercalator. In other words, after the hybridization and the elongation following thereto, the output potentials of the gene detection field-effect transistors in which the wild-type and mutant-type nucleic acid probes were immobilized respectively were measured, and then Hoechst33258 was introduced on the gate insulation film for reaction. Then, as shown in FIG. 8 for example, Hoechst33258 as the intercalator reacted only with the double strand nucleic acid, reacted more with the long double strand nucleic acid of the wild-type transistor which was elongated, and caused a significant signal change. In the case of this example, after the reaction with Hoechst33298, the output potential of the wild-type transistor was changed by 27 mV, and the output potential of the mutant-type transistor was 6 mV. Accordingly, the genotype detection which can recognize three types of samples; SNP detection and a wild-type/wild-type homo, a mutant-type/mutant-type homo, and a wild-type/mutant-type hetero is achieved. A remarkable characteristic of a method using the intercalator such as Hoechst33258 or the like is, as described above, in that since the intercalator has a positive electric charge, a signal having an opposite polarity from the output change on the basis of the hybridization and the elongation of the nucleic acid which charged with negative electricity is outputted. Since the intercalator reacts only with the double strand nucleic acid, it does not react with the single strand nucleic acid which is non-specifically adsorbed on the gate insulation film, so that the signal on the basis of the hybridization/elongation can be selectively detected by separating the signal on the basis of the hybridization/elongation and the signal of the single strand nucleic acid which is non-specifically adsorbed. Accordingly, the SNP and the genotype can be detected with high signal/noise ratio (S/N ratio). INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY As described above in detail, according to the invention in this application, detection and analysis of gene with high degree of sensitivity and high degree of accuracy is achieved and, in addition, the gene polymorphism analyzing system in which the size and cost are reduced in comparison with those in the related art is provided.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Under the circumstance such that decoding of the whole base sequence of human genome is terminated and decoding of base sequence for genome of other living organisms is in breakthrough, a huge amount of base sequence information is being accumulated. It seems that a gene-related technology will be dramatically developed in a wide range of fields such as diagnosis of various diseases, development of medicaments, breed improvement of agricultural products by revealing the function of gene in the living organisms on the basis of the genome base sequence information. A base of such development of the new field is information on gene expression and function in addition to the base sequence information. DNA chip or DNA microarray (hereinafter referred to as “DNA microarray” as a generic nomination of both) has been developed as a technology for performing a large scale decoding of the gene function and the gene expression and leading the same to the genetic screening. However, many of the DNA microarrays in the status quo are based on a principle of fluorescence detection. It has problems that laser or complex optical system is required, and the system is upsized and expensive. Most of the currently developed DNA microarrays are based on a principle of detection of double strand DNA on the basis of hybridization and selectivity of reactions is not very high. Therefore, there is a problem in accuracy of the gene polymorphism analysis. In particular, in the field of medical practice, it is necessary to detect gene polymorphism or Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (hereinafter, it may be abbreviated as SNP) simply in high degree of accuracy for realization of a tailor-made medical practice. Therefore, a technology which can satisfy increase of both simplicity and accuracy has been required. As a method of resolving these problems, some DNA microarrays of a current detection system which is combined with an oxidation-reduction indicator are reported. For example, there is developed a system for detecting a target gene by fixing an end of a molecule denominated as molecule wire to a metal electrode, hybridizing a nucleic acid probe to the other end thereof, and the detecting oxidation-reduction indicator and giving receiving of electrons of metal electrode as variations in electric current on the basis of hybridization with respect to the target gene (Non-Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2). There is also developed a system for detecting hybridization by measuring the oxidation-reduction current at the metal electrode using Ferrocenylnaphthalene Diimide as an electrochemically active indicator (Non-Patent Document 3). There is further developed a medicinal virtue inspection system for hepatitis C using a current detection system DNA tip (Non-Patent Document 4). In this system, an expensive laser, a complex optical system or the like are not necessary, a simple and compact system can be established. However, in the case of the four systems in Non-Patent Documents 1 to 4, since detection is based on the oxidation-reduction reaction on the metal electrode in principle, there is a problem such that if there exists an oxidizing substance or a reducing substance in a sample (for example, ascorbic acid), an electric current based on oxidation or reduction flows, which hinders detection of gene and results in deterioration of detection accuracy. In association with measurement of the electric current, electrode reaction is proceeded on the metal electrode. Since the electrode reaction is irreversible and non-equilibrium reaction, corrosion of the electrode or generation of gas may be resulted, and consequently, separation of immobilized nucleic acid or impairment of stability of current measurement may be resulted. Therefore, there is a problem such that the detection accuracy may be deteriorated specifically when measurement is repeatedly performed. There is also reported a trial to detect the hybridization of DNA using the field-effect device (Non-Patent Document 5). This technology is for detecting a change in electric charge by hybridization using the field effect on the basis of the fact that the DNA molecule has a negative electric charge in solution. However, since the DNA probe formed on a substrate has the negative electric charge by nature, the amount of change in electric charge by the hybridization of the target gene is small, and hence identification from non-specific adsorption is impossible. Therefore, increase in sensitivity and improvement of accuracy have been subjects to be solved for genetic screening. It is also difficult to detect a slight difference (one base is different) between two genes such as the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) since both the sensitivity and accuracy (selectivity) are low. Non-Patent Document 1: Nature Biotechnology, vol. 16, p. 27-31, 1998 Non-Patent Document 2: Nature Biotechnology, vol. 16, p. 40-44, 1998 Non-Patent Document 3: Anal, Chem, 72, p. 1334-1341, 2000 Non-Patent Document 4: Intervirology, 43, p. 124-127, 2000 Non-Patent Document 5: J. Phys. Chem. B., 101 p2980-2985, 1997

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram illustrating an embodiment of a gene detection field-effect device according to the invention in this application. FIG. 2 is a graph schematically showing a detection principle of the gene detection field-effect device in FIG. 1 . FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing an example of a gene detection field-effect transistor according to the gene detection field-effect device in the invention in this application. FIG. 4 is a graph schematically showing a detection principle of the gene detection field-effect transistor in FIG. 3 . FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing a state in which a nucleic acid probe in which one base is different is immobilized in the gene detection field-effect transistor composed of the gene detection field-effect device according to the invention in this application, in which (A) is a gene detection field-effect transistor to which a wild-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized, (B) is a gene detection field-effect transistor to which a mutant-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing states of elongation in the respective gene detection field-effect transistors shown in FIG. 5 , in which (A) is a gene detection field-effect transistor to which a wild-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized, (B) is a gene detection field-effect transistor to which a mutant-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized. FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing a state in which the nucleic acid probe is immobilized via a metal electrode in the gene detection field-effect device composed of the gene detection field-effect device according to the invention in this application, in which (A) shows a gene detection field-effect transistor to which the wild-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized and (B) shows a gene detection field-effect transistor to which the mutant-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized. FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing a state in which an intercalator is caused to produce a response with the nucleic acid probe in FIG. 7 , in which (A) shows a gene detection field-effect transistor to which the wild-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized and (B) shows a gene detection field-effect transistor to which the mutant-type nucleic acid probe is immobilized. FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing a state in which a heater and a temperature sensor is integrated in the gene detection field-effect transistor composed of the gene detection field-effect device composed of the gene detection field-effect device according to the invention in this application. FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing an embodiment in which the gene detection field-effect transistor composed of the gene detection field-effect device according to the invention in this application is formed into an array. FIG. 11 is a schematic pattern diagram showing an entire configuration of a measuring system using the gene detection field-effect device according to the invention in this application. FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional pattern diagram showing a flow cell for mounting the gene detection field-effect device according to the invention in this application. FIG. 13 is a schematic explanatory drawing showing a measurement protocol according to the gene detection field-effect device according to the invention in this application. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"? Reference numerals in the drawings designate members shown below. 1 A gene detection field-effect device 1 B, 1 B′ gene detection field-effect transistor 1 C gene detection field-effect transistor array 2 insulation film 201 gate insulation film area 3 semiconductor substrate 4 reference electrode 5 nucleic acid probe 501 wild-type nucleic acid probe 502 mutant-type nucleic acid probe 503 immobilized end 504 non-immobilized end 6 sample solution 601 target gene 7 gate electrode 8 electron 9 source n-type area 10 drain n-type area 11 drain electrode 12 drain ampere meter 13 metal electrode 14 intercalator 15 heater 16 temperature sensor 17 p-well 18 silicon substrate 19 insulation film 20 heat-conductive substance 21 opening 22 copper plate 23 Pertier element 24 flow cell 25 flow channel 26 sample 27 reagent 28 buffer liquid 29 cleaning liquid 30 valve 31 pump 32 dispenser 33 waste liquid bottle 34 reference electrode 35 3M KC1 solution 36 liquid-liquid coupling 37 signal processing circuit 38 printed board 39 wire 40 pin 41 protection cap

20061020

20100413

20081120

60575.0

C12Q168

BABIC, CHRISTOPHER M

GENE DETECTION FIELD-EFFECT DEVICE AND METHOD OF ANALYZING GENE POLYMORPHISM THEREWITH

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

C12Q

ACCEPTED

Anti-panic bar and door equipped therewith

The invention concerns an anti-panic bar comprising a fixed part (3) including a lock controlling element (5), and a support bar (4) mounted pivoting on said fixed part (3) about a longitudinal axis, between an inactive position wherein said support bar (4) takes up a position spaced apart from said fixed part (3) and an active position wherein said support bar (4) takes up a position closer to said fixed part (3) and wherein said support bar (4) activates said lock controlling element (5). The invention is characterized in that said support bar (4) is an extruded profile binged about said longitudinal axis through a pivot point (40).

1. Panic bolt including a fixed part (3; 103) having a bolt operating member (5; 105) and a crash bar (4; 104) that is mounted on said fixed part (3; 103) to pivot about a longitudinal axis between an idle position in which said crash bar (4; 104) occupies a position remote from said fixed part (3; 103) and a working position in which said crash bar (4; 104) occupies a position close to said fixed part (3; 103) and in which said crash bar (4; 104) activates said bolt operating member (5; 105), characterized in that said crash bar (4; 104) is a section articulated about said longitudinal axis by means of an articulation portion (40; 140). 2. Panic bolt according to claim 1, characterized in that it includes at least one abutment (37, 38; 137, 138) carried by said fixed part (3; 103) cooperating with at least one stop portion (43; 143) carried by said crash bar (4; 104), their cooperation delimiting the range of movement in articulation of said crash bar (4; 104). 3. Panic bolt according to claim 1, characterized in that said articulation portion (40; 140) is situated in a lower portion of said crash bar (4; 104) and cooperates with an articulation portion (30; 130) of said fixed part to articulate the section constituting said crash bar (4; 104) about said longitudinal axis and said crash bar (4; 104) includes a stop portion (43; 143) situated in an upper portion of said crash bar (4; 104). 4. Panic bolt according to, claim 1, characterized in that the fixed part (3) is a section extending in the same direction as said crash bar (4). 5. Panic bolt according to claim 4, characterized in that said fixed part (3) includes a longitudinal housing (34) which is entered with clearance by a longitudinal edge of the section of said crash bar (4). 6. Panic bolt according to claim 5, characterized in that said longitudinal housing (34) includes at least one abutment (37) carried by said fixed part (3) cooperating with at least one stop portion (43) carried by said crash bar (4), their cooperation delimiting the range of movement in articulation of said crash bar (4). 7. Panic bolt according to claim 6, characterized in that a plurality of abutments (37, 38) cooperate with one stop portion (43). 8. Panic bolt according to claim 6, characterized in that one abutment cooperates with a plurality of stop portions. 9. Panic bolt according to claim 6, characterized in that said crash bar (4) has a curved portion (42) that enters said longitudinal housing (34) via an opening at which is situated an abutment (37) formed by a free end of said housing (34), and said stop portion (43) is a rim at the end of said curved portion (42). 10. Panic bolt according to claim 4, characterized in that said fixed part (3) includes longitudinal ribs (39a, 39b, 39c, 39d) adapted to receive said bolt operating member (5). 11. Panic bolt according to claim 4, characterized in that said crash bar (4) has a longitudinal articulation bead (40) in the vicinity of a longitudinal edge of the section that cooperates with a slotted tube of the section (30) constituting said fixed part (3) to articulate said crash bar (4) about said longitudinal axis. 12. Panic bolt according to claim 1, characterized in that said fixed part (103) includes two lateral plates (103a, 103b) between which said crash bar (104) is situated. 13. Panic bolt according to claim 12, characterized in that each of said plates (103a, 103b) includes at least one abutment (137, 138) cooperating with at least one stop portion (143) of said crash bar (104), their cooperation delimiting the range of movement in articulation of said crash bar (104). 14. Panic bolt according to claim 13, characterized in that one abutment cooperates with a plurality of stop portions. 15. Panic bolt according to claim 13, characterized in that a plurality of abutments (137, 138) cooperate with one stop portion (143). 16. Panic bolt according to claim 15, characterized in that said crash bar (104) has on the section a lateral projection (143c) that forms said stop portion (143), said abutments (137, 138) being formed by edges of a window (134) that is formed in one of said plates (103a, 103b) and which said lateral projection (143c) enters. 17. Panic bolt according to claim 16, characterized in that the section constituting said crash bar has two longitudinal ends each of which includes a lateral projection forming a stop portion and said abutments are formed by edges of a window that is formed in each of said plates and which one of said two lateral projections enters. 18. Panic bolt according to claim 12, characterized in that, at the end of one longitudinal edge of the section constituting said crash bar (104), said crash bar has a curvature in the shape of a longitudinal hollow cylinder (140) and said crash bar (104) is placed between said plates (103a, 103b) so that, at each end of said crash bar (104), said cylinder (140) faces an opening (130) formed in the respective plate (103a, 103b), a pin (140a) entering said cylinder (140) and said opening (130) at each of said plates (103a, 103b) to articulate said crash bar (104) about said longitudinal axis. 19. Panic bolt according to claim 12, characterized in that each of said plates (103a, 103b) is substantially symmetrical with respect to a median longitudinal plane (AA) of the panic bolt. 20. Panic bolt according to claim 12, characterized in that said plates (103a, 103b) are substantially symmetrical to each other with respect to a median transverse plane of the panic bolt. 21. Panic bolt according to claim 12, characterized in that said plates (103a, 103b) include fixing means (171, 172) for fixing them to a support. 22. Panic bolt according to claim 1, characterized in that it includes lateral shells (106) adapted to be fixed to said fixed part (3; 103). 23. Panic bolt according to claim 22, characterized in that each of said lateral shells (106) is substantially symmetrical with respect to a median longitudinal plane (AA) of the panic bolt. 24. Panic bolt according to claim 22, characterized in that said lateral shells (106) are substantially symmetrical to each other with respect to a median transverse plane of the panic bolt. 25. Panic bolt according to any claim 1, characterized in that it includes a bolt (151) on which said bolt operating member (5; 105) acts. 26. Panic bolt according to claim 25, characterized in that it includes lateral shells (106) and said bolt (151) passes through one of said lateral shells (106).

The invention relates to a panic bolt and a door equipped there with. Prior art panic bolts require many production process steps, which tends to increase their unit cost. The components used also impose a fairly small internal space. A standard type of panic bolt used on panic doors has a crash bar articulated to a crash bar support. There are two standard configuration types for articulated panic bolts: a working position and an idle position. In the idle position, the crash bar is in a position remote from the crash bar support. In the working position, which corresponds to opening the door, the crash bar is pushed toward the crash bar support when it is pushed downwardly. Returning it to the idle position necessitates return means to raise the crash bar. In a different, push-in type of panic bolt, dedicated means are necessary to return the crash bar to a projecting position. This leads to panic bolts of the above kinds being complex and costly. The invention consists in a panic bolt that is simple to fabricate and offers greater reliability and a lower production cost. To this end, the invention proposes a panic bolt including a fixed part having a bolt operating member and a crash bar that is mounted on said fixed part to pivot about a longitudinal axis between an idle position in which said crash bar occupies a position remote from said fixed part and a working position in which said crash bar occupies a position close to said fixed part and in which said crash bar activates said bolt operating member, characterized in that said crash bar is a section articulated about said longitudinal axis by means of an articulation portion. Thus the invention proposes an articulated panic bolt whose crash bar is a section articulated about a longitudinal axis of a fixed part forming the crash bar support. This panic bolt has the advantage of using a crash bar in the form of a section, which makes it simple to produce at extremely low cost. Also, using a section frees up the space between the crash bar and the crash bar support, which simplifies the panic bolt and also simplifies fitting it. According to a preferred feature of the invention, the panic bolt includes at least one abutment carried by said fixed part cooperating with at least one stop portion carried by said crash bar, their cooperation delimiting the range of movement in articulation of said crash bar. This limited range of movement controls the cooperation between the crash bar and the bolt operating member, which makes the panic bolt more reliable at the same time as preserving great simplicity of fabrication and fitting. According to another advantageous feature of the invention, said articulation portion is situated in a lower portion of said crash bar and cooperates with an articulation portion of said fixed part to articulate the section constituting said crash bar about said longitudinal axis and said crash bar includes a stop portion situated in an upper portion of said crash bar. Thus the invention proposes an articulated panic bolt whose mechanism is advantageously inverted compared to that of the articulated panic bolts cited above, i.e. a panic bolt in which an upward push is required to move it from the working position to the idle position. Eliminating the return means produces a panic bolt that is simpler to fit, more economic to produce and more reliable; the return movement may be obtained simply by the effect of gravity. In a first preferred embodiment of the invention, the fixed part is a section extending in the same direction as said crash bar. Using a section to form the crash bar support further reduces production costs and further simplifies the fabrication and fitting of this kind of panic bolt. According to an advantageous feature of the invention, in this first embodiment, said fixed part includes a longitudinal housing which is entered with clearance by a longitudinal edge of the section of said crash bar. This feature makes the relationship between the crash bar and the crash bar support more efficient and more reliable. Said longitudinal housing preferably includes at least one abutment carried by said fixed part cooperating with at least one stop portion carried by said crash bar, their cooperation delimiting the range of movement in articulation of said crash bar. Thus a panic bolt of this kind is easy to fit and extremely easy to manipulate. According to another advantageous feature of the invention, a plurality of abutments cooperate with one stop portion or one abutment cooperates with a plurality of stop portions. These two features may be combined. There is therefore a real delimitation of the angular freedom of movement at both ends. According to another advantageous feature of the invention, said crash bar has a curved portion that enters said longitudinal housing via an opening at which is situated an abutment formed by a free end of said housing, and said stop portion is a rim at the end of said curved portion. According to another advantageous feature of the invention, said fixed part includes longitudinal ribs adapted to receive said bolt operating member. The bolt operating member is therefore held optimally at the level of the crash bar support, at the same time as remaining very easy to fit. According to another advantageous feature of the invention, said crash bar has a longitudinal articulation bead in the vicinity of a longitudinal edge of the section that cooperates with a slotted tube of the section constituting said fixed part to articulate said crash bar about said longitudinal axis. The crash bar is therefore effectively articulated to the crash bar support and the resulting panic bolt is easy to manipulate. According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, said fixed part includes two lateral plates between which said crash bar is situated. Using two plates to form the crash bar support minimizes the space used by the crash bar support and the material used to produce it. According to an advantageous feature of this other embodiment of the invention, each of said plates includes at least one abutment cooperating with at least one stop portion of said crash bar, their cooperation delimiting the range of movement in articulation of said crash bar. The panic bolt according to the invention is therefore simple to fit and provides good control of the cooperation of the crash bar with the plate. According to another advantageous feature of the invention, one abutment cooperates with a plurality of stop portions or a plurality of abutments cooperate with one stop portion. There is therefore a real limitation of the angular freedom of movement at both ends. According to another advantageous feature of the invention, said crash bar has on the section a lateral projection that forms said stop portion, said abutments being formed by edges of a window that is formed in one of said plates and which said lateral projection enters. Alternatively, the section constituting said crash bar has two longitudinal ends each of which includes a lateral projection forming a stop portion and said abutments are formed by edges of a window that is formed in each of said plates and which one of said two lateral projections enters. The crash bar can therefore move without being distorted by excessive torsion. According to another advantageous feature of the invention, at the end of one longitudinal edge of the section constituting said crash bar, said crash bar has a curvature in the shape of a longitudinal hollow cylinder and said crash bar is placed between said plates so that, at each end of said crash bar, said cylinder faces an opening formed in the respective plate, a pin entering said cylinder and said opening at each of said plates to articulate said crash bar about said longitudinal axis. The crash bar is therefore articulated to the crash bar support effectively and the resulting panic bolt is easy to manipulate. According to another advantageous feature of the invention, each of said plates is substantially symmetrical with respect to a median longitudinal plane of the panic bolt. According to another advantageous feature of the invention, said plates are substantially symmetrical to each other with respect to a median transverse plane of the panic bolt. These features greatly facilitate the fabrication of the plates and reduce costs by offering the possibility of economies of scale and by delaying the differentiation of the plates on the production line. According to another advantageous feature of the invention, said plates include fixing means for fixing them to a support. According to another advantageous feature of the invention, the panic bolt includes lateral shells adapted to be fixed to said fixed part. These lateral shells are situated at the ends of the crash bar and provide a pleasing esthetic appearance at the same time as protecting the mechanisms that connect the crash bar to the crash bar support. According to another advantageous feature of the invention, each of said lateral shells is substantially symmetrical with respect to a median longitudinal plane of the panic bolt. According to another advantageous feature of the invention, said lateral shells are substantially symmetrical to each other with respect to a median transverse plane of the panic bolt. These features greatly facilitate the fabrication of the shells and reduce costs by offering the possibility of economies of scale and by delaying the differentiation of the plates on the production line. According to another advantageous feature of the invention, the panic bolt includes a bolt on which said bolt operating member acts. According to another advantageous feature of the invention, the panic bolt includes lateral shells and said bolt passes through one of said lateral shells. The explanation of the invention continues next with the following description of one embodiment of the invention, which is given by way of illustrative and nonlimiting example and with reference to the appended drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view in section of a panic bolt in which the fixed part is a section, showing the panic bolt in an idle position; FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view in section of the FIG. 1 panic bolt in a working position; FIG. 3 is a perspective view of another panic bolt of the invention in which the fixed part includes two lateral plates; FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of the crash bar and of one plate of the FIG. 3 panic bolt; and FIG. 5 is a view in section and in elevation of the FIG. 3 panic bolt at the level of a lateral plate that carries a bolt operating member. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the panic bolt 1 is fixed to a door 2 and includes a fixed part 3 to which a crash bar 4 is articulated. The fixed part 3 is a metal section that extends longitudinally on the door 2. The fixed part 3 receives a bolt operating member 5 and lateral shells (not shown). The fixed part 3 is also provided with any appropriate means (not shown) for fixing it to the door 2. A lower portion of the fixed part 3 includes a slotted tube 30 at the edge of a lower wall 31 that extends the length of the section. The slotted tube 30 forms a lower longitudinal edge of the fixed part 3. An upper portion of the fixed part 3 includes a longitudinal upper wall 36. This wall is substantially orthogonal to a bottom 35 of the fixed part 3. The bottom 35 is a longitudinal portion of the section that extends over the door 2 and is connected to the lower wall 31 and to the upper wall 36. An L-shaped wall orthogonal to the bottom 35 terminates at a rim forming an abutment 37. The bottom 35 forms an abutment 38 facing the abutment 37. The free space between the L-shaped wall, the abutments 37 and 38 and the upper wall 36 defines a longitudinal housing 34 extending the length of the section. Here the crash bar 4 is a C-shaped metal section extending in a longitudinal direction. A lower portion of the crash bar 4 includes an articulation bead 40 that forms a longitudinal lower edge of the section. The articulation bead 40 forms an articulation portion of the crash bar 4 and cooperates with the slotted tube 30. The section constituting the crash bar 4 also includes an upper portion 42 extended by a rim that forms a stop portion 43 and a maneuvering portion 44 between this upper portion 42 and the articulation bead 40. The maneuvering portion 44 is a curved longitudinal portion of the section. This portion 44 is adapted to assume positions in which it is substantially parallel to or at a small angle to the door 2. As indicated above, the crash bar 4 is articulated to the fixed part 3 by the cooperation of the slotted tube 30 and the articulation bead 40 that enters it. These two members 30 and 40, which extend along their respective sections, define a longitudinal articulation axis about which the crash bar 4 can pivot. The range of movement of the crash bar 4 is limited by the cooperation of the stop portion 43 with the abutments 37 and 38. To this end, the upper portion 42 enters the longitudinal housing 34 via a slot between the upper wall 36 and the abutment 37. The width of this slot is slightly greater than the thickness of the upper portion 42. The stop portion 43, which forms a rim, is therefore mobile only between the abutment 37 and the abutment 38. The restricted freedom of movement of the stop portion 43 limits the range of movement of this portion of the crash bar 4. The bolt operating member 5 is mounted in the fixed part 3 by means of longitudinal ribs 39a, 39b, 39c and 39d and is connected to the crash bar 4 by appropriate means known in the art, such as a link shown diagrammatically by the line 45. The crash bar 4 represented in FIGS. 1 and 2 is mounted so that, regardless of its position, the force of gravity tends to move the crash bar 4 away from the bottom 35 of the fixed part 3. When the panic bolt 1 is in the idle position (FIG. 1), the stop portion 42 of the crash bar 4 is at a position farthest away from the bottom 35. In this position, the stop portion 43 is butted up against the abutment 37 because of the weight of the crash bar 4. The panic bolt 1 assumes its working position if a user applies sufficient pressure to the maneuvering portion 44 in the direction of the arrow F to overcome the weight of the crash bar 4. When the panic bolt 1 is in its working position (FIG. 2), the stop portion 43 of the crash bar 4 is in a position closest to the bottom 35. In this position, the stop portion 43 is abutted against the abutment 38. Because of the connection between the bolt operating member 5 and the crash bar 4, the movement from the idle position to the working position activates the bolt operating member 5. Activation of the bolt operating member 5 actuates a bolt which passes through one of the two lateral shells and cooperates with a keeper. The bolt, the keeper and the lateral shells are not shown here to simplify the drawings. The return movement from the working position to the idle position is effected by releasing the pressure on the crash bar 4. Gravity is then the only force acting on the crash bar 4, which resumes the idle position. Another embodiment of the panic bolt 1 described above is described next with reference to FIGS. 3 to 5. Components similar to those described above are designated by the same reference numbers increased by 100. As is apparent in FIGS. 3, 4 and 5, the panic bolt 101 is fixed to a door 102 and includes a fixed part 103 and a crash bar 104. Here the fixed part 103 includes two plates 103a and 103b. Each plate 103a, 103b includes two openings 130 and two windows 134 symmetrical with respect to a median longitudinal plane AA of the panic bolt 101. Each plate also includes means 107 for fixing it to the door 102. Each window 134 has two lateral edges forming abutments 137 and 138 and, in this embodiment, a lug 161 situated on a transverse rim. Here the crash bar 104 is a C-shaped metal section. This section has a curved longitudinal articulation edge 140, an upper portion 142 extended by a tube portion, and a maneuvering portion 144 between the curved longitudinal edge 140 and the upper portion 142. The longitudinal edge 140 is curved to form a tube that forms an articulation portion of the crash bar 104. A projection at each longitudinal end of the tube portion of the crash bar 104 forms a stop portion 143. The tube portion has a U-shaped portion 143a connected by the branches of the U-shape to a hollow cylindrical portion 143b. A pin 143c extends partially into the hollow cylindrical portion 143b. The pin 143c forms the projection from the tube portion that forms the stop portion 143 at each end of the crash bar 104. Here the hollow cylindrical portion 143b and the articulation edge 140 have the same inside diameter. A transfer member 145 is formed by an arm positioned along an external face of the plate 103a. The transfer member 145 has a portion accessible through one of the windows 134 in the plate 103a. The transfer member 145 has an opening here of the same diameter as the openings 130. The stop portion 143 enters this opening through the window 134 and thus connects the crash bar 104 to the transfer member 145. On the opposite side, the transfer member 105 is connected to a bolt operating member 105 mounted on the plate 103a. The crash bar 104 is articulated between the two plates 103a and 103b. To this end, a pin 140a in a lower portion of each plate 103 penetrates the curved edge 140 and the opening 130. The crash bar 104 is therefore articulated about a longitudinal axis that is parallel to the curved edge 140 and passes through the center of the two openings 130 that the pins 140a enter. The range of movement in articulation of the crash bar 104 is limited by the cooperation of the stop portion 143 with the edges of the window 134 in the upper portion of each of the plates 103a, 103b. More precisely, it is the stopping of the movement of the stop portion 143 by the abutments 137 and 138 that limits the range of movement of the crash bar 104. In a simplified variant, not shown, there is only one projection cooperating with only one window at only one end of the crash bar. Each plate 103 can receive a lateral shell 106 that is fixed to the plate 103a, 103b by the lug 161 with which each window 134 is provided. The shell 106 that is carried by the plate 103a is pierced so that a bolt 151 is able to cooperate with an exterior keeper 152 when acted on by the bolt operating member 105. The two plates 103a, 103b are symmetrical with respect to a median longitudinal plane AA of the panic bolt 101. The plates 103a, 103b are also symmetrical to each other with respect to a median transverse plane of the panic bolt. The shells 106 have the same features of symmetry as the plates 103a, 103b. The panic bolt 101 is secured to the door 102 by fixing means 107 that include rods 171 and 172. This embodiment of the invention operates in substantially the same way as the first embodiment described above. When the panic bolt 101 is idle, the crash bar 104 is fully retracted by the force of gravity and is held in position by virtue of the stop portion 143 bearing on the abutment 137. Sufficient pressure on the maneuvering portion 144 and directed toward the door 102 causes the crash bar 104 to pivot about the articulation formed by the pin 140a, the opening 130 and the edge 140. This pivoting causes the stop portion 143 to move relative to the window 134. The stop portion 143 is attached to the transfer member 145 and therefore entrains the transfer member 145 with it when it moves, until it comes into contact with the abutment 138. The movement of the transfer member 145 activates the bolt operating member 105. When the pressure on the crash bar 104 is released, its weight causes the panic bolt to return to its idle position. The invention should not be regarded as limited to the embodiments described above. In particular a variant of either embodiment may be envisaged in which the articulation of the crash bar to the fixed part is in an upper portion of the panic bolt, the return movement from the working position to the idle position being achieved by conventional means (in particular by springs). Embodiments may also be envisaged in which an abutment on the fixed part cooperates with a plurality of stop portions of the crash bar. For example, one such portion could be situated at the end of the upper portion of the crash bar. The other portion could be formed by a longitudinal rib of the maneuvering portion and limit the stroke of the crash bar by virtue of being stopped by the abutment. Other embodiments may be considered in which the stop portion is a rib situated substantially in the middle of the maneuvering portion and abutting against an extension of the bolt operating member. Note that the sections are of metal or of synthetic material, such as PVC, aluminum, polymethylmethacrylate, polyamides or any other material suitable for producing sections.

20060920

20130409

20070726

64615.0

E05B6510

LUGO, CARLOS

ANTI-PANIC BAR AND DOOR EQUIPPED THEREWITH

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

E05B

ACCEPTED

Antimicrobial preservatives to achieve multi-dose formulation using beta-cyclodextrins for liquid dosage forms

The present invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions containing a therapeutically effective amount of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (“API”), a pharmaceutically acceptable cyclodextrin and a pharmaceutically acceptable preservative. The invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions of the compounds of Formula (I) wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl and a pharmaceutically acceptable cyclodextrin and preservative. Formula (I): In particular, the invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions of the compound of Formula 1a, and a pharmaceutically acceptable cyclodextrin and a preservative.

1-10. (canceled) 11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient, a β-cyclodextrin, a pharmaceutically acceptable preservative, a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, and an optional pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said preservative demonstrates pharmaceutically acceptable antimicrobial preservative effectiveness. 12. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 wherein the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient is a compound of Formula I, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl. 13. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 12 wherein the β-cyclodextrin is 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin or sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin. 14. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 12 wherein the preservative is selected from thimerosal, propylene glycol, phenol, or meta-cresol or a combination thereof. 15. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14 wherein the preservative is about 2.5 mg/ml of meta-cresol. 16. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14 wherein the preservative has a binding value to the cyclodextrin that is less than a binding value of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient to cyclodextrin. 17. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15 wherein about 1 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL of the preservative is unsequestered in the cyclodextrin. 18. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16 wherein the binding value of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient to cyclodextrin is between 500 M−1 and 10,000 M−1. 19. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16 wherein the binding value of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient to cyclodextrin is between 800 M−1 and 31,000 M−1. 20. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 12 for use as a medicament. 21. The use of a composition according to any of claim 12 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease for which a neurokinin receptor antagonist is indicated. 22. A method for the treatment of a disease for which a neurokinin receptor antagonist is indicated in mammals comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of claim 12. 23. A method for the treatment of a disease for which a neurokinin receptor antagonist is indicated in mammals comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of claim 13. 24. A method for the treatment of a disease for which a neurokinin receptor antagonist is indicated in mammals comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of claim 14. 25. A method for the treatment of a disease for which a neurokinin receptor antagonist is indicated in mammals comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of claim 15. 26. A method for the treatment of a disease for which a neurokinin receptor antagonist is indicated in mammals comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of claim 16. 27. A method for the treatment of a disease for which a neurokinin receptor antagonist is indicated in mammals comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of claim 17.

FIELD OF INVENTION The present invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions containing a therapeutically effective amount of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (“API”), a pharmaceutically acceptable cyclodextrin and a pharmaceutically acceptable preservative. The invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions of the compounds of Formula I, wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl and a pharmaceutically acceptable cyclodextrin and preservative. In particular, the invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions of the compound of Formula Ia, and a pharmaceutically acceptable cyclodextrin and a preservative. The invention is further directed to improving injection site toleration of injectable aqueous solutions comprising the compound of Formula I, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, a β-cyclodextrin and a preservative. The invention is also directed to a method of developing a preserved API composition. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION Administering neurokinin receptor antagonists, including the compounds of Formula I and Ia, present various problems with regard to injection site tolerance (e.g., irritability of subject, irritation, inflammation, swelling, and/or redness of the site). Although there have been numerous studies with regard to improving injection site tolerance through the use of various substances, none of these studies, however, have focused on neurokinin receptor antagonist administration. The compounds of Formula I or Ia are the subject of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,807,867, 6,222,038 and 6,255,320. The preparation of compounds of Formula I and Ia are described therein. The compound of Ia may also be prepared as described in the co-pending U.S. provisional application No. 60/541,323, commonly owned and assigned to Pfizer, Inc. U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,762 also describes pharmaceutical compositions and treatment of emesis using NK-1 receptor antagonists. Co-pending U.S. provisional application No. 60/540,697, commonly owned and assigned to Pfizer, Inc., describes a method of improving anesthesia recovery in patients by administering the compound of Formula I or Ia. The text of the aforementioned applications, patents and all other references cited in this specification are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The compound of Formula Ia is a basic drug with two amine functional groups, a secondary amine with a pKa of 4.43 and a tertiary amine with a pKa of 9.31. The citrate salt of the compound of Formula Ia has a solubility of 2.7 mg/mL at a pH of 4.2 in 0.02 M phosphate/0.02 M acetate buffered solution. The desired 10 mgA/mL solubility could be obtained by the addition of salts (e.g. NaCl, CaCl2 or sodium acetate), using a partially-aqueous, oleaginous, or micellar vehicle, or adding a modified, parenterally acceptable cyclodextrin. Generally, however, it was observed that formulations containing cyclodextrins provided improved injection site toleration over other approaches to increasing solubility. Assuring adequate solubility of a pharmaceutical drug in parenteral formulations is crucial, especially when the drug has low aqueous solubility. pH modification of the solution, drug salt form selection, and the use of co-solvents are common approaches used to achieve adequate solubility. A typical approaches involve excipients, such as complexation agents. Cyclodextrin may enhance solubility by forming an inclusion complex with the drug molecule whereby the insoluble/hydrophobic drug is inserted into the hydrophobic cavity of the cyclodextrin. The outer hydrophilic shell of the cyclodextrin molecule then enhances solubility of the entire complex. Standard terminology for cyclodextrin complexation identifies the cyclodextrin as a “host” molecule and the drug as a “guest” molecule. Unfortunately, the cyclodextrin used to form the inclusion complex may also bind preservatives, inactivating many poorly water-soluble preservatives. Sulfobutylether-βcyclodextrin (hereinafter “SBE-CD”) was found to be effective at both increasing the solubility of compound of Formula Ia and ameliorating injection site reactions. Unfortunately, investigation determined that SBE-CD formed complexes with both antimicrobial preservative (e.g. meta-cresol) and the compound of Formula Ia, resulting in competitive binding interactions and, in general, antimicrobial ineffectiveness. Consequently, it was necessary to obtain an optimal balance between a sufficient concentration of cyclodextrin (e.g., SBE-CD) and antimicrobial preservative (e.g. meta-cresol). While a lower concentration of SBE-CD would increase antimicrobial preservative efficacy, this advantage would be offset, however, by a decrease in acceptable injection site toleration (“IST”). These competing performance characteristics necessitated balancing antimicrobial preservative efficacy (criteria A) and acceptable injection-site-toleration for the product. Co-pending U.S. provisional application No. 60/540,644, contemporaneously filed with the present application and assigned to and owned by Pfizer Inc., describes a method of improving injection site toleration during the parenteral administration of a composition containing the compound of Formula I and cyclodextrin. A cyclodextrin-compatible preservative was also identified, providing desirable multi-use dosing options. Preferably, meta-cresol is used in the formulation to prevent bacterial and fungal development in the formulation during the proposed extended in-use period. SUMMARY OF INVENTION In one aspect, the invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), a β-cyclodextrin, a pharmaceutically acceptable preservative, a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, and an optional pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein the preservative demonstrates pharmaceutically acceptable antimicrobial preservative effectiveness. In a preferred embodiment, the β-cyclodextrin is 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin or sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin, preferably sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable preservative is selected from thimerosal, propylene glycol, phenol, or meta-cresol or a combination thereof. Preferably the preservative is meta-cresol. Preferably, the concentration of preservative is about 0.1 mg/mL to about 600 mg/mL. Preferably, the preservative is meta-cresol and is in a concentration of about 0.1 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL. In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has a pH in the range of about 3 to about 6. In a preferred embodiment, the preservative has a binding value to the cyclodextrin that is less than a binding value of the API to cyclodextrin. Preferably, the binding value of the API to cyclodextrin is between 500 M−1 and 10,000 M−1. Preferably, the binding value of the API to cyclodextrin is between 800 M−1 and 3,000 M−1. In another embodiment, the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient has a greater than or equal to two-fold binding constant with cyclodextrin over that of the preservative. In a preferred embodiment, the binding constant is greater than or equal to five-fold. In a more preferred embodiment, the binding constant is greater than or equal to ten-fold. In a preferred embodiment, about 1 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL of the preservative, preferably meta-cresol, is unsequestered in the cyclodextrin. Preferably, about 2.5 mg/mL of the preservative, preferably meta-cresol, is unsequestered in the cyclodextrin. In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has an antimicrobial effectiveness against bacteria such that the bacteria concentration decreases at a 2 or greater log reduction after 6 hours, a 3 or greater log reduction after 24 hours, and zero recovery of bacteria after 28 days. Preferably, the bacteria are selected from Escherichia coli (bacteria, gram negative)(ATCC8739), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteria, gram negative)(ATCC9027) or Staphylococcus auereus (bacteria, gram positive)(ATCC6538). In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has an antimicrobial effectiveness against a fungus or mold such that the fungus or mold concentration decreases at a 2 or greater log reduction after 7 days, a 1 log reduction after 14 days, and no increase in fungus or mold after 14 days to about 28 days. Preferably, the fungus is Candida albicans (fungus)(ATCC 10231) and the mold is Aspergillus niger (mold)(ATCC 16404). In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has an antimicrobial effectiveness that satisfies Pharmaceopia Europa Criteria A and B and USP AET criteria. In another aspect, the invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, secbutyl and tertbutyl, preferably tert-butyl, a pharmaceutically acceptable β-cyclodextrin, a pharmaceutically acceptable preservative, a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle and an optional pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Preferably, the β-cyclodextrin is 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin or sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin, preferably sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin. Preferably, the pharmaceutically acceptable preservative is selected from thimerosal, propylene glycol, phenol, or meta-cresol, or a combination thereof. Preferably, the preservative is meta-cresol. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition has a pH in a range of about 4 to about 5. In a preferred embodiment, about 1 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL of the preservative, e.g. meta-cresol, is unsequestered in the cyclodextrin. In a preferred embodiment, the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is in an amount of about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL and the β-cyclodextrin is in an amount of about 20 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL and the preservative is meta-cresol. Preferably, the β-cyclodextrin is in the amount of 55 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL and the meta-cresol is an amount of about 2.5 mg/mL to 3.5 mg/mL. In a preferred embodiment, the compound of Formula I is the compound of Formula Ia, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Preferably, the compound of Formula Ia, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is in an amount of about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL and the β-cyclodextrin is in an amount of about 20 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL and the preservative is meta-cresol and is in an amount of about 1 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL. Preferably, the β-cyclodextrin is in an amount of about 55 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL and the preservative is meta-cresol and is in an amount of about 2.5 mg/mL to about 3.5 mg/mL. Preferably, the β-cyclodextrin is sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin. In a third aspect, the invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of Formula Ia, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein the compound of Formula Ia is 10 mgA/mL, sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin is in an amount of about 63 mg/mL and meta-cresol is in an amount of about 3.3 mg/mL, a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle and an optional pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Preferably, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of Formula Ia is citrate. In a fourth aspect, the invention is directed to a method for the treatment of emesis or improving anesthesia recovery in mammals comprising parenterally injecting into the mammal an aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprising the above described pharmaceutical compositions of the compounds of Formula I or Ia, the β-cyclodextrin being present in amounts which are sufficient for improved injection toleration at the injection site. Preferably, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is citrate. Preferably, the composition is administered subcutaneously. In a fifth aspect, the invention is directed to a method of improving injection site toleration during the treatment of emesis or the treatment of improving anesthesia recovery in a mammal comprising parenterally injecting into the mammal a pharmaceutically acceptable solution of the the above described pharmaceutical compositions of the compounds of Formula I or Ia. Preferably, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is citrate. Preferably, the composition is administered subcutaneously. In a sixth aspect, the invention is directed to a method to develop a preserved API compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an API, a β-cyclodextrin and a pharmaceutically acceptable preservative. In a preferred embodiment, the preservative has a binding value to the cyclodextrin that is less than a binding value of the API to cyclodextrin. Preferably, the preservative is selected from thimerosal, propylene, glycol, phenol or meta-cresol or a combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the binding value of the API with the cyclodextrin is greater than 50 M−1. Preferably, the binding value of the API with the cyclodextrin is between 500 and 10,000 M−1. Preferably, the binding value of the API with the cyclodextrin is between 800 and 3,000 M−1. In a preferred embodiment, Antimicrobial Effectiveness Test (AET) requirements meet Pharmaceopia Europa Criteria A and B and USP AET criteria. In a further aspect, the invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition, as defined herein, for use as a medicament especially in, when the composition comprises a compound of formula I or Ia, the treatment of a disease for which a neurokinin receptor antagonist, such as an NK-1 receptor antagonist, is indicated. In a further aspect, the invention is directed to the use of a pharmaceutical composition, as defined herein, comprising a compound of formula I or Ia, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease for which a neurokinin receptor antagonist, such as an NK-1 receptor antagonist, is indicated. In a further aspect, the invention is directed to a method for the treatment of a disease for which a neurokinin receptor antagonist, such as an NK-1 receptor antagonist, is indicated in mammals comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein comprising a compound of formula I or Ia. Definitions The term(s) “compound(s) of Formula I” and “compound of Formula Ia” as used herein, means a compound or compounds of Formula I or Ia, prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the prodrugs. The compounds utilized in the present invention may be isolated and used per se or in the form of its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or hydrate. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to inorganic and organic salts of a compound of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of a compound, or by separately reacting the compound, or prodrug with a suitable organic or inorganic acid and isolating the salt thus formed. Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroiodide, sulfate, bisulfate, nitrate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, oxalate, besylate, palmitiate, pamoate, malonate, stearate, laurate, malate, maleate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, hexafluorophosphate, benzene sulfonate, tosylate, formate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts, and the like. See, e.g., Berge, et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 66, 1-19 (1977). Preferably, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is citrate. The term “citrate salt,” as used herein, refers to the citrate monohydrate salt of the compound of Formula Ia, having a molecular weight of 660.82 and a theoretical potency based on the active ingredient of 709 mg/g. The term “Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient” or “API,” as used herein refers to a pharmaceutical drug substance having therapeutic properties and having the ability to bind or be “sequestered” in cyclodextrin. Preferably, the API has a binding value to cyclodextrin greater than 50 M−1. More preferably, the API has a binding value to cyclodextrin between about 800 M−1 to about 3,000 M−1. Even more preferably, the API has a binding value to cyclodextrin between about 500 M−1 to about 10,000 M−1. Furthermore, preferably, the API has greater than a two-fold binding constant with cyclodextrin over preservative. More preferably, the API has a greater than 5 fold binding constant with cyclodextrin. Even more preferably, the API has greater than or equal to 10 fold binding constant with cyclodextrin. The term “active ingredient” or “mgA/mL”, as used herein, refers to the free base of the compound of Formula Ia, having a molecular weight of 468.69. The term “cyclodextrin” refers to a compound including cyclic alpha (1→4) linked D-glucopyranose units. α-cyclodextrin refers to a cyclodextrin with 6 cyclic, linked D-glucopyranose units, β-cyclodextrin has 7 cyclic, linked D-glucopyranose units, and β-cyclodextrin has 8 cyclic, linked D-glucopyranose units. These cyclic, linked D-glucopyranose units define a hydrophobic cavity, and cyclodextrins are known to form inclusion compounds with other organic molecules, with salts, and with halogens either in the solid state or in aqueous solutions. Cyclodextrins vary in structure and properties. For example, the size (e.g. diameter, and depth) and functionality (e.g. hydrophobicity, charge, reactivity and ability to hydrogen bond) of the hydrophobic cavity varies among substituted and unsubstituted α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins. Typically, a cyclodextrin selected for a formulation has a size and functionality that binds with the target component the other components of the formulation. For the present formulations and methods, it is believed that substituted cyclodextrins, such as hydroxyalkyl cyclodextrins and sulfoalkylether cyclodextrins have a size and functionality that compliment the other components of the formulation. Preferred cyclodextrins include hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin. More preferably, the cyclodextrin is sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (“SBE-CD”). The phrase “therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of a compound of the present invention that (i) treats or prevents the particular disease, condition or disorder, (ii) attenuates, ameliorates or eliminates one or more symptoms of the particular disease, condition or disorder, or (iii) prevents or delays the onset of one or more symptoms of the particular disease, condition or disorder described herein. The term “mammals” or “animals”, as used herein, refers to humans, companion animals such as, but not limited to, dogs, cats and horses, food source animals (e.g., cows, pigs and sheep), zoo animals and other similar animal species. The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the substance or composition must be compatible chemically and/or toxicologically, with the other ingredients comprising a formulation, and/or the mammal being treated therewith. The terms “treating”, “treat” or “treatment” embrace both preventative, i.e. prophylactic and palliative treatment. The term “improved injection site toleration” as used herein means a score of two or less, as defined herein in Table IV. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable preservative,” as used herein, means a preservative. In particular, the formulation containing preservative maintains effectiveness according to the standards set forth in Ph. Eur. 4th Ed. 2003 (5.1.3) for parenteral formulations and USP26 NF21S2, <51 > for Category 1 pharmaceutical products. Preferably, the preservative has a reduced binding value to cyclodextrin compared to the API, such that the sufficient preservative is “unsequestered” in the cyclodextrin, providing effective antimicrobial effectiveness. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 depicts the saturated meta-cresol solutions of SBE-CD and compound of Formula Ia. Meta-cresol concentration showed linear increase as SBE-CD was increased. The concentration of drug did not significantly alter the solubility of m-cresol in SBE-CD. FIG. 2 depicts compound of Formula Ia concentration vs. time at 1, 0.5, and 0.25 mM compound of Formula Ia, fit to Equation 11. FIG. 3 depicts the comparison between bacterial efficacy as a function of total quantity of meta-cresol and as a function of calculated sequestered meta-cresol for S. aureus at 6 hours and 24 hours time points. FIG. 4 depicts a formulation window to guaranty preservative effectiveness according to Ph. Eur. Criteria A, no pain on injection, less than 3.5 mg/mL meta-cresol, and less than 80 mg/mL SBE-CD. DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION Development of parenteral formulations utilizing cyclodextrin for solubilization, or for other purposes, requires an understanding of the interaction between the drug and cyclodextrin. A pharmaceutical drug that is solubilized by cyclodextrin is bound at a stoichiometric relationship related to an inherent binding constant. This relationship varies based on several factors such as the structure of the drug, cyclodextrin, and solution properties (e.g., pH, ionic strength, and cosolvency). Formulations having multiple excipients further complicate the interaction. For example, in parenteral multi-use formulations containing a preservative, the preservative may compete with the drug for cyclodextrin binding. It was previously reported that 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin interacts not only with drug molecules but can also form complexes with antimicrobial preservatives. Loftsson, T. et al.,. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 1992, 18(13), 1477-1484. Binding of the preservative and cyclodextrin, however, decreases the antimicrobial effectiveness of the preservative, since the preservative needs to be unbound in solution. A minimum requirement for the efficacy of the preservation for parenteral products is described in the European Pharmacopoeia, criteria A being applicable, and in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. Antimicrobial Preservatives for proposed formulations were evaluated pursuant to the Antimicrobial Effectiveness Testing (“AET”) criteria. A multi-dose formulation of the compound of Formula Ia containing 10 mgA/mL compound of Formula Ia and 10% (w/v) cyclodextrin at pH 4.4 was utilized to identify an efficacious antimicrobial preservative that did not significantly interact with cyclodextrin. From preliminary experiments, the solubility of the compound of Formula I in the presence of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was similar to the solubility in the presence SBE-CD. Furthermore, both yielded a formulation with acceptable injection site toleration (“IST”). In addition to compatibility with cyclodextrin, e.g. SBE-CD, there was additional criteria that limited the antimicrobial preservatives acceptable for the formulation. These criteria were physical and chemical compatibility with compound of Formula Ia; preservative effectiveness against bacteria, molds, and yeasts at pH of about 4.4 and acceptable injection site toleration. As discussed more fully in the Experimental section, a preliminary screen for an antimicrobial preservative for the multidose compound of Formula Ia formulation was conducted with chlorocresol, phenyl ethanol, benzyl alcohol, ethanol, bronopol, sucrose, chlorhexidine gluconate, thimerosal, benzethonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, chlorobutanol, benzoic acid, meta-cresol, phenol, and 25% propylene glycol. Initial results indicated that thimerosal, chlorobutanol/phenylethanol, ethanol and propylene glycol (50%) satisfied USP/Ph. Eur. requirements (Table VII). When considering injection site toleration issues, chlorobutanol/phenylethanol, ethanol and propylene glycol demonstrated poor injection site toleration (Table VIII). Conversely, thimerosal and meta-cresol provided good injection site toleration. Benzethonium chloride and benzoic acid were both ineffective at reducing the microorganisms after 7 days. Propylene glycol (25%) was active against bacteria only in the presence of SBE-CD, but ineffective against the fungi. On the other hand, the phenolic compounds, phenol and meta-cresol were effective at reducing the microorganisms, but their activity against bacteria was greatly diminished when SBE-CD was present in the formulation. It was suspected, and determined by the inventors, that the difficulties encountered to preserve the desired formulation were due to an interaction between the antimicrobial preservative (e.g. meta-cresol) and the SBE-CD. In particular, preservative, for example meta-cresol, was likely sequestered by SBE-CD, rendering the meta-cresol inactive against bacteria and fungi. In order to demonstrate this theory, the binding constant of compound of Formula Ia to SBE-CD and meta-cresol to SBE-CD were determined (Kp). These constants were used to calculate the concentration of non-sequestered meta-cresol in the formulations tested for anti-microbial efficacy. The average values used for calculations are binding constant for drug (“KD”=1000) and binding constant for preservative (“Kp”=28). In cases where preferential binding of one component is desired, it is desirable to quantify the bound portion of each component at equilibrium. The binding of one component versus another in solution can be measured using techniques such as spectroscopy, or calorimetry. Gadre, A., and Connors, K. A. “Binding of Substituted Acetic Acids to α-Cyclodextrin in Aqueous Solution” J. Pharm. Sci. 1997 86(11):1210-1214.). In order to differentiate inclusion binding from other possible solubilization effects of a ternary formulation agent, such as stacking or hydrotropy, a method is required to determine the binding constant of one component bound to cyclodextrin in the presence of other competitive binders. The ability to distinguish between binding and other modes of interaction is significant for understanding and designing optimal formulations. In the present invention, the method to determine binding constants utilizes equilibrium dialysis in the development of a multi-use parenteral formulation containing SBE-CD and a preservative. In particular, the method was applied in developing a parenteral formulation comprising the compound of Formula Ia, a cyclodextrin (SBE-CD) and a preservative (meta-cresol). This approach is applicable to compounds other than the compound of Formula Ia in developing parenteral formulations and is within the scope of this invention. Development of the formulation using this approach resulted in optimization of cyclodextrin bound drug and unbound preservative. The significance of this procedure is its ability to measure the binding constant of multiple compounds competing for binding with the cyclodextrin. The experimental dialysis data also provides an easily interpreted representation of binding in the formulation by visualizing the degree of interaction by the equilibrium established following dialysis. Equilibrium dialysis permits calculation of binding constants by modeling the resultant diffusion rate across a semi-permeable membrane with an equilibrium end point. Equilibrium dialysis is performed by allowing the substrate in a solution containing bound substrate and ligand in a donor compartment of an equilibrium dialysis apparatus (cell) to equilibrate over time with an acceptor compartment. Ono, N., Hirayama, F., Arima, H., Uekama, K. “Determination of Stability Constant of β-Cyclodextrin Complexes Using the Membrane Permeation Technique and the Permeation Behavior of Drug Competing Agent-β-Cyclodextrin Ternary Systems” Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 1999 9:133-139. The acceptor cell contains no ligand. The membrane is semi-permeable allowing the typically low molecular weight substrates to freely diffuse, while the cyclodextrin (MW=2163) remains in the donor compartment. Sampling from both compartments over time yields a time-concentration profile of substrate in both the donor and acceptor compartments of the dialysis cell. A mathematical model describing the diffusion rate of drug across the membrane can be derived for systems containing two or more components in solution. The dialysis rate and binding constant for the substrates are obtained by resolving the equation using nonlinear curve fitting software. Depending on the interactions between the components it is possible to describe the competitive binding that occurs in the solution. The equilibrium binding constant is a measure of the relative concentration of meta-cresol bound to SBE-CD according to the chemical equilibrium equation below: S=meta-cresol, L=SBE-CD. S:L indicates the complex formed between meta-cresol and SBE-CD. K S + L ↔ S ⁢ : ⁢ L K = [ S ⁢ : ⁢ L ] [ S ] ⁡ [ L ] Solubility Analysis. The citrate salt of the compound of Formula Ia has a solubility of 2.7 mg/mL at a pH of 4.2 in 0.02 M phosphate/0.02 M acetate buffered solution. Traditional solubility methods were performed initially to determine the solubility and binding constants of compound of Formula Ia and preservative with SBE-CD. These studies allowed determination of the stoichiometry of binding between SBE-CD and compound of Formula Ia as seen by the linear slope in the molar solubility relationship of compound of Formula Ia and SBE-CD (FIG. 1). Binding was calculated for meta-cresol using solubility analysis. The experiment was performed at different concentrations of compound of Formula Ia to determine if there was any effect from the presence of drug in solution on the meta-cresol binding constant. Meta-cresol solubility was measured in excess (saturated) meta-cresol and the equilibrium binding constant was calculated using the following equation: S t = S 0 + K 11 ⁢ s 0 ⁢ L t 1 + K 11 ⁢ s 0 Where St is the total solubility of meta-cresol, s0 is the inherent solubility of meta-cresol, Lt is the total concentration of SBE-CD (ligand) and K11 is the equilibrium binding constant of meta-cresol assuming a 1 to 1 binding stoichiometry. Applying the solubility method, the equilibrium binding constant of meta-cresol averaged 27.6 M−1 across the studies. There was minimal effect on the binding from the presence of compound of Formula Ia as is shown in Table I. This data was used to compare results to the equilibrium dialysis method currently investigated. Compound of Formula Ia had a binding constant of 1040 M−1 at pH 4.4. TABLE I Calculated binding constants from meta-cresol saturated solubility experiments in varying SBE-CD and drug (compound of Formula Ia). The slope of meta-cresol solubility vs. SBE-CD concentration was used to estimate binding. The addition of compound of Formula la did not significantly alter meta-cresol concentration. Compound of y-intercept K11 Formula Ia [mM] Slope [mM] R2 (equilibrium) 00.00 0.46 34.06 0.88 24.53 10.67 0.46 33.15 0.95 25.78 21.34 0.53 32.15 0.92 35.46 42.67 0.43 31.15 0.97 24.59 Average Binding Constant [M−1] 27.59 Equilibrium Dialysis Method The initial experiments established the equilibrium dialysis flux rates for compound of Formula Ia and meta-cresol across the 500 MWCO dialysis membrane. Three different concentrations of compound of Formula Ia were initially loaded into the donor side of the dialysis well. Samples were withdrawn at various time intervals and concentration of free component was measured using HPLC. Equilibrium was achieved for each tested condition after approximately 4 days. The smoothed line was a fit to the data using the model for a unitary system presented in the discussion. The equilibrium point for all these control experiments was reached after 50% of the total drug was distributed uniformly across the donor and acceptor sides of the well. This asymptotic approach to equilibrium was modeled and the dialysis rates were calculated, Table II. TABLE II Calculated binding constants from equilibrium dialysis method. Asymptotic diffusion rates were fit to equation 11 using numerical line-fitting software to generate binding constants. Compound Approximate of Formula Meta-cresol SBE-CD Keq Ratio Ia [mM] [mM] k (hr−1) [M−1] 1:1 1.0 1.0 0.015 740 1:2 0.5 1.0 0.013 1092 1:4 0.25 1.0 0.012 1444 1:1 1.1 1.0 1.984 88 1:2 0.6 1.0 2.182 75 1:4 0.3 1.0 2.761 85 1:1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.018 690 1:2 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.013 720 1:4 0.25 0.25 1.0 0.011 520 The primary method of analyzing the data was to perform calculations from equilibrium dialysis data, as described below. In particular, the rate of diffusion across the membrane was calculated using the following equations: The rate of diffusion from the donor phase is defined by the following relationship: [D]t−[D]eq=([D]0−[D]eq)e(−2kt) (1) Rate of diffusion into the Acceptor Phase: [D]eq−[D]t=[D]eqe(−2kt) (2) wherein k=permeation rate constant, min−1 [D]0=concentration in donor or acceptor at time 0 [D]t=concentration in donor or acceptor at time t [D]eq=concentration in donor or acceptor at equilibrium t=time (min) The basis of calculation in the presence of SBE-CD is to assume that complexation occurs only in the donor phase according to the standard complexation reaction: K D + L ↔ D ⁢ : ⁢ L K = [ D ⁢ : ⁢ L ] [ D ] ⁡ [ L ] The differential equation governing the diffusion of drug into the acceptor phase is given below: ⅆ [ D ] A ⅆ t = k ⁡ [ D ] F - k ⁡ [ D ] A ( 3 ) The mass balance for drug in the system is described below: [D]tot=[D]F+[D]A+[D:CyD] (4) where [D]F and [D]A are free drug in the donor well and free drug in the acceptor well, respectively. The mass balance for cyclodextrin in the system, maintained within the donor phase, is given below: [CyD]tot=[CyD]F+[D:CyD] (5) Substituting the complexed drug from the mass balance (eq) into the equilibrium relationship gives: K = ( [ D ] tot - [ D ] F - [ D ] A ) [ D ] F ⁡ [ CyD ] F ( 6 ) Solving for free drug and substituting into eq. 3 results in: ⅆ D A ⅆ t = k ⁡ [ ( D tot - D A 1 + K · CyD F ) - D A ] ( 7 ) Simplifying results in: ⅆ D A ⅆ t = k ⁡ [ D tot - ( K · CyD F + 2 ) ⁢ D A 1 + K · CyD F ] ( 8 ) Using the cyclodextrin mass balance and solving for free cyclodextrin in terms of known values gives: CyDF=CyDtot−Dtot+DF+DA (9) Replacing free drug, DF, by its equilibrium relationship leads to: CyD F = CyD tot - D tot + D A + D 0 - D A 1 + K · CyD F ( 10 ) Solving the quadratic for free cyclodextrin, CyDF provides: CyD F = - 1 + K · D A - K · D 0 + K · CyD tot ± 4 ⁢ K · CyD tot + ( 1 - K · D A + K · D 0 - K · CyD tot ) 2 2 · K ( 11 ) The value for CyDF may be substituted into equation 8. An implicit solution using equations 8 and 11 allow determination of both the equilibrium binding constant K and the rate of diffusion, k, into the acceptor phase by using the time, concentration date, and the initial conditions. Sampling removed the higher concentration of drug (e.g. compound of Formula Ia) from the donor side of the dialysis chamber, which resulted in raw data depicting concentrations coming to equilibrium with the midpoint skewed below 50%. This sampling bias was corrected for, and the graphs were normalized to represent a 50% midpoint. This normalization was applied prior to fitting the curves to the model. The method utilized provided a measured binding constant for drug and SBE-CD. The value obtained from the equilibrium dialysis method was 1092 M−1 (±352 M−1, n=3), compared to 1040 M−1 (n=1) for the solubility method. The binding constant for preservative and SBE-CD, using the solubility method was 28 M−1 (n=1) compared to 83 M−1 (±7 M−1) using equilibrium dialysis. The data demonstrates that, in binary systems, both drug (e.g., compound of Formula Ia) and preservative bind to the cavity in SBE-CD, although in this case the drug binding constant was 13-fold greater than preservative. The data showed that in ternary systems comprised of SBE-CD, drug (e.g., compound of Formula Ia), and preservative, at the ratios tested, the equilibrium profile indicated that the preservative was not bound to cyclodextrin due to competitive binding with the drug. Based upon the above calculations to obtain the amount of sequestered meta-cresol and compound of Formula Ia, proposed formulations were developed and evaluated for antimicrobial efficacy. FIG. 3 demonstrates no clear relationship between the total meta-cresol concentration contained in the formulation and the log reduction of bacterial population, 6 or 24 hours after spiking a known amount of Staphylococcus Aureus (i.e. formulations containing about 3 mg/mL meta-cresol seem to equally have a log reduction as low as 0 or as high as greater than 4.6). When the same data set is plotted against the calculated non-sequestered meta-cresol concentration in the formulation, (FIG. 4) however, a relationship is visible. This data set was produced with a number of formulations containing 9.0 to 11.0 mgA/mL of compound of Formula Ia, 2.5 to 4.75 mg/mL meta-cresol and 60 to 100 mg/mL SBE-CD. The appearance of a plateau at the higher concentrations is only due to the limitation in the bactericidal efficacy measurement method. As the method consists in evaluating the population not killed by the preservative, when the whole population is dead (i.e. none is detectable any more ˜100%) the figure quoted is of the form: a log reduction greater than a value usually between 3 and 5. Another factor was the concentration of non-sequestered compound of Formula Ia, since higher concentrations were demonstrated to create pain on injection. Furthermore, there was risk of precipitation, if the concentration reached the limit of aqueous solubility of compound of Formula Ia at the desired formulation pH of about 4.4. Accordingly, the level of non-sequestered compound of Formula Ia was minimized in an attempt to maintain the concentration below 2 mg/mL. Two additional parameters were: (1) the level of total meta-cresol concentration; and (2) the level of cyclodextrin (e.g., SBE-CD) should be kept as low as possible and, in particular, below 80 mg/mL to prevent binding to and inactivating meta-cresol. (See FIG. 4). Accordingly, formulations containing 9.0 to 11.0 mgA/mL of compound of Formula I, 2.5 to 4.75 mg/mL meta-cresol and 60 to 100 mg/mL SBE-CD were designed to contain known amount of calculated non-sequestered compound of Formula I and known calculated amount of non-sequestered meta-cresol. The formulations were analyzed for preservative effectiveness. These results are reported in FIG. 4. From these results a limit of confidence in robust preservative effectiveness was defined and reported on FIG. 4. Based on these results, the preferred formulation containing calculated non-sequestered concentrations of meta-cresol (2.8 mg/mL) and compound of Formula I (1.4 mg/mL), corresponding to the black diamond on FIG. 4, was selected. This formulation corresponded to actual total concentrations of 10 mgA/mL of compound of Formula I, 63 mg/mL SBE-CD and 3.3 mg/mL meta-cresol at pH 4.4. The principles described above for the development of a pharmaceutical formulation of the citrate salt of compound of Formula Ia are applicable in the development of other parenteral formulations comprising pharmaceutical drugs, cyclodextrin and preservative. In particular concentrations of drug, cyclodextrin and preservative should be adjusted to have minimum concentration of non sequestered preservative (2.1 mg/ml when using metacresol). Formulation. In general, formulations are prepared by dissolving a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula Ia in an aqueous pharmaceutically acceptable diluent. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of Formula I may also be used, such as the citrate or malate salts. A cyclodextrin is added to the solution in a concentration range of about 2% to about 40%. Preferably, the cyclodextrin comprises about 5% to about 20% of the pharmaceutical composition and more preferably about 5% to about 10%. Preferably, the cyclodextrin is a β-cyclodextrin: hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, sulfobutylether β-cyclodextrin or other pharmaceutically acceptable substituted β-cyclodextrin. A preservative is added to the formulation on a weight basis. As used herein, a “therapeutically effective amount” for a dosage unit may typically about 0.5 mg to about 500 mg of active ingredient. The dose may vary, however, depending on the species, variety, etc. of animal to be treated, the severity and the body weight of the animal. Accordingly, based upon body weight, typical dose ranges of the active ingredient may be from about 0.01 to about 100 mg per kg of body weight of the animal. Preferably, the range is from about 0.10 mg to about 10 mg per kg of body weight, and more preferably, from about 0.2 to about 2 mg per kg of body weight. For example, A 10 mgA/mL compound of Formula Ia formulation allows the preferred injection volume of 0.5 to 3.0 mL at a 1 mg/kg dose to treat 5 to 30 kg animals, which covers the majority of patients. Use of the product in larger mammals can be accommodated by using a larger syringe or multiple injections. Use of the product in small dogs and cats will require smaller injection volumes. The veterinary practitioner, or one skilled in the art, will be able to determine the dosage suitable for the particular individual patient, which may vary with the species, age, weight and response of the particular patient. The above dosages are exemplary of the average case. Accordingly, higher or lower dosage ranges may be warranted, depending upon the above factors, and are within the scope of this invention. Pharmaceutical compositions of the compound of Formula Ia were developed such that a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula Ia could be administered to a patient with an acceptable injection site toleration. Injection site toleration was measured by inspecting the patient for signs of reaction, including erythema (size); skin thickening (size), pain on palpation and edema. Table VI provides a detailed explanation of the scoring system: a score of 0 (no reaction) to 4 (severe reaction) was given for each characteristic and each injection site daily. The formulation of the citrate salt of the compound of Formula Ia is self-buffered by the citrate counterion (21.3 mM) at the native pH of ca. 4.4. If other pharmaceutically acceptable salts are utilized, however, a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer may be required. The preferred formulation is 10 mgA/mL compound of Formula Ia as the citrate monohydrate salt, about 63 mg/mL SBE-CD, and about 3.3 mg/mL meta-cresol at pH 4.4. GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES A. Equilibrium Dialysis Method for Determining Binding Constants Materials. Meta-cresol (MW=108.14) was obtained from Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo. A 20-cell equilibrium dialyzer, equipped with 2 mL Teflon cells and 500 MWCO cellulose ester asymetric membranes was used (Spectrum, Rancho Dominguez, Calif.). Compound of 1a (free base=468.69), may be prepared as set forth in section B of Experimental Procedures. Preparation of Formulations. Three different test formulations were prepared composed of either single component controls; binary systems containing either drug or m-cresol, and SBE-CD; or ternary systems containing drug, m-cresol, and SBE-CD. Formulations were prepared at room temperature at different ratios and concentrations 24 hrs prior to testing to assure equilibrium binding. The formulations were prepared by first dissolving SBE-CD at the appropriate concentration and then adding drug or m-cresol and allowing it to dissolve in the cyclodextrin solution. Dialysis Method. One mL of complexed or control formulation was loaded in the donor side of the membrane. The acceptor side was loaded with 1-mL of sodium citrate (pH 4.4) to maintain ionic equilibrium across the chamber. At various time points, 50 μL aliquots were removed from both the donor and acceptor sides of the equilibrium dialysis chamber and analyzed using HPLC. The concentration over time profile (mM) of ligand on each side was plotted for each ratio. HPLC Method. Samples were loaded neat onto an HP 1100 HPLC equipped with an Agilent Eclipse XDB-C8 column. The total run time was 10 minutes. The mobile phase consisted of 25% 25 mM ammonium acetate and 75% methanol Detection was performed using absorbance at 271 nm or fluorescence detection. Peaks were integrated using Turbochrome software [Perkin Elmer\San Jose, Calif.]. Control Experiments. The dialysis rates of compound of Formula Ia and meta-cresol were measured alone across the 500 MWCO membrane. Different concentrations of meta-cresol and compound of Formula Ia were placed on the donor side of the equilibrium dialyzer. The concentrations of corresponding complexation experiments were chosen to match the concentration of drug or preservative in the single component systems. Binary Systems. These experiments were performed to quantify the binding of either drug or m-cresol with SBE-CD. Three separate mixtures were tested which consisted of: compound of Formula Ia with SBE-CD, meta-cresol with SBE-CD, and drug with meta-cresol. The molar ratios of SBE-CD to drug or preservative were 1:1, 2:1, and 4:1. Ternary Systems. Several experiments were performed to test the effects of all three formulation components on the dialysis rate of drug and preservative. In these, SBE-CD concentration was fixed while the amounts/ratios of compound of Formula Ia and meta-cresol were varied. Data Processing. The raw data was normalized to correct for concentration variation in the donor and acceptor well sides. The corrected percents of total were converted to theoretical mM concentrations. These data were then simultaneously fit to the equations presented in the discussion section using Micromath Scientist Software. B. Preparation of Compounds of Formula I and Ia In general, the compounds of Formula I and Ia may be prepared by methods that include processes known in the chemical arts, particularly in light of the description contained herein and disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,222,038 and 6,255,320. The compounds of Formula I and Ia may be prepared by various different synthetic routes. In particular, the compound of Formula Ia can also be prepared as described in co-pending U.S. provisional application No. 60/541,323, assigned to and owned by Pfizer, Inc. Certain processes for the synthesis of the compound of Formula Ia, as more fully described in the above co-pending provisional application, are illustrated by the following reaction scheme. The following reaction Scheme illustrates one possible preparation of the citrate monohydrate salt of the compound of Formula Ia, the compound of Formula Ic. In Step A of Scheme I, a mixture of compound of Formula VIa in an alcoholic solvent such as methanol, ethanol or n-propanol but preferably propan-2-ol, optionally also in the presence of water, is hydrogenated over a palladium on carbon catalyst at elevated temperature (typically 75-80° C.) and pressure (typically 50 psig hydrogen). One skilled in the art would appreciate that other catalysts may be suitable, such as palladium on carbon, palladium hydroxide on carbon, platinum on carbon, palladium on calcium carbonate, or palladium on alumina (Al2O3). Once formation of the intermediate, compound VII, is complete, typically 1 hour, compound of Formula VII, typically as a solution in the respective alcoholic solvent, preferably in propan-2-ol (isopropanol, “IPA”) is added to the reaction, without isolating the compound of Formula VIII, and the mixture is stirred optionally at elevated temperature (30-120° C.) under an atmosphere of nitrogen. Once sufficient of the intermediate compound IXa has formed the nitrogen atmosphere is replaced with hydrogen. The reaction is then stirred optionally at elevated temperature (about 30-120° C.) and at elevated pressure (typically 50 psig) until the formation of the compound Ib is found to be complete (typically 18 hours). The reaction mixture is then cooled (about 20-25° C.) and the hydrogen gas is vented. The palladium on carbon catalyst is removed by filtration, and the resultant solution of compound Ib is taken directly into Step B. In Step B of the reaction scheme I, the solution of compound Ib, typically in a mixture of propan-2-ol and water, is concentrated by distillation followed by the addition of toluene. The mixture is then concentrated again by distillation, adding additional toluene and water as necessary during distillation until sufficient isopropanol had been removed from the mixture and an appropriate solution volume is obtained (typically, 2-4 volumes per kg of compound Ib). Water and toluene are added as necessary (typically about 3.5 volumes of water and about 5 volumes of toluene). One skilled in the art would appreciate that other solvents, other than toluene, such as methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate or tert-butyl methyl ether, could be utilized. The pH is adjusted to an appropriate point (about 11.5 to 13.5) by the addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide and if necessary aqueous hydrochloric acid with stirring. Once an appropriate pH has been obtained, the aqueous phase is removed by separation. The product-containing organic phase is then concentrated by distillation. A mixture of propan-2-ol and water is then added and the mixture is concentrated again by distillation. The addition of water and propan-2-ol and subsequent concentration by distillation is repeated as necessary until sufficient toluene (typically less than 3% w/w toluene by GC analysis) has been removed from the mixture and an appropriate solution volume has been obtained (about 4 volumes with respect to compound Ib), resulting in a composition of the solvent in the final granulation slurry of typically greater than 80% w/w propan-2-ol, less than 20% w/w water and less than 3% w/w toluene. Once sufficient toluene has been removed, the mixture is cooled until crystallization occurs (typically 70-75° C.). The resultant suspension is then cooled further (typically to 20-25° C.) and is then granulated for a period of time before being optionally cooled further to about 0-5° C. and stirred for a period of time. The solid is then collected by filtration, and the filter cake is washed with propan-2-ol and dried under vacuum at elevated temperature (typically 45-55° C.) to provide compound of formula Ia, as a crystalline solid. One skilled in the art would appreciate that other solvents, other than propan-2-ol, such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, acetonitrile, isopropyl acetate, tertiary-amyl alcohol and 4-methyl-2-pentanone could be utilized. As outlined in the optional Step BX of the reaction scheme, which is not typically required, compound Ib may be further purified. Compound Ib is suspended in propan-2-ol and the mixture is heated at reflux to give a solution. The mixture is then heated at an elevated temperature below the reflux temperature (about 70-75° C.) for about 1 hour during which time crystallization typically occurs. The resultant suspension is maintained at this temperature for a period of about 1 to 2 hours and then cooled (to about 20-25° C.). After stirring at ambient temperature for a period of time (typically 1-18 hours), the solid is collected by filtration. The filter cake is washed with propan-2-ol and then dried under vacuum at elevated temperature (about 45-55° C.) to provide a purified compound Ib, as a crystalline solid. One skilled in the art would appreciate that other solvents, other than propan-2-ol, such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, acetonitrile, isopropyl acetate, tertiary-amyl alcohol and 4-methyl-2-pentanone could be utilized. In Step C of the reaction scheme, compound Ib (1 molar equivalent) and anhydrous citric acid (typically 1.1 molar equivalents) are combined in mixture of acetone (typically about 8-10 volumes) and water (typically about 0.4 volumes), and the resultant solution is filtered. More acetone (typically about 2 volumes) is then added to wash the transfer equipment through. To the filtrate is added a filtered ether solvent such as methyl tertiary-butyl ether (tert-butyl methyl ether, “MTBE”) or isopropyl ether (“IPE”) (typically about 10 volumes), optionally at elevated temperature (30-45° C.). Once crystallization occurs, which may optionally be initiated by the addition of some seed crystals, the mixture is granulated for a period of time (typically 18 hours), typically at 20-25° C. but optionally at elevated temperature (30-45° C.) for a portion of this time. The solid is then collected by filtration. The filter cake is washed with the respective filtered ether solvent and is then dried at a temperature less than 60° C. (room temperature, if using isopropyl ether) under vacuum optionally with no air or nitrogen bleed to provide compound Ic, the citrate monohydrate, as a crystalline solid. The product may then be optionally milled or sieved. In optional Step CX, the purity of compound Ic may be improved by dissolving Ic in a mixture of acetone (typically 7 volumes) and water (typically 0.3 volumes) at elevated temperature (about 35-50° C.). The mixture is then cooled (to about 20-35° C.) and optionally filtered. To the resulting mixture is then added a filtered ether solvent, such as tert-butyl methyl ether or isopropyl ether, optionally at elevated temperature (about 30-40° C.). Once crystallization occurs, which may optionally be initiated by the additions of some seed crystals, the mixture is granulated for a period of time (typically 18 hours), typically at 20-25° C. but optionally at elevated temperature (30-45° C.) for a portion of this time. The solid is then collected by filtration. The filter cake is washed with the respective filtered ether solvent and is then dried at a temperature less than 60° C. (room temperature, if using isopropyl ether) under vacuum optionally with no air or nitrogen bleed to provide compound Ic, the citrate monohydrate, as a crystalline solid. The product may then be optionally milled or sieved. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts, other than the citrate, may be utilized. For example, malate, maleate, mesylate, lactate, and hydrochloride salts or their in situ equivalents may be prepared by adding equimolar amount of the appropriate acid to the compound Ia, free base solutions. C. Antimicrobial Preservatives Evaluated for Pharmaceutical Compositions Table III summarizes the antimicrobial preservatives evaluated for use in the formulation. Each antimicrobial preservative was tested at the highest concentration currently used in commercial products. The antimicrobial preservatives were purchased from general chemical sources. TABLE III Antimicrobial Preservatives Screened Antimicrobial preservative Percent (w/v) pH Phenol 0.5% 4.4 meta-cresol 0.3% 4.4 meta-cresol + EDTA 0.5% meta-cresol + 0.15% edta 4.4 Chlorocresol 0.1% 4.4 Chlorocresol + EDTA 0.1% + 0.15% edta 4.4 Chlorobutanol 0.5% 3.5 Chlorobutanol & Phenylethanol 0.5% each 3.5 Chlorobutanol & Phenylethanol 0.5% Chlorbutanol w/ Titration of 3.5 Phenylethanol** Phenylethanol 0.5% 3.5 Thimerosal 0.01% 4.4 Benzoic Acid 0.2% 3.5 Benzethonium chloride 0.02% 4.4 Benzalkonium chloride 0.01% 4.4 Benzyl alcohol 2.0% 4.4 Propylene glycol 25% 4.4 Ethanol 15% 4.4 Bronopol 0.1% 5.0 Sucrose 50% 4.4 Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.5% 5.0 **Titration of Phenylethanol from 0.5-0.1% in 0.1% increments Preparation of Preserved Formulations. Formulations were prepared, where solubility permitted, at 5% and 10% (weight/volume) SBE-CD. Antimicrobial preservatives with optimal activity at a pH outside the nominal formulation value (pH 4.4) were titrated to either 3.5 or 5.0 using 1 N HCl or 1 N NaOH. A stock solution of either 10% or 5% (weight/volume) SBE-CD containing 10 mgA/mL of the compound of Formula Ia citrate was prepared. Preservative was added to the respective formulation on a weight basis. Antimicrobial Efficacy Testing. A hybrid USP <24>/Ph. Eur. 2000 antimicrobial effectiveness test (AET) was performed, as follows: 20 mL of drug product was individually inoculated with 0.1-0.2 mL of bacterial or fungal culture, per USP/Ph. Eur. compendial requirements. The final concentration of organisms in the test sample was between 1×105 and 1×106 cfu/mL. At initial 6 hr, 24 hr, 7 day, 14 day, and 28 day time intervals, 1 mL of the inoculated product was transferred into 9 mL of a recovery diluent, that was validated to confirm neutralization of the antimicrobial preservative. One mL of the diluted sample was then transferred to a sterile petri dish and combined with 15-20 mL of an agar broth to culture the organisms. Plates were then incubated for 3 to 5 days, upon which colonies were counted. Initial organism contamination was then calculated based on dilution of the initial sample. Values are reported as “Log Reduction.” The organisms used in the AET testing are listed in Table IV. TABLE IV Organisms tested in Hybrid (USP/Ph. Eur.) Antimicrobial Efficacy Test USP Ph. Eur. Test Organism Requirement Requirement Escherichia coil (bacteria, gram negative) Yes Only for oral (ATCC 8739) liquids. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteria, gram negative) Yes Yes (ATCC 9027) Staphylococcus aureus (bacteria, gram positive) Yes Yes (ATCC 6538) Candida albicans (fungus) Yes Yes (ATCC 10231) Aspergillus niger (mold) Yes Yes (ATCC 16404) Generally, the USP test requirements are less stringent than Ph. Eur. requirements, which typically have an immediate bacteriocidal activity requirement. The Ph. Eur. requirements shown in Table III have either a “Criteria A” or “Criteria B” specification depending on the rate of microorganism reduction, with criteria A requiring an increased bacteriocidal rate. In order to meet the combined hybrid assay, the initial inoculum count of microorganisms needed to be reduced by the amounts listed in Table V. TABLE V USP/Ph. Eur. Requirements for AET (aqueous parenteral) (Individual USP 24 and Ph. Eur. 2000) Required Log Reduction in Organism Count Bacteria Fungi (Yeasts/Molds) USP Ph. Eur. USP Ph. Eur. 6 hr — 2 (crit.A) — — 24 hr 3 (crit. A) 1 (crit. B) 7 Day 1.0 —(crit. A) No inc. from 2 (crit. A) 3 (crit. B) initial l4 day 3.0 — No inc. from 1 (crit. B) initial 28 day No increase from None recovered (crit. A) No inc. from No increase 14 day No increase (crit. B) initial USP/Ph. Eur. Combined Requirements Required Log Redubtion in Organism Count Bacteria Fungi (Yeasts/Molds) 6 hr 2 — 24 hr 3 (accept 1, Ph. Eur. B) — 7 day 3 2 l4 day 3.0 1 28 day None recovered No increase Stability Measurements. Potential lead formulations were evaluated under various accelerated stability conditions in order to assess potency and purity of compound of Formula Ia, preservative content and SBE-CD content. For example, in one accelerated stability study, potential lead formulations were placed in stability ovens to measure short-term thermal stability. Sample vials (20 mL) were placed in 70° C., 50° C., 30° C., and 5° C. temperature chambers and analyzed for compound of Formula Ia potency and purity, antimicrobial preservative and SBE-CD content, at 1, 3, 6, and 12-week time intervals. Purity and potency assays to measure compound of Formula Ia, as well as antimicrobial preservatives and SBE-CD content, were performed using validated HPLC methodology. SBE-CD was assayed using GTP 5984. D. Injection Site Toleration. Compound of Formula Ia formulations were evaluated for injection site toleration (hereinafter “IST”). In general, formulations not containing SBE-CD were, generally, poorly tolerated. Formulations consisting of 10 mgA/mL compound of Formula Ia, 10% excess meta-cresol (0.33% w/v) and about 6.8% to 7.6% SBE-CD were evaluated for IST. In particular, formulations containing 10 mgA/mL compound of Formula Ia, 61 to 72 mg/mL SBE-CD and 3.2 to 4.2 mg/mL meta-cresol were tested for injection site toleration and all were well tolerated. Formulations were tested in groups of 4 dogs comprised of beagles and mongrels. On each of four consecutive days, the dogs daily received two subcutaneous injections of vehicle alone as a control over the left shoulder at 0.1 ml/kg and active formulation (10 mgA/mL compound of Formula Ia at 1 mg/kg) over the right shoulder. Dogs were observed daily for evidence of reaction at the injection site and a score of 0-4 (see Table VI) was given for each of the following parameters: pain on injection, erythema, tissue thickening, pain on palpation and edema. Dogs were observed daily until day 5 (24 hours after the last dose). TABLE VI Injection Site Toleration Scoring Pain on Tissue Pain on Injection Erythema Thickening Palpation Edema 0 = no reaction 0 = no 0 = no 0 = no pain 0 = no edema erythema thickening 1 = very slight 1 = very slight 1 = very slight 1 = mild pain on 1 = very mild response erythema barely reaction barely deep palpation edema barely hunch, look @ perceptible perceptible perceptible site 2 = mild 2 = mild 2 = mild, 2 = mild pain on 2 = mild response minor erythema well palpable palpation palpable edema vocalization defined reaction lick/scratch @ <= 1 cm site 3 = moderate 3 = moderate 3 = moderate, 3 = moderate 3 = moderate response major erythema palpable on pain palpable focal vocalization bite reaction 1-2 cm palpation edema @ site, motor activity 4 = severe 4 = severe 4 = severe 4 = severe pain 4 = severe response erythema beet reaction >2 cm on palpation diffuse edema similar to 3, >5 redness any min duration eschar formation EXPERIMENTALS Experimental 1 Selection of Antimicrobial Preservatives for Injectable Compound of Formula Ia Study A (Large Antimicrobial Preservative Screen) The efficacy of several different antimicrobial preservatives in combination with compound of Formula Ia and SBE-CD were investigated. Literature indicated that the antimicrobial preservatives that met both the USP and either Ph. Eur. criteria A or B requirements were ethanol, propylene glycol, benzoic acid, thimerosal, meta-cresol, (Lucchini, J. J.; Corre, J.; and Cremieux, A. “Antibacterial activity of phenolic compounds and aromatic alcohols” Res. Microbiol. 141, 499-510, (1990)) and the combination of chlorobutanol/phenylethanol. Table VII sets forth results for screening various antimicrobial preservatives or combinations thereof. TABLE VII ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS TESTING: SCREEN FOR ANTIMICROBIAL PRESERVATIVE SYSTEM AET RESULTS AGAINST COMPENDIA ANTIMICROBIAL FORMULATION ACCEPTABLE Ph. Eur. Ph. Eur. PRESERVATIVE DESCRIPTION STABILITY USP Criteria A Criteria B Benzalkonium pH 4.4 Not Tested Chloride (0.01%) 10% SBE-CD Benzalkonium pH 4.4 Not Tested ✓ Chloride (0.01%) 5% SBE-CD Benzalkonium pH 4.4 Not Tested Chloride (0.02%) 5% SBE-CD Benzethonium pH 4.4 Not Tested Chloride (0.02%) 10% SBE-CD Benzethonium pH 4.4 Not Tested ✓ Chloride (0.02%) 5% SBE-CD Benzethonium pH 4.4 Not Tested Chloride (0.04%) 5% SBE-CD Benzoic pH 4.2 Not Tested ✓ ✓ Acid (0.2%) 5% SBE-CD Benzoic pH 4.2 ✓ ✓ Acid (0.2%) 10% SBE-CD Bronopol pH 5.0 Not Tested ✓ (0.1%) 10% SBE-CD Bronopol pH 5.0 Not Tested ✓ ✓ (0.1%) 5% SBE-CD Bronopol pH 5.0 Not Tested ✓ ✓ (0.2%) 5% SBE-CD Chlorobutanol pH 3.5 Not Tested ✓ (0.5%) 5% SBE-CD Chlorobutanol & pH 3.5 Not Tested ✓ ✓ ✓ Phenylethanol 5% SBE-CD (0.5%/0.5%) Chlorobutanol & pH 3.5 ✓ Phenylethanol 10% SBE-CD (0.5%/0.5%) Chlorobutanol & pH 3.5 Not Tested Phenylethanol 10% SBE-CD (0.5%/0.4%) Chlorobutanol & pH 3.5 Not Tested Phenylethanol 10% SBE-CD (0.5%/0.3%) Chlorobutanol & pH 3.5 Not Tested Phenylethanol 10% SBE-CD (0.5%/0.2%) Chlorobutanol & pH 3.5 Not Tested Phenylethanol 10% SBE-CD (0.5%/0.1 %) Chlorhexidine pH 5.0 Not Tested ✓ Gluconate (0.5%) 5% SBE-CD Ethanol pH 4.4 Not Tested ✓ ✓ (15%) 10% SBE-CD Ethanol pH 4.4 ✓ ✓ ✓ (15%) 5% SBE-CD Ethanol pH 4.4 Not Tested ✓ ✓ ✓ (30%) 5% SBE-CD Benzalkonium pH 4.4 Not Tested Chloride (0.01%) 10% SBE-CD Benzalkonium pH 4.4 Not Tested ✓ Chloride 0.01% 5% SBE-CD Benzalkonium pH 4.4 Not Tested Chloride (0.02%) 5% SBE-CD Benzethonium pH 4.4 Not Tested ✓ Chloride (0.02%) 10% SBE-CD Benzethonium pH 4.4 Not Tested Chloride (0.02%) 5% SBE-CD Benzethonium pH 4.4 Not Tested Chloride (0.04%) 5% SBE-CD Benzoic pH 4.2 Not Tested ✓ ✓ Acid (0.2%) 5% SBE-CD Benzoic pH 4.2 ✓ ✓ Acid (0.2%) 10% SBE-CD Bronopol pH 5.0 Not Tested ✓ (0.1%) 10% SBE-CD Bronopol pH 5.0 Not Tested ✓ ✓ (0.1%) 5% SBE-CD Bronopol pH 5.0 Not Tested ✓ ✓ (0.2%) 5% SBE-CD Chlorobutanol pH 3.5 Not Tested ✓ (0.5%) 5% SBE-CD Chlorobutanol & pH 3.5 Not Tested ✓ ✓ ✓ Phenylethanol 5% SBE-CD (0.5%/0.5%) Chlorobutanol & pH 3.5 ✓ Phenylethanol 10% SBE-CD (0.5%/0.5%) Chlorobutanol & pH 3.5 Not Tested Phenylethanol 10% SBE-CD (0.5%/0.4%) Chlorobutanol & pH 3.5 Not Tested Phenylethanol 10% SBE-CD (0.5%/0.3%) Chlorobutanol & pH 3.5 Not Tested Phenylethanol 10% SBE-CD (0.5%/0.2%) Chlorobutanol & pH 3.5 Not Tested Phenylethanol 10% SBE-CD (0.5%/0.1 %) Chlorhexidine pH 5.0 Not Tested ✓ Gluconate (0.5%) 5% SBE-CD Ethanol pH 4.4 Not Tested ✓ ✓ (15%) 10% SBE-CD Ethanol pH 4.4 ✓ ✓ ✓ (15%) 5% SBE-CD Ethanol pH 4.4 Not Tested ✓ ✓ ✓ (30%) 5% SBE-CD meta-cresol pH 4.4 ✓ ✓ (0.3%) 10% SBE-CD meta-cresol pH 4.4 Not Tested ✓ ✓ (0.3%) 8% SBE-CD meta-cresol pH 4.4 Not Tested ✓ ✓ (0.3%) 9% SBE-CD Phenol pH 4.4 ✓ ✓ ✓ (0.5%) 10% SBE-CD Phenylethanol pH 3.5 Not Tested (0.5%) 10% SBE-CD Propylene Glycol pH 4.4 Not Tested ✓ (25%) 10% SBE-CD Propylene Glycol pH 4.4 Not Tested ✓ (25%) 5% SBE-CD Propylene Glycol pH 4.4 Not Tested ✓ ✓ ✓ (50%) 5% SBE-CD Sucrose pH 4.4 Not Tested (50%) 5% SBE-CD Thimerosal pH 4.4 Not Tested ✓ ✓ ✓ (0.02%) 10% SBE-CD Thimerosal pH 4.4 Poor Stability ✓ ✓ ✓ (0.01%) 10% SBE-CD Thimerosal pH 4.4 Not Tested ✓ ✓ ✓ (0.01%) 5% SBE-CD Thimerosal pH 4.4 Not Tested ✓ ✓ ✓ (0.02%) 5% SBE-CD ✓ denotes USP and/or Ph. Eur. Criteria satisfied Formulations containing these antimicrobial preservatives were further evaluated for physical and chemical stability and injection site toleration. (See Table VII). The co-solvent antimicrobial preservative approaches, ethanol and propylene glycol, failed to satisfy acceptable IST. Furthermore, benzoic acid formulations also provided poor IST results. TABLE VIII Results of Study A Antimicrobial preservative AET Results Antimicrobial Content Ph. Eur. preservative (Actual/ Ph. Eur. Criteria Formulation* Precedence) IST Stability USP Criteria A B Benzoic acid 0.2%/0.2% Poor OK ✓ s. aur (6, 24 hr) ✓ pH: 4.2 12 w/70 C. c. alb (7 d) SBE-CD: 10% Chlorobutanol & 05%/05% Poor NT ✓ ✓ ✓ Phenylethanol Chloro/Phenyl pH: 3.5 SBE-CD: 5% Ethanol 15%/70% Poor NT ✓ s. aur (6 hr) ✓ pH: 4.4 SBE-CD: 10% Ethanol 15%/70% Poor OK ✓ a. niger (7 d) ✓ pH:4.4 1 w/70 SBE-CD: 5% meta-cresol 0.3%/0.3% Good OK ✓ s. aur (6, 24 hr) ✓ pH: 4.4 12 w/70 C. c. alb (7 d) SBE-CD: 10% Propylene glycol 50%/40% Poor NT ✓ ✓ ✓ pH: 4.4 SBE-CD: 10% Thimerosal 0.01/0.01% Good 1 wk/70 ✓ ✓ ✓ pH: 4.4 SBE-CD: 10% *All formulations contained compound of Formula Ia at 10 mgA/mL ✓ denotes USP and/or Ph. Eur. Criteria satisfied. Study B (Ph. Eur. Criteria B Meeting Antimicrobial Preservative Screen) All antimicrobial preservatives that met Ph. Eur. criteria B were further screened for injection site toleration and stability. The leads identified in Table VII and Table IX that met criteria B were thimerosal, meta-cresol, and benzoic acid. These formulations were evaluated for stability and IST (Table VII). Results from the studies indicated that stability of thimerosal was commercially undesirable for the formulation. Only 30% of the thimerosal remained in the formulation after 1 week at 70° C. storage and complete loss was observed after 6 weeks. (Tan, M., Parkin, L. E. “Route of decomposition of thimerosal” Int. J. Pharm. 195 No.1-2, 23-34, 2000.). Benzoic acid showed no detectable loss over 12 weeks at 70° C. storage, which was sufficiently stable for the formulation. Although the stability of benzoic acid was acceptable, moderate to severe pain on injection eliminated it from further consideration. On the other hand, meta-cresol containing formulations exhibited excellent stability and injection site toleration. Accordingly, meta-cresol was identified as the preferable antimicrobial preservative due to excellent injection site tolerability, as well as robustly meeting Ph. Eur. criteria A for preservative efficacy. Because of these favorable performance characteristics, the formulation was optimized with respect to SBE-CD concentration, resulting in a formulation with a high margin of solubility, robust antimicrobial preservative efficacy, and acceptable injection site toleration. The stability of meta-cresol and compound of Formula Ia in formulations containing 3 mg/mL meta-cresol, 100 mg/mL SBE-CD and 10 mgA/mL compound of Formula Ia is shown in Table IX. Robust stability for both compound of Formula Ia and meta-cresol was demonstrated. The compound of Formula Ia experienced a 3% loss (relative to 1 week at 5° C.) after 12 weeks at 70° C., while the meta-cresol potency decreased by 2%. TABLE IX Stability of meta-cresol and compound of Formula Ia Compound of Formula Ia CONTENT meta-cresol CONTENT (% INTENT) (% INTENT) Storage Amber- Amber- Amber- Amber- Condition Timepoint Treated Untreated Treated Untreated 70° C. 1 week 94 94 100 100 2 weeks 94 94 103 103 3 weeks 92 94 100 102 6 weeks 92 93 101 101 12 weeks 93 93 100 100 50° C. 1 week 95 96 99 100 3 weeks 95 93 103 101 6 weeks 96 94 104 102 12 weeks 95 Not tested 100 Not tested 5° C. 1 week 97 96 102 102 3 weeks 96 95 104 103 6 weeks 95 94 104 102 12 weeks 94 94 98 98 ICH 1X ICH 92 93 102 102 Photostability UV/FI Preferred Embodiments A. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient, a β-cyclodextrin, a pharmaceutically acceptable preservative, a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, and an optional pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein the preservative demonstrates pharmaceutically acceptable antimicrobial preservative effectiveness. B. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment A wherein the β-cyclodextrin is 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin or sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin. C. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment B wherein the preservative is selected from thimerosal, propylene glycol, phenol, or meta-cresol or a combination thereof. D. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiments B or C wherein the preservative has a binding value to the cyclodextrin that is less than a binding value of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient to cyclodextrin. E. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment D, wherein the concentration of preservative is about 0.1 mg/mL to about 600 mg/mL. F. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment E, wherein the preservative is meta-cresol and the concentration of preservative is about 0.1 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL. G. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment F wherein about 1 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL of the meta-cresol is unsequestered in the cyclodextrin. H. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment G wherein about 2.5 mg/mL of the preservative is unsequestered in the cyclodextrin. I. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment D wherein the binding value of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient to cyclodextrin is between 500 M−1 and 10,000 M−1. J. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment I wherein the binding value of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient to cyclodextrin is between 800 M−1 and 3,000 M−1. K. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment D wherein the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient has a greater than or equal to two-fold binding constant with cyclodextrin over that of the preservative. L. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment K wherein the binding constant is greater than or equal to five-fold. M. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment L wherein the binding constant is greater than or equal to ten-fold. N. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment D having antimicrobial effectiveness against bacteria such that the bacteria concentration decreases at a 2 or greater log reduction after 6 hours, a 3 or greater log reduction after 24 hours, and zero recovery of bacteria after 28 days. O. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment N wherein the bacteria are Escherichia coli (bacteria, gram negative)(ATCC8739), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteria, gram negative)(ATCC9027) and Staphylococcus auereus (bacteria, gram positive)(ATCC6538). P. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment O having antimicrobial effectiveness against a fungus or mold such that the fungus or mold concentration decreases at a 2 or greater log reduction after 7 days, a 1 log reduction after 14 days, and no increase in fungus or mold after 14 days to about 28 days. Q. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment P wherein the fungus is Candida albicans (fungus)(ATCC 10231). R. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment P wherein the mold is Aspergillus niger (mold)(ATCC 16404). S. A pharmaceutical composition of preferred embodiment D wherein the antimicrobial effectiveness satisfies Ph. Eur. Criteria A and B and USP AET criteria. T. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl and tertbutyl, a pharmaceutically acceptable β-cyclodextrin, a pharmaceutically acceptable preservative, a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle and an optional pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. U. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment T wherein the β-cyclodextrin is 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin or sulfobutyl ether-⊕-cyclodextrin. V. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment U wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable preservative is selected from thimerosal, propylene glycol, phenol or meta-cresol, or a combination thereof. W. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment V wherein the preservative is meta-cresol. X. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment W having a pH in a range of about 4 to about 5. Y. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiments W or X wherein about 1 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL of the preservative is unsequestered in the cyclodextrin. Z. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment Y wherein the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is in an amount of about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL and the β-cyclodextrin is in an amount of about 20 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL and the preservative is meta-cresol. A1. A pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment Z wherein the β-cyclodextrin is in the amount of 55 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL and the meta-cresol is an amount of about 2.5 mg/mL to 3.5 mg/mL. B1. A pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiments T, U, W or X wherein the compound of Formula I is the compound of Formula Ia, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts. C1. A pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment B1 wherein the compound of Formula Ia, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is in an amount of about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL and the β-cyclodextrin is in an amount of about 20 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL and the preservative is meta-cresol and is in an amount of about 1 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL. D1. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment C1 wherein the β-cyclodextrin is in an amount of about 55 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL and the preservative is meta-cresol and is in an amount of about 2.5 mg/mL to about 3.5 mg/mL. E1. The pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment D1 wherein the β-cyclodextrin is sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin. F1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of Formula Ia, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein the compound of Formula Ia is 10 mgA/mL, sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin is in an amount of about 63 mg/mL and meta-cresol is in an amount of about 3.3 mg/mL, a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle and an optional pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. G1. The pharmaceutical composition of preferred embodiment F1 wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of Formula Ia is citrate. H1. A method for the treatment of emesis or improving anesthesia recovery in mammals comprising parenterally injecting into the mammal an aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprising the pharmaceutical composition of preferred embodiments T, U, V, W, X, F1 or G1, the β-cyclodextrin being present in amounts which are sufficient for improved injection toleration at the injection site. I1. A method for the treatment of emesis or improving anesthesia recovery in mammals comprising parenterally injecting into the mammal an aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprising the pharmaceutical composition of preferred embodiment F1. J1. The method according to preferred embodiment I1 wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is citrate. K1. The method according to preferred embodiments I1 or J1 wherein administration is subcutaneous. L1. A method of improving injection site toleration during the treatment of emesis or the treatment of improving anesthesia recovery in a mammal comprising parenterally injecting into the mammal a pharmaceutically acceptable solution of the the pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiments T, U, V, W, X, F1 or G1. M1. A method of improving injection site toleration during the treatment of emesis or the treatment of improving anesthesia recovery in a mammal comprising parenterally injecting into the mammal a pharmaceutically acceptable solution of the the pharmaceutical composition according to preferred embodiment F1. N1. The method of preferred embodiment M1 wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is citrate. O1. A method to develop preserved API compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an API, a β-cyclodextrin and a pharmaceutically acceptable preservative. P1. The method according to preferred embodiment O1 wherein the preservative has a binding value to the cyclodextrin that is less than a binding value of the API to cyclodextrin. Q1. The method according to preferred embodiment P1 wherein the preservative is selected from thimerosal, glycol, phenol or meta-cresol or a combination thereof R1. The method of preferred embodiments P1 or Q1 wherein the binding value of the API with the cyclodextrin is greater than 50 M−1. S1. The method of preferred embodiment R1 wherein the binding value of the API with the cyclodextrin is between 500 and 10,000 M−1. T1. The method of preferred embodiment S1 wherein the binding value of the API with the cyclodextrin is between 800 and 3,000 M−. U1. The method of preferred embodiment T1 wherein Antimicrobial Effectiveness Test (AET) requirements meet Pharmaceopia Europa Criteria A and B and USP AET criteria.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF INVENTION <EOH>Administering neurokinin receptor antagonists, including the compounds of Formula I and Ia, present various problems with regard to injection site tolerance (e.g., irritability of subject, irritation, inflammation, swelling, and/or redness of the site). Although there have been numerous studies with regard to improving injection site tolerance through the use of various substances, none of these studies, however, have focused on neurokinin receptor antagonist administration. The compounds of Formula I or Ia are the subject of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,807,867, 6,222,038 and 6,255,320. The preparation of compounds of Formula I and Ia are described therein. The compound of Ia may also be prepared as described in the co-pending U.S. provisional application No. 60/541,323, commonly owned and assigned to Pfizer, Inc. U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,762 also describes pharmaceutical compositions and treatment of emesis using NK-1 receptor antagonists. Co-pending U.S. provisional application No. 60/540,697, commonly owned and assigned to Pfizer, Inc., describes a method of improving anesthesia recovery in patients by administering the compound of Formula I or Ia. The text of the aforementioned applications, patents and all other references cited in this specification are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The compound of Formula Ia is a basic drug with two amine functional groups, a secondary amine with a pKa of 4.43 and a tertiary amine with a pKa of 9.31. The citrate salt of the compound of Formula Ia has a solubility of 2.7 mg/mL at a pH of 4.2 in 0.02 M phosphate/0.02 M acetate buffered solution. The desired 10 mgA/mL solubility could be obtained by the addition of salts (e.g. NaCl, CaCl 2 or sodium acetate), using a partially-aqueous, oleaginous, or micellar vehicle, or adding a modified, parenterally acceptable cyclodextrin. Generally, however, it was observed that formulations containing cyclodextrins provided improved injection site toleration over other approaches to increasing solubility. Assuring adequate solubility of a pharmaceutical drug in parenteral formulations is crucial, especially when the drug has low aqueous solubility. pH modification of the solution, drug salt form selection, and the use of co-solvents are common approaches used to achieve adequate solubility. A typical approaches involve excipients, such as complexation agents. Cyclodextrin may enhance solubility by forming an inclusion complex with the drug molecule whereby the insoluble/hydrophobic drug is inserted into the hydrophobic cavity of the cyclodextrin. The outer hydrophilic shell of the cyclodextrin molecule then enhances solubility of the entire complex. Standard terminology for cyclodextrin complexation identifies the cyclodextrin as a “host” molecule and the drug as a “guest” molecule. Unfortunately, the cyclodextrin used to form the inclusion complex may also bind preservatives, inactivating many poorly water-soluble preservatives. Sulfobutylether-βcyclodextrin (hereinafter “SBE-CD”) was found to be effective at both increasing the solubility of compound of Formula Ia and ameliorating injection site reactions. Unfortunately, investigation determined that SBE-CD formed complexes with both antimicrobial preservative (e.g. meta-cresol) and the compound of Formula Ia, resulting in competitive binding interactions and, in general, antimicrobial ineffectiveness. Consequently, it was necessary to obtain an optimal balance between a sufficient concentration of cyclodextrin (e.g., SBE-CD) and antimicrobial preservative (e.g. meta-cresol). While a lower concentration of SBE-CD would increase antimicrobial preservative efficacy, this advantage would be offset, however, by a decrease in acceptable injection site toleration (“IST”). These competing performance characteristics necessitated balancing antimicrobial preservative efficacy (criteria A) and acceptable injection-site-toleration for the product. Co-pending U.S. provisional application No. 60/540,644, contemporaneously filed with the present application and assigned to and owned by Pfizer Inc., describes a method of improving injection site toleration during the parenteral administration of a composition containing the compound of Formula I and cyclodextrin. A cyclodextrin-compatible preservative was also identified, providing desirable multi-use dosing options. Preferably, meta-cresol is used in the formulation to prevent bacterial and fungal development in the formulation during the proposed extended in-use period.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF INVENTION <EOH>In one aspect, the invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), a β-cyclodextrin, a pharmaceutically acceptable preservative, a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, and an optional pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein the preservative demonstrates pharmaceutically acceptable antimicrobial preservative effectiveness. In a preferred embodiment, the β-cyclodextrin is 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin or sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin, preferably sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable preservative is selected from thimerosal, propylene glycol, phenol, or meta-cresol or a combination thereof. Preferably the preservative is meta-cresol. Preferably, the concentration of preservative is about 0.1 mg/mL to about 600 mg/mL. Preferably, the preservative is meta-cresol and is in a concentration of about 0.1 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL. In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has a pH in the range of about 3 to about 6. In a preferred embodiment, the preservative has a binding value to the cyclodextrin that is less than a binding value of the API to cyclodextrin. Preferably, the binding value of the API to cyclodextrin is between 500 M −1 and 10,000 M −1 . Preferably, the binding value of the API to cyclodextrin is between 800 M −1 and 3,000 M −1 . In another embodiment, the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient has a greater than or equal to two-fold binding constant with cyclodextrin over that of the preservative. In a preferred embodiment, the binding constant is greater than or equal to five-fold. In a more preferred embodiment, the binding constant is greater than or equal to ten-fold. In a preferred embodiment, about 1 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL of the preservative, preferably meta-cresol, is unsequestered in the cyclodextrin. Preferably, about 2.5 mg/mL of the preservative, preferably meta-cresol, is unsequestered in the cyclodextrin. In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has an antimicrobial effectiveness against bacteria such that the bacteria concentration decreases at a 2 or greater log reduction after 6 hours, a 3 or greater log reduction after 24 hours, and zero recovery of bacteria after 28 days. Preferably, the bacteria are selected from Escherichia coli (bacteria, gram negative)(ATCC8739), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteria, gram negative)(ATCC9027) or Staphylococcus auereus (bacteria, gram positive)(ATCC6538). In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has an antimicrobial effectiveness against a fungus or mold such that the fungus or mold concentration decreases at a 2 or greater log reduction after 7 days, a 1 log reduction after 14 days, and no increase in fungus or mold after 14 days to about 28 days. Preferably, the fungus is Candida albicans (fungus)(ATCC 10231) and the mold is Aspergillus niger (mold)(ATCC 16404). In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has an antimicrobial effectiveness that satisfies Pharmaceopia Europa Criteria A and B and USP AET criteria. In another aspect, the invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein R 2 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, secbutyl and tertbutyl, preferably tert-butyl, a pharmaceutically acceptable β-cyclodextrin, a pharmaceutically acceptable preservative, a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle and an optional pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Preferably, the β-cyclodextrin is 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin or sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin, preferably sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin. Preferably, the pharmaceutically acceptable preservative is selected from thimerosal, propylene glycol, phenol, or meta-cresol, or a combination thereof. Preferably, the preservative is meta-cresol. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition has a pH in a range of about 4 to about 5. In a preferred embodiment, about 1 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL of the preservative, e.g. meta-cresol, is unsequestered in the cyclodextrin. In a preferred embodiment, the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is in an amount of about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL and the β-cyclodextrin is in an amount of about 20 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL and the preservative is meta-cresol. Preferably, the β-cyclodextrin is in the amount of 55 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL and the meta-cresol is an amount of about 2.5 mg/mL to 3.5 mg/mL. In a preferred embodiment, the compound of Formula I is the compound of Formula Ia, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Preferably, the compound of Formula Ia, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is in an amount of about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL and the β-cyclodextrin is in an amount of about 20 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL and the preservative is meta-cresol and is in an amount of about 1 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL. Preferably, the β-cyclodextrin is in an amount of about 55 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL and the preservative is meta-cresol and is in an amount of about 2.5 mg/mL to about 3.5 mg/mL. Preferably, the β-cyclodextrin is sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin. In a third aspect, the invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of Formula Ia, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein the compound of Formula Ia is 10 mgA/mL, sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin is in an amount of about 63 mg/mL and meta-cresol is in an amount of about 3.3 mg/mL, a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle and an optional pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Preferably, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of Formula Ia is citrate. In a fourth aspect, the invention is directed to a method for the treatment of emesis or improving anesthesia recovery in mammals comprising parenterally injecting into the mammal an aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprising the above described pharmaceutical compositions of the compounds of Formula I or Ia, the β-cyclodextrin being present in amounts which are sufficient for improved injection toleration at the injection site. Preferably, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is citrate. Preferably, the composition is administered subcutaneously. In a fifth aspect, the invention is directed to a method of improving injection site toleration during the treatment of emesis or the treatment of improving anesthesia recovery in a mammal comprising parenterally injecting into the mammal a pharmaceutically acceptable solution of the the above described pharmaceutical compositions of the compounds of Formula I or Ia. Preferably, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is citrate. Preferably, the composition is administered subcutaneously. In a sixth aspect, the invention is directed to a method to develop a preserved API compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an API, a β-cyclodextrin and a pharmaceutically acceptable preservative. In a preferred embodiment, the preservative has a binding value to the cyclodextrin that is less than a binding value of the API to cyclodextrin. Preferably, the preservative is selected from thimerosal, propylene, glycol, phenol or meta-cresol or a combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the binding value of the API with the cyclodextrin is greater than 50 M −1 . Preferably, the binding value of the API with the cyclodextrin is between 500 and 10,000 M −1 . Preferably, the binding value of the API with the cyclodextrin is between 800 and 3,000 M −1 . In a preferred embodiment, Antimicrobial Effectiveness Test (AET) requirements meet Pharmaceopia Europa Criteria A and B and USP AET criteria. In a further aspect, the invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition, as defined herein, for use as a medicament especially in, when the composition comprises a compound of formula I or Ia, the treatment of a disease for which a neurokinin receptor antagonist, such as an NK-1 receptor antagonist, is indicated. In a further aspect, the invention is directed to the use of a pharmaceutical composition, as defined herein, comprising a compound of formula I or Ia, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease for which a neurokinin receptor antagonist, such as an NK-1 receptor antagonist, is indicated. In a further aspect, the invention is directed to a method for the treatment of a disease for which a neurokinin receptor antagonist, such as an NK-1 receptor antagonist, is indicated in mammals comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein comprising a compound of formula I or Ia.

20061213

20120522

20070705

62764.0

A61K31724

BORI, IBRAHIM D

ANTIMICROBIAL PRESERVATIVES TO ACHIEVE MULTI-DOSE FORMULATION USING BETA-CYCLODEXTRINS FOR LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

A61K

ACCEPTED

Ic card and a method of manufacturing the same

An IC card 1CD includes a frame member portion 1CB1, and an IC card main body 15 held in a state of being hung by a connecting portion 1CB2 in a frame thereof. The IC card main body 15 is made to constitute a card type information medium having a high functional performance having both of a function as a so-to-speak IC card and a function as a so-to-speak memory card having a capacity larger than that of the IC card and a function higher than that of the IC card capable of executing a security processing. An outer shape of the IC card main body 15 is formed in compliance with RS-MMC outer shape standard. A surface of a cap portion 1CB3 of the IC card main body 15 is printed with a desired character, pattern, diagram and photograph or the like by a printing method used in steps of fabricating a general IC card, and the IC card 15 is provided with higher acknowledgement performance, security performance and outlook.

1. A method of fabricating an IC card characterized in comprising the following steps: (a) a step of preparing a card board having a plurality of card regions and printed with first information at a first main face of each of a plurality of card regions, a second main face on an opposed side thereof or the two main faces; (b) a step of forming a recess portion at the first main face of each of the plurality of card regions; (c) a step of forming a recess portion at the second main face of each of the plurality of card regions; (d) a step of cutting out each of the plurality of card regions from the card board; (e) a step of fixing an IC portion including an IC chip having a memory function, a calculating function, and a control function to the recess portion formed at the second main face of a cap portion of each of the plurality of card regions; (f) a step of writing a desired data to the IC chip; and (g) a step of forming an opening portion penetrating the first main face and the second main face of the card board at a portion of the card board at a surrounding of the cap portion such that the cap portion is held in a state of being hung by the card board by way of a connecting portion. 2. The method of fabricating an IC card according to claim 1, wherein the (a) step is characterized in that the (a) step comprises the following steps: (a1) a step of printing the first information to a printing sheet; and (a2) a step of cutting the printing sheet printed with the first information for each unit region; and (a3) a step of forming the card board by laminating the unit region(s) of the printing sheet on a first main face of a card base member, a second main face on an opposed side thereof or on the two main faces and thereafter bringing the unit region of the printing sheet and the card base member into press contact with each other. 3. The method of fabricating an IC card according to claim 2, characterized in that a printing method of the (a1) is an offset printing method. 4. The method of fabricating an IC card according to claim 2, characterized in that the card base member is harder than the printing sheet. 5. The method of fabricating an IC card according to claim 1, characterized in that the first information is common information common to a plurality of the IC cards. 6. he method of fabricating an IC card according to claim 1, characterized in further comprising: (h) a step of printing second information constituting identification information which differs by a plurality of the respective IC cards at the first main face, the second main face or the two main faces of each of the plurality of card regions. 7. The method of fabricating an IC card according to claim 6, characterized in that the identification information is printed by a thermally transcribing method, a laser drawing method, embossing or a method compounded with two or more kinds thereof. 8. The method of fabricating an IC card according to claim 1, characterized in that in the (b) step and the (c) step, the recess portions are formed by milling using an end mill. 9. The method of fabricating an IC card according to claim 1, characterized in further comprising before the (d) step: (i) a step of forming a positioning portion for matching positions of the card board and an IC card fabricating apparatus at the card region. 10. The method of fabricating an IC card according to claim 9, characterized in the positioning portion is formed at the (b) step, the (c) step or the both steps. 11. The method of fabricating an IC card according to claim 9, characterized in that the positioning portion is formed by a hole penetrating the first main face and the second main face of the card board, or the recess portion(s) formed at the first main face of the card board, the second main face or the two main faces. 12. The method of fabricating an IC card according to claim 1, characterized in that the (d) step is carried out after the (b) step and the (c) step. 13. The method of fabricating an IC card according to claim 1, characterized in that the connecting portion of the (g) step is formed at a position which is not brought into contact with a guide portion in mounting an IC card main body of a desired electronic apparatus when the IC card main body including the IC portion and the cap portion is cut to be separated from the IC card to be mounted to the desired electronic apparatus. 14. A method of fabricating an IC card characterized in comprising the following steps: (a) a step of preparing a card board printed with first information at a first main face, a second main face on an opposed side thereof or the two main faces of a card region; (b) a step of forming a recess portion at the first main face of the card region; (c) a step of forming a recess portion at the second main face the card region; (d) a step of cutting out the card region from the card board; (e) a step of printing second information to the first main face, the second main face or the two main faces of the card region; (f) a step of fixing an IC portion including an IC chip having a memory function, a calculating function and a control function to the recess portion formed at a cap portion of the second main face of the card region; (g) a step of writing a desired data to the IC chip; and (h) a step of forming an opening portion penetrating the first main face and the second main face of the card board at a portion of the card board at a surrounding of the cap portion such that the cap portion is held in a state of being hung by the card board by way of a connecting portion. 15. An IC card characterized in comprising the following constitution characterized in comprising: (a) a frame member portion; and (b) an IC card main body mounted to inside of a frame of the frame member portion in a state of being hung by way of a connecting portion; wherein the IC card main body comprises a cap portion connected with the connecting portion, an IC portion, and a card side portion formed in parallel with a direction of inserting the IC card; wherein the IC portion comprises an IC chip having a memory function, a calculating function and a control function, and a wiring board for mounting the IC chip, the IC portion being fixed to a recess portion of a second main face of the cap portion; and wherein the connecting portion is connected to a position of the IC card main body other than the card side portion. 16. The IC card according to claim 15, characterized in that the frame member portion and the cap portion are constructed by a constitution of laminating a card base member and a printing sheet(s) laminated to a first main face of the card base member, the second main face on an opposed side thereof or the two main faces. 17. The IC card according to claim 16, characterized in that the card base member is harder than the printing sheet.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a technology which is effective by being applied to a method of fabricating an IC card and an IC card technology. BACKGROUND ART Card type information media of an IC card, a memory card and the like are small-sized, thin and light-weighted and therefore, excellent in portability, transportability and convenience and spreading thereof has been promoted in various fields. IC cards are card type information media each of which is embedded with an IC chip in a plastic-made thin plate of a cash card size to be able to record information and spreading thereof has been promoted in fields requesting high security performance of finance, transportation, communication, distribution and acknowledgement and the like as in, for example, a credit card, a cash card, a card for a system of ETC (Electronic Toll Collection system), a commutation pass, a card for a portable telephone or an acknowledgement card or the like from reason of being excellent in acknowledgement performance and tamperproof. With regard to an IC card, there is disclosed a constitution of fixing an SIM (Subscriber Identify Module) type card by providing a bridge at an opening portion of a frame card in, for example, FIG. 9 of JP-A-2001-357376. Further, there is disclosed a constitution of forming a recess portion on one side face of an IC carrier, or forming an opening portion penetrating both faces of an IC carrier in, for example, JP-A-2002-123807. Further, there is disclosed an IC card including a pattern, an embossment, a hologram film or a magnetic recording layer on a surface of a card case member in, for example, JP-A-2003-154778. Further, there is disclosed a method of printing an IC card in, for example, JP-A-2001-92255. On the other hand, the above-described memory cards have been spread as record media of portable type information apparatus requesting transportability as in, for example, a digital camera, a notebook type personal computer, a portable type music player, a portable telephone and the like since the memory cards are small-sized more than IC cards and are easy to write and read a large capacity of information at high speed. As representative memory card standards, there are an SD (Secure Digital) memory card (there is a standard rectified by SD card society), a mini SD, MMC (Multi Media Card, which is a registered trademark of Infine on Technologies AG), RS-MMC (Reduced Size MMC) and the like. With regard to the memory card, there is a description in, for example, International Patent Publication No. WO 02/099742A1, disclosing a constitution of a memory card including a flash memory chip, an IC card chip capable of executing a security processing, and a controller chip for controlling circuit operation of the chips with an object of promoting security performance. Meanwhile, the inventors have investigated to achieve promotion of a function of an IC card by combining a function of an IC card and a function of a memory card. As a result, it has been found that it is an important problem how to make a constitution particular to a memory card, for example, an outer shape, a pin arrangement or an interface constitution or the like in an IC card. It is an object of the invention to provide a technology capable of promoting a function of an IC card. The above-described as well as other objects and a novel characteristic of the invention will become apparent from a description and attached drawings of the specification. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION An outline of a representative one of the invention disclosed in the application will simply be explained as follows. That is, the invention comprises (a) a step of preparing a card board printed with first information at a first main face, a second main face on an opposed side thereof or the two main faces of a card region, (b) a step of forming a recess portion at the first main face of the card region, (c) a step of forming a recess portion at the second main face of the card region, (d) a step of cutting out the card region from the card board, (e) a step of fitting to fix an IC portion including an IC chip having a memory function, a calculating function, and a control function to the recess portion formed at a cap portion of the first main face of the card region, (f) a step of writing a desired data to the IC chip, and (g) a step of forming an opening portion penetrating the first main face and the second main face of the card board at a portion of the card board at a surrounding of the cap portion such that the cap portion is held in a state of being hung by the card board by way of a connecting portion. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a flowchart of an example of steps of fabricating an IC card according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 2 is an explanatory view of a printing step constituting a step of fabricating an IC card according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 3 is an explanatory view of a press-contacting step constituting a step of fabricating an IC card according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 4 is a plane view of an essential portion of a card board in steps of fabricating an IC card according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 5 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X1-X1 of FIG. 4. FIG. 6 is a plane view of an essential portion of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 4. FIG. 7 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X1-X1 of FIG. 6. FIG. 8 is a plane view enlarging an essential portion of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 6. FIG. 9 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X1-X1 of FIG. 8. FIG. 10 is a plane view of an essential portion of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 8. FIG. 11 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X1-X1 of FIG. 10. FIG. 12 is a plane view of an essential portion of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 10. FIG. 13 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X2-X2 of FIG. 12. FIG. 14 is a plane view of an essential portion of a card board showing a modified example of a positioning portion. FIG. 15 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of a card member cut out from the card board of FIG. 12. FIG. 16 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of a card member cut out from the card board of FIG. 14. FIG. 17 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of a card member after pasting an IC portion. FIG. 18 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X1-X1 of FIG. 17. FIG. 19 is a sectional view of a card member in a data writing step. FIG. 20 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of an IC card according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 21 is a sectional view taken along a line X1-X1 of FIG. 20. FIG. 22 is a sectional view taken along a line X3-X3 of FIG. 20. FIG. 23 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 24 is a plane view enlarging an essential portion of a second main face of an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 25 is a plane view of a total of a second main face in a step of fabricating an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 26 is an explanatory view of a step of machining a taper portion. FIG. 27 is an explanatory view of a step of machining a taper portion continued from FIG. 26. FIG. 28 is an explanatory view of a step of machining a taper portion continued from FIG. 27. FIG. 29 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of an IC card according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 30 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card of FIG. 29. FIG. 31 is a side view of the IC card of FIG. 29 and FIG. 30. FIG. 32 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of an IC card main body. FIG. 33 is a side view viewing the IC card main body of FIG. 32 from a left side. FIG. 34 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card main body of FIG. 32. FIG. 35 is an explanatory view of an example of a behavior of an IC card main body before mounting the IC card main body to a connector. FIG. 36 is an explanatory view of an example of a behavior of an IC card main body after mounting the IC card main body to a connector 21. FIG. 37 is a plane view of a total of a first main body of an IC card main body mounted with a card adapter. FIG. 38 is a side view viewing the IC card main body of FIG. 37 from a lower side. FIG. 39 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card main body of FIG. 37. FIG. 40 is a plane view of a total of a contact face of a wiring board of an IC portion of an IC card main body. FIG. 41 is a plane view of a total of a mold face of a wiring board of an IC portion of an IC card main body. FIG. 42 is an enlarged plane view of a total of the mold face shown by removing a resin sealing portion of the IC portion of FIG. 41. FIG. 43 is a sectional view taken along a line X4-X4 of FIG. 42. FIG. 44 is a circuit block diagram of an example of an IC card microcomputer circuit of an IC portion of an IC card. FIG. 45 is a circuit block diagram of an example of an interface controller circuit of an IC portion of an IC card. FIG. 46 is a plane view of a total showing a display example of information of a first main face of an IC card. FIG. 47 is a plane view of a total showing a display example of information of a second main face of an IC card. FIG. 48 is a plane view of a total showing a display example of information of a first main face of an IC card. FIG. 49 is a plane view of an essential portion of a second main face of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 50 is a plane view of an essential portion of a second main face of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 49. FIG. 51 is a plane view of an essential portion of a second main face of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 50. FIG. 52 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X5-X5 of FIG. 51. FIG. 53 is a plane view of an essential portion of a second main face of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 51. FIG. 54 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X5-X5 of FIG. 53. FIG. 55 is a plane view of an essential portion of a second main face of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 53. FIG. 56 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X5-X5 of FIG. 55. FIG. 57 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of a card main body in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 55. FIG. 58 is a sectional view enlarging an essential portion of a card main body in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 57. FIG. 59 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of a card main body in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 57. FIG. 60 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X5-X5 of FIG. 59. FIG. 61 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of a card main body in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 59. FIG. 62 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X5-X5 of FIG. 61. FIG. 63 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 64 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card of FIG. 63. FIG. 65 is a side view of the IC card of FIG. 63 and FIG. 64. FIG. 66 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X6-X6 of FIG. 63 and FIG. 64. FIG. 67 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 68 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card of FIG. 67. FIG. 69 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of an IC card main body cut out from the IC card of FIG. 63 through FIG. 66 or FIG. 67 and FIG. 68. FIG. 70 is a side view when the IC card main body of FIG. 69 is viewed from a lower side. FIG. 71 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card main body of FIG. 69. FIG. 72 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 73 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card of FIG. 72. FIG. 74 is a side view of the IC card of FIG. 72 and FIG. 73. FIG. 75 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 76 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card of FIG. 75. FIG. 77 is a side view of the IC card of FIG. 75 and FIG. 76. FIG. 78 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 79 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card of FIG. 78. FIG. 80 is a side view of the IC card of FIG. 78 and FIG. 79. FIG. 81 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 82 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card of FIG. 81. FIG. 83 is a side view of the IC card of FIG. 81 and FIG. 82. FIG. 84 is a plane view of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 85 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of an IC card main body according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 86 is a circuit block diagram of an example of an IC card microcomputer circuit of an IC portion of the IC card main body of FIG. 85. FIG. 87 is a circuit block diagram of an example of an interface controller circuit of an IC portion of the IC card main body of FIG. 85. FIG. 88 is a sectional view of an essential portion in a step of fabricating an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 89 is a plane view of an essential portion of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card according to still other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 90 is a sectional view taken along a line X7-X7 of FIG. 89. FIG. 91 is a plane view of an essential portion of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 89. FIG. 92 is a sectional view taken along a line X7-X7 of FIG. 91. FIG. 93 is a plane view of an essential portion of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 91. FIG. 94 is a sectional view taken along a line X7-X7 of FIG. 93. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Embodiments of the invention will be explained in details in reference to the drawings as follows. Further, in all of the drawings for explaining the embodiments, portions having the same functions are attached with the same notations and a repeated explanation thereof will be omitted. Embodiment 1 An explanation will be given of an example of a method of fabricating an IC (Integrated Circuit) card of Embodiment 1 in reference to FIG. 2 through FIG. 28 in line with a flowchart of steps of FIG. 1. First, a card board is prepared (step 100). The card board is formed, for example, as follows. First, as shown by FIG. 2, common information (first information) is printed to a printing sheet 1a (step 100a). The printing sheet 1a comprises a plastic of, for example, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate, polyolefin (polypropylene or the like), poly ethylene terephathalate: PET), poly ethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G) or the like. Cost of the IC card can be reduced by using such a comparatively inexpensive plastic. Further, when polycarbonate is used, a clear drawn image can be printed by a laser drawing method. Further, when polypropylene, PET or PET-G is incinerated, hydrogen chloride gas is not generated and therefore, a burden on an environment can further be alleviated. Further, PET-G can be melted at low temperatures to achieve an advantage of molding to melt together without interposing an adhering agent. A thickness of the printing sheet 1a is, for example, about 0.2 mm and the printing sheet 1a having a high flatness is used to be easy to be printed. The common information printed on the printing sheet 1a is information common to a plurality of IC cards, for example, a company name of a company issuing the card, a kind of a card, and the like, otherwise, a common character, a pattern or a diagram or the like. As a printing method, for example, offset printing is adopted. Offset printing is a kind of a lithography and is a method for producing a portion on a block plate having chemical affinity with an oil based ink and transcribing the oil based ink by utilizing a property in which water and the oil based ink repell with each other. Specifically, for example, the method is as follows. First, the printing sheet la reeled in a roll-like shape by a reeling portion 2a of a printing machine 2 is supplied from the reeling portion 2a to a printing portion 2b. The printing portion 2b is arranged with an ink supply portion 2b1, an ink roller 2b2, a water vessel 2b3, a water roller 2b4, a plate block 2b5, a blanket 2b6, an impression cylinder 2b7 and the like. A surface of the plate block 2b5 is previously formed with a hydrophilic portion based on a draft of an object of printing. At the printing portion 2b, wetting water at inside of the water vessel 2b3 is coated on a side of the plate block 2b5 by way of the water roller 2b4, and the oil based ink is coated on the side of the plate block 2b5 by way of the ink roller 2b2. Then, the wetting water is adhered to the hydrophilic portion of the plate block 2b5 and the oil based ink is adhered to a nonhydrophlic portion thereof. The oil based ink adhered to the plate block 2b5 is transcribed onto the blanket 2b6 comprising rubber or the like, and the oil based ink adhered to the blanket 2b6 is printed to the printing sheet 1a. In the case of the offset printing, even a fine draw line can excellently be printed. Further, a number of the same blocks can easily be made. Further, a printing speed is fast and therefore, delivery time can be shortened. Further, time and labor of plate making is reduced and therefore, printing by a large amount can be carried out, and plate making cost is the most inexpensive and therefore, cost of the IC card can be reduced. Although in FIG. 2, there is exemplified the offset rotary press printing for continuously printing a desired pattern or the like on the printing sheet 1a reeled in the roll-like shape, the method is not limited thereto but, for example, there may be adopted offset sheet printing for printing a desired pattern on a plurality of sheets of printing sheets cut in, for example, a rectangular shape sheet by sheet. Further, there may be adopted a relief printing (typography) for executing printing by adhering ink to a projected portion of a block plate attached with recesses and projections. In the case of relief printing, strong printing having a clear character or line can be executed. Further, screen printing of silk printing or the like can also be used. Successively, the printing sheet 1a subjected to the printing processing is cut for respective unit regions by a sheet cutting portion 2c (step 100b). A plane dimension of the unit region is, for example, about 1 m×1 m. Successively, as shown by FIG. 3, in a state of successively laminating the printing sheets 1a and cover sheets 1c on both main faces of a first main face of a card base member 1b and a second main face on a back side thereof, by thermally pressing these by a pressing machine 3, a card board 1 is formed (step 100c). In the thermal pressing step, respective layers of the card base member 1b, the printing sheets 1a and the cover sheets 1c can also be melted to weld, further can also be adhered to each other by interposing an adhering member therebetween. The card board 1 is a plastic flat plate having a plane dimension of, for example, about 1 m×1 m, and a thickness of, for example, about 1.4 mm. The card base member 1b is a core portion of the card board 1 and is provided with a function of adjusting a thickness, a strength or the like of the card board 1. In order to provide the card board 1 with a sufficient thickness, a plurality of sheets of the card boards 1 can be laminated to be used. A material of the card base member 1b is the same as that of the printing sheet 1a. When the card base member 1b is formed by PET, by forming the printing sheet 1a by PET-G having a high force of adhering to PET, an adhering force by melting to weld the card base member 1b and the printing sheet 1a can be increased and therefore, reliability and service life of the IC card can be promoted. The card base member 1b is brought into a state of being harder than the printing sheet 1a and the cover sheet 1c. Thereby, when a recess portion is formed at the card board 1 as mentioned later, a machining processing can be promoted in a stable state. Further, a controllability of a shape of a recess when the recess is formed at the card base member 1b can be promoted and a dimensional accuracy of the recess can be improved. The cover sheet 1c is a sheet pressed to a surface on the outermost side of the card board 1 and is provided with a function of protecting a surface of the IC card. In a state of pasting information means of a hologram film or the like on a surface of the cover sheet 1c, the pressing processing can also be carried out. A material of the cover sheet 1c is the same as that of the printing sheet 1a. Next, the card board 1 is subjected to a cutting processing by using a numerical control (NC) machine tool or the like (step 101). Here, recess portions are formed at both main faces of a first main face of the card board 1 and a second main face on an opposed side thereof (step 101a1). As shown by FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, recess portions 4a through 4c are formed by milling (milling) using, for example, an end mill for respective card regions CR of the first main face of the card board 1 (step 101a1). FIG. 4 shows a plane view of an essential portion of the first main face of the card board 1. Here, as shown by broken lines, two of the card regions CR are shown. Further, FIG. 5 shows an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X1-X1 of FIG. 4. Notation 1ac designates a portion of laminating the printing sheet 1a and the cover sheet 1c. The recess portion 4a is a notch portion for preventing a main body of the IC card from drawing out from a desired electronic apparatus against intension, the recess portion 4b is a flange portion fitted to a card adapter, mentioned later, the recess portion 4c is a portion caught when the main body of the IC card is taken out from a desired electronic apparatus or the like. Successively, after finishing to machine all the card regions CR of the first main face of the card board 1, the card board 1 is turned back, as shown by FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, shallow recess portions 4d through 4f are formed by, for example, milling similar to the above-described for respective card regions CR of the second main face of the card board 1. FIG. 6 shows a plane view of an essential portion of the second main face of the card board 1 of FIG. 4, FIG. 7 shows an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X1-X1 of FIG. 6, respectively. The recess portion 4d is a cavity portion of a wiring board of an IC portion, mentioned later, the recess portion 4e is a portion the same as the recess portion 4b, the recess portion 4f is a flat portion for guiding a claw portion of the card adapter. Bottom portions of the respective recess portions 4d through 4f are terminated at the laminated portion 1ac. Successively, as shown by FIG. 8 and FIG. 9, deep recess portions 4g are formed by, for example, milling similar to the above-described for the respective card regions CR of the second main face of the card board 1. FIG. 9 shows a plane view of an essential portion of the second main face of the card board 1, FIG. 10 shows an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X1-X1 of FIG. 9, respectively. The recess portion 4g is a portion into which the claw portion of the card adapter is brought. Successively, as shown by FIG. 10 and FIG. 11, deep recess portions 4h are formed by, for example, milling similar to the above-described for the respective card regions CR of the second main face of the cardboard 1 (step 101a2). FIG. 10 shows a plane view of an essential portion of the second main face of the card board 1, FIG. 11 shows an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X1-X1 of FIG. 10, respectively. The recess portion 4h is a portion containing a resin sealing portion of the IC portion. By forming the card base member 1b by a material having a modulus of elasticity higher than those of the printing sheet 1a and the cover sheet 1c, and constituting a bottom portion of the recess portion 4h by a shape terminated at a position of reaching the card base member 1b, a controllability of the shape of the recess portion 4h can be promoted and a dimensional accuracy of a depth of the recess portion 4h can be promoted. Since the recess portion 4h is a portion containing the IC resin sealing portion of the IC portion, when the portion is not formed by a depth as designed, there is a case in which the IC portion cannot adequately fitted thereto and yield of the IC card is deteriorated. On the other hand, when the recess portion 4h is formed to be excessively deep in consideration only of attachment of the IC portion, in addition to the fact that the thickness of the card board 1 is inherently thin, the recess portion 4h is the deepest, and an area thereof is large and therefore, there is a case of deteriorating a mechanical strength of the IC card (particularly, a cap portion, mentioned later). In contrast thereto, according to Embodiment 1, the dimensional accuracy of the depth of the recess portion 4h can be promoted and therefore, there is not brought about a drawback in attachment of the IC portion and the mechanical strength of the IC card (particularly, a cap portion) is not deteriorated. Therefore, yield, reliability and service life of the IC card can be promoted. Incidentally, although in the above-described explanation, the explanation has been given of a case of forming the recess portions 4d through 4h at the second main face of the card board 1 after forming the recess portions 4a through 4c at the first main face of the cardboard 1, contrary thereto, the recess potions 4a through 4c may be formed at the second main face of the card board 1 after forming the recess portions 4d through 4h at the second main face of the card board 1. When the relatively shallow recess portions 4a through 4c are formed after precedingly forming the relatively deep recess portions 4g, 4h, there is concern of bringing about crack or the like at the card board 1 at portions of the deep recess portions 4g, 4h in machining the shallow recess portions 4a through 4c. In contrast thereto, by forming the recess portions 4d through 4h deeper than the recess portions 4a through 4c at the second main face of the card board 1 after forming the recess portions 4a through 4c at the first main face of the card board 1 as described above, the recess portions 4d through 4h can be formed further safely without bringing about crack or the like at the card board 1. Further, although in above-described explanation, the explanation has been given of a case of progressing the machining processing such that after forming the recess portions 4d through 4f at, for example, all of the card regions CR, the recess portions 4g, 4h having depths considerably different from those of the recess portions 4d through 4f at all of the card regions CR, the invention is not limited thereto but, for example, the machining processing may be progressed such that, for example, at one of the card regions CR of the second main face of the card board 1, all of the recess portions 4d through 4h necessary therefore are formed, thereafter, at other card region CR of the second main face of the card board 1, all of the recess portions 4d through 4h necessary therefor are formed. Successively, as shown by FIG. 12 and FIG. 13, positioning holes 5a penetrating the first main face and the second main face of the card board 1 are formed at the respective card regions CR of the card board 1 (step 101b). FIG. 12 shows a plane view of an essential portion of the second main face of the card board 1, FIG. 13 shows an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X2-X2 of FIG. 20, respectively. The positioning hole 5a is a portion used for positioning individual card members and an IC card fabricating apparatus, here, there is exemplified a case of forming two pieces of positioning holes 5a to be disposed in directions skewed to each other. By forming the positioning hole 5a and the recess portions 4a through 4h at the same cutting step 101, not only operational efficiency can be promoted but also relative positional accuracies of the positioning hole 5a and the recess portions 4a through 4h can be promoted. However, the recess portions 4a through 4h may be formed after forming the positioning hole 5a. In this case, when the recess portions 4a through 4h are formed, positions of the respective card regions CR and the machining apparatus may be matched by the positioning hole 5a and therefore, from a view point of the relative positional accuracies of the positioning holes 5a and the recess portions 4a through 4h, the positioning holes 5a and the recess portions 4a through 4h may not be formed at the same cutting step. Further, although here, there is exemplified a case of forming the positioning holes 5a at two portions for the respective card regions CR, a number of pieces thereof is not limited to two pieces thereof but can variously be changed. However, when an excessive number thereof is formed, there is a case of deteriorating a region of a character, a pattern or the like printed on the surface of the IC card, further, also a mechanical strength of the IC card is deteriorated and therefore, about two pieces thereof is preferable. As a modified example of the positioning portion, as shown by FIG. 14, a positioning hole 5b may be formed to ride over an outer peripheral line of the card region CR. In this case, only a portion of an outer periphery of the card region CR is deficient and therefore, a region of a character, a pattern or the like of the common information or identification information is not considerably deteriorated thereby. Further, in the case of the positioning hole 5b, when separated to individual card members as mentioned later, the positioning hole 5b. remains as a notch at a portion of a side face of the outer periphery of the card member, in that case, a positioning pin or the like is not inserted thereinto in positioning and therefore, the positioning can be facilitated. Although there is disclosed a case in which the positioning hole 5b is a circular hole as a shape thereof according to the embodiment, the invention is not limited thereto but there may be adopted a hole shape of shapes of ellipse, triangle, quadrangle or the like and a shape of a positioning pin. Successively, as shown by FIG. 15, the individual card regions CR are cut out from the card board 1 by punching (step 102). FIG. 15 shows a plane view of a total of a second main face of a card member 1CB cut out from the card board 1. Further, FIG. 16 shows a plane view of a total of the second main face of the card member 1CB cut out from the card board 1 in the case of FIG. 14. In this case, the positioning hole 5b remains as a notch 5b1 at a side face of a short side of the card member 1CB. Successively, identification information (second information) is printed on the card member 1CB (step 103). The identification information is information which differs for respectives of a plurality of IC cards such as personal information used for acknowledgement or the like of an individual. The individual information is printed by a method of using, for example, a thermally transcribing method, a laser drawing method, an embossing, a hologram film, a method of writing the identification information to a magnetic tape pasted to the card member 1CB as magnetic information, or a method compounded with two kinds or more thereof. As the identification information, in addition to information having high individual acknowledgement performance which can be understood through visual sense of, for example, a face photograph or the like, there is information having high individual acknowledgement performance which can be recorded by using an exclusive reading apparatus although the information cannot be understood through the visual sense as in a bar code, magnetic information or the like. Also in the step 103 for printing the identification information, by positioning with the card member 1CB by the positioning hole 5a, the identification information can be printed by positioning the identification information excellently. The step of printing the identification information maybe carried out by steps indicated by broken lines of FIG. 1. That is, the step may be carried out by a step after a step 104 of pasting the IC portion, mentioned later, and before a step 105 of writing data, after the step 105 of writing data and before a punching step 106, or by two or more of the steps. Successively, as shown by FIG. 17 and FIG. 18, the IC portion 7 is fixed to the recess portions 4d, 4h of the second main face of the card member 1CB in a state of being fitted thereto (step 104). FIG. 17 shows a plane view of a total of the second main face of the card member 1CB after the step of pasting the IC portion 7, FIG. 18 shows an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X1-X1 of FIG. 17, respectively. The IC portion 7 is a portion formed with IC and includes a wiring board 8 and a resin sealing portion 9. The IC portion 7 is pasted thereto in a state of containing the resin sealing portion 9 in the recess portion 4h of the second main face of the card member 1CB and is pasted thereto in a state in which a back face (surfaced face) of the wiring board 8 is surfaced to outside. The back face (surfaced face) of the wiring board 8 is arranged with, for example, 14 pieces of external terminals 8a. A detailed explanation will later be given of the IC portion 7. Also in the step 104 of pasting the IC portion 7, the IC portion 7 can be fitted thereto with excellent positioning by being positioned with the card member 1CB by the positioning hole 5a. Successively, as shown by FIG. 19, a desired data is electrically written to a semiconductor chip, mentioned later, of the IC portion 7 (step 105). That is, in a state of positioning a data writing apparatus and the card member 1CB by inserting a positioning pin 11 of the data writing apparatus to the positioning hole 5a of the card member 1CB, and in a state of butting a data pin 12 of the data writing apparatus to the external terminal 8a of the IC portion 7, the data is written thereto electrically. The IC portion 7 is provided with a plurality of pieces of data terminals for inputting and outputting data in order to deal with high speed data transmission. Further, there is also a case of respectively providing pins for dealing with a plurality of interface modes in order to deal with a variety of formation of interface. According to the embodiment, there are provided a terminal for constituting contact type interface and antenna terminals 8a7, 8a8 for constituting noncontact type interface. In this way, according to the IC portion 7 according to the embodiment, in comparison with an IC card of the background art, a number of pins is increased by respective situations and therefore, a width of the external terminal 8a of the IC portion 7 and an interval of contiguous ones thereof are narrower than those of a general IC card and there is a possibility that the width and the interval becomes more and more narrow in the future. Therefore, unless some countermeasure is devised with regard to positioning of the data writing apparatus and the card member 1CB, there is a case in which the data pin 12 cannot adequately be butted to the external terminal 8a and a failure in writing data is brought about. In contrast thereto, according to Embodiment 1, by inserting the positioning pin 11 of the data writing apparatus into the positioning hole 5a of the card member 1CB, positioning of the both members can be carried out with high accuracy and therefore, even when the width of the external terminal 8a and the interval between the contiguous ones become narrow, the data pin 12 and the external terminal 8a can be brought into contact with each other with excellent positioning. Therefore, a failure in writing data can be reduced or prevented from being brought about and therefore, the yield of the IC card can be promoted. Further, labor of rewriting data is reduced and therefore, a speed of fabricating the IC card can be accelerated. Further, after writing to process data as described above, a simple test may be carried out for the IC portion 7 by executing positioning similar to writing the data. Successively, as shown by FIG. 20 through FIG. 22, a portion of the card board 1 at an outer periphery of the IC card main body 15 of the card member 1CB is punched by punching or the like (step 106). Further, a taper 4f1 is formed at a corner portion on a side of an outer periphery of the recess portion 4f. Thereby, the IC card 1CD is formed. FIG. 20 shows a plane of a total of the second main face of the IC card 1CD, FIG. 21 and FIG. 22 respectively show enlarged sectional views taken along a line X1-X1 and a line X3-X3 of FIG. 20. The IC card 1CD includes a frame member portion 1CB1, and the IC card main body 15 held in a state of being hung in the frame by way of a connecting portion 1CB2. The IC card main body 15 includes a cap portion 1CB3 and the IC portion 7. An opening portion 16 penetrating the first main face and the second main face of the card member 1CB are formed at a portion of the IC card main body 15 other than a connecting portion 1CB2 of an outer periphery thereof. The first main face and the second main face of the connecting portion 1CB2 are formed with grooves 17 such that the IC card main body 15 can be cut out manually. The connecting portions 1CB2 are connected to a front face and a rear face (two left and right ends of FIG. 20, both ends in a direction of a short side of the IC card main body 15) of the IC card main body 15 as mentioned later, and are not connected to side faces (two upper and lower ends of FIG. 20, both ends in a longitudinal direction of the IC card main body 15) of the IC card main body 15. Although the IC card includes the front face constituting an end face on a side of being aligned with external terminals 8a and on a side constituting a head portion in inserting into a card slot, a rear face on an opposed side of the front face and a side face in parallel with an inserting direction in being inserted into the card slot other than the first main face constituting the card surface and the second main face exposing the external terminals, the side face of the IC card main body 15 is a portion of being brought into a guide at inside of the card slot when the IC card main body 15 is cut out from the IC card 1CD and mounted to the desired card slot of the electronic apparatus and therefore, a consideration is given to the fact that when a cut residue or the like of the connecting portion 1CB2 is present at the portion, the IC card main body 15 cannot adequately be put into and put out from the electronic apparatus. That is, according to Embodiment 1, the IC card main body 15 can smoothly be put into or put out from the desired electronic apparatus. Further, the connecting portion 1CB2 is formed to avoid the recess portions 4e, 4f and the taper portion 4f1 . This is because a consideration is given to the fact that it is difficult to form the groove 17 of the connecting portion 1CB2 at the portion of the recess portion 4e or the like. That is, according to Embodiment 1, a performance of facilitating to form the IC card 1CD can be promoted. Further, a portion of the recess portion 4e or the like is a portion of being attached with a card adapter and therefore, similar to the above-described, a consideration is given to the fact that when there is a cut residue or the like of the connecting portion 1CB2 at the portion, the card adapter cannot adequately be attached thereto. That is, according to Embodiment 1, a card adapter can excellently be attached to the IC card main body 15. Further, although in the example of FIG. 20, an explanation is given of a case of providing 3 portions of the connecting portions 1CB2, the invention is not limited thereto but can variously be changed. For example, as shown by FIG. 23, the connecting portion 1CB2 may be connected to respectives of the front face and the rear face of the IC card main body 15 by single portions thereof. The connecting portion 1CB2 of the rear face of the IC card main body 15 is formed at a portion of the IC card main body 15 for forming the taper portion 4f1 substantially at a center in a longitudinal direction thereof. Further, as shown by FIG. 24, the connecting portion 1CB2 may gradually be converged to the IC card main body 15. Further, the connecting portion 1CB2 may be converged to the IC card main body 15 in steps. When a length of connecting the connecting portion 1CB2 and the IC card main body 15 is made to be shorter than a length of connecting the connecting portion 1CB2 and the frame member portion 1CB1 as described above, it is not necessary to form the groove 17. Thereby, the performance of facilitating to form the IC card 1CD can be promoted. Even in the punching step 106, the outer peripheral portion of the IC card main body 15 can be punched with excellent positioning by matching positions of the card member 1CB and a punching apparatus by the positioning hole 5a. The punching step may be carried out by steps indicated by broken lines of FIG. 1. That is, the punching step may be carried out before the segmentation step 102, after the segmentation step 102 and before the step 103 of printing the identification information, after the step 103 of printing the identification information and before the step 104 of pasting the IC portion, after the step 104 of pasting the IC portion and before the step of 105 of writing data. For example, FIG. 25 shows a plane view of a total of the second main face of the card member 1CB after carrying out the punching step 106 after the segmentation step 102 and before the step 104 of pasting the IC portion. The IC portion 7 may be pasted thereafter. An explanation will be given of an example of a method of forming the taper 4f1 in reference to FIG. 26 through FIG. 28. FIG. 26 through FIG. 28 are explanatory views of a die 20 for working the taper. A fixed plate 20a of the die 20 is formed with a guide hole 20a1 penetrating main and back faces thereof in a state of being skewed to the main and back faces of the fixed plate 20a. The guide hole 20a1 is a hole for guiding a direction of sliding a movable blade 20b fitted into the hole in a movable state. A movable plate 20c is installed above the fixed plate 2a in a state of being able to be moved in an up and down direction. First, positions of the die 20 and the card member 1CB are matched by the positioning hole 5a. Thereby, the card member 1CB is set such that when the movable plate 20b is slid to a lower side along the guide hole 20a1, a portion of a blade of a front end of the movable blade 20b is butted to a taper working portion constituting an object of the card member 1CB. Successively, as shown by FIG. 27, the movable plate 20c is moved down and the movable blade 20b is skewedly slid along the guide hole 20a1 of the fixed plate 20a. Then the portion of the blade of the cut blade 20b cuts off the corner portion constituting an object of the card member 1CB. A cut chip 1p produced at that occasion is thrown away by way of the opening portion 16. Thereafter, as shown by FIG. 28, the movable plate 20c is moved up to return to an original position and the movable blade 20b is moved in a skewed upper direction. Thereby, the cut blade 20b is separated from the card main body 1CB, and the taper portion 4f1 can be formed at the portion constituting the object of the card member 1CB. In this way, according to Embodiment 1, a constitution particular to RS-MMC (Reduced Size Multi Media Card), for example, an outer shape, a pin arrangement or an interface constitution or the like can be made in the IC card 1CD (IC card main body 15). Therefore, the IC card 1CD (IC card main body 15) having high functional performance can be provided. Further, the IC card 1CD (IC card main body 15) can efficiently be fabricated by summarizingly printing the common information to a plurality of card regions CR and printing or forming the identification information for the respective individual card members 1CB. Further, an erroneous display can be reduced or prevented from being brought about. Further, by carrying out the step 103 of printing the identification information, the step 104 of pasting the IC portion 7, the step 105 of writing data and the punching step 106 after the segmentation step 102, operation of the respective steps can be carried out by using the IC card fabricating apparatus which has been used without remodeling the IC card fabricating apparatus, or newly forming the IC card fabricating apparatus. Therefore, even in fabricating the novel IC card 1CD, enormous capital investment is not carried out at an initial stage, further, it is not necessary to considerably look at the fabricating steps again. Further, by delivering the IC card 1CD in a state of having the frame member portion 1CB1 at a surrounding of the IC card main body 15, even when a plurality of card standards are produced, the outer shape can be standardized by the frame member portion 1CB1. By standardizing the outer shape by the frame member portion 1CB1, for example, a transportation system to customers can be shared by the plurality of the card standards and production cost can be restrained from being increased. Further, whereas when molded by a resin mold die as in a cap or a case of a so-to-speak memory card of MMC (Multi Media Card), RS-MMC, SD (Secure Digital) memory card or mini SD or the like, only a simple character, mark or the like can be displayed on a surface thereof, it is difficult to promote acknowledgement performance, security performance or an outlook thereof, in the case of the IC card 1CD of Embodiment 1, a clear character, a pattern, a diagram or a photograph or the like can be displayed on the surface of the cap portion 1CB3 further finely and therefore, acknowledgement performance and security performance can be promoted, the card cannot be forged simply and further, the outlook can be promoted. Further, before subjecting the respective cards to the segmentation step, in the state of connecting printing sheets by an amount of a plurality of cards, by summarizing printing the cards, the printing cost in producing a large amount of the cards can be reduced. Next, an explanation will be given of an example of a constitution of the IC card 1CD fabricated as described above. FIG. 29 shows a plane view of a total of the first main face of the IC card 1CD of Embodiment 1, FIG. 30 shows a plane view of a total of the second main face of the opposed face of the IC card 1CD of FIG. 29, FIG. 31 shows a side view of the IC card 1CD of FIG. 29 and FIG. 30. An outer shape dimension of the IC card 1CD is, for example, about 85.6 mm×54 mm×1.4 mm. The IC card main body 15 of an essential portion of the IC card 1CD is a card type information medium having a high functional performance having both of a function as a so-to-speak IC card and a function as a so-to-speak memory card having a capacity larger than that of the IC card and a function higher than that of the IC card capable of executing a security processing. That is, the IC card main body 15 is constructed by a constitution which can be used in various fields requesting high security performance of finance, transportation, communication, delivery, acknowledgement and the like as in, for example, a credit card, a cash card, a card for ETC (Electronic Toll Collection system), a commutation pass, a card for a portable telephone, acknowledgement card or the like and can be used as a record media of a portable type information apparatus requesting transportability as in a digital camera, a notebook type personal computer, a portable type music player, a portable telephone or the like. With regard to a card type information medium having both of an IC card function and a memory card function, there is a detailed description in, for example, International Patent Publication No. WO 02/099742 A1. FIG. 32 through FIG. 33 show a behavior when the IC card main body 15 is cut out from the IC card 1CD. FIG. 32 shows a plane view of a total of the first main face of the IC card main body 15, FIG. 33 shows a side view when the IC card main body of FIG. 32 is viewed from a left side, FIG. 34 shows a plane view of a total of the second main face (face on a side opposed to the first main frame) of the IC card main body 15, respectively. An arrow mark A in FIG. 32 through FIG. 34 designates an example of a mounting direction when the IC card main body 15 is mounted to a desired electronic apparatus. The IC card main body 15 can be cut out manually or by a simple cutting tool of a cutter knife or the like. The IC card main body 15 includes the cap portion 1CB3 and the IC portion 7. The cap portion 1CB3 is formed from the card board 1 similar to the frame member portion 1CB1 and the connecting portion 1CB2. The IC portion 7 is fitted to the recess portions 4d, 4h of the second main face of the cap portion 1CB3 and is firmly fixed thereto by an adhering member. The outer shape of the IC card memory 15 is formed in compliance with, for example, a standard of an RS-MMC. That is, an outer shape dimension of the IC card main body 15 is, for example, about 18 mm×24 mm×1.4 mm. Further, one corner portion on a side of the front face of the IC card main body 15 (left side of FIG. 29 and FIG. 30) is significantly faced for indexing. Further, the recess portions 4a through 4c are formed at the first main face of the cap portion 1CB3 of the IC card main body 15, the recess portions 4e through 4g and the like are formed at the second main face of the cap portion 1CB3. The recess portion 4a is formed at a side face of the IC card main body 15, the recess portions 4b, 4e are formed at the corner portion on the side of the rear face of the IC card main body 15, the recess portions 4c, 4f, 4g and the taper portion 4f1 are formed at a center in a longitudinal direction of a side of the rear face of the IC card main body 15. Incidentally, different from general RS-MMC, the surfaces (first main face and the second main face) of the cap portion 1CB3 of the IC card main body 15 of Embodiment 1 are displayed with information of a character, a pattern, a diagram or a face photograph or the like which is finer and clearer, the IC card main body 15 is provided with higher acknowledgement performance, security performance and outlook. Further, corner portions of the respective recess portions 4a through 4h are formed with rounded tapers to construct a constitution of being difficult to bring about crack constituting onsets by the corner portions of the recess portions 4a through 4h. The recess portion 4a of the first main face of the cap portion 1CB3 is a portion for restraining the IC card main body 15 from being drawn to be dropped from the electronic apparatus or jumping out to outside by impact or the like when the IC card main body 15 is mounted to a desired electronic apparatus. FIG. 35 shows a behavior of the IC card main body 15 when the IC card main body 15 is mounted to a connector 21, FIG. 36 shows an example of a behavior of the IC card main body 15 after the IC card main body 15 is mounted to the connector 21, respectively. When the IC card main body 15 is inserted to the connector 21 along the direction of the arrow mark A, a front end of a lock claw 21a of the connector 21 is brought into the recess portion 4a of the side face of the IC card main body 15. Other end of the lock claw 21a is attached with a coil spring 21b, and the lock claw 21a presses the IC card main body 15 by an urge force of the coil spring 21b. Thereby, the IC card main body 15 is not drawn to be dropped from the connector 21 or does not jump out to outside by some impact or the like. That is, the IC card main body 15 can firmly be held by the recess portion 4a of the IC card main body 15 and therefore, the IC card main body 15 can be restrained or prevented from being drawn to be dropped or jumping out. The recess portions 4b, 4e, 4f, 4g of the first main face and the second main face of the cap portion 1CB3 shown in FIG. 32 through FIG. 34 and the like are portions related to mounting the card adapter. FIG. 37 through FIG. 39 show a behavior of mounting a card adapter 22 to the IC card main body 15. The card adapter 22 is an auxiliary instrument for converting the IC card main body 15 of the RS-MMC standard to a standard of MMC of a full size (outer shape dimensions are 32 mm×24 mm×1.4 mm). By mounting the card adapter 22 to the IC card main body 15, the IC card main body 15 can be used even by an existing slot in correspondence with MMC of the full size. The card adapter 22 can firmly be attached to the side of the rear face of the IC card main body 15 by fitting a recess portion of the card adapter 22 to a projected portion formed by the recess portions 4b, 4e of the IC card main body 15 and bringing a claw portion 22a of the card adapter 22 into the recess portion 4g of the IC card main body 15. The claw portion 22a is provided at a front end of a leaf spring supporting portion 22b of the card adapter 22 to firmly press the IC card main body 15 by an urge force by the leaf spring supporting portion 22b. Next, an explanation will be given of the IC portion 7 of the IC card main body 15. FIG. 40 shows a plane view of a total of a contact face (surfaced face) of the IC portion 7. A board main body of the wiring board 8 of the IC portion 7 comprises, for example, a resin of glass epoxy species and the contact face is aligned to be arranged with, for example, 14 pieces of the external terminals 8a (8a1 through 8a14) in a state of being proximate to each other. The external terminal 8a is subjected to Ni plating and gold (Au) plating or the like at an exposed surface of a metal foil of copper (Cu) or the like, directly connected with a connection terminal of an outside apparatus (reader writer or the like) and includes a contact type interface portion for electrically connecting the outside apparatus and a circuit at inside of the IC card main body 15. Although not particularly limited, allocation of signals or the like of the respective external terminals 8a is, for example, as follows. That is, the external terminals 8a1, 8a9, 8a10, 8a11 through 8a14 are, for example, terminals for data, the external terminal 8a2 is, for example, a terminal for detecting the card or for data, the external terminal 8a3 is a terminal for, for example, command (CMD), the external terminal 8a4 is a terminal for a power source for supplying a power source voltage Vss1 of, for example, a low potential side, the external terminal 8a5 is a terminal for a power source for supplying a power source voltage Vcc of, for example, a high potential side, the external terminal 8a6 is a terminal for inputting, for example, a clock signal, the external terminals 8a7 and 8a8 are terminals for antennas for being respectively connected to electrodes TML1 and TML2 of an RF portion of a card microcomputer, and noncontact interface is realized by connecting, for example, an LC parallel resonating circuit to the external terminals 8a7 and 8a8. Further, a number of pieces of the external terminals 8a is not limited to 14 pieces but, for example, may variously be, for example, 7 pieces, 8 pieces, 9 pieces, 10 pieces, 11 pieces, 13 pieces, 16 pieces or 17 pieces and the like. FIG. 85 shows a plane view when the number of the external terminals 8a is 13 pieces, and FIG. 86 and FIG. 87 show functional block diagrams of an IC card in correspondence with FIG. 85. An IC portion stored in the IC card illustrated in FIG. 85 constitutes a point of difference in comparison with the IC portion 7 illustrated in FIG. 40 by that portions in correspondence-with the external terminals 8a7, 8a8 are formed with an external terminal 8a15 constituting a terminal for a power source for supplying the power source voltage Vss2 on the low potential side and the terminal for the antenna illustrated in FIG. 40 is not included. Further, as disclosed in FIG. 86 and FIG. 87, the IC card is a card which is not provided with a circuit for noncontact interface. FIG. 41 shows a plane view of a total of a mold face of the wiring board 8 (face formed with the resin sealing portion 9 on the back side of the contact face of the wiring board 8), FIG. 42 shows an enlarged plane view of a total of the mold face of the IC portion 7 shown by removing the resin sealing portion 9 of FIG. 41, FIG. 43 shows a sectional view taken along a line X4-X4 of FIG. 42, respectively. The resin sealing portion 9 comprises, for example, an epoxy species resin. A center of the mold face of the wiring board 8 is mounted with, for example, a semiconductor chip (IC chip) 23a in a state of directing a main face to an upper side, further, two semiconductor chips (IC chips) 23b, 23c are laminated on the main face of the semiconductor chip 23a in a state of directing main faces thereof to the upper side. The respective semiconductor chips 23a through 23c include semiconductor boards comprising, for example, silicon (Si) or the like and the main faces are formed with desired circuits, mentioned later. Further, a vicinity of an outer periphery of the semiconductor chip 23a is arranged with a plurality of terminals 24 to surround the semiconductor chip 23a. The terminal 24 is constituted by subjecting an exposed surface of a metal foil of, for example, copper (Cu) or the like to nickel (Ni) matrix plating and gold (Au) plating or the like and is electrically connected to the external terminal 8a by way of a wiring of the wiring board 8. The main face of the semiconductor chip 23a having the largest chip size is formed with, for example, an involatile memory circuit of a flash memory or the like capable of erasing and writing data electrically. A storing capacity of the semiconductor chip 23a is made to be a largest capacity in comparison with memory portions of the other semiconductor chips 23b, 23c. A bonding pad (hereinafter, simply referred to as pad) BP of the main face of the semiconductor chip 23a is electrically connected to the terminal 24 by way of a bonding wire (hereinafter, simply referred to as wire) BW. The wire BW comprises a slender wire or the like of, for example, gold (Au) A plurality of pieces of memory cells constituting the memory circuit of the semiconductor chip 23a are constituted such that when electrons are injected to a floating gate or the like of the memory cell, a threshold voltage is increased, further, when electrons are drawn from the floating gate or the like, threshold voltage is reduced. The memory cell is stored with information in accordance with high or low of the threshold voltage relative to a voltage of a word line for reading data. Although not particularly limited, for example, an erased state is constituted by a state in which, for example, a threshold voltage of a memory cell transistor is low and a written state is constituted by a state in which the threshold voltage is high. The main face of the semiconductor chip 23b is formed with, for example, an IC card microcomputer circuit. The IC card microcomputer circuit is a circuit having a function as a security controller and realizes a function of being acknowledged by an evaluating and acknowledging organization of ISO/IEC 15408 which can be utilized in, for example, an electronic settlement of accounts service. The IC card microcomputer circuit includes an integrated circuit of, for example, CPU (Central Processing Unit), mask ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory), EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM) and other operation circuit or the like. The mask ROM is stored with, for example, executing program, a code algorism or the like. The RAM includes, for example, a function as a memory for processing data. Further, the EEPROM includes a function as a memory for storing data. The IC card main body 15 transmits a predetermined acknowledgement certificate held by the EEPROM when there is a request for acknowledgement from a host and is made to be able to execute a succeeding communication processing on a condition of providing acknowledgement therefore. A program of operating the security processing is held by the mask ROM. FIG. 44 shows an example of an IC card microcomputer circuit in the semiconductor chip 23b. The IC card microcomputer circuit 25 includes CPU 25a, RAM 25b as work RAM, a timer 25c, EEPROM 25d, a coprocessor unit 25e, mask ROM 25f, a system control logic 25g, an input/output port (I/O port) 25h, data bus 25i and an address bus 25j. The mask ROM 25f is utilized for storing operation program (coded program, decoding program, interface control program and the like) and data of CPU 25a. The RAM 25b is constituted as a work area or a region of temporarily storing data of CPU 25a and comprises, for example, SRAM or DRAM. When IC card command is supplied to the I/O port 25h, the system control logic 25g decodes the command and makes CPU 25a execute a processing program necessary for executing the command. That is, CPU 25a makes access to the mask ROM 25f by an address instructed from the system control logic 25g to fetch an instruction, decodes the fetched instruction and fetches an operand based on a decoded result or calculates data. The coprocessor unit 25e executes RSA or a remainder calculating processing in elliptical curve code calculation in accordance with a control of CPU 25a. The I/O port 25h includes an input/output terminal I/O of 1 bit and is used both for inputting and outputting data and inputting an external interruption signal. The I/O port 25h is coupled to the data bus 25i, and the data bus 25i is electrically connected with CPU 25a, RAM 25b, the timer 25c, EEPROM 25d and the coprocessor unit 25e and the like. The system control logic 25g executes a control of an operational mode and a control of interruption of the IC card microcomputer circuit 25 and includes a random number generating logic or the like utilized for generating a code key. When reset operation is instructed to the IC card microcomputer 25 by a reset signal/RES, inside thereof is initialized, and CPU 25a starts to execute an instruction from a top address of a program of EEPROM 25d. The IC card microcomputer circuit 25 is operated in synchronism with a clock signal CLK. The EEPROM 25d is used as a region made to be able to execute an erasing processing and a writing processing electrically for storing ID (Identification) information, and an acknowledgement certificate or the like used for specifying an individual. In place of EEPRPM 25d, a flash memory or a ferromagnetic memory or the like may be adopted. The IC card microcomputer circuit 25 supports a contact interface using an external terminal for interface with outside. Next, the main face of the semiconductor chip 23c shown in FIG. 42 and FIG. 43 is formed with, for example, an interface controller circuit. The interface controller circuit is provided with a function of controlling external interface operation and memory interface operation in accordance with a control mode in accordance with instruction from outside, or setting previously determined at inside thereof. The interface control mode provided to the IC card main body 15 is made to constitute, for example, MMC (including RS-MMC) mode. The function of the interface control circuit is constituted by recognition of a memory card interface control mode in accordance with a command exchanged with outside by way of an external connecting terminal or a state of the bus, switching a bus width in accordance with the recognized memory card interface control mode, conversion of a data format in accordance with the recognized memory card interface control mode, a power on resetting function, a control of an interface with the IC card microcomputer circuit at inside of the semiconductor chip 23b, a control of an interface with the memory circuit at inside of the semiconductor chip 23a, and conversion of a power source voltage or the like. FIG. 45 shows an example of the interface controller circuit 26. Further, a memory circuit M in FIG. 37 shows a memory circuit formed at the semiconductor chip 23a. The interface controller circuit 26 includes a host interface circuit 26a, a microcomputer 26b, a flash controller 26c, a buffer controller 26d, a buffer memory 26e and an IC card interface circuit 26f. The buffer memory 26e comprises DRAM, SRAM or the like. The IC card interface circuit 26f is electrically connected with an IC card microcomputer circuit 25. The microcomputer 26b includes CPU (Central Processing Unit) 26b1, a program memory (PGM) 26b2 holding an operation program of CPU 26b1 and a work memory (WRAM) 2663 utilized for the work region of CPU 26b1. A control program of an interface control mode in correspondence with SD card, MMC (including RS-MMC) is held by the program memory 26b2. The host interface circuit 26a makes a control program of the interface control mode in correspondence with the microcomputer 26b executable by interruption when issuance of memory card initialize command or the like is detected. By executing the control program, the microcomputer 26b controls external interface operation by the host interface circuit 26a, controls access (write, erase and read operation) to the memory circuit M by the flash controller 26c and data control, and controls a format conversion between a data formant inherent to the memory card and a common data format to the memory by the buffer controller 26d. The buffer memory 26e is temporarily held with data read from the memory circuit M or data written to the memory circuit M. The flash controller 26c operates the memory circuit M as a file memory exchanged with a hard disk and controls data by a unit of sector. Further, the flash controller 26c includes an ECC circuit, not illustrated, for adding an ECC code in storing data to the memory circuit M and executes an error detecting and correcting processing by the ECC code for the read data. Further, although in the above-described example, an explanation has been given of a case in which the IC card microcomputer circuit and the interface control circuit and the memory circuit are separately formed at the semiconductor chips 23a through 23c, the invention is not limited thereto but, for example, the IC card microcomputer circuit and the interface control circuit may be formed at one semiconductor chip. Further, the IC card microcomputer circuit and the interface controller circuit and the memory circuit may be formed at one semiconductor chip. Next, FIG. 46 through FIG. 48 show a display example of information (the common information and the identification information) of the IC card 1CD. FIG. 46 and FIG. 48 show plane views of a total of the first main face of the IC card 1CD and FIG. 47 shows a plane view of a total of the second main face of the IC card 1CD. FIG. 46 and FIG. 47 shows a display example when used for, for example, a credit card, a cash card, a card for ETC system, a commutation pass, a card for a portable telephone or an acknowledgement card or the like. Other than print of a character and a photograph, the card is subjected to background print, follow foil transcription or the like, and is provided with high acknowledgment performance and security performance. Further, similar to a general IC card, laser marking, embossed character, magnetic tape region, bar code print portion, hand write region or the like can also be formed. Further, FIG. 48 shows a display example when the card is used as a card having high amusement performance of, for example, movie, music, game software or the like. For example, a photograph or the like of one scene or a movie recorded to the memory circuit M of the IC card main body 15 can be displayed on the surface of the IC card 1CD (frame member portion 1CB1, cap portion 1CB3). Therefore, a content of a work (movie, music, game or the like) recorded to the IC card main body 15 can simply be confirmed visually. Embodiment 2 In Embodiment 2, an explanation will be given of an example when an IC card main body of, for example, mini SD standard is fabricated. First, a card board 1 subjected to a printing processing is prepared similar to Embodiment 1, and the card board 1 is subjected to cutting similar to Embodiment 1. That is, as shown by FIG. 49, after forming the positioning holes 5b for the respective card regions CR of the card board 1, the recess portions 4a, 4i are formed for the respective card regions CR of the first main face of the card board 1. FIG. 49 shows a plane view of an essential portion of the first main face of the card board 1. The recess portion 4i is a portion constituting a guide portion when the IC card main body is mounted to an electronic apparatus. Successively, after finishing to machine all of the card regions CR of the first main face of the card board 1, the card board 1 is turned back, as shown by FIG. 50, the shallow recess portions 4j are formed for the respective card regions CR of the second main face of the card board 1. FIG. 50 shows a plane of an essential portion of the second main face of the card board 1 of FIG. 49. The recess portion 4j is a cavity portion for constituting a reference height of the surface of the external terminal. Successively, as shown by FIG. 51 and FIG. 52, the deep recess portions 4k are formed for the respective card regions CR of the second main face of the card board 1. FIG. 51 shows a plane view of an essential portion of the second main face of the card board 1, FIG. 52 shows a sectional view taken along a line X5-X5 of FIG. 51, respectively. The recess portion 4k is a cavity portion of the wiring board of the IC portion. Successively, as shown by FIG. 53 and FIG. 54, the deep recess portions 4m are formed for the respective card regions CR of the second main face of the card board 1. FIG. 53 shows a plane view of an essential portion of the second main face of the card board 1, FIG. 54 shows a sectional view taken along a line X5-X5 of FIG. 53, respectively. The recess portion 4m is a portion containing the resin sealing portion of the IC portion. Successively, as shown by FIG. 55 and FIG. 56, the taper portions 4n are machined for the respective card regions CR of the second main face of the card board 1. FIG. 55 shows a plane view of an essential portion of the second main face of the card board 1, FIG. 56 shows a sectional view taken along a line X5-X5 of FIG. 55. FIG. 56 exemplifies a behavior of forming the taper portion 4n by an end mill tool 30 a main axis of which is skewedly inclined to the main face of the card board 1 (steps 100, 101). By forming the taper portion 4n, the IC card main body can smoothly be inserted into the electronic apparatus. Successively, as shown by FIG. 57, the individual card regions CR are cut out from the card board 1 by punching (step 102). FIG. 57 shows a plane view of a total of the second main face of the card member 1CB cut out from the card board 1. Successively, after printing the identification information (second information) to the card member 1CB similar to Embodiment 1 (step 103), as shown by FIG. 58 through FIG. 60, the IC portion 7 is fixed by a liquid state or a sheet-like adhering member 31 in a state of being fitted to the recess portions 4k, 4m of the second main face of the card member 1CB (step 104). FIG. 58 shows a sectional view of an essential portion of the card member 1CB in the step of pasting the IC portion 7, FIG. 59 shows a plane view of a total of the second main face of the card member 1CB after the step of pasting the IC portion 7, FIG. 60 is a sectional view taken along a line X5-X5 of FIG. 59, respectively. The IC portion 7 is pasted thereto in a state in which the resin sealing portion 9 is contained in the recess portion 4m of the second main face of the card member 1CB, and the back face of the wiring board 8 is surfaced to outside. The back face (surfaced face) of the wiring board 8 is arranged with, for example, 11 pieces of the external terminals 8b. Next, similar to Embodiment 1, desired data is electrically written to the semiconductor chip of the IC portion 7 (step 105). Similar to Embodiment 1, after the data writing processing, a simple test may be carried out for the IC portion 7. Successively, as shown by FIG. 61 and FIG. 62, a back face label 32 is pasted to the back face (surfaced face) of the IC portion 7 of the second main face of the card member 1CB. FIG. 61 shows a plane view of an essential portion of the second main face of the card member 1CB, FIG. 62 shows a sectional view taken along a line X5-X5 of FIG. 61, respectively. The back face label 32 is provided with a function of reducing a stepped difference at the IC portion 7 of the second main face of the card member 1CB, a surface protecting function of protecting the IC portion 7 against impact from outside, moisture or the like, an insulation protecting function for electrically protecting the IC portion 7 and a display function. The back face label 32 includes a label main body 32 comprising, for example, plastic, and an adhering layer 32b of the back face thereof and is pasted to the wiring board 8 of the IC portion 7 by an adhering force of the adhering layer 32b of the back face. Next, as shown by FIG. 63 and FIG. 64, a portion of the card board 1 at the outer periphery of the IC card main body 15 of the card member 1CB is punched by punching or the like (step 106). Thereby, the IC card 1CD having the IC card main body 15 of mini SD standard is formed. FIG. 63 shows a plane view of a total of the first main face of the IC card 1CD, FIG. 64 shows a plane view of a total of the second main face of the IC care 1CD, FIG. 65 shows a side view of the IC card 1CD of FIG. 63 and FIG. 64, FIG. 66 shows a sectional view taken along lines X6-X6 of FIG. 63 and FIG. 64, respectively. An order of executing the respective steps can be changed within the region not deviated from the gists of the steps. The outer shape dimension of the IC card 1CD is the same as that of Embodiment 1. According to Embodiment 2, the connecting portions 1CB2 are connected to the both side face of the cap portion 1CB3. In the case of the IC card main body 15 of mini SD standard, when the IC card main body 15 is mounted to and drawn out from the desired electronic apparatus, the guided portion formed by the recess portion 4i of the side face of the IC card main body 15 is formed to be in parallel with the direction of inserting the IC card and is slidingly moved in a state of bringing a rail portion at inside of the card slot of the desired electronic apparatus and the IC card main body mounting guide into contact with each other. Therefore, a state of a surface of the guide portion effects a significant influence in inserting and drawing out the card to and from the card slot. Further, the guide portion is significantly related to positional accuracy of the card at inside of the card slot. When dimensional accuracy of the guide portion is low, at inside of the card slot, a direction of aligning external terminals via narrow intervals is shifted to constitute a factor of bringing about a failure in contact or the like at inside of the card slot. In comparison therewith, a card front face constituting the head portion of the card inserting direction is not slidingly moved in a state of being inserted to inside of the card slot although the card front face may be impacted to an inner wall of the card slot. When the dimensional accuracy of the card front face is low, there is brought about a possibility of bringing about a positional shift in parallel with a card inserting and drawing direction by prolonging the shape of the external terminal in the direction in parallel with the card inserting and drawing direction, the failure in contact at inside of the card slot can be avoided. By such a situation, it is preferable to connect the connecting portion 1CB2 to at least a portion other than the guide portion. Further, it is further preferable to connect the connecting portions 1CB2 to the front face and the rear face of the card. Thereby, also in Embodiment 2, similar to Embodiment 1, the IC card main body 15 can be put in or out smoothly to and from the card slot of the desired electronic apparatus. Further, also in Embodiment 2, similar to Embodiment 1, the connecting portion 1CB2 is formed to avoid the taper portion 4n. Thereby, also in Embodiment 2, similar to Embodiment 1, a performance of facilitating to form the IC card 1CD can be promoted. However, as shown by, for example, FIG. 67 and FIG. 68, the connecting portions 1CB2 may be connected to respectives of the front face and the rear face of the IC card main body 15 by single portions thereof. The connecting portion 1CB2 of the front face of the IC card main body 15 is connected to a portion of forming the taper portion 4n substantially at a center in a short side direction of the IC card main body 15. Further, as has been explained in reference to FIG. 24 of Embodiment 1, the connecting portion 1CB2 may be gradually converged, or converged in steps to the IC card main body 15. Also the IC card main body 15 of Embodiment 2 is an information medium having a high functional performance having both of the functions as a so-to-speak IC card capable of executing a security processing and the function as a so-to-speak memory card having a capacity larger than that of the IC card and a function higher than that of the IC card. Also a circuit constitution of the IC card main body 15 is substantially the same as that explained in Embodiment 1 and therefore, an explanation thereof will be omitted. FIG. 69 through FIG. 71 show a behavior when the IC card main body 15 is cut out from the IC card 1CD. FIG. 69 shows a plane view of a total of the first main face of the IC card main body 15, FIG. 70 shows a side view when the IC card main body of FIG. 69 is viewed from a lower side, FIG. 71 shows a plane view of a total of the second main face (face on an opposed side of the first main face) of the IC card main body 15, respectively. The outer shape of the IC card main body 15 according to Embodiment 2 is formed in compliance with, for example, standard of mini SD. That is, the outer shape dimension of the IC card main body 15 of Embodiment 2 is, for example, about 21.5 mm×20 mm×1.4 mm. Further, the IC card main body 15 is formed by a shape in which a width on the front face side is shorter than a width on the rear face side. Further, the first main face of the cap portion 1CB3 of the IC card main body 15 is formed with the recess portions 4a, 4i, and the second main face of the cap portion 1CB3 is formed with the recess portions 4j, 4k, 4m and the taper portion 4n. The recess portion 4a is formed at the side face of the IC card main body 15, the recess portion 4i is extended to be formed at the side face on the front face side of the IC card main body 15, the recess portion 4j and the taper portion 4n are formed at the front face of the IC card main body 15. However, different from general mini SD, the surfaces (the first main face and the second main face) of the cap portion 1CB3 are displayed with information of a character, a pattern, a diagram or a face photograph or the like which is finer and clearer and provided with higher acknowledgement performance, security performance and outlook. Further, corner portions of the respective recess portions 4a, 4i through 4k, 4m are formed with rounded tapers to construct a constitution in which it is difficult to bring about a crack constituting onsets by the corner portions of the recess portions 4a, 4i through 4k, 4m. Also in the case of Embodiment 2, the recess portion 4a is the same as that explained in reference to FIG. 35 or the like of Embodiment 1. Further, the recess portion 4i is a portion constituting a guide when the IC card main body 15 is mounted to or drawn out from the electronic apparatus as described above. The contact face of the wiring board 8 of the IC portion 7 of the IC card main body 15 according to Embodiment 2 are aligned to be arranged with, for example, 11 pieces of the external terminals 8b (8b1 through 8b11) in a state of being proximate to each other. A material, a function or the like of the external terminal 8b is similar to that of the external terminal 8a. Although not particularly limited, allocation of signals or the like of the respective external terminals 8b is, for example, as follows. That is, the external terminals 8b1, 8b10, 8b11 are, for example, terminals for data, the external terminal 8b2 is a terminal for, for example, detecting the card or for data, the external terminal 8b3 is a terminal for, for example, command (CMD), the external terminal 8b4 is a terminal for, for example, a power source for supplying the power source voltage Vss1 on the low potential side, the external terminals 8b5, 8b6 are nonconnect (NC) terminals which are not allocated currently although the terminals can be utilized in the future, the external terminal 8b7 is a terminal for, for example, a power source for supplying a power source voltage Vdd on the high potential side, the external terminal 8a8 is a terminal for, for example, inputting the clock signal (CLK), the power source terminal 8a9 is a terminal for, for example, a power source for supplying a power source voltage Vss2 on the low potential side. Also in Embodiment 2, an effect similar to that of Embodiment 1 can be achieved. Embodiment 3 In Embodiment 3, an explanation will be given of an example of being applied to HS-MMC (High SpeedMulti Media Card) standard of full size. FIG. 72 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of the IC card 1CD according to Embodiment 3, FIG. 73 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card 1CD of FIG. 72, FIG. 74 is a side view of the IC card 1CD of FIG. 72 and FIG. 73. The outer shape dimension of the IC card 1CD according to Embodiment 3 is similar to that of Embodiment 1. However, the outer shape dimension of the IC card main body 15 according to Embodiment 3 is, for example, 32 mm×24 mm×1.4 mm which is larger than that in the case of Embodiment 1. In the case of the IC card main body 15 of Embodiment 3, it is not necessary to mount a card adapter and therefore, recess portions therefor are not formed at the first main face and the second main face of the cap portion 1CB3, however, the recess portions 4a, 4d, 4h are formed at the first main face and the second main face of the cap portion 1CB3. Although here, there is exemplified a case of mounting the IC portion 7 of RS-MMC standard, the invention is not limited thereto but the IC portion of MMC standard of full size may be mounted thereto. When the IC portion 7 of RS-MMC standard is mounted, in comparison with a case of mounting the IC portion of MMC standard of full size, a weight of the IC card main body 15 can be reduced. The IC portion can be used for RS-MMC standard and full size MMC standard and therefore, time of fabricating the IC card main body 15 can be shortened, further, cost of the IC card main body 15 can be reduced. Also in Embodiment 3, an effect similar to that of Embodiment 1 can be achieved. Embodiment 4 FIG. 75 through FIG. 77 show the IC card 1CD of Embodiment 4. FIG. 75 shows a plane view of a total of a first main face of the IC card 1CD according to Embodiment 4, FIG. 76 shows a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card 1CD of FIG. 75, FIG. 77 shows a side view of the IC card 1CD of FIG. 75 and FIG. 76, respectively. According to Embodiment 4, the IC card main body 15 is attached to a corner portion of the IC card 1CD. Thereby, the IC card main body 15 can easily be cut out manually or by a simple cutting tool. In this case, the IC card main body 15 can be cut out comparatively cleanly, a residue of the connecting portion 1CB2 can be made to be difficult to be brought about at the IC card main body 15 and therefore, even when the connecting portion 1CB2 is connected to a portion of the side face of the IC card main body 15, the drawback as explained in Embodiment 1 can be reduced from being brought about. Further, the IC card 1CD may be constituted as shown by FIG. 78 through FIG. 80. FIG. 78 shows a plane view of a total of a first main face of the IC card main body 1CD according to Embodiment 4, FIG. 79 shows a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card 1CD of FIG. 78, FIG. 80 shows a side view of the IC card 1CD of FIG. 78 and FIG. 79, respectively. According to the example, the IC card main body 15 is arranged more proximately to a center of a long side of the IC card 1CD than that in the case shown by FIG. 75 and FIG. 76. The frame member portion 1CB1 is formed by a plane recess shape, the IC card main body 15 is brought to the recess, and is held in a state of being hung by the connecting portion 1CB2. Further, a short side of the IC card main body 15 forms a portion of the long side of the IC card 1CD. Also in this case, the IC card main body 15 can more be facilitated to be cut out manually or the like than in the cases of Embodiments 1 through 3. Further, the connecting portions 1CB2 are connected to the front face and the rear face of the IC card main body 15 and therefore, cut residues of the connecting portions 1CB2 are not brought about at the side face of the IC card main body 15. Therefore, similar to Embodiment 1 or the like, the IC card main body 15 can smoothly be inserted into and taken out from the electronic apparatus. Embodiment 5 FIG. 81 through FIG. 83 show the IC card 1CD according to Embodiment 5. FIG. 81 shows a plane view of a total of a first main face of the IC card 1CD according to Embodiment 5, FIG. 82 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card 1CD of FIG. 81, FIG. 83 shows a side view of the IC card 1CD of FIG. 81 and FIG. 82, respectively. Embodiment 5 is an example of when a finished product is constituted in a state in which the punching step 106 of FIG. 1 is not carried out. The IC portion 7 is fitted to be firmly fixed to the recess portions 4d, 4h (refer to FIG. 16 or the like) of the second main face of the card main body 1CB. Also in this case, the IC card 1CD having high acknowledgment performance, security performance and function can be provided. Embodiment 6 According to Embodiment 6, the card board is prepared (step 100), subjected to cutting (step 101), thereafter, subjected to the step 104 of pasting the IC portion and the punching step 106, thereafter, subjected to the segmentation step 102. Further, thereafter, the step 103 of printing the identification information and the data writing step 105 are carried out. In this way, by carrying out the steps common to a plurality of IC cards summarizingly to the plurality of card regions CR of the card board 1 before being segmented, an operational efficiency of steps of fabricating the IC card can be promoted. On the other hand, by carrying out the step 103 of printing the identification information and the data writing step 105 after the segmentation step 102, erroneous display or erroneous description can be reduced or prevented from being brought about. Further, the segmentation step 102 may be carried out finally (after punching step 106 in FIG. 1). By summarizingly carrying out all the steps in this way to the plurality of card regions CR of the card board 1 before being segmented, the operational efficiency of the steps of fabricating the IC card can further be promoted. In this case, when the positioning holes 5a or the like are provided at respectives of the card regions CR of the card board 1, positioning becomes difficult and therefore, as shown by FIG. 84, positioning holes 5c may be provided at vicinities of diagonal portions of the card board 1, positioning with the fabricating apparatus of the respective steps may be carried out thereby. In this case, the positioning holes are not provided at the IC card 1CD per se and therefore, the regions of the character, the pattern or the like for the common information or the identification information is not deteriorated. Although the specific explanation has been given of the invention carried out by the inventors based on the embodiments, the invention is not limited to the embodiments but can naturally be changed variously within the range not deviated from the gist. For example, although in the step of forming the recess at the card, there is described the step of forming the individual recesses successively by the cutting processing by using a numerical control machine tool or the like, the step of forming the recess at the card can also be formed by a step of pressing or the like by a die. FIG. 88 through FIG. 94 show a case of forming the step of forming the recess at the card by pressing by a die. FIG. 88 discloses a step of forming the recess portion 4c by jigs 35A, 35B formed by dies or the like. Here, the recess portion 4c is formed by a pressing force of the jig 35A. In this way, by forming the recess by the jig 35A, when there is formed a shape of, for example, the shape of the recess portion 4c in which the bottom portion of the recess is skewed, in comparison with the case of using the numerical control machine tool, the step can be finished in a short period of time, and there is achieved an advantage mounting to a reduction in fabrication cost. Further, although when the recess portion is formed by the jig 35A, since the jig 35A is pressed from an upper side, there is a case of forming an unnecessary projected portion 36 at a face on a side opposed to the side of forming the recess portion 4c as shown by FIG. 88, such a projected portion 36 can easily be removed by cutting by the numerical control machine tool which is carried out thereafter. FIG. 89 through FIG. 94 disclose working of recessing a portion of a card from both faces thereof by punching, crushing by a jig formed by a die or the like. In the working of forming the recess portion by deforming the card by dies, in comparison with cutting, a volume of the card is maintained and therefore, movement of the volume of the resin in correspondence with the recess portion which is intended to be formed is brought about. In steps shown in FIG. 89 through FIG. 94, a space 37 for receiving movement of the volume brought about in crushing by jigs 35C, 35D exemplified in FIG. 91, FIG. 92 is ensured by punching exemplified in FIG. 89, FIG. 90. Thereby, in being subjected to crushing, an unnecessary projection is prevented from being formed at card surfaces (first main face and second main face) to facilitate a shape working step thereafter. In pressing by a die, by heating the die by a heater or the like, or applying an ultrasonic wave to the die, softening of the card comprising a thermoplastic resin can be promoted and the step time can also be shortened. Further, although, for example, in Embodiments 1 through 4 and 6, an explanation has been given of a case of forming one IC card main body at one IC card, the invention is not limited thereto but a plurality of IC card main bodies may be formed at one IC card. Further, the material of the board main body of the wiring board 8 of the IC portion 7 is not limited to glass epoxy species resin but, for example, polyimide species resin having a flexibility higher than that of glass epoxy species resin may be used. An effect achieved by a representative one of the embodiments disclosed by the application is simply explained as follows. That is, the function of the IC card can be promoted. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY As described above, the IC card according to the invention is suitable for being used as record media of a portable type information apparatus requesting transportability as in a digital camera, a notebook type personal computer, a portable type music player, a portable telephone or the like other than various fields of finance, transportation, communication, delivery and acknowledgement or the like as in, for example, a credit card, a cash card, a card for ETC system, a commutation pass, a card for public telephone, a card for a portable telephone, or an acknowledgment card or the like.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Card type information media of an IC card, a memory card and the like are small-sized, thin and light-weighted and therefore, excellent in portability, transportability and convenience and spreading thereof has been promoted in various fields. IC cards are card type information media each of which is embedded with an IC chip in a plastic-made thin plate of a cash card size to be able to record information and spreading thereof has been promoted in fields requesting high security performance of finance, transportation, communication, distribution and acknowledgement and the like as in, for example, a credit card, a cash card, a card for a system of ETC (Electronic Toll Collection system), a commutation pass, a card for a portable telephone or an acknowledgement card or the like from reason of being excellent in acknowledgement performance and tamperproof. With regard to an IC card, there is disclosed a constitution of fixing an SIM (Subscriber Identify Module) type card by providing a bridge at an opening portion of a frame card in, for example, FIG. 9 of JP-A-2001-357376. Further, there is disclosed a constitution of forming a recess portion on one side face of an IC carrier, or forming an opening portion penetrating both faces of an IC carrier in, for example, JP-A-2002-123807. Further, there is disclosed an IC card including a pattern, an embossment, a hologram film or a magnetic recording layer on a surface of a card case member in, for example, JP-A-2003-154778. Further, there is disclosed a method of printing an IC card in, for example, JP-A-2001-92255. On the other hand, the above-described memory cards have been spread as record media of portable type information apparatus requesting transportability as in, for example, a digital camera, a notebook type personal computer, a portable type music player, a portable telephone and the like since the memory cards are small-sized more than IC cards and are easy to write and read a large capacity of information at high speed. As representative memory card standards, there are an SD (Secure Digital) memory card (there is a standard rectified by SD card society), a mini SD, MMC (Multi Media Card, which is a registered trademark of Infine on Technologies AG), RS-MMC (Reduced Size MMC) and the like. With regard to the memory card, there is a description in, for example, International Patent Publication No. WO 02/099742A1, disclosing a constitution of a memory card including a flash memory chip, an IC card chip capable of executing a security processing, and a controller chip for controlling circuit operation of the chips with an object of promoting security performance. Meanwhile, the inventors have investigated to achieve promotion of a function of an IC card by combining a function of an IC card and a function of a memory card. As a result, it has been found that it is an important problem how to make a constitution particular to a memory card, for example, an outer shape, a pin arrangement or an interface constitution or the like in an IC card. It is an object of the invention to provide a technology capable of promoting a function of an IC card. The above-described as well as other objects and a novel characteristic of the invention will become apparent from a description and attached drawings of the specification.

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a flowchart of an example of steps of fabricating an IC card according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 2 is an explanatory view of a printing step constituting a step of fabricating an IC card according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 3 is an explanatory view of a press-contacting step constituting a step of fabricating an IC card according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 4 is a plane view of an essential portion of a card board in steps of fabricating an IC card according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 5 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X 1 -X 1 of FIG. 4 . FIG. 6 is a plane view of an essential portion of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 4 . FIG. 7 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X 1 -X 1 of FIG. 6 . FIG. 8 is a plane view enlarging an essential portion of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 6 . FIG. 9 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X 1 -X 1 of FIG. 8 . FIG. 10 is a plane view of an essential portion of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 8 . FIG. 11 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X 1 -X 1 of FIG. 10 . FIG. 12 is a plane view of an essential portion of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 10 . FIG. 13 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X 2 -X 2 of FIG. 12 . FIG. 14 is a plane view of an essential portion of a card board showing a modified example of a positioning portion. FIG. 15 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of a card member cut out from the card board of FIG. 12 . FIG. 16 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of a card member cut out from the card board of FIG. 14 . FIG. 17 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of a card member after pasting an IC portion. FIG. 18 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X 1 -X 1 of FIG. 17 . FIG. 19 is a sectional view of a card member in a data writing step. FIG. 20 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of an IC card according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 21 is a sectional view taken along a line X 1 -X 1 of FIG. 20 . FIG. 22 is a sectional view taken along a line X 3 -X 3 of FIG. 20 . FIG. 23 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 24 is a plane view enlarging an essential portion of a second main face of an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 25 is a plane view of a total of a second main face in a step of fabricating an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 26 is an explanatory view of a step of machining a taper portion. FIG. 27 is an explanatory view of a step of machining a taper portion continued from FIG. 26 . FIG. 28 is an explanatory view of a step of machining a taper portion continued from FIG. 27 . FIG. 29 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of an IC card according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 30 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card of FIG. 29 . FIG. 31 is a side view of the IC card of FIG. 29 and FIG. 30 . FIG. 32 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of an IC card main body. FIG. 33 is a side view viewing the IC card main body of FIG. 32 from a left side. FIG. 34 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card main body of FIG. 32 . FIG. 35 is an explanatory view of an example of a behavior of an IC card main body before mounting the IC card main body to a connector. FIG. 36 is an explanatory view of an example of a behavior of an IC card main body after mounting the IC card main body to a connector 21 . FIG. 37 is a plane view of a total of a first main body of an IC card main body mounted with a card adapter. FIG. 38 is a side view viewing the IC card main body of FIG. 37 from a lower side. FIG. 39 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card main body of FIG. 37 . FIG. 40 is a plane view of a total of a contact face of a wiring board of an IC portion of an IC card main body. FIG. 41 is a plane view of a total of a mold face of a wiring board of an IC portion of an IC card main body. FIG. 42 is an enlarged plane view of a total of the mold face shown by removing a resin sealing portion of the IC portion of FIG. 41 . FIG. 43 is a sectional view taken along a line X 4 -X 4 of FIG. 42 . FIG. 44 is a circuit block diagram of an example of an IC card microcomputer circuit of an IC portion of an IC card. FIG. 45 is a circuit block diagram of an example of an interface controller circuit of an IC portion of an IC card. FIG. 46 is a plane view of a total showing a display example of information of a first main face of an IC card. FIG. 47 is a plane view of a total showing a display example of information of a second main face of an IC card. FIG. 48 is a plane view of a total showing a display example of information of a first main face of an IC card. FIG. 49 is a plane view of an essential portion of a second main face of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 50 is a plane view of an essential portion of a second main face of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 49 . FIG. 51 is a plane view of an essential portion of a second main face of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 50 . FIG. 52 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X 5 -X 5 of FIG. 51 . FIG. 53 is a plane view of an essential portion of a second main face of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 51 . FIG. 54 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X 5 -X 5 of FIG. 53 . FIG. 55 is a plane view of an essential portion of a second main face of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 53 . FIG. 56 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X 5 -X 5 of FIG. 55 . FIG. 57 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of a card main body in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 55 . FIG. 58 is a sectional view enlarging an essential portion of a card main body in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 57 . FIG. 59 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of a card main body in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 57 . FIG. 60 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X 5 -X 5 of FIG. 59 . FIG. 61 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of a card main body in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 59 . FIG. 62 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X 5 -X 5 of FIG. 61 . FIG. 63 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 64 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card of FIG. 63 . FIG. 65 is a side view of the IC card of FIG. 63 and FIG. 64 . FIG. 66 is an enlarged sectional view taken along a line X 6 -X 6 of FIG. 63 and FIG. 64 . FIG. 67 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 68 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card of FIG. 67 . FIG. 69 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of an IC card main body cut out from the IC card of FIG. 63 through FIG. 66 or FIG. 67 and FIG. 68 . FIG. 70 is a side view when the IC card main body of FIG. 69 is viewed from a lower side. FIG. 71 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card main body of FIG. 69 . FIG. 72 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 73 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card of FIG. 72 . FIG. 74 is a side view of the IC card of FIG. 72 and FIG. 73 . FIG. 75 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 76 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card of FIG. 75 . FIG. 77 is a side view of the IC card of FIG. 75 and FIG. 76 . FIG. 78 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 79 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card of FIG. 78 . FIG. 80 is a side view of the IC card of FIG. 78 and FIG. 79 . FIG. 81 is a plane view of a total of a first main face of an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 82 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of the IC card of FIG. 81 . FIG. 83 is a side view of the IC card of FIG. 81 and FIG. 82 . FIG. 84 is a plane view of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 85 is a plane view of a total of a second main face of an IC card main body according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 86 is a circuit block diagram of an example of an IC card microcomputer circuit of an IC portion of the IC card main body of FIG. 85 . FIG. 87 is a circuit block diagram of an example of an interface controller circuit of an IC portion of the IC card main body of FIG. 85 . FIG. 88 is a sectional view of an essential portion in a step of fabricating an IC card according to other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 89 is a plane view of an essential portion of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card according to still other embodiment of the invention. FIG. 90 is a sectional view taken along a line X 7 -X 7 of FIG. 89 . FIG. 91 is a plane view of an essential portion of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 89 . FIG. 92 is a sectional view taken along a line X 7 -X 7 of FIG. 91 . FIG. 93 is a plane view of an essential portion of a card board in a step of fabricating an IC card continued from FIG. 91 . FIG. 94 is a sectional view taken along a line X 7 -X 7 of FIG. 93 . detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20060802

20080311

20070607

61459.0

G06K1906

LE, UYEN CHAU N

IC CARD AND A METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

G06K

ACCEPTED

Welding torch with a torch housing and drive for welding rod transport

In a welding torch including a torch housing (28) and, preferably, a tube bend (29) capable of being fastened thereto, wherein a drive unit (30) for feeding a welding wire (13) is arranged in the torch housing (29) and the drive unit (30) is formed by at least one pair of rollers, in particular a drive roller (31) and a pressure roller (32), as well as a drive motor, a part of the torch housing (28) is designed as a component of the drive unit (30). A rotor (45), in particular a motor shaft (46), of the drive motor (33) is fastened to the torch housing (28) via a bearing, in particular via bearings (43, 44), to stabilize and position the rotor (45). In a welding wire feed drive motor including bearings (43, 44), a rotor (45), in particular a motor shaft (46) and a rotor winding (49) or rotor magnets, and a stator pack, in particular stator winding (47) or stator magnets, at least a part of the motor shaft (46), in particular the retention zone of a drive roller (31), is electrically insulated from the housing, in particular stator housing (65) or base body (37).

1-50. (canceled) 51. A welding torch including a torch housing (28), wherein a drive unit (30) formed by at least one drive roller (31) and one pressure roller (32) as well as a drive motor (33) is arranged in the torch housing (29) for feeding a welding wire (13), wherein a part of the torch housing (28) is designed as a stator housing of the drive motor (33) of the drive unit (30), and bearings (43, 44) are provided on the torch housing (28) to stabilize and position a rotor (45) of the drive motor (33). 52. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein the torch housing (28) is comprised of several parts. 53. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein the torch housing (28) is comprised of a base body (37), a cover part (38), an extension part or torch retainer (40). 54. A welding torch according to claim 53, wherein the base body (37) is formed by a part including a free space or opening (48) to receive the individual parts of the drive motor (33) and to which further elements are attachable. 55. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein a stator winding (47) of the drive motor (33) is directly installed in the torch housing (28). 56. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein stator magnets of the drive motor (33) are directly installed in the torch housing (28). 57. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein the bearings (43, 44) are directly integrated in the torch housing (28). 58. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein the bearings (43, 44) are mounted in an intermediate piece and the intermediate piece (50) is directly fastened to the torch housing (28). 59. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein one bearing (43 or 44) is fixedly connected with the torch housing (28) and a further bearing (43 oder 44, respectively) is detachably fastened thereto. 60. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein the rotor (45) is designed as a motor shaft (46) including a rotor winding (49) and a rotor magnet. 61. A welding torch according to claim 58, wherein an insulation plate (54) is fastened to the intermediate piece (50). 62. A welding torch according to claim 58, wherein the drive roller (31) is directly fastened to the motor shaft (46). 63. A welding torch according to claim 60, wherein the motor shaft (46) is connected with a gear and the drive roller (31) is coupled to said gear. 64. A welding torch according to claim 59, wherein the gear is provided instead of, or in addition to, the intermediate piece (50), and the gear is fastened to the torch housing (28) or to the intermediate piece (50) or to the insulation plate (54). 65. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein the torch housing (28) is designed as a cooling body for the drive motor (33). 66. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein, in the region of the drive motor (33), cooling channels and/or cooling ducts (52) are arranged in the torch housing (28). 67. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein the burner housing (28) comprises cooling ribs (53) on its outer side. 68. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein the torch housing (28) is designed as a gun welding torch for a manual welding torch (60) including a grip (61), and the drive motor (33) is installed in the torch housing (28) in the region of said grip (61). 69. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein the motor shaft (46) is arranged axially to the welding wire (13), and the welding wire (13) extends through the hollowly designed motor shaft (46). 70. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein a control electronics for controlling the drive motor (33) is arranged in the torch housing (28). 71. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein a control electronics for the drive motor (33) is arranged externally, in particular in the welding apparatus (1) or in a wire feed device (11) etc. 72. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein at least one switching element is integrated in the torch housing (28) to control the welding process. 73. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein the torch housing (28) or a part of it is made of a thermally well conductive material and/or plastic material. 74. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein a mounting plate (55) to which required parts or guides are attached is arranged in the torch housing (28). 75. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein the drive motor (33) is configured as a synchro motor. 76. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein the drive motor (33) is configured as a direct-current motor. 77. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein the drive motor (33) is designed as a step motor. 78. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein an insulation is arranged between the drive roller (31) and the base body (37). 79. A welding torch according to claim 78, wherein said insulation is designed as an insulation layer (54) formed between the drive roller (31) and the motor shaft (46) and/or the motor shaft (46) and the rotor pack and/or the motor shaft (46) and the bearings (43, 44) and/or the rotor pack and the stator and/or the stator and the torch housing (28). 80. A welding torch according to claim 73, wherein the drive roller (33) and/or motor shaft (46) is made of an electrically non-conductive material. 81. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein the torch housing (28) or a part of it is designed as a live part for the transmission of the welding current. 82. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein an insulation layer is applied over the torch housing (28) or a part of it, in particular the electrically conductive parts of the torch housing (28). 83. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein an insulation is provided between the torch retainer (40) and the torch housing (28), or the torch retainer (40) is made of an electrically non-conductive material. 84. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein the drive motor (33), in particular the stator winding (47) or the stator magnets and/or rotor winding (49) or rotor magnets, are expandable by additional modules to adjust, in particular, the output and response behavior of the drive motor (33). 85. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein an encoder is connected with the rotor (45) or the drive roller (31). 86. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein the individual parts of the drive motor (33) comprise a memory module for the recognition of the characteristics of the drive motor (33). 87. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein several drive motors (33) are arranged in the torch housing (28). 88. A welding torch according to claim 58, wherein a tension lever (35) for the pressure roller (32) and the bearing of the pressure roller (32) are arranged on the intermediate part (50). 89. A welding torch according to claim 51, wherein the torch housing (28) is divided along a rotor axis. 90. A wire feed unit including a housing or a base body (37), respectively, wherein a drive motor (33) for feeding a welding wire (13) is arranged in the housing or base body (37), respectively, and wherein the wire feed unit is configured according to claim 51. 91. A welding wire feed drive motor of a welding torch according to claim 51, including bearings (43, 44), a rotor (45), in particular a motor shaft (46) and a rotor winding (49) or rotor magnets, and a stator pack, in particular a stator winding (47) or stator magnets, wherein at least a part of the motor shaft (46) is electrically insulated from a stator housing (65), or a base body (37), of an external component in the retention zone of a drive roller (31). 92. A drive motor according to claim 91, wherein the electric insulation is formed by an insulation layer (54). 93. A drive motor according to claim 91, wherein the insulation layer (54) is arranged between the housing and the stator winding (47). 94. A drive motor according to claim 91, wherein the insulation layer (54) is arranged on the inner surface of the stator winding (46) and the bearing site is additionally insulated. 95. A drive motor according to claim 91, wherein the insulation layer (54) is arranged between the motor shaft (46) and the rotor winding (49), and the bearing site is additionally insulated. 96. A drive motor according to claim 91, wherein the motor shaft (46) is made of an electrically non-conductive material, in particular ceramic material. 97. A drive motor according to claim 91, wherein the insulation layer (54) is applied or arranged over a partial region of the motor shaft (46), particularly in the end region. 98. A drive motor according to claim 91, wherein the bearing (43, 44) is pressed in an insulating sleeve. 99. A drive motor according to claim 91, wherein the bearing (43, 44) is comprised of an insulating hybrid bearing in which ceramic roll bodies are inserted or a bearing ring made of electrically non-conductive material is formed. 100. A drive motor according to claim 91, wherein the drive motor (33) is capable of being integrated in a torch housing (28) forming the stator housing (65), of the welding torch (10) according to claim 51.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to a welding torch including a torch housing and, preferably, a tube bend capable of being fastened thereto, wherein a drive unit for feeding a welding wire is arranged in the torch housing and the drive unit is formed by at least one pair of rollers, in particular a drive roller and a pressure roller, as well as a drive motor. 2. Prior Art From the prior art, it is known that drive motors used in welding torches are designed as independent assemblies. In those cases, the drive motor has its own stator house, which carries or incorporates all elements like the stator windings or stator magnets, the rotor with the stator pack, in particular rotor windings or rotor magnets, the bearings for the rotor, the end shield and a motor plate. That independent drive motor assembly is fastened to the torch housing. In order to increase the feeding power, a gearbox is fastened to the motor shaft, with a drive roller being attached to the latter to enable wire feeding with an associated pressure roll. This involves the disadvantage of requiring additional or more space, since that stator housing has to be realized in a particularly stable manner for the fixation of the bearing. Another disadvantage resides in that no optimum cooling of the drive motor is feasible, since the forming rotor heat is taken up by the stator housing and no optimum heat removal takes place on account of small cooling surfaces or respective transition resistances to the welding torch. Another variant embodiment comprises a freely located, aircooled drive motor. Since in that case cooling is effected via the stator housing, it is disadvantageous that only a very small cooling surface is available. GB 911 649 A, US 4 845 336 A, GB 1 134 664 A, GB 1 080 125 A and GB 1 093 736 A, for instance, describe welding torch constructions including drive motors which are designed as independent assemblies including their own stator housings. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The object of the present invention, therefore, resides in providing a welding torch or wire feed unit, respectively, of as small a structural size as possible and comprising an electric drive unit. Another object of the invention consists in providing improved cooling of the drive unit so as to increase its service life. An object of the invention also resides in providing an electric drive motor, which ensures an electric potential separation between the drive roller and the stator housing and/or welding torch. The object underlying the invention is achieved in that a part of the torch housing is designed as a component of the drive unit, wherein a bearing for mounting the rotor, in particular motor shaft, is fastened to the torch housing to stabilize and position said rotor. This offers the advantage of manufacturing tolerances between the position of the motor shaft and the welding wire feed axis being reduced due to the bearing site being located directly on the torch housing or base body, with the only manufacturing tolerance occurring when mounting the bearings within the torch housing, while the constructions known from the prior art involve tolerance chains due to the the end shield being mounted on the welding torch. Another advantage resides in that a reinforced bearing can be used and, hence, adapted to the necessary loads of the welding wire feed. An essential advantage resides in that, due to the bearing being installed in the torch housing, the distance between the bearing and the drive roller can be reduced so as to reduce the bending moment on the motor shaft and increase the service life of the motor shaft. An essential advantage resides, above all, in that optimum cooling is provided for the motor parts of the drive motor, since the welding torch or torch housing can now be utilized as cooling surfaces, thus substantially increasing service life. It is essential that the heat formed by the drive motor no longer has to be transmitted from a stator housing to a cooling surface, as is known from the prior art, but that the formed heat is immediately introduced directly into the torch housing. Hence, there are no more transition surfaces on which heat can build up, which may lead to an overheating of the drive motor. A configuration according to claim 2 is also advantageous in that, due to the direct integration of the drive motor in the torch housing, the stator housing usually provided at the drive motor can be omitted such that less space for the drive motor is required in the welding torch so as to reduce the structural size and weight of the welding torch. Consequently, also the accessibility in robotic applications is substantially enhanced by the compact, small design and low weight. A particular advantage also resides in that the cross section for the transmission of force is increased, whereas in the prior art the cross section available for the transmission of force between the torch retainer and the tube bend is reduced due to the free arrangement of the motor, which causes a reduction of the strength of the welding torch. The configuration according to claim 3 is advantageous, since the torch housing can thereby be composed of parts made of different materials and having different material thicknesses so as to achieve considerable weight savings. The individual torch housing parts can be made of different materials by different manufacturing processes such as, for instance, injection moldings or sheet metals, etc., so as to enable the optimum adaptation of said parts to the respective application such as, for instance, drive motor cooling, welding torch rigidity, etc. Moreover, the configuration according to FIG. 4 is advantageous, since it allows, for instance, the production of the base body as a casting part and, hence, a saving of weight and an increase in strength. By the configuration according to claim 5 or 6, it is provided in an advantageous manner that the stator pack is fixedly connected with the torch housing such that vibrations will not have any effect on the fixation of the drive motor, whereas, according to the prior art, the fixation of the motor to the burner housing may be loosened by vibrations. It is, furthermore, advantageous that a high strength is provided due to the enlarged cross section of the torch housing as compared to a stator housing used in the prior art. Yet, a configuration according to claims 7 and 8 is advantageous too, since no additional intermediate pieces for the bearings are, therefore, required. Another advantage resides in that, due to the elevated strength and stiffness of the torch housing as compared to a conventional stator house, a reinforced bearing can be used such that the service life will be substantially enhanced. Also a configuration according to claim 9 is of advantage, providing simple mounting and a high strength. A configuration according to claim 10 is advantageous too, since it enables the use of a rotor known from the prior art, which will reduce costs. Also advantageous is a configuration according to claim 11, since it offers an excellent protection of the motor parts. At the same time, the use of an insulation plate allows the latter to be employed as a seal of the motor parts, providing simple and optimum sealing over a large area. It is, furthermore, advantageous that a contact between the welding wire and the torch housing will be prevented. A configuration according to claim 12 is advantageous, since thereby a low mass moment of inertia as well as a rapid response behavior of the drive unit during welding wire feeding will be achieved. The configuration according to claim 13 advantageously ensures that a change in the transmission of force or rotational speed is readily enabled by the use of a gear. However, a configuration according to claim 14 is also advantageous, since it allows for a further reduction in weight and, at the same time, an enlargement of the inner volume of the welding torch. A configuration according to claim 15 advantageously ensures that there will be no transition resistances for the heat removal of the drive motor such that optimum cooling of the drive motor will be achieved. Also advantageous is the configuration according to claim 16, in which cooling of the drive motor does not exclusively occur by the ambient air, but heat is additionally carried off by the aid of a coolant. Due to the integration of cooling channels directly in the housing, no additional cooling ducts are required. If, however, cooling ducts are used, a simpler torch housing construction and, hence, reduced costs will be feasible. With a combination of cooling channels and cooling ducts, optimum cooling of the motor parts will be provided so as to enable the use of high-performance drive motors in the torch housing. By the configuration according to claim 17, an enlargement of the the surface of the torch housing and, hence, an even better cooling will be achieved. The configuration according to claim 18 is also advantageous, since, in the event of a manual welding torch, the grip part is used to integrate the drive motor, so that a very small manual welding torch offering excellent handling properties will be realized. The configuration according to claim 19 is advantageous too, since it allows the assembly to be used with planetary gears or other types of gears. In addition, a further reduction of the structural dimensions will be achieved. The configuration according to claim 20 is also advantageous, since the sensor signals are thereby transmitted to the control electronics via short lines, thus reducing the susceptibility to failures. In this respect, it is further possible to establish a simple communication with external control devices, for instance, via a serial bus. An advantage of the configuration according to claim 21 resides in that with an external control device the control electronics within the welding torch can be reduced or omitted and the costs of the welding torch can, hence, be reduced. By the configuration according to claim 22, it is advantageously achieved that a control procedure such as, for instance, the start of the welding process or the threading-in of the welding wire can be triggered directly from the welding torch, thus providing user-friendliness. Yet, also a configuration according to claim 23 is of advantage, since it allows for the combination of different materials so as to provide optimum handling and a very low weight of the welding torch. As a result, costs will be reduced too. The configuration according to claim 24 in an advantageous manner enables assembly expenses for the welding torch to be kept as low as possible, since the use of a mounting plate will facilitate the assembly of the inner mechanism of the welding torch and enable the preassembled mounting plate including the components or parts mounted thereon to be subsequently merely installed into the torch housing. It is thereby feasible in an advantageous manner to use always the same torch housing and assemble different embodiments adapted to the respective objectives on the mounting plate(s). The configuration according to any one of claims 25 to 27 is also advantageous, since as a function of the application of the welding torch, the respectively optimum drive motor can each be integrated in the same. The configuration according to any one of claims 28 to 30 offers the advantage that the insulation will prevent a short-circuit and, hence, a resulting welding current flow over the housing of the welding torch to ensure user safety. Moreover, it is achieved that the motor parts will be insulated and, hence, protected to increase operational safety. However, the configuration according to claim 31 is also of advantage, since it enables the power transmission from the welding current supply of the welding apparatus to the connection site for the tube bend, i.e. the power supply for the contact tube, to take place via the torch housing or parts of the torch housing, so that the respective power lines within the torch housing can be omitted. It also provides easy cooling of the live parts. The configuration according to claim 32 in an advantageous manner will prevent a user from touching any of the live parts and, hence, risk of an electric shock or a short-circuit when contacting the workpiece. With a configuration according to claim 33, it is advantageously ensured that in the automatic use of the welding torch, e.g. on a robot, no current flow will take place between the retainer body and the welding torch, and a failure safety on account of a welding wire flow through the system will be provided. The configuration according to claim 34 is also advantageous, because it offers the optimum adaptability to the respective field of application of the welding torch. It is, thus, possible to produce a basic welding torch and modify the drive motor using additional modules as a function of its application, in order to enable an adaptation of the power or output of the drive motor and/or the control quality and/or dynamic response behavior of the drive motor without having to exchange the whole welding torch. The configuration according to claim 35 is advantageous too, since it enables an actual value detection of the state or motor movement of the drive motor directly in the welding torch and, hence, appropriate controlling at a deviation from the set value. As a result, an excellent welding quality will be achieved. Yet, also the configuration according to claim 36 is advantageous, since it allows for the implementation of an automatic recognition of the parameters of the drive motor so as to enable the independent adaptation of the control and, in particular, controlling parameters by the welding system. Also advantageous is the configuration according to claim 37, which allows for the use of a welding torch having several drive motors so as to obtain a higher wire feeding power or enable the use of smaller drive motors. The configuration according to claim 38 is advantageous too, because is provides a simple structure and a reduced tolerance chain. The configuration according to claim 39 is also advantageous, because it ensures very simple mounting of the drive unit by the simple insertion into one housing half and the subsequent fixation by means of the other housing half. The object of the invention will also be achieved by the configuration according to claim 40. It is thereby reached in an advantageous manner that such a construction of a drive motor integrated in a component can be used in applications other than a welding torch, i.e., such a setup is not only beneficial for welding torches, but also other welding wire feed systems such as, for instance, cold-wire welding wire feeders for WIG or plasma processes or a welding wire feed arranged outside the welding torch can be constructed in this manner. The invention also relates to a drive motor for feeding a welding wire, including bearings, a rotor, in particular a motor shaft and a rotor winding or rotor magnets, and a stator pack, in particular a stator winding or stator magnets. In this respect, the object of the invention is achieved in that at least a part of the motor shaft, in particular the retention zone of the drive roller, is electrically insulated from the housing. This offers the advantage that an electric potential on a partial region of the motor shaft is separated from the stator housing or base body and, hence, no current can flow through structural components or interfaces of the welding torch. An essential advantage resides in that no separation of the heat flow from the heat source and, in particular, stator winding takes place to the cooling body and, in particular, torch housing. Another advantage resides in that, for use in welding technology, the driving roller can thus be mounted directly to the motor shaft without any insulation having to be provided in addition, so as to reduce manufacturing expenses and, hence, costs. A further advantage consists in that it is thereby feasible to reduce the manufacturing tolerance chain so as to obtain an enhanced welding wire feed for use in welding technology. Also with use in welding technology, a better connection of the drive roller to the motor shaft will be achieved with the drive roller being directly mounted to the motor shaft by a steel-steel connection. Further advantageous configurations are contained in claims 43 to 47. The advantages resulting therefrom can be taken from the description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will be described in more detail by way of the accompanying drawings, which show exemplary embodiments of the welding torch. Therein: FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a welding installation or apparatus; FIG. 2 is an elevational view of a welding torch in the assembled state; FIG. 3 is an elevational view with the cover part removed; FIG. 4 is an explosive view of the welding torch and the integral drive motor in a simplified, schematic illustration; FIG. 5 is a section through the welding torch in a side view and simplified, schematic illustration; FIG. 6 shows another embodiment of the welding torch in a simplified, schematic illustration; FIG. 7 shows another embodiment of the welding torch in a simplified, schematic illustration; FIG. 8 shows another setup of the welding torch and integrated drive motor in a simplified, schematic illustration; FIG. 9 shows an option of expansion of the welding torch in a simplified, schematic illustration; FIGS. 10 and 11 in simplified, schematic illustrations show options of adaptation of the output or response behavior of a drive motor, with the drive motor being integrated in the welding torch; FIG. 12 depicts another exemplary embodiment of a welding torch assembly with an integrated drive motor; FIG. 13 depicts an embodiment of a manual welding torch; and FIGS. 14 to 19 show different configurations of an exemplary embodiment of a drive motor as an independent structural unit in simplified, schematic illustrations. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 depicts a welding apparatus 1, or welding system, for various processes or methods such as, e.g., MIG/MAG welding or WIG/TIG welding, or electrode welding methods, doublewire/tandem welding methods, plasma or soldering methods etc. The welding apparatus 1 comprises a power source 2 including a power element 3, a control device 4, and a switch member 5 associated with the power element 3 and control device 4, respectively. The switch member 5 and the control device 4 are connected to a control valve 6 arranged in a feed line 7 for a gas 8, in particular a protective gas such as, for instance, carbon dioxide, helium or argon and the like, between a gas reservoir 9 and a welding torch 10 or torch. In addition, a wire feeder 11, which is usually employed in MIG/MAG welding, can be controlled by the control device 4, whereby a filler material or welding wire 13 is fed from a feed drum 14 or wire coil into the region of the welding torch 10 via a feed line 12. It is, of course, possible to integrate the wire feeder 11 in the welding apparatus 1 and, in particular, its basic housing, as is known from the prior art, rather than designing the same as an accessory device as illustrated in FIG. 1. It is also feasible for the wire feeder 11 to supply the welding wire 13, or filler metal, to the process site outside the welding torch 10, to which end a non-consumable electrode is preferably arranged within the welding torch 10, as is usually the case with WIG/TIG welding. The power required to build up an electric arc 15, in particular an operative electric arc, between the electrode or welding wire 13, respectively, and a workpiece 16 is supplied from the power element 3 of the power source 2 to the welding torch 10, in particular electrode, via a welding line 17, wherein the workpiece 16 to be welded, which is preferably formed by several parts, via a further welding line 18 is likewise connected with the welding apparatus 1 and, in particular, power source 2 so as to enable a power circuit for a process to build up over the electric arc 15, or a plasma jet formed. To provide cooling of the welding torch 10, the welding torch 10 can be connected to a fluid reservoir, in particular a water reservoir 21, by a cooling circuit 19, for instance, via an interposed flow control 20,so as to cause the cooling circuit 19, in particular a fluid pump used for the fluid contained in the water reservoir 21, to be started as the welding torch 10 is put into operation, in order to effect cooling of the welding torch 10 by feeding a cooling medium. The welding apparatus 1 further comprises an input and/or output device 22, via which the most different welding parameters, operating modes or welding programs of the welding apparatus 1 can be set and called, respectively. In doing so, the welding parameters, operating modes or welding programs set via the input and/or output device 22 are transmitted to the control device 4, which subsequently controls the individual components of the welding system or welding apparatus 1 and/or predetermines the respective set values for controlling. In the exemplary embodiment illustrated, the welding torch 10 is, furthermore, connected with the welding apparatus 1 or welding system via a hose pack 23. The hose pack 23 houses the individual lines from the welding apparatus 1 to the welding torch 10. The hose pack 23 is connected with the welding torch 10 via a coupling mechanism 24, whereas the individual lines arranged in the hose pack 23 are connected with the individual contacts of the welding apparatus 1 via connection sockets or plug-in connections. In order to ensure an appropriate strain relief of the hose pack 23, the hose pack 23 is connected with a housing 26, in particular the basic housing of the welding apparatus 1, via a strain relief means 25. It is, of course, also possible to use the coupling mechanism 24 for connection to the welding apparatus 1. It should basically be noted that not all of the previously mentioned components have to be used or employed for the various welding methods or welding apparatus 1 such as, e.g., WIG devices or MIG/MAG apparatus or plasma devices. Thus, it is, for instance, possible to devise the welding torch 10 as an aircooled welding torch 10. FIGS. 2 to 5 schematically illustrate the setup of a welding torch 10 according to the invention, which is used for robotic applications, and wherein the welding torch 10 can be fastened to a manipulator 27 of a robot (not illustrated). The welding torch 10 comprises at least a torch housing 28 and, preferably, a tube bend 29 capable of being fastened to the former, wherein a drive unit 30 for feeding the welding wire 13 is arranged within the torch housing 28. The drive unit 30 is formed by at least one pair of rollers, in particular a drive roller 31 and a pressure roller 32, as well as a drive motor 33. In order to provide optimum welding wire feeding, it is necessary to build up a defined pressure force on the welding wire 13 via the rollers and, in particular, the pressure roller 32. This is, for instance, feasible in that the pressure roller 32 is movably mounted via a pivot lever 34, said pivot lever 34 being fixed via a tension lever 35. The tension force of the tension lever 35 is varied in a simple manner using a setting device 36, particularly screw, wherein the tension lever 35 presses the pivot lever 34 by the pressure roller 32 in the direction of the drive roller 31. It is thereby reached that the pressure roller 32 is pressed against the drive roller 31 via the rotationally mounted pivot lever 34 so as to build up an appropriate force on the welding wire 13 via the drive roller 31 and the pressure roller 32 as the welding wire is passed therethrough. In a preferred manner, the torch housing 28 is comprised of several parts such as, for instance, a base body 37, a cover part 38, a control electronics part 39, a torch retainer 40 etc. Furthermore, the welding torch 10 carries coupling mechanisms 41 to which the tube bend 29 and the hose pack 23 can be coupled. A detailed illustration of the internal setup for the laying of lines 42 and/or tubes for feeding media, in particular cooling ducts and gas feed lines as well as a welding power feed line etc., between the coupling devices 41 is obviated for the sake of clarity, so that the respective fastening sites and/or guides are not illustrated. With the welding torch 10 according to the invention, it is provided that a part of the torch housing 28 is designed as a component of the drive unit 33, wherein bearings 43, 44 for mounting the rotor 45, in particular a motor shaft or the motor shaft 46, are fastened to the torch housing 28 to stabilize and position the rotor 45. A prior art drive motor 33 is usually constructed as a separate structural unit, i.e. with its own stator housing to which the bearings 43, 44 for mounting the rotor 45 are fastened, the prior art drive motor 33 being installed in, or fastened to, the torch housing 28 only as an overall unit. The integration according to the invention, of the drive unit 30 and, in particular, drive motor 33 in the torch housing 28 and, in particular base body 37, enables the structural size and weight of the welding torch 10 to be substantially reduced, using the torch housing 28 for the stability of the drive motor 33, which means that the bending moments and bearing forces occurring during the operation of the drive motor 33 are taken up by the torch housing 28, whereas, in accordance with the prior art, these forces are transmitted to the stator housing, via which the drive motor 33 is fastened to the torch housing 28 according to the prior art, so as to require a relatively stable stator housing. With the construction according to the invention the torch housing 28, or a part of the torch housing 28, forms the stator housing, wherein, as a function of the design of the drive unit 30, a winding pack, particularly the stator winding 47 of the drive motor 33, is directly installed, particularly pressed, glued or shrunk, in the torch housing 28 and, in particularly, base body 37. In this respect, it is also possible to press or install magnets, in particular the stator magnets, directly into the torch housing 28, particularly base body 37, if a respective drive motor of such a design is used. In this case, the base body 37 is preferably made of one part. In the base body 37, an appropriate free space or opening 48 is provided for the integration of the stator pack, into which the stator winding 47 or the stator magnets are pressed in or installed. Furthermore, at least one bearing 43, 44, yet preferably two bearings 43, 44, for the rotor 45 of the drive motor 33 are directly connected with the torch housing 28, particularly base body 37, wherein the rotor 45 is designed as a motor shaft 46 including a rotor pack, in particular rotor winding 49 or rotor magnet, so that the motor shaft 46 is rotationally mounted on the base body 37 via bearings 43, 44 and the rotor pack is arranged within the stator pack, in particular stator winding 47 or stator magnets. An intermediate piece 50 or bearing shield is preferably used to fasten the bearing 43, 44, said intermediate piece 50 with the integrated bearing 43 being fastened to the torch housing 28 and, in particular, base body 37. In this respect, it is possible to provide an insulation plate 51 on the intermediate piece 50 as an electrical insulation. It is, of course, also possible that the intermediate piece 50 is made of an electrically non-conductive material and the bearing 43, 44 is embedded in the intermediate piece 50 so as to provide an appropriate insulation plane. In the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 2 to 5, the opening 48 for the stator pack is designed to have approximately the same diameter as the stator pack, i.e. the stator winding 47, the opening 47 extending throughout the entire base body 37. Mounting of the components of the drive motor 33 is, thus, feasible on both ends. In the end region of the opening 48, the intermediate pieces 50 with the bearing 43, 44 are subsequently mounted. To this end, the rotor 45 is inserted into the opening 48, i.e. the stator, after having mounted the stator winding 47, with the bearings 43, 44 being subsequently fastened to the motor shaft 46 and the latter being fastened to the base body 37 via the intermediate piece 50 so as to ensure the stabilization and positioning of the rotor 45 in the center of the stator pack. Thus, the functionality of a commercially available drive motor 33 is provided, with essential advantages resulting from its integration in the housing of the welding torch 10. In order to enable feeding of the welding wire 13, the drive roller 31 subsequently is preferably directly connected with the motor shaft 46, as is schematically illustrated in FIG. 5, so as to allow for the mounting of the pressure roller 32, which is fastened to the pivot lever 34. The welding wire 13 can be conveyed by the drive unit 30 according to the direction of rotation of the drive roller 31. In the exemplary embodiment illustrated, the welding wire 13 is supplied independently of the hose pack 23, via its own welding wire feed hose (not illustrated) which is coupled to the welding torch 10 by a further coupling mechanism 41 and, in particular, quick-lock. The connection of the drive roller 31 with the drive motor 33 can be realized in a manner that either the drive roller 31 is directly fastened to the motor shaft 46 as illustrated in FIG. 5 or the motor shaft 46 is connected with a gear (not illustrated) with the drive roller 31 being coupled to said gear. When using a gear, the feeding power can be substantially increased. The insulation plate 51 and/or the intermediate piece 50 in this case can be arranged on the end face of the gear, or simply omitted. In order to ensure optimum cooling of the drive motor 33, it is possible that the torch housing 28, in particular the base body 37, is designed as a cooling body, i.e., the torch housing 28 or a part of it, particularly the base body 37, is made of a heat-conductive material, in particular aluminum, so as to enable an excellent discharge of the heat generated by the electric drive unit 30. To this end, it is also possible that the torch housing 28 or base body 37 comprises cooling channels (not illustrated) in the region of the drive motor 33, i.e. stator pack, which means that cooling channels are directly incorporated in the material of the base body 37. It is further possible to arrange cooling ducts 52 as schematically indicated in FIG. 4 in addition to, or instead of, the cooling channels. In a preferred manner, the cooling channels and/or cooling ducts 52 are line-connected with a cooling circuit so as to enable a cooling liquid or cooling gas or air to be conveyed through the cooling channels or cooling ducts 52 and, hence, the heat to be carried off. It is, of course, also possible to couple the cooling channels or cooling ducts 52 with the gas supply to the welding torch 10 so as to enable the gas 8, in particular protective gas, to be used for cooling the drive unit 30 and, at the same time, building up a protective gas atmosphere on the welding site. When using cooling channels and/or cooling ducts, it is also possible to make the torch housing 28 or base body 37 of a poorly heat-conductive material, for instance plastic, with sufficient heat having to be carried off by the cooling medium through appropriately dimensioned cooling channels or cooling ducts. If the torch housing 28, in particular the base body 37, is designed as a cooling body, good air-cooling will be essential, i.e., a very large surface will have to be provided for aircooling. To this end, it is possible that the torch housing 28 or base body 37 comprises cooling ribs 53 on its outer side, as is schematically indicated in FIG. 4, in order to produce an even larger surface. It is, of course, also possible to make the housing 28 or base body 37 of a thermally well conductive material for air-cooling while, at the same time, using cooling channels and/or cooling ducts 52 for liquid cooling. The welding torch 10 may consequently be used for very high outputs and, in particular, high welding currents, while nevertheless keeping the structural size and weight low, since excellent cooling is provided in any event. If, however, a welding torch 10 is to be built with as little weight as possible, the torch housing 28, or part of it, can be made of a synthetic material, since heat losses will be carried off via an appropriate cooling system. To control the drive motor 33 in terms of speed, output and/or torque, a sensor or control electronics (not illustrated) can be used in the torch housing 28 to control the drive motor 33. In the exemplary embodiment illustrated, a separate sensor or control electronics part 39 is connected with the base body 37. The control electronics is specifically arranged in the detachably connected control electronics part 39 so as to provide sufficient space. It is, of course, possible to place the control electronics not in a extra control electronics part 39, but integrate it directly in the base body 37, for instance beside the drive motor 33. The configuration and function of the control electronics will not be described in detail, since any structure known from the prior art can be used for this purpose, a variety of control electronics being applicable as a function of the type of the drive motor 33. By the separate arrangement in a special control electronics part 39, an exchange of the control electronics is readily feasible too. It is, for instance, possible to configure the drive motor 33 integrated in the base body 37 as a synchro motor or direct-current motor or step motor. By using an extra control electronics part 39 which can be coupled to the base body 37, sufficient space will be available for different control electronics so as to enable a conversion of the welding torch 10, or the use of an accordingly larger control electronics part 39 in the case of an increased amount of control electronics, without having to exchange the whole welding torch 10 for a different control electronics, as is frequently necessary with welding torches 10 known from the prior art. It is also possible to arrange the control electronics for the drive motor 33 externally, particularly within the welding apparatus 1 or a wire feed device 11 etc., which will subsequently be line-connected with the drive motor 33, so that the control electronics part 39 can be omitted. It is, of course, also possible to effect the respective control directly from the control device 4 of the welding apparatus 1 or any other control device of another component, so that no extra control electronics will be required for the drive motor 33 in the welding torch 10. For a better control, an encoder 39a may, moreover, be connected with the rotor 45 or the drive roller 31. As encoder, any encoder known from the prior art, e.g. an incremental encoder, can be used. It is, furthermore, advantageous that the individual parts of the drive unit 30, for the recognition of the characteristics of the drive motor 33, may comprise a memory module such as, e.g. a transponder, to enable automatic recognition such that the respective program and/or data for the drive unit 30 employed can be loaded or applied by the welding apparatus 1 or by the control electronics. In order to ensure the safety of the components of the control electronics and other parts of the drive motor 33 as well as the reliability of the welding torch 10, it will be advantageous if an insulation is arranged between the drive roller 31 and the base body 37, since the transmission of welding current to the welding wire, as a rule, is effected via a contact tube in the end region of the tube bend 29, whereby the welding voltage potential is conducted via the welding wire 13 to the drive roller 31 and, hence, to the drive motor 33. In the event of a short-circuit, the resulting high welding current would cause damage to individual torch components or the entire torch, which will be prevented by the attachment of an insulation. To this end, the insulation is preferably comprised of an insulation layer 54 made of an electrically non-conductive material and formed between the drive roller 31 and the motor shaft 46 and/or the motor shaft 46 and the rotor pack and/or the motor shaft 46 and the bearings 43, 44 and/or the rotor pack and the stator and/or the stator and the torch housing 28. A detailed illustration of specific insulation arrangements will be shown and described in the Figures to come. It is also possible that the drive roller 31 and/or motor shaft 46 are made of an electrically non-conductive material or parts of electrically non-conductive material. In the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 2 to 5, the insulation layer 54 is applied on the motor shaft 46 over a partial region, particularly its end region, with the drive roller 31 being mounted in this region of the insulation layer 54. Thus, an insulation between the drive roller 31 and the drive motor 33, i.e. between the motor shaft 46 and the drive roller 31, is provided so as to prevent welding current from being transmitted onto the rotor pack and provide protection from the welding current also to the remaining structural elements. The insulation layer 54 can, for instance, be made of a plastic or ceramic material. It is also possible to make the entire drive roller 31 of an electrically non-conductive material, in which case no current transmission to the motor shaft 46 will occur, either. It is, of course, also possible to design the motor shaft 46 in two parts, said two parts being interconnected so as to be electrically insulated relative to each other by an insulating coupling. Furthermore, special configurations of the welding torch 10 may be envisaged. Thus, it is, for instance, possible that the torch housing 28 or a part of it, particularly the base body 37, is designed as a live part, in particular, for the transmission of the welding current, which means that the welding current fed via the hose pack 23 is conducted through the electrically conductive material or torch housing 28 to the tube bend 29, or a connection element for the tube bend 29. The current cable or current transmission element provided in the torch housing 28 between the two coupling mechanisms 41 can, thus, be dropped. It is, however, also necessary to externally protect from contacting the housing part via which the welding current is conducted. This is, for instance, feasible in that an insulation layer or an electrically non-conductive hood (not illustrated) is applied over the torch housing 28 or its live part. In a preferred manner, an insulation layer (not illustrated) is also provided between the torch retainer 40, in particular extension part, and the torch housing 28, in particular the base body 37, in order to prevent in any event a short-circuit via the robot and, in particular, the manipulator 27. To this end, it is possible to make the torch retainer 40 and/or attachment part of a electrically non-conductive material, wherein it has to be taken care that the torch retainer 27 is made as rigid as possible for the welding torch 10 to remain in the same position all the time. FIGS. 6 and 7 depict two further exemplary embodiments of the welding torch 10. The difference from the construction according to FIGS. 2 to 5 resides in that the opening 48 provided in the base body 37 no longer extends throughout the whole base body 37, but is closed on one side, which means that in the base body 37 on one side of the opening 38 just one bearing bore or shaft passage is arranged, through which the bearing 43 or 44 is directly installed into the base body 37, whereas the opposite side of the opening 38 has such a large diameter as to allow the stator, particularly the stator winding 47 or stator magnets, to be inserted. As a result, an additional fastening means for the fixation of the bearing, like, for instance, the intermediate piece 50, can be obviated on the side where the bearing 43, 44 is directly installed in the base body 37. To this end, the construction according to FIG. 6 is such that the bearing 43 located next to the drive roller 31 is directly embedded in the base body 37, whereas, in the construction according to FIG. 7, the bearing 44, i.e. the bearing 44 located farther remote from the drive roller 31, is arranged in the base body 37. In the construction according to FIGS. 6 and 7, the installation of the individual parts of the drive motor 33 in this case is possible just from one side, yet while enhancing the stability or rigidity of the torch housing 28 and, in particular, base body 37. According to the exemplary embodiment depicted in FIG. 8, a mounting element 55 to which the required parts or guides are attached is added to the torch housing 28. The mounting element 55, for instance, carries the cover part 38 to protect said parts against contamination and contacting. The welding torch 10 in this case is constructed in a manner that the drive motor 33 is integrated in the base body 37 and the base body 37, on the side where the motor shaft 46 for connection with the drive roller 31 or gear projects out of the base body 37, comprises a mounting platform 56 to which the mounting element 55 is fastened. The design of the mounting platform 56 is not critical. It may, for instance, be realized by a plane surface as illustrated so as to enable a simple mounting plate, or the mounting element 55, to be mounted to this mounting platform 56. It is, of course, also possible for the mounting platform 56 to have a special contour on which an accordingly designed mounting element 55 will subsequently be placed. With such a configuration of the welding torch 10, it is ensured that any part or element such as, for instance, the coupling mechanisms 41 for the tube bend 29 and the hose pack 23, the lines 42 for connecting the two coupling mechanisms 41 as well as the bearing of the pressure roller 32 can be assembled or mounted on the mounting element 55 independently of the base body 37. On the other hand, the parts for the drive motor 33 are mounted in the base body 37. Subsequently, the two parts, i.e. the base body 37 and the mounting element 55, merely have to be connected with each other to obtain a functioning welding torch 10. Very simple and quick mounting of the welding torch 10 is thereby ensured in an advantageous manner. Another advantage resides in that a standardized construction of the base body 37 with the drive motor 33 is used, on which different constructions of different welding torch configurations can subsequently be mounted so as to no longer require different complete torch housings 28 for the great variety of welding torch types. Thus, considerable cost savings will be achieved, since the welding torch construction will always be mounted on the standardized base body 37 with just the mounting element 55 having to be differently constructed as a function of the respective welding torch type. FIGS. 9 to 11 depict a variant embodiment in which the welding torch 10 can be modularly expanded and the output of the drive motor 33 can be readily adapted accordingly. To this end, the drive motor 33, particularly the stator winding 47 or the stator magnets and/or the rotor winding 49 or rotor magnets, are expandable by additional modules 57, in particular, to adapt the output and response behavior of the drive motor 33. This is, for instance, effected in that, as is apparent from FIG. 9, just one or several modules 57 are coupled to the base body 37 such that an accordingly longer stator winding 47 and an appropriate rotor 45 can subsequently be installed. It is thereby achieved in an advantageous manner that always the same torch housing 28, or the same base body 37, respectively, can be used for varying outputs of the drive motor 33, with an accordingly larger drive motor 33 having an increased motor power being installable due to the expansion of the base body 37 by the modules 57. The costs of the welding torch 10 can, thus, be kept low, using always the same torch housing 28 rather than requiring different torch housings 28 for different drive motors 33. A special adaptation of the output or response behavior of the drive motor 33 is apparent from FIGS. 10 and 11. In this case, the base body 37 is dimensioned for an appropriate stator winding 47 with the output or response behavior of the drive motor 33 being determined by the rotor. This is effected in that, for instance, a smaller rotor pack, in particular a smaller rotor winding 49 as illustrated in FIG. 10, is used to provide an excellent response behavior of the drive motor 33. The drive motor 33 will, thus, very quickly react to a pregiven change in speed or reversal of direction. If, however, a higher output is required, it will do to replace the rotor with a rotor having a larger rotor pack, in particular rotor winding 49 as is apparent from FIG. 11. FIG. 12 illustrates a further exemplary embodiment of a construction to integrate the drive motor 33 in the welding torch 10 and, in particular, base body 37. Here, the torch housing 28 is divided along a rotor axis, i.e., the base body 37 is now formed by two semi-shells 58, 59 in which the drive motor 33 is integrated. This construction provides very simple mounting, since the drive motor parts merely have to be inserted in one of the semi-shells 58 or 59 and will subsequently be fixed or fastened by fastening the second semi-shell 59 or 58 to the first semi-shells 58 or 59, respectively. It is, moreover, possible to realize the construction with the drive motor 33 integrated in the torch housing 28 even with a manual welding torch 60, as is schematically illustrated in FIG. 13. The torch housing 28 is designed as a gun welding torch with the drive motor 33 being installed in the torch housing 28 in the region of the grip 61, as is schematically indicated by dot-and-dash lines. To this end, the drive motor 33, in particular the motor shaft 46, is again arranged at an angle 62 of about 900 relative to the welding wire 13, which means that a rotor axis 63 extending in the middle of the motor shaft 46 is oriented at an angle 62 of 900 relative to a welding wire feed axis 64 extending in the middle of the welding wire 13. Such an orientation of the drive motor 33 relative to the welding wire 13 also applies to previous FIGS. 1 to 12. It is thereby again possible to mount the drive roller 31 directly on the motor shaft 46 and, hence, realize a direct drive for the welding wire feed. It is, however, also possible to configure the welding torch 10, in particular the manual welding torch 60, in a different way by orienting the rotor axis 63 relative to the welding wire feed axis 64 no longer at an angle of 900 as in previously described FIGS. 1 to 13, but by making the orientation of the rotor axis 63 relative to the welding wire feed axis 64 to extend centrically or in parallel. Such an exemplary embodiment is, however, not illustrated, since in that case only the base body 37 will have to be accordingly designed to integrate the drive motor 33. With a welding torch 10 or manual welding torch 60, this may, for instance, be realized by a planetary gear for the welding wire feed, to which end the motor shaft 46 is arranged axially to the welding wire 13, in particular welding wire feed axis 64, and the welding wire 13 extends through the motor shaft 46, which is designed to be hollow. Naturally, it is also possible to arrange the drive motor 33 in parallel rather than in the welding wire axis, and integrate it into the base body 37. Basically, it should be noted that in the previously shown exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 1 to 13 at least one or several switching elements (not illustrated) are integrated in the torch housing 28 or base body 37, respectively, which switching elements serve to control the welding process in a manner already known from the prior art. It is, moreover, possible to arrange several drive motors 33 in the torch housing 28 or base body 37, which are again integrated in the torch housing 28. In this respect, it is also possible to integrate but one drive motor 33 in the torch housing 28 and additionally install one or several further drive motors in the torch housing 28 as in accordance with the prior art design including a stator housing. By the integration or use of several drive motors 33, it is feasible to devise a welding torch 10 with a multi-roller drive. It is also possible to use but one drive roller 31 with a drive motor 33, as is known from the prior art, yet to appropriately couple further rollers with the drive roller 31, which means that appropriate coupling of the individual rollers is, for instance, realized by using toothed wheels so as to ensure a suitable force transmission to all or some of the rollers via the one drive motor 31 employed. FIGS. 14 to 19 illustrate an independent drive motor 33 in different structural variants. Here, the drive motor 33 is configured as an independent structural unit, i.e. with a stator housing 65. The drive motor 33 contains the stator housing 65, to the end sides of which a bearing shield or an intermediate piece 50 is each fastened with a respective bearing 43, 44 integrated therein. The stator pack, in particular stator winding 47, is arranged in the interior of the stator housing 65. The drive motor 33 further comprises a rotor 45, which is formed by a motor shaft 46 with a rotor pack, in particular rotor magnet 49, fastened thereto. The rotor 45 is arranged in the center of the stator pack or stator housing 65 such that the rotor pack is arranged within the stator pack. The rotor 45 is rotationally held via bearings 43, 44. According to the invention, it is provided that the drive motor comprises a special electrical insulation, which may be arranged in different regions of the drive motor 33, said electrical insulation being formed by an insulation layer 54. It is especially provided that at least a part of the motor shaft 46, in particular the drive roll retention zone, is electrically insulated from a housing, in particular the stator housing 65 or the base body 37 of an external component such as the welding torch 10. In this context, it should be mentioned that this construction of the drive motor 33 according to the invention with the insulation layer 54 can also be used in the previously described exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 1 to 13, to which end it will do to remove the stator housing 65 so as to enable the remaining parts of the drive motor 33 to be installed in the torch housing 28 and, in particular, base body 37. By the arrangement of the insulation layer 54 it is ensured that an electric potential on a partial region of the motor shaft 46 is separated from the stator housing 65 or base body 37 and, hence, no current will flow to the welding torch 10 over structural components of the drive motor 33 or any interfaces. An advantage also resides in that for an application in welding technology the drive roller 31 can be directly mounted to the motor shaft 46 without an additional insulation having to be arranged so as to reduce manufacturing expenses and, hence, costs. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 15, the insulation layer 54 is arranged on the outer circumference of the rotor pack, in particular rotor magnets 49. At the same time, bearings 43, 44 are likewise insulated relative to the stator housing 65 by an appropriate insulation layer 54. If, for instance, an electrically conductive drive roller 31 is directly fastened to the motor shaft 46, a current flow is able to propagate from the drive roller 31 via the motor shaft 46 and the rotor magnets 49, yet this current flow will subsequently be stopped on account of the insulation layer 54, thus preventing its spreading to the stator winding 47 and stator housing 65. The inevitable or inherently present air gap in the drive motor 33 does not suffice for an insulation complying with the respective safety regulations. In FIG. 16, the insulation layer is arranged between the motor shaft 46 and the rotor pack, in particular rotor magnets 49, and, in addition, also the bearing sites, in particular bearings 43, 44, are insulated such that no current flow can take place to the stator via the motor shaft 46. According to the configuration shown in FIG. 17, the insulation layer 54 is arranged between the stator housing 65 and the stator pack, in particular stator winding body, to which end the bearings 43, 44 are again electrically insulated relative to the stator housing 65. From FIG. 18, it is apparent that the insulation layer is arranged on the inner surface of the stator winding, in particular on the side facing the rotor magnets 49, and, in addition, also the bearing sites, in particular bearings 46, 47, are insulated. It is, however, also possible according to FIG. 19, that the insulation layer 54 is only applied or arranged over a partial region of the motor shaft 46, in particular in the end region of the drive roller 31, which means that the insulation layer 54 is arranged in the region where a live part abuts or is fastened. Since, at an application in welding technology, the welding wire 13 is powered with current, a current flow will take place over the welding wire 13 to the drive roller 31. If the drive roller 31 is directly mounted to the motor shaft 46, a respective current flow from the drive roller 31 to the motor shaft 46 may occur. By arranging the insulation layer 54 in the mounting zone of the drive roller 31, this can be readily prevented. With this solution, it is not necessary to electrically insulate that the bearing, in particular bearings 43, 44, relative to the stator housing 65, since a current flow can in no way act on the drive motor 31. The insulation of the bearings 43, 44 as shown in FIGS. 14 to 19 allows the bearing site, in particular bearing 43 and 44, to be pressed into an insulation sleeve. It is, however, also possible to form the bearing site, in particular bearings 43 and 44, by an insulating hybrid bearing in which ceramic roll bodies are inserted or a bearing ring made of electrically nonconductive material is formed. It is, of course, also possible to make the motor shaft 46 of an electrically non-conductive material, in particular ceramic material, whereby the same electrically insulating effect will be achieved, yet without using insulation layers 54.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to a welding torch including a torch housing and, preferably, a tube bend capable of being fastened thereto, wherein a drive unit for feeding a welding wire is arranged in the torch housing and the drive unit is formed by at least one pair of rollers, in particular a drive roller and a pressure roller, as well as a drive motor. 2. Prior Art From the prior art, it is known that drive motors used in welding torches are designed as independent assemblies. In those cases, the drive motor has its own stator house, which carries or incorporates all elements like the stator windings or stator magnets, the rotor with the stator pack, in particular rotor windings or rotor magnets, the bearings for the rotor, the end shield and a motor plate. That independent drive motor assembly is fastened to the torch housing. In order to increase the feeding power, a gearbox is fastened to the motor shaft, with a drive roller being attached to the latter to enable wire feeding with an associated pressure roll. This involves the disadvantage of requiring additional or more space, since that stator housing has to be realized in a particularly stable manner for the fixation of the bearing. Another disadvantage resides in that no optimum cooling of the drive motor is feasible, since the forming rotor heat is taken up by the stator housing and no optimum heat removal takes place on account of small cooling surfaces or respective transition resistances to the welding torch. Another variant embodiment comprises a freely located, aircooled drive motor. Since in that case cooling is effected via the stator housing, it is disadvantageous that only a very small cooling surface is available. GB 911 649 A, US 4 845 336 A, GB 1 134 664 A, GB 1 080 125 A and GB 1 093 736 A, for instance, describe welding torch constructions including drive motors which are designed as independent assemblies including their own stator housings.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The object of the present invention, therefore, resides in providing a welding torch or wire feed unit, respectively, of as small a structural size as possible and comprising an electric drive unit. Another object of the invention consists in providing improved cooling of the drive unit so as to increase its service life. An object of the invention also resides in providing an electric drive motor, which ensures an electric potential separation between the drive roller and the stator housing and/or welding torch. The object underlying the invention is achieved in that a part of the torch housing is designed as a component of the drive unit, wherein a bearing for mounting the rotor, in particular motor shaft, is fastened to the torch housing to stabilize and position said rotor. This offers the advantage of manufacturing tolerances between the position of the motor shaft and the welding wire feed axis being reduced due to the bearing site being located directly on the torch housing or base body, with the only manufacturing tolerance occurring when mounting the bearings within the torch housing, while the constructions known from the prior art involve tolerance chains due to the the end shield being mounted on the welding torch. Another advantage resides in that a reinforced bearing can be used and, hence, adapted to the necessary loads of the welding wire feed. An essential advantage resides in that, due to the bearing being installed in the torch housing, the distance between the bearing and the drive roller can be reduced so as to reduce the bending moment on the motor shaft and increase the service life of the motor shaft. An essential advantage resides, above all, in that optimum cooling is provided for the motor parts of the drive motor, since the welding torch or torch housing can now be utilized as cooling surfaces, thus substantially increasing service life. It is essential that the heat formed by the drive motor no longer has to be transmitted from a stator housing to a cooling surface, as is known from the prior art, but that the formed heat is immediately introduced directly into the torch housing. Hence, there are no more transition surfaces on which heat can build up, which may lead to an overheating of the drive motor. A configuration according to claim 2 is also advantageous in that, due to the direct integration of the drive motor in the torch housing, the stator housing usually provided at the drive motor can be omitted such that less space for the drive motor is required in the welding torch so as to reduce the structural size and weight of the welding torch. Consequently, also the accessibility in robotic applications is substantially enhanced by the compact, small design and low weight. A particular advantage also resides in that the cross section for the transmission of force is increased, whereas in the prior art the cross section available for the transmission of force between the torch retainer and the tube bend is reduced due to the free arrangement of the motor, which causes a reduction of the strength of the welding torch. The configuration according to claim 3 is advantageous, since the torch housing can thereby be composed of parts made of different materials and having different material thicknesses so as to achieve considerable weight savings. The individual torch housing parts can be made of different materials by different manufacturing processes such as, for instance, injection moldings or sheet metals, etc., so as to enable the optimum adaptation of said parts to the respective application such as, for instance, drive motor cooling, welding torch rigidity, etc. Moreover, the configuration according to FIG. 4 is advantageous, since it allows, for instance, the production of the base body as a casting part and, hence, a saving of weight and an increase in strength. By the configuration according to claim 5 or 6 , it is provided in an advantageous manner that the stator pack is fixedly connected with the torch housing such that vibrations will not have any effect on the fixation of the drive motor, whereas, according to the prior art, the fixation of the motor to the burner housing may be loosened by vibrations. It is, furthermore, advantageous that a high strength is provided due to the enlarged cross section of the torch housing as compared to a stator housing used in the prior art. Yet, a configuration according to claims 7 and 8 is advantageous too, since no additional intermediate pieces for the bearings are, therefore, required. Another advantage resides in that, due to the elevated strength and stiffness of the torch housing as compared to a conventional stator house, a reinforced bearing can be used such that the service life will be substantially enhanced. Also a configuration according to claim 9 is of advantage, providing simple mounting and a high strength. A configuration according to claim 10 is advantageous too, since it enables the use of a rotor known from the prior art, which will reduce costs. Also advantageous is a configuration according to claim 11 , since it offers an excellent protection of the motor parts. At the same time, the use of an insulation plate allows the latter to be employed as a seal of the motor parts, providing simple and optimum sealing over a large area. It is, furthermore, advantageous that a contact between the welding wire and the torch housing will be prevented. A configuration according to claim 12 is advantageous, since thereby a low mass moment of inertia as well as a rapid response behavior of the drive unit during welding wire feeding will be achieved. The configuration according to claim 13 advantageously ensures that a change in the transmission of force or rotational speed is readily enabled by the use of a gear. However, a configuration according to claim 14 is also advantageous, since it allows for a further reduction in weight and, at the same time, an enlargement of the inner volume of the welding torch. A configuration according to claim 15 advantageously ensures that there will be no transition resistances for the heat removal of the drive motor such that optimum cooling of the drive motor will be achieved. Also advantageous is the configuration according to claim 16 , in which cooling of the drive motor does not exclusively occur by the ambient air, but heat is additionally carried off by the aid of a coolant. Due to the integration of cooling channels directly in the housing, no additional cooling ducts are required. If, however, cooling ducts are used, a simpler torch housing construction and, hence, reduced costs will be feasible. With a combination of cooling channels and cooling ducts, optimum cooling of the motor parts will be provided so as to enable the use of high-performance drive motors in the torch housing. By the configuration according to claim 17 , an enlargement of the the surface of the torch housing and, hence, an even better cooling will be achieved. The configuration according to claim 18 is also advantageous, since, in the event of a manual welding torch, the grip part is used to integrate the drive motor, so that a very small manual welding torch offering excellent handling properties will be realized. The configuration according to claim 19 is advantageous too, since it allows the assembly to be used with planetary gears or other types of gears. In addition, a further reduction of the structural dimensions will be achieved. The configuration according to claim 20 is also advantageous, since the sensor signals are thereby transmitted to the control electronics via short lines, thus reducing the susceptibility to failures. In this respect, it is further possible to establish a simple communication with external control devices, for instance, via a serial bus. An advantage of the configuration according to claim 21 resides in that with an external control device the control electronics within the welding torch can be reduced or omitted and the costs of the welding torch can, hence, be reduced. By the configuration according to claim 22 , it is advantageously achieved that a control procedure such as, for instance, the start of the welding process or the threading-in of the welding wire can be triggered directly from the welding torch, thus providing user-friendliness. Yet, also a configuration according to claim 23 is of advantage, since it allows for the combination of different materials so as to provide optimum handling and a very low weight of the welding torch. As a result, costs will be reduced too. The configuration according to claim 24 in an advantageous manner enables assembly expenses for the welding torch to be kept as low as possible, since the use of a mounting plate will facilitate the assembly of the inner mechanism of the welding torch and enable the preassembled mounting plate including the components or parts mounted thereon to be subsequently merely installed into the torch housing. It is thereby feasible in an advantageous manner to use always the same torch housing and assemble different embodiments adapted to the respective objectives on the mounting plate(s). The configuration according to any one of claims 25 to 27 is also advantageous, since as a function of the application of the welding torch, the respectively optimum drive motor can each be integrated in the same. The configuration according to any one of claims 28 to 30 offers the advantage that the insulation will prevent a short-circuit and, hence, a resulting welding current flow over the housing of the welding torch to ensure user safety. Moreover, it is achieved that the motor parts will be insulated and, hence, protected to increase operational safety. However, the configuration according to claim 31 is also of advantage, since it enables the power transmission from the welding current supply of the welding apparatus to the connection site for the tube bend, i.e. the power supply for the contact tube, to take place via the torch housing or parts of the torch housing, so that the respective power lines within the torch housing can be omitted. It also provides easy cooling of the live parts. The configuration according to claim 32 in an advantageous manner will prevent a user from touching any of the live parts and, hence, risk of an electric shock or a short-circuit when contacting the workpiece. With a configuration according to claim 33 , it is advantageously ensured that in the automatic use of the welding torch, e.g. on a robot, no current flow will take place between the retainer body and the welding torch, and a failure safety on account of a welding wire flow through the system will be provided. The configuration according to claim 34 is also advantageous, because it offers the optimum adaptability to the respective field of application of the welding torch. It is, thus, possible to produce a basic welding torch and modify the drive motor using additional modules as a function of its application, in order to enable an adaptation of the power or output of the drive motor and/or the control quality and/or dynamic response behavior of the drive motor without having to exchange the whole welding torch. The configuration according to claim 35 is advantageous too, since it enables an actual value detection of the state or motor movement of the drive motor directly in the welding torch and, hence, appropriate controlling at a deviation from the set value. As a result, an excellent welding quality will be achieved. Yet, also the configuration according to claim 36 is advantageous, since it allows for the implementation of an automatic recognition of the parameters of the drive motor so as to enable the independent adaptation of the control and, in particular, controlling parameters by the welding system. Also advantageous is the configuration according to claim 37 , which allows for the use of a welding torch having several drive motors so as to obtain a higher wire feeding power or enable the use of smaller drive motors. The configuration according to claim 38 is advantageous too, because is provides a simple structure and a reduced tolerance chain. The configuration according to claim 39 is also advantageous, because it ensures very simple mounting of the drive unit by the simple insertion into one housing half and the subsequent fixation by means of the other housing half. The object of the invention will also be achieved by the configuration according to claim 40 . It is thereby reached in an advantageous manner that such a construction of a drive motor integrated in a component can be used in applications other than a welding torch, i.e., such a setup is not only beneficial for welding torches, but also other welding wire feed systems such as, for instance, cold-wire welding wire feeders for WIG or plasma processes or a welding wire feed arranged outside the welding torch can be constructed in this manner. The invention also relates to a drive motor for feeding a welding wire, including bearings, a rotor, in particular a motor shaft and a rotor winding or rotor magnets, and a stator pack, in particular a stator winding or stator magnets. In this respect, the object of the invention is achieved in that at least a part of the motor shaft, in particular the retention zone of the drive roller, is electrically insulated from the housing. This offers the advantage that an electric potential on a partial region of the motor shaft is separated from the stator housing or base body and, hence, no current can flow through structural components or interfaces of the welding torch. An essential advantage resides in that no separation of the heat flow from the heat source and, in particular, stator winding takes place to the cooling body and, in particular, torch housing. Another advantage resides in that, for use in welding technology, the driving roller can thus be mounted directly to the motor shaft without any insulation having to be provided in addition, so as to reduce manufacturing expenses and, hence, costs. A further advantage consists in that it is thereby feasible to reduce the manufacturing tolerance chain so as to obtain an enhanced welding wire feed for use in welding technology. Also with use in welding technology, a better connection of the drive roller to the motor shaft will be achieved with the drive roller being directly mounted to the motor shaft by a steel-steel connection. Further advantageous configurations are contained in claims 43 to 47 . The advantages resulting therefrom can be taken from the description.

20060803

20140204

20070531

69676.0

B23K912

JENNISON, BRIAN W

WELDING TORCH WITH A TORCH HOUSING AND DRIVE FOR WELDING ROD TRANSPORT

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

B23K

ACCEPTED

Method And System Of Providing Sealed Bags Of Fluid At The Clean Side Of A Laboratory Facility

A method for facilitating the delivery of water to a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages, for housing animals for an animal study, the method including; providing a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages for an animal study at a laboratory facility site, and disposing a bag forming apparatus at a clean side of a laboratory washroom at the laboratory facility site, wherein the bag forming apparatus is capable of providing sealed bags of water for use in the cage level barrier-type cages. The method can further include providing bag material to the laboratory facility site.

1. A method for facilitating the delivery of water to a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages, for housing animals for an animal study, the method comprising: providing a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages for an animal study at a laboratory facility site; and providing a bag filling apparatus at a clean side of the laboratory facility site; filling a plurality of bags with water at the clean side; sealing the bags of water at the clean side for use in the cage level barrier-type cages; inserting a valve into the sealed bags of water for dispensing water to one or more animals housed in said cages. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing bags to be filled with water to the laboratory facility site. 3-7. (canceled) 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the bag filling apparatus is capable of providing additives to the water. 9-10. (canceled) 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a disposable fluid valve for use with one of the sealed bags of water. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the disposable fluid valve is formed of plastic. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing a disposable fluid delivery valve assembly for use with one of the sealed bags of water, the valve assembly comprising; an upper member having a fluid channel defined therethrough; a base having a flange member and a base fluid channel defined therethrough, wherein the base is designed to be matingly coupled to the upper member; wherein the fluid delivery valve assembly is adapted to be coupled to the fluid bag to facilitate the providing of the water to a cage level barrier-type cage. 14. A method for facilitating the delivery of water to a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages disposed at a laboratory facility site, for housing animals for an animal study, the method comprising: providing bag forming bag filling apparatus at a clean side of a a laboratory facility site; filling a plurality of bags with water at the clean side; sealing the bags of water at the clean side; inserting a valve into the sealed bags of water for dispensing water to one or more animals housed in cage level barrier-type cages. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising providing bags to be filled with water to the laboratory facility site. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising providing a disposable fluid valve for use with one of the sealed bags of water. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the disposable fluid valve is formed of plastic. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising providing a ventilated rack and cage system comprising a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages for placement at the laboratory facility site. 19. (canceled) 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising providing a conveyor system at the clean side of the laboratory washroom at the laboratory facility site for transporting the sealed water bags. 21. The method of claim 14, further comprising providing one or more totes for storing and transporting the sealed water bags. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising providing a tote cart for transporting a plurality of the totes from the clean side of the washroom to a laboratory room containing the cage level barrier-type cages. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising providing a tote conveyor platform for transporting the totes with sealed water bags from the conveyor system to the tote cart. 24. The method of claim 14, further comprising providing a compacting apparatus for compacting the sealed water bags after they are removed from the cage level barrier-type cages. 25-35. (canceled) 36. A system for facilitating the delivery of water to a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages disposed at a laboratory facility site, for housing animals for an animal study, the system comprising: a bag filling apparatus constructed and arranged to provide filled bags of water at a clean side of a laboratory facility site; wherein the bags of water are constructed and designed to be sealed and used in cage level barrier-type cages; a plurality of valves for insertion into the bags of water for dispensing water to one or more animals housed in the cages. 37. The system of claim 36, further comprising bags to be filled with water that are provided to the laboratory facility site. 38. The system of claim 36, further comprising a disposable fluid valve provided at the laboratory facility site for use with one of the sealed bags of water. 39. The system of claim 38, wherein the disposable fluid valve is formed of plastic. 40. The system of claim 36, further comprising a ventilated rack and cage system comprising a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages for placement at the laboratory facility site. 41. (canceled) 42. The system of claim 36, further comprising a conveyor system for placement at the clean side of the laboratory washroom at the laboratory facility site for transporting the sealed water bags. 43. The system of claim 36, further comprising one or more totes for storing and transporting the sealed water bags. 44. The system of claim 43, further comprising a tote cart for transporting a plurality of the totes from the clean side of the washroom to a laboratory room containing the cage level barrier-type cages. 45. The method of claim 44, further comprising providing a tote conveyor platform for transporting the sealed water bags from the conveyor system to the tote cart. 46. The system of claim 36, further comprising a compacting apparatus for compacting the sealed water bags after they are removed from the cage level barrier-type cages. 47. A method for facilitating the delivery of fluids to a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages, for housing animals for an animal study, the method comprising: filling a plurality of bags with one or more fluids at a clean side of a laboratory site; sealing the bags at the clean side; and inserting drinking valves into the bags at the clean side. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the clean side comprises a laboratory research room. 49. The method of claim 47, wherein inserting the drinking valves into the bags seals the bags. 50. The method of claim 47, wherein the bags are sealed prior to inserting the drinking valves. 51. A method for facilitating the delivery of fluids to a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages, for housing animals for an animal study, the method comprising: providing a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages for an animal study at a laboratory facility site; providing, at a clean side of the laboratory facility site, one or more sealed bags of fluids for use in the cage level barrier-type cages; and attaching a drinking valve to the sealed bags of fluids at the clean side of the laboratory facility, wherein the fluids can flow through the drinking valve. 52. The method according to claim 51, wherein attaching a drinking valve comprises inserting the valve into the sealed bags of fluids. 53. The method according to claim 51, further comprising piercing the sealed bags of fluids. 54. A system for facilitating the delivery of fluids to a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages disposed at a laboratory facility site, for housing animals for an animal study, the system comprising: a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages for placement at a laboratory facility site; one or more bags of fluids for use in the cage level barrier-type cages; and one or more valves for insertion into the bags of fluids at the clean side; wherein the bags having the valves inserted therein are sealed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/274,619, filed on Oct. 21, 2002, and entitled Fluid Deliver System, currently pending, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/346,218, filed on Oct. 19, 2001, the contents of both applications being hereby incorporated by reference herein. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to fluid delivery systems and in particular to a fluid delivery system and method for caging or storage systems for animals. 2. Description of Related Art A large number of laboratory animals are used every year in experimental research. These animals range in size from mice to non-human primates. To conduct valid and reliable experiments, researchers must be assured that their animals are protected from pathogens and microbial contaminants that will affect test results and conclusions. Proper housing and management of animal facilities are essential to animal well-being, to the quality of research data and teaching or testing programs in which animals are used, and to the health and safety of personnel. Ordinarily, animals should have access to potable, uncontaminated drinking water or other needed nutrient containing fluids according to their particular requirements. Water quality and the definition of potable water can vary with locality. Periodic monitoring for pH, hardness, and microbial or chemical contamination might be necessary to ensure that water quality is acceptable, particularly for use in studies in which normal components of water in a given locality can influence the results obtained. Water can be treated or purified to minimize or eliminate contamination when protocols require highly purified water. The selection of water treatments should be carefully considered because many forms of water treatment have the potential to cause physiologic alterations, changes in microflora, or effects on experimental results. For example, chlorination of the water supply can be useful for some species but toxic to others. Because the conditions of housing and husbandry affect animal and occupational health and safety as well as data variability, and effect an animal's well-being, the present invention relates to providing a non-contaminated, replaceable, disposable source of fluid for laboratory animals in a cage level barrier-type cage or integrated cage and rack system to permit optimum environmental conditions and animal comfort. Animal suppliers around the world have experienced an unprecedented demand for defined pathogen-free animals, and are now committed to the production and accessibility of such animals to researchers. Likewise, laboratory animal cage manufacturers have developed many caging systems that provide techniques and equipment to insure a pathogen free environment. For example, ventilated cage and rack systems are well known in the art. One such ventilated cage and rack system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,989,545, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, assigned to Lab Products, Inc., in which an open rack system including a plurality of shelves, each formed as an air plenum, is provided. A ventilation system is connected to the rack system for ventilating each cage in the rack, and the animals therein, thereby eliminating the need for a cage that may be easily contaminated with pathogens, allergens, unwanted pheromones, or other hazardous fumes. It is known to house rats, for example, for study in such a ventilated cage and rack system. The increasing need for improvement and technological advancement for efficiently, safely housing and maintaining laboratory animals arises mainly from contemporary interests in creating a pathogen-free laboratory animal environment and through the use of immuno-compromised, immuno-deficient, transgenic and induced mutant (“knockout”) animals. Transgenic technologies, which are rapidly expanding, provide most of the animal populations for modeling molecular biology applications. Transgenic animals account for the continuous success of modeling mice and rats for human diseases, models of disease treatment and prevention and by advances in knowledge concerning developmental genetics. Also, the development of new immuno-deficient models has seen tremendous advances in recent years due to the creation of gene-targeted models using knockout technology. Thus, the desire for an uncontaminated cage environment and the increasing use of immuno-compromised animals (i.e., SCID mice) has greatly increased the need for pathogen free sources of food and water. One of the chief means through which pathogens can be introduced into an otherwise isolated animal caging environment is through the contaminated food or water sources provided to the animal(s). Accordingly, the need exists to improve and better maintain the health of research animals through improving both specialized caging equipment and the water delivery apparatus for a given cage. Related caging system technologies for water or fluid delivery have certain deficiencies such as risks of contamination, bio-containment requirements, DNA hazardous issues, gene transfer technologies disease induction, allergen exposure in the workplace and animal welfare issues. Presently, laboratories or other facilities provide fluid to their animals in bottles or other containers that must be removed from the cage, disassembled, cleaned, sterilized, reassembled, and placed back in the cage. Additionally, a large quantity of fluid bottles or containers must be stored by the labs based on the possible future needs of the lab, and/or differing requirements based on the types of animals studied. This massive storage, cleaning and sterilization effort, typically performed on a weekly basis, requires large amounts of time, space and human resources to perform these repetitive, and often tedious tasks. Further, glass bottles (and the handling thereof) can be dangerous and also relatively costly. Bottle washing machines, bottle fillers, wasted water, hot water, wire baskets to hold bottles, sipper tubes, rubber stoppers, the ergonomic concerns of removing stoppers, screw caps insertion of sipper tubes are all problems inherent to the use of water bottles to provide water to animals. Although automatic watering systems are available the cost per cage is too costly for many institutions. Stainless steel valves and manifolds need constant purging of slime and buildup of mineral deposits. The human factors of handling wire baskets while loading and unloading bottles has led to industry wide back injuries, carpel wrist injury, and eye injury from broken glass and other human factor ergonomic risks. By some estimates, the cost of injury related costs to industry and the lost productivity in the workplace amount to millions of dollars annually. In addition, the use of water bottles typically leads to large energy costs because the cleaning of the water bottles typically requires hot water heated to approximately 180 degrees F. and the washing of all of the components of the water bottles and caps with dangerous chemicals. As such, a need exists for an improved system for delivering fluid to laboratory animals living in cage level barrier-type rack and cage systems. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention satisfies this and other needs. Briefly stated, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a fluid delivery system for delivering a fluid to an animal caging system for housing an animal is described. The fluid delivery system may comprise a fluid delivery valve assembly adapted to be coupled to a fluid bag holding a fluid. By advantageously using sanitized fluid bags, that may be disposable, the invention may minimize the need for the use of fluid bottles that typically must be removed from cages, cleaned, and sanitized on a frequent basis. The delivery system may be utilized in a single cage or in multiples cages integrated into ventilated cage and rack systems known in the art. An embodiment of the invention described herein provides for a fluid delivery system for delivering a fluid from a fluid bag to an animal caging system for housing an animal and may comprise a fluid delivery valve assembly, wherein the fluid delivery valve assembly is adapted to be coupled to the fluid bag to facilitate the providing of the fluid to an animal in the caging system. The fluid delivery valve assembly may further comprise an upper member having a piercing member and a connecting member, the upper member having a fluid channel defined therethrough, a base having a flange member and a base fluid channel defined therethrough, wherein the base is designed to be matingly coupled to the upper member. The fluid delivery valve assembly may further comprise a spring element disposed within the base fluid channel and a stem member disposed in part within the base fluid channel, wherein a portion of the spring element abuts the stem member to apply a biasing force. Another embodiment of the invention may provide for a method for delivering fluid to one or more animal cages comprising providing sealed sanitized bags of fluid for use in an animal cage or caging system. The method may further comprise providing bag material to be used in the formation of fluid bags. Another embodiment is directed to a method for facilitating the delivery of water to a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages, for housing animals for an animal study. The method comprises providing a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages for an animal study at a laboratory facility site, and disposing a bag forming apparatus at a clean side of a laboratory washroom at the laboratory facility site. The bag forming apparatus is capable of providing sealed bags of water for use in the cage level barrier-type cages. In addition, the method can further comprise providing bag material to the laboratory facility site. Another embodiment of the invention involves a method for facilitating the delivery of water to a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages disposed at a laboratory facility site, for housing animals for an animal study. The method comprises disposing a bag forming apparatus at a clean side of a laboratory washroom at the laboratory facility site; wherein the bag forming apparatus is capable of providing sealed bags of water for use in the cage level barrier-type cages. Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a system for facilitating the delivery of water to a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages disposed at a laboratory facility site, for housing animals for an animal study. The system comprises a bag forming apparatus designed and configured for placement at a clean side of a laboratory washroom at the laboratory facility site, wherein the bag forming apparatus is capable of providing sealed bags of water for use in the cage level barrier-type cages. Still other objects and advantages of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part be apparent from the specification. Other features and advantages of this invention will become apparent in the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of this invention with reference to the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawing figures, which are merely illustrative, and wherein like reference characters denote similar elements throughout the several views: FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a fluid delivery system incorporated into an animal cage assembly; FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of a fluid delivery system and diet delivery system in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of a fluid delivery valve assembly in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 4 is a side view of the fluid delivery valve assembly of FIG. 3; FIG. 5 is a side cutaway view of the upper member of the fluid delivery valve assembly of FIG. 3; FIG. 6 is a perspective view of trigger assembly of a fluid delivery valve assembly in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 7 is a top plain view of cup element in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the cup element in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 9 is a cutaway view of cup element in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a diet delivery system; FIG. 11 is a top plan view of diet delivery system incorporating a fluid delivery system in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 12 is a front cutaway view of diet delivery system; FIG. 13 is a bottom view of a fluid bag in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a fluid bag and a fluid diet component with a fluid delivery system in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 15 is a cutaway view of a fluid bag in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 16 is a side perspective view of an upper member of a fluid delivery valve assembly including a support in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 17 is a plain side view of a double-sided rack system incorporating an animal cage; FIG. 18 is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of a fluid delivery valve assembly in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 19 is a side cutaway view of the fluid delivery valve assembly of FIG. 18; FIG. 20 is a perspective view of the stem of the fluid delivery valve assembly of FIG. 18; FIG. 21 is a side cutaway view of the fluid delivery valve assembly of FIG. 18, showing the stem in the sealed position; FIG. 22 is a side cutaway view of the fluid delivery valve assembly of FIG. 18, showing the stem in the opened position; FIG. 23 is a side cutaway view of the fluid delivery valve assembly of FIG. 18, showing the extension portion protecting the stem; FIG. 24 is a side cutaway view of an upper member of a fluid delivery valve assembly including a wrapper in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 25 is a side cutaway view of an upper member of a fluid delivery valve assembly including a disposable cap in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 26 is a fluid bag filling and sealing device in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 27 is a view of a fluid bag preparation room in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 28 is another view of a fluid bag preparation room in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 29 is another view of a fluid bag preparation room in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 30 is a schematic diagram of equipment used in certain embodiments; FIG. 31 is a schematic plan view of a laboratory facility illustrating a flow pattern and placement of a bag forming and filling apparatus; FIG. 32 is a schematic plan view of a laboratory facility illustrating another flow pattern and placement of a bag forming and filling apparatus; FIG. 33 is flow diagram illustrating an exemplary process in accordance with certain embodiments; and FIG. 34 is another flow diagram illustrating another exemplary process in accordance with certain embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS Reference is made to FIGS. 1 and 2, wherein an animal cage assembly 90, which incorporates fluid delivery valve assembly 1, is shown. Cage assembly 90 incorporates a filter retainer 91, a filter frame 92, a filter top lock 93, a chew shield 94, a plurality of snap rivets 95, a fluid bag 60 containing fluid 70, a fluid delivery valve assembly 1, a diet delivery system 96 providing support member 50, a chow receptacle 111, a fluid bag receptacle 110, and a cage body 98. Cage body 98 comprises a box-like animal cage with a combination diet delivery system 96 capable of providing both food and fluid to animals within cage assembly 90. A filter 99 is also generally provided with cage assembly 90 sandwiched between filter retainer 91 and filter frame 92. Cage body 98 is formed with integral side walls 100, a bottom wall or floor 101 and an open top end. The open top of cage body 98 is bordered by peripheral lip 102, which extends continuously there around. Cage body 98 may also include a plurality of corner stacking tabs 103 for facilitating stacking and nesting of a plurality of cage bodies 98. Reference is made to FIGS. 3-5 wherein fluid delivery valve assembly 1 is depicted. Fluid delivery valve assembly 1 includes an upper member 10, a spring element 20, a trigger assembly 30, and a cup element 40 for use in animal cage 90. Water delivery system 1 is held in place in animal cage 90 by support element 50. Support element 50 extends from diet delivery system 96 and forms a floor for fluid bag receptacle 110. Alternatively, water delivery system 1 may be molded into diet delivery system 96. As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, upper member 10 includes piercing member 11, core member 12 and flange member 13. Upper member 10 also defines fluid channel 14. Arrow “A” defines the flow of fluid through fluid delivery valve assembly 1 to trigger assembly 30 where fluid flow can be actuated by an animal in animal cage 90. Piercing member 11 has a beveled tip 15 at its upper end, the upper edge of which presents a sharp piercing edge 16 that can come in contact and pierce fluid bag 60, releasing fluid 70 in fluid bag 60 through fluid channel 14. Flange member 13 extends from core member 12. In a preferred embodiment, flange member 13 is circular in dimension. However, it will be readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that flange member 13 may be any shape desired, provided however, that at least a portion of flange member 13 is wider in diameter than fluid channel 14 of core member 12. As shown in FIG. 3, spring element 20 may be a tightly wound coiled member which rests atop tip 35 of upper end 33 of stem 31 and enters upper member 10 through fluid channel 14. As shown in FIG. 5, fluid channel 14 is dimensioned such that its upper extent within piercing member 11 is narrowed at position 17 such that it prevents spring element 20 from exiting fluid channel 14 through piercing member 11. Reference is made to FIG. 6, wherein trigger assembly 30 is depicted. Trigger assembly 30 includes a stem 31, inserted through sealing member 32. Stem 31 having an upper end 33 and a lower end 36. Lower end 36 of stem 31 is substantially flat. Upper end 33 of stem 31 is generally conical in shape, although other shapes may be used. Sealing member 32 fits tightly around stem 31 thereby allowing limited movement around stem 31. Sealing member 32 is dimensioned such that the base of the conical portion of upper end 33 rests on it. Sealing member 32 is formed of a resilient material, such as rubber, silicone rubber, or any other pliant malleable material. In a preferred embodiment, sealing member 32 is made of a material that is not deleterious to mammals. Cup element 40 is depicted in FIGS. 7-9. Cup element 40 has a base 43, an inner surface 41, and an outer surface 42. Base 43 also defines actuation channel 400. Lower end 36 of stem 31 of trigger assembly 30 extends through actuation channel 400 towards the interior of animal cage 90. Fluid channel 14 extends from piercing edge 16 through piercing member 11, core member 12 and spring element 20. Fluid channel 14 terminates at the bottom wall of cup element 40. Trigger assembly 30 extends through actuation channel 400. Cup element 40 has friction fit with core member 12 of upper member 10 directly below flange member 13. Diet delivery system 96, which houses fluid bag receptacle 110 and chow receptacle 111 is shown in FIGS. 10-12. As shown in FIG. 11, fluid bag receptacle 110 holds fluid bag 60 containing fluid 70. Fluid delivery valve assembly 1 is held securely in receptacle base 112 of fluid bag receptacle 110 by the interconnection between flange members 13a, 13b, 13c and 13d and locking members 51a, 51b, 51c and 51d. Piercing edge 16 of fluid delivery valve assembly 1 punctures fluid bag 60. As shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, chow receptacle 111 of diet delivery system 96 holds wire food holder element 116. A further embodiment of the present invention in shown in FIGS. 10 and 12, wherein fluid bag receptacle 110 may be molded 110′ in order to facilitate the emptying of fluid 70 contained in fluid bag 60 by fluid delivery valve assembly 1 and to prevent the animal from gaining purchase on the fluid bag receptacle. In an alternate embodiment, fluid bag 60 is tapered or dimensioned so as to facilitate the emptying of fluid bag 60 by fluid delivery valve assembly 1. Fluid bag 60 may be made replaceable or disposable and thus may be manufactured singly in any quantity according to the needs of a user. Fluid delivery valve assembly 1 may be used to deliver the contents of fluid bag 60 to an animal in cage assembly 90. Fluid 70 in fluid bag 60 may include water, distilled water, water supplemented with various vitamins, minerals, medications such as antibiotics or anti-fungal agents, and/or other nutrients, or any fluid which is ingestible by a caged animal. Fluid 70 in fluid bag 60 is delivered to an animal in cage assembly 90 in a sterilized or sanitized condition so as to protect any animals in cage assembly 90 from contagion. Fluid bag 60 may be formed in any desirable shape or volume. In a preferred embodiment, fluid bag 60 is formed to fit fluid bag receptacle 110. Also, it should be clear that fluid bag 60 does not have to consist of a flexible material but that part thereof may be made of a rigid material. In an embodiment of the present invention, fluid bag 60 would consist of one or more layers, which would tear upon insertion of piercing member 11. Alternatively, flexible, stretchable, resilient plastic stickers 501 may be provided which can be adhered to the bag to prevent tearing thereof and to form a seal about the inserted piercing member 11. In addition, as depicted in FIGS. 13-15, fluid bag 60 could be made of a thinner plastic or inverted in the region where piercing edge 16 will penetrate fluid bag 60, thereby allowing the end user to readily identify where fluid bag 60 should be punctured and helping fluid bag 60 nest within fluid bag receptacle 110. In a further embodiment of the present invention, fluid bag 60 could be made of a resilient plastic or polymer material such that when piercing edge 16 penetrates fluid bag 60 at location 88, fluid bag 60 adheres to piercing member 16 so as to stop fluid 70 from leaking out of fluid bag 60. Fluid bag 60 may be constructed out of any material which is capable of being punctured by piercing member 16 and which is capable of holding fluid in a sterilized condition. In an embodiment of the invention, fluid bag 60 is plastic or any other flexible material capable of containing a fluid to be delivered to one or more laboratory animals. In certain embodiments, fluid bag 60 may be formed of nylon or polyethylene film in a single layer or multilayer design. With use of a multilayer film, different layers can each have different properties. For example, the inner layers could provide sealing properties, while the outer layers provide resistance to tearing, or vice versa. In a further embodiment of the present invention, fluid delivery valve assembly 1, upper member 10, fluid bag 60 and the contents thereof, fluid 70, are capable of being sterilized by one or more of an assortment of different means including but not being limited to: ultraviolet light, irradiation, chemical treatment, reverse osmosis, gas sterilization, steam sterilization, filtration, autoclave, and/or distillation. Each of the elements of the current invention, fluid delivery valve assembly 1, fluid bag 60 and fluid 70, can be sterilized or sanitized alone or in combination with each other. Fluid 70 of fluid bag 60 may be sterilized either before or after fluid bag 60 is sealed. In one embodiment providing a method of sterilization for the contents of fluid bag 60, a chemical compound capable of sterilizing the fluid 70, and known in the art, is put inside fluid bag 60 with fluid 70 prior to fluid bag 60 being sealed. Thereafter the compound sterilizes fluid 70 such that it can be delivered to an animal and consumed by that animal without harm. Other methods of sterilization are discussed below. In an embodiment of the invention, leak preventing member 501 is affixed or formed to upper member 10 and prevents a loss of fluid 70 from fluid bag 60 after puncture by piercing member 11. As shown in FIG. 14, piercing member 11 may be rigidly fixed to support element 50 of fluid bag receptacle 110 (see FIGS. 1 and 4), in particular in the support for the bag having its point directed upwards so that piercing member II is automatically inserted into fluid bag 60 at location 88 when placing fluid bag 60 onto support element 50 or into fluid bag receptacle 110′. In one embodiment of the present invention, fluid bag 60 is placed in fluid bag receptacle 110 of animal cage 90. Fluid bag receptacle 110 has a base 112, an inner surface 114 and an outer surface 115. Receptacle base 112 also defines actuation channel 400. When fluid delivery valve assembly 1 is used in conjunction with animal cage 90, stem 31 of trigger assembly 30 extends through cup 40 towards the interior of animal cage 90. In another embodiment, that portion of receptacle base 112 which encircles actuation channel 400 may include one or more locking members 51. As shown in FIG. 16, in an alternate embodiment, support member 50 may have four (or some other number of) locking members 51a, 51b, 51c and 51d formed thereon which may be used to secure flange members 13a, 13b, 13c and 13d to support member 50. It will be readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that flange members 13a, 13b, 13c and 13d may vary in shape, provided however, that flange members 13a, 13b, 13c and 13d are secured in fluid receptacle base 112 or onto support member 50 by its locking members 51a, 51b, 51c and 51d. In FIG. 16, locking members 51a, 51b, 51c and 51d are shaped like fingers and flange member 13 is divided into four equal pieces, shown as flange members 13a, 13b (not shown), 13c and 13d. Referring now to FIG. 17, an animal isolation and caging rack system 600 of the invention includes an open rack 615 having a left side wall 625 and a right side wall 630, a plurality of rack coupling stations 616, a top 635, and a bottom 640. A plurality of posts 645 are disposed in parallel between top 635 and bottom 640. Vertical posts 645 are preferably narrow and may comprise walls extending substantially from the front of rack 615 to the rear of rack 615, or may each comprise two vertical members, one at or near the front of rack 615 and the other at or near the rear of rack 615. Animal isolation and caging rack system 600 also includes a plurality of air supply plena 610 and air exhaust plena 620 alternately disposed in parallel between left side wall 625 and right side wall 630 in rack 615. The above discussed fluid delivery valve assembly 1, while facilitating the providing of fluid to animals, was found to have some deficiencies when used in conjunction with certain rack and cage system configurations. For example, with reference back to FIG. 3, when the stem 31 of the trigger assembly 30 is actuated by an animal, under certain circumstances, the stem may remain stuck in the open position even after the animal discontinues actuating the stem 31. If the stem remains stuck in the open position, fluid may continue to leak into the cage and cage bedding, with the result being a waste of fluid, and the potential for the animal to become hypothermic, or otherwise adversely affected. One reason for the occurrence of this problem in certain circumstances may be that due to the specific arrangement of the stem 31, sealing member 32 and spring element 20 within the fluid channel 14, when the stem 31 is actuated by an animal, the pivot point of upper end 33 of stem 31 about the bottom of spring element 20 tends not to be either predictable or consistent. Consequently, after actuation by an animal, stem 31, in certain circumstances, will shift position in relation to spring element 20, thus not allowing spring element 20 to bias stem 31 back into the desired closed position. With reference to FIG. 18, there is shown a fluid delivery valve assembly 200 that overcomes the above-discussed deficiency because, among other modifications, the arrangement of stem member 240, spring member 250, and sealing member 260 is different than that of their respective corresponding parts in fluid delivery valve assembly 1. This arrangement of stem member 240, spring member 250, and sealing member 260, discussed in detail below, provides for a predictable and consistent pivot point for stem member 240, thus facilitating a more consistent return to the closed position in the absence of actuation by an animal. Thus, fluid delivery valve assembly 200 is different in structure and arrangement to that of fluid delivery valve assembly 1 in several respects. However, in accordance with the present invention, fluid delivery valve assembly 200 may be used in all embodiments discussed above with reference to fluid delivery valve assembly 1. Accordingly, in any embodiment described herein that describes the use of fluid delivery valve assembly 1 in conjunction with, by way of non-limiting example, fluid bag 60, animal isolation and caging rack system 600, and/or diet delivery system 96, fluid delivery valve assembly 200 may be used as well, in accordance with the invention. With reference again to FIG. 18, there is shown fluid delivery valve assembly 200 having an upper member 210, and a base 220. Fluid delivery valve assembly 200 also includes sealing member 260, stem member 240, and spring member 250. Upper member 210 is formed with generally conical piercing member 211 having sharp point 214 for piercing fluid bag 60 as described above. One or more fluid apertures 215 are defined in a portion of piercing member 210, to facilitate the flow of fluid 70 from bag 60 into a fluid channel 216 defined within the piercing member 210. Upper member 210 is also formed with connecting member 212, having gripping portion 213 encircling a portion thereof. In certain embodiments, stem member 240, base 220 and upper member 210 are formed of plastic, such as polypropylene. In certain embodiments, sealing member 260 is formed of silicone rubber, and spring member 250 is formed from stainless steel. Fluid delivery valve assembly 200 is, in certain embodiments, relatively low in cost, and disposable. Base 220, being generally cylindrical in shape, includes top portion 221 and bottom portion 222, which are separated by flange member 226 which encircles base 220 and extends outwardly therefrom. Flange member 226 may be used to facilitate mounting or positioning of fluid delivery valve assembly 200 as is described above with regard to fluid delivery valve assembly 1. Top portion 221 may have an inner surface 223 with gripping portion 213 disposed thereon. Upper member 210 is designed and dimensioned to be coupled to base 220 with connecting member 212 being inserted into base top portion 221. The coupling may be facilitated by the frictional interaction of gripping portion 213 of upper member 210 with gripping portion 224 of base 220. Sealing member 260, stem member 240, and spring member 250 are disposed within base fluid channel 230. Stem member 240 has a top portion 241 that may be generally flat, such that flow aperture 265 of sealing member 260 may be advantageously sealed when a portion of bottom surface 262 of sealing member 260 is contacted by top surface 243 of stem member 240. Actuation portion 242 of stem member 240 extends through spring member 250 and through base fluid channel 230. Spring member 250 serves to bias stem member 240 against sealing member 260 to facilitate control of the flow of fluid, as described above with respect to fluid delivery valve assembly 1. With reference to FIG. 19, spring member 250 is retained within base fluid channel 230 at its bottom end as fluid channel 230 has narrow portion 232, which serves to block spring member 250 from passing through and out of fluid channel 230. The top of spring member 250 abuts the lower surface 244 (see FIG. 20) of stem member 240. Spring member 250 serves to bias stem member 240 in a vertical orientation, thus forming a seal between top surface 243 and sealing member 260. This seal may be facilitated by the use of lower ridge 266 to concentrate the biasing force of spring member 250 to form a seal against stem member 240. Turning to FIGS. 21 and 22, there is shown the operation of fluid delivery valve assembly 200 when stem member 240 is actuated by an animal. It should be noted that spring member 250 is not shown in FIGS. 21 and 22 for sake of clarity. During actuation of stem member 240 by an animal, however, as discussed above, spring member 250 provides a biasing force to bias stem member 240 toward a generally vertical position. With reference to FIG. 21, stem member 240 is positioned generally vertically, with top surface 243 of stem member 240 advantageously abutting lower ridge 266 of sealing member 260 at sealing point 246. The use of lower ridge 266 in conjunction with top surface 240 advantageously serves to focus and concentrate the biasing force of spring member 250 to form a seal as discussed above. Fluid delivery system 200 is shown having been punctured into fluid bag 60 such that fluid 70 may flow from fluid bag 60 into fluid aperture 215 of upper member 210, and in turn flow into fluid channel 216, through flow aperture 265 of sealing member 260, down to sealing point 246. At this point, with stem member 240 in the vertical (sealed) position, flow of the fluid is stopped. In an embodiment of the invention, bag 60, once punctured by fluid delivery valve assembly 200, should have its outer wall positioned in the range along surface 235 of top portion 201 of base 220 such that it remains disposed in the portion delimited at its upper bounds by bag retention wall 217 and at its lower bounds by flange top surface 227. In an embodiment of the invention, flow aperture 215 and (in some embodiments) aperture portion 218 may be advantageously positioned about an edge of bag retention wall 217. Turning now to FIG. 22, there is shown stem member 240 positioned as it would be while an animal actuates actuation portion 242 of stem member 240 in a direction B. Of course, one skilled in the art would recognize that the same result would be achieved so long as the stem member is actuated outwardly, out of its resting vertical position. Upon actuation in direction B, stem member 240 pivots about pivot point 236 such that top surface 243 of stem member 240 moves away from the lower ridge 266 of sealing member 260. This movement allows fluid 70 at flow aperture 265 of sealing member 260 to flow down through gap 237, into fluid channel 230, and out to the animal in the general direction A. Base 220 may be formed with abutment wall 233 disposed in fluid channel 230 such that the maximum travel of stem member 240 is limited such that the flow of fluid 70 is advantageously limited to a desired value. Additionally, stem member 240, base 220, sealing member 250 and spring member 250 may be advantageously designed and dimensioned such that stem member 240 pivots at a consistent and predictable pivot point 236 and will thus not be subject to sticking or jamming in the open position after stem member 240 is released from actuation by the animal. Consequently, the wasting of fluid and the exposure of animals to hypothermia or other problems caused by excessive wetting of the cage and bedding material may be minimized. Turning to FIG. 23, embodiments of the invention may be formed with base 220 of fluid delivery valve assembly 200 having extension portion 234. Extension portion 234 may serve, in certain application specific scenarios, to protect the actuation portion 242 of stem member 240 from being accidentally bumped by an animal, as only a portion of actuation portion 242 extends beyond extension portion 234. In an embodiment of the invention, the relative lengths L1 and L2 of extension portion 234 and actuation portion 242 may be adjusted based on the results desired, and the types of animals being fed, as well as other factors. Referring to FIG. 24, in an embodiment of the current invention water delivery system 1 (or fluid delivery valve assembly 200) is sterilized and/or autoclaved and maintained in a sterilized state prior to use in a wrapper 47 or other suitable container so as to avoid infecting an animal in animal cage 90 (while, for sake of brevity, the embodiments of the invention discussed below make specific reference only to fluid delivery valve assembly 1, it is to be understood that fluid delivery valve assembly 200 may also be used in all instances as well). When a user determines that a clean water delivery system is needed in conjunction with a fluid bag 60, water delivery system 1 is removed from wrapper 47 in sterile conditions or utilizing non-contaminating methods and inserted into animal cage 90 in fluid bag receptacle 110 (while it is contemplated that all of fluid delivery valve assembly 1 would be contained within wrapper 47, only a portion of fluid delivery valve assembly 1 is illustrated in FIG. 24). Thereafter fluid bag 60 is placed in fluid bag receptacle 110 and is punctured by piercing member 11 such that fluid 70 (i.e., water) is released through fluid channel 14 to an animal in animal cage 90. This procedure insures that sterilized fluid 70 is delivered through an uncontaminated fluid channel and that fluid delivery valve assembly 1 is itself uncontaminated and pathogen free. Additionally, in an embodiment of the invention, fluid delivery valve assembly 1 may be sold and stored in blister packs in groups of various quantities. Referring to FIG. 25, in another embodiment of the invention the upper portion of fluid delivery valve assembly 1, including upper member 10 and piercing member 11, is covered with a disposable cap 45, that can be removed when a user wants to use water delivery system 1 to pierce fluid bag 60 and place it in fluid bag receptacle 110 for delivery of a fluid to an animal in animal cage 90. Disposable cap 45 can be made from any suitable material and may be clear, color-coded to indicate the type of fluid in fluid bag 60, clear or opaque. Disposable cap 45 is easily removed from fluid delivery valve assembly 1. While cap 45 would not provide for a sterilized fluid delivery valve assembly 1, it would provide a labeling function, as well as, in an embodiment, provide protection from inadvertent stabbing of a user. An embodiment of the present invention provides a system and method for fluid delivery to one or more animal cages. The system provided has at least two methods of use, one which includes providing sealed sanitized bags of fluid for use in an animal cage or caging system. The provider provides the pre-packaged and uncontaminated fluid (e.g., water, or fluid with nutrients etc., as needed by an animal) for use preferably by delivering sanitized, fluid-filled, bags to a site designated by a user. Alternatively, the provider may locate a sealing apparatus, material for making the fluid bags and fluid supply at a location designated by the user. Thereafter, the provider will assemble, fill and seal the appropriate number of fluid bags for a user at the designated location. In a second method the provider provides a sealing apparatus and the material for making the fluid bags to a user. In this second method the provider may also supply any appropriate fluid to the user at a location designated by the user. The user thereafter assembles, fills and seals the fluid bags for use in the fluid delivery system of the invention as appropriate. A fluid bag (or pouch) filling and sealing method and system 300, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, is illustrated in FIG. 26. Bag material (or film) 310, which may be formed of any suitable material as described above, is stored in bulk form, such as, for example, in roll form. As the process continues, bag material 310 is moved over bag forming portion 330 such that the generally flat shape of bag material 310 is formed into a tube. As the process continues, a vertical seal device 340 forms a vertical seal in bag material 310, thus completing the formation of a tube. Contents supply portion 320 serves to add ingredients, via, for example, gravity feed, into the tube of bag material 310. Contents supply portion 320 may include liquid and powder storage containers, and various pumps and other supply means, such that, for example, fluid (or water) 70, either with or without any additives as discussed above, may be added and metered out in appropriate quantities as is known in the art. Additionally, contents supply portion 320 may include heating and/or sterilizing equipment such that the contents supplied from contents supply portion 320 are in a generally sterilized condition. Next, horizontal seal device 350 forms a horizontal seal, either thermally, by adhesives, or by some other art recognized method as would be known to one skilled in the art. The horizontal seal serves to isolate the contents of the tube into separate portions. Next, the bag cutting device cuts the bag material at the horizontal seal to form individual fluid bags 60 containing fluid 70. Of course, in accordance with the spirit of the invention, the exact steps taken to form the fluid bags 60 may be varied as a matter of application specific design choice. In some embodiments of the invention. steps may be added, left out, or performed in a different order. Additionally, the contents and bag material 310 of fluid bags 60 may be sterilized either before or after the completed bags are formed, or not at all. In an embodiment of the invention, and with reference to FIGS. 27-29, the fluid 70 is heated to approximately 180° F., and the fluid bags are stacked in storage containers 370 with the result that the fluid 70, fluid bags 60 and storage containers all become sterilized to a satisfactory degree. In an embodiment of the invention, a cage body 98 may be used as such a storage container. Additional parts of this process may also be automated, as is shown by the use of robotic arm 380 in stacking containers. Storage containers (or totes) 370 (or cage bodies 98) may also be supplied with fluid bags 60 at a workstation 382, before placement in a isolation and caging rack system 600. Additionally, storage containers 370 (or cage bodies 98) may be passed through various other sterilizing devices. As described above, the provider may provide a bag filling and sealing apparatus and the material for making the fluid bags to a user. The user thereafter assembles, fills and seals the fluid bags for use in the fluid delivery system in accordance with certain embodiments. In such instances, the filling and sealing apparatus can be installed on site at, for example, research laboratories, pharmaceutical companies, government agencies, universities, contract research companies, breeders and chemical companies, among others. Typically, these types of facilities are frequently Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AALAC) inspected and require approval with respect to Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug administration (FDA) requirements to run such a facility. To meet these strict certification requirements, these facilities generally have a central wash room complex where equipment such as cages and racks and other accessories are routinely sent to be cleaned washed and sanitized using washing machines, detergents, and the like. Typically, these areas are organized and fed from building flow patterns referred to as the dirty side of the wash area and clean side of the wash area. This is done to prevent the transfer of dirty particles into clean corridors wherein the animal rooms are re-supplied with clean equipment and animals. In accordance with these flow patterns, people at the facilities also follow the flow patterns, and may also be required to wear protective clothing such as gowning and disposable shoe covers. The flow patterns also pertain to the movement of equipment. Equipment being brought to the laboratory rooms must get there by way of the clean side of the rack washer in the wash room. The dirty side of the wash room typically contains rack washers, cage tunnel washers, autoclaves, disposal cans for dirty bedding and the like. These machines are typically set in concrete pits and are plumbed and wired as permanent installations in the facility building. Most of the equipment is accessed through doors that allow loading of racks, cages and equipment that are placed into these washing machines. These machines are typically positioned flush with a washroom divider wall. Equipment is placed in the washing machine at the dirty side , passes through an opening in the wall, and exits on the clean side of the washroom. After the equipment is loaded, it is typically washed with hot water and detergents for approximately fifteen to twenty minutes. On the clean side, after the wash cycle is complete, staff will then open the doors and remove the washed equipment into the clean staging area. The floors in these clean areas are typically formed of tile, epoxy, and/or epoxy stone mix, to create a waterproof area, with floor drains. Racks (like cars in a car wash) come out dripping wet, and the drains facilitate drainage of dripping water. Other activities typically performed on the clean side of the wash room include the filling of bottles with water and the charging of cage racks with water (i.e., purging the rack automatic watering system). Accordingly, because the charging of racks is typically performed on the clean side of the wash room, the clean side typically contains access to the main house feed of water, as well as a water treatment and/or filtration system. Such a system may consist of systems for the chlorination, acid treatment, and/or micron filtration of the water. Also typically included in such a system is a pressure reduction station to allow connection of the treated water to racks configured for automatic watering, to fill them and purge the racks from old water latent in the systems. As stated above, the bag filling and forming apparatus can be advantageously located at the clean side of the wash room. In certain embodiments, the bag filling and forming apparatus requires about sixteen square feet of floor space, although alternatively, the apparatus may be configured to require more or less floor space. In certain embodiments, the bag filling and forming apparatus can include industrial grade casters and can be rolled into place. The bag filling and forming apparatus can comprise built-in floor jacks that allow leveling and semi-permanent location, once placed. In certain embodiments, the bag forming and filling apparatus is pre-wired and fitted to accept a 110/220 VAC , 20 amp, 50/60 Hz supply dedicated power line near the machine. Of course, other power supplies could be used as is known to those skilled in the art, as instructed by this disclosure. With reference to FIG. 30, in certain embodiments, a 1½ inch cold water line 420 downstream of the existing in-house treatment system is used to supply water to the bag filling and forming apparatus 450. Of course, other water line sizes could be used as is known to those skilled in the art, as instructed by this disclosure. As described above, in certain embodiments, the bag (or pouch) material is provided in rolls 410. In such embodiments, a mobile roll lifting device 430 may be provided to the clean side of the wash room so that rolls of bag material 410 may be easily maneuvered from, for example, a pallet, to the bag filling and forming apparatus 450. In certain embodiments of the system, an indexing or other type motor driven conveyor 460 can also be located on the clean side of the wash room to facilitate transport of the filled water bags 440 away from the filling and forming apparatus. Box-shaped totes 470, preferably formed of translucent plastic, can also be provided at the clean side of the wash room. In certain embodiments, the totes 470 can be rigid such that they may be stacked when full, and nested when empty for easy storage. In certain embodiments, a mobile tote conveyor platform 465 can be used to position an open tote 470 at the end of motorized conveyor 460 until the tote 470 is filled with full water bags 440. The mobile tote conveyor platform 465 can then be moved to a tote cart 480. Tote cart 480 can be provided to facilitate the transport of the totes 470 filled with water bags 440 to a laboratory or other area. Generally, in certain embodiments, the water bags 440 are filled and formed in the clean side of the washroom, and then the totes 470 are filled and stored with the full water bags 440. The totes 470 can then be transported on the tote cart 480 to rooms and/or hallways where animal cages need service and a re-supply of water. Disposable valves (e.g., valves formed with plastic components) can then be removed from sanitized packaging, and inserted into apertures in diet delivery systems or wire bar lid inserts, and then, in turn, the water bags (or pouches), can be positioned such that the valves pierce the water bags and water may flow from the bags, through the valves, and be accessed by animals in cages. In alternate embodiments, the valves used need not be disposable or plastic, but could be formed of stainless steel or other suitable materials as is known to those skilled in the art. The used (near empty) pouches are removed from the cages, are placed in containers, such as, for example, empty totes, and transported to the dirty side of the washroom area. In certain embodiments, a compactor/bagging machine 490 can be supplied to the dirty side of the washroom. The compactor can be used to compress used pouches and valves into a compact bundle, or disposable bag, for easy disposal. With reference to FIG. 31, there is shown a schematic of a typical flow path at a laboratory facility 500. Laboratory research rooms 510 are located between dirty corridor 520 and clean corridor 530. Laboratory exits 512 connect the laboratory research rooms 510 with the dirty corridor 520, while laboratory entrances 514 connect the laboratory research rooms 510 to the clean corridor 530. The central washroom 540 is also positioned between the dirty corridor 520 and the clean corridor 530. Washroom entrance 542 leads from dirty corridor 520 to the dirty side 546 of the washroom 540. As described above, a compactor/bagging machine 490 to facilitate disposal of water bags 440 and valves can be placed at the dirty side 546 of washroom 540. The clean side 548 of the washroom 440 is connected to clean corridor 530 via washroom exit 544. As described above, in certain embodiments, bag filling and forming apparatus 450 is located at the clean side 548 of washroom 540. As described above, in a typical flow path, water bags are produced by the water bag filling and forming apparatus 450 at the clean side 548 of washroom 540. The water bags are transported out exit 544 into clean corridor 530, and then through one of the laboratory entrances 514 into one of the laboratory research rooms 541 where the water bags are placed into cage level barrier-type cages. The used water bags are removed from the cages, placed into empty totes, and transported out one of the laboratory exits 512 into dirty corridor 520, and then through washroom entrance 542 into the dirty side 546 of washroom 540, where, in certain embodiments, the used water bags and valves are compacted in a compactor/gagging apparatus 490 for easy removal. In certain embodiments, the compacted water bags and valves can be washed prior to removal. With reference to FIG. 32, there is shown a schematic of another typical flow path at a laboratory facility 700. Laboratory research rooms 710 are located next to corridor 725. Laboratory combined entrance/exits 713 connect the laboratory research rooms 710 with the one way corridor 725. Washroom entrance 742 leads from corridor 725 to the dirty side 746 of the washroom 740. The clean side 748 of the washroom 740 is connected to corridor 725 via washroom exit 744. As described above, in certain embodiments, bag filling and forming apparatus 450 is located at the clean side 748 of washroom 740. As also described above, in a typical flow path, water bags are produced by the water bag filling and forming apparatus 450 at the clean side 748 of washroom 740. The water bags are transported out exit 744 into one way corridor 725, and then through one of the laboratory entrance/exits 713 into one of the laboratory research rooms 741 where the water bags are placed into cage level barrier-type cages. The used water bags are removed from the cages, placed into empty totes, and transported out one of the laboratory entrance/exits 713 into corridor 725, and then through washroom entrance 742 into the dirty side 746 of washroom 740, where, in certain embodiments, the used water bags are compacted for easy removal. With reference to FIG. 33, there is illustrated an exemplary method 800 of providing water bags in accordance with certain embodiments. In this method, a rack and cage system having a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages is provided at a laboratory research room for performing an animal study. Step 810. Next, bag material (or film), for the water bags (or pouches) is provided to the laboratory facility site. Step 820. Next, a water bag filling and forming apparatus is provided to the clean side of the washroom at the laboratory facility. Step 830. Next, disposable valves are provided for use with the water bags. Step 840. In this embodiment, for sake of clarity, the steps are depicted being performed one at a time, in a specific order. The steps need not be performed in the depicted order shown, however, and the various steps may be performed in other orders, and/or one or more of the steps may be performed simultaneously. In addition, in certain embodiments, one or more of the steps may be omitted, and/or one or more of the steps may be performed more than once, and/or additional steps may also be performed. Another method 900 of providing sealed water bags for use in cage level barrier-type cages for animal studies is depicted in FIG. 34. In certain embodiments, a rack and cage system is provided for placement in a laboratory research room. Step 910. Bag material (film) is provided. Step 920. Next, in certain embodiments, a roll lift device is provided so that rolls of bag material may be easily maneuvered from pallets to the bag filling and forming apparatus. Step 930. Next, a water bag filling and forming apparatus is provided at the clean side of the washroom. Step 940. Next, a conveyor system is provided for the handling of the water bags after they are produced by the water bag filling and forming apparatus. Step 950. Next, totes for storing and transporting the filled water bags can be provided. Step 960. A tote cart for transporting several totes can then be provided. Step 970. Next, disposable fluid delivery valves can be supplied for insertion into the diet delivery system or module. Each of the filled water bags is then positioned in a diet delivery module such that a valve pierces the bag and water may flow out of the bag, through the valve, and be accessed by animals. Step 980. Used water bags and valves are transported from the clean side of the facility to the dirty side of the facility. Next, a compactor/bagging apparatus (disposal device) is provided for compacting the used water bags and valves after use. Step 990. In this embodiment, for sake of clarity, the steps are depicted being performed one at a time, in a specific order. The steps need not be performed in the depicted order shown, however, and the various steps may be performed in other orders, and/or one or more of the steps may be performed simultaneously. In addition, in certain embodiments, one or more of the steps may be omitted, and/or one or more of the steps may be performed more than once, and/or additional steps may also be performed. Accordingly, by way of providing a bag forming apparatus at a clean side of a laboratory washroom at the laboratory facility site, wherein the bag forming apparatus is capable of providing sealed bags of water for use in the cage level barrier-type cages, users at a laboratory facility are freed from the significant investment in time and expense necessitated by the use of water bottles. In addition, the laboratory facility is also freed from the expense and dangers related to the use of automatic watering systems. Because the bag forming apparatus is provided at the clean side of the laboratory washroom, the laboratory facility may take advantage of the features of the washroom, such as the presence of a main water feed, and dedicated power circuits. In addition, by providing water bags at the clean side of the laboratory facility washroom, personnel at the laboratory facility may make use of their pre-existing clean and dirty flow paths, thus allowing for harmonious integration of the water bag and fluid delivery valve system into the existing laboratory facility environment. Thus, while there have been shown and described and pointed out fundamental novel features of the invention as applied to exemplary embodiments thereof, it would be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the form and details of the disclosed invention may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. It is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all statements of the scope of the invention that, as a matter of language, might be said to fall there between.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to fluid delivery systems and in particular to a fluid delivery system and method for caging or storage systems for animals. 2. Description of Related Art A large number of laboratory animals are used every year in experimental research. These animals range in size from mice to non-human primates. To conduct valid and reliable experiments, researchers must be assured that their animals are protected from pathogens and microbial contaminants that will affect test results and conclusions. Proper housing and management of animal facilities are essential to animal well-being, to the quality of research data and teaching or testing programs in which animals are used, and to the health and safety of personnel. Ordinarily, animals should have access to potable, uncontaminated drinking water or other needed nutrient containing fluids according to their particular requirements. Water quality and the definition of potable water can vary with locality. Periodic monitoring for pH, hardness, and microbial or chemical contamination might be necessary to ensure that water quality is acceptable, particularly for use in studies in which normal components of water in a given locality can influence the results obtained. Water can be treated or purified to minimize or eliminate contamination when protocols require highly purified water. The selection of water treatments should be carefully considered because many forms of water treatment have the potential to cause physiologic alterations, changes in microflora, or effects on experimental results. For example, chlorination of the water supply can be useful for some species but toxic to others. Because the conditions of housing and husbandry affect animal and occupational health and safety as well as data variability, and effect an animal's well-being, the present invention relates to providing a non-contaminated, replaceable, disposable source of fluid for laboratory animals in a cage level barrier-type cage or integrated cage and rack system to permit optimum environmental conditions and animal comfort. Animal suppliers around the world have experienced an unprecedented demand for defined pathogen-free animals, and are now committed to the production and accessibility of such animals to researchers. Likewise, laboratory animal cage manufacturers have developed many caging systems that provide techniques and equipment to insure a pathogen free environment. For example, ventilated cage and rack systems are well known in the art. One such ventilated cage and rack system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,989,545, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, assigned to Lab Products, Inc., in which an open rack system including a plurality of shelves, each formed as an air plenum, is provided. A ventilation system is connected to the rack system for ventilating each cage in the rack, and the animals therein, thereby eliminating the need for a cage that may be easily contaminated with pathogens, allergens, unwanted pheromones, or other hazardous fumes. It is known to house rats, for example, for study in such a ventilated cage and rack system. The increasing need for improvement and technological advancement for efficiently, safely housing and maintaining laboratory animals arises mainly from contemporary interests in creating a pathogen-free laboratory animal environment and through the use of immuno-compromised, immuno-deficient, transgenic and induced mutant (“knockout”) animals. Transgenic technologies, which are rapidly expanding, provide most of the animal populations for modeling molecular biology applications. Transgenic animals account for the continuous success of modeling mice and rats for human diseases, models of disease treatment and prevention and by advances in knowledge concerning developmental genetics. Also, the development of new immuno-deficient models has seen tremendous advances in recent years due to the creation of gene-targeted models using knockout technology. Thus, the desire for an uncontaminated cage environment and the increasing use of immuno-compromised animals (i.e., SCID mice) has greatly increased the need for pathogen free sources of food and water. One of the chief means through which pathogens can be introduced into an otherwise isolated animal caging environment is through the contaminated food or water sources provided to the animal(s). Accordingly, the need exists to improve and better maintain the health of research animals through improving both specialized caging equipment and the water delivery apparatus for a given cage. Related caging system technologies for water or fluid delivery have certain deficiencies such as risks of contamination, bio-containment requirements, DNA hazardous issues, gene transfer technologies disease induction, allergen exposure in the workplace and animal welfare issues. Presently, laboratories or other facilities provide fluid to their animals in bottles or other containers that must be removed from the cage, disassembled, cleaned, sterilized, reassembled, and placed back in the cage. Additionally, a large quantity of fluid bottles or containers must be stored by the labs based on the possible future needs of the lab, and/or differing requirements based on the types of animals studied. This massive storage, cleaning and sterilization effort, typically performed on a weekly basis, requires large amounts of time, space and human resources to perform these repetitive, and often tedious tasks. Further, glass bottles (and the handling thereof) can be dangerous and also relatively costly. Bottle washing machines, bottle fillers, wasted water, hot water, wire baskets to hold bottles, sipper tubes, rubber stoppers, the ergonomic concerns of removing stoppers, screw caps insertion of sipper tubes are all problems inherent to the use of water bottles to provide water to animals. Although automatic watering systems are available the cost per cage is too costly for many institutions. Stainless steel valves and manifolds need constant purging of slime and buildup of mineral deposits. The human factors of handling wire baskets while loading and unloading bottles has led to industry wide back injuries, carpel wrist injury, and eye injury from broken glass and other human factor ergonomic risks. By some estimates, the cost of injury related costs to industry and the lost productivity in the workplace amount to millions of dollars annually. In addition, the use of water bottles typically leads to large energy costs because the cleaning of the water bottles typically requires hot water heated to approximately 180 degrees F. and the washing of all of the components of the water bottles and caps with dangerous chemicals. As such, a need exists for an improved system for delivering fluid to laboratory animals living in cage level barrier-type rack and cage systems.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention satisfies this and other needs. Briefly stated, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a fluid delivery system for delivering a fluid to an animal caging system for housing an animal is described. The fluid delivery system may comprise a fluid delivery valve assembly adapted to be coupled to a fluid bag holding a fluid. By advantageously using sanitized fluid bags, that may be disposable, the invention may minimize the need for the use of fluid bottles that typically must be removed from cages, cleaned, and sanitized on a frequent basis. The delivery system may be utilized in a single cage or in multiples cages integrated into ventilated cage and rack systems known in the art. An embodiment of the invention described herein provides for a fluid delivery system for delivering a fluid from a fluid bag to an animal caging system for housing an animal and may comprise a fluid delivery valve assembly, wherein the fluid delivery valve assembly is adapted to be coupled to the fluid bag to facilitate the providing of the fluid to an animal in the caging system. The fluid delivery valve assembly may further comprise an upper member having a piercing member and a connecting member, the upper member having a fluid channel defined therethrough, a base having a flange member and a base fluid channel defined therethrough, wherein the base is designed to be matingly coupled to the upper member. The fluid delivery valve assembly may further comprise a spring element disposed within the base fluid channel and a stem member disposed in part within the base fluid channel, wherein a portion of the spring element abuts the stem member to apply a biasing force. Another embodiment of the invention may provide for a method for delivering fluid to one or more animal cages comprising providing sealed sanitized bags of fluid for use in an animal cage or caging system. The method may further comprise providing bag material to be used in the formation of fluid bags. Another embodiment is directed to a method for facilitating the delivery of water to a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages, for housing animals for an animal study. The method comprises providing a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages for an animal study at a laboratory facility site, and disposing a bag forming apparatus at a clean side of a laboratory washroom at the laboratory facility site. The bag forming apparatus is capable of providing sealed bags of water for use in the cage level barrier-type cages. In addition, the method can further comprise providing bag material to the laboratory facility site. Another embodiment of the invention involves a method for facilitating the delivery of water to a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages disposed at a laboratory facility site, for housing animals for an animal study. The method comprises disposing a bag forming apparatus at a clean side of a laboratory washroom at the laboratory facility site; wherein the bag forming apparatus is capable of providing sealed bags of water for use in the cage level barrier-type cages. Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a system for facilitating the delivery of water to a plurality of cage level barrier-type cages disposed at a laboratory facility site, for housing animals for an animal study. The system comprises a bag forming apparatus designed and configured for placement at a clean side of a laboratory washroom at the laboratory facility site, wherein the bag forming apparatus is capable of providing sealed bags of water for use in the cage level barrier-type cages. Still other objects and advantages of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part be apparent from the specification. Other features and advantages of this invention will become apparent in the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of this invention with reference to the accompanying drawings.

20070911

20110111

20080501

98649.0

A01K500

SWIATEK, ROBERT P

METHOD AND SYSTEM OF PROVIDING SEALED BAGS OF FLUID AT THE CLEAN SIDE OF A LABORATORY FACILITY

UNDISCOUNTED

CONT-ACCEPTED

A01K

ACCEPTED

Non-aqueous electrolyte and lithium secondary battery using the same

The present invention relates to a nonaqueous electrolyte solution containing new additives and a lithium secondary battery including the same. More particularly, the invention relates to a nonaqueous electrolyte solution containing a lithium salt, an electrolyte compound, a first additive compound with an oxidation initiation potential of more than 4.2 V, and a second additive compound with an oxidation initiation potential of more than 4.2 V, which is higher in oxidation initiation potential than the first additive, and deposits oxidative products or form a polymer film, in oxidation, as well as a lithium secondary battery including the same. The present invention can provide a lithium secondary battery excellent in both the battery performance and the battery safety in overcharge by the combined use of the first additive and the second battery as additives to the nonaqueous electrolyte solution.

1-9. (canceled) 10. A nonaqueous electrolyte solution comprising the following components: i) a lithium salt; ii) an electrolyte compound; iii) a first additive compound with an oxidation initiation potential of more than 4.2 V; and iv) a second additive compound with an oxidation initiation voltage of more than 4.2 V, which is higher in oxidation initiation potential than the first additive, and deposits oxidative products or forms a polymer film, in oxidation. 11. The nonaqueous electrolyte of claim 10, wherein the content of the first additive is 0.1-2% by weight, and the content of the second additive is 0.5-5% by weight. 12. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution of claim 10, wherein the oxidation initiation potential of the additives iii) and iv) is 4.2-5.3V. 13. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution of claim 12, wherein the oxidation initiation potential of the additives iii) and iv) is 4.5-4.9V. 14. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution of claim 10, wherein the compounds of the additives iii) and iv) with an oxidation initiation potential of more than 4.2V are aromatic compounds with an oxidation initiation potential of more than 4.2 V. 15. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution of claim 10, wherein the first additive is selected from the group consisting of 16. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution of claim 10, wherein the second additive is selected from the group consisting of 17. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution of claim 10, wherein the first additive is selected from the group consisting of and the second additive is selected from the group consisting of 18. A lithium secondary battery comprising the following components: a) a cathode capable of absorbing and releasing lithium ions; b) an anode capable of absorbing and releasing lithium ions; c) a porous separator; and d) a nonaqueous electrolyte solution according to claim 1, wherein the nonaqueous electrolyte solution comprises the following components: i) a lithium salt; ii) an electrolyte compound; iii) a first additive compound with an oxidation initiation potential of more than 4.2 V; and iv) a second additive compound with an oxidation initiation voltage of more than 4.2 V, which is higher in oxidation initiation potential than the first additive, and deposits oxidative products or forms a polymer film, in oxidation. 19. The lithium secondary battery of claim 18, wherein the content of the first additive compound is 0.1-2% by weight, and the content of the second additive compound is 0.5-5% by weight. 20. The lithium secondary battery of claim 18, wherein the oxidation initiation potential of the additives iii) and iv) is 4.2-5.3V. 21. The lithium secondary battery of claim 20, wherein the oxidation initiation potential of the additives iii) and iv) is 4.5-4.9V. 22. The lithium secondary battery of claim 18, wherein the compounds of the additives iii) and iv) with an oxidation initiation potential of more than 4.2V are aromatic compounds with an oxidation initiation potential of more than 4.2 V. 23. The lithium secondary battery of claim 18, wherein the first additive compound is selected from the group consisting of 24. The lithium secondary battery of claim 18, wherein the second additive compound is selected from the group consisting of 25. The lithium secondary battery of claim 18, wherein the first additive compound is selected from the group consisting of and the second additive compound is selected from the group consisting of

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a nonaqueous electrolyte solution and a lithium secondary battery including the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a nonaqueous electrolyte solution containing additives capable of improving the battery safety in overcharge and performance, as well as a lithium secondary battery including the same. BACKGROUND ART An electrolyte solution for lithium secondary batteries is generally comprised of a combination of cyclic carbonate and linear chain carbonate. Examples of the cyclic carbonate include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), and the like. Typical examples of the linear chain carbonate include diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and the like. In order to improve the safety of batteries, various electrolyte additives are developed, and such additives improves the battery safety in overcharge by processes, such as gas generation, oxidation-reduction shuttle reaction and polymerization reaction. For example, additives which use oxidation-reduction shuttle reaction include chloroanisole and the like. However, they are not effective at a high charge current. Also, additives which use polymerization reaction include biphenyl, alkylbenzene derivatives, such as cyclohexylbenzene, and the like. These additives block the flow of a current by polymerization reaction in the overcharge condition of batteries. However, the single use of biphenyl has problems in that the battery resistance is increased, the battery performance is deteriorated and biphenyl has to be used in a large amount. Furthermore, the single use of alkylbenzene derivatives, such as cyclohexylbenzene, has problems in that a large amount of additives have to be used, resulting in deterioration in the battery performance. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a graphic diagram showing a response current as a function of charge voltage in the use of electrolyte solutions containing cyclohexylbenzene, biphenyl and a combination of biphenyl and cyclohexylbenzene, respectively. FIG. 2 is a graphic diagram showing a response current as a function of charge voltage in the use of each of an electrolyte solution containing only cyclohexylbenzene, an electrolyte solution where the oxidation of biphenyl has occurred, and an electrolyte solution containing cyclohexylbenzene where the oxidation of biphenyl has occurred, respectively. FIG. 3 shows changes in temperature and voltage during 12V/2 A overcharge tests for batteries prepared in Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-3. FIG. 4 shows changes in temperature and voltage during 6V/2 A overcharge tests for batteries prepared in Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-3. FIG. 5 shows the structure of a battery according to one embodiment of the present invention. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The present inventors have found that the combined use of two electrolyte additives selected from compounds having an oxidation initiation potential higher than the operating voltage of lithium secondary batteries, in which the first additive is lower in oxidation initiation potential than the second additive, and the second additive is higher in oxidation initiation potential and either deposits oxidative products or form a polymer film, shows the synergy effect capable of improving the battery safety in overcharge even in a lower addition amount than the single use of these additives. This improvement in the battery safety in overcharge even with a lower amount of the additives can prevent the battery performance from being deteriorated by the additives. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a nonaqueous electrolyte solution containing additives capable of improving the battery safety in overcharge without deteriorating the battery performance, as well as a lithium secondary battery including the same. To achieve the above object, in one aspect, the present invention provides a nonaqueous electrolyte solution comprising the following components: i) a lithium salt; ii) an electrolyte compound; iii) a first additive compound with an oxidation initiation potential of more than 4.2 V; and iv) a second additive compound with an oxidation initiation voltage of more than 4.2 V, which is higher in oxidation initiation potential than the first additive, and deposits oxidative products or forms a polymer film, in oxidation. In another aspect, the present invention provides a lithium secondary battery comprising the following components: a) a cathode capable of absorbing and releasing lithium ions; b) an anode capable of absorbing and releasing lithium ions; c) a porous separator; and d) a nonaqueous electrolyte solution comprising the following components: i) a lithium salt; ii) an electrolyte compound; iii) a first additive compound with an oxidation initiation potential of more than 4.2 V; and iv) a second additive compound with an oxidation initiation voltage of more than 4.2 V, which is higher in oxidation initiation potential than the first additive, and deposits oxidative products or forms a polymer film, in oxidation. Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail. The present invention is characterized by using, as additives to the nonaqueous electrolyte solution, the first additive with an oxidation initiation voltage of 4.2 V in combination with the second additive having an oxidation initiation voltage of more than 4.2 V, which is higher in oxidation initiation potential than the first additive, and deposits oxidative products or forms a polymer film, in oxidation. In the present invention, a mechanism according to which the first and second additives can improve the battery safety in overcharge without deteriorating the battery performance is as follows. The second additive is a compound which has an oxidation initiation potential of more than 4.2 V, the normal operating voltage of lithium secondary batteries, and deposits oxidative products or form a polymer film, in oxidation. In this regard, the sentence “deposits oxide” means that oxide is separated from a solution, such as an electrolyte solution, and exists on a solid surface, such as an electrode, but does not form a polymer film by polymerization reaction. Also, the sentence “forms an oxide film” means that a substance produced by oxidation forms a polymer film by polymerization reaction. Accordingly, when the secondary additive is oxidized above the oxidation initiation voltage in the overcharge of batteries, the oxide or oxide film of the second additive will exist on the electrode surface. The oxide or oxide film of the second additive existing on the electrode surface can inhibit the oxidation of the electrolyte solution on the electrode surface and increases the battery resistance, thus preventing overcharge from further proceeding. By this action, the second additive can improve the battery safety in overcharge. In this regard, the deposition of oxidative products or the formation of the oxide film on the electrode surface may also be visually observed, but even when the deposition of oxidative products or the formation of the oxide film is so low that it cannot be visually observed, it can contribute to the improvement in the battery safety as described above. Meanwhile, the first additive is a compound which has an oxidation initiation potential of more than 4.2 V, the normal operating voltage of lithium secondary batteries, and is lower in oxidation initiation potential than the second additive. Thus, the first additive is oxidized faster than the second additive in the overcharge of batteries. In this regard, the oxidation of the first additive acts to promote the oxidation of the second additive or to remove impurities interfering with the formation of the oxide film in the oxidation of the second additive. Thus, the use of the first additive will further improve the effect of the second additive on the improvement of the battery safety in overcharge. This can achieve excellent battery safety even with a small amount of the additives and prevent the deterioration in the battery performance, which can occur by a large amount of the additives. For the above-described mechanism, both the first and second additives must be substances with an oxidation initiation potential of more than 4.2 V, the normal operating voltage of lithium secondary batteries. Since aromatic compounds are generally higher in oxidation initiation potential than other substances, aromatic compounds with an oxidation initiation potential of more than 4.2 V may be used as the additives in the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to only these aromatic compounds. Among the aromatic compounds with an oxidation initiation potential of more than 4.2 V, benzene derivatives with an oxidation initiation voltage of more than 4.2 are preferably used as the additives in the present invention. Meanwhile, when the oxidation initiation potential of the additives is excessively high, there will be a problem in that the additives are not oxidized even in overcharge so that they cannot improve the battery safety. For this reason, the oxidation initiation potential of the additives is preferably less than 5.3 V. More preferably, the oxidation initiation potential of the additives is 4.5-4.9 V. The first additive is not specifically limited insofar as it is a compound which has an oxidation initiation potential of more than 4.2 V in order to contribute to the improvement in the battery safety in overcharge by the above-described action and are lower in oxidation initiation potential than the second additive. The first additive does not need to necessarily deposit oxidative products or form a polymer film, in oxidation. However, the second additive must be a compound which has an oxidation initiation potential of 4.2 V and is higher in oxidation initiation potential than the first additive, and at the same time, deposits oxidative products or form a polymer film, in oxidation. The present inventors measured oxidation initiation potentials for several aromatic compounds and visually evaluated the deposition of oxidative products or the formation of a polymer film, in oxidation. As a result, the following compounds with an oxidation initiation voltage of more than 4.2V could be selected. However, the scope of the present invention is not limited to only these compounds. Particularly, the deposition of oxidative products or the formation of a polymer film as given in Table 1 below was visually evaluated, and as described above, the effect of the present invention can be obtained even when the deposition of oxidative products or the formation of a polymer film is so low that it cannot be visually seen. Thus, the scope of the second additive in the present invention is not limited by the following results. TABLE 1 Deposition of oxidative Oxidation initiation products or formation No. Structure of compound potential (V) of polymer film 1 4.93 X 2 4.78 ◯ 3 4.78 X 4 4.8 ◯ 5 4.9 ◯ 6 4.4 X 7 4.54 ◯ 8 5.08 X 9 4.83 ◯ 10 5.3 X 11 4.4 X 12 4.73 X 13 4.85 X 14 5.1 X 15 4.75 X 16 4.3 ◯ 17 4.3 ◯ 18 4.9 X 19 4.95 X 20 4.8 ◯ 21 4.25 X 22 4.3 X 23 4.32 X 24 4.63 X 25 4.41 ◯ 26 4.36 X 27 4.46 ◯ 28 4.79 ◯ 29 4.5 X 30 4.7 X 31 4.3 ◯ 32 4.3 X 33 4.68 ◯ 34 4.48 ◯ 35 4.2 ◯ 36 4.65 ◯ 37 4.35 ◯ 38 5.04 X 39 5.2 X 40 4.79 X 41 4.3 ◯ 42 4.78 X On the basis of the test results, examples of the first additive which can be used in the present invention include and the like. Also, examples of the second additive which can be used in the present invention include and the like. Particularly, in the present invention, it is preferable to use biphenyl as the first additive and cyclohexylbenzene as the second additive. A synergy effect exhibited by the combined use of the two additives can be confirmed by an example where biphenyl and cyclohexylbenzene are used as electrolyte additives in combination. A concrete description is as follows. FIG. 1 shows a response current as a function of charge voltage for the single use of biphenyl (1), the single use of cyclohexylbenzene (2), and the combined use of biphenyl and cyclohexylbenzene. The response current as a function of charge voltage shows the extent of oxidation, and a greater response current shows a more oxidation. From FIG. 1, it can be seen that the combined use of biphenyl and cyclohexylbenzene (3) shows a greater current than that of the sum of the single use of cyclohexylbenzene (1) and the single use of biphenyl (2). This indicates that the oxidation is larger in the combined use of the two additives than in the single use of the additives. The reason why the combined use of the two additives shows a more oxidation as shown in FIG. 1 is that the oxidation of biphenyl promotes the oxidation of cyclohexylbenzene. This phenomenon can be seen in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows a response current as a function of charge voltage in the use of each of an electrolyte solution containing only cyclohexylbenzene, an electrolyte solution where the oxidation of biphenyl has occurred, and an electrolyte solution containing cyclohexylbenzene where the oxidation of biphenyl has occurred. In the case where the electrolyte solution containing cyclohexylbenzene without biphenyl is subjected to oxidation (1), only a weak oxidation is observed. Also, in the case where the electrolyte solution containing only biphenyl without cyclohexylbenzene is subjected to oxidation (4), a weak oxidation is observed. However, the case where the electrolyte solution containing only biphenyl is subjected to oxidation and then the electrolyte solution containing 3% by weight of cyclohexylbenzene is subjected to oxidation (5), a very great oxidation is observed. The first additive is preferably used in an amount of 0.1-2% by weight, and the second additive is preferably used in an amount of 0.5-5% by weight. If the content of the first additive is less than 0.1% by weight, the effect of the additive will be insufficient, and if the first additive is used in an amount of more than 2% by weight, it will result in an increase in the battery resistance, thus deteriorating the battery performance. Furthermore, if the content of the second additive is less than 0.5% by weight, the effect of the additive will be insufficient, and if the second additive is used in an amount of more than 5% by weight, it will increase the battery resistance, thus deteriorating the battery performance. An electrolyte solution which can be used in the present invention may contain cyclic carbonate and linear chain carbonate. The cyclic carbonate is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). The linear chain carbonate is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and methyl propyl carbonate (MPC). The nonaqueous electrolyte solution contains a lithium salt, and examples of the lithium salt include, but are not limited to, those selected from the group consisting of LiClO4, LiCF3SO3, LiPF6, LiBF4, LiAsF6 and LiN (CF3SO2)2. In the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention, it is preferable to use carbon, lithium metal or alloy as a negative active material. It is also possible to use metal oxide, such as TiO2 or SnO2, which can absorb or release lithium ions and has a potential of less than 2 V with lithium. In the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention, a lithium-containing transition metal oxide can be used as a positive active material. The lithium-containing transition metal oxide is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiMn2O4, LiMnO2 and LiNi1-xCoxO2 (0<×<1). A positive electrode made of metal oxides, such as MnO2, or a combination thereof, may also be used. Moreover, in the preparation of the inventive lithium secondary battery, it is preferable to a porous separator, for example, a porous polyolefin separator. The inventive lithium secondary battery can be prepared by any conventional method known in the art, for example, a method comprising interposing the porous separator between the anode and the cathode and introducing into the resulting structure the nonaqueous electrolyte solution containing a lithium salt, such as LiPF6, and the additives. The shape of the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention is preferably a cylindrical or angular can. Moreover, the battery may also be a pouch battery. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail by examples. It is to be understood, however, that these examples are provided for illustrative purpose only and are not construed to limit the scope of the present invention. EXAMPLE 1 As an electrolyte solution, 1 M LiPF6 solution with a composition of EC:PC:DEC=3:2:5 was used. And to the electrolyte solution, 0.2% by weight of biphenyl and 3% by weight of cyclohexylbenzene were added. An anode was made of synthetic graphite, and a cathode was made of LiCoO2. Then, a 383562-type polymer battery was prepared and subjected to an overcharge test. EXAMPLE 2 A polymer battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.5% by weight of biphenyl was used. The prepared battery was subjected to an overcharge test. EXAMPLE 3 A polymer battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 1% by weight of biphenyl was used. The prepared battery was subjected to an overcharge test. EXAMPLE 4 A polymer battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 2% by weight of biphenyl was used. The prepared battery was subjected to an overcharge test. EXAMPLE 5 A polymer battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.5% by weight of fluorobiphenyl in place of biphenyl was used. The prepared battery was subjected to an overcharge test. EXAMPLE 6 A polymer battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that isopropylbenzene in place of cyclohexylbenzene was used. The prepared battery was subjected to an overcharge test. EXAMPLE 7 A polymer battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.5% by weight of vinylbenzene in place of biphenyl was used and ethylbenzene in place of cyclohexylbenzene was used. The prepared battery was subjected to an overcharge test. EXAMPLE 8 A polymer battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.5% by weight of toluene in place of biphenyl was used and t-butylbenzene in place of cyclohexylbenzene was used. The prepared battery was subjected to an overcharge test. EXAMPLE 9 A polymer battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.5% by weight of mesitylene in place of biphenyl was used and bromoethylbenzene in place of cyclohexylbenzene was used. The prepared battery was subjected to an overcharge test. EXAMPLE 10 A polymer battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.5% by weight of thiophene in place of biphenyl was used. The prepared battery was subjected to an overcharge test. EXAMPLE 11 A polymer battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.5% by weight of furan in place of biphenyl was used and fluorobiphenyl in place of cyclohexylbenzene was used. The prepared battery was subjected to an overcharge test. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 A polymer battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrolyte solution containing no biphenyl and cyclohexylbenzene. The prepared battery was subjected to an overcharge test. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 A polymer battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrolyte solution containing 3% by weight of cyclohexylbenzene without biphenyl. The prepared battery was subjected to an overcharge test. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 A polymer battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrolyte solution containing 3% by weight of biphenyl without cyclohexylbenzene. The prepared battery was subjected to an overcharge test. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4 A polymer battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrolyte solution containing 3% by weight of fluorobiphenyl in place of biphenyl without cyclohexylbenzene. The prepared battery was subjected to an overcharge test. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5 A polymer battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrolyte solution containing 3% by weight of vinylbenzene in place of biphenyl without cyclohexylbenzene. The prepared battery was subjected to an overcharge test. Overcharge Test The batteries prepared in Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-3 were subjected to an overcharge test in a condition of 12V/2 A while measuring the temperature of the batteries. The results are shown in FIG. 3. As can be seen in FIG. 3, the safety of the batteries prepared in Examples was improved as compared to the safety of the batteries prepared in Comparative Examples. On the batteries prepared in Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-3, the overcharge test in a condition of 12V/2 A was repeated several times and the average of the results are shown in Table 2 below. TABLE 2 Kind and addition amount (wt %) Peak temperature Time to peak Kind of battery of additives (° C.) temperature (minute) Example 1 3% of cyclohexylbenzene and 109 33 0.2% of biphenyl Example 2 3% of cyclohexylbenzene and 113 33 0.5% of biphenyl Example 3 3% of cyclohexylbenzene and 105 27 1.0% of biphenyl Example 4 3% of cyclohexylbenzene and 101 26 2.0% of biphenyl Comparative No Caught fire 33 Example 1 Comparative 3% of cyclohexylbenzene Caught fire 33 Example 2 Comparative 3% of biphenyl Caught fire 33 Example 3 As shown in Table 2 above, as the sum of the addition amount of cyclohexylbenzene and the addition amount of biphenyl increased, the peak temperature in overcharge was lowered. This indicates that as the sum of the addition amount of cyclohexylbenzene and the addition amount of biphenyl increases, the battery safety in overcharge is improved. Meanwhile, in the batteries where cyclohexylbenzene and biphenyl were either not added or added alone, the batteries caught fire. The batteries prepared in Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-3 were subjected to an overcharge test in a condition of 6V/2 A while measuring the temperature of the batteries. The results are shown in FIG. 4. As can be seen in FIG. 4, the safety of the batteries prepared in Examples was improved as compared to the safety of the batteries prepared in Comparative Examples. On the batteries prepared in Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-3, the overcharge test in a condition of 6V/2 A was repeated several times and the average of the results are shown in Table 3 below. TABLE 3 Kind and addition amount (wt %) Peak temperature Time to peak Kind of battery of additives (° C.) temperature (minute) Example 1 3% of cyclohexylbenzene and 100 35 0.2% of biphenyl Example 2 3% of cyclohexylbenzene and 100 34 0.5% of biphenyl Example 3 3% of cyclohexylbenzene and 88 29 1.0% of biphenyl Example 4 3% of cyclohexylbenzene and 84 26 2.0% of biphenyl Comparative No Caught fire 34 Example 1 Comparative 3% of cyclohexylbenzene 105 34 Example 2 Comparative 3% of biphenyl 105 34 Example 3 As shown in Table 3 above, as the sum of the addition amount of cyclohexylbenzene and the addition amount of biphenyl increased, the peak temperature in overcharge was lowered. This indicates that as the sum of the addition amount of cyclohexylbenzene and the addition amount of biphenyl increases, the battery safety in overcharge is improved. Meanwhile, in the batteries where cyclohexylbenzene and biphenyl were not added, the batteries caught fire. In the batteries where the additives were added alone, the peak temperature in overcharge was higher than the peak temperature of the batteries prepared in Examples in overcharge. An overcharge test in a condition of 6V/1 C was performed on the batteries prepared in Examples 5-11 and Comparative Examples 3-5. The overcharge test was repeated three times, and among the overcharge tests, the number of tests where the batteries caught fire is shown in Table 4 below. TABLE 4 Kind and addition amount Number of tests where Kind of battery (wt %) of additives fire was caught Example 5 0.5% of fluorobiphenyl and 0 3% of cyclohexylbenzene Example 6 0.5% of biphenyl and 3% 0 of isopropylbenzene Example 7 0.5% of vinylbenzene and 3% 0 of ethylbenzene Example 8 0.5% of toluene and 3% of 0 t-butylbenzene Example 9 0.5% of mesitylene and 3% 1 of bromoethylbenzene Example 10 0.5% of thiophene and 3% 1 of cyclohexylbenzene Example 11 0.5% of furan and 3% of 1 fluorobiphenyl Comparative 3% of biphenyl 3 Example 3 Comparative 3% of fluorobiphenyl 3 Example 4 Comparative 3% of vinylbenzene 3 Example 5 As shown in Table 4 above, the batteries of Examples where the two additives have been used in combination showed excellent safety in overcharge as compared to the batteries of Comparative Examples where only one additive has been used. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY As can be seen from the foregoing, the inventive electrolyte solution containing both the two additives can greatly improve the battery safety in overcharge even with a small amount of the additives, and thus, can provide a lithium secondary excellent in both the battery performance and the battery safety.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>An electrolyte solution for lithium secondary batteries is generally comprised of a combination of cyclic carbonate and linear chain carbonate. Examples of the cyclic carbonate include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), and the like. Typical examples of the linear chain carbonate include diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and the like. In order to improve the safety of batteries, various electrolyte additives are developed, and such additives improves the battery safety in overcharge by processes, such as gas generation, oxidation-reduction shuttle reaction and polymerization reaction. For example, additives which use oxidation-reduction shuttle reaction include chloroanisole and the like. However, they are not effective at a high charge current. Also, additives which use polymerization reaction include biphenyl, alkylbenzene derivatives, such as cyclohexylbenzene, and the like. These additives block the flow of a current by polymerization reaction in the overcharge condition of batteries. However, the single use of biphenyl has problems in that the battery resistance is increased, the battery performance is deteriorated and biphenyl has to be used in a large amount. Furthermore, the single use of alkylbenzene derivatives, such as cyclohexylbenzene, has problems in that a large amount of additives have to be used, resulting in deterioration in the battery performance.

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a graphic diagram showing a response current as a function of charge voltage in the use of electrolyte solutions containing cyclohexylbenzene, biphenyl and a combination of biphenyl and cyclohexylbenzene, respectively. FIG. 2 is a graphic diagram showing a response current as a function of charge voltage in the use of each of an electrolyte solution containing only cyclohexylbenzene, an electrolyte solution where the oxidation of biphenyl has occurred, and an electrolyte solution containing cyclohexylbenzene where the oxidation of biphenyl has occurred, respectively. FIG. 3 shows changes in temperature and voltage during 12V/2 A overcharge tests for batteries prepared in Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-3. FIG. 4 shows changes in temperature and voltage during 6V/2 A overcharge tests for batteries prepared in Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-3. FIG. 5 shows the structure of a battery according to one embodiment of the present invention. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20060801

20120327

20070621

62258.0

H01M1040

WEINER, LAURA S

NON-AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE AND LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY USING THE SAME

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

H01M

ACCEPTED

Communication Device and Communication System

High-quality communication using Multicast is realized in wireless communication where re-transmission processing is performed. The present invention includes: a program distribution unit (100) for distributing a program using the Multicast communication; a first communication path (Y1) for transmitting the program distributed from the program distribution unit (100); first communication units (102a, 102b); user terminals (105a to 105h); and a second communication path (103) which is a communication path between the first communication unit (102a, 102b) and the user terminal and is also a wireless communication path where the re-transmission of a frame is performed, wherein the first communication unit (102a or 102b) selects a Multicast frame of a program requested by the user terminal (105a to 105h) from the first communication path (Y1), converts the selected Multicast frame into a Unicast frame, and transmits the converted Unicast frame to the user terminal (105a to 105h).

1. A communication system comprising a first communication device and a second communication device, wherein said first communication device includes: a first content receiving unit operable to receive, via a first communication path, a Multicast frame which stores a content; a conversion unit operable to convert the received Multicast frame into a Unicast frame addressed to said second communication device; and a first content transmission unit operable to transmit the converted Unicast frame to said second communication device via a wireless second communication path, based on a protocol having a re-transmission processing, and said second communication device includes a second content receiving unit operable to receive the Unicast frame transmitted via said second communication path from said first communication device based on the protocol having the re-transmission processing. 2. The communication system according to claim 1, wherein the Multicast frame is an IP Multicast frame, and said conversion unit is operable to convert the IP Multicast frame into the Unicast frame in which a MAC address of said second communication device is set as an address at a data link layer. 3. The communication system according to claim 2, wherein said conversion unit is operable to convert the IP Multicast frame to the Unicast frame in which an IP address included in the IP Multicast frame is set as an address at a network layer, and the MAC address of said second communication device is set to as the address at the data link layer. 4. The communication system according to claim 2, wherein said conversion unit is operable to convert the IP Multicast frame to the Unicast frame in which an IP address of said second communication device is set as an address at a network layer, and the MAC address of said second communication device is set to as the address at the data link layer. 5. The communication system according to claim 1, wherein said second communication device further includes a second content request unit operable to request said first communication device to distribute the content, and said first communication device further includes a first content request receiving unit operable to receive the content request from said second communication device, wherein said first content receiving unit is operable to extract from the Multicast frames transmitted via said first communication path a Multicast frame which stores a content corresponding to the content request received by said first content request receiving unit, and operable to receive the extracted Multicast frame. 6. The communication system according to claim 5 further comprising a plurality of said second communication devices, wherein said first content request receiving unit is operable to receive the content requests from the plurality of said second communication devices, said first content receiving unit is operable to extract from the Multicast frames which are transmitted via said first communication path Multicast frames corresponding to a plurality of contents corresponding to the plurality of the content requests received by said first content request receiving unit, and operable to receive the extracted Multicast frames, said conversion unit is operable to convert the plurality of the Multicast frames which have been received by said first content receiving unit and are corresponding to the plurality of the contents into Unicast frames which are addressed to the plurality of said second communication devices which have requested the contents, and said first content transmission unit is operable to transmit the Unicast frames which have been converted by said conversion unit to the plurality of said second communication devices. 7. The communication system according to claim 6, wherein said first communication device further includes a first content duplication unit operable to duplicate a content requested by the plurality of said second communication devices among a plurality of contents included in the Multicast frames received by said first content receiving unit, wherein said conversion unit is operable to convert the Multicast frames corresponding to a plurality of the identical contents which have been duplicated by said first content duplication unit into Unicast frames which are addressed to the plurality of said second communication devices which have requested the content, and said first content transmission unit is operable to transmit the Unicast frames which have been converted by said conversion unit to the plurality of said second communication devices which have requested the content. 8. The communication system according to claim 1 further comprising a third communication device which is connected to said second communication device, wherein said second communication device further includes a second content transmission unit operable to transmit a content included in the Unicast frame received by said second content receiving unit to said third communication device, and said third communication device is operable to receive the content transmitted from said second communication device and to provide the received content to a user. 9. The communication system according to claim 8, wherein said second content transmission unit is operable to convert the Unicast frame received by said second content receiving unit into a Multicast frame and to transmit the converted Multicast frame to said third communication device. 10. The communication system according to claim 8, wherein said second communication device further includes: a second content request receiving unit operable to receive the content request from said third communication device; a second content request unit operable to request said first communication device to distribute a content corresponding to the content request received by said second content request receiving unit, and said first communication device further includes a first content request receiving unit operable to receive the content request from said second communication device, wherein said first content receiving unit is operable to extract from the Multicast frames which have been transmitted via said first communication path a Multicast frame which stores the content corresponding to the content request received by said first content request receiving unit, and operable to receive the extracted Multicast frame. 11. The communication system according to claim 10 further comprising a plurality of said third communication devices, wherein said second communication device further includes a second content duplication unit operable to duplicate the content requested by the plurality of said third communication devices among a plurality of contents included in the Multicast frames received by said second content receiving unit, and said second content transmission unit operable to transmit a plurality of identical contents which have been duplicated by said second duplication unit to the plurality of said third communication devices which have requested the contents. 12. The communication system according to claim 10 further comprising a plurality of said third communication devices, wherein said second content request unit is operable to request said first communication device to distribute the content after receiving all content requests from the plurality of said third communication devices, in a case where the contents requested by the plurality of said third communication devices are identical. 13. The communication system according to claim 1. wherein said first content receiving unit is operable to receive a Multicast frame which stores a plurality of the contents, wherein said convertion unit is operable to convert the Multicast frame corresponding to the plurality of the contents received by said first content receiving unit into a Unicast frame, in order to store the plurality of the contents into the single Unicast frame. 14. The communication system according to claim 1. wherein said first communication path is a wire, and said first content receiving unit is operable to receive, via said first communication path, the Multicast frame which stores the content, based on the protocol having the re-transmission processing. 15. A transmitting device which transmits a content to a receiving device, said transmitting device comprising: a first content receiving unit operable to receive, via a first communication path, a Multicast frame which stores the content; a conversion unit operable to convert the received Multicast frame into a Unicast frame addressed to said receiving device; and a first content transmission unit operable to transmit the converted Unicast frame to said receiving device via a wireless second communication path, based on a protocol having a re-transmission processing. 16. A receiving device which receives a content transmitted from a transmitting device, wherein the transmitting device includes: a first content receiving unit operable to receive, via a first communication path, a Multicast frame which stores the content; a conversion unit operable to convert the received Multicast frame into a Unicast frame addressed to said receiving device; and a first content transmission unit operable to transmit the converted Unicast frame to said receiving device via a wireless second communication path, based on a protocol having a re-transmission processing, said receiving device comprising: a second content receiving unit operable to receive the Multicast frame transmitted from the transmitting device based on the protocol having the re-transmission processing; and a second content transmission unit operable to further transmit the content included in the Unicast frame received by said second content receiving unit. 17. A communication method for transmitting a content to a receiving device, said method comprising the steps of: receiving, via a first communication path, a Multicast frame which stores a content; converting the received Multicast frame into a Unicast frame addressed to the receiving device; and transmitting the converted Unicast frame to the receiving device via a wireless second communication path, based on a protocol having a re-transmission processing. 18. An airplane content distribution system for distributing a content to a seat in an airplane, said system comprising a first communication device and a second communication device, wherein said first communication device includes: a first content receiving unit operable to receive, via a first communication path, a Multicast frame which stores a content; a conversion unit operable to convert the received Multicast frame into a Unicast frame addressed to said second communication device; and a first content transmission unit operable to transmit the converted Unicast frame to said second communication device via a wireless second communication path, based on a protocol having a re-transmission processing, and said second communication device includes: a second content receiving unit operable to receive the Unicast frame transmitted from said first communication device via said second communication path based on the protocol having the re-transmission processing; and a second content transmission unit operable to transmit the content included in the Unicast frame received by said second content receiving unit to said seat.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a communication device and a communication system for transmitting a content such as a program or data selected by a user to a user terminal via a network (a communication path). BACKGROUND ART Conventionally, systems for distributing video programs, audio programs, and the like from a server via a network (a communication path) to a terminal used by a user (hereinafter, referred to as program distribution systems) have been put to practical use. One example of those systems is a program distribution system which is utilized in airplanes (hereinafter, referred to as an airplane program distribution system). By the airplane program distribution system, a passenger (a user) uses a terminal equipped in a user's seat in order to select a desired program from programs distributed from a video server equipped in an airplane, and to watch and listen to the program. One of the technical methods for distributing a large number of the programs via a network is IP Multicast using the Internet Protocol (IP). The IP Multicast is a system for transmitting identical data to multiple designated recipients in the network. Hereinafter, in this description, distribution of a program to multiple users by using the IP is referred to as IP Multicast, and distribution of a program to multiple users in a general sense is referred to merely as Multicast. On the other hand, not like Multicast, a method for designating a single recipient and transmitting data to the unique recipient is called Unicast. The IP Multicast is used, for example, in a case where a frame is transmitted from a single transmitting node such as a server to multiple receiving terminals. For instance, the IP Multicast is used in a case where a video program transmitted from a video server is watched and listened to by a plurality of terminals. A transmitting node transmits a frame to a specific group. A transmitting node for Multicast transmits only one frame, and the frame is duplicated by a router at some midpoint to be distributed to receiving terminals. The router at some midpoint duplicates the frame only in a case where a receiver of Multicast exists in a different interface. Therefore, only one frame having the same contents is transmitted to where the frame is requested. Accordingly, network bands are able to be efficiently used, and the frame is duplicated by the routers which are dispersedly positioned on the network, so that the loads can be dispersed. IP Multicast is defined in RFC2236 and RFC1112, and IP addresses of class D (224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255) are reserved for use as Multicast addresses. If communication is performed to these addresses over Multicast, simultaneous transmission to nodes belonging to a Multicast group (address) is performed. In order to join an (appropriate) multicast group, a protocol of the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is applied. The IGMP is used when a receiving terminal host joins or leaves the group or when information regarding the group is exchanged between IP Multicast routers. Using the IP Multicast system, a group is formed for each video program, then communication using IP Multicast is performed, and a user joins a Multicast group regarding a video program which the user wishes to watch or listen to, so that the user can watch and listen to the desired program. FIG. 1 shows a schematic structure of the conventional program distribution system using IP Multicast. Referring to FIG. 1, a reference numeral 1000 represents a program distributing unit such as a video server. A reference numeral 1001 represents a communication path such as an Ethernet (R). A reference numeral 1002 represents a router which supports Multicast. A reference numeral 1003 represents a router which supports Multicast. A reference numeral 1004 represents a user terminal. Reference numerals of the user terminals 1004 are assigned with additional characters a to h, respectively. The program distribution unit 1000 transmits all distributable programs using IP Multicast (hereinafter, the transmitting program is referred to as a program stream). FIG. 1 shows an example in which there are four different programs (B1, B2, B3, and B4). For example, the program B1 uses a Multicast IP address 224.0.0.1, the program B2 uses a Multicast IP address 224.0.0.2, the program B3 uses a Multicast IP address 224.0.0.3, and the program B4 uses a Multicast IP address 224.0.0.4. This means that a group of programs is formed for each IP address. Generally, in IP Multicast, a User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is used at the fourth layer (Transport layer) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. More specifically, the Ethernet (R) is used at the second layer (Data link layer) of the OSI model, and re-transmission is performed using the IP at the third layer (Network layer) of the OSI model in order to be realized as a so-called stream transmission. All programs are transmitted via the communication path 1001 (X1 and X2), so that by using multicast addresses 224.0.0.1 to 224.0.0.4, the programs B1 to B4 are transmitted (X2 transmits the programs to a next router (not shown)). The user terminals 1004a to 1004d which are managed by the router 1003a is used to watch and listen to the programs B1, B2, and B3, so that X3 uses Multicast addresses 224.0.0.1 to 224.0.0.3 to transmit the programs B1, B2, and B3. From the router 1003a, each program is transmitted to the user terminal 1004. More specifically, X5 uses 224.0.0.1 to transmit the program B1 to the user terminal 1004a, X6 uses 224.0.0.2 to transmit the program B2 to the user terminal 1004b, X7 uses 224.0.0.3 to transmit the program B3 to the user terminal 1004c, and X8 uses 224.0.0.1 to transmit the program B1 to the user terminal 1004d. Here, since the identical program B1 is to be watched and listened to by using the user terminal 1004a and the user terminal 1004d, the router 1003a duplicates the program data to be transmitted. In the same manner, the programs B1, B2, and B4 are watched and listened to by using the user terminals 1004e to 1004h which are managed by the router 1003b, so that X4 uses Multicast addresses 224.0.0.1, 224.0.0.2, and 224.0.0.4 to transmits the programs B1, B2, and B4. From the router 1003b, each program is transmitted to the user terminal 1004. More specifically, X9 uses 224.0.0.4 to transmit the program B4 to the user terminal 1004e, X10 uses 224.0.0.1 to transmit the program B1 to the user terminal 1004f, X11 uses 224.0.0.4 to transmit the program B4 to the user terminal 1004g, and X12 uses 224.0.0.2 to transmit the program B2 to the user terminal 1004h. Since the identical program B4 is watched and listened to by using the user terminal 1004e and the user terminal 1004g, the router 1003b duplicates the program data to be transmitted. In FIG. 1 explains the example in which a wired Ethernet (R) is used as the communication path. In general, airplanes have constraints on a space to be equipped with communication devices or wires. For example, the router 1002 is equipped in a ceiling part of the airplane, X1 and X2 are wired along the ceiling, the user terminal 1004 is equipped in each passenger seat, and the router 1003 is equipped for each set of the seats. In the case of the example of FIG. 1, one router 1003 is equipped in one of four seats in a row, and the router 1003 is wired directly to the respective four user terminals 1004. A wire from the router 1002 to the router 1003 is equipped along a wall of the airplane. Note that in the description with reference to FIG. 1, the Ethernet (R) is used as an example of the communication path 1001 and the program transmission unit 1002, but there is another method for performing the program distribution by using a modulation technique of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) in a coaxial cable. In the meantime, a wireless Local Area Network (hereinafter, referred to as a wireless LAN) has recently been widely used, and communication over the wireless LAN in airplanes is desired. By using the wireless LAN, wiring in the above space of the airplane becomes no more necessary, so that wiring construction is significantly reduced. Furthermore, in addition to the program distribution, it is also possible to realize connection between the Internet and a computer which the user brings into the airplane. One example of the wireless LAN is a communication method based on IEEE802.11. Regarding the details of the IEEE802.11, numerous technical books have been published, for example, “802.11 high-speed wireless LAN textbook” (published by IDG Japan Co., Ltd.). The IEEE802.11 defines IEEE802.11a (maximum communication speed is 54 Mb/s), IEEE802.11b (maximum communication speed is 11 Mb/s), IEEE802.11g (maximum communication speed is 54 Mb/s), and the like. Effective IP throughputs of the above are approximately 20 Mb/s, approximately 4 Mb/s, and approximately 20 Mb/s, respectively. Furthermore, a technique such as IEEE802.11n is targeted at more speedy communication. An important aspect of the present invention is that, in the wireless communication such as communication based on IEEE802.11, a MAC layer which is the Data link layer (the second layer of the OSI model) has a re-transmission system. In the IEEE802.11, a transmitting terminal transmits a frame, then if a receiving terminal receives the frame successfully, the receiving terminal sends back a frame indicating the receiving success (ACK frame), and therefore the transmitting terminal transmits the frame again if the ACK frame is not received within a predetermined time period. In general, this re-transmitting processing is repeated for a plurality of times until the frame is transmitted successfully. However, the re-transmitting at the MAC layer is performed only in communication using Unicast, and in communication using group addresses such as communication over Broadcast and Multicast, receiving stations do not send the ACK frame back. This is described in more detail with reference to a figure. FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a MAC frame. In FIG. 3, a reference numeral 1900 represents a MAC header, a reference numeral 1901 represents a frame body, and a reference numeral 1902 represents a frame check sequence (FSC). The MAC header 1900 includes four address fields. A reference numeral 1903 represents an address 1, 1904 represents an address 2, 1905 represents an address 3, and 1906 represents an address 4. For example, in a case where transmission is performed between an access point (AP) and a station (STA), the address 1 stores a destination address, the address 2 stores a basic service set identifier (BSSID), and the address 4 stores a source address. Note that the address 4 is not used at this moment. Here, if the address 1 is a Unicast address, the re-transmission processing is performed, and if the address is a Broadcast or Multicast address, the re-transmission processing is not performed. Note that the frame body stores an IP frame including an IP header as shown in FIG. 10A as described further below. This means that a wireless frame includes a MAC header and an IP header. FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of IP Multicast using wireless communication in the middle of a transmission path. Processing until a router 1102 receives programs is same as the processing described with reference to FIG. 1. A reference numeral X700 represents a wireless LAN based on IEEE802.11 and transmits IP Multicast frames. As far as receiving terminals exist within an area where radio waves can be detected, all receiving terminals can receive the frames. In FIG. 2, a router 1102 is shown as a router which has a wireless access point (AP) function, and routers 1103a and 1103b are shown as routers which have a receivable station (STA) function. If the IP Multicast system is directly applied, the AP 1102 is requested from a plurality of STAs 1103 to transmit an identical program, so that the AP 1102 duplicates the program and should use Multicast addresses as the MAC addresses by which the plurality of STAs can receive the program. Processing from the router 1103 to the user terminals 1004 is the same as the processing described with reference to FIG. 1. As described above, IP Multicast can be applied to the wireless LAN but this causes a problem as described further below. Besides the system in FIG. 1, another example of the conventional system for performing communication over Multicast by using wireless LAN is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-196041 publication (hereinafter, referred to as a patent document 1). The patent document 1 is aimed to improve efficiency of the communication over Multicast, by grouping receiving stations among which data can be exchanged directly, from receiving stations which exist in a communication area where a single transmitting station (access point AP) can cover, then selecting as a representative station an arbitrary receiving station from the group, and utilizing the condition that a ACK or a NAK which is sent from the representative station back to the transmitting station can be received among the group. Furthermore, examples for the conventional method for changing a part of the IP Multicast communication to Unicast communication and then, after that part, the Unicast communication is changed back to the IP Multicast communication are disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-244976 (hereinafter, referred to as a patent document 2), Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-244978 publication (hereinafter, referred to as a patent document 3), and Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-230774 publication (hereinafter, referred to as a patent document 4). In these examples, the UDP is used at the Transport layer, negotiation is performed between communication devices in an area where Unicast communication is performed, IP Multicast which is a system at the Network layer is associated with the UDP at the Transport layer, and the communication device has “management tables” (peer management tables in the patent document 2 and the patent document 3) and “management tables (management tables in the patent document 4), so that the Unicast communication is changed back to the IP Multicast communication. The patent documents 2, 3, and 4 are systems for passing each Multicast frame through a communication path, such as the Internet, on which routers and the like do to support Multicast communication, so that these patent documents do not disclose a technology regarding a part in which the Multicast frame needs to be cuplicated. [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-196041 publication [Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-244976 publication [Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-244978 publication [Patent Document 4] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-230774 publication [Non-Patent Document 1] “802.11 High-Speed Wireless LAN Textbook” (published by IDG Japan Co., Ltd.) DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION Problems that Invention is to Solve However, the wireless IP Multicast as shown in FIG. 2 has the following problems. In a case where communication over IP Multicast is directly applied to wireless communication, even processing at the MAC layer works if an IP Multicast address is used as a MAC address. More specifically, if a Multicast address is used as the IP address and also as the MAC address, each access point determines that a transmitted frame is addressed to the access point and then receives the frame. Generally, based on an address translation standard by which a part of the IP Multicast address is copied onto the MAC address, and data indicating that the address is subject to Multicast is stored into a head of the MAC address to be transmitted, communication is changed to IP Multicast communication so that the IP Multicast communication can perform communication over Multicast even at the MAC layer. However, if the Multicast address is used as the MAC address, the re-transmission processing is not performed. In general, the wireless communication suffers from more frequent errors on frames, so that high-quality transmission cannot be expected without the re-transmission processing. That is why wireless communication has the function of the re-transmission. In other words, in the wireless transmission, it is possible to utilize the Multicast communication by which a frame is simultaneously transmitted to respective receiving terminals, but there is a problem that quality of the communication becomes significantly lowered. Furthermore, the above patent document 1 has the following problems. In addition that processing is necessary for grouping the receiving stations among which data can be exchanged directly, there is a case where the ACK or NAK is not received successfully even within the set group since a range within which the receiving stations can directly receive data is changed in the wireless communication due to status of the radio waves, an installation environment, and the like, so that the system of the patent document 1 does not work correctly. Furthermore, an algorithm for receiving the ACK or NAK from the terminal within the group in order to operate each terminal, an algorithm by which the receiving stations performs polling on the representative station, and the like are not methods based on IEEE802.11 standard, so that general-purpose devices are not able to be used thereby resulting in cost increase. Moreover, the patent documents 2, 3, and 4 have a problem that further communication processing is necessary to create tables to have the “management tables (peer management tables in the patent documents 2 and 3)” and the “management table (management table in the patent document 4)” in the communication device in order to change the Unicast communication back to the IP Multicast communication, so that the management of each table become complicated. Furthermore, the patent documents 2, 3, and 4 are assumed to use a protocol basically without the re-transmission function such as an Ethernet (R) at the Data link layer, but if the wireless communication does not have the re-transmission function as described above, there is another problem that the quality of the communication becomes significantly lowered. Still further, the patent documents 2, 3, and 4 are systems using processing at the Transport layer (UDP), so that there is still another problem that the transmission protocol used at the Transport layer is restricted. Still further, there is still another problem that the general IP Multicast communication needs expensive routers all of which support protocols required to perform the IP Multicast communication. Therefore, the present invention addresses to the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a communication system to realize high-quality Multicast communication using wireless communication having re-transmission processing. Means to Solve the Problems To achieve the above object, the communication system according to the present invention includes (a) a first communication device and a second communication device, wherein (b) the first communication device includes: (b1) a first content receiving unit operable to receive, via a first communication path, a Multicast frame which stores a content; (b2) a conversion unit operable to convert the received Multicast frame into a Unicast frame addressed to the second communication device; and (b3) a first content transmission unit operable to transmit the converted Unicast frame to the second communication device via a wireless second communication path, based on a protocol having a re-transmission processing, and the second communication device includes (c) a second content receiving unit operable (c1) to receive the Unicast frame transmitted via the second communication path from the first communication device based on the protocol having the re-transmission processing. With the structure, the first communication device selects the Multicast frame of the content from the first communication path, converts the Multicast frame into the Unicast frame, and transmits the Unicast frame to the second communication device via the second communication path, so that it is possible to realize a system as high-quality Multicast communication even when the communication is performed wirelessly. Note that the “content” includes not only programs but also any kinds of data. Note also that “Unicast via wireless communication path” means wireless point-to-point communication and is assumed to perform the re-transmission processing if the communication fails. On the other hand, Multicast means point-to-multipoint communication and the re-transmission processing is not performed. Note that the present invention is realized not only as the communication system, but also can be realized as a method for controlling the communication system (hereinafter, referred to as a communication method). Furthermore, the present invention can be realized as a transmitting device and a receiving device included in the communication system. Still further, the present invention can be realized as a method for controlling the transmitting device (hereinafter, referred to as a transmitting method), a program for causing a computer system and the like to execute the transmitting method, a recording medium for recording a transmitted program, and the like. Still further, the present invention can be realized as a system LSI which is included in the transmitting device to realize the transmitting function, an IP core which implements the transmitting function in the system LSI (hereinafter, referred to as a transmitting core), and a recording medium which records the transmitting core. Still further, the present invention can be realized as a method for controlling the receiving device (hereinafter, referred to as a receiving method), a receiving program for causing a computer program and the like to execute the receiving method, a recording medium for recording a received program, and the like. Furthermore, the present invention can be realized as a system LSI which is included in the receiving device to realize the receiving function, an IP core which implements the receiving function in the system LSI (hereinafter, referred to as a receiving core), and a recording medium which records the receiving core. EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION According to the communication device and the communication system of the present invention, by using processing at the Network layer and the Data link layer, it is possible to realize a system as high-quality Multicast system even based on a protocol for performing re-transmission processing as a network protocol. This means that by using a wireless LAN which is basically used for Unicast transmission, a Multicast system which implements high-quality video transmission and the like is realized. Furthermore, the present invention is realized by using systems at the Network layer and the Data link layer, thereby not restricting a protocol used at the Transport layer, so that it is possible to use at the Transport layer a protocol depending on the system. Note that IP Multicast is generally used at the Network layer in the Multicast communication, but any other protocols can be used at the Network layer as far as the Multicast communication can be performed using the protocols. Moreover, the communication device based on a standard of general-purpose wireless communication such as IEEE802.11 standard can be directly used in the present invention, so that it is possible to structure a system at low cost. Further, by efficiently performing the communication by effectively using transmission bands in the wireless LAN for which the bands are restricted, it is possible to realize high-quality program distribution. Furthermore, by using the wireless communication path, wiring becomes no more necessary, so that installation construction can be eliminated. Still further, in a system especially in an airplane and the like, wiring of an inadequate short length is off course problematic, but wiring of a redundant length also faces space constraints. Still further, used cables need to have a length which is a precisely equivalent to a distance between devices and also need to be provided with measures for undesired radiation. Therefore, by avoiding use of quite expensive cables only for airplanes and reducing wiring, the significant advantages on the cost can be gained. Moreover, the present invention is effective even in a part where the Multicast frame needs to be duplicated at a part of communication using a wireless communication path. In addition, the present invention does not need to change a protocol in a wireless communication part, thereby enabling to use a standard wireless devices, so that it is possible to structure a simple and inexpensive system and device. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a schematic structure of a conventional program distribution system using IP Multicast communication. FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of IP Multicast communication using wireless communication on the middle of a transmission path. FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a MAC frame. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an airplane in which a program distribution system according to the first embodiment of the present invention is equipped. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing inside of the airplane in which the program distribution system according to the first embodiment of the present invention is equipped. FIG. 6 is a diagram showing wiring in the airplane in which the program distribution system according to the first embodiment of the present invention is equipped. FIG. 7 is a diagram of a structure of a Multicast communication system according to the present invention. FIG. 8 is a diagram showing one example of processing according to the present invention. FIG. 9 is a diagram showing another example of the processing according to the present invention. FIG. 10A is a schematic block diagram of program distribution frames. FIG. 10B is a schematic block diagram of a distribution frame in which program data are multiplexed. FIG. 11 is a diagram showing still another example of the processing according to the present invention. FIG. 12 is a diagram of a structure of the Multicast communication system according to the present application. FIG. 13 is a diagram showing still another example of the processing according to the present invention. FIG. 14 is a schematic block diagram of an internal structure of the first communication unit. FIG. 15 is a diagram showing a structure of a communication system according to a variation. FIG. 16 is a diagram showing a structure of another communication system according to the variation. NUMERICAL REFERENCES 100 program distribution unit (video server) 101 first communication path 102 first communication unit (wireless access point) 103 second communication path 104 second communication unit 105 user terminal BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION First Embodiment The following describes the first embodiment according to the present invention with reference to the drawings. Note that, in general, an unit to be transmitted via a network is called a frame for the Data link layer and an IP data gram for the Network layer, but in the description, the both units are referred to as a frame. A data distribution system according to the present embodiment is used in an airplane 1 as shown in FIG. 4 as one example. In the data distribution system used in the airplane (hereinafter, referred to as an airplane program distribution system), as shown in FIG. 5, video programs and the like distributed from a video server 10 shown in FIG. 6 can be watched and listened by using a monitor 3 equipped on the back of each seat 2. In general, airplanes have constraints on a space to be equipped with communication devices or wires. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, an area distribution box (ADB) 12 is equipped on a ceiling part of the airplane 1. A main line 11 is wired along the ceiling. The monitor 3 is equipped on the back of each seat 2. A seat electric box (SEB) 13 is equipped on one of a set of seats in a row. Here, for example, the SEB 13 is equipped on one of the four seats 2 in a row, and a wire 14 wires directly from the SEB 13 to the four user terminals 3. Wiring from the ADB 12 to the SEB 13 are not equipped along a wall of the airplane, but connected by an antenna (wireless). Note that, currently, from the SEB to each user terminal, data has been transmitted via a transmission cable such as the Ethernet, so that additional power cables have been used for the terminals, but if, in addition to the above wireless transmission from ADB to SEB, a power line carrier communication (PLC) for transmitting data via power lines is also used, the communication cables can be eventually reduced, so that it is possible to reduce wiring. Thereby communication using a wireless LAN can be performed in the airplane, and wiring for wireless LAN segments becomes unnecessary, so that wiring construction in the airplane can be significantly reduced. Therefore, it is not necessary to use expensive cables only for airplanes so that a cost can be reduced. Furthermore, in addition to the program distribution, it is also possible to realize connection between the Internet and a computer which a user brings into the airplane. Moreover, there is good visibility in a ceiling and under a floor, so that it is possible to equip wires there. In general, the wires are equipped mainly in a ceiling. Further, regarding the seat, a plurality of seats are connected together, and each seat is physically near to another seat, so that the wires can be equipped between the seats in these connected seats beforehand. Furthermore, based on demands from customers for each flight, airline companies often change an layout of the seats, for example, a distance between the seats, a ratio of business class seats to economy class seats, and so on. Still further, the airline companies earn profits by running the airplanes so that a parking time should be as short as possible and within the parking time the seat layout needs to be changed. In addition, generally, if the wires from the ADB in the ceiling through the wall to the SEB under the seat is equipped not to be exposed to a cabin for safety, it is difficult to change the wiring in the wall every time the seat layout is changed, and if a large number of wires are reserved beforehand, a cost for wiring is necessary and fuel consumption of the airplane is increased due to increased weight of the body. On the other hand, the airplane data distribution system according to the present invention can change the sheet layout flexibly. Further, the seat layout change does not need large wiring change. Still further, it is not necessary to preserve extra wires for a plurality of seat layout patterns, so that the wiring cost is not occurred and a weight of the airplane body is not increased. Based on the above aspects, the following describes the airplane data distribution system (hereinafter, referred to as a data distribution system) according to the first embodiment. FIG. 7 is a diagram of a structure of a Multicast communication system according to the present invention. In FIG. 7, a reference numeral 100 represents a program distribution unit, and the first embodiment shows, as an example, a video server for distributing video programs which is an example of contents. A reference numeral 101 represents the first communication path, and in the first embodiment the first communication path is assumed to be a gigabit Ethernet (R). A reference numeral 102 represents the first communication unit, and in the first embodiment the first communication unit is assumed to be a router having a wireless access point (hereinafter, AP) based on IEEE 802.11. A reference numeral 103 represents the second communication path, and in the first embodiment the second communication path is assumed to be a wireless communication path based on IEEE802.11. A reference numeral 104 represents the second communication unit, and in the first embodiment the second communication unit is assumed to be a router having a wireless station (hereinafter, referred to as a STA) function based on IEEE802.11. A reference numeral 105 represents a user terminal, and in the first embodiment the user terminal is assumed to be used by a user to watch and listen to a video program and to have a function of selecting the video program which the user wishes to watch and listen to. Note that, in convenience of explanation, numeral references of the user terminals 105 are added with characters a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and h, respectively. The AP 102 can communicate with one or more STA 104. FIG. 7 shows an example in which a single AP 102a communicates with two STA 104a and STA 104b. An AP 102b communicates, for example, using another wireless channel different from the channel used by the AP 102a, to distribute programs to another second communication unit 104 (not shown). Note that the program distribution unit 100 is the video server 10 in FIG. 6. The first communication path 101 is the main line 11 in FIG. 6. The first communication unit 102 is the ADB 12 in FIG. 6. The second communication path 103 is the antenna in FIG. 6. The second communication unit 104 is the SEB 13 in FIG. 6. The user terminal 105 is the monitor 3 in FIG. 5. Hereinafter, “Unicast” means point-to-point communication. “Multicast” means point-to-multipoint communication. “Wireless Unicast (Unicast via wireless communication path)” means point-to-point communication via wireless communication path. Note that, in the wireless Unicast, an ACK frame is sent back from a destination. Note also that if the ACK frame is not sent back within a predetermined time period, re-transmission processing is performed. “Wireless Multicast” (Multicast via wireless communication path)” means point-to-multipoint communication via a wireless communication path. Note that, in the wireless Multicast, an ACK frame is not sent back from a destination, so that re-transmission processing cannot be performed. The first communication unit 102a in the first embodiment transmits data to multiple destinations by the wireless Unicast, instead of the wireless Multicast. Thereby even if the data to be transmitted to a plurality of recipients is transmitted to a plurality of destinations, the re-transmission function can examine whether or not the data is received by the destinations, so that it is possible to realize reliable communication. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 7, all programs are distributed from the program distribution unit 100 via the first communication path 101. An IP Multicast technology is applied to the program distribution via the communication path 101, for example. In the first embodiment, a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.1 is used for the program A1, a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.2 is used for the program A2, a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.3 is used for the program A3, and a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.4 is used for the program A4. Note that the “Multicast IP address” means an IP address assigned to each Multicast group. The second communication path 104 is a wireless LAN. In order to simultaneously distribute a single program to a plurality of STAs, since the IP Multicast uses addresses to be transmitted to the groups, it is necessary to use Multicast MAC addresses even in the processing at a MAC layer in order to enable a plurality of STAs to receive data, but as described above, in the case where the Multicast MAC address is used at the MAC layer, the re-transmission processing is not performed, so that in the first embodiment, the IP processing at the Network layer is performed by Unicast, and the MAC layer performs Unicast communication, thereby establishing high-quality communication by using the re-transmission processing. Note that the above method is one example, and it is also possible that the Multicast IP addresses are directly used at the Network layer and the Unicast MAC address are used only at the MAC layer. Note also that, in order to perform the Multicast communication at the MAC layer during the communication from the AP to the STA, the Multicast MAC address is used as the address 1 (1903) in FIG. 3. Note that the “Multicast MAC address” means a MAC address which is generated from the Multicast IP address. The user terminal 105 selects a program which the user wishes to watch or listen to and notifies the second communication unit 104 of the program. FIG. 7 shows one example in which the user terminal 105a and the user terminal 105d select a program A1, the user terminal 105b selects a program A2, and the user terminal 105c selects a program A3. In other words, the four user terminals 105 managed by the second communication unit 104 shown in FIG. 7 select totally three programs. The program selection by each user terminal is transmitted to the first communication unit 102a via the second communication unit 104a based on the IGMP. Here, the second communication unit 104a, off course, stores information regarding which program each user terminal 105 requires to be watched and listened to. The first communication unit 102a transfers, based on the IGMP, to the second communication unit 104a the three programs selected by the user terminals 105a to 105d (programs A1, A2, and A3) among ten programs which are transmittable by the Multicast via the first communication path 101. This means that, via a Y2, bands only for streams of the three programs are used. Here, in the second communication path, the transmission of the three programs can be realized not by the Multicast, but by transmitting each program by the Unicast. More specifically, the second communication unit 104a transmits to the second communication unit 104a a frame (program A1) of a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.1, a frame (program A2) of a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.2, and a frame (program A3) of a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.3, each of which are transmitted via the first communication path 101. Here, the above Multicast IP addresses are not used as IP addresses, but Unicast IP addresses are used as IP addresses. For example, the Unicast communication is performed by using an address 133.181.127.200 as a source address to the first communication unit 102a, and using an address 133.181.127.201 as a destination address to the second communication unit 104a. Here, as the address 1 (1903 in FIG. 3) of the MAC address, the Unicast MAC address such as 00:80:45:0F:03:00, for example, is used. This means that the MAC address of the second communication unit 104a is used as a destination address. By communicating using Unicast in a MAC level of wireless communication, the re-transmission processing is performed, so that it is possible to achieve high-quality transmission. Note that the “Unicast MAC address” means a MAC address assigned to a network interface of a node. Note also that the “Unicast IP address” means an IP address assigned to the network interface of the node. Thereby, the second communication unit 104b cannot recognize even the MAC address as a frame addressed to the second communication unit 104b, and an IP address 133.181.127.202 is assigned to the second communication unit 104b. Therefore, the user terminal 105f requires a program A1 to be watched and listened to, and the user terminal 105h requires a program A2 to be watched and listened to, but the second communication unit 104b cannot recognize the transmission to the second communication unit 104a as transmission eventually to the second communication unit 104b, so that the first communication unit 102a does not need to perform the re-transmission processing. On the other hand, in a case where the first communication unit 102a transmits the program A2 to the user terminal 105f and the user terminal 105h by using the IP address assigned to the second communication unit 104b, the first communication unit 102a communicates with the second communication unit 104b by using the Unicast communication. Then, the program A2 is transmitted via the second communication unit 104b to the user terminal 105f and the user terminal 105h. Note that other programs are transmitted in the same manner. Further, the Unicast communication is performed to distribute programs which have been transmitted by the Multicast, by using a MAC address of the STA or the AP, namely, a MAC address of a destination, also in the case of other STAs or APs belonging to wireless node segments in the first communication unit 102a, except the second communication unit 104a and the first communication unit 104b. Furthermore, in a case where an identical program is simultaneously transferred to a plurality of destinations, the program is duplicated and the duplicated program is transferred to the destination. The second communication unit 104a transfers the program A1 to the user terminal 105a and the user terminal 105d, the program A2 to the user terminal 105b, and the program A3 to the user terminal 105c. Off course, via Y3, Y4, Y5, and Y6, data for one program is transmitted. Here, the address can be converted again to the Multicast IP address, or the Unicast IP address can be used. Furthermore, protocols besides the IP can be used. That is, in the first embodiment, IP Multicast communication is performed from the video server 100 to the first communication path, then the communication is changed to Unicast communication from the first communication unit 102 to the second communication unit 104 both at the Network layer and at the Data link layer, and finally Multicast communication is performed again from the second communication unit 104 to each user terminal 105. In the second communication unit 104, in a case where a plurality of the user terminals require an identical program to be watched and listened to, the program are duplicated in the same manner as the IP Multicast, but the IP is not necessarily used from the second communication unit 104 to each user terminal, and the protocol may be an original protocol such as the PLC or dedicated lines. Note that the protocol used at the Transport layer is not limited to the above. The communication from the first communication unit 102a to the second communication unit 104b is Unicast communication in which 133.181.127.200 is used as an address of a source that is the first communication unit 102a, and 133.181.127.202 is used as an address of a destination that is the second communication unit 104a. It is assumed that the MAC address at the MAC layer is a Unicast MAC address. In other words, the programs A1, A2, and A4 are transmitted by Unicast communication. Here, the second communication unit 104a does not recognize a frame addressed to the second communication unit 104b as an address eventually to the second communication unit 104a, so that the re-transmission processing is not performed. FIG. 8 is a diagram showing one example of the processing according to the present invention. In FIG. 8, the description is given only for processing performed by the second communication unit 104a. Firstly, as a program request 200, the user terminal 105a requests the second communication unit 104a for the program A1. The second communication unit 104a receives the program request 200, and, as an IGMP request 210, requests the first communication unit 102a to distribute the program A1. Next, as a program request 201, the user terminal 105b requests the second communication unit 104a for the program A2. The second communication unit 104a receives the program request 201, and, as an IGMP request 211, requests the first communication unit 102a to distribute the program A2. Further, as a program request 202, the user terminal 105c requests the second communication unit 104a for the program A3. The second communication unit 104a receives the program request 202, and, as an IGMP request 212, requests the first communication unit 102a to distribute the program A3. Still further, as a program request 203, the user terminal 105d requests the second communication unit 104a for the program A1. The second communication unit 104a receives the program request 203, and, as an IGMP request 213, requests the first communication unit 102a to distribute the program A1. The first communication unit 102a which receives the distribution requests of the programs A1, A2, and A3 by the IGMP request selects only frames of the programs A1, A2, and A3 among all program frames transmitted by IP Multicast via the first communication path 101, and distributes the selected frames to the second communication unit 104a. The processing is described in more detail with reference to FIG. 8. The first communication unit 102a obtains a program frame 220 (program A1) which is transmitted using a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.1 via the first communication path 101, and at a program distribution 230, transmits from the first communication unit 102a to the second communication unit 104a the obtained frame as an Unicast frame having a source address 133.181.127.200 and a destination address 133.181.127.201 (a Unicast MAC address is also used as a MAC address). Since the program A1 is requested by the user terminals 105a and 105d to be watched and listened to, the second communication unit 104a duplicates the transmitted frame, then distributes the duplicated programs to the user terminal 105a at a program distribution 240 and to the user terminal 105d at a program distribution 241. In the same manner, the first communication unit 102a obtains a program frame 221 (program A2) which is transmitted using a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.2 via the first communication path 101, and at a program distribution 231 transmits from the first communication unit 102a to the second communication unit 104a the obtained program frame as an Unicast frame having a source address 133.181.127.200 and a destination address 133.181.127.201 (a Unicast MAC address is also used as a MAC address). Since the program A2 is requested by the user terminal 105d to be watched and listened to, the second communication unit 104a distributes the program to the user terminal 105b at a program distribution 242. In the same manner, the first communication unit 102a obtains a program frame 222 (program A3) which is transmitted using a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.3 via the first communication path 101, and at a program distribution 232 transmits from the first communication unit 102 to the second communication unit 104a the obtained program frame as an Unicast frame having a source address 133.181.127.200 and a destination address 133.181.127.201 (a Unicast MAC address is also used as a MAC address). Since the program A3 is requested by the user terminal 105c to be watched and listened to, the second communication unit 104a distributes the program to the user terminal 105b at a program distribution 243. In other words, every time the first communication unit 102a detects from the first communication path 101 the program frames which the user terminals 105a to 105d managed by the second communication unit 104a request to be watched and listened to, the first communication unit 102a obtains the frames and distributes the program to the second communication unit 104a, and then the second communication unit 104a distributes the programs to each user terminal 105. Such processing is repeated to transmit the program frames which the user terminals request. Note that, FIG. 8 shows a case where the program requests 200 to 203 by the user terminals 105a to 105d are performed almost simultaneously, but FIG. 8 shows merely one example, and the timings of the program requests depend on when the users wish to watch and listen to the program, so that the program requests are not always performed at the same time. Furthermore, the transmission of each program frame via the first communication path 101 is not repeated in an order from the program A1, A2, and A3, for example, but an amount of data in the frame depends on the program, so that the order of the frame transmission is not limited to the above. However, the second communication unit 102a obtains a frame of the program to be distributed every time of detecting the frame, and transmits the frame to the second communication unit 104a by using a system at the Network layer and the Data link layer, so that the present invention can be easily realized. FIG. 9 is a diagram showing one example of the processing according to the present invention. With reference to FIG. 9, another method which is different from the method described with reference to FIG. 8 is described. The method described with reference to FIG. 9 differs from the method described with reference to FIG. 8 in that, in a case where, at the IGMP request from the second communication unit 104a to the first communication unit 102a, the user terminals 105 request an identical program to be watched and listened to, in the method described with reference to FIG. 8 the second communication unit 104a transmits, to the first communication unit 102a, a program request of the user terminal 105 as an IGMP request, but in the method described with reference to FIG. 9, the second communication unit 104a absorbs a program request from the user terminal 105, and if the same program is further requested, the second communication unit 104a transmits an IGMP request only once to the first communication unit 102a. The following describes the processing in more detail. Firstly, as a program request 300, the user terminal 105a requests the second communication unit 104a for the program A1. The second communication unit 104a receives the program request 300, and, as an IGMP request 310, requests the first communication unit 102a to distribute the program A1. Next, as a program request 301, the user terminal 105b requests the second communication unit 104a for the program A2. The second communication unit 104a receives the program request 301, and, as an IGMP request 311, requests the first communication unit 102a to distribute the program A2. Further, as a program request 302, the user terminal 105c requests the second communication unit 104a for the program A3. The second communication unit 104a receives the program request 302, and, as an IGMP request 312, requests the first communication unit 102a to distribute the program A3. Still further, as a program request 303, the user terminal 105d requests the second communication unit 104a for the program A1. Here, the second communication unit 104a has already received the program request for the program A1 from the user terminal 105a at the program request 300 and has issued the IGMP request for the program A1 to the first communication unit 102, so that the second communication unit 104a does not issue a further IGMP request for the program A1. This means that the second communication unit 104 uses the program request 303 only to learn that the user terminal 105d also requests the program A1. The processing from which the program distribution 320 is issued is the same as the processing described with reference to FIG. 8. More specifically, the program distribution 320 is the same as the program distribution 220, a program distribution 330 is the same as the program distribution 230, a program distribution 340 is the same as the program distribution 240, a program distribution 341 is the same as the program distribution 241, a program distribution 321 is the same as the program distribution 221, a program distribution 331 is the same as the program distribution 231, a program distribution 342 is the same as the program distribution 242, a program distribution 322 is the same as the program distribution 222, a program distribution 332 is the same as the program distribution 232, and a program distribution 343 is the same as the program distribution 243. Here, it is important that an IGMP request is not performed for the program request 303, but, the second communication unit 104a recognizes that not only the user terminal 105a but also the user terminal 105d requests for the program A1, so that the second communication unit 104a distributes, at the program distribution 341, a frame of the program A1 obtained from the program distribution 330 to the user terminal 105d. FIG. 14 is a schematic block diagram of an internal structure of the first communication unit. In FIG. 14, the first communication path 101 and the second communication path are identical with the respective paths shown in FIGS. 7 and 12. A reference numeral 8000 represents the first communication path interface, and in the first embodiment the first communication path interface is assumed to be a component for performing interface processing of an Ethernet (R). A reference numeral 8001 represents the second communication path interface and in the first embodiment the second communication path interface is assumed to be a wireless interface based on IEEE802.11 standard for performing the re-transmission processing. A reference numeral 8002 represents a CPU. A reference numeral 8003 represents a memory. A reference numeral 8004 represents a bus for exchanging data among the above components. The first communication path interface 8000 can use a general-purpose component such as the Ethernet (R). Furthermore, the second communication path interface 8001 can use a general-purpose component for wireless communication. The CPU 8002 and the memory 8003 can also use general-purpose components. The present invention is characterized in software which is stored in the memory 8003 and is processed by the CPU 8002. More specifically, a frame of a requested program is received from the first communication path via the first communication path interface 8000, then temporarily stored in the memory 8003, after that, the frame is assigned with a Unicast IP address and a Unicast MAC address as described above, and transmitted via the second communication path interface 8001 to the second communication path 103. Note that the CPU 8002 further performs the IGMP processing in order to request the program, but the software for processing the IGMP is based on IGMPv1 (RFC 1112), IGMPv2 (RFC 2236), and IGMPv3 (RFC 3376) standards. Note also that the processing for obtaining the MAC address of the destination is generally performed by using wireless communication. As described above, by using Unicast communication in the wireless communication where the re-transmission processing is performed, high-quality transmission is achieved by performing the re-transmission processing in the wireless communication, so that it is possible to realize a system as the Multicast communication. That is, in the Multicast by which service is provided originally using Broadcast communication without performing the re-transmission processing, it is possible to improve reliability of the communication by using the re-transmission function in an unreliable part of the wireless communication (with high error rate). Furthermore, wiring becomes unnecessary by using the wireless communication, so that installation construction can be eliminated. Note that in the first embodiment, the IGMP is used to request programs, but the method is not limited to the above as far as the program can be requested. Note also that the AP does not necessarily have to have a router function, but the AP can have only a bridge function. Note that in the first embodiment, both of the frame at the Network layer and the frame at the MAC layer are converted to the Unicast frames. However, the important aspect of the present invention is that reliability of the communication is improved by using the re-transmission function at the wireless MAC layer, so that at the Network layer, it is not necessarily to convert the frames to the Unicast frames. For example, even if at the Network layer the Multicast frame is further transmitted as an Unicast frame at the MAC layer, it is, of course, possible to realize the present invention. Thereby, any modifications do not depart from the scope of the present invention. Second Embodiment The second embodiment describes another example of the structure of the system which has been described with reference to FIG. 7. FIG. 12 is a diagram of a structure of the multicast communication according to the present application. In FIG. 12, a program distribution unit 100, the first communication path 101, and the first communication unit 102 are same as the respective units in FIG. 7. The system structure in FIG. 12 differs from the system structure in FIG. 7 in that a user terminal 605 has a function as a wireless station (STA). That is, the first communication unit (AP) 102a which is a wireless access point for wirelessly communicating directly with the user terminals 605a to 605h. FIG. 13 is a diagram showing one example of processing according to the present invention. The following describes the second embodiment with reference to FIGS. 12 and 13. Note that the IGMP processing is assumed to have already been performed between the user terminal and the first communication unit 102a, so that the IGMP processing is not shown in FIG. 13. The first communication unit 102a obtains a program distribution 700 (program A1) which is transmitted using a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.1 via the first communication path 101, and at a program distribution 701, distributes to the user terminal 105a the obtained program as a Unicast frame having a source address 133.181.127.200 and a destination address 133.181.127.210. Then, the first communication unit 102a duplicates the program, and at a program distribution 702, distributes to the user terminal 105d the duplicated program as a Unicast frame having a destination address 133.181.127.213. The first communication unit 102a further duplicates the program, and at a program distribution 703, distributes to the user terminal 105f the duplicated program as a Unicast frame having a destination address 133.181.127.215. Next, the first communication unit 102a, obtains a program distribution 704 (program A2) which is transmitted using a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.2 via the first communication path 101, and at a program distribution 705, distributes to the user terminal 105b the obtained program as a Unicast frame having a source address 133.181.127.200 and a destination address 133.181.127.211. Then, the first communication unit 102a duplicates the program, and at a program distribution 706, distributes to the user terminal 105h the duplicated program as a Unicast frame having a destination address 133.181.127.217. Next, the first communication unit 102a, obtains a program distribution 707 (program A3) which is transmitted using a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.3 via the first communication path 101, and at a program distribution 708, distributes to the user terminal 105c the obtained program as a Unicast frame having a source address 133.181.127.200 and a destination address 133.181.127.212. Next, the first communication unit 102a obtains a program distribution 709 (program A4) which is transmitted using a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.4 via the first communication path 101, and at a program distribution 710, distributes to the user terminal 105e the obtained program as a Unicast frame having a source address 133.181.127.200 and a destination address 133.181.127.214. Then, the first communication unit 102a duplicates the program, and at a program distribution 712, distributes to the user terminal 105g the duplicated program as a Unicast frame having a destination address 133.181.127.216. The subsequent processing is that, as shown at the program distributions 713 and 714, every time a IP Multicast frame of a program which the user terminal managed by the first communication unit 102a requests to be distributed to be watched or listened to is transmitted via the first communication path 101, the frame is converted to a Unicast frame to be transmitted during wireless communication via the second communication path 103 at the Network layer. Note that, here, a Unicast IP address is used as the MAC address at the MAC layer processing in the same manner as described in the first embodiment. Thereby the re-transmission processing is performed in a wireless part of the communication, so that it is possible to realize high-quality transmission. Processing performed by the first communication unit 102 in the above case is realized in the same manner as described in the first embodiment with reference to FIG. 14. This means that processing performed by software for changing the IP address and the MAC address is changed to be performed in the user terminal, not in the second communication unit. By the processing as described above, it is possible to realize the Multicast system as a whole system. Note that, in FIG. 13, an order of transmitting the program distributions are one example, and the transmission order can be changed appropriately by using buffers and the like, so that other transmission orders except the order shown in FIG. 13 do not depart from the scope of the present invention. Note that in the second embodiment, both of the frame at the Network layer and the frame at the MAC layer have been converted to the Unicast frame. However, the important aspect of the present invention is that reliability of the communication is improved by using the re-transmission function at the wireless MAC layer, so that at the Network layer, it is not necessarily to convert the frames to the Unicast frame. For example, even if at the Network layer the Multicast frame is further transmitted as a Unicast frame at the MAC layer, it is, of course, possible to realize the present invention. Thereby, any modifications do not depart from the scope of the present invention. Third Embodiment The third embodiment describes a method by which the IP Multicast frame is used directly at the Network layer, and the re-transmission processing is performed in the wireless communication, so that it is possible to realize high-quality transmission. More specifically, in the wireless communication, by using a Multicast IP address directly in an IP address of a destination, and using a Unicast MAC address in a MAC address of a destination, the re-transmission processing can be performed. The third embodiment can be applied to the first embodiment described with reference to FIG. 7 and the second embodiment described with reference to FIG. 12. Note that the IP address used in the third embodiment is the same as the IP address used in the first embodiment. Firstly, as shown in the system structure of FIG. 7, since the user terminal 105a and the user terminal 105d request for the program A1 to be watched or listened to, the first communication unit 102a uses a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.1 as an IP address and designates a MAC address of the second communication unit 104a as the address 1 in the MAC address, in order to perform Unicast communication. In the same manner, since the user terminal 105b requests the program A2 to be watched or listened to, the first communication unit 102a uses a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.2 (program A2) as an IP address and designates a MAC address of the second communication unit 104a as the address 1 in the Mac address, in order to perform Unicast communication. In the same manner, since the user terminal 105c requests the program A3 to be watched or listened to, the first communication unit 102a uses a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.3 (program A3) as an IP address and designates a MAC address of the second communication unit 104a as the address 1 in the Mac address, in order to perform Unicast communication. Note that the above Multicast IP addresses at the Network layer is assumed to be set by the program distribution unit (video server) 100. In the second communication unit 104a, since the second communication unit 104a recognizes a transmitted frame as a frame addressed to the second communication unit 104a at the MAC layer processing, the processing proceeds to the Network layer which is an upper layer of the MAC layer, and since at the Network layer a Multicast IP address is directly used as the IP address to be transmitted, the IP Multicast system can be directly used in the transmission from the second communication unit 104a to each user terminal. Here, in the second communication unit 104b, the IP address of the transmitted frame is a Multicast IP address, so that, for example, the second communication unit 104b detects a frame having a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.1 of the program A1 which the user terminal 105f requests to be watched or listened to, but a MAC address is not addressed to the second communication unit 104b, so that the re-transmission processing is not performed, thereby preventing imposing the re-transmission processing loads on the first communication unit 102a. The first communication unit 102a according to the third embodiment can be realized to have a structure as described in the first and second embodiments with reference to FIG. 14. However, the third embodiment performs only the software processing for changing MAC addresses, and not changing IP addresses, so that the present invention can be realized to have a simpler structure. As described above, by not changing the processing at the Network layer and by performing the re-transmission processing in the wireless communication, it is possible to ensure high-quality transmission. Note that, since even in the processing after the wireless communication the Multicast IP address is used directly, it is not necessary to hold tables for managing specific Multicast IP addresses in the communication unit in the wireless communication such as the first communication unit and the second communication unit, and the IP Multicast processing can be also applied to a system having a simple structure. Note also that in the structure shown in FIG. 12, a Multicast IP address is used for transmission from the first communication unit 102a to each user terminal, and a MAC address is used as a MAC address of each user terminal, so that it is possible to realize the present invention. Note also that, in the same manner as the other above embodiments, in the structure shown in FIG. 15, the communication path Y1 is a wire, a Multicast MAC address is used via the communication path Y1, and identical data is transmitted using Multicast to a plurality of destinations which are specified by a Multicast group. Furthermore, the communication path Y2 is radio, a Unicast MAC address is used via the communication path Y2, and identical data is transmitted using Unicast to the plurality of destinations which are specified by the Multicast group. Note also that the communication path Y3 may be a wire, a Multicast MAC address may be used via the communication path Y3, and identical data may be transmitted using Multicast to the plurality of destinations which are specified by the Multicast group. Note also that, instead of the second communication unit 104a, as shown in FIG. 15, a second communication unit 104x having one Ethernet (R) connection port may be used. In this case, a Multicast MAC address is used via the communication path Y1 (wire) to perform transmission using Multicast. Further, via the communication path Y4 (radio) a Unicast MAC address is used to perform transmission using Multicast. Still further, via the communication path Y5 (wire) a Multicast MAC address is used to transmit using Multicast the program A1 to the user terminal 105x. For example, when the user terminal 105x requests for the program A1 to be watched or listened to, the first communication unit 102a uses, for a frame of the program A1, a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.1 as an IP address and sets a MAC address of the second communication unit 104x as the address 1 of the MAC address in order to perform Unicast communication. Then, when the second communication unit 104x receives the frame of the program A1 from the first communication unit 102a, the second communication unit 104x determines, at the MAC layer processing, that the received frame is addressed to the second communication unit 104x, so that the processing proceeds to the Network layer which is a upper layer of the MAC layer. Further, at the Network layer the Multicast IP address is used directly as the IP address, so that the Multicast IP address is used to perform further Multicast communication. In other words, the second communication unit 104x is realized to have the same structure of the second communication unit 104a described in the first and second embodiments with reference to FIG. 14, and performs only processing for changing a Mac address, not changing an IP address. Thereby by not changing the processing at the Network layer and by performing the re-transmission processing in the wireless communication, it is possible to ensure high-quality transmission. Note that, since even in the processing after the wireless communication the Multicast IP address is used directly, it is not necessary to hold tables for managing specific Multicast IP addresses in the communication unit in the wireless communication such as the first communication unit 102a and the second communication unit 104, and the IP Multicast processing can also be applied to a system having a simple structure. Note also that, besides the network structure shown in FIG. 15, as shown in FIG. 16, a connecting end of a wire of the second communication unit 104x is connected via an Ethernet (R) to a network device such as a router, a bridge, and a hub, the second communication unit 104x may distribute using Multicast the program A1 to a user terminal 105x subsequently connected to the network device. That is, a frame which has been distributed using Multicast from the program distribution unit 100 is distributed to the second communication unit 104x via the wireless communication path Y4 using wireless Unicast instead of wireless Multicast, and in the second communication unit 104x, the frame is further distributed using Multicast to the subsequent network device 106x. Note that FIG. 16 shows a structure in which the user terminal 105x is directly connected to the network device 106x, but the user terminal 105x may be connected to a network device (not shown) in a later stage of the network device 106x. Furthermore, FIG. 16 shows only one user terminal, but a possible variation is that a plurality of user terminals are connected directly to the network device 106x and the network device in a later stage of the network device 106x. It is obvious that in a case where a plurality of user terminals request a plurality of programs, a plurality of Multicast streams are converted into respective wireless Unicast frames and transmitted separately via the wireless communication path, and in the second communication unit 104x the streams are re-converted to Multicast frames to be transmitted. It is also obvious that in the third embodiment, as far as a network has a structure in which in the first communication unit 102a a frame which is generally to be transmitted using wireless Multicast is transmitted using wireless Unicast to each destination, and at a destination STA or AP the frame is further converted into a Multicast frame to be transmitted, an device which receives transmission using Multicast from the destination STA or AP may be the user terminal or the network device, or other communication devices. Note that the second communication unit 104a or the second communication unit 104x may be not a STA, but an AP. Here, as one example of a use of the communication between APs, if an office or the like resides in two buildings, wiring is provided in one building using wires and wireless communication between APs is performed between the buildings. Fourth Embodiment The fourth embodiment describes a more efficient transmission method. As described above, in FIG. 8 for example, the program distribution from the first communication unit 102a to the second communication unit 104a is realized by transmitting a frame of each program. FIG. 10A is a schematic block diagram of frames used in the program distribution. In FIG. 10A, a reference numeral 400 represents the program distribution 230 in FIG. 8, 401 represents the program distribution 231 in FIG. 8, and 402 represents the program distribution 232 in FIG. 8. For the program distributions 400, 401, and 402, the IP frames of respective programs are transmitted in a chronological order. Note that, in FIG. 8, only the IP header which is a header based on the Network layer is shown, but in actual practice, another header which is used at the MAC layer and the lower layer is also used to designate wireless Unicast communication. By using the protocol, in the wireless communication based on IEEE802.11 standard for example, in a case where a wireless channel access method by a distributed coordination function (DCF) is used to control access, every time a frame is transmitted, a receiving terminal (the second communication unit 104 in a case of FIG. 7) transmits an ACK frame to a transmitting terminal (the first communication unit 102 in the case of FIG. 7), and then if the transmitting terminal does not receive the ACK frame within a predetermined time period after the transmission, the transmitting terminal transmits the frame again. Further, in a case of transmission by a point coordination function (PCF) by a centralized control, polling processing needs to be performed when a frame is transmitted. This means that, in the wireless transmission, every time a frame is transmitted, it is necessary to transmit not only the desired frame (program data in the present embodiments) but also a frame for controlling wireless access, thereby consuming a transmission band during the transmission of the frames, so that efficiency of the transmission becomes low. More specifically, in FIG. 10A, transmission bands for the program distributions 460, 461, and 462 are consumed. Moreover, there is a problem of causing a processing load in an access point (the first communication unit 102) and a station (the second communication unit 104). The fourth embodiment describes efficient transmission as shown in FIG. 10B. An aspect of the present invention is that by reducing the number of frames to be transmitted in wireless communication, the frames for controlling wireless accesses are reduced, so that efficient transmission can be performed. In FIG. 10B, three program data is multiplexed into one frame to be transmitted. In a frame 403, a reference numeral 440 represents an IP header, and a reference numeral 441 represents information indicating that program information regarding next program data is the program A1 and is equivalent to 411. A reference numeral 442 represents data of the program A1 and equivalent to 412. 443 is information indicating that program information regarding next program data is the program A2, and is equivalent to 421. 444 is data of the program A2 and equivalent to 422. 445 is information indicating that program information regarding next program data is the program A3 and is equivalent to 431. 446 is data of the program A3 and equivalent to 432. After the frame 403 in which the three programs are multiplexed is transmitted, an ACK frame 452 is transmitted. FIG. 11 is a diagram showing one example of the processing according to the present invention. In FIG. 11, programs transmitted by IP Multicast via the first communication path 101 are assumed to be the same programs in FIG. 9. The first communication unit 102a obtains via the first communication path 101 a program frame 520 (program A1) transmitted using a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.1, a program frame 521 (program A2) transmitted using a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.2, and a program frame 522 (program A3) transmitted using a Multicast IP address 224.0.1.3, sequentially. Next, at a program distribution 530, the first communication unit 102a transmits the obtained frames as a Unicast frame having a source address 133.181.127.200 and a destination address 133.181.127.201 from the first communication unit 102a to the second communication unit 104a. Here, a structure of the frame is the same as the frame 403 shown in FIG. 10B. The second communication unit 104a which has received the program distribution frame 530 extracts data of the program A1 from the frame of the program distribution 530, and distributes the extracted data to the user terminal 105a at a program distribution 540. Furthermore, the data of the program A1 is duplicated to be distributed to the user terminal 105d at a program distribution 541. Furthermore, the second communication unit 104a extracts data of the program A2 from the frame transmitted at the program distribution 530 in order to be distributed to the user terminal 105b at a program distribution 542. Still further, the second communication unit 104a extracts data of the program A3 from the frame transmitted at the program distribution 530 in order to be distributed to the user terminal 105c at a program distribution 543. Subsequent processing from a program distribution 523 to a program distribution 547 are performed in the same manner as described above. Note that FIG. 11 shows one example in which the programs A1, A2, and A3 are transmitted via the first communication path 101 in the order as shown at 520, 521, and 522, but since the spirit of the present invention is in efficient use of the transmission bands by reducing processing using the wireless LAN by grouping a plurality of program data into one frame, the order of transmission is not limited to the above. In the fourth embodiment, the processing performed by the first communication unit 102 is realized by using the same structure as described in the first to third embodiments with reference to FIG. 14. In this case, regarding an operation of software processing performed by the CPU 8002, the CPU 8002 firstly receives a plurality of the program frames (400, 401, and 402) shown in FIG. 10A from the first communication path 101 via the first communication path interface 8000 and temporarily stores the received frames in the memory 8003. Next, the CPU 8002 reads out the program information and the program data from the memory 8003, multiplexes the program information and the program data, adds a destination IP address 440 of an IP address of the second communication unit or a user terminal to generate a 403, and then transmits the data to the second communication path 103 via the second communication path interface 8001. As described above, by grouping a plurality of program frames, transmission bands to be utilized by the ACK frame are reduced, so that it is possible to realize wireless communication efficiently using the bands. Furthermore, as obvious in FIG. 10B, it is obvious that the number of data in a header subsequent to an IP header and a wireless MAC frame (not shown in FIG. 10B) is reduced, so that the transmission bands equivalent to the reduced data can be efficiently used. Note that in the first to fourth embodiments according to the present invention, the wireless LAN is used as one example of the communication method for performing the re-transmission processing, but the present invention is not limited to the above and can be applied to other communication methods for performing the re-transmission processing, and modifications by using other transmission methods do not depart from the scope of the present invention. Note that a communication program is a program which is executed in a communication device such as a STA or an AP in order to realize each function in the communication device, and can be stored in a computer-readable recording medium such as an optic recording medium (a CD-ROM or the like, for example), a magnetic recording medium (a hard disk or the like, for example), a magneto-optic recording medium (MO or the like, for example), or a semiconductor recording medium (a memory card or the like, for example) in order to be read out onto a hardware system such as a computer system or an installation system. Further, the communication program can be stored in a hardware system on a network, and realized in another hardware system which downloads the computer program via the network. Note that one or more functions included in the communication device such as a STA or an AP can be realized in the communication device by a program stored in a nonvolatile memory device, or can be built in a system LSI such as a network processor. Furthermore, the system LSI can be realized by a full-custom LSI (Large Scale Integration). Still further, the system LSI can be realized by a semi-custom LSI such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Still further, the system LSI can be realized by a programmable logic device such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or a complex programmable logic device (DPLD). Still further, the system LSI can be realized as a dynamic reconfigurable device in which a circuit structure can be dynamically re-written. Moreover, design data for forming one or more functions included in the communication device such as a STA or an AP into the above LSI may be a very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) which is a program described in a hardware description language such as a Verilog HDL or a system C. Furthermore, the design data may be a net list of a gate level which can be obtained by using logic synthesis of a HDL program. Still further, the design data may be macrocell information in which the net list of the gate level is added with placement information, process condition, and the like. Still further, the design data may be mask data defining a size, a timing, and the like. Moreover, the design data can be stored in the computer-readable recording medium such as an optic recording medium (a CD-ROM or the like, for example), a magnetic recording medium (a hard disk or the like, for example), a magneto-optic recording medium (MO or the like, for example), or a semiconductor recording medium (a memory card or the like, for example) in order to be read out onto a hardware system such as a computer system or an installation system. In addition, the design data which has been read out onto another hardware system via the recording medium can be downloaded to the programmable logic device via a download cable. Moreover, the design data can be stored in a hardware system on a transmission path so that the design data can be obtained by another hardware system via a transmission path such as a network. Furthermore, via the communication path from the hardware system, the design data stored in another hardware system can be downloaded in the programmable logic device via the download cable. Moreover, the design data which is logically synthesized, placed, and wired can be stored in a serial ROM in order to be transferred to a FPGA when power is switched ON. Then, the design data stored in the serial ROM can be downloaded in the FPGA immediately after the power is switched ON. Furthermore, the design data which is logically synthesized, placed, and wired can be generated by a micro processor and downloaded to the FPGA. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The communication device and the communication system according to the present invention can be realized as a system for performing Multicast communication, the present invention is suitable, for example, for a system for distributing video programs to a plurality of terminals of passengers in an airplane and the like.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Conventionally, systems for distributing video programs, audio programs, and the like from a server via a network (a communication path) to a terminal used by a user (hereinafter, referred to as program distribution systems) have been put to practical use. One example of those systems is a program distribution system which is utilized in airplanes (hereinafter, referred to as an airplane program distribution system). By the airplane program distribution system, a passenger (a user) uses a terminal equipped in a user's seat in order to select a desired program from programs distributed from a video server equipped in an airplane, and to watch and listen to the program. One of the technical methods for distributing a large number of the programs via a network is IP Multicast using the Internet Protocol (IP). The IP Multicast is a system for transmitting identical data to multiple designated recipients in the network. Hereinafter, in this description, distribution of a program to multiple users by using the IP is referred to as IP Multicast, and distribution of a program to multiple users in a general sense is referred to merely as Multicast. On the other hand, not like Multicast, a method for designating a single recipient and transmitting data to the unique recipient is called Unicast. The IP Multicast is used, for example, in a case where a frame is transmitted from a single transmitting node such as a server to multiple receiving terminals. For instance, the IP Multicast is used in a case where a video program transmitted from a video server is watched and listened to by a plurality of terminals. A transmitting node transmits a frame to a specific group. A transmitting node for Multicast transmits only one frame, and the frame is duplicated by a router at some midpoint to be distributed to receiving terminals. The router at some midpoint duplicates the frame only in a case where a receiver of Multicast exists in a different interface. Therefore, only one frame having the same contents is transmitted to where the frame is requested. Accordingly, network bands are able to be efficiently used, and the frame is duplicated by the routers which are dispersedly positioned on the network, so that the loads can be dispersed. IP Multicast is defined in RFC2236 and RFC1112, and IP addresses of class D (224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255) are reserved for use as Multicast addresses. If communication is performed to these addresses over Multicast, simultaneous transmission to nodes belonging to a Multicast group (address) is performed. In order to join an (appropriate) multicast group, a protocol of the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is applied. The IGMP is used when a receiving terminal host joins or leaves the group or when information regarding the group is exchanged between IP Multicast routers. Using the IP Multicast system, a group is formed for each video program, then communication using IP Multicast is performed, and a user joins a Multicast group regarding a video program which the user wishes to watch or listen to, so that the user can watch and listen to the desired program. FIG. 1 shows a schematic structure of the conventional program distribution system using IP Multicast. Referring to FIG. 1 , a reference numeral 1000 represents a program distributing unit such as a video server. A reference numeral 1001 represents a communication path such as an Ethernet (R). A reference numeral 1002 represents a router which supports Multicast. A reference numeral 1003 represents a router which supports Multicast. A reference numeral 1004 represents a user terminal. Reference numerals of the user terminals 1004 are assigned with additional characters a to h, respectively. The program distribution unit 1000 transmits all distributable programs using IP Multicast (hereinafter, the transmitting program is referred to as a program stream). FIG. 1 shows an example in which there are four different programs (B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , and B 4 ). For example, the program B 1 uses a Multicast IP address 224.0.0.1, the program B 2 uses a Multicast IP address 224.0.0.2, the program B 3 uses a Multicast IP address 224.0.0.3, and the program B 4 uses a Multicast IP address 224.0.0.4. This means that a group of programs is formed for each IP address. Generally, in IP Multicast, a User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is used at the fourth layer (Transport layer) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. More specifically, the Ethernet (R) is used at the second layer (Data link layer) of the OSI model, and re-transmission is performed using the IP at the third layer (Network layer) of the OSI model in order to be realized as a so-called stream transmission. All programs are transmitted via the communication path 1001 (X 1 and X 2 ), so that by using multicast addresses 224.0.0.1 to 224.0.0.4, the programs B 1 to B 4 are transmitted (X 2 transmits the programs to a next router (not shown)). The user terminals 1004 a to 1004 d which are managed by the router 1003 a is used to watch and listen to the programs B 1 , B 2 , and B 3 , so that X 3 uses Multicast addresses 224.0.0.1 to 224.0.0.3 to transmit the programs B 1 , B 2 , and B 3 . From the router 1003 a , each program is transmitted to the user terminal 1004 . More specifically, X 5 uses 224.0.0.1 to transmit the program B 1 to the user terminal 1004 a , X 6 uses 224.0.0.2 to transmit the program B 2 to the user terminal 1004 b , X 7 uses 224.0.0.3 to transmit the program B 3 to the user terminal 1004 c , and X 8 uses 224.0.0.1 to transmit the program B 1 to the user terminal 1004 d . Here, since the identical program B 1 is to be watched and listened to by using the user terminal 1004 a and the user terminal 1004 d , the router 1003 a duplicates the program data to be transmitted. In the same manner, the programs B 1 , B 2 , and B 4 are watched and listened to by using the user terminals 1004 e to 1004 h which are managed by the router 1003 b , so that X 4 uses Multicast addresses 224.0.0.1, 224.0.0.2, and 224.0.0.4 to transmits the programs B 1 , B 2 , and B 4 . From the router 1003 b , each program is transmitted to the user terminal 1004 . More specifically, X 9 uses 224.0.0.4 to transmit the program B 4 to the user terminal 1004 e , X 10 uses 224.0.0.1 to transmit the program B 1 to the user terminal 1004 f , X 11 uses 224.0.0.4 to transmit the program B 4 to the user terminal 1004 g , and X 12 uses 224.0.0.2 to transmit the program B 2 to the user terminal 1004 h . Since the identical program B 4 is watched and listened to by using the user terminal 1004 e and the user terminal 1004 g , the router 1003 b duplicates the program data to be transmitted. In FIG. 1 explains the example in which a wired Ethernet (R) is used as the communication path. In general, airplanes have constraints on a space to be equipped with communication devices or wires. For example, the router 1002 is equipped in a ceiling part of the airplane, X 1 and X 2 are wired along the ceiling, the user terminal 1004 is equipped in each passenger seat, and the router 1003 is equipped for each set of the seats. In the case of the example of FIG. 1 , one router 1003 is equipped in one of four seats in a row, and the router 1003 is wired directly to the respective four user terminals 1004 . A wire from the router 1002 to the router 1003 is equipped along a wall of the airplane. Note that in the description with reference to FIG. 1 , the Ethernet (R) is used as an example of the communication path 1001 and the program transmission unit 1002 , but there is another method for performing the program distribution by using a modulation technique of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) in a coaxial cable. In the meantime, a wireless Local Area Network (hereinafter, referred to as a wireless LAN) has recently been widely used, and communication over the wireless LAN in airplanes is desired. By using the wireless LAN, wiring in the above space of the airplane becomes no more necessary, so that wiring construction is significantly reduced. Furthermore, in addition to the program distribution, it is also possible to realize connection between the Internet and a computer which the user brings into the airplane. One example of the wireless LAN is a communication method based on IEEE802.11. Regarding the details of the IEEE802.11, numerous technical books have been published, for example, “802.11 high-speed wireless LAN textbook” (published by IDG Japan Co., Ltd.). The IEEE802.11 defines IEEE802.11a (maximum communication speed is 54 Mb/s), IEEE802.11b (maximum communication speed is 11 Mb/s), IEEE802.11g (maximum communication speed is 54 Mb/s), and the like. Effective IP throughputs of the above are approximately 20 Mb/s, approximately 4 Mb/s, and approximately 20 Mb/s, respectively. Furthermore, a technique such as IEEE802.11n is targeted at more speedy communication. An important aspect of the present invention is that, in the wireless communication such as communication based on IEEE802.11, a MAC layer which is the Data link layer (the second layer of the OSI model) has a re-transmission system. In the IEEE802.11, a transmitting terminal transmits a frame, then if a receiving terminal receives the frame successfully, the receiving terminal sends back a frame indicating the receiving success (ACK frame), and therefore the transmitting terminal transmits the frame again if the ACK frame is not received within a predetermined time period. In general, this re-transmitting processing is repeated for a plurality of times until the frame is transmitted successfully. However, the re-transmitting at the MAC layer is performed only in communication using Unicast, and in communication using group addresses such as communication over Broadcast and Multicast, receiving stations do not send the ACK frame back. This is described in more detail with reference to a figure. FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a MAC frame. In FIG. 3 , a reference numeral 1900 represents a MAC header, a reference numeral 1901 represents a frame body, and a reference numeral 1902 represents a frame check sequence (FSC). The MAC header 1900 includes four address fields. A reference numeral 1903 represents an address 1 , 1904 represents an address 2 , 1905 represents an address 3 , and 1906 represents an address 4 . For example, in a case where transmission is performed between an access point (AP) and a station (STA), the address 1 stores a destination address, the address 2 stores a basic service set identifier (BSSID), and the address 4 stores a source address. Note that the address 4 is not used at this moment. Here, if the address 1 is a Unicast address, the re-transmission processing is performed, and if the address is a Broadcast or Multicast address, the re-transmission processing is not performed. Note that the frame body stores an IP frame including an IP header as shown in FIG. 10A as described further below. This means that a wireless frame includes a MAC header and an IP header. FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of IP Multicast using wireless communication in the middle of a transmission path. Processing until a router 1102 receives programs is same as the processing described with reference to FIG. 1 . A reference numeral X 700 represents a wireless LAN based on IEEE802.11 and transmits IP Multicast frames. As far as receiving terminals exist within an area where radio waves can be detected, all receiving terminals can receive the frames. In FIG. 2 , a router 1102 is shown as a router which has a wireless access point (AP) function, and routers 1103 a and 1103 b are shown as routers which have a receivable station (STA) function. If the IP Multicast system is directly applied, the AP 1102 is requested from a plurality of STAs 1103 to transmit an identical program, so that the AP 1102 duplicates the program and should use Multicast addresses as the MAC addresses by which the plurality of STAs can receive the program. Processing from the router 1103 to the user terminals 1004 is the same as the processing described with reference to FIG. 1 . As described above, IP Multicast can be applied to the wireless LAN but this causes a problem as described further below. Besides the system in FIG. 1 , another example of the conventional system for performing communication over Multicast by using wireless LAN is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-196041 publication (hereinafter, referred to as a patent document 1). The patent document 1 is aimed to improve efficiency of the communication over Multicast, by grouping receiving stations among which data can be exchanged directly, from receiving stations which exist in a communication area where a single transmitting station (access point AP) can cover, then selecting as a representative station an arbitrary receiving station from the group, and utilizing the condition that a ACK or a NAK which is sent from the representative station back to the transmitting station can be received among the group. Furthermore, examples for the conventional method for changing a part of the IP Multicast communication to Unicast communication and then, after that part, the Unicast communication is changed back to the IP Multicast communication are disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-244976 (hereinafter, referred to as a patent document 2), Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-244978 publication (hereinafter, referred to as a patent document 3), and Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-230774 publication (hereinafter, referred to as a patent document 4). In these examples, the UDP is used at the Transport layer, negotiation is performed between communication devices in an area where Unicast communication is performed, IP Multicast which is a system at the Network layer is associated with the UDP at the Transport layer, and the communication device has “management tables” (peer management tables in the patent document 2 and the patent document 3) and “management tables (management tables in the patent document 4), so that the Unicast communication is changed back to the IP Multicast communication. The patent documents 2, 3, and 4 are systems for passing each Multicast frame through a communication path, such as the Internet, on which routers and the like do to support Multicast communication, so that these patent documents do not disclose a technology regarding a part in which the Multicast frame needs to be cuplicated. [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-196041 publication [Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-244976 publication [Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-244978 publication [Patent Document 4] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-230774 publication [Non-Patent Document 1] “802.11 High-Speed Wireless LAN Textbook” (published by IDG Japan Co., Ltd.)

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a schematic structure of a conventional program distribution system using IP Multicast communication. FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of IP Multicast communication using wireless communication on the middle of a transmission path. FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a MAC frame. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an airplane in which a program distribution system according to the first embodiment of the present invention is equipped. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing inside of the airplane in which the program distribution system according to the first embodiment of the present invention is equipped. FIG. 6 is a diagram showing wiring in the airplane in which the program distribution system according to the first embodiment of the present invention is equipped. FIG. 7 is a diagram of a structure of a Multicast communication system according to the present invention. FIG. 8 is a diagram showing one example of processing according to the present invention. FIG. 9 is a diagram showing another example of the processing according to the present invention. FIG. 10A is a schematic block diagram of program distribution frames. FIG. 10B is a schematic block diagram of a distribution frame in which program data are multiplexed. FIG. 11 is a diagram showing still another example of the processing according to the present invention. FIG. 12 is a diagram of a structure of the Multicast communication system according to the present application. FIG. 13 is a diagram showing still another example of the processing according to the present invention. FIG. 14 is a schematic block diagram of an internal structure of the first communication unit. FIG. 15 is a diagram showing a structure of a communication system according to a variation. FIG. 16 is a diagram showing a structure of another communication system according to the variation. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20060807

20151103

20090604

94605.0

H04L1256

OH, ANDREW CHUNG SUK

Communication System and Method for Distributing Content

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

H04L

ACCEPTED

Anti-CD38 human antibodies and uses thereof

The present invention provides recombinant antigen-binding regions and antibodies and functional fragments containing such antigen-binding regions that are specific for CD38, which plays an integral role in various disorders or conditions. These antibodies, accordingly, can be used to treat, for example, hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma. Antibodies of the invention also can be used in the diagnostics field, as well as for investigating the role of CD38 in the progression of disorders associated with malignancies. The invention also provides nucleic acid sequences encoding the foregoing antibodies, vectors containing the same, pharmaceutical compositions and kits with instructions for use. The invention also provides isolated novel epitopes of CD38 and methods of use therefore

1. An isolated human or humanized antibody or functional fragment thereof comprising an antigen-binding region that is specific for an epitope of CD38 (SEQ ID NO: 22), wherein said antibody or functional fragment thereof is able to mediate killing of a CD38+ target cell by ADCC with an at least five-fold better efficacy than chimeric OKT10 (SEQ ID NOS: 23 and 24) under the same or substantially the same conditions when a human PBMC cell is employed as an effector cell, wherein said CD38+ target cell is selected from the group consisting of LP-1 (DSMZ: ACC41) and RPMI-8226 (ATCC: CCL-155), and wherein the ratio of effector cells to target cells is between about 30:1 and about 50:1. 2. An isolated antigen-binding region of an antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 1. 3. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 2, which comprises an H-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8. 4. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 3, further comprising an H-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8. 5. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 4, further comprising an H-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8. 6. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 5, which comprises a variable heavy chain depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8. 7. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 2, which comprises an L-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, or 16. 8. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 7, further comprising an L-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, or 16. 9. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 8, further comprising an L-CDR.2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, or 16. 10. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 9, which comprises a variable light chain depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, or 16. 11. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 2, which comprises a heavy chain amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (i) SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8; and (ii) a sequence having at least 60 percent sequence identity in the CDR regions with the CDR regions depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8. 12. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 2, which comprises a light chain amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (i) SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, or 16; and (ii) a sequence having at least 60 percent sequence identity in the CDR regions with the CDR regions depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, or 16. 13. An isolated antibody to according to claim 1, which is an IgG. 14. An isolated antibody to according to claim 13, which is an IgG1. 15. An isolated human or humanized antibody or functional fragment thereof, comprising an antigen-binding region that is specific for an epitope of CD38 (SEQ ID NO: 22), wherein said antibody or functional fragment thereof is able to mediate killing of a CD38-transfected CHO cell by CDC with an at least two-fold better efficacy than chimeric OKT10 (SEQ ID NOS: 23 and 24) under the same or substantially the same conditions. 16. An isolated antigen-binding region of an antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 15. 17. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 16, which comprises an H-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, or 7. 18. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 17, further comprising an H-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, or 7. 19. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 18, further comprising an H-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, or 7. 20. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 19, which comprises a variable heavy chain depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, or 7. 21. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 16, which comprises an L-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, or 15. 22. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 21, further comprising an L-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, or 15. 23. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 22, further comprising an L-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, or 15. 24. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 23, which comprises a variable light chain depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, or 15 25. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 16, which comprises a heavy chain amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (i) SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, or 7; and (ii) a sequence having at least 60 percent sequence identity in the CDR regions with the CDR regions depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, or 7. 26. An isolated antigen-binding region according to claim 16, which comprises a light chain amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (i) SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, or 15; and (ii) a sequence having at least 60 percent sequence identity in the CDR regions with the CDR regions depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, or 15. 27. An isolated antibody to according to claims 15, which is an IgG. 28. An isolated antibody to according to claim 27, which is an IgG1. 29. An isolated human or humanized antibody or functional fragment thereof comprising an antigen-binding region that is specific for an epitope of CD38, wherein the epitope comprises one or more amino acid residues of amino acid residues 1 to 215 of CD38 (SEQ ID NO: 22). 30. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof of claim 29, wherein the epitope comprises one or more amino acid residues comprised in one or more of the amino acid stretches taken from the list of amino acid stretches 44-66, 82-94, 142-154, 148-164, 158-170, and 192-206 of CD38. 31. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 29, wherein said epitope is a linear epitope. 32. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 31, wherein said antigen-binding region comprises an H-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 6. 33. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 32, wherein said antigen-binding region further comprises an H-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 6. 34. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 33, wherein said antigen-binding region further comprises an H-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 6. 35. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 31, which comprises a variable heavy chain depicted in SEQ ID NO: 6. 36. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 31, wherein said antigen-binding region comprises an L-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 14. 37. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 36, wherein said antigen-binding region further comprises an L-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 14. 38. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 37, wherein said antigen-binding region further comprises an L-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 14. 39. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 31, which comprises a variable light chain depicted in SEQ ID NO: 14. 40. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 31, which comprises a heavy chain amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (i) SEQ ID NO: 6; and (ii) a sequence having at least 60 percent sequence identity in the CDR regions with the CDR regions depicted in SEQ ID NO: 6. 41. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 31, which comprises a light chain amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (i) SEQ ID NO: 14; and (ii) a sequence having at least 60 percent sequence identity in the CDR regions with the CDR regions depicted in SEQ ID NO: 14. 42. An isolated functional fragment according to claim 31, which is a Fab or scFv antibody fragment. 43. An isolated antibody according to claim 31, which is an IgG. 44. An isolated antibody according to claim 43, which is an IgG1. 45. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 29, wherein said epitope is a conformational epitope. 46. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 45, wherein said antigen-binding region comprises an H-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 7, or 8. 47. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 46, wherein said antigen-binding region further comprises an H-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 7, or 8. 48. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 47, wherein said antigen-binding region further comprises an H-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 7, or 8. 49. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 45, which comprises a variable heavy chain depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 7, or 8. 50. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 45, wherein said antigen-binding region comprises an L-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 15, or 16. 51. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 50, wherein said antigen-binding region further comprises an L-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 15, or 16. 52. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 51, wherein said antigen-binding region further comprises an L-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 15, or 16. 53. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 45, which comprises a variable light chain depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 15, or 16. 54. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 45, which comprises a heavy chain amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (i) SEQ ID NO: 5, 7, or 8; and (ii) a sequence having at least 60 percent sequence identity in the CDR regions with the CDR regions depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 7, or 8. 55. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 45, which comprises a light chain amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (i) SEQ ID NO: 13, 15, or 16; and (ii) a sequence having at least 60 percent sequence identity in the CDR regions with the CDR regions depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 15, or 16. 56. An isolated functional fragment according to claim 45, which is a Fab or scFv antibody fragment. 57. An isolated antibody according to claim 45, which is an IgG. 58. An isolated antibody according to claim 57, which is an IgG1. 59. A variable heavy chain of an isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof that is encoded by (i) a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, or 4, or (ii) a nucleic acid sequences that hybridizes under high stringency conditions to the complementary strand of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein said antibody or functional fragment thereof is specific for an epitope of CD38. 60. A variable light chain of an isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof that is encoded by (i) a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 9, 10, 11, or 12, or (ii) a nucleic acid sequences that hybridizes under high stringency conditions to the complementary strand of SEQ ID NO: 9, 10, 11, or 12, wherein said antibody or functional fragment thereof is specific for an epitope of CD38. 61. An isolated nucleic acid sequence that encodes an antigen-binding region of a human antibody or functional fragment thereof that is specific for an epitope of CD38. 62. A nucleic acid sequence encoding a variable heavy chain of an isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof, which comprises (i) a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2, 3 and 4 or (ii) a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under high stringency conditions to the complementary strand of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein said antibody or functional fragment thereof is specific for an epitope of CD38. 63. A nucleic acid sequence encoding a variable light chain of an isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof, which comprises (i) a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 9, 10, 11 and 12 or (ii) a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under high stringency conditions to the complementary strand of SEQ ID NO: 9, 10, 11 or 12, wherein said antibody or functional fragment thereof is specific for an epitope of CD38. 64. A vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence according to any one of claims 61-63. 65. An isolated cell comprising a vector according to claim 64. 66. An isolated cell according to claim 65, wherein said cell is bacterial. 67. An isolated cell according to claim 65, wherein said cell is mammalian. 68. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or functional fragment according to any one of claims 1, 15 and 29 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient therefor. 69. A method for treating a disorder or condition associated with the undesired presence of CD38+ cells, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 68. 70. A method according to claim 69, wherein said disorder or condition is a haematological disease. 71. A method according to claim 70 taken from the list of multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and acute lymphocytic leukemia. 72. A method according to claim 69, wherein said disorder or condition is an inflammatory disease. 73. A method according to claim 72 taken from the list of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. 74. A method for targeting CD38+ cells in a subject or a cell sample, comprising the step of allowing said CD38+ cells to be contacted with an antibody or functional fragment thereof according to any one of claims 1, 15 and 29. 75. A method of using an epitope of CD38 for isolating a human or humanized antibody or functional fragment thereof, wherein said antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises an antigen-binding region that is specific for said epitope, and wherein said method comprises the steps of: a) contacting said epitope of CD38 with an antibody library; and b) isolating said antibody or functional fragment thereof, wherein said epitope is a linear epitope. 76. A method according to claim 75, wherein said linear epitope comprises amino acid residues 192-206. 77. A method of using an epitope of CD38 for isolating a human or humanized antibody or functional fragment thereof; wherein said antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises an antigen-binding region that is specific for said epitope, and wherein said method comprises the steps of: a) contacting said epitope of CD38 with an antibody library; and b) isolating said antibody or functional fragment thereof, wherein said epitope is a conformational epitope. 78. A method according to claim 77, wherein said conformational epitope comprises one or more amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of amino acids 44-66, 82-94, 142-154, 148-164, 158-170, and 202-224 of CD38. 79. An isolated epitope of CD38 consisting essentially of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of amino acids 44-66, 82-94, 142-154, 148-164, 158-170, 192-206 and 202-224 of CD38. 80. An isolated epitope of CD38 consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of amino acids 44-66, 82-94, 142-154, 148-164, 158-170, 192-206 and 202-224 of CD38. 81. A kit comprising an isolated epitope of CD38 comprising one or more amino acid stretches taken from the list of 44-66, 82-94, 142-154, 148-164, 158-170, 192-206 and 202-224 and an antibody library and instructions for use. 82. A human antibody according to any one of claims 1, 15 and 29, wherein the human antibody is a synthetic human antibody. 83. An isolated antigen-binding region according to any one of claims 11, 12, 25 and 26, wherein said sequence identity is at least 80%. 84. An isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to any one of claims 40, 41, 54 and 55, wherein said sequence identity is at least 80%.

This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application Nos. 60/541,911 filed Feb. 6, 2004, 60/547,584 filed Feb. 26, 2004, 60/553,948 filed Mar. 18, 2004, and 60/599,014 filed Aug. 6, 2004, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION CD38 is a type-II membrane glycoprotein and belongs to the family of ectoenzymes, due to its enzymatic activity as ADP ribosyl-cyclase and cADP—hydrolase. During ontogeny, CD38 appears on CD34+ committed stem cells and lineage-committed progenitors of lymphoid, erythroid and myeloid cells. It is understood that CD38 expression persists only in the lymphoid lineage, through the early stages of T- and B-cell development. The up-regulation of CD38 serves as a marker for lymphocyte activation—in particular B-cell differentiation along the plasmacytoid pathway. (Co-)receptor functions of CD38 leading to intracellular signaling or intercellular communication via its ligand, CD31, are postulated, as well as its role as an intracellular regulator of a second messenger, cyclic ADPr, in a variety of signaling cascades. However, its physiological importance remains to be elucidated, since knock out of the murine analogue or anti-CD38 auto-antibodies in humans do not appear to be detrimental. Apart from observing its expression in the hematopoetic system, researchers have noted the up-regulation of CD38 on various cell-lines derived from B-, T-, and myeloid/monocytic tumors, including B- or T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myelonia (MM). In MM, for example, strong CD38 expression is witnessed in the majority of all patient samples. Hence, over-expression of CD38 on malignant cells provides an attractive therapeutic target for immunotherapy. Of special attraction is the fact that the most primitive pluripotent stem cells of the hematopoietic system are CD38-negative and that the extent of cytotoxic effects by ADCC or CDC correlates well with the expression-levels of the respective target. Current approaches of anti-CD38 therapies can be divided in two groups: in vivo and ex vivo approaches. In in vivo approaches, anti-CD38 antibodies are administered to a subject in need of therapy in order to cause the antibody-mediated depletion of CD38-overexpressing malignant cells. Depletion can either be achieved by antibody-mediated ADCC and/or CDC by effector cells, or by using the anti-CD38 antibodies as targeting moieties for the transport of cytotoxic substances, e.g. saporin, to the target cells, and subsequent internalization. In the ex vivo approach, cell population, e.g. bone marrow cells, comprising CD38 overexpressing malignant cells are removed from an individual in need of treatment and are contacted with anti-CD38 antibodies. The target cells are either destroyed by cytotoxic substances, e.g. saporin, as described for the in vivo approach, or are removed by contacting the cell population with immobilized anti-CD38 antibodies, thus removing CD38 overexpressing target cells from the mixture. Thereafter, the depleted cell population is reinserted into the patient. Antibodies specific for CD38 can be divided in different groups, depending on various properties. Binding of some antibodies to the CD38 molecule (predominantly aa 220-300) can trigger activities within the target cell, such as Ca2+ release, cytokine release, phosphorylation events and growth stimulation based on the respective antibody specificity (Konopleva et al., 1998; Ausiello et al., 2000), but no clear correlation between the binding site of the various known antibodies and their (non-)agonistic properties could be seen (Funaro et al., 1990). Relatively little is known about the efficacy of published anti-CD38 antibodies. What is known is that all known antibodies seem to exclusively recognize epitopes (amino acid residues 220 to 300) located in the C-terminal part of CD38. No antibodies are known so far that are specific for epitopes in the N-terminal part of CD38 distant from the active site in the primary protein sequence. However, we have found that OKT10, which has been in clinical testing, has a relatively low affinity and efficacy when analyzed as chimeric construct comprising a human Fc part. Furthermore, OKT10 is a murine antibody rendering it unsuitable for human administration. A human anti-CD38 scFv antibody fragment has recently been described (WO 02/06347). However, that antibody is specific for a selectively expressed CD38 epitope. Correspondingly, in light of the great potential for anti-CD38 antibody therapy, there is a high need for human anti-CD38 antibodies with high affinity and with high efficacy in mediating killing of CD38 overexpressing malignant cells by ADCC and/or CDC. The present invention satisfies these and other needs by providing fully human and highly efficacious anti-CD38 antibodies, which are described below. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to provide human and humanized antibodies that can effectively mediate the killing of CD38-overexpressing cells. It is another object of the invention to provide antibodies that are safe for human administration. It is also an object of the present invention to provide methods for treating disease or and/or conditions associated with CD38 up-regulation by using one or more antibodies of the invention. These and other objects of the invention are more fully described herein. In one aspect, the invention provides an isolated antibody or functional antibody fragment that contains an antigen-binding region that is specific for an epitope of CD38, where the antibody or functional fragment thereof is able to mediate killing of a CD38+ target cell (LP-1 (DSMZ: ACC41) and RPMI-8226 (ATCC: CCL-155)) by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (“ADCC”) with an at least two- to five-fold better efficacy than the chimeric OKT10 antibody having SEQ ID NOS: 23 and 24 (under the same or substantially the same conditions), when a human PBMC cell is employed as an effector cell, and when the ratio of effector cells to target cells is between about 30:1 and about 50:1. Such an antibody or functional fragment thereof may contain an antigen-binding region that contains an H-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8; the antigen-binding region may further include an H-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8; and the antigen-binding region also may contain an H-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8. Such a CD38-specific antibody of the invention may contain an antigen-binding region that contains an L-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, or 16; the antigen-binding region may further include an L-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, or 16; and the antigen-binding region also may contain an L-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, or 16. In another aspect, the invention provides an isolated antibody or functional antibody fragment that contains an antigen-binding region that is specific for an epitope of CD38, where the antibody or functional fragment thereof is able to mediate killing of a CD38-transfected CHO cell by CDC with an at least two-fold better efficacy than chimeric OKT10 (SEQ ID NOS: 23 and 24) under the same or substantially the same conditions as in the previous paragraph. An antibody satisfying these criteria may contain an antigen-binding region that contains an H-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, or 7; the antigen-binding region may further include an H-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, or 7; and the antigen-binding region also may contain an H-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, or 7. Such a CD38-specific antibody of the invention may contain an antigen-binding region that contains an L-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, or 15; the antigen-binding region may further include an L-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, or 15; and the antigen-binding region also may contain an L-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, or 15. Antibodies (and functional fragments thereof) of the invention may contain an antigen-binding region that is specific for an epitope of CD38, which epitope contains one or more amino acid residues of amino acid residues 43 to 215 of CD38, as depicted by SEQ ID NO: 22. More specifically, an epitope to which the antigen-binding region binds may contain one or more amino acid residues found in one or more of the amino acid stretches taken from the list of amino acid stretches 44-66, 82-94, 142-154, 148-164, 158-170, and 192-206. For certain antibodies, the epitope maybe linear, whereas for others, it may be conformational (i.e., discontinuous). An antibody or functional fragment thereof having one or more of these properties may contain an antigen-binding region that contains an H-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8; the antigen-binding region may further include an H-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8; and the antigen-binding region also may contain an H-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8. Such a CD38-specific antibody of the invention may contain an antigen-binding region that contains an L-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, or 16; the antigen-binding region may further include an L-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, or 16; and the antigen-binding region also may contain an L-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, or 16. Peptide variants of the sequences disclosed herein are also embraced by the present invention. Accordingly, the invention includes anti-CD38 antibodies having a heavy chain amino acid sequence with: at least 60 percent sequence identity in the CDR regions with the CDR regions depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8; and/or at least 80 percent sequence homology in the CDR regions with the CDR regions depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8. Further included are anti-CD38 antibodies having a light chain amino acid sequence with: at least 60 percent sequence identity in the CDR regions with the CDR regions depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15 or 16; and/or at least 80 percent sequence homology in the CDR regions with the CDR regions depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15 or 16. An antibody of the invention may be an IgG (e.g., IgG1), while an antibody fragment may be a Fab or scFv, for example. An inventive antibody fragment, accordingly, may be, or may contain, an antigen-binding region that behaves in one or more ways as described herein. The invention also is related to isolated nucleic acid sequences, each of which can encode an antigen-binding region of a human antibody or functional fragment thereof that is specific for an epitope of CD38. Such a nucleic acid sequence may encode a variable heavy chain of an antibody and include a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2, 3, or 4, or a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under high stringency conditions to the complementary strand of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, or 4. The nucleic acid might encode a variable light chain of an isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof, and may contain a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 9, 10, 11, or 12, or a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under high stringency conditions to the complementary strand of SEQ ID NO: 9, 10, 11, or 12. Nucleic acids of the invention are suitable for recombinant production. Thus, the invention also relates to vectors and host cells containing a nucleic acid sequence of the invention. Compositions of the invention may be used for therapeutic or prophylactic applications. The invention, therefore, includes a pharmaceutical composition containing an inventive antibody (or functional antibody fragment) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient therefor. In a related aspect, the invention provides a method for treating a disorder or condition associated with the undesired presence of CD38 or CD38 expressing cells. Such method contains the steps of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition that contains an inventive antibody as described or contemplated herein. The invention also relates to isolated epitopes of CD38, either in linear or conformational form, and their use for the isolation of an antibody or functional fragment thereof, which antibody of antibody fragment comprises an antigen-binding region that is specific for said epitope. In this regard, a linear epitope may contain amino acid residues 192-206, while a conformational epitope may contain one or more amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of amino acids 44-66, 82-94, 142-154, 148-164, 158-170 and 202-224 of CD38. An epitope of CD38 can be used, for example, for the isolation of antibodies or functional fragments thereof (each of which antibodies or antibody fragments comprises an antigen-binding region that is specific for such epitope), comprising the steps of contacting said epitope of CD38 with an antibody library and isolating the antibody(ies) or functional fragment(s) thereof. In another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated epitope of CD38, which consists essentially of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of amino acids 44-66, 82-94, 142-154, 148-164, 158-170, 192-206 and 202-224 of CD38. As used herein, such an epitope “consists essentially of” one of the immediately preceding amino acid sequences plus additional features, provided that the additional features do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the epitope. In yet another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated epitope of CD38 that consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of amino acids 44-66, 82-94, 142-154, 148-164, 158-170, 192-206 and 202-224 of CD38. The invention also provides a kit containing (i) an isolated epitope of CD38 comprising one or more amino acid stretches taken from the list of 44-66, 82-94, 142-154, 148-164, 158-170, 192-206 and 202-224; (ii) an antibody library; and (iii) instructions for using the antibody library to isolate one or more members of such library that binds specifically to such epitope. BRIEF DESCRIPTION ON THE FIGURES FIG. 1a provides nucleic acid sequences of various novel antibody variable heavy regions. FIG. 1b provides amino acid sequences of various novel antibody variable heavy regions. CDR regions HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 are designated from N- to C-terminus in boldface. FIG. 2a provides nucleic acid sequences of various novel antibody variable light regions. FIG. 2b provides amino acid sequences of various novel antibody variable light regions. CDR regions LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 are designated from N- to C-terminus in boldface. FIG. 3 provides amino acid sequences of variable heavy regions of various consensus-based HuCAL antibody master gene sequences. CDR regions HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 are designated from N- to C-terminus in boldface. FIG. 4 provides amino acid sequences of variable light regions of various consensus-based HuCAL antibody master gene sequences. CDR regions LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 are designated from N- to C-terminus in boldface. FIG. 5 provides the amino acid sequence of CD38 (SWISS-PROT primary accession number P28907). FIG. 6 provides the nucleotide sequences of the heavy and light chains of chimeric OKT10. FIG. 7 provides a schematic overview of epitopes of representative antibodies of the present invention. FIG. 8 provides the DNA sequence of pMORPH®_h_IgG1—1 (bp 601-2100) (SEQ ID NO: 32): The vector is based on the pcDNA3.1+ vectors (Invitrogen). The amino acid sequence of the VH-stuffer sequence is indicated in bold, whereas the final reading frames of the VH-leader sequence and the constant region gene are printed in non-bold. Restriction sites are indicated above the sequence. The priming sites of the sequencing primers are underlined. FIG. 9 provides the DNA sequence of Ig kappa light chain expression vector pMORPH®_h_Igκ—1 (bp 601-1400) (SEQ ID NO: 33): The vector is based on the pcDNA3.1+ vectors (Invitrogen). The amino acid sequences of the Vκ-stuffer sequence is indicated in bold, whereas the final reading frames of the Vκ-leader sequence and of the constant region gene are printed in non-bold. Restriction sites are indicated above the sequence. The priming sites of the sequencing primers are underlined. FIG. 10 provides the DNA sequence of HuCAL Ig lambda light chain vector pMORPH®_h_Igλ—1 (bp 601-1400) (SEQ ID NO: 34): The amino acid sequence of the Vλ stuffer sequence is indicated in bold, whereas the final reading frames of the Vλ leader sequence and of the constant region gene are printed in non-bold. Restriction sites are indicated above the sequence. The priming sites of the sequencing primers are underlined. FIG. 11 provides the results of the proliferation assay: PBMCs from 6 different healthy donors (as indicated by individual dots) were cultured for 3 days in the presence of HuCAL® antibodies Mab#1 (=MOR03077), Mab#2 (=MOR03079), and Mab#3 (=MOR03080), the reference antibody chOKT10, the agonistic (ag.) control IB4, an irrelevant HuCAL® negative control IgG1 (NC) and a murine IgG2a (Iso) as matched isotype control for 1B4. A standard labeling with BrdU was used to measure proliferation activity and its incorporation (as RLU=relative light units) analyzed via a chemiluminescence-based ELISA. FIG. 12 provides the results of the IL-6 Release Assay: PBMCs from 4-8 different healthy donors (as indicated by individual dots) were cultured for 24 hrs in the presence of HuCAL® antibodies Mab#1 (=MOR03077), Mab#2 (=MOR03079), and Mab#3 (=MOR03080), the reference antibody chOKT10, the agonistic (ag.) control IB4, an irrelevant HuCAL® negative control (NC) and medium only (Medium). IL-6 content in relative light units (RLU) was analyzed from culture supernatants via a chemiluminescence based ELISA. FIG. 13 provides data about the cytotoxicity towards CD34+/CD38+ progenitor cells: PBMCs from healthy donors harboring autologous CD34+/CD38+ progenitor cells were incubated with HuCAL® Mab#1 (=MOR03077), Mab#2 (MOR03079), and Mab#3 (=MOR03080), the positive control (PC chOKT10) and an irrelevant HuCAL® negative control for 4 hours, respectively. Afterwards, the cell suspension was mixed with conditioned methyl-cellulose medium and incubated for 2 weeks. Colony forming units (CFU) derived from erythroid burst forming units (BFU-E; panel B) and granulocyte/erythroid/macrophage/megakaryocyte stem cells (CFU-GEMM; panels B) and granulocyte/macrophage stem cells (CFU-GM; panel C) were counted and normalized against the medium control (“none”=medium). Panel A represents the total number of CFU (Total CFUc) for all progenitors. Mean values from at least 10 different PBMC donors are given. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. FIG. 14 provides data about ADCC with different cell-lines: a: Single measurements (except for RPMI8226: average from 4 indiv. Assays); E:T-ratio: 30:1 b: Namba et al., 1989 c. 5 μg/ml used for antibody conc. (except for Raji with 0.1 μg/ml) d: addition of retinoic assay for stimulation of CD38-expression specific killing [%]=[(exp. killing−medium killing)/(1−medium killing)]*100 PC: Positive control (=chOKT10) MM: Multiple myeloma CLL: Chronic B-cell leukemia ALL: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia AML: Acute myeloid leukemia DSMZ: Deutsche Sammlung für Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH ATCC: American type culture collection ECACC: European collection of cell cultures MFI: Mean fluorescence intensities. FIG. 15 provides data about ADCC with MM-samples: a: 2-4 individual analyses FIG. 16 provides the experimental results of mean tumor volumes after treatment of human myeloma xenograft with MOR03080: group 1: vehicle; group 2: MOR03080 as hIgG1 1 mg/kg 32-68 days every second day; group 3: MOR03080 as hIgG1 5 mg/kg 32-68 days every second day; group 4: MOR03080 as chIgG2a 5 mg/kg 32-68 days every second day; group 5: MOR03080 as hIgG1 1 mg/kg, 14-36 days every second day; group 6: untreated DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention is based on the discovery of novel antibodies that are specific to or have a high affinity for CD38 and can deliver a therapeutic benefit to a subject. The antibodies of the invention, which may be human or humanized, can be used in many contexts, which are more fully described herein. A “human” antibody or functional human antibody fragment is hereby defined as one that is not chimeric (e.g., not “humanized”) and not from (either in whole or in part) a non-human species. A human antibody or functional antibody fragment can be derived from a human or can be a synthetic human antibody. A “synthetic human antibody” is defined herein as an antibody having a sequence derived, in whole or in part, in silico from synthetic sequences that are based on the analysis of known human antibody sequences. In silico design of a human antibody sequence or fragment thereof can be achieved, for example, by analyzing a database of human antibody or antibody fragment sequences and devising a polypeptide sequence utilizing the data obtained therefrom. Another example of a human antibody or functional antibody fragment, is one that is encoded by a nucleic acid isolated from a library of antibody sequences of human origin (i.e., such library being based on antibodies taken from a human natural source). A “humanized antibody” or functional humanized antibody fragment is defined herein as one that is (i) derived from a non-human source (e.g., a transgenic mouse which bears a heterologous immune system), which antibody is based on a human germline sequence; or (ii) chimeric, wherein the variable domain is derived from a non-human origin and the constant domain is derived from a human origin or (iii) CDR-grafted, wherein the CDRs of the variable domain are from a non-human origin, while one or more frameworks of the variable domain are of human origin and the constant domain (if any) is of human origin. As used herein, an antibody “binds specifically to,” is “specific to/for” or “specifically recognizes” an antigen (here, CD38) if such antibody is able to discriminate between such antigen and one or more reference antigen(s), since binding specificity is not an absolute, but a relative property. In its most general form (and when no defined reference is mentioned), “specific binding” is referring to the ability of the antibody to discriminate between the antigen of interest and an unrelated antigen, as determined, for example, in accordance with one of the following methods. Such methods comprise, but are not limited to Western blots, ELISA-, RIA-, ECL-, IRMA-tests and peptide scans. For example, a standard ELISA assay can be carried out. The scoring may be carried out by standard color development (e.g. secondary antibody with horseradish peroxide and tetramethyl benzidine with hydrogenperoxide). The reaction in certain wells is scored by the optical density, for example, at 450 nm. Typical background (=negative reaction) may be 0.1 OD; typical positive reaction may be 1 OD. This means the difference positive/negative can be more than 10-fold. Typically, determination of binding specificity is performed by using not a single reference antigen, but a set of about three to five unrelated antigens, such as milk powder, BSA, transferrin or the like. However, “specific binding” also may refer to the ability of an antibody to discriminate between the target antigen and one or more closely related antigen(s), which are used as reference points, e.g. between CD38 and CD157. Additionally, “specific binding” may relate to the ability of an antibody to discriminate between different parts of its target antigen, e.g. different domains or regions of CD38, such as epitopes in the N-terminal or in the C-terminal region of CD38, or between one or more key amino acid residues or stretches of amino acid residues of CD38. Also, as used herein, an “immunoglobulin” (Ig) hereby is defined as a protein belonging to the class IgG, IgM, IgB, IgA, or IgD (or any subclass thereof), and includes all conventionally known antibodies and functional fragments thereof. A “functional fragment” of an antibody/immunoglobulin hereby is defined as a fragment of an antibody/immunoglobulin (e.g., a variable region of an IgG) that retains the antigen-binding region. An “antigen-binding region” of an antibody typically is found in one or more hypervariable region(s) of an antibody, i.e., the CDR-1, -2, and/or -3 regions; however, the variable “framework” regions can also play an important role in antigen binding, such as by providing a scaffold for the CDRs. Preferably, the “antigen-binding region” comprises at least amino acid residues 4 to 103 of the variable light (VL) chain and 5 to 109 of the variable heavy (VH) chain, more preferably amino acid residues 3 to 107 of VL and 4 to 111 of VH, and particularly preferred are the complete VL and VH chains (amino acid positions 1 to 109 of VL and I to 113 of VH; numbering according to WO 97/08320). A preferred class of immunoglobulins for use in the present invention is IgG. “Functional fragments” of the invention include the domain of a F(ab′)2 fragment, a Fab fragment and scFv. The F(ab′)2 or Fab may be engineered to minimize or completely remove the intermolecular disulphide interactions that occur between the CHI and CL domains. An antibody of the invention may be derived from a recombinant antibody library that is based on amino acid sequences that have been designed in silico and encoded by nucleic acids that are synthetically created. In silico design of an antibody sequence is achieved, for example, by analyzing a database of human sequences and devising a polypeptide sequence utilizing the data obtained therefrom. Methods for designing and obtaining in silico-created sequences are described, for example, in Knappik et al., J. Mol. Biol. (2000) 296:57; Krebs et al., J. Immunol. Methods. (2001) 254:67; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,300,064 issued to Knappik et al., which hereby are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Antibodies of the Invention Throughout this document, reference is made to the following representative antibodies of the invention: “antibody nos.” or “LACS” or “MOR” 3077, 3079, 3080 and 3100. LAC 3077 represents an antibody having a variable heavy region corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1 (DNA)/SEQ ID NO: 5 (protein) and a variable light region corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 9 (DNA)/SEQ ID NO: 13 (protein). LAC 3079 represents an antibody having a variable heavy region corresponding to SEQ ID) NO: 2 (DNA)/SEQ ID) NO: 6 (protein) and a variable light region corresponding to SEQ ID) NO: 10 (DNA)/SEQ ID NO: 14 (protein). LAC 3080 represents an antibody having a variable heavy region corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 3 (DNA)/SEQ ID NO: 7 (protein) and a variable light region corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 11 (DNA)/SEQ ID NO: 15 (protein). LAC 3100 represents an antibody having a variable heavy region corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 4 (DNA)/SBQ ID NO: 8 (protein) and a variable light region corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 12 (DNA)/SEQ ID NO: 16 (protein). In one aspect, the invention provides antibodies having an antigen-binding region that can bind specifically to or has a high affinity for one or more regions of CD38, whose amino acid sequence is depicted by SEQ ID NO: 22. An antibody is said to have a “high affinity” for an antigen if the affinity measurement is at least 100 nM (monovalent affinity of Fab fragment). An inventive antibody or antigen-binding region preferably can bind to CD38 with an affinity of about less than 100 nM, more preferably less than about 60 nM, and still more preferably less than about 30 nM. Further preferred are antibodies that bind to CD38 with an affinity of less than about 10 nM, and more preferably less than 3 about nM. For instance, the affinity of an antibody of the invention against CD38 may be about 10.0 nM or 2.4 nM (monovalent affinity of Fab fragment). Table 1 provides a summary of affinities of representative antibodies of the invention, as determined by surface plasmon resonance (Biacore) and FACS Scatchard analysis: TABLE 1 Antibody Affinities FACS Scatchard Antibody BIACORE (Fab) (IgG1)b (Fab or IgG1) KD [nM)]a KD [nM]a MOR03077 56.0 0.89 MOR03079 2.4 0.60 MOR03080 27.5 0.47 MOR03100 10.0 6.31 Chimeric OKT10 not determined 8.28 amean from at least 2 different affinity determinations bRPMI8226 MM cell-line used for FACS-Scatchards With reference to Table 1, the affinity of LACs 3077, 3079, 3080 and 3100 was measured by surface plasmon resonance (Biacore) on immobilized recombinant CD38 and by a flow cytometry procedure utilizing the CD38-expressing human RPM18226 cell line. The Biacore studies were performed on directly immobilized antigen (CD38-Fc fusion protein). The Fab format of LACs 3077, 3079, 3080 and 3100 exhibit an monovalent affinity range between about 2.4 and 56 nM on immobilized CD38-Fc fusion protein with LAC 3079 showing the highest affinity, followed by Fabs 3100, 3080 and 3077. The IgG1 format was used for the cell-based affinity determination (FACS Scatchard). The right column of Table 1 denotes the binding strength of the LACS in this format. LAC 3080 showed the strongest binding, which is slightly stronger than LACS 3079 and 3077. Another preferred feature of preferred antibodies of the invention is their specificity for an area within the N-terminal region of CD38. For example, LACs 3077, 3079, 3080, and 3100 of the invention can bind specifically to the N-terminal region of CD38. The type of epitope to which an antibody of the invention binds may be linear (i.e. one consecutive stretch of amino acids) or conformational (i.e. multiple stretches of amino acids). In order to determine whether the epitope of a particular antibody is linear or conformational, the skilled worker can analyze the binding of antibodies to overlapping peptides (e.g., 13-mer peptides with an overlap of 11 amino acids) covering different domains of CD38. Using this analysis, the inventors have discovered that LACS 3077, 3080, and 3100 recognize discontinuous epitopes in the N-terminal region of CD38, whereas the epitope of LAC 3079 can be described as linear (see FIG. 7). Combined with the knowledge provided herein, the skilled worker in the art will know how to use one or more isolated epitopes of CD38 for generating antibodies having an antigen-binding region that is specific for said epitopes (e.g. using synthetic peptides of epitopes of CD38 or cells expressing epitopes of CD38). An antibody of the invention preferably is species cross-reactive with humans and at least one other species, which may be a rodent species or a non-human primate. The non-human primate can be rhesus, baboon and/or cynomolgus. The rodent species can be mouse, rat and/or hamster. An antibody that is cross reactive with at least one rodent species, for example, can provide greater flexibility and benefits over known anti-CD38 antibodies, for purposes of conducting in vivo studies in multiple species with the same antibody. Preferably, an antibody of the invention not only is able to bind to CD38, but also is able to mediate killing of a cell expressing CD38. More specifically, an antibody of the invention can mediate its therapeutic effect by depleting CD38-positive (e.g., malignant) cells via antibody-effector functions. These functions include antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Table 2 provides a summary of the determination of EC50 values of representative antibodies of the invention in both ADCC and CDC: TABLE 2 EC50 Values of Antibodies ADCC CJ)C Antibody EC50 [nM] EC50 [nM] (IgG1) LP-1 RPM18226 CHO-transfectants MOR03077 0.60a 0.08a 0.8c; 0.94d MOR03079 0.09a 0.04a 0.41c MOR03080 0.17b 0.05a 3.2c; 2.93d MORO3100 1.00b 0.28a 10.9c; 13.61e Chimeric 5.23a 4.10a 9.30c OKT10 amean from at least 2 EC50 determinations bsingle determination cmean from 2 EC50 determinations dmean from 3 EC50 determinations emean from 4 EC50 determinations CD38-expression, however, is not only found on immune cells within the myeloid (e.g. monocytes, granulocytes) and lymphoid lineage (e.g. activated B and T-cells; plasma cells), but also on the respective precursor cells. Since it is important that those cells are not affected by antibody-mediated killing of malignant cells, the antibodies of the present invention are preferably not cytotoxic to precursor cells. In addition to its catalytic activities as a cyclic ADP-ribose cyclase and hydrolase, CD38 displays the ability to transduce signals of biological relevance (Hoshino et al., 1997; Ausiello et al., 2000). Those functions can be induced in vivo by, e.g. receptor-ligand interactions or by cross-linking with agonistic anti-CD38 antibodies, leading, e.g. to calcium mobilization, lymphocyte proliferation and release of cytokines. Preferably, the antibodies of the present invention are non-agonistic antibodies. Peptide Variants Antibodies of the invention are not limited to the specific peptide sequences provided herein. Rather, the invention also embodies variants of these polypeptides. With reference to the instant disclosure and conventionally available technologies and references, the skilled worker will be able to prepare, test and utilize functional variants of the antibodies disclosed herein, while appreciating that variants having the ability to mediate killing of a CD38+ target cell fall within the scope of the present invention. As used in this context, “ability to mediate killing of a CD38+ target cell” means a functional characteristic ascribed to an anti-CD38 antibody of the invention. Ability to mediate killing of a CD38+ target cell, thus, includes the ability to mediate killing of a CD38+ target cell, e.g. by ADCC and/or CDC, or by toxin constructs conjugated to an antibody of the invention. A variant can include, for example, an antibody that has at least one altered complementarity determining region (CDR) (hyper-variable) and/or framework (FR) (variable) domain/position, vis-à-vis a peptide sequence disclosed herein. To better illustrate this concept, a brief description of antibody structure follows. An antibody is composed of two peptide chains, each containing one (light chain) or three (heavy chain) constant domains and a variable region (VL, VH), the latter of which is in each case made up of four FR regions and three interspaced CDRs. The antigen-binding site is formed by one or more CDRs, yet the FR regions provide the structural framework for the CDRs and, hence, play an important role in antigen binding. By altering one or more amino acid residues in a CDR or FR region, the skilled worker routinely can generate mutated or diversified antibody sequences, which can be screened against the antigen, for new or improved properties, for example. Tables 3a (VH) and 3b (VL) delineate the CDR and FR regions for certain antibodies of the invention and compare amino acids at a given position to each other and to corresponding consensus or “master gene” sequences (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,300,064): TABLE 3a VH Sequences TABLE 3B VL Sequences The skilled worker can use the data in Tables 3a and 3b to design peptide variants that are within the scope of the present invention. It is preferred that variants are constructed by changing amino acids within one or more CDR regions; a variant might also have one or more altered framework regions. With reference to a comparison of the novel antibodies to each other, candidate residues that can be changed include e.g. residues 4 or 37 of the variable light and e.g. residues 13 or 43 of the variable heavy chains of LACs 3080 and 3077, since these are positions of variance vis-à-vis each other. Alterations also may be made in the framework regions. For example, a peptide FR domain might be altered where there is a deviation in a residue compared to a germline sequence. With reference to a comparison of the novel antibodies to the corresponding consensus or “master gene” sequence, candidate residues that can be changed include e.g. residues 27, 50 or 90 of the variable light chain of LAC 3080 compared to VU3 and e.g. residues 33, 52 and 97 of the variable heavy chain of LAC 3080 compared to VH3. Alternatively, the skilled worker could make the same analysis by comparing the amino acid sequences disclosed herein to known sequences of the same class of such antibodies, using, for example, the procedure described by Knappik et al, 2000 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,300,064 issued to Knappik et al. Furthermore, variants may be obtained by using one LAC as starting point for optimization by diversifying one or more amino acid residues in the LAC, preferably amino acid residues in one or more CDRs, and by screening the resulting collection of antibody variants for variants with improved properties. Particularly preferred is diversification of one or more amino acid residues in CDR-3 of VL, CDR-3 of VH, CDR-1 of VL and/or CDR-2 of VH. Diversification can be done by synthesizing a collection of DNA molecules using trinucleotide mutagenesis (TRIM) technology (Virnekiis, B., Ge, L., Plückthun, A., Schneider, K. C., Wellnhofer, G., and Moroney S. E. (1994) Trinucleotide phosphoramidites: ideal reagents for the synthesis of mixed oligonucleotides for random mutagenesis. Nucl. Acids Res. 22, 5600.). Conservative Amino Add Variants Polypeptide variants may be made that conserve the overall molecular structure of an antibody peptide sequence described herein. Given the properties of the individual amino acids, some rational substitutions will be recognized by the skilled worker. Amino acid substitutions, i.e., “conservative substitutions,” may be made, for instance, on the basis of similarity in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved. For example, (a) nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids include alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine; (b) polar neutral amino acids include glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine; (c) positively charged (basic) amino acids include arginine, lysine, and histidine; and (d) negatively charged (acidic) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Substitutions typically may be made within groups (a)-(d). In addition, glycine and proline may be substituted for one another based on their ability to disrupt α-helices. Similarly, certain amino acids, such as alanine, cysteine, leucine, methionine, glutamic acid, glutamine, histidine and lysine are more commonly found in α-helices, while valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan and threonine are more commonly found in β-pleated sheets. Glycine, serine, aspartic acid, asparagine, and proline are commonly found in turns. Some preferred substitutions may be made among the following groups: (i) S and T; (ii) P and G; and (iii) A, V, L and I. Given the known genetic code, and recombinant and synthetic DNA techniques, the skilled scientist readily can construct DNAs encoding the conservative amino acid variants. In one particular example, amino acid position 3 in SEQ ID NOS: 5, 6, 7, and/or 8 can be changed from a Q to an E. As used herein, “sequence identity” between two polypeptide sequences indicates the percentage of amino acids that are identical between the sequences. “Sequence similarity” indicates the percentage of amino acids that either are identical or that represent conservative amino acid substitutions. Preferred polypeptide sequences of the invention have a sequence identity in the CDR regions of at least 60%, more preferably, at least 70% or 80%, still more preferably at least 90% and most preferably at least 95%. Preferred antibodies also have a sequence similarity in the CDR regions of at least 80%, more preferably 90% and most preferably 95%. DNA Molecules of the Invention The present invention also relates to the DNA molecules that encode an antibody of the invention. These sequences include, but are not limited to, those DNA molecules set forth in FIGS. 1a and 2a. DNA molecules of the invention are not limited to the sequences disclosed herein, but also include variants thereof. DNA variants within the invention may be described by reference to their physical properties in hybridization. The skilled worker will recognize that DNA can be used to identify its complement and, since DNA is double stranded, its equivalent or homolog, using nucleic acid hybridization techniques. It also will be recognized that hybridization can occur with less than 100% complementarity. However, given appropriate choice of conditions, hybridization techniques can be used to differentiate among DNA sequences based on their structural relatedness to a particular probe. For guidance regarding such conditions see, Sambrook et al., 1989 (Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, USA) and Ausubel et al., 1995 (Ausubel, F. M., Brent, R., Kingston, R. E., Moore, D. D., Sedman, J. G., Smith, J. A., & Struhl, K. eds. (1995). Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. New York: John Wiley and Sons). Structural similarity between two polynucleotide sequences can be expressed as a function of “stringency” of the conditions under which the two sequences will hybridize with one another. As used herein, the term “stringency” refers to the extent that the conditions disfavor hybridization. Stringent conditions strongly disfavor hybridization, and only the most structurally related molecules will hybridize to one another under such conditions. Conversely, non-stringent conditions favor hybridization of molecules displaying a lesser degree of structural relatedness. Hybridization stringency, therefore, directly correlates with the structural relationships of two nucleic acid sequences. The following relationships are useful in correlating hybridization and relatedness (where Tm is the melting temperature of a nucleic acid duplex): a. Tm 69.3+0.41(G+C) % b. The Tm of a duplex DNA decreases by 1° C. with every increase of 1% in the number of mismatched base pairs. c. (Tm)μ2−(Tm)μ1=18.5 log10μ2/μ1 where μ1 and μ2 are the ionic strengths of two solutions. Hybridization stringency is a function of many factors, including overall DNA concentration, ionic strength, temperature, probe size and the presence of agents which disrupt hydrogen bonding. Factors promoting hybridization include high DNA concentrations, high ionic strengths, low temperatures, longer probe size and the absence of agents that disrupt hydrogen bonding. Hybridization typically is performed in two phases: the “binding” phase and the “washing” phase. First, in the binding phase, the probe is bound to the target under conditions favoring hybridization. Stringency is usually controlled at this stage by altering the temperature. For high stringency, the temperature is usually between 65° C. and 70° C., unless short (<20 nt) oligonucleotide probes are used. A representative hybridization solution comprises 6×SSC, 0.5% SDS, 5×Denhardt's solution and 100 μg of nonspecific carrier DNA. See Ausubel et al., section 2.9, supplement 27 (1994). Of course, many different, yet functionally equivalent, buffer conditions are known. Where the degree of relatedness is lower, a lower temperature may be chosen. Low stringency binding temperatures are between about 25° C. and 40° C. Medium stringency is between at least about 40° C. to less than about 65° C. High stringency is at least about 65° C. Second, the excess probe is removed by washing. It is at this phase that more stringent conditions usually are applied. Hence, it is this “washing” stage that is most important in determining relatedness via hybridization. Washing solutions typically contain lower salt concentrations. One exemplary medium stringency solution contains 2×SSC and 0.1% SDS. A high stringency wash solution contains the equivalent (in ionic strength) of less than about 0.2×SSC, with a preferred stringent solution containing about O.1×SSC. The temperatures associated with various stringencies are the same as discussed above for “binding.” The washing solution also typically is replaced a number of times during washing. For example, typical high stringency washing conditions comprise washing twice for 30 minutes at 55° C. and three times for 15 minutes at 60° C. Accordingly, the present invention includes nucleic acid molecules that hybridize to the molecules of set forth in FIGS. 1a and 2a under high stringency binding and washing conditions, where such nucleic molecules encode an antibody or functional fragment thereof having properties as described herein. Preferred molecules (from an mRNA perspective) are those that have at least 75% or 80% (preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90% and most preferably at least 95%) homology or sequence identity with one of the DNA molecules described herein. In one particular example of a variant of the invention, nucleic acid position 7 in SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2, 3 and/or 4 can be substituted from a C to a G, thereby changing the codon from CAA to GAA. Functionally Equivalent Variants Yet another class of DNA variants within the scope of the invention may be described with reference to the product they encode (see the peptides listed in FIGS. 1b and 2b). These functionally equivalent genes are characterized by the fact that they encode the same peptide sequences found in FIGS. 1b and 2b due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 31 are an example of functionally equivalent variants, as their nucleic acid sequences are different, yet they encode the same polypeptide, i.e. SEQ ID NO: 5. It is recognized that variants of DNA molecules provided herein can be constructed in several different ways. For example, they may be constructed as completely synthetic DNAs. Methods of efficiently synthesizing oligonucleotides in the range of 20 to about 150 nucleotides are widely available. See Ausubel et al., section 2.11, Supplement 21 (1993). Overlapping oligonucleotides may be synthesized and assembled in a fashion first reported by Khorana et al., J. Mol. Biol. 72:209-217 (1971); see also Ausubel et al., supra, Section 8.2. Synthetic DNAs preferably are designed with convenient restriction sites engineered at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the gene to facilitate cloning into an appropriate vector. As indicated, a method of generating variants is to start with one of the DNAs disclosed herein and then to conduct site-directed mutagenesis. See Ausubel et al., supra, chapter 8, Supplement 37 (1997). In a typical method, a target DNA is cloned into a single-stranded DNA bacteriophage vehicle. Single-stranded DNA is isolated and hybridized with an oligonucleotide containing the desired nucleotide alteration(s). The complementary strand is synthesized and the double stranded phage is introduced into a host. Some of the resulting progeny will contain the desired mutant, which can be confirmed using DNA sequencing. In addition, various methods are available that increase the probability that the progeny phage will be the desired mutant. These methods are well known to those in the field and kits are commercially available for generating such mutants. Recombinant DNA Constructs and Expression The present invention further provides recombinant DNA constructs comprising one or more of the nucleotide sequences of the present invention. The recombinant constructs of the present invention are used in connection with a vector, such as a plasmid or viral vector, into which a DNA molecule encoding an antibody of the invention is inserted. The encoded gene may be produced by techniques described in Sambrook et al., 1989, and Ausubel et al., 1989. Alternatively, the DNA sequences may be chemically synthesized using, for example, synthesizers. See, for example, the techniques described in OLIGONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS (1984, Gait, ed., IRL Press, Oxford), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Recombinant constructs of the invention are comprised with expression vectors that are capable of expressing the RNA and/or protein products of the encoded DNA(s). The vector may further comprise regulatory sequences, including a promoter operably linked to the open reading frame (ORF). The vector may further comprise a selectable marker sequence. Specific initiation and bacterial secretory signals also may be required for efficient translation of inserted target gene coding sequences. The present invention further provides host cells containing at least one of the DNAs of the present invention. The host cell can be virtually any cell for which expression vectors are available. It may be, for example, a higher eukaryotic host cell, such as a mammalian cell, a lower eukaryotic host cell, such as a yeast cell, but preferably is a prokaryotic cell, such as a bacterial cell. Introduction of the recombinant construct into the host cell can be effected by calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE, dextran mediated transfection, electroporation or phage infection. Bacterial Expression Useful expression vectors for bacterial use are constructed by inserting a structural DNA sequence encoding a desired protein together with suitable translation initiation and termination signals in operable reading phase with a functional promoter. The vector will comprise one or more phenotypic selectable markers and an origin of replication to ensure maintenance of the vector and, if desirable, to provide amplification within the host. Suitable prokaryotic hosts for transformation include E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium and various species within the genera Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, and Staphylococcus. Bacterial vectors may be, for example, bacteriophage-, plasmid- or phagemid-based. These vectors can contain a selectable marker and bacterial origin of replication derived from commercially available plasmids typically containing elements of the well known cloning vector pBR322 (ATCC 37017). Following transformation of a suitable host strain and growth of the host strain to an appropriate cell density, the selected promoter is de-repressed/induced by appropriate means (e.g., temperature shift or chemical induction) and cells are cultured for an additional period. Cells are typically harvested by centrifugation, disrupted by physical or chemical means, and the resulting crude extract retained for further purification. In bacterial systems, a number of expression vectors may be advantageously selected depending upon the use intended for the protein being expressed. For example, when a large quantity of such a protein is to be produced, for the generation of antibodies or to screen peptide libraries, for example, vectors which direct the expression of high levels of fusion protein products that are readily purified may be desirable. Therapeutic Methods Therapeutic methods involve administering to a subject in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody contemplated by the invention. A “therapeutically effective” amount hereby is defined as the amount of an antibody that is of sufficient quantity to deplete CD38-positive cells in a treated area of a subject—either as a single dose or according to a multiple dose regimen, alone or in combination with other agents, which leads to the alleviation of an adverse condition, yet which amount is toxicologically tolerable. The subject may be a human or non-human animal (e.g., rabbit, rat, mouse, monkey or other lower-order primate). An antibody of the invention might be co-administered with known medicaments, and in some instances the antibody might itself be modified. For example, an antibody could be conjugated to an immunotoxin or radioisotope to potentially further increase efficacy. The inventive antibodies can be used as a therapeutic or a diagnostic tool in a variety of situations where CD38 is undesirably expressed or found. Disorders and conditions particularly suitable for treatment with an antibody of the inventions are multiple myeloma (MM) and other haematological diseases, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). An antibody of the invention also might be used to treat inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To treat any of the foregoing disorders, pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordance with the present invention may be formulated in a conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers or excipients. An antibody of the invention can be administered by any suitable means, which can vary, depending on the type of disorder being treated. Possible administration routes include parenteral (e.g., intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous), intrapulmonary and intranasal, and, if desired for local immunosuppressive treatment, intralesional administration. In addition, an antibody of the invention might be administered by pulse infusion, with, e.g., declining doses of the antibody. Preferably, the dosing is given by injections, most preferably intravenous or subcutaneous injections, depending in part on whether the administration is brief or chronic. The amount to be administered will depend on a variety of factors such as the clinical symptoms, weight of the individual, whether other drugs are administered. The skilled artisan will recognize that the route of administration will vary depending on the disorder or condition to be treated. Determining a therapeutically effective amount of the novel polypeptide, according to this invention, largely will depend on particular patient characteristics, route of administration, and the nature of the disorder being treated. General guidance can be found, for example, in the publications of the International Conference on Harmonisation and in REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, chapters 27 and 28, pp. 484-528 (18th ed., Alfonso R. Gennaro, Ed., Easton, Pa.: Mack Pub. Co., 1990). More specifically, determining a therapeutically effective amount will depend on such factors as toxicity and efficacy of the medicament. Toxicity may be determined using methods well known in the art and found in the foregoing references. Efficacy may be determined utilizing the same guidance in conjunction with the methods described below in the Examples. Diagnostic Methods CD38 is highly expressed on hematological cells in certain malignancies; thus, an anti-CD38 antibody of the invention may be employed in order to image or visualize a site of possible accumulation of malignant cells in a patient. In this regard, an antibody can be detectably labeled, through the use of radioisotopes, affinity labels (such as biotin, avidin, etc.) fluorescent labels, paramagnetic atoms, etc. Procedures for accomplishing such labeling are well known to the art. Clinical application of antibodies in diagnostic imaging are reviewed by Grossman, H. B., Urol. Clin. North Amer. 13:465-474 (1986)), Unger, E. C. et al., Invest. Radiol. 20:693-700 (1985)), and Khaw, B. A. et al., Science 209:295-297 (1980)). The detection of foci of such detectably labeled antibodies might be indicative of a site of tumor development, for example. In one embodiment, this examination is done by removing samples of tissue or blood and incubating such samples in the presence of the detectably labeled antibodies. In a preferred embodiment, this technique is done in a non-invasive manner through the use of magnetic imaging, fluorography, etc. Such a diagnostic test may be employed in monitoring the success of treatment of diseases, where presence or absence of CD38-positive cells is a relevant indicator. The invention also contemplates the use of an anti-CD38 antibody, as described herein for diagnostics in an ex vivo setting. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Compositions The antibodies of the present invention can be formulated according to known methods to prepare pharmaceutically useful compositions, wherein an antibody of the invention (including any functional fragment thereof) is combined in a mixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier vehicle. Suitable vehicles and their formulation are described, for example, in REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (18th ed., Alfonso R. Gennaro, Ed., Easton, Pa.: Mack Pub. Co., 1990). In order to form a pharmaceutically acceptable composition suitable for effective administration, such compositions will contain an effective amount of one or more of the antibodies of the present invention, together with a suitable amount of carrier vehicle. Preparations may be suitably formulated to give controlled-release of the active compound. Controlled-release preparations may be achieved through the use of polymers to complex or absorb anti-CD38 antibody. The controlled delivery may be exercised by selecting appropriate macromolecules (for example polyesters, polyamino acids, polyvinyl, pyrrolidone, ethylenevinyl-acetate, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, or protamine, sulfate) and the concentration of macromolecules as well as the methods of incorporation in order to control release. Another possible method to control the duration of action by controlled release preparations is to incorporate anti-CD38 antibody into particles of a polymeric material such as polyesters, polyamino acids, hydrogels, poly(lactic acid) or ethylene vinylacetate copolymers. Alternatively, instead of incorporating these agents into polymeric particles, it is possible to entrap these materials in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatine-microcapsules and poly(methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively, or in colloidal drug delivery systems, for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nanoparticles, and nanocapsules or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1980). The compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampules, or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use. The compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device, which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient. The pack may for example comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. The pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration. The invention further is understood by reference to the following working examples, which are intended to illustrate and, hence, not limit the invention. EXAMPLES Cell-Lines The following cell-lines were obtained from the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC), the German Collection of Microorganisms (DSMZ) or the American Type Culture collection (ATCC): hybridoma cell line producing the CD38 mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibody OKT10 (ECACC, #87021903), Jurkat cells (DSMZ, ACC282), LP-1 (DSMZ, ACC41), RPMI8226 (ATCC, CCL-155), HEK293 (ATCC, CRL-1573), CHO-K1 (ATCC, CRL-61) and Raji (ATCC, CCL-86) Cells and Culture-Conditions All cells were cultured under standardized conditions at 37° C. and 5% CO2 in a humidified incubator. The cell-lines LP-1, RPMI8226, Jurkat and Raji were cultured in RPMI1640 (Pan biotech GmbH, #P04-16500) supplemented with 10% FCS (PAN biotech GmbH, #P30-3302), 50 U/ml penicillin, 50 μg/ml streptomycin (Gibco, #15140-122) and 2 mM glutamine (Gibco, #25030-024) and, in case of Jurkat- and Raji-cells, additionally 10 mM Hepes (Pan biotech GmbH, #P05-01100) and 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Pan biotech GmbH, #P04-43 100) had to be added. CHO-K1 and HEK293 were grown in DMEM (Gibco, #10938-025) supplemented with 2 mM glutamine and 10% FCS. Stable CD38 CHO-K1 transfectants were maintained in the presence of G418 (PAA GmbH, P 11-012) whereas for HEK293 the addition of 1 mM sodium-pyruvate was essential. After transient transfection of HEK293 the 10% FCS was replaced by Ultra low IgG FCS (Invitrogen, #16250-078). The cell-line OKT10 was cultured in IDMEM (Gibco, #31980-022), supplemented with 2 mM glutamine and 20% FCS. Preparation of Single Cell Suspensions from Peripheral Blood All blood samples were taken after informed consent. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated by Histopaque®-1077 (Sigma) according to the manufacturer's instructions from healthy donors. Red blood cells were depleted from these cell suspensions by incubation in ACK Lysis Buffer (0.15 M NH4Cl, 10 mM KHCO3, 0.1 M EDTA) for 5 min at RT or a commercial derivative (Bioscience, #00-4333). Cells were washed twice with PBS and then further processed for flow cytometry or ADCC (see below). Flow Cytometry (“FACS”) All stainings were performed in round bottom 96-well culture plates (Nalge Nunc) with 2×105 cells per well. Cells were incubated with Fab or IgG antibodies at the indicated concentrations in 50 μl FACS buffer (PBS, 3% FCS, 0.02% NaN3) for 40 min at 4° C. Cells were washed twice and then incubated with R-Phycoerythrin (PE) conjugated goat-anti-human or goat-anti-mouse IgG (H+L) F(ab′)2 (Jackson Immuno Research), diluted 1:200 in FACS buffer, for 30 min at 4° C. Cells were again washed, resuspended in 0.3 ml FACS buffer and then analyzed by flow cytometry in a FACSCalibur (Becton Dickinson, San Diego, Calif.). For FACS based Scatchard analyses RPMI8226 cells were stained with at 12 different dilutions (1:2″) starting at 12.5 μg/ml (IgG) final concentration. At least two independent measurements were used for each concentration and KD values extrapolated from median fluorescence intensities according to Chamow et al. (1994). Surface Plasmon Resonance The kinetic constants kon and koff were determined with serial dilutions of the respective Fab binding to covalently immobilized CD38-Fc fusion protein using the BIAcore 3000 instrument (Biacore, Uppsala, Sweden). For covalent antigen immobilization standard EDC-NHS amine coupling chemistry was used. For direct coupling of CD38 Fc-fusion protein CM5 sensor chips (Biacore) were coated with ˜600-700 RU in 10 mM acetate buffer, pH 4.5. For the reference flow cell a respective amount of HSA (human serum albumin) was used. Kinetic measurements were done in PBS (136 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 10 mM Na2HPO4, 1.76 mM KH2PO4 pH 7.4) at a flow rate of 20 μl/min using Fab concentration range from 1.5-500 nM. Injection time for each concentration was 1 min, followed by 2 min dissociation phase. For regeneration 5 μl 10 mM HCl was used. All sensograms were fitted locally using BIA evaluation software 3.1 (Biacore). Example 1 Antibody Generation from HuCAL Libraries For the generation of therapeutic antibodies against CD38, selections with the MorphoSys HuCAL GOLD phage display library were carried out. HuCAL GOLD® is a Fab library based on the HuCAL® concept (Knappik et al., 2000; Krebs et al., 2001), in which all six CDRs are diversified, and which employs the CysDisplay™ technology for linking Fab fragments to the phage surface (Löbning, 2001). A. Phagemid Rescue, Phage Amplification and Purification HuCAL GOLD® phagemid library was amplified in 2×TY medium containing 34 μg/ml chloraunphenicol and 1% glucose (2×TY-CG). After helper phage infection (VCSM13) at an O600 of 0.5 (30 mint 37° C. without shaking; 30 min at 37° C. shaking at 250 rpm), cells were spun down (4120 g; 5 min; 4° C.), resuspended in 2×TY/34 μg/ml chloramphenicol/50 μg/ml kanamycin and grown overnight at 22° C. Phages were PEG-precipitated from the supernatant, resuspended in PBS/20% glycerol and stored at −80° C. Phage amplification between two panning rounds was conducted as follows: mid-log phase TG1 cells were infected with eluted phages and plated onto LB-agar supplemented with 1% of glucose and 34 μg/ml of chloramphenicol (LB-CG). After overnight incubation at 30° C., colonies were scraped off, adjusted to an OD600 of 0.5 and helper phage added as described above. B. Pannings with HuCAL GOLD® For the selections HuCAL GOLD® antibody-phages were divided into three pools corresponding to different VH master genes pool 1: VH1/5λκ, pool 2: VH3λκ, pool 3: VH2/4/6λκ). These pools were individually subjected to 3 rounds of whole cell panning on CD38-expressing CHO-K1 cells followed by pH-elution and a post-adsorption step on CD38-negative CHO-K1-cells for depletion of irrelevant antibody-phages. Finally, the remaining antibody phages were used to infect E. coli TG1 cells. After centrifugation the bacterial pellet was resuspended in 2×TY medium, plated on agar plates and incubated overnight at 30° C. The selected clones were then scraped from the plates, phages were rescued and amplified. The second and the third round of selections were performed as the initial one. The Fab encoding inserts of the selected HuCAL GOLD® phages were subcloned into the expression vector pMORPH®x9_Fab_FS (Rauchenberger et al., 2003) to facilitate rapid expression of soluble Fab. The DNA of the selected clones was digested with XbaI and EcoRI thereby cutting out the Fab encoding insert (ompA-VLCL and phoA-Fd), and cloned into the XbaI/EcoRI cut vector pMORPH®x9_Fab_FS. Fab expressed in this vector carry two C-terminal tags (FLAG™ and Strep-Tag® II) for detection and purification. Example 2 Biological Assays Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity was measured according to a published protocol based on flow-cytometry analysis (Naundorf et al., 2002) as follows: ADCC: For ADCC measurements, target cells (T) were adjusted to 2.0E+05 cells/ml and labeled with 100 ng/ml Calcein AM (Molecular Probes, C-3099) in RPMI164O medium (Pan biotech GmbH) for 2 minutes at room temperature. Residual calcein was removed by 3 washing steps in RPMI1640 medium. In parallel PBMC were prepared as source for (natural killer) effector cells (E), adjusted to 1.OE+07 and mixed with the labeled target cells to yield a final B:T-ratio of 50:1 or less, depending on the assay conditions. Cells were washed once and the cell-mix resuspended in 200 μl RPMI1640 medium containing the respective antibody at different dilutions. The plate was incubated for 4 hrs under standardized conditions at 37° C. and 5% CO2 in a humidified incubator. Prior to FACS analysis cells were labeled with propidium-iodide (PI) and analyzed by flow-cytometry (Becton-Dickinson). Between 50.000 and 150.000 events were counted for each assay. The following equation gave rise to the killing activity [in %]: ED A EL A + ED A × 100 with EDA=events dead cells (calcein+PI stained cells), and ELA=events living cells (calcein stained cells) CDC: For CDC measurements, 5.0E+04 CD38 CHO-K1 transfectants were added to a microtiter well plate (Nunc) together with a 1:4 dilution of human serum (Sigma, #S-41 1764) and the respective antibody. All reagents and cells were diluted in RPMI1640 medium (Pan biotech GmbH) supplemented with 10% FCS. The reaction-mix was incubated for 2 firs under standardized conditions at 37° C. and 5% CO2 in a humidified incubator. As negative controls served either heat-inactivated complement or CD38-transfectants without antibody. Cells were labeled with PI and subjected to FACS-analysis. In total 5000 events were counted and the number of dead cells at different antibody concentrations used for the determination of EC5O values. The following equation gave rise to the killing activity [in %]: ED C EL C + ED C × 100 with EDC=events dead cells (PI stained cells), and ELC=events living cells (unstained) Cytotoxicity values from a total of 12 different antibody-dilutions (1:2″) in triplicates were used in ADCC and duplicates in CDC for each antibody in order obtain EC-50 values with a standard analysis software (PRISM®, Graph Pad Software). Example 3 Generation of Stable CD38-Transfectants and CD38 Fc-Fusion Proteins In order to generate CD38 protein for panning and screening two different expression systems had to be established. The first strategy included the generation of CD38-Fc-fusion protein, which was purified from supernatants after transient transfection of HEK293 cells. The second strategy involved the generation of a stable CHO-K1-cell line for high CD38 surface expression to be used for selection of antibody-phages via whole cell panning. As an initial step Jurkat cells (DSMZ ACC282) were used for the generation of cDNA (Invitrogen) followed by amplification of the entire CD38-coding sequence using primers complementary to the first 7 and the last 9 codons of CD38, respectively (primer MTE001 & MTE002rev; Table 4). Sequence analysis of the CD38-unsert confirmed the published amino acid sequence by Jackson et al. (1990) except for position 49 which revealed a glutamune instead of a tyrosine as described by Nata et al. (1997). For introduction of restriction endonuclease sites and cloning into different derivatives of expression vector pcDNA3.1 (Stratagene), the purified PCR-product served as a template for the re-amplification of the entire gene (primers MTE006 & MTE007rev, Table 4) or a part (primers MTE004 & MTE009rev, Table 4) of it. In the latter case a fragment encoding for the extracellular domain (aa 45 to 300) was amplified and cloned in frame between a human Vkappa leader sequence and a human Fc-gamma 1 sequence. This vector served as expression vector for the generation of soluble CD38-Fc fusion-protein. Another pcDNA3.1-derivative without leader-sequence was used for insertion of the CD38 full-length gene. In this case a stop codon in front of the Fc-coding region and the missing leader-sequence gave rise to CD38-surface expression. HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with the Fc-fusion protein vector for generation of soluble CD38 Fc-fusion protein and, in case of the full-length derivative, CHO-K1-cells were transfected for the generation of a stable CD38-expressing cell line. TABLE 4 Primer # Sequence (5′->3′) MTE001 ATG GCC AAC TGC GAG TTC AGC (SEQ ID NO: 25) MTE002rev TCA GAT CTC AGA TGT GCA AGA TGA ATC (SEQ ID NO: 26) MTE004 TT GGT ACC AGG TGG CGC CAG CAG TG (SEQ ID NO: 27) MTE006 TT GGT ACC ATG GCC AAC TGC GAG (SEQ ID NO: 28) MTE007rev CCG ATA TCA* GAT CTC AGA TGT GCA AGA TG (SEQ ID NO: 29) MTE009rev CCG ATA TC GAT CTC AGA TGT GCA AGA TG (SEQ ID NO: 30) *leading to a stop codon (TGA) in the sense orientation. Example 4 Cloning, Expression and Purification of HuCAL® IgG1 In order to express full length IgG, variable domain fragments of heavy (VH) and light chains (VL) were subcloned from Fab expression vectors into appropriate pMORPH®_hIg vectors (see FIGS. 8 to 10). Restriction endonuclease pairs BlpI/MfeI (insert-preparation) and BlpI/EcoRI (vector-preparation) were used for subcloning of the VH domain fragment into pMORPH®_hIgG1. Enzyme-pairs EcoRV/HpaI (lambda-insert) and EcoRV/BsiWI (kappa-insert) were used for subcloning of the VL domain fragment into the respective pMORPH®_hIgk—1 or pMORPH®_h_Igλ—1 vectors. Resulting IgG constructs were expressed in HEK293 cells (ATCC CRL-1573) by transient transfection using standard calcium phosphate-DNA coprecipitation technique. IgGs were purified from cell culture supernatants by affinity chromatography via Protein A Sepharose column. Further down stream processing included a buffer exchange by gel filtration and sterile filtration of purified IgG. Quality control revealed a purity of >90% by reducing SDS-PAGE and >90% monomeric IgG as determined by analytical size exclusion chromatography. The endotoxin content of the material was determined by a kinetic LAL based assay (Cambrex European Endotoxin Testing Service, Belgium). Example 5 Generation and Production of Chimeric OKT10 (chOKT10; SEQ ID NOS: 23 and 24) For the construction of chOKT10 the mouse VH and VL regions were amplified by PCR using cDNA prepared from the murine OKT10 hybridoma cell line (ECACC #87021903). A set of primers was used as published (Dattamajumdar et al., 1996; Zhou et al., 1994). PCR products were used for Topo-cloning (Invitrogen; pCRII-vector) and single colonies subjected to sequence analysis (M13 reverse primer) which revealed two different kappa light chain sequences and one heavy chain sequence. According to sequence alignments (EMBL-nucleotide sequence database) and literature (Krebber et al, 1997) one of the kappa-sequence belongs to the intrinsic repertoire of the tumor cell fusion partner X63Ag8.653 and hence does not belong to OKT10 antibody. Therefore, only the new kappa sequence and the single VH-fragment was used for further cloning. Both fragments were reamplified for the addition of restriction endonuclease sites followed by cloning into the respective pMORPH® IgGI-expression vectors. The sequences for the heavy chain (SEQ ID NO: 23) and light chain (SEQ ID NO: 24) are given in FIG. 6. HEK293 cells were transfected transiently and the supernatant analyzed in FACS for the chimeric OKT10 antibody binding to the CD38 over-expressing Raji cell line (ATCC). Example 6 Epitope Mapping 1. Materials and Methods: Antibodies: The following anti-CD38 IgGs were sent for epitope mappings: Conc. [mg/mI]/ MOR# Lot # Format Vol.[μl] MOR03077 2CHE106_030602 human IgG1 0.44/1500 MOR03079 2APO31 human IgG1 0.38/500 M0R03080 030116_4CUE16 human IgG1 2.28/200 MORO3100 030612_6SBA6 human IgG1 0.39/500 chim. 030603_2CHE111 human IgG1 0.83/500 OKT10* *chimeric OKT10 consisting of human Fc and mouse variable regions. CD38-Sequence: The amino acid (aa) sequence (position 44-300) is based on human CD3S taken from the published sequence under SWISS-PROT primary accession number P28907. At position 49 the aa Q (instead of T) has been used for the peptide-design. PepSpot-Analysis: The antigen peptides were synthesized on a cellulose membrane in a stepwise manner resulting in a defined arrangement (peptide array) and are covalently bound to the cellulose membrane. Binding assays were performed directly on the peptide array. In general an antigen peptide array is incubated with blocking buffer for several hours to reduce non-specific binding of the antibodies. The incubation with the primary (antigen peptide-binding) antibody in blocking buffer occurs followed by the incubation with the peroxidase (POD)-labelled secondary antibody, which binds selectively the primary antibody. A short T (Tween)-TBS-buffer washing directly after the incubation of the antigen peptide array with the secondary antibody followed by the first chemiluminescence experiment is made to get a first overview which antigen peptides do bind the primary antibody. Several buffer washing steps follow (T-TBS- and TBS-buffer) to reduce false positive binding (unspecific antibody binding to the cellulose membrane itself). After these washing steps the final chemiluminescence analysis is performed. The data were analysed with an imaging system showing the signal intensity (Boehringer Light units, BLU) as single measurements for each peptide. In order to evaluate nonspecific binding of the secondary antibodies (anti-human IgG), these antibodies were incubated with the peptide array in the absence of primary antibodies as the first step. If the primary antibody does not show any binding to the peptides it can be directly labelled with POD, which increases the sensitivity of the system (as performed for MOR3077). In this case a conventional coupling chemistry via free amino-groups is performed. The antigen was scanned with 13-mer peptides (11 amino acids overlap). This resulted in arrays of 123 peptides. Binding assays were performed directly on the array. The peptidebound antibodies MOR03077, MOR03079, MOR03080, MOR03100 and chimeric OKT10 were detected using a peroxidase-labelled secondary antibody (peroxidase conjugate-goat anti-human IgG, gamma chain specific, affinity isolated antibody; Sigma-Aldrich, A6029). The mappings were performed with a chemiluminescence substrate in combination with an imaging system. Additionally, a direct POD-labelling of MOR03077 was performed in order to increase the sensitivity of the system. 2. Summary and Conclusions: All five antibodies showed different profiles in the PepSpot analysis. A schematic summary is given in FIG. 7, which illustrates the different aa sequences of CD38 being recognized. The epitope for MOR03079 and chimeric OKT10 can clearly be considered as linear. The epitope for MOR03079 can be postulated within an 192-206 (VSRRFAEAACDVVHV) of CD38 whereas for chimeric OKT10 a sequence between aa 284 and 298 (FLQCVKNPEDSSCTS) is recognized predominantly. The latter results confirm the published data for the parental murine OKT10 (Hoshino et al., 1997), which postulate its epitope between aa 280-298. Yet, for a more precise epitope definition and determination of key amino acids (main antigen-antibody interaction sites) a shortening of peptides VSRRFAEAACDVVHV and FLQCVKNPEDSSCTS and an alanine-scan of both should be envisaged. The epitopes for MOR03080 and MOR03100 can be clearly considered as discontinuous since several peptides covering different sites of the protein sites were recognized. Those peptides comprise aa 82-94 and aa 158-170 for MOR03080 and aa 82-94, 142-154, 158-170, 188-200 and 280-296 for MOR03100. However, some overlaps between both epitopes can be postulated since two different sites residing within aa positions 82-94 (CQSVWDAFKGAFI; peptide #20) and 158-170 (TWCGEFNTSKINY; peptide #58) are recognized by both antibodies. The epitope for MOR03077 can be considered as clearly different from the latter two and can be described as multisegmented discontinuous epitope. The epitope includes aa 44-66, 110-122, 148-164, 186-200 and 202-224. Example 7 IL-6-Release/Proliferation Assay 1. Materials and Methods: Proliferation- and a IL-6 release assays have been performed according to Ausiello et al. (2000) with the following modifications: PBMCs from different healthy donors (after obtaining informed consent) were purified by density gradient centrifugation using the Histopaque cell separation system according to the instructions of the supplier (Sigma) and cultured under standard conditions (5% CO2, 37° C.) in RPMI1640 medium, supplemented with 10% FCS and glutamine (“complete RPMI1640”). For both assays the following antibodies were used: HuCAL® anti-CD38 IgG1s Mabs MOR03077, MOR03079, and MOR03080, an agonistic murine IgG2a monoclonal antibody (IB4; Malavasi et al., 1984), an irrelevant HuCAL® IgG1 antibody, a matched isotype control (murine IgG2a: anti-trinitrophenol, hapten-specific antibody; cat.#: 555571, clone G155-178; Becton Dickinson) or a medium control. For the IL-6 release assay, 1.0 E+06 PBMCs in 0.5 ml complete RPMI1640 medium were incubated for 24 hrs in a 15 ml culture tube (Falcon) in the presence of 20 μg/ml antibodies. Cell culture supernatants were harvested and analysed for IL-6 release using the Quantikine kit according to the manufacturer's protocol (R&D systems). For the proliferation assay 2.0E+05 PBMCs were incubated for 3 days in a 96-well flat bottom plate (Nunc) in the presence of 20 μg/ml antibodies. Each assay was carried out in duplicates. After 4 days BrdU was added to each well and cells incubated for an additional 24 hrs at 37° C. prior to cell fixation and DNA denaturation according to the protocol of the supplier (Roche). Incorporation of BrdU was measured via an anti-BrdU peroxidase-coupled antibody in a chemiluminescence-based setting. 2. Summary and Conclusions: Proliferation Assay: In addition to its catalytic activities as a cyclic ADP-ribose cyclase and hydrolase, CD38 displays the ability to transduce signals of biological relevance (Hoshino et al., 1997; Ausiello et al., 2000). Those functions can be induced in vivo by e.g. receptor-ligand interactions or by cross-linking with anti-CD38 antibodies. Those signalling events lead e.g. to calcium mobilization, lymphocyte proliferation and release of cytokines. However, this signalling is not only dependent on the antigenic epitope but might also vary from donor to donor (Ausiello et al., 2000). In the view of immunotherapy non-agonistic antibodies are preferable over agonistic antibodies. Therefore, HuCAL® anti-CD38 antibodies (Mabs MOR03077; MOR03079, MOR03080) were further characterized in a proliferation assay and IL-6- (important MM growth-factor) release assay in comparison to the reference antibody chOKT10 and the agonistic anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody 1B4. As demonstrated in FIG. 11 and FIG. 12 the HuCAL anti-CD38 antibodies Mab#1, 2 and 3 as well as the reference antibody chOKT10 and corresponding negative controls showed no or only weak induction of proliferation and no IL-6-release as compared to the agonistic antibody IB4. Example 8 Clonogenic Assay 1. Materials and Methods: PBMCs harbouring autologous CD34+/CD38+ precursor cells were isolated from healthy individuals (after obtaining informed consent) by density gradient centrifugation using the Histopaque cell separation system according to the instructions of the supplier (Sigma) and incubated with different HuCAL® IgG1 anti-CD38 antibodies (Mabs MOR03077, MOR03079, and MOR03080) and the positive control (PC) chOKT10 at 10 μg/ml. Medium and an irrelevant HuCAL® IgG1 served as background control. Each ADCC-assay consisted of 4.0E+05 PBMCs which were incubated for 4 hrs at 37° C. in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10% FCS. For the clonogenic assay 2.50 ml “complete” methylcellulose (CellSystems) was inoculated with 2.5 E+05 cells from the ADCC-assay and incubated for colony-development for at least 14 days in a controlled environment (37° C.; 5% CO2). Colonies were analyzed by two independent operators and grouped into BFU-E+CFU-GEMM (erythroid burst forming units and granulocyte/erythroid/macrophage/megakaryocyte stem cells) and CFU-GM (granulocyte/macrophage stem cells). 2. Summary and Conclusions: Since CD38-expression is not only found on immune cells within the myeloid (e.g. monocytes, granulocytes) and lymphoid lineage (e.g. activated B and T-cells; plasma cells) but also on the respective precursor cells (CD34+/CD38+), it is important that those cells are not affected by antibody-mediated killing. Therefore, a clonogenic assay was applied in order to analyse those effects on CD34+/CD38+ progenitors. PBMCs from healthy donors were incubated with HuCAL® anti-CD38 antibodies (Mab#1, Mab#2 and Mab#3) or several controls (irrelevant HuCAL® antibody, medium and reference antibody chOKT10 as positive control) according to a standard ADCC-protocol followed by further incubation in conditioned methylcellulose for colony-development. As shown in FIG. 13 no significant reduction of colony-forming units are shown for all HuCAL® anti-CD38 antibodies as compared to an irrelevant antibody or the reference antibody. Example 9 ADCC Assays with Different Cell-Lines and Primary Multiple Myeloma Cells 1. Materials and Methods: Isolation and ADCC of MM-patient samples: Bone marrow aspirates were obtained from multiple myeloma patients (after obtaining informed consent). Malignant cells were purified via a standard protocol using anti-CD138 magnetic beads (Milteny Biotec) after density gradient centrifugation (Sigma). An ADCC-assay was performed as described before. 2. Summary and Conclusions: Several cell-lines derived from different malignancies were used in ADCC in order to show the cytotoxic effect of the HuCAL® anti-CD38 antibodies on a broader spectrum of cell-lines including different origins and CD38 expression-levels. As shown in FIG. 14, all cells were killed in ADCC at constant antibody concentrations (5 μg/ml) and E:T ratios at 30:1. Cytotoxicity via ADCC was also shown for several multiple myeloma samples from patients. All HuCAL® anti-CD38 antibodies were able to perform a dose-dependent killing of MM-cells and the EC50-values varied between 0.006 and 0.249 nM (FIG. 15). Example 10 Cross-Reactivity Analysis by FACS and Immunohisto-Chemistry (IHC) 1. Materials and Methods: IHC with tonsils: For IHC HuCAL® anti-CD38 Mabs and an irrelevant negative control antibody were converted into the bivalent dHLX-format (Plüclcthun & Pack, 1997). 5 μm cryo sections from lymph nodes derived from Cynomolgus monkey, Rhesus monkey and humans (retrieved from the archives of the Institute of Pathology of the University of Graz/Austria) were cut with a Leica CM3050 cryostat. Sections were air-dried for 30 minutes to 1 hour and fixed in ice-cold methanol for 10 minutes and washed with PBS. For the detection of the dHLX-format a mouse anti-His antibody (Dianova) in combination with the Envision Kit (DAKO) was used. For the detection of the anti-CD38 mouse antibodies (e.g. reference mouse monoclonal OKT10) the Envison kit was used only. FACS-analysis of lymphocytes: EDTA-treated blood samples were obtained from healthy humans (after obtaining informed consent), from Rhesus and Cynomolgus monkeys and subjected to density gradient centrifugation using the Histopaque cell separation system according to the instructions of the supplier (Sigma). For FACS-analysis cells from the interphase were incubated with primary antibodies (HuCAL® anti-CD38 and negative control Mabs as murine IgG2a or Fab-format, the positive control murine antibody OKT10 and a matched isotype control) followed by incubation with anti-M2 Flag (Sigma; only for Fab-format) and a phycoerythrin (PE)-labeled anti-mouse conjugate (Jackson Research). FACS analysis was performed on the gated lymphocyte population. 2. Summary and Conclusions: HuCAL® anti-CD38 were analyzed for inter-species CD3S cross-reactivity. Whereas all anti-CD38 Mabs were able to detect human CD38 on lymphocytes in FACS and IHC, only MOR03080 together with the positive control OKT10 showed an additional reactivity with Cynomolgus and Rhesus monkey CD38 (see Table 5: Cross-reactivity analysis). TABLE 5 Lymphocytes (FACS) and lymph-nodes (IHC) from: Cynomolgus Antibody Human Monkey Rhesus Monkey Mab#1 ++ − − Mab#2 ++ − − Mab#3 ++ ++ ++ PC ++ ++ ++ NC − − − ++: strong positive staining; −: no staining; NC: negative control; PC: positive control (=reference cMAb) Example 11 Treatment of Human Myeloma Xenografts in Mice (Using the RPM18226 Cell Line) with MOR03080 1. Establishment of Subcutaneous Mouse Model: A subcutaneous mouse model for the human myeloma-derived tumor cell line RPMI8226 in female C.B-17-SCID mice was established as follows by Aurigon Life Science GmbH (Tutzing, Germany): on day −1, 0, and 1, anti-asialo GM1 polyclonal antibodies (ASGM) (WAKO-Chemicals), which deplete the xenoreactive NK-cells in the SCID mice were applied intravenously in order to deactivate any residual specific immune reactivity in C.B-17-SCID mice. On day 0, either 5×106 or 1×107 RPMI8226 tumor cells in 50 μl PBS were inoculated subcutaneously into the right flank of mice either treated with ASGM (as described above) or untreated (each group consisting of five mice). Tumor development was similar in all 4 inoculated groups with no significant difference being found for treatment with or without anti-asialo GM1 antibodies or by inoculation of different cell numbers. Tumors appear to be slowly growing with the tendency of stagnation or oscillation in size for some days. Two tumors oscillated in size during the whole period of investigation, and one tumor even regarded and disappeared totally from a peak volume of 321 mm3. A treatment study with this tumor model should include a high number of tumor-inoculated animals per group. 2. Treatment with MOR03080: 2.1 Study Objective This study was performed by Aurigon Life Science GmbH (Tutzing, Germany) to compare the anti-tumor efficacy of intraperitoneally applied antibodies (HuCAL® anti-CD38) as compared to the vehicle treatment (PBS). The human antibody hMOR03080 (isotype IgG1) was tested in different amounts and treatment schedules. In addition the chimeric antibody chMOR03080 (isotype IgG2a: a chimeric antibody comprising the variable regions of MOR03080 and murine constant regions constructed in a similar way as described in Example 5 for chimeric OKT10 (murine VH/VL and human constant regions)) was tested. The RPMI8226 cancer cell line had been chosen as a model and was inoculated subcutaneously in female SCID mice as described above. The endpoints in the study were body weight (b.w.), tumor volume and clinical signs. 2.2 Antibodies and Vehicle The antibodies were provided ready to use to Aurigon at concentrations of 2.13 mg/ml (MOR03080 hIgG1) and 1.73 mg/ml (MOR03080 chIgG2a, and stored at −80° C. until application. The antibodies were thawed and diluted with PBS to the respective end concentration. The vehicle (PBS) was provided ready to use to Aurigon and stored at 4° C. until application. 2.3 Animal Specification Species: mouse Strain: Fox chase C.B-17-scid (C.B-Igh-lb/IcrTac) Number and sex: 75 females Supplier: Taconic M&B, Bomholtvej 10, DK-8680 Ry Health status: SPF Weight ordered: appr. 18 g Acclimatization: 9 days 2.4 Tumor Cell Line The tumor cells (RPMI8226 cell line) were grown and transported to Aurigon Life Science GmbH, where the cells were splitted and grown for another cycle. Aurigon prepared the cells for injection on the day of inoculation. The culture medium used for cell propagation was RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% FCS, 2 mM L-Glutamin and PenStrep. The cells showed no unexpected growth rate or behaviour. For inoculation, tumor cells were suspended in PBS and adjusted to a final concentration of 1×107 cells/50 μl in PBS. The tumor cell suspension was mixed thoroughly before being injected. 2.5 Experimental Procedure On day 0, 1×107 RPMI8226 tumor cells were inoculated subcutaneously into the right dorsal flank of 75 SCID mice. A first group was built with 15 randomly chosen animals (group 5) directly after inoculation. This group was treated with 1 mg/kg b.w. hIgG11-MOR03080 every second day between day 14 and 36. From all other 60 animals 4 groups were built with ten animals in each group on day 31 (tumor volume of about 92 mm3). Groups 1-4 were built with comparable means tumor sizes and standard deviations. An additional group of 5 animals (group 6) was chosen showing relatively small tumor volumes (tumor volume of about 50 mm3) for comparison with pre-treated group 5 (all but three mice showing tumor volumes of less than 10 mm3, one with about 22 mm3, one with about 44 mm3 and one with about 119 mm3). Groups 1 to 4 were treated every second day from day 32 to day 68 with either PBS (Vehicle; group 1), 1 mg/kg b.w. hIgG1-MOR03080 (group 2) or 5 mg/kg b.w.hIgG1-MOR03080 (group 3), or with 5 mg/kg b.w. chlgG2a-MOR03080 (group 4). Group 6 did not receive any treatment (see Table 6). Tumor volumes, body weight and clinical signs were measured two times a week until end of study. TABLE 6 No. of Type of Treatment dose Appl. volume Group animals application Substance Schedule [mg/kg] [μl/kg] 1 10 i.p. vehicle (PBS) every second day — 10 between day 32 and day 68 2 10 i.p. MOR03080 every second day 1 10 human IgG1 between day 32 and day 68 3 10 i.p. MOR03080 every second day 5 10 human IgG1 between day 32 and day 68 4 10 i.p. MOR03080 every second day 5 10 chimeric between day 32 IgG2a and day 68 5 15 i.p. MOR03080 every second day 1 10 human IgG1 between day 14 and day 36 6 5 — — — — — 2.6 Results Clinical Observations and Mortality No specific tumor or substance related clinical findings or mortality were observed. In group 3 (hIgG1 5 mg/kg) four animals died during blood sampling (one on day 3, one on day 34; two on day 52). In group 4 (muIgG2a 1 mg/kg) a single animal died during blood sampling (day 34). All other animals, that died during the study have been euthanized because of the tumor size. Body Weight Development No drug related interference with weight development was observed in comparison to group 1 (vehicle). Body weight was markedly influenced by blood sampling in groups 3 (hIgG1 5 mg/kg) and 4 (muIgG2a 5 mg/kg). Despite such interruptions the mean weight gain of all groups was continuous. Tumor Development (See FIG. 16) In group 1 (vehicle) tumor growth was found in the expected rate with a slow progression. As this cell line has a pronounced standard deviation values for the largest and smallest tumor have been excluded from further statistical analysis. The tumor growth of animals in group 1 was comparable to the tumor growth in group 6 (untreated), although this group started with a lower mean tumor volume on day 31. Treatment might therefore have a slight influence on the tumor growth rate. In group 1, two mice had to be euthanized before day 83 because of the tumor size, and a further one before day 87, so that the mean value of tumor volume is no longer representative after day 80. In group 6, one mouse had to be euthanized before day 80 because of the tumor size, two mice before day 83, and a further one before day 87, so that the mean value of tumor volume is no longer representative after day 76. In group 2, treated with 1 mg/kg b.w. of hIgG1, one animal has been excluded from further analysis, because the tumor grew into the muscular tissue and this usually enhances the speed of tumor growth. Compared with the control group 1 (vehicle) the mean tumor size started to differ significantly starting with day 45 until the end of the study. No enhanced tumor growth was observed after end of treatment (day 68). Animals of group 3 (5 mg/kg b.w. hIgG1) revealed a marked decrease in tumor growth in comparison to group 1 (vehicle), getting statistically significant with day 38 until day 83. The mean tumor volume started to strongly regrow about two weeks after the end of treatment. One out of ten tumors disappeared at day 45 and did not regrow up to 19 days after end of treatment. The best performance of all treatment groups starting with 92 mm3 tumor volume was found in group 4 (5 mg/kg b.w. muIgG2a), where the mean tumor volume showed clear regression and tumors even disappeared in 4 animals until the end of the observation period. The difference to the mean tumor volume of group 1 (vehicle) was highly significant beginning from day 38 until the end of study. The early treatment with 1 mg/kg b.w. hIgG1 between days 14 and 36 (group 5) revealed an early as well as long lasting effect on tumor development. One animal has been excluded from further analysis as the tumor grew into muscular tissue. On day 31, only five animals had a measurable tumor at the site of inoculation, in comparison to the rest of the inoculated animals, where only 2 out of 60 did not respond to tumor inoculation. The tumor progression was delayed of about 31 days (comparison of day 52 of control group 1 with day 83 of group 5). About 50% of the animals did not show tumors at the site of inoculation at the end of the study. 2.7 Conclusion No specific tumor or substance related clinical findings or mortality were observed in comparison with group 1 (control). No drug related interference with weight development was observed. Tumor growth of RPMI8226 tumor cells after treatment was reduced in the order of efficiency: hIgG1 1 mg/kg, 14-36 days every second day (group 5)>muIgG2a 5 mg/kg 32-68 days every second day (group 4)>hIgG1 5 mg/kg 32-68 days every second day (group 3)>hIgG1 1 mg/kg 32-68 days every second day (group 2). In groups 2 to 4, mean tumor volumes were again increased after end of treatment to varying extents. REFERENCES Ausiello C. M., Urbani F., Lande R., la Sala A., Di Carlo B., Baj G., Surico N., Hilgers J., Deaglio S., Funaro A., Malavasi F. (2000) Functional topography of discrete domains of human CD38. Tissue Antigens. 2000 December; 56(6):539-47. Chamow, S. M., Zhang, D. Z., Tan, X. Y, Mathre, S. M., Marsters, S. A., Peers, D. H., Byrn, R. A., Ashknazi, A., Junghans, R. P (1994). humanized, bispecific immunoadhesin-antibody that retargets CD3+ effectors to kill HIV-1-infected cells. J Immunol. 1994 Nov. 1; 153(9):4268-80 Dattamajumdar, A. K., Jacobsen, D. P., Hood, L. E., Osman, G. E. (1996). Rapid cloning of rearranged mouse inimunoglobulin variable genes. Immunogentetics 43, 141-151 Funaro, A., Spagnoli, G. C., Ausiello, C. M., Alessio, M., Roggero, S., Delia, D., Zaccolo, M., and Malavasi, F. (1990) Involvement of the multilineage CD38 molecule in a unique pathway of cell activation and proliferation. J. Immunol. 145, 2390-2396. Hoshino S., Kukimoto I., Kontani K., Inoue S., Kanda Y., Malavasi F., Katada T. (1997) Mapping of the catalytic and epitopic sites of human CD38/NAD+glycohydrolase to a functional domain in the carboxyl terminus. J Immunol. 158(2):741-7. Jackson D. G., Bell J. I. (1990) Isolation of a cDNA encoding the human CD38 (T10) molecule, a cell surface glycoprotein with an unusual discontinuous pattern of expression during lymphocyte differentiation. J Immunol. 144(7):2811-5. Knappik, A., Ge, L., Honegger, A., Pack, P., Fischer, M., Wellnhofer, G., Hoess, A., Wolle, J., Piuckthun, A., and Virnekas, B. (2000). Fully synthetic human combinatorial antibody libraries (HuCAL) based on modular consensus frameworks and CDRs randomized with trinucleotides. J Mol Biol 296, 57-86. Konopleva M., Estrov Z., Zhao S., Andreeff M., Mehta K. (1998) Ligation of cell surface CD38 protein with agonistic monoclonal antibody induces a cell growth signal in myeloid leukemia cells. J Immunol. 161(9):4702-8. Krebber, A., Bornhauser, S., Burmester, J., Honegger, A., Willuda, J., Bossard, H. R., Plückthun, A. (1997). Reliable cloning of functional antibody variable domains from hybridomas and spleen cell repertoires employing a reengineered phage display system. J. Imm. Meth. 201, 35-55. Krebs, B., Rauchenberger, R., Reiffert, S., Rothe, C., Tesar, M., Thomassen, E., Cao, M., Dreier, T., Fischer, D., Hoss, A., Inge, L., Knappik, A., Marget, M., Pack, P., Meng, X. Q., Schier, R., Soblemann, P., Winter, J., Wolle, J., and Kretzschmar, T. (2001). Highthroughput generation and engineering of recombinant human antibodies. J Immunol. Methods 254, 67-84. Löhning, C. (2001). Novel methods for displaying (poly)peptides/proteins on bacteriophage particles via disulfide bonds. WO 01/05950. Malavasi, F., Caligaris-Cappio, F., Milanese, C., Dellabona, P., Richiardi, P., Carbonara, A. O. (1984). Characterization of a murine monoclonal antibody specific for human early lymphohemopoietic cells. Hum. Immunol. 9: 9-20 Namba, M., Otsuki, T., Mori, M., Togawa, A., Wada, H., Sugihara, T., Yawata, Y., Kimoto, T. (1989). Establishment of five human myeloma cell lines. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 25: 723. Nata K., Takarnura T., Karasawa T., Kumagai T., Hashioka W., Tohgo A., Yonekura H., Takasawa S., Nakamura S., Okamoto H. (1997). Human gene encoding CD38 (ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase): organization, nucleotide sequence and alternative splicing. Gene 186(2):285-92. Naundorf, S., Preithner, S., Mayer, P., Lippold, S., Wolf, A., Hanakam, F., Fichtner, I., Kufer, P., Raum, T., Riethmüller, G., Baeuerle, P. A., Dreier, T. (2002). Int. J. Cancer 100, 101-110. Plückthun A, and Pack P. (1997) New protein engineering approaches to multivalent and bispecific antibody fragments. Immunotechnology 3(2):83-105. Rauchenberger R., Borges B., Thomassen-Wolf E., Rom E., Adar R., Yaniv Y., Malka M., Chumakov I., Kotzer S., Resnitzky D., Knappik A., Reiffert S., Prassler J., Jury K., Waldherr D., Bauer S., Kretzschmar T., Yayon A., Rothe C. (2003). Human combinatorial Fab library yielding specific and functional antibodies against the human fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. J Biol Chem. 278(40):38194-205. Zhou, H., Fisher, R. J., Papas, T. S. (1994). Optimization of primer sequences for mouse scFv repertoire display library construction. Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 888-889.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>CD38 is a type-II membrane glycoprotein and belongs to the family of ectoenzymes, due to its enzymatic activity as ADP ribosyl-cyclase and cADP—hydrolase. During ontogeny, CD38 appears on CD34+ committed stem cells and lineage-committed progenitors of lymphoid, erythroid and myeloid cells. It is understood that CD38 expression persists only in the lymphoid lineage, through the early stages of T- and B-cell development. The up-regulation of CD38 serves as a marker for lymphocyte activation—in particular B-cell differentiation along the plasmacytoid pathway. (Co-)receptor functions of CD38 leading to intracellular signaling or intercellular communication via its ligand, CD31, are postulated, as well as its role as an intracellular regulator of a second messenger, cyclic ADPr, in a variety of signaling cascades. However, its physiological importance remains to be elucidated, since knock out of the murine analogue or anti-CD38 auto-antibodies in humans do not appear to be detrimental. Apart from observing its expression in the hematopoetic system, researchers have noted the up-regulation of CD38 on various cell-lines derived from B-, T-, and myeloid/monocytic tumors, including B- or T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myelonia (MM). In MM, for example, strong CD38 expression is witnessed in the majority of all patient samples. Hence, over-expression of CD38 on malignant cells provides an attractive therapeutic target for immunotherapy. Of special attraction is the fact that the most primitive pluripotent stem cells of the hematopoietic system are CD38-negative and that the extent of cytotoxic effects by ADCC or CDC correlates well with the expression-levels of the respective target. Current approaches of anti-CD38 therapies can be divided in two groups: in vivo and ex vivo approaches. In in vivo approaches, anti-CD38 antibodies are administered to a subject in need of therapy in order to cause the antibody-mediated depletion of CD38-overexpressing malignant cells. Depletion can either be achieved by antibody-mediated ADCC and/or CDC by effector cells, or by using the anti-CD38 antibodies as targeting moieties for the transport of cytotoxic substances, e.g. saporin, to the target cells, and subsequent internalization. In the ex vivo approach, cell population, e.g. bone marrow cells, comprising CD38 overexpressing malignant cells are removed from an individual in need of treatment and are contacted with anti-CD38 antibodies. The target cells are either destroyed by cytotoxic substances, e.g. saporin, as described for the in vivo approach, or are removed by contacting the cell population with immobilized anti-CD38 antibodies, thus removing CD38 overexpressing target cells from the mixture. Thereafter, the depleted cell population is reinserted into the patient. Antibodies specific for CD38 can be divided in different groups, depending on various properties. Binding of some antibodies to the CD38 molecule (predominantly aa 220-300) can trigger activities within the target cell, such as Ca2+ release, cytokine release, phosphorylation events and growth stimulation based on the respective antibody specificity (Konopleva et al., 1998; Ausiello et al., 2000), but no clear correlation between the binding site of the various known antibodies and their (non-)agonistic properties could be seen (Funaro et al., 1990). Relatively little is known about the efficacy of published anti-CD38 antibodies. What is known is that all known antibodies seem to exclusively recognize epitopes (amino acid residues 220 to 300) located in the C-terminal part of CD38. No antibodies are known so far that are specific for epitopes in the N-terminal part of CD38 distant from the active site in the primary protein sequence. However, we have found that OKT10, which has been in clinical testing, has a relatively low affinity and efficacy when analyzed as chimeric construct comprising a human Fc part. Furthermore, OKT10 is a murine antibody rendering it unsuitable for human administration. A human anti-CD38 scFv antibody fragment has recently been described (WO 02/06347). However, that antibody is specific for a selectively expressed CD38 epitope. Correspondingly, in light of the great potential for anti-CD38 antibody therapy, there is a high need for human anti-CD38 antibodies with high affinity and with high efficacy in mediating killing of CD38 overexpressing malignant cells by ADCC and/or CDC. The present invention satisfies these and other needs by providing fully human and highly efficacious anti-CD38 antibodies, which are described below.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It is an object of the invention to provide human and humanized antibodies that can effectively mediate the killing of CD38-overexpressing cells. It is another object of the invention to provide antibodies that are safe for human administration. It is also an object of the present invention to provide methods for treating disease or and/or conditions associated with CD38 up-regulation by using one or more antibodies of the invention. These and other objects of the invention are more fully described herein. In one aspect, the invention provides an isolated antibody or functional antibody fragment that contains an antigen-binding region that is specific for an epitope of CD38, where the antibody or functional fragment thereof is able to mediate killing of a CD38+ target cell (LP-1 (DSMZ: ACC41) and RPMI-8226 (ATCC: CCL-155)) by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (“ADCC”) with an at least two- to five-fold better efficacy than the chimeric OKT10 antibody having SEQ ID NOS: 23 and 24 (under the same or substantially the same conditions), when a human PBMC cell is employed as an effector cell, and when the ratio of effector cells to target cells is between about 30:1 and about 50:1. Such an antibody or functional fragment thereof may contain an antigen-binding region that contains an H-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8; the antigen-binding region may further include an H-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8; and the antigen-binding region also may contain an H-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8. Such a CD38-specific antibody of the invention may contain an antigen-binding region that contains an L-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, or 16; the antigen-binding region may further include an L-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, or 16; and the antigen-binding region also may contain an L-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, or 16. In another aspect, the invention provides an isolated antibody or functional antibody fragment that contains an antigen-binding region that is specific for an epitope of CD38, where the antibody or functional fragment thereof is able to mediate killing of a CD38-transfected CHO cell by CDC with an at least two-fold better efficacy than chimeric OKT10 (SEQ ID NOS: 23 and 24) under the same or substantially the same conditions as in the previous paragraph. An antibody satisfying these criteria may contain an antigen-binding region that contains an H-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, or 7; the antigen-binding region may further include an H-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, or 7; and the antigen-binding region also may contain an H-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, or 7. Such a CD38-specific antibody of the invention may contain an antigen-binding region that contains an L-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, or 15; the antigen-binding region may further include an L-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, or 15; and the antigen-binding region also may contain an L-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, or 15. Antibodies (and functional fragments thereof) of the invention may contain an antigen-binding region that is specific for an epitope of CD38, which epitope contains one or more amino acid residues of amino acid residues 43 to 215 of CD38, as depicted by SEQ ID NO: 22. More specifically, an epitope to which the antigen-binding region binds may contain one or more amino acid residues found in one or more of the amino acid stretches taken from the list of amino acid stretches 44-66, 82-94, 142-154, 148-164, 158-170, and 192-206. For certain antibodies, the epitope maybe linear, whereas for others, it may be conformational (i.e., discontinuous). An antibody or functional fragment thereof having one or more of these properties may contain an antigen-binding region that contains an H-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8; the antigen-binding region may further include an H-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8; and the antigen-binding region also may contain an H-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8. Such a CD38-specific antibody of the invention may contain an antigen-binding region that contains an L-CDR3 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, or 16; the antigen-binding region may further include an L-CDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, or 16; and the antigen-binding region also may contain an L-CDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, or 16. Peptide variants of the sequences disclosed herein are also embraced by the present invention. Accordingly, the invention includes anti-CD38 antibodies having a heavy chain amino acid sequence with: at least 60 percent sequence identity in the CDR regions with the CDR regions depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8; and/or at least 80 percent sequence homology in the CDR regions with the CDR regions depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, or 8. Further included are anti-CD38 antibodies having a light chain amino acid sequence with: at least 60 percent sequence identity in the CDR regions with the CDR regions depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15 or 16; and/or at least 80 percent sequence homology in the CDR regions with the CDR regions depicted in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15 or 16. An antibody of the invention may be an IgG (e.g., IgG 1 ), while an antibody fragment may be a Fab or scFv, for example. An inventive antibody fragment, accordingly, may be, or may contain, an antigen-binding region that behaves in one or more ways as described herein. The invention also is related to isolated nucleic acid sequences, each of which can encode an antigen-binding region of a human antibody or functional fragment thereof that is specific for an epitope of CD38. Such a nucleic acid sequence may encode a variable heavy chain of an antibody and include a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2, 3, or 4, or a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under high stringency conditions to the complementary strand of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, or 4. The nucleic acid might encode a variable light chain of an isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof, and may contain a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 9, 10, 11, or 12, or a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under high stringency conditions to the complementary strand of SEQ ID NO: 9, 10, 11, or 12. Nucleic acids of the invention are suitable for recombinant production. Thus, the invention also relates to vectors and host cells containing a nucleic acid sequence of the invention. Compositions of the invention may be used for therapeutic or prophylactic applications. The invention, therefore, includes a pharmaceutical composition containing an inventive antibody (or functional antibody fragment) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient therefor. In a related aspect, the invention provides a method for treating a disorder or condition associated with the undesired presence of CD38 or CD38 expressing cells. Such method contains the steps of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition that contains an inventive antibody as described or contemplated herein. The invention also relates to isolated epitopes of CD38, either in linear or conformational form, and their use for the isolation of an antibody or functional fragment thereof, which antibody of antibody fragment comprises an antigen-binding region that is specific for said epitope. In this regard, a linear epitope may contain amino acid residues 192-206, while a conformational epitope may contain one or more amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of amino acids 44-66, 82-94, 142-154, 148-164, 158-170 and 202-224 of CD38. An epitope of CD38 can be used, for example, for the isolation of antibodies or functional fragments thereof (each of which antibodies or antibody fragments comprises an antigen-binding region that is specific for such epitope), comprising the steps of contacting said epitope of CD38 with an antibody library and isolating the antibody(ies) or functional fragment(s) thereof. In another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated epitope of CD38, which consists essentially of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of amino acids 44-66, 82-94, 142-154, 148-164, 158-170, 192-206 and 202-224 of CD38. As used herein, such an epitope “consists essentially of” one of the immediately preceding amino acid sequences plus additional features, provided that the additional features do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the epitope. In yet another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated epitope of CD38 that consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of amino acids 44-66, 82-94, 142-154, 148-164, 158-170, 192-206 and 202-224 of CD38. The invention also provides a kit containing (i) an isolated epitope of CD38 comprising one or more amino acid stretches taken from the list of 44-66, 82-94, 142-154, 148-164, 158-170, 192-206 and 202-224; (ii) an antibody library; and (iii) instructions for using the antibody library to isolate one or more members of such library that binds specifically to such epitope.

20091014

20120911

20101111

79023.0

A61K39395

GUSSOW, ANNE

ANTI-CD38 HUMAN ANTIBODIES AND USES THEREOF

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

A61K

ACCEPTED

Operating system utilizing a selectively concealed multi-function wall station transmitter with an auto-close function for a motorized barrier operator

An operating system which utilizes a multi-functional wall station for a motorized barrier includes an operator for controlling movement of a barrier between various positions. The operator may receive signals from a wireless or wired wall station transmitter, a wireless keyless entry device and/or a portable remote transmitter device. The multi-function wall station provides for selective concealment of certain switches or buttons which are not commonly used in the day-to-day operation of a wall station. For example, the up/down switch may be actuated by a hinged cover which conceals other selected operational buttons and wherein those operational buttons are only accessed upon opening of the hinged cover. The wall station also provides a periodic lighting element so as to easily direct the user to push the hinge cover to initiate up/down movement of the barrier. The multi-function wall station also provides for an operational selection wherein the door may be closed in a normal manner; by an auto-close feature, wherein the door closes after a predetermined period of time; or a RF block mode, wherein the station prevents transmission of any remote radio frequency signals to the operating system. The auto-close feature may only be enabled upon actuation of a keyless entry device so as to allow the user to re-enter the garage in the unfortunate circumstance of being locked out of the garage.

1. An operator system for moving a barrier comprising: a motor for moving the barrier between opened and closed positions; an operator for controlling operation of said motor; and a wall station having a wall station transmitter for sending operational signals to said operator, said wall station having an open/close switch for actuating said motor to move the barrier in the appropriate direction; said wall station also having a manual-close/auto-close selector switch, wherein if an auto-close mode is selected said operator automatically closes the barrier if left open for a predetermined period of time. 2. The operator system according to claim 1, wherein said wall station comprises: a panel carrying said open/close switch and said selector switch; and a cover positionable with respect to said panel, wherein said cover in a first position permits access to said switches and in a second position conceals said switches but allows actuation of said open/close switch. 3. The operator system according to claim 2, wherein said cover comprises: an exterior surface; an interior surface opposite said exterior surface; a nub extending from said interior surface and in juxtaposition with said open/close switch when said cover is in said second position; and said cover movable in said second position to allow actuation of said open/close switch with said nub. 4. The operator system according to claim 3, wherein said exterior surface has a distinguishable tactile surface opposite said nub. 5. The operator system according to claim 1, further comprising: a keyless entry transmitter capable of sending operational signals to said operator and moving the barrier in the appropriate direction, wherein said operator will only enable said auto-close mode if said keyless entry transmitter is associated therewith. 6. The operator system according to claim 1, further comprising: at least one external transmitter capable of sending operational signals to said operator and moving the barrier in the appropriate direction, wherein said operator will only enable said auto-close mode if said at least one external transmitter initiates an open command. 7. The operator system according to claim 6, wherein said at least one external transmitter is selected from a group consisting of a keyless entry transmitter and a portable remote transmitter. 8. The operator system according to claim 1, wherein said predetermined period of time is adjustable and wherein said wall station transmitter also functions as a transceiver. 9. An operator system for moving a barrier comprising: a motor for moving the barrier between opened and closed positions; an operator for controlling operation of said motor; and a wall station having a wall station transmitter for sending operational signals to said operator, said wall station having an open/close switch for actuating said motor to move the barrier in the appropriate direction; and said wall station also having an auto-close/blocking selector switch which, if enabled in a blocking mode, precludes said operator from receiving operational signals from any source other than said wall station. 10. The operator system according to claim 9, wherein said blocking selector switch comprises additional modes of manual-close and auto-close, wherein if said auto-close mode is selected said operator automatically closes the barrier if left open for a predetermined period of time. 11. The operator system according to claim 10, wherein said wall station comprises: a panel carrying said open/close switch and said selector switch; and a cover positionable with respect to said panel, wherein said cover in a first position permits access to said switch and in a second position conceals said switches but allows actuation of said open/close switch. 12. An operator system for moving a barrier comprising: a motor for moving the barrier between opened and closed positions; an operator for controlling operation of said motor; a wireless wall station having a wall station transmitter for sending operational signals to said operator, said wireless wall station having an open/close switch for actuating said motor to move the barrier in the appropriate direction; and a light source illuminating said wireless wall station from within. 13. The operator source according to claim 12, wherein said wireless wall station comprises: a panel carrying said open/close switch and said light source. 14. The operator system according to claim 13, wherein said wireless wall station further comprises: a cover positionable with respect to said panel, wherein said cover in a first position permits access to said switch and in a second position conceals said switches but allows actuation of said open/close switch. 15. The operator system according to claim 14, wherein said cover has light transmitting properties to allow light transmission of said light source. 16. The operator system according to claim 15, wherein said cover comprises: an exterior surface; an interior surface opposite said exterior surface; a nub extending from said interior surface and in juxtaposition with said open/close switch when said cover is in said second position; and said cover movable in said second position to allow actuation of said open/close switch with said nub. 17. The operator system according to claim 16, wherein said exterior surface has a distinguishable tactile surface opposite said nub. 18. The operator system according to claim 16, wherein said interior surface further comprises a diffuser extending from said interior surface and in juxtaposition with said light source when said cover is in said second position. 19. The operator system according to claim 14, wherein said panel comprises: a recessed panel and an exposed panel; said recessed panel covered by said cover when in said second position, said exposed panel carrying other operational switches. 20. The operator according to claim 14, wherein said cover is hinged to said panel at an edge thereof. 21. The operator system according to claim 20, further comprising: a light controlled by said operator; and a light switch carried by said wall station at said edge. 22. The operator system according to claim 21, wherein said light switch is actuable by applying a force in one of two directions. 23. The operator system according to claim 21, wherein if said light is illuminated said auto-close mode is disabled. 24. An operator system for moving a barrier comprising: a motor for moving the barrier between opened and closed positions; an operator for controlling operation of said motor; and a wall station having a wall station transmitter for sending operational signals to said operator, said wall station having an open/close switch for actuating said motor to move the barrier in the appropriate direction, said wall station also having a blocking selector switch which, if enabled, precludes said operator from receiving operational signals from any source other than said wall station transmitter, said wall station comprising: a panel carrying said open/close switch and said selector switch; and a cover positionable with respect to said panel, wherein said cover in a first position permits access to said switch and in a second position conceals said switches but allows actuation of said open/close switch. 25. The operator system according to claim 24, further comprising: a light controlled by said operator; and a light switch carried by said wall station, wherein said light switch is actuable by applying a force in one of two directions. 26. The operator system according to claim 25, wherein said cover comprises: an exterior surface; an interior surface opposite said exterior surface; a nub extending from said interior surface and in juxtaposition with said open/close switch when said cover is in said second position; and said cover movable in said second position to allow actuation of said open/close switch with said nub. 27. The operator system according to claim 26, wherein said exterior surface has a distinguishable tactile surface opposite said nub. 28. An operator system for moving a barrier comprising: a motor for moving the barrier between opened and closed positions; an operator for controlling operation of said motor; and a wall station having a wall station transmitter for sending operational signals to said operator, said wall station having an open/close switch for actuating said motor to move the barrier in the appropriate direction; said operator capable of receiving operational signals from said wall station transmitter and any programmed transmitter; said wall station also having a manual-close/auto-close/block switch, wherein if a manual-close mode is selected said operator only closes the door upon receipt of a door close signal from one of said wall station and said programmed transmitter; wherein if an auto-close mode is selected said operator automatically closes the barrier if left open for a predetermined period of time; and wherein if a block mode is selected, said operator is precluded from receiving operational signals from any source other than said wall station transmitter. 29. The operator system according to claim 28, wherein said wall station comprises: a panel carrying said open/close switch and said selector switch; and a cover positionable with respect to said panel, wherein said cover in a first position permits access to said switches and in a second position conceals said switches but allows actuation of said open/close switch. 30. The operator system according to claim 29, wherein said cover comprises: an exterior surface; an interior surface opposite said exterior surface; a nub extending from said interior surface and in juxtaposition with said open/close switch when said cover is in said second position; and said cover movable in said second position to allow actuation of said open/close switch with said nub. 31. The operator system according to claim 30, wherein said exterior surface has a distinguishable tactile surface opposite said nub. 32. The operator system according to claim 28, wherein said operator generates a warning signal immediately prior to said operator automatically closing the barrier. 33. The operator system according to claim 32, wherein said operator incrementally closes the barrier after completion of the said warning signal, unless one of said operational signals is received during one of said warning signal, during the incremental closing of said barrier, and while said barrier is paused. 34. The operator system according to claim 33, wherein said operator further comprises: a photo detector or other means for generating operational signals. 35. The operator system according to claim 33, wherein said operator generates a second warning signal after said incremental closing and prior to said operator automatically closing the barrier. 36. The operator system according to claim 35, wherein said operator closes the barrier after completion of said second warning signal, unless one of said operational signals is received during one of said warning signal, during said incremental closing of said barrier, and while said barrier is paused. 37. The operator system according to claim 28, wherein said operator generates a warning signal immediately prior to said operator incrementally closing the barrier, whereupon said operator repeats generation of said warning signal and incremental closing until the barrier is completely closed. 38. The operator system according to claim 37, wherein the barrier is returned to an open position if one of said operational signals is received during one of said warning signal, or during said incremental closing of said barrier, and while said barrier is paused. 39. A wall station for transmitting signals to an operator that moves a motorized barrier, comprising: a panel; an open/close switch carried by said panel, wherein actuation of said open/close switch causes the operator to move the barrier in an appropriate direction; at least one other function switch carried by said panel, wherein actuation of said other function switch causes the operator to perform the corresponding function; and a cover positionable with respect to said panel, wherein said cover in a first position permits access to said switches and in a second position conceals said switches but allows actuation of said open/close switch. 40. The wall station according to claim 39, wherein said cover comprises: an exterior surface; an interior surface opposite said exterior surface; a nub extending from said interior surface and in juxtaposition with said open/close switch when said cover is in said second position; and said cover movable in said second position to allow actuation of said open/close switch with said nub. 41. The wall station according to claim 40, wherein said exterior surface has a distinguishable tactile surface opposite said nub. 42. The wall station according to claim 39, further comprising: a light source emanating from said panel. 43. The wall station according to claim 42, wherein said cover has light transmitting properties to allow light transmission of said light source. 44. The wall station according to claim 43, wherein said cover comprises: an exterior surface; an interior surface opposite said exterior surface; a nub extending from said interior surface and in juxtaposition with said open/close switch when said cover is in said second position; and said cover movable in said second position to allow actuation of said open/close switch with said nub. 45. The wall station according to claim 44, wherein said interior surface further comprises a diffuser extending from said interior surface and in juxtaposition with said light source when said cover is in said second position. 46. A wall station transmitter for sending operational signals to an operator that controls movement of a barrier comprising: a housing having a battery compartment, said housing having a ledge at one end of said battery compartment and a ridge at an opposite end of said battery compartment, said ledge having a groove adjacent a nub, and said ridge having a notch; and a battery cover that detachably encloses said battery compartment, said cover having a catch at one end and a latch at an opposite end, said latch detachably received in said notch and said catch detachably received by said groove. 47. The wall station transmitter according to claim 46, wherein said catch comprises: a U-shaped member having a pivot point; a lever arm extending from said pivot point; a retainer extending from said lever; and a finger extending from said lever arm, said finger and said retainer forming a slot therebetween. 48. The wall station transmitter according to claim 47, wherein said retainer is receivable in said groove and said nub is receivable in said slot. 49. The wall station transmitter according to claim 48, wherein application of a force on said finger moves said lever arm with respect to said pivot point and disengages said retainer from said groove and said nub from said slot. 50. The wall station transmitter according to claim 49, wherein said housing has a hinge cavity for receiving said catch, said retainer having a ramp surface that is deflected by said nub upon insertion of said catch into said hinge cavity.

TECHNICAL FIELD Generally, the present invention relates to a garage door operator system for use on a closure member moveable relative to a fixed member. More particularly, the present invention relates to a wall station transmitter for controlling the operation of a movable barrier, such as a gate or door, between a closed position and an open position. More specifically, the present invention relates to a wired or wireless wall station control for a door or gate operator, wherein the wall station has a plurality of buttons or touch pad keys which may be selectively concealed, and wherein actuation of a button implements a corresponding function of the operating system. One function in particular provides an auto-close function which automatically closes the movable barrier after a pre-determined period of time. BACKGROUND ART As is well known, garage doors or gates enclose an area to allow selective ingress and egress to and from the area. Garage doors initially were moveable by hand. But due to their weight and the inconvenience of opening and closing the door, motors are now connected to the door. Control of such a motor may be provided by a hard-wired push button which, when actuated, relays a signal to an operator controller that starts the motor and moves the door in one direction until a limit position is reached. After the door has stopped and the button is pressed again, the motor moves the door in an opposite direction. Garage door operators are now provided with safety features which stop and reverse the door travel when an obstruction is encountered. Other safety devices, such as photocells and sensors, detect whenever there is an obstruction within the path of the door and send a signal to the operator to take corrective action. Remote control devices are now also provided to facilitate the opening and closing of the door without having to get out of the car. The prior art also discloses various other features which enhance the convenience of opening and closing a garage door as follows. U.S. Pat. No. 4,119,896, to Estes, III et al., discloses a sequencing control circuit provided for a door operator motor which is connected to open and close a garage door as controlled by signals from manual switches and load switches. The sequencing control circuit includes time means with a first time period in the order of six to eight seconds. This permits a person to hold a push button switch closed for about six to eight seconds so that a slab door maybe opened against a snow drift which otherwise would have so much torque requirement on the motor that an overload switch would stop the motor. Enabling means is provided to enable the motor during this time period yet to disable the constant signal from the push button for periods longer than this time period so that the door operator motor then is responsive to signals from the load switches. The sequencing control circuit also includes a latch circuit having an output in a feedback loop to maintain the latch circuit latched upon a momentary input control signal. This allows time for the motor to accelerate the load to a normal running condition and to open any closed limit switch or closed torque switch during this acceleration period. U.S. Pat. No. 4,247,806, to Mercier, discloses a garage door opener including a radio receiver and a push button, each operable to initiate a pulse for effecting a switching device which, in turn, energizes a latching relay. Operation of the latching relay completes an energizing circuit to the appropriate winding of a reversible motor which moves the door toward an open or closed position. A sensing circuit is operable for effecting the reversal of the latching relay to change the direction of motor operation in the event the door engages an object in its path. A foot switch may also be provided for positively sensing an obstacle and reversing the drive motor. A transmitter may be provided with an impulse circuit to limit the duration of the system actuating signal regardless of how long the transmitter push button is depressed. U.S. Pat. No. 4,607,312, to Barreto-Mercado, discloses a system that eliminates the conventional automobile door and trunk locks and provides power operated locks remotely controlled by a VHF radio transmission which is coded with two code signals, one of which energizes the door locks to locking condition and the other of which causes door or trunk unlocking, the trunk unlocking being activated only if a trunk transfer push button switch has been operated. The unlocking code may also activate the electric power to the engine starter motor, hood and manual switches of the power door operating motor. The system provided by the invention for unlocking or locking the doors of an automobile and for unlocking the trunk and hood of the same automobile as well as the engine electric power, all from outside the automobile permits the removal of the conventional mechanical door locking mechanism, including both the external key-operated apparatus and that controlled by an internal push button, and the removal of the conventional key-operated mechanical trunk lock, and the substitution of an externally operable radio controlled lock and unlock system for the door and an unlock system for the trunk and hood. U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,995, to Clark et al., discloses a radio remote-controlled door operator for use, among other uses, as a residential garage door operator. The transmitter contains two buttons, one to produce normal door operation and the other to set the operator into a “secure” mode, wherein it will be non-responsive to further valid operating codes until reset. In addition, a second deeper level of security may be established by means of a vacation switch which disconnects the operator from the AC power supply. The operator system comprises a microprocessor which is programmed to perform various accessory functions even through the accessories may not be present. Various microprocessor inputs are tied to a false “safe” level so that even though the accessory programs are run, no outputs result and no interference with normal door operation is produced. U.S. Pat. No. 5,086,385, to Launey et al., discloses a system for and a method of providing an expandable home automation controller which supports multiple numbers and multiple different types of data communications with both appliances and subsystems within the home as well as systems external to the home. The system is based upon a central processor, such as a microprocessor-based computer, and is connected by means of a data bus to control the various products and subsystems within a home or commercial building such as lighting systems, security systems, various sensors, multiple external terminals, as well as to allow for the input of commands by a variety of means such as touch-screens, voice recognition systems, telephones, custom switches or any device capable of providing an input to a computer system. The system functions can be readily controlled by the user utilizing a high resolution graphics display and associated touch-screen interface. U.S. Pat. No. 5,848,634, to Will et al., discloses an apparatus for controlling operation of a motorized window shade, the apparatus comprising a drive circuit for driving an electric motor operating the window shade; and a control circuit for controlling the operation of the driver circuit, the control circuit including a microprocessor. The microprocessor is coupled to first and second switches for enabling driving of the electric motor in respective first and second directions corresponding to upward and downward movement of the window shade. The apparatus also includes a program switch, wherein the microprocessor of the control circuit is programmed to allow setting of the upper and lower limits of travel of the window shade. The microprocessor is also programmed with a program to set a first of the limits of travel. The window shade is adjusted to a desired upper or lower level limit position using at least one of the first and second switches, the program switch is then actuated followed by the actuation of one of the first and second switches to set a first of the limits. The window shade is then adjusted to a desired position for a second of the limits using at least one of the first and second switches. The program switch is again actuated, and the other of the first and second switches is actuated to set the second of the limits. U.S. Pat. No. 5,864,297, to Sollestre et al., discloses a remote keyless entry system including a remote key fob or transmitting unit which may be carried by the user. This fob may transmit coded function signals directing the vehicle to perform requested functions, e.g., unlock the doors, and an on-board receiver that receives the request and performs the function. The receiver may be reprogrammed by the customer to accept signals from a different transmitter in the event that the key fob is either lost or stolen. To program the receiver, the system is put in a programming mode by using a transmitter whose security code is already stored within the receiver. This programming mode is entered by depressing specified buttons on the transmitting unit for a predetermined amount of time. Once in the programming mode, all previous security codes are erased, and a new transmitting unit code may be programmed into the receiver by depressing any button on that unit. The receiver will chime to acknowledge to the customer that the new security code has been accepted. U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,754 to Mullet, et al. discloses a wireless operating system utilizing a multi-functional wall station for a motorized door/gate operator includes an operator for controlling the movement of a door/gate between various positions. The system has an operator with a receiver and a wall station transmitter for transmitting a signal to the receiver. The signal initiates separate operator functions in addition to opening and closing of the door/gate. A remote transmitter may send a remote signal received by the receiver, wherein the receiver is capable of distinguishing between the wall station signal and the remote signal. The wall station includes a transmitter programming button, wherein actuation of the transmitter programming button places the receiver in a learn mode, and wherein subsequent actuation of the remote transmitter positively identifies the remote transmitter for use with the operator. A light powered by the operator and a light actuation button provided by the wall station transmitter is included in the system. Actuation of the light actuation button functions to switch the light on or off. A pet height button, provided by the wall station transmitter, selectively positions the height of the gate/door from its fully closed position to allow ingress and egress of a pet. A delay-close button closes the door/gate after a predetermined period of time. Actuation of a door installation button sequences the door/gate and said operator through various operational parameters to establish a door operating profile. All of the buttons on the wall station are exposed which allows some of them to be accidentally actuated. A keyless entry transmitter and a second wall station may also control the operator. The systems described above are lacking inasmuch as various control elements are provided in different locations. Some are provided at the operator head and some are added on and separate from a main control button or wall station. The add-on devices are susceptible to failure or damage and as such may interfere with the normal operation of system. And if the add-on device is in proximity to other devices the possibility of inadvertent button actuation is substantially increased. This is also true of the few devices which do provide all functions in one location. Indeed, current systems are simply not user friendly in that they can not be seen in the dark nor do they provide sufficient tactile distinctions to enhance their use. Nor do current systems provide an integrated auto-close feature in conjunction with other functions provided on a multi-function wall station. And these systems do not provide both the ability to easily disconnect and/or adjust the timing of the auto-close feature. Finally, the systems do not provide an auto-close feature that can only be enabled if a keyless entry transmitter or other remote transmitter is also taught to the operating system. In summary, current movable barrier operator systems do not provide a complete and integrated functional wall station that is ergonomically designed and efficient in use and operation. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a wireless transmitter for a door or gate that moves between an open and closed position. The door or gate is of the type that is moveable into an out-of-proximity position with respect to a fixed surface that is to be sealed relative to the door. The door or gate is coupled to a motorized operator which controls movement of the door. It is another object of the present invention to provide a wireless wall station transmitter which provides multiple functions in addition to the open/close function initiated by the motorized operator. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wireless wall station transmitter device which is powered by a battery or other power source. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a wireless wall station transmitter which is mountable anywhere in communication range of the motorized operator which controls the up and down movements of the door or gate and various other features associated with the door. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a receiver coupled to the motorized operator to decode instructions sent from the wall station transmitter. It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a receiver which can handle multiple function instructions. Yet still a further object of the present invention is to provide a radio frequency controlled wireless wall station for controlling the operational parameters of a door or gate operator that contains a plurality of switches or buttons to provide a plurality of functions and features. The wall station transmits an initial signal that sets a series of coded signals during installation and once the encoded series is set, each additional coded message within the coded set designates a separate function. These functions include, but are not limited to, the directional movement of the motorized object; the off and on function of the lights associated with the operator; the initiation of an operational profile, which is used to establish safety limits and the like; the initiation of a delay-to-close time; the raising of the door to a height that allows pet egress; and the learn function programming of additional remote transmitters and remote keyless entry pads. Yet another object of the present invention is to provide additional functions which may include an auto-close feature wherein the auto-close feature is provided with an operator-set or a user-adjustable time period for allowing a door or barrier to remain open for a period of time prior to beginning of closure of the barrier. Still another function may provide for blocking of all other wireless or remote transmitters such that a wall station transmitter is the only transmitter recognized by the operator system. Still yet another object of the present invention is to provide a function that permits the auto-close feature to only be enabled if a keyless transmitter is taught to the operator system. Still yet another object of the present invention is to provide an auto-close feature that is enabled only if a signal is previously received from a remote transmitter or a keyless transmitter. Still further objects of the present invention allow for a wall station to provide a plurality of buttons wherein a certain plurality of buttons are concealed from immediate use. Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a wall station transmitter wherein selected buttons of the transmitter are illuminated for easy identification in a dimly lit environment. Still yet another object of the present invention is to provide for a wall station which provides a cover that is used to conceal the certain plurality of buttons and wherein the cover is movable in the concealing position to allow for actuation of at least one of or a selected number of the concealed buttons. Still yet another object of the present invention is to provide for a wall station wherein the cover that is utilized to conceal at least some of the buttons is selectively illuminated. Another object of the present invention is to provide a detachable cover to enclose batteries within a battery compartment of the wall station housing. In general, the present invention contemplates an operator system for moving a barrier comprising a motor for moving the barrier between opened and closed positions; an operator for controlling operation of the motor; and a wall station having a wall station transmitter for sending operational signals to the operator, the wall station having an open/close button for actuating the motor to move the barrier in the appropriate direction, the wall station also having a manual-close/auto-close selector button, wherein if an auto-close mode is selected the operator automatically closes the barrier if left open for a predetermined period of time. The present invention also contemplates an operator system for moving a barrier comprising a motor for moving the barrier between opened and closed positions; an operator for controlling operation of the motor; and a wall station having a wall station transmitter for sending operational signals to the operator, the wall station having an open/close button for actuating the motor to move the barrier in the appropriate direction, and the wall station also having an auto-close blocking selector button which, if enabled, precludes the operator from receiving operational signals from any source other than the wall station. The invention also contemplates an operator system for moving a barrier comprising a motor for moving the barrier between opened and closed positions; an operator for controlling operation of the motor; a wireless wall station having a wall station transmitter for sending operational signals to the operator, the wireless wall station having an open/close button for actuating the motor to move the barrier in the appropriate direction; and a light source illuminating the wireless wall station from within. The invention further contemplates an operator system for moving a barrier comprising a motor for moving the barrier between opened and closed positions; an operator for controlling operation of the motor; and a wall station having a wall station transmitter for sending operational signals to the operator from a single transceiver, the wall station having an open/close button for actuating the motor to move the barrier in the appropriate direction; the wall station also having a blocking selector button which, if enabled, precludes the operator from receiving operational signals from any source other than the wall station transmitter, the wall station including a panel carrying the open/close switch and the selector switch, and a cover positionable with respect to the panel, wherein the cover in a first position permits access to the switch and in a second position conceals said switches but allows actuation of the open/close switch. The invention further contemplates an operator system for moving a barrier comprising a motor for moving the barrier between opened and closed positions; an operator for controlling operation of the motor; and a wall station having a wall station transmitter for sending operational signals to the operator, the wall station having an open/close button for actuating the motor to move the barrier in the appropriate direction; the operator capable of receiving operational signals from the wall station transmitter and any programmed transmitter; the wall station also having a manual-close/auto-close/block button, wherein if a manual-close mode is selected the operator only closes the door upon receipt of a door close signal from one of the wall station and the programmed transmitter, wherein if an auto-close mode is selected, the operator automatically closes the barrier if left open for a predetermined period of time; and wherein if a block mode is selected, the operator is precluded from receiving operational signals from any source than the wall station transmitter. And the present invention contemplates a wall station for transmitting signals to an operator that moves a motorized barrier, comprising a panel; an open/close button carried by the panel, wherein actuation of the open/close button causes the operator to move the barrier in an appropriate direction; at least one other function button carried by the panel, wherein actuation of the other function button causes the operator to perform the corresponding function; and a cover positionable with respect to the panel, wherein the cover in a first position permits access to the buttons and in a second position conceals the buttons but allows actuation of the open/close button. The invention further contemplates a wall station transmitter for sending operational signals to an operator that controls movement of a barrier comprising a housing having a battery compartment, the housing having a ledge at one end of the battery compartment and a ridge at an opposite end of the battery compartment, the ledge having a groove adjacent a nub, and the ridge having a notch; and a battery cover that detachably encloses the battery compartment, the cover having a catch at one end and a latch of an opposite end, the latch mateably received in the notch and the catch mateably received by the groove. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a complete understanding of the objects, techniques and structure of the invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is an operational system for a motorized barrier operator according to the present invention; FIG. 2 is a front perspective view of a multi-function wall station embodying the concepts of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a rear perspective view of the multi-function wall station; FIG. 4 is a front exploded elevational view of the multi-function wall station with the hinge cover in a closed position; FIG. 5 is a side elevational view of the multi-function wall station with the battery cover removed; FIG. 6 is an operational flowchart setting out the operational steps for the auto-close feature; FIG. 7 is an operational flowchart wherein the auto-close feature is only enabled if an open command is received from an external transmitter; and FIG. 8 is a partial elevational view of the housing's battery compartment with a front panel of the housing removed. PREFERRED EMBODIMENT FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION An operating system for a motorized door or gate operator according to the concepts of the present invention, depicted in FIG. 1 of the drawings, is generally indicated by the numeral 10. The system 10 may be employed in conjunction with a wide variety of movable barrier doors or gates, wherein the doors are of the type utilized in garages, commercial and utility buildings, and other structures, as well as windows or other closure members, all of which may be linear, curved, or otherwise non-linear, in whole or in part. Such barriers or other members are commonly constructed of a variety of materials such as wood, metal, various plastics, or combinations thereof. The lower extremity of doors or other member of these various types may be substantially rectangular or may be profiled in any number of ways for the positioning of reinforcing members or other purposes. In the preferred use, the present invention is utilized with residential-type garage doors. Generally, the system 10 of the present invention employs a multi-function wall station generally designated by the numeral 12. The wall station 12 is typically placed near a pedestrian door that enters the garage from the interior of the house and is positioned at a convenient height, preferably five feet above the ground. The wall station 12 includes a housing typically made of polymeric material, wherein at least a portion of the housing is removable to allow access to the internal workings thereof when needed. The wall station 12 includes a battery compartment 15 (best seen in FIG. 5) for receiving a power supply 16 which is preferably two AAA dry cell batteries. The power supply is used to provide electrical power to various components contained within the wall station as will become apparent as the description proceeds. It will be appreciated that power could be received from a residential power source or equivalent if desired. If such is the case then appropriate transformers will be needed to power the internal components. In any event, use of the dry cell batteries provide the necessary power and allow for the wall station to be placed anywhere within communication range of the operator and eliminates the need for obtaining power directly from the operator or other source. One component which is connected to the power supply is a logic control 18 which is a microprocessor based circuit that provides the necessary hardware, software and memory for implementing the functions to be described. An LED 20 is connected to the logic control and receives power from the power supply 16 in a manner well known in the art. Also connected to the logic control 18 may be a liquid crystal display 22 or other low-power display for providing operational information related to the wall station 12 and/or other components of the operating system 10. The logic control 18 generates various signals 26 which are used by a transmitter 28 for conversion to a radio frequency signal (RF) that is emitted by an antenna 30. Of course other wireless types of signals, such as infrared or acoustic, could be generated by the transceiver 28 if desired. The transmitter may also function as a transceiver to allow for display of operator status information on liquid crystal display 22. As used herein, the term “transceiver” indicates that the device can both transmit and receive wireless signals. In any event, it will be appreciated that in the preferred embodiment the wall station 12 is a wireless device; however, if the need arises a wire could be used to directly transmit the signal 26. The wall station 12 includes a plurality of input switches or buttons designated generally by the numeral 36. These input switches, when actuated, allow the user to control various features of the operating system. The switches 36 include an up/down switch 38; a 3-way selection switch 40, which provides the modes of manual close, auto-close, and radio frequency blocking; an install switch 42; a delay close switch 46; a pet height switch 48; and a light on/off switch 50. The up/down switch 38 is actuated whenever the user wants to move the barrier from an up condition to a down condition or vice versa. The 3-way selection switch 40 provides for different operational modes. Briefly, the manual close mode allows the operating system 10 to operate in much the same manner as would a normal operating system inasmuch as user input is required to open and close the movable barrier. The auto-close feature allows for the movable barrier to close if left in a fully open position for a predetermined period of time and provided that other conditions are met. The radio frequency blocking feature is for when a user is on vacation and desires that no external or remote transmitters allow for operation of the movable barrier. The install switch 42 provides for an installation routine to set the operational limits of the movable barrier with respect to the other physical parameters of the movable barrier. In other words, barrier travel limits and force profiles are generated during the actuation of the install routine. The delay close switch 46 allows for a user to exit the enclosed area within a predetermined period of time without inadvertently actuating safety features such as photoelectric eyes and the like. The pet height switch 48 allows for the door to be moved to a minimal open position of anywhere from 4 to 12 inches to allow the ingress and egress of small pets. The light switch 50 may be activated in either of two directions and turns a light associated with the operating system 10 on or off. The operating system 10 includes an operator which is designated generally by the numeral 56. The operator 56 includes an antenna 58 for receiving the RF signal 32 or any other type of signal associated with other transmitters. In any event, the received radio frequency signal 58 is transmitted to a transceiver 60 which converts the radio frequency signal into a code signal 62 that is received by a controller 64. Alternatively, the controller 64 may receive the data signal 26 directly by a wire as previously discussed. The controller 64 provides the necessary hardware, software and memory for use of the operating system 10. Associated with the controller 64 may be a LED program light 66 which indicates the operational status of the controller 64. The controller 64 is coupled to a motor 68. The controller 64 receives various types of operational signals such as the commands from the various transmitters, safety signals from any connected safety devices, and status signals from the motor to coordinate movement of the barrier. The motor controls movement of the barrier through various drive mechanisms. A light 72 may be associated with the controller 64 for the purpose of illuminating the area enclosed by the barrier. A speaker 73 is also connected to the controller and may be used to announce a programming state or mode. A transmitter program button 74 is connected to the controller for the purpose of allowing programming of the wireless control devices such as the wall station, remote transmitters and the like to the operator 56. The transmitter program button 74 must be actuated to place the operating system in a program mode for the purpose of learning any one of the transmitters disclosed herein to the controller. And a safety sensor 75 may be connected to the controller 64. The sensor 75 may be a photo-electric safety sensor, a door edge sensor or any other sensor that detects application of an excessive force or of an object in the barrier's path by the moving door in either one or both directions. One of the external transmitters that may be associated with the operator 56 is a keyless external transmitter designated generally by the numeral 76. The keyless transmitter 76 provides an antenna 78 for transmitting and, if needed, receiving signals to and from the operator 56. The keyless transmitter 76 includes a keypad 80 which allows for the user to enter a predetermined identification number or code to initiate movement of the barrier. A liquid crystal display 82 may be associated with the keyless transmitter if desired. In any event, upon completion of the entry of the identification number a radio frequency signal 84 is emitted by the antenna 78 and received by the antenna 78 for transmission to the transceiver 60. Another type of external transmitter is a remote transmitter designated generally by the numeral 90. The remote transmitter 90 provides an antenna 92 which emits a radio frequency signal 94 for receipt by the transceiver 60. It will be appreciated that the remote transmitter 90 may include its own controller for the purpose of generating the appropriate radio frequency signal. Fixed code or rolling code technology may be used for communication of the transmitters with respect to the operating system 56. The remote transmitter may include a plurality of function buttons 96 that independently control other features associated with the operating system. In particular, actuation of one of the buttons may be used solely for control of the door/gate or barrier while another of the buttons may independently control the light 72 associated with the operating system or other related features. Referring now to FIGS. 2-5 it can be seen that the wall station 12 utilizes a housing designated generally by the numeral 100. The housing 100, which may either be mounted by a screw, tape or other fastener, is secured to a wall in radio frequency range of the operator and includes a back panel 102 that faces the wall surface. Connected to the back panel 102 is a side panel 104 and a bottom panel 106. A battery cover 108 is coupled to the housing 100 and is preferably positioned on a side opposite the side panel 104. The battery cover 108 is selectively detachable from the housing 100 and retains the power supply 16. The housing 100 also includes a pair of axially extending pins 110 that are preferably positioned at a top edge of the panel 102. Extending from the housing 100 and facing outwardly is a front panel 112 which may be segmented into three sections. One section comprises the light switch 50 and is positioned at a top edge of the housing. The light switch 50 is preferably actuable from two different directions. In other words, if a person desires to actuate just the light 72 associated with the operator 56, then the light switch may be actuated in one of two directions. The light switch can be actuated by applying a downward force or a normal force with respect to the front panel 112. The front panel 112 also includes a recessed panel 116 which is disposed between the light switch 50 and an exposed panel 118. A partition 120 may be provided to separate the recessed panel and the exposed panel. A hinge cover 124 is attached to the housing 100 and is movable with respect thereto. In the preferred embodiment the hinge cover is made of a translucent or transparent polymeric material. The cover 124 includes a pair of opposed collars 126 which slidably rotate about the axial pins 110. If desired, the collars 126 may be cammed in such a way that the cover 124 may be rotatably opened and stay in place while the user accesses the recessed panel 116 without having to manually hold the cover 124. The cover 124 provides an interior surface 128 that faces the recessed panel 116 when the cover is closed. Extending from the interior surface 128 is a projecting nub 130 which functions as a force transmitting member. Also provided in the interior surface 128 is a diffuser 132 which will be discussed in further detail. Opposite the top edge of the hinge cover 124 is a distal edge 134 which nests or mates with the partition 120 when the cover is closed. Opposite the interior surface 128 is an exterior surface 136. Provided on the exterior surface 136 is a depression 138 which is substantially opposite the location of the projecting nub 130. Alternatively, any distinguishable tactile surface may be used in place of the depression. As best seen in FIGS. 4 and 5, when the hinge cover is closed, only the light switch 50, the delay close switch 46 and the pet height switch 48 are exposed. Accordingly, the recessed panel 116 is covered by the cover 124. Those components provided in the recessed panel area 116 include the up/down switch 38, the 3-way selection switch 40, the installation switch 42 and, if provided, the liquid crystal display 22. Also provided in the recessed panel area is a mounting hole 140 which allows for receipt of a screw or fastener for mounting of the wall station to the desired surface. Also provided on the recessed panel 116 is a light pipe 142 which transmits light illuminated by the light emitting diode or diodes 20. During operation, the LED's 20 blink at a predetermined rate of about once per second. With the hinge cover closed, the LED's emit a light that is captured by the light pipe 142. The diffuser 132 is positioned directly over the light pipe when the cover is closed and light is emitted outwardly therefrom. Accordingly, in a darkened enclosure area, the user can easily find the location of the wall station when the cover is illuminated so as to allow for actuation of the light switch 50. And with the hinge cover in the closed position it will be appreciated that all of the buttons maintained on the recess panel are covered and not readily accessible. However, by providing a projecting nub 130 opposite the depression area 138 a user can easily find this depression area from the light emitted by the LEDs and by pressing the depression area 138 a resulting force is transmitted by the nub 130 to actuate the switch 38. Accordingly, the hinge cover itself functions as an open/close button when the cover is in a closed position. When the cover is in a closed position and pressed it is allowed to rotate or move as needed so as to permit full actuation of the switch 38 without actuating any of the other buttons or damaging any of the components maintained on the recess panel 116. The hinge cover is made of a translucent or transparent material so that the LEDs may illuminate the entire surface of the hinge cover. However, if desired, a label may be placed on the inside surface of the hinge cover to provide instructions to the user. The diffuser area 132 will not be covered by the label so as to permit transmission of light from the light pipe 142 through the cover so as to be viewable by the user. With the hinge cover in the closed position, the user may access four of the buttons associated with operation of the operating system 56. In particular, the user may actuate the light switch 50 by pressing the top edge or front top edge of the housing. The second button that may be actuated is the up/down switch by pressing the hinge cover so as engage the button 38 with the force member 130. The other two exposed buttons are the delay closed switch 46 and the pet height switch 48. The hinge cover 124 allows for selected concealment of the other switches maintained on the recess panel as previously indicated. The 3-way selection button 40 provides for three different options as determined by the end user. The first option, which is a default option, is for the manual close of the barrier. In other words, in this mode the user is only able to open and close the door by actuating the up/down switch 38, or by actuation of the remote transmitter 90 or the keypad transmitter 76 that has been programmed to the operator. In the second mode, the user may select an auto-close embodiment. In this mode the garage door or barrier may close after a predetermined period of time from its placement in an open position. This allows the user to have a level of confidence that the enclosure surrounded by the barrier is closed after a period of time in the event that a down button is forgotten to be pushed after leaving the garage, or the garage is left open after entering the building. In order for this feature to be fully enabled in a preferred embodiment, the switch is placed in the auto-close mode, whereupon the operator will respond by blinking the light 72 or emitting an audible sound from the speaker 73 for a predetermined period of time such as 60 seconds. During this time a correct identification number must be entered on the keypad 76. If the ID number is accepted, confirmation of the auto-close feature is communicated by flashing the light 72 on and off a predetermined number of times. If the door is at the upmost position and the autoclose is active, the light 72 will blink and /or the speaker 73 will emit an audible sound periodically as an indication of auto-close timer activation. While in the auto-close mode all other programmed transmitters may be used to control movement of the barrier. Requiring the programming of the keypad 76 ensures that the user has some way of re-entering the area enclosed by the barrier in the event of closure. The third option for the 3-way selector switch is disablement of all operator operation except for return to one of the other two modes provided by the switch. This may also be referred to as a “vacation lock” mode wherein the opener operating system 10 will not respond to any transmitter open signal. In other words, the only way to open and/or close the barrier is by moving the 3-way selector back to the default manual open/close switch or to the auto-close position followed by activation of the open/close switch of a transmitter or wall station up/down command. Open or close signals received from the programmed transmitters, whether the wall station, a hand held remote or a keyless entry pad, will be ignored by the controller 64. The LED and/or light is illuminated when the auto-close feature is inhibited from operation,. Referring now to FIG. 6, it can be seen that an operational flow chart designating steps for enabling an auto-close feature is designated generally by the numeral 150. Control input at various times in the process may include operational signals from one or more of the following: a remote control unit, a wall mounted control unit, photo detectors, force detectors, as well as numerous other control units and obstruction detection sources. Initially, at step 151, the controller cycles through a main loop and the steps taken herein are a portion of that main loop. At step 152, a timer is investigated to determine whether a predetermined period of time has expired which in the preferred embodiment is one hundred twenty minutes. This timer may be reset to the predetermined time with any control input. If the timer has not expired, the flow chart returns to step 151. If, however, it is determined that the one hundred twenty minute timer has expired the process proceeds to step 153. The following three steps are queried to determine whether the necessary requirements are in place for initiation of an auto-close door movement. In the first step 153, the controller determines whether the door is in a complete up position resulting from a standard open operation. If the door is in the up position as a result of safety reversal or interrupted auto-close door movement then the process is returned to the main loop 151 until such time that a correct and successful door open operation is completed. Ideally, the door only auto-closes from a full open-limit position. In the second step 154, the controller determines whether a keypad transmitter has been programmed to operate the controller. If not, the process proceeds or returns to step 151. If a keypad transmitter has been properly entered then the process continues on to the third step 155 to confirm that the auto-close switch has been selected and that a valid keypad transmitter has been received after the auto-close switch position has been selected. If not, the process again returns to step 151. If however, the auto-close feature has been determined to be enabled at step 155 then the process proceeds to step 156 where a first warning is initiated. In step 156, the warning may be in the form of flashing of the light 72 or emission of a series of beeps from an audible speaker if connected to the controller. If during the warning signal period of about 10 seconds or some other time period a control input is received at step 157, then at step 158 the auto-close procedure is terminated and temporarily disabled, the door is moved back to the open position, and the process returns to step 151. The temporary disablement of the auto-close feature is discontinued upon a correct and successful door open operation. In any event, upon completion of the warning signal period at step 159 a first door down movement increment, at step 160, is initiated. This results in the door moving a predetermined length of travel such as three to six inches from the fully-open limit position. If any type of control input is received at step 160A while the door is moving or paused, then at step 160B the auto-close procedure is terminated and once again that feature is temporarily disabled. The process then continues at step 160C and the door is returned to its fully open position and then the process returns to step 151. This temporary disablement is not withdrawn until a successful open procedure is implemented. If however, at step 160A the incremental door movement or door being paused is completed without any control input being received, then the process proceeds to step 160D, initiates a stop and pause and then initiates a second warning period of about 10 seconds or some other time period at step 161. If any type of control input is then received at step 162 during the warning period then at step 163 the auto-close procedure is terminated and once again that feature is temporarily disabled. The process then continues at step 164 and the door is returned to its fully open position and then the process returns to step 151. This temporary disablement is not withdrawn until a successful open procedure is implemented. If however, at step 165 the second warning period is completed without any control input being received then the process proceeds to step 166 and a complete door closing procedure is implemented. This embodiment may also allow one more attempt to auto-close after an auto-close safety reversal. In a variation of the foregoing process, it will be appreciated that the process may continue at step 167—from step 165—and only move down an increment so as to periodically move the door, issue a warning, and then move the door again. Accordingly, the door is closed after completion of a series of door movement increments. This feature is envisioned for use where the door's downward force is at a higher level and the incremental movement provides an added precaution. If it is desired, the controller 64 may be programmed so as to allow the user to adjust the timer associated with the auto-close function. This may be implemented in any number of ways and an exemplary way would likely incorporate opening the cover so as to expose the buttons on the recess panel. The user might then simultaneously hold one or more of the buttons wherein the display 22 provides the information regarding the amount of time associated with the auto-close feature. It is envisioned that the auto-close feature would be limited to a range of time such as from fifteen minutes to two hours. The display could also provide an operational status of the system. Referring now to FIG. 7, operational steps are designated generally by the numeral 170 for an embodiment which is automatically initiated by the controller. In other words, the auto-close feature is only enabled upon actuation of an open command from an “external transmitter,” which in this embodiment means the keyless transmitter or any remote transmitter. For example, any transmitter other than a wall station transmitter. At step 172 a barrier open command is received by the controller and the door is opened. Next, at step 174, the controller determines from what type of transmitter device the open command was received from. If the open command was not received from an external transmitter, in other words, the open command was received from the wall station, then the process proceeds to step 176 to continue with normal operation. If however, at step 174, the opening command was received from an external transmitter such as a keyless entry device or a remote transmitter then the process proceeds to step 178 and the auto-close timer is enabled. At step 178, the auto-close timer is continually queried as to whether the timer has expired and once it has, then the process proceeds to step 180 so as to execute the auto-close steps designated in the flow-chart 150. The process then continues at step 176 and proceeds with the other features of the control system. This feature of the system ensures that the door will not be inadvertently closed unless the user has the ability to re-open the barrier with a keyless entry device or a remote transmitter. Additionally, it will be appreciated that the specific type of external transmitter maybe specified in the controller software program and wherein the preferred embodiment the type of external transmitter is limited to a keyless entry device. Referring now to FIGS. 4, 5 and 8 it can be seen that the battery cover 108 is detachably securable to the housing 100. The housing includes the back panel 102 from which extends a back ledge 200 and a panel ledge 202. The back ledge 200 extends from the back panel 102 toward the front panel 112 at the bottom edge of the housing while the panel ledge 202 extends from the front panel toward the back panel. In a similar manner, a back ridge 204 extends from the back panel toward the front panel and a panel ridge 206 extends from the front panel 112 toward the back panel 102 at a top edge of the housing. It will be appreciated that the back ledge 200 and the panel ledge 202 form a substantially continuous ledge from the back panel toward the front panel. In a similar manner, the panel back ridge 204 and the panel ridge 206 form a substantially continuous ridge. The ledges 200, 202; the ridges 204, 206; and the panels 102, 112 define the battery compartment 15. Included within the battery compartment 15 is a hinge cavity 210. The back panel provides a panel edge surface 212 from which extends the ledge 200. The ledges include a nub 214 which does not extend fully to the outer periphery of the edge surface 212. Adjacent the nub 214 and positioned inwardly toward the hinge cavity 210 is a groove 216. The groove 216 provides a catch surface 218 and a stop surface 220 which forms a portion of the nub 214. The ridges 204, 206 form a notch 222 within the battery compartment 15. The cover 108 is detachably secured to the housing 100 and in particular it covers the battery compartment 208 including the hinge cavity 210. As best seen in FIGS. 4 and 8, the battery cover includes a wall 224 which has a plurality of inwardly extending ribs 226 along the inwardly facing surface thereof. The ribs 226 function to securely hold the batteries 16 in place with the cover 108 attached to the housing. The wall 224 includes a catch 228 at a bottom end and a latch 230 at a top end. The latch 230 extends inwardly—in the same direction as the ribs 226—and upwardly from a top edge of the wall 224 and is receivable in the notch 222. The catch 228 includes a U-shaped member 234 which includes a pivot point 236. Extending from the pivot point is a lever arm 238 from which extends a retainer 240 that has a ramp surface 244 and a corner surface 246. Also extending in the same direction as the retainer 240 is a finger 250 which preferably does not extend beyond the panel edge surface 212 when the cover is installed. Formed between the retainer 240 and the finger 250 is a slot 248. When the battery cover 108 is installed, the retainer 240 is mateably received within the groove 216 and the nub 214 is received in the slot 248. Moreover, the comer surface 246 is in juxtaposition to the stop surface 220 while the ramp surface 244 is in juxtaposition to the catch surface 218. After the batteries 16 are installed in the compartment 15 the cover is installed by first angularly positioning the latch 230 into the notch 222. The cover 108 is then rotated inwardly so that the U-shaped member 234 is received into the hinge cavity 210. As the lever arm 238 engages the ledges 200, 202, the ramp surface 244 contacts the nub 214. At this time lever arm 238 is deflected at the pivot point 236 until such time that the retainer 240 clears the nub 214. As soon as the corner surface 246 passes the trailing edge of the nub 214, the retainer 240 is received in the groove 216 by virtue of the spring-like nature of the catch 234. Likewise, the slot 248 is nested around the nub 214 wherein the finger 250 partially surrounds the nub. Removal of the battery cover is essentially accomplished by reversal of the above steps. In particular, the user will insert their fingernail or some other force transmitting member between the finger and the nub so as to deflect the lever arm upwardly at the pivot point. This disengages the catch 228 from the groove 216. The catch 228 is then moved such that the latch 230 rotates slightly and then the cover is withdrawn from the notch 222. It will be appreciated that the battery cover construction, which is mateable with the housing 100, is advantageous inasmuch as the catch mechanism has two mating or nesting surfaces. In particular, the retainer 240 is received in the groove 216 while the nub 214 is received in the slot 248. Accordingly, this construction along with the flexible nature of the catch allows for easy removal of the cover without the need for other tools such as a screwdriver which would otherwise damage the battery cover. Accordingly, the present construction is an improvement over previously known battery covers employed with wall station transmitters. Based upon the foregoing, the advantages of the present invention are readily apparent. In regard to the multi-function wall station, it provides a means for disabling the operator from receiving radio frequencies or other wireless transmission signals for all operational commands of the operator from any “external” transmitter. And the 3-way selection switch provides a way to activate and deactivate the auto-close feature. The lighted feature of the wall station is also believed to be unique inasmuch as it assists the user finding the wall station in a dimly lit environment. Yet another advantage of the present invention is that the up/down button is associated with a hinged cover that prevents accidental depression of the other operational controls which are not commonly used. Still yet another advantage of the present invention is that two different motions are allowed to activate the operator-controlled garage lights wherein one of the switches is along the top of the wall station that can be located by sliding one's hand down the wall to activate and the other of the switches is on the outward face of the wall station for conventional horizontal motion activation. The wall station being battery powered also provides the benefit of eliminating the need for a wired wall station so as to remove unsightly wires and to significantly reduce installation time of the unit. In this regard, the wall station housing can be placed in any unrestricted location as long as it is within range of the wireless signal in communication with operator and within sight of the door. The invention is also advantageous in that the auto-close feature is provided directly with the operator control systems. As such, additional add-on components are not required for operation of the auto-close feature and the operation of the auto-close feature is greatly improved in regard to durability and implementation of all the other features in combination therewith. The delay function is adjustable if desired and the auto-close feature can be disabled or disarmed and returned to a manual-remote operation if needed. Still yet another advantage of the present invention is that it may only be enabled and operational if a keyless entry transmitter has been taught to the garage door operator. Accordingly, if the user is outside of the garage or house and the auto-close feature automatically closes the garage door that person can use the externally mounted keyless entry transmitter to open the garage door. Conversely, if a keyless entry transmitter has not been taught to the garage door operator then the door will never close automatically by the auto-close feature. Yet another embodiment of the present invention is advantageous in that the auto-close timer is only activated if the door has received a command to move from a remote transmitter such as a hand-held transmitter or a keyless entry keypad. Thus, it can be seen that the objects of the invention have been satisfied by the structure and its method for use presented above. While in accordance with the Patent Statutes, only the best mode and preferred embodiment has been presented and described in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto or thereby. Accordingly, for an appreciation of the true scope and breadth of the invention, reference should be made to the following claims.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>As is well known, garage doors or gates enclose an area to allow selective ingress and egress to and from the area. Garage doors initially were moveable by hand. But due to their weight and the inconvenience of opening and closing the door, motors are now connected to the door. Control of such a motor may be provided by a hard-wired push button which, when actuated, relays a signal to an operator controller that starts the motor and moves the door in one direction until a limit position is reached. After the door has stopped and the button is pressed again, the motor moves the door in an opposite direction. Garage door operators are now provided with safety features which stop and reverse the door travel when an obstruction is encountered. Other safety devices, such as photocells and sensors, detect whenever there is an obstruction within the path of the door and send a signal to the operator to take corrective action. Remote control devices are now also provided to facilitate the opening and closing of the door without having to get out of the car. The prior art also discloses various other features which enhance the convenience of opening and closing a garage door as follows. U.S. Pat. No. 4,119,896, to Estes, III et al., discloses a sequencing control circuit provided for a door operator motor which is connected to open and close a garage door as controlled by signals from manual switches and load switches. The sequencing control circuit includes time means with a first time period in the order of six to eight seconds. This permits a person to hold a push button switch closed for about six to eight seconds so that a slab door maybe opened against a snow drift which otherwise would have so much torque requirement on the motor that an overload switch would stop the motor. Enabling means is provided to enable the motor during this time period yet to disable the constant signal from the push button for periods longer than this time period so that the door operator motor then is responsive to signals from the load switches. The sequencing control circuit also includes a latch circuit having an output in a feedback loop to maintain the latch circuit latched upon a momentary input control signal. This allows time for the motor to accelerate the load to a normal running condition and to open any closed limit switch or closed torque switch during this acceleration period. U.S. Pat. No. 4,247,806, to Mercier, discloses a garage door opener including a radio receiver and a push button, each operable to initiate a pulse for effecting a switching device which, in turn, energizes a latching relay. Operation of the latching relay completes an energizing circuit to the appropriate winding of a reversible motor which moves the door toward an open or closed position. A sensing circuit is operable for effecting the reversal of the latching relay to change the direction of motor operation in the event the door engages an object in its path. A foot switch may also be provided for positively sensing an obstacle and reversing the drive motor. A transmitter may be provided with an impulse circuit to limit the duration of the system actuating signal regardless of how long the transmitter push button is depressed. U.S. Pat. No. 4,607,312, to Barreto-Mercado, discloses a system that eliminates the conventional automobile door and trunk locks and provides power operated locks remotely controlled by a VHF radio transmission which is coded with two code signals, one of which energizes the door locks to locking condition and the other of which causes door or trunk unlocking, the trunk unlocking being activated only if a trunk transfer push button switch has been operated. The unlocking code may also activate the electric power to the engine starter motor, hood and manual switches of the power door operating motor. The system provided by the invention for unlocking or locking the doors of an automobile and for unlocking the trunk and hood of the same automobile as well as the engine electric power, all from outside the automobile permits the removal of the conventional mechanical door locking mechanism, including both the external key-operated apparatus and that controlled by an internal push button, and the removal of the conventional key-operated mechanical trunk lock, and the substitution of an externally operable radio controlled lock and unlock system for the door and an unlock system for the trunk and hood. U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,995, to Clark et al., discloses a radio remote-controlled door operator for use, among other uses, as a residential garage door operator. The transmitter contains two buttons, one to produce normal door operation and the other to set the operator into a “secure” mode, wherein it will be non-responsive to further valid operating codes until reset. In addition, a second deeper level of security may be established by means of a vacation switch which disconnects the operator from the AC power supply. The operator system comprises a microprocessor which is programmed to perform various accessory functions even through the accessories may not be present. Various microprocessor inputs are tied to a false “safe” level so that even though the accessory programs are run, no outputs result and no interference with normal door operation is produced. U.S. Pat. No. 5,086,385, to Launey et al., discloses a system for and a method of providing an expandable home automation controller which supports multiple numbers and multiple different types of data communications with both appliances and subsystems within the home as well as systems external to the home. The system is based upon a central processor, such as a microprocessor-based computer, and is connected by means of a data bus to control the various products and subsystems within a home or commercial building such as lighting systems, security systems, various sensors, multiple external terminals, as well as to allow for the input of commands by a variety of means such as touch-screens, voice recognition systems, telephones, custom switches or any device capable of providing an input to a computer system. The system functions can be readily controlled by the user utilizing a high resolution graphics display and associated touch-screen interface. U.S. Pat. No. 5,848,634, to Will et al., discloses an apparatus for controlling operation of a motorized window shade, the apparatus comprising a drive circuit for driving an electric motor operating the window shade; and a control circuit for controlling the operation of the driver circuit, the control circuit including a microprocessor. The microprocessor is coupled to first and second switches for enabling driving of the electric motor in respective first and second directions corresponding to upward and downward movement of the window shade. The apparatus also includes a program switch, wherein the microprocessor of the control circuit is programmed to allow setting of the upper and lower limits of travel of the window shade. The microprocessor is also programmed with a program to set a first of the limits of travel. The window shade is adjusted to a desired upper or lower level limit position using at least one of the first and second switches, the program switch is then actuated followed by the actuation of one of the first and second switches to set a first of the limits. The window shade is then adjusted to a desired position for a second of the limits using at least one of the first and second switches. The program switch is again actuated, and the other of the first and second switches is actuated to set the second of the limits. U.S. Pat. No. 5,864,297, to Sollestre et al., discloses a remote keyless entry system including a remote key fob or transmitting unit which may be carried by the user. This fob may transmit coded function signals directing the vehicle to perform requested functions, e.g., unlock the doors, and an on-board receiver that receives the request and performs the function. The receiver may be reprogrammed by the customer to accept signals from a different transmitter in the event that the key fob is either lost or stolen. To program the receiver, the system is put in a programming mode by using a transmitter whose security code is already stored within the receiver. This programming mode is entered by depressing specified buttons on the transmitting unit for a predetermined amount of time. Once in the programming mode, all previous security codes are erased, and a new transmitting unit code may be programmed into the receiver by depressing any button on that unit. The receiver will chime to acknowledge to the customer that the new security code has been accepted. U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,754 to Mullet, et al. discloses a wireless operating system utilizing a multi-functional wall station for a motorized door/gate operator includes an operator for controlling the movement of a door/gate between various positions. The system has an operator with a receiver and a wall station transmitter for transmitting a signal to the receiver. The signal initiates separate operator functions in addition to opening and closing of the door/gate. A remote transmitter may send a remote signal received by the receiver, wherein the receiver is capable of distinguishing between the wall station signal and the remote signal. The wall station includes a transmitter programming button, wherein actuation of the transmitter programming button places the receiver in a learn mode, and wherein subsequent actuation of the remote transmitter positively identifies the remote transmitter for use with the operator. A light powered by the operator and a light actuation button provided by the wall station transmitter is included in the system. Actuation of the light actuation button functions to switch the light on or off. A pet height button, provided by the wall station transmitter, selectively positions the height of the gate/door from its fully closed position to allow ingress and egress of a pet. A delay-close button closes the door/gate after a predetermined period of time. Actuation of a door installation button sequences the door/gate and said operator through various operational parameters to establish a door operating profile. All of the buttons on the wall station are exposed which allows some of them to be accidentally actuated. A keyless entry transmitter and a second wall station may also control the operator. The systems described above are lacking inasmuch as various control elements are provided in different locations. Some are provided at the operator head and some are added on and separate from a main control button or wall station. The add-on devices are susceptible to failure or damage and as such may interfere with the normal operation of system. And if the add-on device is in proximity to other devices the possibility of inadvertent button actuation is substantially increased. This is also true of the few devices which do provide all functions in one location. Indeed, current systems are simply not user friendly in that they can not be seen in the dark nor do they provide sufficient tactile distinctions to enhance their use. Nor do current systems provide an integrated auto-close feature in conjunction with other functions provided on a multi-function wall station. And these systems do not provide both the ability to easily disconnect and/or adjust the timing of the auto-close feature. Finally, the systems do not provide an auto-close feature that can only be enabled if a keyless entry transmitter or other remote transmitter is also taught to the operating system. In summary, current movable barrier operator systems do not provide a complete and integrated functional wall station that is ergonomically designed and efficient in use and operation.

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>For a complete understanding of the objects, techniques and structure of the invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is an operational system for a motorized barrier operator according to the present invention; FIG. 2 is a front perspective view of a multi-function wall station embodying the concepts of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a rear perspective view of the multi-function wall station; FIG. 4 is a front exploded elevational view of the multi-function wall station with the hinge cover in a closed position; FIG. 5 is a side elevational view of the multi-function wall station with the battery cover removed; FIG. 6 is an operational flowchart setting out the operational steps for the auto-close feature; FIG. 7 is an operational flowchart wherein the auto-close feature is only enabled if an open command is received from an external transmitter; and FIG. 8 is a partial elevational view of the housing's battery compartment with a front panel of the housing removed. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20060804

20080101

20070816

64660.0

H02P100

IP, SHIK LUEN PAUL

OPERATING SYSTEM UTILIZING A SELECTIVELY CONCEALED MULTI-FUNCTION WALL STATION TRANSMITTER WITH AN AUTO-CLOSE FUNCTION FOR A MOTORIZED BARRIER OPERATOR

UNDISCOUNTED

CONT-ACCEPTED

H02P

ACCEPTED

Dutp Based Compositions for Reducing Primer-Aggregate Formations During Nucleic Acid Amplification

Methods and compositions are provided for enhanced specificity and sensitivity of amplification reaction mixtures. Compositions in accordance with the present invention provide for reduced formation of primer-aggregates during amplification reactions. Reaction mixes include dNTPs, where a portion of the dNTPs has been replaced with an unconventional nucleotide, e.g., dUTP. Unconventional nucleotide concentrations are typically between 10% to 50% of the concentration of one of the standard dNTP. In some compositions the unconventional nucleotide is dUTP which replaces from about 10% to about 50% of the dTTP in the dNTP mix.

1. A reaction mixture for primer-based amplification of a target nucleic acid sequence, the reaction mixture comprising each conventional nucleotide dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP in combination with dUTP as a replacement for a portion of the dTTP; wherein the inclusion of dUTP reduces the formation of primer aggregates during the amplification reaction in comparison with an amplification reaction employing only conventional nucleotides. 2. The reaction mixture according to claim 1, wherein the dUTP replaces from about 1 to about 75% of the dTTP in said reaction mixture. 3. The reaction mixture according to claim 1, wherein the dUTP replaces from about 10 to about 50% of the dTTP in said reaction mixture. 4. The reaction mixture according to claim 1, further comprising at least one additional unconventional nucleotide, wherein the combined concentration said dUTP and said at least one unconventional nucleotide does not exceed 75% of any one conventional nucleotide in said reaction mixture. 5. The reaction mixture according to claim 1, wherein each member of the primer pair has at least one or more uracil bases incorporated therein. 6. The reaction mixture according to claim 5, wherein each member of the primer pair has all of its thymidine bases replaced with uracil bases. 7. The reaction mixture according to claim 1, wherein the dUTP does not exceed a final amplification reaction concentration of about 300 μM. 8. The reaction mixture according to claim 1, wherein the dUTP does not exceed a final amplification reaction concentration of about 100 μM. 9. The reaction mixture according to claim 1, further comprising at least one polymerase enzyme. 10. The reaction mixture according to claim 1, further comprising a buffer system. 11. A method for reducing primer aggregation during amplification of a target nucleic acid, the method comprising: combining a target nucleic acid with a reaction mixture according to any one of claim 1 to 10; and amplifying the target nucleic acid such that the level of primer aggregate formed during the amplification reaction is reduced as compared to amplifying the target nucleic acid using a dNTP mix having only conventional nucleotides. 12. A method for amplifying a target nucleic acid sequence, the method comprising: combining a sample with a reaction mixture according to any one of claim 1 to 10; and amplifying the target nucleic acid such that the level of primer aggregate formed during the amplification reaction is reduced as compared to amplifying the target nucleic acid using a dNTP mix having only conventional nucleotides, wherein said method lacks an enzyme degradation step employing UNG. 13. The method according to claim 11 or 12, wherein the reaction mixture further comprises sorbitol or mannitol. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the target nucleic acid has secondary structure. 15. A composition for limiting primer aggregate formation during a nucleic acid amplification reaction of a target nucleic acid, the composition comprising: an appropriate primer pair for the target nucleic acid to be amplified, each member of the primer pair having one or more uracil bases incorporated therein; and an amplification reaction mixture comprising from 100 to 400 μM of the conventional nucleotides dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP in a dNTP mix; wherein the amplification of a nucleic acid using a uracil containing primer results in a reduction in the level of primer-aggregates formed during the amplification reaction, as compared to an amplification reaction that utilizes an identical primer pair where each primer has only standard base nucleotides. 16. The composition of claim 15 wherein each primer exhibits only uracil bases in replacement of thymidine bases. 17. The composition of claim 15 wherein the dNTP mix comprises four conventional nucleotides and dUTP. 18. The composition of claim 17 wherein the dUTP replaces between about 10% and 50% of the dTTP in the dNTP mix.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/541,999 titled “METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS TO ENHANCE AMPLIFICATION EFFICIENCY AND SIGNAL,” filed Feb. 4, 2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention generally relates to methods and compositions for increasing the specificity and sensitivity of nucleic acid amplification reactions, and more particularly, relates to methods and compositions for reducing the tendency of primers involved in amplification reactions to non-specifically anneal with each other and form primer aggregates. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The ability to prepare large amounts of nucleic acid molecules is requisite to a number of protocols in molecular biology, as well as a basic requirement in numerous downstream uses in biotechnology and clinical research. For example, amplified nucleic acid molecules are often used in cloning experiments, DNA sequencing reactions, restriction digestion reactions, and subsequent ligation reactions, and these uses are all, or to some extent, dependent on the quality and quantity of the starting DNA material. As such, there has been, and continues to be, a need for reliable methods for preparing large amounts of quality, sequence-specific nucleic acid molecules. In addition, the ability to detect and/or quantify nucleic acid molecules from a mixed starting material is useful in a number of clinical, industrial and basic research applications. For example, sensitive and accurate detection and quantification of viral nucleic acid sequences in a patient sample is helpful in a clinical setting for accurate diagnosis and subsequent treatment of a patient. Such detection and quantification processes generally require amplification of one or more target nucleic acid molecules present in the starting material. As such, there has been, and continues to be, a need for facilitating the detection and quantification of target nucleic acid sequences from a starting material, which again requires reliable methods for preparing large amounts of quality, sequence-specific nucleic acid molecules. The predominant approach for amplifying nucleic acid is via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR is a convenient in vitro amplification process useful in the exponential increase of template nucleic acid. One of the more critical facets of a successful PCR reaction is primer design, requiring specific primers that hybridize to the target template sequence. However, there is a relatively narrow range of reaction conditions (temperature, ion concentration, denaturing agents, etc.) where a primer will specifically anneal to its complementary target. Moreover, even with optimal primer selection, many PCR reactions produce little or no product due to non-specific amplification and/or primer aggregation. Primer aggregation typically results from the extension of one primer off of the other primer in the PCR reaction, i.e., one primer acts as a template for the other primer; this process occurs even though no stable annealing of the primer is accomplished. Typically, as primers begin to form aggregates within a PCR reaction, the aggregates become valid templates for efficient PCR amplification, since the primer aggregates contain both primer annealing sites. In this manner, primer aggregation has a persistent and detrimental effect on PCR reactions, as each primer-aggregate acts as a template for additional rounds of non-specific amplification. Since the generation of primer aggregation is a major problem at low temperatures during the amplification reaction, i.e., prior to thermocycling, primer aggregation has typically been addressed using “hot start” technologies. Additional technologies for addressing this problem, however, are needed, as even “hot start” technologies are only partially successful in their approach to limiting primer aggregation. In addition, even small increases in non-specific amplification can lead to significant losses in sensitivity and specificity during a PCR or other like nucleic acid amplification reaction. As such, there is a continuing need in the art for improvement of PCR techniques and compositions that allow for a reduction in primer aggregation during nucleic acid amplification reactions, and in particular PCR. SUMMARY OF THE RELEVANT LITERATURE Over the past ten to fifteen years, the nucleotide deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) has been employed in conjunction with uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG or UNG) in amplification reactions as a general methodology for reducing contamination, wherein dUTP conventionally replaces thymidine triphosphate (TTP) in the amplification reaction mixture. U.S. Pat. No. 5,418,149 discloses the use of dUTP for inactivating contaminating amplicons in PCR by generally distinguishing previously produced amplicons, those that incorporate uracil, from new target sequences, i.e., template sequences, that do not contain uracil. The uracil-containing DNA is treated with uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG or UNG) to remove uracil, leaving the sugar-phosphodiester backbone intact, i.e., the UDG treated backbone having abasic sites. These abasic sites are susceptible to hydrolysis by heat or alkali, thereby fragmenting the uracil-containing DNA and rendering it unamplifiable during subsequent amplification reactions. The elevated heat or alkali also results in inactivation of the UDG. Large excesses of dUTP are required for this application, typically being added at concentrations well above concentrations normally used for conventional dNTPs. A variation of this “clean-up” method has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,649 ('649), for clean-up or inactivation of amplicons during strand displacement amplification reactions (SDA). dUTP is incorporated into amplicons produced by amplification reactions using SDA. Amplicons having incorporated uracil nucleotides are treated with UDG, and the UDG is inactivated by inclusion of the UDG inhibitor protein Ugi. Note that large concentrations of dUTP are required for this increase in SDA amplification efficiency, i.e., 0.5 mM to 4 mM. dUTP has also been used in methods for targeting DNA that has been sequenced, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,413,718. As with the above-described amplification reactions, dUTP is incorporated into sequenced product and then degraded at the end of the reactions to eliminate contamination problems. In general, therefore, dUTP incorporation is uniformly combined in the art with an enzymatic degradation step employing UNG or other like enzyme, to degrade uracil-containing amplicons. Moreover, the dUTP will typically completely replace one of the naturally-occurring nucleotide triphosphates in the reaction mixture, usually at a concentration well in excess of any one of the three remaining conventional nucleotides. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides compositions and methods for improving the sensitivity and specificity of nucleic acid amplification reactions, such amplification reactions typically comprising at least one cycle of a denaturation step, an annealing step, and an extension step. Compositions and methods of the present invention substitute deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) for a portion of deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) in a reaction mixture containing all four conventional nucleotides. As demonstrated herein for the first time, the replacement of only a portion of dTTP with dUTP reduces primer aggregation and, therefore, non-specific amplification, over the course of an amplification reaction. In addition, other unconventional nucleotides such as, e.g., dITP, can be included with dUTP in the reaction mixture to replace a portion of other conventional nucleotides. In one aspect, methods and compositions for inhibiting primer aggregate formation in a nucleic acid amplification reaction are provided, comprising the addition of dUTP to an amplification reaction mixture containing each of dTTP, dATP, dCPT and dGTP. In preferred embodiments, at least 10% and up to 75% of the dTTP in a standard dNTP mix is replaced with dUTP and the modified dNTP mixture is then used in the amplification reaction. Compositions in accordance with this embodiment include dNTP mixtures having 5, 10, 25, 40, 50, 60, 70 or 75% of the dTTP replaced by dUTP. Typically, each reaction will include from about 20 μM to about 300 μM dUTP in a standard dNTP mix, wherein the concentration of dUTP preferably does not exceed 75% of the concentration of any one starting conventional nucleotide, with the combined concentration of dUTP and dTTP similar to the concentration of the other dNTPs. As such, an embodiment of the present invention can include, for example, 25% dUTP/75% dTTP, 50% dUTP/50% dTTP, 75% dUTP/25% dTTP and 100% of each of the other four conventional nucleotides. Note also that other unconventional nucleotides can be combined with the dUTP to make up the dUTP-based fraction, provided again that the upper limit of 75% unconventional nucleotide is not exceeded. As demonstrated herein, amounts that exceed this concentration have deleterious effects on the yield of the reaction. In another aspect, primers are designed having one or more base analogs incorporated therein for the inhibition of primer-aggregation and other non-specific amplification reactions during a nucleic acid amplification reaction. In general, these base analogs derive from the unconventional nucleotides. In preferred embodiments, the base analog is uracil, which replaces thymidine bases. In this embodiment, the uracil maintains the base pairing specificity of thymidine. The present invention further provides improved nucleic acid amplification reaction mixtures for use in nucleic acid amplification reactions, comprising a combination of a polyol, an anti-freeze protein and a dNTP mix that includes a ratio of dUTP:dTTP. In a preferred embodiment, one or more of these enhancers are added to a reaction mixture comprising a zwitterionic buffer. As detailed herein, these novel reaction mixture components may improve amplicon yield as well as signal intensity in quantification reactions, and enhance sensitivity of the amplification reaction. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a stained 1% agarose gel showing the reaction products from PCR where varying percentages of dTTP in the dNTPs was replaced with dUTP. The incorporation of dUTP into the reaction mixes significantly reduces the amount of primer-dimer formed during each reaction. FIG. 2 is a stained 1% agarose gel showing the reaction products from PCR comparing a control reaction to a reaction where 20% of the dTTP was replaced by dUTP. Replacement of dTTP with dUTP significantly reduced the amount of primer-dimer formed during PCR. FIG. 3 graphically represents melt curve comparisons for unconventional nucleotides and mixtures. FIGS. 4A and 4B graphically illustrates that replacement of dTTP with dUTP does not significantly affect Ct or RFU during real time PCR. FIGS. 5A and 5B graphically show the Beta-Actin sequence used for the sorbitol secondary structure assays. FIG. 5A shows the secondary structure of the gene at 37, 55 and 68° C. in the absence of a extremely GC rich region, and FIG. 5B shows the same gene with the included GC rich region that promotes secondary structure even at 37, 55 and 68° C. FIG. 6 is a stained 1% agarose gel showing the reaction products from PCR on the templates of FIGS. 5A and 5B in the presence of increasing amounts of sorbitol. The upper band is amplified product from the secondary structure containing molecule, indicating melting of the secondary structure, and the lower band is amplified product from the non-secondary structure containing molecule, indicating a control level of amplification of the non-secondary structure containing template. FIGS. 7A and 7B are as above in FIG. 6, except PCR was performed in a combination of several chemical agents, including sorbitol, mannitol, dUTP, DMSO, single-stranded binding protein and trehalose. FIG. 8 is a stained agarose gel showing the reaction products from PCR comparing reactions supplemented with N-propylsulfoxid and trehalose or tetramethylene sulfoxid and trehalose. FIG. 9 is a stained agarose gel showing the reaction products from PCR comparing reactions supplemented with N-propylsulfoxid and trehalose, DMSO and trehalose and betaine. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The following definitions are provided to facilitate understanding of certain terms used frequently herein and are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure: As used herein, “amplification reaction” or “nucleic acid amplification reaction” refers to any in vitro method for increasing the number of copies of a desired nucleic acid sequence with the use of a DNA polymerase. Nucleic acid amplification reactions include, for example, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202, which are hereby incorporated by reference), Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification (NASBA) (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,818, which is hereby incorporated by reference) and Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA) (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,455,166, which is hereby incorporated by reference). As is well known in the art, such reactions find advantageous use in numerous nucleic acid detection methods for determining the presence of one or more target nucleic acid sequences in a sample, as well as in a wide variety of nucleic acid quantification methods for quantifying the amount of amplicon(s) produced by the reaction. As used herein, “antisense” refers to polynucleotide sequences that are complementary to target “sense” polynucleotide sequences. As used herein, “carrier protein(s)” refers to Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), Prionex, Single Stranded Binding Protein (SSB), Cold Water Fish Gelatin, gelatin, Gro L, Gro S, DNAK, Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70), Apolipoprotein, as well as other like serum albumins. As used herein, “Ct shift” or “threshold cycle” refers to the cycle at which an amplification product is detectable, a Ct shift of 1.5 to 3 cycles is equivalent to an approximate 5 to 10 fold higher input amount of template DNA. As used herein, “nucleic acid” or “NA” refers to both a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and a ribonucleic acid (RNA), as well as modified and/or functionalized versions thereof. Similarly, the term “nucleotide” as used herein includes both individual units of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid as well as nucleoside and nucleotide analogs, and modified nucleotides such as labeled nucleotides. In addition, “nucleotide” includes non-naturally occurring analog structures, such as those in which the sugar, phosphate, and/or base units are absent or replaced by other chemical structures. Thus, the term “nucleotide” encompasses individual peptide nucleic acid (PNA) (Nielsen et al., Bioconjug. Chem. 1994; 5(1):3-7) and locked nucleic acid (LNA) (Braasch and Corey, Chem. Biol. 2001; 8(1):1-7) units. As used herein, “conventional nucleotides” refers to nucleotides which naturally occur in a particular nucleic acid, e.g., ATP, TTP, CTP and GTP are conventional nucleotides in DNA. For purposes of the present invention conventional nucleotides also includes deoxynucleotides, e.g., dATP, dTTP, dCTP, and dGTP. As used herein, “unconventional nucleotide” refers to a nucleotide that is not naturally occurring in a particular nucleic acid. Unconventional nucleotides may be naturally-occurring nucleotides, e.g., hypoxanthine, or they may be chemically-modified derivatives or analogs of conventional nucleotides, e.g., N-7-methylguanine, deoxyuridine and deoxy-3′-methyladenosine. For example, uracil is a naturally occurring and conventional nucleotide in RNA but is unconventional in DNA. Unconventional nucleotides includes deoxynucleotides, e.g., dUTP, dITP, and the like. Other unconventional nucleotides include ITP and deaza-dGTP. As used herein, “polynucleotide,” “oligonucleotide” or grammatical equivalents thereof means at least two nucleotides covalently linked together. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, various modifications of the sugar-phosphate backbone may be done to increase the stability of such molecules in physiological environments, including chemical modification such as, e.g., phosphorothioate or methyl phosphonate. Further, such molecules may be functionalized by coupling with one or more molecules having distinct characteristic properties for purposes of, e.g., facilitating the addition of labels. As used herein, “primer aggregate(s)” refers to non-specific interactions (for example annealing or other like interactions) between two or more primer molecules during an amplification reaction. Primer aggregate formation leads to a reduction in the effective primer concentration during an amplification reaction and to an increase in non-specific product buildup that lowers overall reaction sensitivity and specificity. Primer aggregates include, but are not limited to, primer-dimers, primer-trimers, hairpins, fill-ins, direct hybrids, and the like. As used herein, “nucleic acid sequence” refers to the order or sequence of nucleotides along a strand of nucleic acids. In some cases, the order of these nucleotides may determine the order of the amino acids along a corresponding polypeptide chain. The nucleic acid sequence thus codes for the amino acid sequence. The nucleic acid sequence may be single-stranded or double-stranded, as specified, or contain portions of both double-stranded and single-stranded sequences. The nucleic acid sequence may be composed of DNA, both genomic and cDNA, RNA, or a hybrid, where the sequence comprises any combination of deoxyribo- and ribo-nucleotides, and any combination of bases, including uracil (U), adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G), inosine, xathanine hypoxathanine, isocytosine, isoguanine, etc. As used herein, “complementary” or “complementarity” refers to the ability of a nucleotide in a polynucleotide molecule to form a base pair with another nucleotide in a second polynucleotide molecule. For example, the sequence 5′-A-C-T-3′ is complementary to the sequence 3′-T-G-A-5′. Complementarity may be partial, in which only some of the nucleotides match according to base pairing, or complete, where all the nucleotides match according to base pairing. For purposes of the present invention “substantially complementary” refers to 95% or greater identity over the length of the target base pair region. As used herein, “isolated” and “purified” for purposes of the present invention are interchangeable, and refer to a polynucleotide, for example a target nucleic acid sequence, that has been separated from cellular debris, for example, high molecular weight DNA, RNA and protein. This would include an isolated RNA sample that would be separated from cellular debris, including DNA. As used herein, “protein,” “peptide,” and “polypeptide” are used interchangeably to denote an amino acid polymer or a set of two or more interacting or bound amino acid polymers. As used herein, “real-time PCR” refers to quantitative PCR techniques that typically use fluorescence probes, beacons, and/or intercalating dyes during all cycles of the process. As used herein, “stringency” refers to the conditions, i.e., temperature, ionic strength, solvents, and the like, under which hybridization between polynucleotides occurs. Hybridization being the process that occurs between the primer and template DNA during the annealing step of the amplification process. Embodiments of the present invention provide methods and compositions for reducing primer aggregation during a nucleic acid amplification reaction, i.e., primer-based nucleic acid amplification. Reduction of primer aggregation has the dual effect of making primer-based amplification reactions more sensitive and specific and can result in enhanced product yield. Embodiments of the present invention include at least the following: Replacement of a portion of dTTP in a conventional dNTP mix in a primer-based amplification reaction with dUTP. Embodiments reduce the formation of primer aggregates during the amplification reaction. Replacement of a portion of dTTP in a conventional dNTP mix in a primer-based amplification reaction with a combination of dUTP and at least one more unconventional nucleotide, for example dITP or deaza-dGTP. Note that this embodiment is most useful where incorporation of mutations into the amplicon is not a major issue, given that incorporation of ITP, or other non-dUTP like unconventional bases, into an amplicon can cause high mutation rates in the product, i.e., amplification reactions that focus on detection of a product and not the use or sequencing of the product are most preferred for this embodiment Design of primers are provided that incorporate one or more uracils throughout the length of the primer to reduce the potential for formation of primer aggregates during amplification reactions. Inclusion of dUTP, sorbitol, or other like polyol, and AFP in a zwitterionic buffer formulation, i.e., TAPs-tris KCL or TAPS-KOH KCL, to provide a high performance amplification reaction mix (increases sensitivity, specificity, signal size and storage stability), especially where the pH is between 7.9 and 8.1. Nucleic Acid Amplification In one aspect, the invention provides methods for amplifying a nucleic acid molecule, comprising subjecting the nucleic acid molecule to an amplification reaction in amplification reaction mixture. The amplification reaction mixture having up to 75% of dTTP of a standard dNTP mix replaced with dUTP. In preferred embodiments the dTTP is replaced with dUTP, however, it should be understood that the scope of the invention includes replacement of some portion of the dUTP with other unconventional nucleotides. Typically, final reaction mixture concentrations of the dUTP, or other like unconventional nucleotide, are from about 20 μM to about 300 μM, preferably between 20 μM to 160 μM, when the standard dNTP concentration is about 200 μM to 400 μM. Typically, the percent of dUTP to dTTP is about 10% to about 75%, i.e., about 10% to 75% of dTTP can be replaced with dUTP. In an alternative embodiment, primers useful in the amplification reaction, appropriate for the target nucleic acid, are designed with one or more uracil bases in replacement of one or more corresponding thymidine bases. The uracil bases may be located anywhere throughout the primer sequence where a thymidine base is located. Note that uracil is the preferred replacement base due to its specificity to base pairing within a DNA molecule. Nucleic acid molecules may be amplified according to any of the literature-described manual or automated amplification methods. Nucleic acid amplification results in the incorporation of nucleotides into a DNA molecule or primer, thereby forming a new DNA molecule complementary to a nucleic acid template. The formed DNA molecule and its template can be used as templates to synthesize additional DNA molecules. As used herein, one amplification reaction may consist of many rounds of DNA replication. DNA amplification reactions include, for example, polymerase chain reactions (“PCR”). One PCR reaction may consist of 10 to 100 “cycles” of denaturation and synthesis of a DNA molecule. Such methods include, but are not limited to PCR (as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202, which are hereby incorporated by reference), Strand Displacement Amplification) (“SDA”) (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,455,166, which is hereby incorporated by reference), and Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification (“NASBA” (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,818, which is hereby incorporated by reference). For example, amplification may be achieved by a rolling circle replication system which may even use a helicase for enhanced efficiency in DNA melting without heat (See Yuzhakou et al., “Replisome Assembly Reveals the Basis for Asymmetric Function in Leading and Lagging Strand Replication,” Cell 86:877-886 (1996) and Mok et al., “The Escherichia coli Preprimosome and DnaB Helicase Can Form Replication Forks That Move at the Same Rate,” J. Biol. Chem. 262:16558-16565 (1987), which are hereby incorporated by reference). Most preferably, nucleic acid molecules are amplified by the methods of the present invention using PCR-based amplification techniques. In a preferred embodiment, the amplification reaction involves a high temperature denaturation step. Preferred temperatures for the high temperature denaturation step range from about 90° C. to about 98° C., with temperatures from 93° C. to 94° C. being especially preferred. Such preferred amplification reactions include thermocycling amplification reactions, such as polymerase chain reactions involving from about 10 to 100 cycles, more preferably from about 25 to 50 cycles, and peak temperatures of from about 93° C. to about 94° C. In a preferred embodiment, a PCR reaction is done using a polymerase produced exponential quantities relative to the number of reaction steps involved, at lease one specific nucleic acid sequence, given (a) that the ends of the required sequence are known in sufficient detail that oligonucleotiedes can be synthesized which will hybridize to them and (b) that a small amount of the sequence is available to initiate the chain reaction. The product of the chain reaction will be discrete nucleic acid duplex with termini corresponding to the ends of the specific primers employed. Any source of nucleic acid, in purified or nonpurified form, can be utilized as the starting nucleic acid, provided it contains the specific nucleic acid sequence desired. Thus, the process may employ, for example, DNA or RNA, including messenger RNA, which DNA or RNA may be single stranded or double stranded. In addition, a DNA-RNA hybrid which contains one strand of each may be utilized. A mixture of any of these nucleic acids may also be employed, or the nucleic acids produced from a previous amplification reaction herein using the same or different primers may be so utilized. The nucleic acid amplified is preferably DNA. The specific nucleic acid sequence to be amplified may be only a fraction of a larger molecule or can be present initially as a discrete molecule, so that the specific sequence constitutes the entire nucleic acid. It is not necessary that the sequence to be amplified be present initially in a pure form; it may be a minor fraction of a complex mixture, such as a portion of the β-globin gene contained in whole human DNA or a portion of nucleic acid sequence due to a particular microorganism which organism might constitute only a very minor fraction of a particular biological sample. The starting nucleic acid may contain more than one desired specific nucleic acid sequence which may be the same or different. Therefore, the method is useful not only for producing large amounts of one specific nucleic acid sequence, but also for amplifying simultaneously more than one different specific nucleic acid sequence located on the same or different nucleic acid molecules. The nucleic acid or acids may be obtained from any source and include plasmids and cloned DNA or RNA, as well as DNA or RNA from any source, including bacteria, yeast, viruses, and higher organisms such as plants or animals. DNA or RNA may be extracted from blood, tissue material such as corionic villi or amniotic cells by a variety of techniques such as that described by Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, (New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) pp 280-281 (1982). Any specific nucleic acid sequence can be produced by the present methods. It is only necessary that a sufficient number of bases at both ends of the sequence be know in sufficient detail so that two oligonucleotide primers can be prepared which hybridize to different strands of the desired sequence and at relative positions along the sequence such that an extension product synthesized from one primer, when it is separated from its template (complement), can serve as a template for extension of the other primer into a nucleic acid of defined length. The greater the knowledge about the bases at both ends of the sequence, the greater the specificity of the primers for the target nucleic acid sequence, and, thus, the greater the efficiency of the process. It will be understood that the work primer as used hereinafter may refer to more than one primer, particularly in the case where there is some ambiguity in the formation regarding the terminal sequence(s) of the fragment to be amplified. For instance, in the case where a nucleic acid sequence is inferred from protein sequence information a collection of primers containing sequences representing all possible codon variations based on degeneracy of the genetic code can be used for each strand. One primer from this collection will be homologous with the end of the desired sequence to be amplified. Oligonucleotide primers may be prepared using any suitable method, such as, for example, the phosphotriester and phosphodiester methods or automated embodiments thereof. In one such automated embodiment diethylophosphoramidites are used as starting materials and may be synthesized as described by Beaucage et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 22:1859-1862 (1981), which is hereby incorporated by reference. One method for synthesizing oligonucleotides on a modified solid support is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,006, which is hereby incorporated by reference. It is also possible to use a primer which has been isolated from a biological source (such as a restriction endonuclease digest). As noted above, in one embodiment oligonucleotide primers are designed to incorporate uracil bases instead of thymidine bases. The addition of uracil lowers the melting temperature of the primer-template interaction, thereby lowering the potential for primers to interact and form primer-aggregates. The specific nucleic acid sequence is produced by using the nucleic acid containing that sequence as a template. If the nucleic acid contains two strands, it is necessary to separate the strands of the nucleic acid before it can be used as the template, either as a separate step or simultaneously with the synthesis of the primer extension products. This strand separation can be accomplished by any suitable denaturing method including physical, chemical, or enzymatic means. One physical method of separating the strands of the nucleic acid involves heating the nucleic acid until it is completely (>99%) denatured. Typical heat denaturation may involve temperatures ranging from about 80° C. to 105° C. for times ranging from 1 to 10 minutes. Strand separation may also be induced by an enzyme from the class of enzymes known as helicases or the enzyme RecA, which has helicase activity and is known to denature DNA. The reaction conditions suitable for separating the strands of nucleic acids with helicases are described by Colg Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, Vol. XLIII “DNA: Replication and Recombination” (New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1978), and techniques for using RecA are reviewed in C. Radding, Ann, Rev. Genetics, 16:405-37 (1982), which is hereby incorporated by reference. If the original nucleic acid containing the sequence to be amplified is single stranded, its complement is synthesized by adding one or two oligonucleotide primers thereto. If an appropriate single primer is added, a primer extension product is synthesized in the presence of the primer, an agent for polymerization, and the four nucleotides described below. The product will be partially complementary to the single-stranded nucleic acid and will hybridize with the nucleic acid strand to from a duplex of unequal length strands that may then be separated into single strands, as described above, to produce two single separated complementary strands. Alternatively, two appropriate primers may be added to the single-stranded nucleic acid and the reaction is carried out. If the original nucleic acid constitutes the sequence to be amplified, the primer extension product(s) produced will be completely complementary to the strands of the original nucleic acid and will hybridize therewith to form a duplex of equal length strands to be separated into single-stranded molecules. When the complementary strands of the nucleic acid or acids are separated, whether the nucleic acid was originally double or single stranded, the strands are ready to be used as a template for the synthesis of additional nucleic acid strands. This synthesis can be performed using any suitable method. Preferably, a molar excess (for cloned nucleic acid, usually about 1000:1 primer:template, for the genomic nucleic acid, usually about 106:1 primer:template) of the two oligonucleotide primers is added to the buffer containing the separated template strands. It is understood, however, that the amount of complementary strand may not be known if the process herein is used for diagnostic applications, so that the amount of primer relative to the amount of complementary strand cannot be determined with certainty. As a practical matter, however, the amount of primer added will generally be in molar excess over the amount of complementary strand (template) when the sequence to be amplified is contained in a mixture of complicated long-chain nucleic acid strands. A large molar excess is preferred to improve the efficiency of the process. Conventional nucleotides, preferably dATP, dCTP, and dGTP, are added to the amplification reaction mixture in adequate amounts, i.e., approximately 200 μM/dNTP to about 400 μM/dNTP. As noted above, in a preferred embodiment, a portion of the conventional nucleotide dTTP is replaced with the unconventional nucleotide, dUTP. The percent of dTTP replaced by dUTP is up to 75%. Note, preferred embodiments provide a dUTP/dTTP mixture where the dUTP makes up between 20% to 40% of the composition. Note that dUTP amounts that exceed 75% of the dTTP fraction of dNTPs have not added to the surprising performance enhancement realized by the present invention, and in fact these high amounts of dUTP may begin to have a deleterious effect on these beneficial results, i.e., a general decrease in product formation. The resulting solution dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dUTP/dTTP, is preferably heated to a temperature from about 90° C.-95° C. for about 1 to 10 minutes, preferably from 15 sec to 2 minutes. After this heating period, the solution is allowed to cool to a temperature from about 60° C., which is preferable for the primer hybridization. The polymerase then performs nucleic acid synthesis at a temperature well above room temperature, preferably at a temperature from about 60 to 75° C. As previously noted, other conventional nucleotide/unconventional nucleotide combinations can be used in accordance with the present invention. The newly synthesized strand and its complementary nucleic acid strand form a double-stranded molecule which is used in the succeeding steps of the process. In the next step, the strands of the double-stranded molecule are separated using any of the procedures described above to provide single-stranded molecules. New nucleic acid is synthesized on the single-stranded molecules. Additional polymerase, nucleotides, and primers may be added if necessary for the reaction to proceed under the conditions prescribed above. Again, the synthesis will be initiated at one end of the oligonucleotide primers and will proceed along the single strands of the template to produce additional nucleic acids. The steps of strand separation and extension product synthesis can be repeated as often as needed to produce the desired quantity of the specific nucleic acid sequence. The amount of the specific nucleic acid sequence produced will increase in an exponential fashion. When it is desired to produce more than one specific nucleic acid sequence from the first nucleic acid or mixture of nucleic acids, the appropriate number of different oligonucleotide primers are utilized. For example, if two different specific nucleic acid sequences are to be produced, four primers are utilized. Two of the primers are specific for one of the specific nucleic acid sequences and the other two primers are specific for the second specific nucleic acid sequence. In this matter, each of the two different specific sequences can be produced exponentially by the present process. Of course in instances where nucleic acid sequences are the same, primer sequences will be the same. The present invention can be performed in a step-wise fashion where after each step new reagents are added, or simultaneously, wherein all reagents are added at the initial step, or partially step-wise and partially simultaneously, wherein fresh reagent is added after a given number of steps. After the appropriate length of time has passed to produce the desired amount of the specific nucleic acid sequence, the reaction may be halted by inactivating the enzymes in any known manner or separating the components of the reaction. Thus, in amplifying a nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the nucleic acid molecule is contacted with a composition comprising a polymerase in an appropriate reaction mix, having a dNTP mixture that includes up to 75% of the dTTP replaced with dUTP or a combination of dUTP and an unconventional nucleotide. In addition, in combination with this embodiment, appropriate primers may be designed to include uracil instead of thymidine. In another embodiment, the amplification reaction mix may have a portion of the dNTPs replaced with dUTP as described above, and the appropriate primers may be designed to include one or more uracil bases. As such, the present invention provides modified dNTP mixes and corresponding methods using dNTP containing mixes, for limiting or reducing the formation of primer-aggregates during amplification reactions, e.g., PCR, real-time PCR, etc. In one embodiment, a portion of the dNTP mixture in the reaction mixture is replaced with dUTP, e.g., replace dTTP with dUTP. Standard concentrations of dNTPs are used as a starting point within the target reactions as is well known in the art, i.e., approximately 200 μM to 400 μM per dNTP for PCR. In one embodiment, from 10% to 75% of the dTTP in a standard dNTP mix is replaced with dUTP, and preferably from about 20% to about 40% of the dTTP in the standard dNTP mix is replaced with dUTP. Other embodiments of the present invention include the use of other unconventional nucleotides within the dNTP mix, for example dITP, deaza-dGTP, and mixtures thereof, which can be combined with the dUTP to replace from about 10% to 75% of the dTTP. Note that the presence of unconventional nucleotides, e.g., dUTP, promote fill-in reactions to be completed with a minimum number of primer-aggregates formed. In general, inclusion of an unconventional nucleotide is less thermodynamically favorable for incorporation based on annealing temperatures used in standard PCR. Where a fill-in reaction is not required, the benefit of inclusion of an unconventional nucleotide is limited. As such, primer fill-in reactions result in primer-aggregates are reduced in number. Also note that dUTP is preferred in some embodiments where specificity is required, i.e., dUTP forms a base pair with dATP, whereas other unconventional nucleotides are non-specific and able to pair with dATP, dCTP, dGTP or dTTP. Note that prior art usage of dUTP focused on incorporation of dUTP into product (amplicon) and subsequent degradation of such product with UNG. UNG treatment was performed on PCR reactions before dUTP was added to ensure that any contaminate UTP containing product was degraded before the next reaction, thereby enhancing the reaction specificity. In an alternative embodiment, primers are designed to exhibit uracil in place of standard dNTPs in order to reduce the thermal-dynamic favorability of primer-aggregate formation. For example, dUTP, in the context of primer-aggregate formation, will tend to form weaker interactions as compared to dTTP at the same positions. This reduction in interaction strength is relevant when the level of mispairing is high or the number of base-pair overlap is small, i.e., conditions that favor primer-dimer formation. The same dUTP containing primers have sufficient interaction strength with their target template site to remain hybridized under the proper temperature cycling PCR conditions. As such, primer design that includes dUTP incorporation selectively favors a reduction in the formation of primer-aggregates, while maintaining the relative hybridization strength of the primer with its template target site. In one embodiment of the invention, all the dTTP in the primer is replaced with dUTP. Polyols Facilitate the PCR of Template NA Having Secondary Structure Polyols, i.e., alcohol derivatives of monosaccharide, facilitate amplification of template nucleic acid molecules that include some level of secondary structure. In one embodiment of the invention, one or more polyol compounds is included within a standard amplification reaction to enhance the sensitivity of amplification on target template nucleic acid (NA) where the NA has some degree of secondary structure. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the polyol acts as a chemical melting agent on the template nucleic acid, thereby facilitating amplification of the template at lower denaturation temperatures. The present invention preferably includes one or more polyols in a reaction mixture. In particular, the present invention provides for the inclusion of polyols in amplification reactions where the target amplification sequence has increased levels of secondary structure. Illustrative polyols for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, glycerol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, arabitol, and adonitol etc. In preferred embodiments the polyol is sorbitol or mannitol, alone or in combination. Polyol concentration in amplification reactions can range from about 100 mM to about 500 mM, preferably is from about 50 mM to about 400 mM, and is most preferably from about 100 mM to about 300 mM. Inclusion of other melting or disruptive agents in combination with the polyol during amplification is anticipated, for example, inclusion of from 1% to 5% DMSO, or other like alkyl-sulfoxides, from 50 ng to about 500 ng single-stranded binding protein, from about 1% to about 5% n-propyl sulfoxide solution, from about 100 mM to 500 mM trehalose, and up to 75% replacement of the dTTP with dUTP in the dNTP mix, are all within the scope of the present invention. Note that the combination of DMSO with sorbitol has been shown to reduce non-specific amplification during amplification reactions (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,783,940, incorporated by reference herein). As presented herein, DMSO and other like alkyl-sulfoxides, combined with polyols, sugars and/or betaines can be used, with or without dUTP embodiments of the present invention, to reduce primer-aggregate formation; these same combinations also facilitate performance or amplification by increasing amplification specificity and yield. In the present invention, compositions of dUTP, alkyl-sulfoxides, polyols and sugars like trehalose, provide substantial benefit to reducing prime-aggregate and non-specific amplification products formation. Illustrative compositions and combinations of the present invention are shown in the Examples that follow. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the inclusion of a polyol in the reaction mixture serves at least the two-fold effect of increasing the yield of amplicon during amplification of template molecules having some level of secondary structure and of additionally maintaining the stability of the buffer during multiple cycles of freeze/thaw. Any reasonable source of polyol can be used in the present invention, for example sorbitol can be obtained from Sigma/Fluka and mannitol can be obtained from Sigma/Fluka. Compositions of High Performance Real Time PCR Buffers The present invention further provides high performance amplification mixtures for use in amplification reactions, preferably in standard PCR and real-time PCR. Mixtures in accordance with the present invention can include sorbitol, anti-freeze protein (AFP1, AFGP, mixtures of AFP1 and AFGP), carrier protein, nucleic acid polymerase, preferably a thermophilic or hyperthermophilic polymerase, and have a modified pH, obtained through a buffer system that utilizes a zwitterionic formulation. Illustrative zwitterionic formulations include HEPES-KOH, TAPS-Tris, HEPES-Tris, HEPES-KOH, TAPS-KOH or TAPS-Tris. Preferred embodiments of the present invention utilize a system that includes TAPS-KOH and/or TAPS-Tris, and most preferably TAPS-Tris. Preferred pH ranges for these mixtures are dependent on the final use, for example, mixes for use in real-time PCR are buffered to have a pH of from about 7.9 to about 8.7, and preferably from about 8.2 to about 8.7. Note that buffers for use in standard PCR are modified to have a pH of from about 7.9 to 8.9. In preferred embodiments, the final potassium salt concentration is between 10 mM and 80 mM. The dNTP mix of the buffer system includes from about 10% to about 50% dUTPs (in replacement of dTTPs in the dNTP mix), and more preferably from about 10% to about 30% dUTPs (in replacement of dTTPs in the dNTP mix). Further, in some embodiments, DMSO, SSBP, n-propyl sulfoxide, and/or trehalose can be included in the high performance buffer. Concentrations of ingredients useful in embodiments of the high performance reaction mixtures are as shown in Table 1. Note that the preferred concentration for TAPs-KOH is 25 mM with 15 mM KCl and for the TAPs-Tris is 25 mM with 50 mM KCl, both with a final buffer pH of about 8. Embodiments using the zwitterionic buffer formulations can have one or more of AFP, carrier protein, sorbitol, mannitol, DMSO, SSBP, and a dNTP mix having a percentage of the dTTP or other dNTP replaced with a unconventional nucleotide like dUTP. Typically, the composition has a pH of between about 7.9 and 8.2 for optimal effects. Other pH can be used but with limited results. TABLE 1 High Performance PCR Mix/Real-Time PCR Mix Useful Concentration Range Preferred Concentration Ingredient (Final) (Final) Sorbitol, Trehalose, DMSO 10 mM-300 mM 100 mM and/or mixtures thereof dNTP Mix/% dUTP in dATP 100 μM-500 μM dATP 200 μM Replacement of dTTP (or other dCTP 100 μM-500 μM dCTP 200 μM unconventional nucleotides) dGTP 100 μM-500 μM dGTP μM dTTP + dUTP μM dTTP + dUTP 200 μM dTTP/dUTP 75%:25%-25%:75% dTTP/dUTP 75%:25% Nucleic Acid Polymerase 0.5 to 2 Units 2 Units Mg Ion Concentration 3 mM to 10 mM 5 mM and 8 mM Potassium Salt Concentration 10 mM to 80 mM 40 mM to 60 mM anti-freeze protein, e.g., AFP 10 μg/ml to 200 μg/ml//100 μg/ml 50 μg/ml/100 μg/ml type I, AFGP or mixtures of to 300 μg/ml same//Carrier Protein Buffering Ingredient, e.g., Taps 10 mM-40 mM Taps 25 mM TAPS-Tris Tris 5 mM-25 mM Tris 10.3 mM PCR and Real-Time PCR Buffer Kits The present invention further provides kits that include the composition embodiments of the present invention. Kits can include reaction mixtures of the invention, for example embodiments of the high performance PCR mixtures of the invention, or alternatively, pre-determined stand alone amounts of dNTP mixtures have embodiments of the dUTP/dTTP mix of the invention, which are added to PCR buffers or are combined with enzymes used in the target use, combined with the invention. Having generally described the invention, the same will be more readily understood by reference to the following examples, which are provided by way of illustration and are not intended as limiting. EXAMPLES Example 1 dUTP Incorporation During Amplification Reactions Reduces Primer-Aggregate Formation Replacement of dTTP with dUTP during amplification reactions reduces primer-dimer formation where the primer has a 5′ overhang. A series of PCR reactions were prepared having GADPH and SRY forward and reverse primers, GADPH and SRY probes, and appropriate plasmid templates. Each reaction either received standard dNTP mixes (10 mM of dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP) or modified dNTP mixes where the dATP, dCTP and dGTP were held constant at 10 mM and some or all of the dTTP was replaced with dUTP. For example a 20% dUTP reaction contained 10 mM of dATP, 10 mM dCTP, 10 mM dGTP, 8 mM dTTP and 2 mM dUTP. As shown in FIG. 1, primer-dimer formation is significantly reduced through inclusion of dUTP into the PCR reaction conditions. dUTP replacement seems to have a maximal effect on reducing dimer formation when approximately 50% of the dTTP is replaced with dUTP. As shown in FIG. 2, inclusion of dUTP into the PCR reaction mixture causes a dramatic decrease in primer-dimer formation. Both HotMaster Taq and NTC supported the decrease in primer-dimer formation. Tables 2 and 3 illustrate the reaction conditions used for a three step thermal cycle −95° C. for one minute—then for twenty seconds, step 2, 53° C. for twenty seconds and 68° C. for twenty seconds. TABLE 2 HotMaster Taq Reaction With Standard dNTPs Initial Final Concentration Reaction Component Concentration Volumes QuantMaster Probe Buffer 10X 1X dATP 10 mM 200 μM dCTP 10 mM 200 μM dGTP 10 mM 200 μM dTTP 10 mM 200 μM Factor VIII Forward Primer 10 μM 200 nM Factor VIII Reverse Primer 10 μM 200 nM Taq Polymerase 5 U/μL 1 U MBGW NA 36.8-38.8 μl Humand gDNA (Promega) 25 ng/μl 50 ng TABLE 3 HotMaster Taq Reactions With dUTP Mix Reaction Initial Concentration Final Concentration Component or Volume Volume QuantMaster Probe Buffer 10X 1X dATP 10 mM 200 μM dCTP 10 mM 200 μM dGTP 10 mM 200 μM dTTP 8 mM 160 μM dUTP 2 mM 40 μM Factor VIII ForwardPrimer 10 μM 200 nM Factor VIII Reverse Primer 10 μM 200 nM Taq Polymerase 5 U/μL 1 U MBGW NA 36.8-38.8 μL human gDNA (Promega) 25 ng/μl 50 ng The preceding Example illustrates that replacement of up-to 50% or more of the dTTP with dUTP results in a reduction in primer-dimer formation, thereby maximizing the specificity and sensitivity of the reaction conditions. Example 2 Unconventional Nucleotides Shift the Melt Curve to Lower Temperatures The following Example was performed to compare the effect on template melting by replacement of a percentage of the dNTPs with a unconventional nucleotide in the standard PCR buffer. Reactions were prepared as shown in Tables 4 and 5, and run with the appropriate analog as per protocol outlined in Table 6. TABLE 4 unconventional nucleotide Mix Composition 7- Standard deaza- dNTP dGTP dITP dUTP dUTP/deaza dUTP/dITP/deaza Analog Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix dUTP/dITP Mix dATP 10 mM 10 mM 10 mM 10 mM 10 mM 10 mM 10 mM dCTP 10 mM 10 mM 10 mM 10 mM 10 mM 10 mM 10 mM dGTP 10 mM 5 mM 5 mM 10 mM 5 mM 5 mM 5 mM dTTP 10 mM 10 mM 10 mM 5 mM 5 mM 5 mM 5 mM dUTP 5 mM 5 mM 5 mM 5 mM dITP 5 mM 5 mM 2.5 mM 7- 5 mM 5 mM 2.5 mM deaza- dGTP TABLE 5 Reaction Set-Up For FIG. 3 Final μL/50 μL Reaction Component Concentration Reaction 10X QuantMaster SYBR Buffer 1X 5 μL unconventional nucleotide Mix see Table 4 1.5 μL TNF-A Forward Primer (10 μM) 100 nM 0.5 μL TNF-A Reverse Primer (10 μM) 100 nM 0.5 μL SYBR Green I (1:5K) 1:50K 5 μL HotMaster Taq DNA 1 U 0.2 μL Polymerase (5 U/μL) MBGW N/A 36.8 μL Human gDNA (50 ng/μL) 25 ng 0.5 μL TABLE 6 Cycle Protocol Cycle Number Temperature Time Cycle 1 (1X) Step 1 95.0° C. 1:00 Cycle 2 (40X) Step 1 95.0° C. 0:20 Step 2 58.0° C. 0:20 Step 3 68.0° C. 0:20 Data collection and real-time analysis enabled Cycle 3 (1X) Step 1: 95° C. 1:00 Cycle 4 (1X) Step 1: 55.0° C. 2:00 Cycle 5 (80X) Step 1: 55.0° C. 0:10 Increase setpoint temperature after cycle 2 by 0.5° C., melt curve data collection and analysis enabled (see FIG. 3) Cycle 6 (1X) Step 1: 4.0° C. Hold FIG. 3 illustrates that replacement of one or more standard dNTPs with a unconventional nucleotide results in a small but significant facilitation of template melting as compared to standard dNTP compositions. This data illustrates the decreased thermodynamically favorability for incorporation at primer annealing conditions. Example 3 dUTP does not Effect Ct, RFU or Yield During Real Time-PCR From the proceeding Examples, inclusion of dUTP for dTTP provides a significant benefit toward reducing the levels of primer-dimer formation during PCR. To determine whether the replacement of dTTP with dUTP in a standard dNTP mix adversely affected sensitivity or signal size during PCR, for example, during real time PCR, comparisons were made between reactions that had from 2.5 mM to 7.5 mM dUTP in replacement of dTTP. Reactions were as substantially described in Example 1, except that a portion of the 10 mM dTTP was replaced with either 2.5 mM dUTP or 7.5 mM dUTP. As shown in FIG. 4A, inclusion of dUTP for dTTP had little or no affect on either signal amplification or threshold cycle Ct. Further, inclusion of dUTP in the real-time PCR has little or no effect on the product yield of the reaction (see FIG. 4B). This Example, in combination with the data shown in Examples 1 and 2, shows the utility of the present invention for providing a PCR buffer useful in reducing primer-dimer formation while maintaining yield, signal size (RFU) and Ct cycle sensitivity. Example 4 Sorbitol in Combination with dUTP Mix Facilitates Removal of Template Secondary Structure and Enhances Amplification Performance A system was developed to investigate the effect target chemicals had on template secondary structure. As shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, one template (derived from b-Actin) was provided within an amplification reaction, a first structure (shown schematically in 5A) having little or no secondary structure, and a second structure (shown schematically in 5B) having a significant portion of secondary structure. The second structure includes an extended region of GC rich sequence and differs from the first structure when amplified. In the absence of other factors, little or no amplification from the second structure is anticipated due to the extended region of secondary structure. Conversely, amplification from the first structure molecule results in significant product formation. Only when the secondary structure is removed with the second structure be amplified, thereby providing the product of that length. Experiments were performed to determine the effect of target chemical agents on their ability to melt-out secondary structure from template structure number two. An increase in amplification of the second structure is indicative of the chemical agents ability to melt-out the secondary structure. Template was incubated in a standard PCR reaction with increasing amounts of sorbitol or increasing amounts of sorbitol in the presence of n-proyl-sulfoxide. Amplified products were visualized by running on an agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide. Thermal cycling included an initial 95° C. for sixty seconds step followed by 95° C. for twenty seconds, 59° C. for twenty seconds, and 68° C. for twenty seconds repeated forty times. Tables 7 and 8 illustrate reaction conditions for FIGS. 7A, and 7B respectively: TABLE 7 Reaction Conditions For FIG. 7A Reaction Mixture Reaction Component Volume Rnx component #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 Master 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 Mix* (μl) 10 mM 1 1 1 Standard dNTP Mix (μl) 25% dUTP 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (μl) 99.9% 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 DMSO (μl) 1M Sorbitol 15 15 15 15 (μl) 1M 15 15 15 15 Mannitol (μl) SSBP (150 ng/ml) 1 1 1 1 1 (μl) MBGW (μl) 29.3 15.8 15.8 29.3 15.8 15.8 28.3 14.8 14.8 13.3 13.3 Total (μl) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Buffer, 100 nM forward and reverse β-Actin Primer, 1 U Taq polymerase, and 50 ng gDNA TABLE 8 Reaction Conditions For FIG. 7B General Master Mix Final Reaction Component Initial Concentration Concentration Volume QuantMaster Probe Buffer 10X 1X dNTP Mix dATP 10 mM 200 μM dCTP 10 mM 200 μM dGTP 10 mM 200 μM dTTP 7.5 mM 150 μM dUTP 2.5 mM 50 μM β-Actin Forward Primer 10 μM 200 nM β-Actin Reverse Primer 10 μM 200 nM SSBP 150 ng/μl 150 ng Taq Polymerase 5 U/μl 2 U MBGW NA 10 μl gDNA 25 ng/μl 50 ng 100 200 300 Reaction 0 mM 10 mM 40 mM mM mM mM Component Sorbitol Sorbitol Sorbitol Sorbitol Sorbitol Sorbitol Samples Containing No Trehalose MBGW/50 μl 30 29.5 28 25 20 15 reaction 1M Sorbitol 0 0.5 2 5 10 15 Samples Containing 300 mM Trehalose MBGW 25 25 25 25 25 25 1M 5 5 5 5 5 5 Sorbitol/ Tehalose Mixture HotMaster Control Reactions Reaction Component Initial Concentration Final Concentration HotMaster Buffer 10X 1X Standard dNTP Mix 10 mM Each 200 μM each β-Actin Forward Primer 10 μM 200 nM β-Actin Reverse Primer 10 μM 200 nM SSBP 150 ng/μl 150 ng HotMaster Taq Polymerase 5 U/μl 2 U MBGW NA 10 μl gDNA 25 ng/μl 50 ng FIGS. 6, 7A, and 7B illustrate that sorbitol alone or in combination with other agents, for example n-propyl sulfoxide, dNTP mixes containing dUTP, mannitol and single-stranded binding protein facilitated the amplification of the longer, often GC rich, template by reducing the amount of secondary structure within the template. Note that combinations of increasing amounts of sorbitol and 7% n-propyl sulfoxide (FIG. 6) was particularly effective in melting out the secondary structure and allowing for amplification of the longer template. Note also that increasing amounts of sorbitol in the presence of trehalose (right panel of FIG. 7B) caused a preferential amplification of the larger, secondary structure containing, plasmid. The preceding Example illustrates the utility of including sorbitol alone or in combination with trehalose, n-propyl sulfoxide, dNTP mixes containing dUTP, DMSO, mannitol and SSBP, for amplification of template DNA, and in particular, template DNA high in secondary structure. Example 5 Akyl-Sulfoxides in Combination with Trehalose Facilitate the Amplification of GC-Rich Nucleic Acid The following Example illustrates that combinations of different alkyl-sulfoxides, e.g., DMSO, N-propylsulfoxid, thtramethylenesulfoxid, with trehalose or other like sugars, facilitates amplification and reduces primer-aggregation, of nucleic acid molecules, and in particular GC-rich nucleic acid molecules. Experiments were conducted in buffer combinations that contain the following: 1× Tuning buffer with 2.5 mM Mg2+, Tuning buffer with 1× TaqMaster PCR Enhance, TaqMaster with N-propylsulfoxide (0.5% to 1.75%), TaqMaster with tetramethylenesulfoxide (0.015%-0.4%), TaqMaster with DMSO (2%), Glycylbetaine (Q solution) ca IM final solution, and GC-Melt (Clontech) ca 0.5 M final. All reaction were performed using Eppendorf Taq DNA polymerase. Amplification reactions were performed on a 483 bp GC-rich β-actin fragment from 50 ng human genomic DNA (Promega) in a 50 μl reaction using 1.5 U Taq in 35 cycles (5 min. 95° C.; then 35×[20 seconds at 94° C., ten seconds at 59° C. and twenty seconds at 72° C.), all reactions having been carried out in a 1× Tuning buffer with 2.5 mM Mg(Oac)2 final concentration. Note that each reaction included the following components calculated for 20 reactions: 100 μl 10× Tuning Buffer with 25 mM Mg2+, 20 μl 10 mM dNTP mix, 20 μl β-actin forward and reverse primers (10 μM), 20 μl human gDNA (50 ng/μl), 6 μl Taq DNA polymerase (5 U/μl), and 614 MBGW H2O. Approximately 40 μl of this combination was used in each 50 μl reaction. The remaining 10 μl volume was made up of the different combinations of alkyl-sulfoxides and trehalose, etcetera. or water alone. As shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, titration of N-propylsulfoxide with trehalose facilitated amplification of difficult GC-rich target sites on gDNA. The combination of N-propylsulfoxide with trehalose outperformed the Q-solution/betaine from Qiagen (higher specific product yield at lower concentration) and GC-Melt from Clontech (better yield and specificity). Note that Clontech and Q-solution were performed to the manufacturers specification. Tetramethylene-sulfoxide was less effective than N-propylsulfoxide in these experiments for facilitating the target nucleic acid molecules. This Example illustrates the utility of combining an alkyl-sulfoxide with a sugar like trehalose for improving amplification yield and reducing non-specific amplification. It envisioned that these combinations could be used with a polyol or dUTP embodiments as described above. The invention has been described with reference to specific examples. These examples are not meant to limit the invention in any way. It is understood for purposes of this disclosure, that various changes and modifications may be made to the invention that are well within the scope of the invention. Numerous other changes may be made which will readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and which are encompassed in the spirit of the invention disclosed herein and as defined in the appended claims. This specification contains numerous citations to patents, patent applications, and publications, each is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The ability to prepare large amounts of nucleic acid molecules is requisite to a number of protocols in molecular biology, as well as a basic requirement in numerous downstream uses in biotechnology and clinical research. For example, amplified nucleic acid molecules are often used in cloning experiments, DNA sequencing reactions, restriction digestion reactions, and subsequent ligation reactions, and these uses are all, or to some extent, dependent on the quality and quantity of the starting DNA material. As such, there has been, and continues to be, a need for reliable methods for preparing large amounts of quality, sequence-specific nucleic acid molecules. In addition, the ability to detect and/or quantify nucleic acid molecules from a mixed starting material is useful in a number of clinical, industrial and basic research applications. For example, sensitive and accurate detection and quantification of viral nucleic acid sequences in a patient sample is helpful in a clinical setting for accurate diagnosis and subsequent treatment of a patient. Such detection and quantification processes generally require amplification of one or more target nucleic acid molecules present in the starting material. As such, there has been, and continues to be, a need for facilitating the detection and quantification of target nucleic acid sequences from a starting material, which again requires reliable methods for preparing large amounts of quality, sequence-specific nucleic acid molecules. The predominant approach for amplifying nucleic acid is via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR is a convenient in vitro amplification process useful in the exponential increase of template nucleic acid. One of the more critical facets of a successful PCR reaction is primer design, requiring specific primers that hybridize to the target template sequence. However, there is a relatively narrow range of reaction conditions (temperature, ion concentration, denaturing agents, etc.) where a primer will specifically anneal to its complementary target. Moreover, even with optimal primer selection, many PCR reactions produce little or no product due to non-specific amplification and/or primer aggregation. Primer aggregation typically results from the extension of one primer off of the other primer in the PCR reaction, i.e., one primer acts as a template for the other primer; this process occurs even though no stable annealing of the primer is accomplished. Typically, as primers begin to form aggregates within a PCR reaction, the aggregates become valid templates for efficient PCR amplification, since the primer aggregates contain both primer annealing sites. In this manner, primer aggregation has a persistent and detrimental effect on PCR reactions, as each primer-aggregate acts as a template for additional rounds of non-specific amplification. Since the generation of primer aggregation is a major problem at low temperatures during the amplification reaction, i.e., prior to thermocycling, primer aggregation has typically been addressed using “hot start” technologies. Additional technologies for addressing this problem, however, are needed, as even “hot start” technologies are only partially successful in their approach to limiting primer aggregation. In addition, even small increases in non-specific amplification can lead to significant losses in sensitivity and specificity during a PCR or other like nucleic acid amplification reaction. As such, there is a continuing need in the art for improvement of PCR techniques and compositions that allow for a reduction in primer aggregation during nucleic acid amplification reactions, and in particular PCR.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE RELEVANT LITERATURE <EOH>Over the past ten to fifteen years, the nucleotide deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) has been employed in conjunction with uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG or UNG) in amplification reactions as a general methodology for reducing contamination, wherein dUTP conventionally replaces thymidine triphosphate (TTP) in the amplification reaction mixture. U.S. Pat. No. 5,418,149 discloses the use of dUTP for inactivating contaminating amplicons in PCR by generally distinguishing previously produced amplicons, those that incorporate uracil, from new target sequences, i.e., template sequences, that do not contain uracil. The uracil-containing DNA is treated with uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG or UNG) to remove uracil, leaving the sugar-phosphodiester backbone intact, i.e., the UDG treated backbone having abasic sites. These abasic sites are susceptible to hydrolysis by heat or alkali, thereby fragmenting the uracil-containing DNA and rendering it unamplifiable during subsequent amplification reactions. The elevated heat or alkali also results in inactivation of the UDG. Large excesses of dUTP are required for this application, typically being added at concentrations well above concentrations normally used for conventional dNTPs. A variation of this “clean-up” method has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,649 ('649), for clean-up or inactivation of amplicons during strand displacement amplification reactions (SDA). dUTP is incorporated into amplicons produced by amplification reactions using SDA. Amplicons having incorporated uracil nucleotides are treated with UDG, and the UDG is inactivated by inclusion of the UDG inhibitor protein Ugi. Note that large concentrations of dUTP are required for this increase in SDA amplification efficiency, i.e., 0.5 mM to 4 mM. dUTP has also been used in methods for targeting DNA that has been sequenced, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,413,718. As with the above-described amplification reactions, dUTP is incorporated into sequenced product and then degraded at the end of the reactions to eliminate contamination problems. In general, therefore, dUTP incorporation is uniformly combined in the art with an enzymatic degradation step employing UNG or other like enzyme, to degrade uracil-containing amplicons. Moreover, the dUTP will typically completely replace one of the naturally-occurring nucleotide triphosphates in the reaction mixture, usually at a concentration well in excess of any one of the three remaining conventional nucleotides.

20070629

20110426

20071115

64124.0

C12Q168

KIM, YOUNG J

DUTP BASED COMPOSITIONS FOR REDUCING PRIMER-AGGREGATE FORMATIONS DURING NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

C12Q

ACCEPTED

Server, system and method for providing access to a public network through an internal network of a multi-system operator

A network service management server is provided for an internal network operated by a multi-system operator, at a selected location of the internal network, such as a network head-end. The server registers a client connecting to one of the network entities. It also assigns to the client an address associated with the one of the network entities to which the client is connected. The server manages network services by handling information relating to network services for the client based on the assigned address. The server can handle network services for the client based solely on the clients assigned IP address.

1. A network service management server for managing network services for an internal network operated by a multi-system operator, the internal network being formed with network entities, the network service management server comprising: a registration driver provided at a selected location of the internal network for registering a client connecting to one of the network entities; an address assignment handler provided at the selected location of the internal network for assigning to the client an address associated with the one of the network entities to which the client is connected; and an information handler for handling information relating to network services for the client based on the assigned address. 2. The network service management server as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the registration driver registers the client with the assigned Internet Protocol (IP) address or Media Access Control (MAC) address. 3. The network service management server as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the registration driver registers the client in association with information of one or more network elements through which the client is routed. 4. The network service management server as claimed in claim 1 further comprising: a network entity database for storing location information of a network entity in association with a MAC address of the network entity; and a location resolution handler for obtaining a network entity MAC address from network traffic sent from or to a client connected to the network entity, and resolving the location of the client based on the location information of the network entity using the client IP address or MAC address. 5. The network service management server as claimed in claim 4 wherein: the registration driver registers the client in association with a client IP address or client MAC address. 6. The network service management server as claimed in claim 4 wherein: the internal network reflects one or more network entities which are routing devices; and the address assignment handler assigns to the client an address that reflects information of one or more routing devices that the client traffic is routed. 7. The network service management server as claimed in claim 6 wherein: the internal network includes one or more relay modules; and the address assignment handler assigns to the client an address that reflects information of one or more relay modules through which the client traffic passes. 8. The network service management server as claimed in claim 4 wherein: the internal network includes network entities which are bridging devices; and the address assignment handler assigns to the client an address that reflects information of bridged network entities through which the client traffic passes. 9. The network service management server as claimed in claim 4 wherein: the information handler handles billing information for a client based on the location of the client as resolved by the location resolution handler. 10. The network service management server as claimed in claim 1 wherein: the client has a fixed address that is used for a foreign network; and the network service management server further comprises an address translator for translating the fixed address to or from the assigned address. 11. The network service management server as claimed in claim 4 further comprising: a network entity provisioning handler for provisioning a network entity; and a network entity information handler for storing the provisioning information in the network entity database. 12. A network service management server for managing Internet services for a cable modem network having multiple cable modems and Cable Modem Termination Systems (CMTSs) for communicating with connected cable modems, the network service management server comprising: a registration driver provided at a selected location of the cable modem network for registering a client connecting to one of the cable modems; an address assignment handler provided at the selected location of the cable modem network for assigning to the client a client address associated with the one of the cable modems to which the client is connected; and an information handler for handling information relating to Internet services for the client based on the assigned client address. 13. The network service management server as claimed in claim 12, wherein: the registration driver registers the client based on the assigned IP address or MAC address. 14. The network service management server as claimed in claim 12, wherein: the registration driver registers the client in association with information of a CMTS to which the client is connected. 15. A method of managing network services for an internal network operated by a multi-system operator, the internal network being formed with network entities, the method comprising the steps of: registering, at a selected location of the internal network, a client connecting to one of the network entities; assigning to the client an address associated with the one of the network entities to which the client is connected; and handling information relating to network services for the client based on the assigned address. 16. The method as claimed in claim 15, wherein: the registering step registers the client based on the assigned Internet Protocol (IP) address or Media Access Control (MAC) address. 17. The method as claimed in claim 15, wherein: the registering step registers the client in association with information of one or more network elements through which the client is routed. 18. The method as claimed in claim 15 further comprising the steps of: storing location information of a network entity in association with a assigned IP address of the network entity; obtaining a network entity MAC address from network traffic sent from or to a client connected to the network entity; and resolving the location of the client based on the location information of the network entity using the client IP address or MAC address. 19. The method as claimed in claim 18, wherein: the registering step registers the client in association with a client IP address or client MAC address. 20. The method as claimed in claim 18 wherein: the assigning step assigns to the client an address that reflects information of the device through which the client is routed when one or more network entities are routing devices. 21. The method as claimed in claim 20 wherein: the assigning step assigns to the client an address that reflects information of one or more relay modules through which the client traffic passes when the internal network includes one or more relay modules. 22. The method as claimed in claim 18 wherein: the assigning step assigns to the client an address that reflects information of bridged network entities through which the client traffic passes when one or more network entities are bridging devices. 23. The method as claimed in claim 18 wherein: the information handling step handles billing information for a client based on the location of the client as resolved by the location resolution handler. 24. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein: for a client having a fixed address that is used for a foreign network, translating the fixed address to or from the assigned address. 25. The method as claimed in claim 15 further comprising the steps of: provisioning a network entity; and storing the provisioning information in a network entity database. 26. A computer readable medium storing the instructions or statements for use in the execution in a computer of a method of managing network services for an internal network operated by a multi-system operator, the internal network being formed with network entities, the method comprising the steps of: registering, at a selected location of the internal network, a client connecting to one of the network entities; assigning to the client an address associated with the one of the network entities to which the client is connected; and handling information relating to network services for the client based on the assigned address. 27. Electronic signals for use in the execution in a computer of a method of managing network services for an internal network operated by a multi-system operator, the internal network being formed with network entities, the method comprising the steps of: registering, at a selected location of the internal network, a client connecting to one of the network entities; assigning to the client an address associated with the one of the network entities to which the client is connected; and handling information relating to network services for the client based on the assigned address. 28. A computer program product for use in the execution in a computer a method of managing network services for an internal network operated by a multi-system operator, the internal network being formed with network entities, the computer program product comprising: a module for registering, at a selected location of the internal network, a client connecting to one of the network entities; a module for assigning to the client an address associated with the one of the network entities to which the client is connected; and a module for handling information relating to network services for the client based on the assigned address.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to public network access, more specifically, to a server, system and method for providing access to a public network through an internal network of a multi-system operator BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION To date, most providers of high speed Internet provisioning systems connect a local area network (LAN) to the Internet through an on-site or local Internet provisioning server. This local provisioning server provisions, authenticates and provides a billing interface for Internet service. On the internal side of the LAN, the LAN site must offer some means of connecting the internal network traffic and routing it through a central system of the LAN. The internal side of the LAN may be made up of structured wiring/switches, digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies, wireless 802.11 devices, Ethernet over coaxial cables, and other hybrid systems to provide network connectivity to the LAN users. The Internet provisioning server connects directly to a router, which acts as a local connection to the Internet. There exists some multi-system operators (MSOs) offering high-speed Internet services through their internal networks. For example, some cable TV service providers offer high-speed Internet services through their cable modem networks for cable TV services. A cable modem network is a network of cable modems. A cable modem allows a user computer to connect with the Internet through the cable modem network. A nomadic user computer is often pre-configured to connect with a company network or other network which is foreign to the internal network of a multi-system operator. Thus, the user computer cannot operate on the internal network as it is. For example, in a conventional cable modem network, a user computer that is configured to a foreign network cannot operate on the cable modem network. The user needs to modify the network configuration settings of the user computer to match those of the cable modem network. Adding a new user computer to the cable modem network usually involves system configuration changes and assistance from a technical support resource. It is, therefore, desirable to provide a new system and method, which allows users to receive Internet services through an internal network of a multi-system operator, such as cable modem network, while maintaining their computers'pre-configured network settings for a foreign network. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to provide a novel system and method that obviates or mitigates at least one of the disadvantages of the existing systems. The invention assigns to clients addresses that reflect the location of a client on a network. Traffic to or from an external network, such as Internet web traffic, is intercepted and forced through provisioning, authentication, registration and/or billing mechanisms prior to granting access to the external network. In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a network service management server for managing network services for an internal network operated by a multi-system operator, the internal network being formed with network entities. The network service management server comprises a registration driver, an address assignment handler and an information handler. The registration driver is provided at a selected location of the internal network for registering a client connecting to one of the network entities. The address assignment handler is provided at the selected location of the internal network for assigning to the client an address associated with the one of the network entities to which the client is connected. The information handler is provided for handling information relating to network services for the client based on the assigned address. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a network service management server for managing Internet services for a cable modem network having multiple cable modems and Cable Modem Termination Systems (CMTS) for communicating with connected cable modems. The network service management server comprises a registration driver, an address assignment handler and an information handler. The registration driver is provided at a selected location of the cable modem network for registering a client connecting to one of the cable modems. The address assignment handler is provided at the selected location of the cable modem network for assigning to the client a client address associated with the one of the cable modems to which the client is connected. The information handler is provided for handling information relating to Internet services for the client based on the assigned client address. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of managing network services for an internal network operated by a multi-system operator, the internal network being formed with network entities. The method comprising the steps of registering, at a selected location of the internal network, a client connecting to one of the network entities, assigning to the client an address associated with the one of the network entities to which the client is connected; and handling information relating to network services for the client based on the assigned address. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a computer readable medium storing the instructions or statements for use in the execution in a computer of the method of managing network services for an internal network operated by a multi-system operator, the internal network being formed with network entities. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided electronic signals for use in the execution in a computer of the method of managing network services for an internal network operated by a multi-system operator, the internal network being formed with network entities. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a computer program product for use in the execution in a computer a method of managing network services for an internal network operated by a multi-system operator, the internal network being formed with network entities. The computer program product comprises a module for registering, at a selected location of the internal network, a client connecting to one of the network entities, a module for assigning to the client an address associated with the one of the network entities to which the client is connected and a module for handling information relating to network services for the client based on the assigned address. Other aspects and features of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from a review of the following detailed description of preferred embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will be further understood from the following description with reference to the drawings in which: FIG. 1A is a block diagram showing an IP provisioning system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; FIG. 1B is a block diagram showing a network service management server in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 1C is a flow block showing an operation of the network service management server; FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an example of the network service management server of FIG. 1B; FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a network service management server in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a network service management server in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing one example of the registration driver of FIG. 2; FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing other components or functionalities of the network service management server; FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing one example of the location resolution handler of FIG. 2; and FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing another embodiment of the invention used in a different network. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The invention is suitably used for an internal network operated by a multi-system operator (MSO). The internal network comprises multiple network entities for connecting clients and routing client traffic. The invention allows management of external public network service offerings, such as the Internet service offerings, to the clients through the internal network. Embodiments of the present invention are now described for a cable modem network operated by a cable TV service company. However, the present invention may be applied to different types of internal networks of MSOs, such as but not limited to Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) networks. FIG. 1A shows an IP provisioning system 2 for a cable modem network 10 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The cable modem network 10 may be a new or existing network that comprises cable modems 18 and Cable Modem Termination Systems (CMTSs) 14. The IP provisioning system 2 is provided at the cable head-end of the cable modem network 10 in a central site of a cable company operating the cable modem network 10, typically in or near a cable company Network Operating Center (NOC) 16 where CMTSs 14 are provided. The IP provisioning system 2 acts as a gateway to the Internet 24 for the cable modem network 10. The cable modem network 10 provides connectivity to multiple cable modems 18. Cable modems 18 may be wired or wireless cable modems. A group of cable modems 18 is located in a local property 16, such as hotels, convention centers, public Internet locations such as coffee shops, waiting rooms, airports and other properties which provide Internet services to users. Each cable modem 18 has one or more ports or interfaces, each to accept connection with user's Customer Premise Equipment (CPE)120, such as a laptop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA) device or other Internet service access device. Cable modems 18 are connected to CMTSs 14 residing in the NOC 6. One or more cable modems 18 may be connected to a single CMTS 14. A CMTS 14 is capable of communicating with cable modems 18 connected to the CMTS 14, receiving signals sent upstream from CPEs 20 associated with the connected cable modems 18, converting the signals into Internet Protocol (IP) packets and routing the signals for connection to the Internet 24, and sending signals downstream to the associated CPEs 20 through the cable modems 18. Also, the NOC 6 may also have one or more CMTSs 14 which communicate with one or more cable modems 18 individually for individual subscribers who do not belong to any local properties 16. Those CMTSs may bypass the IP provisioning system 2, if desired. Cable modems 14 which are connected to CMTSs 14 are sometimes referred to collectively as “clients” or “network entities”, hereinafter. The IP provisioning system 2 has network provisioning functionalities, authentication functionalities, and billing service functionalities to perform network provisioning, authentication services and billing services. The network provisioning functionalities include functionality that performs provisioning of cable modems. Also included is a plug and play functionality that allows users to use their CPEs 20 configured for a foreign network and connect them to the Internet 24 through the cable modem network 10 without changing the network configuration settings. Examples of network applications used for Internet services include email, Virtual Private Network (VPN) connectivity, instant messaging, and Voice over IP. The authentication functionalities include a registration functionality that allows users to register their CPEs 20 at desired cable modems 18. The network service management server 4 does not need to provision any cable equipment in order to operate as an authenticating gateway for CPEs connected to a CMTS. The billing functionalities include client location resolution functionality that resolves a physical location of a cable modem 18 or its port to which a specific CPE 20 is connected. The billing functionality allows the local property operator to bill each user based on a pay per use basis. These functionalities are further described below. The IP provisioning system 2 uses a network service management server 4 and/or other servers to provide these functionalities. The network service management server 12 may act as a sole network provisioner or partial network provisioner for any or all cable modems 18 and the CPEs 20 connected to the CMTSs 14. When the network service management server 4 acts as a sole network provisioner, it performs all three functionalities. When acting as a partial network provisioner, it shares some functionalities with other network service management server or other third party server or system. A network service management server 4 may maintain public access Internet service across the entire cable modem network 10, or may maintain public access Internet service to part of the cable modem network 10 for selected cable modems 18. Referring to FIG. 1B, an embodiment is described where the network service management server 4 is embodied by a network service management server 12 that acts as a sole network provisioner and performs network provisioning functionalities. This embodiment is described using a hotel as an example of a local property 16. For simplicity of the drawings, a single cable modem 18 is shown in the hotel 16, and a single CMTS 14 is shown in an NOC 6. The CMTS 14 may operate in Routing Mode for routing traffic, or Bridging Mode for bridging traffic. The CMTS 14 may also perform filtering and traffic shaping. Preferably, the CMTS 14 is a Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) compliant system. Also, preferably, the cable modem 18 is a DOCSIS compliant device. The network service management server 12 identifies, collects and dynamically maintains information on each cable modem 18, and/or a group of cable modems and CPEs A nomadic user can connect a CPE 20 that is configured to a foreign network to the cable modem 18. The CPE 20 may be a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) client CPE which does not have an IP address, or a statically configured client which has a static IP address assigned to it for the foreign network. The network service management system 12 can provide plug and play provisioning for statically configured client CPEs when the CMTS is operated in Bridging Mode, as described below. The network service management server 12 integrates with the cable modem network 10 to perform IP provisioning, authentication services and billing services for local property operators who subscribe to these services from the cable operator. Each point of connection to the cable modem network 10, e.g., each point where a local property is connected, is configured to present custom interfaces suitable for the local property owner. Custom interfaces may include registration screens, fee schedules and Internet connection options, as further described below. These functionalities are controlled and maintained by the network service management server 12 at the NOC 6. The cable company operator can assign different service offerings to individual cable modems or group of cable modems. Thus, for example, different hotels may provide different offerings to their customers. Also, different rooms in a hotel may have different offerings. Each cable modem 18 is identified by a unique Media Access Control (MAC) address. The information relating to each relevant cable modem 18, such as settings, billing schedules and connection options, is stored in a cable modem database 26. The stored information of each cable modem is linked to the MAC address of the cable modem. In FIG. 1B, the database 26 is provided separately from the network service management server 12. However, the database 26 may be provided in the network service management server 12. The cable company operator or other installer may install cable modems 18 for a local property 16. The network service management server 12 tracks and maps each cable modem 18 to its physical location, such as a guest room in a hotel 16. This mapping information, i.e., the physical location of the cable modem 18 is linked to the MAC address of the cable modem 18, and is also stored in the cable modem database 26. Using this mapping information, when a user connects a CPE 20 to a cable modem, the network service management server 12 can resolve the physical location, e.g., the guest room, from which the user connected the CPE 20 to the cable modem 18. The CPE 20 is thus provisioned and further authenticated by the network service management server 12. The network service management server 12 also manages and tracks billing information associated with the services offered through the cable modem network 10 for each CPE 20. The services offered by the network 10 are billed on a pay per use basis (e.g., fixed time length, time based, bandwidth usage, per minute usage). As each cable modem is managed individually, the local property and the cable company may customize presentation pages, such as a registration page, billing schedules and connection options, for each of the cable modems to have a localized look and feel as if the service is being provided at the local property. The network service management server 12 offers plug and play functionality for clients connecting their network CPEs 20 through a cable modem network. It offers nomadic users nomadic Internet service through the cable modem network. The network service management server 12 enables the users to maintain the pre-configured network settings of the CPEs to obtain such services. In order to provide this plug and play functionality, the network assigns a router-aware IP address to a CPE 20, and seamlessly redirects the CPE traffic to the external network, e.g., to the Internet 24. The server 12 provides transparent network access via two mechanisms: Network Address Translation (NAT): and Masquerading. NAT: Each internal system (client) is assigned a unique IP address by the network service management server 12, in order to provide network access to those internal systems. DHCP clients request such an IP address from the network server. Statically-addressed clients are not made aware of this unique IP address; instead, the network service management server 12 maintains an internal mapping of a statically-addressed client's static address to the unique IP address assigned to that client by the network service management server 12. The network service management server 12 can assign either private or public IP addresses to clients. Clients may choose to be assigned either a private or public address at registration time, or the network service management server 12 can be configured to assign only public or addresses. When the internal network contains routers, the network service management server 12 can be configured to assign either all public or all private addresses to routed clients on a per-router basis. The network service management server's NAT module performs address translation on traffic to and from statically-addressed clients, by referring to the network service management server's internal mapping described above. The network service management server 12 will masquerade traffic from clients which have been assigned private IP addresses, so that those clients'outbound traffic originates from the network service management server's external IP address. Masquerading: Each internal system appears to the outside world with the IP address of the server. This requires special protocol-aware handlers (proxies) for protocols like active-mode File Transfer Protocol (FTP), which try to create independent return connections back to the client, and also modifications are made to support Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) “connections” (stateful packet inspection). Thus, the user can access the Internet 24 without changing the network configurations of CPE 20. The assignment of router-aware IP address is further described below in connection with the registration of CPEs. To allow connection of CPEs 20, the network service management server 12 also performs registration and authentication services. Prior to registration for the network service, any attempts to access the services across the Internet 24 are detected and intercepted by the network service management server 12. The network service management server 12 invites the CPE 20 to register for the network service. The network service management server 12 resolves the location of registered CPE 20 using the information stored in the cable modem database, as further described below. Using the location of the CPE 20 and registration information, the network service management server 12 performs billing services. FIG. 1C shows an example of operation of the network service management server 12. In this embodiment, the network service management server 12 handles network traffic for DHCP, time of day (TOD), Domain Name System (DNS) and TFTP. The network traffic is passed through the cable modem 18 and the CMTS 14. When new cable modems 18 are installed or other certain events occur, the network service management server 12 receives a DHCP cable modem request and configuration request from each cable modem 18 (160). The network service management server 12 acts on these requests and provides modem configuration files based on the requests to the cable modems (162) by using, e.g., a Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP). The TFTP server configuration file includes information for the operating frequency, bandwidth limits, number of connections and Management Information Base (MIB) settings for the cable modem. The network service management server 12 stores the cable modem MAC address and the physical location in the cable modem database (164). Once all relevant cable modems are provisioned, the network service management server 12 is ready to handle network traffic from and to CPEs. A user connects a CPE 20 which is a DHCP client CPE to a cable modem 18 and attempts to access Internet services by issuing a DHCP request (170). The network service management server 12 sends a DHCP response to the CPE 20 (172). The network service management server 12 extracts the MAC address of the cable modem from the DHCP request (174), and can use this information to determine the physical location from which the CPE 20 is connected (176) referring to the mapping information stored in the modem database 26. Also, using this information, the network service management server 12 presents a custom interface, such as a billing fee schedule and connection options, to the CPE 20 (178). Through the custom interface, the user requests registration of the CPE 20 for Internet services (180) by sending information of selected options. The network service management server 12 registers and authenticates the CPE 20 (182). Once the CPE 20 is provisioned and authenticated for service, upstream Internet traffic from the CPE 20 to the Internet 24 is routed through the cable modem 18, CMTS 14, network service management server 12 and router 22. Downstream Internet traffic to the CPE 20 is routed from the Internet 24 through router 22, network service management server 12, CMTS 14 and cable modem 18. These steps are performed for each and every capable modem that is associated with the network service management server 12. This is available across the cable modem network. Referring to FIG. 3, another embodiment is described where the network service management server 4 is embodied by a network service management server 13 that acts as a partial network provisioner and shares the provisioning functions with a third party provisioning system 30. The network service management system 13 works with the third party system 30. The network service management system 13 can retrieve cable modem information from the third party system 30. Some MSO operators require the network architecture include a third party commercial cable modem provisioning system 30. While provisioning of some or all cable modems may be performed in the third party system 30, authentication, NAT, Proxy, billing, and Domain Name System (DNS) services take place on the network service management system 13 for the CPEs the network service management system 13 sees. The network service management system 13 and the third party cable provisioning system 30 can serve DHCP and TFTP requests to the groups of cable modems associated to their respective provisioning system. The CMTS 14 is configured to route requests from CPE 20 to the network service management server 12 or the third party provisioning system 30 based on the MAC address of the cable modem 18. Thus, network traffic for DHCP, TOD, DNS, and TFTP is passed through the cable modem 18 and is sent to the third party provisioning system 30 or the network service management server 12. Referring to FIG. 4, another embodiment is described where the network service management server 4 is embodied by a network service management server 15 that does not perform any network provisioning functions. Network traffic for DHCP, TOD, DNS and TFTP is passed through the cable modem 18 and is provisioned by a third party provisioning system 30. The third party provisioning system 30 handles the provisioning of the cable modems 18 and DHCP requests and configuration of the CPE 20. The network service management server 15 can retrieve the MAC address information and determines the physical location of the CPE from the CMTS 14 or from the third party provisioning system 30. The network service management system 12 can also perform authentication and billing functions without access to the CPE MAC address. In all embodiments shown in FIGS. 1B, 3 and 4, once the CPE 20 is provisioned and authenticated for service, upstream Internet traffic from the CPE 20 to the Internet 24 is routed through the cable modem 18, CMTS 14, network service management server 12, 13 or 15 and router 22. Downstream Internet traffic to the CPE 20 is routed from the Internet 24 through router 22, network service management server 12, 13 or 15, CMTS 14 and cable modem 18. The network service management server 4 is further described in detail using the network service management server 12 shown in FIG. 1B, which has all three major functionalities of network provisioning, authentication and billing services. The network service management server 4 may have more or less functionalities or components than those described below. FIG. 2 shows an example of components or functionalities of the network service management server 12. The network service management server 12 has a registration driver 40, a client entry store 41, a DHCP server 42, a Network Address Translation (NAT) module 44, Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) daemon 46, a cable modem information handler 48, the cable modem database 26, a Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server 50, a packet filter module 99 ,a location resolution component 52, a billing data handler 54, a billing database 56, client interface handler 58, an authentication handler 60, a CMTS handler 62 and graphical tools 64. The registration driver 40 handles registration of CPEs and manages address information and other information of registered and unregistered CPEs stored in a client entry store 41. The packet filter module 99 provides basic security blocking. It also intercepts web and email traffic for unregistered clients and initiates a redirection to the client interface handler. The DHCP server 42 assigns dynamic IP addresses to devices on the cable modem network, e.g., CPEs and Cable Modems. The NAT module 44 enables the cable modem network 10 to use one set of IP addresses for internal traffic and a second set of addresses for external traffic. The SNMP daemon 46 manages the cable modem network 10 by sending messages, called protocol data units (PDUs), to different parts of the network. SNMP-compliant devices, called agents, store data about themselves in Management Information Bases (MIBs) and return this data to the SNMP requesters. The cable modem information handler 48 maps each cable modem 18 to a physical location and stores the mapping information in the cable modem database 26. The cable modem mappings are further described below in detail. Also, it handles setting information relating to each cable modem 18, such as billing schedule and connection options, as described above. The TFTP server 50 provides TFTP provisioning service and sends configuration files to cable modems. In conjunction with the DHCP server 42, the TFTP server 50 can be used to send different configuration files to different modems or groups of modems. The location resolution handler 52 resolves physical locations of CPEs 20. The billing data handler 54 handles billing data of each CPE and stores the billing data in the billing database 56. The client interface handler 58 handles a client interface, such as presentation pages including registration pages and billing pages, for each local property based on the information and data handled by the cable modem information handler 48 and billing data handler 54. The authentication handler 60 handles authentication of CPEs 20 based on the information and data handled by the registration driver 40 and cable modem information handler 48. The CMTS handler 62 handles communication with CMTSs 14 and information of CMTSs. Graphical tools 64 including tools for allowing users to configure settings or modify information or data handled by other components, such as the cable modem information handler 48, billing data handler 54, CMTS handler 62 and registration driver 40. An example of tools 64 is a configuration tool that allows users to configure CMTS definition, the modem mapping, and address range assignment to routing CMTSs. The network service management server 12 operates with multiple bridging and routing CMTSs connected to the network service management server 12 simultaneously. To this end, the network service management server 12 assigns specific CPE IP address ranges, cable modem IP address ranges and switch (maintenance) IP address ranges to each routing CMTS using the registration driver 40. A switch IP address is an IP address for a managed network device. The use of these IP addresses allows the network service management server 12 to assign router-aware addresses to CPEs, modems, and network devices and thus allows operation of multiple routing CMTSs simultaneously. The registration driver 40 of FIG. 2 is now described in detail. FIG. 5 shows an example of the registration driver 40. The registration driver 40 contains address assignment handler 80, router-aware address pools 82, a common bridged cable modem address pool 84, client entry handler 88, and a client entry store 41. The address assignment handler 80 assigns IP addresses to CPEs, cable modems and other network devices. Those IP addresses are selected from the CPE, cable modem and switch IP address ranges that are associated with specific routing CMTSs. The network service management system 12 supports multiple routing devices (routers), e.g., routing CMTSs. The address assignment handler 80 assigns router-aware IP addresses to network devices. A router-aware IP address is an address which can be assigned to a network entity behind a particular router. Bridging CMTSs share a common pool 84 of cable modem IP addresses. The address assignment handler 80 assigns to bridged CPEs IP addresses from standard bridged client IP address ranges, i.e., normal unrouted IP address ranges The IP address assignment is described in detail first for the CMTS operating in Bridging Mode. A CPE IP address may be assigned as follows for a CPE having a fixed or static IP address that is configured for a foreign network. When the user connects a CPE to a cable modem and boots the CPE, an Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) request is generated to see if this fixed IP address is already in use. The ARP request contains the fixed IP address and a MAC address of the CPE. The network service management server picks up the ARP request and passes it to the packet driver 303 (shown in FIG. 6). The packet driver 303 asks the registration driver 40 to look up this fixed IP address for the CPE MAC address. In this case, the registration driver 40 does not find a client entry having the CPE MAC address, and accordingly, the registration driver 40 transparently assigns to the CPE a new IP address from the pool of IP addresses available for the CPE. The packet driver 303 performs NAT on the ARP packet. The CPE becomes an owner of the assigned IP address on the cable modem network. The registration driver 40 registers the CPE using the assigned IP address with the option of using the CPE MAC address. When the network service management server 12 receives a packet from the CPE, the packet contains the fixed IP address of the CPE and the CPE MAC address. The network service management server passes the packet to the packet driver 303. The packet driver 303 examines the packet and obtains the CPE MAC address. It looks up the client entry in the registration driver 40 using the CPE MAC address, and determines the assigned IP address associated with the MAC address. If the assigned IP address is different from the fixed IP address, the packet is NATed to include the assigned IP address, and then forwarded to the next stage for transmission to the destination. When the network service management server receives a packet from the Internet, the packet is passed from the packet filters to the ARP handler 307 (shown in FIG. 6). In this case, assume that the packet contains a CPE MAC address of the destined client. The ARP handler 307 looks up the CPE MAC address. The packet is passed on to the packet driver 303 that looks up the client entry for the CPE MAC address and determines the assigned IP address associated with the CPE MAC address. It thus identifies the CPE to which the packet is destined. If the assigned IP address is different from the fixed IP address of the CPE, the packet driver 303 performs NAT on the packet so that the packet contains the fixed IP address. The packet is then transmitted to the CPE. Thus, the CPE can use its fixed IP address to send and receive messages. The user does not need to change the IP address of the CPE to connect to the cable modem network. The user can access Internet services through the cable modem network without changing the network configurations, e.g. the IP address. The IP address assignment is now described in detail for the CMTS operating in Routing Mode. The assignment of addresses in other scenarios and determination of the CPE MAC are further described below. Some existing routing CMTSs use publicly addressable IP addresses, such as RealIP (trade-mark). The network service management server 12 supports those publicly addressable IP addresses, including RealIP to use with those routing CMTSs. The address assignment handler 80 allows configuration of multiple, distinct router aware pools 82 of IP addresses by a system operator. Each router-aware IP address pool 82 comprises masqueraded and/or routable address ranges , and is assigned to a specific routing CMTS. Graphical tools 64 shown in FIG. 2 includes a configuration tool which is used to define the router-aware CPE, cable modem, switch address pools 82 and the bridged cable modem address pool 84. Also, graphical tools 64 include a tool which is used to define IP address ranges for each CMTS. Similar tools may also be provided in the registration driver 40. When clients are registered, the client entry handler 88 updates the information of the clients in the client entry store 41. Each client entry 68 is router-aware, i.e., contains a router MAC address. An IP packet has a source MAC address of the most recent router, regardless of how many routers that packet has traversed. The network service management server 12 considers the source MAC address of an IP packet to be the router MAC address of the client sending that packet. Thus, a router MAC address for a client is automatically and dynamically set to the source MAC in the most recent IP packet sent from the IP address of the client. Consequently, the network service management server 12 always knows if a client message is being routed (router MAC !=client MAC), and which router that the client is behind, or if the client is bridged (router MAC=client MAC). Each IP packet also has a source IP address. The network service management server 12 considers the source IP address of the IP packet to be the client IP address. The network service management server 12 can determine the client MAC address by either examining DHCP packets sent from the client to the network service management server 12, or by querying a Management Information Base (MIB) on the router as described below. Cable modems are considered by CMTSs as DHCP relay agents that relays DHCP messages to DHCP server 42 (FIG. 2). Each client entry is also DHCP relay agent-aware, and contains a relay agent information (RAI) MAC address. When the client sends a DHCP option 82, the RAI MAC address is updated with the RAI MAC in the DHCP option 82 received from the client. A setting on most CMTSs enables the attachment of DHCP option 82 into DHCP DISCOVER packets which are forwarded by the CMTS to the other network devices, i.e., the network service management system 12 in this case. The RAI MAC is used in client location resolution as described below. The RAI MAC is also used as a means of determining if a network entity is a CPE (client MAC !=RAI MAC) or cable modem (client MAC=RAI MAC). Accordingly, each client entry in the registration driver contains three MAC addresses: client MAC; router MAC; and RAI MAC. The combination of these three MACs provides the network service management system 12 with useful information about the client. Each client entry includes the original IP address (in the case of a statically addressed clients), assigned IP address, as well as the client MAC address, router MAC address and RAI MAC address. In some network configurations, the network service management server 12 may have access to only a subset of the data which the network service management server 12 is capable of collecting. For example, in a routed cable network which uses a third party DHCP server, the network service management server 12 typically has access to only the router MAC address and the assigned IP address of the client. In such a network, the network service management server 12 maintains entries for several clients possessing the same router MAC address but client assigned IP addresses that are uniquely assigned to individual clients. The network service management system 12 is capable of identifying and processing clients by assigned IP addresses that are uniquely assigned to individual clients by the IP address assignment handler 80. This allows the server 10 to handle routed clients even if the network service management server 12 is used for a routed cable network with a third party DHCP or does not receive DHCP traffic, and the network service management server 12 sees no client MAC addresses. Situations where the network service management system 12 receives no DHCP traffic and therefore no client MAC addresses occur in routed cable networks which use a third party provisioning server as the sole provisioning agent or system 30 (FIG. 4). The network service management server 12 sees the Internet-bound traffic in the form of (routermac, clientip), where “routermac” represents a router MAC address, and “clientip” represents the IP address of a client. The NAT module 44 (FIG. 2) creates multiple client entries in the registration driver based upon this traffic, with the client MAC=router MAC, i.e., as (clientmac, clientip). The client IP address is used to differentiate those multiple client entries. Thus, the network service management server 12 can operate solely upon client IP addresses. This allows the network service management server 12 to act more as a gateway with billing and location-related features, than as a provisioning gateway. The network service management server 12 may not receive traffic containing client MAC. In this case, if the routing CMTS offers an appropriate Management Information Base (MIB), then, the network service management server 12 can retrieve the client MAC in realtime from the routing CMTS when network service management server 12 tries to resolve a client's location. This occurs when a client is redirected to a menu for registration. This MIB must contain (MAC,IP) pairs, i.e., client MAC and IP address pairs, for the network entities which the CMTS routes. Here a client MAC is a CPE MAC or cable modem MAC. An example of this MIB is ipNetToMediaPhysAddress table. When such an MIB is available and contains an entry for the IP address in question, the network service management server 12 automatically and in realtime retrieves the corresponding MAC and updates the client entry to be (clientmac, clientip) from (routermac, clientip). This provides the network service management server 12 with more specific data for that client. While the network service management server 12 is capable of using assigned IP addresses as the unique identifier for its clients, the network service management server 12 may collect other information for clients when that information is available to the network service management server 12. For example, when the network service management server 12 acts as the DHCP server for a routed cable network, the network service management server 12 has access to the client MAC addresses, and possibly the RAI MAC addresses, which are included in the DHCP packets. In that case, the network service management server 12 records these client MAC addresses, but still uses the client assigned IP addresses as unique identifiers for its clients. The other information which is collected, such as the MAC addresses, enables certain functionalities of the network service management server 12. For example, when the network service management server 12 has access to RAI MAC addresses, the network service management server 12 can perform the CPE location resolution using those RAI MAC addresses, as described below. The ability of using only the client assigned IP addresses as the unique client identifier allows the network service management server 12 to be integrated into a wide variety of network configurations. The SNMP daemon 46 shown in FIG. 2 is described in detail. The SNMP daemon 46 allows the retrieval of client MAC from a MIB, such as ipNetToMediaPhysAddress table, and updates the client entry in the registration driver accordingly as described above. The SNMP daemon can also read other standard and non-standard MIBs (as required) in order to perform location resolution. The SNMP daemon 46 may also resolve the CPE's location based upon assigned IP address, instead of only the client MAC address. This offers location-based functionality in routed environments in which the network service management server 12 does not have access to CPE MAC addresses (i.e. no DHCP traffic). The SNMP daemon 46 supports relevant DOCSIS MIBs on CMTSs for use in modem mapping and client MAC resolution, and supports some proprietary non-DOCSIS MIBs which offer CPE-modem association on, for example, Cisco UBR7000 series CMTS (trade-mark), Motorola CMTS (trade-mark), BSR64000 CMTS (trade-mark), Arris 1000/Arris 1500 CMTS (trade-mark). This allows the server 12 to perform location resolution using only SNMP functionality on these CMTSs as opposed to using RAI-based location resolution. Cable modem mapping by cable modem information handler 48 shown in FIG. 2 is now described in detail. The cable modem information handler 48 can map cable modems on a CMTS, i.e., retrieve and insert information regarding cable modems into the registration driver 40 and cable modem database 26 for use in CPE location resolution. It can map cable modems by referencing specific standard MIBs, such as standard DOCSIS MIBs on the CMTS. Thus, the cable modem information handler 48 can map cable modems on virtually any CMTS to which the network service management server 12 has at least read-only SNMP access. The cable modem information handler 48 does not need to receive any unsolicited traffic, such as DHCP, TFTP, TOD, from cable modems 18 in order to map them. The network service management server 12 retrieves enough information about cable modems 18 from the MIBs on the CMTS 14. The network service management server 12 stores modem mappings for multiple CMTSs. This allows the network service management server 12 to offer full functionality to multiple CMTSs simultaneously. Graphical tools 64 include a tool for controlling, viewing, and editing the results of modem mapping. The cable modem information handler 48 allows discretionary modem mapping. It provides a means to specify inclusion or exclusion lists listing cable modem MAC to be included or excluded. Thus, the cable modem information handler 48 can control which cable modems should be mapped and which cable modems should not be mapped. This functionality is convenient when a CMTS is hosting cable modems which the network service management server 12 does not need to manage, or when the network service management server 12 performs different types of mapping on different groups of modems. There are two types of mappings: portless modem mapping and detailed modem mapping. Some cable modems have multiple ports or interfaces. Examples include ethernet, usb, and wireless interfaces. The portless mapping treats each cable modem as a single logical port without consideration of the number or types of the modem's interfaces. The detailed modem mapping maps each individual port or interface on a cable modem as distinct logical ports. The portless modem mapping is much faster than detailed modem mapping, since the modem's standard interface MIBs do not need to be queried by the network service management server 12. The detailed mapping may take a long time. However, it allows the network service management server 12 to treat the cable modems 18 as managed network devices. Other managed network devices may be placed behind the cable modems, and the network service management server 12 can offer full functionality to all devices. When the cable modem 18 is mapped in accordance with the portless mapping, the port resolution by the network service management server 12 determines from which modem a CPE's traffic is originating. When the cable modem 18 is mapped in accordance with the detailed mapping, the port resolution by the network service management server 12 determines from which modem interface a CPE's traffic is originating. The network service management server 12 communicates with the cable modem 18 to perform the detailed mapping. The network service management server 12 does not need to communicate with the cable modem 18 to perform the portless mapping. Once a cable modem to which a CPE is connected is mapped, location resolution of the CPE can be performed. FIG. 7 shows one example of the location resolution handler 52 of FIG. 1B. The location resolution handler 52 has two CPE location resolution mechanisms: SNMP-based location resolution 90 and DHCP option based location resolution 92. The location resolution handler 52 performs the CPE location resolution using either the mechanism 90 or 92. The location resolution handler 52 can perform SNMP-based location resolution 90 when the network service management system 12 knows the CPE MAC address, i.e., when it either receives CPE DHCP traffic or has access to the ipNetToMediaPhysAddress MIB on the CMTS 14. In the absence of CPE DHCP traffic, the location resolution handler 52 queries a proprietary MIB (i.e. non-DOCSIS MIB) on the CMTS 14. This MIB provides CPE MAC-cable modem MAC association. Thus, based on the known CPE MAC address, the location resolution handler 52 can obtain the cable modem MAC address from the association and resolve the physical location of the cable modem using the information in the cable modem database 26. For this resolution 90, the CMTS should provide an adequate proprietary CPE MAC-cable modem MAC association MIB in response to the query. The location resolution handler 52 can perform DHCP Option based location resolution 92 when the network service management system 12 receives CPE DHCP traffic. The location resolution handler 52 automatically records the CPE's RAI MAC address based on the DHCP Option 82. The RAI MAC address is included in at least the CPE's DHCP DISCOVER packets, and in the CPE's client entry in the registration driver. This RAI MAC address will be the MAC address of the cable modem 18 to which the CPE 20 is connected. For modem DHCP DISCOVERS, the RAI MAC address is the same as the cable modem MAC. Therefore, if the network service management server 12 does not have access to a proprietary CPE-CM association MIB on the CMTS 14, and if the network service management server 12 receives CPE DHCP traffic, the network service management server 12 can use the RAI MAC address which it has recorded for the CPE in order to determine to which cable modem the CPE 20 is connected. When the cable modem 18 has been mapped in detail, the network service management server 12 can then proceed to query the modem's standard bridge MIBs to determine to which modem port the CPE is connected. According to the above embodiments of the present invention, a cable operator can choose to offer nomadic Internet services as a wide area provider across their entire network. The existing cable network continues to provide conventional cable modem residential and commercial Internet service. In addition, a cable company can extend its offering to include service to nomadic Internet users. The Internet service can be billed on a pay per use basis. The clients authenticate and may pay for service using credit cards, pre-pay cards, or a subscription account. Any location where a cable company presently offers network service via a cable modem is configured to operate as a pay per use public Internet access node. Referring to FIG. 6, additional components or functionalities included in the network service management server 12 are described. The network service management server 12 includes a packet driver 303. The packet driver 303 examines incoming packets. If the incoming packet is identified as a routed packet, the packet driver will assign an IP address equal to the original IP address. If the packet is a bridged packet, its MAC address is looked up in the registration driver 40. If this is the first time that this MAC address is encountered, then an IP address is assigned, and if the source IP address of the packet is a valid unassigned IP address, then that IP address will be assigned to that MAC address. Once the assigned IP address is determined, sanity tests are applied to ensure that the original IP address associated with the MAC has not changed in an unacceptable manner, if it has changed in an unacceptable manner then the entry is deleted, thus forcing the client to re-register if they were previously registered. If the assigned IP address is different from the original IP address in the client's packet then that IP address will be replaced with the assigned IP address in the IP or ARP header and the packet checksum recalculated according to the methods described in RFC-1624. If the packet contains a TCP or UDP packet then the checksum is further recalculated as above to account for the changed IP address in the pseudo-header associated with such packets as described in section 3.3 of RFC-1631. All outgoing packets have their source destination address looked up in the registration driver 40 (as an assigned IP address). If a matching entry is found then the original IP address is substituted provided it is non-zero and not equal to the current destination address. Then the packet's checksums are recalculated as described above for incoming packets. The network service management server 12 includes a packet filter input rules handler 305 and a packet filter forwarding rules handler 306 (referred to as packet filter rules handlers). The packet filter rules handlers 305, 306 allow packet filter rules that test the state of the registration entry flags for the source and/or destination addresses of packets. The network service management server 12 includes TCP/IP socket interface 311, a soin daemon 315 and a command line interface 317. The TCP/IP socket interface 311 is the standard socket networking interface, such as an interface provided by Linux, Unix. The soin daemon 315 is responsible for performing regular periodic backups of the registration driver. It also listens for UDP traffic on a specified port. The command line interface 317 offers an administrative and diagnostic tool to system administrators. It serves as a user space interface into the registration driver 40. It may be used to check the current state of the registration driver 40 or modify it. The network service management server 12 includes a POP server 313 for email service. A request to read or download mail is directed to the POP server 313 if the client is attempting to access their e-mail without being registered. The POP server 313 limits the number of emails a client can send during a registration period. The POP server 313 counts the number of emails sent during the registration period. If the client exceeds a certain limit set by the administrator, the network service management server 12 will not permit any more emails to be sent by this client. This feature prevents the system from being used as a SPAM relay system. The registration period may be set in the registration driver 40. The network service management server 12 includes a registration Web server 310, and a redirection Web server 314. The registration Web server 310 serves local content for the network service management server, which includes the registration Web pages, administrative Web pages, and configuration Web pages. The registration Web pages serve as a client's portal to the services provided by the network service management server 12. This includes registering for access to the Internet. The client may choose different methods of authentication, including port based or access code based. For example, in the port based authorization model, fee information is determined based upon their assigned IP address. For example, in access code based authentication, fee is determined based upon access codes which clients enter. The access codes may include prepaid access code and location based access code as described below. The administrative Web pages allow server administrators and staff to perform various tasks, including the checking current state of the registration driver, manual registration changes, modification of the settings of the components included in the network service management server 12, displaying of system health variables, displaying of billing information, and displaying and generating of access codes. The redirection Web server 314 listens for http traffic on a special port. When the redirection Web server 314 receives an http request, it will send the client to the registration Web server 310. The network service management server 12 includes a standard open-source DNS server 312 to handle their DNS requests. As described above, the registration driver 40 maintains an original IP address, an assigned IP address, client MAC address, router MAC address and RAI MAC address. The registration driver 40 further includes timing parameters to allow fixed-length registration periods, as well as inactivity timeouts for unregistered clients. The timing parameters may include: a creation time, a registration time, a registration expiry, an entry expiry, a last used, and flags. The creation time parameter shows the time that the IP address was assigned this client. The registration time parameter shows the time that the client was registered for Internet access through the registration process. The registration expiry parameter shows the time that the registration is due to expire. The entry expiry parameter shows the time that the assigned IP address will be returned to the pool of free IP addresses. The last used parameter shows the last time there was traffic to/from the client system. The flags contain bit fields used to indicate the state and nature of a particular client (i.e. registered; DHCP; valid; permanent; etc.) The registration driver 40 maintains pools of both assigned IP addresses and unassigned IP addresses. The registration driver 40 maintains address pools for clients in a Virtual Private Network (VPN). As described above, the network service management server 12 provides multiple billing and payment options providing flexibility for MSOs and their customers, and has multiple features for registration/billing services. The network service management server 12 integrates with multiple billing systems, including cable account bills and property management billing systems in the hospitality industry. The network service management server 12 may provide the following functionality or components for registration and billing services. Property Management System 1 way (PMS 1 way): The network service management server 12 has a PMS 1 way component for posting charges to a client folio in a local property, such as a guest folio in a hotel. The PMS 1 way component supports interfaces, such as Micros Fidelio, Hilton, Springer Miller, Bell HOBIC, HIS, Galaxy, MSI, Encore, Lodgistix, Hitachi HOBIC, System 21, Yesware, and Comtrol. The network service management server 12 integrates with PMS allowing the charges for high speed internet access to appear on the user's folio. The guest simply selects the service when registering and the network service management server ports the charges directly to the folio of the hotel guest room via the PMS. This ensures that charges for high speed internet access usage appear on the guest bill. Property Management System 2 way (PMS 2 way): The network service management server 12 has a PMS 2 way component for interacting with the property PMS system to post charges to a guest folio and to retrieve information from the PMS to present further authentication mechanisms, retrieve and apply discounting. The PMS 2 way component supports interfaces, such as Micros Fidelio. The PMS 2 way integration allows group discounts and customization of greetings, while supplying the guest with on-line billing information. The PMS 2 way component pulls data from the PMS database. This enables additional features such as: Check In/Check Out Status: All traffic may be blocked until a hotel room has been checked in. This means that until a hotel guest has registered with the property, no one else (i.e., unauthorized user, a housekeeper, or property staff can use the service. Folio Review; This feature allows the guests to view their current hotel charges outline. Discount: This feature allows the property to apply discounts to Internet charges based on PMS settings. Name Lookup: This feature allows the property to retrieve guest information from the PMS database. With this feature enabled, the property automatically customizes a registration page for each guest. RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) Support: The network service management server 12 has a RADIUS support component for supporting RADIUS functionality. The RADIUS support component authenticates and authorizes information sent to a RADIUS server on the Internet. The client is capable of having a central account for configuration. The RADIUS support provides centralized account based authentication, permitting property owners the ability to offer brand-wide sales to major corporations and organizations. RADIUS manages customer accounts through user IDs and passwords. The network service management server 12 acts as a RADIUS client node and forwards user IDs and passwords to the RADIUS server for authentication. If there are multiple network service management server sites across the same brand, this feature allows property managers to user the same authentication information (username/password) at all participating sites. Credit Card Support: The network service management server 12 has a credit card support component for supporting credit card settlement for Internet usage. The client is allowed to pay for their Internet usage via their credit card. Once the credit card is authenticated by a third party authorization service, the client is granted Internet access. When configured for credit card authentication, the network service management server 12 routes credit information and charges securely to an Internet based transaction server for processing (such as Verisign, authorize.net). The network service management server 12 receives an approved or denied message in reply. Pre-Paid Access Codes: The network service management server 12 has a pre-paid access codes component for generating pre-paid access codes to authorize clients for Internet service. Similar to a phone calling card, the client enters the pre-paid access code to gain Internet access. The pre-paid card has an associated amount of time the client can connect to the Internet. Specific levels of service associated with the access code may be set up by blocks of time, service levels, bandwidth and/or type of IP address. Access codes are designed for environments where the user will pay for the service at a desk or counter and receive a specific level of service. Users purchase an access code that is valid for predefined services and time. Once registered, a user is allowed to move from one room, or port to another. The pre-paid access codes component recognizes the user's unique MAC address and does not re-bill the user. For example, for conference or meeting rooms, access codes are generated for each port preventing fraudulent use. Location Based Access Codes: Properties may want to restrict access to a specific port, such as a port in a conference room, a business center or a lobby. The network service management server 12 supports such access restriction through location based access codes. A subscriber registers for service with an access code. Multiple Registration Periods: The network service management server 12 offers multiple registration periods. The registration periods may be offered as options to a client requesting/registering for Internet service. Multiple Service Classes: The network service management server 12 offers multiple service classes. The service classes, such as speed of service, public vs private IP assignment, connection times, are offered as options to a client requesting/registering for Internet service Byte Based Billing : The network service management server 12 allows properties to bill the usage of the network. The network service management server 12 tracks client usage and bills by the amount of actual network traffic they have consumed. Time Based Billing: The network service management server l2 allows properties to bill the minute, hour, day, week, month, year or decade, whatever parameters the property desires. The network service management server 12 tracks the client connection time, which is similar to a long distance phone call. The client is charged by the number of minutes they are connected to the Internet. Alternatively, users may be charged incrementally on a per minute basis. The network service management server 12 may also have functionalities to provide the following services. Printing: The network service management server 12 offers a “driver-less” printing service. Clients using this feature select the service web page on the network service management server 12. They select the printing option. The system supports MS Office documents. Documents are uploaded to the network service management server 12, routed to a remote conversion server and returned to the server. The client has the option to preview the document before sending it to the printer. The property can charge a fee for the printing service. Walled Garden (Free Sites): The network service management sever supports a free site list. Clients using the network service management server 12 are capable of accessing only the web sites in the “free site” list until they have registered for Internet access. This feature has a set of tools that the site administrator can add/remove web sites from the list. Proxy Support: The network service management server 12 accommodates client browsers that have been configured to route their web requests through a proxy server. The network service management server 12 has administration tools for modifying proxy ports, such as adding new proxy ports. The network service management server 12 supports a plurality of proxy ports, such as (1080,3124,8000,8080), and further adds new proxy ports. Using the tools, the network service management server 12 offers seamless proxy support for client computers pre-configured with proxy ports enabled in their browsers. VPN Support: The network service management server 12 supports Virtual Private Network (VPN). The VPN support permits client computers to connect to remote VPN services through the network service management server 12. Clients register for VPN service on network service management server 12. The clients may register for this service through the registration web pages. Once the network service management server 12 authenticates the clients, the client computers start their VPN client software and securely tunnel over the Internet back to their corporate network. All network traffic between the client computer and the remote VPN server is encrypted. The VPN traffic supported by the network service management server 12 include the traffic for Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) and IP Security (IPSEC) protocols. The above embodiments have been described using a cable modem network. The network service management server 12 also integrates with various vendors hardware in addition to cable modems. Wireless Access Points: The network service management server 12 offers support for wireless access points. Generic wireless access points behave like a network hub. The network service management server 12 authenticates a client based on their MAC address. The network service management server 12 resolves location where the access point is connected to a managed switch. Wireless Bridges: The network service management server 12 integrates proprietary wireless bridges, which resolves the MAC address of the wireless bridge. If the MAC address of a wireless bridge is available, the wireless bridge is “mapped” to a guest room number. Using the capability, the network service management server 12 determines where a client is connecting from, and having resolved the actual room a guest is connected to allows the network service management server 12 to bill directly to the guest's folio. The present invention may be applied to different networks operated by MSOs with appropriate modification. Different networks may comprise various network entities. An example of different MSO internal networks is shown in FIG. 8. The MSO internal network 100 comprises multiple network entities, including adapters which are capable of routing traffic from and to CPEs 20. The MSO internal network 100 are terminated with terminators 114 located in a network operating centre 106. The MSO network 100 may be Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) networks, or a network of satellites. For example, when the MSO internal network 100 is a DSL network, the network includes one or more DSL modems used as adapters 118 and one or more DSL concentrators used as terminators 114. DSL modems and DSL concentrators correspond to cable modems and CMTSs in the cable modem network described above, respectively. A DSL concentrator provides network traffic collection and relay services, similar to a CMTS in a cable modem network. DSL concentrators may be Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexers (DSLAMs). A network service management server 104, similar to network service management server 4 described above, integrates with the DSL concentrators and DSL modems. In the DSL network, DSL modems do not request IP addresses or request TFTP configuration files. Accordingly, the network service management server 104 queries the DSL concentrators to obtain information regarding DSL modems connected to the DSL concentrators, and CPEs connected to the DSL modems. The network service management server 104 also queries the DSL concentrators to determine to which DSL a CPE is connected, e.g., resolve the room/port/DSL modem location from which a guest is connecting his/her CPE. This is similar to querying a switch port to retrieve the switch and port a client is connected to. This switch/port map is then mapped to a physical room in the local property. The DSL concentrators may use a standard bridge MIB (RFC 1493), or other proprietary methods to track this information. The network service management server 104 may perform, when appropriate, client data collection, network provisioning, client authorization and/or routing in similar manners in a cable modem network as described above. The embodiment described above may be implemented in hardware, software or in a combination of hardware and software. While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, changes and modifications may be made to such embodiments without departing from the true scope of the invention which is defined in the claims.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>To date, most providers of high speed Internet provisioning systems connect a local area network (LAN) to the Internet through an on-site or local Internet provisioning server. This local provisioning server provisions, authenticates and provides a billing interface for Internet service. On the internal side of the LAN, the LAN site must offer some means of connecting the internal network traffic and routing it through a central system of the LAN. The internal side of the LAN may be made up of structured wiring/switches, digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies, wireless 802.11 devices, Ethernet over coaxial cables, and other hybrid systems to provide network connectivity to the LAN users. The Internet provisioning server connects directly to a router, which acts as a local connection to the Internet. There exists some multi-system operators (MSOs) offering high-speed Internet services through their internal networks. For example, some cable TV service providers offer high-speed Internet services through their cable modem networks for cable TV services. A cable modem network is a network of cable modems. A cable modem allows a user computer to connect with the Internet through the cable modem network. A nomadic user computer is often pre-configured to connect with a company network or other network which is foreign to the internal network of a multi-system operator. Thus, the user computer cannot operate on the internal network as it is. For example, in a conventional cable modem network, a user computer that is configured to a foreign network cannot operate on the cable modem network. The user needs to modify the network configuration settings of the user computer to match those of the cable modem network. Adding a new user computer to the cable modem network usually involves system configuration changes and assistance from a technical support resource. It is, therefore, desirable to provide a new system and method, which allows users to receive Internet services through an internal network of a multi-system operator, such as cable modem network, while maintaining their computers'pre-configured network settings for a foreign network.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It is an object of the invention to provide a novel system and method that obviates or mitigates at least one of the disadvantages of the existing systems. The invention assigns to clients addresses that reflect the location of a client on a network. Traffic to or from an external network, such as Internet web traffic, is intercepted and forced through provisioning, authentication, registration and/or billing mechanisms prior to granting access to the external network. In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a network service management server for managing network services for an internal network operated by a multi-system operator, the internal network being formed with network entities. The network service management server comprises a registration driver, an address assignment handler and an information handler. The registration driver is provided at a selected location of the internal network for registering a client connecting to one of the network entities. The address assignment handler is provided at the selected location of the internal network for assigning to the client an address associated with the one of the network entities to which the client is connected. The information handler is provided for handling information relating to network services for the client based on the assigned address. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a network service management server for managing Internet services for a cable modem network having multiple cable modems and Cable Modem Termination Systems (CMTS) for communicating with connected cable modems. The network service management server comprises a registration driver, an address assignment handler and an information handler. The registration driver is provided at a selected location of the cable modem network for registering a client connecting to one of the cable modems. The address assignment handler is provided at the selected location of the cable modem network for assigning to the client a client address associated with the one of the cable modems to which the client is connected. The information handler is provided for handling information relating to Internet services for the client based on the assigned client address. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of managing network services for an internal network operated by a multi-system operator, the internal network being formed with network entities. The method comprising the steps of registering, at a selected location of the internal network, a client connecting to one of the network entities, assigning to the client an address associated with the one of the network entities to which the client is connected; and handling information relating to network services for the client based on the assigned address. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a computer readable medium storing the instructions or statements for use in the execution in a computer of the method of managing network services for an internal network operated by a multi-system operator, the internal network being formed with network entities. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided electronic signals for use in the execution in a computer of the method of managing network services for an internal network operated by a multi-system operator, the internal network being formed with network entities. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a computer program product for use in the execution in a computer a method of managing network services for an internal network operated by a multi-system operator, the internal network being formed with network entities. The computer program product comprises a module for registering, at a selected location of the internal network, a client connecting to one of the network entities, a module for assigning to the client an address associated with the one of the network entities to which the client is connected and a module for handling information relating to network services for the client based on the assigned address. Other aspects and features of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from a review of the following detailed description of preferred embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

20060810

20090310

20070802

59923.0

G06F1516

MAUNG, ZARNI

SERVER, SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROVIDING ACCESS TO A PUBLIC NETWORK THROUGH AN INTERNAL NETWORK OF A MULTI-SYSTEM OPERATOR

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

G06F

ACCEPTED

On-board gaseous fuel tank module

An on-board gaseous fuel tank module includes: a support frame member; and a gaseous fuel tank fixed to the support frame member horizontally. The gaseous fuel tank includes: a cylindrical tank complete unit, a gaseous fuel inlet and outlet valve device provided at an axial end portion of the tank complete unit such that a part thereof protrudes outwardly from the tank complete unit, and a pin hole provided in the other axial end portion of the tank complete unit so as to open outwardly. An axis of the tank complete unit, an axis of the part of the valve device and a center line of the pin hole are disposed on a single straight line so that the part of the valve device and the pin hole are used to position the gaseous fuel tank horizontally.

1. An on-board gaseous fuel tank module comprising: a support frame member; and a gaseous fuel tank fixed to the support frame member horizontally; wherein the gaseous fuel tank comprises: a cylindrical tank complete unit, a gaseous fuel inlet and outlet valve device provided at an axial end portion of the tank complete unit such that a part thereof protrudes outwardly from the tank complete unit, and a pin hole provided in the other axial end portion of the tank complete unit so as to open outwardly; and an axis of the tank complete unit, an axis of the part of the valve device and a center line of the pin hole are disposed on a single straight line so that the part of the valve device and the pin hole are used to position the gaseous fuel tank horizontally. 2. The on-board gaseous fuel tank module as set forth in claim 1, wherein the cylindrical tank complete unit comprises: an inner shell unit, and an outer shell of an FRP which covers the inner shell unit; the pin hole is defined by a pin hole formed body; the pin hole formed body is embedded in the outer shell unit and comprises a cylindrical body in which the pin hole is opened in an end face thereof and a mounting flange residing at the other end of the cylindrical body and joined to the inner shell unit; and the opened end face of the cylindrical body is made either to be flush with or to sink from an outer surface of the outer shell unit.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to an on-board gaseous fuel tank module. BACKGROUND ART Conventionally, as a gaseous fuel tank module of this kind, there has been known a gaseous fuel tank module having a support frame member and a gaseous fuel tank fixed to the support frame member horizontally. In this case, as the gaseous fuel tank, there has been used a gaseous fuel tank having a cylindrical tank main body and a neck portion which allows a gaseous fuel inlet and outlet valve device to be mounted in such a manner as to protrude from an axial end portion of the tank main body (for example, see JP-A-2002-106787). DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION However, since the gaseous fuel tank is provided with no means for locating the gaseous fuel tank horizontally, when attempting to fix the gaseous fuel tank to the support frame member, there has been a problem that the working efficiency in locating the gaseous fuel tank horizontally is not good. An object of the invention is to provide the on-board gaseous fuel tank module which can solve the problem. To attain the object, the invention provides an on-board gaseous fuel tank module including: a support frame member; and a gaseous fuel tank fixed to the support frame member horizontally. The gaseous fuel tank includes: a cylindrical tank complete unit, a gaseous fuel inlet and outlet valve device provided at an axial end portion of the tank complete unit such that a part thereof protrudes outwardly from the tank complete unit, and a pin hole provided in the other axial end portion of the tank complete unit so as to open outwardly. An axis of the tank complete unit, an axis of the part of the valve device and a center line of the pin hole are disposed on a single straight line so that the part of the valve device and the pin hole are used to position the gaseous fuel tank horizontally. Preferably, the cylindrical tank complete unit includes: an inner shell unit, and an outer shell of an FRP which covers the inner shell unit. The pin hole is defined by a pin hole formed body. The pin hole formed body is embedded in the outer shell unit and comprises a cylindrical body in which the pin hole is opened in an end face thereof and a mounting flange residing at the other end of the cylindrical body and joined to the inner shell unit. The opened end face of the cylindrical body is made either to be flush with or to sink from an outer surface of the outer shell unit. According to the invention, the horizontal positioning of the gaseous fuel tank can be attained by a simple means in which the part of the valve device is held by a horizontal holding member residing on a module fabricating jig and a pin on the other horizontal holding member is fitted in the pin hole. Then, the gaseous fuel tank can be horizontally fixed to the support frame member which is located and fixed to the jig in advance. According to the invention, since the pin hole formed body which is additionally provided on the inner shell unit protrudes in no case from the outer surface of the outer shell unit, when installed in a vehicle, there can be eliminated a risk that the pin hole formed body interferes with other components, and hence a damage can be prevented which would be made to the gaseous fuel tank by the pin hole formed body as a damage originating point. In addition, when forming the FRP outer shell unit using the filament winding process or hand lay-up process, the end portions of the inner shell unit are held by the part of the valve device and the pin hole so that the working efficiency in the forming work can be increased. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an on-board gaseous fuel tank module. FIG. 2 is a partially broken front view showing a main part of a gaseous fuel tank. FIG. 3 is a view as seen in a direction indicated by an arrow 3 in FIG. 2. FIG. 4 is a view as seen in a direction indicated by an arrow 4 in FIG. 2. FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing a relationship between a module fabricating jig and front and rear frames. FIG. 6 is a side view showing a relationship between a first horizontal holding member and a hexagonal portion of a valve device. FIG. 7 is a side view showing a relationship between the module fabricating jig and the front and rear frames, the gaseous fuel tank and fixing bands. FIG. 8 is a front view showing a relationship between the gaseous fuel tank and the first and second horizontal holding members. FIG. 9 is a view as seen in a direction indicated by an arrow 9 in FIG. 8. FIG. 10 is a side view showing a state in which the gaseous fuel tank is mounted on the front and rear frames with the fixing bands on the module fabricating jig. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION In FIG. 1, an on-board gaseous fuel tank module 1 has a support frame member 2 and a gaseous fuel tank 4 which is horizontally fixed onto the support frame member 2 with two metallic fixing bands 3. The support frame member 2 is made up of a front frame 5 which is disposed on a front side of a vehicle body, a rear frame 6 which is disposed on a rear side of the vehicle body, a right-side frame 7 which is disposed on the right-hand side of the vehicle body and a left-side frame 8 which is disposed on the left-hand side of the vehicle body, the right-side frame 7 and the left-side frame 8 being positioned and fixed to the vehicle body in advance. In FIGS. 2 to 4, the gaseous fuel tank 4 includes a cylindrical tank complete unit 9, a gaseous fuel inlet and outlet valve device 11 provided at an axial end portion of the tank complete unit 9 in such a manner that a part thereof protrudes outwardly from the tank complete unit 9 and a pin hole 12 provided in the other axial end portion of the tank complete unit 9 in such a manner as to open outwardly. In order for the part of the valve device 11, which is a hexagonal portion 15 in the embodiment, and the pin hole 12 to be used to position the gaseous fuel tank 4 horizontally when the tank 4 is fixed to the support frame member 2, an axis L1 of the tank complete unit 9, an axis L2 of the hexagonal portion 15 and a center line L3 of the pin hole 12 are disposed on a single straight line L. When adopting the configuration like this, as will be described later on, the horizontal positioning of the gaseous fuel tank 4 can be attained with a simple means in which the hexagonal portion 15 is held by a horizontal holding member residing on a module fabricating jig and a pin on the other horizontal holding member is fitted in the pin hole 12. Then, the gaseous fuel tank 4 can be fixed horizontally onto the support frame member 2 or, in this embodiment, the front and rear frames 5, 6 which are positioned and fixed onto the jig in advance. The cylindrical tank complete unit 9 is made up of an inner shell unit 91 of aluminum and an outer shell unit 92 of an FRP which covers the inner shell unit 91. The valve device 11 is provided at a neck portion 9a of the inner shell unit 91. A pin hole formed body 10 has a cylindrical body 13 in which the pin hole 12 is opened in one end face thereof and a mounting flange 14 residing at the other end of the cylindrical body 13 and joined to the inner shell unit 91. The pin hole formed body 10 is embedded in the outer shell unit 92, and an opened end face 13a of the cylindrical body 13 is made either to be flush with or to sink from an outer surface of the outer shell unit 92, in this embodiment, the opened end face 13a being made to be flush with the surface. When adopting the configuration like this, since the pin hole formed body 10 additionally provided on the inner shell unit 91 protrudes in no case from the outer surface of the outer shell unit 92, when installed in a vehicle, there can be eliminated a risk that the pin hole formed body 10 interferes with other components, and hence a damage can be prevented which would be made to the gaseous fuel tank 4 by the pin hole formed body 10 as a damage originating point. In addition, when forming the FRP outer shell unit 92 using the filament winding process or hand lay-up process, the end portions of the inner shell unit 91 are held by the hexagonal portion 15 and the pin hole 12 so that the working efficiency in the forming work can be increased. The inner shell unit 91 may be formed from a synthetic resin such as a thermoplastic plastic (HDPE or the like). In addition, in the outer shell unit 92, while an epoxy resin is used as a matrix, a modified epoxy resin or the like can be substituted for this. In addition, while carbon fiber is used as a reinforcing material, glass fiber, aramid fiber or the like can be substituted for this. In FIG. 5, the module fabricating jig 16 has first to fourth angular pillar-like legs 17 to 20 which are erected at four corners of an imaginary rectangular plane, and the first and second legs 17, 18, which face each other, and the third and fourth legs 19, 20, which face each other, are connected to each other between facing intermediate portions thereof by first and second connecting members 21, 22 which are disposed on longer sides of the plane, respectively. In addition, the first and fourth legs 17, 20, which face each other, and the second and third legs 18, 19, which face each other, are connected to each other between facing upper portions thereof at positions above the first and second connecting members 21, 22 by third and fourth connecting members 23, 24 which are disposed on shorter sides of the plane, respectively. Upper end faces of the first to fourth legs 17 to 20 and upper faces of the third and fourth connecting members 23, 24 reside on the same imaginary plane. First and second positioning pins 25, 26 for the front frame 5 are erected at ends of the upper faces of the third and fourth connecting members 23, 24 in the vicinity of the upper end faces of the first and second legs 17, 18, respectively, and third and fourth positioning pins 27, 28 for the rear frame 6 are erected on the upper end faces of the third and fourth legs 19, 20. Furthermore, a substantially Y-shaped first horizontal holding member 29 is erected at an intermediate portion of the third connecting member 23 with a vertical portion 30 thereof being fixed to the intermediate portion, and as also shown in FIG. 6, and an interior surface of a bifurcated portion 31 of the first horizontal holding member 29 is made up of two inclined surfaces d which confront a ridge line a and inclined surfaces b situated on sides of the ridge line a of the hexagonal portion 15 of the valve device 11 and climb down from the first and second positioning pins 25, 26 side and the third and fourth positioning pins 27, 28 side so as to form a root portion c and two vertical surfaces e which extend upwardly from upper edges of the both inclined surfaces d. In addition, a second horizontal holding member 32 is provided at an intermediate portion of the fourth connecting member 24 in such a manner as to confront the pin hole 12 in the gaseous fuel tank 4. The member 32 has a support body 33 erected on the fourth connecting member 24, a pin 34 disposed at an upper end portion of the support body 33 in such a manner as to project from and sink into a surface thereof which confronts the first horizontal holding member 29, and a knob for operating the pin 34. When mounting the gaseous fuel tank 4 on the support frame member 2, as shown in FIG. 5, the front frame 5 is placed on the jig 16 by passing positioning holes 36 residing in ends thereof over the first and second positioning pins 25, 26 of the jig 16, respectively. Then, the rear frame 6 is placed on the jig 16 by passing positioning holes 37 residing in ends thereof over the third and fourth positioning pins 27, 28 of the jig 16, respectively. As also shown in FIG. 7, mounting metallic fixtures 40 provided on half parts 39 of two separated fixing bands 3 are applied to positions on the front frame 5 where two band mounting holes 38 are located, so that the respective half parts 39 are mounted on the front frame 5 via bolt joints 41. In addition, mounting metallic fixtures 44 provided on the other half parts 43 are applied to positions on the rear frame 6 where two band mounting holes 42 are located, so that the respective half parts 43 are mounted on the rear frame 6 via bolt joints 45. As shown in FIGS. 6, 8, 9, with the pin 34 of the second horizontal holding member 32 being made to sink into the support body 33, the gaseous fuel tank 4 is placed between the half parts 39, 43 of the both fixing bands 3, the ridge line a of the hexagonal portion 15 of the valve device 11 is made to fit in the root portion c residing in the bifurcated portion 31 of the first horizontal holding member 29 and the inclined surfaces b situated on the both sides of the ridge line a are made to match the inclined surfaces d residing on the bifurcated portion 31, respectively, so that the hexagonal portion 15 is held in the first horizontal holding member 29, whereas the pin 34 on the second horizontal holding member 32 is fitted in the pin hole 12, so that the boss 13 is made to be held by the second horizontal holding member 32, whereby the gaseous fuel tank 4 is positioned horizontally. As shown in FIGS. 7, 10, bolts 48 are passed through both fastening metallic fixtures 46, 47 which reside at ends of both the half parts 39, 43 which make a pair and face each other, and nuts 49 are screwed on the bolts 48, respectively. Then, the gaseous fuel tank 4 is mounted horizontally on the front and rear frames 5, 6 with both the fixing bands 3 while adjusting the tightening amount of the respective bolts 48 and nuts 49 so that the horizontally positioned state of the gaseous fuel tank 4 is not collapsed. Thereafter, the front and rear frames 5, 6 and the gaseous fuel tank 4 are removed from the jig 6, and the front and rear frames 5, 6 are connected to the right-side and left-side frames 7, 8 which are positioned and fixed to a vehicle body in advance, whereby the gaseous fuel tank 4 is installed horizontally on the vehicle body. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY As described above, this invention can be applied to an on-board gaseous fuel tank module.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Conventionally, as a gaseous fuel tank module of this kind, there has been known a gaseous fuel tank module having a support frame member and a gaseous fuel tank fixed to the support frame member horizontally. In this case, as the gaseous fuel tank, there has been used a gaseous fuel tank having a cylindrical tank main body and a neck portion which allows a gaseous fuel inlet and outlet valve device to be mounted in such a manner as to protrude from an axial end portion of the tank main body (for example, see JP-A-2002-106787).

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an on-board gaseous fuel tank module. FIG. 2 is a partially broken front view showing a main part of a gaseous fuel tank. FIG. 3 is a view as seen in a direction indicated by an arrow 3 in FIG. 2 . FIG. 4 is a view as seen in a direction indicated by an arrow 4 in FIG. 2 . FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing a relationship between a module fabricating jig and front and rear frames. FIG. 6 is a side view showing a relationship between a first horizontal holding member and a hexagonal portion of a valve device. FIG. 7 is a side view showing a relationship between the module fabricating jig and the front and rear frames, the gaseous fuel tank and fixing bands. FIG. 8 is a front view showing a relationship between the gaseous fuel tank and the first and second horizontal holding members. FIG. 9 is a view as seen in a direction indicated by an arrow 9 in FIG. 8 . FIG. 10 is a side view showing a state in which the gaseous fuel tank is mounted on the front and rear frames with the fixing bands on the module fabricating jig. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20060809

20090721

20070726

87489.0

B65D600

STERLING, AMY JO

ON-BOARD GASEOUS FUEL TANK MODULE

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

B65D

ACCEPTED

Airbag cover for an airbag in a motor vehicle

Disclosed is an airbag cover (10) for an airbag (1), comprising a flap (2) which is opened when the airbag (1) is triggered. The flap (2) is coupled to a trim part (6) of the trim panel (3) of the passenger compartment by means of a connecting element (5). The connecting element (5) comprises at least one hinge (7) having several hinge axes (X, Y) and which is suitable for diverting part of the actuating forces of the airbag (1) acting in the direction of opening (B) towards a force component (FQ) perpendicular to the direction of opening (B).

1-12. (canceled) 13. An airbag cover for an airbag, the airbag disposed within a receiving space of an interior panelling of a vehicle, the airbag cover connected to a panelling part of the interior panelling, the cover comprising: a flap, said flap closed via predetermined breaking regions or points and structured to open when the airbag is triggered; and a connecting element disposed between and connecting said flap to the panelling part, said connecting element having at least one hinge with at least two hinge axes structured to divert part of operating forces of the airbag, which act in an opening direction, into a force transverse to said opening direction at a start of an opening phase of the airbag. 14. The airbag cover of claim 13, wherein said hinge is formed from a material resistant to tensile forces. 15. The airbag cover of claim 13, wherein said hinge is directly connected to a panelling part reinforcement plate and to a flap reinforcement plate. 16. The airbag cover of claim 15, wherein said hinge is formed in one piece with said reinforcement plates, wherein said hinge axes are defined by predetermined bending points in sheet metal. 17. The airbag of claim 13, wherein said hinge is structured as a retaining strap, made from metal or plastic. 18. The airbag cover of claim 13, wherein said hinge comprises a metal or plastic weave. 19. The airbag cover of claim 13, wherein a separation between parallel axes of said hinge axes is adjusted to a thickness of the panelling part. 20. The airbag cover of claim 13, wherein a width of said hinge is adjusted to generate predetermined transverse forces within a temperature range in which the airbag is used. 21. The airbag cover of claim 13, wherein said hinge has at least one opening which controls transverse forces acting on said flap in an opening phase of the airbag cover. 22. The airbag cover of claim 13, wherein said flap has a carrier layer defining a free space proximate to said hinge. 23. The airbag cover of claim 22, wherein said free space is disposed alternately on different sides relative to a reinforcement plate disposed on the panelling part and relative to a reinforcement plate disposed on the flap for controlling a strength of transverse forces acting in an opening phase to tear at said predetermined breaking regions. 24. The airbag cover of claim 13, wherein said flap and the panelling part each have a carrier layer, said hinge being mounted to the panelling part and to said flap on opposing sides of the carrier layers.

The invention concerns an airbag cover for an airbag of a motor vehicle in accordance with the features of the precharacterizing part of claim 1. Airbag covers of this type cover a space for receiving the airbag module which is inflated instantly in case of collision of the vehicle, thereby tearing away, i.e. opening, the airbag cover. In the closed state, the flap-like airbag covers are retained on the bordering panelling parts of the vehicle via predetermined tearing regions, such that the interior panelling has a substantially continuous surface. In order to prevent the passengers from being injured when the airbag is triggered, the airbag covers are mounted on one side to the interior panelling via connecting means. An airbag cover therefore opens e.g. in an upward direction towards the windshield of the vehicle when the predetermined tearing regions have torn. In a passenger protection device of gas-operated airbags, the covers of airbags must open quickly to prevent injuries by thrown covering parts. Since the flap-like cover is opened by the instantly blown-up airbag itself, large forces may be generated when the airbag cover is torn open. The windshield or other components inside the passenger compartment could thereby be damaged. German publication DE 197 35 438 A1 discloses such an airbag cover for a passenger retaining system (airbag), wherein a reinforcement plate of the flap is mounted to the interior panelling of the vehicle using a sheet metal-like connecting element. The sheet metal strip has a deformation part which initiates a linear motion of the flap when it is abruptly opened, i.e. lifting the flap uniformly in the opening direction and then completely pivoting it open after deformation of the deformation part. The deformation part of the sheet metal strip slightly dampens the opening motion of the flap, but there is still the danger that the forces required for tearing off the flap produce an uncontrolled pivoting motion due to excessive acceleration. This could damage the windshield or bordering panelling parts of the interior panelling. German patent DE 42 14 662 C2 describes an impact protection means for passengers comprising a cover which is mounted to the interior panelling via an articulated element that can be deformed. This deformable articulated element has a predetermined bending point and a cavity region, such that the opening motion about a pivot axis is effected without being impaired by bordering panelling parts. When the airbag flap is torn open and subsequently pivoted away, the windshield may still be damaged, since the increased tearing forces are converted directly via the pivot axis into an overproportional acceleration of the flap. In contrast thereto, it is the underlying purpose of the present invention to provide an airbag cover for an airbag of a vehicle, which opens faster than conventional ones and reduces the danger of injuries and damage caused by opening the pivotable airbag flap. This object is achieved with an airbag cover having the features of claim 1. Advantageous embodiments and further developments of the invention are the subject matter of the dependent claims. The airbag cover in accordance with the invention comprises a flap which is opened upon triggering of the airbag, thereby being retained on a panelling part of the interior panelling of the vehicle in an articulated manner via a connecting element, wherein the connecting element is at least one hinge having at least two hinge axes X, Y. The flap hinge having two hinge axes is designed and mounted such that, at the start of the opening phase of the air bag, part of the operating forces acting in the opening direction B are deflected into a force component transverse to the opening direction B. The transverse force component improves and accelerates tearing of the flap in a direction away from the predetermined tearing regions opposite to the hinge. Due to the double-articulated hinge, the flap of the airbag cover is thereby not just pushed open about one single deflection axis during opening, but a force component transverse to the opening direction is initially generated to support tearing open of the predetermined tearing regions provided between the flap and the bordering panelling parts. The inventive airbag cover thereby opens more quickly than those of conventional systems. This also further reduces overproportional acceleration of the flap and the danger of damaging parts or injuring passengers. The lever arms of the hinge having at least two hinge axes convert part of the operating forces during tearing open of the airbag flap into transverse forces which are used for tearing open, such that the resulting projecting force during pivoting open of the flap is reduced by this amount. The two hinge axes of the articulated flap hinge also prevent bordering panelling parts from being damaged and ensure that the flap does not hit bordering parts and does not completely open during pivoting. The inventive double-axis hinge connection ensures complete and free pivoting open of the flap without being blocked by bordering regions even for thicker panelling. A hinge as defined in this connection is any connecting means which permits a pivoting motion of a hinged part about at least two pivot axes. The inventive hinge may be designed as a rigid, double-articulated hinge and also as a flexible, strip-like flap hinge. The at least two hinge axes may be realized by any conventional means and may be formed e.g. as predetermined bending points in a sheet metal strip which connects the flap to the bordering panelling part. Other hinge types comprising pivot bearings may also be used. In accordance with an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the hinge is formed from a material which has good tensile strength. In order to deflect part of the opening forces generated by the airbag itself during tearing away of the airbag flap, only the flap must be initially pulled in a direction transverse to the opening direction via the double-articulated axis in order to facilitate tearing of the predetermined tearing regions on the region of the flap opposite to the hinge. Towards this end, the inventive hinge having at least two hinge axes must be non-flexible in the longitudinal direction. This is achieved by using a hinge or hinge region material which has proper tensile strength. In accordance with the invention, the use of a resilient, flexible material for the hinge automatically produces two hinge axes at the connecting points to the bordering rigid panelling part and the flap. When the airbag is triggered, the flap is initially lifted and thereby pulled away from the predetermined tearing points by the double-articulated hinge until they are completely detached. The inventive airbag flap is subsequently further pivoted about the second hinge axis, wherein the acceleration of the flap is reduced since part of the opening forces were used to tear off the flap. The inventive airbag cover therefore opens faster and with better control than conventional airbag flaps. In accordance with a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, both the panelling part and the flap have a reinforcement plate which is directly connected to the hinge. The hinge may thereby be designed as a bridge-like sheet metal part between the reinforcement plates. The direct connection to the reinforcement plates, which is generally surrounded by cast plastic foam and/or panelling sheets, produces safe retention and safe mounting of the flap upon instantaneous triggering of the airbag. The inventive hinge having two hinge axes may also be produced separately and from a different material, and be mounted to the connecting sheet metals via any conventional connecting means such as e.g. rivets, screws, welding or the like. In accordance with a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the inventive hinge with two hinge axes is formed in one piece with the reinforcement plates, and the hinge axes X, Y are formed as predetermined bending points in the sheet metal-like material. For this reason, the production of the airbag cover is very easy, requiring no additional assembly or mounting steps for mounting the flap to the panelling part. The predetermined bending points formed by the hinge axes X, Y may e.g. be formed by material cut-outs and tapering regions in the edge region of the reinforcement plate of the panelling part and that of the flap. The predetermined bending points can also be produced using longitudinal, groove-like depressions in the sheet metal material. In accordance with a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the hinge is formed as a retaining strap hinge of metal or plastic material. The inventive deflection of part of the opening forces of the airbag into transverse forces which support tearing open merely requires provision of two articulated axles on the hinge. Even when the hinge is flexible, the connecting points between a retaining strap hinge and the rigid panelling part and the flap form parallel double hinge axes of this type. When the airbag has been triggered, it keeps the flap in the open position, and for this reason the hinges of the flap need not be rigid. The retaining strap design of the hinge of metal or plastic material is inexpensive to produce, requiring no laser cutting, punching or bending operations in contrast to a sheet metal strip hinge. In accordance with one related aspect, the hinge is produced from a metallic weave, a plastic weave or a metal plastic mixture. The hinges are therefore flexible and facilitate adjustment and mounting of the airbag cover. In accordance with a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the separation between the at least two hinge axes X, Y is adjusted to the thickness of the bordering panelling part of the interior panelling of the vehicle. While at the start of airbag triggering, the flap is pivoted about the hinge axis X on the side of the panelling part, thereby lifted and laterally pulled away. It is subsequently pivoted about the hinge axis Y on the side of the airbag flap, without the reinforcing and carrier material of the panelling part blocking the pivoting motion. Opening via the inventive hinge with two hinge axes thereby effects a doubling over at the hinge without damaging the bordering panelling part of the interior panelling of the vehicle. This obviates difficult and expensive repair after triggering of the airbag. In accordance with a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the width of the hinge is adjusted to generate predetermined transverse forces FQ within the temperature range of airbag use. The width of the hinge, which may e.g. be realized in the form of a sheet metal strip, is thereby selected such that the transverse forces which are generated through airbag triggering are controlled within a temperature range of use of the airbag by increasing or reducing the resistance at the hinge axes. The smaller the width of the hinge, the larger the transverse force components in the initial phase of airbag triggering. This permits optimum adjustment of the hinge to the respective situation and also e.g. adjustment in dependence on the retaining forces of the predetermined tearing areas or predetermined breaking points. In accordance with a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, at least one opening is provided in the hinge material for controlling the transverse forces that act on the flap in the opening phase of the airbag. The forces acting on the hinge during opening can be controlled by the openings or the at least one opening in the hinge or hinge region, since this permits adjustment of the pivoting properties and the amount of energy absorbed in the inventive, double-axis hinge. An opening in the hinge improves deformation compared to the same hinge without opening. This deformation increases or decreases the amount of energy absorbed within the hinge when the flap is torn open and lifted. In accordance with a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the airbag cover has a carrier layer having at least one free space in the region of the hinge. The free space controls the power of the transverse forces acting upon airbag triggering, since the facility of actuation of the hinge can be adjusted through defined predetermined free spaces. In accordance with a related advantageous aspect of the invention, the free space in the carrier layer in the region of the hinge on the side of the panelling part is different than on the side of the flap, to control the strength of the transverse forces when the airbag is triggered. The free space may e.g. be larger and deeper on the side of the panelling part than on the side of the flap. This supports generation of transverse forces in the initial phase and thereby tearing open of the airbag flap, still dampening the continuing opening pivoting motion of the flap, such that overproportional acceleration and hurling of the flap is prevented as is any damage to the windshield or the like. In accordance with a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the hinge is mounted to the panelling part and to the flap at opposite sides of the carrier layer. The hinge thereby produces a kind of material step, which also permits control of the forces and, in particular, of the direction of the transverse forces generated when the airbag is triggered, to ensure optimum tearing open and fast triggering of the airbag. Further advantages and features of the invention can be extracted from the following detailed description which describes the invention in more detail with reference to the embodiments shown in the enclosed drawing. FIG. 1 shows a schematic side view of an embodiment of an inventive airbag cover in the closed state and its motion sequence after triggering of the airbag; FIG. 2 shows a sectional top view of an embodiment of an inventive reinforcement plate with integral strip-like hinge; and FIGS. 3a, 3b, 3c show schematic side views of further embodiments of an inventive airbag cover with free spaces in the carrier layer and differently formed hinges with two hinge axes X, Y. FIG. 1 shows a schematic side view of the principle of operation of the inventive airbag cover, with reference to a first embodiment. The airbag cover 10 is provided to cover and seal an airbag 1 which is located behind an interior panelling 3 inside a vehicle. The airbag 1 is in the rest position, i.e. before triggering in case of a collision, inside an airbag receiving space 16 which is closed by an airbag flap 2 which is substantially flush with the panelling parts 6 of the interior panelling 3. When the airbag 1 is triggered, the flap 2 is torn away via specially provided predetermined tearing regions 4 or breaking points, and allows complete inflation of the airbag inside the passenger compartment (direction of arrow B). The flap 2 is removed by the airbag itself when the airbag 1 is triggered, i.e. by the gas sack, which is pressed out of the airbag receiving space 16 and is instantly inflated. To prevent the passengers in the passenger compartment from being injured by the torn-away airbag flap 2, these flaps 2 are retained on one side on the bordering panelling part 6 via connecting elements 5. The flap performs a pivoting opening motion C, preferably in an upward direction within the passenger compartment towards the windshield (not shown). Towards this end, the inventive airbag cover 10 has a specific connecting element 5 in the form of a hinge 7 which can be pivoted about two parallel axes X, Y. The hinge 7 of this embodiment is mounted between the reinforcement plates 8 of a panelling part 6 and the flap 2, forming two hinge axes X, Y about which the flap 2 can be pivoted during opening. The inventive hinge 7 having two hinge axes X, Y may also be mounted to other parts than the reinforcement plate 8 as long as safe retention between the flap 2 and the bordering panelling part 6 is ensured. The hinge 7 of this embodiment is articulated in the lower region to the panelling part 6 and the flap 2. The panelling part 6 (on the left in FIG. 1) is articulated to the reinforcement plate 8 above a carrier layer 12 via the hinge axis X. The airbag flap 2 in this embodiment is hinged, via the hinge axis Y, to the reinforcement plate 8 of the flap 2, which is provided below a carrier layer 12. The material step or change between the regions above and below the carrier layer 12 permits specific adjustment of the opening and pivoting motion in accordance with the inventive airbag cover 10 as further described below. When the airbag 1 has been triggered, the flap 2 is initially lifted in the opening direction B in the initial phase, wherein in accordance with the invention, the double-articulated hinge 7 immediately generates a transverse force FQ at right angles to the actual actuating force FB. Since the predetermined tearing point 4 has not become completely detached from the hinge 7 in this state, the transverse force FQ generated thereby facilitates and accelerates the tearing process when the airbag 1 is opened. The transverse force FQ pulls the flap 2 away from the predetermined tearing point 4 in this state. In conventional airbag covers of this type, only one opening motion in a linear outward direction (transverse to the longitudinal direction of the airbag cover) is generated for tearing off the predetermined tearing regions 4 which results in excessive forces and overproportional acceleration during subsequent pivoting open of the flap 2, easily causing damage to the windshield or bordering parts. This is prevented in accordance with the invention by the hinge 7 with two hinge axes X, Y, since part of the operating force FB is converted into a transverse force component FQ, which is also reduced by the resulting tearing process. The resulting pivot force in the pivot direction C is thereby correspondingly reduced or dampened. The inventive flap 2 of the airbag cover 10 can moreover be completely pivoted open, thereby releasing the airbag 1 without being obstructed, since the flap 2 does not hit the bordering panelling part 6 even when the panelling parts are relatively thick, being provided with foam 14 above the carrier layer 12. The hinge 7 may thereby have any desired shape as long as it has at least two hinge axes X, Y and is adjusted to pull the flap 2, which opens due to the airbag pressure, away from the predetermined tearing region 4 into a transverse direction in the initial opening phase. The hinge 7 may e.g. be formed as a sheet metal strip between a reinforcement plate 8 of the flap 2 and the panelling part 6. Other shapes are also feasible, e.g. flexible, retaining strap hinges or hinges from a metal weave, plastic weave or a mixture of both. Plastic weaves are inexpensive to produce and can be used within larger tolerances. The inventive airbag cover accelerates opening of the airbag with very simple constructive means, which may be in the region of only 5 ms. Moreover, overproportional acceleration during opening in direction C is prevented by partial absorption of energy by generating a transverse force component FQ used for tearing open, which prevents damage to bordering components in the vehicle and reduces the risk of injuring passengers and the driver. FIG. 1 shows different positions of the pivoting motion C of the flap 2 with dashed and dash-dotted lines. The hinge 7 initially effects inclined erection of the flap 2 on the side of the hinge 7, since the tearing regions 4 are still connected. This generates an immediate transverse force in the initial phase. The dynamics of the actual pivoting motion of the flap 2 is reduced only after complete detachment. FIG. 2 shows a sectional top view of a further embodiment of the inventive airbag cover with a hinge 7 formed as sheet metal strip between the flap 2 and the panelling part 6. As in the above embodiment, the number of hinges 7 provided on the airbag cover can vary depending on the requirements, e.g. two or more inventive connecting elements may be provided with a double-articulated hinge 7. In the example of FIG. 2, the hinge 7 is formed in one piece with the reinforcement plates 8 of the flap 2 and the panelling part 6 to which the flap 2 is connected. The hinge or the hinge region 7 is provided in the form of a bridge-like connection between the respective reinforcement plates 8, wherein two hinge axes X, Y each are formed on the panelling part 6 and the airbag flap 2. The hinge axes X, Y may be realized e.g. in the form of predetermined bending points through material reductions or through specific free spaces of a rigid carrier layer (not shown in FIG. 2) which is connected to the reinforcement plate 8. In this embodiment, two openings 9 are provided in the center of the hinge 7, which permit adjustment of the pivoting properties and pivoting forces of the flap 2 when the airbag is triggered. The openings 9 absorb more energy in this region due to directed deformation of the hinge 7, such that the resulting pivot force in the pivot direction C is correspondingly reduced. In this fashion, the pivoting motion can be dampened by the inventive hinge, at the same time facilitating tearing off the airbag cover. The size and shape of the openings 9 can thereby be indirectly used to adjust the transverse forces FQ generated during opening. In an alternative fashion, the hinge 7 width may be adjusted to vary the resistance and thereby the accepted energy as well as the forces acting during opening. Integration of the hinge 7 in the bordering carrier layers or foam layers may also be varied by e.g. providing the free spaces of the carrier layer in the region of the hinge (see FIG. 1). It is essential to the invention that the opening forces FB generated by the airbag 1 are at least partially diverted into a transverse force component FQ by the hinge 7. For this reason, the hinge must be more resistant, at least to tension. FIG. 2 moreover shows three openings 13 in the upper region of each reinforcement plate 8 for connection to the bordering layers such as e.g. a carrier layer 12, a foam layer 14 etc. The inventive sheet metal part 7, 8 with intermediate band-like hinge with double-articulated axes X, Y can be produced in any conventional manner, e.g. through laser cutting or punching. The same applies for the predetermined tearing regions 4 of the airbag cover 10. FIGS. 3a, 3b and 3c show side views and sections of further embodiments for shapes and assembly types of an inventive hinge 7. On the side of the fixed panelling part 6 (FIG. 3a), the hinge 7 is connected to a reinforcement plate 8 via the articulated axis X, wherein the sheet metal 8 is thereby above a carrier layer 12. The hinge 7 is also articulated to a reinforcement plate 8 on the side of the airbag flap 2 (articulated axis Y). The reinforcement plate 8 is thereby disposed below the carrier layer 12. This produces a type of material step which may influence the properties and the transverse forces FQ produced during opening. The carrier layer 12 extends on the lower side with respect to the articulated axis X, whereas a free space 11 is defined at the upper side in the region of the hinge 7. The hinge 7 itself may be realized as a retaining strap hinge, as a sheet metal bridge with predetermined bending points at the articulated axes X, Y, or in any other conventional fashion. The surface of the foam layer 14 facing the passenger compartment is provided with a decorative layer or lining 15 which also completely covers the predetermined tearing region 4. The carrier layer 12 is formed from a material which is more rigid and solid than foam 14 but is lighter than the material of the reinforcement plate 8. Plastic materials may preferably be used for the carrier layer 12, the foam 14 and the lining 15, whereas the reinforcement plate 8 and the hinge 7 are preferably formed from sheet metal, such as e.g. an aluminium sheet. The hinge 7 may also be produced from plastic materials or a composite material. The hinge 7 can be connected and mounted to the panelling part 6 and the flap 2 in any other fashion as shown, e.g. by welding or screwing. FIG. 3b shows a schematic, sectional side view of a further embodiment. In this embodiment, the hinge 7 is connected to one reinforcement plate 8 on the panelling part 6 and one on the flap 2, which is located below a carrier layer 12. Free spaces 11 are thereby defined in the region of the hinge 7 to specifically influence the strength and direction of the forces acting during tearing off. The carrier layer 12 ends abruptly on the side of the hinge axis X and the carrier layer 12 is gradually reduced on the side of the flap 2. The hinge 7 can therefore move more freely on the hinge axis X than on the hinge axis Y. This facilitates the pivoting process when the flap 2 is initially torn open (pivoting mainly about axis X). The flap 2 subsequently folds over to completely open the airbag cover 10 (pivoting about axis Y), thereby dampening the pivoting motion through the partially still present carrier layer 12, in order to prevent excessive acceleration and thereby damage to bordering parts within the vehicle. FIG. 3c also shows a schematic partial side view of a further embodiment of an inventive airbag cover in the region of the hinge 7. In contrast to the previous embodiments, no foam layer 14 is provided, such that the carrier layer 12 is directly covered by a lining 15. A continuous free space is defined in the region of the hinge 7, such that the hinge 7 is directly supported on the lining or decorative layer 15. The hinge 7 has the shape of a reversely drawn or depression-like region which spans the free space 11 of the carrier layer 12. Hinge axes X, Y are formed at the bending points of this design, such that the operating force FB of the airbag 1 initially slightly lifts the flap 2 in an outward direction (on the side of the hinge), wherein, due to the two hinge axes X, Y, the lever arms of the hinge 2 directly generate a transverse force FQ, which supports and accelerates tearing off of the flap 2 at the predetermined breaking point 4. The flap is turned into the actual pivot direction C about the pivot axis Y only when it has been completely torn off, wherein the remaining opening energy is considerably reduced due to the forces used for tearing off. Uncontrolled hurling away and great acceleration of the airbag cover 10 is thereby effectively prevented. In this embodiment as well, the shape of the hinge, the shape and size of the free space 11, and the design of the hinge axes X, Y can be selected to correspondingly control the forces generated during opening. The hinge 7 may also be designed as a retaining strap, a flexible element, or a rigid pivot hinge with two articulated points, and have any suitable shape, as long as a force component transverse to the actual opening direction is generated during initial opening of the not yet completely torn off airbag flap 2 by the lever arms of the double-articulated pivot hinge or hinge region 7. All the features and elements shown in the description, the following claims and in the drawings may be essential to the invention either individually or in arbitrary combination.

20110422

20130813

20111229

58383.0

B60R2120

VERLEY, NICOLE T

AIRBAG COVER FOR AN AIRBAG IN A MOTOR VEHICLE

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

B60R

ACCEPTED

Novel pharmaceutical and diagnostic compositions for use in the treatment and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases or amyloid diseases

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical and diagnostic compositions as well as to the use of the active substances contained therein for preparing a pharmaceutical or a diagnostic composition for the treatment or diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders or amyloid diseases.

1. Pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition comprising one or more active substances wherein the one or more active substance is/are selected from a group consisting of: (a) active substances with a structure according to formula I-1 to I-9 wherein X in formula I-2 and I-3 is H, OH, NH2 or a halogen atom and X1 and X2 in formula I-4 are any heteroatom; (b) active substances with a structure according to formula II-1 or II-2 (c) active substances with a structure according to formula III-1 to III-6 wherein X in formula III-1 and X1 and X2 in formula III-5 are H, OH, NH2 or a halogen atom; (d) active substances with a structure according to formula IV-1 to IV-6 X1 and X2 in formula IV-6 are selected from H, F, I, Br or Cl, OH or OA, SH or SA, NH2, NHA1 or NA1A2 or A and wherein A and/or A1 and A2 is/are a branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl or heteroalkyl group with up to 7 carbon atoms; (e) active substances with a structure according to formula V-1 to V-4 (f) active substances with a structure according to formula VI-1 or VI-2 wherein R1 to R9 and S1 to S3 are selected from (i) H, OH, NH2 or a halogen atom; (ii) single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl or heteroalkyl groups with one or two rings and up to 10 carbon atoms; (iii) cyclic alkyl or heteroalkyl groups with 1 or 2 rings or aryl or heteroaryl groups with up to 10 carbon atoms each. 2. The pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition according to claim 1, wherein the halogen atoms are selected from the group consisting of I, Cl, Br and F. 3. The pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition according to claim 1, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms each. 4. The pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition according to claim 3, wherein the heteroatoms are selected from a group consisting of N, O, and S. 5. The pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition according to claim 1, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents each. 6. The pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition according to claim 5, wherein the substituents are selected from a group consisting of Cl, F, Br and I. 7. The pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition according to claim 1, wherein R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, R5 and R6, R6 and R7, R7 and R8 and/or R8 and R9 are bridged via further atoms. 8. The pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition according to claim 1, wherein the active substance with a structure according to formula I-5 or I-7 is selected from: 9. The pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition according to claim 1, wherein the active substance with a structure according to formula I-1 is selected from: 10. The pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition according to claim 1, wherein the active substance with a structure according to formula I-2 is 11. The pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition according to claim 1, wherein the active substance with a structure according to formula I-4 has the following formula: 12. The pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition according to claim 11, wherein the active substance is selected from 13. The pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition according to claim 1, wherein the active substance with a structure according to formula II-2 is selected from: 14. The diagnostic composition according to claim 1, wherein the active substance or at least one of the active substances is labeled. 15. (canceled) 16. The pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition according to claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition furthermore comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients. 17. A method for the treatment or diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders or amyloid diseases comprising administering a pharmaceutical or a diagnostic composition according to claim 1 to a subject. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the subject is a human being. 19. The method according to claim 17, wherein the neurodegenerative disorder is selected from a group consisting of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's syndrome and polyglutamine diseases. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the Parkinson's syndrome encompasses idiopathic Parkinson's disease as well as atypical Parkinson's syndromes associated with protein aggregation; and the polyglutamine diseases encompass Huntington's chorea, spinocerebellar ataxias of types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 17, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy as well as spinobulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy syndrome). 21. The method according to claim 17, wherein the amyloid disease is selected from: Hereditary and non-hereditary prion diseases (kuru, fatal familial insomnia, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, Creutzfeld-Jacob disease, new variant of Creutzfeld-Jacob disease), dementia with Lewy bodies, primary systemic amyloidosis, secondary systemic amyloidosis with deposits of serum amyloid A, senile systemic amyloidosis, familial amyloid polyneuropathy types I and III, familial nonneuropathic amyloidosis, familial British dementia, hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy, hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis, familial amyloidosis-Finnish type, diabetes mellitus type II, hereditary renal amyloidosis, injection amyloidosis with deposits of insulin, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with deposits of calcitonin, atrial amyloidosis with deposits of ANF, and inclusion body myositis. 22. The diagnostic composition according to claim 14, wherein the labeled active substance is radioactive-labeled.

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical and diagnostic compositions as well as to the use of the active substances contained therein for producing a pharmaceutical or a diagnostic composition for the treatment or diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders or amyloid diseases. Various documents are cited in the text of the present description. The disclosure content of the cited documents (including all manufacturer descriptions, information etc.) is herewith incorporated by reference into the present description. In the prior art, small chemical compounds were identified which can inhibit the aggregation of polyglutamine-containing proteins or amyloid-forming proteins. Patent applications directed to these compounds were filed (Wanker, E. E., Heiser, V., Lehrach, H., Broeker, W., Dunkel, I., Böttcher, H., Barnickel, G., Herhaus, C. (2001) “Inhibitors of PolyQ-Aggregation” EP 01105088.7 and Wanker, E. E., Sittler, A. and Hartl, U. (2001) “Novel compounds useful in the prevention or treatment of diseases associated with protein aggregation and amyloid formation” EP 0110769.5). Excerpts of these inventions and other relevant results were published (Heiser, V., Scherzinger, E., Boeddrich, A., Nordhoff, E., Lurz, R., Schugardt, N., Lehrach, H. and Wanker, E. E. (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97, 6739-6744; Heiser, V., Engemann, S., Brocker, W., Dunkel, I., Boeddrich, A., Waelter, S., Nordhoff, E., Lurz, R., Schugardt, N., Rautenberg, S. et al., (2002) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 99 Suppl 4, 16400-16406 and Sittler, A., Lurz, R., Lueder, G., Priller, J., Hayer-Hartl, M. K., Hartl, F. U., Lehrach, H. and Wanker, E. E. (2001), Hum Mol Genet, 10, 1307-1315.). Other working groups as well described positive effects of chemical compounds on the aggregate formation in Huntington's chorea (Ferrante, R. J., Andreassen, O. A., Dedeoglu, A., Ferrante, K. L., Jenkins, B. G., Hersch, S. M. and Beal, M. F. (2002) J. Neuroscience 22, 1592-1599, Dedeoglu, A. et al. (2002), J. Neuroscience 22, 8942-8950 and Keene, C. D., Rodrigues, C. M. P., Eich, T., Chhabra, M. S., Steer, C. J. and Low, W. C. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 10671-10676). Furthermore, several small molecules were described which inhibit the aggregation of the amyloid β-peptide relevant for Alzheimer's disease. This includes the following publications: Lashuel, H., Hartley, D. M., Balakhaneh, D., Aggarwal, A., Teichberg, S. and Callaway, D. J. E. (2002), J. Biol. Chem. 277, 42881-42890; Merlini, G., Ascari, E., Amboldi, N., Bellotti, V., Arbustini, E., Perfetti, V., Ferrari, M., Zorzoli, I., Marione, M. G., Garini, P. et al. (1995), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 2959-2963; Salomon, A. R., Marcinowski, K. J., Friedland, R. F. and Zagorski, M. G. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 13568-13578; Lorenzo, A. and Yankner, B. A. (1994), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 12243-12247; Tomiyama, T., Shoji, A., Kataoka, K., Suwa, Y., Asano, S., Kaneko, H., Endo, N. (1996), J. Biol. Chem. 271, 6839-6844; Howlett, D. R., Perry, A. E., Godfrey, F., Swatton, J. E., Jennings, K. H., Spitzfaden, C., Wadsworth, H., Wood, S. J. and Markwell, R. E. (1999) Biochem. J. 340, 283-289; Luo, Y. et al. (2002), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 12197-12202; J., E. and Lee, M. (2003) Biochem. .Biophys. Res. Comm. 303, 576-579 and the publication by Howlett, D. R., George, A. R., Owen, D. E., Ward, R. V. and Markwell, R. E. (1999) Biochem. J. 343, 419-423. These and other relevant results include the three U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,001,331; 5,972,956 and 5,955,472, the patents WO 9628471, WO 9832754-A, JP 090954222, EP 1018511 and the patent SKF-74652. Other approaches to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease include preventing the formation of pathological amyloid β-aggregates by using peptides (in this connection, cf. Soto C. (1999), Rev. Mol. Med. 5; 343-350). For the treatment of spinocerebellar ataxia (type 3) the use of small molecules was described by Shirasaki H, Ishida C, Nakajima T, Kamei H, Koide T, Fukuhara N. (2003) [A quantitative evaluation of spinocerebellar degeneration by an acoustic analysis—the effect of taltirelin hydrate on patients with Machado-Joseph disease] Rinsho Shinkeigaku 43, 143-148 and Sakai, T. (1996) [A possibility of therapeutic trial with tetrahydrobiopterin, which was suggested by the administration of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim] Rinsho Shinkeigaku 12, 1324-1325. Furthermore, additional patents and scientific publications are relevant with respect to the catechins of green tea. For instance, several patents have been granted or applied for which are directed to the ingredients of green tea. The U.S. patent 20020151506 (“Catechins for the treatment of fibrillogenesis in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, systemic AA amyloidosis and other amyloid disorders”), U.S. patent 20020086067 (“Catechins and green tea extract for the treatment of amyloidosis in Alzheimer's disease and other amyloidoses”) are especially relevant. An examination of the delivery of the catechins of green tea to the brain was described by Yoshida, H. et al. (1999) Biochemical Pharmacology, 58, 1695-1703. Levites et al. described a neuroprotective effect of EGCG on neuroblastoma cells that had been damaged with the Alzheimer peptide amyloid β-peptide (Levites, Y., Amit, T., Mandel, S. and Youdim, M. B. H. (2003) FASEB J. 17, 952-954). The application of the catechins of green tea was not explicitly described and protected for polyglutamine disorders. However, we were able to observe a visible effect in disease models of polyglutamine disorders and would therefore like to seek protection for the application specifically for this group of disorders. Many of the known compounds are not aimed at a direct interaction with the aggregate-forming proteins but to an indirect interaction, e.g. via heat shock proteins (HSPs). However, it is more useful to influence the formation of aggregates directly since according to current knowledge, they play an essential role in the development of the disease in the case of most disorders. Furthermore, an approach with chemical agents is superior to one with peptides since the latter are generally not delivered to the brain in an efficient manner and, most of the time, also decompose very quickly. To sum up, it has to be noted that to this date disorders wherein the pathological deposit of proteins is part of the essential disease mechanisms can to a large extent only be treated symptomatically. There is therefore a demand for additional or more effective treatment options for these disorders. It was therefore the object of the present invention to provide means and methods for the treatment and diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders and amyloid diseases. This object is achieved by the provision of the embodiments characterized in the claims. Consequently, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition comprising one or more active substances wherein the one or more active substance(s) is/are selected from a group consisting of: (a) active substances with a structure according to formula I-1 to I-9 wherein X in formulas I-2 and I-3 is H, OH, NH2 or a halogen atom and X1 and X2 in formula I-4 are any heteroatom; (b) active substances with a structure according to formula II-1 or II-2 (c) active substances with a structure according to formula III-1 to III-6 wherein X in formula III-1 and X1 and X2 in formula III-5 are H, OH, NH2 or a halogen atom; (d) active substances with a structure according to formula IV-1 to IV-6 X1 and X2 in formula IV-6 are selected from H, F, I, Br or Cl, OH or OA, SH or SA, NH2, NHA1 or NA1A2 or A and wherein A and/or A1 and A2 is/are a branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl or heteroalkyl group with up to 7 carbon atoms; (e) active substances with a structure according to formula V-1 to V-4 (f) active substances with a structure according to formula VI-1 or VI-2 wherein R1 to R9 and S1 to S3 are selected from (i) H, OH, NH2 or a halogen atom; (ii) single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl or heteroalkyl groups with one or two rings and up to 10 carbon atoms; (iii) cyclic alkyl or heteroalkyl groups with 1 or 2 rings or aryl or heteroaryl groups with up to 10 carbon atoms each. The mentioned single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl or heteroalkyl groups comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms. The ring or ring systems possible in groups R1 to R9 and S1 to S3 in turn comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms so that the mentioned groups can comprise a total of up to 20 carbon atoms, whereby any number lower than 20 is specifically envisaged as well. However, it is especially preferred that the number of carbon atoms in groups R1 to R9 and S1 to S3 does not exceed a total of 10. Again, any number lower than 10 is specifically envisaged as well. The person skilled in the art is familiar with the term “heteroatom”. In this context, the term particularly refers to, but is not limited to, N, O, Cl, F, Br, I and S. It is preferred that the heteroatoms be present in the form of amides, esters, nitrites and ether compounds. All the active substances or chemical agents inhibit the aggregation of proteins relevant to a disease which in the case of certain diseases, also known in the prior art as “amyloid diseases”, are deposited in the form of amyloids. These diseases include in particular neurodegenerative disorders. The active substances or chemical agents are suitable for both the diagnosis and the treatment of these disorders. Within the framework of the present invention, the term “active substance” is also used in connection with diagnostic compositions. This is because binding of the active substance to amyloids or aggregates has to occur to allow a positive diagnosis of an amyloid or aggregate formation. This binding is subsumed under the term “effect”. In other words, the term “effect” is not restricted to a therapeutic effect. The conversion of the protein-containing deposits to a form that can be broken down more easily by the organism by means of small molecules or the prevention of the formation of protein aggregates are possibilities of preventing these disorders, slowing their progress or even leading to an improvement and the disappearance of the symptoms. The active substances or chemical agents we identified have the potential of affecting the protein aggregation accordingly. They are not only useful for a therapeutic application or the development thereof but they can also potentially be used for the diagnosis or the evaluation of the progress of diseases based on the pathological deposit of proteins. The invention offers several advantages compared to known pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment: An essential characteristic of the pathogenesis mechanism of different neurodegenerative diseases—especially Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and polyglutamine disorders such as Huntington's chorea—is the insolubilization and the deposit of aggregates of disease-specific proteins: In the case of Alzheimer's disease, it is amyloid-beta, in the case of Parkinson's disease, alpha-synuclein, in the case of polyglutamine disorders, huntingtin or ataxins. The substances presented by us are highly suitable for the treatment of these disorders because they attack at a presumably very early stage of the disease mechanism, namely the deposit of aggregated proteins, and therefore could represent a causal treatment to a much higher degree than previous forms of therapy. The chemical agents of the present invention are characterized in that due to their size, structure and distribution coefficient in an octanol/water mixture, they can potentially be delivered to the brain and are therefore suitable for treating disorders of the central nervous system. Another advantage is the fact that the substances are relatively easy to synthesize. In the case of catechin derivatives, which are ingredients of green tea, they are even easily accessible natural products. The selected substances are stable for an extended period of time. A particular advantage lies in the fact that we have been able to prove for a number of these chemical agents that they are not only able to inhibit the aggregation of an individual protein but even the aggregation of different proteins such as huntingtin, ataxin-3 or amyloid-beta. These compounds can therefore potentially be useful in the treatment of not only one but several diseases. The substances have already been tested for toxicity in different cell culture models and toxic substances have been eliminated. The ingredients of green tea—catechin derivatives—have been proven to be well tolerated and have already been administered to patients in several clinical studies—however, in the course of treatments of cancerous diseases—and the lack of toxic effects has been demonstrated. Since there are indications that at least a part of the substances binds directly to protein aggregates (especially of huntingtin and ataxin-3) there is the possibility of using these compounds in diagnostics as well. For this purpose, the molecules could be labeled—e.g. radioactively—and an accumulation in brain tissue could for example be detected by means of PET (positron emission tomography) technology. This way, a use in diagnostics (especially significant in the case of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease) and as surrogate markers in the observation of the course of an illness, for example in clinical studies of polyglutamine disorders (Huntington's chorea), would be possible. The active substances contained in the pharmaceutical and diagnostic compositions according to the present invention can be used as such or after their pharmacological properties have been improved. Accordingly, the present invention also encompasses pharmaceutical and diagnostic compositions whose above-mentioned active substances have been subjected to an improvement of their pharmacological properties. For this purpose, the molecular scaffold of the active substance is modified further in order to obtain a modified binding site, a modified activity spectrum, a modified organ specificity, an improved activity, a reduced toxicity (an improved therapeutic index), reduced side-effects, a delayed onset of the therapeutic effectiveness or the duration of the therapeutic effectiveness, modified pharmacokinetic parameters (resorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion), modified physicochemical parameters (solubility, hygroscopic properties, color, taste, smell, stability, state of matter), an improved general specificity, organ or tissue specificity, and/or an optimized form and route of administration. This can be achieved by the esterification of carboxy groups, hydroxy groups with carboxylic acids, hydroxy groups to e.g. phosphates, pyrophosphates, sulfates, “hemisuccinates” or the formation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable complexes or the synthesis of pharmacologically active polymers, or the introduction of hydrophilic groups, the introduction and/or the replacement of substituents in aromatics or side chains, the alteration of the substituent pattern or the modification by introducing isosteric or bioisosteric groups, or the synthesis of homologous compounds, and/or the introduction of branched side chains, the conversion of alkyl substituents to cyclic analogues, the derivatization of hydroxy groups to ketals or acetals, the N-acetylation to amides, phenyl carbamates, the synthesis of Mannich bases and/or imines, or the conversion of ketones, aldehydes in Schiff bases, oximes, acetals, ketals, enol esters, oxazolidines, thiazolidines or combinations thereof. The different measures described above are generally known. They include or are based on quantitative analyses of structure-activity relationships (QSAR); cf. Kubinyi, “Hausch-Analysis and Related Approaches”, Publishing House VCH, Weinheim 1992, as well as combinatory (bio)chemistry, classical chemistry and other approaches; cf. e.g. Holzgrabe and Bechtold, Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung 140(8) (2000), 813-823. In a preferred embodiment of the pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition, the halogen atoms are selected from a group consisting of I, Cl, Br or F. F is particularly preferred. In a preferred embodiment of the pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition, the alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms each. In a preferred embodiment of the pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition, the heteroatoms are selected from a group consisting of N, O, or S. In a preferred embodiment of the pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition, the alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents each. In an especially preferred embodiment of the pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition, the substituents are selected from a group consisting of Cl, F, Br or I. In a preferred embodiment of the pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition, R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, R5 and R6, R6 and R7, R7 and R8 and/or R8 and R9 are bridged via further atoms. In a preferred embodiment of the diagnostic composition, the active substance or at least one of the active substances is labeled. The labeling is preferably a radioactive labeling. The binding to aggregates or amyloids as well as the binding site in the organism or a sample taken from the organism can be detected by means of imaging processes, in the case of radioactive-labeled active substances for example by means of the PET process (positron emission tomography) mentioned above. The process can be carried out in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo. The possible nuclides are known to the person skilled in the art. They are usually short-lived nuclides with a preferred half-life between 20 minutes and 2 hours which can be prepared in a cyclotron. The present invention also relates to the use of one or more of the active substances described above for preparing a pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition for the treatment or diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders or amyloid diseases. The terms “amyloid” and “amyloid disease” are known to the person skilled in the art. Amyloid is defined by three classical parameters which are used individually or in combination to detect amyloids and thus the presence of amyloid diseases: The Congo red binding visible in transmitted light under a microscope and the green birefringence visible in polarized light. The latter indication is only pathognomic if the stringent Congo red staining according to Puchtler et. al. is applied. The fibrillar nature of the deposited proteins, visible under the electron microscope. The fibrils have a thickness of about 10 nm, appear rigid and are partially branched. All amyloid deposits contain fibrils of a similar type. An assay (filter assay, membrane filter test) for detecting the fibrils is described in the European patent application EP 98943817.1 (“Novel method of detecting amyloid-like fibrils or protein aggregates”) and herewith explicitly incorporated by reference. In this connection, reference is also made to the membrane filter tests mentioned in the examples (see also FIG. 1B), optionally using electron microscopy (FIGS. 1E and 1F). The beta-sheet structure. All amyloid fibril proteins examined so far had a beta-sheet structure. Glenner considers this structure to be the pathogenic principle. Beta-sheet fibrils as formed by the amyloid are insoluble in normal buffers and resist enzymatic degradation. They are not recognized as foreign bodies by the organism. Glenner thus appropriately described amyloidoses as beta-fibrilloses. Selected indications which fall under the definition “amyloid diseases”, and how they are diagnosed for example in clinical medicine, are described in more detail below. In a preferred embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition, the diagnostic composition or the use, the pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition comprises, in addition to the active substance, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients. Examples of suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or diluents are known to the person skilled in the art and include e.g. phosphate-buffered sodium chloride solutions, water, emulsions, such as e.g. oil/water emulsions, different types of wetting agents or detergents, sterile solutions, etc. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising such substrates can be formulated according to known conventional methods. The pharmaceutical compositions can be administered to an individual in a suitable dosage. The administration can be oral or parenteral, e.g. intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, local, intranasal, intrabronchial, oral or intradermal, or via a catheter into an artery. Preparations for a parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as e.g. olive oil, and organic ester compounds such as e.g. ethyl oleate which are suitable for injections. Aqueous substrates include water, hydroalcoholic solutions, emulsions, suspensions, salt solutions and buffered media. Parenteral substrates include sodium chloride solutions, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's solution and bonded oils. Intravenous substrates include e.g. liquid, nutritive and electrolyte supplements (such as e.g. those based on Ringer's dextrose). The pharmaceutical composition can also comprise preservatives and other additives, such as e.g. antimicrobial compounds, antioxidants, complex formers and inert gases. Furthermore, depending on the intended specific use, other active substances can be present such as e.g. interleukins, growth factors, differentiation factors, interferons, chemotactic proteins or an unspecific immunomodulator. The type of dosage is determined by the physician in charge in accordance with the clinical factors. The person skilled in the art is aware of the fact that the type of dosage depends on different factors, such as e.g. the body height and weight, the body surface, the age, sex or general health of the patient, but also on the specific preparation to be administered, the duration and manner of administration, and on other drugs which may be administered at the same time. A typical dose can e.g. be in a range of between 0.001 and 1,000 μg, wherein doses below and above this exemplary range are also conceivable, in particular when keeping in mind the above-mentioned factors. In general, when administered regularly, the composition according to the present invention should be administered in doses in a range of between 1 μg and 10 mg units per day. In these preparations, the active substances will usually be present in a concentration of more than 10 μg/ml of a physiological buffer. However, they can also be present in solid form at a concentration of 0.1 to 99.5 wt.-% of the total mixture. Generally it has been shown to be advantageous to administer the active substance(s) in total amounts of about 0.001 to 100 mg/kg, preferably in total amounts of about 0.01 to 10 mg/kg body weight, over 24 hours, optionally as a continuous infusion or in the form of several individual doses to achieve the desired result. If the composition is administered intravenously, the dosage should be in the range of between 1 μg and 10 mg units per kilogram body weight per day. The pharmaceutical composition can be administered topically, locally or systemically. The present invention also relates to methods for the treatment or diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders or amyloid diseases comprising administering a pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention or a diagnostic composition according to the present invention to a subject. In a preferred embodiment of the method, the subject is a human being. In a preferred embodiment of the use or the method, the neurodegenerative disorder is selected from a group consisting of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's syndrome and polyglutamine diseases. Here, it is preferred that Parkinson's syndrome encompass idiopathic Parkinson's disease as well as atypical Parkinson's syndromes associated with protein aggregation; and that polyglutamine diseases encompass Huntington's chorea, spinocerebellar ataxias of types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 17, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy as well as spinobulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy syndrome). It is furthermore preferred that the amyloid disease be selected from the group consisting of: Hereditary and non-hereditary prion diseases (kuru, fatal familial insomnia, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, Creutzfeld-Jacob disease, new variant of Creutzfeld-Jacob disease), dementia with Lewy bodies, primary systemic amyloidosis, secondary systemic amyloidosis with deposits of serum amyloid A, senile systemic amyloidosis, familial amyloid polyneuropathy types I and III, familial nonneuropathic amyloidosis, familial British dementia, hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy, hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis, familial amyloidosis-Finnish type, diabetes mellitus type II, hereditary renal amyloidosis, injection amyloidosis with deposits of insulin, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with deposits of calcitonin, atrial amyloidosis with deposits of ANF, inclusion body myositis. As has already been explained in the description of the main embodiment, the active substances or chemical agents contained in the pharmaceutical or diagnostic compositions according to the present invention can be divided into 6 groups based on their chemical structure. In the following, these groups will be described in detail. Group I This group contains polycyclic compounds whose outstanding characteristic is the presence of at least tricyclic aromatic groups. The aromatic functional groups are either bonded to numerous hydroxy groups or contain oxo groups, or substitutions with oxygen or nitrogen atoms occur in the aromatic rings themselves. In particular, this includes the derivatives of the following molecular scaffolds: Molecular scaffold I-1: R can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal a single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chain which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms a cyclic alkyl chain with 1 or 2 rings or an aryl compound with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitrites or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F Preferred pharmaceutical or diagnostic compositions according to the present invention comprise an active substance with a structure according to formula I-1, wherein the active substance is selected from: Other pharmaceutical or diagnostic compositions according to the present invention comprise active substances selected from the following derivatives: 2-(1H-Imidazole-4-yl)-1H-perimidine and 2-pyridine-3-yl-1H-perimidine Molecular scaffold I-2: 4,5-Dihydro-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-6-one X can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal R1 to R2 can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chains which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each cyclic alkyl chains with 1 or 2 rings or aryl compounds with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitrites or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F R1 and R2 can be bridged independently or via further atoms Preferred pharmaceutical or diagnostic compositions according to the present invention comprise an active substance with a structure according to formula I-2, wherein the active substance is 8-fluoro-1,2-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-6-one. Molecular scaffold I-3: Tetrahydrofluorene X can be any heteroatom, specifically, N, O, P and S are possible atoms R1 to R2 can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chains which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each cyclic alkyl chains with 1 or 2 rings or aryl compounds with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitriles or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F R1 to R2 can be bridged independently or via further atoms The following compound shall be mentioned as an example of this subgroup: 2-Furan-2-yl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-indenol[2,3-c]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester Molecular scaffold I-4: Anthracene X1 and X2 can be any heteroatom, however, in particular N, O, P and S R1 to R8 can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chains which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each cyclic alkyl chains with 1 or 2 rings or aryl compounds with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitriles or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R5 and R6, R6 and R7, and R7 and R8 can be bridged independently or via further atoms Preferred pharmaceutical or diagnostic compositions according to the present invention comprise an active substance with a structure according to formula I-4, wherein the active substance is: 3H-Phenoxazine Preferred pharmaceutical or diagnostic compositions according to the present invention comprise an active substance with the above structure, wherein the active substance is selected from: Other pharmaceutical or diagnostic compositions according to the present invention comprise active substances selected from the following derivatives: 7-Amino-8-[2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-phenyl)-1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one 7-amino-1,8,10a, 11-tetraydroxy-10,12-dioxo-6,6a,7,10,10a, 12-hexahydro-5aH-5-thia-naphthacene-9-carboxylic acid amide Molecular scaffold I-5: 4a, 9a-Dihydro-anthraquinone R1 to R6 can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chains which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each cyclic alkyl chains with 1 or 2 rings or aryl compounds with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitrites or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F R3 and R4, R4 and R5, and R5 and R6 can be bridged independently or via further atoms Preferred pharmaceutical or diagnostic compositions according to the present invention comprise an active substance with a structure according to formula I-5 or formula I-7 described above, wherein the active substance is: Other pharmaceutical or diagnostic compositions according to the present invention comprise active substances selected from the following derivatives: 4-[2-(1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydro-anthracene-2-sulfonyl)-ethyl]-N-propyl-benzenesulfonamide, 2-amino-benzoic acid 6-(1-amino-4-hydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydro-anthracene-2-yloxy)-hexylester, 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-10H-anthracene-9-one and 1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy-anthraquinone. Molecular scaffold I-6: 10H-Indolo[3,2b-]quinoline R1 to R4 can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chains which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each cyclic alkyl chains with 1 or 2 rings or aryl compounds with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitriles or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F R1 and R2, R2 and R3, and R3 and R4 can be bridged independently or via further atoms An example of this group is 10-Benzyl-10H-indolo[3,2-b]quinoline-11-carboxylic acid benzyl ester Group II The chemical agents of group II comprise a 2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridine-3-carbonitrile group (molecular scaffold II-1). Most substances are characterized by a special modification of this structure. This compound (2-amino-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazole[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile) is referred to as molecular scaffold II-1 in Table 1. Table 1 lists all the structures of group II including their structure, chemical name, molecular weight and empirical formula. Molecular scaffold II-1 Basic Structure:2-Oxo-1,2-Dihydro-Pyridine-3-Carbonitrile The invention encompasses derivatives of the molecular scaffold II-1, R1, R2, R3 and R4 can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chains which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each cyclic alkyl chains with 1 or 2 rings or aryl compounds with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitrites or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F R1 and R2 can be bridged independently or via further atoms As an example, in particular the compounds represented by the structural formulas below should be protected: Molecular scaffold II-2 Basic structure: 2-Amino-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile The invention encompasses derivatives of the molecular scaffold II-2, wherein R1 and R2 H, OH, NH2, Hal single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chains which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each cyclic alkyl chains with 1 or 2 rings or aryl compounds with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitriles or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F R1 and R2 can be bridged independently or via further atoms Preferred pharmaceutical or diagnostic compositions according to the present invention comprise an active substance with a structure according to formula II-2, wherein the active substance is selected from: Other pharmaceutical or diagnostic compositions according to the present invention comprise active substances selected from the following derivatives: 1. N-Benzyl-N-(8-cyano-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 2. 2-(2-Hydroxy-ethylamino)-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 3. N-(8-Cyano-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-2-yl)-N-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-formamide 4. 2-[Benzyl-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-amino]7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 5. N-(8-Cyano-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-2-yl)-N-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl-formamide 6. 7-Oxo-2-(2-piperidine-1-yl-ethylamino)-6,7-dihydrothiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 7. N-(8-Cyano-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-2-yl)-N-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-acetamide 8. 2-[4-(3-Hydroxy-propyl)-piperazine-1-yl]-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 9. 2-Ethylamino-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 10. 2-Dimethylamino-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 11. 2-Diisopropylamino-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 12. (4-Methoxy-phenylamino)-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 13. N—(-Cyano-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-2-yl)-acetamide 14. 2-Benzylamino-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 15. 2-(4-Methoxy-benzylamino)-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 16. N-(8-Cyano-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-2-yl)-N-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-acetamide 17. 7-Oxo-2-(2-pyridine-2-yl-ethylamino)-6,7-dihydrothiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile Group III Compounds of group III are characterized by the presence of a nitrogen- or oxygen-containing heterocycle. Group III includes 6 molecular scaffolds (molecular scaffolds III-1 to III-6) (Table 3). Molecular scaffold III-1: 1H-Indole X can represent: H, OH, NH2, Hal R1 to R3 can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chains which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each cyclic alkyl chains with 1 or 2 rings or aryl compounds with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitrites or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F R1 and R2 as well as R2 and R3 can be bridged independently or via further atoms Molecular scaffold III-2: 1H-Imidazole R1 to R3 can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chains which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each cyclic alkyl chains with 1 or 2 rings or aryl compounds with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitriles or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F R1 and R2 can be bridged independently or via further atoms Examples of the substance group: 3-(4-Nitro-imidazole-1-yl)-phenylamine 2-chloro-1H-benzoimidazole-5,6-diamine 5-(2,4-dihydroxy-benzylidene)-2-thioxo-imidazolidine-4-one Molecular scaffold III-3: 2-Nitro-furan R can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal a single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chains which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each a cyclic alkyl chain with 1 or 2 rings or an aryl compound with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitriles or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F Examples of the substance group: [3-(5-Nitro-furan-2-yl)-allylidene]-thiazole-2-yl-amine [3(5-nitro-furan-2-yl)-allylidene]-pyridine-2-yl-amine Molecular scaffold III-4: Benzo[1,2,3]dithiazole-6-ylideneamine R can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal a single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chain which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each a cyclic alkyl chain with 1 or 2 rings or an aryl compound with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitriles or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F Examples of the substance group: N-Benzo[1,2,3]dithiazole-6-ylidene-benzene-1,4-diamine Molecular scaffold III-5: 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-isoquinoline X1 and X2 can represent: H, OH, NH2, Hal R can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal a single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chain which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each a cyclic alkyl chain with 1 or 2 rings or an aryl compound with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitrites or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F Examples of this substance group: 1-(3,4-Dihydroxy-benzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-6,7-diol Molecular scaffold III-6: Piperazine R1 and R2 can represent: H, OH, NH2, Hal single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chains which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each cyclic alkyl chains with 1 or 2 rings or aryl compounds with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitrites or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains or aryl groups which can comprise heteroatoms as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F R1 and R2 can be bridged independently or via further atoms Examples of this substance group: 2,4-Bis-[4-(4-methyl-thiazole-2-yl)-piperazine-1-yl]-pyrimidine thiophene-2-yl-acetylic acid4-(4-acetyl-piperazine-1-yl)-phenyl-ester Group IV The compounds of this group comprise acid amides which are bonded covalently to cyclic aromatic compounds. Group IV consists of a total of 6 molecular scaffolds (Table 4). Molecular scaffold IV-1: N-Thiazole-2-yl-formamide R can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal a single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chain which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each a cyclic alkyl chain with 1 or 2 rings or an aryl compound with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitrites or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F Example of this substance group: 5-[4-(Thiazole-2-yl-carbamoyl)-phenyl]-furan-2-carboxylic acid-thiazole-2-ylamide Molecular scaffold IV-2: N-[1,2,4]Thiadiazole-5-yl-formamide R can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal a single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chain which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each a cyclic alkyl chain with 1 or 2 rings or an aryl compound with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitrites or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F Examples of this substance group: 5-[3-(3-Phenyl-[1,2,4]thiadiazole-5-yl)-ureido]-isophthalic acid dimethyl ester 4-methyl-2-[3-(3-phenyl-[1,2,4]thiadiazole-5-yl)-ureido]-pentanoic acid ethyl ester carbazole-9-carboxylic acid (e-phenyl-[1,2,4]thiadiazole-5-yl)-amide Molecular scaffold IV-3: N-[1,3,4]Thiadiazole-2-yl-formamide R can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal a single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chain which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each a cyclic alkyl chain with 1 or 2 rings or an aryl compound with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitriles or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F Example of this substance group: 9,10,10-Trioxo-9,10-dihydro-10I6-thioxanthene-3-carboxylic acid-[1,3,4]thiadiazole-2-ylamide Molecular scaffold IV-4: N-(6-Oxo-6H-pyrimidine-1-yl)-formamide R1 to R3 can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chains which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each cyclic alkyl chains with 1 or 2 rings or aryl compounds with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitrites or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F R1 and R2 can be bridged independently or via further atoms Examples of this substance group: Since no unambiguous designation of this substance could be found, the structural formula is given to identify this substance: Molecular scaffold IV-5: n-Phenyl-benzamide R1 to R8 can be: H, H, OH, NH2, Hal single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chains which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each cyclic alkyl chains with 1 or 2 rings or aryl compounds with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitriles or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F Examples include: N-[3-(3-{3-[(2-Carboxy-phenyl-1-enecarbonyl)-amino]-phenyl}-acryloyl)-phenyl]-phthlalic acid, acetic acid 2,6-diacetoxy-4-(4-phenoxy-phenylcarbamoyl)-phenyl ester and 5-(4-chloro-benzoylamino)-2,4-dihydroxy-isophthalic acid dimethyl ester Molecular scaffold IV-6: X1 and X2 can be: H, F, I, Br or Cl, OH or OA, SH or SA, NH2, NHA1 or NA1A2 or A A and/or A1 and A2 can be a branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl group with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, an aromatic group with 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 carbon atoms or combinations thereof, wherein individual carbon atoms can also be replaced with 1, 2, 3 or 4 S, N or O atoms. R1 and R2 can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chains which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each cyclic alkyl chains with 1 or 2 rings or aryl compounds with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitrites, acetals, ketals or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F As examples, the following compounds should explicitly be protected: 2-{4-[4-(2-Cyano-phenylcarbamoyl)-benzenesulfonyl]-benzoylamino}-3-cyano-benzene and 2-{4-[4-(2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-phenylcarbamoyl)-benzenesulfonyl]-benzoylamino}-5-hydroxy-benzoic acid Group V Group V contains 4 catechins, which are ingredients of green tea. For this group, patent protection is only sought for the use of the substances and their derivatives in the diagnosis and treatment of Huntington's chorea and other diseases wherein a pathological deposit of polyglutamine-containing proteins is observed. All the structures of group V are listed in the annex, Table 5, including their structure, chemical name, molecular weight and empirical formula. They are the following structures and their derivatives: (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)(Formula V-1) (-)-Gallocatechin gallate (GCG) (Formula V-2) (−)-Epigallocatechin (EGC) (Formula V-3) (−)-Gallocatechin (GC) (Formula V-4) Group VI The chemical agents of this group comprise benzothiazole compounds. Group VI encompasses two molecular scaffolds VI-1 and VI-2 (Table 6). Molecular scaffold VI-1: 2-Aminobenzothiazole R1 to R5 can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chains which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each cyclic alkyl chains with 1 or 2 rings or aryl compounds with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitriles, acetals, ketals or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F R1 and R2, R3 and R5, and R4 and R5 can be bridged independently or via further atoms Protection is sought explicitly for the following derivatives of molecular scaffold VI-1: N-(6-Amino-benzothiazole-2-yl)-acetamide (4-benzothiazole-2-yl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)-furan-2-yl-methanone 2-isopropylamino-6H-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-7-one and (1,3-dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-benzoimidazole-2-ylidenemethyl)-3,6-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-benzothiazole-2-yl)-diazene Molecular scaffold VI-2: Benzothiazole X1 can be: H, F, I, Br or Cl, OH or OA, SH or SA, NH2, NHA1 or NA1A2 or A A and/or A1 and A2 can be a branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl group with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, an aromatic group with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 carbon atoms or combinations thereof, wherein individual carbon atoms can also be replaced with 1, 2, 3 or 4 S, N or O atoms. X2 can be: O or S R1 to R3 can be: H, OH, NH2, Hal single- or multi-branched or straight-chain alkyl chains which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each cyclic alkyl chains with 1 or 2 rings or aryl compounds with 1 or 2 rings which can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms each the mentioned alkyl or aryl groups can also each comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S, in particular also in the form of amides, esters, nitriles, acetals, ketals or ether compounds the cyclic compounds can be connected to the basic structure via alkyl chains which can comprise heteroatoms such as N, O, Cl, F, Br, I or S as described above Hal can represent: I, Cl, Br or F R2 and R3 can be bridged independently or via further atoms Example of derivatives of molecular scaffold VI-2: 6-Methoxy-3,4,7-trimethyl-3H-benzothiazole-2-one Derivatives The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical or diagnostic compositions comprising derivatives of one or more of the active substances mentioned above. Derivatives particularly include those that can for example be obtained by modifications such as the esterification of hydroxy groups with organic and inorganic acids, the introduction or replacement of substituents in aromatics or side chains, the derivatization of hydroxy groups to acetals or ketals, the N-acetylation to amides or phenyl carbamates, the introduction of isosteric or bioisosteric units, the synthesis of Mannich bases or imines, the introduction of branched side chains, the transformation of ketones or aldehydes into Schiff bases, oximes, acetals, ketals, enol esters, oxazolidines, thiazolidines, the replacement of simple side chains with branched side chains and vice versa, the conversion of alkyl substituents to cyclic analogues, or by combinations of these modifications. TABLE 1 Group II Chemical Molecular Empirical EMD No Structure name weight formula 45060 Basic structure: 2-Oxo-1,2- dihydro-pyridine-3-carbonitrile 120.1 C6H4N2O 220677 #1 ? 354.4 C18H18N4O4 208067 #2 ? 307.3 C16H13N5O2 Basic structure: 2-Amino-7- oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5- f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 242.3 C13H6N4O2S 46618 #3 N-Benzyl-N-(8-cyano-7-oxo- 6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5- f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 360.4 C19h12N4O2S 46119 #4 2-(2-Hydroxy-ethylamino)-7- oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5- f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 286.3 C13H10N4O2S 46624 #5 N-(8-Cyano-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro- thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-2-yl)-N- (3-dimethylamino-propyl)- formamide 355.4 C17H17N5O2S 47659 #6 2-[Benzyl-(2-dimethylamino- ethyl)-amino]7-oxo-6,7- dihydro-thiazolo[4,5- f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 403.5 C22H21N5OS 46801 #7 N-(8-Cyano-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-2-yl)-N- (2-dimethylamino-ethyl- formamide 341.4 C16H15N5O2S 46802 #8 7-Oxo-2-(2-piperidine-1-yl- ethylamino)-6,7- dihydrothiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline 8-carbonitrile 353.4 C18H19N5OS 46832 #9 N-(8-Cyano-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-2-yl)-N- (2-dimethylamino-ethyl)- acetamide 355.4 C17H17N5O2S 47009 #10 2-[4-(3-Hydroxy-propyl)- piperazine-1-yl]-7-oxo-6,7- dihydro-thiazolo[4,5- f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 369.4 C18H19N5O2S 44837 #11 2-Ethylamino-7-oxo-6,7- dihydro-thiazolo[4,5- f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 270.3 C13H10N4OS 44841 #12 2-Dimethylamino-7-oxo-6,7- dihydro-thiazolo[4,5- f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 270.3 C13H10N4OS 44843 #13 2-Diisopropylamino-7-oxo-6,7- dihydro-thiazolo[4,5- f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 326.4 C17H18N4O2S 45061 #14 (4-Methoxy-phenylamino)-7- oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5- f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 348.4 C18H12N4O2S 45063 #15 N-(-Cyano-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro- thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-2-yl)- acetamide 284.3 C13H8N4O2S 46472 #16 2-Benzylamino-7-oxo-6,7- dihydro-thiazolo[4,5- f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 332.4 C18H12N4OS 46622 #17 2-(4-Methoxy-benzylamino)-7- oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5- f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile 362.4 C19H14N4O2S 46626 #18 N-(8-Cyano-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-2-yl)-N (3-dimethylamino-propyl)- acetamide 369.4 C18H19N5O2S 46836 #19 7-Oxo-2-(2-pyridine-2-yl- ethylamino)-6,7- dihydrothiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline 8-carbonitrile 347.4 C18H13N5OS TABLE 2 Group I Chemical Molecular Empirical EMD No Structure name weight formula Basic structure: 1H-perimidine 35222 #1 2-(1H-Imidazole-4-yl)-1H- perimidine 234.3 C14H10N4 35361 #2 2-Pyridine-3-yl- 1H-perimidine 245.3 C16H11N3 Basic structure: 4,5-Dihydro- pyrrolo[3,2,1-ii] quinoline-6-one 207852 #3 8-Fluoro-1,2-dimethyl-4,5- dihydro-pyrrolo[3,5- ii]quinoline-6-one 233.3 C16H16FNO Basic structure: Tetrahydro- fluorene 127707 #4 2-Furan-2-yl-2,3,4,9- tetrahydro-1H-indenol[2,3- c]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester 295.3 C18H17NO3 Basic structure: Anthracene 171360 #5 7-Amino-8-[2,4-dihydroxy-6- methyl-phenyl)-1,9-dimethyl- phenoxazine-3-one 362.4 C21H18N2O4 36934 #6 7-Amino-1,8,10a,11- tetraydroxy-10,12-dioxo- 6,6a,7,10,10a,12-hexahydro- 5aH-5-thia-naphthacene-9- carboxylic acid amide 404.4 C18H16N2O7S Basic structure: 4a,9a- Dihydro-anthraquinone 79809 #7 4-[2-(1-Amino-4-hydroxy- 9,10dioxo-9,10-dihydro- anthracene-2-sulfonyl)-ethyl]- N-propyl-benzenesulfonamide 528.6 C25H24N2O7S2 79810 #8 2-Amino-benzoic acid 6-(1- amino-4-hydroxy-9,10-dioxo- 9,10-dihydro-anthracene-2- yloxy)-hexyl ester 474.5 C27H26N2O6 171211 #9 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-10H- anthracene-9-one 240.3 C15H12O3 19916 #10 1,2,5,8-Tetrahydroxy- anthraquinone 272.3 C14H8O6 Basic structure: 10H- Indolo[3,2-b]quinoline 84508 #11 10-benzyl-10H-indolo[3,2- b]quinoline-11-carboxylic acid benzyl ester 442.5 C30H22N2O2 TABLE 3 Group III Chemical Molecular Empirical EMD No Structure name weight formula Basic structure: 1H-Indole 162201 #1 5-(5-Fluoro-1H-indole-3- ylmethylene)-3-methyl-2- thioxo-thiazolidine-4-one 308.4 C14H13FN2OS2 155938 #2 1-(4-Hexyloxy-benzoyl)-1H- indole-2,3-dione 351.4 C21H21NO4 Basic structure: 1H-Imidazole 127211 #3 3-(4-Nitro-imidazole-1-yl)- phenylamine 204.19 C9H8N4O2 149571 #4 2-Chloro-1H-benzoimidazole- 5,6-diamine 182.6 C7H7ClO4 148257 #5 5-(2,4-Dihydroxy-benzylidene) 2-thioxo-imidazolidine-4-one 236.5 C10H8N2O3S Basic structure: 2-Nitro-furan 91924 #6 [3-(5-Nitro-furan-2-yl)- allylidene]-thiazole-2-yl-amine 249.2 C10H7N3O3S 91876 #7 [3,(5-Nitro-furan-2-yl)- allylidene]-pyridine-2-yl-amine 243.2 C12H9N3O3 Basic structure: Benzo[1,2,3]dithiazole-6- ylideneamine 41693 #8 N-Benzo[1,2,3]dithiazole-6- ylidene-benzene-1,4-diamine 259.3 C12H9N3S2 Basic structure: 1,2,3,4- Tetrahydro-isoquinoline 16797 #9 1-(3,4-Dihydroxy-benzyl)- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- isoquinoline-6,7-diol 287.3 C16H17NO4 Basic structure: Piperazine 24445 #10 2,4-Bis-[4-(4-methyl-thiazole-2 yl)-piperazine-1-yl]-pyrimidine 442.6 C20H26N8S2 208031 #11 Thiophene-2-yl-acetic acid 4- (4-acetyl-piperazine-1-yl)- phenyl ester 344.4 C18H20N2O3S TABLE 4 Group IV Molecular scaffolds L1-L6: R can be replaced by amine or aryl group or H Chemical Molecular Empirical EMD No Structure name weight formula Basic structure: N-Thiazole- 2-yl-formamide — — 156140 #1 5-[4-(Thiazole-2-ylcarbamoyl)- phenyl]-furan-2-carboxylic acid thiazole-2-ylamide 396.4 C18H12N4O3S2 Basic structure: N-[1,2,4] Thiadiazole-5-yl- formamide — — 139895 #2 5-[3-(3-Phenyl- [1,2,4]thiadiazole-5-yl)-ureido] isophthalic acid dimethylester 412.2 C19H16N4O5S 139061 #3 4-Methyl-2-[3-(3-phenyl- [1,2,4]thiadiazole-5-yl)-ureido] pentanoic acid ethyl ester 362.4 C17H23N4O2S 139695 #4 3-Phenyl-2-[3-(3-phenyl- [1,2,4]thiadiazole-5-yl)ureido]- propionic acid ethyl ester 396.5 C20H20N4O3S 139815 #5 Carbazole-9-carboxylic acid (e-phenyl-[1,2,4]thiadiazole-5- yl)-amide 370.4 C21H14N4OS Basic structure: N- [1,3,4]Thiadiazole-2-yl- formamide — — 126117 #6 9,10,10-Trioxo-9,10-dihydro- 10λ6-thioxanthene-3- carboxylic acid [1,3,4]thiadiazole-2-ylamide 371.4 C16H9N3O4S2 Basic structure: N-(6-Oxo-6H- pyrimidine-1-yl)-formamide — — 133081 #7 ? 385.5 C24H23N3O2 Basic structure: n-Phenyl- benzamide 98228 #8 N-[3-(3-(3-[(2-Carboxy-phenyl- 1-enecarbonyl)-amino]- phenyl]-acryloyl)-phenyl]- phthlamic acid 534.5 C31H22N2O7 118762 #9 Acetic acid 2,6-diacetoxy-4-(4- phenoxy-phenylcarbamoyl)- phenyl ester 463.4 C25H22NO8 18024 #10 5-(4-Chloro-benzoylamino)- 2,4-dihydroxy-isophthalic acid dimethyl ester 379 C17H14ClNO7 ? 208123 #11 2-[4-[4-(2-Cyano- phenylcarbamoyl)- benzenesulfonyl]- benzoylamino]-3-cyano- benzene 506.5 C28H18N4O4S 208125 #12 2-[4-[4-(2-Carboxy-4-hydroxy- phenylcarbamoyl)- benzenesulfonyl]- benzoylamino]-5-hydroxy- benzoic acid 576.5 C28H20N2O10S TABLE 5 Group V Chemical Molecular Empirical Name Structure name weight formula EGCG (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate 454.4 C22H18O11 GCG (−)-Gallocatechin gallate 454.4 C22H18O11 EGC (−)-Epigallocatechin 306.3 C15H14O7 GC (−)-Gallocatechin 306.3 C15H14O7 TABLE 6 Group VI (Benzothiazoles) Chemical Molecular Empirical Name Structure name weight formula Basic structure: 2- Aminobenzothiazole 390632 #1 N-(6-Amino-benzothiazole2- yl)-acetamide 207.3 C9H9N3OS 37821 #2 (4-Benzothiazole-2-yl- [1,4]diazepan-1-yl)-furan-2-yl- methanone 327.4 C17H17N3O2S 46269 #3 2-Isopropylamino-6H- thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-7-one 259.3 C16H13N3OS 124918 #4 (1,3-Dimethyl-1,3-dihydro- benzoimidazole-2- ylidenemethyl)-3,6-dimethyl- 2,3-dihydro-benzothiazole-2- yl)-diazene 351.5 C19H21N5S Basic structure: Benzothiazole 478931 #5 6-Methoxy-3,4,7-trimethyl-3H- benzothiazole-2-one 223.3 C11H13NO2S The figures show: FIG. 1: Influence of 7-amino-8-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-phenyl)-1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one in vitro on the aggregation von mutant huntingtin and amyloid β. FIG. 2: Examination of the effects of 7-amino-8-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-phenyl)-1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one in the cell culture model of Huntington's chorea. FIG. 3: Inhibition of the aggregation of wild type Aβ1-42 (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 4: Inhibition of the aggregation of wild type Aβ1-42 (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 5: Inhibition of toxicity of extracellular wild type Aβ1-42 by the substances in mammalian cells (neuronally differentiated PC12 cells: Identification by means of MTT test) (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 6: Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin (Exon-1) (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 7: Inhibition of the amyloid fibril formation of huntingtin (Exon-1) (electron microscopy) FIG. 8: Inhibition of the aggregation of ataxin-3 in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 9: Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 10: Inhibition of the aggregation of wild type Aβ1-42 (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 11: Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 12: Inhibition of the aggregation of wild type Aβ1-42 (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 13: Inhibition of the aggregation of wild type Aβ1-42 (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 14: Inhibition of the aggregation of wild type Aβ1-42 (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 15: Inhibition of the aggregation of wild type Aβ1-42 (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 16: Binding to amyloid-beta aggregates located on a cellulose acetate membrane FIG. 17: Inhibition of the toxicity of extracellular wild type Aβ1-42 by the substances in mammalian cells (neuronally differentiated PC12 cells: Identification by means of MTT test) (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 18: Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin (Exon-1) (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 19: Inhibition of the aggregation of Huntingtin (Exon-1) (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 20: Inhibition of the aggregation of ataxin-3 in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 21: Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 22: Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 23: Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 24: Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 25: Inhibition of the aggregation of mutated huntingtin (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 26: Inhibition of the aggregation of alpha-synuclein (representation of the amyloid fibrils by means of electron microscopy) FIG. 27: Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin (Exon-1) in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 28: Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin (Exon-1) in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 29: Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin (Exon-1) in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 30: Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin (Exon-1) in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 31: Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin (Exon-1) in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 32: Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin (Exon-1) in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 33: Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin (Exon-1) in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 34: Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin (Exon-1) in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 35: Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin (Exon-1) in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) FIG. 36: Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin (Exon-1) in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) The examples illustrate the invention. EXAMPLE 1 Material and Methods For the in vitro experiments, the aggregation inhibiting effect of the compounds on mutant huntingtin was first examined with the help of the GST fusion protein GST-HDQ51. As in the tests described by Heiser et al. (2002), the protein was used for aggregation tests to which either only solvent or solvent and the chemical agent in question was added. Aliquots of these batches were examined by means of the membrane filter test and electron microscopy. By means of one of the two or both methods, an aggregation inhibiting effect of the listed compounds could be verified. Analogously, the compounds were also examined in aggregation assays with the amyloid β-peptide Aβ1-42(E22Ω), which is a particularly rapidly aggregating variant of amyloid β, as well as with non-mutated (wild type) Aβ1-42. For this purpose, the peptide was incubated at a concentration of 15 μM in a phosphate buffer with a physiological pH value of 7.4 for 42 h at 37° C. and subsequently, aliquots were examined by means of the membrane filter method (Figure) or electron microscopy (Figures) as well. These tests showed that the compounds listed also effectively inhibit the aggregation of the amyloid β-peptide in vitro. Cell viability measurements were carried out in neuronally differentiated PC12 cells to which beta-amyloid and the substances to be tested were added extracellularly in order to examine whether the compounds are able to reduce toxicity caused by amyloid-beta. After 48 h the viability of the cells (approximately corresponds to the number of vital cells) was measured. The compounds were then tested in several cell culture models of polyglutamine diseases, inter alia Huntington's chorea. For this purpose, COS1 cells were transiently transfected with the plasmid pTL1-CAG51 already described above (Sittler, A., Walter, S., Wedemeyer, N., Hasenbank, R., Scherzinger, E., Eickhoff, H., Bates, G. P., Lehrach, H. and Wanker, E. E. (1998) Mol Cell 2, 427-36) and cultivated for 44 h in the presence of solvents or the chemical agents. Subsequently, the amount of aggregate was determined with the help of the membrane filter test as described by Heiser et al. (2002). The compounds described showed an aggregation inhibiting influence in the cell culture model as well (Figures) without having a toxic effect at the concentrations used. The latter could be deduced from the total amount of protein in the cell lysate (FIG. 2B) which was determined with the help of cell extracts. In addition, it was examined in this cell culture model of Huntington's chorea whether the substances tested substances can cause cell damage by initiating apoptotic processes. For this purpose, the activity of two caspases (caspases-3/-7) was determined fluorometrically after addition of a fluorogenic substrate. The measurements showed that the compounds have positive effects on the activation of caspases (Figures). For some compounds, a positive effect could be observed in another cell culture model of Huntington's chorea and a cell culture model of spinocerebellar ataxia (type 3). A test system based on the aggregation of an N-terminal ataxin-3 deletion construct (aa 221-360) with 71 glutamines in COS-1 cells was developed to isolate substances inhibiting the ataxin-3 aggregation. The cells were transiently transfected with the ataxin-3 expression construct and incubated in plates with 96 perforations with the added substance at 37° C. in an incubator. After 40 h the cells were harvested and lysated. The lysates were denatured in the presence of 2% SDS and analyzed using the filtration method. In order to detect the inhibiting effect of the substances on the aggregation of alpha-synuclein, the formation of amyloid fibrils was observed with the help of electron microscopy. For this purpose, the wild type protein or a mutant (A53T) was used. EXAMPLE 2 Formula I-1 Inhibition of the aggregation of wild type Aβ1-42 (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by 2-(1H-imidazole-4-yl)-1H-perimidine, 1-ethyl-1H-perimidine, 2-pyridine-3-yl-1H-perimidine and 2-p-tolyl-1H-perimidine (see FIG. 3). Inhibition of the aggregation of wild type Aβ1-42 (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by 1,2-dimethyl-1H-perimidine, 4-(1H-perimidine-2-yl)-benzonitrile, 1H,3H-perimidine-2-thione and 3-(1H-perimidine-2-yl)-phenylamine (see FIG. 4). Inhibition of toxicity of extracellular wild type Aβ1-42 by 3-(1H-perimidine-2-yl)-phenylamine in mammalian cells (neuronally differentiated PC12 cells): Identification by means of MTT test (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) (see FIG. 5). Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin (Exon-1) (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by (1-methyl-1H-perimidine-2-yl)-methanol (see FIG. 6). Inhibition of the amyloid fibril formation of huntingtin (Exon-1) (electron microscopy) by 2-pyridine-4-yl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine (see FIG. 7). EXAMPLE 3 Formula I-2 Inhibition of the aggregation of ataxin-3 in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by 8-fluoro-1,2-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-6-one (see FIG. 8). Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by 8-fluoro-1,2-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-6-one (see FIG. 9). EXAMPLE 4 Formula I-3 Inhibition of the aggregation of wild type Aβ1-42 (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by 2-furan-2-yl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-indenol[2,3-c]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (see FIG. 10). EXAMPLE 5 Formula I-4 Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by 3H-phenoxazine, phenoxazin-3-one, 7-amino-1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one, beta-amino-orcein, alpha-amino-orcein and alpha-hydroxy-orcein (see FIG. 11). Inhibition of the aggregation of wild type Aβ1-42 (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by 1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one (see FIG. 12). Inhibition of the aggregation of wild type Aβ1-42 (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by 7-hydroxy-1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one (see FIG. 13). Inhibition of the aggregation of wild type Aβ1-42 (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by alpha-amino-orcein (see FIG. 14). Inhibition of the aggregation of wild type Aβ1-42 (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by beta-hydroxy-orcein (see FIG. 15). The following—colored—substances bind directly to amyloid-beta fibrils (see FIG. 16: amyloid-beta aggregates located on a cellulose acetate membrane): Alpha-amino-orcein, alpha-hydroxy-orcein, alpha-amino-orceimine, beta-hydroxy-orcein, beta-amino-orcein, beta-amino-orceimine, gamma-amino-orcein, gamma-hydroxy-orcein, gamma-amino-orceimine, phenoxazine, phenoxazone (see FIG. 16). Inhibition of the toxicity of extracellular wild type Aβ1-42 by the substances in mammalian cells (neuronally differentiated PC12 cells: Identification by means of MTT test) (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by alpha-amino-orcein (see FIG. 17). EXAMPLE 6 In this example, the compound 7-amino-8-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-phenyl)-1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one (also referred to as # 6 in FIG. 1) and its effects on the aggregation of the huntingtin protein and the amyloid β-peptide in vitro as well as its effects in the cell culture model of Huntington's chorea are described. For the in vitro experiments, the aggregation inhibiting effect of 7-amino-8-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-phenyl)-1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one on mutant huntingtin was first examined with the help of the GST fusion protein GST-HDQ51. As in the tests described by Heiser et al. (2002), the protein was used for aggregation tests to which either only solvent or solvent and 7-amino-8-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-phenyl)-1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one was added. Aliquots of these batches were examined by means of the membrane filter test (FIG. 1B) and electron microscopy (FIGS. 1E and 1F). By means of both methods, an aggregation inhibiting effect of 7-amino-8-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-phenyl)-1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one could be verified. Analogously, the compound was also examined in aggregation assays with the amyloid β-peptide Aβ1-42[E22Q] which is a particularly rapidly aggregating variant of amyloid β. For this purpose, the peptide was incubated at a concentration of 15 μM in a phosphate buffer with a physiological pH value of 7.4 for 42 h at 37° C. and subsequently, aliquots were examined by means of the membrane filter method (FIG. 1A) or electron microscopy (FIGS. 1C and 1D) as well. These tests showed that 7-amino-8-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-phenyl)-1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one also effectively inhibits the aggregation of the amyloid β-peptide in vitro. 7-Amino-8-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-phenyl)-1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one was then tested in a cell culture model of Huntington's chorea. For this purpose, COS1 cells were transiently transfected with the plasmid pTL1-CAG51 already described above (Sittler, A., Walter, S., Wedemeyer, N., Hasenbank, R., Scherzinger, E., Eickhoff, H., Bates, G. P., Lehrach, H. and Wanker, E. E. (1998) Mol Cell 2, 427-36) and cultivated for 40-44 h in the presence of solvents or 7-amino-8-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-phenyl)-1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one. Subsequently, the amount of aggregate was determined with the help of the membrane filter test as described by Heiser et al. (2002). 7-Amino-8-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-phenyl)-1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one showed an aggregation inhibiting influence in the cell culture model as well (FIG. 2A) without having a toxic effect. The latter could be deduced from the total amount of protein (FIG. 2B) which was determined with the help of cell extracts. In addition, it was examined in this cell culture model of Huntington's chorea whether 7-amino-8-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-phenyl)-1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one can cause cell damage by initiating apoptotic processes. For this purpose, the activity of two caspases (caspases 3 and 7) was determined fluorometrically after addition of a fluorogenic substrate. The measurements showed that the cultivation in the presence of 7-amino-8-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-phenyl)-1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one not only did not cause cell damage but, to the contrary, had an especially favorable effect on the cells since their caspase activity was reduced (FIG. 2C). This observation is in line with the observation that in the presence of 7-amino-8-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-phenyl)-1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one the total protein content was increased by almost 20% which can be interpreted as a sign for increased cell growth. The experiments presented here using 7-amino-8-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-phenyl)-1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one as an example were also carried out analogously with the other compounds. In the case of some compounds, a positive effect could be observed in another cell culture model of Huntington's chorea and in a cell culture model of spinocerebellar ataxia (type 3). The experiments presented here using 7-amino-8-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-phenyl)-1,9-dimethyl-phenoxazine-3-one as an example were also carried out analogously with the other compounds (see examples above and below). In the case of some compounds, a positive effect could be observed in another cell culture model of Huntington's chorea and in a cell culture model of spinocerebellar ataxia (type 3). EXAMPLE 7 Formula I-5 Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin (Exon-1) (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by dihydroxyanthraquinone (danthron) (see FIG. 18). EXAMPLE 8 Formula I-9 Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin (Exon-1) (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by chrysarobin (see FIG. 19). EXAMPLE 9 Formula II-2 The compounds were additionally tested in a stably transfected PC12 cell line. This cell line was transfected with an ecdysone-inducible plasmid whose N-terminal codes for huntingtin-Exon-1 marked with GFP with 103 glutamines (Htt103Q-EGFP). The Htt103Q-EGFP expression was induced with muristerone and the cells were subsequently cultivated for 44 h in the presence of solvents or the chemical agents. Subsequently, the amount of aggregate was determined with the help of the membrane filter test as described by Heiser et al. (2002). Furthermore, the amount of aggregate was determined with the help of a fluorescence measurement (data not shown). The compounds described showed an aggregation inhibiting influence in the cell culture model as well (Figures) without having a toxic effect at the concentrations used. The latter could be deduced from the total amount of protein in the cell lysate (FIG. 2B) which was determined with the help of cell extracts. Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin (Exon-1) in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by 2-amino-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile (see FIG. 27), 2-(3-dimethylamino-propylamino)-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile (see FIG. 28), N-(8-cyano-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-2-yl)-N-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-formamide (see FIG. 29), N-(8-cyano-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-2-yl)-acetamide (see FIG. 30), N-(8-cyano-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-2-yl)-N-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-formamide (see FIG. 31), N-(8-cyano-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-2-yl)-N-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-acetamide (see FIG. 32), 7-oxo-2-(2-piperidine-1-yl-ethylamino)-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile (see FIG. 33), 2-[4-(3-hydroxy-propyl)-piperazine-1-yl]-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile (see FIG. 34), 2-[benzyl-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-amino]-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile (see FIG. 35) and 2-[(2-diethylamino-ethyl)-ethyl-amino]-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-8-carbonitrile (see FIG. 36). EXAMPLE 10 Formula III-6 Inhibition of the aggregation of ataxin-3 in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by thiophene-2-yl-acetic acid 4-(4-acetyl-piperazine-1-yl)-phenyl ester (see FIG. 20). Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by thiophene-2-yl-acetic acid 4-(4-acetyl-piperazine-1-yl)-phenyl ester (see FIG. 21). EXAMPLE 11 Formula IV-1 Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by 5-[4-(thiazole-2-ylcarbamoyl)-phenyl]-furan-2-carboxylic acid thiazole-2-ylamide (see FIG. 22). EXAMPLE 12 Formula IV-2 Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by 4-methyl-2-[3-(3-phenyl-[1,2,4]thiadiazole-5-yl)-ureido]-pentanoic acid ethyl ester (see FIG. 23). Inhibition of the aggregation of huntingtin in mammalian cells (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by 4-methyl-2-(3-phenyl-[1,2,4]thiadiazole-5-yl)-pentanoic acid ethyl ester (see FIG. 24). EXAMPLE 13 Formulas V-1 to V-4 Inhibition of the aggregation of mutated huntingtin (quantification of SDS-insoluble aggregates by means of membrane filter method) by EGCG (Epigallocatechin gallate), GCG (Gallocatechin gallate), GC (Gallocatechin) and EGC (Epigallocatechin) (see FIG. 25). Inhibition of the aggregation of alpha-synuclein (representation of the amyloid fibrils by means of electron microscopy) by EGCG (Epigallocatechin gallate), GCG (Gallocatechin gallate), GC (Gallocatechin) and EGC (Epigallocatechin) (see FIG. 26).

20080310

20140429

20090507

94369.0

A61K5104

SAMALA, JAGADISHWAR RAO

Novel pharmaceutical and diagnostic compositions for use in the treatment and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases or amyloid diseases

SMALL

ACCEPTED

A61K

ACCEPTED

Process for producing 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane

In the production of 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane by reaction of tetrafluoroethylene with a compound of formaldehyde generation source in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, the reaction is carried out in the presence of polyfluoroalkylcarboxylic acid or polyfluoroalkyl ester thereof, represented by the following general formula RfCOORf′ (where Rf is a polyfluoroalkyl group having 1-5 carbon atoms, and Rf′ is a hydrogen atom or a polyfluoroalkyl group having 1-5 carbon atoms), preferably CF3COOH, CF3COOCH2CF2CF3, or CF3COOCH2CF3, whereby a high reaction yield can be attained.

1. A process for producing 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxethane, which comprises allowing tetrafluoroethylene to react with a formaldehyde generating compound in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, said reaction being carried out in the presence of polyfluoroalkylic acid or polyfluoroalkyl ester thereof, represented by the following general formula: RfCOORf′ wherein Rf is a polyfluoroalkyl group having 1-5 carbon atoms, and Rf′ is a hydrogen atom or a polyfluoroalkyl group having 1-5 carbon atoms. 2. A process for producing 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxethane according to claim 1, wherein the carboxylic acid, represented by the general formula RfCOORf′, is CF3COOH. 3. A process for producing 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxethane according to claim 1, where the carboxylic acid ester, represented by the general formula RfCOORf′, is CF3COOCH2CF2CF3. 4. A process for producing 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxethane according to claim 1, where the carboxylic acid ester, represented by the general formula RfCOORf′, is CF3COOCH2CF3.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a process for producing 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane, and more particularly to a process for producing 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane by reaction of tetrafluoroethylene with a compound of formaldehyde generation source in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. BACKGROUND ART 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane is a useful raw material compound for producing fluorine-containing rubber polymers, etc. For example, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane can readily undergo polymerization reaction in the presence of an alkali metal halide, and fluorination of the hydrogen atoms of the resulting polyfluoropolyether polymer F(CH2CF2CF2O)nCH2CF2COF by a fluorine gas can give fluorine oil such as perfluoropolyether polymers F(CF2CF2CF2O)nCF2CF2COF or F(CF2CF2CF2O)nCF2CF3. React-ion with an alkali metal halide can give a 2,2-difluoropropionic acid derivative represented by the following general formula as raw materials for producing fluorine-containing rubber polymers: XCH2CF2COF (X: Cl, Br or I) It is known that 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane having such effective uses can be produced by reaction of tetrafluoroethylene with a compound of formaldehyde generation source in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. Patent Literature 1: JP-B-2-37904 It is also reported that 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane can be obtained as a by-product in the production of 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanol CF3CF2CH2OH by reaction of tetrafluoroethylene with formaldehyde in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, but only in a small amount because it is a by-product, and thus cannot be used as raw materials in the industrial scale. Non-Patent Literature 1: J. Org. Chem. 28, 492-4(1963) DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Problem to be Solved by the Invention An object of the present invention is to provide a process for producing 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane by reaction of tetrafluoroethylene with a compound of formaldehyde generation source in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in a high reaction yield. Means for Solving the Problem The object of the present invention can be attained by conducting above-mentioned process for producing 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane in the presence of polyfluoroalkylcarboxylic acid or polyfluoroalkyl ester thereof, represented by the following general formula: RfCOORf′ (where Rf is a polyfluoroalkyl group having 1-5 carbon atoms, and Rf′ is a hydrogen atom or a polyfluoroalkyl group having 1-5 carbon atoms). Effect of the Invention In the process for producing 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane by reaction of tetrafluoroethylene with a compound of formaldehyde generation source in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, the reaction is carried out in the presence of polyfluoroalkylcarboxylic acid or polyalkyl ester thereof, where-by the reaction yield can be enhanced to approximately twice or higher, amounting to nearly 40%. BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane can be produced by charging a compound of formaldehyde generation source and polyfluoroalkylcarboxylic acid or polyfluoroalkyl ester thereof into anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, and then adding tetrafluoroethylene thereto. As a compound of formaldehyde generation source, formaldehyde itself can be used, but owing to handling difficulty such as easy polymerizability of formaldehyde, etc., its polymers such as paraformaldehyde, trioxane, etc. can be preferably used. Generation of formaldehyde from the polymers can be carried out by acid decomposition, thermal decomposition etc. Since hydrogen fluoride is involved in the reaction system, acid decomposition based on hydrogen fluoride can be commonly used. Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride for use in the reaction acts to conduct acid decomposition of the formaldehyde polymer and also as a solvent, and thus can be used in a proportion 1.0-20 equivalent weights, preferably 5-15 equivalent weights to number of moles in terms of HCHO of the formaldehyde polymer. Polyfluoroalkylcarboxylic acid or polyfluoroalkyl ester thereof can be used in a proportion of about 0.05 to about 10 equivalent weights, preferably about 0.2 to about 1.0 equivalent weight to number of moles in terms of HCHO of the formaldehyde polymer. As the polyfluoroalkylcarboxcylic acid or polyfluoroalkyl ester thereof represented by the afore-mentioned general formula, trifluoroacetic acid CF3COOH, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyltrifluoroacetic acid ester CF3COOCH2CF2CF3 and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyltrifluoroacetic acid ester CF3COOCH2CF3 can be preferably used. In addition thereto, the following com-pounds can be also used: CF3CF2COOH CF3CF2COOCH2CF2CF3 CF3CF2COOCH2CF3 CF3CF2CF2COOH CF3CF2CF2COOCH2CF2CF3 CF3CF2CF2COOCH2CF3 CF3CF2CH2COOH CF3CF2CH2COOCH2CF3 The reaction can be carried out initially by charging anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, formalin polymer and polyfluoroalkylcarboxylic acid or polyfluoroalkyl ester thereof, and then by adding tetrafluoroethylene thereto. The reaction can be carried out either under the normal pressure or under super atmospheric pressure. In the case of the normal pressure, tetrafluoroethylene is discharged to the outside of the system, whereby the tetrafluoroethylene-based yield will be lowered. Thus, the flow rate of tetrafluoroethylene must be limited, and the reaction requires much time. The reaction is thus carried out under super atmospheric pressure, usually under about 0.1 to about 2 MPa. The lower the reaction temperature, the lower the reaction rate and the higher the amount of by-product, resulting in a decrease of the yield. On the other hand, the higher the reaction temperature, the more often the decomposition of the desired product, resulting in a decrease of the yield. Thus, it is appropriate to conduct the reaction at a temperature of usually about 0° to about 100° C., preferably about 30° to about 60° C. EXAMPLES The present invention will be described in detail below, referring to Examples. Example 1 800 g of trifluoroacetic acid and 500 g of paraformaldehyde as HCHO source were charged into an autoclave having a capacity of 10 L, and 2.9 kg of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride was charged therein with stirring. Then, heating was carried out, and when the inside temperature reached to 50° C., tetrafluoroethylene [TFE] was added thereto under pressure of 0.88 MPa. As soon as TFE was charged, the inside temperature was elevated and the autoclave inside pressure was lowered. During the reaction, TFE was continuously added thereto portion-by-portion by a compressor to keep the inside pressure at 0.88 MPa. When 1.1 kg of TEE was charged, the portion-by-portion addition was stopped and then ageing was carried out for 12 hours. After the ageing, the content was distilled off into a cooling trap at −20° C., followed by alkali neutralization and water washing, whereby 1,130 g of crude product was obtained. As a result of NMR analysis of the crude product, content of 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane as the desired product was found 51.7 wt. %. By purification of the crude product by distillation, 592 g (purity: 95%) of fractions having boiling points of 27° to 29° C. under the normal pressure was obtained. The TFE conversion-based yield was 39.3%. 19NMR(CFCl3 basis): a −78.4 ppm b −118.0 ppm 1H-NMR: δ 4.89 ppm(ZH, t, J=10.2 HZ) Example 2 In Example 1, the amount of trifluoroacetic acid was changed from 800 g to 400 g, whereby 570 g (purity : 93 wt. %) of 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane was obtained. The TFE conversion-based yield was 37.1%. Example 3 In Example 1, 800 g of 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyltrifluoroacetic acid ester CF3COOCH2CF2CF3 was used in place of trifluoroacetic acid, whereby 960 g (tetrafluorooxetane content: 55.6 wt. %) of crude product was obtained. By purification of the crude product by distillation, 524 g (purity : 96%) of 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane was obtained, and the TFE conversion-based yield was 35.2%. Example 4 In Example 1, 800 g of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyltrifluoroacetic acid ester CF3COOCH2CF3 was used in place of trifluoroacetic acid, whereby 982 g (tetrafluorooxetane content : 56.8 wt. %) of crude product was obtained. By purification of the crude product by distillation, 540 g (purity : 95%) of 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-oxetane was obtained, and the TFE conversion-based yield was 35.9%. Comparative Example In Example 1, no trifluoroacetic acid was used, whereby 279 g (purity: 94 wt. %) of 2,2,3,3,-tetrafluorooxetane was obtained and the TFE conversion-based yield was 18.3%.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane is a useful raw material compound for producing fluorine-containing rubber polymers, etc. For example, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane can readily undergo polymerization reaction in the presence of an alkali metal halide, and fluorination of the hydrogen atoms of the resulting polyfluoropolyether polymer F(CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 O) n CH 2 CF 2 COF by a fluorine gas can give fluorine oil such as perfluoropolyether polymers F(CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 O) n CF 2 CF 2 COF or F(CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 O) n CF 2 CF 3 . React-ion with an alkali metal halide can give a 2,2-difluoropropionic acid derivative represented by the following general formula as raw materials for producing fluorine-containing rubber polymers: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? XCH 2 CF 2 COF in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? (X: Cl, Br or I) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? It is known that 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane having such effective uses can be produced by reaction of tetrafluoroethylene with a compound of formaldehyde generation source in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. Patent Literature 1: JP-B-2-37904 It is also reported that 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane can be obtained as a by-product in the production of 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanol CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OH by reaction of tetrafluoroethylene with formaldehyde in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, but only in a small amount because it is a by-product, and thus cannot be used as raw materials in the industrial scale. Non-Patent Literature 1: J. Org. Chem. 28, 492-4(1963)

20060815

20100615

20070816

70656.0

C07D30504

QAZI, SABIHA NAIM

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING 2,2,3,3-TETRAFLUOROOXETANE

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

C07D

ACCEPTED

Integrated Circuit Chip with Communication Means Enabling Remote Control of Testing Means of Ip Cores of the Integrated Circuit

The present invention relates to the testing of functional or IP cores forming part of a system on chip, SoC. The invention is implemented using a testing means and a communication means to test at least one functional or IP core. The testing means comprises a wrapper in which the core is embedded, this wrapper implements preferably the IEEE P1500 standard architecture but can also implement other standard architectures. The testing means can be extended to a Simple Network Management Protocol, SNMP, the widely adopted TCP/IP management protocol. The communication means comprises a test bus connected to the communication network. The proxy agent can implement the SNMP protocol, among others.

1. Integrated circuit chip comprising at least one functional or IP core; testing means for testing the functional or IP core; communication means for connecting the testing means to an external communication network. 2. Integrated circuit chip according to claim 1, comprising at least two functional or IP cores; for each functional or IP core, testing means for testing said functional or IP core; communication means for connecting the testing means of each functional or IP core to the external communication network and for enabling at least an individual access to each testing means of each functional or IP core from the external communication network. 3. Integrated circuit chip according to claim 1, wherein the testing means of each functional or IP core comprise a wrapper in which the functional or IP core is embedded. 4. Integrated circuit chip according to claim 3, wherein the wrapper of the testing means of each functional or IP core implements the IEEE P1500 standard architecture. 5. Integrated circuit chip according to claim 1, wherein the communication means allow a remote control of the testing means via the communication network. 6. Integrated circuit chip according to claim 1, wherein the communication means comprise a test bus (TAM) connected to the testing means and a proxy agent (PA) connected to the test bus and to the communication network. 7. Integrated circuit chip according to claim 6, wherein the proxy agent (PA) implements the SMNP protocol. 8. Integrated circuit chip according to claim 4 wherein the proxy agent (PA) comprises an SNMP processor which translates the information between SMNP and P1500 protocols. 9. Integrated circuit chip according to claim 1 wherein the communication means comprise at least one TCP/IP network interface circuit. 10. System for testing at least one functional or IP core embedded in an integrated circuit ship comprising an integrated circuit chip according to claim 1; a communication network connected to the communication means of the integrated circuit chip; a network management station (ATE) connected to the communication network and able to communicate with the testing means of the integrated circuit chip via the communication network and the communication means of the integrated circuit chip. 11. System for testing at least one functional or IP core embedded in a integrated circuit chip according to claim 10 wherein the communication network is a TCP/IP network. 12. System for testing at least one functional or IP core embedded in a integrated circuit chip according to claim 10, wherein the network management station (ATE) performs an automatic test of a functional or IP core of the integrated circuit chip. 13. Integrated circuit chip according to claim 2, wherein the testing means of each functional or IP core comprise a wrapper in which the functional or IP core is embedded. 14. Integrated circuit chip according to claim 7 wherein the proxy agent (PA) comprises an SNMP processor which translates the information between SMNP and P1500 protocols. 15. System for testing at least one functional or IP core embedded in a integrated circuit chip according to claim 11, wherein the network management station (ATE) performs an automatic test of a functional or IP core of the integrated circuit chip.

The invention is related to the implementation of network management protocols for the purpose of a deep testing and management of network-based electronic systems such as routers, switches and personal computers. The invention is more particularly related to the implementation of network management functions (monitoring, control, test . . . ) at the level of a single integrated circuit chip for the purpose of testing the functional or IP cores of the integrated circuit. The invention finds a preferred implementation within a system on a single chip (SoC). Design-For-Test (DFT) techniques consist in integrating testability features at the design stage of electronic components. DFT techniques become mandatory today for manufacture testing of integrated circuits and systems. Among the widely used DFT techniques there is the IEEE standard called P1500 [1-5]. The [No] notation refers to a list of publications at the end of the description of the present application. P1500 improves the testability (controllability and observability) of System-on-Chips (SoCs) by adding more logic and inputs/outputs. A SoC, which composes a networking device, embeds hundreds of million of transistors. Such a huge amount of transistors within a single chip makes possible the implementation of complex functionalities such as signal processing, networking, telecommunications, calculation and memorizing. Designing a SoC is mainly based on the use and the reuse of Intellectual Proprieties (IP) such as processor RISC, DSP, RAM and ROM [2]. Testing such chips is one of the main challenges for the semi-conductor industries. Given the increasing density of integration for today integrated circuits, it becomes harder to have access, for test purposes, to IP cores inputs/outputs since such cores are deeply embedded within the SoC [4]. DFT techniques have been considered to facilitate the maintainability and the management of electronic systems (e.g. routers, switches) that belong to a managed TCP/IP network but at this point none of the known techniques propose to take advantage of the existing communication network in order to enhance the testing functionalities of SOCs. In order to achieve this, in present invention a single integrated circuit chip comprises: at least one functional or IP core; testing means for testing the functional or IP core; communication means for connecting the testing means to an external communication network. According to one aspect of the invention the single integrated circuit chip comprises: two or more functional or IP cores for each functional or IP core, testing means for testing said functional or IP core, communication means for connecting the testing means of each functional or IP core to the external communication network and for enabling at least an individual access to each testing means of each functional or IP core from the external communication network. In another aspect of the invention, the testing means of each functional or IP core comprise a wrapper in which the functional or IP core is embedded, the wrapper of the testing means of each functional or IP core implements preferably the IEEE P1500 standard architecture but can also be of an other type. In one of its preferred but not exclusive embodiment the invention, the testing means take benefit from the P1500 DFT technique by extending the necessary logic and make is usable by SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), the widely adopted TCP/IP management protocol. Furthermore the Classical DFT technique such as P1500 extended and made compliant with SNMP facilitates the access to internal structure of IP cores. This is accomplished through high-level SNMP Management. That is to say, starting from SNMP requests, the hybrid P1500/SNMP DFT architecture proposed by the invention performs IEEE P1500 wrapper boundary scan operations which allows a support for testing and monitoring. According to one aspect of the invention, the communication means of the integrated circuit chip comprise a test bus connected to the testing means and a proxy agent connected to the test bus and to the communication network. In a preferred but no exclusive embodiment the proxy agent implements the SMNP protocol. According to another aspect of the invention, the communication means of the integrated circuit ship comprise at least one TCP/IP network interface circuit. Given a complex SoC, the invention enhances the accessibility and testability to IP cores embedded in the SoC environment. It takes advantage of SNMP which was originally proposed to enhance the management of TCP/IP local area networks. SNMP is considered within a SoC for a better testability of all IP cores and consequently of all SoCs which constitute complex electronics system. To this end and according to one aspect of the invention, P1500 is extended and made compliant with SNMP to facilitate the access to the internal structure of an IP core. According to the invention, SNMP is considered beyond the classical framework of network management because it is implemented within a SoC. A network management system (SNMP) contains [7-9] [11] at least two primary elements: a manager and agents. The Manager (Network Management System: NMS) is the console through which the network administrator performs network management functions. Agents are the entities that interface to the actual device being managed that contain managed objects. These managed objects might be hardware, configuration parameters, performance statistics, and so on, that directly relate to the current operation of the device in question. These objects are arranged in what is known as a virtual information database called Management Information Base or MIB. SNMP allows managers and agents to communicate for the purpose of accessing these objects through an hierarchical identifier called Object IDentifier (OID). Main motivations and benefits of using SNMP as a backbone of a testing strategy are summarized as follows: (i) management and monitoring of the activity of various electronic equipments, (ii) collection of deep state information of each component, (iii) detection of network failures, list which shall not be considered as exhaustive and limitative. Furthermore, P1500 is considered for the following reasons [4]: (i) help in the isolation of an IP core among those which compose the SoC, (ii) provide a standard mechanism of access to internal logic (iii) facilitate the mix and the interconnection of IP cores which are provided from multiple vendors. To make possible a combination between DFT and network management, a hybrid P1500/SNMP architecture is proposed according to another aspect of the invention and the proxy agent of the communication means comprises an SNMP processor which translates the information between SMNP and P1500 protocols The proposed testing/management approach will also have an important impact on testing economics for the following reasons. Decrease manufacturing testing costs: typically, when the first SoC comes off the manufacturing line, extensive testing is performed by taking benefit from on-chip DFT logic. But the multimillion dollar test systems that are often required to perform the analysis are usually kept very busy on the production test floor. Indeed, the test time surely being one component of test costs, another part of these costs is the kind of Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) involved in testing. ATE which are used for SoC manufacturing testing are very complex and very costly [10]. Carrying out test patterns on a remote SoC via an existing TCP/IP network makes possible the use of cost-effective ATEs. Therefore in the present invention, a system for testing at least one functional or IP core embedded in an integrated circuit ship comprises: an integrated circuit chip according to the invention, a communication network connected to the communication means of the integrated circuit chip, a network management station connected to the communication network and able to communicate with the testing means of the integrated circuit chip via the communication network and the communication means of the integrated circuit chip. According to one aspect of the invention, it will be the ATE which acts as the network management station which performs an automatic test of a functional or IP core of the integrated circuit chip. According to another aspect of the invention, the communication means of the integrated circuit chip allow a remote control of the testing means via the communication network. This aspect of the invention, advantageously allows remote using of test classical techniques. In recent SoC based systems the amount of test data transferred between ATEs and devices under test is becoming too large. Even expensive state-of-the-art ATEs restrict the SoC test, as a result of limited memory resources, narrow channel bandwidth and low speed. One known approach to overcome ATE limitations is to use built-in self-test (BIST [12]) to generate patterns and to analyze the results at speed. If the IP core under test has the BIST, The proposed testing/management approach allows to launch the self-test remotely through SNMP set-request and as soon as the self-test finished, the ATE receives in autonomy an unsolicited message, called traps in order that the ATE generates SNMP get-request to retrieve the BIST signature. Another advantage of the invention is the improve fault diagnosis: collecting internal states of IP cores using basic SNMP requests (e.g. set-request and get-request), it helps to improve fault diagnosis within a SoC. Indeed, the diagnosis software associated to tester operating system of such an approach interacts with the embedded cores through SNMP requests. This software performs embedded test execution and diagnosis requests and recovers execution status results or detailed: diagnostic information. The invention allows also a better maintainability: the management and monitoring of the IP cores activity is possible by taking advantage of important asset in management network domain. Hence, the overall system maintainability is improved. Because within larger digital systems you often find a large number of hardware registers. Generally, these kinds of registers control and monitor hardware functions within the system. It is common practice to separate registers from the functional blocks (FB) of each IP cores, and interconnect them with extended P1500 logic proposed in this approach. Those registers remain attached to the FB. With this facility, we can manage and monitor each IP core of SoC through its extended P1500 logic. Today, several research works have addressed hardware-based solutions using network protocols and applications. In the Applied Research Lab (ARL) at Washington University in St. Louis, a set of hardware components for research in the field of networking, switching, routing and active networking have been developed. However, hardware components of layered protocol wrappers [13] have been proposed which process Internet packets in reconfigurable hardware. Hence, several network applications have been developed which use this wrapper library [13]. For instance, an Internet router or firewalls are important applications that use the wrapper library to route and filter packets [14, 15]. A single chip has been used to filter Internet SPAM and to guard against several types of network intrusion. The above research works have not addressed a SNMP hardware-based solution at the application layer. This is important since such a feature has to be considered at the chip level. SNMP is considered as an application layer protocol which uses indeed a TCP/IP suite (in practice UDP is used). The invention implement in a preferred but exclusive embodiment an SNMP agent developed on a wrapper library which has been developed in the paper [13]. The SNMP agent is developed within a SoC to help in the external testing of the overall SoC. Moreover, there are more SNMP versions published in Request For Comments (RFCs) documents. The first version (SNMPv1) [9] is characterized by the simplicity of management functions. SNMPv2 (RFC's 1901 through 1908) [18] is an enhancement of SNMPv1. The SNMPv3 Framework (RFC's 3411 though 3418) [19] is derived from and builds upon both the SNMPv1 Framework and the SNMPv2 Framework. All versions (SNMPv1, SNMPv2, and SNMPv3) of the Internet-Standard Management Framework share the same basic structure and components. Coexistence issues relating to all versions can be found in RFC 3584 [28]. SNMPv3 is an extensible SNMPv2 framework with a new message format, security abilities, and remote configuration of SNMP parameters. In addition, many DFT strategies have roots in boundary-scan technology. That technology codified in the IEEE 1149.1 [20] standard, probes chip inputs and outputs and tests the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) interconnect integrity. DFT technology for SoCs aims deeper into chip circuitry and is currently the focus of the IEEE P1500 [1-5] Working Group on Standards for Embedded Core Test. IEEE P1500 standardizes two important aspects of core-based SoC testing: (1) the core test knowledge transfer from core provider to core user by means of standardizing a Core Test Language, and (2) test access to embedded cores by means of standardizing a core wrapper that supports both core-internal and core external testing. A network management system (SNMP) contains [7-9] (FIG. 1): several nodes, each embeds a processing entity, called an agent. The Agent has access to management instrumentation; at least one management station; and, a management protocol, used to convey management information between the agents and management stations. Operations of the protocol are carried out under an administrative framework which defines both authentication and authorization policies. Network management stations execute management applications which monitor and control network elements. Network elements are monitored and controlled through an access to their management information. Definitions for related management information, events, and associated implementation compliance requirements are specified in documents called Management Information Base specifications or MIB specifications “Management information is viewed as a collection of managed objects, residing in a virtual information store (MIB) [7].” Collections of related objects are defined in MIB modules. These modules are written using a subset of OSI's (Open System Interconnexion) Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN. 1) [22]. Indeed, MIBs are specifications containing definitions of management information so that networked systems can be remotely monitored, configured, and controlled [7, 9]. The Structure of Management Information (SMI) [23], to define that subset. The SMI is divided into three parts: module definitions, object definitions, and, trap definitions. Each object instance of any object type defined in the MIB is identified in SNMP operations with an hierarchical identifier called Object IDentifier (OID) [23] of the form x.y, where x is the name of a non-aggregate object type defined in the MIB and y is an OBJECT IDENTIFIER fragment that, in a way specific to the named object type, identifies the desired instance. Using UDP protocol, the manager exchange a set of SNMP Messages with agents (SNMPv1 [9]) or others mangers (SNMPv2 [24]). Indeed, for a manager to monitor and configure its agents, some operations have to be carried out. The get-request, get-next-request and get-bulk-request (SNMPv2) are used for monitoring and set-request message for configuration of the agents. The manager starts by sending a given get-request message and the agent responds to that given message by sending a get-response message back to the manager. To increase the efficiency of the management system, an agent is able to generate unsolicited messages, called traps. This is done when the agent observes the occurrence of a preset parameter in its network element. Without loss of generality, SNMPv1 is considered in the proposed solution. Indeed, SNMPv1 fully satisfies all the requirement of a testing management solution. The management (FIG. 2) through SNMP is accomplished by retrieving and applying test information. Such information is related to the electronic components (SoC). For example using the SNMP requests (FIG. 2), observe, monitor and test the SoC and all its embedded cores starting from a manager (NMS or ATE in our case). Thus, test response, cartography information or other test information are retrieved by using a standard SNMP-based management software. Testing a SoC is one of the main challenges for the semi-conductor industries. Given the increasing density of integration for today integrated circuits, it becomes harder to have access, for test purposes, to IP cores inputs/outputs since such cores are deeply embedded within the SoC. In general, the problem of SoC testing requires new challenges [4]: Efficient transfer of an IP core testing information from the designer to the user, Enhance the access to the internal IP core infrastructure, so as to be able to reach the IP core inputs/outputs and to connect them to an ATE or to a SoC self-test logic. Optimize test integration to ensure optimal performance overall the necessary cost. Elaboration of a standard management from the system level to the IP core level as regards to remote access to information base (MIB), Take benefit from available network management software tools such as HPOPEN-VIEW© of Hewlett-Packard®, Functional paradigm for monitoring and control is sufficiently extensible to accommodate additional, possibly unanticipated aspects of network operation and management, Knowing that the number of message (e.g. get-request, get-next-request, etc.) required by SNMP is small, few resources are expected at the level of the chip and the system as well. Furthermore, P 1500 is considered for the following reasons [4]: Help in the isolation of an IP core among those which compose the SoC, Provide a standard mechanism of access to internal logic, Facilitate the mix and the interconnection of IP cores which are provided from multiple vendors. To make possible a combination between DFT and network management, a hybrid P1500/SNMP architecture is proposed. The invention proposes the solution at the levels of both IP core and SoC. The proposed testing management approach will allow as set forth before a reduction of manufacturing testing costs: current Automatic Test Equipments (ATE) which are used for SoC manufacturing testing are very complex and very costly [10]. Carrying out test patterns on a remote SoC via a existing TCP/IP network makes possible the use of cost-effective ATEs. Consequently, data can be carried out from an ATE to a remote electronic device through a classical TCP/IP networking technology (FIG. 2). The invention will also improve fault diagnosis by collecting internal states of IP cores using basic SNMP requests (e.g. set-request and get-request), it helps to improve fault diagnosis within a SoC. An IP core is tested by the core integrator as a part of a SoC. This is accomplished by using test vectors that are given by the IP core provider. Indeed, usually the integrator of a SoC has few in-formation on the used IP core. IP cores are considered as black boxes. Today, more than ever an IP core has to be designed with testability issues in mind [4]: test point insertion, Scan, BIST insertion, etc. Beyond testing, another problem comes from the diversity of the origin and the technology of IP cores (mixed-technology designs). IP cores are heterogeneous from several standpoints: the used communication protocols, the used bus interface, frequency, etc. Such heterogeneous parameters imply connection and communication problems between the IP cores. Thus, flexibility and compatibility are more than required by IP core users. SoC test mechanism standards, such as core P 1500 wrappers [2-5] and Core Test Language (CTL), are currently under development [1]. The IEEE P1500 standard improves testability features for both system chip interconnect and logic (IP cores), it allows isolating the cores from the embedded environment. FIG. 3 gives an overview of the P1500 scalable architecture. For test needs, each IP core must be encapsulated in a P1500 wrapper. The role of the wrapper is to allow the control of external inputs and to observe external outputs of the IP core by means of a peripheral scan-path. In addition, the wrapper allows the control of the IP core's internal scan-path. It also makes possible to define the operating mode of the IP core such as the functional mode, peripheral shift mode, internal shift mode, etc. So that tests information are disseminated within the SoC through a test bus or Test Access Mechanism (TAM). FIG. 3 gives an overview of the P1500 scalable architecture. For test needs, each IP core must be encapsulated in a P1500 wrapper. The role of the wrapper is to allow the control of external inputs and to observe external outputs of the IP core by means of a peripheral scan-path. It also makes possible to define the operating mode of the IP core such as the functional mode, peripheral shift mode, internal shift mode, etc. So that tests information are disseminated within the SoC through a test bus or a Test Access Mechanism (TAM). Further features, aspects and advantages of the invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and the accompanying drawings where: The FIG. 1 shows a general SNMP environment; The FIG. 2 shows the general principle of a SNMP based of System on chip SoC testing; The FIG. 3 depicts an overview of the IEEE P1500 scalable architecture; The FIG. 4 depicts a sequence diagram illustrating the information exchanges between the network management station (ATE) and the integrated cicuirt Chip (Soc) while processing a test remotaly managed by the ATE; The FIG. 5 depicts the basic SNMP messages between the network management station (ATE) and the integrated cicuirt Chip (Soc); The FIG. 6 depicts a schematic view of a integrated circuit chip according to the invention; The FIG. 7 depicts the structure of a Management Information Base MIB according to the invention; The FIG. 8 depicts the operating modes of a proxy agent being part of the communication means of an integrated circuit chip according the invention; The FIG. 9 depicts the architecture of the extended P 1500 wrapper located around each IP core of an integrated circuit chip according the invention; The FIG. 10 depicts a synthesis results of both the simple and extended according to the invention P1500 wrapper adapted to benchmarks ITC99; The FIG. 11 depicts the total area occupied by wrapper according to the input/output number of IP cores; The FIG. 12 depicts an example of architecture for a hardware based proxy agent being part of the communication means of an integrated circuit chip according to the invention; The FIG. 13 depicts more precisely the architecture the proxy agent being part of the communication means of an integrated circuit chip according to the invention; The FIG. 14 is an overview of state-transition diagram of Deterministic Finite Automation within the proxy agent. As invoked earlier, in it's preferred embodiment, the invention proposes a DFT technique which is a combination between the P1500 and SNMP standards. Indeed, outside the SoC, the approach is fully compliant with SNMP. According to the invention, the P1500 architecture has been extended by adding the SNMP behavior. Given such an extension, the SoC becomes able to understand SNMP requests. SNMP is used to communicate management information between the network management stations (ATE) and the agents (SoC) within the network elements. SNMP requests (get-request, set-request . . . ) retrieve or modify the value of objects managed of SoC such as IP core identifier, SoC identifier, test vector, tests techniques, etc. FIG. 4 shows the sequence diagrams. The later is represented in UML notation [25]. The set-request message (FIG. 4.a: set-request OID TV) applies tests vectors on the IP cores by specifying the identity (OID) and the test vector. In that case, the OID distinguishes the type of the applied test. In all of SNMP version, the contents of each variable-bindings of the array VarBindList are copied to the response. The error-status and error-index fields are set to zero to indicate success, or to appropriate values on error. It is similar in our approach but a get-response message replaces the place holder values of test vector with the test results. This choice is motivated by minimizing the SNMP requests number. That is to say, one set-request message is needed to apply test vectors and to retrieve test results instead tow messages: set-request to apply test vector and get-request to retrieve test results. However, the get-request message (FIG. 4.b: get-request OID) retrieves test information of either the IP core or the SoC by specifying for example the identity of an instance of test information. When no error occurs processing the, a get-response message replaces the place holder values with the actual values of test information. Therefore, with such facilities the SMNP protocol reaches the internal structure of an IP core. As shown in the FIG. 5, SNMP protocol standardizes the relationship between a manager and an agent. A manager is responsible for supervising the designated functions of many agents. Communication among protocol entities is accomplished by the exchange of messages, each of which is entirely and independently represented within a single UDP datagram using the Basic Encoding Rules (BERs) of ASN. 1 [22, 26]. A message consists of a version identifier, an SNMP community name, and a Protocol Data Unit (PDU). Therefore, the SNMP architecture is divided to two parts: the client side which represents the ATE in our case, and the server side representing the SoC. On the SoC side, only SNMP application layer is considered since the layered protocol wrappers (UDP and IP wrappers) [13] are used. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, SNMPv1 protocol (message format) is considered because it fully satisfies all the requirement of a testing/management solution. Also, SNMPv1 is simple and does not require lot of resources for both silicon area overhead and time of functioning on chip. But according to the invention, others protocols can be used. At the architecture level, a SoC is considered as an embedded distributed system within an electronic device/system. According to the invention the integrated circuit chip or SoC comprises a plurality of functional core or IP cores. Each of these IP cores are wrapped by using the extended P 1500 wrappers. The later represent the SNMP agents managed (FIG. 6) by Proxy Agent (PA) being part of the communication means of the SoC. Usually, IP cores are interconnected by the means of a bus or a complex communication network. The invention allows the management of the proposed infrastructure starting from a network management station through the PA component (FIG. 6). The PA whose architecture is detailed below is a hardware-based SNMP agent (FIG. 6); It is totality implemented in hardware. This component monitors and controls of the embedded cores under test. The PA is used to translate information between SNMP and P1500 protocols. That is, a PA provides a protocol conversion function which allows a management station to apply a consistent management framework of ail SoC and IP cores infrastructures. Consequently, a PA can be considered as an IP core, which gets SNMP requests coming from the management station (or ATE). Such requests are converted towards instructions in conformity with the extended P 1500 standard. In a similar way, the answers of the IP core are converted towards a SNMP protocol representation (get-response or Trap). Finally, test results are sent to the ATE as SNMP requests. The MIB (Management information Base) of a PA contains all test information that are related to a SoC. Each IP core embeds a MIB which represents the behaviour of the SNMP agent. The FIG. 7 gives the structure of a Management Information Base MIB according to the invention. For an IP core or a SoC, the MIB describes the functionalities of test techniques associated to the P1500 wrapper as well as information relating to the testing process (e.g. test vectors, test results). The MIB is divided in two parts: the information at the SoC level and those at the level of IP cores. The first part of the MIB is dedicated to the SoC: SoC identifier, configuration of basic components, etc. The second part of the MIB is dedicated to the IP core. For instance, the table called “ipCoresWrappedPl500Table” is related to the information regarding P 1500 test architecture. The index of this table is called “ipCoreIndex”. It represents the logical address of IP cores in the SoC environment. Other test techniques such as IEEE 1149.1 can be specified within the MIB if the IP cores are wrapped using a IEEE 1149.1 wrapper. The following table I gives main MIB variables which are handled by the proposed test architecture. TABLE I Definition of main managed objects Name OID Data Type R/W Description SocIdentifier X.1.1.1.0 Uinteger32 R SoC Identifier (SoC level) ipCoreNumber X.2.1.0 Gauge32 R IP Core number IPCoresWrappedP1500Table SEQUENCE OF ipCoresWrappedP1500Entry, Index = <IPCoreIndex> ipCoreIdentifier X.2.2.1.2.IPCoreIndex UInteger32 R IP core Identifier (IP core level) techniqueTest X.2.2.1.3.IPCoreIndex INTEGER (1..16) R Specify test technique: BIST, functional test, internal test or a combination of several techniques functionalTestVT X.2.2.1.4.IPCoreIndex OCTET STRING W Functional test ExTestVT X.2.2.1.5.IPCoreIndex OCTET STRING W External test simpleCoreTestVT X.2.2.1.6.IPCoreIndex OCTET STRING W Internal test without concatenation of WBR register with internal scan registers scanCoreTestVT X.2.2.1.7.IPCoreIndex OCTET STRING W Internal test by concatenation of WBR register with internal scan registers coreBISTEnable X.2.2.1.8.IPCoreIndex OCTET STRING W Self-test (BIST) coreBISTSignature X.2.2.1.9.IPCoreIndex OCTET STRING R BIST signature The relationship between the requests of SNMP and those of P1500 is implemented at the level of the proxy agent. This is shown in table II. TABLE II SNMP/P1500 relationship SNMP request P1500 Instruction GetRequest X.1.1.1.0 WS_GETREQUEST with OID <=1 Recover the contents of IDSOC (32 bits) register which is at proxy agent level GetRequest X.2.2.1.2.IPCoreIndex WS_GETREQUEST with OID <=6 Recover the contents of IDIP register (32 bits) which stores the IP core identifier GetRequest X.2.2.1.3.IPCoreIndex WS_GETREQUEST with OID <=7 Recover the contents of TECTEST register (4 bits) which identifies the used test technique (i.e. scan, BIST . . . ). SetRequest X.2.2.1.4.IPCoreIndex TV WS_SETREQUEST with OID <=15 Start the functional (test vector) test SetRequest X.2.2.1.5.IPCoreIndex TV WS_SETREQUEST with OID <=20 Start the external test SetRequest X.2.2.1.6.IPCoreIndex TV WS_SETREQUEST with OID <=25 Start the internal test SetRequest X.2.2.1.8.IPCoreIndex TV WS_SETREQUEST with OID <=35 Start the self-test . . . At SoC level, the proxy agent converts SNMP requests into P1500 instructions. For example, the SNMP request “GetRequest X.1.1.1.0” is converted into WS_GETREQUEST P1500 instruction with flattened OID that equals “1”. This flattened OID relates to the hierarchical OID “X.1.1.1.0”. Inside a SoC, the flattened OID is considered instead of a hierarchical OID. This choice is motivated by the need of minimizing the processing logic of hierarchical OID for each IP cores. To better explain how the test architecture works, given a SoC under test, let's consider that a functional testing is needed for the fifth IP core. For that, the following test vector “1100110” is considered. Using SNMP, the request “SetRequest X.2.2.1.4.5 ‘110011O’b” is sent. However, this request is converted within the SoC into P1500 instruction called WS_SETREQUEST with flattened OID that equals “15”. Also, the last number (IPCorelndex) of the hierarchical OID represents the logical address (number “5”) of the considered IP core. In order to ensure the design reuse of the proposed architecture, the proxy agent operates in two modes: a bridge and a router mode (see FIG. 8). At the SoC level, the proxy agent operates in a router mode since it operates between two different networks: a TCPIIP network outside the SoC and a dedicated Network-on-Chips (NoC) inside the SoC. At the level of the IP core, the agent operates in a bridge mode since it operates in the same network. The FIG. 9 shows the architecture of the extended P 1500 wrapper located around each IP core. This extension implements a large part of the MIB shown in FIG. 7, in particular, a part of the MIB dedicated to each IP core. The architecture of the extended P1500 wrapper contains the following blocks: IDIP: a 32 bits register which stores the IP core identifier (i.e. manufacturer identifier, version, etc.). TECTEST: a 4 bits register which identifies the used test technique (i.e. scan, BIST . . . ). WBY, WBR, WSI, WSO, BIST, WIP: basic blocks which are already defined by the P1500 standard [5]. Please refer to [2-5] for more information. WIR (Wrapper Instruction Register) Extended: this logic extends the classical P1500 instruction register in order to support SNMP instructions. Indeed, new instructions are necessary for the extended architecture. The following table summarizes these new instructions: TABLE III List of the added instructions Instruction Description WS_SETREQUEST Carries out the test WS_GETREQUEST Finds test information from the agent (IP core) WS_GETNEXTREQUEST Finds next test information OID (Object IDentifier) register: this register gets a flattened object identifier from a proxy agent. It completes the semantic of the added P1500 instructions. In fact, the OID information joins the added P1500 instruction at the IP core level (extended P1500 wrapper). This allows launching the appropriate operating mode. Several experimentations have been conducted using twenty-two design benchmarks known as ITC99 benchmarks (b01 to b22) [27]. The considered design flow is based on Synopsys® tools. The obtained results are summarized in FIGS. 10, 11 and in Table IV as well. FIG. 10 shows the synthesis results of both the simple and the extended P1500 wrapper adapted to benchmarks ITC99. The FIG. 10 compares between the area needed by the simple wrapper and the silicon area which is required by the extended wrapper. The obtained results are detailed in table IV. Please, notice that the area and timing values are given in “gate” account and in “ns” respectively. As shows in the FIGS. 10 and 11, the area is lightly affected by the proposed architecture. This is also illustrated in table IV. TABLE IV Implementation results of the extended P1500 wrapper b01 b02 b04 b05 b07 b11 b12 b14 b15 b17 b18 b19 b20 b22 Input 2 1 11 1 1 7 5 32 36 37 36 21 32 32 Output 2 1 8 36 8 6 6 54 70 97 23 30 22 22 In + out 4 2 19 37 9 13 11 86 106 134 59 51 54 54 Simple wrapper 116 102 221 349 151 179 165 696 838 135 506 450 471 471 (Gates) Extended 320 306 425 553 355 383 369 900 1042 1239 710 654 675 675 wrapper (Gates) Area occupied >100 >100 58 55 80 50 34 9 12 4 0.6 0.2 3.3 2.2 (%) Data required 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 time(ns) Data arrival 6.51 6.51 6.52 6.52 6.51 6.52 6.51 6.56 6.56 6.56 6.56 6.52 6.52 6.52 time(ns) Speed (MHz) 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 The three first rows represent the number of input and output pins for each ITC99 benchmarks. The fourth row gives the area overhead of the extended wrapper. The fifth row specifies the percentage of the area occupied by the extended wrapper compared to the total area of the IP cores (ITC99 benchmarks). The sixth and seventh rows give information about delays in dock cycles of data passing through the extended wrapper. The last row specifies maximum frequency of each synthesized wrapper. In summary, for the considered IP core, an SNMP interface necessitates a few added logic because the difference between area overhead occupied by simple wrapper and extended wrapper is only 119 gates. The presented results have considered a 0,18μ CMOS technology library. This library was used for several examples of industrial integrated circuits. The proposed architecture is cost-effective. Furthermore, It has several advantages: (1) it is 100% compliant with classical P1500 wrappers; (2) it ensures the scalability of the MIB when new objects and new OIDs will be added; (3) the internal protocol is not affected. The FIG. 12 illustrates the hardware-based networking architecture of the proxy agent. The protocol wrappers proposed in [13] are shown in the FIG. 12. These wrappers are layered according to the following protocols: Physical, Data Link, IP and UDP. However, using the proposed architecture, a new network application interface is adapted to the UDP wrapper interface. The proxy agent communicates with IP cores through the TAM. Indeed, the proposed proxy agent is composed of three components: the SNMP wrapper, the SNMP processor and the control block. The SNMP wrapper (FIG. 13) is composed of two components: InputDevice and OutputDevice. The InputDevice receives request messages [10] from the UDP wrapper. The InputDevice first collects the request message in the Registers File (RF, it supports one SNMP Message). As soon as it is collected, the incoming transport message is de-serialized (decoded) by using the BERs [26] of ASN. 1 [22]. Next, the InputDevice constructs an ASN. 1 object. It then verifies the version number of the SNMP message. In case of a mismatch, it discards the message and it performs no further actions. The community name found in the SNMPv1 message is saved (it is input to a future security mechanism). The InputDevice then performs a simple parse on the ASN. 1 object constructed. Finally, it builds an ASN. 1 object corresponding to an SNMPv1 PDU object (the value of request-id is saved.). The SNMP processor analyses the SNMPv1 PDU received from InputDevice. The SNMP processor is composed of two components: OID transformer and P1500 Instruction Generator. The SNMP processor translates information between SNMP and P1500 protocols. Indeed, using a OID transformer, the SNMP processor first transforms the hierarchical OID towards a flattened OID. Furthermore, it recovers the logical address of IP core to be tested. Next, using P1500 Instruction Generator, the SNMP Processor generates P1500 instructions and as soon as the conversion terminates, SNMP Processor activates the control block in order to supervise the test of embedded core under test. The Control Block receives the following outputs from the SNMP Processor: logical address of IP core, flattened OID, data test and P1500 Instruction. Using a Deterministic Finite Automation (DFA), the control block generates the P1500 controls signals known as WIP signals (Wrapper Interface Port) and a data signal known as WSI signal (Wrapper Serial Input). When the test process terminates, the DFA accumulates in the Data Buffer (DB) the test response coming from the embedded core via WSO signal (Wrapper Serial Output). The FIG. 14 shows the simple form of the DFA state-transition diagram using UML notation. This diagram consists of round rectangles which represent states and directed line segments to represent transitions between the states. One or more actions may be associated with each transition. In the first stage, starting from the initial state, the control block carries out a P1500 instruction. However, the DFA first captures data in register WIR (Wrapper Instruction Register), in fact, the parallel capture of data is optional, it is used only with a parallel TAM. DFA then shifts the P1500 Instruction in WIR. Finally, this finite state machine updates (running) the instruction shifted in the WIR. In the second stage, the control block applies a test vector. The DFA shifts the test vector in the data register WDR (Wrapper Data Register) selected by the WIR circuitry. It then updates the test vector within the IP core. Finally, in the last stage, after waiting the response at the level of the IP core output pins, the Control Block retrieves the test response by shifting the response in DB. The OutputDevice receives the data responses from the SNMP processor. The OutputDevice first constructs a get-response PDU using as input the saved request-id value and the values for Error-Status, Error-Index and VarBindList returned from processing the request. The PDU and the community string are used to generate an SNMPv1 message. The message is then senialized (encoded), using the BERs of ASN.1. OutputDevice then sends the SNMPv1 message using a transport service to the manager address from the request. The InputDevice and OutputDevice are based on BERs for decoding and encoding the input and output messages, respectively. BERs specify a series of procedures for transfer syntax of types specified with ASN. 1. A transfer syntax is the actual representation of octets to be sent from one network entity to another. The Table V summarizes the implementation results of the proxy agent. TABLE V Implementation results of the proxy agent. Components Area (gates) Total Area (gates) InputDevice 1065 1067 15323 16369 Registers File 8931 11281 OutputDevice 3476 3480 SNMP Processor 304 304 Control Block 1069 1084 Speed (MHz) 100 200 100 200 The three first rows give the area overhead of the SNMP wrapper including the three blocks: InputDevice, OutputDevice and Registers File. The Registers File represents the memory which stores fields of the SNMP message de-serialized by InputDevice. The next two rows are related to the area overhead of bath the SNMP Processor and control block, respectively. The maximum frequency of proxy agent is given in the next row. Indeed, today SoCs are very complex and embeds tens of millions of gates; the agent proxy necessitates an added logic equivalent to a simple IP cane such as b 17 of the used benchmark. The following documents and publications are incorporated herein by reference and can be consulted for further details on the technologies and protocols implemented by the invention. [1] E. J. Marinissen, Y. Zorian, R. Kapur, T. Taylor, and L. Whetsel. Towards a standard for embedded core test: An example, In IEEE International Test Conference (ITC), pp 616-627, New Jersey, USA, September 1999. [2] Y. Zorian, Embedded Tutorial: System-Chip Test Strategies, 35e” annual ACM IEEE conference on Design Automation Conference, pp 752-757, California, USA, June 1998. [3] E. J. Marinissen and Y. Zorian, Challenges in Testing Core-Based System ICs, IEEE Communication Magazine, Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 104-109, June 1999. [4] E. J. Marinissen, R. Kapur and Y. Zorian, On Using IEEE P 1500 SECT for Test Plug-n-Play. IEEE International Test Conference (ITC), pp 770-777, New Jersey, USA, October 2000. [5] IEEE P1500 Web Site. http://grouper.ieee.orglgroups/1500/, March 2004. [6] The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). RFC document database. http://www.ietf.org/, January 2004. [7] D. Perkins and E. McGinnis, Understanding SNMP MJBs, Prentice Hall, mc, New Jersey, 1997. [8] D. R. Mauro and K. J. Schmidt, Essential SNMP, O'Reilly, California, 2001. [9] J. Case, M. Fedor, M. Schoffstall and J. Davin, A Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), RFC 1157, SNMP Research, Performance Systems International, and MIT LCS, May 1990. [10] M. Goto and K. D. Hilleges, The DFT-Age ATE Architecture—The Multi-Port ATE, in SEMICON SEMI Technology Symposium (STS), pp. 82-91, Chiba, Japan, December 2000. [11] D. Harrington, R. Presuhn and B. Wijnen, An Architecture for Describing Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Management Frameworks, RFC 3411, STD 62, December 2002. [12] M. L. Bushnell and V. D. Agrawal, Essentials of Electronic Testing for Digital, Memory, and Mixed-Signal VLSI Circuits, Kluwer Academic, pp 690, 2000. [13] F. Braun, J. W. Lockwood and M. Waldvogel, Layered Protocol Wrappers for Internet Packet Processing in Reconfigurable Hardware, Proc. of Hot Interconnects 9 (HotI-9), pp. 93-98, California, USA, August 2001. [14] J. W. Lockwood, C. E. Neely, C. K. Zuver, J. Moscola, S. Dharmapurikar and D. Lim, An Extensible, System-On-Programmable-Chip, Content-Aware Internet Firewall, Field-Programmable Logic and Applications, FPL'03, pp 859-868, Lisbon, Portugal, October 2003. [15] I. Moscola, J. W. Lockwood, R. P. Loui and M. Pachos, Implementation of a Content-Scanning Module for an Internet Firewall, 11th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines, FCCM'03, pp 31-38, California, USA, April 2003. [16] John W. Lockwood, James Moscola, David Reddick, Matthew Kulig and Tim Brooks, Application of Hardware Accelerated Extensible Network Nodes for Internet Worm and Virus; Protection, Active Networks, IFIP TC6 5th International Workshop, IWAN'03, pp 44-57, Kyoto, Japan, December 2003. [17] J. Postel, User Datagram Protocol, RFC 768, ISI, August 1980. [18] J. Case, K. McCloghrie, M. Rose and S. Waldbusser, Coexistence between Version 1 and Version 2 of the Internet-standard Network Management Framework, RFC 1908, SNMPv2 Working Group, SNMP Research inc, Cisco Systems inc, Doyen Beach Consulting inc, INS, Standards Track, January 1996. [19] D. Levi, P. Meyer and B. Stewart, SNMPv3 Applications, RFC 2273, SNMP Research inc, Secure Computing Corporation, Cisco Systems, Standards Track, January 1998. [20] IEEE Standard Board. IEEE std 1149.1-1990, standard test access port and boundary scan architecture, New York, NY 1OO17-2394, 1990. [22] International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Specification of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1), International Standard, ISO-8824, 1987. [23] M. Rose and K. McCloghrie, Structure and Identification of Management Information for TCP/IP-based Internets, RFC 1155, Performance Systems International and Hughes LAN Systems, May 1990. [24] J. Case, K. McCloghrie, M. Rose and S. Waldbusser, Protocol Operations for version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2), RFC 1448, SNMP Research, Hughes LAN Systems, Doyen Beach Consulting, Carnegie Mellon University, April 1993. [25] J. Rumbaugh, I. iacobson and G. Booch, The Unified Modelling Language Reference Manual, Addison-Wesley, 1999. [26] Information processing systems—Open Systems Interconnection, Specification of Basic Encoding Rules for Abstract Notation One (ASN.1), International Organization for Standardization, international Standard, ISO-8825, December 1987. [27] Politecnico di Tonna ITC'99 benchkmarks, downloadable at the URL. http://www.cad.polito.ititools/itc99.html, 1999. [28] R. Frye, D. Levi, S. Routhier and B. Wijnen, Coexistence between Version 1, Version 2, and Version 3 of the Internet-standard Network Management Framework, RFC 3584, BCP 74, August 2003

20070625

20100525

20080207

82422.0

G06F1750

TON, DAVID

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT CHIP WITH COMMUNICATION MEANS ENABLING REMOTE CONTROL OF TESTING MEANS OF IP CORES OF THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

SMALL

ACCEPTED

G06F

ACCEPTED

Massaging appliance

Rod-shaped massaging appliance with an essentially cylindrical end piece, with a wall or shell made of a rubber-elastic material forming the outer surface of the end piece and with a drive unit for generating movement on the end piece.

1. A rod-shaped massaging appliance with an essentially cylindrical end piece, with a wall or shell made of a rubber-elastic material forming the an outer surface of the end piece and with a drive unit for generating movement on the end piece, wherein the drive unit forms a plurality of bearing and support surfaces against which the shell bears, and that the drive unit is designed for an oscillating deformation of the shell relative to a longitudinal axis of the end piece radially outward and inward, so that this deformation takes place along the longitudinal axis of the end piece and/or in the peripheral direction of the end piece, preferably phase-delayed. 2. The massaging appliance according to claim 1, wherein the bearing or support surfaces for the shell are formed by a plurality of support elements, which can be driven by at least one drive element for a radial stroke motion. 3. The massaging appliance according to claim 2, wherein the support elements are jaws. 4. The massaging appliance according to claim 2, wherein several support elements are arranged respectively in a common plane perpendicular to the longitudinal extension of the end piece and form one group of support elements, and that a plurality of such groups is provided successively in the longitudinal direction of the end piece. 5. The massaging appliance according to claim 1, whereby for moving the support surfaces and/or the support elements forming said support surfaces, at least one shaft forming at least one eccentric section is provided, which said shaft works together with the support elements and can be driven by a drive unit. 6. The massaging appliance according to claim 5, wherein the at least one eccentric section extends parallel or approximately parallel to the axis of the shaft at least over a partial length of the at least one shaft. 7. The massaging appliance according to claim 5, wherein the at least one eccentric section extends diagonally to the axis of the shaft at least over a partial length of the at least one shaft. 8. The massaging appliance according to claim 5, wherein the at least one eccentric section is twisted along the axis of the at least one shaft so that it extends on a helical line on the axis of the shaft. 9. The massaging appliance according to claim 5, wherein the at least one eccentric section is formed by one edge of the at least one shaft. 10. The massaging appliance according to claim 5, wherein the eccentric section is formed by the fact that the at least one shaft has, at least on its shaft section working together with the support elements, a non-circular cross section, a polygonal or an essentially polygonal cross section, triangular or rectangular. 11. The massaging appliance according to claim 1, wherein a single shaft working together with the support elements. 12. The massaging appliance according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of shafts working together with the support elements. 13. The massaging appliance according to claim 1, wherein the eccentric section of the at least one shaft working together with the support elements features a plurality of eccentric surfaces or areas. 14. The massaging appliance according to claim 13, wherein the number of eccentric areas or surfaces is equal to the number of support elements in each group of such elements. 15. The massaging appliance according to claim 13, wherein the number of eccentric areas or surfaces is different from the number of support elements in each group of such elements. 16. The massaging appliance according to claim 1, wherein the inner bearing and support surfaces for the shell are formed by eccentric sections of shafts that are oriented with their longitudinal extension in the direction of the longitudinal axis (GL) of the end piece and can be driven by a drive unit. 17. The massaging appliance according to claim 16, wherein the at least one eccentric section of the respective shaft extends parallel or approximately parallel to the axis of the shaft at least over a partial length of the shaft. 18. The massaging appliance according to claim 16, wherein the at least one eccentric section of the respective shaft extends diagonally to the axis of the shaft at least over a partial length of the shaft. 19. The massaging appliance according to claim 16, wherein the at least one eccentric section of the respective shaft is twisted at least on a partial length along the axis of the shaft so that it extends on a helical line on the axis of the shaft. 20. The massaging appliance according to claim 16, wherein the at least one eccentric section is formed by one edge of the respective shaft. 21. The massaging appliance according to claim 16, wherein the eccentric section is formed by the fact that the respective shaft has a non-circular cross section, a polygonal or an essentially polygonal cross section, triangular or rectangular. 22. The massaging appliance according to claim 1, wherein at least two eccentric areas or surfaces offset on the axis of the shaft are formed on the eccentric section. 23. The massaging appliance according to claim 1, wherein at least one support element is provided for several shafts, each featuring one eccentric section.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a massaging appliance with an essentially cylindrical piece, with a wall or shell made of rubber elastic material and with a drive unit for generating movement on the end piece. Such massaging appliance for insertion into body cavities, e.g. the vagina, are known in the art (e.g. EP 0 472 965 A1). It is an object of the present invention is to present a massaging appliance with an innovative effect. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The cylindrical device has a drive unit. The drive unit has a plurality of bearing and support surfaces against which a shell bears, and the drive unit is designed for oscillating deformation of the shell relative to a longitudinal axis of the end piece, of the device, radially inward and outward, so that this deformation takes place along the longitudinal axis of the end piece and/or in the peripheral direction of the end piece, in a phase delayed manner. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention is described in more detail below based on exemplary embodiments with reference to the drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 shows a massaging appliance according to the invention in side view, partially in longitudinal section; FIGS. 2 and 3 show sections corresponding to the lines A-A and B-B of FIG. 1; FIG. 4 shows a further possible embodiment of the invention in a depiction similar to FIG. 1; and FIGS. 5 and 6 show sections corresponding to the lines A-A and B-B of FIG. 4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The massaging appliance generally designated 1 in FIG. 1 consists of a support or, in the depicted embodiment, a plate-shaped base 2, on which a plurality of guide and support elements 3 are fastened, said elements extending in the longitudinal direction of the appliance 1 and protruding over one side of the base 2 and being rod-shaped in the depicted embodiment. The guide and support elements 3 provided at a distance from one another and oriented in the longitudinal direction of the appliance 1 form three groups, each with two guide and support elements in the depicted embodiment. The groups are offset from one another by 120° on the longitudinal axis of the appliance 1, so that the axes of the two guide and support elements 3 of each group are at the same radial distance from the longitudinal axis GL and are at a distance from each other. A plurality of jaws or plates 4 are arranged on the guide and support elements 3. The jaws 4 in the depicted embodiment have a flat or graduated disk shape, so that three such jaws form one disk-shaped set of jaws. The jaws 4 or the sets of jaws formed by said jaws and oriented with their surface sides perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the massaging appliance are provided consecutively in the manner of a stack in the longitudinal direction of the appliance 1 to form a jaw stack 5. Each jaw 4 is movably guided relative to the axis GL by means of oblong holes 4.1 on the two guide and support elements 3 of one support element group. The outer surfaces 4.2 of the jaws are designed in the depicted embodiment in the shape of a partial cylinder surface. The outer diameter of the layers formed by three jaws 4 changes along the axis GL, in the depicted embodiment such that the outer diameter of these layers is reduced on the end facing away from the base 2. On the same axis with the axis GL, in the base 2 and between the jaws 4, one shaft 6 is rotatably mounted on bearings, said shaft having a non-circular cross section on its shaft section 6.1 located between the jaws 4, i.e. in the depicted embodiment a triangular cross section, which is twisted along the axis GL so that the extremities or corner points of said cross section lie on a helical line on the axis of the shaft 6. The jaws 4 bear with the inner bearing surfaces 4.3 against the shaft section 6.1. The base 2 and the jaw or plate arrangement 5 formed by the jaws 4 or jaw layers is covered with a shell 7 made of a rubber-elastic material, over which also the jaws 4 are pre-tensioned in a retracted position with the smaller distance from the axis GL. The shaft 7 is driven by a drive unit not depicted, by means of which via the shaft section 6.1 a radial movement of the jaws 4, which with their bearing surfaces 4.3 work together with said shaft section, is achieved radially to the axis GL, so that the jaws 4, following the helical path of the corner areas of the cross section of the shaft section 6.1 along the longitudinal extension of the appliance 1 are moved varyingly radially outward at any point in time, thus resulting in a wave-like movement on the outer surface of the shell 7. This means that the phase of the stroke motion of the jaws 4 in the longitudinal direction GL changes, i.e. at any point in time some of the jaws 4 are in their retracted inner position, some of the jaws 4 are in the furthest radially outward position and some of the jaws 4 are in positions in between, as depicted in FIG. 1. FIGS. 4-6 show as a further possible embodiment a appliance 1a, which differs from the appliance 1 essentially in that instead of the radially moved jaws, several shafts 8 are provided, which are rotatably mounted in the base 2 and extend with shaft sections 8.1 over one side of the base 2. The shafts 8 oriented with their axis in the direction of the longitudinal axis GL of the appliance 1a are distributed at regular angle intervals on said longitudinal axis. Furthermore, in the direction of the axis GL and at a distance from the base 2, support disks 9 are provided that are oriented with their surface sides perpendicular to the axis GL and are held on a support element 10 that is rod-shaped in the depicted embodiment and that is oriented on the same axis as the axis GL and is held at one end on the base 2. The support disks 9 form partially circular recesses or cutouts 9.1 on their periphery that are open toward the periphery and in which the shaft 8 is partially held with its shaft sections 8.1 and which form a support for the shaft sections 8.1. The shaft sections 8.1 again have a non-circular cross section, i.e. in the depicted embodiment an oval cross section, which is twisted in the longitudinal direction of the shaft 8 so that the extremities of this cross section, i.e. the two outermost and most widely spaced areas of the oval cross section are each arranged on a helical line on the axis of the respective shaft 8. In the depicted embodiment, a total of six shafts 8 are provided, offset, on the axis GL. The arrangement, formed by the shafts 8.1, the base 2 and the support elements or disks 9, of the shell 7, which is again made of the rubber-elastic material, is closed toward the outside. Furthermore, the design is such that when the shafts 8 are rotating, the shell 7 is also pressed elastically outward at the point where the cross section of the shaft sections 8.1 with the largest cross section axis is no longer tangential to an imaginary circular line around the axis GL. The least deformation of the shell 7 then exists at the point where the cross section of the respective shaft section 8.1 with its largest cross section axis is oriented tangentially to the imaginary circular arc around the axis GL (FIG. 5), and the greatest deformation of the shell 7 exists at the point where the largest cross section axis is oriented radially to the axis GL (FIG. 6). The shafts 8 can be driven by a common drive unit not depicted. Plastic is an especially suitable material for the base 2, the guide and support elements 3, the jaws 4, the shafts 6 and 8, the support elements 9 and the support element 10. All embodiments have in common the fact that within a rubber-elastic shell 7 forming the outer surface of the appliance, support elements are provided for said shell that are part of an actuating mechanism, with which a radial stroke motion is achieved on the outer surface of the shell, namely with a phase for the stroke motion that changes in the longitudinal and/or peripheral direction of the appliance. The invention was described above based on exemplary embodiments. It goes without saying that numerous modifications and variations are possible without abandoning the underlying inventive idea upon which the invention is based. For example, the support elements 9 can be eliminated. Furthermore, it was assumed in the embodiment in FIGS. 1-3 that the number of eccentric areas of the shaft 6 is equal to the number of support elements in each group or plane. Embodiments are also conceivable in which the number of eccentric areas is greater than the number of support elements in each group or plane. REFERENCE LIST 1, 1a massaging appliance 2 base 3 guide and support element 4 jaws 4.1 oblong hole 4.2 peripheral surface 4.3 bearing surface 5 jaw array 6 shaft 6.1 shaft section 7 shell 8 shaft 8.1 shaft sections 9 support or supporting plate 9.1 cutout or recess 10 support element

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The invention relates to a massaging appliance with an essentially cylindrical piece, with a wall or shell made of rubber elastic material and with a drive unit for generating movement on the end piece. Such massaging appliance for insertion into body cavities, e.g. the vagina, are known in the art (e.g. EP 0 472 965 A1). It is an object of the present invention is to present a massaging appliance with an innovative effect.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The cylindrical device has a drive unit. The drive unit has a plurality of bearing and support surfaces against which a shell bears, and the drive unit is designed for oscillating deformation of the shell relative to a longitudinal axis of the end piece, of the device, radially inward and outward, so that this deformation takes place along the longitudinal axis of the end piece and/or in the peripheral direction of the end piece, in a phase delayed manner.

20060816

20090714

20070802

99875.0

A61H100

GILBERT, SAMUEL G

MASSAGING APPLIANCE

SMALL

ACCEPTED

A61H

ACCEPTED

Method And Apparatus For Transforming A Digital Audio Signal And For Inversely Transforming A Transformed Digital Audio Signal

A known time domain to frequency domain or frequency domain to time domain transform used in audio codecs is MDCT, which has the disadvantage of being costly in terms of required computational power due to high-precision multiplications, but which facilitates overlapping transform and subsampling. The invention uses a transform or inverse transform which does not involve multiplications because the transform and inverse transform matrices include ‘+1’ and ‘−1’ values only, but whereby the advantages of overlapping and subsampling are kept.

1. Method for transforming in an audio signal processor a digital audio signal from the time domain into a different domain, said method including the steps: forming partitions of transform length N from said digital audio signal which partitions overlap by N/2, wherein N is an integer multiple of ‘4’, comprising: performing a multiplication of a transform matrix Mh, said transform matrix having a size of N/2 rows and N columns, with each one of said partitions such that succeeding transformed signal partitions are provided, wherein said transform matrix is constructed in the form: Mh=[a lr(a) b lr(−1*b)], wherein ‘a’ and ‘b’ are sub-matrices each having N/2 rows and N/4 columns and including ‘+1’ and ‘−1’ values only, and wherein said sub-matrices are linearly independent, whereby said transform matrix multiplication outputs N/2 output values per N input values representing a subsampling by a factor of ‘2’, thereby forming a transformed digital audio signal. 2. Method for inversely transforming in an audio signal processor a transformed digital audio signal into the time domain, which transformed digital audio signal was constructed by the steps: forming partitions of transform length N from an original digital audio signal which partitions were overlapping by N/2, wherein N is an integer multiple of ‘4’; performing a multiplication of a transform matrix, said transform matrix Mh having a size of N/2 rows and N columns, with each one of said partitions (x) such that succeeding transformed signal partitions were provided, wherein said transform matrix was constructed in the form Mh=[a lr(a) b lr(−1*b)], wherein ‘a’ and ‘b’ were sub-matrices each having N/2 rows and N/4 columns and including ‘+1’ and ‘−1’ values only, and wherein said sub-matrices are linearly independent, whereby said transform matrix multiplication had output N/2 output values per N input values representing a subsampling by a factor of ‘2’, thereby having formed a transformed digital audio signal, said method including the steps: performing a multiplication of an inverse transform matrix invMh, said inverse transform matrix having a size of N rows and N/2 columns, with each one of said transformed signal partitions such that succeeding inversely transformed signal partitions of length N are provided, wherein said inverse transform matrix invMh is constructed by taking the left half of the inverse of a matrix [ a ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( a ) b ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( - 1 * b ) b ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( - 1 * b ) a ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( a ) ] , wherein ‘a’ and ‘b’ are sub-matrices as defined above; assembling said inversely transformed signal partitions in an overlapping manner so as to form an inversely transformed digital audio signal whereby said overlapping is of size N/2, and whereby the samples values of said inversely transformed signal partitions or the samples values of said inversely transformed digital audio signal, or the values of said transformed signal partitions are each scaled by multiplication with factor ‘1/N’ or by a division by ‘N’ or by a corresponding binary shift operation. 3. Apparatus for transforming a digital audio signal from the time domain into a different domain, said apparatus including: means which form partitions of transform length N from said digital audio signal which partitions overlap by N/2, wherein N is an integer multiple of ‘4’; means which perform a multiplication of a transform matrix Mh, said transform matrix having a size of N/2 rows and N columns, with each one of said partitions such that succeeding transformed signal partitions are provided, wherein said transform matrix is constructed in the form: Mh=[a lr(a) b lr(−1*b)], wherein ‘a’ and ‘b’ are sub-matrices each having N/2 rows and N/4 columns and including ‘+1’ and ‘−1’ values only, and wherein said sub-matrices are linearly independent, whereby said transform matrix multiplication means output N/2 output values per N input values representing a subsampling by a factor of ‘2’, thereby forming a transformed digital audio signal. 4. Apparatus for inversely transforming a transformed digital audio signal into the time domain, which transformed digital audio signal was constructed by the steps: forming partitions of transform length N from an original digital audio signal, which partitions were overlapping by N/2, wherein N is an integer multiple of ‘4’; performing a multiplication of a transform matrix said transform matrix Mh having a size of N/2 rows and N rows, with each one of said partitions such that succeeding transformed signal partitions were provided, wherein said transform matrix was constructed in the form Mh=[a lr(a) b lr(−1*b)], wherein ‘a’ and ‘b’ were sub-matrices each having N/2 rows and N/4 columns and including ‘+1’ and ‘−1’ values only, and wherein said sub-matrices are linearly independent, whereby said transform matrix multiplication had output N/2 output values per N input values representing a subsampling by a factor of ‘2’, thereby having formed a transformed digital audio signal, said apparatus including: means which perform a multiplication of an inverse transform matrix invMh, said inverse transform matrix having a size of N rows and N/2 columns, with each one of said transformed signal partitions such that succeeding inversely transformed signal partitions of length N are provided, wherein said inverse transform matrix invMh is constructed by taking the left half of the inverse of a matrix [ a ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( a ) b ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( - 1 * b ) b ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( - 1 * b ) a ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( a ) ] , wherein ‘a’ and ‘b’ are sub-matrices as defined above; means which assemble said inversely transformed signal partitions in an overlapping manner so as to form an inversely transformed digital audio signal whereby said overlapping is of size N/2, and whereby the samples values of said inversely transformed signal partitions or the samples values of said inversely transformed digital audio signal, or the values of said transformed signal partitions are each scaled by multiplication with factor ‘1/N’ or by a division by ‘N’ or by a corresponding binary shift operation. 5. Method according to claim 1, wherein N equals ‘8’. 6. Method according to claim 5, wherein said transform matrix has the values: Mh = [ 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 ] , and said inverse transform matrix has the values: invMh = [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 ] .

The invention relates to a method and to an apparatus for transforming a digital audio signal from the time domain into a different domain, and for inversely transforming a transformed digital audio signal into the time domain. BACKGROUND Known time domain to frequency domain or frequency domain to time domain transformations used in codecs include the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) or the Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (MDCT). Both types of transformation have the disadvantage that they are costly in terms of required computational power since the computation involves multiplications with a much higher precision than that of both the input and the output values. E.g. in audio codecs, based on 16 bit integer input samples and output values, in many cases the internal computations are carried out with at least 32 bit fixed point or floating point precision. The input values are multiplied with cosine values, which often are memorised in look-up tables to reduce the processing power load. But such tables consume valuable memory capacity which is precious in particular in embedded systems like audio players or mobiles phones. The Hadamard transformation does not use any such multiplications but uses matrices consisting only of ‘+1’ and ‘−1’ values. But using a Hadamard transform leads to reduced coding quality or increased bitrate. The major advantage of the MDCT over the DCT is its lapped nature, i.e. each input sample is transformed twice and each output sample is the sum of two inverse transforms, which has the effect that quantisation effects are averaged and noise introduced by a is completely cancelled in the optimum case. By subsampling following the overlapping the MDCT transformed signal has as many samples as the input signal. This feature is not feasible when using a Hadamard transform. If an overlap of 50% is chosen, there are also 50% more transformed samples, which fact contradicts the compression goal and has strong drawbacks on transmission. INVENTION Most audio codecs transform their input data from time (or space) domain to another domain (frequency domain), in which compression and quantisation is carried out. However, DCT or MDCT transformation is costly in terms of computation power and memory. A problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a transform and a corresponding inverse transform which has the advantages of MDCT but requires less computational power. This problem is solved by the methods disclosed in claims 1 and 2. Corresponding apparatuses that utilise these methods are disclosed in claims 3 and 4, respectively. The invention solves this problem by constructing a transformation or inverse transformation which does not use any multiplication apart from a single scaling, and which still keeps the advantages of MDCT like overlapping and subsampling. The related N*N full matrix is constructed by a combination of two different N/2-rows N/4-columns sub-matrices and reversed-column-order versions of these sub-matrices, whereby the sub-matrices and thereby the (N/2)*N transformation matrix and the N*N full matrix contain ‘+1’ and ‘−1’ values only. The inventive transformation also represents a change between time domain and another domain. With proper overlap and subsampling it is perfectly reconstructing. The inventive transformation is very cheap in terms of computation power and memory, since it does not use any multiplications or high precision coefficient tables. Furthermore the inventive transformation overlaps by 50% in the time domain which reduces quantisation artifacts. At the same time it uses subsampling by a factor of ‘2’, i.e. a transformation of length N samples results in N/2 transformed values. No separate subsampling step is required. In combination with the overlap a stream of L samples results in L transformed values (apart from a lead in and out) and in L inversely transformed values. Advantageously, apart from the much lower computing requirements the characteristics of the inventive transform are very similar to that of the MDCT: ‘smearing’ of quantisation effects over the whole transformation length, 50% overlap so that quantisation artefacts are averaged or even cancelled out, subsampling so that despite a 50% overlap the number of transformed values is equal to the number of input values. In principle, the inventive methods are suited for: transforming in an audio signal processor a digital audio signal from the time domain into a different domain, including the method steps: forming partitions of transform length N from said digital audio signal, which partitions overlap by N/2, wherein N is an integer multiple of ‘4’; performing a multiplication of a transform matrix Mh, said transform matrix having a size of N/2 rows and N columns, with each one of said partitions such that succeeding transformed signal partitions are provided, wherein said transform matrix is constructed in the form: Mh=[a lr(a)b lr(−1*b)], wherein ‘a’ and ‘b’ are sub-matrices each having N/2 rows and N/4 columns and including ‘+1’ and ‘−1’ values only, and wherein said sub-matrices are linearly independent, whereby said transform matrix multiplication outputs N/2 output values per N input values representing a subsampling by a factor of ‘2’, thereby forming a transformed digital audio signal, and for inversely transforming in an audio signal processor a transformed digital audio signal into the time domain, which transformed digital audio signal was constructed by the steps: forming partitions of transform length N from an original digital audio signal, which partitions were overlapping by N/2, wherein N is an integer multiple of ‘4’; performing a multiplication of a transform matrix, said transform matrix Mh having a size of N/2 rows and N columns, with each one of said partitions such that succeeding transformed signal partitions were provided, wherein said transform matrix was constructed in the form Mh =[a lr(a) b lr(−1*b)], wherein ‘a’ and ‘b’ were submatrices each having N/2 rows and N/4 columns and including ‘+1’ and ‘−1’ values only, and wherein said sub-matrices are linearly independent, whereby said transform matrix multiplication had output N/2 output values per N input values representing a subsampling by a factor of ‘2’, thereby having formed a transformed digital audio signal, including the method steps: performing a multiplication of an inverse transform matrix invMh, said inverse transform matrix having a size of N rows and N/2 columns, with each one of said transformed signal partitions such that succeeding inversely transformed signal partitions of length N are provided, wherein said inverse transform matrix invMh is constructed by taking the left half of the inverse of a matrix [ a ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( a ) b ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( - 1 * b ) b ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( - 1 * b ) a ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( a ) ] , wherein ‘a’ and ‘b’ are sub-matrices as defined above; assembling said inversely transformed signal partitions in an overlapping manner so as to form an inversely transformed digital audio signal, whereby said overlapping is of size N/2, and whereby the samples values of said inversely transformed signal partitions, or the samples values of said inversely transformed digital audio signal, or the values of said transformed signal partitions are each scaled by multiplication with factor ‘1/N’ or by a division by ‘N’ or by a corresponding binary shift operation. In principle, the inventive apparatus for transforming a digital audio signal from the time domain into a different domain includes: means which form partitions of transform length N from said digital audio signal, which partitions overlap by N/2, wherein N is an integer multiple of ‘4’; means which perform a multiplication of a transform matrix Mh, said transform matrix having a size of N/2 rows and N columns, with each one of said partitions such that succeeding transformed signal partitions are provided, wherein said transform matrix is constructed in the form: Mh=[a lr(a) b lr(−1*b)], wherein ‘a’ and ‘b’ are sub-matrices each having N/2 rows and N/4 columns and including ‘+1’ and ‘−1’ values only, and wherein said sub-matrices are linearly independent, whereby said transform matrix multiplication means output N/2 output values per N input values representing a subsampling by a factor of ‘2’, thereby forming a transformed digital audio signal. In principle, the inventive apparatus for inversely transforming a transformed digital audio signal, which was constructed by the steps: forming partitions of transform length N from an original digital audio signal, which partitions were overlapping by N/2, wherein N is an integer multiple of ‘4’; performing a multiplication of a transform matrix, said transform matrix Mh having a size of N/2 rows and N columns, with each one of said partitions such that succeeding transformed signal partitions were provided, wherein said transform matrix was constructed in the form Mh =[a lr(a) b lr(−1*b)], wherein ‘a’ and ‘b’ were submatrices each having N/2 rows and N/4 columns and including ‘+1’ and ‘−1’ values only, and wherein said sub-matrices are linearly independent, whereby said transform matrix multiplication had output N/2 output values per N input values representing a subsampling by a factor of ‘2’, thereby having formed a transformed digital audio signal, into the time domain includes: means which perform a multiplication of an inverse transform matrix invMh, said inverse transform matrix having a size of N rows and N/2 columns, with each one of said transformed signal partitions such that succeeding inversely transformed signal partitions of length N are provided, wherein said inverse transform matrix invMh is constructed by taking the left half of the inverse of a matrix [ a ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( a ) b ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( - 1 * b ) b ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( - 1 * b ) a ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( a ) ] , wherein ‘a’ and ‘b’ are sub-matrices as defined above; means which assemble said inversely transformed signal partitions in an overlapping manner so as to form an inversely transformed digital audio signal, whereby said overlapping is of size N/2, and whereby the samples values of said inversely transformed signal partitions, or the samples values of said inversely transformed digital audio signal, or the values of said transformed signal partitions are each scaled by multiplication with factor ‘1/N’ or by a division by ‘N’ or by a corresponding binary shift operation. Advantageous additional embodiments of the invention are disclosed in the respective dependent claims. DRAWING Exemplary embodiments of the invention are described with reference to the accompanying drawing, which shows in: FIG. 1 Simplified block diagram for the inventive transformation in an audio signal processor, and for the inventive inverse transformation in an audio signal processor. EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS In FIG. 1a a digital input audio signal X is fed to a partitioner PAR in which corresponding partitions x of length N from signal X are formed. The partitions x are transformed in a transform stage TRF, which gets transform matrix values Mh from a memory MEMI, from the time domain into a different domain, thereby providing the transformed output signal y. Advantageously, the transformed x signal partitions are already subsampled by a factor of two so that no extra subsampler is required. This signal can be encoded in a coder COD including e.g. quantising, bit allocation and/or variable length coding, whereby the resulting data rate is reduced and encoding side information SI (for example encoding parameters) can be generated. The encoded audio signal is multiplexed in stage MUX with the side information SI, thereby providing a signal T to be transferred. In FIG. 1b the transferred signal T is fed to a demultiplexer stage DEMUX, which provides an encoded audio signal together with side information SI to a decoder DEC. In DEC the encoded audio signal is decoded using said side information SI (for example encoding/decoding parameters), including e.g. variable length decoding and/or inverse quantisation, and is thereafter fed as signal y′ to an inverse length-N transformer ITRF, which gets inverse transform matrix values invMh from a memory MEM2, and which transforms from said different domain back to the time domain. In stage ASS the corresponding signal partitions x′ of length N are assembled in an overlapping manner thereby providing the digital output audio signal X′. The transformation of length N in transformer TRF is carried out in an encoder such that in each case a corresponding partition x of length N of a digital input audio signal X of length L is transformed into a transformed signal y of length N. This transformed signal y is transformed back in a decoder in the inverse transformer ITRF to a corresponding partition x′ of an output signal X′ such that X′ equals X. This is true, if the first N/2 and the last N/2 samples of signal X are zero and L is an integer multiple of N/2. Since each input signal X can be padded accordingly this means no loss of generality. The transformation length N must be an integer multiple of ‘4’, i.e. n=N/4, n and N being integer numbers. The (N/2)*N transformation matrix Mh has the form: Mh=[a lr(a) b lr(−1*b)], where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are sub-matrices having 2*n rows and n columns consisting of only ‘+1’ and ‘−1’ values or elements. E.g. “lr(a)” means that the columns or elements of sub-matrix ‘a’ are reversed in order, i.e. lr([1 2 3 4]) becomes [4 3 2 1]. An N*N full matrix MhFull is defined by: MhFull = [ a ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( a ) b ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( - 1 * b ) b ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( - 1 * b ) a ⁢ ⁢ lr ⁡ ( a ) ] The sub-matrices ‘a’ and ‘b’ are chosen such that their rows are linearly independent from each other, i.e. rank[MhFull]=N. Advantageously, the inverse full matrix invMhFull is the inverse of full matrix MhFull scaled by N, so that the inverse full matrix invMhFull consists of only ‘+1’ and ‘−1’ values, too: invMhFull=inv[MhFull]*N=N*[MhFull]−1. The inverse transformation matrix invMh is formed by taking the left half of inverse full matrix invMhFull. In ‘Matlab’ software notation: invMh=invMhFull[:,1:(N/2)] Therein “[:,” denotes that all rows are taken, “1:(N/2)]” denotes that columns 1 to N/2 are taken. An example transformation matrix for N=8 is: Mh = [ 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 ] The corresponding full matrix is: MhFull = [ 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 ] The corresponding inverse full matrix following multiplication with N is: invMhFull = [ 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 ] The corresponding inverse transformation matrix is: invMh = [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 ] With nTransforms=L/(N/2), i.e. the total length of input signal X divided by one half of the transform length equals the total number of transforms carried out on input signal X. For practical implementation, the value ‘L’ used does not correspond to the total length of audio signal X (e.g. the number of samples in 5 or 74 minutes) but to a usual audio coding frame length, e.g. in the range of 100 to 3000 samples. The transformation of the partitions x of input audio signal X from the time domain into a different domain is carried out as follows (in ‘Matlab’ software notation): y = zeros (N/2, nTransforms); for k = 0:(nTransforms-1) y(:, k+1) = Mh * x((1:N) + k*N/2); end The first line means that a matrix or a data field ‘y’ is generated which has N/2 rows and nTransforms columns, all of which are filled with 101 values. According to the next line, k runs from ‘0’ to (nTransforms-1) in the ‘for’ loop. The third line expresses that the transformation matrix Mh is multiplied with an input signal vector x having the elements x(1+k*N/2) to x(N+k*N/2), each one of these multiplications yielding a vector having N/2 elements. The resulting (N/2)*nTransforms matrix is assigned to y. The overlap of the transforms by N/2 is apparent. The transform coefficients of the overlapping partitions ‘y’ are subsampled by a factor of two. The corresponding inverse transformation of the coefficients of the partitions y of the transformed signal of the different domain into corresponding partitions x′ of the signal X′ in the time domain is carried out as follows (in ‘Matlab’ software notation): x′ = zeros (L, 1); for k = 0:(nTransforms-1) idx = (1:N) + k*N/2; x′(idx) = x′(idx) + invMh * y(:,k+1); end x′ = x′/N The first line means that a matrix or a data field x′ is generated which has L rows and a single column, all of which are filled with ‘0’ values. According to the next line, k runs from ‘0’ to (nTransforms-1) in the ‘for’ loop. The third line defines a parameter set idx having the elements (1+k*N/2) to (N+k*N/2). The fourth line expresses that the inverse transformation matrix invMh is multiplied with a partial matrix of y consisting of all rows of matrix y and column k+1 of matrix y, whereby the resulting vectors each having N/2 elements are summed up to form signal x′. Since both the transform matrix Mh and the inverse matrix invMh consist only of ‘+1’ and ‘−1’ values, the scaling in the last line is the only multiplication (by factor ‘1/N’), or division by ‘N’, in this transformation/inverse transformation, which multiplication or division can be implemented as a shift operation in case N is a power of ‘2’. As an alternative, the transformed input values of the inverse transform can be scaled instead. Advantageously, all other operations can be implemented as sums and differences. By the overlapping, quantisation artifacts are averaged or even cancelled. Following the inverse transform, the alias introduced by the subsampling is also cancelled, i.e. a ‘perfect reconstruction’ is achieved. As an alternative, the invention can be carried out with correspondingly transposed transform and inverse transform matices, i.e. matrix Mh has N rows and N/2 columns, whereas matrix invMh has N/2 rows and N columns. The invention can be applied in audio coding/decoding, in audio data compression and in audio data transmission, storage and reproduction.

<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>Known time domain to frequency domain or frequency domain to time domain transformations used in codecs include the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) or the Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (MDCT). Both types of transformation have the disadvantage that they are costly in terms of required computational power since the computation involves multiplications with a much higher precision than that of both the input and the output values. E.g. in audio codecs, based on 16 bit integer input samples and output values, in many cases the internal computations are carried out with at least 32 bit fixed point or floating point precision. The input values are multiplied with cosine values, which often are memorised in look-up tables to reduce the processing power load. But such tables consume valuable memory capacity which is precious in particular in embedded systems like audio players or mobiles phones. The Hadamard transformation does not use any such multiplications but uses matrices consisting only of ‘+1’ and ‘−1’ values. But using a Hadamard transform leads to reduced coding quality or increased bitrate. The major advantage of the MDCT over the DCT is its lapped nature, i.e. each input sample is transformed twice and each output sample is the sum of two inverse transforms, which has the effect that quantisation effects are averaged and noise introduced by a is completely cancelled in the optimum case. By subsampling following the overlapping the MDCT transformed signal has as many samples as the input signal. This feature is not feasible when using a Hadamard transform. If an overlap of 50% is chosen, there are also 50% more transformed samples, which fact contradicts the compression goal and has strong drawbacks on transmission.

20060816

20100330

20070830

76402.0

G10L1900

BAIG, ADNAN

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSFORMING A DIGITAL AUDIO SIGNAL AND FOR INVERSELY TRANSFORMING A TRANSFORMED DIGITAL AUDIO SIGNAL

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

G10L

ACCEPTED

Detergent made use of fermentation technology and production method thereof

Regarding a detergent made using fermentation technology and its production method, in a production process of soap, effective microorganisms (EM) and EM-X ceramic powder are added to enhance a saponification degree of fat, strengthen a cleaning power as well, and also to realize a detergent capable of proliferating effective microorganisms in sewage water after washing and cleaning the sewage water, and exhibit an effect as a water purification material after washing. On selecting microorganisms, as a living organism playing a starter role in an environmental purification process, in particular, effective microorganisms (EM) consisting mainly of facultative anaerobic lactic acid bacteria, yeast and photosynthetic bacteria and EM-X ceramic powder are introduced in a production process of soap, thereby, a treated material obtained according to the present invention exhibits an environmental purification effect as a substrate of benign microorganisms or a microorganism material.

1. A method of detergent production comprising the step of: compounding a baked ceramic powder in which effective microorganisms including at least lactic acid bacteria, yeast and photosynthetic bacteria as a facultative anaerobe, and a condensed liquid of an antioxidant substance produced by effective microorganisms are mixed with a clay and aged as a raw material. 2. The method of detergent production according to claim 1, further comprising the step of: compounding organic and inorganic materials treated by fermentation with effective microorganisms including a facultative anaerobe of at least lactic acid bacteria, yeast and photosynthetic bacteria as a raw material, to enhance a saponification degree and a cleaning power. 3. The method of detergent production comprising the step of: integrating an antioxidant substance and an aromatic component contained in a raw material of claim 2 being treated by fermentation with the effective microorganism group including a facultative anaerobe of at least lactic acid bacteria, yeast and photosynthetic bacteria group, into a fat of raw material of the detergent. 4. A method of detergent production comprising the step of: conducting fermentation and aging of a raw material by effective microorganisms including a facultative anaerobe of at least lactic acid bacteria, yeast and photosynthetic bacteria. 5. The method of detergent production according to claim 4, further comprising the step of adding a ceramic powder as a catalyst, the ceramic powder baked after aging a clay mixed with a condensed liquid of antioxidant substances produced by said effective microorganisms, to further enhance a saponification degree. 6. The method of detergent production comprising the steps of: accelerating proliferation of effective microorganisms by a detergent obtained according to the method of claim 1, and enhancing a self-decomposition rate after use to accelerate water purification.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to soap which enhances a saponification degree of fat and strengthens a cleaning power by adding effective microorganisms (EM) and EM-X ceramic powder in a production process of soap, and which proliferates effective microorganisms in sewage water after washing for cleaning the sewage water. BACKGROUND ART The conventional water treatment has employed a method for collecting sewage in cleaning equipment or a sewage treatment plant for treating sewage. However, household miscellaneous waste water contributes largely to a main reason for pollution. Household miscellaneous waste water contains various substances. Among them, there is concern that detergent could provide an adverse affect to an ecological system. In particular, various surfactants contained in a synthetic detergent remarkably harm the existence of bacteria and protozoa as a main body in a sewage treatment technique, which lowers the treatment capacity and leads a vicious circle of increase in pollution. Moreover, in a final process of sewage treatment, many chlorine type bactericides are used, thus influence to an ecological system becomes serious. Considering that the household miscellaneous waste water including surfactants lowers the treatment capacity of the sewage treatment plant and chlorine type bactericides are being used, it can be said that an intermediate treatment process in the sewage treatment plant, etc. would not be sufficient to a basic solution. Recently, accumulation of the above problems causes serious pollution of rivers and oceans, and with an expensive cost the recovery has been tried. However, these problems are left unsolved, rather become more serious. In such situations, people's attention has been drawn to soap that is decomposed by natural microorganisms, and a public movement to use soap made from waste oil has been growing. However, when soap has a low saponification degree and an insufficient cleaning power, it is apparent that water quality is deteriorated in accordance with increase of soap usage. Patent reference 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication 2002-226893 Patent reference 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication 2002-128683 DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED BY THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to reduce soap usage by enhancing a saponification degree of fat and strengthen its cleaning power, so that pollution process from sewage water is disconnected fundamentally. In other words, the invention is characterized in that soap with enhanced saponification degree is produced by adding effective microorganisms (EM) which is effective for water purification and using EM-X ceramic powder as a catalyst. In a production of detergent of the present invention, the following are added: effective microorganisms (EM) mainly consisting of lactic acid bacteria, yeast and photosynthetic bacteria (EM: trademark of EM Research Organization Inc.) among anaerobe effective microorganisms as effective microorganisms (EM); and ceramic powder (EM-X ceramic: manufactured by EM Sogonet Co., Ltd., Amron Co., Ltd.) which is prepared by mixing a condensed liquid of antioxidant substances produced by effective microorganisms (EM) (EM-X: manufactured by Tropical Plant Resources Research Institute; trademark of EM Research Organization Inc.) and EM in a clay, aging, and baking at 800-1200° C. The detergent thus produced aims to enhance a saponification degree, include functionality and effective component of microorganism, and exhibit an effect as a water purification material after washing. MEANS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM The present invention is characterized in that, on selecting microorganisms, in particular, effective microorganisms (EM) is introduced in a production process of soap as a living organism playing a starter role in an environmental purification process. EM mainly consists of facultative anaerobic lactic acid bacteria, yeast and photosynthetic bacteria. In the present invention, by introducing EM particularly before and after saponification process in a production process of soap, a treated material obtained according to the present invention exhibits an environmental purification effect as a substrate of benign microorganism or a microorganism material. Ordinarily, decomposition of organism discharged to environment starts in an artificial purification process conducted in purification equipment or a sewage treatment plant, and self-purification operation. However, by utilizing a treated material of the present invention, proliferation of benign microorganisms is accelerated immediately after use, and malign microorganisms using the treated material and sewage water discharged in washing as a nutrient have no chance to proliferate. Moreover, the present invention utilizes facultative anaerobic effective microorganisms. Basically, in environmental purification technologies, there are many cases using aerobic microorganisms, Bacillus genus is the typical example as described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication 2002-226893. Microorganisms composing an ecological system are roughly classified into two sorts, one is an aerobic microorganism, and the other is an anaerobic microorganism. It is said that aerobic microorganisms occupy almost all of the earth and anaerobic microorganisms occupy the very small portion. Anaerobic microorganisms themselves are classified into obligatory anaerobic bacteria and facultative bacteria. Obligatory anaerobic bacteria cannot live under coexistence with oxygen. On the other hand, facultative bacteria are susceptible to oxygen but are of a microorganism group having a metabolic system capable of growing even under existence of oxygen. Effective microorganisms (EM) used in the present invention is the latter bacteria group among anaerobic bacteria, which can act even under coexistence with oxygen. A role of the foregoing facultative bacteria under an aerobic environment is as follows. Although mainly an active body under an aerobic environment is aerobic bacteria, facultative anaerobic bacteria work together in almost all the cases of the backgrounds. In addition, many of facultative anaerobic bacteria have a wide environmental adjustability and independent alibility. Although the proliferation speed of facultative anaerobic bacteria is not so high as aerobic bacteria, the facultative anaerobic bacteria has a feature that it proliferates irrespective of the influence of environmental factors. Moreover, a lot of microorganisms are confirmed such that they contribute to decomposition of persistent materials of which aerobic bacteria can not realize the decomposition, they are particularly said to be an essential factor for environmental purification. Then, in order to conduct environmental purification easily, effective microorganisms (EM) consisting mainly of lactic acid bacteria, yeast and photosynthetic bacteria group which are facultative anaerobes has been widely used. In the present invention, as described in claim 1, by compounding EM and EM-X ceramic powder in a detergent, there can be realized a detergent characterized in that a saponification degree and cleaning power are enhanced, the amount of detergent used is reduced, functionality and effective component of the microorganisms are contained, and environmental load is small. In other words, on the occasion of discharging a detergent of the present invention into environment, effective microorganisms contained in soap naturally proliferate by utilizing sewage water discharged during the washing process as a nutrient in an early stage, and due to an effective component not contained in an ordinary detergent, the sorts of microorganism capable of employing the present soap as a nutrient increase, which contributes to the accelerated decomposition of soap itself. Further, when anaerobic bacteria are contained in the proliferated microorganisms, from the characteristic that respective anaerobic bacteria live together, various enzymes are produced in the decomposition process of organic matter. Furthermore, from a phenomenon called concurrent metabolism decomposing substances other than a target substance, they will contribute to the decomposition of environmental pollution causing substances other than the target. EFFECT OF THE INVENTION As described above, a treated material obtained according to the present invention not only changes sewage water as a pollution source of environment to a purification source automatically, but also suppresses proliferation of various bacteria, which leads to a secondary effect on suppression of slippery touch in a sink or bath tab, and of generation of bad odor substances. In addition, a detergent according to the present invention contains a lot of effective substances produced in a fermentation process of organic matter by facultative anaerobic bacteria, therefore, users can obtain not only positive effects of effective components but also an effect of returning indigenous microorganisms in environment to a sound state due to the excellent activation capability of benign microorganisms. On the other hand, fats as a raw material subjected to a fermentation treatment by effective microorganisms can be used as a raw material for detergents other than for soap like shampoo and as a moisture retention agent, so that the application is not restricted to detergent. BEST MODE CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Next, a detergent that effective microorganisms are added according to the present invention and its preparation method will be described in detail. The term “effective microorganisms” as intended to use in the present invention means microorganisms used in food processing for working effectively for human, and they are a group of effective microorganisms (EM) of compound culture mainly of lactic acid bacteria, yeast and photosynthetic bacteria which are generally recognized as safe bacteria. These have an effective fermentation pattern for human as a metabolic form of organic matter. A typical example of the common type of the microorganisms includes EM-1 (trademark of EM Research Organization Inc.), which is used in the present invention. EM-X ceramic powder used as a catalyst so as to enhance a saponification degree is commercially available one manufactured by EM Sogonet Co., Ltd. and Amron Co., Ltd. Since a detergent of the present invention is directed to soap, Examples 1 to 3 describe an introduction method into a production process of soap, but basically for the purpose of addition as a raw material, it can be used for all kinds of detergents. However, for a synthetic detergent containing a strong surfactant that kills microorganisms, it would kill microbes and protozoa in environment even if effective microorganisms (EM) of the present invention have resistance properties thereto. Therefore, it is not desirable to add effective microorganisms (EM) and EM-X ceramic powder in expectation of their water purification. Next, production methods will be described in detail. EXAMPLE 1 FIG. 1 is one example of flow chart of solid form soap production method, in a pre-stage prior to an emulsification process, EM or a fermented material with EM, and EM-X ceramic powder are added. In this case, although the microorganisms added cannot be counted from soap as a viable cell, after using detergent, effective components contained therein become a nutrient for benign indigenous microorganisms present in environment, so that organic carbons in soap are rapidly decomposed. A most simple production method is a method that EM-1 is added as a raw material, alternatively, a material fermented with EM can be used. An example of the fermented materials is aqueous fermented molasses or rice rinsed water. Also, extracts of various organics and various minerals can be directly added, but, before addition, fermentation by EM can afford the same effect as the addition of EM-1. Through the above processes, various fermentation substances can be added, and additives are studied according to the purpose of use. However, if all raw materials are treated by fermentation for addition, it is not realistic because time, space and cost saving are not obtained. A basic production method is as follows. The effective results are obtained by replacement of EM-1 for all of water used, in consideration of cost, a sufficient effect can be obtained by addition of EM-1 and EM-X ceramic powder of 1%. In the case of compounding additives other than those, the amount is not required in exceeding EM-1 for addition. Addition of EM-X ceramic powder is to aim at enhancing a saponification degree by the catalytic activity. Table 1 shows the amount of soap portion formation depending on loadings of EM-X ceramic powder. As shown in Table 1, with increasing in loadings of EM-X ceramic powder, the amount of soap portion formation was increased. TABLE 1 Influence of loadings of EM ceramic powder on the amount of soap portion formation No 0.01% 0.1% 1% addition addition addition addition Cold water 1.552 g 1.449 g 1.592 g 1.642 g Hot water 1.446 g 1.376 g 1.489 g 1.550 g EXAMPLE 2 FIG. 2 is one example of liquid soap production method. After saponification, EM-1 or a secondary culture liquid of EM-1, or a fermented rice rinsed water, which is a high nutrition liquid can be added to produce a liquid soap. A treatment prior to saponification follows Example 1. Table 2 is a table that the number of microorganisms contained in finished soap was counted. As shown in Table 2, when microorganisms are added after saponification, viable cell count is possible. TABLE 2 Number of microorganisms in soap Lactic acid Sort Yeast bacteria Ordinary soap Not detected Not detected EM added soap 10 × 104 15 × 104 EXAMPLE 3 Further, there are methods such as a direct fermentation method of raw materials and a method providing fat with antioxidant power by adding a fermented material to fat. Specifically, as described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication 2002-128683, a material that rice bran is fermented by EM is used. However, in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication 2002-128683, aerobic microorganisms are used and utilized as an aqueous solution, but a primary object of the present invention is that hydrophobic antioxidant substances being present more than water-soluble antioxidant substances in a fermented product are integrated into fat. When raw materials are directly fermented, EM-1 will be used, on this occasion, acceleration of fermentation can be done by conducting monosaccharides like glucose as a substrate. Also, even without addition of substrate, by adding EM-1 or fermented substances generated in accordance with it, and setting an aging period of about 45-90 days, the fermentation treatment of raw material is possible. Next, environmental purification effects will be described in detail. EXAMPLE 4 A treated material according to the present invention was added into a water tank whose bottom part was bedded with soil being filled with tap water. Table 3 shows that respective additive materials were added thereto, then, changes of turbidity were followed in time axis. As shown in Table 3, compared to a synthetic detergent or soap without EM, in the water tank that the product of the present invention was added, the lowering of turbidity was observed from 4 days afterward, and the results that a high transparent state was maintained long time were obtained. TABLE 3 Influence of additive materials on turbidity [FAU] Additive 4 days 13 days 20 days No addition 69.7 45.3 41.3 Surfactant 44.0 37.3 39.3 [synthetic detergent] Soap 24.0 28.7 40.0 EM added soap 14.0 20.7 26.7 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY As describe above, the present invention can contribute to the purification of global environment because, in a production step of soap, by addition of an effective microorganisms (EM) and EM-X ceramic powder, a saponification degree of fat is enhanced, a cleaning power is strengthened as well, and it becomes possible in proliferating effective microorganisms in sewage water after washing and cleaning the sewage water. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a flow chart of production method of solid form soap according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a flow chart of production method of liquid soap according *to the present invention.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>The conventional water treatment has employed a method for collecting sewage in cleaning equipment or a sewage treatment plant for treating sewage. However, household miscellaneous waste water contributes largely to a main reason for pollution. Household miscellaneous waste water contains various substances. Among them, there is concern that detergent could provide an adverse affect to an ecological system. In particular, various surfactants contained in a synthetic detergent remarkably harm the existence of bacteria and protozoa as a main body in a sewage treatment technique, which lowers the treatment capacity and leads a vicious circle of increase in pollution. Moreover, in a final process of sewage treatment, many chlorine type bactericides are used, thus influence to an ecological system becomes serious. Considering that the household miscellaneous waste water including surfactants lowers the treatment capacity of the sewage treatment plant and chlorine type bactericides are being used, it can be said that an intermediate treatment process in the sewage treatment plant, etc. would not be sufficient to a basic solution. Recently, accumulation of the above problems causes serious pollution of rivers and oceans, and with an expensive cost the recovery has been tried. However, these problems are left unsolved, rather become more serious. In such situations, people's attention has been drawn to soap that is decomposed by natural microorganisms, and a public movement to use soap made from waste oil has been growing. However, when soap has a low saponification degree and an insufficient cleaning power, it is apparent that water quality is deteriorated in accordance with increase of soap usage. Patent reference 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication 2002-226893 Patent reference 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication 2002-128683

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a flow chart of production method of solid form soap according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a flow chart of production method of liquid soap according *to the present invention. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="tail"?

20060817

20100629

20070816

95756.0

C12P764

KIM, TAEYOON

DETERGENT MADE USE OF FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTION METHOD THEREOF

SMALL

ACCEPTED

C12P

ACCEPTED

Face mask for the protection against biological agents

The invention relates to a new mask for the protection against biological agents having additional features to improve the efficiency. The mask is in particular equipped with a filtering layer providing outstanding performances against biological agents, with a high efficiency exhalation valve and with a boundary sealing layer to enhance the seal between mask and face.

1-25. (canceled) 26. A mask for the protection against biological agents consisting in a plurality of layers, characterized in that at least one of them, having filtering functions, is composed of borosilicate micro-glass fibers bound together by a vinyl acetate resin, the fiber matrix being supported by a strong, cellulose based, substrate and the structure being treated with a silicone based coating to impart hydrophobic properties. 27. A mask as claimed in claim 26, the plurality of layers comprising: a central layer, having filtering function, composed of the borosilicate micro-glass fibers bound together by a vinyl acetate resin, the fiber matrix being supported by a strong, cellulose based, substrate and the structure being treated with a silicone based coating to impart hydrophobic properties, an inner layer having shape-retaining function, and an outer layer having covering function 28. A mask as claimed in claim 27, wherein the filter layer has thickness ranging between 150 and 400 microns and unit area ranging between 25 and 65 g/m2. 29. A mask as claimed in claim 27, wherein the inner layer, with the function of retaining shape and providing structure to the mask body as well as providing support for the filtration layer, is made from non-woven fabric obtained by polypropylene or polyester fibers 30. A mask as claimed in claim 27, wherein the inner layer is made from non-woven fabric consisting in polypropylene fibers 31. A mask as claimed in claim 27, wherein the outer layer, having covering function to protect the filtration layer from abrasion, is made from non-woven fabric obtained by polyolefins, polyester or nylon fibers 32. A mask as claimed in claim 27, wherein the outer layer is made from meltblown polypropylene fibers 33. A mask as claimed in claim 26, equipped with a valve to facilitate the breathing which opens, in response to increased pressure, when the wearer exhales, allowing air to be rapidly evacuated from the mask interior, and which closes during inhaling 34. A mask as claimed in claim 33, wherein the valve comprises a valve seat (a) over which is secured a raised valve cover (b), carrying apertures (c). 35. A mask as claimed in claim 34, wherein the relief (f) of the valve seat owns a concave surface wherein a continues, cylinder shaped, plastic (i) lays all along the surface of the relief. 36. A mask as claimed in claim 35, wherein the relief of the valve seat is circular, the valve flap is round shaped and the continuos, cylinder shaped, plastic is an O-ring which lays allover the circumference of the relief. 37. A mask as claimed in claim 26, wherein the mask is equipped, on the edges, with a boundary sealing layer to improve the seal; the boundary layer is applied all along the perimeter of the mask, starting from the side joins; the seal layer tightly fits over the wearer's face adapting to any face shape; that ensures a leak free contact to the wearer's face, without pin holes and distortions which would allow contaminants to pass through the mask body without being removed by the filtering material. 38. A mask as claimed in claim 37, wherein the material of the boundary sealing layer is made from a natural rubber latex resin or a silicone based resin 39. A mask as claimed in claim 37, wherein the boundary sealing layer is made from natural rubber latex applied in some 2 mm thickness and in unit area ranging between 200 and 400 g/m2 40. A mask as claimed in claim 26, wherein adjoining a boundary sealing layer, a strip, made from the same material than the boundary sealing layer, is applied in the nose clip area; the strip makes the mask more comfortable to wear and, further on, improves the seal between the mask and the face at the nose portion wherein deformations and plies may normally be present

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention refers to a mask having high filtering properties against biological agents and additional features to improve the efficiency. BACKGROUND ART Protective masks are used in a wide variety of applications to protect the human's respiratory system from particles suspended in the air, from powders as well as from solid and liquid aerosols. The masks generally fall into two categories, moulded cup-shaped masks and fold-flat masks. Moulded cup-shaped masks are described, for example, in GB-A-1 569 812, GB-A-2 280 620, U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,440, U.S. Pat. No. 4,807,619, U.S. Pat. No. 4,850,347, U.S. Pat. No. 5,307,796, U.S. Pat. No. 5,374,458. Fold-flat masks, which can be kept flat until needed, are described, for example, in WO 96/28217, in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/612,527, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,061, U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,533, U.S. Pat. No. 4,920,960 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,600,002. The masks are formed from one or more layers of air-permeable materials, typically from an inner layer, a filtering layer and a cover layer. The filtering layer is normally made from a non woven fabric, in particular from melt-blown microfibers, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,706,804, U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,481, U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,576 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,419,993. The filter material is typically polypropylene. The filtering material may also contain additives to enhance filtration performances such as, for example, the additives described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,025,052 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,099,026. The material may also incorporate moisture and mist resistant agents (U.S. Pat. No. 4,874,399, U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,481, U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,576) or electric charge can be imparted to the material (U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,507, U.S. Pat. No. 4,592,815, U.S. Pat. No. 4,215,682). The outer coverweb protects the filtering layer from abrasive forces; it is normally made from non woven fibrous materials, typically from polyolefins, polyesters or polyamides; examples are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,807,619 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,440. The inner layer has shape-retaining function and is normally made from non woven fabric, typically from polyester. When the air passes through the mask, the filtering layer removes the contaminants from the flow stream preventing the wearer from inhaling them. Analogously the exhaled air, passing through the mask, is purged from pathogenous agents and from contaminants preventing other persons from being exposed. Some masks are equipped with an exhalation valve which opens, when the wearer exhales, in response to increased pressure, while closes, during inhaling, forcing the air to pass through the filtering medium. Examples of masks equipped with valves can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,827,924, U.S. Pat. No. 347,298, U.S. Pat. No. 347,299, U.S. Pat. No. 5,509,436, U.S. Pat. No. 5,325,892, U.S. Pat. No. 4,537,189, U.S. Pat. No. 4,934,362, U.S. Pat. No. 5,505,197, US 2002023651. In order to improve the seal between the mask and the face, the masks may also include additional features such as nose clips, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,558,089, and bands, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,802,473, U.S. Pat. No. 4,941,470 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,332,465. Despite the several kinds of available masks, continues efforts are being made in finding new protective means having improved properties in comparison with the existing art. SUMMARY Now we have found a mask having high filtering properties against biological agents and additional features to improve the efficiency. The mask is in particular equipped with a filtering layer providing outstanding performances against biological agents, with a high efficiency exhalation valve and with a boundary sealing layer to enhance the seal between mask and face. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a mask useful as protection against biological agents. The mask can be fold-flat or cup-shaped; the fold-flat kind is preferred and the following description concerns that. The structure of the mask will be described with reference to FIG. 1, which shows the mask in an opened condition on the face of a wearer, and to FIG. 2, which shows the inside of the mask. The mask body provides a cup-shaped chamber over the nose and the mouse of the wearer and comprises a central panel 1, an upper panel 2 and a lower panel 3, joined together by conventional means, such as, mechanical clamping, seam, adhesive bonding or heat welding. Elastic bands 4 secure the mask to the head of the person while a nose clip 5 is provided inside the upper panel 2 to enable the mask to be fitted closely to wearer's face over the nose and cheeks. A valve 6 is optionally located on the outside of the central panel 1 to facilitate the passage of exhaled air from the mask interior to the ambient air. The mask can be folded flat for storage by turning the upper and the lower panels 2 and 3 down behind the central panel 1. The panels 1, 2 and 3 have the same composition and consist in a plurality of layers, at least one of them having filtering functions, being composed of borosilicate micro-glass fibers bound together by a vinyl acetate resin. In this layer the fiber matrix is supported by a strong, cellulose based, substrate which provides strong handling capabilities; the structure is treated with a silicone based coating to impart hydrophobic properties. By way of example the multilayer panel can be made from 3 layers: a central layer having filtering function an inner layer having shape-retaining function an outer layer having covering function. The dimensions and the weight of the material as well as of the single layers can vary within broad ranges, considering that the materials consist in fiber structures; some typical values are indicated in the present description but they do not imply any limitation. In the case of a three layers' composition, the material as a whole, can have a thickness typically comprised between 500 and 1000 microns and unit area typically ranging between 130 and 250 g/m2. The inner layer provides support for the filtration layer and structure to the mask body: it is made from non-woven fabric obtained, for example, by polypropylene or polyester fibers, typically by polypropylene fibers. The inner layer's thickness typically ranges between 100 and 180 microns and its unit area ranges between 25 and 45 g/m2. The outer layer protects the filtration layer from abrasion; it is made from non-woven fabric obtained by polyolefins, polyester or nylon fibers, typically by meltblown polypropylene fibers. The thickness typically ranges between 250 and 420 microns and the unit area is comprised between 80 and 140 g/m2. The central layer provides filtration properties and is composed of borosilicate micro-glass fibers bound together by a vinyl acetate resin, the fiber matrix being supported by a cellulose based substrate and the structure being treated with a silicone based coating. Typically, the central layer has thickness ranging between 150 and 400 microns and unit area ranging between 25 and 65 g/m2. The composition of the central layer ensures high filtering properties against biological agents, in particular against common bacteria and viruses as well as against dangerous microorganisms such as, for example, anthracis and tubercolosis virus, HBV and HCV. The efficacy of the filtering material has been proved by several tests; two of them are hereunder described. TEST 1 Monodispersed Challenge of Mycobacterium Tubercolosis The test was carried out to check the efficiency of the filtering material, using a Mycobacterium tubercolosis stock (H37RV). The method is called “aerosol monodispersed bacteria challenge” and is considered very significant as the diffusion of tubercolosis within sanitary environments takes mainly place in the form of aerosol droplets coming from infected people. The test has been run using the apparatus schematically shown in FIG. 3. A microorganisms' aerosol was introduced, at 7 l/min gas flow, into a drying chamber (b) by a nebulizer (c), using compressed air filtered through filter (a); the aerosol is mixed with compressed air, separately delivered through filter (d) to the drying chamber, in order to obtain a 28 l/min flow. The droplets of contaminated aerosol, which enter the drying chamber, rapidly evaporate. The droplets are retained into the drying chamber due to their weight, as well as in the evaporation tube (e) when they knock against the tube walls at the angles. Consequently, only the monodispersed bacteria can reach the filtering material (f) under evaluation. The gas flows, before and after the material under evaluation, were collected into glass sampling vessels for liquids, at 28 l/min flow, by a vacuum pump. The sampling vessels, before (g) and after (h) the material, work separately and one after the other; the flow through them is selected by a vacuum valve (i). During the test, the sampling took place for 5 seconds, then the sampling vessel was isolated and the vacuum was created in the other sampling vessel. In any experiment the formation of the contaminated aerosol lasted 5 minutes. The compressed air of the nebulizer was then closed by the relevant valve and the filtered air flew 2 minutes through the sampling vessels by the vacuum pump. A sample of the liquid coming from (g) was then diluted, in sequence, 10 times, transferred into “agar plates” and then incubated. The whole content of the sampling vessel (h) was filtered through a 0.45 micron, cellulose nitrate, analytical membrane; the membrane was then put on an agar layer and incubated. The incubation was carried out 14 days at 35° C. and, at the end, the number of colonies was counted. The removal efficiency of the filtering material was calculated as follows: No. of microorganisms in the aerosol chamber−No. of recovered microorganisms×100No. of microorganisms in the aerosol chamber On the basis of ten measurements, the removal efficiency turned out to be >99,999%. TEST 2 Monodispersed Challenge of MS-2 The test has been carried out using an aerosol of monodispersed bacteriophage MS-2. MS-2 is a polyhedric virus with approximate dimension 0.02 microns which, being non pathogenic to humans, serves to simulate viruses, with similar shape and dimensions, that are pathogenic to humans. The method is basically identical to TEST 1 and the test was carried out with a 10 l/min flow and with 24 hours incubation at 30° C. The efficiency turned out to be superior to 99,999%. On the basis of the results of TEST 2, the filtering system can be considered effective against any microorganism with dimension larger than MS-2 bacteriophage, in particular against Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV), Sp. Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia Marcescescens, Bacillus Anthracis. It is worth mentioning that the tests were carried out with monodispersed particles, that represents the most critical situation; in normal conditions, the majority of microorganisms are not monodispersed but, on the contrary, they are in a wide variety of drop forms and of single microorganisms so that the efficiency, in normal condition of use, may be even superior to the tests' results. The mask, in addition to the inherent barrier due to the filtering material properties, has been drawn to ensure a perfect and safe seal in any situation and to offer improved comfort to the wearer. In particular, the mask can be equipped with a valve to facilitate the breathing which opens, in response to increased pressure, when the wearer exhales and which allows warm, moist and high—CO2—content air to be rapidly evacuated from the mask interior; the mask is, at the same time, able to close during inhaling and has been projected in an innovative and specific design, in comparison with the prior art, in order to ensure a perfect seal during this phase preventing the microorganisms from passing inside the mask. For this reason, the valve represents a particular object of the present invention. The valve shows the main basic features of the similar exhalation systems and the shape, the size and the materials can be chosen out of the commonly known ones. The main basic features are described with reference to FIGS. 4-9, that concern a circular shape taken as an example. In particular, the valve (FIG. 4) comprises a valve seat (a) over which is secured a raised valve cover (b), carrying apertures (c). The seat (FIG. 5) is composed by a flat surface (d), having four elliptical orifices (e) which allow the air flow. In the centre of the seat (a), a circular, low thickness, relief (f) rises. The cover (FIGS. 6 and 7) is circular with four apertures (c), having semicircle shape, allowing the air passing through. A circular valve flap (h) is attached by an appropriate support (g) to the centre of the internal side of the cover; the flap is made from flexible material and represents the mobile component which opens and closes the valve. The valve can be made from the various materials suitable for thermoforming, preferably is made from moulded polypropylene; the flap is made from an elastic flexible material such as, for example, synthetic rubber. The reciprocal positions of the valve cover, the valve seat and the other components, is shown in FIG. 9. The valve is attached to the centre of the panel 1 of the mask where a circular aperture is also created. The valve is attached by simply laying the panel 1 on the valve seat (a), taking care of fitting together the opening in the material with the central orifice of the valve seat (a); then the valve cover (b) is fixed over the valve seat by pressure. This way, the material of panel 1 is locked between the valve cover and the valve seat. When the wearer inhales, the valve flap seals against the relief (f), preventing air from flowing, while, when the wearer exhales, the valve flap lift away from the relief (f), letting air pass through. Consequently, inhaled air enters the mask exclusively through the filter media of the mask whereas exhaled air passes through the aperture of the mask and the orifices in the valve. Although the working principle of the valve is known, the valve of the present invention provides an additional feature which ensures the highest seal during inhaling in order to avoid any possible contamination by microorganisms. In particular, the relief (f) of the valve seat owns a concave surface (FIGS. 10 and 11) wherein a continues, cylinder shaped, plastic, like an O-ring, lays all along the circumference. The O-ring can be made from synthetic polymers obtained from different monomers and can be produced with different mixtures, for example, with fluoro, silicone or nitrile based mixtures. The ring is designed, in terms of dimensions and structure, to provide the highest seal during closing. In fact, when the valve flap seals against the relief (f), it goes into direct contact with the ring (i) (FIG. 12); then, due to the dimensions of the flap support (g) and the ring thickness, the valve flap flexes up on the edges. The flap material, thanks to its intrisec memory and to the elastic properties, perfectly seals onto the O-ring surface; in addition, the compatibility of the two materials, having the same chemical-physical superficial properties, ensures a perfect adherence. Consequently the seal efficiency turns out to be dramatically superior to the one obtained by the known masks wherein the valve flap lays flat directly onto the moulded material of the valve. For a better understanding of the valve's structure, some typical dimensions of the different components are listed with reference to FIG. 13. 13a: valve seat, front view x: 45 mm y: 30 mm z: 26 mm 13b: valve seat, side view x: 1 mm y: 4.2 mm z: 4 mm 13c: valve cover, front view x: 32 mm y: 30 mm z: 18 mm 13d. valve cover, side view x: 8 mm y: 3 mm z: 1 mm w: 3.5 mm 13e: valve flap x (diameter): 30 mm Due to its inventive features, the valve represents a particular embodiment of the present invention. To this scope, the above description does not imply any restriction beyond the distinctive feature. Therefore, the valve can have other shapes, for example a rectangular one, and can be made from other materials; the valve can also be secured to the mask by other conventional and known methods, for example, by polyolefins or EVA based hot melt adhesives. The mask is also equipped with conventional systems to enable the mask to be closely fitted to wearer's face and to enable its edges to be in tight contact with the different parts of the face. In particular, the clip 5 improves the fit over the wearer's nose whereas the bands 4 are used to position the mask snugly over the user's head; the bands are made from conventional materials, in particular from a combination of an elastic constituent, such as synthetic rubber, and a thermoplastic constituent, for example polypropylene, chosen for its affinity with the preferred mask's constituent. In addition, the mask is equipped, on the edges, with a boundary sealing layer applied all along the perimeter on panel 2 and 3 of FIG. 2. This layer is indicated as 7 in FIG. 2 and is drawn around the mask periphery, on superior and inferior edges of the mask, starting from the side joins; in addition, adjoining this layer, a strip made from the same material (8 in FIG. 2), and some 9 cm long, is applied in the nose clip area; the strip makes the mask more comfortable to wear and, further on, improves the seal between the mask and the face at the nose portion wherein deformations and plies may normally be present. The sealing layer is made either from a natural rubber latex resin or a silicone based resin or any other suitable material. As an example, the natural rubber latex is applied in some 2 mm thickness and in unit area typically ranging between 200 and 400 g/m2. These dimensions and weights are given by way of example only and do not imply any limitation. The seal layer tightly fits over the wearer's face perfectly adapting to any face shape; that ensures a leak free contact to the wearer's face, without pin holes and distortions which would allow contaminants to pass through the mask body without being removed by the filtering material. Furthermore, the material of the boundary sealing layer is very soft and makes the mask more comfortable to wear. The seal of the mask has been evaluated by a mask proof apparatus obtaining outstanding results. TEST 3 The test was carried out using a bacteria challenge and simulating a real respiration by a Sheffied head and an automatic respirator. The mask was put on the Sheffied head to simulate the use of a wearer and the head was placed inside the test chamber. A measured amount of the microorganism Brevundimonas diminuta (ATCC19146) was introduced in an aerosol generator and was nebulized within the test chamber. The artificial lung was switched on and set at 25 breathes/min in order to simulate a normal human respiration; then the inhaled air was collected in a gurgling vessel filled with 50 ml of salt solution. After 30 minutes, the microorganisms in solution were counted. The number (Na) of UFC/50 ml of microorganisms which passed through the mask was compared with the number (Nv) of UFC/50 ml of microorganisms determined by a test carried out without the mask. The result is given in terms of Reduction titre of the microorganism used in the test, by the following formula: R(reduction titre)=(Nv−Na)×100/Nv=99.99% The different components of the mask can be assembled using known technologies such as, for example, heat or ultrasonic welding, adhesive bonding, mechanical clamping; when adhesives are used, they are preferably hot melt adhesives. The mask of the present invention, thanks to the filtering efficiency of the central layer combined with the outstanding tight seal of the valve and of the boundary sealing layer, owns barrier properties against biological agents never reached by the known similar protection means. Although particular embodiments of the present invention have been described in the foregoing description, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that any simple modification and rearrangement will not depart from the spirit or essential attributes of the invention which are defined in the following claims.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Protective masks are used in a wide variety of applications to protect the human's respiratory system from particles suspended in the air, from powders as well as from solid and liquid aerosols. The masks generally fall into two categories, moulded cup-shaped masks and fold-flat masks. Moulded cup-shaped masks are described, for example, in GB-A-1 569 812, GB-A-2 280 620, U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,440, U.S. Pat. No. 4,807,619, U.S. Pat. No. 4,850,347, U.S. Pat. No. 5,307,796, U.S. Pat. No. 5,374,458. Fold-flat masks, which can be kept flat until needed, are described, for example, in WO 96/28217, in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/612,527, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,061, U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,533, U.S. Pat. No. 4,920,960 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,600,002. The masks are formed from one or more layers of air-permeable materials, typically from an inner layer, a filtering layer and a cover layer. The filtering layer is normally made from a non woven fabric, in particular from melt-blown microfibers, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,706,804, U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,481, U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,576 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,419,993. The filter material is typically polypropylene. The filtering material may also contain additives to enhance filtration performances such as, for example, the additives described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,025,052 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,099,026. The material may also incorporate moisture and mist resistant agents (U.S. Pat. No. 4,874,399, U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,481, U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,576) or electric charge can be imparted to the material (U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,507, U.S. Pat. No. 4,592,815, U.S. Pat. No. 4,215,682). The outer coverweb protects the filtering layer from abrasive forces; it is normally made from non woven fibrous materials, typically from polyolefins, polyesters or polyamides; examples are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,807,619 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,440. The inner layer has shape-retaining function and is normally made from non woven fabric, typically from polyester. When the air passes through the mask, the filtering layer removes the contaminants from the flow stream preventing the wearer from inhaling them. Analogously the exhaled air, passing through the mask, is purged from pathogenous agents and from contaminants preventing other persons from being exposed. Some masks are equipped with an exhalation valve which opens, when the wearer exhales, in response to increased pressure, while closes, during inhaling, forcing the air to pass through the filtering medium. Examples of masks equipped with valves can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,827,924, U.S. Pat. No. 347,298, U.S. Pat. No. 347,299, U.S. Pat. No. 5,509,436, U.S. Pat. No. 5,325,892, U.S. Pat. No. 4,537,189, U.S. Pat. No. 4,934,362, U.S. Pat. No. 5,505,197, US 2002023651. In order to improve the seal between the mask and the face, the masks may also include additional features such as nose clips, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,558,089, and bands, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,802,473, U.S. Pat. No. 4,941,470 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,332,465. Despite the several kinds of available masks, continues efforts are being made in finding new protective means having improved properties in comparison with the existing art.

<SOH> SUMMARY <EOH>Now we have found a mask having high filtering properties against biological agents and additional features to improve the efficiency. The mask is in particular equipped with a filtering layer providing outstanding performances against biological agents, with a high efficiency exhalation valve and with a boundary sealing layer to enhance the seal between mask and face. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20060818

20100330

20070712

94629.0

A62B2302

DOUGLAS, STEVEN O

FACE MASK FOR THE PROTECTION AGAINST BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

A62B

ACCEPTED

Modulator

The present invention relates to a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z is OR1 or NR1R2 wherein each of R1 and R2 is independently H, or a hydrocarbyl group; X is an alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene group, each of which may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, COOH, CO2-alkyl, alkenyl, CN, NH2, hydroxy, halo, alkoxy, CF3 and nitro; Y is a polar functional group selected from OH, NO2, CN, COR3, COOR3, NR3R4, CONR3R4, SO3H, SO2—R3, SO2NR3R4 and CF3, where each of R3 and R4 is independently H or a hydrocarbyl group; A is an aryl or heteroaryl group, each of which may be optionally substituted; and B is (CH2)n where n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; with the proviso that: (i) when A is phenyl, n is 0, and Z is OH, X—Y is other than meta-C≡—C—(CH2)2CO2H, meta-C≡—C—(CH2)2OH, meta-C≡C—(CH2)2CO2Me, meta-(CH2)4CO2H, ortho-CH2CO2H, ortho-(CH2)2CO2H and ortho-(CH2)4CO2H; and (ii) when A is phenyl, n is 0, and Z is OMe, X—Y is other than meta-C≡C—(CH2)4OH. Further aspects of the invention relate to the use of such compounds in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a muscular disorder, a gastrointestinal disorder, or for controlling spasticity or tremors.

1. A compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z is OR1 or NR1R2 wherein each of R1 and R2 is independently H, or a hydrocarbyl group; X is an alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene group, each of which may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, COOH, CO2-alkyl, alkenyl, CN, NH2, hydroxy, halo, alkoxy, CF3 and nitro; Y is a polar functional group selected from OH, NO2, CN, COR3, COOR3, NR3R4, CONR3R4, SO3H, SO2—R3, SO2NR3R4 and CF3, where each of R3 and R4 is independently H or a hydrocarbyl group; A is an aryl or heteroaryl group, each of which may be optionally substituted; and B is (CH2)n where n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; with the proviso that: (i) when A is phenyl, n is 0, and Z is OH, X—Y is other than meta-C≡C—(CH2)2CO2H, meta-C≡C—(CH2)2OH, meta-C≡C—(CH2)2CO2Me, meta-(CH2)4CO2H, ortho-CH2CO2H, ortho-(CH2)2CO2H and ortho-(CH2)4CO2H; and (ii) when A is phenyl, n is 0, and Z is OMe, X—Y is other than meta-C≡C—(CH2)4OH. 2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Y is selected from CN, OH, COOR3, SO2NR3R4, CONR3R4, where each of R3 and R4 is independently H or a hydrocarbyl group. 3. A compound according to any preceding claim wherein each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 is independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a cycloalkyl group, each of which may be optionally substituted. 4. A compound according to any preceding claim wherein Y is selected from OH, CN, COOR3, CONR3R4, where each of R3 and R4 is independently H or an optionally substituted alkyl group. 5. A compound according to any preceding claim wherein Y is selected from OH, CN, COOMe, COOH, CONH2, CONHMe and CONMe2. 6. A compound according to any preceding claim wherein n is 0. 7. A compound according to any preceding claim wherein X—Y is selected from —C≡C—(CH2)p—Y; —C(R5)═C(R6)—(CH2)q—Y; and —C(R5)(R6)C(R7)(R8)—(CH2)r—Y; where each of R5, R6, R7 and R8 is independently H or alkyl, and each of p, q and r is independently 2, 3, or 4. 8. A compound according to any preceding claim wherein X—Y is selected from —C≡C(CH2)p—Y; and —CH═CH—(CH2)q—Y; where each of p and q is independently 2, 3, or 4. 9. A compound according to claim 7 wherein X—Y is cis-C(R5)═C(R6)—(CH2)q—Y and q is 2, 3 or 4. 10. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 7 or claim 9 wherein X—Y is —C(Me)2-CH2—(CH2)r—Y and r is 2, 3 or 4. 11. A compound according to any preceding claim wherein A is phenyl or pyridyl. 12. A compound according to any preceding claim of formula Ia 13. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 11 of formula Ib 14. A compound according to claim 12 or claim 13 wherein A is phenyl. 15. A compound according to any preceding claim wherein Z is OR1 or NR1R2 and each of R1 and R2 is independently H, an alkyl or a cycloalkyl group, each of which may be optionally substituted by one or more OH or halogen groups. 16. A compound according to any preceding claim wherein Z is selected from OH, OEt, NHCH2CH2F, NH-cyclopropyl, NHCH(Me)CH2OH and NHCH2CH2OH. 17. A compound according to any preceding claim which is selected from the following: 18. The compound of claim 17 which is 19. The compound of claim 18 which is in the form of a racemic mixture. 20. Use of a compound of formula Ia, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z is OR1 or NR1R2 wherein each of R1 and R2 is independently H, or a hydrocarbyl group; X is an alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene group, each of which may be optionally substituted; Y is a polar functional group; A is an aryl or heteroaryl group, each of which may be optionally substituted; and B is (CH2)n where n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; in the preparation of a medicament for treating a muscular disorder. 21. Use according to claim 20 wherein the muscular disorder is a neuromuscular disorder. 22. Use of a compound of formula Ia, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z is OR1 or NR1R2 wherein each of R1 and R2 is independently H, or a hydrocarbyl group; X is an alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene group, each of which may be optionally substituted; Y is a polar functional group; A is an aryl or heteroaryl group, each of which may be optionally substituted; and B is (CH2)n where n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; in the preparation of a medicament for controlling spasticity and tremors. 23. Use of a compound of formula Ia, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z is OR1 or NR1R2 wherein each of R1 and R2 is independently H, or a hydrocarbyl group; X is an alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene group, each of which may be optionally substituted; Y is a polar functional group; A is an aryl or heteroaryl group, each of which may be optionally substituted; and B is (CH2)n where n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; in the preparation of a medicament for treating a gastrointestinal disorder. 24. Use according to claim 23 wherein the gastrointestinal disorder is a gastric ulcer. 25. Use according to claim 23 wherein the gastrointestinal disorder is Crohn's disease. 26. Use according to claim 23 wherein the gastrointestinal disorder is secretory diarroehea. 27. Use according to claim 23 wherein the gastrointestinal disorder is paralytic ileus. 28. Use according to any one of claims 20 to 27 wherein said modulator selectively modulates peripheral cannabinoid receptors. 29. Use according to any one of claims 20 to 28 wherein said compound selectively modulates peripheral cannabinoid receptors over central cannabinoid receptors. 30. Use according to any one of claims 20 to 29 wherein the compound binds substantially exclusively to peripheral cannabinoid receptors. 31. Use according to any one of claims 20 to 30 wherein the compound is a cannabinoid receptor agonist. 32. Use according to any one of claims 20 to 31 wherein the compound does not substantially agonise central cannabinoid receptors. 33. Use according to any one of claims 20 to 32 wherein the compound is substantially excluded from the CNS. 34. Use according to any one of claims 20 to 33 wherein Y is selected from NO2, CN, OR3, COR3, COOR3, NR3R4, CONR3R4, SO3H, SO2—R3, SO2NR3R4 and CF3, where each of R3 and R4 is independently H or a hydrocarbyl group. 35. Use compound according to any one of claims 20 to 34 wherein Y is selected from CN, COOR3, SO2NR3R4, CONR3R4, where each of R3 and R4 is independently H or a hydrocarbyl group. 36. Use according to any one of claims 20 to 35 wherein the compound is as defined in any one of claims 1 to 19. 37. A method of treating a disorder associated with the modulation of peripheral cannabinoid receptors, said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 19. 38. A method according to claim 37 wherein said disorder is associated with peripheral cannabinoid receptor deactivation. 39. A method according to claim 37 or claim 38 wherein the compound does not substantially agonise central cannabinoid receptors. 40. A method according to any one of claims 37 to 39 wherein the compound binds substantially exclusively to peripheral cannabinoid receptors. 41. A method according to any one of claims 37 to 40 wherein the compound is substantially excluded from the CNS. 42. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 19, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient or carrier. 43. Use of a compound of formula Ia, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined in claim 20 in an assay for identifying further compounds capable of modulating cannabinoid receptor activity. 44. Use according to claim 43 wherein the assay is a competitive binding assay.

The present invention relates to compounds capable of modulating cannabinoid receptors. BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION There has recently been renewed interest in the therapeutic uses of medical cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids, such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) [1], the active component of cannabis. THC may be therapeutically beneficial in several major areas of medicine including control of acute and in particular chronic/neuropathic pain, nausea, anorexia, AIDS, glaucoma, asthma and in multiple sclerosis [Baker, D. et al, Nature 2000, 404, 84-87; Baker, D. et al, FASEB J. 2001, 15, 300-302; Schnelle, M. et al, Forsch. Komplementarmed. 1999, 6 Suppl 3, 28-36]. A number of cannabinoid ligands have been reported in the literature. Broadly speaking, cannabinoid ligands may be divided into three main groups consisting of (i) classical cannabinoids, such as (−)-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ9-THC [1] and CP55,940 [9]; (ii) endocannabinoids, such as anandamide [2] and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol [3]; and (iii) non-classical heterocyclic analogues typified by heterocycles such as WIN 55,212 [7] and the selective CB1 antagonist SR141716A [8] [Pertwee, R. G., Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1997, 74, 129-180]. Conformationally restricted anandamide analogues have also been reported [Berglund, B. A. et al, Drug Design and Discovery 2000, 16, 281-294]. To date, however, the therapeutic usefulness of cannabinoid drugs has been limited by their undesirable psychoactive properties. Cannabinoids are known to modulate nociceptive processing in models of acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain [Pertwee, R. G., Prog. Neurobiol. 2001, 63, 569-611]. More specifically, research has centred on the role of cannabinoids in models of neuropathic hyperalgesia [Herzberg, U. et al, Neurosci. Lett. 1997, 221, 157-160] and inflammatory hyperalgesia [Richardson, J. D., Pain 1998, 75, 111-119; Jaggar, S. I. et al, Pain 1998, 76, 189-199; Calignano, A. et al, Nature 1998, 394, 277-281; Hanus, L. et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999, 96, 14228-14233]. It has also been suggested that cannabinoid receptor expression and the level of endogenous cannabinoids may change during inflammation and hyperalgesia [Pertwee, R. G., Prog. Neurobiol. 2001, 63, 569-611]. The cannabinoid signaling system is thought to involve two cloned cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), endocannabinoid ligands such as anandamide [2] and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol [3], and an endocannabinoid degradation system [Howlett, A. C. et al, International Union of Pharmacology XXVII, Pharmacol. Rev. 2002, 54, 161-202; Pertwee, R. G., Pharmacology of cannabinoid receptor ligands. Curr. Med. Chem. 1999, 6, 635-664]. One important function of the cannabinoid system is to act as a regulator of synaptic neurotransmitter release [Kreitzer, A. C. et al, Neuron 2001, 29, 717-727; Wilson, R. I. et al, Neuron 2001, 31, 453-462]. CB1 is expressed at high levels in the CNS, notably the globus pallidus, substantia nigra, cerebellum and hippocampus [Howlett, A. C., Neurobiol. Dis. 1998, 5, 405-416]. This is consistent with the known adverse effects of cannabis on balance and short-term memory processing [Howlett, A. C. et al, International Union of Pharmacology XXVII, Pharmacol. Rev. 2002, 54, 161-202]. CB2 is expressed by leucocytes and its modulation does not elicit psychoactive effects; moreover it does not represent a significant target for symptom management where the majority of effects are CB1 mediated. Although many cannabinoid effects are centrally-mediated by receptors in the CNS [Howlett, A. C. et al, International Union of Pharmacology XXVII, Pharmacol. Rev. 2002, 54, 161-202], it is understood that peripheral CB receptors also play an important role, particularly in pain and in the gastrointestinal tract. For example, CB1 is also expressed in peripheral tissues, such as in dorsal root ganglia, peripheral nerves and neuromuscular terminals, thereby allowing neurotransmission to be regulated outside the CNS [Pertwee, R. G., Life Sci. 1999, 65, 597-605]. Accordingly, therapeutic activity in conditions such as those involving pain [Fox, A. et al, Pain 2001, 92, 91-100] or gut hypermotility, may be located in non-CNS sites. To date, however, research into the peripheral cannabinoid system has been hampered by the lack of pharmacological agents that selectively target peripheral receptors over those of the CNS. In order to eliminate adverse psychoactive effects, it is desirable to exclude cannabinoid agonists from the CNS. There are two established methods for CNS exclusion of small molecule agents. Firstly, one method involves excluding substances from the CNS by carefully controlling their physicochemical properties so as to prevent them crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is formed by brain endothelial cells, with tight intercellular junctions and little fenestration [Tamai, I. et al, J. Pharm. Sci. 2000, 89, 1371-1388]. Consequently, substances must enter the brain either by passive diffusion across plasma membranes or by active transport mechanisms. The BBB thus forms an effective barrier to many peripherally circulating substances. An alternative method of excluding compounds from the brain is to incorporate structural features which enable them to be actively pumped across the BBB. One such example is the opioid agonist loperamide; although lipophilic, loperamide contains structural features recognized by the p-glycoprotein transporter (MDR1) that allow it to be actively pumped across the blood brain barrier. [Wandel, C. et al, Anesthesiology 2002, 96, 913-920; Seelig, A. et al, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2000, 12, 31-40]. The present invention seeks to provide new cannabinoid receptor modulators. More particularly, the invention seeks to provide cannabinoid receptor modulators that alleviate and/or eliminate some of the disadvantages commonly associated with prior art modulators, for example undesirable psychoactive side effects. More specifically, though not exclusively, the invention seeks to provide modulators that selectively target peripheral cannabinoid receptors. STATEMENT OF INVENTION A first aspect of the invention relates to a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z is OR1 or NR1R2 wherein each of R1 and R2 is independently H, or a hydrocarbyl group; X is an alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene group, each of which may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, COOH, CO2-alkyl, alkenyl, CN, NH2, hydroxy, halo, alkoxy, CF3 and nitro; Y is a polar functional group selected from OH, NO2, CN, COR3, COOR3, NR3R4, CONR3R4, SO3H, SO2—R3, SO2NR3R4 and CF3, where each of R3 and R4 is independently H or a hydrocarbyl group; A is an aryl or heteroaryl group, each of which may be optionally substituted; and B is (CH2)n where n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; with the proviso that: (i) when A is phenyl, n is 0, and Z is OH, X—Y is other than meta-C≡C—(CH2)2CO2H, meta-C≡C—(CH2)2OH, meta-C≡C—(CH2)2CO2Me, meta-(CH2)4CO2H, ortho-CH2CO2H, ortho-(CH2)2CO2H and ortho-(CH2)4CO2H; and (ii) when A is phenyl, n is 0, and Z is OMe, X—Y is other than meta-C≡C—(CH2)4OH. Advantageously, the compounds of the present invention preferably exhibit improved aqueous solubility and/or decreased lipophilicity compared to prior art cannabinoid receptor modulators. A second aspect of the invention relates to the use of a compound of formula Ia, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z is OR1 or NR1R2 wherein each of R1 and R2 is independently H, or a hydrocarbyl group; X is an alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene group, each of which may be optionally substituted; Y is a polar functional group; A is an aryl or heteroaryl group, each of which may be optionally substituted; and B is (CH2)n where n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. in the preparation of a medicament for treating a muscular disorder. A third aspect of the invention relates to the use of a compound of formula Ia, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined above in the preparation of a medicament for controlling spasticity and tremors. A fourth aspect of the invention relates to the use of a compound of formula Ia, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined above in the preparation of a medicament for treating a gastrointestinal disorder. A fifth aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I as defined above admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient or carrier. A sixth aspect of the invention relates to the use of a compound of formula Ia, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an assay for identifying further compounds capable of modulating cannabinoid receptor activity. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Cannabinoid A cannabinoid is an entity that is capable of binding to a cannabinoid receptor, in particular CB1 and/or CB2. Typical cannabinoids include the 30 or so derivatives of 2-(2-isopropyl-5-methylphenyl)-5-pentylresorcinol that are found in the Indian hemp, Cannabis sativa, among which are those responsible for the narcotic actions of the plant and its extracts. Examples of cannabinoids are cannabidiol, cannabinol, trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, trans-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol, and Δ9-tetrahydro-cannabinolic acid. Other examples of cannabinoids include anandamide, methanandamide and R(+)WIN55,212. Endocannabinoid This term means a cannabinoid that exists naturally in the body—as opposed to an exogeneously supplied cannabinoid. Endocannabinoids are discussed by Di Marzo (1998) Biochimica et Biophysica Acta vol 1392 pages 153-175 (the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference). An example of an endocannabinoid is anandamide. Teachings on this entity and anandamide amidase may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,459. This document teaches the use of anandamide amidase inhibitors as analgesic agents. Cannabinoid Receptor A cannabinoid receptor is any one or more of several membrane proteins that bind cannabinol and structurally similar compounds and mediate their intracellular action. Two receptors for the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, have been found (Pertwee 1997 Pharmacol Ther vol 74 129-180). Both of these receptors are seven-transmembrane-domain G-protein-coupled receptors. CB1 receptors are found in the brain and testis. CB2 receptors are found in the spleen and not in the brain. For both types of receptor arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) is a putative endogenous ligand and both types are negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase decreasing intracellular cyclic AMP levels. Examples of sequences for such receptors are from Mus musculus—and include: CB1, database code CB1R_MOUSE, 473 amino acids (52.94 kDA); CB2, database code CB2R_MOUSE, 347 amino acids (38.21 kDa). More details on CB1 and CB2 now follow. Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1 or CNR1) Background teachings on CB1 have been presented by Victor A. McKusick et al on http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim. The following information concerning CB1 has been extracted from that source. The cannabinoids are psychoactive ingredients of marijuana, principally delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, as well as the synthetic analogs Matsuda et al [Nature 346: 561-564, 1990] cloned a cannabinoid receptor from a rat brain. Using a cosmid clone of the entire coding sequence of the human gene, Modi and Bonner [Abstract, Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 58: 1915 only, 1991] mapped the human CNR locus to 6q14-q15 by in situ hybridization. Gerard et al. [Biochem. J. 279: 129-134, 1991] isolated a cDNA encoding a cannabinoid receptor from a human brain stem cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequence encoded a protein of 472 residues which shared 97.3% identity with the rat cannabinoid receptor cloned by Matsuda et al [ibid, 1990]. They provided evidence for the existence of an identical cannabinoid receptor expressed in human testis. Hoehe et al [New Biologist 3: 880-885, 1991] determined the genomic localization of the CNR gene by combination of genetic linkage mapping and chromosomal in situ hybridization. Close linkage was suggested with CGA which is located at 6q21.1-q23; maximum lod=2.71 at theta=0.0. Moreover, CNR was linked to markers that define locus D6Z1, a sequence localized exclusively to centromeres of all chromosomes and enriched on chromosome 6. Ledent et al [Science 283: 401-404, 1999] investigated the function of the central cannabinoid receptor (CB1) by disrupting the gene in mice. Mutant mice did not respond to cannabinoid drugs, demonstrating the exclusive role of CB1 in mediating analgesia, reinforcement, hypothermia, hypolocomotion, and hypotension. Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2 or CNR2) Background teachings on CB2 have been presented by Victor A. McKusick et al on http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim. The following information concerning CB2 has been extracted from that source. In addition to its renowned psychoactive properties, marijuana, or its major active cannabinoid ingredient, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, exerts analgesic, antiinflammatory, immunosuppressive, anticonvulsive, and antiemetic effects as well as the alleviation of intraocular pressure in glaucoma. The G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor-1 (CNR1; 114610), which is expressed in brain but not in the periphery, apart from low levels in testis, does not readily account for the nonpsychoactive effects of cannabinoids. Using PCR with degenerate primers to screen a promyelocytic leukemia cell cDNA library [Munro, Nature 365: 61-65, 1993] obtained a cDNA encoding CNR2, which the authors called CX5. Sequence analysis predicted that the deduced 360-amino acid 7-transmembrane-spanning protein has 44% amino acid identity with CNR1 overall and 68% identity with the transmembrane residues proposed to confer ligand specificity. Binding analysis determined than CNR2 encodes a high-affinity receptor for cannabinoids, with higher affinity than CNR1 for cannabinol. Northern blot analysis revealed that the expression of 2.5- and 5.0-kb transcripts in the HL60 myeloid cell line increases on myeloid, or granulocyte, differentiation. Using the rat CX5 homolog, Munro [1993, ibid] found that the 2.5-kb transcript is expressed in spleen but not in brain, kidney, lung, thymus, liver, or nasal epithelium. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated expression in splenic marginal zones. PCR analysis detected CNR2 expression in purified splenic macrophages but not in CD5+ T cells. Munro [1993, ibid] speculated that the location of CNR2 suggests that its endogenous ligand should have an immunomodulatory role. The International Radiation Hybrid Mapping Consortium mapped the CNR2 gene to chromosome (stSG90). Compounds As mentioned hereinabove, the compounds of the present invention preferably exhibit improved aqueous solubility and/or decreased lipophilicity compared to prior art cannabinoid modulators. Preferably, the compounds of the invention do not cross the blood-brain barrier to any substantial extent. The present invention relates to compounds of formula I, Ia, Ib and Ic as defined herein. As used herein, the term “hydrocarbyl” refers to a group comprising at least C and H that may optionally comprise one or more other suitable substituents. Examples of such substituents may include hydroxy, halo-, alkoxy-, nitro-, an alkyl group, or a cyclic group. In addition to the possibility of the substituents being a cyclic group, a combination of substituents may form a cyclic group. If the hydrocarbyl group comprises more than one C then those carbons need not necessarily be linked to each other. For example, at least two of the carbons may be linked via a suitable element or group. Thus, the hydrocarbyl group may contain heteroatoms. Suitable heteroatoms will be apparent to those skilled in the art and include, for instance, sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and silicon. Preferably, the hydrocarbyl group is an alkyl group, an alkenyl, group, an aryl group, or a cycloalkyl group, each of which may be optionally substituted. More preferably, the hydrocarbyl group is alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or phenyl. As used herein, the term “alkyl” includes both saturated straight chain and branched alkyl groups which may be substituted (mono- or poly-) or unsubstituted. Preferably, the alkyl group is a C1-20 alkyl group, more preferably a C1-15, more preferably still a C1-10 alkyl group, more preferably still, a C1-6 alkyl group. Particularly preferred alkyl groups include, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl and hexyl. Suitable substituents include, for example, alkyl, hydroxy, halo-, alkoxy-, nitro-, COOH, CO2-alkyl, alkenyl, CN, NH2, CF3 or a cyclic group. The skilled person will appreciate that the term “alkylene” is construed accordingly, i.e. in the context of the present invention, the term “alkylene” encompasses a straight or branched, substituted (mono- or poly-) or unsubstituted saturated carbon chain bearing a terminal Y group. As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” refers to a cyclic alkyl group which may be substituted (mono- or poly-) or unsubstituted. Suitable substituents include, for example, alkyl, hydroxy, halo-, alkoxy-, nitro-, COOH, CO2-alkyl, alkenyl, CN, NH2, CF3 or a cyclic group. As used herein, the term “alkenyl” refers to group containing one or more double bonds, which may be branched or unbranched, and substituted (mono- or poly-) or unsubstituted. Preferably the alkenyl group is a C2-20 alkenyl group, more preferably a C2-15 alkenyl group, more preferably still a C2-10 alkenyl group, or preferably a C2-6 alkenyl group. Suitable substituents include, for example, alkyl, hydroxy, halo-, alkoxy-, nitro-, COOH, CO2-alkyl, alkenyl, CN, NH2, CF3 or a cyclic group. The skilled person will appreciate that the term “alkenylene” is construed accordingly, i.e. in the context of the present invention, the term “alkenylene” encompasses a straight or branched, substituted (mono- or poly-) or unsubstituted unsaturated carbon chain containing one or more double bonds and bearing a terminal Y group. As used herein, the term “alkynyl” refers to a group containing one or more triple bonds, which may be branched or unbranched, and substituted (mono- or poly-) or unsubstituted. Preferably the alkynyl group is a C2-20 alkynyl group, more preferably a C2-15 alkynyl group, more preferably still a C2-10 alkynyl group, or preferably a C2-6 alkynyl group. Suitable substituents include, for example, alkyl, hydroxy, halo-, alkoxy-, nitro-, COOH, CO2-alkyl, alkenyl, CN, NH2, CF3 or a cyclic group. The skilled person will appreciate that the term “alkynylene” is construed accordingly, i.e. in the context of the present invention, the term “alkynylene” encompasses a straight or branched, substituted (mono- or poly-) or unsubstituted unsaturated carbon chain containing one or more triple bonds and bearing a terminal Y group. As used herein, the term “aryl” refers to a C6-10 aromatic group which may be substituted (mono- or poly-) or unsubstituted. Typical examples include phenyl and naphthyl etc. Suitable substituents include, for example, alkyl, hydroxy, halo-, alkoxy-, nitro-, COOH, CO2-alkyl, alkenyl, CN, NH2, CF3 or a cyclic group. The term “heteroaryl” refers to an aryl group as defined above which contains one or more heteroatoms. Suitable heteroatoms will be apparent to those skilled in the art and include, for example, sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and silicon. Suitable substituents include, for example, alkyl, hydroxy, halo-, alkoxy-, nitro-, COOH, CO2-alkyl, alkenyl, CN, NH2, CF3 or a cyclic group. The compounds of formula Ia (for use in the present invention) contain a polar functional group Y, which is attached to the aryl group, A, by means of a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl linker group X. Suitable polar functional groups will be familiar to those skilled in the art and include, for example, any functional group which comprises one or more electronegative atoms, such as F, O, N, Cl or Br etc. Preferred polar functional groups include hydroxy, alkoxy, amine, imine, nitro, cyano, carbonyl-containing groups and sulfoxy-containing groups. For compounds of formula Ia, especially preferred polar groups include NO2, CN, OR3, COR3, COOR3, NR3R4, CONR3R4, SO3H, SO2R3, SO2NR3R4 and CF3, where each of R3 and R4 is independently H or a hydrocarbyl group. For compounds of formula Ia, in one particularly preferred embodiment, Y is selected from OR3, CN, COOR3, SO2NR3R4, CONR3R4, where each of R3 and R4 is independently H or a hydrocarbyl group. For compounds of formula Ia, in an even more preferred embodiment of the invention, Y is selected from OR3, CN, COOR3, CONR3R4, where each of R3 and R4 is independently H or an alkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo-, alkoxy-, nitro-, and a cyclic group. For compounds of formula Ia, more preferably still, Y is selected from OH, CN, COOMe, COOH, CONH2, CONHMe and CONMe2. For compounds of formula I, the polar group Y is selected from NO2, OH, CN, COR3, COOR3, NR3R4, CONR3R4, SO3H, SO2—R3, SO2NR3R4 and CF3, where each of R3 and R4 is independently H or a hydrocarbyl group. For compounds of formula I, preferably polar group Y is selected from, OH, CN, COOR3, SO2NR3R4, CONR3R4, where each of R3 and R4 is independently H or a hydrocarbyl group. For compounds of formula I, in an even more preferred embodiment of the invention, Y is selected from OH, CN, COOR3, CONR3R4, where each of R3 and R4 is independently H or an alkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo-, alkoxy-, nitro-, and a cyclic group. For compounds of formula I, more preferably still, Y is selected from OH, CN, COOMe, COOH, CONH2, CONHMe and CONMe2. For all the above embodiments, preferably each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 is independently H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a cycloalkyl group, each of which may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo-, alkoxy-, nitro-, and a cyclic group. In one particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, n is 0; i.e., B is absent and the —C(═O)Z moiety is attached directly to aryl group, A. For compounds of formula I and Ia, preferably, X—Y is selected from —C≡C—(CH2)p—Y; —C(R5)═C(R6)—(CH2)q—Y; and —C(R5)(R6)C(R7)(R8)—(CH2)r—Y; where each of R5, R6, R7 and R8 is independently H or alkyl, and each of p, q and r is independently 1 to 6, more preferably, 2, 3, or 4. For compounds of formula I and Ia, even more preferably, X—Y is selected from —C≡C—(CH2)p—Y; and —CH═CH—(CH2)q—Y; where each of p and q is independently 1 to 6, more preferably 2, 3, or 4. In one preferred embodiment, R5 and R6 are both H. For compounds of formula I and Ia, in one especially preferred embodiment, X—Y is cis-C(R5)═C(R6)—(CH2)q—Y For compounds of formula I and Ia, in another preferred embodiment, X—Y is —C(Me)2—CH2—(CH2)r—Y and r is 1 to 6, more preferably, 2, 3 or 4. In another preferred embodiment, X—Y is (CH2)s—Y where s is 1 to 6, more preferably, 2, 3, 4 or 5. Preferably, for compounds of formula I and Ia, A is an optionally substituted phenyl or pyridyl group, more preferably a phenyl group. In another preferred embodiment, A is an unsubstituted phenyl or pyridyl group, more preferably an unsubstituted phenyl group. In one particularly preferred embodiment, said compound is of formula Ib wherein A, B, X, Y and Z are as defined above. In another particularly preferred embodiment, said compound is of formula Ic wherein A, B, X, Y and Z are as defined above. Preferably, Z is OR1 or NR1R2 and each of R1 and R2 is independently H, an alkyl or a cycloalkyl group, each of which may be optionally substituted by one or more OH or halogen groups. In one preferred embodiment, Z is NR1R2 and each of R1 and R2 is independently H or an alkyl or a cycloalkyl group, each of which may be optionally substituted by one or more OH or halogen groups. In one preferred embodiment, Z is OR1 and R1 is an alkyl or a cycloalkyl group, each of which may be optionally substituted by one or more OH or halogen groups. In one preferred embodiment, Z is selected from OH, OEt, NHCH2CH2F, NH-cyclopropyl, NHCH(Me)CH2OH and NHCH2CH2OH. In a more preferred embodiment, Z is selected from OEt, NHCH2CH2F, NH-cyclopropyl, NHCH(Me)CH2OH and NHCH2CH2OH. The compounds of the invention were investigated for cannabinoid receptor binding and activation in vitro and for psychoactive potential in vivo, using mice. CNS levels were quantified using direct measurement of compound brain levels (for compounds lacking CNS effects). Peripheral cannabinoid activation was assessed using gut motility assays. Further details of the binding studies may be found in the accompanying Examples section. Especially preferred compounds of the invention are selected from the following: More preferably still, the compound of formula I is: Advantageously, compound (16) was shown to modulate peripheral cannabinoid receptors without producing substantial CNS effects. Moreover, experiments carried out on CREAE mice suggest that compound (16) is capable of achieving selective inhibition of spasticity without producing CNS effects. In an even more preferred embodiment, compound (16) is in the form of a racemic mixture. Synthesis Compounds of formula I and Ia are synthesised in accordance with Scheme 1 below. In brief, a palladium catalysed Sonogashira coupling reaction was used to insert a variety of alkyl side chains into 3-iodo methyl benzoate. The target compounds (S5) and related analogues were synthesised by a simple four-step route. First, the acid (S1) was reacted with DL alaninol in the presence of a diimide (EDCI) to give the amide (S2) in good yield. Palladium-catalysed coupling [Hoye, R. C. et al, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 2450-2453; Hopper, A. T. et al, J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 420-427] of the amide with the alkyne acid in the presence of CuII and pyrrolidine proceeded smoothly to give the alkyne (S3). The acid (S3) was quantitatively transformed into (S4) using ethylchloroformate and dimethylamine HCl. Lindlar catalysed reduction yielded the target alkene (S5). The flexibility of this method allows the synthesis of a large number of different compounds using a range of alkynes for the Sonogashira coupling, or by starting with a different amine for the amide formation in the first step. Therapeutic Applications Another aspect relates to the use of a compound of formula Ia according to the invention in the preparation of a medicament for treating a muscular disorder. Preferred embodiments are identical to those set forth above for compounds of general formula I. Preferably, the muscular disorder is a neuromuscular disorder. As used herein the phrase “preparation of a medicament” includes the use of a compound of formula I directly as the medicament in addition to its use in a screening programme for further agents or in any stage of the manufacture of such a medicament. The term “muscular disorder” is used in a broad sense to cover any muscular disorder or disease, in particular a neurological disorder or disease, more particularly, a neurodegenerative disease or an adverse condition involving neuromuscular control. Thus, the term includes, for example, CREAE, MS, spasticity, Parkinson's disease, Huntingdon's Chorea, spinal cord injury, epilepsy, Tourettes' syndrome, and bladder spasm. Although there is no clear role for peripheral cannabinoid receptors in controlling spasticity in multiple sclerosis and EAE, the blood:CNS barriers are compromised in lesional areas and may provide selective access of therapeutic agents [Butter, C. et al, J. Neurol. Sci. 1991, 104, 9-12; Daniel, P. M. et al, J. Neurol. Sci. 1983, 60, 367-376; Juhler, M. et al, Brain Res. 1984, 302, 347-355]. In addition to the aforementioned disorders, the present invention also has applications in other fields where tremor or muscle spasm is present or is manifested, such as incontinence, asthma, bronchial spasms, hic-coughs etc. Another aspect relates to the use of a compound of formula Ia according to the invention in the preparation of a medicament for controlling spasticity and tremors. The compounds of the invention also have therapeutic applications in the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders. Peripheral CB1 receptors are known to modulate gastrointestinal motility, intestinal secretion and gastroprotection. The digestive tract contains endogenous cannabinoids (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol), and cannabinoid CB1 receptors can be found on myenteric and submucosal nerves. Activation of prejunctionally/presynaptically-located enteric (intestinal) CB1 receptors produces inhibition of electrically-induced contractions (an effect which is associated to inhibition of acetylcholine release from enteric nerves) in various isolated intestinal tissues, including the human ileum and colon. Cannabinoid agonists inhibit intestinal motility in rodents in vivo and this effect is mediated, at least in part, by activation of peripheral (i.e. intestinal) CB1 receptors, both in the upper gastrointestinal transit [Izzo, A. A. et al, Br. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 129, 1627-1632; Landi, M. et al, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2002, 450, 77-83] and in the colon [Pinto, L. et al, Gastroenterology 2002, 123, 227-234]. Thus, measurement of intestinal motility, in vivo is a useful model for evaluating the activity of peripheral-acting cannabinoid drugs. Another aspect relates to the use of a compound of formula Ia according to the invention in the preparation of a medicament for treating a gastrointestinal disorder. Preferably, the gastrointestinal disorder is selected from one or more of the following: gastric ulcers, Crohn's disease, secretory diarroehea and paralytic ileus. As used herein the term “paralytic ileus” refers to paralysis or inactivity of the intestine that prohibits the passage of material within the intestine. Typically, this may be the result of anticholinergic drugs, injury or illness. Paralytic ileus is a common occurrence post surgically. Preferably for all of the above therapeutic applications, the modulator selectively modulates peripheral cannabinoid receptors. Even more preferably, the modulator selectively modulates peripheral cannabinoid receptors over central cannabinoid receptors. As used herein, the term “selectively” refers to modulators that are selective for peripheral cannabinoid receptors. Preferably they are selective over central cannabinoid receptors. Preferably the modulators of the invention have a selectivity ratio for peripheral cannabinoid receptors of greater than 10 to 1, more preferably greater than 100 to 1, more preferably greater than 300 to 1, over central cannabinoid receptors. Selectivity ratios may readily be determined by the skilled person. For some applications, preferably the modulator of the present invention has a EC50 value of less than about 1000 nM, preferably less than 100 nM, more preferably less than about 75 nM, even more preferably less than about 50 nM, preferably less than about 25 nM, preferably less than about 20 nM, preferably less than about 15 nM, preferably less than about 10 nM, preferably less than about 5 nM. More preferably, the modulator binds substantially exclusively to peripheral cannabinoid receptors. In one particularly preferred embodiment, the modulator is a cannabinoid receptor agonist. As used herein the term “agonist” is used in its normal sense in the art, i.e., a chemical compound which functionally activates the receptor to which it binds. In one particularly preferred embodiment, the modulator does not substantially agonise central cannabinoid receptors. Even more preferably still, the modulator is substantially excluded from the CNS. Thus, the modulator is capable of modulating peripheral cannabinoid receptors without producing CNS effects, such as undesirable psychoactive effects. Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating a disorder associated with the modulation of peripheral cannabinoid receptors, said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I as defined above. Preferably, said disorder is associated with peripheral cannabinoid receptor deactivation. Pharmaceutical Compositions A further aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined above admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient or carrier. Even though the compounds of the present invention (including their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and pharmaceutically acceptable solvates) can be administered alone, they will generally be administered in admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier, excipient or diluent, particularly for human therapy. The pharmaceutical compositions may be for human or animal usage in human and veterinary medicine. Examples of such suitable excipients for the various different forms of pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be found in the “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 2nd Edition, (1994), Edited by A Wade and P J Weller. Acceptable carriers or diluents for therapeutic use are well known in the pharmaceutical art, and are described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co. (A. R. Gennaro edit. 1985). Examples of suitable carriers include lactose, starch, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, mannitol, sorbitol and the like. Examples of suitable diluents include ethanol, glycerol and water. The choice of pharmaceutical carrier, excipient or diluent can be selected with regard to the intended route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice. The pharmaceutical compositions may comprise as, or in addition to, the carrier, excipient or diluent any suitable binder(s), lubricant(s), suspending agent(s), coating agent(s), solubilising agent(s). Examples of suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose, anhydrous lactose, free-flow lactose, beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums, such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose and polyethylene glycol. Examples of suitable lubricants include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like. Preservatives, stabilizers, dyes and even flavoring agents may be provided in the pharmaceutical composition. Examples of preservatives include sodium benzoate, sorbic acid and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Antioxidants and suspending agents may be also used. Salts/Esters The compounds of the invention can be present as salts or esters, in particular pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention include suitable acid addition or base salts thereof. A review of suitable pharmaceutical salts may be found in Berge et al, J Pharm Sci, 66, 1-19 (1977). Salts are formed, for example with strong inorganic acids such as mineral acids, e.g. sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid or hydrohalic acids; with strong organic carboxylic acids, such as alkanecarboxylic acids of 1 to 4 carbon atoms which are unsubstituted or substituted (e.g., by halogen), such as acetic acid; with saturated or unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, for example oxalic, malonic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, phthalic or tetraphthalic; with hydroxycarboxylic acids, for example ascorbic, glycolic, lactic, malic, tartaric or citric acid; with aminoacids, for example aspartic or glutamic acid; with benzoic acid; or with organic sulfonic acids, such as (C1-C4)-alkyl- or aryl-sulfonic acids which are unsubstituted or substituted (for example, by a halogen) such as methane- or p-toluene sulfonic acid. Esters are formed either using organic acids or alcohols/hydroxides, depending on the functional group being esterified. Organic acids include carboxylic acids, such as alkanecarboxylic acids of 1 to 12 carbon atoms which are unsubstituted or substituted (e.g., by halogen), such as acetic acid; with saturated or unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, for example oxalic, malonic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, phthalic or tetraphthalic; with hydroxycarboxylic acids, for example ascorbic, glycolic, lactic, malic, tartaric or citric acid; with aminoacids, for example aspartic or glutamic acid; with benzoic acid; or with organic sulfonic acids, such as (C1-C4)-alkyl- or aryl-sulfonic acids which are unsubstituted or substituted (for example, by a halogen) such as methane- or p-toluene sulfonic acid. Suitable hydroxides include inorganic hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide. Alcohols include alkanealcohols of 1-12 carbon atoms which may be unsubstituted or substituted, e.g. by a halogen). Enantiomers/Tautomers In all aspects of the present invention previously discussed, the invention includes, where appropriate all enantiomers and tautomers of compounds of formula I and Ia. The man skilled in the art will recognise compounds that possess an optical properties (one or more chiral carbon atoms) or tautomeric characteristics. The corresponding enantiomers and/or tautomers may be isolated/prepared by methods known in the art. Thus, the invention encompasses the enantiomers and/or tautomers in their isolated form, or mixtures thereof, such as for example, racemic mixtures of enantiomers. Stereo and Geometric Isomers Some of the specific agents of the invention may exist as stereoisomers and/or geometric isomers—e.g. they may possess one or more asymmetric and/or geometric centres and so may exist in two or more stereoisomeric and/or geometric forms. The present invention contemplates the use of all the individual stereoisomers and geometric isomers of those inhibitor agents, and mixtures thereof. The terms used in the claims encompass these forms, provided said forms retain the appropriate functional activity (though not necessarily to the same degree). The present invention also includes all suitable isotopic variations of the agent or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. An isotopic variation of an agent of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is defined as one in which at least one atom is replaced by an atom having the same atomic number but an atomic mass different from the atomic mass usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into the agent and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur, fluorine and chlorine such as 2H, 3H, 13C, 14C, 15N, 17O, 18O, 31P, 32P, 35S, 18F and 36Cl, respectively. Certain isotopic variations of the agent and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, for example, those in which a radioactive isotope such as 3H or 14C is incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies. Tritiated, i.e., 3H, and carbon-14, i.e., 14C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., 2H, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and hence may be preferred in some circumstances. Isotopic variations of the agent of the present invention and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof of this invention can generally be prepared by conventional procedures using appropriate isotopic variations of suitable reagents. Solvates The present invention also includes solvate forms of the compounds of the present invention. The terms used in the claims encompass these forms. Polymorphs The invention furthermore relates to the compounds of the present invention in their various crystalline forms, polymorphic forms and (an)hydrous forms. It is well established within the pharmaceutical industry that chemical compounds may be isolated in any of such forms by slightly varying the method of purification and or isolation form the solvents used in the synthetic preparation of such compounds. Prodrugs The invention further includes the compounds of the present invention in prodrug form. Such prodrugs are generally compounds of formula I and Ia wherein one or more appropriate groups have been modified such that the modification may be reversed upon administration to a human or mammalian subject. Such reversion is usually performed by an enzyme naturally present in such subject, though it is possible for a second agent to be administered together with such a prodrug in order to perform the reversion in vivo. Examples of such modifications include ester (for example, any of those described above), wherein the reversion may be carried out be an esterase etc. Other such systems will be well known to those skilled in the art. Administration The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be adapted for oral, rectal, vaginal, parenteral, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, intrathecal, intrabronchial, subcutaneous, intradermal, intravenous, nasal, buccal or sublingual routes of administration. For oral administration, particular use is made of compressed tablets, pills, tablets, gellules, drops, and capsules. Preferably, these compositions contain from 1 to 250 mg and more preferably from 10-100 mg, of active ingredient per dose. Other forms of administration comprise solutions or emulsions which may be injected intravenously, intraarterially, intrathecally, subcutaneously, intradermally, intraperitoneally or intramuscularly, and which are prepared from sterile or sterilisable solutions. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may also be in form of suppositories, pessaries, suspensions, emulsions, lotions, ointments, creams, gels, sprays, solutions or dusting powders. An alternative means of transdermal administration is by use of a skin patch. For example, the active ingredient can be incorporated into a cream consisting of an aqueous emulsion of polyethylene glycols or liquid paraffin. The active ingredient can also be incorporated, at a concentration of between 1 and 10% by weight, into an ointment consisting of a white wax or white soft paraffin base together with such stabilisers and preservatives as may be required. Injectable forms may contain between 10-1000 mg, preferably between 10-250 mg, of active ingredient per dose. Compositions may be formulated in unit dosage form, i.e., in the form of discrete portions containing a unit dose, or a multiple or sub-unit of a unit dose. Dosage A person of ordinary skill in the art can easily determine an appropriate dose of one of the instant compositions to administer to a subject without undue experimentation. Typically, a physician will determine the actual dosage which will be most suitable for an individual patient and it will depend on a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the individual undergoing therapy. The dosages disclosed herein are exemplary of the average case. There can of course be individual instances where higher or lower dosage ranges are merited, and such are within the scope of this invention. Depending upon the need, the agent may be administered at a dose of from 0.01 to 30 mg/kg body weight, such as from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg, more preferably from 0.1 to 1 mg/kg body weight. In an exemplary embodiment, one or more doses of 10 to 150 mg/day will be administered to the patient. Combinations In a particularly preferred embodiment, the one or more compounds of the invention are administered in combination with one or more other pharmaceutically active agents. In such cases, the compounds of the invention may be administered consecutively, simultaneously or sequentially with the one or more other pharmaceutically active agents. Assay The present invention uses—and also encompasses—an assay, wherein said assay is used to screen for agents that can modulate cannabinoid receptors, more preferably, peripheral cannabinoid receptors. Details of such assays are presented later. Thus, another aspect of the invention relates to the use of a compound of formula Ia, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an assay for identifying further compounds capable of modulating cannabinoid receptor activity. Preferably, the assay is a competitive binding assay. In such an assay, one or more of appropriate targets—such as an amino acid sequence and/or nucleotide sequence—may be used for identifying an agent capable of modulating peripheral cannabinoid receptors. The target employed in such a test may be free in solution, affixed to a solid support, borne on a cell surface, or located intracellularly. The abolition of target activity or the formation of binding complexes between the target and the agent being tested may be measured. The assay of the present invention may be a screen, whereby a number of agents are tested. In one aspect, the assay method of the present invention is a high through put screen. Techniques for drug screening may be based on the method described in Geysen, European Patent Application 84/03564, published on Sep. 13, 1984. In summary, large numbers of different small peptide test compounds are synthesized on a solid substrate, such as plastic pins or some other surface. The peptide test compounds are reacted with a suitable target or fragment thereof and washed. Bound entities are then detected—such as by appropriately adapting methods well known in the art. A purified target can also be coated directly onto plates for use in a drug screening techniques. Alternatively, non-neutralising antibodies can be used to capture the peptide and immobilise it on a solid support. This invention also contemplates the use of competitive drug screening assays in which neutralising antibodies capable of binding a target specifically compete with a test compound for binding to a target. Another technique for screening provides for high throughput screening (HTS) of agents having suitable binding affinity to the substances and is based upon the method described in detail in WO-A-84/03564. It is expected that the assay methods of the present invention will be suitable for both small and large-scale screening of test compounds as well as in quantitative assays. In a preferred aspect, the assay of the present invention utilises cells that display CB1 receptors on their surface. These cells may be isolated from a subject possessing such cells. However, preferably, the cells are prepared by transfecting cells so that upon transfection those cells display on their surface CB1 receptors. One aspect of the invention relates to a process comprising the steps of: (a) performing an assay method described hereinabove; (b) identifying one or more candidate compounds capable of modulating one or more cannabinoid receptors; and (c) preparing a quantity of said one or more candidate compounds. Another aspect of the invention provides a process comprising the steps of: (a) performing an assay method described hereinabove; (b) identifying one or more candidate compounds capable of modulating one or more cannabinoid receptors; (c) preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising said one or more candidate compounds. Another aspect of the invention provides a process comprising the steps of: (a) performing an assay method described hereinabove; (b) identifying one or more candidate compounds capable of modulating one or more cannabinoid receptors; (c) modifying said one or more candidate compounds capable of modulating one or more cannabinoid receptors; (d) performing the assay method described hereinabove; (e) optionally preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising said one or more candidate compounds. The invention also relates to candidate compounds identified by the method described hereinabove. Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a candidate compound identified by the method described hereinabove. Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of a candidate compound identified by the method described hereinabove in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment of muscular disorders and/or gastrointestinal disorders. The above methods may be used to screen for a candidate compound useful as an modulators of one or more cannabinoid receptors, more preferably peripheral cannabinoid receptors. Reporters A wide variety of reporters may be used in the assay methods (as well as screens) of the present invention with preferred reporters providing conveniently detectable signals (eg. by spectroscopy). By way of example, a reporter gene may encode an enzyme which catalyses a reaction which alters light absorption properties. Other protocols include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA) and fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). A two-site, monoclonal-based immunoassay utilising monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering epitopes may even be used. These and other assays are described, among other places, in Hampton R et al [1990, Serological Methods, A Laboratory Manual, APS Press, St Paul Minn.] and Maddox D E et al [1983, J Exp Med 15 8:121 1]. Examples of reporter molecules include but are not limited to (galactosidase, invertase, green fluorescent protein, luciferase, chloramphenicol, acetyltransferase, (glucuronidase, exo-glucanase and glucoamylase. Alternatively, radiolabelled or fluorescent tag-labelled nucleotides can be incorporated into nascent transcripts which are then identified when bound to oligonucleotide probes. By way of further examples, a number of companies such as Pharmacia Biotech (Piscataway, N.J.), Promega (Madison, Wis.), and US Biochemical Corp (Cleveland, Ohio) supply commercial kits and protocols for assay procedures. Suitable reporter molecules or labels include those radionuclides, enzymes, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenic agents as well as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles and the like. Patents teaching the use of such labels include U.S. Pat. No. 3,817,837; U.S. Pat. No. 3,850,752; U.S. Pat. No. 3,939,350; U.S. Pat. No. 3,996,345; U.S. Pat. No. 4,277,437; U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,149 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,366,241. CB1 Receptor and CB2 Receptor Binding Assays Details of a CB1 receptor binding assay and a CB2 receptor binding assay may be found in Petrocellis et al [2000 FEBS Letter 483 52-56]. The relevant information about those assays from that reference now follows. Other assays may be used. Displacement assays for CB1 receptors were carried out by using 3H]SR141716A (0.4 nM, 55 Ci/mmol, Amersham) as the high affinity ligand, and the filtration technique previously described [12-14], on membrane preparations (0.4 mg/tube) from frozen male CD rat brains (Charles River Italia) and in the presence of 100 μM PMSF. Specific binding was calculated with 1 μM SR 14176A (a gift from Sanofi Recherche, France) and was 84.0%. The spleen from CD rats were used to prepare membranes (0.4 mg/tube) to carry out CB2 binding assays by using [3H]WIN55, 212-2 (0.8nM, 50.8 CI/mmol, NEN-Dupont) as described previously [14], and again in the presence of 100 μM PMSF. Specific binding was calculated with 1 μM HU-348 (a gift from Prof. R. Mechoulam and Pharmos) and was 75.0%. In all cases, K1 values were calculated by applying the Cheng-prusoff equation to the IC50 values (obtained by GraphPad) for the displacement of the bound radioligand by increasing concentrations of the test compounds. [Details on the specific references may be found in the document itself.] Host Cells Polynucleotides for use in the present invention—such as for use as modulators or for expressing modulators—may be introduced into host cells. The term “host cell”—in relation to the present invention includes any cell that could comprise the modulator of the present invention. Here, polynucleotides may be introduced into prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells, for example yeast, insect or mammalian cells. Polynucleotides of the invention may introduced into suitable host cells using a variety of techniques known in the art, such as transfection, transformation and electroporation. For example, it is possible to cause transformation with recombinant viral vectors such as retroviruses, herpes simplex viruses and adenoviruses, direct injection of nucleic acids and biolistic transformation. Thus, a further embodiment of the present invention provides host cells transformed or transfected with a polynucleotide that is or expresses the target of the present invention. Preferably said polynucleotide is carried in a vector for the replication and expression of polynucleotides that are to be the target or are to express the target. The cells will be chosen to be compatible with the said vector and may for example be prokaryotic (for example bacterial), fungal, yeast or plant cells. The gram negative bacterium E. coli is widely used as a host for heterologous gene expression. However, large amounts of heterologous protein tend to accumulate inside the cell. Subsequent purification of the desired protein from the bulk of E. coli intracellular proteins can sometimes be difficult. In contrast to E. coli, bacteria from the genus Bacillus are very suitable as heterologous hosts because of their capability to secrete proteins into the culture medium. Other bacteria suitable as hosts are those from the genera Streptomyces and Pseudomonas. Depending on the nature of the polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of the present invention, and/or the desirability for further processing of the expressed protein, eukaryotic hosts such as yeasts or other fungi may be preferred. In general, yeast cells are preferred over fungal cells because they are easier to manipulate. However, some proteins are either poorly secreted from the yeast cell, or in some cases are not processed properly (e.g. hyperglycosylation in yeast). In these instances, a different fungal host organism should be selected. Examples of suitable expression hosts within the scope of the present invention are fungi such as Aspergillus species (such as those described in EP-A-0184438 and EP-A-0284603) and Trichoderma species; bacteria such as Bacillus species (such as those described in EP-A-0134048 and EP-A-0253455), Streptomyces species and Pseudomonas species; and yeasts such as Kluyveromyces species (such as those described in EP-A-0096430 and EP-A-0301670) and Saccharomyces species. By way of example, typical expression hosts may be selected from Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus niger var. tubigenis, Aspergillus niger var. awamori, Aspergillus aculeatis, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus orvzae, Trichoderma reesei, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Polypeptides that are extensively modified may require correct processing to complete their function. In those instances, mammalian cell expression systems (such as HEK-293, CHO, HeLA) are required, and the polypeptides are expressed either intracellularly, on the cell membranes, or secreted in the culture media if preceded by an appropriate leader sequence. The use of suitable host cells—such as yeast, fungal, plant and mammalian host cells—may provide for post-translational modifications (e.g. myristoylation, glycosylation, truncation, lapidation and tyrosine, serine or threonine phosphorylation) as may be needed to confer optimal biological activity on recombinant expression products of the present invention. Organism The term “organism” in relation to the present invention includes any organism that could comprise the target according to the present invention and/or products obtained therefrom. Examples of organisms may include a fungus, yeast or a plant. The term “transgenic organism” in relation to the present invention includes any organism that comprises the target according to the present invention and/or products obtained. Transformation of Host Cells/Host Organisms As indicated earlier, the host organism can be a prokaryotic or a eukaryotic organism. Examples of suitable prokaryotic hosts include E. coli and Bacillus subtilis. Teachings on the transformation of prokaryotic hosts is well documented in the art, for example see Sambrook et al [Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd edition, 1989, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press] and Ausubel et al, [Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (1995), John Wiley & Sons, Inc]. If a prokaryotic host is used then the nucleotide sequence may need to be suitably modified before transformation—such as by removal of introns. In another embodiment the transgenic organism can be a yeast. In this regard, yeast have also been widely used as a vehicle for heterologous gene expression. The species Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a long history of industrial use, including its use for heterologous gene expression. Expression of heterologous genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been reviewed by Goodey et al [1987, Yeast Biotechnology, D R Berry et al, eds, pp 401-429, Allen and Unwin, London] and by King et al [1989, Molecular and Cell Biology of Yeasts, E F Walton and G T Yarronton, eds, pp 107-133, Blackie, Glasgow]. For several reasons Saccharomyces cerevisiae is well suited for heterologous gene expression. First, it is non-pathogenic to humans and it is incapable of producing certain endotoxins. Second, it has a long history of safe use following centuries of commercial exploitation for various purposes. This has led to wide public acceptability. Third, the extensive commercial use and research devoted to the organism has resulted in a wealth of knowledge about the genetics and physiology as well as large-scale fermentation characteristics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A review of the principles of heterologous gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and secretion of gene products is given by E Hinchcliffe E Kenny [1993, “Yeast as a vehicle for the expression of heterologous genes”, Yeasts, Vol 5, Anthony H Rose and J Stuart Harrison, eds, 2nd edition, Academic Press Ltd.]. Several types of yeast vectors are available, including integrative vectors, which require recombination with the host genome for their maintenance, and autonomously replicating plasmid vectors. In order to prepare the transgenic Saccharomyces, expression constructs are prepared by inserting the nucleotide sequence of the present invention into a construct designed for expression in yeast. Several types of constructs used for heterologous expression have been developed. The constructs contain a promoter active in yeast fused to the nucleotide sequence of the present invention, usually a promoter of yeast origin, such as the GAL1 promoter, is used. Usually a signal sequence of yeast origin, such as the sequence encoding the SUC2 signal peptide, is used. A terminator active in yeast ends the expression system. For the transformation of yeast several transformation protocols have been developed. For example, a transgenic Saccharomyces according to the present invention can be prepared by following the teachings of Hinnen et al [1978, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 75, 1929]; Beggs, J D [1978, Nature, London, 275, 104]; and Ito, H et al [1983, J Bacteriology 153, 163-168]. The transformed yeast cells are selected using various selective markers. Among the markers used for transformation are a number of auxotrophic markers such as LEU2, HIS4 and TRP1, and dominant antibiotic resistance markers such as aminoglycoside antibiotic markers, eg G418. Another host organism is a plant. The basic principle in the construction of genetically modified plants is to insert genetic information in the plant genome so as to obtain a stable maintenance of the inserted genetic material. Several techniques exist for inserting the genetic information, the two main principles being direct introduction of the genetic information and introduction of the genetic information by use of a vector system. A review of the general techniques may be found in articles by Potrykus [Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol [1991] 42:205-225] and Christou [Agro-Food-Industry Hi-Tech March/April 1994 17-27]. Further teachings on plant transformation may be found in EP-A-0449375. Further hosts suitable for the nucleotide sequence of the present invention include higher eukaryotic cells, such as insect cells or vertebrate cells, particularly mammalian cells, including human cells, or nucleated cells from other multicellular organisms. In recent years propagation of vertebrate cells in culture (tissue culture) has become a routine procedure. Examples of useful mammalian host cell lines are epithelial or fibroblastic cell lines such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, NIH 3T3 cells, HeLa cells or 293T cells. The nucleotide sequence of the present invention may be stably incorporated into host cells or may be transiently expressed using methods known in the art. By way of example, stably transfected mammalian cells may be prepared by transfecting cells with an expression vector having a selectable marker gene, and growing the transfected cells under conditions selective for cells expressing the marker gene. To prepare transient transfectants, mammalian cells are transfected with a reporter gene to monitor transfection efficiency. To produce such stably or transiently transfected cells, the cells should be transfected with a sufficient amount of the nucleotide sequence of the present invention. The precise amounts of the nucleotide sequence of the present invention may be empirically determined and optimised for a particular cell and assay. Thus, the present invention also provides a method of transforming a host cell with a nucleotide sequence that is to be the target or is to express the target. Host cells transformed with the nucleotide sequence may be cultured under conditions suitable for the expression of the encoded protein. The protein produced by a recombinant cell may be displayed on the surface of the cell. If desired, and as will be understood by those of skill in the art, expression vectors containing coding sequences can be designed with signal sequences which direct secretion of the coding sequences through a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membrane. Other recombinant constructions may join the coding sequence to nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide domain which will facilitate purification of soluble proteins [Kroll D J et al (1993) DNA Cell Biol 12:441-53]. The present invention is further described by way of example, and with reference to the following figures wherein: FIG. 1 shows rat vas deferens inhibition of contractions. In more detail, the IC50 Of compound (16) in this assay is approximately 0.1 nm. In the same assay R(+)WIN55,212 demonstrated an IC50 at CB1 of approximately 5 nm, consistent with its known binding affinity. This assay demonstrates agonist potential and the effect of compound (16) was neutralised by the CB1-antagonist SR141716A. FIG. 2 shows hypomotiliy in wildtype mice. FIG. 3 shows hypothermia in wildtype mice. Temperature and 5 minute motility in a 27 cm2 openfield in activity chamber was assessed [Brooks et al 2002] before and after (20 min) injection of vehicle (alcohol, cremophor, PBS (1:1:18), compound (16) or the CNS-penetrant CB1 agonist (R(+)Win 55,212. This latter compound induced typical cannabinmimetic effects whereas compound (16) was inactive at 1 mg/kg (above) and even at 20 mg/kg i.v. FIG. 4 shows the assessment of spasticity in CREAE mice. Spasticity developed following the development of chronic EAE induced by injection of mouse spinal cord homogenate in Freund's complete adjuvant on day 0 & 7. This occurred 60-80 days post-induction in wildtype ABH.Cnr1+/+ mice and 30-40 days post-induction in CB1 receptor gene (Cnr1)-deficient ABH.Cnr1−/− mice). Spasticity was assessed by resistance to full flexion of hindlimbs against a strain gauge [Baker et al 2000], before and after treatment with either the full CB1/CB2 agonist CP55,940 or full CB1/CB2/″CB3″ agonist injected intraperitoneally or compound (16) injected intravenously in vehicle (alcohol:cremophor:PBS (1:1:18)). The results represents the percentage change ±SEM from baseline (n<10-12 per group) 10 minutes after administration. Statistical analysis was performed on raw data and were analysed pairwise from baseline levels (***P<0.001). The anti-spastic effects of CNS-penetrant agonists were lost in CB1-deficient mice indicating that CB2/″CB3″ is not a target for anti-spastic activity. Vehicle alone was inactive [Baker et al 2000]. Compound (16) exhibited significant anti-spastic activity in wildtype mice and was active when administered in PBS alone (not shown). EXAMPLES The compounds were purified by reverse-phase HPLC (Gilson) using preparative C-18 column (Hypersil PEP 100×21 mm internal diameter, 5 μm particle size, and 100 Å pore size) and isocratic gradient over 20 minutes. N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3-iodobenzamide (1) To a solution of 3-iodobenzoic acid (10.02 g, 40.30 mmol), in dry dichloromethane, at room temperature (180 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere, EDCI (7.72 g, 40.30 mmol) was added followed by triethylamine (8.0 mL, 60.45 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for further 5 minutes. DL Alaninol (3.02 g, 40.3 mmol) was then added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was washed with a mixture of saturated brine and saturated sodium bicarbonate (1:1; 2×150 mL) followed by saturated brine solution (100 mL). The organics were separated and dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (DCM:MeOH, 1% to 8% methanol gradient) to afford compound 1 (4.14 g, 13.6 mmol, 34% yield) as an off white solid. δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.41 (3H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 3.70 (1H, dd, J1 5.5, J2 10.9 Hz), 3.80 (1H, d, J12.9, J2 10.9 Hz), 4.38 (1H, m), 6.46 (1H, m), 7.27 (2H, t, J=7.8 Hz), 7.93 (1H, d, J 7.88 Hz), 8.21 (1H, s). δ (13C) (CDCl3); 17.49 (CH3), 48.53 (CH2), 67.19 (CH2), 94.59 (C), 126.79 (CH), 129.58 (CH), 130.62 (CH), 136.37 (CH), 136.83 (C), 166.71 (C). Calculated C10H11NO2I.1/2H2O: C, 38.23%; H, 3.85%; N, 4.46%. found: C, 38.95%; H, 3.80%; N, 4.08% [Drug Design and Discovery 2000, 281-294]. General Procedure for Sonogashira Coupling Reaction Method A [Tetrahedron 2000, 56, 4777-4792] Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride (3.5% mol), copper(I) iodide (8% mol) and triethylamine (4 mmol) were added to a solution of N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3-iodobenzamide (1) (1 mmol) in DMF (5 mL). The mixture was stirred for 1 h under a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature. The alkyne (1 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was purified by short flash chromatography on silica gel (DCM:MeOH, 1% to 4% methanol gradient) to afford the desire compound. N-(2-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3-(5-hydroxy-pent-1-ynyl)-benzamide (2) Method A was used to synthesise the named compound (2), coupling (1) (0.50 g, 1.64 mmol) with 4-pentyl-1-ol to yield N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3-(5-hydroxy-pent-1-ynyl)-benzamide (2) (0.314 g, 1.20 mmol; 73%). δ (1H)(CDCl3); 1.19 (3H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 1.68-1.81 (3H, m), 2.45 (2H, t, J 6.9 Hz), 3.04-3.17 (1H, m), 3.39-3.74 (5H, m), 4.12-4.23 (1H, m), 6.52 (1H, d, J 7.2 Hz), 7.22 (1H, dd, J1 6.3, J2 11.67 Hz), 7.39 (1H, d, J 7.7 Hz), 7.60 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 7.68 (1H, s). δ (13C) (CDCl3); 16.30 (CH3), 17.440 (CH3), 31.66 (CH2), 48.49 (CH2), 61.92 (CH2), 67.00 (CH2), 80.64 (C), 91.03 (C), 124.66 (C), 126.79 (CH), 128.93 (CH), 130.32 (CH), 134.74 (CH), 134.90 (C), 167.79 (C). MS (ES) m/z 262 (M+H). 3-Hept-1-ynyl-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-benzamide (3) Method A was used to synthesise the named compound (3), coupling (1) (0.25 g, 0.84 mmol) with 1-heptyne to yield 3 (0.236 g, 0.80 mmol; 95%) as a colourless oil. δ (1H) (CDCl3); 0.89 (3H, t, J 6.8 Hz), 1.22 (3H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 1.29-1.41 (4H, m), 1.53-1.60 (2H, m), 2.36 (2H, t, J 7.1 Hz), 2.81 (2H, m), 2.89 (1H, m), 4.15-4.19 (1H, m), 6.67 (1H, d, J 7.3 Hz), 7.24 (1H, t, J 7.7 Hz), 7.44 (1H, d, J 7.7 Hz), 7.63 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 7.73 (1H, s). δ (13C) (CDCl3); 14.31 (CH3), 17.40 (CH3), 19.71 (CH2), 22.57 (CH2), 28.73 (CH2), 31.49 (CH2), 48.44 (CH), 66.79 (CH2), 67.00 (CH2), 80.13 (C), 92.04 (C), 124.97 (C), 126.53 (CH), 128.90 (CH), 130.33 (CH), 132.45 (CH), 134.95 (C), 167.80 (C). MS (ES) m/z 274 (M+H). 3-(5-Cyano-pentil-1-ynyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)benzamide (7) Method A was used to synthesise the named compound (7), coupling (1) (0.300 g, 0.983 mmol) with hex-5-ynenitrile (119 mg, 1.28 mmol) to give 0.124 g of 3-(5-cyano-pentil-1-ynyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)benzamide (7) in 46.6% yield after purification. δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.29 (3H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 1.97 (2H, m), 2.55-2.64 (4H, m), 3.67 (1H, m), 3.78 (1H, m), 4.28 (1H, m), 6.41 (1H, m), 7.36 (1H, t, J 7.8 Hz), 7.51 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 7.72 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 7.80 (1H, s). δ (13C) (CDCl3); 16.68 (CH2), 17.50 (CH3), 18.94 (CH2), 24.87 (CH2), 48.52 (CH), 67.22 (CH2), 81.95 (C), 88.5 (C), 119.55 (C), 124.13 (C), 127.07 (CH), 129.06 (CH), 130.45 (CH), 134.80 (CH), 135.00 (C), 167.61 (C). MS (ES) m/z 271 (M+H). Method B [J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 4777-4792; J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 420-427] Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (2% mol) and copper(I) iodide (7% mol) were added to pyrrolidine (15 mL) in a round-bottomed flask and stirred at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere, for 5 minutes. To this solution N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3-iodobenzamide (1 mmol) was added and stirred for an additional 15 minutes at room temperature. The alkyne (1 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum, the residue was treated with DOWEX50 WX80 (10× weight of the starting material); DOWEX50 WX80 was washed with acetonitrile (3×20 mL), then suspended in a mixture of acetonitrile/water (3/1). The residue above was dissolved in acetonitrile/water (1:1, 20 mL), and was added to the resin suspension and shaken for 20 minutes. The resin was filtered off, washed with acetonitrile/water (3/1) and the solvent removed from the filtrate under vacuum. The residue purified by short flash column chromatography on silica gel (DCM:MeOH:AcOH, 1% to 8% methanol gradient, with 1% AcOH) to yield the desired compound. Method B1: The treatment of the crude material with DOWEX50 WX80 was performed in the presence of methanol instead of acetonitrile/water (3/1). 6-[3-(2-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-hex-5-ynoic acid (4) The iodobenzamide (1) (2.00 g, 6.5 mmol) was coupled with 5-hexynoic acid using method B giving product (4) (1.87 g, 6.42 mmol; 99% yield). δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.49 (3H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 2.14 (2H, t, J 7.2 Hz), 2.67-2.76 (4H, m), 3.83-3.90 (2H, m) 4.39-4.45 (1H, m) 7.64 (1H, t, J 7.7 Hz), 7.76 (1H, d, J 7.7 Hz), 7.99 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 8.10 (1H, s). δ (13C) (CD3OD); 17.47 (CH2), 19.99 (CH3), 36.25 (CH2), 66.54 (CH2), 81.82 (C), 91.53 (C), 126.03 (C), 128.05 (CH), 129.99 (CH), 131.75 (CH), 135.69 (CH), 136.58 (C), 168.538 (C). MS (CI) m/z 290 (M+H). 6-[3-(2-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-phenyl]-hex-5-ynoic acid methyl ester (20) If the method B1 was used in the work up, 6-[3-9(2-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-phenyl]-hex-5-ynoic acid methyl ester (20) was obtained instead of the acid 4. 1 (0.100 g, 0.32 mmol) was coupled with 5-hexynoic acid (0.091 g, 0.276 mmol) to give 20 (0.091 g, 0.27 mmol, 85% yield). δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.31 (3H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 1.96 (2H, t, J 7.2 Hz), 2.03 (3H, s), 2.39-2.59 (4H, m), 3.61-3.72 (2H, m), 4.19-4.27 (1H, m), 7.46 (1H, t, J 7.7 Hz), 7.48 (1H, d, J 7.6 Hz), 7.94 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 8.05 (1H, s). 5-[3-(2-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-hex-4-ynoic acid (5) The iodobenzamide (1) (2.00 g, 6.5 mmol) was coupled with 5-hexynoic acid using method B yielding (4) (1.87 g, 6.42 mmol; 99% yield). δ (1H)(CD3OD); 1.40 (3H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 2.70-2.824 (2H, m), 2.87-2.89 (2H, m), 3.74-3.77 (2H, m), 4.30-4.36 (1H, m), 7.54 (1H, t, J 7.7 Hz), 7.6 (1H, d, J 7.6 Hz), 7.91 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 7.99 (1H, s). δ (13C) (CD3OD); 16.21 (CH2), 17.03 (CH3), 34.94 (CH2), 66.08 (CH2), 81.05 (C), 90.53 (C), 125.46 (C), 127.70 (CH), 129.56 (CH), 131.39 (CH), 135.27 (CH), 136.19 (C), 169.28 (C), 175.80 (C). 7-[3-(2-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-hex-6-ynoic acid (6) The iodobenzamide (1) (0.50 g, 1.64 mmol) was coupled with 6-heptynoic acid (0.212 g, 1.64 mmol) using method B to give 7-[3-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-hex-6-ynoic acid (6) (0.487 g, 1.60 mmol; 98% yield). δ (1H)(CD3OD); 1.22 (3H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 1.44-1.68 (2H, m), 1.73-1.80 (2H, m), 2.30-2.46 (2H, m), 3.54-3.63 (2H, m), 4.12-4.39 (1H, m) 7.36 (1H, t, J 7.7 Hz), 7.49 (1H, d, J 7.7 Hz), 7.72 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 7.82 (1H, s). δ (13C) (CD3OD); 17.06 (CH3), 19.70 (CH2), 25.39 (CH2), 29.23 (CH2), 49.16 (CH2), 66.14 (CH2), 81.16 (C), 91.55 (C), 125.75 (C), 127.53 (CH), 129.54 (CH), 131.32 (CH), 135.24 (CH), 136.20 (C), 169.34 (C). 3-(5-Carboxy-pent-1-ynyl)-benzoic acid ethyl ester (14) The iodobenzamide (1) (1.50 g, 5.4 mmol) was coupled with 5-hexynoic acid using method B to give 3-(5-carboxy-pent-1-ynyl)-benzoic acid ethyl ester (14) (0.903 g, 3.4 mmol; 64% yield). δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.39 (3H, d, J 7.1 Hz), 1.83-1.99 (2H, m), 2.44-2.59 (4H, m), 4.37 (2H, q, J 7.1 Hz), 7.35 (1H, t, J 7.8 Hz), 7.58 (1H, d, J 7.6 Hz), 7.82 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 7.92 (1H, s). δ (13C) (CDCl3); 14.28 (CH3), 18.79 (CH2), 23.59 (CH2), 61.13 (CH2), 80.72 (C), 89.67 (C), 124.07 (C), 128.28 (CH), 128.72 (CH), 130.69 (C), 132.22 (CH), 135.65 (CH), 166.03 (C). Synthesis of Amides Method C: To a solution of the alkynoic acid (1 mmol) in dry THF (6 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere, triethylamine (2 mmol) was added and then cooled at −10° C. To the reaction mixture ethyol chloroformate (1 mmol) was added and then stirred for further 15 minutes at −10° C. In the meantime a solution of amine hydrochloride (3 mmol), water (0.88 mL), triethylamine (0.63 mL, 6 mmol) and THF (1.76 mL) was prepared and added dropwise to the reaction mixture. The reaction was left warming up to 5° C. in 1.5 h and then stirred at room temperature for a further 30 minutes. The mixture was poured into a 1:1 mixture of saturated brine and saturated sodium bicarbonate (50 mL) and then extracted with DCM (5×50 mL). The organic layer was evaporated under vacuum, the residue was purified by short column chromatography on silica gel (DCM:MeOH, 1% to 10% methanol gradient) to give the desired compound. 3-(5-Dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-1-ynyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)benzamide (8) 6-[3-(2-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-hex-5-ynoic acid (4) (0.109 g, 0.377 mmol) was reacted using method C with dimethylamine hydrochloride to obtain 8 (0.115 g, 0.363 mmol; 96% yield). δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.29 (3H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 1.81-1.94 (2H, m), 2.37-2.47 (4H, m), 2.91 (3H, s), 3.00 (3H, s), 3.38-3.64 (2H, m) 4.19-4.43 (1H, m) 6.78 (1H, d, J 7.2 Hz), 7.29 (1H, t, J 7.7 Hz), 7.42 (1H, d, J 7.7 Hz), 7.68 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 7.75 (1H, s). δ (13C) (CDCl3); 17.42 (CH3), 19.36 (CH2), 24.45 (CH2), 32.30 (CH2), 35.83 (CH3), 37.67 (CH3), 48.51 (CH), 66.90 (CH2), 80.91 (C), 90.92 (C), 124.60 (C), 126.85 (CH), 128.85 (CH), 130.39 (CH), 134.58 (CH), 135.13 (C), 167.63 (C), 172.87 (C). MS (ES) m/z 317 (M+H). 3-(4-Dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-1-ynyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)benzamide (9) 5-[3-(2-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-hex-4-ynoic acid (5) (0.100 g, 0.36 mmol) was reacted using method C with dimethylamine hydrochloride to obtain 9 (0.084 g, 0.28 mmol; 77% yield). δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.26 (3H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 2.58-2.75 (4H, m), 2.91 (3H, s), 3.01 (3H, s), 3.40-3.77 (2H, m), 4.19-4.43 (1H, m), 6.72 (1H, d, J 7.1 Hz), 7.29 (1H, t, J 7.8 Hz), 7.44 (1H, d, J 7.7 Hz), 7.67 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 7.96 (1H, s). δ (13C)(CDCl3); 15.39 (CH2), 16.98 (CH3), 32.43 (CH2), 35.49 (CH3), 37.15 (CH3), 48.13 (CH), 66.64 (CH2), 80.14 (C), 90.19 (C), 123.99 (C), 126.60 (CH), 128.43 (CH), 129.95 (CH), 134.19 (CH), 134.75 (C), 167.26 (C), 171.14 (C). 3-(6-Dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-1-ynyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)benzamide (10) 7-[3-(2-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-hex-6-ynoic acid (6) (0.100 g, 0.32 mmol) was reacted using method C with dimethylamine hydrochloride to obtain 10 (0.091 g, 0.276 mmol; 85% yield). δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.26 (3H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 1.59-1.80 (4H, m), 2.31-2.43 (4H, m), 2.91 (3H, s), 2.98 (3H, s), 3.60 (1H, dd, J1 11.1 Hz, J21 5.3 Hz), 3.74 (1H, dd, J1 11.1 Hz, J21 3.5 Hz), 6.85 (1H, d, J 7.2 Hz), 7.27 (1H, t, J 7.7 Hz), 7.43 (1H, d, J 7.7 Hz), 7.69 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 7.76 (1H, s). δ (13C) (CDCl3); 16.99 (CH3), 19.15 (CH2), 24.30 (CH2), 28.19 (CH2), 32.45 (CH2), 35.46 (CH3), 37.33 (CH3), 48.12 (CH), 66.50 (CH2), 80.37 (C), 90.85 (C), 124.26 (C), 126.55 (CH), 128.44 (CH), 129.98 (CH), 134.06 (CH), 134.74 (C), 167.24 (C), 172.98 (C). 3-(5-Methylcarbamoyl-pent-1-ynyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)benzamide (22) 6-[3-(2-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-hex-5-ynoic acid (4) (0.400 g, 1.37 mmol) was reacted using method C with methylamine hydrochloride (0.609 g) to give 3-(5-methylcarbamoyl-pent-1-ynyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)benzamide (22) (0.221 g, 0.724 mmol; 53% yield). δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.29 (3H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 1.88-1.97 (2H, m), 2.33-2.44 (4H, m), 2.79 (3H, s), 2.81 (3H, s), 3.65 (2H, dd, J1 5.6, J2 11.1 Hz), 3.79 (2H, dd, J1 3.6, J2 11.1 Hz), 4.23-4.31 (1H, m), 5.93 (1H, bs), 6.55 (1H, d, J 7.3 Hz), 7.33 (1H, t, J 7.7 Hz), 7.7 (1H, d, J 7.7 Hz), 7.69 (1H, d, J 7.7 Hz), 7.77 (1H, s). δ (13C)(CDCl3); 17.44 (CH3), 19.29 (CH2), 26.70 (CH3), 35.58 (CH2), 48.57 (CH), 67.20 (CH2), 80.91 (C), 90.69 (C), 124.60 (C), 126.81 (CH), 128.95 (CH), 130.41 (CH), 134.68 (CH), 134.98 (C), 167.63 (C), 173.47 (C). 3-(5-Dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-ynyl)benzoic acid ethyl ester (23) 3-(5-Carboxy-pent-1-ynyl)-benzoic acid ethyl ester (4) (0.900 g, 3.4 mmol) was reacted using method C with dimethylamine hydrochloride to give 3-(5-dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-ynyl)benzoic acid ethyl ester (23) (0.873 g, 3.04 mmol; 89% yield). δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.39 (3H, d, J 7.1 Hz), 1.87-2.00 (2H, m), 2.43-2.54 (4H, m), 2.95 (3H, s), 3.03 (3H, s), 4.37 (2H, q, J 7.1 Hz), 7.32 (1H, t, J 7.8 Hz), 7.55 (1H, d, J 7.6 Hz), 7.92 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 8.04 (1H, s). δ (13C)(CDCl3); 14.28 (CH3), 18.97 (CH2), 24.01 (CH2), 31.87 (CH2), 35.39 (CH3), 37.20 (CH3), 61.10 (CH2), 80.39 (C), 90.60 (C), 124.26 (C), 128.27 (CH), 128.60 (CH), 130.69 (C), 132.62 (CH), 135.58 (CH), 166.0 (C), 172.26 (C). 3-(5-Dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-1-ynyl)-benzoic acid (24) 3-(5-Dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-ynyl)benzoic acid ethyl ester (0.800 g, 2.78 mmol) was treated with sodium hydroxide 1M solution (6 mL) overnight. To the reaction mixture 7 mL of HCl 1M solution was added and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The residue was triturated with ethyl acetate, to give 3-(5-dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-1-ynyl)-benzoic acid (24) (0.590 g, 2.05 mmol; yield 74%) as white off powder. δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.85-2.00 (2H, m), 2.48-2.58 (4H, m), 2.93 (3H, s), 3.08 (3H, s), 7.40 (1H, t, J 7.8 Hz), 7.58 (1H, d, J 7.6 Hz), 7.91 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 7.97 (1H, s). N-Cyclopropyl-3-(5-dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-1-ynyl)benzamide (25) To a solution of 3-(5-dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-1-ynyl)-benzoic acid (0.100 g, 0.38 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (1.5 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature, EDCI (0.0728 g, 0.38 mmol) was added followed by triethylamine (0.162 mL, 1.14 mmol), the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for further 5 minutes. Cyclopropylamine (0.027 g, 0.38 mmol) was then added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was washed with a mixture of saturated brine and saturated sodium bicarbonate (1:1; 2×150 mL) followed by saturated brine solution (100 mL). The organic layer was separated and dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (DCM:MeOH, 95% to 5% methanol gradient) to afford N-cyclopropyl-3-(5-dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-1-ynyl)benzamide (25) (0.10 g, 0.34 mmol, 91% yield). δ (1H) (CDCl3); 0.59-0.64 (2H, m), 0.83-0.90 (2H, m), 1.90-2.00 (2H, m), 2.49-2.53 (4H, m), 2.87-2.93 (1H, m), 2.95 (3H, s), 3.03 (3H, s), 6.25 (1H, bs), 7.33 (1H, t, J 7.8 Hz), 7.44-7.49 (1H, m), 7.63-7.72 (1H, m), 7.84 (1H, s). δ (13C)(CDCl3); 6.76 (CH2), 18.98 (CH2), 23.16 (CH), 24.02 (CH2), 31.87 (CH2), 35.39 (CH3), 37.22 (CH3), 80.39 (C), 90.75 (C), 124.38 (C), 126.13 (CH), 128.40 (CH), 128.53 (C), 129.84 (CH), 134.25 (CH). 3-(5-dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-1-ynyl)-N-(2-fluoro-ethyl)benzamide (26) To a solution of 3-(5-dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-1-ynyl)-benzoic acid (0.100 g, 0.38 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (1.5 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature, EDCI (0.0728 g, 0.38 mmol) was added followed by triethylamine (0.162 mL, 1.14 mmol), the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for further 5 minutes. 2-Fluoro ethylamine (0.189 g, 1.9 mmol) was then added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was washed with a mixture of saturated brine and saturated sodium bicarbonate (1:1; 2×150 mL) followed by saturated brine solution (100 mL). The organic layer was separated and dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (DCM:MeOH, 95% to 5% methanol gradient) to afford 3-(5-dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-1-ynyl)-N-(2-fluoro-ethyl)benzamide (26) (0.103 g, 0.34 mmol, 91% yield). δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.83-2.00 (2H, m), 2.48-2.52 (4H, m), 2.94 (3H, s), 3.02 (3H, s), 3.68-3.72 (1H, m), 3.73-3.82 (1H, m), 4.50 (3H, t, J 4.8 Hz), 4.66 (3H, t, J 4.8 Hz), 6.69 (1H, bs), 7.34 (1H, t, J 7.7 Hz), 7.44-7.46 (1H, m), 7.62-7.68 (1H, m), 7.93 (1H, s). δ (13C)(CDCl3); 18.97 (CH2), 24.01 (CH2), 31.87 (CH2), 35.40 (CH3), 37.23 (CH3), 40.35 (CH2), 40.62 (CH2), 80.37 (C), 81.57 (CH2), 81.57 (CH2), 90.75 (C), 124.48 (C), 126.24 (CH), 128.40 (CH), 130.05 (CH), 131.94 (CH2), 134.45 (C), 167.04 (C), 172.30 (C). General Method for Lindlar Hydrogenation Method D: Quinoline (143 μL, 1.3 mmol), palladium on barium sulphate reduced (5%) (143 mg) and the alkyne (1 mmol) were combined in methanol (14 mL) and stirred under atmospheric pressure of hydrogen until the 1HNMR of the crude showed that the reduction was complete. The catalyst was removed by filtration through a pad of celite, which was washed several times with methanol. The filtrate was evaporated under vacuum and the product was purified by preparative HPLC. Method E: Quinoline (25 μL, 0.21 mmol), palladium on barium sulphate reduced (5%) (360 mg) and the alkyne (1 mmol) were combined in methanol (15 mL) and stirred under atmospheric pressure of hydrogen until the 1HNMR of the crude showed that the reduction was complete. The catalyst was removed by filtration through a pad of celite, which was washed several times with methanol. The filtrate was evaporated under vacuum and the product was purified by preparative HPLC. 3-Hept-1-enyl-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-benzamide (11) Hydrogenation of the alkyne 3 (0.050 g, 0.18 mmol) using method D gave two products, which were separated by preparative reverse-phase HPLC chromatography (55% acetonitrile/45% water 20 min isocratic program), named compound II (12 mg) (and the fully reduced compound 3-heptyl-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl-1)-benzamide (12) (7 mg). δ (1H) (CDCl3); 0.88 (3H, t, J 7.0 Hz), 1.30 (3H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 1.33-1.52 (4H, m), 2.26-2.34 (2H, m), 3.66-3.81 (2H, m), 4.25-4.35 (1H, m), 5.69-5.78 (1H, m), 6.22 (1H, bs), 6.43 (1H, d, J 11.7 Hz), 7.26 (1H, s), 7.36 (1H, d, J 7.5 Hz), 7.55-7.65 (1H, m), 7.71 (1H, s). 3-Heptyl-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-benzamide (12) δ (1H) (CDCl3); 0.808 (3H, t, J 6.6 Hz), 1.21 (3H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 1.24 (4H, m), 1.52-1.57 (2H, m), 2.53-2.58 (2H, m), 3.56 (1H, dd, J1 5.7, J2 10.9 Hz), 3.69 (1H, dd, J1 3.6, J2 10.9 Hz), 4.15-4.23 (1H, m), 6.22 (1H, bd, J 5.6 Hz), 7.25 (2H, d, J 7.7 Hz), 7.50 (1H, m), 7.70 (1H, s). δ (13C)(CDCl3); 14.24 (CH3), 17.52 (CH3), 23.01 (CH2), 29.50 (CH2), 29.63 (CH2), 31.77 (CH2), 32.15 (CH2), 36.23 (CH2), 48.57 (CH), 67.49 (CH2), 124.47 (CH), 127.52 (CH), 128.79 (CH), 132.09 (CH), 134.72 (C), 134.72 (C), 143.97 (C), 168.78 (C). MS (ES) m/z 277 (M+H). 3-(5-Cyano-pent-1-enyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-benzamide (15) Alkyne 7 (0.030 g, 0.1 mmol) was hydrogenated as describe in method E to give 3-(5-cyano-pentyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-benzamide (15 mg) which was purified by reverse-phase HPLC chromatography (20% acetonitrile/80% water 20 min isocratic program). δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.29 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.82 (m, 2H), 2.38 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.48 (m, 2H), 2.78 (m, 1H), 3.65 (m, 1H), 3.79 (m, 1H), 4.29 (m, 1H), 5.65 (m, 1H), 6.38 (m, 1H), 6.56 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.64-7.68 (m, 2H). δ (13C) (CDCl3); 17.00 (CH2), 17.45 (CH3), 25.67 (CH2), 27.50 (CH2), 48.60 (CH), 67.20 (CH2), 120.00 (C), 125.90 (CH), 127.50 (CH), 129.00 (CH), 130.77 (CH), 131.10 (CH), 132.22 (CH), 135.04 (CH), 137.83 (C), 168.4 (C). MS (ES) m/z 273 (M+H). 3-(5-Dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-1-enyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)benzamide (16) The alkyne 8 (0.100 g, 0.3 mmol) was synthesized by Lindlar catalyzed reduction using method E to obtain a mixture of 16 and 3-(5-dimethylcarbamoyl-pentyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-benzamide (13) which were separated by reverse-phase HPLC chromatography (20% acetonitrile/80% water 20 min isocratic program) (16, 34 mg). δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.31 (3H, t, J 6.8 Hz), 1.81-1.91 (2H, m), 2.26-2.39 (4H, m), 2.90 (3H, s), (3H, s), 3.65 (2H, dd, J1 5.5, J2 11.2 Hz), 3.83 (2H, dd, J1 3.2, J2 11.2 Hz), 4.27-4.30 (1H, m), 5.68-5.77 (1H, m), 6.46 (1H, d, J 11.6 Hz), 7.24-7.33 (1H, m), 7.38 (1H, d, J 7.6 Hz), 7.74-7.79 (2H, m). δ (13C)(CDCl3); 16.93 (CH3), 24.80 (CH2), 28.22 (CH2), 32.51 (CH2), 35.73 (CH), 37.45 (CH), 48.32 (CH2), 66.73 (CH2), 126.20 (CH), 126.35 (CH), 128.58 (CH), 129.12 (CH), 131.88 (CH), 132.63 (CH), 134.70 (C), 137.5 (C), 168.00 (C), 173.11 (C). MS (ES) m/z 319 (M+H). 3-(5-Dimethylcarbamoyl-pentyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-benzamide (13) δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.28-1.36 (5H, m), 1.64 (2H, m), 2.29 (2H, t, J 7.3 Hz), 2.63 (2H, t, J 7.4 Hz), 2.91 (3H, s), 2.98 (3H,), 3.63 (1H, m), 3.78 (2H, m), 4.19-4.30 (2H, m), 6.94 (1H, m), 7.26-7.32 (2H, m), 7.45-7.67 (3H, m). δ (13C) (CDCl3); 17.43 (CH3), 25.09 (CH2), 28.81 (CH2), 31.14 (CH2), 33.52 (CH2), 35.54 (CH), 35.89 (CH), 37.80 (CH), 48.55 (CH), 67.08 (CH2), 125.05 (CH), 127.50 (CH), 128.81 (CH), 132.00 (CH), 134.93 (C), 143.13 (C), 168.70 (C), 173.73 (C). MS (ES) m/z 321 (M+H). 3-(6-Dimethylcarbamoyl-hex-1-enyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-benzamide (17) 3-(6-Dimethylcarbamoyl-hex-1-enyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-benzamide (0.037 g, 0.11 mmol) 17 was synthesized by Lindlar catalyzed reduction using the method D to obtain a mixture of 17 and the saturated compound plus 20% of the trans isomer which were separated by preparative HPLC, unfortunately the separation of the cis and trans isomers was not very successful and the compound 17 (15 mg) was contaminated with some trans isomer (10% trans). 6-[3-(2-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-phenyl]-hex-5-enoic acid methyl ester (21) 6-[3-(2-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-phenyl]-hex-5-enoic acid methyl ester (21) (0.100 g, 1.7 mmol) was synthesized by Lindlar catalyzed reduction from the alkyne 20 using method D, to obtain a mixture of 21 and 5% of the trans isomer which was not separated. The mixture was used as a crude. δ (1H)(CD3OD); 1.15 (3H, t, J 6.7 Hz), 1.52-1.71 (2H, m), 2.19-2.29 (4H, m), 3.47-3.56 (2H, m/z), 4.06-4.12 (2H, m), 5.59-5.67 (1H, m), 5.46 (2H, bs), 5.62-5.68 (1H, m), 6.39 (1H, d, J 11.6 Hz), 7.25-7.33 (1H, m), 7.41 (1H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 7.52-7.61 (2H, m). 3-(5-Carbamoyl-pent-1-enyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-benzamide (19) 21 (0.030 g, 0.10 mmol) was dissolved in 2 mL of ammonia 33% solution in water and stirred at room temperature for 8 h. The solvent was removed and the product was purify by reverse-phase HPLC chromatography (18% acetonitrile/82% water 20 min isocratic program) to give 19 (7 mg). δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.22 (3H, t, J 6.8.0 Hz), 1.75-1.79 (2H, m), 2.20-2.32 (4H, m), 3.65 (2H, dd, J1 5.8, J2 11.2 Hz), 3.83 (2H, dd, J1 2.9, J2 11.2 Hz), 4.24-4.32 (1H, m), 5.46 (2H, bs), 5.62-5.68 (1H, m), 6.39 (1H, d, J 11.6 Hz), 7.20-7.22 (1H, m), 7.32 (1H, d, J 7.6 Hz), 7.68 (1H, s), 7.74 (1H, d, J 7.7 Hz). MS (CI) m/z 291 (M+H). General Method for BER/Ni Hydrogenation Borohydride polymer-supported (borohydride on amberlite IRA-400 2.5 mmol BH4−/1 g resin) (BER) (0.750 g) and nickel acetate tetrahydrate (0.046 g, 1.9 mmol) were suspended in 7 mL of methanol, hydrogen was bubbled through the suspension until a black coating of nickel appeared on the resin, then to the mixture under hydrogen the alkyne (1 mmol) was added dissolved in 7 mL of methanol. The mixture was shaken for 9 hours and then filtered. The resin was washed several times with methanol and then the combined filtrate was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in an appropriate solvent and filtered though celite to remove the nickel. The product was purified by preparative reverse-phase HPLC chromatography. 3-(4-Dimethylcarbamoyl-but-1-enyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-benzamide (27) Hydrogenation of the alkyne 9 (0.055 g, 0.18 mmol) using BER/Ni catalyst gave 40% 27, 5% of the saturated compound and 55% of starting material. The mixture was separated by reverse-phase HPLC chromatography (20% acetonitrile/80% water 20 min isocratic program) to give 27 (15 mg). δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.30 (3H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 2.53-2.70 (4H, m), 2.99 (3H, s), 3.07 (3H, s), 3.65-3.69 (1H, m) 3.81-3.95 (1H, m), 3.98-3.40 (1H, m), 4.30-4.31 (1H, m), 5.68-5.77 (1H, m), 6.47 (1H, d, J 11.6 Hz), 7.29 (1H, m), 7.37-7.46 (1H, m), 7.85-7.95 (1H, m), 8.22 (1H, s). δ (13C)(CDCl3); 16.84 (CH3), 24.68 (CH2), 32.59 (CH2), 35.89 (CH3), 37.96 (CH3), 48.33 (CH), 66.76 (CH2), 125.67 (CH), 126.90 (CH), 128.71 (CH), 130.03 (CH), 131.15 (CH), 131.88 (CH), 134.46 (C), 136.70 (C), 167.23 (C), 173.30 (C). N-(2-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3-(5-methylcarbamoyl-pent-1-enyl)-benzamide (18) The alkyne 22 (0.055 g, 0.16 mmol) was hydrogenated using BER/Ni catalyst to give a mixture of 18 45% and starting material 55%. The mixture was separated by reverse-phase HPLC chromatography (18% acetonitrile/82% water 20 min isocratic program) to give 18 (19 mg). δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.29 (3H, t, J 6.8.0 Hz), 1.88-1.97 (2H, m), 2.35 (2H, d, J 7.4 Hz), 2.47 (1H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 2.80 (3H, d, J 4.8 Hz); 3.65 (2H, dd, J1 5.5, J2 11.1 Hz), 3.79 (2H, dd, J1 3.5, J2 11.2 Hz), 4.23-4.31 (1H, m), 5.73 (1H, bs), 6.53 (1H, bd, J 6.2 Hz), 7.33 (1H, t, J 7.7 Hz), 7.45 (1H, d, J 7.7 Hz), 7.69 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 7.76 (1H, s). δ (13C)(CDCl3); 17.07 (CH3), 18.91 (CH2), 24.44 (CH2), 26.32 (CH3), 35.19 (CH2), 48.19 (CH), 66.87 (CH2), 1224.23 (C), 126.41 (CH), 128.57 (CH), 129.99 (CH), 134.31 (CH), 134.59 (C), 167.00 (C), 178.00 (C). 3-(5-Dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-1-enyl)-N-(2-fluoro-ethyl)-benzamide (28) Hydrogenation of 3-(5-dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-1-ynyl)-N-(2-fluoro-ethyl)benzamide (26) (0.040 g, 0.13 mmol) using BER/Ni catalyst gave 40% 28, and 55% of starting material. The mixture was separated by reverse-phase HPLC chromatography (30% acetonitrile/70% water 20 min isocratic program) to give 3-(5-dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-1-enyl)-N-(2-fluoro-ethyl)-benzamide 28 (5 mg). δ (1H) (CDCl3); 1.80-1.89 (2H, m), 2.31-2.41 (4H, m), 2.88 (3H, s), 2.97 (3H, s), 3.68-3.72 (1H, m), 3.74 (1H, dd, J1 5.4, J2 10.7 Hz), 3.82 (1H, dd, J1 5.4, J2 10.7 Hz), 5.72-5.78 (1H, m), 6.43 (1H, d, J 11.7 Hz), 7.31 (1H, d, J 7.7 Hz), 7.40 (1H, t, J 7.7 Hz), 7.81 (1H, d, J 7.9 Hz), 8.02 (1H, s). N-Cyclopropyl-3-(5-dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-1-enyl)-benzamide (29) Hydrogenation using BER/Ni catalyst overnight of 3-(N-cyclopropyl-3-(5-dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-1-ynyl)benzamide (25) (0.040 g, 0.13 mmol) gave 90% 28, and 10% of starting material. The mixture was separated by reverse-phase HPLC chromatography (30% acetonitrile/70% water 20 min isocratic program) to give N-cyclopropyl-3-(5-dimethylcarbamoyl-pent-1-enyl)-benzamide (10 mg). δ (1H) (CDCl3); 0.64-0.69 (2H, m), 0.78-0.84 (2H, m), 1.78-1.83 (2H, m), 2.28-2.36 (4H, m), 2.88 (3H, s), 2.89-2.93 (1H, m), 2.97 (3H, s), 5.65-5.75 (1H, m), 6.43 (1H, d, J 11.7 Hz), 7.33 (1H, t, J 7.8 Hz), 7.44-7.49 (1H, m), 7.63-7.72 (1H, m), 7.84 (1H, s). Validation as CB1 Agonists with Peripheral Action In Vitro Radioligand Binding Studies Radioligand binding assays [Ross, R. A. et al, Br. J. Pharmacol. 1999, 128, 735-743] are carried out with the CB1 receptor antagonist [3H]SR141716A (0.5 nM) or [3H]CP55940 (0.5 nM) in brain and spleen membranes. Assays are performed in assay buffer containing 1 mg/mL BSA, the total assay volume being 500 μL. Binding is initiated by the addition of membranes (100 μg). The vehicle concentration of 0.1% DMSO is kept constant throughout. Assays are carried out at 37° C. for 60 minutes before termination by addition of ice-cold wash buffer (50 mM Tris buffer, 1 mg/mL BSA) and vacuum filtration using a 12-well sampling manifold (Brandel Cell Harvester) and Whatman GF/B glass-fibre filters that had been soaked in wash buffer at 4° C. for 24 hours. Each reaction tube is washed five times with a 4-mL aliquot of buffer. The filters are oven-dried for 60 minutes and then placed in 5 mL of scintillation fluid (Ultima Gold XR, Packard), and radioactivity quantitated by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Specific binding is defined as the difference between the binding that occurred in the presence and absence of 1 μM unlabelled ligand and is 71% and 40% of the total radio-ligand bound in brain and spleen respectively. The concentrations of competing ligands (test compounds) to produce 50% displacement of the radioligand (IC50) from specific binding sites is calculated using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, San Diego). Inhibition constant (Ki) values are calculated using the equation of Cheng & Prusoff [Cheng, Y. and Prusoff, W. H., Biochem. Pharmacol. 1973, 22, 3099-3108]. In Vitro Cannabinoid Receptor Modulating Activity Compounds are evaluated for cannabinoid modulation potential using a mouse vas deferens preparation [Ward S, Mastriani D, Casiano F and Arnold R (1990) J Pharmacol Exp Ther 255:1230-1239] which provides evidence for CB agonism, rather than simple receptor binding which does not always reflect agonist potential. Compound (16) showed significant effects in this system (FIG. 1) with an IC50 of 1 nM compared to the known full agonist R(+) WIN55,212 (IC50˜5 nM). This was inhibited by the selective CB1 antagonist SR141716A indicating that the observed contraction was mediated via the peripheral CB1 receptor. In Vivo Peripheral CB1 Receptor Activation Upper Gastrointestinal Transit Gastrointestinal transit is measured using the charcoal method. Mice receive orally 0.1 mL (10 g/mouse) of a black marker (10% charcoal suspension in 5% gum arabic), and after 20 minutes the mice are killed by asphyxiation with CO2 and the small intestine removed. The distance traveled by the marker is measured and expressed as a percentage of the total length of the small intestine from pylorus to caecum [Izzo, A. A. et al, Br. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 129, 1627-1632]. Cannabinoid agonists are given 30 min before charcoal administration. Colonic Propulsion Test Distal colonic propulsion is measured according to Pinto et al [Gastroenterology 2002, 123, 227-234]. Thirty minutes after the administration of cannabinoid drugs, a single 3 mm glass bead is inserted 2 cm into the distal colon of each mouse. The time required for expulsion of the glass bead was determined for each animal. The higher mean expulsion time value is an index of a stronger inhibition of colonic propulsion. Psychotrophic Activity of Peripherally Active Cannabinoids Many CB1 agonists are known to induce psychotrophic associated “tetrad effects” due to central binding to CB receptors [Howlett, A. C. et al, International Union of Pharmacology. XXVII, Pharmacol. Rev. 2002, 54, 161-202]. Studies were undertaken to investigate whether the compounds of the present invention also bound to central CB1 receptors. This is assessed by measuring the ability of the compounds to induce sedation, ptosis, hypomotility, catalepsy and hypothermia in normal mice [Brooks, J. W. et al, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2002, 439, 83-92], following i.v., i.p. and oral administration. Determination of Compound Brain Levels Quantitation of Permeability into Brain and Spinal Cord Brain/spinal cord penetration of the compounds may be measured directly as follows. Brain and spinal cord uptake in anaesthetised rat is measured using the standard method set forth in Ohno et al [Ohno, K. et al, Am. J. Physiol 1978, 235, H299-H307]. In brief, the compound is injected intravenously (femoral), as either single bolus or stepped infusion. Several plasma samples (femoral artery) are taken to calculate the plasma concentration over time (integral, area under the curve). Terminal brain and spinal cord samples are taken to measure brain penetration (correcting for compound in residual blood by either saline washout or by measuring contained blood volume using short circulation of an inert low permeability marker such as [14C] sucrose). PS (cm·s-1), is equal to Cbrain/integral Cplasma, where PS=permeability×surface area (cm2) product for brain uptake, and C is concentration. Alternatively, a steady state tissue/plasma ratio is measured as a more approximate index, again with blood washout or correction. Comparison is made with control compounds known to have low permeability across the BBB, e.g. radiolabelled sucrose or insulin, run under identical conditions. Preliminary Characterization of the Biology of CB1 Agonism Nociceptive Activity of Peripherally Active Cannabinoids There is evidence for CB1 mediated nociception in the periphery [Fox, A. et al, Pain 2001, 92, 91-100]. Studies on partial sciatic nerve ligation were therefore undertaken in rats and knockout mice. Assessment of Spasticity Further studies were undertaken using cannabinoid knockout mice, including CB1, CB2, VR-1, FAAH and conditional CB1 knockout mice. Spasticity may be induced in ABH (significant spasticity occurs in 50-60% of animals in 80 days after 3-4 disease episodes1) or ABH.CB1 −/− (significant spasticity occurs in 80-100% of animals in 30-40 days after 1-2 disease episodes). Compounds are injected initially intravenously (to limit first pass effects), i.p. or orally. Spasticity is assessed (n=6-7/group) by resistance to hindlimb flexion using a strain gauge [Baker, D. et al, Nature 2000, 404, 84-87]. Animals serve as their own controls and will be analysed in a pairwise fashion. To reduce the number of animals, effort and expense, following a drug-free period (spasticity returns within 24 h) these animals receive different doses and or vehicle. Low doses of CB1 agonists and CNS active CP55,940, as control, are locally (subcutaneous, intra-muscularly) administered into spastic ABH mice and the lack of activity in a contralateral limb analysed [Fox, A. et al, Pain 2001, 92, 91-100]. Expression of CB1 in the peripheral nervous system, including dorsal root ganglia, a non-CNS site for CB-mediated nociception can be removed using peripherin-Cre transgenic mouse [Zhou, L. et al, FEBS Lett. 2002, 523, 68-72]. These conditional KO mice are maintained on the C57BL/6 background. These mice develop EAE following induction with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein residues 35-55 peptide [Amor, S. et al, J. Immunol. 1994, 153, 4349-4356]. In Vivo Evaluation in Normal and CREAE Mice A CNS excluded compound provides a tool for examining if a component of a cannabinoid anti-spastic effect is mediated via peripheral CB receptors. Compound (16) was examined for CNS effects in normal mice as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. At a dose of 1 mg/kg no hypothermia or hypomotility was observed. In CREAE mice a marked effect on spasticity was noticed (FIG. 4) providing strong evidence that a selective inhibition of spasticity is achievable without producing CNS effects. As stated above there is no established role for peripheral cannabinoid receptors in the control of spasticity, however, spasticity is likely to be a product of nerve damage in the spinal cord, at least in EAE, [Baker, D. et al, FASEB J 2001, 15, 300-302; Baker, D. et al, J. Neuroimmunol. 1990, 28, 261-270] and aberrant signals to and from the musculature are likely, at least in part to contribute to the muscle spasms occurring in spasticity. Various modifications and variations of the described methods of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in chemistry or related fields are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.

<SOH> BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION <EOH>There has recently been renewed interest in the therapeutic uses of medical cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids, such as Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) [1], the active component of cannabis. THC may be therapeutically beneficial in several major areas of medicine including control of acute and in particular chronic/neuropathic pain, nausea, anorexia, AIDS, glaucoma, asthma and in multiple sclerosis [Baker, D. et al, Nature 2000, 404, 84-87; Baker, D. et al, FASEB J. 2001, 15, 300-302; Schnelle, M. et al, Forsch. Komplementarmed. 1999, 6 Suppl 3, 28-36]. A number of cannabinoid ligands have been reported in the literature. Broadly speaking, cannabinoid ligands may be divided into three main groups consisting of (i) classical cannabinoids, such as (−)-Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ 9 -THC [1] and CP55,940 [9]; (ii) endocannabinoids, such as anandamide [2] and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol [3]; and (iii) non-classical heterocyclic analogues typified by heterocycles such as WIN 55,212 [7] and the selective CB 1 antagonist SR141716A [8] [Pertwee, R. G., Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1997, 74, 129-180]. Conformationally restricted anandamide analogues have also been reported [Berglund, B. A. et al, Drug Design and Discovery 2000, 16, 281-294]. To date, however, the therapeutic usefulness of cannabinoid drugs has been limited by their undesirable psychoactive properties. Cannabinoids are known to modulate nociceptive processing in models of acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain [Pertwee, R. G., Prog. Neurobiol. 2001, 63, 569-611]. More specifically, research has centred on the role of cannabinoids in models of neuropathic hyperalgesia [Herzberg, U. et al, Neurosci. Lett. 1997, 221, 157-160] and inflammatory hyperalgesia [Richardson, J. D., Pain 1998, 75, 111-119; Jaggar, S. I. et al, Pain 1998, 76, 189-199; Calignano, A. et al, Nature 1998, 394, 277-281; Hanus, L. et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999, 96, 14228-14233]. It has also been suggested that cannabinoid receptor expression and the level of endogenous cannabinoids may change during inflammation and hyperalgesia [Pertwee, R. G., Prog. Neurobiol. 2001, 63, 569-611]. The cannabinoid signaling system is thought to involve two cloned cannabinoid receptors (CB 1 and CB 2 ), endocannabinoid ligands such as anandamide [2] and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol [3], and an endocannabinoid degradation system [Howlett, A. C. et al, International Union of Pharmacology XXVII, Pharmacol. Rev. 2002, 54, 161-202; Pertwee, R. G., Pharmacology of cannabinoid receptor ligands. Curr. Med. Chem. 1999, 6, 635-664]. One important function of the cannabinoid system is to act as a regulator of synaptic neurotransmitter release [Kreitzer, A. C. et al, Neuron 2001, 29, 717-727; Wilson, R. I. et al, Neuron 2001, 31, 453-462]. CB 1 is expressed at high levels in the CNS, notably the globus pallidus, substantia nigra, cerebellum and hippocampus [Howlett, A. C., Neurobiol. Dis. 1998, 5, 405-416]. This is consistent with the known adverse effects of cannabis on balance and short-term memory processing [Howlett, A. C. et al, International Union of Pharmacology XXVII, Pharmacol. Rev. 2002, 54, 161-202]. CB 2 is expressed by leucocytes and its modulation does not elicit psychoactive effects; moreover it does not represent a significant target for symptom management where the majority of effects are CB 1 mediated. Although many cannabinoid effects are centrally-mediated by receptors in the CNS [Howlett, A. C. et al, International Union of Pharmacology XXVII, Pharmacol. Rev. 2002, 54, 161-202], it is understood that peripheral CB receptors also play an important role, particularly in pain and in the gastrointestinal tract. For example, CB 1 is also expressed in peripheral tissues, such as in dorsal root ganglia, peripheral nerves and neuromuscular terminals, thereby allowing neurotransmission to be regulated outside the CNS [Pertwee, R. G., Life Sci. 1999, 65, 597-605]. Accordingly, therapeutic activity in conditions such as those involving pain [Fox, A. et al, Pain 2001, 92, 91-100] or gut hypermotility, may be located in non-CNS sites. To date, however, research into the peripheral cannabinoid system has been hampered by the lack of pharmacological agents that selectively target peripheral receptors over those of the CNS. In order to eliminate adverse psychoactive effects, it is desirable to exclude cannabinoid agonists from the CNS. There are two established methods for CNS exclusion of small molecule agents. Firstly, one method involves excluding substances from the CNS by carefully controlling their physicochemical properties so as to prevent them crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is formed by brain endothelial cells, with tight intercellular junctions and little fenestration [Tamai, I. et al, J. Pharm. Sci. 2000, 89, 1371-1388]. Consequently, substances must enter the brain either by passive diffusion across plasma membranes or by active transport mechanisms. The BBB thus forms an effective barrier to many peripherally circulating substances. An alternative method of excluding compounds from the brain is to incorporate structural features which enable them to be actively pumped across the BBB. One such example is the opioid agonist loperamide; although lipophilic, loperamide contains structural features recognized by the p-glycoprotein transporter (MDR1) that allow it to be actively pumped across the blood brain barrier. [Wandel, C. et al, Anesthesiology 2002, 96, 913-920; Seelig, A. et al, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2000, 12, 31-40]. The present invention seeks to provide new cannabinoid receptor modulators. More particularly, the invention seeks to provide cannabinoid receptor modulators that alleviate and/or eliminate some of the disadvantages commonly associated with prior art modulators, for example undesirable psychoactive side effects. More specifically, though not exclusively, the invention seeks to provide modulators that selectively target peripheral cannabinoid receptors.

20071002

20100413

20080515

71856.0

A61K31166

PARSA, JAFAR F

MODULATOR

SMALL

ACCEPTED

A61K

ACCEPTED

Method for the extraction of intracellular proteins from a fermentation broth

A method for extracting an intracellular peptide, protein or other polypeptide from a whole fermentation broth using a water miscible alcohol, or a water miscible or partially water miscible glycol ether.

1. A method for extracting an intracellular protein from a fermentation broth comprising the steps of: (a) intermixing a sufficient quantity of a water miscible alcohol or a glycol ether with an aqueous fermentation broth at a temperature at which a single phase comprising a protein, the water miscible alcohol or the glycol ether, and water is formed; (b) separating the phase comprising the protein, the water miscible alcohol or the glycol ether, and water formed in step (a) from solid biomass impurities; and, optionally, (c) recovering the protein from the phase obtained in step (b) by any conventional protein recovery method. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the alcohol is methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, or 2-methyl-2-propanol. 3. (canceled) 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the glycol ether is miscible with water in the temperature range from about 20° C. to about 80° C. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the glycol ether is ethylene glycol n-propyl ether, propylene glycol ethyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol n-butyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ether, triethylene glycol n-butyl ether, triethylene glycol n-pentyl ether, triethylene glycol ethyl ether, triethylene glycol methyl ether, or diethylene glycol dimethyl ether. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the glycol ether is miscible with water at the temperature of about 20° C. and partially miscible when the glycol ether and water mixture is heated above 20° C. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the glycol ether is ethylene glycol n-butyl ether, ethylene glycol iso-butyl ether, propylene glycol n-propyl ether, dipropylene glycol ethyl ether, dipropylene glycol iso-propyl ether, diethylene glycol 2-methylbutyl ether, diethylene glycol n-pentyl ether), triethylene glycol n-heptyl ether, triethylene glycol n-hexyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, or diethylene glycol diethyl ether. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein step (c) comprises separation of the water miscible alcohol or the glycol ether from the water to form two phases, wherein the protein remains predominantly in only one of the phases, followed by recovery of the protein therefrom. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein steps (a)-(c) are carried out at a pH from about 4 to about 11. 10. A method for extracting an intracellular protein from a fermentation broth comprising the steps of: (a) intermixing a sufficient quantity of a partially water miscible glycol ether with an aqueous fermentation broth at a temperature such that two phases are formed, a first phase comprising a protein, partially water miscible glycol ether, and water; and a second phase comprised mainly of partially miscible glycol ether; (b) separating the first phase formed in step (a) from the second phase, (c) separating the first phase obtained in step (b) from solid biomass impurities; and, optionally, (d) recovering the protein from the first phase obtained in step (c) by any conventional protein recovery method. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the glycol ether is miscible with water at the temperature of about 20° C. and partially miscible with water when the temperature is heated above 20° C. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the glycol ether is ethylene glycol n-butyl ether, ethylene glycol iso-butyl ether, propylene glycol n-propyl ether, dipropylene glycol ethyl ether, dipropylene glycol iso-propyl ether, diethylene glycol 2-methylbutyl ether, diethylene glycol n-pentyl ether), triethylene glycol n-heptyl ether, triethylene glycol n-hexyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, or diethylene glycol diethyl ether. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the glycol ether forms a separate phase with water at about 20° C. and separates further upon heating. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the glycol ether is ethylene glycol 2-methylbutyl ether, ethylene glycol n-hexyl ether, ethylene glycol n-pentyl ether, propylene glycol n-butyl ether, propylene glycol tert-butyl ether, propylene glycol iso-propyl ether, dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, dipropylene glycol n-propyl ether, diethylene glycol n-hexyl ether, tripropylene glycol n-butyl ether, tripropylene glycol n-propyl ether, ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol n-butyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol n-butyl ether acetate, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, or dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein steps (a)-(c) are carried out at a pH from about 4 to about 11. 16. A method for extracting an intracellular protein from a fermentation broth comprising the steps of: (a) intermixing a sufficient quantity of a partially water miscible glycol ether with an aqueous fermentation broth at a temperature such that two phases are formed, a first phase comprised mainly of a partially water miscible glycol ether, and water; and a second phase comprising a protein and partially miscible glycol ether; (b) separating the second phase formed in step (a) from the first phase, (c) separating the second phase obtained in step (b) from solid biomass impurities; and, optionally, (d) recovering the protein from the second phase obtained in step (c) by any conventional protein recovery method. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the glycol ether is miscible with water at the temperature of about 20° C. and partially miscible with water when the temperature is heated above 20° C. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the glycol ether is ethylene glycol n-butyl ether, ethylene glycol iso-butyl ether, propylene glycol n-propyl ether, dipropylene glycol ethyl ether, dipropylene glycol iso-propyl ether, diethylene glycol 2-methylbutyl ether, diethylene glycol n-pentyl ether), triethylene glycol n-heptyl ether, triethylene glycol n-hexyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, or diethylene glycol diethyl ether. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the glycol ether forms a separate phase with water at about 20° C. and separates further upon heating. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the glycol ether is ethylene glycol 2-methylbutyl ether, ethylene glycol n-hexyl ether, ethylene glycol n-pentyl ether, propylene glycol n-butyl ether, propylene glycol tert-butyl ether, propylene glycol iso-propyl ether, dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, dipropylene glycol n-propyl ether, diethylene glycol n-hexyl ether, tripropylene glycol n-butyl ether, tripropylene glycol n-propyl ether, ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol n-butyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol n-butyl ether acetate, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, or dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether. 21. The method of claim 16, wherein steps (a)-(c) are carried out at a pH from about 4 to about 11.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/548,403, filed Feb. 27, 2004. The present invention relates to a process for the extraction of intracellular proteins including enzymes and therapeutic proteins from fermentation broth using an organic solvent. Enzymes are highly efficient protein catalysts which are involved in almost every biological reaction. The enzymes are grouped in into six major classes on the basis of the type of reaction catalyzed; that is, Oxidoreductase, Transferase, Hydrolase, Lyase, Isomerase and Ligase. Enzymes find use in chemical analysis, clinical diagnosis and a broad range of industrial applications. Enzymes may be extracted from any living organism but most are obtained by the fermentation of micro-organisms. Industrial preparation of industrial enzymes aims for economy, effectiveness and safety. Therapeutic proteins are proteins with specific biological activity that make them effective as pharmaceutical agents or drugs for treatment of disease, or as adjuncts to therapy used in combination with a drug or mixture of drugs. In certain cases, therapeutic proteins may be produced via bacterial fermentation using the methods of genetic engineering to cause the host microbe to produce a specific protein or mixture of proteins having the desired activity. Often, these recombinant proteins are produced within the cell of the organism and must be recovered from the cell after harvesting the broth. Because therapeutic proteins are used as drugs or in combination with drugs, the purity of the isolated protein or protein mixture is a critical factor in their manufacture. This is especially important for proteins that must be injected into the bloodstream to effectively treat disease. Methods used to recover proteins from fermentation broths can essentially be categorized in two basic methods: (i) when the host cells are able to secrete proteins outside the cells into a growth medium (extracellular proteins), the media in which the cells grow is collected and the proteins are harvested from the liquid phase, sometimes as the cells continue to grow. This is desirable as it provides the protein in a medium that is not loaded with other cellular components like DNA, host cell proteins, etc. This is typically done in mammalian cell systems but there have been recent advances in prokaryotic cell systems like E. coli. The recovery of the desired protein from the media in which the cell grows involves filtration, chromatography, etc. and more commonly in bacterial cell lines like E. coli and P. fluorescens, the protein is produced and sequestered inside the cell (intracellular protein). In order to recover the intracellular protein it is necessary first to get it out of the cell. Cellular disruption techniques like microfluidization, osmotic shock, heating, pH adjustment work well often but the difficulty in isolating the desired protein from the rest of the cellular components becomes a challenge as once the cell's integrity is disrupted all of the cell's proteins, DNA and other biomolecules, are spilled into the solution that contains the targeted protein. Additionally, when bacterial cells over express a protein/enzyme, the vast amounts they are able to produce have difficulty adopting the correct conformation that imparts their special activity. These large amounts of protein begin to accumulate and congregate together forming insoluble particles within the cell that are called inclusion bodies. Often these proteins need to be unfolded into a linear amino acid sequence and then refolded to yield an active protein. Techniques for recovery from these complex biological soups require solid/liquid separations, filtrations, precipitations, chromatography, etc. Some intracellular enzymes are used commercially without isolation and purification but the majority of commercial enzymes and therapeutic proteins are either produced extracellularly by the microbe and must be recovered from the liquid phase, or they are produced intracellularly by the microbe and must be recovered from the cells and further processed. For recovery of intracellular proteins at an industrial scale, solids/liquid separation is generally required for separation of cell mass, the removal of cell debris after cell breakage and the collection of precipitates. This can be done by filtration or centrifugation. In general, filtration is used to remove unwanted cells or cell debris whereas centrifugation is a preferred method for the collection of required solid material. Various methods for recovery and/or purification of proteins are described in the literature. These methods include cell disruption, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, various forms of chromatography and ion exchange, as well as aqueous two-phase extraction (also called aqueous biphasic partitioning) using water-soluble polymers (including polyglycols and nonionic surfactants). See, for example, M. P. Deutscher, Ed., “Guide to Protein Purification,” Methods in Enzymology,” Vol. 182, Academic Press, San Diego, (1990); H. B. Blanch and D. S. Clark, “Biochemical Engineering,” Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997, pp. 474-482; P. A. Belter, E. L. Cussler and W. Hu, “Bioseparations: Downstream Processing for Biotechnology,” Wiley, New York, 1988, Chapter 5, 55. 99-143; and M. R. Ladisch, “Bioseparation Engineering,” Wiley Interscience, New York, 2001. Aqueous two-phase extraction has been widely used for the separation and concentration of proteins and nucleic acids. The two-phase aqueous systems are generally made up of (i) two immiscible polymer components, both water-soluble, such as polyethylene glycol and dextran; or (i) a single polymer component, such as polyethylene glycol, and aqueous salt solution; or (iii) water-miscible organic solvent, such as ethanol, and aqueous salt solution; or (iv) a non-ionic detergent and hydrophilic polymers, such as polyethylene glycol and dextran. See, for example, A. Louwrier, “Model Phase Separations of Proteins Using Aqueous/Ethanol Components”, Biotechnology Techniques, Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 363-365 (1998); A. Louwrier, “Model Isolations of Nucleic Acids from Prokaryotic Sources Using an Inorganic/Aqueous Biphasic System”, Biotechnology Techniques, 13, pp 329-330 (1999); A. Louwrier, “Nucleic Acid Removal from Taq Polymerase Preparations Using an Aqueous/Organic Biphasic System”, Biotechnology Techniques, 27, pp 444-445 (1999); Ulf Sivars et al, “Mechanism of Phase Behavior and Protein Partitioning in Detergent/Polymer Aqueous Two-Phase Systems for Purification of Integral Membrane Proteins”, Biochemica and Biophysica Acta, 1474, pp 133-146 (2000); and Jorge Lorwin et al, “Oxidative Renaturation of Hen Egg-White Lysosyme in Polyethylene-Salt Aqueous Two-Phase Systems”, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 437-446 (1999). British Patent No. 2,333,526A discloses a process for extracting a nucleic acid from biochemical material using a biphasic system made of (i) a water miscible organic solvent which is preferably short chain alcohol such as methanol; and (ii) water, in combination with a partitioning agent. The two solvents, the water miscible organic solvent and water, are normally 100 percent miscible. When a partitioning agent, which is preferably an inorganic salt such as a phosphate, sulphate or carbonate, is added to the water component a biphasic system is formed. The aqueous phase contains nucleic acid and the organic phase contains the majority of proteins. The organic and aqueous phases are then separated by decantation or centrifugation. International Patent Publication No. WO 00/12537 discloses a process for the preparation of biologically active somatotropin from inclusion bodies of a recombinant host cell containing an inactive form of the somatotropin protein involving the steps of: (a) contacting the inclusion bodies with an aqueous alcohol solution, particularly an aqueous n-propyl or isopropyl alcohol, at an alkaline pH to solubilize the protein; and (b) bringing the solubilized protein into contact with a mild oxidising agent to refold and form intramolecular disulfide bond between cysteine residues of the protein. Hans-Olof Johansson et al., “Thermoseparating Water/Polymer System: A Novel One-Polymer Aqueous Two-Phase System for Protein Purification”, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 66. No. 4, pp. 247-257 (1999), describes the partitioning and separation of proteins using an aqueous two-phase system composed of only one polymer in water solution. The polymer is a linear random copolymer composed of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide groups which has been hydrophobically modified with myristyl groups at both ends. The polymer thermoseparates in water with cloud point at 14° C. The known processes for the extraction/purification of intracellular proteins are not efficient and require disruption of cellular walls, folding and refolding of the proteins. Because the cell wall must be disrupted, the contents of the cell are released and mixed with the desired protein. The isolation of the active protein from this soup of impurities is difficult and expensive due to the requirement for numerous processing steps needed to deal with the variety and quantity of impurities. Thus, there exists a need for a more effective and efficient method for extraction of intracellular proteins. An improved method for the extraction of a protein from a fermentation broth that does not disrupt cell walls and does not require folding and refolding of enzymes has now been discovered. This new method uses certain oxygenated organic solvents that are water miscible or partially water miscible. The invention involves the use of water miscible alcohols, water miscible glycol ethers, or partially water miscible glycol ethers to extract intracellular protein from whole fermentation broth. In the context of the present invention, the term whole fermentation broth means broth that has not been filtered to remove the biomass including cells. Water miscible alcohols and water miscible glycol ethers are completely miscible with water in all proportions in the temperature range from 20° C. to 80° C. All other alcohols are partially water miscible alcohols and all other glycol ethers are partially water miscible glycol ethers. In one aspect, the present invention concerns a method for extracting an intracellular protein from a fermentation broth comprising the steps of: (a) intermixing a sufficient quantity of a water miscible alcohol or glycol ether with an aqueous fermentation broth at a temperature at which a single phase comprising a protein, the water miscible alcohol or glycol ether, and water is formed; (b) separating the phase comprising the protein, the water miscible alcohol or glycol ether, and water formed in step (a) from solid biomass impurities; and, optionally, (c) recovering the protein from the phase obtained in step (b) by any conventional protein recovery method. In another aspect, the present invention concerns a method for extracting an intracellular protein from a fermentation broth comprising the steps of: (a) intermixing a sufficient quantity of a partially water miscible glycol ether with an aqueous fermentation broth at a temperature such that two phases are formed, a first phase comprising a protein, partially water miscible glycol ether, and water; and a second phase comprised mainly of partially miscible glycol ether; (b) separating the second phase formed in step (a) from the first phase, (c) separating the first phase obtained in step (b) from solid biomass impurities; and, optionally, (d) recovering the protein from the first phase obtained in step (c) by any conventional protein recovery method. In still another aspect, the present invention concerns a method for extracting an intracellular protein from a fermentation broth comprising the steps of: (a) intermixing a sufficient quantity of a partially water miscible glycol ether with an aqueous fermentation broth at a temperature such that two phases are formed, a first phase comprised mainly of a partially water miscible glycol ether, and water; and a second phase comprising a protein and partially miscible glycol ether; (b) separating the second phase formed in step (a) from the first phase, (c) separating the second phase obtained in step (b) from solid biomass impurities; and, optionally, (d) recovering the protein from the second phase obtained in step (c) by any conventional protein recovery method. The method of the present invention is useful for the extraction of proteins from an aqueous fermentation broth. As used herein, the terms “protein” and “proteins” shall be construed to include all polymers of amino acid residues of any length, and thus the term includes polypeptides, as well as conventionally termed proteins which are a subset of polypeptides, and also peptides, which are the shorter, building block polymers which are made from alpha amino acids joined by amide bonds. Proteins generally include any sequence of amino acids for which the primary and secondary structure of the sequence is sufficient to produce higher levels of tertiary and/or quaternary structure. Proteins are distinct from peptides in that peptides lack the capability to form such tertiary and/or quaternary structure. Proteins typically have a molecular weight of at least about 15 kilodaltons. In the context of this specification, it will be appreciated that the amino acids may be the L-optical isomer or the D-optical isomer and may include synthetic amino acids. The method of the present invention is particularly useful for the extraction of proteins expressed as inclusion bodies within the cell of the organism. In the context of the present invention, the term “inclusion bodies” refers to cytoplasmic aggregates containing heterologous proteins expressed in a transformed host cell, which can be recovered by separating from the cytoplasm. For example, the present invention is suitable for, but not limited to, the extraction of an amylase enzyme from a whole fermentation broth. Amylases are one of the most commonly used classes of industrial enzymes. Amylases find applications in starch processing, baking, brewing, alcohol production, textile and other industries. In this example, α-amylase enzyme is extracted from the fermentation broth in a single liquid phase using an aqueous solution comprising water and an alcohol, water miscible glycol ether or a partially water miscible glycol ether without disrupting cells integrity and without pretreatment steps specifically designed to lyse the cells. The extracted enzyme maintains most of its activity. Non-limiting examples of alcohols that are useful in the practice of the present invention are methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol (IPA), and 2-methyl-2-propanol. The alcohol 2-propanol is a preferred alcohol. A mixture of two or more alcohols can also be used in the method of the present invention to tailor the solvent for a specific protein and optimize performance. Glycol ethers that are useful in the practice of the present invention are water miscible or partially water miscible. The glycol ethers exhibit both hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics because of the presence of hydrophobic alkyl groups and hydrophilic oxygen-containing functional groups (hydroxyl groups and ether linkages). Some of glycol ethers also exhibit relatively low aquatic and mammalian toxicity compared with other organic solvents. Many glycol ethers exhibit inverse solubility in water such that the solubility in water at 100° C. is at least 1 weight percent less than the solubility in water at −5° C. This inverse solubility behavior can be attributed to temperature-sensitive hydrogen bonding. It is known that many glycol ethers exhibit a lower critical solution temperature (LCST), below which they are completely miscible with water. At temperatures below the LCST, the glycol ether is able to form hydrogen bonds with water and this attractive interaction leads to complete miscibility. At temperatures above the LCST, hydrogen bonding is disrupted by increasing thermal energy and hydrophobic interactions between the glycol ether and water begin to dominate. This results in partial miscibility and a decrease in the solubility of the glycol ether in water with increasing temperature (termed inverse solubility). Depending on the particular glycol ether, the LCST can be as low as −10° C. or as high as 100° C. The glycol ethers, both water soluble and partially water soluble are well known in the art and various methods for their preparation are described in the literature and practiced commercially. Non-limiting examples of water miscible glycol ethers that are useful in the practice of the present invention and are completely miscible with water in the temperature range of from about 20° C. to about 80° C. include ethylene glycol n-propyl ether (EP), propylene glycol ethyl ether (PE), propylene glycol methyl ether (PM), diethylene glycol n-butyl ether (DB), diethylene glycol ethyl ether (DE), diethylene glycol methyl ether (DM), triethylene glycol n-butyl ether (TB), triethylene glycol n-pentyl ether (TPent), triethylene glycol ethyl ether (TE), triethylene glycol methyl ether (TM), and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DGDME). Non-limiting examples of partially water miscible glycol ethers that are useful in the practice of the present invention and are miscible with water at the temperature of about 20° C. but become only partially miscible with water as the water-ethylene glycol solution is heated include ethylene glycol n-butyl ether (EB), ethylene glycol iso-butyl ether (EiB), propylene glycol n-propyl ether (PnP), dipropylene glycol ethyl ether (DPE), dipropylene glycol iso-propyl ether (DPiP), Diethylene glycol 2-methylbutyl ether (D2 MB), diethylene glycol n-pentyl ether (DPent), triethylene glycol n-heptyl ether (THept), triethylene glycol n-hexyl ether (THex), diethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate (DEA), and diethylene glycol diethyl ether (DGDEE). Non-limiting examples of partially water miscible glycol ethers that are useful in the practice of the present invention that form a separate phase with water at about 20° C. and separate further upon heating include ethylene glycol 2-methylbutyl ether (E2 MB), ethylene glycol n-hexyl ether (EHex), ethylene glycol n-pentyl ether (EPent), propylene glycol n-butyl ether (PnB), propylene glycol tert-butyl ether (PtB), propylene glycol iso-propyl ether (PiP), dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether (DPnB), dipropylene glycol n-propyl ether (DPnP), diethylene glycol n-hexyl ether (DHex), tripropylene glycol n-butyl ether (TPnB), tripropylene glycol n-propyl ether (TPnP), ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate (EEA), ethylene glycol n-butyl ether acetate (EBA), diethylene glycol n-butyl ether acetate (DBA), propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PMA), ethylene glycol diethyl ether (EGDEE), ethylene glycol dibutyl ether (EGDBE), diethylene glycol dibutyl ether (DGDBE), and dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether (DMM). A mixture of two or more glycol ethers can also be used in the method of the present invention to tailor the solvent for a specific protein and optimize performance. According to the present invention, a protein is extracted from a whole aqueous fermentation broth using an alcohol, water miscible glycol ether or a partially water miscible glycol ether. The exact nature of the action of the alcohol, water miscible glycol ether or partially water miscible glycol ether in the method of the present invention is not known, but it is believed that the invention facilitates movement of the protein present in the biomass solids through the cell wall into an aqueous solution on addition of the alcohol, water miscible glycol ether or partially water miscible glycol ether. The cell wall remains intact and the majority of alpha-amylase enzyme activity is retained. It is important to note that in some embodiments the protein may be extracted such that it is solubilized predominantly in the water, while in other embodiments the protein is solubilized predominantly in the alcohol or glycol ether. This partitioning, which may in some cases be a function of the nature of the protein itself and in others of the relative proportions of the alcohol or glycol ether and the water, or both, may facilitate ultimate recovery of the protein by first separating the alcohol or glycol ether from the water by forming two distinct phases. For example, certain proteins tend to be more lipophilic or hydrophobic, and may in that case tend to partition predominantly into the glycol ether portion, while other proteins tend to be more lipophobic or hydrophilic and may therefore tend to partition predominantly into the water portion. In some cases a protein may not tend to partition at all, but is rather extracted in comparable amounts into each component, suggesting employment of recovery means other than those involving such separation of the glycol ether and water by forming two distinct phases. Those skilled in the art will understand that, via modeling and/or routine experimentation, the likely destination of the protein upon its extraction may be easily determined. In certain cases, it is advantageous to heat the fermentation broth followed by the addition of a small amount of ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or another chelating compound prior to the extraction of a protein to remove metal ions from the cell walls to increase the permeability of the cell walls. Conveniently, the method of the present invention is conducted at a temperature of from about 1° C. to about 100° C., preferably from about 20° C. to about 40° C. The biomass impurities present in the aqueous protein solution can be removed via any known method such as, for example, via centrifugation or microfiltration. High speed batch centrifugation can be used for removal of biomass impurities. When a partially water miscible glycol ether is used in the process of the present invention and this results in formation of an organic phase comprised mainly of the partially water miscible glycol ether, the glycol ether can be recovered from the liquid organic phase and recycled into the method. The recovery and recycling of the glycol ether should be achieved with little loss of the glycol ether in order to achieve good method economics. Methods that can be used to recover the partially water miscible glycol ether from the organic phase include distillation, evaporation, and chromatography. Distillation is a preferred method. Also, if desired, the alcohol and water miscible glycol ether can be recovered from the single aqueous phase comprising the protein, alcohol or glycol ether, as can the glycol ether dissolved in the aqueous phase when a partially miscible glycol ether is used. Distillation is a preferred method for recovery of the alcohol. The recovery of dissolved partially water miscible glycol ether can be facilitated by heating the aqueous solution to reduce the saturation amount of glycol ether present in the aqueous phase. Recovery partially water miscible glycol ether from the aqueous phase may be accomplished by steam stripping provided that the partially water miscible glycol ether is sufficiently volatile or hydrophobic. In addition, water miscible or partially water miscible glycol ethers may be recovered from aqueous solutions via liquid-liquid extraction using hydrophobic organic solvents such as 2-ethyl hexanol. If desired, the protein product can be concentrated by any known concentration method such as, for example, by extraction of water into a water-lean glycol ether (that is, one that is not saturated with water), or by evaporation such as in a wiped-film evaporator. The temperature at which the intermixing of the organic oxygenated solvent with the aqueous fermentation broth in step (a) of the method of the present invention is not critical and can conveniently be from about 1° C. to about 90° C., preferably from about 20° C. to about 40° C. The temperature used is dependent upon the particular glycol ether used and the particular protein. The method of the present invention is advantageously carried out at atmospheric pressure, although higher and lower pressures may be used in certain cases. A person skilled in the art may readily select the amount of an alcohol or glycol ether which may be used. Generally speaking, a sufficient amount of the alcohol or glycol ether must be used to obtain substantial recovery of the desired protein from the aqueous fermentation broth. This can be readily determined by experimentation. The method of the present invention can be carried out in a batch operation or continuously, and may be conducted in any conventional extraction equipment. The present invention's method may be carried out at a variety of pH levels. For example, in one embodiment a pH from about 4 to about 11 may be used. In other embodiments, a pH from about 5 to about 9 may be employed, and in still other embodiments a pH from about 6 to about 8 may be used. Those skilled in the art will be easily familiar with ways and means to ensure a desired pH level, and will understand that pH extremes may, in some embodiments, result in undesirable cell and/or protein degradation. If desired, additional equipment can be used in the method of the present invention such as additional extraction, distillation or evaporation equipment for recovery of dissolved glycol ether from the aqueous phase and the organic phase, and for recovery and recycle of the hydrophobic co-solvent, when used. Such additional equipment and its use in liquid-liquid extraction methods are well known in the art. A person of an ordinary skill in the art would use such additional equipment or combination thereof in the method of the present invention in a manner known for use of such equipment in conventional liquid-liquid extraction methods. The use of such additional equipment or combination thereof will depend on many factors, such as, for example, the nature of the protein, the nature of other compounds present in the fermentation broth, the nature of the glycol ether used, the use of the hydrophobic organic solvent, the costs associated with the use of glycol ether and/or hydrophobic solvent, the costs associated with the use of additional equipment, and the overall economics of the entire process. EXAMPLES The invention is demonstrated by the example of one embodiment involving extraction of alpha-amylase enzyme from whole fermentation broth. The enzyme activity after extraction by the method of the present invention is determined by one of two different calorimetric methods. The first method is modeled after procedures given in experiments 10.1 and 10.8 described in David T. Plummer's book, An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971, where a salivary alpha-amylase enzyme is used instead. This method detects the sugar maltose produced when the alpha-amylase enzyme is used to hydrolyze the alpha-1→4 links of a starch sample. A spectrophotometer is used to measure the absorbance of the resulting maltose solution at 540 nm. The second method relies on the detection of 4-nitrophenol liberated when the alpha-amylase enzyme is used to hydrolyze a sample of 4-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-hexa-(1→4)-glucopyranoside substrate. A spectrophotometer is used to measure the absorbance of the resulting 4-nitrophenol solution at 405 nm. All parts, percentages and ratios herein are by weight unless otherwise indicated. The invention will be further clarified by a consideration of the following examples which are intended to be purely exemplary of the present invention. General Test Procedures Enzyme Activity: The enzyme activity was determined using one of two tests. In the first test, the activity of the enzyme was assessed using a qualitative Yes/No test. The test was performed on the extracted liquid after extraction using a starch hydrolysis method with calorimetric detection of the product sugar. The starch substrate was converted to maltose which was then detected using a spectrophotometer to measure UV absorbance. The test procedure is modeled after procedures given in experiments 10.1 and 10.8 of David T. Plummer's book, An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971, where a salivary alpha-amylase enzyme is used instead. Preparation of Test Reagents. A phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 6.86) was prepared using a commercially available, ready-to-dilute, phosphate buffer salt concentrate, and a 1 percent NaCl solution was prepared by dissolving the appropriate amount of NaCl in water. A buffered starch substrate was made using the prepared phosphate buffer (0.5 percent starch in phosphate buffer). Soluble starch (5 g) and a stir bar were placed in a tared beaker which was then placed on a stirring plate. Phosphate buffer (50 mL) was added, and the resulting mixture stirred until a smooth paste was obtained. The paste was added to 500 mL of boiling phosphate buffer and allowed to boil for about one minute. The solution was then cooled to room temperature and diluted to 1 L with the phosphate buffer. A dinitrosalycilate reagent required for the test was prepared as follows: Sodium potassium tartrate (150 g) was dissolved in water (250 mL) in a volumetric flask. The 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid was placed in a tared beaker along with 2N sodium hydroxide (100 mL) and a magnetic stir bar. The beaker was then placed on a stirred hot-plate and the mixture heated to about 60° C. The mixture was allowed time to heat and stir until a solution formed. While still hot, the contents of the beaker were placed in a 500-mL volumetric flask that already contained the sodium potassium tartrate solution. The reagent mixture was then diluted to 500 mL. Test Procedure. Tests were conducted in a series of 50 mL vials, one of which was labeled as the blank. To each of the vials was added 0.5 percent starch solution (12.5 mL), 0.1 M phosphate buffer (5 mL), and 1 percent NaCl solution (2.5 mL). Water (2.5 mL) was added to the vial labeled as the blank. A sample of a given aqueous or solvent test solution (2.5 mL) was added to another vial which was then labeled appropriately. This last step was repeated with the remaining test samples, each time using a different vial. The vials were capped and placed in a 37° C. water bath for 20 minutes. The vials were removed from the bath and the enzymatic reaction quenched by the addition of 2N NaOH (2.5 mL) to all of the vials. The dinitrosalicylate reagent (2.5 mL) was added to each of the vials which were then capped and heated for exactly 5 minutes in a boiling water bath. The vials were allowed to cool to room temperature before transferring the contents to cuvettes. A Hach DR/2010 Spectrophotometer was used to measure the absorbance of each solution at a wavelength of 540 nm. The blank was used to zero the instrument. The test was interpreted to indicate a reduction of activity if the measured absorbance value was lower than the absorbance value measured for a starch sample treated with a stock solution of alpha-amylase. The activity was considered to be fully retained if the absorbance value was the same or higher. The results were reduced to Yes (activity was retained) and No (a significant reduction of activity had occurred). The results obtained are summarized in Tables 2 and 5. Specific enzyme activity was assessed by measuring the p-nitrophenol liberated by reaction of the enzyme with p-nitrophenyl-α-D-hexa-(1→4)-glucopyranoside (p-NP substrate). Preparation of Reagents. A 0.05 M MOPS buffer was prepared by dissolving 11.55 g MOPS (3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid, sodium salt) in 1 L Milli-Q-water (from Millipore Water System) and adjusting the pH to 7 with 1 N HCl. A 6 M urea solution was prepared by dissolving 72 g urea in 200 mL Milli-Q-water. A 5 mM p-NP substrate solution was prepared by weighing 111-222 mg p-NP into a tared 50-mL plastic centrifuge tube and diluting with 0.05 M MOPS buffer. A standard 10 mM 4-nitrophenol solution was prepared by weighing 140 mg into a tared 100-mL volumetric flask and diluting to volume with 0.05 M MOPS buffer. The pH of the 4-nitrophenol solution was adjusted to 7 with either 1 N HCl or 1 N NaOH. A 1 mM 4-nitrophenol calibration standard was prepared by diluting the 10 mM solution with 0.05 M MOPS buffer. Alpha-amylase samples and standard solutions were thoroughly stirred prior to sampling. About 1.0±0.1 g alpha-amylase sample or stock solution was weighed in a 5-dram vial and then diluted with 9.0 mL 6 M urea solution. A 1.0 mL aliquot of the resulting urea-enzyme solution was then transferred to a 5-dram vial and diluted with 9.0 mL of the 0.05 MOPS solution. Test Procedure. Exactly 950 microliters of the 0.05 M MOPS buffer was transferred to a microcuvette and the cuvette placed into a water-heated cuvette heating block at 75° C. for several minutes. The cuvette was then removed from the heating block, water wiped off, and placed into the constant temperature reference compartment (75° C.) of a Shimadzu UV-161 spectrophotometer. This operation was repeated with another cuvette which was placed in the sample compartment of the spectrophotometer. The absorbance of the cuvette+MOPS buffer was nulled by zeroing the spectrophotometer. Exactly 50 microliters of the 1 mM 4-nitrophenol standard was transferred into the sample cuvette with a micropipette. The solutions were mixed well by gently pipetting up and down several times the liquid in the cuvette, and then by sealing the cuvette and inverting it two times. The absorbance of the solution was then measured three times at 405 nm. Exactly 950 microliters of the 5 mM p-NP substrate solution was transferred to a microcuvette and the cuvette placed into a water-heated cuvette heating block at 75° C. for several minutes. The cuvette was removed from the heating block, water wiped off, and placed into the constant temperature sample compartment (75° C.) of the spectrophotometer. After several minutes, 50 microliters of the dilute enzyme solution prepared earlier was added to the cuvette. The solutions were mixed well as described before for the 4-nitrophenol reference standards, and then the absorbance of the solution was measured at 405 nm. Enzyme activity concentrations were obtained by comparing the absorbance readings with those obtained with the 1 mM p-nitrophenol calibrating standard taking into account dilution factors. The results obtained are summarized in Table 6. Enzyme concentrations were also established by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an Agilent 1100 Series Liquid Chromatograph equipped with an ultraviolet (UV) detector set at 280 nm, and a Dell Ultra Scan P1110 ChemStation. The instrument was fitted with a PLRP-S 5 micron, 100A, 250×4.6 mm reversed phase column from Polymer Labs. The mobile phase was composed of (A) 0.025 M ammonium acetate (adjusted to pH 9 with NH4OH) and 10 percent acetonitrile; and (B) 0.025 M ammonium acetate (adjusted to pH 9 with NH4OH) and 70 percent acetonitrile. The analysis used a flow rate of 1 mL/min and a gradient of 100 percent (A) to 35 percent (A) in 40 minutes with a 3 minute hold. Injection size was 25 microliters. Samples were prepared by diluting 1.00 g of the aqueous or solvent test solution with 10.00 g HPLC grade water. Calibration standards contained between 10 and 1000 ppm alpha-amylase. When needed, water and solvent concentrations were established by capillary gas chromatography. A Hewlett-Packard 6890 gas chromatograph equipped with capillary inlets, thermal conductivity detectors (TCD), HP-7683 autoinjectors, and a Chemstation was used for these analyses. Samples and calibration standards were diluted 5:1 with tetrahydrofuran (THF), which was used as the diluent, internal standard, and reference solvent. Calibrations were made using a 50 weight percent solvent in water solution after establishing the linearity range for the analyses. Data were recorded as the average of multiple injections. Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Examples C-1 and C-2 Single-Liquid System The whole fermentation broth containing α-amylase BD5088 (a heat stable, low pH enzyme with a molecular weight of ˜49 kDaltons (kDa) and an isoelectric point (pl) of 4.5), obtained by fermentation of the production organism Pseudomonas fluorescens, was heat treated for 30 minutes at 70° C. An organic solvent that is miscible in water was added to the fermentation broth. After agitation of the mixture for about 30 minutes, only one liquid phase is present. In most cases, biomass solids were separated from the resulting liquid using a high-speed batch centrifuge. The results are shown in Table 1 that follows. A number of the examples listed in Tables 1 to 3 are duplicate experiments that were carried out to better understand experimental variability. Although the results show some variability, the trends in the data are consistent. Two types of examples were performed. One set of examples involved adding 15 g of the solvent to 15 g of the fermentation broth. These examples are indicated in Table 1 by the solvent to fermentation broth ratio of 1.0. The other set of examples involved first diluting 7.5 mL of the fermentation broth with 7.5 mL of water and then adding 15 mL of the solvent. This resulted in a significantly higher ratio of extraction liquid to the fermentation broth, although the concentration of the solvent in the liquid after extraction was not greatly different. These examples are indicated in Table 1 by the solvent to fermentation broth ratio between 2.6. In this case, this ratio is defined as the ratio of the weight of added liquid, including water and solvent to the weight of the initial feed broth, prior to extraction. TABLE 1 Results of Whole Broth Extractions Involving a Single Liquid Phase Solvent to Feed Ratio Recovery of Weight of Added Enzyme from the Liquid to Weight of Concentration of Feed Broth into Feed Broth prior to Enzyme in the Liquid the Liquid after Solvent Temp Extraction after Extraction Extraction Example System (° C.) (wt/wt) (ppm-wt) (%) C-1* Water 22 1.0** 95 3 alone C-2* Water 50 1.0** 178 6 alone 1 IPA- 22 1.0** 237 7 water 2 IPA- 22 1.0** 199 6 water 3 IPA- 22 1.0** 350 11 water 4 IPA- 22 2.6*** 638 35 water 5 EB- 22 1.0** 908 27 water 6 EB- 22 1.0** 1900 57 water 7 PM- 22 1.0** 2920 88 water 8 PM- 22 1.0** 2850 86 water 9 PM- 22 1.0** 2690 81 water 10 PM- 22 1.0** 2780 84 water 11 PM- 50 1.0** 3300 99 water *not an example of the present invention. **equal weights of whole broth and solvent were mixed. ***diluted 7.5 mL broth with 7.5 mL of water, then added 15 mL of solvent. The concentration of enzyme in the feed broth was approximately 6380 ppm. The concentration of biomass was 8.7 weight percent. In all of the examples in Table 1, broth that had been stored frozen for several months was used. The liquid-phase enzyme concentrations determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis were used to calculate the amount of enzyme recovered from the biomass solids into the liquid phase. Since the enzyme is expressed as inclusion bodies within the cell, it is originally associated with the biomass. The data in Table 1 show that a significant fraction of the α-amylase present as inclusion bodies within the cells are efficiently extracted out of a heat treated whole fermentation broth into a single liquid phase containing roughly equal amounts of water and glycol ether without pretreatment steps specifically designed to lyse the cells. The results of Yes/No enzyme activity tests performed on the extracted liquid are shown in Table 2 that follows. TABLE 2 Yes/No Activity Test Results for Examples Shown in Table 1 Concentration Absorbance of Enzyme in Expected for Measured the Activity that Enzyme Enzyme Test Sample Concentration Concentration after Sample Assuming Activity Solvent Temp in the Extract Preparation Measured No Loss of Retained Ex. System (° C.) Liquor (ppm) Absorbance Bioactivity (Yes/No) 1 IPA- 22 237 0.4 3.3 1.5+ Yes water 5 EB- 22 908 1.3 3.02 2.9+ Yes water C-1 Water 22 95 0.16 3.53 0.5+ Yes alone C-2 Water 50 178 0.28 2.37 1.0+ Yes alone Examples 12 to 19 Two-Liquid System Equal weights of glycol ether and a whole fermentation broth were mixed at a temperature that allowed formation of two phases, that is, an aqueous liquid phase and an organic liquid phase rich in the glycol ether. The α-amylase enzyme recovery was increased roughly to 50 percent for EB (at 60° C.), and 70 percent for PnP (at 22° C.). Although the organic phase contained up to 33 percent dissolved water by weight, less than 10 parts per million (ppm) of enzyme was detected in the organic phase. Essentially all of extracted α-amylase enzyme was present in the liquid aqueous phase. The results obtained are given in Tables 3 and 4 that follow. A number of the examples given in Tables 3 and 4 are duplicate experiments that were carried out to better understand experimental variability. Although the results show some variability, the trends in the data are consistent. TABLE 3 Results of Whole Broth Extractions Involving Two Liquid Phases Weight of Added Solvent to Concentration Weight of of Enzyme in Concentration of Feed Broth the Aqueous Glycol Ether in Concentration prior to Phase after the Aqueous of Water in the Solvent Temp Extraction Extraction** Phase Organic Phase Example System (° C.) (wt/wt) (ppm-wt) (wt %) (wt %) 12 PnP- 22 1.0 5350 22 33 water 13 PnP- 22 1.0 5180 22 33 water 14 EB- 60 1.0 3060 17 31 water 15 EB- 60 1.0 3750 17 31 water 16 PnB- 50 1.0 250 4.9 12.8 water 17 PnB- 22 1.0 190 5.6 13.3 water 18 PnB- 22 1.0 160 5.6 13.3 water 19 PnB- −5 1.0 177 5.0 15.4 water TABLE 4 Results of Whole Broth Extractions Involving Two Liquid Phases Recovery of Enzyme from Approx. the Feed Broth Approx. Weight Weight of into the of Aqueous Organic Aqueous Phase after Phase after Phase after Solvent Temp Weight of Feed Extraction* Extraction* Extraction** Example System (° C.) Broth (grams) (grams) (%) 12 PnP- 22 15 13 17 70 water 13 PnP- 22 15 13 17 70 water 14 EB- 60 15 13 17 40 water 15 EB- 60 15 13 17 50 water 16 PnB- 50 10 9 11 4 water 17 PnB- 22 10 9 11 3 water 18 PnB- 22 10 9 11 2 water 19 PnB- −5 10 9 11 3 water *determined from material balance **less than 10 ppm enzyme was detected in the organic phase after extraction The concentration of enzyme in the feed broth was approximately 6380 ppm. The concentration of biomass was 8.7 weight percent. The results of Yes/No enzyme activity tests performed on the extracted liquid are shown in Table 5 that follows. TABLE 5 Yes/No Activity Test Results for Examples given in Tables 3 and 4 Absorbance Expected Measured Concentration for that Enzyme of Enzyme Enzyme Concentration in the Activity Concentration in the Test Sample Assuming Activity Solvent Temp Extract after Sample Measured no Loss of Retained Sample System (° C.) Liquor Preparation Absorbance Bioactivity Yes/No 15 EB-water Aqueous 60 3750 197 3.0 3.7+ Yes, Layer although some loss of activity is apparent Organic 60 14 0.7 2.5 1.5+ Some Layer activity is detected even though only traces of enzyme were present in the sample 13 PnP- water Aqueous 22 5180 No data* — — No data* Layer Organic 22 15 0.8 0.2 1.5+ Little Layer activity *the aqueous phase was too small to test activity The results of enzyme activity tests performed on the extracted liquid using a test utilizing p-nitrophenyl-α-D-hexa-glucopyranoside are shown in Table 6 that follows. TABLE 6 p-Nitrophenyl-α-D-hexa-glucopyranaside Activity Test Results for Examples given in Tables 1, 3 and 4 Concentration of Enzyme in Extract Liquor (aqueous phase) Activity Experiment Temp LC Activity Assay Retained Solvent No. (° C.) (ppm) (ppm) (%) 11 PM 50 3300 2900 88 10 PM 22 2800 2800 100 12 PnP 22 5370 4570 85 6 EB 22 1900 1040 55 14 EB 60 3060 2470 80 3 IPA 22 350 300 86 16 PnB 50 250 255 100 18 PnB 22 160 155 97 Experiments were carried out to determine if enzyme already dissolved in water would transfer into a separate glycol ether phase. The solvents used in these experiments were ethylene glycol n-butyl ether (EB), propylene glycol n-propyl ether (PnP), dipropylene glycol n-propyl ether (DPnP), tripropylene glycol n-propyl ether (TPnP), and dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether (DMM). The enzyme feed solutions were prepared from a purified α-amylase enzyme. Equal weights of the aqueous enzyme feed and the added solvent were used to maximize the potential for transfer of the enzyme there. In certain cases, this required operating at temperatures slightly above the LCST. In the case of EB, it required operating at 70° C. In all of these examples, only trace amounts of the enzyme were observed to transfer from the aqueous phase into the glycol ether phase. This was true even when significant amounts of water were present in the glycol ether phase (up to about 52 weight percent). Adjusting the pH over the range of 4-7 using buffer solutions did not alter this behavior. Using a pH of 2 caused precipitation of the enzyme but did not result in transfer of significant amounts of the enzyme into the glycol ether phase. The results obtained are given in Table 7 that follows. TABLE 7 Results of Extraction Experiments Using Purified Enzyme Solution Experimental Conditions Ppm Enzyme Activity Test in Aq. pH of Sampling Aqueous Layer (wt %) Organic Layer (wt %) (Absorbance) Glycol Feed Enzyme Temp Glycol Glycol Aqueous Organic Ex. # Ether (ppm) Soln. (° C.) Ether Water Amylase Ether Water Amylase Layer Layer 1 PnP 345.3 4 38 26.26 73.68 675 59.78 40.22 0.0 3.55 3.35 2 PnP 329.4 4 34 29.5 70.43 723 57.16 42.84 0.0 3.44 1.87 3 PnP 334.2 2 32 23.09 76.91 0.0 62.47 37.53 10.4 0.28 N/A* 4 DPnP 335.7 7 25 15.96 84.00 374 78.5 21.50 0.0 3.63 0.43 5 DPnP 345.3 4 17 30.99 68.97 400 62.89 37.11 0.0 3.72 0.93 6 DMM 334.6 5 10 42.51 57.47 182 94.93 5.07 0.0 3.40 0.09 7 DMM 335.9 4 10 43.96 56.02 187 94.19 5.81 0.0 3.46 2.02 8 TPnP 334.6 5 10 25.91 74.06 306 77.95 22.05 0.0 3.32 0.70 9 TPnP 335.9 4 10 31.08 68.89 338 76.92 25.86 0.0 3.46 0.03 10 EB 235.4 4 70 15.57 84.4 262 48.86 51.13 11.8 3.36 1.64 *alpha-amylase precipitated out of solution at this pH The activity test results given in Table 7 indicate full activity for all of the aqueous samples. These solutions contained the enzyme plus a considerable amount of dissolved solvent. Interestingly, significant activity was also measured for some of the organic samples, even though LC analysis of the organic layer did not detect the presence of the enzyme. These results provide another example of how even very small amounts of the enzyme (<1 ppm in the test solutions) can catalyze significant hydrolysis of starch in the test. The data in Table 7 also show that the enzyme solution may be concentrated to some extent by extraction of water into a pre-dried glycol ether phase; that is, one that is unsaturated with water prior to its use in the extraction. For example, experiments 1 and 2 demonstrate that PnP can double the α-amylase concentration by extracting water from the aqueous layer and reducing the size of the aqueous layer in half. Experiments 4, 5, and 10 demonstrate that DPnP and EB also yield a concentration effect. The TPnP and DMM, on the other hand, showed little if any concentration effect because an equal amount of glycol ether (approximately) also transferred into the aqueous phase. Because the enzyme is retained almost exclusively in the aqueous phase, transfer of water and organic impurities out of the aqueous phase into the glycol ether phase can provide an opportunity to purify and concentrate an aqueous enzyme solution. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of this specification or practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with the true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.

20070402

20110503

20090122

97003.0

C07K114

GUPTA, ANISH

METHOD FOR THE EXTRACTION OF INTRACELLULAR PROTEINS FROM A FERMENTATION BROTH

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

C07K

ACCEPTED

Use of a serum-free cell culture medium for the production of il-18bp in mammalian cells

The invention relates to a process for culturing IL-18BP expressing mammalian cells under serum-free conditions.

1-21. (canceled) 22. A process for the cultivation of cells producing IL-18BP or the production of IL-18BP comprising: a) growing the cells in a cell culture medium that is free of components derived from animal serum, wherein the cell culture medium comprises: Asparagine at a concentration ranging from about 800 to about 900 mg/L; Natrium Chloride at a concentration ranging from about 3000 to about 4500 mg/L; Selenite at a concentration ranging from about 0.005 to about 0.015 mg/L; Wheat hydrolysate at a concentration ranging from about 5000 to about 15000 mg/L; and Insulin at a concentration ranging from about 2.5 to about 6 mg/L; or b) cultivating a cell expressing IL-18BP in a cell culture medium that is free of components derived from animal serum, wherein the cell culture medium comprises: Asparagine at a concentration ranging from about 800 to about 900 mg/L; Natrium Chloride at a concentration ranging from about 3000 to about 4500 mg/L; Selenite at a concentration ranging from about 0.005 to about 0.015 mg/L; Wheat hydrolysate at a concentration ranging from about 5000 to about 15000 mg/L; and Insulin at a concentration ranging from about 2.5 to about 6 mg/L. 23. The process according to claim 22, further comprising the step of collecting the medium. 24. The process according to claim 23, further comprising isolating the IL-18BP. 25. The process according to claim 24, further comprising formulating the isolated protein with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to obtain a pharmaceutical composition. 26. The process according to claim 22, wherein the cells are Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. 27. The process according to claim 22, wherein the medium further comprises glucose at a concentration ranging from about 500 to about 5500 mg/L. 28. The process according to claim 22, wherein the medium further comprises amino acids selected from Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenyalanine, Proline, Serine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Threonine, and Valine, but no Glutamine. 29. The process according to claim 22, wherein the medium further comprises Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Threonine, Valine and Glutamine. 30. The process according to claim 22, wherein the medium further comprises vitamins selected from Biotin, Pantothenate, Choline chloride, Folic Acid, Myo-Inositol, Niacinamide, Pyridoxine, Riboflavin, Vitamin B12, Thiamine, and Putrescine. 31. The process according to claim 22, wherein the medium further comprises salts selected from CaCl2, KCl, MgCl2, Sodium Phosphate, CuCl2, and ZnCl2. 32. The process according to claim 22, wherein the medium further comprises a buffer. 33. The process according to claim 22, further comprising fatty acids selected from Arachidonic Acid, Linoleic Acid, Oleic Acid, Lauric Acid, and Myristic Acid. 34. The process according to claim 22, wherein the medium further comprises Cyclodextrin. 35. The process according to claim 22, wherein the medium further comprises a soy hydrolysate. 36. The process according to claim 22, wherein the medium further comprises hydrocortisone. 37. The process according to claim 22, wherein the medium further comprises a protective agent. 38. The process according to claim 22, wherein the medium further comprises pyruvate. 39. The process according to claim 37, wherein the protective agent is Pluronic F68.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention is in the field of cultivation of mammalian cells under serum-free culture conditions In particular, it relates to the growth of mammalian cells such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The cells produce a recombinant protein called interleukin-18 binding protein (IL-18BP). BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a process using a serum-free medium for the growth and maintenance of mammalian cells in culture. Cell culture is widely used today for the production of various biologically active products, such as viral vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, non-antibody immuno-regulators, polypeptide growth factors, hormones, enzymes, tumor specific antigens, etc. These products are produced by normal or transformed and genetically engineered cells. For culturing cells, in the past the culture medium was supplemented with serum, which serves as a universal nutrient for the growth and maintenance of all mammalian cell lines that produce biologically active products. Serum contains hormones, growth factors, carrier proteins, attachment and spreading factors, nutrients, trace elements, etc. Culture media usually contained up to about 10% of animal serum, such as fetal bovine serum (FBS), also called fetal calf serum (FCS). Although widely used, serum has many limitations. It contains high levels of numerous proteins interfering with the limited quantities of the desired protein of interest produced by the cells. These proteins derived from the serum must be separated from the product during downstream processing such as purification of the protein of interest, which complicates the process and increases the cost. The advent of BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy), a transmissible neurodegenerative disease of cattle with a long latency or incubation period, has raised regulatory concerns about using animal-derived sera in the production of biologically active products. There is therefore a great demand for the development of alternative media free from animal sources that support cell growth and maintain cells during the production of biologically active products. Generally, cell culture media comprise many components of different categories, such as amino acids, vitamins, salts, fatty acids, and further compounds: Amino acids: For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,728 (Inlow et al.) discloses that the following amino acids may be used in a cell culture medium: Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamin, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenyalanine, Proline, Serine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Threonine, and Valine. Vitamins: US 2003/0096414 (Ciccarone et al.) or U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,299 (Renner et al.) for example describe that the following vitamins may be used in a cell culture medium: Biotin, Pantothenate, Choline Chloride, Folic Acid, Myo-Inositol, Niacinamide, Pyridoxine, Riboflavin, Vitamin B12, Thiamine, Putrescine. Salts: For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 6,399,381 (Blum et al.) discloses a medium comprising CaCl2, KCl, MgCl2, NaCl, Sodium Phosphate Monobasic, Sodium Phosphate Dibasic, Sodium Selenite, CuSO4, ZnCl2. Another example for a document disclosing the inorganic salts that may be used in a culture medium is US 2003/0153042 (Arnold et al.), describing a medium comprising CaCl2, KCl, MgCl2, NaCl, Sodium Phosphate Monobasic, Sodium Phosphate Dibasic, CuCl2.2H2O, ZnCl2. Fatty acids: Fatty acids that are known to be used in media are Arachidonic Acid, Linoleic Acid, Oleic Acid, Lauric Acid, Myristic Acid, as well as Methyl-beta-Cyclodextrin, see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,045,468 (Darfler). It should be noted that cyclodextrin is not a lipid per se, but has the ability to form a complex with lipids and is thus used to solubilize lipids in the cell culture medium. Further components, in particular used in the frame of serum-free cell culture media, are compounds such as glucose, glutamine, Na-pyruvate, insulin or ethanolamine (e.g. EP 274 445), or a protective agent such as Pluronic F68. Pluronic® F68 (also known as Poloxamer 188) is a block copolymer of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO). Standard “basic media” are also known to the person skilled in the art. These media already contain several of the medium components mentioned above. Examples of such media that are widely applied are Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM), Roswell Park Memorial Institute Medium (RPMI), or Ham's medium. For the development and supply of biologically active products, such as therapeutic proteins or vaccines, large amounts must be produced. Suitable cells that are widely used for production of polypeptides turned out to be Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. CHO cells were first cultured by Puck (J. Exp. Med. 108, 945, 1958) from a biopsy of an ovary from a female Chinese hamster. From these original cells a number of sub-lines were prepared with various characteristics. One of these CHO cell lines, CHO-K1, is proline-requiring and is diploid for the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene. Another line derived from this cell line is a DHFR deficient CHO cell line (CHO DUK B11) (PNAS 77, 1980, 4216-4220), which is characterized by the loss of DHFR function as a consequence of a mutation in one DHFR gene and the subsequent loss of the other gene. Further cells that are frequently used for the production of proteins intended for administration to humans are human cell lines such as the human fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 or the human embryonic kidney cell line 293. One therapeutic protein of interest is Interleukin-18 binding protein (IL-18BP). IL-18BP is a soluble protein having a high affinity for IL-18. It was first isolated from human urine, and the human and mouse cDNAs as well as the human gene were cloned (Novick et al., 1999; WO 99/09063). The protein has been designated IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP). The International non-proprietary name of IL-18BP is tadekinig alpha. IL-18BP is not the extracellular domain of one of the known IL-18 receptors, but a secreted, naturally circulating protein. It belongs to a novel family of secreted proteins, further including several Poxvirus-encoded proteins (Novick et al., 1999). Urinary as well as recombinant IL-18BP specifically bind IL-18 with a high affinity and modulate the biological affinity of IL-18. The IL-18BP gene was localized to the human chromosome 11q13, and no exon coding for a transmembrane domain was found in an 8.3 kb genomic sequence. Four splice variants or isoforms of IL-18BP generated by alternative mRNA splicing have been found in humans so far. They were designated IL-18BP a, b, c and d, all sharing the same N-terminus and differing in the C-terminus (Novick et al, 1999). These isoforms vary in their ability to bind IL-18. Of the four, IL-18BP isoforms a and c are known to have a neutralizing capacity for IL-18. Human IL-18BP isoform binds to murine IL-18. IL-18BP has been suggested as a therapeutic protein in a number of diseases and disorders, such as psoriasis, Crohn's Disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, liver injury, sepsis, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart diseases, allergies, etc., e.g. disclosed in WO9909063, WO0107480, WO0162285, WO0185201, WO02060479, WO02096456, WO03080104, WO02092008, WO02101049, WO03013577. There is thus a need for an efficient manufacturing process for the production of IL-18BP in cell culture, and preferably a process that is operated under serum-free conditions. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is based on the development of a process for the cultivation of cells in a cell culture medium that is free from animal serum-derived components and at the same time highly effective for cell growth and maintenance of mammalian cell culture. Cultivation of the cells is carried out for the production of proteins in the cells. In accordance with the present invention, the cells produce IL-18BP or have been modified to produce IL-18BP. The protein can be isolated and purified from the cell culture medium (supernatant) and formulated into a pharmaceutical composition destined for administration into humans or animals. Therefore, in a first aspect, the invention relates to a process for the cultivation of cells producing IL-18BP, comprising the step of growing the cells in a cell culture medium free of components derived from animal serum, wherein the cell culture medium comprises: Asparagine at a concentration ranging from about 800 to about 900 mg/L; Natrium Chloride at a concentration ranging from about 3000 to about 4500 mg/L; Selenite at a concentration ranging from about 0.005 to about 0.015 mg/L; Wheat hydrolysate at a concentration ranging from about 5000 to about 15000 mg/L; and Insulin at a concentration ranging from about 2.5 to about 6 mg/L. In a second aspect, the invention relates to a process for the production of IL-18BP comprising the step of cultivating cells expressing IL-18BP in a cell culture medium free of components derived from animal serum, wherein the cell culture medium comprises: Asparagine at a concentration ranging from about 800 to about 900 mg/L; Natrium Chloride at a concentration ranging from about 3000 to about 4500 mg/L; Selenite at a concentration ranging from about 0.005 to about 0.015 mg/L; Wheat hydrolysate at a concentration ranging from about 5000 to about 15000 mg/L; and Insulin at a concentration ranging from about 2.5 to about 6 mg/L. A third aspect of the invention relates to the use of a medium according to the invention for the production of a protein of interest. In a fourth aspect, the invention relates to the use of the medium of the invention for growth of cells in culture. A fifth aspect of the invention relates to the use of a medium according to the invention for the maintenance of cells in culture during production phase of a polypeptide of interest. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 IL -18BP expressing CHO cells were cultured in suspension in serum-free medium according to the invention with repeated dilutions with fresh medium for 60 days (n=10). FIG. 1 shows the viable cell density; FIG. 2 shows the cumulated viable cells; FIG. 3 shows the doubling time; and FIG. 4 shows the glucose and lactate concentration in the supernatant. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention is based on the development of a process for the growth and maintenance of IL-18BP expressing cells, and for the production of IL-18BP, in a cell culture medium that is free from serum-derived components. Therefore, the present invention relates to a process for the production of IL-18BP, comprising the step of cultivating a cell expressing IL-18BP in a cell culture medium free of components derived from animal serum, wherein the cell culture medium comprises: Asparagine at a concentration ranging from about 700 to about 1000 mg/L, preferably from about 800 to about 900 mg/L; Natrium Chloride at a concentration ranging from about 2000 to about 5000, preferably from about 3000 to about 4500 mg/L; Selenite at a concentration ranging from about 0.003 to about 0.02 mg/L, preferably from about 0.005 to about 0.015 mg/L; Wheat hydrolysate at a concentration ranging from about 3000 to about 20000 mg/L, preferably from about 5000 to about 15000 mg/L; and Insulin at a concentration ranging from about 1 to about 8 mg/L, preferably from about 2.5 to about 6 mg/L. The invention further relates to a process of cultivating an IL-18BP expressing cells, comprising the step of growing the cell in a cell culture medium free of components derived from animal serum, wherein the cell culture medium comprises: Asparagine at a concentration ranging from about 700 to about 1000 mg/L, preferably from about 800 to about 900 mg/L; Natrium Chloride at a concentration ranging from about 2000 to about 5000, preferably from about 3000 to about 4500 mg/L; Selenite at a concentration ranging from about 0.003 to about 0.02 mg/L, preferably from about 0.005 to about 0.015 mg/L; Wheat hydrolysate at a concentration ranging from about 3000 to about 20000 mg/L, preferably from about 5000 to about 15000 mg/L; and Insulin at a concentration ranging from about 1 to about 8 mg/L, preferably from about 2.5 to about 6 mg/L. Preferably, the process further comprises the step of collecting the medium comprising the protein of interest. In a further preferred embodiment, the process further comprises isolating the protein of interest. In a further preferred embodiment, the process further comprises formulating the isolated protein with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to obtain a pharmaceutical composition. In a third aspect, the invention relates to the use cell culture medium comprising Asparagine at a concentration ranging from about 700 to about 1000 mg/L, preferably from about 800 to about 900 mg/L; Natrium Chloride at a concentration ranging from about 2000 to about 5000, preferably from about 3000 to about 4500 mg/L; Selenite at a concentration ranging from about 0.003 to about 0.02 mg/L, preferably from about 0.005 to about 0.015 mg/L; Wheat hydrolysate at a concentration ranging from about 3000 to about 20000 mg/L, preferably from about 5000 to about 15000 mg/L; and Insulin at a concentration ranging from about 1 to about 8 mg/L, preferably from about 2.5 to about 6 mg/L for the production of a polypeptide of interest. In a fourth aspect, the invention relates to the use of a cell culture medium comprising Asparagine at a concentration ranging from about 700 to about 1000 mg/L, preferably from about 800 to about 900 mg/L; Natrium Chloride at a concentration ranging from about 2000 to about 5000, preferably from about 3000 to about 4500 mg/L; Selenite at a concentration ranging from about 0.003 to about 0.02 mg/L, preferably from about 0.005 to about 0.015 mg/L; Wheat hydrolysate at a concentration ranging from about 3000 to about 20000 mg/L, preferably from about 5000 to about 15000 mg/L; and Insulin at a concentration ranging from about 1 to about 8 mg/L, preferably from about 2.5 to about 6 mg/L for the growth of cells expressing IL-18BP in in culture. In a fifth aspect, the invention relates to the use of a cell culture medium comprising Asparagine at a concentration ranging from about 700 to about 1000 mg/L, preferably from about 800 to about 900 mg/L; Natrium Chloride at a concentration ranging from about 2000 to about 5000, preferably from about 3000 to about 4500 mg/L; Selenite at a concentration ranging from about 0.003 to about 0.02 mg/L, preferably from about 0.005 to about 0.015 mg/L; Wheat hydrolysate at a concentration ranging from about 3000 to about 20000 mg/L, preferably from about 5000 to about 15000 mg/L; and Insulin at a concentration ranging from about 1 to about 8 mg/L, preferably from about 2.5 to about 6 mg/L for the maintenance of cells expressing IL-18BP in culture, e.g. during production phase of a polypeptide of interest. In accordance with the processes and uses of the present invention, the cell culture medium comprises: Asparagine at a concentration ranging from about 700 to about 1000 mg/L, preferably from about 800 to about 900 mg/L; Natrium Chloride at a concentration ranging from about 2000 to about 5000, preferably from about 3000 to about 4500 mg/L; Selenite at a concentration ranging from about 0.003 to about 0.02 mg/L, preferably from about 0.005 to about 0.015 mg/L; Wheat hydrolysate at a concentration ranging from about 3000 to about 20000 mg/L, preferably from about 5000 to about 15000 mg/L; and Insulin at a concentration ranging from about 1 to about 8 mg/L, preferably from about 2.5 to about 6 mg/L. In the frame of the present invention, Asparagine may be used in any concentration ranging from about 700 to 1000 mg/L, e.g. at 705, 710, 715, 720, 725, 730, 735, 740, 745, 750, 755, 760, 765, 770, 775, 780, 785, 790, 795, 800, 805, 810, 815, 820, 825, 830, 835, 840, 845, 850, 855, 860, 865, 870, 875, 880, 885, 890, 895, 900, 905, 910, 915, 920, 925, 930, 935, 940, 945, 950, 955, 960, 965, 970, 675, 980, 985, 990, 995 mg/L. In the frame of the present invention, Natrium Chloride may be used at a concentration ranging from about 2000 to about 5000 mg/L, e.g. at 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100, 3200, 3300, 3400, 3500, 3600, 3700, 3800, 3900, 4000, 4100, 4200, 4300, 4400, 4500, 4600, 4700, 4800, 4900 mg/L. In the frame of the present invention, Selenite may be used at a concentration ranging from about 0.003 to about 0.02 mg/L, e.g. at 0.0035, 0.004. 0.0045, 0.005, 0.0055, 0.006, 0.0065, 0.007, 0.0075, 0.008, 0.0085, 0.009, 0.0095, 0.01, 0.011, 0.012, 0.013, 0.014, 0.015, 0.016, 0.017, 0.018, 0.019, 0.02 mg/L. In the frame of the present invention, Wheat hydrolysate may be used at a concentration ranging from about 3000 to about 20000 mg/L, e.g. at 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500; 8000, 8500, 9000, 9500, 9600, 9700, 9800, 9900, 10000, 10100, 10200, 10300, 10400, 10500, 10600, 10700, 10800, 10900, 11000, 11500, 12000, 12500, 13000, 13500, 14000, 14500, 15000, 15500, 16000, 16500, 17000, 18000, 18500, 19000, 19500 mg/L. In the frame of the present invention, Insulin may be used at a concentration ranging from about 1 to about 8 mg/L, e.g. at 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3, 3.25, 3.5, 3.75, 4, 4.25, 4.5, 4.75, 5, 5.25, 5.5, 5.75. 6, 6.25, 6.5, 6.75, 7, 7.25, 7.5, 7.75, 8, 8.25, 8.5, 8.75 mg/L. As shown in the Examples below, in the process of the invention using a medium comprising these components within the ranges indicated supported excellent cell growth and maintenance over an extended period of time. The culturing step of the process of the invention may be carried out in any suitable environment, such as Petri dishes, T-flasks or roller bottles, but preferably in vessels having greater volumes such as e.g. a bioreactor. T-flasks and roller boffles are particularly suitable for the growth of cells, and for protein production the cells are preferably maintained in a bioreactor. The cells to be used in the frame of the various aspects of the present invention are preferably mammalian cells. They may be of human or animal origin. Examples of mammalian cells that can be cultivated in the process according to the present invention include, e.g., 3T3 cells, COS cells, human osteosarcoma cells, MRC-5 cells, BHK cells, VERO cells, CHO cells, rCHO-tPA cells, rCHO—Hep B Surface Antigen cells, HEK 293 cells, rHEK 293 cells, rC127—Hep B Surface Antigen cells, Normal Human fibroblast cells, Stroma cells, Hepatocytes cells, PER.C6 cells and human permanent amniocytic cells. Examples of hybridomas that may be cultivated in the process according to the present invention include, e.g., DA4.4 cells, 123A cells, 127A cells, GAMMA cells and 67-9-B cells. It is highly preferred to cultivate a Chinese Hamster Ovary cell (CHO cell) in accordance with the present invention. The cells cultured in accordance with the present invention may grow in suspension or, for anchorage dependent cells, attached to a solid support. Microcarriers and Fibra-Cel® disks may be used in mammalian cell culture for the growth of anchorage-dependent cells and are among the established technological platforms for industrial production of proteins (see, e.g., Bohak et al. 1987; Petti et al. 1994). In the frame of the processes and uses of the present invention, Asparagine is advantageously comprised as Asparagine.H2O (TLC 99%, TLC being Thin Layer Chromatography). Selenite may e.g. be comprised in the medium as sodium selenite. Wheat hydrolysate is a plant-derived component, which is part of the medium of the invention based on the fact that cells can also use amino acids that are in peptide form. Peptides can range in size from two amino acids to many amino acids. Peptides that are derived by the hydrolysis of proteins provide a supplemental (undefined) source of amino acids in a form that supports superior growth of a number of cell lines/types. The insulin to be used in the frame of the medium of the invention may be derived from any source and species, as long as it supports growth and maintenance of the particular cell line or cell type for which the medium is used. Preferably, insulin may be recombinant. It is further preferred that the insulin is derived from the species corresponding to species from which the cell line or cell type is derived, or that it is human insulin. Preferred concentration ranges of the compounds of the medium to be used in the process of the invention are as follows: Asparagine at a concentration ranging from about 810 to about 850 mg/L, most preferably about 830. Natrium Chloride at a concentration ranging from about 3400 to about 3600 mg/L, most preferably about 3500 mg/L. Selenite at a concentration ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.012 mg/L, most preferably about 0.0110 mg/L. Wheat hydrolysate at a concentration ranging from about 8000 to about 12000 mg/L, most preferably about 10000 mg/L. Insulin at a concentration ranging from about 3 to about 5 mg/L, most preferably about 4 mg/L. In a preferred embodiment, the medium further comprises glucose at a concentration ranging from about 500 to about 5500 mg/L, preferably about 1000 mg/L or about 4500 or about 5000 mg/L In a further preferred embodiment, the medium comprises one or more amino acids. The amino acids are selected from Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenyalanine, Proline, Serine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Threonine, and Valine, but no Glutamine. In an alternative embodiment, Glutamine is added to the medium. Glutamine may preferably be added to the medium during cell culture (e.g. growth, maintenance, production mode). Preferably, the medium according to the invention further comprises vitamins. Vitamins that are preferred in the medium of the invention are selected from Biotin, Pantothenate, Choline chloride, Folic Acid, Myo-Inositol, Niacinamide, Pyridoxine, Riboflavin, Vitamin B12, Thiamine, and Putrescine. The medium according to the invention preferably further comprises inorganic salts and trace elements. The ions are preferably Ca2+, K+, MG2+, Na+, Cl−, Phosphate, Cu2+, Zn2+. Those salts and trace elements are preferably selected from CaCl2 anhydrous, KCl, MgCl2 anhydrous, NaCl, Sodium Phosphate Monobasic, Sodium Phosphate Dibasic, CuCl2.2H20, and ZnCl2. Preferably, the medium of the invention further comprises a buffer. Many buffers may be used in the frame of the medium of the invention, such as sodium bicarbonate buffer, Tris, BES (N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), Glycine buffer, or the like. A zwitter ionic buffer is particularly useful for the medium of the invention. A preferred zwitter ionic buffer that may be used is HEPES (N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid) in acid form. In yet another preferred embodiment, the medium further comprises fatty acids. Such fatty acids are preferably selected from Arachidonic Acid, Linoleic Acid, Oleic Acid, Lauric Acid, Myristic Acid, and Cyclodextrin, which is not a lipid per se but merely serves at solubilization of lipids in the medium. Cyclodextrin is preferably Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Further hydrolysates may be used in the frame of the present invention, as long as they are not derived from animal sources. Preferably, the medium of the invention may further comprise a soy hydrolysate. It is also preferred that the medium of the invention further comprises steroids such as e.g. cortisone or hydrocortisone, and/or further energy sources such as e.g. pyruvate, e.g. Na-pyruvate, and/or a protective agent such as Pluronic F68. In the frame of the processes and uses of the present invention, any suitable known basic serum-free medium may be used, as long as the following compounds are present: Asparagine at a concentration ranging from about 700 to about 1000 mg/L, preferably from about 800 to about 900 mg/L; Natrium Chloride at a concentration ranging from about 2000 to about 5000, preferably from about 3000 to about 4500 mg/L; Selenite at a concentration ranging from about 0.003 to about 0.02 mg/L, preferably from about 0.005 to about 0.015 mg/L; Wheat hydrolysate at a concentration ranging from about 3000 to about 20000 mg/L, preferably from about 5000 to about 15000 mg/L; and Insulin at a concentration ranging from about 1 to about 8 mg/L, preferably from about 2.5 to about 6 mg/L. Examples of known basic serum-free media are listed below: Medium Manufacturer Cat. No. EX-CELL 302 JRH 14312-1000M EX-CELL 325 JRH 14335-1000M CHO-CD3 Sigma C-1490 CHO III PFM Gibco 96-0334SA CHO-S-SFM II Gibco 12052-098 CHO-DHFR Sigma C-8862 ProCHO 5 Cambrex BE12-766Q SFM4CHO HyClone SH30549.01 Ultra CHO Cambrex 12-724Q HyQ PF CHO HyClone SH30220.01 HyQ SFX CHO HyClone SH30187.01 HyQ CDM4CHO HyClone SH30558.01 IS CHO-CD Irvine #91119 Scientific IS CHO-V Irvine #9197 Scientific The processes and uses of the invention preferably serve to produce a polypeptide of interest. The polypeptide of interest may be, e.g., a naturally secreted protein, a normally cytoplasmic protein, a normally transmembrane protein, or a human or a humanized antibody. When the protein of interest is a normally cytoplasmic or a normally transmembrane protein, the protein has preferably been engineered in order to become soluble. The polypeptide of interest may be of any origin. Preferred polypeptides of interest are of human origin, and more preferably, the proteins of interest are therapeutic proteins. The protein of interest may be a hormone, a cytokine-binding protein, an interferon, a soluble receptor, or an antibody. Therapeutic proteins that may be produced according to a method of the present invention include, e.g., chorionic gonadotropin, follicle-stimulating hormone, lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, human growth hormone, interferons (e.g., interferon beta-1a, interferon beta-1b), interferon receptors (e.g., interferon gamma receptor), TNF receptors p55 and p75, TACl-Fc fusion proteins, interleukins (e.g., interleukin-2, interleukin-11), interleukin binding proteins (e.g., interleukin-18 binding protein), anti-CD11a antibodies, erythropoietin, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, pituitary peptide hormones, menopausal gonadotropin, insulin-like growth factors (e.g., somatomedin-C), keratinocyte growth factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, thrombomodulin, basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin, Factor VIII, somatropin, bone morphogenetic protein-2, platelet-derived growth factor, hirudin, epoietin, recombinant LFA-3/IgG1 fusion protein, glucocerebrosidase, and muteins, fragments, soluble forms, functional derivatives, fusion proteins thereof. The polypeptide may particularly be selected from the group consisting of chorionic gonadotropin (CG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), human growth hormone (hGH), interferons (e.g., interferon beta-1a, interferon beta-1b), interferon receptors (e.g., interferon gamma receptor), TNF receptors p55 and p75, interleukins (e.g., interleukin-2, interleukin-11), interleukin binding proteins (e.g., interleukin-18 binding protein), anti-CD11a antibodies, and muteins, fragments, soluble forms, functional derivatives, fusion proteins thereof. Further polypeptides of interest include, e.g., erythropoietin, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, pituitary peptide hormones, menopausal gonadotropin, insulin-like growth factors (e.g., somatomedin-C), keratinocyte growth factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, thrombomodulin, basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin, Factor VIII, somatropin, bone morphogenetic protein-2, platelet-derived growth factor, hirudin, epoietin, recombinant LFA-3/IgG1 fusion protein, glucocerebrosidase, and muteins, fragments, soluble forms, functional derivatives, fusion proteins thereof. Should the protein of interest be formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, the result of the process is a pharmaceutical composition. The definition of “pharmaceutically acceptable” is meant to encompass any carrier, which does not interfere with effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredient and that is not toxic to the host to which it is administered. For example, for parenteral administration, the active protein(s) may be formulated in a unit dosage form for injection in vehicles such as saline, dextrose solution, serum albumin and Ringer's solution. The pharmaceutical composition formulated according to the invention may then be administered to an individual in a variety of ways. The routes of administration include intradermal, transdermal (e.g. in slow release formulations), intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, oral, intracranial, epidural, topical, rectal, and intranasal routes. Any other therapeutically efficacious route of administration can be used, for example absorption through epithelial or endothelial tissues or by gene therapy wherein a DNA molecule encoding the active agent is administered to the patient (e.g. via a vector), which causes the active agent to be expressed and secreted in vivo. In addition, the protein(s) according to the invention can be administered together with other components of biologically active agents such as pharmaceutically acceptable surfactants, excipients, carriers, diluents and vehicles. For parenteral (e.g. intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular) administration, the active protein(s) can be formulated as a solution, suspension, emulsion or lyophilized powder in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable parenteral vehicle (e.g. water, saline, dextrose solution) and additives that maintain isotonicity (e.g. mannitol) or chemical stability (e.g. preservatives and buffers). The formulation is sterilized by commonly used techniques. The processes and uses of the present invention aim at production of interleukin-18 binding protein (IL-18BP). IL-18BP may be native, i.e. naturally occurring IL-18BP. Preferably, the IL-18BP to be produced is of human origin. Since IL-18BP is a soluble, secreted protein, it is released into the cell culture supernatant, either by means of its natural signal peptide, or by means of a heterologous signal peptide, i.e. a signal peptide derived from another secreted protein which may be more efficient in the particular expression system used. The term “IL-18 binding protein” is used herein synonymously with “IL-18BP”. This term relates to IL-18 binding proteins such as the ones defined in WO 99/09063 or in Novick et al., 1999. The term IL-18BP includes splice variants and/or isoforms of IL-18 binding proteins, as the ones defined in Kim et al., 2000, in particular human isoforms a and c of IL-18BP. The term “IL-18PB”, as used herein, further includes muteins, functional derivatives, active fractions, fused proteins, circularly permutated proteins and slats of IL-18BP as defined in WO 99/09063. The IL-18BP that is produced by using the medium of the present invention is preferably glycosylated. As used herein the term “muteins” refers to analogs of an IL-18BP, or analogs of a viral IL-18BP, in which one or more of the amino acid residues of a natural IL-18BP or viral IL-18BP are replaced by different amino acid residues, or are deleted, or one or more amino acid residues are added to the natural sequence of an IL-18BP, or a viral IL-18BP, without changing considerably the activity of the resulting products as compared with the wild type IL-18BP or viral IL-18BP. These muteins are prepared by known synthesis and/or by site-directed mutagenesis techniques, or any other known technique suitable therefor. Muteins in accordance with the present invention include proteins encoded by a nucleic acid, such as DNA or RNA, which hybridizes to DNA or RNA, which encodes an IL-18BP or encodes a viral IL-18BP (WO 99/09063) under stringent conditions. The term “stringent conditions” refers to hybridization and subsequent washing conditions, which those of ordinary skill in the art conventionally refer to as “stringent”. See Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, supra, Interscience, N.Y., §§6.3 and 6.4 (1987, 1992). Without limitation, examples of stringent conditions include washing conditions 12-20° C. below the calculated Tm of the hybrid under study in, e.g., 2×SSC and 0.5% SDS for 5 minutes, 2×SSC and 0.1% SDS for 15 minutes; 0.1×SSC and 0.5% SDS at 37° C. for 30-60 minutes and then, a 0.1×SSC and 0.5% SDS at 68° C. for 30-60 minutes. Those of ordinary skill in this art understand that stringency conditions also depend on the length of the DNA sequences, oligonucleotide probes (such as 10-40 bases) or mixed oligonucleotide probes. If mixed probes are used, it is preferable to use tetramethyl ammonium chloride (TMAC) instead of SSC. See Ausubel, supra. Identity reflects a relationship between two or more polypeptide sequences or two or more polynucleotide sequences, determined by comparing the sequences. In general, identity refers to an exact nucleotide to nucleotide or amino acid to amino acid correspondence of the two polynucleotides or two polypeptide sequences, respectively, over the length of the sequences being compared. For sequences where there is not an exact correspondence, a “% identity” may be determined. In general, the two sequences to be compared are aligned to give a maximum correlation between the sequences. This may include inserting “gaps” in either one or both sequences, to enhance the degree of alignment. A % identity may be determined over the whole length of each of the sequences being compared (so-called global alignment), that is particularly suitable for sequences of the same or very similar length, or over shorter, defined lengths (so-called local alignment), that is more suitable for sequences of unequal length. Methods for comparing the identity and homology of two or more sequences are well known in the art. Thus for instance, programs available in the Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, version 9.1 (Devereux J et al., 1984), for example the programs BESTFIT and GAP, may be used to determine the % identity between two polynucleotides and the % identity and the % homology between two polypeptide sequences. BESTFIT uses the “local homology” algorithm of Smith and Waterman (1981) and finds the best single region of similarity between two sequences. Other programs for determining identity and/or similarity between sequences are also known in the art, for instance the BLAST family of programs (Altschul S F et al, 1990, Altschul S F et al, 1997, accessible through the home page of the NCBI at www.ncbi.nlm.nlh.gov) and FASTA (Pearson W R, 1990). Any such mutein preferably has a sequence of amino acids sufficiently duplicative of that of an IL-18BP, or sufficiently duplicative of a viral IL-18BP, such as to have substantially similar activity to IL-18BP. One activity of IL-18BP is its capability of binding IL-18. As long as the mutein has substantial binding activity to IL-18, it can be considered to have substantially similar activity to IL-18BP. Thus, it can be determined whether any given mutein has substantially the same activity as IL-18BP by means of routine experimentation comprising subjecting such a mutein, e.g., to a simple sandwich competition assay to determine whether or not it binds to an appropriately labeled IL-18, such as radioimmunoassay or ELISA assay. In a preferred embodiment, any such mutein has at least 40% identity or homology with the sequence of either an IL-18BP or a virally-encoded IL-18BP homologue, as defined in WO 99/09063. More preferably, it has at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80% or, most preferably, at least 90% or 95% identity or homology thereto. Preferred changes for muteins in accordance with the present invention are what are known as “conservative” substitutions. Conservative amino acid substitutions of IL-18BP polypeptides or proteins or viral IL-18BPs, may include synonymous amino acids within a group which have sufficiently similar physicochemical properties that substitution between members of the group will preserve the biological function of the molecule (Grantham, 1974). It is clear that insertions and deletions of amino acids may also be made in the above-defined sequences without altering their function, particularly if the insertions or deletions only involve a few amino acids, e.g., under thirty, and preferably under ten, and do not remove or displace amino acids which are critical to a functional conformation, e.g., cysteine residues. Proteins and muteins produced by such deletions and/or insertions come within the purview of the present invention. The term “fused protein” refers to a polypeptide comprising an IL-18BP, or a viral IL-18BP, or a mutein or fragment thereof, fused with another protein, which, e.g., has an extended residence time in body fluids. An IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP, may thus be fused to another protein, polypeptide or the like, e.g., an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof. As “active fractions” of an IL-18BP, or a viral IL-18BP, muteins and fused proteins, the present invention covers any fragment or precursors of the polypeptide chain of the protein molecule alone or together with associated molecules or residues linked thereto, e.g., sugar or phosphate residues, or aggregates of the protein molecule or the sugar residues by themselves, provided said fraction has substantially similar activity to IL-18BP. The sequences of IL-18BP and its splice variants/isoforms can be taken from WO99/09063 or from Novick et al., 1999, as well as from Kim et al., 2000. Should the IL-18BP of the invention be used as a pharmaceutical composition, such pharmaceutical composition may be used for treatment and/or prevention of a number of diseases or disorders. Such diseases or disorders are preferably IL-18 mediated disorders. In particular, purified IL-18BP may be used for treatment and/or prevention of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's Disease, rheumatoid arthritis, liver injury such as alcoholic liver cirrhosis, sepsis, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart diseases, allergies, in particular delayed-type hypersensitivity, and closed head injury, as disclosed in WO9909063, WO0107480, WO0162285, WO0185201, WO02060479, WO02096466, WO03080104, WO02092008, WO02101049, WO03013577. Having now fully described this invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the same can be performed within a wide range of equivalent parameters, concentrations and conditions without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and without undue experimentation. While this invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth as follows in the scope of the appended claims. All references cited herein, including journal articles or abstracts, published or unpublished U.S. or foreign patent application, issued U.S. or foreign patents or any other references, are entirely incorporated by reference herein, including all data, tables, figures and text presented in the cited references. Additionally, the entire contents of the references cited within the references cited herein are also entirely incorporated by reference. Reference to known method steps, conventional methods steps, known methods or conventional methods is not any way an admission that any aspect, description or embodiment of the present invention is disclosed, taught or suggested in the relevant art. The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art (including the contents of the references cited herein), readily modify and/or adapt for various application such specific embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present invention. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning an range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance presented herein, in combination with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. EXAMPLE 1 Growth of IL-18BP Expressing CHO Cells in Serum Free Medium 1.1. Preparation of Serum-Free Medium (SFM) Designated “SM-005” The cell culture medium that was used for the experiments described under 1.2. was a medium adapted to contain the following components in the following concentrations: Asparagine at a concentration of 830 mg/L; Natrium Chloride at a concentration of 3500 mg/L; Selenite at a concentration of 0.0110 mg/L; Wheat hydrolysate at a concentration of 10000 mg/L; and Insulin at a concentration of 4 mg/L. This medium also contained 4.5 g/l of glucose. If the medium is used for production mode, the glucose concentration may be decreased to 1 g/l. The medium further contained all amino acids but for Glutamine. Vitamins, salts, fatty acids, HEPES as a buffer, Pluronic F68, Hydrocortisone, Na Pyruvate and Soy Hydrolysate were also present in this medium. The medium is identified below as SM-005. 1.2. Growth of Cells in Suspension T-flasks or roller bottles were inoculated with cells from an IL-18BP expressing and secreting CHO clone that had previously been established. These cells grow in suspension and were first expanded. During the cell expansion process, cells were cultured in suspension and systematically diluted with defined volumes of fresh SM-005 medium at fixed days. For monitoring purposes, cell density, glucose- and lactate concentration were measured at each dilution step (see figures). At day 0, a vial from the previously established Master Cell Bank was thawed. The cells originating from this vial were then inoculated into a 75 cm2 Tissue Culturing Flask (TCF 75 cm2) in a total volume of 30 mL of fresh SM-005 medium. The resulting cell concentration in the TCF reached approximately 0.20 million cells/mL. Finally, the TCF was incubated under agitation at a temperature of 37° C. At day 4, the culture was transferred to a TCF175 cm2and diluted to 120 mL by adding fresh and preheated medium SM-005. At day 8, the culture was transferred to a RB850 cm2 and diluted to 400 mL by adding fresh and preheated medium SM-005. At day 12, the culture was diluted to 1200 mL (dilution ratio of 1/3) by adding fresh and preheated medium SM-005 and then split into 3 roller bottles RB850 cm2, each containing 400 mL. At day 16, the culture was diluted to 4800 mL (dilution ratio of 1/4) by adding fresh and preheated medium and then split into 6 RB1750 cm2, each containing 800 mL. From day 20 (D20, D23, D26, . . . up to D62), the RB1750 cm2 were diluted in a repetitive manner every 3 days, respecting a dilution ratio of 1/4. At each dilution day, the required number of RB1750 cm2 was generated (at least 4 RB1750 cm2). Thus, each RB1750 cm2 were diluted from 800 mL to 3200 mL by adding fresh and preheated medium and then split into 4 RB1750 cm2, each containing 800 mL. In order to inoculate bioreactors, the required number of roller bottles were harvested on a dilution day (between D20 and D60), pooled in a sterile glass-bottle, and transferred into bioreactors. TABLE 1 Schematic description of the inoculum preparation process. From day 20 on, cells were diluted with a fixed dilution ratio of 1/4. Day Operation Volume 0 Thawing 30 mL MCB Vial → 75 cm2 TCF 4 Dilution with fresh medium 120 mL 75 cm2 TCF → 150 cm2 TCF 8 Dilution with fresh medium 400 mL 150 cm2 TCF → 850 cm2 RB 12 Dilution with fresh medium 1200 mL 1 × 850 cm2 RB → 3 × 850 cm2 RB 16 Dilution with fresh medium 4800 mL 3 × 850 cm2 RB → 6 × 1750 cm2 RB From D20 on, Dilution with fresh medium 800 mL per every 3 days Repetitive dilutions with a 1/4 split RB1750 ratio in RB1750 cm2. cm2 Dilution day Harvesting of the cell inoculum for D20 ≦ D ≦ D62 bioreactor seeding. FIGS. 1 to 4 show the data measured during the inoculum preparation process (n=10). FIG. 1 shows the viable cell density, FIG. 2 the cumulated viable cells, FIG. 3 the doubling time, and FIG. 4 the glucose and lactate concentration in the supernatant. After a 20-day adaptation phase, growth of the cells is very consistent and reproducible in the serum-free medium. The stable growth conditions enable to subculture cells easily by repeated dilution with a ratio 1:4 over extended period of time (tested up to day 62, as shown in FIGS. 1,2,3,4). REFERENCES 1. Altschul S F et al, J Mol Biol, 215, 403-410, 1990. 2. Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, supra, Interscience, N.Y., §§6.3 and 6.4 (1987, 1992). 3. Altschul S F et al, Nucleic Acids Res., 25:389-3402, 1997. 4. Bohak et al. 1987 Bohak Z, Kadouri A et al. (1987) “Novel anchorage matrices for suspension culture of mammalian cells” Biopolymers. 26 Suppl:S205-213. 5. Devereux J et al, Nucleic Acids Res, 12, 387-395, 1984. 6. Grantham et al., Science, Vol. 185, pp. 862-864 (1974). 7. Kim S H, Eisenstein M, Reznikov L, Fantuzzi G, Novick D, Rubinstein M, Dinarello C A. Structural requirements of six naturally occurring isoforms of the IL-18 binding protein to inhibit IL-18. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97:1190-1195. 8. Novick, D, Kim, S-H, Fantuzzi, G, Reznikov, L, Dinarello, C, and Rubinstein, M (1999). Immunity 10, 127-136. 9. Pearson, Methods Enzymol. 1990; 183:63-98. 10. Petti S A, Lages A C et al. (1994) “Three-dimensional mammalian cell growth on nonwoven polyester fabric disks” Biotechnol Prog. 10(5):548-550. 11. Puck et al., J. Exp. Med. 108, 945, 1958

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention relates to a process using a serum-free medium for the growth and maintenance of mammalian cells in culture. Cell culture is widely used today for the production of various biologically active products, such as viral vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, non-antibody immuno-regulators, polypeptide growth factors, hormones, enzymes, tumor specific antigens, etc. These products are produced by normal or transformed and genetically engineered cells. For culturing cells, in the past the culture medium was supplemented with serum, which serves as a universal nutrient for the growth and maintenance of all mammalian cell lines that produce biologically active products. Serum contains hormones, growth factors, carrier proteins, attachment and spreading factors, nutrients, trace elements, etc. Culture media usually contained up to about 10% of animal serum, such as fetal bovine serum (FBS), also called fetal calf serum (FCS). Although widely used, serum has many limitations. It contains high levels of numerous proteins interfering with the limited quantities of the desired protein of interest produced by the cells. These proteins derived from the serum must be separated from the product during downstream processing such as purification of the protein of interest, which complicates the process and increases the cost. The advent of BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy), a transmissible neurodegenerative disease of cattle with a long latency or incubation period, has raised regulatory concerns about using animal-derived sera in the production of biologically active products. There is therefore a great demand for the development of alternative media free from animal sources that support cell growth and maintain cells during the production of biologically active products. Generally, cell culture media comprise many components of different categories, such as amino acids, vitamins, salts, fatty acids, and further compounds: Amino acids: For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,728 (Inlow et al.) discloses that the following amino acids may be used in a cell culture medium: Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamin, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenyalanine, Proline, Serine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Threonine, and Valine. Vitamins: US 2003/0096414 (Ciccarone et al.) or U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,299 (Renner et al.) for example describe that the following vitamins may be used in a cell culture medium: Biotin, Pantothenate, Choline Chloride, Folic Acid, Myo-Inositol, Niacinamide, Pyridoxine, Riboflavin, Vitamin B12, Thiamine, Putrescine. Salts: For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 6,399,381 (Blum et al.) discloses a medium comprising CaCl 2 , KCl, MgCl 2 , NaCl, Sodium Phosphate Monobasic, Sodium Phosphate Dibasic, Sodium Selenite, CuSO 4 , ZnCl 2 . Another example for a document disclosing the inorganic salts that may be used in a culture medium is US 2003/0153042 (Arnold et al.), describing a medium comprising CaCl 2 , KCl, MgCl 2 , NaCl, Sodium Phosphate Monobasic, Sodium Phosphate Dibasic, CuCl 2 .2H 2 O, ZnCl 2 . Fatty acids: Fatty acids that are known to be used in media are Arachidonic Acid, Linoleic Acid, Oleic Acid, Lauric Acid, Myristic Acid, as well as Methyl-beta-Cyclodextrin, see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,045,468 (Darfler). It should be noted that cyclodextrin is not a lipid per se, but has the ability to form a complex with lipids and is thus used to solubilize lipids in the cell culture medium. Further components, in particular used in the frame of serum-free cell culture media, are compounds such as glucose, glutamine, Na-pyruvate, insulin or ethanolamine (e.g. EP 274 445), or a protective agent such as Pluronic F68. Pluronic® F68 (also known as Poloxamer 188) is a block copolymer of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO). Standard “basic media” are also known to the person skilled in the art. These media already contain several of the medium components mentioned above. Examples of such media that are widely applied are Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM), Roswell Park Memorial Institute Medium (RPMI), or Ham's medium. For the development and supply of biologically active products, such as therapeutic proteins or vaccines, large amounts must be produced. Suitable cells that are widely used for production of polypeptides turned out to be Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. CHO cells were first cultured by Puck (J. Exp. Med. 108, 945, 1958) from a biopsy of an ovary from a female Chinese hamster. From these original cells a number of sub-lines were prepared with various characteristics. One of these CHO cell lines, CHO-K1, is proline-requiring and is diploid for the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene. Another line derived from this cell line is a DHFR deficient CHO cell line (CHO DUK B11) (PNAS 77, 1980, 4216-4220 ), which is characterized by the loss of DHFR function as a consequence of a mutation in one DHFR gene and the subsequent loss of the other gene. Further cells that are frequently used for the production of proteins intended for administration to humans are human cell lines such as the human fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 or the human embryonic kidney cell line 293. One therapeutic protein of interest is Interleukin-18 binding protein (IL-18BP). IL-18BP is a soluble protein having a high affinity for IL-18. It was first isolated from human urine, and the human and mouse cDNAs as well as the human gene were cloned (Novick et al., 1999; WO 99/09063). The protein has been designated IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP). The International non-proprietary name of IL-18BP is tadekinig alpha. IL-18BP is not the extracellular domain of one of the known IL-18 receptors, but a secreted, naturally circulating protein. It belongs to a novel family of secreted proteins, further including several Poxvirus-encoded proteins (Novick et al., 1999). Urinary as well as recombinant IL-18BP specifically bind IL-18 with a high affinity and modulate the biological affinity of IL-18. The IL-18BP gene was localized to the human chromosome 11q13, and no exon coding for a transmembrane domain was found in an 8.3 kb genomic sequence. Four splice variants or isoforms of IL-18BP generated by alternative mRNA splicing have been found in humans so far. They were designated IL-18BP a, b, c and d, all sharing the same N-terminus and differing in the C-terminus (Novick et al, 1999). These isoforms vary in their ability to bind IL-18. Of the four, IL-18BP isoforms a and c are known to have a neutralizing capacity for IL-18. Human IL-18BP isoform binds to murine IL-18. IL-18BP has been suggested as a therapeutic protein in a number of diseases and disorders, such as psoriasis, Crohn's Disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, liver injury, sepsis, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart diseases, allergies, etc., e.g. disclosed in WO9909063, WO0107480, WO0162285, WO0185201, WO02060479, WO02096456, WO03080104, WO02092008, WO02101049, WO03013577. There is thus a need for an efficient manufacturing process for the production of IL-18BP in cell culture, and preferably a process that is operated under serum-free conditions.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention is based on the development of a process for the cultivation of cells in a cell culture medium that is free from animal serum-derived components and at the same time highly effective for cell growth and maintenance of mammalian cell culture. Cultivation of the cells is carried out for the production of proteins in the cells. In accordance with the present invention, the cells produce IL-18BP or have been modified to produce IL-18BP. The protein can be isolated and purified from the cell culture medium (supernatant) and formulated into a pharmaceutical composition destined for administration into humans or animals. Therefore, in a first aspect, the invention relates to a process for the cultivation of cells producing IL-18BP, comprising the step of growing the cells in a cell culture medium free of components derived from animal serum, wherein the cell culture medium comprises: Asparagine at a concentration ranging from about 800 to about 900 mg/L; Natrium Chloride at a concentration ranging from about 3000 to about 4500 mg/L; Selenite at a concentration ranging from about 0.005 to about 0.015 mg/L; Wheat hydrolysate at a concentration ranging from about 5000 to about 15000 mg/L; and Insulin at a concentration ranging from about 2.5 to about 6 mg/L. In a second aspect, the invention relates to a process for the production of IL-18BP comprising the step of cultivating cells expressing IL-18BP in a cell culture medium free of components derived from animal serum, wherein the cell culture medium comprises: Asparagine at a concentration ranging from about 800 to about 900 mg/L; Natrium Chloride at a concentration ranging from about 3000 to about 4500 mg/L; Selenite at a concentration ranging from about 0.005 to about 0.015 mg/L; Wheat hydrolysate at a concentration ranging from about 5000 to about 15000 mg/L; and Insulin at a concentration ranging from about 2.5 to about 6 mg/L. A third aspect of the invention relates to the use of a medium according to the invention for the production of a protein of interest. In a fourth aspect, the invention relates to the use of the medium of the invention for growth of cells in culture. A fifth aspect of the invention relates to the use of a medium according to the invention for the maintenance of cells in culture during production phase of a polypeptide of interest.

20060821

20090630

20070823

58784.0

C12P2106

DANG, IAN D

A PROCESS FOR THE CULTIVATION OF MAMMALIAN CELLS PRODUCING IL-18BP IN SERUM-FREE CELL CULTURE MEDIUM

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

C12P

ACCEPTED

Continuous Culture Apparatus With Mobile Vessel, Allowing Selection of Filter Cell Variants

Method and device that increases the rate of reproduction (through increased speed of reproduction and/or increased reproductive yield) of living cells in suspension or of any culturable organisms through the process of natural selection, said device comprising: a) a flexible, sterile tube (7) containing culture medium, b) a system of movable gates (clamps) (3, 4, 5) that divide the tube (97) into separate regions containing spent culture (downstream region), growing culture (growth chamber), and fresh growth medium (upstream region), c) a means of moving the gates and the tubing (13) such that a portion of the growth chamber and the associated culture can be clamped off and separated from the growth chamber, and such that a portion of fresh tubing containing unused medium can be joined with a portion of the culture and associated medium already present in the growth chamber.

1-17. (canceled) 18. A device that increases the rate of reproduction (through increased speed of reproduction and/or increased reproductive yield) of living cells in suspension or of any culturable organisms through the process of natural selection, said device comprising: a) a flexible, sterile tube containing culture medium, b) a system of clamps, each capable of open and closed positions, the clamps being positioned so as to be able to divide the tube into separate regions containing spent culture (downstream region), growing culture (growth chamber), and fresh growth medium (upstream region), c) a means of moving the clamps and the tubing such that a portion of the growth chamber and the associated culture can be clamped off and separated from the growth chamber, and such that a portion of fresh tubing containing unused medium can be joined with a portion of the culture and associated medium already present in the growth chamber, wherein each of the clamps does not move with respect to the tube when said clamp is in the closed position. 19. The device according to claim 18, wherein the tubing is flexible to allow clamping and segregation into separated chambers. 20. The device according to claim 18, wherein the tubing is gas permeable, for example comprised primarily of silicon, to allow gas exchange between the cultured organism and the outside environment, according to the type of experiment. 21. The device according to claim 18, wherein the tubing is gas impermeable, to prevent gas exchange between the tubing and the outside environment, if the experiment demands anaerobiosis. 22. The device according to claim 18, wherein the tubing is transparent or translucent, to allow the measurement of turbidity. 23. The device according to claim 18, wherein the growth chamber tubing and associated media and culture can be depressurized or over pressurized relative to ambient atmosphere as necessitated by experimental requirements. 24. The device according to claim 18, wherein the tubing allows the measure of pH of medium by inclusion of a pH indicator in the tubing composition or lining. 25. The device according to claim 18, wherein the growth chamber tubing and associated media and culture can be heated or cooled as appropriate for experiment conditions. 26. The device according to claim 18, wherein the growth chamber tubing and associated media and culture can be kept motionless or agitated by any already known method. 27. The device according to claim 26 wherein the tubing can include one or several stirring bars for agitation purpose. 28. The device according to claim 18 wherein regions of the tubing can be confined in a specific and controlled atmospheric area to control gas exchange dynamics. 29. The device according to claim 18 wherein the growth chamber tubing and associated media and culture can be tilted either downward to remove aggregated cells, or upward to remove air through the functions described in claim 1-c. 30. A method that increases the rate of reproduction (through increased speed of reproduction and/or increased reproductive yield) of living cells in suspension or of any culturable organisms through the process of natural selection, comprising: a) providing an initial culture in the described growth chamber through sterile injection of a starter culture into a sterile tube containing sterile growth medium; b) maintaining growth conditions according to experimental requisites; c) after a certain period of time and associated growth of the culture, adjusting the position of the described gates so as to move equal portions of fresh medium and of grown culture (respectively) into and out of the region defined as the growth chamber, allowing the remaining portion of grown culture to mix with the introduced portion of fresh medium and continue to grow; d) reproducing steps b) and c) until the end of experiment to achieve continuous culture and selection of variants with increased reproductive rates; e) withdrawing on demand a sample of grown culture from sampling chamber. 31. A method according to claim 30 wherein applying a simultaneous peristaltic movement of the gates, the tubing, and the medium and culture within the tubing, allows provision of a certain quantity of fresh medium to the growth chamber while an equal quantity of culture is isolated and removed through the other extremity of said growth chamber, terminating a growth cycle and starting a new one. 32. A method according to claim 30 wherein an experiment can include as many growth cycles as required by the experimenter without possible contamination of isolated growing chamber and without possible proliferation of a dilution-resistant population. 33. A method according to claim 30 such that during the operations the experimenter can maintain growth conditions according to experimental requisites which may include temperature, pressure, optical density, chemical acidity, agitation and aeration with various gases. 34. A method according to claim 30 wherein a combination of tilting the device and operating agitators leads to an appropriate agitation for mixing the growing culture in order to prevent or repress aggregation of living organisms. 35. A device that increases the rate of reproduction (through increased speed of reproduction and/or increased reproductive yield) of living cells in suspension or of any culturable organisms through the process of natural selection, said device comprising: a continuous length of flexible, sterile tubing; a system of clamps positioned at points along a section of the tubing, each of the clamps being positioned and arranged so as to be able to controllably pinch the tubing by putting said clamp into a closed position in which the tubing is divided into separate regions on respective sides of said clamp, the separate regions on respective sides of said clamp being merged back into a single region when said clamp is returned to an open position; wherein the clamps and tubing are arranged so that the tubing is clamped at first through fourth points along the tubing, defining first through third regions downstream of the first through third points, respectively; and wherein a volume of the second region delimited by said points two and three is greater than a volume of the first and third regions. wherein the system of clamps is constructed so that, in a repeating pattern, the tubing is clamped upstream of the first point, the tubing is clamped at a point between the second and third points, and the second point is returned to the open position, thereby subdividing the second region into an upstream portion and a downstream portion, merging the first region and the upstream portion, and thereby defining new first through fourth points and first through third regions. 36. The device according to claim 35, wherein the tubing is gas permeable. 37. The device according to claim 35, wherein the tubing is gas impermeable. 38. The device according to claim 35, wherein the tubing is translucent. 39. The device according to claim 35, wherein the tubing is transparent. 40. The device according to claim 35, wherein contents of the tubing in the second region can be controllably depressurized or over pressurized relative to ambient atmosphere. 41. The device according to claim 35, further comprising a pH indicator in the tubing. 42. The device according to claim 35, further comprising a heating and cooling device that can control a temperature of contents of the tubing. 43. The device according to claim 35, further comprising an agitator. 44. The device according to claim 43, wherein the agitator comprises at least one stirring bar. 45. The device according to claim 35, wherein regions of the tubing can be confined in a specific and controlled atmospheric area to control gas exchange dynamics. 46. The device according to claim 35, further comprising a device to control tilting of the second portion of the tubing. 47. A method that increases the rate of reproduction (through increased speed of reproduction and/or increased reproductive yield) of living cells in suspension or of any culturable organisms through the process of natural selection, said device comprising steps of: providing a continuous length of flexible, sterile tubing; providing a system of clamps positioned at points along a section of the tubing, each of the clamps being positioned and arranged so as to be able to controllably pinch the tubing by putting said clamp into a closed position in which the tubing is divided into separate regions on respective sides of said clamp, the separate regions on respective sides of said clamp being merged back into a single region when said clamp is returned to an open position; placing culture medium in the tubing; closing the clamps at first through fourth points along the tubing to define first through third regions downstream of the first through third points, respectively, wherein the volume of the second region delimited by said points two and three is greater than a volume of the first and third regions; introducing said culturable organism into the second region between the second and third points, and allowing the culture to grow in the culture medium; and repeating a step that comprises clamping the tubing upstream of the first point, clamping the tubing at a point between the second and third points, and returning the second point to the open position, thereby subdividing the second region into an upstream portion and a downstream portion, merging the first region and the upstream portion, and thereby defining new first through fourth points and first through third regions. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein applying a simultaneous peristaltic movement of the clamps, the tubing, and the medium and the culture within the tubing, allows provision of a certain quantity of fresh said medium to the second region of the tubing while an equal quantity of said culture is isolated and removed through an opposite end of said second region, terminating one growth cycle and starting a new growth cycle. 49. The method of claim 47, further comprising a step of controlling a pressure of contents of the tubing in the second region. 50. The method of claim 47, further comprising a step of controlling a temperature of contents of the tubing. 51. The method of claim 47, further comprising a step agitating contents of the tubing. 52. The method of claim 47, further comprising a step of providing a specific and controlled atmospheric area around the tubing to control gas exchange dynamics. 53. The method of claim 47, further comprising a step of controllably tilting of the second portion of the tubing. 54. A device for growing living cells in a continuous manner, comprising: flexible tubing containing culture medium; and a system of clamps, each capable of open and closed positions, the clamps being positioned so as to be able to divide the tubing into: i) an upstream region containing unused culture medium; ii) a downstream region containing spent culture medium; and iii) a growth chamber region for growing said cells disposed between the upstream and downstream regions; wherein the system of clamps is constructed and arranged to open and close so as to clamp off and define the growth chamber region of the tubing between the upstream and downstream regions of the tubing, and to cyclically redefine the growth chamber region of the tubing so that a first portion of the previously defined growth chamber region becomes a portion of the downstream region of the tubing, and a portion of the previously defined upstream region of the tubing becomes a portion of the growth chamber region of the tubing. 55. The device according to claim 54, wherein the system of clamps is structured and arranged so that each of the clamps does not move with respect to the tubing when said clamp is in the closed position. 56. The device according to claim 54, wherein the tubing is gas permeable 57. The device according to claim 54, wherein the tubing is gas impermeable. 58. The device according to claim 54, wherein the tubing is one of transparent and translucent to permit a turbidity meter to determine the density of the culture. 59. The device according to claim 54, wherein the device further comprises a pressure regulator constructed to change a pressure of the growth chamber portion of the tubing relative to ambient pressure. 60. The device according to claim 54, wherein the tubing comprises a pH indicator. 61. The device according to claim 54, further comprising a temperature regulator constructed to control the temperature of the growth chamber region of the tubing. 62. The device according to claim 54, wherein the device further comprises an agitator constructed to allow agitation of the growth chamber portion of the tubing. 63. The device according to claim 62, wherein the agitator comprises at least one stirring bar. 64. The device according to claim 54, wherein said growth chamber region comprises one or more growth chambers containing culture medium. 65. A method for growing cells in continuous manner, comprising: a) providing flexible tubing and a system of clamps, each of the clamps being capable of open and closed positions, the clamps being positioned so as to be able to divide the tubing into: i) an upstream region containing unused culture medium; ii) a downstream region containing spent culture medium; and iii) a growth chamber region for growing said cells disposed between the upstream and downstream regions; and b) closing selected ones of the clamps on the tubing to define the growth chamber region of the tubing between the upstream and downstream regions of the tubing, and introducing viable cells into the growth chamber region; c) cyclically closing and opening selected ones of the clamps to redefine the growth chamber region of the tubing so that a first portion of the previously defined growth chamber region becomes a portion of the downstream region of the tubing, and a portion of the previously defined upstream region of the tubing becomes a portion of the growth chamber region of the tubing; and d) repeating step c) until a sufficient amount of cells has been grown. 66. The method according to claim 65, comprising the further step of withdrawing a sample of living cells from said culture medium from said downstream region. 67. The method according to claim 65, further comprising isolating said living cells from said downstream region. 68. The method according to claim 65, wherein the living cells are selected from the group consisting of Yeast, Bacteria, Archae, Eukaryotes, and Viruses. 69. The method according to claim 65, wherein said growth chamber region comprises one or more growth chambers containing culture medium. 70. The method according to claim 65, wherein one or more species of organism are grown in said growth chambers. 71. The method according to claim 65, wherein the sufficient amount of cells of step d) is defined as a pre-determined density level of the cells. 72. The method according to claim 65, wherein the tubing is gas permeable 73. The method according to claim 65, wherein the tubing is gas impermeable. 74. The method according to claim 71, wherein the tubing is one of transparent and translucent, turbidimeter being used to determine the density level of the cells. 75. The method according to claim 65, further comprising regulating the pressure of the growth chamber portion of the tubing relative to ambient pressure. 76. The method according to claim 65, further comprising measuring a pH of the culture medium in the growth chamber region. 77. The method according to claim 65, further comprising regulating the temperature of the growth chamber region with a temperature regulator constructed to control the temperature of the growth chamber region of the tubing. 78. The method according to claim 65, further comprising agitating the culture medium in the growth chamber region with an agitator. 79. The method according to claim 78, wherein the agitator comprises at least one stirring bar.

FIELD OF INVENTION The described invention provides a method and a device that allow selection of living cells, with increased rates of reproduction and specific metabolic properties, in a liquid or semi-solid medium. For the process of selection (adaptive evolution), genetically variant organisms (mutants) arise in a population and compete with other variants of the same origin. Those with the fastest rate of reproduction increase in relative proportion over time, leading to a population (and individual organisms) with increased reproductive rate. This process can improve the performance of organisms used in industrial processes or academic purpose. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION Selection for increased reproductive rate (fitness) requires sustained growth, which is achieved through regular dilution of a growing culture. In the prior art this has been accomplished two ways: serial dilution and continuous culture, which differ primarily in the degree of dilution. Serial culture involves repetitive transfer of a small volume of grown culture to a much larger vessel containing fresh growth medium. When the cultured organisms have grown to saturation in the new vessel, the process is repeated. This method has been used to achieve the longest demonstrations of sustained culture in the literature (Lenski & Travisano: Dynamics of adaptation and diversification: a 10,000-generation experiment with bacterial populations. 1994. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 15:6808-14), in experiments which clearly demonstrated consistent improvement in reproductive rate over period of years. This process is usually done manually, with considerable labor investment, and is subject to contamination through exposure to the outside environment. Serial culture is also Inefficient, as described in the following paragraph. The rate of selection, or the rate of Improvement in reproductive rate, is dependent on population size (Fisher: The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. 1930. Oxford University Press, London, UK). Furthermore, in a situation like serial transfer where population size fluctuates rapidly, selection is proportional to the harmonic mean (Ñ) of the population (Wright: Size of population and breeding structure in relation to evolution. 1938. Science 87: 430-431), and hence can be approximated by the lowest population during the cycle. Population size can be sustained, and selection therefore made more efficient, through continuous culture. Continuous culture, as distinguished from serial dilution, involves smaller relative volume such that a small portion of a growing culture is regularly replaced by an equal volume of fresh growth medium. This process maximizes the effective population size by increasing its minimum size during cyclical dilution. Devices allowing continuous culture are termed “chemostats” if dilutions occur at specified time intervals, and “turbidostats” if dilution occur automatically when the culture grows to a specific density. For the sake of simplicity, both types of devices will hereafter be grouped under the term “chemostat”. Chemostats were invented simultaneously by two groups in the 1950's (Novick & Szilard: Description of the chemostat. 1950. Science 112: 715-716) and (Monod: La technique de la culture continue—Théorie et applications. 1950. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 79:390-410). Chemostats have been used to demonstrate short periods of rapid improvement in reproductive rate (Dykhuizen D E. Chemostats used for studying natural selection and adaptive evolution. 1993. Methods Enzymol. 224:613-31). Traditional chemostats are unable to sustain long periods of selection for increased reproduction rate, due to the unintended selection of dilution-resistant (static) variants. These variants are able to resist dilution by adhering to the surface of the chemostat, and by doing so, outcompete less sticky individuals including those that have higher reproductive rates, thus obviating the intended purpose of the device (Chao & Ramsdell: The effects of wall populations on coexistence of bacteria in the liquid phase of chemostat cultures. 1985. J. Gen. Microbiol. 131: 1229-36). One method and chemostatic device (the Genetic Engine) has been invented to avoid dilution resistance in continuous culture (patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,194-B1 filed by PASTEUR INSTITUT [FR] & MUTZEL RUPERT [DE]). This method uses valve controlled fluid transfer to periodically move the growing culture between two chemostats, allowing each to be sterilized and rinsed between periods of active culture growth. The regular sterilization cycles prevent selection of dilution-resistant variants by destroying them. This method and device achieves the goal, but requires independent complex manipulations of several fluids within a sterile (sealed) environment, including one (NaOH) which is both very caustic and potentially very reactive, quickly damaging valves, and posing containment and waste-disposal problems. SUMMARY OF INVENTION It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved (and completely independent) method and device for continuous culture of organisms (including bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes and viruses) without interference from dilution-resistant variants. Like other chemostats, the device provides a means for regular dilution of a grown culture with fresh growth medium, a means for gas exchange between the culture and the outside environment, sterility, and automatic operation as either a chemostat or a turbidostat. The present invention is designed to achieve this goal without any fluid transfer, including sterilization or rinsing functions. This represents a specific advantage of the present invention with respect to prior art in so far as it avoids the hazards and difficulties associated with sterilization and rinsing, including containment and complex fluid transfers Involving caustic solvents. Continuous culture is achieved inside a flexible sterile tube filled with growth medium. The medium and the chamber surface are static with respect to each other, and both are regularly and simultaneously replaced by peristaltic movement of the tubing through “gates”, or points at which the tube is sterilely subdivided by clamps that prevent the cultured organisms from moving between regions of the tube. UV gates can also (optionally) be added upstream and downstream of the culture vessel for additional security. The present method and device are also an improvement over prior art insofar as they continually, rather than periodically, select against adherence of dilution-resistant variants to the chemostat surfaces, as replacement of the affected surfaces occurs in tandem with the process of dilution. The tube is subdivided in a transient way such that there are regions that contain saturated (fully grown) culture, regions that contain fresh medium, and a region between these two, termed the growth chamber, in which grown culture is mixed with fresh medium to achieve dilution. The gates are periodically released from one point on the tube and replaced at another point, such that grown culture along with its associated growth chamber surface and attached static organisms, is removed by isolation from the growth chamber and replaced by both fresh medium and fresh chamber surface. By this method, static variants are specifically counter-selected by removal from the region in which selection is occurring (the growth chamber). BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS Without being exhaustive and limiting, one possible general configuration will include several components as described hereafter. In the following the present invention is exemplarily explained on the basis of a preferred embodiment, thereby referring to the drawings in which: FIG. 1 displays an overall view of a possible configuration of the device in which: (1) represents the flexible tubing containing the different regions of the device which are: upstream fresh medium (7), growth chamber (10), sampling chamber (11) and disposed grown culture region (15) (2) represents the thermostatically controlled box allowing regulation of temperature according to conditions determined by user, and in which may be located: a. said growth chamber (10), b. said sampling chamber (11), c. upstream gate (3) defining the beginning of said growth chamber (10), d. downstream gate (4) defining the end of said growth chamber (10) and the beginning of said sampling chamber (11) e. second downstream gate (5) defining the end of said sampling chamber (11), f. turbidimeter (6) allowing the user or automated control system to monitor optical density of growing culture and to operate a feedback control system (13), allowing controlled movement of the tubing (1) on the basis of culture density (turbidostat function), g. one or several agitators (9). It should be noted that the device elements listed in a-g may also be located outside of, or in the absence of, a thermostatically controlled box. (7) represents the fresh medium in unused flexible tubing, (8) represents a barrel loaded with fresh medium filled tubing, in order to dispense said fresh medium and tubing during operations. (12) represents optional ultra-violet radiation gates, (13) represents the control system that can consist of a computer connected with means of communication to different monitoring or operating interfaces, like optical density turbidimeters, temperature measurement and regulation devices, agitators and tilting motors, etc, that allow automation and control of operations, (14) represents the optional disposal barrel on which to wind up tubing containing disposed grown culture filled tubing, (15) represents disposed grown culture located downstream of said sampling chamber. FIG. 2 displays two possible positions of the device, exemplifying the fact that said thermostatically controlled box (2) and other pieces of said device associated with said culture chamber can be tilted to various degrees for agitation purposes, gas circulation and removal purposes, and purposes of guaranteeing the removal of granulated (aggregated) cells that might escape dilution by settling to the bottom. FIGS. 3 to 9 represents said flexible tubing (1) in place in said thermostatically controlled box (2) and introduced through gates (3), (4) and (5) through which said tubing will stay during all steps of process and through which said tubing will move according to its peristaltic movement. FIG. 3 symbolizes status T0 of the device in which all regions of said flexible tubing are filled with fresh medium before injection of the organism intended for continuous culture. FIG. 4 symbolizes status T1 of said flexible tubing just after injection of organism strain. FIG. 5 symbolizes status T2 of the device which is a growing period during which the culture grows in the region defined as the growth chamber (10) limited by said gates (3) and (4). FIG. 6 symbolizes status T3 of device, just after the first peristaltic movement of tubing and associated medium, which determines the beginning of the second growing cycle, introducing fresh tubing and medium through movement of gate 3 simultaneous with a transfer of equivalent volume of tubing, medium, and grown culture out of the growth chamber region (10) and into the sampling chamber region (11) by movement of gate 4. It is critical to recognize that the tubing, the medium that is within the tubing, and any culture that has grown in that medium, all move together. Fluid transfer only occurs Insofar as fresh medium and grown culture mix together through agitation within the growth chamber region. FIG. 7 symbolizes status T4 of the device which is the second growing cycle; during this cycle organisms that remain in the growth chamber after peristaltic movement of the tubing can now grow using nutrients provided in the fresh medium that is mixed with the remaining culture during this step. FIG. 8 symbolizes status T5 of device, just after the second peristaltic movement of the tubing and the contained medium, which determines the beginning of the third growing cycle, introducing fresh tubing and medium through movement of gate 3 simultaneous with a transfer of equivalent volume of tubing, medium, and grown culture out of the growth chamber region (10) and into the sampling chamber region (11) by movement of gate 4. FIG. 9 symbolizes status T6 of device which is the third growing cycle; this step is equivalent to status T4 and indicates the repetitive nature of further operations. Samples of selected organisms may be removed at any time from the sampling chamber region (11) using a syringe or other retrieval device. FIG. 10 displays a possible profile of teeth determining a gate in the configuration which consists of two stacking teeth pinching flexible tubing. Gates could also be determined by single teeth pressing against a moveable belt, removable clamps, or other mechanisms that prevent movement of organisms through the gate and which can be alternately placed and removed in variable positions along the tubing. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION The basic operation of the device is depicted in FIGS. 3 through 9. One potential configuration for the present device is shown in FIG. 1, as it appears after having been loaded with a fresh tube of sterile medium (shown divided into regions A-H by said gates (3), (4) and (5)). Inoculation of the device with the chosen organism could be achieved by introduction of the organism into the growth chamber (FIG. 3), through injection (FIG. 4, region B). The culture would then be allowed to grow to the desired density and continuous culture would begin (FIG. 5). Continuous culture would proceed by repetitive movements of the gated regions of tubing. This involves simultaneous movements of the gates, the tubing, the medium, and any culture within the tubing. The tubing will always move in the same direction; unused tubing containing fresh medium (and hereafter said to be ‘upstream’ of the growth chamber (7)) will move into the growth chamber and mix with the culture remaining there, providing the substrate for further growth of the organisms contained therein. Before Introduction into the growth chamber region, this medium and its associated tubing will be maintained in a sterile condition by separation from the growth chamber by the upstream gates (3). Used tubing containing grown culture will simultaneously be moved ‘downstream’ and separated from the growth chamber by the downstream gates (4). Gate configuration is not a specific point of the present patent application. For example, in a given configuration, gates can be designed through one chain of multiple teeth simultaneously moved or in another configuration separated in distinct synchronized chains as depicted in FIG. 1. Gates can consist of a system made of two teeth pinching the tubing in a stacking manner as described in FIG. 10, avoiding contamination between regions G and H of the tubing through the precision of the interface between the teeth. In another configuration, sterile gates can be obtained by pressing one tooth against one side of the tubing and thereby pressing the tubing tightly against a fixed chassis along which tubing is slid during its peristaltic movement, as sketched in FIG. 3 to 9, marks 3, 4 and 5. Said thermostatically controlled box (2) is obtained by already known means such as a thermometer coupled with a heating and cooling device. Aeration (gas exchange), when required for growth of the cultured organism or by the design of the experiment, is achieved directly and without mechanical assistance by the use of gas permeable tubing. For example and without being limiting, flexible gas permeable tubing can be made of silicone. Aeration could be achieved through exchange with the ambient atmosphere or through exchange with an artificially defined atmosphere (liquid or gas) that contacts the growth chamber or the entire chemostat. When an experiment demands anaeroblosis the flexible tubing can be gas impermeable. For example and without being limiting, flexible gas impermeable tubing can be made of coated or treated silicone. For anaerobic evolution conditions, regions of the tubing can also be confined in a specific and controlled atmospheric area to control gas exchange dynamics. This can be achieved either by making said thermostatically controlled box gastight and then injecting neutral gas into it or by placing the complete device in an atmosphere controlled room. Counter-selection of static variants is achieved by replacement of the growth chamber surface along with growth medium. The device is further designed to be operable in a variety of orientations with respect to gravity, that is, to be tilted as shown by FIG. 2, along a range of up to 360°. Dilution-resistant variants may avoid dilution by sticking to one another, rather than to the chamber wall if aggregated cells can fall upstream and thereby avoid removal from the chamber. Hence it is desirable that the tubing generally be tilted downward, such that aggregated cells will fall toward the region that will be removed from the growth chamber during a cycle of tube movement. This configuration involves tilting the device so that the downstream gates are below the upstream gates with respect to gravity. The growing chamber can be depressurized or over pressurized according to conditions chosen by the experimenter. Different ways of adjusting pressure can be used, For instance applying vacuum or pressurized air to the fresh medium and tubing through its upstream extremity and across the growth chamber; another way of depressurizing or overpressurizing tubing can be done by alternate pinching and locking tubing upstream of the growth chamber. When the medium is contained in gas permeable tubing, air bubbles may form within the medium. These will rise to the top of a sealed region of tubing and become trapped there until the movement of the region (and the gates defining it) releases the region into either the growth chamber, the sampling chamber or the endpoint of the chemostat (FIG. 6, regions D-C, B or A, respectively). If the device is tilted downward such bubbles will accumulate in the growth chamber or sampling chamber and displace the culture. The device is designed to periodically tilt upward for a cycle of the tube movement, allowing for the removal of accumulated gas from said chambers. Tilting movements of the device, and/or shaking of the growth chamber by an external device (9) can be used to decrease aggregation of cells within the growth chamber. Alternatively, one or several stirring bars can be included in the tubing filled with fresh medium before sterilization and magnetically agitated during culture operations. The proportional length of the regions of fresh medium defined by the upstream gates as compared to the length of the culture chamber will define the degree of dilution achieved during a cycle. The frequency of dilution can be determined either by timing (chemostat function) or by feedback regulation whereby the density of the culture in the growth chamber is measured by a turbidimeter (FIG. 1—mark 6) and the dilution cycle occurs when the turbidity reaches a threshold value (turbidostat function). The sampling chamber allows withdrawing grown culture in order to analyze the outcome of an experiment, collect organisms with improved growth rate for further culture, storage, or functional implementation, or other purposes such as counting the population, checking the chemical composition of the medium, or testing the pH of grown culture. In order to achieve permanent monitoring of pH inside growth chamber, tubing can include by construction a pH indicator line embedded/encrusted in the wall of the tubing. Any form of liquid or semi-solid material can be used as a growth medium in the present device. The ability to utilize semi-solid growth substrates is a notable advancement over prior art. The growth medium, which will define the metabolic processes improved by the selection process, can be chosen and defined by the user. If needed, this device can contain multiple growth chambers, such that the downstream gates of one growth chamber become the upstream gates of another. This could, for example, allow one organism to grow alone in the first chamber, and then act as the source of nutrition for a second organism (or virus) in the second chamber. This device and method allows researchers and product developers to evolve any strain of culturable living cells in suspension through sustained growth (continuous culture); the resulting improved organism can constitute a new strain or species. These new organisms can be identified by mutations acquired during the course of culture, and these mutations may allow the new organisms to be distinguished from their ancestors genotype characteristics. This device and method allow the researcher to select new strains of any living organism by segregating individuals with improved rates of reproduction through the process of natural selection.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF INVENTION <EOH>Selection for increased reproductive rate (fitness) requires sustained growth, which is achieved through regular dilution of a growing culture. In the prior art this has been accomplished two ways: serial dilution and continuous culture, which differ primarily in the degree of dilution. Serial culture involves repetitive transfer of a small volume of grown culture to a much larger vessel containing fresh growth medium. When the cultured organisms have grown to saturation in the new vessel, the process is repeated. This method has been used to achieve the longest demonstrations of sustained culture in the literature (Lenski & Travisano: Dynamics of adaptation and diversification: a 10,000- generation experiment with bacterial populations. 1994. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 15:6808-14), in experiments which clearly demonstrated consistent improvement in reproductive rate over period of years. This process is usually done manually, with considerable labor investment, and is subject to contamination through exposure to the outside environment. Serial culture is also Inefficient, as described in the following paragraph. The rate of selection, or the rate of Improvement in reproductive rate, is dependent on population size (Fisher: The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. 1930. Oxford University Press, London, UK). Furthermore, in a situation like serial transfer where population size fluctuates rapidly, selection is proportional to the harmonic mean (Ñ) of the population (Wright: Size of population and breeding structure in relation to evolution. 1938. Science 87: 430-431), and hence can be approximated by the lowest population during the cycle. Population size can be sustained, and selection therefore made more efficient, through continuous culture. Continuous culture, as distinguished from serial dilution, involves smaller relative volume such that a small portion of a growing culture is regularly replaced by an equal volume of fresh growth medium. This process maximizes the effective population size by increasing its minimum size during cyclical dilution. Devices allowing continuous culture are termed “chemostats” if dilutions occur at specified time intervals, and “turbidostats” if dilution occur automatically when the culture grows to a specific density. For the sake of simplicity, both types of devices will hereafter be grouped under the term “chemostat”. Chemostats were invented simultaneously by two groups in the 1950's (Novick & Szilard: Description of the chemostat. 1950. Science 112: 715-716) and (Monod: La technique de la culture continue—Théorie et applications. 1950. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 79:390-410). Chemostats have been used to demonstrate short periods of rapid improvement in reproductive rate (Dykhuizen D E. Chemostats used for studying natural selection and adaptive evolution. 1993. Methods Enzymol. 224:613-31). Traditional chemostats are unable to sustain long periods of selection for increased reproduction rate, due to the unintended selection of dilution-resistant (static) variants. These variants are able to resist dilution by adhering to the surface of the chemostat, and by doing so, outcompete less sticky individuals including those that have higher reproductive rates, thus obviating the intended purpose of the device (Chao & Ramsdell: The effects of wall populations on coexistence of bacteria in the liquid phase of chemostat cultures. 1985. J. Gen. Microbiol. 131: 1229-36). One method and chemostatic device (the Genetic Engine) has been invented to avoid dilution resistance in continuous culture (patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,194-B1 filed by PASTEUR INSTITUT [FR] & MUTZEL RUPERT [DE]). This method uses valve controlled fluid transfer to periodically move the growing culture between two chemostats, allowing each to be sterilized and rinsed between periods of active culture growth. The regular sterilization cycles prevent selection of dilution-resistant variants by destroying them. This method and device achieves the goal, but requires independent complex manipulations of several fluids within a sterile (sealed) environment, including one (NaOH) which is both very caustic and potentially very reactive, quickly damaging valves, and posing containment and waste-disposal problems.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF INVENTION <EOH>It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved (and completely independent) method and device for continuous culture of organisms (including bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes and viruses) without interference from dilution-resistant variants. Like other chemostats, the device provides a means for regular dilution of a grown culture with fresh growth medium, a means for gas exchange between the culture and the outside environment, sterility, and automatic operation as either a chemostat or a turbidostat. The present invention is designed to achieve this goal without any fluid transfer, including sterilization or rinsing functions. This represents a specific advantage of the present invention with respect to prior art in so far as it avoids the hazards and difficulties associated with sterilization and rinsing, including containment and complex fluid transfers Involving caustic solvents. Continuous culture is achieved inside a flexible sterile tube filled with growth medium. The medium and the chamber surface are static with respect to each other, and both are regularly and simultaneously replaced by peristaltic movement of the tubing through “gates”, or points at which the tube is sterilely subdivided by clamps that prevent the cultured organisms from moving between regions of the tube. UV gates can also (optionally) be added upstream and downstream of the culture vessel for additional security. The present method and device are also an improvement over prior art insofar as they continually, rather than periodically, select against adherence of dilution-resistant variants to the chemostat surfaces, as replacement of the affected surfaces occurs in tandem with the process of dilution. The tube is subdivided in a transient way such that there are regions that contain saturated (fully grown) culture, regions that contain fresh medium, and a region between these two, termed the growth chamber, in which grown culture is mixed with fresh medium to achieve dilution. The gates are periodically released from one point on the tube and replaced at another point, such that grown culture along with its associated growth chamber surface and attached static organisms, is removed by isolation from the growth chamber and replaced by both fresh medium and fresh chamber surface. By this method, static variants are specifically counter-selected by removal from the region in which selection is occurring (the growth chamber).

20070608

20110510

20080911

76259.0

C12N120

DOE, SHANTA G

CONTINUOUS CULTURE APPARATUS WITH MOBILE VESSEL, ALLOWING SELECTION OF FITTER CELL VARIANTS

SMALL

ACCEPTED

C12N

ACCEPTED

Method for Realizing the Multicast Service

The present invention discloses a method for implementing multicast services, which includes: preset a mapping relation between a multicast user address and a multicast group address; acquire a request packet sent by the multicast user who requests to join in the multicast group; determine whether the multicast group address in request packet is the same as that corresponding to the multicast user in the established mapping relation according to the multicast user address and multicast group address carried in the request packet. If yes, allow the multicast user to join in the multicast group. Otherwise, reject the multicast user from joining in the multicast group. The present invention can open the preset multicast resources to the preset multicast user with speed and pertinence. At the same time, it limits the maximum number of multicast groups that each multicast user is allowed to join in, which can effectively control multicast service bandwidth and further protect the network equipment.

1. A method for implementing multicast services, comprising: presetting a mapping relation between a multicast user address and a multicast group address; obtaining a request packet sent by the multicast user who requests to join in the multicast group; according to the multicast user address and multicast group address carried in the request packet, determining whether the multicast group address in the request packet matches corresponding multicast group address of the multicast user among the preset mapping relation; if yes, permitting the multicast user to join in the multicast group, otherwise, rejecting the multicast user from joining in the multicast group. 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising, establishing a mapping relation between the multicast user address and a multicast authority, and establishing a mapping relation between the multicast authority and the multicast group address; wherein the step of determining whether the multicast group address in the request packet matches corresponding multicast group address of the multicast user among the preset mapping relation, further comprises: determining whether the multicast group address in the request packet corresponds to the multicast authority, if yes, determining whether the multicast group address in request packet matches that corresponding to the multicast authority, if yes, permitting the multicast user to join in the multicast group, otherwise rejecting the multicast user from joining in the multicast group; if the multicast group address in the request packet corresponds to no multicast authority, rejecting the multicast user from joining in the multicast group. 3. The method according to claim 2, if the multicast group address in the request packet corresponds to no multicast authority, further comprising: determining whether the multicast user is a super user, if yes, permitting the multicast user to join in the multicast group, otherwise rejecting the multicast user from joining in the multicast group. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein, the mapping relation between the multicast user address and multicast group address is one-to-many. 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein, the mapping relation between the multicast user address and multicast authority is one-to-many or many-to-one; the mapping relation between multicast group address and multicast authority is one-to-many or many-to-one. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein, the multicast user address comprises a frame number, a slot number and a port number of a level-2 network equipment to which the multicast user is connected; or a frame number, a slot number, a port number, a Virtual LAN (VLAN) identifier, and an IP address of a level-3 network equipment to which the multicast user is connected. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein, the level-2 network equipment is a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) broadband access equipment or a Local Area Network (LAN) switcher; the level-3 network equipment is a router or a level-3 switcher. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein, the step of obtaining the request packet sent by the multicast user who requests to join in the multicast group comprises: snooping the request packet by using an Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP). 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein, the step of obtaining the request packet sent by the multicast user who requests to join in the multicast group comprises: an IGMP Proxy terminating the request packet and requesting upper-level network equipment for multicast recourses as a proxy of the multicast user. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein, the request packet is based on IGMP.

FIELD OF THE TECHNOLOGY The present invention relates in general to network communication techniques, and more particularly to a method for implementing multicast services. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION With the development of multimedia services such as media streaming, video conference, and video on demand, multicast services have become an important service on the Internet. The multicast service operators are paying more and more attention to such problems as how to efficiently manage multicast users and multicast resources (namely multicast sources) while implementing multicast services, so as to make multicast services diversified and to make multicast users and multicast resources more manageable. There are three methods for implementing multicast services at present: For the first method, a router establishes a multicast group address forwarding table in a level-3 network equipment by using an Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP); when a multicast user joins in a multicast group, the router adds the multicast user's forwarding information to the multicast group address forwarding table and deletes the multicast user's forwarding information from the multicast group address forwarding table when the multicast user leaves the multicast group, so as to dynamically manage the multicast user to join or leave the multicast group. Therefore, the multicast services implemented only through the IGMP can only obtain statuses of the multicast user's joining and leaving the multicast group, and not provide management over whether the multicast user is authorized to join in the multicast group, which is unfavorable to the multiple developments of multicast network operator's services. The second method is to utilize IGMP Snooping techniques to snoop the IGMP packet transferred between multicast users and the level-3 network equipment, like the router and so on, establish and maintain a level-2 multicast group address forwarding table in a level-2 network equipment according to types of IGMP packets, and implement multicast services according to the level-2 multicast group address forwarding table and the level-3 multicast group address forwarding table. As shown in FIG. 1, the multicast user actively initiates an IGMP leaving packet before leaving the multicast group, so as to notify the router to delete the multicast user's address from the level-3 multicast group address forwarding table; the multicast user initiates an IGMP joining packet before joining in the multicast group, so as to notify the router to add the multicast user's address to the level-3 multicast group address forwarding table; while the router is confirming the multicast user's state by sending an IGMP inquiry packet to the multicast user, if the router fails to receive any inquiry response in a certain period of time, it will delete the multicast user's address from the level-3 multicast group address forwarding table. If the multicast user responds an IGMP report packet to the router after receiving the IGMP inquiry packet, the router will decide whether to add the multicast user to the multicast group or establish a new level-3 multicast group address forwarding table according to the multicast group information carried in the IGMP report packet. IGMP Proxy is similar to IGMP Snooping, but IGMP Proxy terminates the IGMP packets from multicast users and requests upper-level network equipment for multicast recourses as a proxy of the multicast user. Either IGMP Snooping technique or IGMP Proxy technique just simply implements IGMP protocol, data duplication and forwarding. Both of them lack such management as whether the multicast user is authorized to join in the multicast group. The result is that any multicast user can join in any multicast group, which is unfavorable to the multiple developments of multicast network operator's services. The third method is to implement multicast services through Access Control List (ACL) on the basis of IGMP Snooping or IGMP Proxy. This method includes: Firstly, ACL is preset for multicast users who are authorized to use multicast services. For instance, address information 10.10.10.10/24 is set in ACL, and the multicast user whose source IP address is 10.10.10.10/24 can access any multicast group. Secondly, the level-2 network equipment processes the IGMP packet sent by the multicast user by IGMP Snooping technique or IGMP Proxy technique and compares the multicast user's source IP address with the address in ACL. If the multicast user's source IP address matches the address in the ACL, the multicast user is authorized to join in any multicast group; if the user's source IP address doesn't match the address in the ACL, the multicast user is rejected from joining any multicast group. In the above method, the multicast users are managed to a certain extent while multicast services are implemented, but there is no limitation as to which special multicast group the user can join in. If the multicast service operator provides or purchases some special multicast group resources and only desires to open them to special multicast users, this method is unable to satisfy such requirement. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Therefore, the present invention provides a method for implementing multicast services, so that multicast users and multicast resources can be effectively managed and make multicast services diversified. The method for implementing multicast service includes: A. a mapping relation between a multicast user address and a multicast group address is preset; B. a request packet sent by the multicast user who requests to join in the multicast group is obtained; according to the multicast user address and multicast group address carried in the request packet, it is determined whether the multicast group address in the request packet matches corresponding multicast group address of the multicast user among the mapping relation preset in step A, if yes, the multicast user is permitted to join in the multicast group, otherwise, the multicast user is rejected from joining in the multicast group. Step A further includes, a mapping relation between the multicast user address and a multicast authority is established, and a mapping relation between the multicast authority and the multicast group addresses is established. The step of determining whether the multicast group address in the request packet matches the corresponding multicast group address of the multicast user among the mapping relation preset in step A, further includes: it is determined whether the multicast group address in the request packet corresponds to the multicast authority; if yes, whether the multicast group address in the request packet matches that corresponding to the multicast authority is determined; if yes, the multicast user is permitted to join in the multicast group, otherwise the multicast user is rejected from joining in the multicast group; if the multicast group address in the request packet corresponds to no multicast authority, the multicast user is rejected from joining in the multicast group. If the multicast group address in the request packet corresponds to no multicast authority in step B, whether the multicast user is a super user is determined; if yes, the multicast user is permitted to join in the multicast group, otherwise the multicast user is rejected from joining in the multicast group. The mapping relation between the multicast user address and multicast group address is one-to-many. The mapping relation between the multicast user address and the multicast authority are one-to-many or many-to-one, the mapping relation between multicast group addresses and multicast authorities are one-to-many or many-to-one. The multicast user address includes a frame number, a slot number and a port number of a level-2 network equipment to which the multicast user is connected; or the multicast user address includes a frame number, a slot number, a port number, a Virtual LAN (VLAN) identifier and an IP address of a level-3 network equipment to which the multicast user is connected. The level-2 network equipment is Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) broadband access equipment or a Local Area Network (LAN) switcher; the level-3 network equipment is a router or a level-3 switcher. The request packet sent by the multicast user who requests to join in the multicast group is obtained through snooping the request packet via an Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP). The request packet sent by the multicast user who requests to join in the multicast group is obtained as follows: an IGMP Proxy terminates the request packet and requests upper-level network equipment for multicast resources as a proxy of the multicast user. The request packet is based on the IGMP. By establishing mapping relations among multicast users, multicast authorities, multicast group addresses namely multicast programs, preset multicast resources can be opened to preset multicast users with speed and pertinence. Meanwhile, by establishing the above-mentioned mapping relations, a multicast user is limited to use a maximum number of allowed multicast services, thus the multicast service bandwidth is effectively controlled and network equipment is effectively protected. The technical scheme of the present invention also makes multicast users and multicast resources manageable and operational, and finally implements diversified multicast services. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a bandwidth access network; FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating mapping relations among multicast users, multicast authorities and multicast programs; FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating the method for implementing multicast services according to an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention will be described in detail hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. The method of an embodiment in the present invention includes: presetting a mapping relation between multicast users and multicast addresses; when the multicast user requests to use multicast services by sending a request packet, utilizing the multicast service according to a matching result between the multicast group address carried in the request packet and the multicast group address in the preset mapping relation. Multicast group address refers to a multicast program or multicast source. Each multicast group address provides one multicast program, in other words, one multicast program is essentially one information stream of the multicast source sent from one multicast group address. Definition of the multicast user depends on specific location information of the connection between the multicast user and the network equipment; as to the network equipment, location information can be taken as address information of the multicast user. For instance, as to the level-2 network equipment such as a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) broadband access equipment, and a LAN SWITCH, the frame number, slot number and port number of the level-2 network equipment can be taken as address information of a multicast user because multicast users can be identified according to the frame number, slot number and port number of the connected equipment; as to the level-3 network equipment like the router, the frame number, slot number, port number, VLAN ID and IP address of the level-3 network equipment can be taken as address information of a multicast user because multicast users can be identified according to the frame number, slot number, port number and VLAN ID of the connected equipment. It should be specially mentioned that, when a plurality of multicast users are connected to the level-2 network equipment that is connected to a certain frame, slot, or port of the level-3 network equipment, it must be guaranteed that each multicast user uses a unique VLAN ID. Since there are a number of multicast group addresses as well as a number of multicast users, some multicast group addresses can be accessed by all multicast users while some multicast group addresses can only be accessed by specific multicast users. In order to manage the variational multicast users and multicast group addresses better, the preferable way is to establish the mapping relation between multicast users and multicast addresses by setting multicast authorities, namely respectively establishing mapping relations between multicast addresses and multicast authorities as well as mapping relations between multicast authorities and multicast users, and some other properties can be set in the multicast authority, such as time limination of multicast program that can be obtained by the multicast user. These mapping relations can be stored in the level-3 network equipment or the level-2 network equipment. Each multicast authority corresponds to at least one multicast program; each multicast program that needs multicast resource management corresponds to at least one multicast authority, and the mapping relations between the multicast authorities and multicast programs are one-to-many or many-to-one. The multicast user to be managed should correspond to at least one multicast authority. If the multicast user does not correspond to any multicast authority, the multicast user is a super user and can join in any multicast group. Each multicast user to be managed at least corresponds to one multicast authority, and the mapping relations between the multicast user addresses and multicast group addresses are one-to-many or many-to-one. Since the mapping relation between multicast group addresses and multicast authorities is one-to-many or many-to-one, and so is the mapping relation between multicast group address and multicast users, the multicast user is allowed to have different multicast authorities. For instance, the multicast network operator can set all literature and art programs in multicast authority 1 and all drama programs in multicast authority 2; or set all literature and art programs as well as all news programs in multicast authority 3; according to management requirement of the multicast users, the multicast network operator can set as follows: multicast user 1 has multicast authority 1 and multicast authority 2, multicast user 2 has multicast authority 2 while multicast user 3 has multicast authority 2 and multicast authority 3, so that multicast user 1 can access all literature and art programs as well as all drama programs, multicast user 2 can access all drama programs, multicast user 3 can access all drama programs, all literature and art programs as well as all news programs. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating mapping relations among multicast users, multicast authorities and multicast programs. Mapping relations between multicast user 1 and multicast authority 1 and 2 are one-to-many, so are the mapping relations between multicast user 2 and multicast authority 1 and 3. Mapping relations between multicast user 1 as well as multicast user 2 and multicast authority 1 is many-to-one, and so is the mapping relation between multicast user 2 as well as multicast user 3 and multicast authority 3. Mapping relations between multicast authority 1 and multicast program 1, multicast program 2, multicast program 3 and multicast program 4 are one-to-many. Mapping relations between multicast authority 3 and multicast program 5, multicast program 6 and multicast program 7 are one-to-many. Mapping relations between multicast authority 1 as well as multicast authority 2 and multicast program 4 is many-to-one. Based on the above setting, when the multicast user joins in a certain multicast group to utilize the multicast services, the multicast user should be processed according to the above setting. The specific method is: when the multicast user wants to join in a certain multicast group to utilize the multicast services, the multicast user sends a request packet that includes an IGMP-based request packet. The level-2 network equipment or level-3 network equipment can obtain the request packet sent by the multicast user by way of IGMP Proxy technique or IGMP Snooping technique. After obtaining the request packet, the network equipment can determine whether the multicast user is authorized to utilize the multicast service according to information carried in the request packet. Subsequent processes after snooping the request packet will be illustrated hereinafter with reference to the accompanying FIG. 3. Step 300: the level-2/level-3 network equipment utilizes IGMP Proxy technique or IGMP Snooping technique to snoop the IGMP-based request packet sent by the multicast user; when the IGMP-based request packet sent by the multicast user is snooped, execute step 310; determine the multicast user's address information according to the VLAN ID carried in this request packet and/or the frame number, slot number, port number and IP address from which the request packet is sent. Step 320: determine whether the multicast user corresponds to a multicast authority according to the mapping relation between address information of the multicast users and multicast authorities. If this multicast user does not correspond to any multicast authority, execute step 321 to determine whether the multicast user is a super user according to the multicast user's address information carried in the request packet; if the multicast user is a super user, execute step 340 to permit the user's using the requested multicast service, namely, adding the multicast user to the multicast address forwarding list and forwarding the multicast service stream according to the forwarding list. If the multicast user is not a super user according to the multicast user's address information carried in the request packet, execute step 350 to reject the multicast user from using the current requested service, namely rejecting to add the multicast user to the multicast address forwarding list, so that the multicast service stream will not be forwarded to the multicast user because the multicast user information is not included in the forwarding list. In step 320, if it is determined that the multicast user corresponds to a multicast authority according to the mapping relation between the multicast user's address information and multicast authorities, execute step 330. Determine whether the multicast group address carried in the request packet matches the multicast group address in the mapping relation according to the mapping relation between multicast authorities and multicast group addresses; if yes, execute step 340 to permit the multicast user to use the current requested multicast service; otherwise, execute step 350 to reject the multicast user from using the current requested multicast service. In the embodiment of the present invention, while managing multicast users and multicast resources, relevant information concerning a multicast user's joining a certain multicast group can be obtained. For instance, a multicast user demands a certain multicast program at a certain time point, the multicast user cuts off this multicast program at a certain time point. According to the relevant information, the data like the multicast user's viewing time slice, viewing time span and viewing ratio can be accurately calculated, which is in favor of multicast network operator's operation. While the present invention has been described with reference to preferable embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the present invention, and hopefully the accompanied claims will comprise these variations and changes.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>With the development of multimedia services such as media streaming, video conference, and video on demand, multicast services have become an important service on the Internet. The multicast service operators are paying more and more attention to such problems as how to efficiently manage multicast users and multicast resources (namely multicast sources) while implementing multicast services, so as to make multicast services diversified and to make multicast users and multicast resources more manageable. There are three methods for implementing multicast services at present: For the first method, a router establishes a multicast group address forwarding table in a level-3 network equipment by using an Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP); when a multicast user joins in a multicast group, the router adds the multicast user's forwarding information to the multicast group address forwarding table and deletes the multicast user's forwarding information from the multicast group address forwarding table when the multicast user leaves the multicast group, so as to dynamically manage the multicast user to join or leave the multicast group. Therefore, the multicast services implemented only through the IGMP can only obtain statuses of the multicast user's joining and leaving the multicast group, and not provide management over whether the multicast user is authorized to join in the multicast group, which is unfavorable to the multiple developments of multicast network operator's services. The second method is to utilize IGMP Snooping techniques to snoop the IGMP packet transferred between multicast users and the level-3 network equipment, like the router and so on, establish and maintain a level-2 multicast group address forwarding table in a level-2 network equipment according to types of IGMP packets, and implement multicast services according to the level-2 multicast group address forwarding table and the level-3 multicast group address forwarding table. As shown in FIG. 1 , the multicast user actively initiates an IGMP leaving packet before leaving the multicast group, so as to notify the router to delete the multicast user's address from the level-3 multicast group address forwarding table; the multicast user initiates an IGMP joining packet before joining in the multicast group, so as to notify the router to add the multicast user's address to the level-3 multicast group address forwarding table; while the router is confirming the multicast user's state by sending an IGMP inquiry packet to the multicast user, if the router fails to receive any inquiry response in a certain period of time, it will delete the multicast user's address from the level-3 multicast group address forwarding table. If the multicast user responds an IGMP report packet to the router after receiving the IGMP inquiry packet, the router will decide whether to add the multicast user to the multicast group or establish a new level-3 multicast group address forwarding table according to the multicast group information carried in the IGMP report packet. IGMP Proxy is similar to IGMP Snooping, but IGMP Proxy terminates the IGMP packets from multicast users and requests upper-level network equipment for multicast recourses as a proxy of the multicast user. Either IGMP Snooping technique or IGMP Proxy technique just simply implements IGMP protocol, data duplication and forwarding. Both of them lack such management as whether the multicast user is authorized to join in the multicast group. The result is that any multicast user can join in any multicast group, which is unfavorable to the multiple developments of multicast network operator's services. The third method is to implement multicast services through Access Control List (ACL) on the basis of IGMP Snooping or IGMP Proxy. This method includes: Firstly, ACL is preset for multicast users who are authorized to use multicast services. For instance, address information 10.10.10.10/24 is set in ACL, and the multicast user whose source IP address is 10.10.10.10/24 can access any multicast group. Secondly, the level-2 network equipment processes the IGMP packet sent by the multicast user by IGMP Snooping technique or IGMP Proxy technique and compares the multicast user's source IP address with the address in ACL. If the multicast user's source IP address matches the address in the ACL, the multicast user is authorized to join in any multicast group; if the user's source IP address doesn't match the address in the ACL, the multicast user is rejected from joining any multicast group. In the above method, the multicast users are managed to a certain extent while multicast services are implemented, but there is no limitation as to which special multicast group the user can join in. If the multicast service operator provides or purchases some special multicast group resources and only desires to open them to special multicast users, this method is unable to satisfy such requirement.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Therefore, the present invention provides a method for implementing multicast services, so that multicast users and multicast resources can be effectively managed and make multicast services diversified. The method for implementing multicast service includes: A. a mapping relation between a multicast user address and a multicast group address is preset; B. a request packet sent by the multicast user who requests to join in the multicast group is obtained; according to the multicast user address and multicast group address carried in the request packet, it is determined whether the multicast group address in the request packet matches corresponding multicast group address of the multicast user among the mapping relation preset in step A, if yes, the multicast user is permitted to join in the multicast group, otherwise, the multicast user is rejected from joining in the multicast group. Step A further includes, a mapping relation between the multicast user address and a multicast authority is established, and a mapping relation between the multicast authority and the multicast group addresses is established. The step of determining whether the multicast group address in the request packet matches the corresponding multicast group address of the multicast user among the mapping relation preset in step A, further includes: it is determined whether the multicast group address in the request packet corresponds to the multicast authority; if yes, whether the multicast group address in the request packet matches that corresponding to the multicast authority is determined; if yes, the multicast user is permitted to join in the multicast group, otherwise the multicast user is rejected from joining in the multicast group; if the multicast group address in the request packet corresponds to no multicast authority, the multicast user is rejected from joining in the multicast group. If the multicast group address in the request packet corresponds to no multicast authority in step B, whether the multicast user is a super user is determined; if yes, the multicast user is permitted to join in the multicast group, otherwise the multicast user is rejected from joining in the multicast group. The mapping relation between the multicast user address and multicast group address is one-to-many. The mapping relation between the multicast user address and the multicast authority are one-to-many or many-to-one, the mapping relation between multicast group addresses and multicast authorities are one-to-many or many-to-one. The multicast user address includes a frame number, a slot number and a port number of a level-2 network equipment to which the multicast user is connected; or the multicast user address includes a frame number, a slot number, a port number, a Virtual LAN (VLAN) identifier and an IP address of a level-3 network equipment to which the multicast user is connected. The level-2 network equipment is Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) broadband access equipment or a Local Area Network (LAN) switcher; the level-3 network equipment is a router or a level-3 switcher. The request packet sent by the multicast user who requests to join in the multicast group is obtained through snooping the request packet via an Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP). The request packet sent by the multicast user who requests to join in the multicast group is obtained as follows: an IGMP Proxy terminates the request packet and requests upper-level network equipment for multicast resources as a proxy of the multicast user. The request packet is based on the IGMP. By establishing mapping relations among multicast users, multicast authorities, multicast group addresses namely multicast programs, preset multicast resources can be opened to preset multicast users with speed and pertinence. Meanwhile, by establishing the above-mentioned mapping relations, a multicast user is limited to use a maximum number of allowed multicast services, thus the multicast service bandwidth is effectively controlled and network equipment is effectively protected. The technical scheme of the present invention also makes multicast users and multicast resources manageable and operational, and finally implements diversified multicast services.

20070516

20101109

20071101

72913.0

H04L1228

ELLIOTT IV, BENJAMIN H

METHOD FOR REALIZING THE MULTICAST SERVICE

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

H04L

ACCEPTED

Galenic formulations of organic compounds

The present invention relates to a solid oral dosage form comprising a therapeutically effective amount of aliskiren or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and wherein the active ingredient is present in an amount of more than 46% by weight based on the total weight of the oral dosage form.

1. A solid oral dosage form comprising a therapeutically effective amount of aliskiren, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the active ingredient is present in an amount of more than 46% by weight based on the total weight of the oral dosage form. 2. A solid oral dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the active ingredient is present in an amount of more than 48% by weight. 3. A solid oral dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the active ingredient is present in an amount ranging from 46 to 60% by weight. 4. A solid oral dosage form according to claim 3, wherein the active ingredient consists entirely of aliskiren, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and is present in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 600 mg of the free base per unit dosage form. 5. A solid oral dosage form according to claim 4, wherein the active ingredient consists entirely of aliskiren, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and is present in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 300 mg of the free base per unit dosage form. 6. A solid oral dosage form according to claim 5, wherein aliskiren is in the form of a hemi-fumarate thereof, and is present in an amount of about 83, about 166 or about 332 mg per unit dosage form. 7. A solid oral dosage form according to claim 6, wherein the dosage form further comprises a filler. 8. A solid oral dosage form according to claim 7, wherein the filler is microcrystalline cellulose. 9. A solid oral dosage form according to claim 7, wherein the dosage form further comprises a disintegrant. 10. A solid oral dosage form according to claim 9, wherein the dosage form further comprises a lubricant. 11. A solid oral dosage form according to claim 10, wherein the dosage form further comprises a glidant. 12. A solid oral-dosage form according to claim 11, wherein the dosage form further comprises a binder. 13. A solid oral dosage form according to claim 12 for the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, artherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiac myopathy, renal insufficiency, peripheral vascular disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, cognitive dysfunction, stroke, headache and chronic heart failure. 14. A solid oral dosage form according to claim 1 for the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, artherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy diabetic cardiac myopathy, renal insufficiency, peripheral vascular disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, cognitive dysfunction, stroke, headache and chronic heart failure. 15. A method for the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, artherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiac myopathy, renal insufficiency, peripheral vascular disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, cognitive dysfunction, stroke, headache and chronic heart failure which method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a solid oral dosage form according to claim 1 to a patient in need thereof. 16. A method for the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, artherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiac myopathy, renal insufficiency, peripheral vascular disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, cognitive dysfunction, stroke, headache and chronic heart failure which method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a solid oral dosage form according to claim 12 to a patient in need thereof. 17. Use of a solid oral dosage form according claim 1 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, artherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiac myopathy, renal insufficiency, peripheral vascular disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, cognitive dysfunction, stroke, headache and chronic heart failure. 18. Use of a solid oral dosage form according claim 12 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, artherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiac myopathy, renal insufficiency, peripheral vascular disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, cognitive dysfunction, stroke, headache and chronic heart failure. 19. A process for the manufacture of a solid oral dosage form according to claim 12 comprising: 1) mixing the active ingredient and additives and granulating said components with a granulation liquid; 2) drying a resulting granulate; 3) mixing the dried granulate with outer phase excipients; 4) compressing a resulting mixture to form a solid oral dosage as a core tablet; and 5) optionally coating a resulting core tablet to give a film-coated tablet. 20. A process according to claim 19, wherein the additives in step (1) are selected from a filler, a disintegrant and a binder; and the outer phase excipients in step (3) are selected from a filler, a disintegrant, a lubricant and a glidant.

The present invention relates to solid oral dosage forms comprising an orally active renin inhibitor, aliskiren, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as the active ingredient in a suitable carrier medium. In particular, the present invention provides galenic formulations comprising aliskiren, preferably, a hemi-fumarate salt thereof, alone or in combination with another active agent. The present invention also relates to the processes for their preparation and to their use as medicaments. In the following the term “aliskiren”, if not defined specifically, is to be understood both as the free base and as a salt thereof, especially a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, most preferably a hemi-fumarate thereof. Renin released from the kidneys cleaves angiotensinogen in the circulation to form the decapeptide angiotensin I. This is in turn cleaved by angiotensin converting enzyme in the lungs, kidneys and other organs to form the octapeptide angiotensin II. The octapeptide increases blood pressure both directly by arterial vasoconstriction and indirectly by liberating from the adrenal glands the sodium-ion-retaining hormone aldosterone, accompanied by an increase in extracellular fluid volume. Inhibitors of the enzymatic activity of renin bring about a reduction in the formation of angiotensin I. As a result a smaller amount of angiotensin II is produced. The reduced concentration of that active peptide hormone is the direct cause of, e.g., the antihypertensive effect of renin inhibitors. Accordingly, renin inhibitors, or salts thereof, may be employed, e.g., as antihypertensives or for treating congestive heart failure. The renin inhibitor, aliskiren, in particular, a hemi-fumarate thereof, is known to be effective in the treatment of reducing blood pressure irrespective of age, sex or race and is also well tolerated. Aliskiren in form of the free base is represented by the following formula and chemically defined as 2(S),4(S),5(S),7(S)-N-(3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropyl)-2,7-di(1-methylethyl)-4-hydroxy-5-amino-8-[4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxy-propoxy)phenyl]-octanamide. As described above, most preferred is the hemi-fumarate salt thereof which is specifically disclosed in EP 678503 A as Example 83. The oral administration of such pharmaceutical agents as tablets or capsules has certain advantages over parenteral administration such as i.v. or i.m. Diseases requiring treatment with painful injectable formulations are considered to be more serious than those conditions which can be treated with oral dosage forms. However, the major advantage with oral formulations is held to be their suitability for self administration whereas parenteral formulations have to be administered in most cases by a physician or paramedical personnel. However, aliskiren is difficult to formulate and heretofore it has not been possible to make oral formulations in the form of tablets in a reliable and robust way. In a galenic formulation comprising aliskiren, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a high amount is normally heeded of the drug substance (DS) with properties that make the formulation of tablets difficult. For example, aliskiren has a needle shaped crystal habit, which has a negative influence on the bulk properties of the drug substance, e.g., flow properties and bulk density. The compression behavior of the drug substance is poor, leading to weak interparticulate bonds and polymorphism changes under pressure. Aliskiren has a strong elastic component that also leads to weakening of interparticulate bonds. The high dose (up to 300 or 600 mg of the free base per tablet) makes a high drug loading necessary in order to achieve a reasonable tablet size. The drug substance quality is very variable with effect on the processability of a tablet, e.g., particle size distribution, bulk density, flowability, wetting behavior, surface area and sticking tendency. Moreover, aliskiren is highly hygroscopic. In contact with water, the drug substance polymorphism changes to an amorphous state, which shows inferior stability compared to the crystalline state. The combination of these hurdles makes a standard tablet manufacturing process extremely difficult. Direct compression is not a feasible option for routine production because of, e.g., the high hygroscopicity, the needle shaped particle structure, the poor flowability with resulting processability problems and dose uniformity problems. A roller compaction process leads to a reduction of the high bulk volume of the drug substance. Yet, the pre-compression of the drug substance during roller compaction makes a further compression into tablets with sufficient hardness and resistance to friability without a high amount of excipients extremely difficult due to the low compressibility of the drug substance. A tablet with a drug load of aliskiren higher than ca. 35% has been found not to lead to robust tablets (e.g. friability, hardness) and a robust process (e.g. sticking and picking during roller compaction and tabletting). Accordingly, a suitable and robust galenic formulation overcoming the above problems relating to the properties of aliskiren need to be developed. The present invention has solved the above problems resulting in a robust formulation avoiding all the above disadvantages and in a process suitable for large-scale manufacture of solid oral dosage forms. The present invention relates to a solid oral dosage form comprising a therapeutically effective amount of aliskiren, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and wherein the active ingredient is present in an amount of more than 46% by weight based on the total weight of the oral dosage form, either dependent on or not dependent on any coating or capsule material used. If not dependent on any coating or capsule used, the active ingredient is present in an amount of more than 48% by weight based on the total weight of the oral dosage form. If dependent on any coating or capsule used, the active ingredient is present in an amount of more than 46% by weight based on the total weight of the oral dosage form. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the active agent is present in an amount ranging from 46 to 60% by weight based on the total weight of the oral dosage form. In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the active agent is present in an amount of more than 46% up to 56% by weight based on the total weight of the oral dosage form. In a solid oral dosage form according to the present invention wherein the active agent consists entirely of aliskiren, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, it is preferred if the active agent is present in an amount ranging from about 75 mg to about 600 mg of the free base per unit dosage form. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the active agent consists entirely of aliskiren, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and is present in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 300 mg of the free base per unit dosage form. In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the dosage of aliskiren is in the form of a hemi-fumarate thereof and is present in an amount of about 83, about 166, about 332 or about 663 mg per unit dosage form. Solid oral dosage forms according to the present invention provide for the administration of the active ingredient in a smaller oral form than was heretofore possible for a given unit dose of the active agent. Furthermore, the oral dosage forms obtained are stable both to the production process and during storage, e.g., for about 2 years in conventional packaging, e.g., sealed aluminium blister packs. The terms “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of the active ingredient or agent which halts or reduces the progress of the condition being treated or which otherwise completely or partly cures or acts palliatively on the condition. Aliskiren, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can, e.g., be prepared in a manner known per se, especially as described in EP 678503 A, e.g., in Example 83. A solid oral dosage form comprises a capsule or more preferably a tablet or a film-coated tablet. A solid oral dosage form according to the invention comprises additives or excipients that are suitable for the preparation of the solid oral dosage form according to the present invention. Tabletting aids, commonly used in tablet formulation can be used and reference is made to the extensive literature on the subject, see in particular Fiedler's “Lexicon der Hilfstoffe”, 4th Edition, ECV Aulendorf 1996, which is incorporated herein by reference. These include, but are not limited to, fillers, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, stabilising agents, fillers or diluents, surfactants, film-formers, softeners, pigments and the like. In a preferred embodiment the solid oral dosage form according to the present invention comprises as an additive a filler. In a preferred embodiment the solid oral dosage form according to the present invention comprises as an additive, in addition to a filler, a disintegrant. In a preferred embodiment the solid oral dosage form according to the present invention comprises as an additive, in addition to a filler and a disintegrant, a lubricant. In a preferred embodiment the solid oral dosage form according to the present invention comprises as an additive, in addition to a filler, a disintegrant and a lubricant, a glidant. In a preferred embodiment the solid oral dosage form according to the present invention comprises as an additive, in addition to a filler, a disintegrant, a lubricant and a glidant, a binder. As fillers one can particularly mention starches, e.g., potato starch, wheat starch, corn starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and, preferably, microcrystalline cellulose, e.g., products available under the registered trade marks AVICEL, FILTRAK, HEWETEN or PHARMACEL. As binders for wet granulation, one can particularly mention polyvinylpyrrolidones (PVP), e.g., PVP K 30, HPMC, e.g., viscosity grades 3 or 6 cps, and polyethylene glycols (PEG), e.g., PEG 4000. A most preferred binder is PVP K 30. As disintegrants one can particularly mention carboxymethylcellulose calcium (CMC-Ca), carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC-Na), crosslinked PVP (e.g. CROSPOVIDONE, POLYPLASDONE or KOLLIDON XL), alginic acid, sodium alginate and guar gum, most preferably crosslinked PVP (CROSPOVIDONE), crosslinked CMC (Ac-Di-Sol), carboxymethylstarch-Na (PIRIMOJEL and EXPLOTAB). A most preferred disintegrant is CROSPOVIDONE. As glidants one can mention in particular colloidal silica, such as colloidal silicon dioxide, e.g., AEROSIL, magnesium (Mg) trisilicate, powdered cellulose, starch, talc and tribasic calcium phosphate or combinations of these with fillers or binders, e.g., silicified microcrystalline cellulose (PROSOLV). A most preferred glidant is colloidal silicon dioxide (e.g. AEROSIL 200). As fillers or diluents one can mention confectioner's sugar, compressible sugar, dextrates, dextrin, dextrose, lactose, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, in particular, having a density of about 0.45 g/cm3, e.g., AVICEL, powdered cellulose, sorbitol, sucrose and talc. A most preferred filler is microcrystalline cellulose. As lubricants one can mention in particular Mg stearate, aluminum (Al) or Ca stearate, PEG 4000 to 8000 and talc, hydrogenated castor oil, stearic acid and salts thereof, glycerol esters, Na-stearylfumarate, hydrogenated cotton seed oil and others. A most preferred lubricant is Mg stearate. Additives to be used as filmcoating materials comprise polymers such as HPMC, PEG, PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer (PVP-VA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and sugar as film formers. A most preferred coating material is HPMC, especially HPMC 3 cps (preferred amount 5-6 mg/cm2), and mixtures thereof with further additives, e.g., those available under the registered trade mark OPADRY. Further additives comprise pigments, dies, lakes, most preferred TiO2 and iron oxides, anti-tacking agents like talk and softeners like PEG 3350, 4000, 6000, 8000 or others. Most preferred additives are talk and PEG 4000. The present invention likewise relates to a solid oral dosage form comprising a therapeutically effective amount of aliskiren, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as an active agent, and a filler as an additive. Further additives include, but are not limited to, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, stabilising agents, diluents, surfactants, film formers, pigments, softeners and antitacking agents and the like. The amounts of the active ingredient and further additives are preferably those as defined above. The present invention likewise relates to a solid oral dosage form comprising a therapeutically effective amount of aliskiren, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as an active agent, and a filler and a disintegrant as additives. Further additives include, but are not limited to, binders, lubricants, glidants, stabilising agents, diluents, surfactants, film formers, pigments, softeners and antitacking agents and the like. The amounts of the active ingredient and further additives are preferably those as defined herein above. The present invention likewise relates to a solid oral dosage form comprising a therapeutically effective amount of aliskiren, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as an active agent, and a filler, a disintegrant and a lubricant as additives. Further additives include, but are not limited to, binders, glidants, stabilising agents, diluents, surfactants, film formers, pigments, softeners and antitacking agents and the like. The amounts of the active ingredient and further additives are preferably those as defined herein above. The present invention likewise relates to a solid oral dosage form comprising a therapeutically effective amount of aliskiren, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as an active agent, and a filler, a disintegrant, a lubricant and a glidant as additives. Further additives include, but are not limited to, binders, stabilising agents, diluents, surfactants, film formers, pigments, softeners and antitacking agents and the like. The amounts of the active ingredient and further additives are preferably those as defined herein above. The present invention likewise relates to a solid oral dosage form comprising a therapeutically effective amount of aliskiren, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as an active agent, and a filler, a disintegrant, a lubricant, a glidant and a binder as additives. Further additives include, but are not limited to, stabilising agents, diluents, surfactants, film formers, pigments, softeners and antitacking agents and the like. The amounts of the active ingredient and further additives are preferably those as defined herein above. One or more of these additives can be selected and used by a person skilled in the art having regard to the particular desired properties of the solid oral dosage form by routine experimentation and without any undue burden. The amount of each type of additive employed, e.g., glidant, binder, disintegrant, filler or diluent and lubricant or film coat may vary within ranges conventional in the art. Thus, for example, the amount of lubricant may vary within a range of from 0.2 to 5% by weight, in particular, for Mg stearate from 0.5 to 2.0% by weight, e.g., from 0.8 to 1.5% by weight; the amount of binder may vary within a range of from 0 to about 20% by weight, e.g., from 3 to 4% by weight; the amount of disintegrant may vary within a range of from 0 to about 20% by weight, e.g., from 13.5 to 16% by weight; the amount of filler or diluent may vary within a range of from 0 to about 80% by weight, e.g., from 20 to 32% by weight; whereas the amount of glidant may vary within a range of from 0 to about 5% by weight, e.g. from 0.4 to 0.6% by weight; and the amount of film coat may vary within a range of 0 to 20 mg/cm2, e.g. 4 to 7 mg/cm2. It is a characteristic of the present solid oral dosage forms that they contain only a relatively small amount of additives given the high content of the active agent. This enables the production of physically small unit dosage forms. The total amount of additives in a given uncoated unit dosage may be about 60% or less by weight based on the total weight of the solid oral dosage form, more particularly about 54% or less. Preferably, the additive content is in the range of about 35 to 55% by weight, more particularly, the additive content ranges from about 50 to about 52% by weight. A preferred amount of a filler, especially of microcrystalline cellulose, ranges from about 20 to 32% by weight per unit dosage form. A preferred amount of a binder, especially of PVP K 30, ranges from about 3 to 4% by weight per unit dosage form. A preferred amount of a disintegrant, especially of CROSPOVIDONE, ranges from about 13.5 to 15% by weight per unit dosage form. A preferred amount of a glidant, especially of colloidal silicon dioxide, ranges from about 0.4 to 0.6% by weight per unit dosage form. A preferred amount of a lubricant, especially of Mg stearate, ranges from about 0.8 to 1.5% by weight per unit dosage form. A preferred amount of a film coat, especially of HPMC 3 cps, ranges from about 4 to 7 mg/cm2 per unit dosage form. Preferred amounts of aliskiren and additives are further shown in the illustrative Examples. The absolute amounts of each additive and the amounts relative to other additives is similarly dependent on the desired properties of the solid oral dosage form and may also be chosen by the skilled artisan by routine experimentation without undue burden. For example, the solid oral dosage form may be chosen to exhibit accelerated and/or delayed release of the active agent with or without quantitative control of the release of active agent. Thus, where accelerated release is desired a disintegrant such as crosslinked PVP, e.g., those products available under the registered trade marks POLYPLASDONE XL or KOLLIDON CL, in particular, having a molecular weight in excess of 1,000,000, more particularly, having a particle size distribution of less than 400 microns or, preferably, less than 74 microns, or comprising reactive additives (effervescent mixtures) that effect rapid disintegration of the tablet in the presence of water, for example so-called effervescent tablets that contain an acid in solid form, typically citric acid, which acts in water on a base containing chemically combined carbon dioxide, for example sodium hydrogencarbonate or sodium carbonate, and releases carbon dioxide. Whereas if delayed release is desired one may employ coating technology for multiparticulates (e.g. pellets, minitablets), wax matrix systems, polymer matrix tablets or polymer coatings or other technologies conventional in the art. Quantitative control of the release of the active agent can be achieved by conventional techniques known in the art. Such dosage forms are known as oral osmotic systems (e.g. OROS), coated tablets, matrix tablets, press-coated tablets, multilayer tablets and the like. In a solid oral dosage form wherein the active agent consists entirely of aliskiren, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a combination of aliskiren with other active pharmaceutical ingredients, preferred additives are microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, crosslinked PVP, PVP, PEG, CMC-Na or CMC-Ca, Mg stearate, Ca stearate or Al stearate, anhydrous colloidal silica, talc, titatium dioxide and iron oxide pigments. The amounts of additive employed will depend upon how much active agent is to be used. The stearate, e.g., Mg stearate is preferably employed in amounts of 0.8 to 1.5% by weight. Whereas the silica is preferably employed in an amount of from 0.4 to 0.6% by weight. The amount of aliskiren in the form of the hemi-fumarate thereof within the total weight of the uncoated unit dosage form ranges, preferably, from about 83 to about 663 mg, most preferably, the amount of aliskiren hemi-fumarate is about 83, about 166 or about 332 mg per unit dosage form. The amount of the binder within the total weight of the uncoated unit dosage form is preferably from 2 to 5%, most preferably from 3 to 4% by weight per unit dosage form. The amount of the disintegrant within total weight of the uncoated unit dosage form is preferably from 0 to 20%, most preferably from 13.5 to 16% by weight per unit dosage form. The amount of the glidant within the total weight of the uncoated unit dosage form is preferably from 0 to 5%, most preferably from 0.4 to 0.6% by weight per unit dosage form. The amount of the lubricant within the total weight of the uncoated unit dosage form is preferably from 0.2 to 5%, most preferably from 0.8 to 1.5% for Mg stearate by weight per unit dosage form. A preferred amount of a film coat, especially of HPMC 3 cps, is from about 4 to about 7 mg/cm2 per unit dosage form. The weight ratio of aliskiren to the binder preferably ranges from about 8:1 to about 25:1, more preferably from about 11:1 to about 15:1. Most preferably, the weight ratio is about 12.5:1. The weight ratio of aliskiren to the disintegrant preferably ranges from about 2:1 to about 4:1, more preferably from about 2.5:1 to about 3.7:1. Most preferably, the weight ratio is about 3.1:1. The weight ratio of aliskiren to the glidant preferably ranges from about 75:1 to about 125:1, more preferably from about 80:1 to about 90:1. Most preferably, the weight ratio is about 83.3:1. The weight ratio of aliskiren to the lubricant preferably ranges from about 25:1 to about 63:1, more preferably from about 30:1 to about 50:1. Most preferably, the weight ratio is about 30:1. The solid oral dosage forms according to the present invention may also be in the form of film-coated tablets or dragées in which case the solid oral dosage form is provided with a coating typically a polymer like HPMC, PVP or the like, sugar, shellac or other film-coating entirely conventional in the art. Attention is drawn to the numerous known methods of coating employed in the art, e.g., spray coating in a fluidized bed, e.g., by the known methods using apparatus available from Aeromatic, Glatt, Wurster or Hüttlin, in a perforated pan coater, e.g., by the known methods using aparatus from Accela Cota, Glatt, Driam or others, or other methods conventional in the art. The additives commonly used in confectioning may be employed in such methods. A further embodiment of the present invention is a process for the manufacture of a solid oral dosage form according to the present invention. Wet granulation of aliskiren with excipients using water and/or an aqueous binder solution leads to a change in polymorphism of the drug substance which changes partly to the amorphous state and causes an inferior chemical stability of the drug product (DP). However, wet granulation of aliskiren using a mixture of organic solvents or an organic binder solution has been found to be the best way of manufacturing suitable aliskiren solid oral dosage forms, especially tablets, showing following advantages: Said wet granulation reduces the bulk volume of aliskiren during granulation; The influences of a changing drug substance quality are minimized; A high drug loading above 46% by weight per unit dosage form may easily be achieved; The formulation of tablets with sufficient hardness, resistance to friability, disintegration time, dissolution rate etc. is possible; The sticking tendency and poor flow of the drug substance is reduced to a minimum; A robust manufacturing process of the DP is achieved; Scale-up of formulation and process resulting in a reproducible DP performance is achieved; and Sufficient stability to achieve a reasonable shelf life is achieved. The excipients may be distributed partly in the inner (granular) phase and partly in the outer phase, which is the case in the described invention. Microcrystalline cellulose (filler) and CROSPOVIDONE (disintegrant) are partly in the inner and partly in the outer phase, PVP K 30 (binder) is only part of the inner phase, being the binder during granulation, whereas colloidal silicon dioxide (glidant) and Mg stearate (lubricant) are only part of the outer phase. The inner phase excipients, e.g., filler, binder and disintegrant, and the drug substance are mixed and granulated with an ethanolic solution of the binder and additional ethanol. The granulate is dried and sieved. The outer phase containing, e.g., disintegrant, filler, glidant and lubricant, is screened with the dried granulate and mixed. The mixture is compressed into tablets. The cores may optionally be coated with a film-coat. The granulate phase is defined as the inner phase, the excipients added to the granulate are defined as the outer phase of the tabletting mixture. The invention likewise relates to a process for the preparation of solid oral dosage forms as described herein above. Such solid oral dosage form may be produced by working up components as defined herein above in the appropriate amounts, to form unit dosage forms. Accordingly, the present invention provides a process for the manufacture of a solid oral dosage form of the present invention comprising: 1) mixing the active ingredient and additives and granulating said components with a granulation liquid; 2) drying a resulting granulate; 3) mixing the dried granulate with outer phase excipients; 4) compressing a resulting mixture to form a solid oral dosage as a core tablet; and 5) optionally coating a resulting core tablet to give a film-coated tablet. Preferably, the additives in step (1) are selected from a filler, a disintegrant and a binder; and the outer phase excipients in step (3) are selected from a filler, a disintegrant, a lubricant and a glidant. The granulation liquid can be ethanol, a mixture of ethanol and water, a mixture of ethanol, water and isopropanol, or a solution of PVP in the before mentioned mixtures. A preferred mixture of ethanol and water ranges from about 50/50 to about 99/1 (% w/w), most preferrably it is about 94/6 (% w/w). A preferred mixture of ethanol, water and isopropanol ranges from about 45/45/5 to about 98/1/1 (% w/w/w), most preferably from about 88.5/5.5/6.0 to about 91.5/4.5/4.0 (% w/w/w). A preferred concentration of PVP in the above named mixtures ranges from about 5 to about 30% by weight, preferably from about 15 to about 25%, more preferably from about 16 to about 22%. Attention is drawn to the numerous known methods of granulating, drying and mixing employed in the art, e.g., spray granulation in a fluidized bed, wet granulation in a high-shear mixer, melt granulation, drying in a fluidized-bed dryer, mixing in a free-fall or tumble blender, compressing into tablets on a single-punch or rotary tablet press. The manufacturing of the granulate can be performed on standard equipment suitable for organic granulation processes. The manufacturing of the final blend and the compression of tablets can also be performed on standard equipment. For example, step (1) may be carried out by a high-shear granulator, e.g., Collette Gral; step (2) may be conducted in a fluid-bed dryer; step (3) may be carried out by a free-fall mixer (e.g. container blender, tumble blender); and step (4) may be carried out using a dry compression method, e.g., a rotary tablet press. As described above, the core tablets may then be optionally film-coated. Due to the high hygroscopicity and water sensitivity of aliskiren with respect to changes in polymorphism, the use of water has preferably to be avoided in order to prevent the drug substance from changes in polymorphism for the above stated reasons (amorphous state, inferior chemical stability). A solution for said problem is to apply an organic film-coating process. Surprisingly it was found that an aqueous film coating process using a standard film-coat composition can be applied to aliskiren core tablets without changes in polymorphism. The film-coat preferably consists of HPMC as the polymer, iron oxide pigments, titanium dioxide as coloring agent, PEG as softener and talc as anti-tacking agent. The use of coloring agents or dyes may serve to enhance the appearance as well as to identify the compositions. Other dyes suitable for use typically include carotinoids, chlorophyll and lakes. The film coating conditions have to assure that the tablet cores do not take up considerable amounts of moisture and that the drug substance within the tablets does not closely get into contact with water droplets. This is achieved by process parameter settings that reduce the amount of humidity which gets onto the tablet cores. The solid oral dosage forms of the present invention are useful for lowering the blood pressure, either systolic or diastolic or both. The conditions for which the instant invention is useful include, without limitation, hypertension (whether of the malignant, essential, reno-vascular, diabetic, isolated systolic, or other secondary type), congestive heart failure, angina (whether stable or unstable), myocardial infarction, artherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiac myopathy, renal insufficiency, peripheral vascular disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, cognitive dysfunction (such as Alzheimer's) and stroke, headache and chronic heart failure. The present invention likewise relates to a method of treating hypertension (whether of the malignant, essential, reno-vascular, diabetic, isolated systolic, or other secondary type), congestive heart failure, angina (whether stable or unstable), myocardial infarction, artherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiac myopathy, renal insufficiency, peripheral vascular disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, cognitive dysfunction, e.g., Alzheimer's, stroke, headache and chronic heart failure comprising administering to an animal, including human patient, in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective solid oral dosage form according to the present invention. The present invention likewise relates to the use of a solid oral dosage form according to the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of hypertension (whether of the malignant, essential, reno-vascular, diabetic, isolated systolic, or other secondary type), congestive heart failure, angina (whether stable or unstable), myocardial infarction, artherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiac myopathy, renal insufficiency, peripheral vascular disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, cognitive dysfunction, e.g., Alzheimer's, stroke, headache and chronic heart failure. The present invention likewise relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of hypertension (whether of the malignant, essential, reno-vascular, diabetic, isolated systolic, or other secondary type), congestive heart failure, angina (whether stable or unstable), myocardial infarction, artherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiac myopathy, renal insufficiency, peripheral vascular disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, cognitive , dysfunction, e.g., Alzheimer's, stroke, headache and chronic heart failure, comprising a solid oral dosage form according to the present invention. Ultimately, the exact dose of the active agent and the particular formulation to be administered depend on a number of factors, e.g., the condition to be treated, the desired duration of the treatment and the rate of release of the active agent. For example, the amount of the active agent required and the release rate thereof may be determined on the basis of known in vitro or in vivo techniques, determining how long a particular active agent concentration in the blood plasma remains at an acceptable level for a therapeutic effect. The above description fully discloses the invention including preferred embodiments thereof. Modifications and improvements of the embodiments specifically disclosed herein are within the scope of the following claims. Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. Therefore, the Examples herein are to be construed as merely illustrative and not a limitation of the scope of the present invention in any way. EXAMPLE 1 Composition of aliskiren 150 mg (free base) uncoated tablets in mg/unit. Roller compacted Dosage Dosage Dosage Component tablet form 1 form 2 form 3 Aliskiren hemi- 165.750 165.750 165.750 165.750 fumarate Microcrystalline 220.650 84.750 72.250 107.250 cellulose Polyvinylpyrrolidon — — 12.000 12.000 K 30 Crospovidone 84.000 45.000 44.000 48.200 Aerosil 200 4.800 1.500 1.500 1.800 Magnesium stearate 4.800 3.000 4.500 5.000 Total weight 480.000 300.000 300.000 340.000 Composition of aliskiren 150 mg (free base) uncoated tablets in % by weight. Roller compacted Dosage Dosage Dosage Component tablet form 1 form 2 form 3 Aliskiren hemi- 34.53 55.25 55.25 48.75 fumarate Microcrystalline 45.97 28.25 24.08 31.545 cellulose Polyvinylpyrrolidon — — 4 3.53 K 30 Crospovidone 17.5 15 14.67 14.175 Aerosil 200 1 0.5 0.5 0.53 Magnesium stearate 1 1 1.5 1.47 Total % 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Composition of aliskiren 150 mg (free base) uncoated tablets in mg/unit (divided into inner/outer phase). Roller compacted Dosage Dosage Dosage Component tablet form 1 form 2 form 3 Inner Aliskiren hemi- 165.75 165.75 165.75 165.75 Phase fumarate Microcrystalline 220.65 84.75 72.25 90.25 cellulose Polyvinylpyrrolidon — — 12.00 12.00 K 30 Crospovidone 36.00 — — 14.20 Aerosil 200 — — — — Magnesium stearate 2.40 — — — Outer Crospovidone 48.00 45.00 44.00 34.00 phase Microcrystalline — — — 17.00 cellulose Aerosil 200 4.80 1.50 1.50 1.80 Magnesium stearate 2.40 3.00 4.50 5.00 Total weight 480.00 300.00 300.00 340.00 Composition of aliskiren 150 mg (free base) uncoated tablets in % by weight (divided into inner/outer phase). Roller compacted Dosage Dosag Dosage Component tablet form 1 form 2 form 3 Inner Aliskiren hemi- 34.53 55.25 55.25 48.75 Phase fumarate Microcrystalline 45.97 28.25 24.08 26.545 cellulose Polyvinylpyrrolidon — — 4 3.530 K 30 Crospovidone 7.5 — — 4.175 Aerosil 200 — — — — Magnesium stearate 0.5 — — — Outer Crospovidone 10 15 14.67 10 phase Microcrystalline — — — 5 cellulose Aerosil 200 1 0.5 0.5 0.53 Magnesium stearate 0.5 1 1.5 1.47 Total % 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 EXAMPLE 2 Composition of aliskiren (dosage form 3) film-coated tablets in mg/unit. Dosage form 3/Strength 75 mg 150 mg 300 mg Component (free base) (free base) (free base) Aliskiren 82.875 165.750 331.500 hemi-fumarate Microcrystalline 53.625 107.250 214.500 cellulose Polyvinylpyrrolidon 6.000 12.000 24.000 K 30 Crospovidone 24.100 48.200 96.400 Aerosil 200 0.900 1.800 3.600 Magnesium stearate 2.500 5.000 10.000 Total tablet weight 170.000 340.000 680.000 Opadry premix white 9.946 16.711 23.9616 Opadry premix red 0.024 0.238 1.8382 Opadry premix black 0.030 0.051 0.2002 Total fim-coated 180.000 357.000 706.000 tablet weight

20060823

20131231

20070823

72623.0

A61K3113

VU, JAKE MINH

GALENIC FORMULATIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

A61K

ACCEPTED

Novel benzothiazepine and bensothiepine compounds

A pharmaceutical useful as a therapeutic agent and a preventive agent for hyperlipemia, and a pharmaceutical useful as a therapeutic agent and a preventive agent for hepatic disorders associated with cholestasis, particularly, primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, and a pharmaceutical useful as a therapeutic agent and a preventive agent for obesity, fatty liver and steatohepatitis are provided. A benzothiazepine or benzothiepine compound represented by the following formula (1A) having a thioamide bond and a quaternary ammonium substitutent:

1. A compound represented by the following formula (1A): wherein R1a and R2a may be the same as or different from each other and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or alkynyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms; ma is an integer of 0 to 4; Rx represents halogen atom, nitro group, amino group, cyano group, hydroxy group, carboxy group, —CONH2, —SO3H, —NR3R4 (R3 and R4 may be the same as or different from each other and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms), alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or alkynyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms; wherein the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl, piperidil, pyrrolidyl, morpholyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H; one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, —O—, —S—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8a—, and —N+Wa−R9aR10a—(R8a represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms; the alkyl group and the alkenyl group in R8a may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms and hydroxy. R9a and R10a may be the same as or different from each other and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, and may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms and hydroxy. Wa− represents counteranion.); the combination of (A1, A2, A3) represents (CH2, NH, CH), (CH2, CH(OH), CH), (NH, CH(OH), CH) or (CH2, CH2, N); Y represents any of —NHCS—, —NHCSNH— or —NHCSO—, wherein —NH of —NHCS— represents a bond which binds to the adjacent benzene ring and CS— represents a bond which binds to the adjacent Za, and —NH of —NHCSO— represents a bond which binds to the adjacent benzene ring and CSO— represents a bond which binds to the adjacent Za; Za-(N+R5aR6aR7a)n represents alkyl group or alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms which is substituted with —N+R5aR6aR7a, the number of the substitutent being n; wherein one or more methylenes which constitute Za may be replaced with any of phenylene which may have a substitutent or —O—; wherein the substitutent(s) in the phenylene which may have the substitutent are 1 to 4 substitutents selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, alkoxy groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, nitro group, halogen atoms, trifluoromethyl group and —CH2N+R5aR6aR7a; wherein the substitutents may be the same as or different from each other; and wherein n is an integer of 1 or 2; and each of N+R5aR6aR7a is independently any of the following I), II) or III): I) R5a, R6a and R7a may be the same as or different from one another, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or alkynyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms; wherein the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl, piperidil, pyrrolidyl, morpholyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H; and wherein one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, —O—, —S—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8—, and —N+W−R9R10—(R8 represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. The alkyl group and the alkenyl group in R8 may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms and hydroxy. R9 and R10 may be the same as or different from each other and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, and may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms and hydroxy. W− represents counteranion.); II) N+R5aR6aR7a represents a monocyclo or bicyclo ring formed of 4 to 9 carbon atoms in addition to the ammonium nitrogen atom, with a proviso that a position of binding to Za is the ammonium nitrogen atom; wherein, in the monocyclo and bicyclo rings, one of the carbon atoms which constitutes the ring may be replaced with any of oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom; and the monocyclo and bicyclo rings may be substituted with one or more groups of hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, cyano, phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, pyridyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, carboxy, —CONH2, —SO3H and —R11 (R11 represents alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms. The alkyl group and the alkenyl group in R11 may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl, piperidil, pyrrolidyl, morpholyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H; and one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group and the alkenyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, —O—, —S—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8—, and —N+W−R9R10; R8, R9, R10 and W− are the same as the above); and the group which is not involved in the formation of the monocyclo ring and the bicyclo ring in R5a, R6a and R7a is the same as the above I); and III) N+R5aR6aR7a represents a pyridinium ring, a quinolinium ring or an isoquinolinium ring with a proviso that a position of binding to Za is the ammonium nitrogen atom; wherein the pyridinium ring, the quinolinium ring and the isoquinolinium ring may be substituted with one or more groups of cyano, nitro, phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, pyridyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, alkoxy having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, carboxy, —CONH2, —SO3H, halogen, hydroxy, tetrahydropyranyl and —R12a (R12a represents alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 9 carbon atoms. The alkyl group and the alkenyl group in R12a may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H; and one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group and the alkenyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, —S—, —O—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8—, and —N+W−R9R10—; R8, R9, R10 and W− are the same as the above); and X− represents counteranion. 2. A compound represented by the following formula (1B): wherein R1 and R2 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; m is an integer of 1 or 2; and R3, R4, A1, A2, A3, Y, Za-(N+R5aR6aR7a), n and X− are the same as the above. 3. The compound according to claim 2 represented by said formula (1B), wherein: when the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, NH, CH), one or more methylenes which constitute Za must be replaced with phenylene having a substitutent, the substitutent(s) in the phenylene having the substitutent are 1 to 4 substitutents selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, alkoxy groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, nitro group, halogen atoms, trifluoromethyl group and —CH2N+R5aR6aR7a, and the substitutents may be the same as or different from one another. 4. The compound according to claim 3 wherein Za-(N+R5aR6aR7a)n represents alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with one —N+R5aR6aR7a; Za represents a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms in which one methylene is replaced with phenylene which may have a substitutent or a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms in which one methylene is replaced with —O— or a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms in which one methylene is replaced with phenylene which may have a substitutent and another methylene is replaced with —O—; and Y represents —NHCS— or —NHCSNH— at para position or meta position. 5. The compound according to claim 4 wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, CH(OH), CH), Y represents —NHCSNH— at meta position, and Za is the following formula (sp-14): wherein *a binds to Y and *b binds to N+R5aR6aR7a in the formula (1B). 6. The compound according to claim 4 wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, NH, CH), Y represents —NHCSNH— at meta position, and Za is any of the following formulae: wherein *a binds to Y and *b binds to N+R5aR6aR7a in the formula (1B). 7. The compound according to claim 5 wherein R1 and R2 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents straight alkyl groups having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and (R3R4N)m represents any of dimethylamino group substituted at position 7, diethylamino group substituted at position 7, ethylmethylamino group substituted at position 7, dimethylamino group substituted at position 9 and dimethylamino groups substituted at two positions 7 and 9. 8. The compound according to claim 7 wherein (R3R4N)m represents any of dimethylamino group substituted at position 7, diethylamino group substituted at position 7 or ethylmethylamino group substituted at position 7, and N+R5aR6aR7a represents any of 4-t-butylpyridinium group, 3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-pyridinium group, 3-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-pyridinium group, 2-(n-propyl)-pyridinium group, 4-phenylquinuclidinium group or 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium group. 9. A pharmaceutical composition containing as an active component a compound represented by the following formula (1): wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, m, n and X− are the same as the above; Y represents any of —NHCS—, —NHCSNH— or —NHCSO—, wherein —NH of —NHCS— represents a bond of binding to the adjacent benzene ring and CS— represents a bond of binding to the adjacent Z, and —NH of —NHCSO— represents a bond of binding to the adjacent benzene ring and CSO— represents a bond of binding to the adjacent Z; Z-(N+R5R6R7)n represents alkyl or alkenyl having 2 to 10 carbon atoms which is substituted with —N+R5R6R7, the number of the substitutent being n, and one or more methylenes which constitute Z may be replaced with any of phenylene or —O—; and each of N+R5R6R7 is independently any of the following I), II) or III): I) R5, R6 and R7 may be the same as or different from one another, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or alkynyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms; wherein the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl, piperidil, pyrrolidyl, morpholyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H; and wherein one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, —O—, —S—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8—, and —N+W−R9R10—; and R8, R9, R10 and W− are the same as the above; II) N+R5R6R7 represents a monocyclo or bicyclo ring formed of 4 to 9 carbon atoms in addition to the ammonium nitrogen atom, with a proviso that a position of binding to Z is the ammonium nitrogen atom; wherein, in the monocyclo and bicyclo rings, one of the carbon atoms which constitutes the ring may be replaced with any of oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom; and the monocyclo and bicyclo rings may be substituted with one or more groups of hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, cyano, phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, pyridyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, carboxy, —CONH2, —SO3H and —R11 (R11 is the same as the above); and the group which is not involved in the formation of the monocyclo ring and the bicyclo ring in R5, R6 and R7 is the same as the above I); and III) N+R5R6R7 represents a pyridinium ring, a quinolinium ring or an isoquinolinium ring, with a proviso that a position of binding to Z is the ammonium nitrogen atom; wherein the pyridinium ring, the quinolinium ring and the isoquinolinium ring may be substituted with one or more groups of cyano, nitro, phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, pyridyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, alkoxy having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, carboxy, —CONH2, —SO3H, and —R12 (R12 represents alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 9 carbon atoms. The alkyl group and the alkenyl group in R12 may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H; and one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group and the alkenyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, —S—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8—, and —N+W−R9R10—; and R8, R9, R10 and W− are the same as the above). 10. A pharmaceutical composition containing the compound according to claim 1 as an active component. 11. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 10 wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a cholesterol lowering agent. 12. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 11 wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a therapeutic agent or a preventive agent for any of hyperlipemia, arteriosclerosis or syndrome X. 13. A pharmaceutical comprising a combination of the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 10 with another therapeutic agent or preventive agent for coronary artery diseases. 14. A pharmaceutical comprising a combination of the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 10 with another cholesterol lowering agent. 15. The pharmaceutical according to claim 14 wherein another cholesterol lowering agent is one or more selected from a 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, a fibrate drug, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, a bile acid absorber, probucol, AGI-1067, nicotinic acid and a derivative thereof, a microsomal transfer protein (MTP) inhibitor, an acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor, a cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor, a squalene synthase inhibitor, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agent and phytosterol. 16. The pharmaceutical according to claim 15 wherein the selected cholesterol lowering agent is the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. 17. The pharmaceutical according to claim 16 wherein the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of pravastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and pitavastatin. 18. The pharmaceutical according to claim 15 wherein both the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor are selected as the cholesterol lowering agent. 19. The pharmaceutical according to claim 18 wherein the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of pravastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and pitavastatin, and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe. 20. The compound according to claim 6 wherein R1 and R2 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents straight alkyl groups having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and (R3R4N)m represents any of dimethylamino group substituted at position 7, diethylamino group substituted at position 7, ethylmethylamino group substituted at position 7, dimethylamino group substituted at position 9 and dimethylamino groups substituted at two positions 7 and 9. 21. The compound according to claim 20 wherein (R3R4N)m represents any of dimethylamino group substituted at position 7, diethylamino group substituted at position 7 or ethylmethylamino group substituted at position 7, and N+R5aR6aR7a represents any of 4-t-butylpyridinium group, 3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-pyridinium group, 3-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-pyridinium group, 2-(n-propyl)-pyridinium group, 4-phenylquinuclidinium group or 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium group. 22. A pharmaceutical composition containing the compound according to claim 2 as an active component. 23. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 22 wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a cholesterol lowering agent. 24. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 23 wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a therapeutic agent or a preventive agent for any of hyperlipemia, arteriosclerosis or syndrome X. 25. A pharmaceutical comprising a combination of the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 22 with another therapeutic agent or preventive agent for coronary artery diseases. 26. A pharmaceutical comprising a combination of the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 22 with another cholesterol lowering agent. 27. The pharmaceutical according to claim 26 wherein another cholesterol lowering agent is one or more selected from a 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, a fibrate drug, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, a bile acid absorber, probucol, AGI-1067, nicotinic acid and a derivative thereof, a microsomal transfer protein (MTP) inhibitor, an acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor, a cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor, a squalene synthase inhibitor, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agent and phytosterol. 28. The pharmaceutical according to claim 27 wherein the selected cholesterol lowering agent is the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. 29. The pharmaceutical according to claim 28 wherein the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of pravastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and pitavastatin. 30. The pharmaceutical according to claim 27 wherein both the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor are selected as the cholesterol lowering agent. 31. The pharmaceutical according to claim 30 wherein the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of pravastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and pitavastatin, and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe. 32. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9 wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a cholesterol lowering agent. 33. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 32 wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a therapeutic agent or a preventive agent for any of hyperlipemia, arteriosclerosis or syndrome X. 34. A pharmaceutical comprising a combination of the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 32 with another therapeutic agent or preventive agent for coronary artery diseases. 35. A pharmaceutical comprising a combination of the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 32 with another cholesterol lowering agent. 36. The pharmaceutical according to claim 35 wherein another cholesterol lowering agent is one or more selected from a 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, a fibrate drug, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, a bile acid absorber, probucol, AGI-1067, nicotinic acid and a derivative thereof, a microsomal transfer protein (MTP) inhibitor, an acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor, a cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor, a squalene synthase inhibitor, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agent and phytosterol. 37. The pharmaceutical according to claim 36 wherein the selected cholesterol lowering agent is the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. 38. The pharmaceutical according to claim 37 wherein the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of pravastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and pitavastatin. 39. The pharmaceutical according to claim 36 wherein both the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor are selected as the cholesterol lowering agent. 40. The pharmaceutical according to claim 39 wherein the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of pravastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and pitavastatin, and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a novel benzothiazepine or benzothiepine compound having a thioamide bond and a quaternary ammonium substitutent, and a pharmaceutical composition containing the same. The present invention also relates to a combined use and/or a medical mixture combination for simultaneously or separately administering the novel benzothiazepine or benzothiepine compound having a thioamide bond and a quaternary ammonium substitutent with another compound used for prevention and/or treatment of coronary artery diseases. BACKGROUND ART Hyperlipemia has been known to be a state in which levels of neutral fat and cholesterol in blood are higher than normal levels. Hyperlipemia is subjected to the treatment because it is a major risk factor of ischemic diseases. Hyperlipemia has been also known to cause arteriosclerosis. In particular, it is effective for the prevention and the treatment of arteriosclerosis to lower the level of cholesterol in the blood. The arteriosclerosis has been known to cause myocardial infarction, cerebral thrombosis, peripheral arterial obstruction and arteriosclerotic obliteration. Syndrome X has been proposed by Reaven et al. (e.g., see Non-patent Document 1 [Reaven et al., “Diabetes”, 37:1595-1607, 1988]), and is a multiple risk factor syndrome in which the arteriosclerosis occurs by accumulating the multiple risk factors of hyperinsulinism, hyperlipemia, hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance in an individual body although each factor is not pathogenic when each factor is present independently. It has been believed that a cholesterol lowering agent is effective for the prevention or the treatment of these diseases (e.g., see Non-patent Document 2 [“Nippon Rinsho, Koshikessho Jo (Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine, Hyperlipemia Volume 1)” ISSN 0047-1852]). Examples of therapeutic agents for hyperlipemia which are currently commercially available may include 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (abbreviated hereinbelow as HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors and bile acid absorbers (anion exchange resin drug). These are used particularly for the prevention or the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and arteriosclerosis in hyperlipemia. These are further used for the prevention or the treatment of myocardial infarction, cerebral thrombosis, peripheral arterial obstruction and arteriosclerotic obliteration caused by hypercholesterolemia and arteriosclerosis. Other therapeutic agents for hyperlipemia may include anti-oxidants, nicotinic acid derivatives and cholesterol absorption inhibitors. Fibrate drugs which act upon α-receptor of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (abbreviated hereinbelow as PPAR) are also included in this category because they have neutral fat lowering and cholesterol lowering effects. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, which are generally referred to as statins, inhibit a cholesterol synthesis pathway and exhibit the strong cholesterol lowering effect, but rarely cause a severe side effect such as rhabdomyolysis and also cause myopathy and hepatic disorders in some cases. Thus, statins are generally used below the excessive amount. Therefore, when the use of statin alone can not lower the level of cholesterol sufficiently, co-administration with another therapeutic agent for hyperlipemia having a different action mechanism is considered for lowering cholesterol to a target level. However, when considering the combination with the fibrate drug for an example, the fibrate drug itself also causes rhabdomyolysis in some cases. Thus, the therapy by this combination is not usually used because of the higher risk of rhabdomyolysis. The combination of the statin drugs and the anion exchange resin drug augments the cholesterol lowering effect compared with the use of statin alone. Thus, when the use of statin alone does not lower to the target level, this combination can be used. However, it is necessary to take the bile acid absorber in a large amount in order to obtain a commeasurable drug effect. Thus, the bile acid absorber has difficulty upon taking and largely affects gastrointestinal tract to cause constipation. In addition, the anion exchange resin drug also absorbs vitamins A, D, E and K or simultaneously administered anionic drugs. Considering these effects, the combination of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor with the bile acid absorber such as anion exchange resin drug is not the best mode of the treatment which patients should receive. The combination of the cholesterol absorption inhibitor with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is effective. However, the cholesterol absorption inhibitor is also incorporated in the body and metabolized in liver. Thus the cholesterol absorption inhibitor can not be administered to a patient having a disease in liver. The combination of the cholesterol absorption inhibitor with the fibrate drugs is not usually used because a drug interaction is concerned. Additional examples of drugs capable of treating hyperlipemia may include a cholesterol ester transfer protein (abbreviated hereinbelow as CETP) inhibitor, nicotinic acid and derivatives thereof, an acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acetyltransferase (abbreviated hereinbelow as ACAT) inhibitor and a microsomal transfer protein (abbreviated hereinbelow as MTP) inhibitor. They are commonly absorbed in the body to exert medicinal effects, and thus the drug interaction is likely to occur when combined with the other cholesterol lowering drug such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. It is generally effective in the treatment to combine the drugs each having different action mechanisms for exerting the effect over a certain level. However, when each drug is absorbed to plasma proteins or when a drug metabolism process is shared by the combined drugs, the risk of side effect occurrence becomes high because of more rapid increase of drug concentrations in blood and larger effect on tissues than those which occur with the use of a single drug. In addition, in the case of the patient having a plurality of risk factors for the coronary artery disease, a plurality of drugs are often prescribed for coping with respective risk factors. For example, in the cases of the combination of hyperlipemia and hypertension and the combination of hyperlipemia and diabetes, the therapeutic drug for hyperlipemia is combined with the therapeutic drug for another disease. At that time, the interaction between the drugs must be sufficiently considered. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a useful compound as a therapeutic and/or preventive agent for hyperlipemia. A further object of the present invention is to provide a combination of the compound of the present invention with another drug. In particular, the present invention provides a combination of pharmaceuticals which safely exhibits an augmented effect of the combination without interaction with other drugs. In order to solve the aforementioned problems, the present inventors synthesized various compounds and analyzed their activities. As a result, it has been found out that a novel benzothiazepine compound or benzothiepine compound represented by the following formula (1A), (1B) or (1C) having a thioamide bond and a quaternary ammonium substitutent has a high therapeutic and preventive effect on the treatment of hyperlipemia. Furthermore, it has also been found out that the compound has an extremely potent inhibitory activity for ileal bile acid transporter and a blood cholesterol lowering effect, and that the compound can be used as a cholesterol lowering agent, particularly, as a therapeutic and preventive agent for hyperlipemia, arteriosclerosis and syndrome X. In addition, it has been found out that the compound has a therapeutic and preventive effect on hepatic disorder associated with cholestasis, and can be used as the therapeutic agent and the preventive agent for hepatic disorder associated with cholestasis, particularly primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Further it has been found out that the compound has a body weight decreasing effect and the therapeutic effect on fatty liver and can be used as a therapeutic and preventive agent for obesity and the fatty liver. Further, it has been found out that the compound has the therapeutic and preventive effect on steatohepatitis and can be used as a therapeutic and preventive agent for the steatohepatitis. Additionally, it has been found out that compared with the use of a single drug, the therapeutic effect on hyperlipemia is further augmented by combining the compound represented by the following formula (1A), (1B) or (1C) with another compound which is an active component of the therapeutic and/or preventive agent for the coronary artery diseases. That is, the present invention relates to: (1) A compound represented by the following formula: wherein R1a and R2a may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or alkynyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms; ma is an integer of 0 to 4; Rx represents halogen atom, nitro group, amino group, cyano group, hydroxy group, carboxy group, —CONH2, —SO3H, —NR3R4 (R3 and R4 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms), alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or alkynyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms; wherein the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl, piperidil, pyrrolidyl, morpholyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H; one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, —O—, —S—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8a—, and —N+Wa−R9aR10a (R8a represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms; the alkyl group and the alkenyl group in R8a may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms and hydroxy. R9a and R10a may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, and may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms and hydroxy. Wa− represents counteranion.); the combination of (A1, A2, A3) represents (CH2, NH, CH), (CH2, CH(OH), CH), (NH, CH(OH), CH) or (CH2, CH2, N); Y represents any of —NHCS—, —NHCSNH— or —NHCSO—, wherein —NH of —NHCS— represents a bond which binds to the adjacent benzene ring and CS— represents a bond which binds to the adjacent Za, and —NH of —NHCSO— represents a bond which binds to the adjacent benzene ring and CSO— represents a bond which binds to the adjacent Za; Za-(N+R5aR6aR7a)n represents alkyl group or alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms which is substituted with —N+R5aR6aR7a, the number of the substitutent being n; wherein one or more methylenes which constitute Za may be replaced with any of phenylene which may have a substitutent or —O—; wherein the substitutent(s) in the phenylene which may have the substitutent are 1 to 4 substitutents selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, alkoxy groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, nitro group, halogen atom, trifluoromethyl group and —CH2N+R5aR6aR7a; wherein the substitutents may be the same as or different from each other; and wherein n is an integer of 1 or 2; and each of N+R5aR6aR7a is independently any of the following I), II) or III): I) R5a, R6a and R7a may be the same as or different from one another, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or alkynyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms; wherein the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl, piperidil, pyrrolidyl, morpholyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H; and wherein one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, —O—, —S—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8—, and —N+W−R9R10— (R8 represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. The alkyl group and the alkenyl group in R8 may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms and hydroxy. R9 and R10 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, and may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms and hydroxy. W− represents counteranion.); II) N+R5aR6aR7a represents a monocyclo or bicyclo ring formed of 4 to 9 carbon atoms in addition to the ammonium nitrogen atom, with a proviso that a position of binding to Za is the ammonium nitrogen atom; wherein, in the monocyclo and bicyclo rings, one of the carbon atoms which constitutes the ring may be replaced with any of oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom; and the monocyclo and bicyclo rings may be substituted with one or more groups of hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, cyano, phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, pyridyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, carboxy, —CONH2, —SO3H and —R11 (R11 represents alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms. The alkyl group and the alkenyl group in R11 may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl, piperidil, pyrrolidyl, morpholyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H; and one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group and the alkenyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, —O—, —S—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8—, and —N+W−R9R10—; R8, R9, R10 and W− are the same as the above); and the group which is not involved in the formation of the monocyclo ring and the bicyclo ring in R5a, R6a and R7a is the same as the above I); and III) N+R5aR6aR7a represents a pyridinium ring, a quinolinium ring or an isoquinolinium ring, with a proviso that a position of binding to Za is the ammonium nitrogen atom; wherein the pyridinium ring, the quinolinium ring and the isoquinolinium ring may be substituted with one or more groups of cyano, nitro, phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, pyridyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, alkoxy having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, carboxy, —CONH2, —SO3H, halogen, hydroxy, tetrahydropyranyl and —R12a (R12a represents alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 9 carbon atoms. The alkyl group and the alkenyl group in R12a may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H; and one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group and the alkenyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, —S—, —O—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8— and —N+W−R9R10—; R8, R9, R10 and W− are the same as the above); and X− represent counteranion. (2) a compound represented by the following formula (1B): wherein R1 and R2 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; m is an integer of 1 or 2; and R3, R4, A1, A2, A3, y, Za —(N+R5aR6aR7a), n and X− are the same as the above. (3) the compound according to (2) above, represented by the above formula (1B), wherein: when the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, NH, CH), one or more methylenes which constitute Za must be replaced with a phenylene group having a substitutent; the substitutent(s) in the phenylene group having the substitutent are 1 to 4 substitutents selected from the group consisting of alkyl having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, alkoxy having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, nitro group, halogen atom, trifluoromethyl group and —CH2N+R5aR6aR7a, and the substitutents may be the same as or different from one another. (4) the compound according to (3) above wherein Za-(N+R5aR6aR7a)n represents alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with one —N+R5aR6aR7a; Za represents a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, or a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms in which one methylene is replaced with phenylene which may have a substitutent, or a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms in which one methylene is replaced with —O—, or a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms in which one methylene is replaced with phenylene which may have a substitutent and another methylene is replaced with —O—; and Y represents —NHCS— or —NHCSNH— at para-position or meta-position. (5) the compound according to (4) above wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) represents (CH2, CH(OH), CH), Y represents —NHCSNH— at meta position, and Za represents the following formula (sp-14): wherein *a binds to Y and *b binds to N+R5aR6aR7a in the formula (1B). (6) the compound according to (4) above wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) represents (CH2, NH, CH), Y represents —NHCSNH— at meta position, and Za represents any of the following formulae: wherein *a binds to Y and *b binds to N+R5aR6aR7a in the formula (1B). (7) the compound according to (5) or (6) above wherein R1 and R2 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents straight alkyl groups having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and (R3R4N)m represents any of dimethylamino group substituted at position 7, diethylamino group substituted at position 7, ethylmethylamino group substituted at position 7, dimethylamino group substituted at position 9 and dimethylamino groups substituted at two positions 7 and 9. (8) the compound according to (7) above wherein (R3R4N)m represents any of dimethylamino group substituted at position 7, diethylamino group substituted at position 7 or ethylmethylamino group substituted at position 7, and N+R5aR6aR7a represents any of 4-t-butylpyridinium group, 3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-pyridinium group, 3-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-pyridinium group, 2-(n-propyl)-pyridinium group, 4-phenylquinuclidinium group or 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium group. (9) a pharmaceutical composition containing as an active component a compound represented by the following formula (1): wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, m, n and X− are the same as the above; Y represents any of —NHCS—, —NHCSNH— or —NHCSO—, wherein —NH of —NHCS— represents a bond of binding to the adjacent benzene ring and CS— represents a bond of binding to the adjacent Z, and —NH of —NHCSO— represents a bond of binding to the adjacent benzene ring and CSO— represents a bond of binding to the adjacent Z; Z-(N+R5aR6aR7a)n represents alkyl or alkenyl having 2 to carbon atoms which is substituted with —N+R5aR6aR7a, the number of the substitutent being n, and one or more methylenes which constitute Z may be replaced with any of phenylene or —O—; and each of N+R5aR6aR7a is independently any of the following I), II) or III): I) R5, R6 and R7 may be the same as or different from one another, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or alkynyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms; wherein the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl, piperidil, pyrrolidyl, morpholyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H; and wherein one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, —O—, —S—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8—, and —N+W−R9R10—; and R8, R9, R10 and W− are the same as the above; II) N+R5R6R7 represents a monocyclo or bicyclo ring formed of 4 to 9 carbon atoms in addition to the ammonium nitrogen atom, with a proviso that a position of binding to Z is the ammonium nitrogen atom; wherein, in the monocyclo and bicyclo rings, one of the carbon atoms which constitutes the ring may be replaced with any of oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom; and the monocyclo and bicyclo rings may be substituted with one or more groups of hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, cyano, phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, pyridyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, carboxy, —CONH2, —SO3H and —R11 (R11 is the same as the above); and the group which is not involved in the formation of the monocyclo ring and the bicyclo ring in R5, R6 and R7 is the same as the above I); and III) N+R5R6R7 represents a pyridinium ring, a quinolinium ring or an isoquinolinium ring, with a proviso that a position of binding to Z is the ammonium nitrogen atom; wherein the pyridinium ring, the quinolinium ring and the isoquinolinium ring may be substituted with one or more groups of cyano, nitro, phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, pyridyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, alkoxy having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, carboxy, —CONH2, —SO3H, and —R12 (R12 represents alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 9 carbon atoms. The alkyl group and the alkenyl group in R12 may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H; and one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group and the alkenyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, —S—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8—, and —N+W−R9R10—; and R8, R9, R10 and W− are the same as the above). (10) a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound according to any of (1) to (8) above as an active component. (11) the pharmaceutical composition according to (9) or (10) above wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a cholesterol lowering agent. (12) the pharmaceutical composition according to (11) above wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a therapeutic agent or a preventive agent for any of hyperlipemia, arteriosclerosis or syndrome X. (13) a pharmaceutical comprising a combination of the pharmaceutical composition according to any of (9) to (12) above with another therapeutic agent or preventive agent for coronary artery diseases. (14) a pharmaceutical comprising a combination of the pharmaceutical composition according to any of (9) to (12) above with another cholesterol lowering agent. (15) the pharmaceutical according to (14) above wherein another cholesterol lowering agent is one or more selected from an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, a fibrate drug, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, a bile acid absorber, probucol, AGI-1067, nicotinic acid and derivatives thereof, an MTP inhibitor, an ACAT inhibitor, a CETP inhibitor, a squalene synthase inhibitor, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (abbreviated hereinbelow as PPAR) agent and phytosterol. (16) the pharmaceutical according to (15) above wherein the selected cholesterol lowering agent is the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. (17) the pharmaceutical according to (16) above wherein the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of pravastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and pitavastatin. (18) the pharmaceutical according to (15) above wherein both the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor are selected as the cholesterol lowering agents. (19) the pharmaceutical according to (18) above wherein the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of pravastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and pitavastatin, and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe. The compound of the present invention in which the thioamide bond and the quaternary ammonium substitutent have been introduced is a novel compound which exhibits potent inhibitory activity for ileal bile acid transporter, has a stability against in vivo metabolism, and has a low toxicity against the gastrointestinal tract, when compared with publicly known compounds having a benzothiazepine or benzothiepine skeleton. According to the above Test Example, it has been confirmed that the present compound is useful as the cholesterol lowering agent, and is useful as the pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and the prevention of, e.g., hyperlipemia, arteriosclerosis and syndrome X. It is also confirmed that the present compound is useful for ameliorating the hepatic disorder associated with cholestasis, and is useful as the pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and the prevention of the hepatic disorder associated with cholestasis, e.g., primary biliary cirrhosis or primary sclerosing cholangitis. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that the compound is useful as the pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and the prevention of obesity and fatty liver. In addition, it has been confirmed that the compound is useful as the pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and the prevention of steatohepatitis. The compound of the present invention also has an activity to improve hyperlipemia and a high safety upon administration, as well as a low in vivo absorbability. Thus, it has been confirmed that not only the present compound can be used alone, but also can be used in combination with another preventive agent or therapeutic agent where the safety has been particularly concerned when combined with the conventional drugs. It is also confirmed that the amount of the combined drug can be reduced. In addition, even when the patient having a risk factor of the coronary artery disease, particularly hyperlipemia as the factor, has another complication, it is possible to treat hyperlipemia simultaneously with using the therapeutic agent for the complication because of the extremely low risk for drug interaction of the compound of the present invention. BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Each substitutent in the compound represented by the formula (1A) will be described hereinbelow. R1a and R2a may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Among them, the alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (straight or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms) are preferable, the straight alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms are more preferable, and the straight alkyl groups having 2 to 6 carbon atoms are particularly preferable. Although it may be preferable even if R1a and R2a are different from each other, it is more preferable that R1a and R2a are the same alkyl group. Specific preferable embodiments of R1a and R2a may include that both R1a and R2a are n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl or n-hexyl, or that R1a is ethyl and R2a is n-butyl. (Rx)ma means that any of positions 6 to 9 is substituted with Rx, wherein the number of substitutent Rx is ma. ma is an integer of 0 to 4, preferably 1 or 2 and more preferably 1. The substituted position is preferably the position 7 or 9 and more preferably the position 7 when ma is 1. When ma is 2, it is preferable that 2 positions of positions 7 and 9 are substituted with the same Rx. Rx represents halogen atom, nitro group, amino group, cyano group, hydroxy group, carboxy group, —CONH2, —SO3H, —NR3R4, alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or alkynyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms. The alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl, piperidil, pyrrolidyl, morpholyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H; and one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, —O—, —S—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8a—, and —N+Wa−R9aR10a—. R8a represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. The alkyl group and the alkenyl group in R8a may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms and hydroxy. R9a and R10a may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, and may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms and hydroxy. Rx is preferably —NR3R4. R3 and R4 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents straight or branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Among them, the straight alkyl groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms are preferable, methyl or ethyl is more preferable, and methyl is the most preferable. Specific preferable embodiments of (Rx)ma may include 7-dimethylamino, 7-diethylamino, 7-ethylmethylamino, 9-dimethylamino or 7,9-bis(dimethylamino). The compound in which R1a and R2a are alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and (Rx)ma is (R3R4N)m in the formula (1A) corresponds to the formula (1B). A1, A2, A3, Y, Za, n, R5a, R6a, R7a and X− are common in the formulae (1A) and (1B). These will be described below as substitutents in the compound represented by the formula (1B). R1 and R2 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents straight or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Among them, the straight alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms is preferable, and the straight alkyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms is more preferable. Although it may be preferable even if R1 and R2 are different from each other, it is more preferable that R1 and R2 are the same alkyl group. Specific preferable embodiments of R1 and R2 may include that both R1 and R2 are n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl or n-hexyl, or that R1 is ethyl and R2 is n-butyl. (R3R4N)m means that any of positions 6 to 9 is substituted with —R3R4N, wherein the number of the substitutent —R3R4N is m. m is an integer of 1 or 2. Any of 1 or 2 is preferable, and 1 is more preferable. The substituted position is preferably the position 7 or 9 and more preferably the position 7 when m is 1. When m is 2, it is preferable that 2 positions 7 and 9 are substituted with the same —R3R4N. R3 and R4 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents straight or branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Among them, the straight alkyl groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms are preferable, methyl or ethyl is more preferable, and methyl is the most preferable. Specific preferable embodiments of (R3R4N)m may include 7-dimethylamino, 7-diethylamino, 7-ethylmethylamino, 9-dimethylamino or 7,9-bis(dimethylamino). The combination of (A1, A2, A3) represents (CH2, NH, CH), (CH2, CH(OH), CH), (NH, CH(OH), CH) or (CH2, CH2, N). The preferable combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, NH, CH), (CH2, CH(OH), CH) or (NH, CH(OH), CH). The more preferable combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, NH, CH) or (CH2, CH(OH), CH). The most preferable combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, CH(OH), CH). Y represents any of —NHCS—, —NHCSNH— or —NHCSO—, wherein —NH of —NHCS— represents a bond which binds to the adjacent benzene ring and CS— represents a bond which binds to the adjacent Za, and —NH of —NHCSO— represents a bond which binds to the adjacent benzene ring and CSO-represents a bond which binds to the adjacent Za. Among them, Y is preferably —NHCS— or —NHCSNH—, and particularly preferably —NHCSNH—. The substituted position on the benzene ring is any one of ortho, meta and para positions, preferably meta or para position, and most preferably meta position. Za-(N+R5aR6aR7a)n represents alkyl group or alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, which has been substituted with —N+R5aR6aR7a, wherein the number of the substitutent —N+R5aR6aR7a is n. Further, one or more methylenes which constitute Za may be replaced with any of phenylene which may have a substitutent or —O—. n is an integer of 1 or 2. Any of 1 or 2 is preferable, 1 is more preferable. Among alkyl group or alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms which is substituted with —N+R5aR6aR7a (the number of the substitutent being n), the straight or branched alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms is preferable, and the straight alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or the branched alkyl group having 3 to 7 carbon atoms is more preferable. When substituted with one —N+R5aR6aR7a, any of the straight alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or the branched alkyl group having 3 to 7 carbon atoms is preferable, and the straight alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms is more preferable. When substituted with two —N+R5aR6aR7a, the branched alkyl group having 3 to 7 carbon atoms is preferable. In the case of the straight alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with one —N+R5aR6aR7a, it is particularly preferable that Za represents a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Although it may be preferable even if one or more methylenes which constitute the Za are replaced with any of phenylene which may have a substitutent or —O—, no replacement is more preferable when Y is —NHCS—. When Y is —NHCSNH—, it is more preferable that methylene is replaced with phenylene which may have a substitutent, and in that case, the preferable embodiment of Za is as described above. When one or more methylenes which constitute Za are replaced with any of phenylene which may have a substitutent or —O—, the straight alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with one —N+R5aR6aR7a is preferable, and it is particularly preferable that Za represents the straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms. As a manner of replacement, it is preferable that one methylene is replaced with phenylene which may have a substitutent, or one methylene is replaced with —O—, or one methylene is replaced with phenylene which may have a substitutent and another methylene is replaced with —O—. It is more preferable that one methylene is replaced with phenylene which may have a substitutent. Note that the replaced —O— for methylene discussed herein is different from an oxygen atom in —NHCSO— which represents Y. When methylene which constitutes Za is replaced with phenylene which may have a substitutent, it is preferable that the phenylene is not substituted, and it is also preferable that the phenylene is substituted with one to four of alkyl having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, alkoxy having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, nitro, halogen, trifluoromethyl, and CH2N+R5aR6aR7a. It is more preferable that the phenylene is substituted with any one of methyl, trifluoromethyl, —F, —Cl and —Br. Unsubstituted phenylene is any of the following formula (phe-1), (phe-2) or (phe-3), preferably (phe-1) or (phe-2), and more preferably (phe-1). When the phenylene is substituted, it is preferable that the phenylene is substituted with any of one methyl, two methyls, one —F, one —Cl, one —Br, one trifluoromethyl, one nitro, one methoxy, or a combination of one methyl and one nitro. It is more preferable that the phenylene is substituted with any of one methyl, one —F, one —Cl, one —Br or one trifluoromethyl. “Replacement of one or more methylenes with phenylene or —O—” means replacement exemplified as follows. Specific preferable embodiments of Za may include the following formulae, (sp-1) to (sp-25) or (sp-26) to (sp-44). In the formulae, *a binds to Y and *b binds to N+R5aR6aR7a in the formula (1B). The formulae (sp-19) and (sp-20) are specific examples when n is 2, and the others are specific examples when n is 1. When Y is —NHCS—, Za is particularly preferably any of the above formulae (sp-1) to (sp-10), (sp-14) to (sp-16), (sp-18), (sp-19), (sp-21) or (sp-22), among them, more preferably (sp-1) to (sp-9), and most preferably (sp-4). When Y is —NHCSNH—, Za is particularly preferably any of the above formulae (sp-1) to (sp-9), (sp-12) to (sp-14), (sp-17), (sp-20), (sp-23) to (sp-25) or (sp-26) to (sp-44), among them, more preferably (sp-14), (sp-23) to (sp-25) or (sp-26) to (sp-44), and most preferably (sp-14) or (sp-26) to (sp-35). When Y is —NHCSO—, Za is particularly preferably any of the above formulae (sp-1) to (sp-9) and (sp-11), among them, more preferably (sp-1) to (sp-9). Each of N+R5aR6aR7a is independently any of the following I), II) or III). I) R5a, R6a and R7a may be the same as or different from one another, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or alkynyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms. The alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl, piperidil, pyrrolidyl, morpholyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H. Further, one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, —O—, —S—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8—, and —N+W− R9R10—. R8 represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. The alkyl group and the alkenyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms and hydroxy. R9 and R10 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, and may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms and hydroxy. W− represents counteranion. When R5a, R6a and R7a represent alkyl groups, any carbon number of 1 to 10 is preferable, and the straight alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms are more preferable. Specific preferable examples of the alkyl groups may include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, n-pentyl, i-pentyl, n-hexyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, n-heptyl, 2,2-dimethylpentyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decanyl and 2,3-diethylhexyl. When R5a, R6a and R7a represent alkenyl groups, the carbon number is preferably 3 to 8. The straight alkenyl groups having 3, 4, 5, 6 or 8 carbon atoms or the branched alkenyl groups having 4, 6 or 7 carbon atoms are more preferable. Specific preferable examples of the alkenyl groups may include 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 4-methyl-4-pentenyl, 5-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 5-methyl-5-hexenyl and 2,7-octadienyl. When R5a, R6a and R7a represent alkynyl groups, the carbon number is preferably 3 to 9. The straight alkynyl groups having 3, 5, 6, 7 or 9 carbon atoms or the branched alkynyl groups having 6 carbon atoms are more preferable. Specific preferable examples of the alkynyl groups may include 2-propynyl, 2-pentynyl, 4-methyl-2-pentynyl, 2-hexynyl, 2-heptynyl and 2-nonynyl. These preferable alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly the alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, thienyl, cyclohexyl, cyano, hydroxy, oxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H. Furthermore, one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group, particularly one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, —O—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8— (R8 represents alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 3 carbon atoms, preferably straight alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or straight alkenyl group having 3 carbon atoms, and the alkyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl or hydroxy) and —N+W−R9R10— (R9 and R10 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 3 carbon atoms, preferably straight alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or straight alkenyl group having 3 carbon atoms, and the alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl or hydroxy). It is more preferable that the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are not substituted or replaced. More preferable embodiments are any of the followings in which 1) preferable alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly alkyl groups represented by R5a, R6a and R7a are substituted with any one group of phenyl, thienyl, cyclohexyl, cyano, hydroxy, oxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H; 2) the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly the alkyl groups are substituted with two hydroxy groups; 3) the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly the alkyl groups are substituted with one hydroxy group and one —SO3H; 4) the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly the alkyl groups are substituted with one oxo group and one phenyl group; 5) the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly the alkyl groups are substituted with one hydroxy group and two phenyl groups; 6) one methylene which constitutes the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly one methylene which constitutes the alkyl groups is replaced with any of phenylene, furylene, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8— (R8 represents straight alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, straight alkenyl group having 3 carbon atoms, straight alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms substituted with one hydroxy group or straight alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms substituted with one phenyl group, and specifically includes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl and benzyl), —N+W−R9R10— (R9 and R10 may be the same as or different from each other and each represents straight alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, straight alkenyl group having 3 carbon atoms, straight alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms substituted with one hydroxy group or straight alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms substituted with one phenyl group, and specifically includes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, and benzyl); 7) two methylenes which constitute the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly two methylenes which constitute the alkyl groups are replaced with any of two —O—, one phenylene and one —O—, one —O— and one —NR8—, or one —NHCO— and one —O—; 8) three methylenes which constitute the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly three methylenes which constitute the alkyl groups are substituted with any of two —O— and one —NR8—, or one phenylene and two-NHCO—; 9) the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly the alkyl groups are substituted with one hydroxy group, and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly one methylene which constitutes the alkyl groups is replaced with —O—; 10) the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly the alkyl groups are substituted with one hydroxy group, and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly one methylene which constitutes the alkyl groups is replaced with —NR8—; 11) the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly the alkyl groups are substituted with one hydroxy group, and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly one methylene which constitutes the alkyl groups is replaced with furylene; 12) the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly the alkyl groups are substituted with one oxo group, and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly one methylene which constitutes the alkyl groups is replaced with thienylene; and 13) the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly the alkyl groups are substituted with one oxo group, and further two methylenes which constitute the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, particularly two methylenes which constitute the alkyl groups are replaced with one —O— and one phenylene. Alternatively, the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups represented by R5a, R6a and R7a are not substituted. The most preferable embodiment is any of straight alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, straight alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with one phenyl group, straight alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with one hydroxy group, straight alkenyl groups having 3 to 6 or 8 carbon atoms, branched alkenyl group having 4, 6 or 7 carbon atoms, straight alkynyl groups having 3, 5, 6, 7 or 9 carbon atoms and branched alkynyl groups having 6 carbon atoms. Specifically, N,N-dimethyl-N(n-hexyl) ammonium, N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium, N-benzyl-N-methyl-N-(propargyl) ammonium, or N,N-dimethyl-N-(n-butyl) ammonium is preferable, and N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium or N-benzyl-N-methyl-N-(propargyl) ammonium is particularly preferable. II) N+R5aR6aR7a represents a monocyclo or bicyclo ring formed by 4 to 9 carbon atoms in addition to the ammonium nitrogen atom, with a proviso that a position of binding to Za is the ammonium nitrogen atom. In the monocyclo and bicyclo rings, one of the carbon atoms which constitute the ring may be substituted with any of oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom, and further the monocyclo and bicyclo rings may be substituted with one or more groups of hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, cyano, phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, pyridyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, carboxy, —CONH2, —SO3H and —R11. R11 represents alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms. The alkyl group and the alkenyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl, piperidil, pyrrolidyl, morpholyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H, and further one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group and the alkenyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, —O—, —S—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8—, and —N+W−R9R10—. R8 represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. The alkyl group and the alkenyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms and hydroxy. R9 and R10 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, and may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms and hydroxy. W− represents counteranion. The group which is not involved in the formation of the monocyclo ring and the bicyclo ring in R5a, R6a and R7a represents alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or alkynyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms. The alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl, piperidil, pyrrolidyl, morpholyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H, and further one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, naphthylene, thienylene, furylene, pyridylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, —O—, —S—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8—, and —N+W−R9R10—. R8 represents alkyl group having 1 to carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. The alkyl group and the alkenyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms and hydroxy. R9 and R10 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, and may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms and hydroxy. W− represents counteranion. The monocyclo ring or the bicyclo ring represented by N+R5aR6aR7a is preferably any of pyrrolidinium ring, piperidinium ring, morpholinium ring, thiomorpholinium ring, piperazinium ring, azepanium ring, quinuclidinium ring or 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium ring. The monocyclo ring and the bicyclo ring may be substituted with one or more groups of hydroxy, oxo, cyano, phenyl, —CONH2 and —R11. As R11, alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 3 carbon atoms is preferable, and straight alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl), branched alkyl group having 6 carbon atoms (e.g., 3,3-dimethylbutyl) or straight alkenyl group having 3 carbon atoms (e.g., 2-propenyl) is more preferable. The alkyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of hydroxy, cyano, phenyl and —CONH2. Furthermore, one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group may be replaced with any of —O—, —CO2— and —NHCO—. The group which is not involved in the formation of the ring in R5a, R6a and R7a represents alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (preferably straight alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms), alkenyl group having 3 to 4 carbon atoms (preferably straight alkenyl group having 3 to 4 carbon atoms) or alkynyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms (preferably straight alkynyl group having 3, 4 or 6 carbon atoms). The alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group, particularly the alkyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, thienyl, furyl, piperidil, pyrrolidyl, morpholyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyano, hydroxy, oxo, nitro, carboxy and —SO3H, and further one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, —O—, and —CO2—. It is more preferable that the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are not substituted or replaced. In the more preferable embodiment, the pyrrolidinium ring, the piperidinium ring, the morpholinium ring, the thiomorpholinium ring, the piperazinium ring, the azepanium ring, the quinuclidinium ring and the 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium ring are substituted with 1) one of any of hydroxy, oxo, cyano, phenyl, CONH2 or —R11; 2) one cyano and one hydroxy; 3) one hydroxy group and one —R11; 4) one oxo group and one —R11; 5) two oxo groups or 6) two —R11. Alternatively, the pyrrolidinium ring, the piperidinium ring, the morpholinium ring, the thiomorpholinium ring, the piperazinium ring, the azepanium ring, the quinuclidinium ring and the 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium ring are not substituted. In this embodiment, R11 represents straight alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl), branched alkyl group having 6 carbon atoms (e.g., 3,3-dimethylbutyl) or straight alkenyl group having 3 carbon atoms (e.g., 2-propenyl), wherein 1) the alkyl group is substituted with either one of hydroxy and phenyl; or 2) one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group is replaced with any of —CO2— and —NHCO—; or 3) two methylenes which constitute the alkyl group are replaced with one —O— and one —NHCO—; or 4) the alkyl group is substituted with one cyano and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group is substituted with —O—; or 5) the alkyl group is substituted with one —CONH2 and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group is replaced with —O—; or 6) the alkyl group is substituted with one phenyl and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group is replaced with —CO2—; or 7) the alkyl group is substituted with one phenyl and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group is replaced with —NHCO—; or 8) the alkyl group is not substituted or replaced. Specific examples of R11 may include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-propenyl, benzyl, acetylamino, t-butoxycarbonylamino, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 2-cyanoethoxy, (2-cyanoethoxy)methyl, 2-carbamoylethoxy, ethoxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, benzoyloxy, phenylacetylamino, butanoylamino and pentanoylamino. The group which is not involved in the formation of the ring in R5a, R6a and R7a represents straight alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, straight alkenyl group having 3 to 4 carbon atoms or straight alkynyl group having 3, 4 or 6 carbon atoms, wherein 1) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group, particularly the alkyl group are substituted with one of any of phenyl, thienyl, furyl, piperidil, pyrrolidyl, morpholyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyano, hydroxy, carboxy or —SO3H; or 2) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group, particularly the alkyl group are substituted with two hydroxy groups; or 3) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group, particularly the alkyl group are substituted with one hydroxy group and one —SO3H; or 4) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group, particularly the alkyl group are substituted with four hydroxy groups and one oxo group; or 5) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group, particularly the alkyl group are substituted with one nitro group and one morpholyl group; or 6) one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group, particularly one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group is replaced with —CO2—; or 7) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group, particularly the alkyl group are substituted with one morpholyl, and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group, particularly one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group is replaced with —O—. Alternatively, the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are not substituted or replaced. The particularly preferable embodiment is the pyrrolidinium ring, the piperidinium ring, the azepanium ring, the quinuclidinium ring or the 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium ring which is substituted with one of any of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-propenyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl or 3-hydroxypropyl, or is not substituted, wherein the group which is not involved in the formation of the ring in R5a, R6a and R7a represents any of straight alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, straight alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms substituted with one phenyl, straight alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms substituted with one hydroxy, straight alkenyl group having 3 to 4 carbon atoms or straight alkynyl group having 3, 4 or 6 carbon atoms. Concerning the group which is not involved in the ring formation, specific preferable examples of the straight alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms may include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl and n-hexyl. Specific preferable examples of the straight alkenyl group having 3 to 4 carbon atoms may include 2-propenyl, 3-butenyl and 2,7-octadienyl. Specific preferable examples of the straight alkynyl group having 3, 4 or 6 carbon atoms may include 2-propynyl, 2-butynyl and 2,4-hexadiinyl. The most preferable embodiment is the quinuclidinium ring or the 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium ring which is substituted with one of any of n-butyl, phenyl, benzyl or hydroxy, or is not substituted. Specifically, preferable examples may include quinuclidinium-1-yl, 4-phenylquinuclidinium-1-yl, 3-hydroxyquinuclidinium-1-yl, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium-1-yl, 4-n-butyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium-1-yl and 4-benzyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium-1-yl, and particularly preferable examples may include quinuclidinium-1-yl, 4-phenylquinuclidinium-1-yl and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium-1-yl. Among them, 4-phenylquinuclidinium-1-yl is the most preferable. Alternatively, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium-1-yl is also the most preferable in another case. In addition, quinuclidinium-1-yl is the most preferable in another case. The other most preferable embodiment is the pyrrolidinium ring, the piperidinium ring or the azepanium ring which is substituted with one of any of methyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl or 3-hydroxypropyl, or is not substituted, wherein the group which is not involved in the formation of the ring in R5a, R6a and R7a represents any of straight alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, straight alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms substituted with one phenyl, straight alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms substituted with one hydroxy, straight alkenyl group having 3 to 4 carbon atoms or straight alkynyl group having 3, 4 or 6 carbon atoms. Specifically, preferable examples may include 1-methyl-pyrrolidinium-1-yl, 1-ethyl-pyrrolidinium-1-yl, 1-n-butyl-pyrrolidinium-1-yl, 1-n-pentyl-pyrrolidinium-1-yl, 3-hydroxy-1-methyl-pyrrolidiniuml-1-yl, 1-ethyl-3-hydroxy-pyrrolidinium-1-yl, 1-benzyl-3-hydroxy-pyrrolidinium-1-yl, 1-methyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 1-ethyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 1-n-butyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 1-n-pentyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 4-benzyl-1-n-butyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 4-benzyl-1-n-pentyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 3-hydroxy-1-methyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 3-hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 1-benzyl-4-hydroxymethyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 1-benzyl-4-hydroxyethyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 1-benzyl-4-hydroxy-piperidinium-1-yl, 1-ethyl-azepanium-1-yl, 1-n-butyl-azepanium-1-yl, 1-n-pentyl-azepanium-1-yl, 1-benzyl-azepanium-1-yl and 1-hydroxyethyl-azepanium-1-yl. More preferable examples may include 1-n-butyl-pyrrolidinium-1-yl, 1-ethyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 4-benzyl-1-n-butyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 4-benzyl-1-n-pentyl-piperidinium-1-yl and 1-benzyl-4-hydorxy-piperidinium-1-yl. The most preferable example may include 1-benzyl-4-hydorxy-piperidinium-1-yl. III) N+R5aR6aR7a represents a pyridinium ring, a quinolinium ring or an isoquinolinium ring, with a proviso that a position of binding to Za is the ammonium nitrogen atom. The pyridinium ring, the quinolinium ring and the isoquinolinium ring may be substituted with one or more groups of cyano, nitro, phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, pyridyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, alkoxy having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, carboxy, —CONH2, —SO3H, halogen, hydroxy, tetrahydropyranyl and —R12a. R12a represents alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 9 carbon atoms. The alkyl group and the alkenyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H; and further one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group and the alkenyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, —S—, —O—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8—, and —N+W−R9R10—. R8 represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. The alkyl group and the alkenyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms and hydroxy. R9 and R10 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, and may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms and hydroxy. W− represents counteranion. Preferably, in the pyridinium ring, the quinolinium ring and the isoquinolinium ring, the pyridinium ring and the quinolinium ring, particularly the pyridinium ring, may be substituted with one or more groups of cyano, nitro, phenyl, thienyl, pyridyl, alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, carboxy, —CONH2 and —R12a, wherein R12a represents alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms (preferably straight alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atom or branched alkyl group having 3 to 5 or 9 carbon atoms) or alkenyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms (preferably straight alkenyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms). The alkyl group and the alkenyl group, particularly the alkyl group, may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, carboxy, and —SO3H; and further one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group and the alkenyl group, particularly one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group may be replaced with any of —S—, —CO2—, —NHCO— and —NR8—. R8 represents alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms (preferably straight alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms), and the alkyl group may be substituted with one or more (preferably one) hydroxy. The more preferable embodiment is any of 1) the pyridinium ring substituted with one of any of cyano, phenyl, thienyl, pyridyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, carboxy, —CONH2 or —R12a; 2) the pyridinium ring substituted with two cyano groups; 3) the pyridinium ring substituted with two —R12a; 4) the pyridinium ring substituted with one cyano group and one —R12a; 5) the pyridinium ring substituted with one phenyl group and one —R12a; 6) the quinolinium ring substituted with one of any of cyano, nitro, carboxy, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy or —R12a; 7) the quinolinium ring substituted with one methoxy group and one —R12a; 8) the quinolinium ring substituted with one nitro group and one —R12a; 9) the unsubstituted pyridinium ring; 10) the unsubstituted quinolinium ring or 11) the unsubstituted isoquinolinium, wherein R12a represents straight alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-heptyl), branched alkyl group having 3 to 5 or 9 carbon atoms (e.g., i-propyl, t-butyl, 3-pentyl, 5-nonyl), or straight alkenyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms (e.g., vinyl, 3-butenyl), wherein 1) the alkyl group and the alkenyl group, particularly the alkyl group are substituted with one of any of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, carboxy or —SO3H; or 2) the alkyl group and the alkenyl group, particularly the alkyl group are substituted with one oxo group and one phenyl group; or 3) the alkyl group and the alkenyl group, particularly the alkyl group are substituted with two hydroxy group and one pyridyl group; or 4) one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group and the alkenyl group, particularly one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group is replaced with —CO2—; or 5) the alkyl group and the alkenyl group, particularly the alkyl group are substituted with one hydroxy, and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group and the alkenyl group, particularly one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group is replaced with —NHCO—; or 6) the alkyl group and the alkenyl group, particularly the alkyl group are substituted with one oxo group, and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group and the alkenyl group, particularly one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group is replaced with —CO2—; or 7) the alkyl group and the alkenyl group, particularly the alkyl group are substituted with one phenyl group, and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group and the alkenyl group, particularly one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group is replaced with —CO2—; or 8) the alkyl group and the alkenyl group, particularly the alkyl group are substituted with one carboxy group, and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group and the alkenyl group, particularly one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group is replaced with —S—; or 9) the alkyl group and the alkenyl group, particularly the alkyl group are substituted with one hydroxy group and one oxo group, and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group and the alkenyl group, particularly one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group is replaced with —NR8— (R8 represents methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-hydroxyethyl or 3-hydroxypropyl); or 10) the alkyl group and the alkenyl group are not substituted or replaced. Specific examples of R12a may include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 5-nonyl, vinyl, benzyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 2-(1-naphthyl)vinyl, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, formyl, acetyl, propionyl, benzoyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, hexoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, 2-propenyloxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl, 2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl, ethoxycarbonylmethylcarbonyl, 2-hydroxyethylaminocarbonyl, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aminocarbonyl, 2-carboxyvinyl, carboxymethylthio, cyanomethyl, 2-nitrovinyl, 2-(4-pyridyl)ethyl, 2-(4-pyridyl)vinyl, 3-(4-pyridyl)propyl, 2-(4-pyridyl)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl and 2-sulfoethyl. The particularly preferable embodiment is any of the unsubstituted pyridinium ring, the unsubstituted quinolinium, the unsubstituted isoquinolinium, the pyridinium ring substituted with one of any of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, vinyl, phenyl, benzyl, 3-phenylpropyl, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl or 3-hydroxypropyl, the pyridinium ring substituted with two of methyl or ethyl groupw, the pyridinium ring substituted with one phenyl group and one methyl group, or the quinolinium ring substituted with any one of methyl or i-propyl. The most preferable embodiment is the pyridinium ring substituted with one of any of t-butyl, n-butyl, n-propyl, ethyl, methyl, hydroxypropyl or methoxycarbonylethyl, or the unsubstituted pyridinium ring. Specifically, isoquinolinium-1-yl, 4-methylpyridinium-1-yl, 3-(n-butyl)pyridinium-1-yl, 4-ethylpyridinium-1-yl, 4-(t-butyl)pyridinium-1-yl, 3-(3-hydroxypropyl)pyridinium-1-yl, 3-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-pyridinium-1-yl and 2-(n-propyl)-pyridinium-1-yl are preferable, and 4-(t-butyl)pyridinium-1-yl, 3-(3-hydroxypropyl)pyridinium-1-yl, 3-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-pyridinium-1-yl and 2-(n-propyl)-pyridinium-1-yl are particularly preferable. Eventually, as N+R5aR6aR7a, one group selected from the group consisting of N-benzyl-N,N-dimethylammonium, N-benzyl-N-methyl-N-propargylammonium, 4-phenylquinuclidinium-1-yl, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium-1-yl, 1-benzyl-4-hydroxy-piperidinium-1-yl, 4-(t-butyl)pyridinium-1-yl, 3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-pyridinium-1-yl, 3-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-pyridinium-1-yl and 2-(n-propyl)-pyridinium-1-yl is preferable. Naphthyl in the description of I) to III) may include 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl, and preferably 1-naphthyl. Pyridyl may include 1-pyridyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl and 4-pyridyl, preferably 1-pyridyl and 4-pyridyl, and more preferably 4-pyridyl. Quinolyl may include 1-quinolyl, 2-quinolyl, 3-quinolyl, 4-quinolyl, 5-quinolyl, 6-quinolyl, 7-quinolyl and 8-quinolyl, and preferably 1-quinolyl or 4-quinolyl. Thienyl may include 2-thienyl and 3-thienyl, and preferably 2-thienyl. Furyl may include 2-furyl and 3-furyl, and preferably 2-furyl. Piperidil may include 1-piperidil, 2-piperidil, 3-piperidil and 4-piperidil, preferably 1-piperidil or 4-piperidil, and more preferably 1-piperidil. Pyrrolidyl may include 1-pyrrolidyl, 2-pyrrolidyl and 3-pyrrolidyl, and preferably 1-pyrrolidyl. Morpholyl may include 2-morpholyl, 3-morpholyl and 4-morpholyl, and particularly preferably 4-morpholyl. Cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms may include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl as preferable examples. Phenylene is any of the above formulae (phe-1) to (phe-3), preferably the formula (phe-1) or (phe-2), and more preferably the formula (phe-1). Thienylene is any of the following formulae (thi-1) to (thi-4), and the formula (thi-1) is particularly preferable. Furylene is any of the following formulae (fur-1) to (fur-4), and the formula (fur-1) is particularly preferable. Cyclohexylene is any of the following formulae (hex-1) to (hex-3), preferably the formula (hex-1) or (hex-2), and more preferably the formula (hex-1). Cyclopentylene is any of the following formula (pen-1) or (pen-2), and preferably the formula (pen-1). Specific examples of —N+R5aR6aR7a corresponding to I) may include the following formulae (an-1) to (an-158), (an-380) and (an-381). Specific examples of —N+R5aR6aR7a corresponding to II) may include the following formulae (an-159) to (an-299) and (an-382). Specific examples of —N+R5aR6aR7a corresponding to III) may include the following formulae (an-300) to (an-379) and (an-394) to (an-407). Specific examples of —N+R5aR6aR7a other than those corresponding to I) to III) may include the following formulae (an-383) to (an-393). Each of W− and X− represents a counteranion. The counteranion may be, regardless of its valence, any of negatively charged ions which can electrically neutralize positively charged ammonium ion in the compound of the present invention. A pharmaceutically acceptable anion is preferable. Preferable examples thereof may include F−, Cl−, Br−, I−, OH−, CH3SO3−, CF3SO3−, HCO2−, CH3CO2−, CF3CO2−, ClO4−, IO4−, HCO3−, CO32−, NO3−, HSO4−, SO42−, H2PO4−, HPO42−, or PO43−. Among them, Cl− and Br− are particularly preferable. W− and X− may be the same as or different from each other, but it is more preferable that they are the same. The combination of the substitutents in the formula (1B) is not particularly limited, but the following compounds (1) to (46) are particularly preferable. (1) The compound represented by the above general formula (1B) wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) represents (CH2, CH(OH), CH), Za-(N+R5aR6aR7a)n represents alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with the substitutent —N+R5aR6aR7a, the number of the substitutent —N+R5aR6aR7a being n, and one or more methylenes which constitute Za may be replaced with any of phenylene which may have a substitutent or —O—. (2) The compound according to (1) above wherein Za-(N+R5aR6aR7a)n represents straight alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with the one —N+R5aR6aR7a, and one or more methylenes which constitute Za may be replaced with any of phenylene which may have a substitutent or —O—. (3) The compound according to (2) above wherein Za-(N+R5aR6aR7a)n represents straight alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with one —N+R5aR6aR7a, or straight alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with one —N+R5aR6aR7a wherein one methylene which constitutes Za is replaced with phenylene which may have a substitutent, or straight alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with one —N+R5aR6aR7a wherein one methylene which constitutes Za is replaced with —O—, or straight alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with one —N+R5aR6aR7a wherein one methylene which constitutes Za is replaced with phenylene which may have a substitutent and further another methylene is replaced with —O—. (4) The compound according to (3) above wherein Za is a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, or a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms wherein one methylene is replaced with phenylene which may have a substitutent, or a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms wherein one methylene is replaced with —O—, or a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms wherein one methylene is replaced with phenylene which may have a substitutent and further another methylene is replaced with —O—. (5) The compound according to any of (1) to (4) above wherein Y is —NHCS— or —NHCSNH— at para or meta position. (6) The compound according to (5) above wherein Y is —NHCS— at meta position and Za is a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms. (7) The compound according to (6) above wherein Y is —NHCS— at meta position and Za is a straight methylene chain having 5 carbon atoms. (8) The compound according to (5) above wherein Y is —NHCSNH— at meta position and Za is a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms wherein one methylene is replaced with phenylene which may have a substitutent. (9) The compound according to (8) above wherein Y is —NHCSNH— at meta position and Za is the following formula (sp-14): wherein *a is bound to Y and *b is bound to N+R5aR6aR7a in the formula (1B). (10) The same compound as the compound according to any of (1) to (9) above except that the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (NH, CH(OH), CH). (11) The same compound as the compound according to any of (1) to (9) above except that the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, CH2, N). (12) The compound represented by the aforementioned general formula (1B) wherein Y is —NHCSNH— at meta position, Za-(N+R5aR6aR7a)n represents straight alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with one —N+R5aR6aR7a, wherein one methylene which constitutes Za must be replaced with phenylene which has a substitutent, the substitutent(s) on phenylene having the substitutent(s) are 1 to 4 substitutents selected from the group consisting of alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, nitro group, halogen atom, trifluoromethyl group and —CH2N+R5aR6aR7a, and the substitutents may be the same or different from one another. (13) The compound according to (12) above wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, NH, CH). (14) The compound according to (12) above wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, CH(OH), CH). (15) The compound according to (12) above wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (NH, CH(OH), CH). (16) The compound according to (12) above wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, CH2, N). (17) The compound according to (12) above wherein Y is —NHCSNH— at meta position and Za represents the straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and one methylene which constitutes Za is replaced with phenylene substituted with one of any of methyl, —F, —Cl, —Br or trifluoromethyl. (18) The compound according to (17) above wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, NH, CH). (19) The compound according to (17) above wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, CH(OH), CH). (20) The compound according to (17) above wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (NH, CH(OH), CH). (21) The compound according to (17) above wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, CH2, N). (22) The compound according to (17) above wherein Y is —NHCSNH— at meta position, Za is any of the following formulae: wherein *a is bound to Y and :b is bound to N+R5aR6aR7a in the formula (1B). (23) The compound according to (22) above wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, NH, CH). (24) The compound according to (22) above wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, CH(OH), CH). (25) The compound according to (22) above wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (NH, CH(OH), CH). (26) The compound according to (17) above wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, CH2, N) (27) The compound according to any of (1) to (26) above wherein each of N+R5aR6aR7a is independently any of the following I), II) or III): I) R5a, R6a and R7a may be the same as or different from one another, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms or alkynyl group having 3 to 9 carbon atoms. The alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, thienyl, cyclohexyl, cyano, hydroxy, oxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H, and further one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, —O—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8—, and —N+W−R9R10—. R8 represents alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 3 carbon atoms. The alkyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl or hydroxy. R9 and R10 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 3 carbon atoms, and the alkyl group may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl or hydroxy; II) N+R5aR6aR7a represents a monocyclo or bicyclo ring which is any of pyrrolidinium ring, piperidinium ring, morpholinium ring, thiomorpholinium ring, piperazinium ring, azepanium ring, quinuclidinium ring and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium ring, with a proviso that the position of binding to Za is the ammonium nitrogen atom. The monocyclo and bicyclo rings may be substituted with one or more groups of hydroxy, oxo, cyano, phenyl, —CONH2, and —R11. R11 represents alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 3 carbon atoms. The alkyl group in R11 may be substituted with one or more groups of hydroxy, cyano, phenyl and —CONH2, and further one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group may be replaced with any of —O—, —CO2—, and —NHCO—. The group which is not involved in the formation of the ring in R5a, R6a and R7a represents alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 3 to 4 carbon atoms or alkynyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms. The alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group in R5a, R6a and R7a may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, thienyl, furyl, piperidil, pyrrolidyl, morpholyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyano, hydroxy, oxo, nitro, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H, and further one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, —O—, and —CO2—; and III) N+R5aR6aR7a represents pyridinium ring, quinolinium ring or isoquinolinium ring, with a proviso that the position of binding to Za is the ammonium nitrogen atom. The pyridinium ring and the quinolinium ring may be substituted with one or more groups of cyano, nitro, phenyl, thienyl, pyridyl, alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, carboxy, —CONH2, and —R12a. R12a represents alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms. The alkyl group and the alkenyl group in R12a may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, carboxy, and —SO3H; and further one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group and the alkenyl group may be replaced with any of —S—, —CO2—, —NHCO— and —NR8—. R8 represents alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atom, and the alkyl group may be substituted with one or more hydroxy groups. (28) The compound according to (1) to (26) above wherein each of N+R5aR6aR7a is independently any of the following I), II) or III): I) R5a, R6a and R7a may be the same as or different from one another, and each represents straight alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, straight alkenyl group having 3 to 6 or 8 carbon atoms, branched alkenyl group having 4, 6 or 7 carbon atoms, straight alkynyl group having 3, 5, 6, 7 or 9 carbon atoms or branched alkynyl group having 6 carbon atoms, wherein: 1) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group in R5a, R6a and R7a are substituted with any one of phenyl, thienyl, cyclohexyl, cyano, hydroxy, oxo, carboxy, —CONH2 or —SO3H; or 2) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are substituted with two hydroxy groups; or 3) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are substituted with one hydroxy group and one —SO3H; or 4) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are substituted with one oxo group and one phenyl group; or 5) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are substituted with one hydroxy group and two phenyl groups; or 6) one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group is replaced with any of phenylene, furylene, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8— (R8 represents any of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl or benzyl) or —N+W−R9R10— (R9 and R10 represent any of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propenyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, or benzyl); or 7) two methylenes which constitute the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are replaced with any of two —O—, one phenylene and one —O—, one —O— and one —NR8— or one —NHCO— and one —O—; or 8) three methylenes which constitute the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are replaced with any of two —O— and one —NR8— or one phenylene and two —NHCO—; or 9) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are substituted with one hydroxy group, and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group is replaced with —O—; or 10) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are substituted with one hydroxy group, and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group is replaced with —NR8—; or 11) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are substituted with one hydroxy group, and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group is replaced with furylene; or 12) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are substituted with one oxo group, and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group is replaced with thienylene; or 13) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are substituted with one oxo group, and further two methylenes which constitute the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are replaced with one —O— and one phenylene. Alternatively, the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are not substituted or replaced; II) N+R5aR6aR7a represents a monocyclo or bicyclo ring which is any of pyrrolidinium ring, piperidinium ring, morpholinium ring, thiomorpholinium ring, piperazinium ring, azepanium ring, quinuclidinium ring and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium ring, with a proviso that the position of binding to Za is the ammonium nitrogen atom. The monocyclo and bicyclo rings are 1) substituted with any one of hydroxy, oxo, cyano, phenyl, —CONH or —R11; or 2) substituted with one cyano group and one hydroxy group; or 3) substituted with one hydroxy group and one —R11; or 4) substituted with one oxo group and one —R11; or 5) substituted with two oxo groups; or 6) substituted with two —R11. Alternatively, the monocyclo and bicyclo rings are not substituted. In this embodiment, R11 represents any group of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-propenyl, benzyl, acetylamino, t-butoxycarbonylamino, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 2-cyanoethoxy, (2-cyanoethoxy)methyl, 2-carbamoylethoxy, ethoxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, benzoyloxy, phenylacetylamino, butanoylamino and pentanoylamino. The group which is not involved in the formation of the ring in R5a, R6a and R7a represents straight alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, straight alkenyl group having 3 to 4 carbon atoms or straight alkynyl group having 3, 4 or 6 carbon atoms, wherein 1) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group in R5a, R6a and R7a are substituted with any one of phenyl, thienyl, furyl, piperidil, pyrrolidyl, morpholyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyano, hydroxy, carboxy or —SO3H; or 2) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are substituted with two hydroxy groups; or 3) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are substituted with one hydroxy group and one —SO3H; or 4) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are substituted with four hydroxy groups and one oxo group; or 5) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are substituted with one nitro group and one morpholyl group; or 6) one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group is replaced with —CO2—; or 7) the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are substituted with one morpholyl group and further one methylene which constitutes the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group is replaced with —O—. Alternatively the alkyl group, the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are not substituted or replaced; and III) N+R5aR6aR7a represents any of 1) the pyridinium ring substituted with one of any of cyano, phenyl, thienyl, pyridyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, carboxy, —COHN2— or —R12a; 2) the pyridinium ring substituted with two cyano groups; 3) the pyridinium ring substituted with two —R12a; 4) the pyridinium ring substituted with one cyano group and one —R12a; 5) the pyridinium ring substituted with one phenyl group and one —R12a; 6) the quinolinium ring substituted with one of any of cyano, nitro, carboxy, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy or —R12a; 7) the quinolinium ring substituted with one methoxy group and one —R12a; 8) the quinolinium ring substituted with one nitro group and one —R12a; 9) the unsubstituted pyridinium ring; 10) the unsubstituted quinolinium ring; or 11) the unsubstituted isoquinolinium ring. In this embodiment, R12a represents any of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 5-nonyl, vinyl, benzyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 2-(1-naphthyl)vinyl, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, formyl, acetyl, propionyl, benzoyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, hexoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, 2-propenyloxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl, 2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl, ethoxycarbonylmethylcarbonyl, 2-hydroxyethylaminocarbonyl, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aminocarbonyl, 2-carboxyvinyl, carboxymethylthio, cyanomethyl, 2-nitrovinyl, 2-(4-pyridyl)ethyl, 2-(4-pyridyl)vinyl, 3-(4-pyridyl)propyl, 2-(4-pyridyl)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl and 2-sulfoethyl. The binding position to Za is the ammonium nitrogen atom. (29) The compound according to any of (1) to (26) above wherein each of N+R5aR6aR7a is independently any of the following I), II) or III): I) R5a, R6a and R7a may be the same as or different from one another, and each represents any of straight alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, straight alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with one phenyl group, straight alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with one hydroxy group, straight alkenyl group having 3 to 6 or 8 carbon atoms, branched alkenyl group having 4, 6 or 7 carbon atoms, straight alkynyl group having 3, 5, 6, 7 or 9 carbon atoms or branched alkynyl group having 6 carbon atoms; II) N+R5aR6aR7a represents the pyrrolidinium ring, the piperidinium ring, the azepanium ring, the quinuclidinium ring or the 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium ring substituted with one of any of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-propenyl, benzyl, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl or 3-hydroxypropyl, or unsubstituted. The binding position thereof to Za is the ammonium nitrogen atom. The group which is not involved in the formation of the ring in R5a, R6a and R7a represents straight alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, straight alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms substituted with one phenyl group, straight alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms substituted with one hydroxy group, straight alkenyl group having 3 to 4 carbon atoms or straight alkynyl group having 3, 4 or 6 carbon atoms; and (III) N+R5aR6aR7a represents any of the unsubstituted pyridinium ring, the unsubstituted quinolinium ring, the unsubstituted isoquinolinium ring, the pyridinium ring substituted with one of any of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, vinyl, phenyl, benzyl, 3-phenylpropyl, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl or 3-hydroxypropyl, the pyridinium ring substituted with two of any of methyl or ethyl, the pyridinium ring substituted with one phenyl group and one methyl group, or the quinolinium ring substituted with any one of methyl or i-propyl. The position of binding to Za is the ammonium nitrogen atom. (30) The compound according to any of (1) to (26) above wherein N+R5aR6aR7a is any of N,N-dimethyl-N-(n-hexyl) ammonium, N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium, N-benzyl-N-methyl-N-(propargyl) ammonium, N,N-dimethyl-N-(n-butyl) ammonium, 1-methyl-pyrrolidinium-1-yl, 1-ethyl-pyrrolidinium-1-yl, 1-n-butyl-pyrrolidinium-1-yl, 1-n-pentyl-pyrrolidinium-1-yl, 3-hydroxy-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium-1-yl, 1-ethyl-3-hydroxy-pyrrolidinium-1-yl, 1-benzyl-3-hydroxy-pyrrolidinium-1-yl, 1-methyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 1-ethyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 1-n-butyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 1-n-pentyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 4-benzyl-1-n-butyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 4-benzyl-1-n-pentyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 3-hydroxy-1-methyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 3-hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 1-benzyl-4-hydroxymethyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 1-benzyl-4-hydroxyethyl-piperidinium-1-yl, 1-benzyl-4-hydroxy-piperidinium-1-yl, 1-ethyl-azepanium-1-yl, 1-n-butyl-azepanium-1-yl, 1-n-pentyl-azepanium-1-yl, 1-benzyl-azepanium-1-yl, 1-hydroxyethyl-azepanium-1-yl, quinuclidinium-1-yl, 4-phenylquinuclidinium-1-yl, 3-hydroxyquinuclidinium-1-yl, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium-1-yl, 4-n-butyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium-1-yl, 4-benzyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium-1-yl, isoquinolinium-1-yl, 4-methylpyridinium-1-yl, 3-(n-butyl)pyridinium-1-yl, 4-ethylpyridinium-1-yl, 4-(t-butyl)pyridinium-1-yl, 3-(3-hydroxypropyl)pyridinium-1-yl, 3-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-pyridinium-1-yl and 2-(n-propyl)-pyridinium-1-yl. (31) The compound according to any of (1) to (26) above wherein N+R5aR6aR7a is any of N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium, N-benzyl-N-methyl-N-(propargyl) ammonium, 4-phenylquinuclidinium-1-yl, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium-1-yl, 1-benzyl-4-hydroxy-piperidinium-1-yl, 4-(t-butyl)pyridinium-1-yl, 3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-pyridinium-1-yl, 3-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-pyridinium-1-yl and 2-(n-propyl)-pyridinium-1-yl. (32) The compound according to any of (1) to (26) above wherein N+R5aR6aR7a is any of 4-t-butylpyridinium, 3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-pyridinium, 3-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-pyridinium, 2-(n-propyl)-pyridinium, 4-phenylquinuclidinium and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium groups. (33) The compound according to any of (1) to (32) above wherein (R3R4N)m is any of dimethylamino group substituted at position 7, diethylamino group substituted at position 7, ethylmethylamino group substituted at position 7, dimethylamino group substituted at position 9, or dimethylamino groups substituted at two positions 7 and 9. (34) The compound according to any of (1) to (32) above wherein (R3R4N)m is any of the dimethylamino group substituted at position 7, the diethylamino group substituted at position 7, or the ethylmethylamino group substituted at position 7. (35) The compound according to any of (1) to (32) above wherein (R3R4N)m is the dimethylamino group substituted at position 7. (36) The compound according to any of (1) to (35) above wherein both R1 and R2 are the alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. (37) The compound according to any of (1) to (35) above wherein both R1 and R2 are the straight alkyl groups having 2 to 6 carbon atoms. (38) The compound according to any of (1) to (35) above wherein both R1 and R2 are n-butyl groups. (39) The compound represented by the general formula (1). (40) The compound according to any of (1) to (9) or (27) to (38) above wherein the compound represented by the general formula (1B) is the compound represented by the general formula (1). (41) The compound represented by the general formula (1B) wherein, when the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, NH, CH), one or more methylenes which constitute Za must be replaced with phenylene having a substitutent. The substitutent(s) in the phenylene having the substitutent are 1 to 4 substitutents selected from the group consisting of alkyl having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, alkoxy having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, nitro group, halogen atom, trifluoromethyl group and —CH2N+R5aR6aR7a, and the substitutents may be the same as or different from one another. (42) The compound according to (41) above wherein Za-(N+R5aR6aR7a)n represents alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, substituted with one —N+R5aR6aR7a; Za represents a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, or a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms in which one methylene is replaced with phenylene which may have a substitutent, or a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms in which one methylene is replaced with —O—, or a straight methylene chain having 2 to 10 carbon atoms in which one methylene is replaced with phenylene which may have a substitutent and another methylene is replaced with —O—; and Y represents —NHCS— or —NHCSNH— at para position or meta position. (43) The compound according to (42) above wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, CH(OH), CH), Y represents —NHCSNH— at meta position and Za is the following formula (sp-14): wherein *a binds to Y and *b binds to N+R5aR6aR7a in the formula (1B). (44) The compound according to (41) or (42) above wherein the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, NH, CH), Y represents —NHCSNH— at meta position and Za is any of the following formulae: wherein *a binds to Y and *b binds to N+R5aR6aR7a in the formula (1B). (45) The compound according to (44) above wherein R1 and R2 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents straight alkyl groups having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and (R3R4N)m represents any of dimethylamino group substituted at position 7, diethylamino group substituted at position 7, ethylmethylamino group substituted at position 7, dimethylamino group substituted at position 9, or dimethylamino groups substituted at two positions 7 and 9. (46) The compound according to (45) above wherein (R3R4N)m represents any of dimethylamino group substituted at position 7, diethylamino group substituted at position 7, or ethylmethylamino group substituted at position 7, and N+R5aR6aR7a represents any of 4-t-butylpyridinium, 3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-pyridinium, 3-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-pyridinium, 2-(n-propyl)-pyridinium, 4-phenylquinuclidinium or 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium groups. In the formula (1B), the compound which fulfills the conditions 1) to 3) shown below corresponds to the formula (1). The combination of (A1, A2, A3) defined below as the condition, the condition of Za and the condition of N+R5aR6aR7a have been already described as examples of preferable combinations in the formula (1B). R1, R2, R3, R4, Y, m, n, and X− are common in the formula (1B) and the formula (1). These have been already described as substitutents in the compounds represented by the formula (1B) 1) The combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, NH, CH); 2) when one or more methylenes which constitute Za are replaced with phenylene which may have a substitutent, the phenylene which may have the substitutent is an unsubstituted phenylene; and 3) when N+R5aR6aR7a represents pyridinium ring, quinolinium ring or isoquinolinium ring, the pyridinium ring, the quinolinium ring and the isoquinolinium ring may be substituted with one or more groups of cyano, nitro, phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, pyridyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, alkoxy having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, carboxy, —CONH2, —SO3H or —R12; the R12 represents alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms or alkenyl group having 2 to 9 carbon atoms; the alkyl group and the alkenyl group in R12 may be substituted with one or more groups of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, oxo, thioxo, carboxy, —CONH2 and —SO3H; and further one or more methylenes which constitute the alkyl group and the alkenyl group may be replaced with any of phenylene, thienylene, furylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, —S—, —CO2—, —NHCO—, —NR8—, and —N+W−R9R10—. In the compound of the present invention, asymmetric centers can be present at R1a, R2a, Rx, Za and (N+R5aR6aR7a) in addition to the positions 3, 4 and 5 in the formula (1A). Thus, a plurality of stereoisomers depending on the number of the asymmetric centers can be present. Not only pure stereoisomers but also mixtures of a plurality of optional stereoisomers are included within the scope of the present invention. In the compound of the present invention, a plurality of geometrical isomers can be present depending on types of R1a, R2a, Rx, Za and (NR5aR6aR7a). Not only pure geometrical isomers but also mixtures of a plurality of optional geometrical isomers are included within the scope of the present invention. In the compound of the present invention, asymmetric centers can also be present at R1, R2, R3, R4, Za and (N+R5aR6aR7a) in addition to the positions 3, 4 and 5 in the formula (1B). Thus, a plurality of stereoisomers depending on the number of the asymmetric centers can be present. Not only pure stereoisomers but also mixtures of a plurality of optional stereoisomers are included within the scope of the present invention. In the compound of the present invention, a plurality of geometrical isomers can be present depending on the types of Za and (N+R5aR6aR7a). Not only pure geometrical isomers but also mixtures of a plurality of optional geometrical isomers are included within the scope of the present invention. In the compound of the present invention, asymmetric centers can also be present at R1, R2, R3, R4, Z and (N+R5R6R7) in addition to positions 3 and 5 in the formula (1). Thus, a plurality of stereoisomers depending on the number of the asymmetric centers can be present. Not only pure stereoisomers but also mixtures of a plurality of optional stereoisomers are included within the scope of the present invention. In the compound of the present invention, a plurality of geometrical isomers can be present depending on the types of Z and (N+R5R6R7). Not only pure geometrical isomers but also mixtures of a plurality of optional geometrical isomers are included within the scope of the present invention. The present invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound of the present invention represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) as an active component, the pharmaceutical composition in which the pharmaceutical composition is the cholesterol lowering agent, the pharmaceutical composition in which the pharmaceutical composition is the therapeutic agent or the preventive agent for hyperlipemia, arteriosclerosis or syndrome X, the pharmaceutical composition in which the pharmaceutical composition is the therapeutic agent or the preventive agent for hepatic disorders associated with cholestasis, the pharmaceutical composition in which the pharmaceutical composition is the therapeutic agent or the preventive agent for primary biliary cirrhosis or primary sclerosing cholangitis, the pharmaceutical composition in which the pharmaceutical composition is the therapeutic agent or the preventive agent for obesity or fatty liver, and the pharmaceutical composition in which the pharmaceutical composition is the therapeutic agent or the preventive agent for steatohepatitis. The present invention also relates to pharmaceuticals combining the compound of the present invention represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) with another compound which is an active component of the preventive agent or the therapeutic agent for coronary artery diseases. The pharmaceuticals are effective for the prevention or the treatment of any of hyperlipemia, arteriosclerosis or syndrome X, and may be used for the prevention or the treatment of the coronary artery diseases. The compound of the present invention represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) is significantly anticipated to act as radical scavenger because the compound is characterized by having the thioamide bond in its molecule. Radicals have potent cytotoxicity, and appear to cause gastrointestinal disease such as inflammatory enteritis in the case of acting upon the gastrointestinal tract to cause the disorder (Thomson A. et al., Dig. Dis., 16, 152-158, 1998). Thiourea has a protective effect on amino acid transporter disorder of small intestine (i.e., inhibition of amino acid absorption) caused by hydroxy radical. Thiourea has been reported to be useful as the radical scavenger (Hayashi K. et al., Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 28, 261-266, 1993). In view of these, it is thought that the compound of the present invention represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) has the action as the radical scavenger which may prevent/treat the gastrointestinal disease such as inflammatory enteritis. The radical scavenging action may be examined by a method in which the compound of the present invention is mixed with a hydroxy radical-generating compound such as hydrogen peroxide solution and t-BuOOH and the residual radical amount is physicochemically or biochemically measured. Another example of the method for examining the action may be a method of placing the compound of the present invention in a model in which small intestine tissue or small intestine epithelial cell line is injured by the hydroxy radical-generating compound, and observing the reduction of injury. As the specific method, Hayashi et al's method (Hayashi K. et al., Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 28, 261-266, 1993) may be exemplified. Therefore, the pharmaceutical composition containing the compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) having such an action is also anticipated to exhibit the characteristic feature of the compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) In basic skeletons of the compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1), 1,4-benzothiazepine skeleton has a basic nitrogen at position 4 which is a vicinal of the asymmetrical center. Thus, an optically active isomer is easily obtained by various optical resolution agents such as camphor sulfonate derivatives and tartrate derivatives. Furthermore, the compound forms a pharmaceutically acceptable salt with an acid due to the presence of the basic nitrogen. Thus, the compound well-soluble in water may be obtained. Therefore, this skeleton is a useful basic skeleton for producing the pharmaceutical products. The compound obtained by introducing the thioamide bond and the quaternary ammonium substitutent into the skeleton is a novel compound. When compared with publicly known compounds having such a skeleton, this novel compound exhibits highly potent inhibitory activity for ileal bile acid transporter, high stability so that the compound is not easily metabolized in vivo, and a reduced toxicity to the gastrointestinal tract. By (the aforementioned) test examples, it has been found out that the compound is useful as the cholesterol lowering agent, and further is useful as the pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and the prevention of hyperlipemia, arteriosclerosis and syndrome X. Furthermore, it has been found out that the compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) can be combined with the cholesterol lowering agent such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and cholesterol absorption inhibitor, and it has been demonstrated that several combinations thereof have co-administration effects in Test Examples and thus the pharmaceutical composition containing these is useful. A group of the compounds represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) and having the quaternary ammonium substitutent exhibits remarkably low permeability into Caco-2 cells, and is predicted to be poorly absorbed from the intestine. A target molecule of these compounds is supposed to be bile acid transporters that are abundantly present in small intestine, and particularly in an ileum portion thereof. Thus, it is important that the compound is present in the small intestine and particularly in the ileum portion, and it is not necessary that the compound is absorbed in the body. Therefore, it is believed that this group of the compounds having the quaternary ammonium substitutent are present mostly in the intestine and acts upon the target molecule at that place, to exhibit the cholesterol lowering effect. A surfactant typified by benzalkonium chloride as a typical example of an organic compound having the quaternary ammonium substitutent exhibits cytotoxicity to the gastrointestinal cells. Such cytotoxicity may raise concern of injury on small intestine epithelium which may remarkably affect the absorbability of the co-administered drugs. It has been also found out that an IBAT inhibitor having the quaternary ammonium structure (the compound 5 [Synthetic Example 19]: 1-{4-[4-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenoxymethyl]benzyl}-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane chloride which exhibits the strongest activity among the compounds specifically described in WO02/08211) used as a control example in Test Examples of the present invention has the cytotoxicity. Therefore, it is concerned that this compound facilitates the absorbability of the co-administered drug, and thereby increases a concentration of the co-administered drug in blood to cause expression of side effects. When that surfactant is co-administered with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor or the fibrate drug, the blood level thereof may increase to cause rhabdomyolysis. When that surfactant is co-administered with ezetimibe, nicotinic acid or the CETP inhibitor, the blood level thereof may increase to cause hepatic toxicity. Such phenomena are considered to be disadvantageous. However, surprisingly, the compound of the present invention represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) having the thioamide bond and the quaternary ammonium substitutent does not exhibit the cytotoxicity to Caco-2 cell which is a small intestine epithelial cell line, and is not easily absorbed in vivo, whereby it is anticipated that this compound does not interact with the other drugs. Thus it has been found out that the compound has extremely preferable nature as a drug to be co-administered with drugs for the treatment of the coronary artery diseases and that the compound can be combined with the other cholesterol lowering agents, to thereby complete the present invention. The compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) in the present invention includes acid addition salts. The acid addition salt is preferably the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and examples thereof includes various publicly known salts, such as hydrochloride salts, hydrobromide salts, sulfate salts, hydrogen sulfate salts, dihydrogen phosphate salts, citrate salts, maleate salts, tartrate salts, fumarate salts, gluconate salts and methanesulfonate salts. The acid addition salt thereof may be obtained by adding an acid component in an amount equivalent to or several times of the compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1). The acid component to be used may include pharmaceutically acceptable mineral acids or organic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfuric acid, dihydrogen phosphoric acid, citric acid, maleic acid tartaric acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid and methanesulfonic acid. It is preferable that the compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) or the salt thereof in an effective amount is, if necessary, admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, to formulate a pharmaceutical composition. As the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipients, binders such as carboxymethylcellulose, disintegrants, lubricants, additives and the like are exemplified. When the compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) is administered to a human, the compound may be orally administered in forms of tablets, powers, granules, capsules, sugar-coated tablets, liquids and syrups. The dosage varies depending on age, body weight and condition of patients, and in general, 0.1 to 500 mg per adult person per day is administered as a single dose or several divided doses. In general, the administration time period may be consecutive several weeks to several months. Both the dosage per day and the administration time period may be increased and decreased depending on the condition of the patient. Another preferred embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical comprising a combination of the pharmaceutical of the present invention represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1), and another pharmaceutical containing as an effective ingredient a compound which is used as a therapeutic agent or a preventive agent for coronary artery disease. Examples of the combination may include a combination in which each of two or more pharmaceuticals is formulated as a single dose and the pharmaceuticals are administered simultaneously or with an interval of a certain period of time, preferably several hours. In this case, it is preferable to pack respective pharmaceuticals in one package form, although they may also be packaged separately. It is very preferable that two or more pharmaceuticals are mixed and used as one combined pharmaceutical. The “pharmaceutical” referred to herein may be composed of only the active component or the salt thereof, or may be the pharmaceutical composition to which, if necessary, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may be added. When the pharmaceutical is formulated by combining the compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) or the salt thereof with the compound for the coronary artery disease, it is preferable that the pharmaceutical is formulated by blending the effective amount of the compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) or the salt thereof with the effective amount of the compound for the coronary artery disease. As the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipients, binders such as carboxymethylcellulose, disintegrants, lubricants, additives and the like are exemplified. When such a combination agent is administered to a human, the composition may be orally administered in forms of tablets, powers, granules, capsules, sugar-coated tablets, liquids and syrups. The dosage varies depending on age, body weight and condition of the patients, and in general, 0.1 to 5 g per adult person per day is administered as a single dose or several divided doses. In general, the administration time period may be consecutive several weeks to several months. Both the dosage per day and the administration time period may be increased and decreased depending on the condition of the patient. The present pharmaceutical composition is characterized in that an adverse effect by drug combination can be substantially avoided. Thus, any drugs usable as the pharmaceutical products may be used by combining with the present pharmaceutical composition, and the drugs usable by combining with the present pharmaceutical composition are preferably the drugs used for the treatment or the prevention of the coronary artery diseases, and more preferably HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, fibrate drugs, bile acid absorbers, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, CETP inhibitors, nicotinic acid and derivatives thereof, ACAT inhibitors, MTP inhibitors, squalene synthesis inhibitors, PPAR agonists, Liver X receptor (abbreviated hereinbelow as LXR) agonists, Eicosapentaenoic acid (abbreviated hereinbelow as EPA) formulations, phytosterol, phytostanol, angiotensin converting enzyme (abbreviated hereinbelow as ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II (abbreviated hereinbelow as AT II) receptor inhibitors, viganite, sulfonyl urea, calcium channel inhibitors and diuretic agents. Preferable examples of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors may include pravastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and pitavastatin. Preferable examples of the fibrate drugs may include phenofibrate, bezafibrate, genfibrozile and chlofibrate. Preferable examples of the bile acid absorber may include cholestyramine, colestipol, colestimide and colesevelam. Preferable examples of the cholesterol absorption inhibitor may include ezetimibe and pamaqueside. Not only nicotinic acid but also acipimox and niceritol may be included as preferable examples. Preferable examples of the CETP inhibitor may include torcetrapib (CP-529414), JTT-705 and CETi. Preferable examples of the squalene synthesis inhibitor may include TAK-475, ER-119884, E-5700 and ER-132781. Preferable examples of the PPAR agonist may include pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, netoglitazone, muraglitazar, tesaglitazar, GW-501516, GW-590735, GW-409544, GW-677954, GW509735, GI-1929, LY-519818, LY-510929, LY-518674, BAY54-9801, GFT-14, GFT-001A, GFT-500, GFT-229 and ONO-5129. Preferable examples of the MTP inhibitor may include implitapide, BMS-201038 and CP-346086. Preferable examples of the ACAT inhibitor may include avasimib, efflucimibe, and CS-505. Preferable examples of the other drugs may include AGI-1067 (CAS RN 216167-82-7), probucol and SB-480848. Particularly, it is preferable to select one or more from the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, the fibrate drug, the bile acid absorber, the cholesterol absorption inhibitor, the CETP inhibitor, the nicotinic acid or the derivative thereof, the ACAT inhibitor, the MTP inhibitor, the squalene synthesis inhibitor, the PPAR agonist, phytosterol, phytostanol, AGI-1067 and probucol. Among others, it is greatly preferable to combine with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. From another standpoint, it is also preferable to combine with the fibrate drug. From still another standpoint, it is also preferable to combine with the bile acid absorber. Alternatively, it is also preferable to combine with the nicotinic acid or the derivative thereof, or it is also preferable to combine with the cholesterol absorption inhibitor. In addition, from still another standpoint, the greatly preferable example may include the combination with both the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor. Other suitable combinations may include the combinations described in the following 1) to 7): 1) combination with probucol, 2) combination with CETP inhibitor, 3) combination with squalene synthesis inhibitor, 4) combination with MTP inhibitor, 5) combination with ACAT inhibitor, 6) combination with AGI-1067 and 7) combination with LXR stimulator. If the drug to be combined is the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, the dosage thereof to be administered may be 0.1 to 200 mg per adult person per day as a single dose or several divided doses. Preferably, the dosage may be 0.5 to 100 mg as a single dose or several divided doses. As to each of the specific HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors to be combined, it is more preferable that the dosage of pravastatin is 0.5 to 40 mg, the dosage of simvastatin is 2.5 to 80 mg, the dosage of fluvastatin is 0.5 to 40 mg, the dosage of lovastatin is 0.5 to 40 mg, the dosage of atorvastatin is 0.5 to 80 mg, the dosage of rosuvastatin is 0.5 to 40 mg and the dosage of pitavastatin is 0.5 to 4 mg. The statins may be in a form of an appropriate salt, and particularly may be in a form of a calcium salt or a sodium salt. If the drug to be combined is the bile acid absorber, the dosage thereof to be administered may be 0.1 to 15 g, preferably 1 to 10 g and more preferably 1 to 5 g per adult person per day as a single dose or several divided doses. As to each of the specific bile acid absorbers to be combined, 3 to 4 g of cholestyramine, 1 to 2 g of colestipol, 0.5 to 1.5 g of colestimide or 3.5 to 4.5 g of colesevelam may be administered as a single dose or several divided doses. If the drug to be combined is the cholesterol absorption inhibitor, the dosage to be administered may be 0.0001 to 100 mg per adult person per day as a single dose or several divided doses. The dosage may preferably be 0.0005 to 50 mg and more preferably 0.001 to 30 mg as a single dose or several divided doses. If the cholesterol absorption inhibitor to be combined is ezetimibe, 1 to 10 mg of ezetimibe per adult person per day may be administered as a single dose or several divided doses. If the drug to be combined is the fibrate, the dosage to be administered may be 0.01 to 10 g, preferably 0.05 to 5 g and more preferably 0.1 to 3 g per adult person per day as a single dose or several divided doses. If the drug to be combined is the CETP inhibitor, the dosage to be administered may be 0.1 to 2000 mg, preferably 0.5 to 1000 mg and more preferably 1 to 500 mg per adult person per day as a single dose or several divided doses. If the CETP inhibitors is torcetrapib, the dosage to be administered may be 1 to 500 mg, preferably 10 to 250 mg and more preferably 30 to 120 mg per adult person per day as a single dose or several divided doses. If the drug to be combined is the nicotinic acid, the dosage to be administered may be 0.1 to 10 g, more preferably 0.5 to 5 g and still more preferably 0.5 to 3 g per adult person per day as a single dose or several divided doses. If the drug to be combined is the PPAR agonist, the dosage to be administered may be 0.05 to 200 mg, preferably 0.1 to 100 mg and more preferably 0.5 to 50 mg per adult person per day as a single dose or several divided doses. If the drug to be administered is the AGI-1067, the dosage to be administered may be 1 to 1000 mg, preferably 5 to 500 mg and more preferably 10 to 300 mg per adult person per day at a single dose or several divided doses. As to the drugs having other action mechanisms, the amount to be combined may be in accordance with the dosage by which effect may be obtained if the drug is administered alone. Furthermore, it is possible to combine the compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) with a plurality of drugs selected from the aforementioned drugs. The species of the drugs to be combined in this case is preferably two species. Examples of the particularly preferable combination may include the combination of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor, the combination of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and the nicotinic acid formulation, the combination of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and a calcium antagonist and the combination of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and the CETP inhibitor. The particularly preferable combinations may be the combination consisting of the compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1), simvastatin and ezetimibe, the combination consisting of the compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1), simvastatin and nicotinic acid, the combination consisting of the compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1), atorvastatin and amlodipine, and the combination consisting of the compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1), atorvastatin and torcetrapib. In this case, it is also preferable to formulate the drug by appropriately combining the effective amount of the compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor at the co-administerable dosages. In order to actually confirm the effect of co-administration of the aforementioned combination, existing animal models may be used. It is preferable that the animal model is the one with which efficacy of each drug can be substantially confirmed when each drug alone is examined. The effective amount of the compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) and the effective amounts of the compounds to be combined are administered alone or in combination to model animals. After orally administering once or several times, preferably for several days to 100 days, the effect of coadministration may be confirmed by measuring cholesterol levels in blood or measuring progress levels of arterial sclerosis and comparing the effect of each single drug with the effect of the combination of drugs. In addition to the method described in Test Examples of the present invention, the effect of the combination of the compound of the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor may be confirmed in the following manner. That is, in mice, guinea pigs, hamsters or miniature pigs loaded with cholesterol foods, comparison may be performed as to changes of plasma cholesterol levels before and after the administration of the compounds, or as to increases of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor mRNA amount in liver when the combination of the compound with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is administered. In addition to the method described in Test Examples of the present invention, the effect of the combination of the compound of the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) with ezetimibe may be confirmed in the following manner. That is, the compound of the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) and ezetimibe may be co-administered to rats that have been loaded with cholesterol foods, and the changes of cholesterol levels in blood may be examined. Additionally, LDL receptor (LDL-R) knockout mice, apoE knockout mice, LDL-R/apoE knockout mice, apoE*3-Leiden transgenic mice, apoA1 transgenic mice, CETP transgenic mice and WHHL rabbits may also be used as the animal models for testing the co-administration effects. The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is characterized by giving no effect on blood levels of the co-administered drugs. In addition to the method described in Test Examples of the present invention, the effect on the blood levels of the co-administered drugs may be confirmed as follows. That is, the effective amount of the compound of the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) and the effective amount of the compound to be combined may be orally administered to the animals, and then the blood levels of the combined drug after the administration may be measured. The levels may be compared with the blood levels when the combined drug alone has been orally administered. As demonstrated in Test Examples, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is characterized in that the composition does not give injury to gastrointestinal cells and that the composition does not facilitate drug permeability on the gastrointestinal cells. That is, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention does not promote the absorbability of a drug which exerts its effect by being absorbed via the gastrointestinal cells. The present invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical consisting of a combination of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention and another drug which exerts its effect by being absorbed via the gastrointestinal cells. Furthermore, for the prevention or the treatment of the coronary artery disease, it is possible to co-administer one or more drugs appropriately selected from the preventive agents or the therapeutic agents for various diseases which occur as complications upon treatment or prevention of the coronary artery disease, for example, psychoactive drugs, sleeping drugs, analgesic agents, antipyretic drugs, anticonvulsive drugs, anti-vertigo drugs, anti-emetic drugs, skeletal muscle agents, ophthalmologic disease therapeutic drugs, anti-pruritus drugs, anemia therapeutic drugs, hemostatic agents, thyroid abnormalities therapeutic drugs, sex hormones, fertility therapeutic drugs, uric acid lowering drugs, immunosuppressant drugs, infectious disease therapeutic drugs, antibacterial drugs, antifungal drugs, antituberculous drugs, antiviral drugs, cardiotonic drugs, angina therapeutic drugs, arrhythmias therapeutic drugs, antihypertensive drugs, pressor drugs, diuretic drugs, cough medicines, expectorant drugs, bronchial asthma therapeutic drugs, bronchodilators, respiratory stimulants, antiulcer drugs, digestion stimulants, liver supporting drugs, biliary tract disease therapeutic drugs, pancreatitis therapeutic drugs, antiflatuents, antidiarrheal drugs, fecal softeners, buccal application drugs, anti-cancer drugs and immunopotentiators. Examples of the psychoactive drugs may include paroxetine hydrochloride, sertraline hydrochloride, fluvoxamine maleic acid, duloxetine hydrochloride, fluoxetine hydrochloride, venlafaxine hydrochloride, mirtazapine, milnacipran hydrochloride, imipramine hydrochloride, maprotiline hydrochloride, sulpiride, alprazolam, diazepam, midazolam, olanzapine, quitiapine, risperidone, and haloperidol. Examples of sleeping drugs may include zopiclone, indiplon, flurazepam, nitrazepam, brotizolam, triazolam and phenobarbital. Examples of the analgesic agents and the antipyretic drugs may include morphine sulfate, pentazocine, acetaminophen and isopropylantipyrine. Examples of the anticonvulsive drugs may include sodium valproate and diazepam. Examples of the anti-vertigo drugs and the anti-emetic drugs may include metoclopramide and domperidone. Examples of skeletal muscle agents may include baclofen and distigmine bromide. Examples of the ophthalmologic disease therapeutic drugs may include betaxolol hydrochloride, isopropyl unoprostone and pilocarpine hydrochloride. Examples of the anti-pruritus drugs may include ketotifen fumarate, crotamiton and toukiinshi. Examples of the anemia therapeutic drugs may include epoetin alpha, epoetin beta, incremin and fesin. Examples of the hemostatic drugs may include carbazochrome sodium sulfonate, transamin and thrombin. Examples of the thyroid abnormalities therapeutic drugs may include thiamazole and liothyronine sodium. Examples of the sex hormones may include male hormone formulations (e.g., testosterone propionate, fluoxymesterone), bromocriptine mesilate, follicular hormone formulations (e.g., estradiol, estradiol benzoate, estradiol dipropionate, estradiol valerate, ethinylestradiol, estriol, estriol acetate benzoate, estriol tripropionate and conjugated estrogen), synthetic estrogen (e.g., mestranol, fosfestrol, estramustine phosphate sodium), and corpus luteum hormone formulations (e.g., progesterone, dydrogesterone, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, chlormadinoone acetate, allylestrenol, gestonorone caproate, norethisterone). Examples of the fertility therapeutic drugs may include clomifene citrate and chorionic gonadotropin. Examples of the uric acid lowering drugs may include allopurinol and benzbromarone. Examples of the immunosuppressant drugs may include azathioprine, mizoribine, mycophenolate mofetil, cyclosporine and FK506. Examples of antibacterial drugs may include benzylpenicillin potassium, ampicillin, cefazolin sodium, cefotiam hydrochloride, cefoperazon sodium, clindamycin, lincomycin hydrochloride, erythromycin, clarithromycin, doxycycline hydrochloride, minocycline hydrochloride, gentamicin sulfate, amikacin sulfate, norfloxacin, enoxacin, levofloxacin, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazol and trimethoprim. Examples of the antifungal drugs may include amphotericin B, miconazole and itraconazole. Examples of the antituberculous drugs may include rifampicin, calcium para-aminosalicylate and ethambutol hydrochloride. Examples of the antiviral drugs may include acyclovir, ganciclovir, ritonavir, interferon-α, didanosine and further ribavirin and lamivudine. Examples of the cardiotonic drugs may include digoxin, β-metildigoxin, digitoxin and denopamine. Examples of the angina therapeutic drugs may include amyl nitrite, nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate, alprenolol hydrochloride, bufetolol hydrochloride, bupranolol hydrochloride, oxprenolol hydrochloride, bucumolol hydrochloride, nifedipine, benidipine hydrochloride, diltiazem hydrochloride, verapamil hydrochloride, nisoldipine, nitrendipine, bepridil hydrochloride, efonidipine hydrochloride, amlodipine besilate, trimetazidine hydrochloride, dipyridamole, etafenone hydrochloride, dilazep dihydrochloride, trapidil, nicorandil, carvedilol, propranolol hydrochloride, metoprolol tartrate and atenolol. Examples of the arrhythmias therapeutic drugs may include quinidine sulfate, procainamide hydrochloride, lidocaine, propafenone, propranolol, verapamil hydrochloride, ATP and digoxin. Examples of the antihypertensive drugs may include eutensin, ACE inhibitors (e.g., captopril, enalapril maleate, alacepril, delapril hydrochloride, cilazapril, lisinopril, benazepril hydrochloride, imidapril hydrochloride, temocapril hydrochloride, quinapril hydrochloride, trandolapril, perindopril erbumine), angiotensin II receptor antagonists (e.g., losartan potassium, candesartan cilexetil, valsartan), calcium antagonists (e.g., amlodipine besilate, aranidipine, efonidipine hydrochloride, cilnidipine, nicardipine hydrochloride, nisoldipine, nitrendipine, nifedipine, nilvadipine, barnidipine hydrochloride, felodipine, benidipine hydrochloride, manidipine hydrochloride, diltiazem hydrochloride), beta blockers (e.g., atenolol, bisoprolol fumarate, betaxolol hydrochloride, bevantolol hydrochloride, metoprolol tartrate, acebutolol hydrochloride, celiprolol hydrochloride, nipradilol, tilisolol hydrochloride, nadolol, propranolol hydrochloride, indenolol hydrochloride, carteolol hydrochloride, pindolol, bunitorol hydrochloride, penbutolol sulfate, bopindolol malonate), alpha beta blockers (e.g., amosulalol hydrochloride, arotinolol hydrochloride, carvediolol, labetalol hydrochloride), alpha blockers (e.g., urapidil, terazosin hydrochloride, doxazosin mesilate, bunazosin hydrochloride, prazosin hydrochloride, phentolamine mesylate), sympathetic central depressants (e.g., clonidine hydrochloride, guanfacine hydrochloride, guanabenz acetate, methyldopa), betanidine sulfate, trimetaphan camsilate, Rauwolfia formulations (e.g., reserpine, rescinnamine, alseroxylon), vasodilatory antihypertensive drugs (e.g., hydralazine hydrochloride), nitrate drugs (e.g., nitroglycerin, sodium nitroprusside), and cardiovascular system acting enzyme drugs (e.g., kallidinogenase). Examples of the pressor drugs may include midodrine hydrochloride, droxidopa, dopamin-HCL and dobutamine-HCL. Examples of the diuretic drugs may include furosemide and trichlormethiazide. Examples of the cough medicines and the expectorant drugs may include bromhexine hydrochloride, carbocisteine, ambroxol hydrochloride, benproperine phosphate and codein phosphate. Examples of the bronchial asthma therapeutic drugs and bronchodilators may include theophylline, procaterol hydrochloride, beclomethasone dipropionate and clenbuterol hydrochloride. Examples of the respiratory stimulants may include doxapram hydrochloride, flumazenil and levallorphan tartrate. Examples of the antiulcer drugs may include cimetidine, ranitidine hydrocholoride, famotidine, omeprazole, lansoprazole, secretin, proglumide, ornoprostil, teprenone, isogladine malate, proglumide, scopolamine butylbromide, metoclopramide, pirenzepine hydrochloride, sodium bicarbonate and dried aluminum hydroxide gel. Examples of the digestion stimulants may include berizym, stomilase, zyma, seven E•P and toughmac E. Examples of the liver supporting drugs may include glutathione, diisopropylamine dichloroacetate and methylmethionine sulfonium chloride, and further Stronger Neo-MinophagenC, aminoethyl sulfonic acid, glucuronate, protoporphyrin disodium, thiopronin, lactulose and proheparum. Examples of the biliary tract disease therapeutic drugs may include flopropione and trepibutone. Examples of the pancreatitis therapeutic drugs may include ulinastatin, citicolin and camostat mesilate. Examples of the antiflatuents and the antidiarrheal drugs may include opium, scopolamine butylbromide, albumin tannate, natural aluminium silicate, berberine chloride and biofermin. Examples of the fecal softeners may include carmelose sodium, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, lactulose, sorbitol, castor oil, senna, bisacodyl, sodium-picosulfate, glycerin, rhubarb and drugs formulating sodium hydrogen carbonate/sodium hydrogen phosphate. Examples of the buccal application drugs may include azulene, povidone iodine, tetracycline hydrochloride, triamcinolone acetonide and despa. Examples of the anti-cancer drugs may include tegafur, carmofur, methotrexate, actinomycin-D, mitomycin-C, daunorubicin hydrochloride, busulfan, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, vincristine sulfate, fosfestrol, flutamide and leuprorelin acetate. Examples of the immunopotentiators may include interferon-α, interferon-β, OK-432, and further interferon-α2a, interferon-α2b, peginterferon-α2a, peginterferon-α2b and consensus interferon. (Examples are from, e.g., Tasuku Mizushima, “Kon-niti no Chiryoyaku (Today's Therapeutic Medicaments)” 23rd edition, Nankodo, 2001). The preventive drugs and the therapeutic drugs for various complications associated with the diseases caused by arterial sclerosis, and the preventive drugs and the therapeutic drugs for various complications associated with diabetes, and the preventive drugs and the therapeutic drugs for various complications associated with inflammatory diseases, which are combined with the pharmaceutical of the present invention or prepared as the medical mixture with the pharmaceutical of the present invention are not limited thereto. It is further possible to administer the pharmaceutical of the present invention in combination with transfusion agents, dialysis liquids, displacement liquids and contrast agents frequently administered to the patients with disease caused by arterial sclerosis or diabetes or inflammatory disease. Examples of the transfusion agents may include ringer, and solita T. Examples of the dialysis liquids may include dialysis type artificial kidney reflux liquids. Examples of the displacement liquids may include filtration type and dialysis filtration type supplementary liquids for artificial kidney. Examples of the contrast agents may include iopamidol, iohexyl, iotroxic acid, amidotrizoic acid, iothalamic acid, ioxaglic acid and iotrolan. (Tasuku Mizushima, “Konniti no Chiryoyaku (Today's Therapeutic Medicaments)” 23rd edition, Nankodo, 2001). The transfusion agents, the dialysis liquids, the displacement liquids and the contrast agents administered in combination with the pharmaceutical of the present invention are not limited thereto. EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION The specific compounds represented by the formula (1A) may include the following compounds and acid addition salts thereof. Examples of the compounds in which both R1a and R2a are butyl groups, (Rx)ma is 7-dimethylamino group, the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, CH(OH), CH), X− is Br− and the binding position of Y is the meta position may include the compounds described in Table 1 (Table 1-1 to Table 1-159) (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U001 to E1U14652, E1C001 to E1C4070). In Table 1, (sp-1) to (sp-44) and (an-1) to (an-407) are the same as the above. Ex. No. Za N+R5aR6aR7a Ex. No. Za N+R5aR6aR7a Ex. No. Za N+R5aR6aR7a Table 1-1 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0001 sp-1 an-1 E1U0001 sp-1 an-1 E1U7327 sp-27 an-1 E1A0002 sp-1 an-2 E1U0002 sp-1 an-2 E1U7328 sp-27 an-2 E1A0003 sp-1 an-3 E1U0003 sp-1 an-3 E1U7329 sp-27 an-3 E1A0004 sp-1 an-4 E1U0004 sp-1 an-4 E1U7330 sp-27 an-4 E1A0005 sp-1 an-5 E1U0005 sp-1 an-5 E1U7331 sp-27 an-5 E1A0006 sp-1 an-6 E1U0006 sp-1 an-6 E1U7332 sp-27 an-6 E1A0007 sp-1 an-7 E1U0007 sp-1 an-7 E1U7333 sp-27 an-7 E1A0008 sp-1 an-8 E1U0008 sp-1 an-8 E1U7334 sp-27 an-8 E1A0009 sp-1 an-9 E1U0009 sp-1 an-9 E1U7335 sp-27 an-9 E1A0010 sp-1 an-10 E1U0010 sp-1 an-10 E1U7336 sp-27 an-10 E1A0011 sp-1 an-11 E1U0011 sp-1 an-11 E1U7337 sp-27 an-11 E1A0012 sp-1 an-12 E1U0012 sp-1 an-12 E1U7338 sp-27 an-12 E1A0013 sp-1 an-13 E1U0013 sp-1 an-13 E1U7339 sp-27 an-13 E1A0014 sp-1 an-14 E1U0014 sp-1 an-14 E1U7340 sp-27 an-14 E1A0015 sp-1 an-15 E1U0015 sp-1 an-15 E1U7341 sp-27 an-15 E1A0016 sp-1 an-16 E1U0016 sp-1 an-16 E1U7342 sp-27 an-16 E1A0017 sp-1 an-17 E1U0017 sp-1 an-17 E1U7343 sp-27 an-17 E1A0018 sp-1 an-18 E1U0018 sp-1 an-18 E1U7344 sp-27 an-18 E1A0019 sp-1 an-19 E1U0019 sp-1 an-19 E1U7345 sp-27 an-19 E1A0020 sp-1 an-20 E1U0020 sp-1 an-20 E1U7346 sp-27 an-20 E1A0021 sp-1 an-21 E1U0021 sp-1 an-21 E1U7347 sp-27 an-21 E1A0022 sp-1 an-22 E1U0022 sp-1 an-22 E1U7348 sp-27 an-22 E1A0023 sp-1 an-23 E1U0023 sp-1 an-23 E1U7349 sp-27 an-23 E1A0024 sp-1 an-24 E1U0024 sp-1 an-24 E1U7350 sp-27 an-24 E1A0025 sp-1 an-25 E1U0025 sp-1 an-25 E1U7351 sp-27 an-25 E1A0026 sp-1 an-26 E1U0026 sp-1 an-26 E1U7352 sp-27 an-26 E1A0027 sp-1 an-27 E1U0027 sp-1 an-27 E1U7353 sp-27 an-27 E1A0028 sp-1 an-28 E1U0028 sp-1 an-28 E1U7354 sp-27 an-28 E1A0029 sp-1 an-29 E1U0029 sp-1 an-29 E1U7355 sp-27 an-29 E1A0030 sp-1 an-30 E1U0030 sp-1 an-30 E1U7356 sp-27 an-30 E1A0031 sp-1 an-31 E1U0031 sp-1 an-31 E1U7357 sp-27 an-31 E1A0032 sp-1 an-32 E1U0032 sp-1 an-32 E1U7358 sp-27 an-32 E1A0033 sp-1 an-33 E1U0033 sp-1 an-33 E1U7359 sp-27 an-33 E1A0034 sp-1 an-34 E1U0034 sp-1 an-34 E1U7360 sp-27 an-34 E1A0035 sp-1 an-35 E1U0035 sp-1 an-35 E1U7361 sp-27 an-35 E1A0036 sp-1 an-36 E1U0036 sp-1 an-36 E1U7362 sp-27 an-36 E1A0037 sp-1 an-37 E1U0037 sp-1 an-37 E1U7363 sp-27 an-37 E1A0038 sp-1 an-38 E1U0038 sp-1 an-38 E1U7364 sp-27 an-38 E1A0039 sp-1 an-39 E1U0039 sp-1 an-39 E1U7365 sp-27 an-39 E1A0040 sp-1 an-40 E1U0040 sp-1 an-40 E1U7366 sp-27 an-40 E1A0041 sp-1 an-41 E1U0041 sp-1 an-41 E1U7367 sp-27 an-41 E1A0042 sp-1 an-42 E1U0042 sp-1 an-42 E1U7368 sp-27 an-42 E1A0043 sp-1 an-43 E1U0043 sp-1 an-43 E1U7369 sp-27 an-43 E1A0044 sp-1 an-44 E1U0044 sp-1 an-44 E1U7370 sp-27 an-44 E1A0045 sp-1 an-45 E1U0045 sp-1 an-45 E1U7371 sp-27 an-45 E1A0046 sp-1 an-46 E1U0046 sp-1 an-46 E1U7372 sp-27 an-46 E1A0047 sp-1 an-47 E1U0047 sp-1 an-47 E1U7373 sp-27 an-47 E1A0048 sp-1 an-48 E1U0048 sp-1 an-48 E1U7374 sp-27 an-48 E1A0049 sp-1 an-49 E1U0049 sp-1 an-49 E1U7375 sp-27 an-49 E1A0050 sp-1 an-50 E1U0050 sp-1 an-50 E1U7376 sp-27 an-50 E1A0051 sp-1 an-51 E1U0051 sp-1 an-51 E1U7377 sp-27 an-51 E1A0052 sp-1 an-52 E1U0052 sp-1 an-52 E1U7378 sp-27 an-52 E1A0053 sp-1 an-53 E1U0053 sp-1 an-53 E1U7379 sp-27 an-53 E1A0054 sp-1 an-54 E1U0054 sp-1 an-54 E1U7380 sp-27 an-54 Table 1-2 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0055 sp-1 an-55 E1U0055 sp-1 an-55 E1U7381 sp-27 an-55 E1A0056 sp-1 an-56 E1U0056 sp-1 an-56 E1U7382 sp-27 an-56 E1A0057 sp-1 an-57 E1U0057 sp-1 an-57 E1U7383 sp-27 an-57 E1A0058 sp-1 an-58 E1U0058 sp-1 an-58 E1U7384 sp-27 an-58 E1A0059 sp-1 an-59 E1U0059 sp-1 an-59 E1U7385 sp-27 an-59 E1A0060 sp-1 an-60 E1U0060 sp-1 an-60 E1U7386 sp-27 an-60 E1A0061 sp-1 an-61 E1U0061 sp-1 an-61 E1U7387 sp-27 an-61 E1A0062 sp-1 an-62 E1U0062 sp-1 an-62 E1U7388 sp-27 an-62 E1A0063 sp-1 an-63 E1U0063 sp-1 an-63 E1U7389 sp-27 an-63 E1A0064 sp-1 an-64 E1U0064 sp-1 an-64 E1U7390 sp-27 an-64 E1A0065 sp-1 an-65 E1U0065 sp-1 an-65 E1U7391 sp-27 an-65 E1A0066 sp-1 an-66 E1U0066 sp-1 an-66 E1U7392 sp-27 an-66 E1A0067 sp-1 an-67 E1U0067 sp-1 an-67 E1U7393 sp-27 an-67 E1A0068 sp-1 an-68 E1U0068 sp-1 an-68 E1U7394 sp-27 an-68 E1A0069 sp-1 an-69 E1U0069 sp-1 an-69 E1U7395 sp-27 an-69 E1A0070 sp-1 an-70 E1U0070 sp-1 an-70 E1U7396 sp-27 an-70 E1A0071 sp-1 an-71 E1U0071 sp-1 an-71 E1U7397 sp-27 an-71 E1A0072 sp-1 an-72 E1U0072 sp-1 an-72 E1U7398 sp-27 an-72 E1A0073 sp-1 an-73 E1U0073 sp-1 an-73 E1U7399 sp-27 an-73 E1A0074 sp-1 an-74 E1U0074 sp-1 an-74 E1U7400 sp-27 an-74 E1A0075 sp-1 an-75 E1U0075 sp-1 an-75 E1U7401 sp-27 an-75 E1A0076 sp-1 an-76 E1U0076 sp-1 an-76 E1U7402 sp-27 an-76 E1A0077 sp-1 an-77 E1U0077 sp-1 an-77 E1U7403 sp-27 an-77 E1A0078 sp-1 an-78 E1U0078 sp-1 an-78 E1U7404 sp-27 an-78 E1A0079 sp-1 an-79 E1U0079 sp-1 an-79 E1U7405 sp-27 an-79 E1A0080 sp-1 an-80 E1U0080 sp-1 an-80 E1U7406 sp-27 an-80 E1A0081 sp-1 an-81 E1U0081 sp-1 an-81 E1U7407 sp-27 an-81 E1A0082 sp-1 an-82 E1U0082 sp-1 an-82 E1U7408 sp-27 an-82 E1A0083 sp-1 an-83 E1U0083 sp-1 an-83 E1U7409 sp-27 an-83 E1A0084 sp-1 an-84 E1U0084 sp-1 an-84 E1U7410 sp-27 an-84 E1A0085 sp-1 an-85 E1U0085 sp-1 an-85 E1U7411 sp-27 an-85 E1A0086 sp-1 an-86 E1U0086 sp-1 an-86 E1U7412 sp-27 an-86 E1A0087 sp-1 an-87 E1U0087 sp-1 an-87 E1U7413 sp-27 an-87 E1A0088 sp-1 an-88 E1U0088 sp-1 an-88 E1U7414 sp-27 an-88 E1A0089 sp-1 an-89 E1U0089 sp-1 an-89 E1U7415 sp-27 an-89 E1A0090 sp-1 an-90 E1U0090 sp-1 an-90 E1U7416 sp-27 an-90 E1A0091 sp-1 an-91 E1U0091 sp-1 an-91 E1U7417 sp-27 an-91 E1A0092 sp-1 an-92 E1U0092 sp-1 an-92 E1U7418 sp-27 an-92 E1A0093 sp-1 an-93 E1U0093 sp-1 an-93 E1U7419 sp-27 an-93 E1A0094 sp-1 an-94 E1U0094 sp-1 an-94 E1U7420 sp-27 an-94 E1A0095 sp-1 an-95 E1U0095 sp-1 an-95 E1U7421 sp-27 an-95 E1A0096 sp-1 an-96 E1U0096 sp-1 an-96 E1U7422 sp-27 an-96 E1A0097 sp-1 an-97 E1U0097 sp-1 an-97 E1U7423 sp-27 an-97 E1A0098 sp-1 an-98 E1U0098 sp-1 an-98 E1U7424 sp-27 an-98 E1A0099 sp-1 an-99 E1U0099 sp-1 an-99 E1U7425 sp-27 an-99 E1A0100 sp-1 an-100 E1U0100 sp-1 an-100 E1U7426 sp-27 an-100 E1A0101 sp-1 an-101 E1U0101 sp-1 an-101 E1U7427 sp-27 an-101 E1A0102 sp-1 an-102 E1U0102 sp-1 an-102 E1U7428 sp-27 an-102 E1A0103 sp-1 an-103 E1U0103 sp-1 an-103 E1U7429 sp-27 an-103 E1A0104 sp-1 an-104 E1U0104 sp-1 an-104 E1U7430 sp-27 an-104 E1A0105 sp-1 an-105 E1U0105 sp-1 an-105 E1U7431 sp-27 an-105 E1A0106 sp-1 an-106 E1U0106 sp-1 an-106 E1U7432 sp-27 an-106 E1A0107 sp-1 an-107 E1U0107 sp-1 an-107 E1U7433 sp-27 an-107 E1A0108 sp-1 an-108 E1U0108 sp-1 an-108 E1U7434 sp-27 an-108 Table 1-3 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0109 sp-1 an-109 E1U0109 sp-1 an-109 E1U7435 sp-27 an-109 E1A0110 sp-1 an-110 E1U0110 sp-1 an-110 E1U7436 sp-27 an-110 E1A0111 sp-1 an-111 E1U0111 sp-1 an-111 E1U7437 sp-27 an-111 E1A0112 sp-1 an-112 E1U0112 sp-1 an-112 E1U7438 sp-27 an-112 E1A0113 sp-1 an-113 E1U0113 sp-1 an-113 E1U7439 sp-27 an-113 E1A0114 sp-1 an-114 E1U0114 sp-1 an-114 E1U7440 sp-27 an-114 E1A0115 sp-1 an-115 E1U0115 sp-1 an-115 E1U7441 sp-27 an-115 E1A0116 sp-1 an-116 E1U0116 sp-1 an-116 E1U7442 sp-27 an-116 E1A0117 sp-1 an-117 E1U0117 sp-1 an-117 E1U7443 sp-27 an-117 E1A0118 sp-1 an-118 E1U0118 sp-1 an-118 E1U7444 sp-27 an-118 E1A0119 sp-1 an-119 E1U0119 sp-1 an-119 E1U7445 sp-27 an-119 E1A0120 sp-1 an-120 E1U0120 sp-1 an-120 E1U7446 sp-27 an-120 E1A0121 sp-1 an-121 E1U0121 sp-1 an-121 E1U7447 sp-27 an-121 E1A0122 sp-1 an-122 E1U0122 sp-1 an-122 E1U7448 sp-27 an-122 E1A0123 sp-1 an-123 E1U0123 sp-1 an-123 E1U7449 sp-27 an-123 E1A0124 sp-1 an-124 E1U0124 sp-1 an-124 E1U7450 sp-27 an-124 E1A0125 sp-1 an-125 E1U0125 sp-1 an-125 E1U7451 sp-27 an-125 E1A0126 sp-1 an-126 E1U0126 sp-1 an-126 E1U7452 sp-27 an-126 E1A0127 sp-1 an-127 E1U0127 sp-1 an-127 E1U7453 sp-27 an-127 E1A0128 sp-1 an-128 E1U0128 sp-1 an-128 E1U7454 sp-27 an-128 E1A0129 sp-1 an-129 E1U0129 sp-1 an-129 E1U7455 sp-27 an-129 E1A0130 sp-1 an-130 E1U0130 sp-1 an-130 E1U7456 sp-27 an-130 E1A0131 sp-1 an-131 E1U0131 sp-1 an-131 E1U7457 sp-27 an-131 E1A0132 sp-1 an-132 E1U0132 sp-1 an-132 E1U7458 sp-27 an-132 E1A0133 sp-1 an-133 E1U0133 sp-1 an-133 E1U7459 sp-27 an-133 E1A0134 sp-1 an-134 E1U0134 sp-1 an-134 E1U7460 sp-27 an-134 E1A0135 sp-1 an-135 E1U0135 sp-1 an-135 E1U7461 sp-27 an-135 E1A0136 sp-1 an-136 E1U0136 sp-1 an-136 E1U7462 sp-27 an-136 E1A0137 sp-1 an-137 E1U0137 sp-1 an-137 E1U7463 sp-27 an-137 E1A0138 sp-1 an-138 E1U0138 sp-1 an-138 E1U7464 sp-27 an-138 E1A0139 sp-1 an-139 E1U0139 sp-1 an-139 E1U7465 sp-27 an-139 E1A0140 sp-1 an-140 E1U0140 sp-1 an-140 E1U7466 sp-27 an-140 E1A0141 sp-1 an-141 E1U0141 sp-1 an-141 E1U7467 sp-27 an-141 E1A0142 sp-1 an-142 E1U0142 sp-1 an-142 E1U7468 sp-27 an-142 E1A0143 sp-1 an-143 E1U0143 sp-1 an-143 E1U7469 sp-27 an-143 E1A0144 sp-1 an-144 E1U0144 sp-1 an-144 E1U7470 sp-27 an-144 E1A0145 sp-1 an-145 E1U0145 sp-1 an-145 E1U7471 sp-27 an-145 E1A0146 sp-1 an-146 E1U0146 sp-1 an-146 E1U7472 sp-27 an-146 E1A0147 sp-1 an-147 E1U0147 sp-1 an-147 E1U7473 sp-27 an-147 E1A0148 sp-1 an-148 E1U0148 sp-1 an-148 E1U7474 sp-27 an-148 E1A0149 sp-1 an-149 E1U0149 sp-1 an-149 E1U7475 sp-27 an-149 E1A0150 sp-1 an-150 E1U0150 sp-1 an-150 E1U7476 sp-27 an-150 E1A0151 sp-1 an-151 E1U0151 sp-1 an-151 E1U7477 sp-27 an-151 E1A0152 sp-1 an-152 E1U0152 sp-1 an-152 E1U7478 sp-27 an-152 E1A0153 sp-1 an-153 E1U0153 sp-1 an-153 E1U7479 sp-27 an-153 E1A0154 sp-1 an-154 E1U0154 sp-1 an-154 E1U7480 sp-27 an-154 E1A0155 sp-1 an-155 E1U0155 sp-1 an-155 E1U7481 sp-27 an-155 E1A0156 sp-1 an-156 E1U0156 sp-1 an-156 E1U7482 sp-27 an-156 E1A0157 sp-1 an-157 E1U0157 sp-1 an-157 E1U7483 sp-27 an-157 E1A0158 sp-1 an-158 E1U0158 sp-1 an-158 E1U7484 sp-27 an-158 E1A0159 sp-1 an-159 E1U0159 sp-1 an-159 E1U7485 sp-27 an-159 E1A0160 sp-1 an-160 E1U0160 sp-1 an-160 E1U7486 sp-27 an-160 E1A0161 sp-1 an-161 E1U0161 sp-1 an-161 E1U7487 sp-27 an-161 E1A0162 sp-1 an-162 E1U0162 sp-1 an-162 E1U7488 sp-27 an-162 Table 1-4 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0163 sp-1 an-163 E1U0163 sp-1 an-163 E1U7489 sp-27 an-163 E1A0164 sp-1 an-164 E1U0164 sp-1 an-164 E1U7490 sp-27 an-164 E1A0165 sp-1 an-165 E1U0165 sp-1 an-165 E1U7491 sp-27 an-165 E1A0166 sp-1 an-166 E1U0166 sp-1 an-166 E1U7492 sp-27 an-166 E1A0167 sp-1 an-167 E1U0167 sp-1 an-167 E1U7493 sp-27 an-167 E1A0168 sp-1 an-168 E1U0168 sp-1 an-168 E1U7494 sp-27 an-168 E1A0169 sp-1 an-169 E1U0169 sp-1 an-169 E1U7495 sp-27 an-169 E1A0170 sp-1 an-170 E1U0170 sp-1 an-170 E1U7496 sp-27 an-170 E1A0171 sp-1 an-171 E1U0171 sp-1 an-171 E1U7497 sp-27 an-171 E1A0172 sp-1 an-172 E1U0172 sp-1 an-172 E1U7498 sp-27 an-172 E1A0173 sp-1 an-173 E1U0173 sp-1 an-173 E1U7499 sp-27 an-173 E1A0174 sp-1 an-174 E1U0174 sp-1 an-174 E1U7500 sp-27 an-174 E1A0175 sp-1 an-175 E1U0175 sp-1 an-175 E1U7501 sp-27 an-175 E1A0176 sp-1 an-176 E1U0176 sp-1 an-176 E1U7502 sp-27 an-176 E1A0177 sp-1 an-177 E1U0177 sp-1 an-177 E1U7503 sp-27 an-177 E1A0178 sp-1 an-178 E1U0178 sp-1 an-178 E1U7504 sp-27 an-178 E1A0179 sp-1 an-179 E1U0179 sp-1 an-179 E1U7505 sp-27 an-179 E1A0180 sp-1 an-180 E1U0180 sp-1 an-180 E1U7506 sp-27 an-180 E1A0181 sp-1 an-181 E1U0181 sp-1 an-181 E1U7507 sp-27 an-181 E1A0182 sp-1 an-182 E1U0182 sp-1 an-182 E1U7508 sp-27 an-182 E1A0183 sp-1 an-183 E1U0183 sp-1 an-183 E1U7509 sp-27 an-183 E1A0184 sp-1 an-184 E1U0184 sp-1 an-184 E1U7510 sp-27 an-184 E1A0185 sp-1 an-185 E1U0185 sp-1 an-185 E1U7511 sp-27 an-185 E1A0186 sp-1 an-186 E1U0186 sp-1 an-186 E1U7512 sp-27 an-186 E1A0187 sp-1 an-187 E1U0187 sp-1 an-187 E1U7513 sp-27 an-187 E1A0188 sp-1 an-188 E1U0188 sp-1 an-188 E1U7514 sp-27 an-188 E1A0189 sp-1 an-189 E1U0189 sp-1 an-189 E1U7515 sp-27 an-189 E1A0190 sp-1 an-190 E1U0190 sp-1 an-190 E1U7516 sp-27 an-190 E1A0191 sp-1 an-191 E1U0191 sp-1 an-191 E1U7517 sp-27 an-191 E1A0192 sp-1 an-192 E1U0192 sp-1 an-192 E1U7518 sp-27 an-192 E1A0193 sp-1 an-193 E1U0193 sp-1 an-193 E1U7519 sp-27 an-193 E1A0194 sp-1 an-194 E1U0194 sp-1 an-194 E1U7520 sp-27 an-194 E1A0195 sp-1 an-195 E1U0195 sp-1 an-195 E1U7521 sp-27 an-195 E1A0196 sp-1 an-196 E1U0196 sp-1 an-196 E1U7522 sp-27 an-196 E1A0197 sp-1 an-197 E1U0197 sp-1 an-197 E1U7523 sp-27 an-197 E1A0198 sp-1 an-198 E1U0198 sp-1 an-198 E1U7524 sp-27 an-198 E1A0199 sp-1 an-199 E1U0199 sp-1 an-199 E1U7525 sp-27 an-199 E1A0200 sp-1 an-200 E1U0200 sp-1 an-200 E1U7526 sp-27 an-200 E1A0201 sp-1 an-201 E1U0201 sp-1 an-201 E1U7527 sp-27 an-201 E1A0202 sp-1 an-202 E1U0202 sp-1 an-202 E1U7528 sp-27 an-202 E1A0203 sp-1 an-203 E1U0203 sp-1 an-203 E1U7529 sp-27 an-203 E1A0204 sp-1 an-204 E1U0204 sp-1 an-204 E1U7530 sp-27 an-204 E1A0205 sp-1 an-205 E1U0205 sp-1 an-205 E1U7531 sp-27 an-205 E1A0206 sp-1 an-206 E1U0206 sp-1 an-206 E1U7532 sp-27 an-206 E1A0207 sp-1 an-207 E1U0207 sp-1 an-207 E1U7533 sp-27 an-207 E1A0208 sp-1 an-208 E1U0208 sp-1 an-208 E1U7534 sp-27 an-208 E1A0209 sp-1 an-209 E1U0209 sp-1 an-209 E1U7535 sp-27 an-209 E1A0210 sp-1 an-210 E1U0210 sp-1 an-210 E1U7536 sp-27 an-210 E1A0211 sp-1 an-211 E1U0211 sp-1 an-211 E1U7537 sp-27 an-211 E1A0212 sp-1 an-212 E1U0212 sp-1 an-212 E1U7538 sp-27 an-212 E1A0213 sp-1 an-213 E1U0213 sp-1 an-213 E1U7539 sp-27 an-213 E1A0214 sp-1 an-214 E1U0214 sp-1 an-214 E1U7540 sp-27 an-214 E1A0215 sp-1 an-215 E1U0215 sp-1 an-215 E1U7541 sp-27 an-215 E1A0216 sp-1 an-216 E1U0216 sp-1 an-216 E1U7542 sp-27 an-216 Table 1-5 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0217 sp-1 an-217 E1U0217 sp-1 an-217 E1U7543 sp-27 an-217 E1A0218 sp-1 an-218 E1U0218 sp-1 an-218 E1U7544 sp-27 an-218 E1A0219 sp-1 an-219 E1U0219 sp-1 an-219 E1U7545 sp-27 an-219 E1A0220 sp-1 an-220 E1U0220 sp-1 an-220 E1U7546 sp-27 an-220 E1A0221 sp-1 an-221 E1U0221 sp-1 an-221 E1U7547 sp-27 an-221 E1A0222 sp-1 an-222 E1U0222 sp-1 an-222 E1U7548 sp-27 an-222 E1A0223 sp-1 an-223 E1U0223 sp-1 an-223 E1U7549 sp-27 an-223 E1A0224 sp-1 an-224 E1U0224 sp-1 an-224 E1U7550 sp-27 an-224 E1A0225 sp-1 an-225 E1U0225 sp-1 an-225 E1U7551 sp-27 an-225 E1A0226 sp-1 an-226 E1U0226 sp-1 an-226 E1U7552 sp-27 an-226 E1A0227 sp-1 an-227 E1U0227 sp-1 an-227 E1U7553 sp-27 an-227 E1A0228 sp-1 an-228 E1U0228 sp-1 an-228 E1U7554 sp-27 an-228 E1A0229 sp-1 an-229 E1U0229 sp-1 an-229 E1U7555 sp-27 an-229 E1A0230 sp-1 an-230 E1U0230 sp-1 an-230 E1U7556 sp-27 an-230 E1A0231 sp-1 an-231 E1U0231 sp-1 an-231 E1U7557 sp-27 an-231 E1A0232 sp-1 an-232 E1U0232 sp-1 an-232 E1U7558 sp-27 an-232 E1A0233 sp-1 an-233 E1U0233 sp-1 an-233 E1U7559 sp-27 an-233 E1A0234 sp-1 an-234 E1U0234 sp-1 an-234 E1U7560 sp-27 an-234 E1A0235 sp-1 an-235 E1U0235 sp-1 an-235 E1U7561 sp-27 an-235 E1A0236 sp-1 an-236 E1U0236 sp-1 an-236 E1U7562 sp-27 an-236 E1A0237 sp-1 an-237 E1U0237 sp-1 an-237 E1U7563 sp-27 an-237 E1A0238 sp-1 an-238 E1U0238 sp-1 an-238 E1U7564 sp-27 an-238 E1A0239 sp-1 an-239 E1U0239 sp-1 an-239 E1U7565 sp-27 an-239 E1A0240 sp-1 an-240 E1U0240 sp-1 an-240 E1U7566 sp-27 an-240 E1A0241 sp-1 an-241 E1U0241 sp-1 an-241 E1U7567 sp-27 an-241 E1A0242 sp-1 an-242 E1U0242 sp-1 an-242 E1U7568 sp-27 an-242 E1A0243 sp-1 an-243 E1U0243 sp-1 an-243 E1U7569 sp-27 an-243 E1A0244 sp-1 an-244 E1U0244 sp-1 an-244 E1U7570 sp-27 an-244 E1A0245 sp-1 an-245 E1U0245 sp-1 an-245 E1U7571 sp-27 an-245 E1A0246 sp-1 an-246 E1U0246 sp-1 an-246 E1U7572 sp-27 an-246 E1A0247 sp-1 an-247 E1U0247 sp-1 an-247 E1U7573 sp-27 an-247 E1A0248 sp-1 an-248 E1U0248 sp-1 an-248 E1U7574 sp-27 an-248 E1A0249 sp-1 an-249 E1U0249 sp-1 an-249 E1U7575 sp-27 an-249 E1A0250 sp-1 an-250 E1U0250 sp-1 an-250 E1U7576 sp-27 an-250 E1A0251 sp-1 an-251 E1U0251 sp-1 an-251 E1U7577 sp-27 an-251 E1A0252 sp-1 an-252 E1U0252 sp-1 an-252 E1U7578 sp-27 an-252 E1A0253 sp-1 an-253 E1U0253 sp-1 an-253 E1U7579 sp-27 an-253 E1A0254 sp-1 an-254 E1U0254 sp-1 an-254 E1U7580 sp-27 an-254 E1A0255 sp-1 an-255 E1U0255 sp-1 an-255 E1U7581 sp-27 an-255 E1A0256 sp-1 an-256 E1U0256 sp-1 an-256 E1U7582 sp-27 an-256 E1A0257 sp-1 an-257 E1U0257 sp-1 an-257 E1U7583 sp-27 an-257 E1A0258 sp-1 an-258 E1U0258 sp-1 an-258 E1U7584 sp-27 an-258 E1A0259 sp-1 an-259 E1U0259 sp-1 an-259 E1U7585 sp-27 an-259 E1A0260 sp-1 an-260 E1U0260 sp-1 an-260 E1U7586 sp-27 an-260 E1A0261 sp-1 an-261 E1U0261 sp-1 an-261 E1U7587 sp-27 an-261 E1A0262 sp-1 an-262 E1U0262 sp-1 an-262 E1U7588 sp-27 an-262 E1A0263 sp-1 an-263 E1U0263 sp-1 an-263 E1U7589 sp-27 an-263 E1A0264 sp-1 an-264 E1U0264 sp-1 an-264 E1U7590 sp-27 an-264 E1A0265 sp-1 an-265 E1U0265 sp-1 an-265 E1U7591 sp-27 an-265 E1A0266 sp-1 an-266 E1U0266 sp-1 an-266 E1U7592 sp-27 an-266 E1A0267 sp-1 an-267 E1U0267 sp-1 an-267 E1U7593 sp-27 an-267 E1A0268 sp-1 an-268 E1U0268 sp-1 an-268 E1U7594 sp-27 an-268 E1A0269 sp-1 an-269 E1U0269 sp-1 an-269 E1U7595 sp-27 an-269 E1A0270 sp-1 an-270 E1U0270 sp-1 an-270 E1U7596 sp-27 an-270 Table 1-6 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0271 sp-1 an-271 E1U0271 sp-1 an-271 E1U7597 sp-27 an-271 E1A0272 sp-1 an-272 E1U0272 sp-1 an-272 E1U7598 sp-27 an-272 E1A0273 sp-1 an-273 E1U0273 sp-1 an-273 E1U7599 sp-27 an-273 E1A0274 sp-1 an-274 E1U0274 sp-1 an-274 E1U7600 sp-27 an-274 E1A0275 sp-1 an-275 E1U0275 sp-1 an-275 E1U7601 sp-27 an-275 E1A0276 sp-1 an-276 E1U0276 sp-1 an-276 E1U7602 sp-27 an-276 E1A0277 sp-1 an-277 E1U0277 sp-1 an-277 E1U7603 sp-27 an-277 E1A0278 sp-1 an-278 E1U0278 sp-1 an-278 E1U7604 sp-27 an-278 E1A0279 sp-1 an-279 E1U0279 sp-1 an-279 E1U7605 sp-27 an-279 E1A0280 sp-1 an-280 E1U0280 sp-1 an-280 E1U7606 sp-27 an-280 E1A0281 sp-1 an-281 E1U0281 sp-1 an-281 E1U7607 sp-27 an-281 E1A0282 sp-1 an-282 E1U0282 sp-1 an-282 E1U7608 sp-27 an-282 E1A0283 sp-1 an-283 E1U0283 sp-1 an-283 E1U7609 sp-27 an-283 E1A0284 sp-1 an-284 E1U0284 sp-1 an-284 E1U7610 sp-27 an-284 E1A0285 sp-1 an-285 E1U0285 sp-1 an-285 E1U7611 sp-27 an-285 E1A0286 sp-1 an-286 E1U0286 sp-1 an-286 E1U7612 sp-27 an-286 E1A0287 sp-1 an-287 E1U0287 sp-1 an-287 E1U7613 sp-27 an-287 E1A0288 sp-1 an-288 E1U0288 sp-1 an-288 E1U7614 sp-27 an-288 E1A0289 sp-1 an-289 E1U0289 sp-1 an-289 E1U7615 sp-27 an-289 E1A0290 sp-1 an-290 E1U0290 sp-1 an-290 E1U7616 sp-27 an-290 E1A0291 sp-1 an-291 E1U0291 sp-1 an-291 E1U7617 sp-27 an-291 E1A0292 sp-1 an-292 E1U0292 sp-1 an-292 E1U7618 sp-27 an-292 E1A0293 sp-1 an-293 E1U0293 sp-1 an-293 E1U7619 sp-27 an-293 E1A0294 sp-1 an-294 E1U0294 sp-1 an-294 E1U7620 sp-27 an-294 E1A0295 sp-1 an-295 E1U0295 sp-1 an-295 E1U7621 sp-27 an-295 E1A0296 sp-1 an-296 E1U0296 sp-1 an-296 E1U7622 sp-27 an-296 E1A0297 sp-1 an-297 E1U0297 sp-1 an-297 E1U7623 sp-27 an-297 E1A0298 sp-1 an-298 E1U0298 sp-1 an-298 E1U7624 sp-27 an-298 E1A0299 sp-1 an-299 E1U0299 sp-1 an-299 E1U7625 sp-27 an-299 E1A0300 sp-1 an-300 E1U0300 sp-1 an-300 E1U7626 sp-27 an-300 E1A0301 sp-1 an-301 E1U0301 sp-1 an-301 E1U7627 sp-27 an-301 E1A0302 sp-1 an-302 E1U0302 sp-1 an-302 E1U7628 sp-27 an-302 E1A0303 sp-1 an-303 E1U0303 sp-1 an-303 E1U7629 sp-27 an-303 E1A0304 sp-1 an-304 E1U0304 sp-1 an-304 E1U7630 sp-27 an-304 E1A0305 sp-1 an-305 E1U0305 sp-1 an-305 E1U7631 sp-27 an-305 E1A0306 sp-1 an-306 E1U0306 sp-1 an-306 E1U7632 sp-27 an-306 E1A0307 sp-1 an-307 E1U0307 sp-1 an-307 E1U7633 sp-27 an-307 E1A0308 sp-1 an-308 E1U0308 sp-1 an-308 E1U7634 sp-27 an-308 E1A0309 sp-1 an-309 E1U0309 sp-1 an-309 E1U7635 sp-27 an-309 E1A0310 sp-1 an-310 E1U0310 sp-1 an-310 E1U7636 sp-27 an-310 E1A0311 sp-1 an-311 E1U0311 sp-1 an-311 E1U7637 sp-27 an-311 E1A0312 sp-1 an-312 E1U0312 sp-1 an-312 E1U7638 sp-27 an-312 E1A0313 sp-1 an-313 E1U0313 sp-1 an-313 E1U7639 sp-27 an-313 E1A0314 sp-1 an-314 E1U0314 sp-1 an-314 E1U7640 sp-27 an-314 E1A0315 sp-1 an-315 E1U0315 sp-1 an-315 E1U7641 sp-27 an-315 E1A0316 sp-1 an-316 E1U0316 sp-1 an-316 E1U7642 sp-27 an-316 E1A0317 sp-1 an-317 E1U0317 sp-1 an-317 E1U7643 sp-27 an-317 E1A0318 sp-1 an-318 E1U0318 sp-1 an-318 E1U7644 sp-27 an-318 E1A0319 sp-1 an-319 E1U0319 sp-1 an-319 E1U7645 sp-27 an-319 E1A0320 sp-1 an-320 E1U0320 sp-1 an-320 E1U7646 sp-27 an-320 E1A0321 sp-1 an-321 E1U0321 sp-1 an-321 E1U7647 sp-27 an-321 E1A0322 sp-1 an-322 E1U0322 sp-1 an-322 E1U7648 sp-27 an-322 E1A0323 sp-1 an-323 E1U0323 sp-1 an-323 E1U7649 sp-27 an-323 E1A0324 sp-1 an-324 E1U0324 sp-1 an-324 E1U7650 sp-27 an-324 Table 1-7 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0325 sp-1 an-325 E1U0325 sp-1 an-325 E1U7651 sp-27 an-325 E1A0326 sp-1 an-326 E1U0326 sp-1 an-326 E1U7652 sp-27 an-326 E1A0327 sp-1 an-327 E1U0327 sp-1 an-327 E1U7653 sp-27 an-327 E1A0328 sp-1 an-328 E1U0328 sp-1 an-328 E1U7654 sp-27 an-328 E1A0329 sp-1 an-329 E1U0329 sp-1 an-329 E1U7655 sp-27 an-329 E1A0330 sp-1 an-330 E1U0330 sp-1 an-330 E1U7656 sp-27 an-330 E1A0331 sp-1 an-331 E1U0331 sp-1 an-331 E1U7657 sp-27 an-331 E1A0332 sp-1 an-332 E1U0332 sp-1 an-332 E1U7658 sp-27 an-332 E1A0333 sp-1 an-333 E1U0333 sp-1 an-333 E1U7659 sp-27 an-333 E1A0334 sp-1 an-334 E1U0334 sp-1 an-334 E1U7660 sp-27 an-334 E1A0335 sp-1 an-335 E1U0335 sp-1 an-335 E1U7661 sp-27 an-335 E1A0336 sp-1 an-336 E1U0336 sp-1 an-336 E1U7662 sp-27 an-336 E1A0337 sp-1 an-337 E1U0337 sp-1 an-337 E1U7663 sp-27 an-337 E1A0338 sp-1 an-338 E1U0338 sp-1 an-338 E1U7664 sp-27 an-338 E1A0339 sp-1 an-339 E1U0339 sp-1 an-339 E1U7665 sp-27 an-339 E1A0340 sp-1 an-340 E1U0340 sp-1 an-340 E1U7666 sp-27 an-340 E1A0341 sp-1 an-341 E1U0341 sp-1 an-341 E1U7667 sp-27 an-341 E1A0342 sp-1 an-342 E1U0342 sp-1 an-342 E1U7668 sp-27 an-342 E1A0343 sp-1 an-343 E1U0343 sp-1 an-343 E1U7669 sp-27 an-343 E1A0344 sp-1 an-344 E1U0344 sp-1 an-344 E1U7670 sp-27 an-344 E1A0345 sp-1 an-345 E1U0345 sp-1 an-345 E1U7671 sp-27 an-345 E1A0346 sp-1 an-346 E1U0346 sp-1 an-346 E1U7672 sp-27 an-346 E1A0347 sp-1 an-347 E1U0347 sp-1 an-347 E1U7673 sp-27 an-347 E1A0348 sp-1 an-348 E1U0348 sp-1 an-348 E1U7674 sp-27 an-348 E1A0349 sp-1 an-349 E1U0349 sp-1 an-349 E1U7675 sp-27 an-349 E1A0350 sp-1 an-350 E1U0350 sp-1 an-350 E1U7676 sp-27 an-350 E1A0351 sp-1 an-351 E1U0351 sp-1 an-351 E1U7677 sp-27 an-351 E1A0352 sp-1 an-352 E1U0352 sp-1 an-352 E1U7678 sp-27 an-352 E1A0353 sp-1 an-353 E1U0353 sp-1 an-353 E1U7679 sp-27 an-353 E1A0354 sp-1 an-354 E1U0354 sp-1 an-354 E1U7680 sp-27 an-354 E1A0355 sp-1 an-355 E1U0355 sp-1 an-355 E1U7681 sp-27 an-355 E1A0356 sp-1 an-356 E1U0356 sp-1 an-356 E1U7682 sp-27 an-356 E1A0357 sp-1 an-357 E1U0357 sp-1 an-357 E1U7683 sp-27 an-357 E1A0358 sp-1 an-358 E1U0358 sp-1 an-358 E1U7684 sp-27 an-358 E1A0359 sp-1 an-359 E1U0359 sp-1 an-359 E1U7685 sp-27 an-359 E1A0360 sp-1 an-360 E1U0360 sp-1 an-360 E1U7686 sp-27 an-360 E1A0361 sp-1 an-361 E1U0361 sp-1 an-361 E1U7687 sp-27 an-361 E1A0362 sp-1 an-362 E1U0362 sp-1 an-362 E1U7688 sp-27 an-362 E1A0363 sp-1 an-363 E1U0363 sp-1 an-363 E1U7689 sp-27 an-363 E1A0364 sp-1 an-364 E1U0364 sp-1 an-364 E1U7690 sp-27 an-364 E1A0365 sp-1 an-365 E1U0365 sp-1 an-365 E1U7691 sp-27 an-365 E1A0366 sp-1 an-366 E1U0366 sp-1 an-366 E1U7692 sp-27 an-366 E1A0367 sp-1 an-367 E1U0367 sp-1 an-367 E1U7693 sp-27 an-367 E1A0368 sp-1 an-368 E1U0368 sp-1 an-368 E1U7694 sp-27 an-368 E1A0369 sp-1 an-369 E1U0369 sp-1 an-369 E1U7695 sp-27 an-369 E1A0370 sp-1 an-370 E1U0370 sp-1 an-370 E1U7696 sp-27 an-370 E1A0371 sp-1 an-371 E1U0371 sp-1 an-371 E1U7697 sp-27 an-371 E1A0372 sp-1 an-372 E1U0372 sp-1 an-372 E1U7698 sp-27 an-372 E1A0373 sp-1 an-373 E1U0373 sp-1 an-373 E1U7699 sp-27 an-373 E1A0374 sp-1 an-374 E1U0374 sp-1 an-374 E1U7700 sp-27 an-374 E1A0375 sp-1 an-375 E1U0375 sp-1 an-375 E1U7701 sp-27 an-375 E1A0376 sp-1 an-376 E1U0376 sp-1 an-376 E1U7702 sp-27 an-376 E1A0377 sp-1 an-377 E1U0377 sp-1 an-377 E1U7703 sp-27 an-377 E1A0378 sp-1 an-378 E1U0378 sp-1 an-378 E1U7704 sp-27 an-378 Table 1-8 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0379 sp-1 an-379 E1U0379 sp-1 an-379 E1U7705 sp-27 an-379 E1A0380 sp-1 an-380 E1U0380 sp-1 an-380 E1U7706 sp-27 an-380 E1A0381 sp-1 an-381 E1U0381 sp-1 an-381 E1U7707 sp-27 an-381 E1A0382 sp-1 an-382 E1U0382 sp-1 an-382 E1U7708 sp-27 an-382 E1A0383 sp-1 an-383 E1U0383 sp-1 an-383 E1U7709 sp-27 an-383 E1A0384 sp-1 an-384 E1U0384 sp-1 an-384 E1U7710 sp-27 an-384 E1A0385 sp-1 an-385 E1U0385 sp-1 an-385 E1U7711 sp-27 an-385 E1A0386 sp-1 an-386 E1U0386 sp-1 an-386 E1U7712 sp-27 an-386 E1A0387 sp-1 an-387 E1U0387 sp-1 an-387 E1U7713 sp-27 an-387 E1A0388 sp-1 an-388 E1U0388 sp-1 an-388 E1U7714 sp-27 an-388 E1A0389 sp-1 an-389 E1U0389 sp-1 an-389 E1U7715 sp-27 an-389 E1A0390 sp-1 an-390 E1U0390 sp-1 an-390 E1U7716 sp-27 an-390 E1A0391 sp-1 an-391 E1U0391 sp-1 an-391 E1U7717 sp-27 an-391 E1A0392 sp-1 an-392 E1U0392 sp-1 an-392 E1U7718 sp-27 an-392 E1A0393 sp-1 an-393 E1U0393 sp-1 an-393 E1U7719 sp-27 an-393 E1A0394 sp-1 an-394 E1U0394 sp-1 an-394 E1U7720 sp-27 an-394 E1A0395 sp-1 an-395 E1U0395 sp-1 an-395 E1U7721 sp-27 an-395 E1A0396 sp-1 an-396 E1U0396 sp-1 an-396 E1U7722 sp-27 an-396 E1A0397 sp-1 an-397 E1U0397 sp-1 an-397 E1U7723 sp-27 an-397 E1A0398 sp-1 an-398 E1U0398 sp-1 an-398 E1U7724 sp-27 an-398 E1A0399 sp-1 an-399 E1U0399 sp-1 an-399 E1U7725 sp-27 an-399 E1A0400 sp-1 an-400 E1U0400 sp-1 an-400 E1U7726 sp-27 an-400 E1A0401 sp-1 an-401 E1U0401 sp-1 an-401 E1U7727 sp-27 an-401 E1A0402 sp-1 an-402 E1U0402 sp-1 an-402 E1U7728 sp-27 an-402 E1A0403 sp-1 an-403 E1U0403 sp-1 an-403 E1U7729 sp-27 an-403 E1A0404 sp-1 an-404 E1U0404 sp-1 an-404 E1U7730 sp-27 an-404 E1A0405 sp-1 an-405 E1U0405 sp-1 an-405 E1U7731 sp-27 an-405 E1A0406 sp-1 an-406 E1U0406 sp-1 an-406 E1U7732 sp-27 an-406 E1A0407 sp-1 an-407 E1U0407 sp-1 an-407 E1U7733 sp-27 an-407 E1A0408 sp-2 an-1 E1U0408 sp-2 an-1 E1U7734 sp-28 an-1 E1A0409 sp-2 an-2 E1U0409 sp-2 an-2 E1U7735 sp-28 an-2 E1A0410 sp-2 an-3 E1U0410 sp-2 an-3 E1U7736 sp-28 an-3 E1A0411 sp-2 an-4 E1U0411 sp-2 an-4 E1U7737 sp-28 an-4 E1A0412 sp-2 an-5 E1U0412 sp-2 an-5 E1U7738 sp-28 an-5 E1A0413 sp-2 an-6 E1U0413 sp-2 an-6 E1U7739 sp-28 an-6 E1A0414 sp-2 an-7 E1U0414 sp-2 an-7 E1U7740 sp-28 an-7 E1A0415 sp-2 an-8 E1U0415 sp-2 an-8 E1U7741 sp-28 an-8 E1A0416 sp-2 an-9 E1U0416 sp-2 an-9 E1U7742 sp-28 an-9 E1A0417 sp-2 an-10 E1U0417 sp-2 an-10 E1U7743 sp-28 an-10 E1A0418 sp-2 an-11 E1U0418 sp-2 an-11 E1U7744 sp-28 an-11 E1A0419 sp-2 an-12 E1U0419 sp-2 an-12 E1U7745 sp-28 an-12 E1A0420 sp-2 an-13 E1U0420 sp-2 an-13 E1U7746 sp-28 an-13 E1A0421 sp-2 an-14 E1U0421 sp-2 an-14 E1U7747 sp-28 an-14 E1A0422 sp-2 an-15 E1U0422 sp-2 an-15 E1U7748 sp-28 an-15 E1A0423 sp-2 an-16 E1U0423 sp-2 an-16 E1U7749 sp-28 an-16 E1A0424 sp-2 an-17 E1U0424 sp-2 an-17 E1U7750 sp-28 an-17 E1A0425 sp-2 an-18 E1U0425 sp-2 an-18 E1U7751 sp-28 an-18 E1A0426 sp-2 an-19 E1U0426 sp-2 an-19 E1U7752 sp-28 an-19 E1A0427 sp-2 an-20 E1U0427 sp-2 an-20 E1U7753 sp-28 an-20 E1A0428 sp-2 an-21 E1U0428 sp-2 an-21 E1U7754 sp-28 an-21 E1A0429 sp-2 an-22 E1U0429 sp-2 an-22 E1U7755 sp-28 an-22 E1A0430 sp-2 an-23 E1U0430 sp-2 an-23 E1U7756 sp-28 an-23 E1A0431 sp-2 an-24 E1U0431 sp-2 an-24 E1U7757 sp-28 an-24 E1A0432 sp-2 an-25 E1U0432 sp-2 an-25 E1U7758 sp-28 an-25 Table 1-9 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0433 sp-2 an-26 E1U0433 sp-2 an-26 E1U7759 sp-28 an-26 E1A0434 sp-2 an-27 E1U0434 sp-2 an-27 E1U7760 sp-28 an-27 E1A0435 sp-2 an-28 E1U0435 sp-2 an-28 E1U7761 sp-28 an-28 E1A0436 sp-2 an-29 E1U0436 sp-2 an-29 E1U7762 sp-28 an-29 E1A0437 sp-2 an-30 E1U0437 sp-2 an-30 E1U7763 sp-28 an-30 E1A0438 sp-2 an-31 E1U0438 sp-2 an-31 E1U7764 sp-28 an-31 E1A0439 sp-2 an-32 E1U0439 sp-2 an-32 E1U7765 sp-28 an-32 E1A0440 sp-2 an-33 E1U0440 sp-2 an-33 E1U7766 sp-28 an-33 E1A0441 sp-2 an-34 E1U0441 sp-2 an-34 E1U7767 sp-28 an-34 E1A0442 sp-2 an-35 E1U0442 sp-2 an-35 E1U7768 sp-28 an-35 E1A0443 sp-2 an-36 E1U0443 sp-2 an-36 E1U7769 sp-28 an-36 E1A0444 sp-2 an-37 E1U0444 sp-2 an-37 E1U7770 sp-28 an-37 E1A0445 sp-2 an-38 E1U0445 sp-2 an-38 E1U7771 sp-28 an-38 E1A0446 sp-2 an-39 E1U0446 sp-2 an-39 E1U7772 sp-28 an-39 E1A0447 sp-2 an-40 E1U0447 sp-2 an-40 E1U7773 sp-28 an-40 E1A0448 sp-2 an-41 E1U0448 sp-2 an-41 E1U7774 sp-28 an-41 E1A0449 sp-2 an-42 E1U0449 sp-2 an-42 E1U7775 sp-28 an-42 E1A0450 sp-2 an-43 E1U0450 sp-2 an-43 E1U7776 sp-28 an-43 E1A0451 sp-2 an-44 E1U0451 sp-2 an-44 E1U7777 sp-28 an-44 E1A0452 sp-2 an-45 E1U0452 sp-2 an-45 E1U7778 sp-28 an-45 E1A0453 sp-2 an-46 E1U0453 sp-2 an-46 E1U7779 sp-28 an-46 E1A0454 sp-2 an-47 E1U0454 sp-2 an-47 E1U7780 sp-28 an-47 E1A0455 sp-2 an-48 E1U0455 sp-2 an-48 E1U7781 sp-28 an-48 E1A0456 sp-2 an-49 E1U0456 sp-2 an-49 E1U7782 sp-28 an-49 E1A0457 sp-2 an-50 E1U0457 sp-2 an-50 E1U7783 sp-28 an-50 E1A0458 sp-2 an-51 E1U0458 sp-2 an-51 E1U7784 sp-28 an-51 E1A0459 sp-2 an-52 E1U0459 sp-2 an-52 E1U7785 sp-28 an-52 E1A0460 sp-2 an-53 E1U0460 sp-2 an-53 E1U7786 sp-28 an-53 E1A0461 sp-2 an-54 E1U0461 sp-2 an-54 E1U7787 sp-28 an-54 E1A0462 sp-2 an-55 E1U0462 sp-2 an-55 E1U7788 sp-28 an-55 E1A0463 sp-2 an-56 E1U0463 sp-2 an-56 E1U7789 sp-28 an-56 E1A0464 sp-2 an-57 E1U0464 sp-2 an-57 E1U7790 sp-28 an-57 E1A0465 sp-2 an-58 E1U0465 sp-2 an-58 E1U7791 sp-28 an-58 E1A0466 sp-2 an-59 E1U0466 sp-2 an-59 E1U7792 sp-28 an-59 E1A0467 sp-2 an-60 E1U0467 sp-2 an-60 E1U7793 sp-28 an-60 E1A0468 sp-2 an-61 E1U0468 sp-2 an-61 E1U7794 sp-28 an-61 E1A0469 sp-2 an-62 E1U0469 sp-2 an-62 E1U7795 sp-28 an-62 E1A0470 sp-2 an-63 E1U0470 sp-2 an-63 E1U7796 sp-28 an-63 E1A0471 sp-2 an-64 E1U0471 sp-2 an-64 E1U7797 sp-28 an-64 E1A0472 sp-2 an-65 E1U0472 sp-2 an-65 E1U7798 sp-28 an-65 E1A0473 sp-2 an-66 E1U0473 sp-2 an-66 E1U7799 sp-28 an-66 E1A0474 sp-2 an-67 E1U0474 sp-2 an-67 E1U7800 sp-28 an-67 E1A0475 sp-2 an-68 E1U0475 sp-2 an-68 E1U7801 sp-28 an-68 E1A0476 sp-2 an-69 E1U0476 sp-2 an-69 E1U7802 sp-28 an-69 E1A0477 sp-2 an-70 E1U0477 sp-2 an-70 E1U7803 sp-28 an-70 E1A0478 sp-2 an-71 E1U0478 sp-2 an-71 E1U7804 sp-28 an-71 E1A0479 sp-2 an-72 E1U0479 sp-2 an-72 E1U7805 sp-28 an-72 E1A0480 sp-2 an-73 E1U0480 sp-2 an-73 E1U7806 sp-28 an-73 E1A0481 sp-2 an-74 E1U0481 sp-2 an-74 E1U7807 sp-28 an-74 E1A0482 sp-2 an-75 E1U0482 sp-2 an-75 E1U7808 sp-28 an-75 E1A0483 sp-2 an-76 E1U0483 sp-2 an-76 E1U7809 sp-28 an-76 E1A0484 sp-2 an-77 E1U0484 sp-2 an-77 E1U7810 sp-28 an-77 E1A0485 sp-2 an-78 E1U0485 sp-2 an-78 E1U7811 sp-28 an-78 E1A0486 sp-2 an-79 E1U0486 sp-2 an-79 E1U7812 sp-28 an-79 Table 1-10 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0487 sp-2 an-80 E1U0487 sp-2 an-80 E1U7813 sp-28 an-80 E1A0488 sp-2 an-81 E1U0488 sp-2 an-81 E1U7814 sp-28 an-81 E1A0489 sp-2 an-82 E1U0489 sp-2 an-82 E1U7815 sp-28 an-82 E1A0490 sp-2 an-83 E1U0490 sp-2 an-83 E1U7816 sp-28 an-83 E1A0491 sp-2 an-84 E1U0491 sp-2 an-84 E1U7817 sp-28 an-84 E1A0492 sp-2 an-85 E1U0492 sp-2 an-85 E1U7818 sp-28 an-85 E1A0493 sp-2 an-86 E1U0493 sp-2 an-86 E1U7819 sp-28 an-86 E1A0494 sp-2 an-87 E1U0494 sp-2 an-87 E1U7820 sp-28 an-87 E1A0495 sp-2 an-88 E1U0495 sp-2 an-88 E1U7821 sp-28 an-88 E1A0496 sp-2 an-89 E1U0496 sp-2 an-89 E1U7822 sp-28 an-89 E1A0497 sp-2 an-90 E1U0497 sp-2 an-90 E1U7823 sp-28 an-90 E1A0498 sp-2 an-91 E1U0498 sp-2 an-91 E1U7824 sp-28 an-91 E1A0499 sp-2 an-92 E1U0499 sp-2 an-92 E1U7825 sp-28 an-92 E1A0500 sp-2 an-93 E1U0500 sp-2 an-93 E1U7826 sp-28 an-93 E1A0501 sp-2 an-94 E1U0501 sp-2 an-94 E1U7827 sp-28 an-94 E1A0502 sp-2 an-95 E1U0502 sp-2 an-95 E1U7828 sp-28 an-95 E1A0503 sp-2 an-96 E1U0503 sp-2 an-96 E1U7829 sp-28 an-96 E1A0504 sp-2 an-97 E1U0504 sp-2 an-97 E1U7830 sp-28 an-97 E1A0505 sp-2 an-98 E1U0505 sp-2 an-98 E1U7831 sp-28 an-98 E1A0506 sp-2 an-99 E1U0506 sp-2 an-99 E1U7832 sp-28 an-99 E1A0507 sp-2 an-100 E1U0507 sp-2 an-100 E1U7833 sp-28 an-100 E1A0508 sp-2 an-101 E1U0508 sp-2 an-101 E1U7834 sp-28 an-101 E1A0509 sp-2 an-102 E1U0509 sp-2 an-102 E1U7835 sp-28 an-102 E1A0510 sp-2 an-103 E1U0510 sp-2 an-103 E1U7836 sp-28 an-103 E1A0511 sp-2 an-104 E1U0511 sp-2 an-104 E1U7837 sp-28 an-104 E1A0512 sp-2 an-105 E1U0512 sp-2 an-105 E1U7838 sp-28 an-105 E1A0513 sp-2 an-106 E1U0513 sp-2 an-106 E1U7839 sp-28 an-106 E1A0514 sp-2 an-107 E1U0514 sp-2 an-107 E1U7840 sp-28 an-107 E1A0515 sp-2 an-108 E1U0515 sp-2 an-108 E1U7841 sp-28 an-108 E1A0516 sp-2 an-109 E1U0516 sp-2 an-109 E1U7842 sp-28 an-109 E1A0517 sp-2 an-110 E1U0517 sp-2 an-110 E1U7843 sp-28 an-110 E1A0518 sp-2 an-111 E1U0518 sp-2 an-111 E1U7844 sp-28 an-111 E1A0519 sp-2 an-112 E1U0519 sp-2 an-112 E1U7845 sp-28 an-112 E1A0520 sp-2 an-113 E1U0520 sp-2 an-113 E1U7846 sp-28 an-113 E1A0521 sp-2 an-114 E1U0521 sp-2 an-114 E1U7847 sp-28 an-114 E1A0522 sp-2 an-115 E1U0522 sp-2 an-115 E1U7848 sp-28 an-115 E1A0523 sp-2 an-116 E1U0523 sp-2 an-116 E1U7849 sp-28 an-116 E1A0524 sp-2 an-117 E1U0524 sp-2 an-117 E1U7850 sp-28 an-117 E1A0525 sp-2 an-118 E1U0525 sp-2 an-118 E1U7851 sp-28 an-118 E1A0526 sp-2 an-119 E1U0526 sp-2 an-119 E1U7852 sp-28 an-119 E1A0527 sp-2 an-120 E1U0527 sp-2 an-120 E1U7853 sp-28 an-120 E1A0528 sp-2 an-121 E1U0528 sp-2 an-121 E1U7854 sp-28 an-121 E1A0529 sp-2 an-122 E1U0529 sp-2 an-122 E1U7855 sp-28 an-122 E1A0530 sp-2 an-123 E1U0530 sp-2 an-123 E1U7856 sp-28 an-123 E1A0531 sp-2 an-124 E1U0531 sp-2 an-124 E1U7857 sp-28 an-124 E1A0532 sp-2 an-125 E1U0532 sp-2 an-125 E1U7858 sp-28 an-125 E1A0533 sp-2 an-126 E1U0533 sp-2 an-126 E1U7859 sp-28 an-126 E1A0534 sp-2 an-127 E1U0534 sp-2 an-127 E1U7860 sp-28 an-127 E1A0535 sp-2 an-128 E1U0535 sp-2 an-128 E1U7861 sp-28 an-128 E1A0536 sp-2 an-129 E1U0536 sp-2 an-129 E1U7862 sp-28 an-129 E1A0537 sp-2 an-130 E1U0537 sp-2 an-130 E1U7863 sp-28 an-130 E1A0538 sp-2 an-131 E1U0538 sp-2 an-131 E1U7864 sp-28 an-131 E1A0539 sp-2 an-132 E1U0539 sp-2 an-132 E1U7865 sp-28 an-132 E1A0540 sp-2 an-133 E1U0540 sp-2 an-133 E1U7866 sp-28 an-133 Table 1-11 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0541 sp-2 an-134 E1U0541 sp-2 an-134 E1U7867 sp-28 an-134 E1A0542 sp-2 an-135 E1U0542 sp-2 an-135 E1U7868 sp-28 an-135 E1A0543 sp-2 an-136 E1U0543 sp-2 an-136 E1U7869 sp-28 an-136 E1A0544 sp-2 an-137 E1U0544 sp-2 an-137 E1U7870 sp-28 an-137 E1A0545 sp-2 an-138 E1U0545 sp-2 an-138 E1U7871 sp-28 an-138 E1A0546 sp-2 an-139 E1U0546 sp-2 an-139 E1U7872 sp-28 an-139 E1A0547 sp-2 an-140 E1U0547 sp-2 an-140 E1U7873 sp-28 an-140 E1A0548 sp-2 an-141 E1U0548 sp-2 an-141 E1U7874 sp-28 an-141 E1A0549 sp-2 an-142 E1U0549 sp-2 an-142 E1U7875 sp-28 an-142 E1A0550 sp-2 an-143 E1U0550 sp-2 an-143 E1U7876 sp-28 an-143 E1A0551 sp-2 an-144 E1U0551 sp-2 an-144 E1U7877 sp-28 an-144 E1A0552 sp-2 an-145 E1U0552 sp-2 an-145 E1U7878 sp-28 an-145 E1A0553 sp-2 an-146 E1U0553 sp-2 an-146 E1U7879 sp-28 an-146 E1A0554 sp-2 an-147 E1U0554 sp-2 an-147 E1U7880 sp-28 an-147 E1A0555 sp-2 an-148 E1U0555 sp-2 an-148 E1U7881 sp-28 an-148 E1A0556 sp-2 an-149 E1U0556 sp-2 an-149 E1U7882 sp-28 an-149 E1A0557 sp-2 an-150 E1U0557 sp-2 an-150 E1U7883 sp-28 an-150 E1A0558 sp-2 an-151 E1U0558 sp-2 an-151 E1U7884 sp-28 an-151 E1A0559 sp-2 an-152 E1U0559 sp-2 an-152 E1U7885 sp-28 an-152 E1A0560 sp-2 an-153 E1U0560 sp-2 an-153 E1U7886 sp-28 an-153 E1A0561 sp-2 an-154 E1U0561 sp-2 an-154 E1U7887 sp-28 an-154 E1A0562 sp-2 an-155 E1U0562 sp-2 an-155 E1U7888 sp-28 an-155 E1A0563 sp-2 an-156 E1U0563 sp-2 an-156 E1U7889 sp-28 an-156 E1A0564 sp-2 an-157 E1U0564 sp-2 an-157 E1U7890 sp-28 an-157 E1A0565 sp-2 an-158 E1U0565 sp-2 an-158 E1U7891 sp-28 an-158 E1A0566 sp-2 an-159 E1U0566 sp-2 an-159 E1U7892 sp-28 an-159 E1A0567 sp-2 an-160 E1U0567 sp-2 an-160 E1U7893 sp-28 an-160 E1A0568 sp-2 an-161 E1U0568 sp-2 an-161 E1U7894 sp-28 an-161 E1A0569 sp-2 an-162 E1U0569 sp-2 an-162 E1U7895 sp-28 an-162 E1A0570 sp-2 an-163 E1U0570 sp-2 an-163 E1U7896 sp-28 an-163 E1A0571 sp-2 an-164 E1U0571 sp-2 an-164 E1U7897 sp-28 an-164 E1A0572 sp-2 an-165 E1U0572 sp-2 an-165 E1U7898 sp-28 an-165 E1A0573 sp-2 an-166 E1U0573 sp-2 an-166 E1U7899 sp-28 an-166 E1A0574 sp-2 an-167 E1U0574 sp-2 an-167 E1U7900 sp-28 an-167 E1A0575 sp-2 an-168 E1U0575 sp-2 an-168 E1U7901 sp-28 an-168 E1A0576 sp-2 an-169 E1U0576 sp-2 an-169 E1U7902 sp-28 an-169 E1A0577 sp-2 an-170 E1U0577 sp-2 an-170 E1U7903 sp-28 an-170 E1A0578 sp-2 an-171 E1U0578 sp-2 an-171 E1U7904 sp-28 an-171 E1A0579 sp-2 an-172 E1U0579 sp-2 an-172 E1U7905 sp-28 an-172 E1A0580 sp-2 an-173 E1U0580 sp-2 an-173 E1U7906 sp-28 an-173 E1A0581 sp-2 an-174 E1U0581 sp-2 an-174 E1U7907 sp-28 an-174 E1A0582 sp-2 an-175 E1U0582 sp-2 an-175 E1U7908 sp-28 an-175 E1A0583 sp-2 an-176 E1U0583 sp-2 an-176 E1U7909 sp-28 an-176 E1A0584 sp-2 an-177 E1U0584 sp-2 an-177 E1U7910 sp-28 an-177 E1A0585 sp-2 an-178 E1U0585 sp-2 an-178 E1U7911 sp-28 an-178 E1A0586 sp-2 an-179 E1U0586 sp-2 an-179 E1U7912 sp-28 an-179 E1A0587 sp-2 an-180 E1U0587 sp-2 an-180 E1U7913 sp-28 an-180 E1A0588 sp-2 an-181 E1U0588 sp-2 an-181 E1U7914 sp-28 an-181 E1A0589 sp-2 an-182 E1U0589 sp-2 an-182 E1U7915 sp-28 an-182 E1A0590 sp-2 an-183 E1U0590 sp-2 an-183 E1U7916 sp-28 an-183 E1A0591 sp-2 an-184 E1U0591 sp-2 an-184 E1U7917 sp-28 an-184 E1A0592 sp-2 an-185 E1U0592 sp-2 an-185 E1U7918 sp-28 an-185 E1A0593 sp-2 an-186 E1U0593 sp-2 an-186 E1U7919 sp-28 an-186 E1A0594 sp-2 an-187 E1U0594 sp-2 an-187 E1U7920 sp-28 an-187 Table 1-12 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0595 sp-2 an-188 E1U0595 sp-2 an-188 E1U7921 sp-28 an-188 E1A0596 sp-2 an-189 E1U0596 sp-2 an-189 E1U7922 sp-28 an-189 E1A0597 sp-2 an-190 E1U0597 sp-2 an-190 E1U7923 sp-28 an-190 E1A0598 sp-2 an-191 E1U0598 sp-2 an-191 E1U7924 sp-28 an-191 E1A0599 sp-2 an-192 E1U0599 sp-2 an-192 E1U7925 sp-28 an-192 E1A0600 sp-2 an-193 E1U0600 sp-2 an-193 E1U7926 sp-28 an-193 E1A0601 sp-2 an-194 E1U0601 sp-2 an-194 E1U7927 sp-28 an-194 E1A0602 sp-2 an-195 E1U0602 sp-2 an-195 E1U7928 sp-28 an-195 E1A0603 sp-2 an-196 E1U0603 sp-2 an-196 E1U7929 sp-28 an-196 E1A0604 sp-2 an-197 E1U0604 sp-2 an-197 E1U7930 sp-28 an-197 E1A0605 sp-2 an-198 E1U0605 sp-2 an-198 E1U7931 sp-28 an-198 E1A0606 sp-2 an-199 E1U0606 sp-2 an-199 E1U7932 sp-28 an-199 E1A0607 sp-2 an-200 E1U0607 sp-2 an-200 E1U7933 sp-28 an-200 E1A0608 sp-2 an-201 E1U0608 sp-2 an-201 E1U7934 sp-28 an-201 E1A0609 sp-2 an-202 E1U0609 sp-2 an-202 E1U7935 sp-28 an-202 E1A0610 sp-2 an-203 E1U0610 sp-2 an-203 E1U7936 sp-28 an-203 E1A0611 sp-2 an-204 E1U0611 sp-2 an-204 E1U7937 sp-28 an-204 E1A0612 sp-2 an-205 E1U0612 sp-2 an-205 E1U7938 sp-28 an-205 E1A0613 sp-2 an-206 E1U0613 sp-2 an-206 E1U7939 sp-28 an-206 E1A0614 sp-2 an-207 E1U0614 sp-2 an-207 E1U7940 sp-28 an-207 E1A0615 sp-2 an-208 E1U0615 sp-2 an-208 E1U7941 sp-28 an-208 E1A0616 sp-2 an-209 E1U0616 sp-2 an-209 E1U7942 sp-28 an-209 E1A0617 sp-2 an-210 E1U0617 sp-2 an-210 E1U7943 sp-28 an-210 E1A0618 sp-2 an-211 E1U0618 sp-2 an-211 E1U7944 sp-28 an-211 E1A0619 sp-2 an-212 E1U0619 sp-2 an-212 E1U7945 sp-28 an-212 E1A0620 sp-2 an-213 E1U0620 sp-2 an-213 E1U7946 sp-28 an-213 E1A0621 sp-2 an-214 E1U0621 sp-2 an-214 E1U7947 sp-28 an-214 E1A0622 sp-2 an-215 E1U0622 sp-2 an-215 E1U7948 sp-28 an-215 E1A0623 sp-2 an-216 E1U0623 sp-2 an-216 E1U7949 sp-28 an-216 E1A0624 sp-2 an-217 E1U0624 sp-2 an-217 E1U7950 sp-28 an-217 E1A0625 sp-2 an-218 E1U0625 sp-2 an-218 E1U7951 sp-28 an-218 E1A0626 sp-2 an-219 E1U0626 sp-2 an-219 E1U7952 sp-28 an-219 E1A0627 sp-2 an-220 E1U0627 sp-2 an-220 E1U7953 sp-28 an-220 E1A0628 sp-2 an-221 E1U0628 sp-2 an-221 E1U7954 sp-28 an-221 E1A0629 sp-2 an-222 E1U0629 sp-2 an-222 E1U7955 sp-28 an-222 E1A0630 sp-2 an-223 E1U0630 sp-2 an-223 E1U7956 sp-28 an-223 E1A0631 sp-2 an-224 E1U0631 sp-2 an-224 E1U7957 sp-28 an-224 E1A0632 sp-2 an-225 E1U0632 sp-2 an-225 E1U7958 sp-28 an-225 E1A0633 sp-2 an-226 E1U0633 sp-2 an-226 E1U7959 sp-28 an-226 E1A0634 sp-2 an-227 E1U0634 sp-2 an-227 E1U7960 sp-28 an-227 E1A0635 sp-2 an-228 E1U0635 sp-2 an-228 E1U7961 sp-28 an-228 E1A0636 sp-2 an-229 E1U0636 sp-2 an-229 E1U7962 sp-28 an-229 E1A0637 sp-2 an-230 E1U0637 sp-2 an-230 E1U7963 sp-28 an-230 E1A0638 sp-2 an-231 E1U0638 sp-2 an-231 E1U7964 sp-28 an-231 E1A0639 sp-2 an-232 E1U0639 sp-2 an-232 E1U7965 sp-28 an-232 E1A0640 sp-2 an-233 E1U0640 sp-2 an-233 E1U7966 sp-28 an-233 E1A0641 sp-2 an-234 E1U0641 sp-2 an-234 E1U7967 sp-28 an-234 E1A0642 sp-2 an-235 E1U0642 sp-2 an-235 E1U7968 sp-28 an-235 E1A0643 sp-2 an-236 E1U0643 sp-2 an-236 E1U7969 sp-28 an-236 E1A0644 sp-2 an-237 E1U0644 sp-2 an-237 E1U7970 sp-28 an-237 E1A0645 sp-2 an-238 E1U0645 sp-2 an-238 E1U7971 sp-28 an-238 E1A0646 sp-2 an-239 E1U0646 sp-2 an-239 E1U7972 sp-28 an-239 E1A0647 sp-2 an-240 E1U0647 sp-2 an-240 E1U7973 sp-28 an-240 E1A0648 sp-2 an-241 E1U0648 sp-2 an-241 E1U7974 sp-28 an-241 Table 1-13 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0649 sp-2 an-242 E1U0649 sp-2 an-242 E1U7975 sp-28 an-242 E1A0650 sp-2 an-243 E1U0650 sp-2 an-243 E1U7976 sp-28 an-243 E1A0651 sp-2 an-244 E1U0651 sp-2 an-244 E1U7977 sp-28 an-244 E1A0652 sp-2 an-245 E1U0652 sp-2 an-245 E1U7978 sp-28 an-245 E1A0653 sp-2 an-246 E1U0653 sp-2 an-246 E1U7979 sp-28 an-246 E1A0654 sp-2 an-247 E1U0654 sp-2 an-247 E1U7980 sp-28 an-247 E1A0655 sp-2 an-248 E1U0655 sp-2 an-248 E1U7981 sp-28 an-248 E1A0656 sp-2 an-249 E1U0656 sp-2 an-249 E1U7982 sp-28 an-249 E1A0657 sp-2 an-250 E1U0657 sp-2 an-250 E1U7983 sp-28 an-250 E1A0658 sp-2 an-251 E1U0658 sp-2 an-251 E1U7984 sp-28 an-251 E1A0659 sp-2 an-252 E1U0659 sp-2 an-252 E1U7985 sp-28 an-252 E1A0660 sp-2 an-253 E1U0660 sp-2 an-253 E1U7986 sp-28 an-253 E1A0661 sp-2 an-254 E1U0661 sp-2 an-254 E1U7987 sp-28 an-254 E1A0662 sp-2 an-255 E1U0662 sp-2 an-255 E1U7988 sp-28 an-255 E1A0663 sp-2 an-256 E1U0663 sp-2 an-256 E1U7989 sp-28 an-256 E1A0664 sp-2 an-257 E1U0664 sp-2 an-257 E1U7990 sp-28 an-257 E1A0665 sp-2 an-258 E1U0665 sp-2 an-258 E1U7991 sp-28 an-258 E1A0666 sp-2 an-259 E1U0666 sp-2 an-259 E1U7992 sp-28 an-259 E1A0667 sp-2 an-260 E1U0667 sp-2 an-260 E1U7993 sp-28 an-260 E1A0668 sp-2 an-261 E1U0668 sp-2 an-261 E1U7994 sp-28 an-261 E1A0669 sp-2 an-262 E1U0669 sp-2 an-262 E1U7995 sp-28 an-262 E1A0670 sp-2 an-263 E1U0670 sp-2 an-263 E1U7996 sp-28 an-263 E1A0671 sp-2 an-264 E1U0671 sp-2 an-264 E1U7997 sp-28 an-264 E1A0672 sp-2 an-265 E1U0672 sp-2 an-265 E1U7998 sp-28 an-265 E1A0673 sp-2 an-266 E1U0673 sp-2 an-266 E1U7999 sp-28 an-266 E1A0674 sp-2 an-267 E1U0674 sp-2 an-267 E1U8000 sp-28 an-267 E1A0675 sp-2 an-268 E1U0675 sp-2 an-268 E1U8001 sp-28 an-268 E1A0676 sp-2 an-269 E1U0676 sp-2 an-269 E1U8002 sp-28 an-269 E1A0677 sp-2 an-270 E1U0677 sp-2 an-270 E1U8003 sp-28 an-270 E1A0678 sp-2 an-271 E1U0678 sp-2 an-271 E1U8004 sp-28 an-271 E1A0679 sp-2 an-272 E1U0679 sp-2 an-272 E1U8005 sp-28 an-272 E1A0680 sp-2 an-273 E1U0680 sp-2 an-273 E1U8006 sp-28 an-273 E1A0681 sp-2 an-274 E1U0681 sp-2 an-274 E1U8007 sp-28 an-274 E1A0682 sp-2 an-275 E1U0682 sp-2 an-275 E1U8008 sp-28 an-275 E1A0683 sp-2 an-276 E1U0683 sp-2 an-276 E1U8009 sp-28 an-276 E1A0684 sp-2 an-277 E1U0684 sp-2 an-277 E1U8010 sp-28 an-277 E1A0685 sp-2 an-278 E1U0685 sp-2 an-278 E1U8011 sp-28 an-278 E1A0686 sp-2 an-279 E1U0686 sp-2 an-279 E1U8012 sp-28 an-279 E1A0687 sp-2 an-280 E1U0687 sp-2 an-280 E1U8013 sp-28 an-280 E1A0688 sp-2 an-281 E1U0688 sp-2 an-281 E1U8014 sp-28 an-281 E1A0689 sp-2 an-282 E1U0689 sp-2 an-282 E1U8015 sp-28 an-282 E1A0690 sp-2 an-283 E1U0690 sp-2 an-283 E1U8016 sp-28 an-283 E1A0691 sp-2 an-284 E1U0691 sp-2 an-284 E1U8017 sp-28 an-284 E1A0692 sp-2 an-285 E1U0692 sp-2 an-285 E1U8018 sp-28 an-285 E1A0693 sp-2 an-286 E1U0693 sp-2 an-286 E1U8019 sp-28 an-286 E1A0694 sp-2 an-287 E1U0694 sp-2 an-287 E1U8020 sp-28 an-287 E1A0695 sp-2 an-288 E1U0695 sp-2 an-288 E1U8021 sp-28 an-288 E1A0696 sp-2 an-289 E1U0696 sp-2 an-289 E1U8022 sp-28 an-289 E1A0697 sp-2 an-290 E1U0697 sp-2 an-290 E1U8023 sp-28 an-290 E1A0698 sp-2 an-291 E1U0698 sp-2 an-291 E1U8024 sp-28 an-291 E1A0699 sp-2 an-292 E1U0699 sp-2 an-292 E1U8025 sp-28 an-292 E1A0700 sp-2 an-293 E1U0700 sp-2 an-293 E1U8026 sp-28 an-293 E1A0701 sp-2 an-294 E1U0701 sp-2 an-294 E1U8027 sp-28 an-294 E1A0702 sp-2 an-295 E1U0702 sp-2 an-295 E1U8028 sp-28 an-295 Table 1-14 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0703 sp-2 an-296 E1U0703 sp-2 an-296 E1U8029 sp-28 an-296 E1A0704 sp-2 an-297 E1U0704 sp-2 an-297 E1U8030 sp-28 an-297 E1A0705 sp-2 an-298 E1U0705 sp-2 an-298 E1U8031 sp-28 an-298 E1A0706 sp-2 an-299 E1U0706 sp-2 an-299 E1U8032 sp-28 an-299 E1A0707 sp-2 an-300 E1U0707 sp-2 an-300 E1U8033 sp-28 an-300 E1A0708 sp-2 an-301 E1U0708 sp-2 an-301 E1U8034 sp-28 an-301 E1A0709 sp-2 an-302 E1U0709 sp-2 an-302 E1U8035 sp-28 an-302 E1A0710 sp-2 an-303 E1U0710 sp-2 an-303 E1U8036 sp-28 an-303 E1A0711 sp-2 an-304 E1U0711 sp-2 an-304 E1U8037 sp-28 an-304 E1A0712 sp-2 an-305 E1U0712 sp-2 an-305 E1U8038 sp-28 an-305 E1A0713 sp-2 an-306 E1U0713 sp-2 an-306 E1U8039 sp-28 an-306 E1A0714 sp-2 an-307 E1U0714 sp-2 an-307 E1U8040 sp-28 an-307 E1A0715 sp-2 an-308 E1U0715 sp-2 an-308 E1U8041 sp-28 an-308 E1A0716 sp-2 an-309 E1U0716 sp-2 an-309 E1U8042 sp-28 an-309 E1A0717 sp-2 an-310 E1U0717 sp-2 an-310 E1U8043 sp-28 an-310 E1A0718 sp-2 an-311 E1U0718 sp-2 an-311 E1U8044 sp-28 an-311 E1A0719 sp-2 an-312 E1U0719 sp-2 an-312 E1U8045 sp-28 an-312 E1A0720 sp-2 an-313 E1U0720 sp-2 an-313 E1U8046 sp-28 an-313 E1A0721 sp-2 an-314 E1U0721 sp-2 an-314 E1U8047 sp-28 an-314 E1A0722 sp-2 an-315 E1U0722 sp-2 an-315 E1U8048 sp-28 an-315 E1A0723 sp-2 an-316 E1U0723 sp-2 an-316 E1U8049 sp-28 an-316 E1A0724 sp-2 an-317 E1U0724 sp-2 an-317 E1U8050 sp-28 an-317 E1A0725 sp-2 an-318 E1U0725 sp-2 an-318 E1U8051 sp-28 an-318 E1A0726 sp-2 an-319 E1U0726 sp-2 an-319 E1U8052 sp-28 an-319 E1A0727 sp-2 an-320 E1U0727 sp-2 an-320 E1U8053 sp-28 an-320 E1A0728 sp-2 an-321 E1U0728 sp-2 an-321 E1U8054 sp-28 an-321 E1A0729 sp-2 an-322 E1U0729 sp-2 an-322 E1U8055 sp-28 an-322 E1A0730 sp-2 an-323 E1U0730 sp-2 an-323 E1U8056 sp-28 an-323 E1A0731 sp-2 an-324 E1U0731 sp-2 an-324 E1U8057 sp-28 an-324 E1A0732 sp-2 an-325 E1U0732 sp-2 an-325 E1U8058 sp-28 an-325 E1A0733 sp-2 an-326 E1U0733 sp-2 an-326 E1U8059 sp-28 an-326 E1A0734 sp-2 an-327 E1U0734 sp-2 an-327 E1U8060 sp-28 an-327 E1A0735 sp-2 an-328 E1U0735 sp-2 an-328 E1U8061 sp-28 an-328 E1A0736 sp-2 an-329 E1U0736 sp-2 an-329 E1U8062 sp-28 an-329 E1A0737 sp-2 an-330 E1U0737 sp-2 an-330 E1U8063 sp-28 an-330 E1A0738 sp-2 an-331 E1U0738 sp-2 an-331 E1U8064 sp-28 an-331 E1A0739 sp-2 an-332 E1U0739 sp-2 an-332 E1U8065 sp-28 an-332 E1A0740 sp-2 an-333 E1U0740 sp-2 an-333 E1U8066 sp-28 an-333 E1A0741 sp-2 an-334 E1U0741 sp-2 an-334 E1U8067 sp-28 an-334 E1A0742 sp-2 an-335 E1U0742 sp-2 an-335 E1U8068 sp-28 an-335 E1A0743 sp-2 an-336 E1U0743 sp-2 an-336 E1U8069 sp-28 an-336 E1A0744 sp-2 an-337 E1U0744 sp-2 an-337 E1U8070 sp-28 an-337 E1A0745 sp-2 an-338 E1U0745 sp-2 an-338 E1U8071 sp-28 an-338 E1A0746 sp-2 an-339 E1U0746 sp-2 an-339 E1U8072 sp-28 an-339 E1A0747 sp-2 an-340 E1U0747 sp-2 an-340 E1U8073 sp-28 an-340 E1A0748 sp-2 an-341 E1U0748 sp-2 an-341 E1U8074 sp-28 an-341 E1A0749 sp-2 an-342 E1U0749 sp-2 an-342 E1U8075 sp-28 an-342 E1A0750 sp-2 an-343 E1U0750 sp-2 an-343 E1U8076 sp-28 an-343 E1A0751 sp-2 an-344 E1U0751 sp-2 an-344 E1U8077 sp-28 an-344 E1A0752 sp-2 an-345 E1U0752 sp-2 an-345 E1U8078 sp-28 an-345 E1A0753 sp-2 an-346 E1U0753 sp-2 an-346 E1U8079 sp-28 an-346 E1A0754 sp-2 an-347 E1U0754 sp-2 an-347 E1U8080 sp-28 an-347 E1A0755 sp-2 an-348 E1U0755 sp-2 an-348 E1U8081 sp-28 an-348 E1A0756 sp-2 an-349 E1U0756 sp-2 an-349 E1U8082 sp-28 an-349 Table 1-15 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0757 sp-2 an-350 E1U0757 sp-2 an-350 E1U8083 sp-28 an-350 E1A0758 sp-2 an-351 E1U0758 sp-2 an-351 E1U8084 sp-28 an-351 E1A0759 sp-2 an-352 E1U0759 sp-2 an-352 E1U8085 sp-28 an-352 E1A0760 sp-2 an-353 E1U0760 sp-2 an-353 E1U8086 sp-28 an-353 E1A0761 sp-2 an-354 E1U0761 sp-2 an-354 E1U8087 sp-28 an-354 E1A0762 sp-2 an-355 E1U0762 sp-2 an-355 E1U8088 sp-28 an-355 E1A0763 sp-2 an-356 E1U0763 sp-2 an-356 E1U8089 sp-28 an-356 E1A0764 sp-2 an-357 E1U0764 sp-2 an-357 E1U8090 sp-28 an-357 E1A0765 sp-2 an-358 E1U0765 sp-2 an-358 E1U8091 sp-28 an-358 E1A0766 sp-2 an-359 E1U0766 sp-2 an-359 E1U8092 sp-28 an-359 E1A0767 sp-2 an-360 E1U0767 sp-2 an-360 E1U8093 sp-28 an-360 E1A0768 sp-2 an-361 E1U0768 sp-2 an-361 E1U8094 sp-28 an-361 E1A0769 sp-2 an-362 E1U0769 sp-2 an-362 E1U8095 sp-28 an-362 E1A0770 sp-2 an-363 E1U0770 sp-2 an-363 E1U8096 sp-28 an-363 E1A0771 sp-2 an-364 E1U0771 sp-2 an-364 E1U8097 sp-28 an-364 E1A0772 sp-2 an-365 E1U0772 sp-2 an-365 E1U8098 sp-28 an-365 E1A0773 sp-2 an-366 E1U0773 sp-2 an-366 E1U8099 sp-28 an-366 E1A0774 sp-2 an-367 E1U0774 sp-2 an-367 E1U8100 sp-28 an-367 E1A0775 sp-2 an-368 E1U0775 sp-2 an-368 E1U8101 sp-28 an-368 E1A0776 sp-2 an-369 E1U0776 sp-2 an-369 E1U8102 sp-28 an-369 E1A0777 sp-2 an-370 E1U0777 sp-2 an-370 E1U8103 sp-28 an-370 E1A0778 sp-2 an-371 E1U0778 sp-2 an-371 E1U8104 sp-28 an-371 E1A0779 sp-2 an-372 E1U0779 sp-2 an-372 E1U8105 sp-28 an-372 E1A0780 sp-2 an-373 E1U0780 sp-2 an-373 E1U8106 sp-28 an-373 E1A0781 sp-2 an-374 E1U0781 sp-2 an-374 E1U8107 sp-28 an-374 E1A0782 sp-2 an-375 E1U0782 sp-2 an-375 E1U8108 sp-28 an-375 E1A0783 sp-2 an-376 E1U0783 sp-2 an-376 E1U8109 sp-28 an-376 E1A0784 sp-2 an-377 E1U0784 sp-2 an-377 E1U8110 sp-28 an-377 E1A0785 sp-2 an-378 E1U0785 sp-2 an-378 E1U8111 sp-28 an-378 E1A0786 sp-2 an-379 E1U0786 sp-2 an-379 E1U8112 sp-28 an-379 E1A0787 sp-2 an-380 E1U0787 sp-2 an-380 E1U8113 sp-28 an-380 E1A0788 sp-2 an-381 E1U0788 sp-2 an-381 E1U8114 sp-28 an-381 E1A0789 sp-2 an-382 E1U0789 sp-2 an-382 E1U8115 sp-28 an-382 E1A0790 sp-2 an-383 E1U0790 sp-2 an-383 E1U8116 sp-28 an-383 E1A0791 sp-2 an-384 E1U0791 sp-2 an-384 E1U8117 sp-28 an-384 E1A0792 sp-2 an-385 E1U0792 sp-2 an-385 E1U8118 sp-28 an-385 E1A0793 sp-2 an-386 E1U0793 sp-2 an-386 E1U8119 sp-28 an-386 E1A0794 sp-2 an-387 E1U0794 sp-2 an-387 E1U8120 sp-28 an-387 E1A0795 sp-2 an-388 E1U0795 sp-2 an-388 E1U8121 sp-28 an-388 E1A0796 sp-2 an-389 E1U0796 sp-2 an-389 E1U8122 sp-28 an-389 E1A0797 sp-2 an-390 E1U0797 sp-2 an-390 E1U8123 sp-28 an-390 E1A0798 sp-2 an-391 E1U0798 sp-2 an-391 E1U8124 sp-28 an-391 E1A0799 sp-2 an-392 E1U0799 sp-2 an-392 E1U8125 sp-28 an-392 E1A0800 sp-2 an-393 E1U0800 sp-2 an-393 E1U8126 sp-28 an-393 E1A0801 sp-2 an-394 E1U0801 sp-2 an-394 E1U8127 sp-28 an-394 E1A0802 sp-2 an-395 E1U0802 sp-2 an-395 E1U8128 sp-28 an-395 E1A0803 sp-2 an-396 E1U0803 sp-2 an-396 E1U8129 sp-28 an-396 E1A0804 sp-2 an-397 E1U0804 sp-2 an-397 E1U8130 sp-28 an-397 E1A0805 sp-2 an-398 E1U0805 sp-2 an-398 E1U8131 sp-28 an-398 E1A0806 sp-2 an-399 E1U0806 sp-2 an-399 E1U8132 sp-28 an-399 E1A0807 sp-2 an-400 E1U0807 sp-2 an-400 E1U8133 sp-28 an-400 E1A0808 sp-2 an-401 E1U0808 sp-2 an-401 E1U8134 sp-28 an-401 E1A0809 sp-2 an-402 E1U0809 sp-2 an-402 E1U8135 sp-28 an-402 E1A0810 sp-2 an-403 E1U0810 sp-2 an-403 E1U8136 sp-28 an-403 Table 1-16 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0811 sp-2 an-404 E1U0811 sp-2 an-404 E1U8137 sp-28 an-404 E1A0812 sp-2 an-405 E1U0812 sp-2 an-405 E1U8138 sp-28 an-405 E1A0813 sp-2 an-406 E1U0813 sp-2 an-406 E1U8139 sp-28 an-406 E1A0814 sp-2 an-407 E1U0814 sp-2 an-407 E1U8140 sp-28 an-407 E1A0815 sp-3 an-1 E1U0815 sp-3 an-1 E1U8141 sp-29 an-1 E1A0816 sp-3 an-2 E1U0816 sp-3 an-2 E1U8142 sp-29 an-2 E1A0817 sp-3 an-3 E1U0817 sp-3 an-3 E1U8143 sp-29 an-3 E1A0818 sp-3 an-4 E1U0818 sp-3 an-4 E1U8144 sp-29 an-4 E1A0819 sp-3 an-5 E1U0819 sp-3 an-5 E1U8145 sp-29 an-5 E1A0820 sp-3 an-6 E1U0820 sp-3 an-6 E1U8146 sp-29 an-6 E1A0821 sp-3 an-7 E1U0821 sp-3 an-7 E1U8147 sp-29 an-7 E1A0822 sp-3 an-8 E1U0822 sp-3 an-8 E1U8148 sp-29 an-8 E1A0823 sp-3 an-9 E1U0823 sp-3 an-9 E1U8149 sp-29 an-9 E1A0824 sp-3 an-10 E1U0824 sp-3 an-10 E1U8150 sp-29 an-10 E1A0825 sp-3 an-11 E1U0825 sp-3 an-11 E1U8151 sp-29 an-11 E1A0826 sp-3 an-12 E1U0826 sp-3 an-12 E1U8152 sp-29 an-12 E1A0827 sp-3 an-13 E1U0827 sp-3 an-13 E1U8153 sp-29 an-13 E1A0828 sp-3 an-14 E1U0828 sp-3 an-14 E1U8154 sp-29 an-14 E1A0829 sp-3 an-15 E1U0829 sp-3 an-15 E1U8155 sp-29 an-15 E1A0830 sp-3 an-16 E1U0830 sp-3 an-16 E1U8156 sp-29 an-16 E1A0831 sp-3 an-17 E1U0831 sp-3 an-17 E1U8157 sp-29 an-17 E1A0832 sp-3 an-18 E1U0832 sp-3 an-18 E1U8158 sp-29 an-18 E1A0833 sp-3 an-19 E1U0833 sp-3 an-19 E1U8159 sp-29 an-19 E1A0834 sp-3 an-20 E1U0834 sp-3 an-20 E1U8160 sp-29 an-20 E1A0835 sp-3 an-21 E1U0835 sp-3 an-21 E1U8161 sp-29 an-21 E1A0836 sp-3 an-22 E1U0836 sp-3 an-22 E1U8162 sp-29 an-22 E1A0837 sp-3 an-23 E1U0837 sp-3 an-23 E1U8163 sp-29 an-23 E1A0838 sp-3 an-24 E1U0838 sp-3 an-24 E1U8164 sp-29 an-24 E1A0839 sp-3 an-25 E1U0839 sp-3 an-25 E1U8165 sp-29 an-25 E1A0840 sp-3 an-26 E1U0840 sp-3 an-26 E1U8166 sp-29 an-26 E1A0841 sp-3 an-27 E1U0841 sp-3 an-27 E1U8167 sp-29 an-27 E1A0842 sp-3 an-28 E1U0842 sp-3 an-28 E1U8168 sp-29 an-28 E1A0843 sp-3 an-29 E1U0843 sp-3 an-29 E1U8169 sp-29 an-29 E1A0844 sp-3 an-30 E1U0844 sp-3 an-30 E1U8170 sp-29 an-30 E1A0845 sp-3 an-31 E1U0845 sp-3 an-31 E1U8171 sp-29 an-31 E1A0846 sp-3 an-32 E1U0846 sp-3 an-32 E1U8172 sp-29 an-32 E1A0847 sp-3 an-33 E1U0847 sp-3 an-33 E1U8173 sp-29 an-33 E1A0848 sp-3 an-34 E1U0848 sp-3 an-34 E1U8174 sp-29 an-34 E1A0849 sp-3 an-35 E1U0849 sp-3 an-35 E1U8175 sp-29 an-35 E1A0850 sp-3 an-36 E1U0850 sp-3 an-36 E1U8176 sp-29 an-36 E1A0851 sp-3 an-37 E1U0851 sp-3 an-37 E1U8177 sp-29 an-37 E1A0852 sp-3 an-38 E1U0852 sp-3 an-38 E1U8178 sp-29 an-38 E1A0853 sp-3 an-39 E1U0853 sp-3 an-39 E1U8179 sp-29 an-39 E1A0854 sp-3 an-40 E1U0854 sp-3 an-40 E1U8180 sp-29 an-40 E1A0855 sp-3 an-41 E1U0855 sp-3 an-41 E1U8181 sp-29 an-41 E1A0856 sp-3 an-42 E1U0856 sp-3 an-42 E1U8182 sp-29 an-42 E1A0857 sp-3 an-43 E1U0857 sp-3 an-43 E1U8183 sp-29 an-43 E1A0858 sp-3 an-44 E1U0858 sp-3 an-44 E1U8184 sp-29 an-44 E1A0859 sp-3 an-45 E1U0859 sp-3 an-45 E1U8185 sp-29 an-45 E1A0860 sp-3 an-46 E1U0860 sp-3 an-46 E1U8186 sp-29 an-46 E1A0861 sp-3 an-47 E1U0861 sp-3 an-47 E1U8187 sp-29 an-47 E1A0862 sp-3 an-48 E1U0862 sp-3 an-48 E1U8188 sp-29 an-48 E1A0863 sp-3 an-49 E1U0863 sp-3 an-49 E1U8189 sp-29 an-49 E1A0864 sp-3 an-50 E1U0864 sp-3 an-50 E1U8190 sp-29 an-50 Table 1-17 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0865 sp-3 an-51 E1U0865 sp-3 an-51 E1U8191 sp-29 an-51 E1A0866 sp-3 an-52 E1U0866 sp-3 an-52 E1U8192 sp-29 an-52 E1A0867 sp-3 an-53 E1U0867 sp-3 an-53 E1U8193 sp-29 an-53 E1A0868 sp-3 an-54 E1U0868 sp-3 an-54 E1U8194 sp-29 an-54 E1A0869 sp-3 an-55 E1U0869 sp-3 an-55 E1U8195 sp-29 an-55 E1A0870 sp-3 an-56 E1U0870 sp-3 an-56 E1U8196 sp-29 an-56 E1A0871 sp-3 an-57 E1U0871 sp-3 an-57 E1U8197 sp-29 an-57 E1A0872 sp-3 an-58 E1U0872 sp-3 an-58 E1U8198 sp-29 an-58 E1A0873 sp-3 an-59 E1U0873 sp-3 an-59 E1U8199 sp-29 an-59 E1A0874 sp-3 an-60 E1U0874 sp-3 an-60 E1U8200 sp-29 an-60 E1A0875 sp-3 an-61 E1U0875 sp-3 an-61 E1U8201 sp-29 an-61 E1A0876 sp-3 an-62 E1U0876 sp-3 an-62 E1U8202 sp-29 an-62 E1A0877 sp-3 an-63 E1U0877 sp-3 an-63 E1U8203 sp-29 an-63 E1A0878 sp-3 an-64 E1U0878 sp-3 an-64 E1U8204 sp-29 an-64 E1A0879 sp-3 an-65 E1U0879 sp-3 an-65 E1U8205 sp-29 an-65 E1A0880 sp-3 an-66 E1U0880 sp-3 an-66 E1U8206 sp-29 an-66 E1A0881 sp-3 an-67 E1U0881 sp-3 an-67 E1U8207 sp-29 an-67 E1A0882 sp-3 an-68 E1U0882 sp-3 an-68 E1U8208 sp-29 an-68 E1A0883 sp-3 an-69 E1U0883 sp-3 an-69 E1U8209 sp-29 an-69 E1A0884 sp-3 an-70 E1U0884 sp-3 an-70 E1U8210 sp-29 an-70 E1A0885 sp-3 an-71 E1U0885 sp-3 an-71 E1U8211 sp-29 an-71 E1A0886 sp-3 an-72 E1U0886 sp-3 an-72 E1U8212 sp-29 an-72 E1A0887 sp-3 an-73 E1U0887 sp-3 an-73 E1U8213 sp-29 an-73 E1A0888 sp-3 an-74 E1U0888 sp-3 an-74 E1U8214 sp-29 an-74 E1A0889 sp-3 an-75 E1U0889 sp-3 an-75 E1U8215 sp-29 an-75 E1A0890 sp-3 an-76 E1U0890 sp-3 an-76 E1U8216 sp-29 an-76 E1A0891 sp-3 an-77 E1U0891 sp-3 an-77 E1U8217 sp-29 an-77 E1A0892 sp-3 an-78 E1U0892 sp-3 an-78 E1U8218 sp-29 an-78 E1A0893 sp-3 an-79 E1U0893 sp-3 an-79 E1U8219 sp-29 an-79 E1A0894 sp-3 an-80 E1U0894 sp-3 an-80 E1U8220 sp-29 an-80 E1A0895 sp-3 an-81 E1U0895 sp-3 an-81 E1U8221 sp-29 an-81 E1A0896 sp-3 an-82 E1U0896 sp-3 an-82 E1U8222 sp-29 an-82 E1A0897 sp-3 an-83 E1U0897 sp-3 an-83 E1U8223 sp-29 an-83 E1A0898 sp-3 an-84 E1U0898 sp-3 an-84 E1U8224 sp-29 an-84 E1A0899 sp-3 an-85 E1U0899 sp-3 an-85 E1U8225 sp-29 an-85 E1A0900 sp-3 an-86 E1U0900 sp-3 an-86 E1U8226 sp-29 an-86 E1A0901 sp-3 an-87 E1U0901 sp-3 an-87 E1U8227 sp-29 an-87 E1A0902 sp-3 an-88 E1U0902 sp-3 an-88 E1U8228 sp-29 an-88 E1A0903 sp-3 an-89 E1U0903 sp-3 an-89 E1U8229 sp-29 an-89 E1A0904 sp-3 an-90 E1U0904 sp-3 an-90 E1U8230 sp-29 an-90 E1A0905 sp-3 an-91 E1U0905 sp-3 an-91 E1U8231 sp-29 an-91 E1A0906 sp-3 an-92 E1U0906 sp-3 an-92 E1U8232 sp-29 an-92 E1A0907 sp-3 an-93 E1U0907 sp-3 an-93 E1U8233 sp-29 an-93 E1A0908 sp-3 an-94 E1U0908 sp-3 an-94 E1U8234 sp-29 an-94 E1A0909 sp-3 an-95 E1U0909 sp-3 an-95 E1U8235 sp-29 an-95 E1A0910 sp-3 an-96 E1U0910 sp-3 an-96 E1U8236 sp-29 an-96 E1A0911 sp-3 an-97 E1U0911 sp-3 an-97 E1U8237 sp-29 an-97 E1A0912 sp-3 an-98 E1U0912 sp-3 an-98 E1U8238 sp-29 an-98 E1A0913 sp-3 an-99 E1U0913 sp-3 an-99 E1U8239 sp-29 an-99 E1A0914 sp-3 an-100 E1U0914 sp-3 an-100 E1U8240 sp-29 an-100 E1A0915 sp-3 an-101 E1U0915 sp-3 an-101 E1U8241 sp-29 an-101 E1A0916 sp-3 an-102 E1U0916 sp-3 an-102 E1U8242 sp-29 an-102 E1A0917 sp-3 an-103 E1U0917 sp-3 an-103 E1U8243 sp-29 an-103 E1A0918 sp-3 an-104 E1U0918 sp-3 an-104 E1U8244 sp-29 an-104 Table 1-18 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0919 sp-3 an-105 E1U0919 sp-3 an-105 E1U8245 sp-29 an-105 E1A0920 sp-3 an-106 E1U0920 sp-3 an-106 E1U8246 sp-29 an-106 E1A0921 sp-3 an-107 E1U0921 sp-3 an-107 E1U8247 sp-29 an-107 E1A0922 sp-3 an-108 E1U0922 sp-3 an-108 E1U8248 sp-29 an-108 E1A0923 sp-3 an-109 E1U0923 sp-3 an-109 E1U8249 sp-29 an-109 E1A0924 sp-3 an-110 E1U0924 sp-3 an-110 E1U8250 sp-29 an-110 E1A0925 sp-3 an-111 E1U0925 sp-3 an-111 E1U8251 sp-29 an-111 E1A0926 sp-3 an-112 E1U0926 sp-3 an-112 E1U8252 sp-29 an-112 E1A0927 sp-3 an-113 E1U0927 sp-3 an-113 E1U8253 sp-29 an-113 E1A0928 sp-3 an-114 E1U0928 sp-3 an-114 E1U8254 sp-29 an-114 E1A0929 sp-3 an-115 E1U0929 sp-3 an-115 E1U8255 sp-29 an-115 E1A0930 sp-3 an-116 E1U0930 sp-3 an-116 E1U8256 sp-29 an-116 E1A0931 sp-3 an-117 E1U0931 sp-3 an-117 E1U8257 sp-29 an-117 E1A0932 sp-3 an-118 E1U0932 sp-3 an-118 E1U8258 sp-29 an-118 E1A0933 sp-3 an-119 E1U0933 sp-3 an-119 E1U8259 sp-29 an-119 E1A0934 sp-3 an-120 E1U0934 sp-3 an-120 E1U8260 sp-29 an-120 E1A0935 sp-3 an-121 E1U0935 sp-3 an-121 E1U8261 sp-29 an-121 E1A0936 sp-3 an-122 E1U0936 sp-3 an-122 E1U8262 sp-29 an-122 E1A0937 sp-3 an-123 E1U0937 sp-3 an-123 E1U8263 sp-29 an-123 E1A0938 sp-3 an-124 E1U0938 sp-3 an-124 E1U8264 sp-29 an-124 E1A0939 sp-3 an-125 E1U0939 sp-3 an-125 E1U8265 sp-29 an-125 E1A0940 sp-3 an-126 E1U0940 sp-3 an-126 E1U8266 sp-29 an-126 E1A0941 sp-3 an-127 E1U0941 sp-3 an-127 E1U8267 sp-29 an-127 E1A0942 sp-3 an-128 E1U0942 sp-3 an-128 E1U8268 sp-29 an-128 E1A0943 sp-3 an-129 E1U0943 sp-3 an-129 E1U8269 sp-29 an-129 E1A0944 sp-3 an-130 E1U0944 sp-3 an-130 E1U8270 sp-29 an-130 E1A0945 sp-3 an-131 E1U0945 sp-3 an-131 E1U8271 sp-29 an-131 E1A0946 sp-3 an-132 E1U0946 sp-3 an-132 E1U8272 sp-29 an-132 E1A0947 sp-3 an-133 E1U0947 sp-3 an-133 E1U8273 sp-29 an-133 E1A0948 sp-3 an-134 E1U0948 sp-3 an-134 E1U8274 sp-29 an-134 E1A0949 sp-3 an-135 E1U0949 sp-3 an-135 E1U8275 sp-29 an-135 E1A0950 sp-3 an-136 E1U0950 sp-3 an-136 E1U8276 sp-29 an-136 E1A0951 sp-3 an-137 E1U0951 sp-3 an-137 E1U8277 sp-29 an-137 E1A0952 sp-3 an-138 E1U0952 sp-3 an-138 E1U8278 sp-29 an-138 E1A0953 sp-3 an-139 E1U0953 sp-3 an-139 E1U8279 sp-29 an-139 E1A0954 sp-3 an-140 E1U0954 sp-3 an-140 E1U8280 sp-29 an-140 E1A0955 sp-3 an-141 E1U0955 sp-3 an-141 E1U8281 sp-29 an-141 E1A0956 sp-3 an-142 E1U0956 sp-3 an-142 E1U8282 sp-29 an-142 E1A0957 sp-3 an-143 E1U0957 sp-3 an-143 E1U8283 sp-29 an-143 E1A0958 sp-3 an-144 E1U0958 sp-3 an-144 E1U8284 sp-29 an-144 E1A0959 sp-3 an-145 E1U0959 sp-3 an-145 E1U8285 sp-29 an-145 E1A0960 sp-3 an-146 E1U0960 sp-3 an-146 E1U8286 sp-29 an-146 E1A0961 sp-3 an-147 E1U0961 sp-3 an-147 E1U8287 sp-29 an-147 E1A0962 sp-3 an-148 E1U0962 sp-3 an-148 E1U8288 sp-29 an-148 E1A0963 sp-3 an-149 E1U0963 sp-3 an-149 E1U8289 sp-29 an-149 E1A0964 sp-3 an-150 E1U0964 sp-3 an-150 E1U8290 sp-29 an-150 E1A0965 sp-3 an-151 E1U0965 sp-3 an-151 E1U8291 sp-29 an-151 E1A0966 sp-3 an-152 E1U0966 sp-3 an-152 E1U8292 sp-29 an-152 E1A0967 sp-3 an-153 E1U0967 sp-3 an-153 E1U8293 sp-29 an-153 E1A0968 sp-3 an-154 E1U0968 sp-3 an-154 E1U8294 sp-29 an-154 E1A0969 sp-3 an-155 E1U0969 sp-3 an-155 E1U8295 sp-29 an-155 E1A0970 sp-3 an-156 E1U0970 sp-3 an-156 E1U8296 sp-29 an-156 E1A0971 sp-3 an-157 E1U0971 sp-3 an-157 E1U8297 sp-29 an-157 E1A0972 sp-3 an-158 E1U0972 sp-3 an-158 E1U8298 sp-29 an-158 Table 1-19 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A0973 sp-3 an-159 E1U0973 sp-3 an-159 E1U8299 sp-29 an-159 E1A0974 sp-3 an-160 E1U0974 sp-3 an-160 E1U8300 sp-29 an-160 E1A0975 sp-3 an-161 E1U0975 sp-3 an-161 E1U8301 sp-29 an-161 E1A0976 sp-3 an-162 E1U0976 sp-3 an-162 E1U8302 sp-29 an-162 E1A0977 sp-3 an-163 E1U0977 sp-3 an-163 E1U8303 sp-29 an-163 E1A0978 sp-3 an-164 E1U0978 sp-3 an-164 E1U8304 sp-29 an-164 E1A0979 sp-3 an-165 E1U0979 sp-3 an-165 E1U8305 sp-29 an-165 E1A0980 sp-3 an-166 E1U0980 sp-3 an-166 E1U8306 sp-29 an-166 E1A0981 sp-3 an-167 E1U0981 sp-3 an-167 E1U8307 sp-29 an-167 E1A0982 sp-3 an-168 E1U0982 sp-3 an-168 E1U8308 sp-29 an-168 E1A0983 sp-3 an-169 E1U0983 sp-3 an-169 E1U8309 sp-29 an-169 E1A0984 sp-3 an-170 E1U0984 sp-3 an-170 E1U8310 sp-29 an-170 E1A0985 sp-3 an-171 E1U0985 sp-3 an-171 E1U8311 sp-29 an-171 E1A0986 sp-3 an-172 E1U0986 sp-3 an-172 E1U8312 sp-29 an-172 E1A0987 sp-3 an-173 E1U0987 sp-3 an-173 E1U8313 sp-29 an-173 E1A0988 sp-3 an-174 E1U0988 sp-3 an-174 E1U8314 sp-29 an-174 E1A0989 sp-3 an-175 E1U0989 sp-3 an-175 E1U8315 sp-29 an-175 E1A0990 sp-3 an-176 E1U0990 sp-3 an-176 E1U8316 sp-29 an-176 E1A0991 sp-3 an-177 E1U0991 sp-3 an-177 E1U8317 sp-29 an-177 E1A0992 sp-3 an-178 E1U0992 sp-3 an-178 E1U8318 sp-29 an-178 E1A0993 sp-3 an-179 E1U0993 sp-3 an-179 E1U8319 sp-29 an-179 E1A0994 sp-3 an-180 E1U0994 sp-3 an-180 E1U8320 sp-29 an-180 E1A0995 sp-3 an-181 E1U0995 sp-3 an-181 E1U8321 sp-29 an-181 E1A0996 sp-3 an-182 E1U0996 sp-3 an-182 E1U8322 sp-29 an-182 E1A0997 sp-3 an-183 E1U0997 sp-3 an-183 E1U8323 sp-29 an-183 E1A0998 sp-3 an-184 E1U0998 sp-3 an-184 E1U8324 sp-29 an-184 E1A0999 sp-3 an-185 E1U0999 sp-3 an-185 E1U8325 sp-29 an-185 E1A1000 sp-3 an-186 E1U1000 sp-3 an-186 E1U8326 sp-29 an-186 E1A1001 sp-3 an-187 E1U1001 sp-3 an-187 E1U8327 sp-29 an-187 E1A1002 sp-3 an-188 E1U1002 sp-3 an-188 E1U8328 sp-29 an-188 E1A1003 sp-3 an-189 E1U1003 sp-3 an-189 E1U8329 sp-29 an-189 E1A1004 sp-3 an-190 E1U1004 sp-3 an-190 E1U8330 sp-29 an-190 E1A1005 sp-3 an-191 E1U1005 sp-3 an-191 E1U8331 sp-29 an-191 E1A1006 sp-3 an-192 E1U1006 sp-3 an-192 E1U8332 sp-29 an-192 E1A1007 sp-3 an-193 E1U1007 sp-3 an-193 E1U8333 sp-29 an-193 E1A1008 sp-3 an-194 E1U1008 sp-3 an-194 E1U8334 sp-29 an-194 E1A1009 sp-3 an-195 E1U1009 sp-3 an-195 E1U8335 sp-29 an-195 E1A1010 sp-3 an-196 E1U1010 sp-3 an-196 E1U8336 sp-29 an-196 E1A1011 sp-3 an-197 E1U1011 sp-3 an-197 E1U8337 sp-29 an-197 E1A1012 sp-3 an-198 E1U1012 sp-3 an-198 E1U8338 sp-29 an-198 E1A1013 sp-3 an-199 E1U1013 sp-3 an-199 E1U8339 sp-29 an-199 E1A1014 sp-3 an-200 E1U1014 sp-3 an-200 E1U8340 sp-29 an-200 E1A1015 sp-3 an-201 E1U1015 sp-3 an-201 E1U8341 sp-29 an-201 E1A1016 sp-3 an-202 E1U1016 sp-3 an-202 E1U8342 sp-29 an-202 E1A1017 sp-3 an-203 E1U1017 sp-3 an-203 E1U8343 sp-29 an-203 E1A1018 sp-3 an-204 E1U1018 sp-3 an-204 E1U8344 sp-29 an-204 E1A1019 sp-3 an-205 E1U1019 sp-3 an-205 E1U8345 sp-29 an-205 E1A1020 sp-3 an-206 E1U1020 sp-3 an-206 E1U8346 sp-29 an-206 E1A1021 sp-3 an-207 E1U1021 sp-3 an-207 E1U8347 sp-29 an-207 E1A1022 sp-3 an-208 E1U1022 sp-3 an-208 E1U8348 sp-29 an-208 E1A1023 sp-3 an-209 E1U1023 sp-3 an-209 E1U8349 sp-29 an-209 E1A1024 sp-3 an-210 E1U1024 sp-3 an-210 E1U8350 sp-29 an-210 E1A1025 sp-3 an-211 E1U1025 sp-3 an-211 E1U8351 sp-29 an-211 E1A1026 sp-3 an-212 E1U1026 sp-3 an-212 E1U8352 sp-29 an-212 Table 1-20 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1027 sp-3 an-213 E1U1027 sp-3 an-213 E1U8353 sp-29 an-213 E1A1028 sp-3 an-214 E1U1028 sp-3 an-214 E1U8354 sp-29 an-214 E1A1029 sp-3 an-215 E1U1029 sp-3 an-215 E1U8355 sp-29 an-215 E1A1030 sp-3 an-216 E1U1030 sp-3 an-216 E1U8356 sp-29 an-216 E1A1031 sp-3 an-217 E1U1031 sp-3 an-217 E1U8357 sp-29 an-217 E1A1032 sp-3 an-218 E1U1032 sp-3 an-218 E1U8358 sp-29 an-218 E1A1033 sp-3 an-219 E1U1033 sp-3 an-219 E1U8359 sp-29 an-219 E1A1034 sp-3 an-220 E1U1034 sp-3 an-220 E1U8360 sp-29 an-220 E1A1035 sp-3 an-221 E1U1035 sp-3 an-221 E1U8361 sp-29 an-221 E1A1036 sp-3 an-222 E1U1036 sp-3 an-222 E1U8362 sp-29 an-222 E1A1037 sp-3 an-223 E1U1037 sp-3 an-223 E1U8363 sp-29 an-223 E1A1038 sp-3 an-224 E1U1038 sp-3 an-224 E1U8364 sp-29 an-224 E1A1039 sp-3 an-225 E1U1039 sp-3 an-225 E1U8365 sp-29 an-225 E1A1040 sp-3 an-226 E1U1040 sp-3 an-226 E1U8366 sp-29 an-226 E1A1041 sp-3 an-227 E1U1041 sp-3 an-227 E1U8367 sp-29 an-227 E1A1042 sp-3 an-228 E1U1042 sp-3 an-228 E1U8368 sp-29 an-228 E1A1043 sp-3 an-229 E1U1043 sp-3 an-229 E1U8369 sp-29 an-229 E1A1044 sp-3 an-230 E1U1044 sp-3 an-230 E1U8370 sp-29 an-230 E1A1045 sp-3 an-231 E1U1045 sp-3 an-231 E1U8371 sp-29 an-231 E1A1046 sp-3 an-232 E1U1046 sp-3 an-232 E1U8372 sp-29 an-232 E1A1047 sp-3 an-233 E1U1047 sp-3 an-233 E1U8373 sp-29 an-233 E1A1048 sp-3 an-234 E1U1048 sp-3 an-234 E1U8374 sp-29 an-234 E1A1049 sp-3 an-235 E1U1049 sp-3 an-235 E1U8375 sp-29 an-235 E1A1050 sp-3 an-236 E1U1050 sp-3 an-236 E1U8376 sp-29 an-236 E1A1051 sp-3 an-237 E1U1051 sp-3 an-237 E1U8377 sp-29 an-237 E1A1052 sp-3 an-238 E1U1052 sp-3 an-238 E1U8378 sp-29 an-238 E1A1053 sp-3 an-239 E1U1053 sp-3 an-239 E1U8379 sp-29 an-239 E1A1054 sp-3 an-240 E1U1054 sp-3 an-240 E1U8380 sp-29 an-240 E1A1055 sp-3 an-241 E1U1055 sp-3 an-241 E1U8381 sp-29 an-241 E1A1056 sp-3 an-242 E1U1056 sp-3 an-242 E1U8382 sp-29 an-242 E1A1057 sp-3 an-243 E1U1057 sp-3 an-243 E1U8383 sp-29 an-243 E1A1058 sp-3 an-244 E1U1058 sp-3 an-244 E1U8384 sp-29 an-244 E1A1059 sp-3 an-245 E1U1059 sp-3 an-245 E1U8385 sp-29 an-245 E1A1060 sp-3 an-246 E1U1060 sp-3 an-246 E1U8386 sp-29 an-246 E1A1061 sp-3 an-247 E1U1061 sp-3 an-247 E1U8387 sp-29 an-247 E1A1062 sp-3 an-248 E1U1062 sp-3 an-248 E1U8388 sp-29 an-248 E1A1063 sp-3 an-249 E1U1063 sp-3 an-249 E1U8389 sp-29 an-249 E1A1064 sp-3 an-250 E1U1064 sp-3 an-250 E1U8390 sp-29 an-250 E1A1065 sp-3 an-251 E1U1065 sp-3 an-251 E1U8391 sp-29 an-251 E1A1066 sp-3 an-252 E1U1066 sp-3 an-252 E1U8392 sp-29 an-252 E1A1067 sp-3 an-253 E1U1067 sp-3 an-253 E1U8393 sp-29 an-253 E1A1068 sp-3 an-254 E1U1068 sp-3 an-254 E1U8394 sp-29 an-254 E1A1069 sp-3 an-255 E1U1069 sp-3 an-255 E1U8395 sp-29 an-255 E1A1070 sp-3 an-256 E1U1070 sp-3 an-256 E1U8396 sp-29 an-256 E1A1071 sp-3 an-257 E1U1071 sp-3 an-257 E1U8397 sp-29 an-257 E1A1072 sp-3 an-258 E1U1072 sp-3 an-258 E1U8398 sp-29 an-258 E1A1073 sp-3 an-259 E1U1073 sp-3 an-259 E1U8399 sp-29 an-259 E1A1074 sp-3 an-260 E1U1074 sp-3 an-260 E1U8400 sp-29 an-260 E1A1075 sp-3 an-261 E1U1075 sp-3 an-261 E1U8401 sp-29 an-261 E1A1076 sp-3 an-262 E1U1076 sp-3 an-262 E1U8402 sp-29 an-262 E1A1077 sp-3 an-263 E1U1077 sp-3 an-263 E1U8403 sp-29 an-263 E1A1078 sp-3 an-264 E1U1078 sp-3 an-264 E1U8404 sp-29 an-264 E1A1079 sp-3 an-265 E1U1079 sp-3 an-265 E1U8405 sp-29 an-265 E1A1080 sp-3 an-266 E1U1080 sp-3 an-266 E1U8406 sp-29 an-266 Table 1-21 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1081 sp-3 an-267 E1U1081 sp-3 an-267 E1U8407 sp-29 an-267 E1A1082 sp-3 an-268 E1U1082 sp-3 an-268 E1U8408 sp-29 an-268 E1A1083 sp-3 an-269 E1U1083 sp-3 an-269 E1U8409 sp-29 an-269 E1A1084 sp-3 an-270 E1U1084 sp-3 an-270 E1U8410 sp-29 an-270 E1A1085 sp-3 an-271 E1U1085 sp-3 an-271 E1U8411 sp-29 an-271 E1A1086 sp-3 an-272 E1U1086 sp-3 an-272 E1U8412 sp-29 an-272 E1A1087 sp-3 an-273 E1U1087 sp-3 an-273 E1U8413 sp-29 an-273 E1A1088 sp-3 an-274 E1U1088 sp-3 an-274 E1U8414 sp-29 an-274 E1A1089 sp-3 an-275 E1U1089 sp-3 an-275 E1U8415 sp-29 an-275 E1A1090 sp-3 an-276 E1U1090 sp-3 an-276 E1U8416 sp-29 an-276 E1A1091 sp-3 an-277 E1U1091 sp-3 an-277 E1U8417 sp-29 an-277 E1A1092 sp-3 an-278 E1U1092 sp-3 an-278 E1U8418 sp-29 an-278 E1A1093 sp-3 an-279 E1U1093 sp-3 an-279 E1U8419 sp-29 an-279 E1A1094 sp-3 an-280 E1U1094 sp-3 an-280 E1U8420 sp-29 an-280 E1A1095 sp-3 an-281 E1U1095 sp-3 an-281 E1U8421 sp-29 an-281 E1A1096 sp-3 an-282 E1U1096 sp-3 an-282 E1U8422 sp-29 an-282 E1A1097 sp-3 an-283 E1U1097 sp-3 an-283 E1U8423 sp-29 an-283 E1A1098 sp-3 an-284 E1U1098 sp-3 an-284 E1U8424 sp-29 an-284 E1A1099 sp-3 an-285 E1U1099 sp-3 an-285 E1U8425 sp-29 an-285 E1A1100 sp-3 an-286 E1U1100 sp-3 an-286 E1U8426 sp-29 an-286 E1A1101 sp-3 an-287 E1U1101 sp-3 an-287 E1U8427 sp-29 an-287 E1A1102 sp-3 an-288 E1U1102 sp-3 an-288 E1U8428 sp-29 an-288 E1A1103 sp-3 an-289 E1U1103 sp-3 an-289 E1U8429 sp-29 an-289 E1A1104 sp-3 an-290 E1U1104 sp-3 an-290 E1U8430 sp-29 an-290 E1A1105 sp-3 an-291 E1U1105 sp-3 an-291 E1U8431 sp-29 an-291 E1A1106 sp-3 an-292 E1U1106 sp-3 an-292 E1U8432 sp-29 an-292 E1A1107 sp-3 an-293 E1U1107 sp-3 an-293 E1U8433 sp-29 an-293 E1A1108 sp-3 an-294 E1U1108 sp-3 an-294 E1U8434 sp-29 an-294 E1A1109 sp-3 an-295 E1U1109 sp-3 an-295 E1U8435 sp-29 an-295 E1A1110 sp-3 an-296 E1U1110 sp-3 an-296 E1U8436 sp-29 an-296 E1A1111 sp-3 an-297 E1U1111 sp-3 an-297 E1U8437 sp-29 an-297 E1A1112 sp-3 an-298 E1U1112 sp-3 an-298 E1U8438 sp-29 an-298 E1A1113 sp-3 an-299 E1U1113 sp-3 an-299 E1U8439 sp-29 an-299 E1A1114 sp-3 an-300 E1U1114 sp-3 an-300 E1U8440 sp-29 an-300 E1A1115 sp-3 an-301 E1U1115 sp-3 an-301 E1U8441 sp-29 an-301 E1A1116 sp-3 an-302 E1U1116 sp-3 an-302 E1U8442 sp-29 an-302 E1A1117 sp-3 an-303 E1U1117 sp-3 an-303 E1U8443 sp-29 an-303 E1A1118 sp-3 an-304 E1U1118 sp-3 an-304 E1U8444 sp-29 an-304 E1A1119 sp-3 an-305 E1U1119 sp-3 an-305 E1U8445 sp-29 an-305 E1A1120 sp-3 an-306 E1U1120 sp-3 an-306 E1U8446 sp-29 an-306 E1A1121 sp-3 an-307 E1U1121 sp-3 an-307 E1U8447 sp-29 an-307 E1A1122 sp-3 an-308 E1U1122 sp-3 an-308 E1U8448 sp-29 an-308 E1A1123 sp-3 an-309 E1U1123 sp-3 an-309 E1U8449 sp-29 an-309 E1A1124 sp-3 an-310 E1U1124 sp-3 an-310 E1U8450 sp-29 an-310 E1A1125 sp-3 an-311 E1U1125 sp-3 an-311 E1U8451 sp-29 an-311 E1A1126 sp-3 an-312 E1U1126 sp-3 an-312 E1U8452 sp-29 an-312 E1A1127 sp-3 an-313 E1U1127 sp-3 an-313 E1U8453 sp-29 an-313 E1A1128 sp-3 an-314 E1U1128 sp-3 an-314 E1U8454 sp-29 an-314 E1A1129 sp-3 an-315 E1U1129 sp-3 an-315 E1U8455 sp-29 an-315 E1A1130 sp-3 an-316 E1U1130 sp-3 an-316 E1U8456 sp-29 an-316 E1A1131 sp-3 an-317 E1U1131 sp-3 an-317 E1U8457 sp-29 an-317 E1A1132 sp-3 an-318 E1U1132 sp-3 an-318 E1U8458 sp-29 an-318 E1A1133 sp-3 an-319 E1U1133 sp-3 an-319 E1U8459 sp-29 an-319 E1A1134 sp-3 an-320 E1U1134 sp-3 an-320 E1U8460 sp-29 an-320 Table 1-22 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1135 sp-3 an-321 E1U1135 sp-3 an-321 E1U8461 sp-29 an-321 E1A1136 sp-3 an-322 E1U1136 sp-3 an-322 E1U8462 sp-29 an-322 E1A1137 sp-3 an-323 E1U1137 sp-3 an-323 E1U8463 sp-29 an-323 E1A1138 sp-3 an-324 E1U1138 sp-3 an-324 E1U8464 sp-29 an-324 E1A1139 sp-3 an-325 E1U1139 sp-3 an-325 E1U8465 sp-29 an-325 E1A1140 sp-3 an-326 E1U1140 sp-3 an-326 E1U8466 sp-29 an-326 E1A1141 sp-3 an-327 E1U1141 sp-3 an-327 E1U8467 sp-29 an-327 E1A1142 sp-3 an-328 E1U1142 sp-3 an-328 E1U8468 sp-29 an-328 E1A1143 sp-3 an-329 E1U1143 sp-3 an-329 E1U8469 sp-29 an-329 E1A1144 sp-3 an-330 E1U1144 sp-3 an-330 E1U8470 sp-29 an-330 E1A1145 sp-3 an-331 E1U1145 sp-3 an-331 E1U8471 sp-29 an-331 E1A1146 sp-3 an-332 E1U1146 sp-3 an-332 E1U8472 sp-29 an-332 E1A1147 sp-3 an-333 E1U1147 sp-3 an-333 E1U8473 sp-29 an-333 E1A1148 sp-3 an-334 E1U1148 sp-3 an-334 E1U8474 sp-29 an-334 E1A1149 sp-3 an-335 E1U1149 sp-3 an-335 E1U8475 sp-29 an-335 E1A1150 sp-3 an-336 E1U1150 sp-3 an-336 E1U8476 sp-29 an-336 E1A1151 sp-3 an-337 E1U1151 sp-3 an-337 E1U8477 sp-29 an-337 E1A1152 sp-3 an-338 E1U1152 sp-3 an-338 E1U8478 sp-29 an-338 E1A1153 sp-3 an-339 E1U1153 sp-3 an-339 E1U8479 sp-29 an-339 E1A1154 sp-3 an-340 E1U1154 sp-3 an-340 E1U8480 sp-29 an-340 E1A1155 sp-3 an-341 E1U1155 sp-3 an-341 E1U8481 sp-29 an-341 E1A1156 sp-3 an-342 E1U1156 sp-3 an-342 E1U8482 sp-29 an-342 E1A1157 sp-3 an-343 E1U1157 sp-3 an-343 E1U8483 sp-29 an-343 E1A1158 sp-3 an-344 E1U1158 sp-3 an-344 E1U8484 sp-29 an-344 E1A1159 sp-3 an-345 E1U1159 sp-3 an-345 E1U8485 sp-29 an-345 E1A1160 sp-3 an-346 E1U1160 sp-3 an-346 E1U8486 sp-29 an-346 E1A1161 sp-3 an-347 E1U1161 sp-3 an-347 E1U8487 sp-29 an-347 E1A1162 sp-3 an-348 E1U1162 sp-3 an-348 E1U8488 sp-29 an-348 E1A1163 sp-3 an-349 E1U1163 sp-3 an-349 E1U8489 sp-29 an-349 E1A1164 sp-3 an-350 E1U1164 sp-3 an-350 E1U8490 sp-29 an-350 E1A1165 sp-3 an-351 E1U1165 sp-3 an-351 E1U8491 sp-29 an-351 E1A1166 sp-3 an-352 E1U1166 sp-3 an-352 E1U8492 sp-29 an-352 E1A1167 sp-3 an-353 E1U1167 sp-3 an-353 E1U8493 sp-29 an-353 E1A1168 sp-3 an-354 E1U1168 sp-3 an-354 E1U8494 sp-29 an-354 E1A1169 sp-3 an-355 E1U1169 sp-3 an-355 E1U8495 sp-29 an-355 E1A1170 sp-3 an-356 E1U1170 sp-3 an-356 E1U8496 sp-29 an-356 E1A1171 sp-3 an-357 E1U1171 sp-3 an-357 E1U8497 sp-29 an-357 E1A1172 sp-3 an-358 E1U1172 sp-3 an-358 E1U8498 sp-29 an-358 E1A1173 sp-3 an-359 E1U1173 sp-3 an-359 E1U8499 sp-29 an-359 E1A1174 sp-3 an-360 E1U1174 sp-3 an-360 E1U8500 sp-29 an-360 E1A1175 sp-3 an-361 E1U1175 sp-3 an-361 E1U8501 sp-29 an-361 E1A1176 sp-3 an-362 E1U1176 sp-3 an-362 E1U8502 sp-29 an-362 E1A1177 sp-3 an-363 E1U1177 sp-3 an-363 E1U8503 sp-29 an-363 E1A1178 sp-3 an-364 E1U1178 sp-3 an-364 E1U8504 sp-29 an-364 E1A1179 sp-3 an-365 E1U1179 sp-3 an-365 E1U8505 sp-29 an-365 E1A1180 sp-3 an-366 E1U1180 sp-3 an-366 E1U8506 sp-29 an-366 E1A1181 sp-3 an-367 E1U1181 sp-3 an-367 E1U8507 sp-29 an-367 E1A1182 sp-3 an-368 E1U1182 sp-3 an-368 E1U8508 sp-29 an-368 E1A1183 sp-3 an-369 E1U1183 sp-3 an-369 E1U8509 sp-29 an-369 E1A1184 sp-3 an-370 E1U1184 sp-3 an-370 E1U8510 sp-29 an-370 E1A1185 sp-3 an-371 E1U1185 sp-3 an-371 E1U8511 sp-29 an-371 E1A1186 sp-3 an-372 E1U1186 sp-3 an-372 E1U8512 sp-29 an-372 E1A1187 sp-3 an-373 E1U1187 sp-3 an-373 E1U8513 sp-29 an-373 E1A1188 sp-3 an-374 E1U1188 sp-3 an-374 E1U8514 sp-29 an-374 Table 1-23 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1189 sp-3 an-375 E1U1189 sp-3 an-375 E1U8515 sp-29 an-375 E1A1190 sp-3 an-376 E1U1190 sp-3 an-376 E1U8516 sp-29 an-376 E1A1191 sp-3 an-377 E1U1191 sp-3 an-377 E1U8517 sp-29 an-377 E1A1192 sp-3 an-378 E1U1192 sp-3 an-378 E1U8518 sp-29 an-378 E1A1193 sp-3 an-379 E1U1193 sp-3 an-379 E1U8519 sp-29 an-379 E1A1194 sp-3 an-380 E1U1194 sp-3 an-380 E1U8520 sp-29 an-380 E1A1195 sp-3 an-381 E1U1195 sp-3 an-381 E1U8521 sp-29 an-381 E1A1196 sp-3 an-382 E1U1196 sp-3 an-382 E1U8522 sp-29 an-382 E1A1197 sp-3 an-383 E1U1197 sp-3 an-383 E1U8523 sp-29 an-383 E1A1198 sp-3 an-384 E1U1198 sp-3 an-384 E1U8524 sp-29 an-384 E1A1199 sp-3 an-385 E1U1199 sp-3 an-385 E1U8525 sp-29 an-385 E1A1200 sp-3 an-386 E1U1200 sp-3 an-386 E1U8526 sp-29 an-386 E1A1201 sp-3 an-387 E1U1201 sp-3 an-387 E1U8527 sp-29 an-387 E1A1202 sp-3 an-388 E1U1202 sp-3 an-388 E1U8528 sp-29 an-388 E1A1203 sp-3 an-389 E1U1203 sp-3 an-389 E1U8529 sp-29 an-389 E1A1204 sp-3 an-390 E1U1204 sp-3 an-390 E1U8530 sp-29 an-390 E1A1205 sp-3 an-391 E1U1205 sp-3 an-391 E1U8531 sp-29 an-391 E1A1206 sp-3 an-392 E1U1206 sp-3 an-392 E1U8532 sp-29 an-392 E1A1207 sp-3 an-393 E1U1207 sp-3 an-393 E1U8533 sp-29 an-393 E1A1208 sp-3 an-394 E1U1208 sp-3 an-394 E1U8534 sp-29 an-394 E1A1209 sp-3 an-395 E1U1209 sp-3 an-395 E1U8535 sp-29 an-395 E1A1210 sp-3 an-396 E1U1210 sp-3 an-396 E1U8536 sp-29 an-396 E1A1211 sp-3 an-397 E1U1211 sp-3 an-397 E1U8537 sp-29 an-397 E1A1212 sp-3 an-398 E1U1212 sp-3 an-398 E1U8538 sp-29 an-398 E1A1213 sp-3 an-399 E1U1213 sp-3 an-399 E1U8539 sp-29 an-399 E1A1214 sp-3 an-400 E1U1214 sp-3 an-400 E1U8540 sp-29 an-400 E1A1215 sp-3 an-401 E1U1215 sp-3 an-401 E1U8541 sp-29 an-401 E1A1216 sp-3 an-402 E1U1216 sp-3 an-402 E1U8542 sp-29 an-402 E1A1217 sp-3 an-403 E1U1217 sp-3 an-403 E1U8543 sp-29 an-403 E1A1218 sp-3 an-404 E1U1218 sp-3 an-404 E1U8544 sp-29 an-404 E1A1219 sp-3 an-405 E1U1219 sp-3 an-405 E1U8545 sp-29 an-405 E1A1220 sp-3 an-406 E1U1220 sp-3 an-406 E1U8546 sp-29 an-406 E1A1221 sp-3 an-407 E1U1221 sp-3 an-407 E1U8547 sp-29 an-407 E1A1222 sp-4 an-1 E1U1222 sp-4 an-1 E1U8548 sp-30 an-1 E1A1223 sp-4 an-2 E1U1223 sp-4 an-2 E1U8549 sp-30 an-2 E1A1224 sp-4 an-3 E1U1224 sp-4 an-3 E1U8550 sp-30 an-3 E1A1225 sp-4 an-4 E1U1225 sp-4 an-4 E1U8551 sp-30 an-4 E1A1226 sp-4 an-5 E1U1226 sp-4 an-5 E1U8552 sp-30 an-5 E1A1227 sp-4 an-6 E1U1227 sp-4 an-6 E1U8553 sp-30 an-6 E1A1228 sp-4 an-7 E1U1228 sp-4 an-7 E1U8554 sp-30 an-7 E1A1229 sp-4 an-8 E1U1229 sp-4 an-8 E1U8555 sp-30 an-8 E1A1230 sp-4 an-9 E1U1230 sp-4 an-9 E1U8556 sp-30 an-9 E1A1231 sp-4 an-10 E1U1231 sp-4 an-10 E1U8557 sp-30 an-10 E1A1232 sp-4 an-11 E1U1232 sp-4 an-11 E1U8558 sp-30 an-11 E1A1233 sp-4 an-12 E1U1233 sp-4 an-12 E1U8559 sp-30 an-12 E1A1234 sp-4 an-13 E1U1234 sp-4 an-13 E1U8560 sp-30 an-13 E1A1235 sp-4 an-14 E1U1235 sp-4 an-14 E1U8561 sp-30 an-14 E1A1236 sp-4 an-15 E1U1236 sp-4 an-15 E1U8562 sp-30 an-15 E1A1237 sp-4 an-16 E1U1237 sp-4 an-16 E1U8563 sp-30 an-16 E1A1238 sp-4 an-17 E1U1238 sp-4 an-17 E1U8564 sp-30 an-17 E1A1239 sp-4 an-18 E1U1239 sp-4 an-18 E1U8565 sp-30 an-18 E1A1240 sp-4 an-19 E1U1240 sp-4 an-19 E1U8566 sp-30 an-19 E1A1241 sp-4 an-20 E1U1241 sp-4 an-20 E1U8567 sp-30 an-20 E1A1242 sp-4 an-21 E1U1242 sp-4 an-21 E1U8568 sp-30 an-21 Table 1-24 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1243 sp-4 an-22 E1U1243 sp-4 an-22 E1U8569 sp-30 an-22 E1A1244 sp-4 an-23 E1U1244 sp-4 an-23 E1U8570 sp-30 an-23 E1A1245 sp-4 an-24 E1U1245 sp-4 an-24 E1U8571 sp-30 an-24 E1A1246 sp-4 an-25 E1U1246 sp-4 an-25 E1U8572 sp-30 an-25 E1A1247 sp-4 an-26 E1U1247 sp-4 an-26 E1U8573 sp-30 an-26 E1A1248 sp-4 an-27 E1U1248 sp-4 an-27 E1U8574 sp-30 an-27 E1A1249 sp-4 an-28 E1U1249 sp-4 an-28 E1U8575 sp-30 an-28 E1A1250 sp-4 an-29 E1U1250 sp-4 an-29 E1U8576 sp-30 an-29 E1A1251 sp-4 an-30 E1U1251 sp-4 an-30 E1U8577 sp-30 an-30 E1A1252 sp-4 an-31 E1U1252 sp-4 an-31 E1U8578 sp-30 an-31 E1A1253 sp-4 an-32 E1U1253 sp-4 an-32 E1U8579 sp-30 an-32 E1A1254 sp-4 an-33 E1U1254 sp-4 an-33 E1U8580 sp-30 an-33 E1A1255 sp-4 an-34 E1U1255 sp-4 an-34 E1U8581 sp-30 an-34 E1A1256 sp-4 an-35 E1U1256 sp-4 an-35 E1U8582 sp-30 an-35 E1A1257 sp-4 an-36 E1U1257 sp-4 an-36 E1U8583 sp-30 an-36 E1A1258 sp-4 an-37 E1U1258 sp-4 an-37 E1U8584 sp-30 an-37 E1A1259 sp-4 an-38 E1U1259 sp-4 an-38 E1U8585 sp-30 an-38 E1A1260 sp-4 an-39 E1U1260 sp-4 an-39 E1U8586 sp-30 an-39 E1A1261 sp-4 an-40 E1U1261 sp-4 an-40 E1U8587 sp-30 an-40 E1A1262 sp-4 an-41 E1U1262 sp-4 an-41 E1U8588 sp-30 an-41 E1A1263 sp-4 an-42 E1U1263 sp-4 an-42 E1U8589 sp-30 an-42 E1A1264 sp-4 an-43 E1U1264 sp-4 an-43 E1U8590 sp-30 an-43 E1A1265 sp-4 an-44 E1U1265 sp-4 an-44 E1U8591 sp-30 an-44 E1A1266 sp-4 an-45 E1U1266 sp-4 an-45 E1U8592 sp-30 an-45 E1A1267 sp-4 an-46 E1U1267 sp-4 an-46 E1U8593 sp-30 an-46 E1A1268 sp-4 an-47 E1U1268 sp-4 an-47 E1U8594 sp-30 an-47 E1A1269 sp-4 an-48 E1U1269 sp-4 an-48 E1U8595 sp-30 an-48 E1A1270 sp-4 an-49 E1U1270 sp-4 an-49 E1U8596 sp-30 an-49 E1A1271 sp-4 an-50 E1U1271 sp-4 an-50 E1U8597 sp-30 an-50 E1A1272 sp-4 an-51 E1U1272 sp-4 an-51 E1U8598 sp-30 an-51 E1A1273 sp-4 an-52 E1U1273 sp-4 an-52 E1U8599 sp-30 an-52 E1A1274 sp-4 an-53 E1U1274 sp-4 an-53 E1U8600 sp-30 an-53 E1A1275 sp-4 an-54 E1U1275 sp-4 an-54 E1U8601 sp-30 an-54 E1A1276 sp-4 an-55 E1U1276 sp-4 an-55 E1U8602 sp-30 an-55 E1A1277 sp-4 an-56 E1U1277 sp-4 an-56 E1U8603 sp-30 an-56 E1A1278 sp-4 an-57 E1U1278 sp-4 an-57 E1U8604 sp-30 an-57 E1A1279 sp-4 an-58 E1U1279 sp-4 an-58 E1U8605 sp-30 an-58 E1A1280 sp-4 an-59 E1U1280 sp-4 an-59 E1U8606 sp-30 an-59 E1A1281 sp-4 an-60 E1U1281 sp-4 an-60 E1U8607 sp-30 an-60 E1A1282 sp-4 an-61 E1U1282 sp-4 an-61 E1U8608 sp-30 an-61 E1A1283 sp-4 an-62 E1U1283 sp-4 an-62 E1U8609 sp-30 an-62 E1A1284 sp-4 an-63 E1U1284 sp-4 an-63 E1U8610 sp-30 an-63 E1A1285 sp-4 an-64 E1U1285 sp-4 an-64 E1U8611 sp-30 an-64 E1A1286 sp-4 an-65 E1U1286 sp-4 an-65 E1U8612 sp-30 an-65 E1A1287 sp-4 an-66 E1U1287 sp-4 an-66 E1U8613 sp-30 an-66 E1A1288 sp-4 an-67 E1U1288 sp-4 an-67 E1U8614 sp-30 an-67 E1A1289 sp-4 an-68 E1U1289 sp-4 an-68 E1U8615 sp-30 an-68 E1A1290 sp-4 an-69 E1U1290 sp-4 an-69 E1U8616 sp-30 an-69 E1A1291 sp-4 an-70 E1U1291 sp-4 an-70 E1U8617 sp-30 an-70 E1A1292 sp-4 an-71 E1U1292 sp-4 an-71 E1U8618 sp-30 an-71 E1A1293 sp-4 an-72 E1U1293 sp-4 an-72 E1U8619 sp-30 an-72 E1A1294 sp-4 an-73 E1U1294 sp-4 an-73 E1U8620 sp-30 an-73 E1A1295 sp-4 an-74 E1U1295 sp-4 an-74 E1U8621 sp-30 an-74 E1A1296 sp-4 an-75 E1U1296 sp-4 an-75 E1U8622 sp-30 an-75 Table 1-25 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1297 sp-4 an-76 E1U1297 sp-4 an-76 E1U8623 sp-30 an-76 E1A1298 sp-4 an-77 E1U1298 sp-4 an-77 E1U8624 sp-30 an-77 E1A1299 sp-4 an-78 E1U1299 sp-4 an-78 E1U8625 sp-30 an-78 E1A1300 sp-4 an-79 E1U1300 sp-4 an-79 E1U8626 sp-30 an-79 E1A1301 sp-4 an-80 E1U1301 sp-4 an-80 E1U8627 sp-30 an-80 E1A1302 sp-4 an-81 E1U1302 sp-4 an-81 E1U8628 sp-30 an-81 E1A1303 sp-4 an-82 E1U1303 sp-4 an-82 E1U8629 sp-30 an-82 E1A1304 sp-4 an-83 E1U1304 sp-4 an-83 E1U8630 sp-30 an-83 E1A1305 sp-4 an-84 E1U1305 sp-4 an-84 E1U8631 sp-30 an-84 E1A1306 sp-4 an-85 E1U1306 sp-4 an-85 E1U8632 sp-30 an-85 E1A1307 sp-4 an-86 E1U1307 sp-4 an-86 E1U8633 sp-30 an-86 E1A1308 sp-4 an-87 E1U1308 sp-4 an-87 E1U8634 sp-30 an-87 E1A1309 sp-4 an-88 E1U1309 sp-4 an-88 E1U8635 sp-30 an-88 E1A1310 sp-4 an-89 E1U1310 sp-4 an-89 E1U8636 sp-30 an-89 E1A1311 sp-4 an-90 E1U1311 sp-4 an-90 E1U8637 sp-30 an-90 E1A1312 sp-4 an-91 E1U1312 sp-4 an-91 E1U8638 sp-30 an-91 E1A1313 sp-4 an-92 E1U1313 sp-4 an-92 E1U8639 sp-30 an-92 E1A1314 sp-4 an-93 E1U1314 sp-4 an-93 E1U8640 sp-30 an-93 E1A1315 sp-4 an-94 E1U1315 sp-4 an-94 E1U8641 sp-30 an-94 E1A1316 sp-4 an-95 E1U1316 sp-4 an-95 E1U8642 sp-30 an-95 E1A1317 sp-4 an-96 E1U1317 sp-4 an-96 E1U8643 sp-30 an-96 E1A1318 sp-4 an-97 E1U1318 sp-4 an-97 E1U8644 sp-30 an-97 E1A1319 sp-4 an-98 E1U1319 sp-4 an-98 E1U8645 sp-30 an-98 E1A1320 sp-4 an-99 E1U1320 sp-4 an-99 E1U8646 sp-30 an-99 E1A1321 sp-4 an-100 E1U1321 sp-4 an-100 E1U8647 sp-30 an-100 E1A1322 sp-4 an-101 E1U1322 sp-4 an-101 E1U8648 sp-30 an-101 E1A1323 sp-4 an-102 E1U1323 sp-4 an-102 E1U8649 sp-30 an-102 E1A1324 sp-4 an-103 E1U1324 sp-4 an-103 E1U8650 sp-30 an-103 E1A1325 sp-4 an-104 E1U1325 sp-4 an-104 E1U8651 sp-30 an-104 E1A1326 sp-4 an-105 E1U1326 sp-4 an-105 E1U8652 sp-30 an-105 E1A1327 sp-4 an-106 E1U1327 sp-4 an-106 E1U8653 sp-30 an-106 E1A1328 sp-4 an-107 E1U1328 sp-4 an-107 E1U8654 sp-30 an-107 E1A1329 sp-4 an-108 E1U1329 sp-4 an-108 E1U8655 sp-30 an-108 E1A1330 sp-4 an-109 E1U1330 sp-4 an-109 E1U8656 sp-30 an-109 E1A1331 sp-4 an-110 E1U1331 sp-4 an-110 E1U8657 sp-30 an-110 E1A1332 sp-4 an-111 E1U1332 sp-4 an-111 E1U8658 sp-30 an-111 E1A1333 sp-4 an-112 E1U1333 sp-4 an-112 E1U8659 sp-30 an-112 E1A1334 sp-4 an-113 E1U1334 sp-4 an-113 E1U8660 sp-30 an-113 E1A1335 sp-4 an-114 E1U1335 sp-4 an-114 E1U8661 sp-30 an-114 E1A1336 sp-4 an-115 E1U1336 sp-4 an-115 E1U8662 sp-30 an-115 E1A1337 sp-4 an-116 E1U1337 sp-4 an-116 E1U8663 sp-30 an-116 E1A1338 sp-4 an-117 E1U1338 sp-4 an-117 E1U8664 sp-30 an-117 E1A1339 sp-4 an-118 E1U1339 sp-4 an-118 E1U8665 sp-30 an-118 E1A1340 sp-4 an-119 E1U1340 sp-4 an-119 E1U8666 sp-30 an-119 E1A1341 sp-4 an-120 E1U1341 sp-4 an-120 E1U8667 sp-30 an-120 E1A1342 sp-4 an-121 E1U1342 sp-4 an-121 E1U8668 sp-30 an-121 E1A1343 sp-4 an-122 E1U1343 sp-4 an-122 E1U8669 sp-30 an-122 E1A1344 sp-4 an-123 E1U1344 sp-4 an-123 E1U8670 sp-30 an-123 E1A1345 sp-4 an-124 E1U1345 sp-4 an-124 E1U8671 sp-30 an-124 E1A1346 sp-4 an-125 E1U1346 sp-4 an-125 E1U8672 sp-30 an-125 E1A1347 sp-4 an-126 E1U1347 sp-4 an-126 E1U8673 sp-30 an-126 E1A1348 sp-4 an-127 E1U1348 sp-4 an-127 E1U8674 sp-30 an-127 E1A1349 sp-4 an-128 E1U1349 sp-4 an-128 E1U8675 sp-30 an-128 E1A1350 sp-4 an-129 E1U1350 sp-4 an-129 E1U8676 sp-30 an-129 Table 1-26 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1351 sp-4 an-130 E1U1351 sp-4 an-130 E1U8677 sp-30 an-130 E1A1352 sp-4 an-131 E1U1352 sp-4 an-131 E1U8678 sp-30 an-131 E1A1353 sp-4 an-132 E1U1353 sp-4 an-132 E1U8679 sp-30 an-132 E1A1354 sp-4 an-133 E1U1354 sp-4 an-133 E1U8680 sp-30 an-133 E1A1355 sp-4 an-134 E1U1355 sp-4 an-134 E1U8681 sp-30 an-134 E1A1356 sp-4 an-135 E1U1356 sp-4 an-135 E1U8682 sp-30 an-135 E1A1357 sp-4 an-136 E1U1357 sp-4 an-136 E1U8683 sp-30 an-136 E1A1358 sp-4 an-137 E1U1358 sp-4 an-137 E1U8684 sp-30 an-137 E1A1359 sp-4 an-138 E1U1359 sp-4 an-138 E1U8685 sp-30 an-138 E1A1360 sp-4 an-139 E1U1360 sp-4 an-139 E1U8686 sp-30 an-139 E1A1361 sp-4 an-140 E1U1361 sp-4 an-140 E1U8687 sp-30 an-140 E1A1362 sp-4 an-141 E1U1362 sp-4 an-141 E1U8688 sp-30 an-141 E1A1363 sp-4 an-142 E1U1363 sp-4 an-142 E1U8689 sp-30 an-142 E1A1364 sp-4 an-143 E1U1364 sp-4 an-143 E1U8690 sp-30 an-143 E1A1365 sp-4 an-144 E1U1365 sp-4 an-144 E1U8691 sp-30 an-144 E1A1366 sp-4 an-145 E1U1366 sp-4 an-145 E1U8692 sp-30 an-145 E1A1367 sp-4 an-146 E1U1367 sp-4 an-146 E1U8693 sp-30 an-146 E1A1368 sp-4 an-147 E1U1368 sp-4 an-147 E1U8694 sp-30 an-147 E1A1369 sp-4 an-148 E1U1369 sp-4 an-148 E1U8695 sp-30 an-148 E1A1370 sp-4 an-149 E1U1370 sp-4 an-149 E1U8696 sp-30 an-149 E1A1371 sp-4 an-150 E1U1371 sp-4 an-150 E1U8697 sp-30 an-150 E1A1372 sp-4 an-151 E1U1372 sp-4 an-151 E1U8698 sp-30 an-151 E1A1373 sp-4 an-152 E1U1373 sp-4 an-152 E1U8699 sp-30 an-152 E1A1374 sp-4 an-153 E1U1374 sp-4 an-153 E1U8700 sp-30 an-153 E1A1375 sp-4 an-154 E1U1375 sp-4 an-154 E1U8701 sp-30 an-154 E1A1376 sp-4 an-155 E1U1376 sp-4 an-155 E1U8702 sp-30 an-155 E1A1377 sp-4 an-156 E1U1377 sp-4 an-156 E1U8703 sp-30 an-156 E1A1378 sp-4 an-157 E1U1378 sp-4 an-157 E1U8704 sp-30 an-157 E1A1379 sp-4 an-158 E1U1379 sp-4 an-158 E1U8705 sp-30 an-158 E1A1380 sp-4 an-159 E1U1380 sp-4 an-159 E1U8706 sp-30 an-159 E1A1381 sp-4 an-160 E1U1381 sp-4 an-160 E1U8707 sp-30 an-160 E1A1382 sp-4 an-161 E1U1382 sp-4 an-161 E1U8708 sp-30 an-161 E1A1383 sp-4 an-162 E1U1383 sp-4 an-162 E1U8709 sp-30 an-162 E1A1384 sp-4 an-163 E1U1384 sp-4 an-163 E1U8710 sp-30 an-163 E1A1385 sp-4 an-164 E1U1385 sp-4 an-164 E1U8711 sp-30 an-164 E1A1386 sp-4 an-165 E1U1386 sp-4 an-165 E1U8712 sp-30 an-165 E1A1387 sp-4 an-166 E1U1387 sp-4 an-166 E1U8713 sp-30 an-166 E1A1388 sp-4 an-167 E1U1388 sp-4 an-167 E1U8714 sp-30 an-167 E1A1389 sp-4 an-168 E1U1389 sp-4 an-168 E1U8715 sp-30 an-168 E1A1390 sp-4 an-169 E1U1390 sp-4 an-169 E1U8716 sp-30 an-169 E1A1391 sp-4 an-170 E1U1391 sp-4 an-170 E1U8717 sp-30 an-170 E1A1392 sp-4 an-171 E1U1392 sp-4 an-171 E1U8718 sp-30 an-171 E1A1393 sp-4 an-172 E1U1393 sp-4 an-172 E1U8719 sp-30 an-172 E1A1394 sp-4 an-173 E1U1394 sp-4 an-173 E1U8720 sp-30 an-173 E1A1395 sp-4 an-174 E1U1395 sp-4 an-174 E1U8721 sp-30 an-174 E1A1396 sp-4 an-175 E1U1396 sp-4 an-175 E1U8722 sp-30 an-175 E1A1397 sp-4 an-176 E1U1397 sp-4 an-176 E1U8723 sp-30 an-176 E1A1398 sp-4 an-177 E1U1398 sp-4 an-177 E1U8724 sp-30 an-177 E1A1399 sp-4 an-178 E1U1399 sp-4 an-178 E1U8725 sp-30 an-178 E1A1400 sp-4 an-179 E1U1400 sp-4 an-179 E1U8726 sp-30 an-179 E1A1401 sp-4 an-180 E1U1401 sp-4 an-180 E1U8727 sp-30 an-180 E1A1402 sp-4 an-181 E1U1402 sp-4 an-181 E1U8728 sp-30 an-181 E1A1403 sp-4 an-182 E1U1403 sp-4 an-182 E1U8729 sp-30 an-182 E1A1404 sp-4 an-183 E1U1404 sp-4 an-183 E1U8730 sp-30 an-183 Table 1-27 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1405 sp-4 an-184 E1U1405 sp-4 an-184 E1U8731 sp-30 an-184 E1A1406 sp-4 an-185 E1U1406 sp-4 an-185 E1U8732 sp-30 an-185 E1A1407 sp-4 an-186 E1U1407 sp-4 an-186 E1U8733 sp-30 an-186 E1A1408 sp-4 an-187 E1U1408 sp-4 an-187 E1U8734 sp-30 an-187 E1A1409 sp-4 an-188 E1U1409 sp-4 an-188 E1U8735 sp-30 an-188 E1A1410 sp-4 an-189 E1U1410 sp-4 an-189 E1U8736 sp-30 an-189 E1A1411 sp-4 an-190 E1U1411 sp-4 an-190 E1U8737 sp-30 an-190 E1A1412 sp-4 an-191 E1U1412 sp-4 an-191 E1U8738 sp-30 an-191 E1A1413 sp-4 an-192 E1U1413 sp-4 an-192 E1U8739 sp-30 an-192 E1A1414 sp-4 an-193 E1U1414 sp-4 an-193 E1U8740 sp-30 an-193 E1A1415 sp-4 an-194 E1U1415 sp-4 an-194 E1U8741 sp-30 an-194 E1A1416 sp-4 an-195 E1U1416 sp-4 an-195 E1U8742 sp-30 an-195 E1A1417 sp-4 an-196 E1U1417 sp-4 an-196 E1U8743 sp-30 an-196 E1A1418 sp-4 an-197 E1U1418 sp-4 an-197 E1U8744 sp-30 an-197 E1A1419 sp-4 an-198 E1U1419 sp-4 an-198 E1U8745 sp-30 an-198 E1A1420 sp-4 an-199 E1U1420 sp-4 an-199 E1U8746 sp-30 an-199 E1A1421 sp-4 an-200 E1U1421 sp-4 an-200 E1U8747 sp-30 an-200 E1A1422 sp-4 an-201 E1U1422 sp-4 an-201 E1U8748 sp-30 an-201 E1A1423 sp-4 an-202 E1U1423 sp-4 an-202 E1U8749 sp-30 an-202 E1A1424 sp-4 an-203 E1U1424 sp-4 an-203 E1U8750 sp-30 an-203 E1A1425 sp-4 an-204 E1U1425 sp-4 an-204 E1U8751 sp-30 an-204 E1A1426 sp-4 an-205 E1U1426 sp-4 an-205 E1U8752 sp-30 an-205 E1A1427 sp-4 an-206 E1U1427 sp-4 an-206 E1U8753 sp-30 an-206 E1A1428 sp-4 an-207 E1U1428 sp-4 an-207 E1U8754 sp-30 an-207 E1A1429 sp-4 an-208 E1U1429 sp-4 an-208 E1U8755 sp-30 an-208 E1A1430 sp-4 an-209 E1U1430 sp-4 an-209 E1U8756 sp-30 an-209 E1A1431 sp-4 an-210 E1U1431 sp-4 an-210 E1U8757 sp-30 an-210 E1A1432 sp-4 an-211 E1U1432 sp-4 an-211 E1U8758 sp-30 an-211 E1A1433 sp-4 an-212 E1U1433 sp-4 an-212 E1U8759 sp-30 an-212 E1A1434 sp-4 an-213 E1U1434 sp-4 an-213 E1U8760 sp-30 an-213 E1A1435 sp-4 an-214 E1U1435 sp-4 an-214 E1U8761 sp-30 an-214 E1A1436 sp-4 an-215 E1U1436 sp-4 an-215 E1U8762 sp-30 an-215 E1A1437 sp-4 an-216 E1U1437 sp-4 an-216 E1U8763 sp-30 an-216 E1A1438 sp-4 an-217 E1U1438 sp-4 an-217 E1U8764 sp-30 an-217 E1A1439 sp-4 an-218 E1U1439 sp-4 an-218 E1U8765 sp-30 an-218 E1A1440 sp-4 an-219 E1U1440 sp-4 an-219 E1U8766 sp-30 an-219 E1A1441 sp-4 an-220 E1U1441 sp-4 an-220 E1U8767 sp-30 an-220 E1A1442 sp-4 an-221 E1U1442 sp-4 an-221 E1U8768 sp-30 an-221 E1A1443 sp-4 an-222 E1U1443 sp-4 an-222 E1U8769 sp-30 an-222 E1A1444 sp-4 an-223 E1U1444 sp-4 an-223 E1U8770 sp-30 an-223 E1A1445 sp-4 an-224 E1U1445 sp-4 an-224 E1U8771 sp-30 an-224 E1A1446 sp-4 an-225 E1U1446 sp-4 an-225 E1U8772 sp-30 an-225 E1A1447 sp-4 an-226 E1U1447 sp-4 an-226 E1U8773 sp-30 an-226 E1A1448 sp-4 an-227 E1U1448 sp-4 an-227 E1U8774 sp-30 an-227 E1A1449 sp-4 an-228 E1U1449 sp-4 an-228 E1U8775 sp-30 an-228 E1A1450 sp-4 an-229 E1U1450 sp-4 an-229 E1U8776 sp-30 an-229 E1A1451 sp-4 an-230 E1U1451 sp-4 an-230 E1U8777 sp-30 an-230 E1A1452 sp-4 an-231 E1U1452 sp-4 an-231 E1U8778 sp-30 an-231 E1A1453 sp-4 an-232 E1U1453 sp-4 an-232 E1U8779 sp-30 an-232 E1A1454 sp-4 an-233 E1U1454 sp-4 an-233 E1U8780 sp-30 an-233 E1A1455 sp-4 an-234 E1U1455 sp-4 an-234 E1U8781 sp-30 an-234 E1A1456 sp-4 an-235 E1U1456 sp-4 an-235 E1U8782 sp-30 an-235 E1A1457 sp-4 an-236 E1U1457 sp-4 an-236 E1U8783 sp-30 an-236 E1A1458 sp-4 an-237 E1U1458 sp-4 an-237 E1U8784 sp-30 an-237 Table 1-28 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1459 sp-4 an-238 E1U1459 sp-4 an-238 E1U8785 sp-30 an-238 E1A1460 sp-4 an-239 E1U1460 sp-4 an-239 E1U8786 sp-30 an-239 E1A1461 sp-4 an-240 E1U1461 sp-4 an-240 E1U8787 sp-30 an-240 E1A1462 sp-4 an-241 E1U1462 sp-4 an-241 E1U8788 sp-30 an-241 E1A1463 sp-4 an-242 E1U1463 sp-4 an-242 E1U8789 sp-30 an-242 E1A1464 sp-4 an-243 E1U1464 sp-4 an-243 E1U8790 sp-30 an-243 E1A1465 sp-4 an-244 E1U1465 sp-4 an-244 E1U8791 sp-30 an-244 E1A1466 sp-4 an-245 E1U1466 sp-4 an-245 E1U8792 sp-30 an-245 E1A1467 sp-4 an-246 E1U1467 sp-4 an-246 E1U8793 sp-30 an-246 E1A1468 sp-4 an-247 E1U1468 sp-4 an-247 E1U8794 sp-30 an-247 E1A1469 sp-4 an-248 E1U1469 sp-4 an-248 E1U8795 sp-30 an-248 E1A1470 sp-4 an-249 E1U1470 sp-4 an-249 E1U8796 sp-30 an-249 E1A1471 sp-4 an-250 E1U1471 sp-4 an-250 E1U8797 sp-30 an-250 E1A1472 sp-4 an-251 E1U1472 sp-4 an-251 E1U8798 sp-30 an-251 E1A1473 sp-4 an-252 E1U1473 sp-4 an-252 E1U8799 sp-30 an-252 E1A1474 sp-4 an-253 E1U1474 sp-4 an-253 E1U8800 sp-30 an-253 E1A1475 sp-4 an-254 E1U1475 sp-4 an-254 E1U8801 sp-30 an-254 E1A1476 sp-4 an-255 E1U1476 sp-4 an-255 E1U8802 sp-30 an-255 E1A1477 sp-4 an-256 E1U1477 sp-4 an-256 E1U8803 sp-30 an-256 E1A1478 sp-4 an-257 E1U1478 sp-4 an-257 E1U8804 sp-30 an-257 E1A1479 sp-4 an-258 E1U1479 sp-4 an-258 E1U8805 sp-30 an-258 E1A1480 sp-4 an-259 E1U1480 sp-4 an-259 E1U8806 sp-30 an-259 E1A1481 sp-4 an-260 E1U1481 sp-4 an-260 E1U8807 sp-30 an-260 E1A1482 sp-4 an-261 E1U1482 sp-4 an-261 E1U8808 sp-30 an-261 E1A1483 sp-4 an-262 E1U1483 sp-4 an-262 E1U8809 sp-30 an-262 E1A1484 sp-4 an-263 E1U1484 sp-4 an-263 E1U8810 sp-30 an-263 E1A1485 sp-4 an-264 E1U1485 sp-4 an-264 E1U8811 sp-30 an-264 E1A1486 sp-4 an-265 E1U1486 sp-4 an-265 E1U8812 sp-30 an-265 E1A1487 sp-4 an-266 E1U1487 sp-4 an-266 E1U8813 sp-30 an-266 E1A1488 sp-4 an-267 E1U1488 sp-4 an-267 E1U8814 sp-30 an-267 E1A1489 sp-4 an-268 E1U1489 sp-4 an-268 E1U8815 sp-30 an-268 E1A1490 sp-4 an-269 E1U1490 sp-4 an-269 E1U8816 sp-30 an-269 E1A1491 sp-4 an-270 E1U1491 sp-4 an-270 E1U8817 sp-30 an-270 E1A1492 sp-4 an-271 E1U1492 sp-4 an-271 E1U8818 sp-30 an-271 E1A1493 sp-4 an-272 E1U1493 sp-4 an-272 E1U8819 sp-30 an-272 E1A1494 sp-4 an-273 E1U1494 sp-4 an-273 E1U8820 sp-30 an-273 E1A1495 sp-4 an-274 E1U1495 sp-4 an-274 E1U8821 sp-30 an-274 E1A1496 sp-4 an-275 E1U1496 sp-4 an-275 E1U8822 sp-30 an-275 E1A1497 sp-4 an-276 E1U1497 sp-4 an-276 E1U8823 sp-30 an-276 E1A1498 sp-4 an-277 E1U1498 sp-4 an-277 E1U8824 sp-30 an-277 E1A1499 sp-4 an-278 E1U1499 sp-4 an-278 E1U8825 sp-30 an-278 E1A1500 sp-4 an-279 E1U1500 sp-4 an-279 E1U8826 sp-30 an-279 E1A1501 sp-4 an-280 E1U1501 sp-4 an-280 E1U8827 sp-30 an-280 E1A1502 sp-4 an-281 E1U1502 sp-4 an-281 E1U8828 sp-30 an-281 E1A1503 sp-4 an-282 E1U1503 sp-4 an-282 E1U8829 sp-30 an-282 E1A1504 sp-4 an-283 E1U1504 sp-4 an-283 E1U8830 sp-30 an-283 E1A1505 sp-4 an-284 E1U1505 sp-4 an-284 E1U8831 sp-30 an-284 E1A1506 sp-4 an-285 E1U1506 sp-4 an-285 E1U8832 sp-30 an-285 E1A1507 sp-4 an-286 E1U1507 sp-4 an-286 E1U8833 sp-30 an-286 E1A1508 sp-4 an-287 E1U1508 sp-4 an-287 E1U8834 sp-30 an-287 E1A1509 sp-4 an-288 E1U1509 sp-4 an-288 E1U8835 sp-30 an-288 E1A1510 sp-4 an-289 E1U1510 sp-4 an-289 E1U8836 sp-30 an-289 E1A1511 sp-4 an-290 E1U1511 sp-4 an-290 E1U8837 sp-30 an-290 E1A1512 sp-4 an-291 E1U1512 sp-4 an-291 E1U8838 sp-30 an-291 Table 1-29 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1513 sp-4 an-292 E1U1513 sp-4 an-292 E1U8839 sp-30 an-292 E1A1514 sp-4 an-293 E1U1514 sp-4 an-293 E1U8840 sp-30 an-293 E1A1515 sp-4 an-294 E1U1515 sp-4 an-294 E1U8841 sp-30 an-294 E1A1516 sp-4 an-295 E1U1516 sp-4 an-295 E1U8842 sp-30 an-295 E1A1517 sp-4 an-296 E1U1517 sp-4 an-296 E1U8843 sp-30 an-296 E1A1518 sp-4 an-297 E1U1518 sp-4 an-297 E1U8844 sp-30 an-297 E1A1519 sp-4 an-298 E1U1519 sp-4 an-298 E1U8845 sp-30 an-298 E1A1520 sp-4 an-299 E1U1520 sp-4 an-299 E1U8846 sp-30 an-299 E1A1521 sp-4 an-300 E1U1521 sp-4 an-300 E1U8847 sp-30 an-300 E1A1522 sp-4 an-301 E1U1522 sp-4 an-301 E1U8848 sp-30 an-301 E1A1523 sp-4 an-302 E1U1523 sp-4 an-302 E1U8849 sp-30 an-302 E1A1524 sp-4 an-303 E1U1524 sp-4 an-303 E1U8850 sp-30 an-303 E1A1525 sp-4 an-304 E1U1525 sp-4 an-304 E1U8851 sp-30 an-304 E1A1526 sp-4 an-305 E1U1526 sp-4 an-305 E1U8852 sp-30 an-305 E1A1527 sp-4 an-306 E1U1527 sp-4 an-306 E1U8853 sp-30 an-306 E1A1528 sp-4 an-307 E1U1528 sp-4 an-307 E1U8854 sp-30 an-307 E1A1529 sp-4 an-308 E1U1529 sp-4 an-308 E1U8855 sp-30 an-308 E1A1530 sp-4 an-309 E1U1530 sp-4 an-309 E1U8856 sp-30 an-309 E1A1531 sp-4 an-310 E1U1531 sp-4 an-310 E1U8857 sp-30 an-310 E1A1532 sp-4 an-311 E1U1532 sp-4 an-311 E1U8858 sp-30 an-311 E1A1533 sp-4 an-312 E1U1533 sp-4 an-312 E1U8859 sp-30 an-312 E1A1534 sp-4 an-313 E1U1534 sp-4 an-313 E1U8860 sp-30 an-313 E1A1535 sp-4 an-314 E1U1535 sp-4 an-314 E1U8861 sp-30 an-314 E1A1536 sp-4 an-315 E1U1536 sp-4 an-315 E1U8862 sp-30 an-315 E1A1537 sp-4 an-316 E1U1537 sp-4 an-316 E1U8863 sp-30 an-316 E1A1538 sp-4 an-317 E1U1538 sp-4 an-317 E1U8864 sp-30 an-317 E1A1539 sp-4 an-318 E1U1539 sp-4 an-318 E1U8865 sp-30 an-318 E1A1540 sp-4 an-319 E1U1540 sp-4 an-319 E1U8866 sp-30 an-319 E1A1541 sp-4 an-320 E1U1541 sp-4 an-320 E1U8867 sp-30 an-320 E1A1542 sp-4 an-321 E1U1542 sp-4 an-321 E1U8868 sp-30 an-321 E1A1543 sp-4 an-322 E1U1543 sp-4 an-322 E1U8869 sp-30 an-322 E1A1544 sp-4 an-323 E1U1544 sp-4 an-323 E1U8870 sp-30 an-323 E1A1545 sp-4 an-324 E1U1545 sp-4 an-324 E1U8871 sp-30 an-324 E1A1546 sp-4 an-325 E1U1546 sp-4 an-325 E1U8872 sp-30 an-325 E1A1547 sp-4 an-326 E1U1547 sp-4 an-326 E1U8873 sp-30 an-326 E1A1548 sp-4 an-327 E1U1548 sp-4 an-327 E1U8874 sp-30 an-327 E1A1549 sp-4 an-328 E1U1549 sp-4 an-328 E1U8875 sp-30 an-328 E1A1550 sp-4 an-329 E1U1550 sp-4 an-329 E1U8876 sp-30 an-329 E1A1551 sp-4 an-330 E1U1551 sp-4 an-330 E1U8877 sp-30 an-330 E1A1552 sp-4 an-331 E1U1552 sp-4 an-331 E1U8878 sp-30 an-331 E1A1553 sp-4 an-332 E1U1553 sp-4 an-332 E1U8879 sp-30 an-332 E1A1554 sp-4 an-333 E1U1554 sp-4 an-333 E1U8880 sp-30 an-333 E1A1555 sp-4 an-334 E1U1555 sp-4 an-334 E1U8881 sp-30 an-334 E1A1556 sp-4 an-335 E1U1556 sp-4 an-335 E1U8882 sp-30 an-335 E1A1557 sp-4 an-336 E1U1557 sp-4 an-336 E1U8883 sp-30 an-336 E1A1558 sp-4 an-337 E1U1558 sp-4 an-337 E1U8884 sp-30 an-337 E1A1559 sp-4 an-338 E1U1559 sp-4 an-338 E1U8885 sp-30 an-338 E1A1560 sp-4 an-339 E1U1560 sp-4 an-339 E1U8886 sp-30 an-339 E1A1561 sp-4 an-340 E1U1561 sp-4 an-340 E1U8887 sp-30 an-340 E1A1562 sp-4 an-341 E1U1562 sp-4 an-341 E1U8888 sp-30 an-341 E1A1563 sp-4 an-342 E1U1563 sp-4 an-342 E1U8889 sp-30 an-342 E1A1564 sp-4 an-343 E1U1564 sp-4 an-343 E1U8890 sp-30 an-343 E1A1565 sp-4 an-344 E1U1565 sp-4 an-344 E1U8891 sp-30 an-344 E1A1566 sp-4 an-345 E1U1566 sp-4 an-345 E1U8892 sp-30 an-345 Table 1-30 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1567 sp-4 an-346 E1U1567 sp-4 an-346 E1U8893 sp-30 an-346 E1A1568 sp-4 an-347 E1U1568 sp-4 an-347 E1U8894 sp-30 an-347 E1A1569 sp-4 an-348 E1U1569 sp-4 an-348 E1U8895 sp-30 an-348 E1A1570 sp-4 an-349 E1U1570 sp-4 an-349 E1U8896 sp-30 an-349 E1A1571 sp-4 an-350 E1U1571 sp-4 an-350 E1U8897 sp-30 an-350 E1A1572 sp-4 an-351 E1U1572 sp-4 an-351 E1U8898 sp-30 an-351 E1A1573 sp-4 an-352 E1U1573 sp-4 an-352 E1U8899 sp-30 an-352 E1A1574 sp-4 an-353 E1U1574 sp-4 an-353 E1U8900 sp-30 an-353 E1A1575 sp-4 an-354 E1U1575 sp-4 an-354 E1U8901 sp-30 an-354 E1A1576 sp-4 an-355 E1U1576 sp-4 an-355 E1U8902 sp-30 an-355 E1A1577 sp-4 an-356 E1U1577 sp-4 an-356 E1U8903 sp-30 an-356 E1A1578 sp-4 an-357 E1U1578 sp-4 an-357 E1U8904 sp-30 an-357 E1A1579 sp-4 an-358 E1U1579 sp-4 an-358 E1U8905 sp-30 an-358 E1A1580 sp-4 an-359 E1U1580 sp-4 an-359 E1U8906 sp-30 an-359 E1A1581 sp-4 an-360 E1U1581 sp-4 an-360 E1U8907 sp-30 an-360 E1A1582 sp-4 an-361 E1U1582 sp-4 an-361 E1U8908 sp-30 an-361 E1A1583 sp-4 an-362 E1U1583 sp-4 an-362 E1U8909 sp-30 an-362 E1A1584 sp-4 an-363 E1U1584 sp-4 an-363 E1U8910 sp-30 an-363 E1A1585 sp-4 an-364 E1U1585 sp-4 an-364 E1U8911 sp-30 an-364 E1A1586 sp-4 an-365 E1U1586 sp-4 an-365 E1U8912 sp-30 an-365 E1A1587 sp-4 an-366 E1U1587 sp-4 an-366 E1U8913 sp-30 an-366 E1A1588 sp-4 an-367 E1U1588 sp-4 an-367 E1U8914 sp-30 an-367 E1A1589 sp-4 an-368 E1U1589 sp-4 an-368 E1U8915 sp-30 an-368 E1A1590 sp-4 an-369 E1U1590 sp-4 an-369 E1U8916 sp-30 an-369 E1A1591 sp-4 an-370 E1U1591 sp-4 an-370 E1U8917 sp-30 an-370 E1A1592 sp-4 an-371 E1U1592 sp-4 an-371 E1U8918 sp-30 an-371 E1A1593 sp-4 an-372 E1U1593 sp-4 an-372 E1U8919 sp-30 an-372 E1A1594 sp-4 an-373 E1U1594 sp-4 an-373 E1U8920 sp-30 an-373 E1A1595 sp-4 an-374 E1U1595 sp-4 an-374 E1U8921 sp-30 an-374 E1A1596 sp-4 an-375 E1U1596 sp-4 an-375 E1U8922 sp-30 an-375 E1A1597 sp-4 an-376 E1U1597 sp-4 an-376 E1U8923 sp-30 an-376 E1A1598 sp-4 an-377 E1U1598 sp-4 an-377 E1U8924 sp-30 an-377 E1A1599 sp-4 an-378 E1U1599 sp-4 an-378 E1U8925 sp-30 an-378 E1A1600 sp-4 an-379 E1U1600 sp-4 an-379 E1U8926 sp-30 an-379 E1A1601 sp-4 an-380 E1U1601 sp-4 an-380 E1U8927 sp-30 an-380 E1A1602 sp-4 an-381 E1U1602 sp-4 an-381 E1U8928 sp-30 an-381 E1A1603 sp-4 an-382 E1U1603 sp-4 an-382 E1U8929 sp-30 an-382 E1A1604 sp-4 an-383 E1U1604 sp-4 an-383 E1U8930 sp-30 an-383 E1A1605 sp-4 an-384 E1U1605 sp-4 an-384 E1U8931 sp-30 an-384 E1A1606 sp-4 an-385 E1U1606 sp-4 an-385 E1U8932 sp-30 an-385 E1A1607 sp-4 an-386 E1U1607 sp-4 an-386 E1U8933 sp-30 an-386 E1A1608 sp-4 an-387 E1U1608 sp-4 an-387 E1U8934 sp-30 an-387 E1A1609 sp-4 an-388 E1U1609 sp-4 an-388 E1U8935 sp-30 an-388 E1A1610 sp-4 an-389 E1U1610 sp-4 an-389 E1U8936 sp-30 an-389 E1A1611 sp-4 an-390 E1U1611 sp-4 an-390 E1U8937 sp-30 an-390 E1A1612 sp-4 an-391 E1U1612 sp-4 an-391 E1U8938 sp-30 an-391 E1A1613 sp-4 an-392 E1U1613 sp-4 an-392 E1U8939 sp-30 an-392 E1A1614 sp-4 an-393 E1U1614 sp-4 an-393 E1U8940 sp-30 an-393 E1A1615 sp-4 an-394 E1U1615 sp-4 an-394 E1U8941 sp-30 an-394 E1A1616 sp-4 an-395 E1U1616 sp-4 an-395 E1U8942 sp-30 an-395 E1A1617 sp-4 an-396 E1U1617 sp-4 an-396 E1U8943 sp-30 an-396 E1A1618 sp-4 an-397 E1U1618 sp-4 an-397 E1U8944 sp-30 an-397 E1A1619 sp-4 an-398 E1U1619 sp-4 an-398 E1U8945 sp-30 an-398 E1A1620 sp-4 an-399 E1U1620 sp-4 an-399 E1U8946 sp-30 an-399 Table 1-31 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1621 sp-4 an-400 E1U1621 sp-4 an-400 E1U8947 sp-30 an-400 E1A1622 sp-4 an-401 E1U1622 sp-4 an-401 E1U8948 sp-30 an-401 E1A1623 sp-4 an-402 E1U1623 sp-4 an-402 E1U8949 sp-30 an-402 E1A1624 sp-4 an-403 E1U1624 sp-4 an-403 E1U8950 sp-30 an-403 E1A1625 sp-4 an-404 E1U1625 sp-4 an-404 E1U8951 sp-30 an-404 E1A1626 sp-4 an-405 E1U1626 sp-4 an-405 E1U8952 sp-30 an-405 E1A1627 sp-4 an-406 E1U1627 sp-4 an-406 E1U8953 sp-30 an-406 E1A1628 sp-4 an-407 E1U1628 sp-4 an-407 E1U8954 sp-30 an-407 E1A1629 sp-5 an-1 E1U1629 sp-5 an-1 E1U8955 sp-31 an-1 E1A1630 sp-5 an-2 E1U1630 sp-5 an-2 E1U8956 sp-31 an-2 E1A1631 sp-5 an-3 E1U1631 sp-5 an-3 E1U8957 sp-31 an-3 E1A1632 sp-5 an-4 E1U1632 sp-5 an-4 E1U8958 sp-31 an-4 E1A1633 sp-5 an-5 E1U1633 sp-5 an-5 E1U8959 sp-31 an-5 E1A1634 sp-5 an-6 E1U1634 sp-5 an-6 E1U8960 sp-31 an-6 E1A1635 sp-5 an-7 E1U1635 sp-5 an-7 E1U8961 sp-31 an-7 E1A1636 sp-5 an-8 E1U1636 sp-5 an-8 E1U8962 sp-31 an-8 E1A1637 sp-5 an-9 E1U1637 sp-5 an-9 E1U8963 sp-31 an-9 E1A1638 sp-5 an-10 E1U1638 sp-5 an-10 E1U8964 sp-31 an-10 E1A1639 sp-5 an-11 E1U1639 sp-5 an-11 E1U8965 sp-31 an-11 E1A1640 sp-5 an-12 E1U1640 sp-5 an-12 E1U8966 sp-31 an-12 E1A1641 sp-5 an-13 E1U1641 sp-5 an-13 E1U8967 sp-31 an-13 E1A1642 sp-5 an-14 E1U1642 sp-5 an-14 E1U8968 sp-31 an-14 E1A1643 sp-5 an-15 E1U1643 sp-5 an-15 E1U8969 sp-31 an-15 E1A1644 sp-5 an-16 E1U1644 sp-5 an-16 E1U8970 sp-31 an-16 E1A1645 sp-5 an-17 E1U1645 sp-5 an-17 E1U8971 sp-31 an-17 E1A1646 sp-5 an-18 E1U1646 sp-5 an-18 E1U8972 sp-31 an-18 E1A1647 sp-5 an-19 E1U1647 sp-5 an-19 E1U8973 sp-31 an-19 E1A1648 sp-5 an-20 E1U1648 sp-5 an-20 E1U8974 sp-31 an-20 E1A1649 sp-5 an-21 E1U1649 sp-5 an-21 E1U8975 sp-31 an-21 E1A1650 sp-5 an-22 E1U1650 sp-5 an-22 E1U8976 sp-31 an-22 E1A1651 sp-5 an-23 E1U1651 sp-5 an-23 E1U8977 sp-31 an-23 E1A1652 sp-5 an-24 E1U1652 sp-5 an-24 E1U8978 sp-31 an-24 E1A1653 sp-5 an-25 E1U1653 sp-5 an-25 E1U8979 sp-31 an-25 E1A1654 sp-5 an-26 E1U1654 sp-5 an-26 E1U8980 sp-31 an-26 E1A1655 sp-5 an-27 E1U1655 sp-5 an-27 E1U8981 sp-31 an-27 E1A1656 sp-5 an-28 E1U1656 sp-5 an-28 E1U8982 sp-31 an-28 E1A1657 sp-5 an-29 E1U1657 sp-5 an-29 E1U8983 sp-31 an-29 E1A1658 sp-5 an-30 E1U1658 sp-5 an-30 E1U8984 sp-31 an-30 E1A1659 sp-5 an-31 E1U1659 sp-5 an-31 E1U8985 sp-31 an-31 E1A1660 sp-5 an-32 E1U1660 sp-5 an-32 E1U8986 sp-31 an-32 E1A1661 sp-5 an-33 E1U1661 sp-5 an-33 E1U8987 sp-31 an-33 E1A1662 sp-5 an-34 E1U1662 sp-5 an-34 E1U8988 sp-31 an-34 E1A1663 sp-5 an-35 E1U1663 sp-5 an-35 E1U8989 sp-31 an-35 E1A1664 sp-5 an-36 E1U1664 sp-5 an-36 E1U8990 sp-31 an-36 E1A1665 sp-5 an-37 E1U1665 sp-5 an-37 E1U8991 sp-31 an-37 E1A1666 sp-5 an-38 E1U1666 sp-5 an-38 E1U8992 sp-31 an-38 E1A1667 sp-5 an-39 E1U1667 sp-5 an-39 E1U8993 sp-31 an-39 E1A1668 sp-5 an-40 E1U1668 sp-5 an-40 E1U8994 sp-31 an-40 E1A1669 sp-5 an-41 E1U1669 sp-5 an-41 E1U8995 sp-31 an-41 E1A1670 sp-5 an-42 E1U1670 sp-5 an-42 E1U8996 sp-31 an-42 E1A1671 sp-5 an-43 E1U1671 sp-5 an-43 E1U8997 sp-31 an-43 E1A1672 sp-5 an-44 E1U1672 sp-5 an-44 E1U8998 sp-31 an-44 E1A1673 sp-5 an-45 E1U1673 sp-5 an-45 E1U8999 sp-31 an-45 E1A1674 sp-5 an-46 E1U1674 sp-5 an-46 E1U9000 sp-31 an-46 Table 1-32 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1675 sp-5 an-47 E1U1675 sp-5 an-47 E1U9001 sp-31 an-47 E1A1676 sp-5 an-48 E1U1676 sp-5 an-48 E1U9002 sp-31 an-48 E1A1677 sp-5 an-49 E1U1677 sp-5 an-49 E1U9003 sp-31 an-49 E1A1678 sp-5 an-50 E1U1678 sp-5 an-50 E1U9004 sp-31 an-50 E1A1679 sp-5 an-51 E1U1679 sp-5 an-51 E1U9005 sp-31 an-51 E1A1680 sp-5 an-52 E1U1680 sp-5 an-52 E1U9006 sp-31 an-52 E1A1681 sp-5 an-53 E1U1681 sp-5 an-53 E1U9007 sp-31 an-53 E1A1682 sp-5 an-54 E1U1682 sp-5 an-54 E1U9008 sp-31 an-54 E1A1683 sp-5 an-55 E1U1683 sp-5 an-55 E1U9009 sp-31 an-55 E1A1684 sp-5 an-56 E1U1684 sp-5 an-56 E1U9010 sp-31 an-56 E1A1685 sp-5 an-57 E1U1685 sp-5 an-57 E1U9011 sp-31 an-57 E1A1686 sp-5 an-58 E1U1686 sp-5 an-58 E1U9012 sp-31 an-58 E1A1687 sp-5 an-59 E1U1687 sp-5 an-59 E1U9013 sp-31 an-59 E1A1688 sp-5 an-60 E1U1688 sp-5 an-60 E1U9014 sp-31 an-60 E1A1689 sp-5 an-61 E1U1689 sp-5 an-61 E1U9015 sp-31 an-61 E1A1690 sp-5 an-62 E1U1690 sp-5 an-62 E1U9016 sp-31 an-62 E1A1691 sp-5 an-63 E1U1691 sp-5 an-63 E1U9017 sp-31 an-63 E1A1692 sp-5 an-64 E1U1692 sp-5 an-64 E1U9018 sp-31 an-64 E1A1693 sp-5 an-65 E1U1693 sp-5 an-65 E1U9019 sp-31 an-65 E1A1694 sp-5 an-66 E1U1694 sp-5 an-66 E1U9020 sp-31 an-66 E1A1695 sp-5 an-67 E1U1695 sp-5 an-67 E1U9021 sp-31 an-67 E1A1696 sp-5 an-68 E1U1696 sp-5 an-68 E1U9022 sp-31 an-68 E1A1697 sp-5 an-69 E1U1697 sp-5 an-69 E1U9023 sp-31 an-69 E1A1698 sp-5 an-70 E1U1698 sp-5 an-70 E1U9024 sp-31 an-70 E1A1699 sp-5 an-71 E1U1699 sp-5 an-71 E1U9025 sp-31 an-71 E1A1700 sp-5 an-72 E1U1700 sp-5 an-72 E1U9026 sp-31 an-72 E1A1701 sp-5 an-73 E1U1701 sp-5 an-73 E1U9027 sp-31 an-73 E1A1702 sp-5 an-74 E1U1702 sp-5 an-74 E1U9028 sp-31 an-74 E1A1703 sp-5 an-75 E1U1703 sp-5 an-75 E1U9029 sp-31 an-75 E1A1704 sp-5 an-76 E1U1704 sp-5 an-76 E1U9030 sp-31 an-76 E1A1705 sp-5 an-77 E1U1705 sp-5 an-77 E1U9031 sp-31 an-77 E1A1706 sp-5 an-78 E1U1706 sp-5 an-78 E1U9032 sp-31 an-78 E1A1707 sp-5 an-79 E1U1707 sp-5 an-79 E1U9033 sp-31 an-79 E1A1708 sp-5 an-80 E1U1708 sp-5 an-80 E1U9034 sp-31 an-80 E1A1709 sp-5 an-81 E1U1709 sp-5 an-81 E1U9035 sp-31 an-81 E1A1710 sp-5 an-82 E1U1710 sp-5 an-82 E1U9036 sp-31 an-82 E1A1711 sp-5 an-83 E1U1711 sp-5 an-83 E1U9037 sp-31 an-83 E1A1712 sp-5 an-84 E1U1712 sp-5 an-84 E1U9038 sp-31 an-84 E1A1713 sp-5 an-85 E1U1713 sp-5 an-85 E1U9039 sp-31 an-85 E1A1714 sp-5 an-86 E1U1714 sp-5 an-86 E1U9040 sp-31 an-86 E1A1715 sp-5 an-87 E1U1715 sp-5 an-87 E1U9041 sp-31 an-87 E1A1716 sp-5 an-88 E1U1716 sp-5 an-88 E1U9042 sp-31 an-88 E1A1717 sp-5 an-89 E1U1717 sp-5 an-89 E1U9043 sp-31 an-89 E1A1718 sp-5 an-90 E1U1718 sp-5 an-90 E1U9044 sp-31 an-90 E1A1719 sp-5 an-91 E1U1719 sp-5 an-91 E1U9045 sp-31 an-91 E1A1720 sp-5 an-92 E1U1720 sp-5 an-92 E1U9046 sp-31 an-92 E1A1721 sp-5 an-93 E1U1721 sp-5 an-93 E1U9047 sp-31 an-93 E1A1722 sp-5 an-94 E1U1722 sp-5 an-94 E1U9048 sp-31 an-94 E1A1723 sp-5 an-95 E1U1723 sp-5 an-95 E1U9049 sp-31 an-95 E1A1724 sp-5 an-96 E1U1724 sp-5 an-96 E1U9050 sp-31 an-96 E1A1725 sp-5 an-97 E1U1725 sp-5 an-97 E1U9051 sp-31 an-97 E1A1726 sp-5 an-98 E1U1726 sp-5 an-98 E1U9052 sp-31 an-98 E1A1727 sp-5 an-99 E1U1727 sp-5 an-99 E1U9053 sp-31 an-99 E1A1728 sp-5 an-100 E1U1728 sp-5 an-100 E1U9054 sp-31 an-100 Table 1-33 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1729 sp-5 an-101 E1U1729 sp-5 an-101 E1U9055 sp-31 an-101 E1A1730 sp-5 an-102 E1U1730 sp-5 an-102 E1U9056 sp-31 an-102 E1A1731 sp-5 an-103 E1U1731 sp-5 an-103 E1U9057 sp-31 an-103 E1A1732 sp-5 an-104 E1U1732 sp-5 an-104 E1U9058 sp-31 an-104 E1A1733 sp-5 an-105 E1U1733 sp-5 an-105 E1U9059 sp-31 an-105 E1A1734 sp-5 an-106 E1U1734 sp-5 an-106 E1U9060 sp-31 an-106 E1A1735 sp-5 an-107 E1U1735 sp-5 an-107 E1U9061 sp-31 an-107 E1A1736 sp-5 an-108 E1U1736 sp-5 an-108 E1U9062 sp-31 an-108 E1A1737 sp-5 an-109 E1U1737 sp-5 an-109 E1U9063 sp-31 an-109 E1A1738 sp-5 an-110 E1U1738 sp-5 an-110 E1U9064 sp-31 an-110 E1A1739 sp-5 an-111 E1U1739 sp-5 an-111 E1U9065 sp-31 an-111 E1A1740 sp-5 an-112 E1U1740 sp-5 an-112 E1U9066 sp-31 an-112 E1A1741 sp-5 an-113 E1U1741 sp-5 an-113 E1U9067 sp-31 an-113 E1A1742 sp-5 an-114 E1U1742 sp-5 an-114 E1U9068 sp-31 an-114 E1A1743 sp-5 an-115 E1U1743 sp-5 an-115 E1U9069 sp-31 an-115 E1A1744 sp-5 an-116 E1U1744 sp-5 an-116 E1U9070 sp-31 an-116 E1A1745 sp-5 an-117 E1U1745 sp-5 an-117 E1U9071 sp-31 an-117 E1A1746 sp-5 an-118 E1U1746 sp-5 an-118 E1U9072 sp-31 an-118 E1A1747 sp-5 an-119 E1U1747 sp-5 an-119 E1U9073 sp-31 an-119 E1A1748 sp-5 an-120 E1U1748 sp-5 an-120 E1U9074 sp-31 an-120 E1A1749 sp-5 an-121 E1U1749 sp-5 an-121 E1U9075 sp-31 an-121 E1A1750 sp-5 an-122 E1U1750 sp-5 an-122 E1U9076 sp-31 an-122 E1A1751 sp-5 an-123 E1U1751 sp-5 an-123 E1U9077 sp-31 an-123 E1A1752 sp-5 an-124 E1U1752 sp-5 an-124 E1U9078 sp-31 an-124 E1A1753 sp-5 an-125 E1U1753 sp-5 an-125 E1U9079 sp-31 an-125 E1A1754 sp-5 an-126 E1U1754 sp-5 an-126 E1U9080 sp-31 an-126 E1A1755 sp-5 an-127 E1U1755 sp-5 an-127 E1U9081 sp-31 an-127 E1A1756 sp-5 an-128 E1U1756 sp-5 an-128 E1U9082 sp-31 an-128 E1A1757 sp-5 an-129 E1U1757 sp-5 an-129 E1U9083 sp-31 an-129 E1A1758 sp-5 an-130 E1U1758 sp-5 an-130 E1U9084 sp-31 an-130 E1A1759 sp-5 an-131 E1U1759 sp-5 an-131 E1U9085 sp-31 an-131 E1A1760 sp-5 an-132 E1U1760 sp-5 an-132 E1U9086 sp-31 an-132 E1A1761 sp-5 an-133 E1U1761 sp-5 an-133 E1U9087 sp-31 an-133 E1A1762 sp-5 an-134 E1U1762 sp-5 an-134 E1U9088 sp-31 an-134 E1A1763 sp-5 an-135 E1U1763 sp-5 an-135 E1U9089 sp-31 an-135 E1A1764 sp-5 an-136 E1U1764 sp-5 an-136 E1U9090 sp-31 an-136 E1A1765 sp-5 an-137 E1U1765 sp-5 an-137 E1U9091 sp-31 an-137 E1A1766 sp-5 an-138 E1U1766 sp-5 an-138 E1U9092 sp-31 an-138 E1A1767 sp-5 an-139 E1U1767 sp-5 an-139 E1U9093 sp-31 an-139 E1A1768 sp-5 an-140 E1U1768 sp-5 an-140 E1U9094 sp-31 an-140 E1A1769 sp-5 an-141 E1U1769 sp-5 an-141 E1U9095 sp-31 an-141 E1A1770 sp-5 an-142 E1U1770 sp-5 an-142 E1U9096 sp-31 an-142 E1A1771 sp-5 an-143 E1U1771 sp-5 an-143 E1U9097 sp-31 an-143 E1A1772 sp-5 an-144 E1U1772 sp-5 an-144 E1U9098 sp-31 an-144 E1A1773 sp-5 an-145 E1U1773 sp-5 an-145 E1U9099 sp-31 an-145 E1A1774 sp-5 an-146 E1U1774 sp-5 an-146 E1U9100 sp-31 an-146 E1A1775 sp-5 an-147 E1U1775 sp-5 an-147 E1U9101 sp-31 an-147 E1A1776 sp-5 an-148 E1U1776 sp-5 an-148 E1U9102 sp-31 an-148 E1A1777 sp-5 an-149 E1U1777 sp-5 an-149 E1U9103 sp-31 an-149 E1A1778 sp-5 an-150 E1U1778 sp-5 an-150 E1U9104 sp-31 an-150 E1A1779 sp-5 an-151 E1U1779 sp-5 an-151 E1U9105 sp-31 an-151 E1A1780 sp-5 an-152 E1U1780 sp-5 an-152 E1U9106 sp-31 an-152 E1A1781 sp-5 an-153 E1U1781 sp-5 an-153 E1U9107 sp-31 an-153 E1A1782 sp-5 an-154 E1U1782 sp-5 an-154 E1U9108 sp-31 an-154 Table 1-34 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1783 sp-5 an-155 E1U1783 sp-5 an-155 E1U9109 sp-31 an-155 E1A1784 sp-5 an-156 E1U1784 sp-5 an-156 E1U9110 sp-31 an-156 E1A1785 sp-5 an-157 E1U1785 sp-5 an-157 E1U9111 sp-31 an-157 E1A1786 sp-5 an-158 E1U1786 sp-5 an-158 E1U9112 sp-31 an-158 E1A1787 sp-5 an-159 E1U1787 sp-5 an-159 E1U9113 sp-31 an-159 E1A1788 sp-5 an-160 E1U1788 sp-5 an-160 E1U9114 sp-31 an-160 E1A1789 sp-5 an-161 E1U1789 sp-5 an-161 E1U9115 sp-31 an-161 E1A1790 sp-5 an-162 E1U1790 sp-5 an-162 E1U9116 sp-31 an-162 E1A1791 sp-5 an-163 E1U1791 sp-5 an-163 E1U9117 sp-31 an-163 E1A1792 sp-5 an-164 E1U1792 sp-5 an-164 E1U9118 sp-31 an-164 E1A1793 sp-5 an-165 E1U1793 sp-5 an-165 E1U9119 sp-31 an-165 E1A1794 sp-5 an-166 E1U1794 sp-5 an-166 E1U9120 sp-31 an-166 E1A1795 sp-5 an-167 E1U1795 sp-5 an-167 E1U9121 sp-31 an-167 E1A1796 sp-5 an-168 E1U1796 sp-5 an-168 E1U9122 sp-31 an-168 E1A1797 sp-5 an-169 E1U1797 sp-5 an-169 E1U9123 sp-31 an-169 E1A1798 sp-5 an-170 E1U1798 sp-5 an-170 E1U9124 sp-31 an-170 E1A1799 sp-5 an-171 E1U1799 sp-5 an-171 E1U9125 sp-31 an-171 E1A1800 sp-5 an-172 E1U1800 sp-5 an-172 E1U9126 sp-31 an-172 E1A1801 sp-5 an-173 E1U1801 sp-5 an-173 E1U9127 sp-31 an-173 E1A1802 sp-5 an-174 E1U1802 sp-5 an-174 E1U9128 sp-31 an-174 E1A1803 sp-5 an-175 E1U1803 sp-5 an-175 E1U9129 sp-31 an-175 E1A1804 sp-5 an-176 E1U1804 sp-5 an-176 E1U9130 sp-31 an-176 E1A1805 sp-5 an-177 E1U1805 sp-5 an-177 E1U9131 sp-31 an-177 E1A1806 sp-5 an-178 E1U1806 sp-5 an-178 E1U9132 sp-31 an-178 E1A1807 sp-5 an-179 E1U1807 sp-5 an-179 E1U9133 sp-31 an-179 E1A1808 sp-5 an-180 E1U1808 sp-5 an-180 E1U9134 sp-31 an-180 E1A1809 sp-5 an-181 E1U1809 sp-5 an-181 E1U9135 sp-31 an-181 E1A1810 sp-5 an-182 E1U1810 sp-5 an-182 E1U9136 sp-31 an-182 E1A1811 sp-5 an-183 E1U1811 sp-5 an-183 E1U9137 sp-31 an-183 E1A1812 sp-5 an-184 E1U1812 sp-5 an-184 E1U9138 sp-31 an-184 E1A1813 sp-5 an-185 E1U1813 sp-5 an-185 E1U9139 sp-31 an-185 E1A1814 sp-5 an-186 E1U1814 sp-5 an-186 E1U9140 sp-31 an-186 E1A1815 sp-5 an-187 E1U1815 sp-5 an-187 E1U9141 sp-31 an-187 E1A1816 sp-5 an-188 E1U1816 sp-5 an-188 E1U9142 sp-31 an-188 E1A1817 sp-5 an-189 E1U1817 sp-5 an-189 E1U9143 sp-31 an-189 E1A1818 sp-5 an-190 E1U1818 sp-5 an-190 E1U9144 sp-31 an-190 E1A1819 sp-5 an-191 E1U1819 sp-5 an-191 E1U9145 sp-31 an-191 E1A1820 sp-5 an-192 E1U1820 sp-5 an-192 E1U9146 sp-31 an-192 E1A1821 sp-5 an-193 E1U1821 sp-5 an-193 E1U9147 sp-31 an-193 E1A1822 sp-5 an-194 E1U1822 sp-5 an-194 E1U9148 sp-31 an-194 E1A1823 sp-5 an-195 E1U1823 sp-5 an-195 E1U9149 sp-31 an-195 E1A1824 sp-5 an-196 E1U1824 sp-5 an-196 E1U9150 sp-31 an-196 E1A1825 sp-5 an-197 E1U1825 sp-5 an-197 E1U9151 sp-31 an-197 E1A1826 sp-5 an-198 E1U1826 sp-5 an-198 E1U9152 sp-31 an-198 E1A1827 sp-5 an-199 E1U1827 sp-5 an-199 E1U9153 sp-31 an-199 E1A1828 sp-5 an-200 E1U1828 sp-5 an-200 E1U9154 sp-31 an-200 E1A1829 sp-5 an-201 E1U1829 sp-5 an-201 E1U9155 sp-31 an-201 E1A1830 sp-5 an-202 E1U1830 sp-5 an-202 E1U9156 sp-31 an-202 E1A1831 sp-5 an-203 E1U1831 sp-5 an-203 E1U9157 sp-31 an-203 E1A1832 sp-5 an-204 E1U1832 sp-5 an-204 E1U9158 sp-31 an-204 E1A1833 sp-5 an-205 E1U1833 sp-5 an-205 E1U9159 sp-31 an-205 E1A1834 sp-5 an-206 E1U1834 sp-5 an-206 E1U9160 sp-31 an-206 E1A1835 sp-5 an-207 E1U1835 sp-5 an-207 E1U9161 sp-31 an-207 E1A1836 sp-5 an-208 E1U1836 sp-5 an-208 E1U9162 sp-31 an-208 Table 1-35 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1837 sp-5 an-209 E1U1837 sp-5 an-209 E1U9163 sp-31 an-209 E1A1838 sp-5 an-210 E1U1838 sp-5 an-210 E1U9164 sp-31 an-210 E1A1839 sp-5 an-211 E1U1839 sp-5 an-211 E1U9165 sp-31 an-211 E1A1840 sp-5 an-212 E1U1840 sp-5 an-212 E1U9166 sp-31 an-212 E1A1841 sp-5 an-213 E1U1841 sp-5 an-213 E1U9167 sp-31 an-213 E1A1842 sp-5 an-214 E1U1842 sp-5 an-214 E1U9168 sp-31 an-214 E1A1843 sp-5 an-215 E1U1843 sp-5 an-215 E1U9169 sp-31 an-215 E1A1844 sp-5 an-216 E1U1844 sp-5 an-216 E1U9170 sp-31 an-216 E1A1845 sp-5 an-217 E1U1845 sp-5 an-217 E1U9171 sp-31 an-217 E1A1846 sp-5 an-218 E1U1846 sp-5 an-218 E1U9172 sp-31 an-218 E1A1847 sp-5 an-219 E1U1847 sp-5 an-219 E1U9173 sp-31 an-219 E1A1848 sp-5 an-220 E1U1848 sp-5 an-220 E1U9174 sp-31 an-220 E1A1849 sp-5 an-221 E1U1849 sp-5 an-221 E1U9175 sp-31 an-221 E1A1850 sp-5 an-222 E1U1850 sp-5 an-222 E1U9176 sp-31 an-222 E1A1851 sp-5 an-223 E1U1851 sp-5 an-223 E1U9177 sp-31 an-223 E1A1852 sp-5 an-224 E1U1852 sp-5 an-224 E1U9178 sp-31 an-224 E1A1853 sp-5 an-225 E1U1853 sp-5 an-225 E1U9179 sp-31 an-225 E1A1854 sp-5 an-226 E1U1854 sp-5 an-226 E1U9180 sp-31 an-226 E1A1855 sp-5 an-227 E1U1855 sp-5 an-227 E1U9181 sp-31 an-227 E1A1856 sp-5 an-228 E1U1856 sp-5 an-228 E1U9182 sp-31 an-228 E1A1857 sp-5 an-229 E1U1857 sp-5 an-229 E1U9183 sp-31 an-229 E1A1858 sp-5 an-230 E1U1858 sp-5 an-230 E1U9184 sp-31 an-230 E1A1859 sp-5 an-231 E1U1859 sp-5 an-231 E1U9185 sp-31 an-231 E1A1860 sp-5 an-232 E1U1860 sp-5 an-232 E1U9186 sp-31 an-232 E1A1861 sp-5 an-233 E1U1861 sp-5 an-233 E1U9187 sp-31 an-233 E1A1862 sp-5 an-234 E1U1862 sp-5 an-234 E1U9188 sp-31 an-234 E1A1863 sp-5 an-235 E1U1863 sp-5 an-235 E1U9189 sp-31 an-235 E1A1864 sp-5 an-236 E1U1864 sp-5 an-236 E1U9190 sp-31 an-236 E1A1865 sp-5 an-237 E1U1865 sp-5 an-237 E1U9191 sp-31 an-237 E1A1866 sp-5 an-238 E1U1866 sp-5 an-238 E1U9192 sp-31 an-238 E1A1867 sp-5 an-239 E1U1867 sp-5 an-239 E1U9193 sp-31 an-239 E1A1868 sp-5 an-240 E1U1868 sp-5 an-240 E1U9194 sp-31 an-240 E1A1869 sp-5 an-241 E1U1869 sp-5 an-241 E1U9195 sp-31 an-241 E1A1870 sp-5 an-242 E1U1870 sp-5 an-242 E1U9196 sp-31 an-242 E1A1871 sp-5 an-243 E1U1871 sp-5 an-243 E1U9197 sp-31 an-243 E1A1872 sp-5 an-244 E1U1872 sp-5 an-244 E1U9198 sp-31 an-244 E1A1873 sp-5 an-245 E1U1873 sp-5 an-245 E1U9199 sp-31 an-245 E1A1874 sp-5 an-246 E1U1874 sp-5 an-246 E1U9200 sp-31 an-246 E1A1875 sp-5 an-247 E1U1875 sp-5 an-247 E1U9201 sp-31 an-247 E1A1876 sp-5 an-248 E1U1876 sp-5 an-248 E1U9202 sp-31 an-248 E1A1877 sp-5 an-249 E1U1877 sp-5 an-249 E1U9203 sp-31 an-249 E1A1878 sp-5 an-250 E1U1878 sp-5 an-250 E1U9204 sp-31 an-250 E1A1879 sp-5 an-251 E1U1879 sp-5 an-251 E1U9205 sp-31 an-251 E1A1880 sp-5 an-252 E1U1880 sp-5 an-252 E1U9206 sp-31 an-252 E1A1881 sp-5 an-253 E1U1881 sp-5 an-253 E1U9207 sp-31 an-253 E1A1882 sp-5 an-254 E1U1882 sp-5 an-254 E1U9208 sp-31 an-254 E1A1883 sp-5 an-255 E1U1883 sp-5 an-255 E1U9209 sp-31 an-255 E1A1884 sp-5 an-256 E1U1884 sp-5 an-256 E1U9210 sp-31 an-256 E1A1885 sp-5 an-257 E1U1885 sp-5 an-257 E1U9211 sp-31 an-257 E1A1886 sp-5 an-258 E1U1886 sp-5 an-258 E1U9212 sp-31 an-258 E1A1887 sp-5 an-259 E1U1887 sp-5 an-259 E1U9213 sp-31 an-259 E1A1888 sp-5 an-260 E1U1888 sp-5 an-260 E1U9214 sp-31 an-260 E1A1889 sp-5 an-261 E1U1889 sp-5 an-261 E1U9215 sp-31 an-261 E1A1890 sp-5 an-262 E1U1890 sp-5 an-262 E1U9216 sp-31 an-262 Table 1-36 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1891 sp-5 an-263 E1U1891 sp-5 an-263 E1U9217 sp-31 an-263 E1A1892 sp-5 an-264 E1U1892 sp-5 an-264 E1U9218 sp-31 an-264 E1A1893 sp-5 an-265 E1U1893 sp-5 an-265 E1U9219 sp-31 an-265 E1A1894 sp-5 an-266 E1U1894 sp-5 an-266 E1U9220 sp-31 an-266 E1A1895 sp-5 an-267 E1U1895 sp-5 an-267 E1U9221 sp-31 an-267 E1A1896 sp-5 an-268 E1U1896 sp-5 an-268 E1U9222 sp-31 an-268 E1A1897 sp-5 an-269 E1U1897 sp-5 an-269 E1U9223 sp-31 an-269 E1A1898 sp-5 an-270 E1U1898 sp-5 an-270 E1U9224 sp-31 an-270 E1A1899 sp-5 an-271 E1U1899 sp-5 an-271 E1U9225 sp-31 an-271 E1A1900 sp-5 an-272 E1U1900 sp-5 an-272 E1U9226 sp-31 an-272 E1A1901 sp-5 an-273 E1U1901 sp-5 an-273 E1U9227 sp-31 an-273 E1A1902 sp-5 an-274 E1U1902 sp-5 an-274 E1U9228 sp-31 an-274 E1A1903 sp-5 an-275 E1U1903 sp-5 an-275 E1U9229 sp-31 an-275 E1A1904 sp-5 an-276 E1U1904 sp-5 an-276 E1U9230 sp-31 an-276 E1A1905 sp-5 an-277 E1U1905 sp-5 an-277 E1U9231 sp-31 an-277 E1A1906 sp-5 an-278 E1U1906 sp-5 an-278 E1U9232 sp-31 an-278 E1A1907 sp-5 an-279 E1U1907 sp-5 an-279 E1U9233 sp-31 an-279 E1A1908 sp-5 an-280 E1U1908 sp-5 an-280 E1U9234 sp-31 an-280 E1A1909 sp-5 an-281 E1U1909 sp-5 an-281 E1U9235 sp-31 an-281 E1A1910 sp-5 an-282 E1U1910 sp-5 an-282 E1U9236 sp-31 an-282 E1A1911 sp-5 an-283 E1U1911 sp-5 an-283 E1U9237 sp-31 an-283 E1A1912 sp-5 an-284 E1U1912 sp-5 an-284 E1U9238 sp-31 an-284 E1A1913 sp-5 an-285 E1U1913 sp-5 an-285 E1U9239 sp-31 an-285 E1A1914 sp-5 an-286 E1U1914 sp-5 an-286 E1U9240 sp-31 an-286 E1A1915 sp-5 an-287 E1U1915 sp-5 an-287 E1U9241 sp-31 an-287 E1A1916 sp-5 an-288 E1U1916 sp-5 an-288 E1U9242 sp-31 an-288 E1A1917 sp-5 an-289 E1U1917 sp-5 an-289 E1U9243 sp-31 an-289 E1A1918 sp-5 an-290 E1U1918 sp-5 an-290 E1U9244 sp-31 an-290 E1A1919 sp-5 an-291 E1U1919 sp-5 an-291 E1U9245 sp-31 an-291 E1A1920 sp-5 an-292 E1U1920 sp-5 an-292 E1U9246 sp-31 an-292 E1A1921 sp-5 an-293 E1U1921 sp-5 an-293 E1U9247 sp-31 an-293 E1A1922 sp-5 an-294 E1U1922 sp-5 an-294 E1U9248 sp-31 an-294 E1A1923 sp-5 an-295 E1U1923 sp-5 an-295 E1U9249 sp-31 an-295 E1A1924 sp-5 an-296 E1U1924 sp-5 an-296 E1U9250 sp-31 an-296 E1A1925 sp-5 an-297 E1U1925 sp-5 an-297 E1U9251 sp-31 an-297 E1A1926 sp-5 an-298 E1U1926 sp-5 an-298 E1U9252 sp-31 an-298 E1A1927 sp-5 an-299 E1U1927 sp-5 an-299 E1U9253 sp-31 an-299 E1A1928 sp-5 an-300 E1U1928 sp-5 an-300 E1U9254 sp-31 an-300 E1A1929 sp-5 an-301 E1U1929 sp-5 an-301 E1U9255 sp-31 an-301 E1A1930 sp-5 an-302 E1U1930 sp-5 an-302 E1U9256 sp-31 an-302 E1A1931 sp-5 an-303 E1U1931 sp-5 an-303 E1U9257 sp-31 an-303 E1A1932 sp-5 an-304 E1U1932 sp-5 an-304 E1U9258 sp-31 an-304 E1A1933 sp-5 an-305 E1U1933 sp-5 an-305 E1U9259 sp-31 an-305 E1A1934 sp-5 an-306 E1U1934 sp-5 an-306 E1U9260 sp-31 an-306 E1A1935 sp-5 an-307 E1U1935 sp-5 an-307 E1U9261 sp-31 an-307 E1A1936 sp-5 an-308 E1U1936 sp-5 an-308 E1U9262 sp-31 an-308 E1A1937 sp-5 an-309 E1U1937 sp-5 an-309 E1U9263 sp-31 an-309 E1A1938 sp-5 an-310 E1U1938 sp-5 an-310 E1U9264 sp-31 an-310 E1A1939 sp-5 an-311 E1U1939 sp-5 an-311 E1U9265 sp-31 an-311 E1A1940 sp-5 an-312 E1U1940 sp-5 an-312 E1U9266 sp-31 an-312 E1A1941 sp-5 an-313 E1U1941 sp-5 an-313 E1U9267 sp-31 an-313 E1A1942 sp-5 an-314 E1U1942 sp-5 an-314 E1U9268 sp-31 an-314 E1A1943 sp-5 an-315 E1U1943 sp-5 an-315 E1U9269 sp-31 an-315 E1A1944 sp-5 an-316 E1U1944 sp-5 an-316 E1U9270 sp-31 an-316 Table 1-37 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1945 sp-5 an-317 E1U1945 sp-5 an-317 E1U9271 sp-31 an-317 E1A1946 sp-5 an-318 E1U1946 sp-5 an-318 E1U9272 sp-31 an-318 E1A1947 sp-5 an-319 E1U1947 sp-5 an-319 E1U9273 sp-31 an-319 E1A1948 sp-5 an-320 E1U1948 sp-5 an-320 E1U9274 sp-31 an-320 E1A1949 sp-5 an-321 E1U1949 sp-5 an-321 E1U9275 sp-31 an-321 E1A1950 sp-5 an-322 E1U1950 sp-5 an-322 E1U9276 sp-31 an-322 E1A1951 sp-5 an-323 E1U1951 sp-5 an-323 E1U9277 sp-31 an-323 E1A1952 sp-5 an-324 E1U1952 sp-5 an-324 E1U9278 sp-31 an-324 E1A1953 sp-5 an-325 E1U1953 sp-5 an-325 E1U9279 sp-31 an-325 E1A1954 sp-5 an-326 E1U1954 sp-5 an-326 E1U9280 sp-31 an-326 E1A1955 sp-5 an-327 E1U1955 sp-5 an-327 E1U9281 sp-31 an-327 E1A1956 sp-5 an-328 E1U1956 sp-5 an-328 E1U9282 sp-31 an-328 E1A1957 sp-5 an-329 E1U1957 sp-5 an-329 E1U9283 sp-31 an-329 E1A1958 sp-5 an-330 E1U1958 sp-5 an-330 E1U9284 sp-31 an-330 E1A1959 sp-5 an-331 E1U1959 sp-5 an-331 E1U9285 sp-31 an-331 E1A1960 sp-5 an-332 E1U1960 sp-5 an-332 E1U9286 sp-31 an-332 E1A1961 sp-5 an-333 E1U1961 sp-5 an-333 E1U9287 sp-31 an-333 E1A1962 sp-5 an-334 E1U1962 sp-5 an-334 E1U9288 sp-31 an-334 E1A1963 sp-5 an-335 E1U1963 sp-5 an-335 E1U9289 sp-31 an-335 E1A1964 sp-5 an-336 E1U1964 sp-5 an-336 E1U9290 sp-31 an-336 E1A1965 sp-5 an-337 E1U1965 sp-5 an-337 E1U9291 sp-31 an-337 E1A1966 sp-5 an-338 E1U1966 sp-5 an-338 E1U9292 sp-31 an-338 E1A1967 sp-5 an-339 E1U1967 sp-5 an-339 E1U9293 sp-31 an-339 E1A1968 sp-5 an-340 E1U1968 sp-5 an-340 E1U9294 sp-31 an-340 E1A1969 sp-5 an-341 E1U1969 sp-5 an-341 E1U9295 sp-31 an-341 E1A1970 sp-5 an-342 E1U1970 sp-5 an-342 E1U9296 sp-31 an-342 E1A1971 sp-5 an-343 E1U1971 sp-5 an-343 E1U9297 sp-31 an-343 E1A1972 sp-5 an-344 E1U1972 sp-5 an-344 E1U9298 sp-31 an-344 E1A1973 sp-5 an-345 E1U1973 sp-5 an-345 E1U9299 sp-31 an-345 E1A1974 sp-5 an-346 E1U1974 sp-5 an-346 E1U9300 sp-31 an-346 E1A1975 sp-5 an-347 E1U1975 sp-5 an-347 E1U9301 sp-31 an-347 E1A1976 sp-5 an-348 E1U1976 sp-5 an-348 E1U9302 sp-31 an-348 E1A1977 sp-5 an-349 E1U1977 sp-5 an-349 E1U9303 sp-31 an-349 E1A1978 sp-5 an-350 E1U1978 sp-5 an-350 E1U9304 sp-31 an-350 E1A1979 sp-5 an-351 E1U1979 sp-5 an-351 E1U9305 sp-31 an-351 E1A1980 sp-5 an-352 E1U1980 sp-5 an-352 E1U9306 sp-31 an-352 E1A1981 sp-5 an-353 E1U1981 sp-5 an-353 E1U9307 sp-31 an-353 E1A1982 sp-5 an-354 E1U1982 sp-5 an-354 E1U9308 sp-31 an-354 E1A1983 sp-5 an-355 E1U1983 sp-5 an-355 E1U9309 sp-31 an-355 E1A1984 sp-5 an-356 E1U1984 sp-5 an-356 E1U9310 sp-31 an-356 E1A1985 sp-5 an-357 E1U1985 sp-5 an-357 E1U9311 sp-31 an-357 E1A1986 sp-5 an-358 E1U1986 sp-5 an-358 E1U9312 sp-31 an-358 E1A1987 sp-5 an-359 E1U1987 sp-5 an-359 E1U9313 sp-31 an-359 E1A1988 sp-5 an-360 E1U1988 sp-5 an-360 E1U9314 sp-31 an-360 E1A1989 sp-5 an-361 E1U1989 sp-5 an-361 E1U9315 sp-31 an-361 E1A1990 sp-5 an-362 E1U1990 sp-5 an-362 E1U9316 sp-31 an-362 E1A1991 sp-5 an-363 E1U1991 sp-5 an-363 E1U9317 sp-31 an-363 E1A1992 sp-5 an-364 E1U1992 sp-5 an-364 E1U9318 sp-31 an-364 E1A1993 sp-5 an-365 E1U1993 sp-5 an-365 E1U9319 sp-31 an-365 E1A1994 sp-5 an-366 E1U1994 sp-5 an-366 E1U9320 sp-31 an-366 E1A1995 sp-5 an-367 E1U1995 sp-5 an-367 E1U9321 sp-31 an-367 E1A1996 sp-5 an-368 E1U1996 sp-5 an-368 E1U9322 sp-31 an-368 E1A1997 sp-5 an-369 E1U1997 sp-5 an-369 E1U9323 sp-31 an-369 E1A1998 sp-5 an-370 E1U1998 sp-5 an-370 E1U9324 sp-31 an-370 Table 1-38 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A1999 sp-5 an-371 E1U1999 sp-5 an-371 E1U9325 sp-31 an-371 E1A2000 sp-5 an-372 E1U2000 sp-5 an-372 E1U9326 sp-31 an-372 E1A2001 sp-5 an-373 E1U2001 sp-5 an-373 E1U9327 sp-31 an-373 E1A2002 sp-5 an-374 E1U2002 sp-5 an-374 E1U9328 sp-31 an-374 E1A2003 sp-5 an-375 E1U2003 sp-5 an-375 E1U9329 sp-31 an-375 E1A2004 sp-5 an-376 E1U2004 sp-5 an-376 E1U9330 sp-31 an-376 E1A2005 sp-5 an-377 E1U2005 sp-5 an-377 E1U9331 sp-31 an-377 E1A2006 sp-5 an-378 E1U2006 sp-5 an-378 E1U9332 sp-31 an-378 E1A2007 sp-5 an-379 E1U2007 sp-5 an-379 E1U9333 sp-31 an-379 E1A2008 sp-5 an-380 E1U2008 sp-5 an-380 E1U9334 sp-31 an-380 E1A2009 sp-5 an-381 E1U2009 sp-5 an-381 E1U9335 sp-31 an-381 E1A2010 sp-5 an-382 E1U2010 sp-5 an-382 E1U9336 sp-31 an-382 E1A2011 sp-5 an-383 E1U2011 sp-5 an-383 E1U9337 sp-31 an-383 E1A2012 sp-5 an-384 E1U2012 sp-5 an-384 E1U9338 sp-31 an-384 E1A2013 sp-5 an-385 E1U2013 sp-5 an-385 E1U9339 sp-31 an-385 E1A2014 sp-5 an-386 E1U2014 sp-5 an-386 E1U9340 sp-31 an-386 E1A2015 sp-5 an-387 E1U2015 sp-5 an-387 E1U9341 sp-31 an-387 E1A2016 sp-5 an-388 E1U2016 sp-5 an-388 E1U9342 sp-31 an-388 E1A2017 sp-5 an-389 E1U2017 sp-5 an-389 E1U9343 sp-31 an-389 E1A2018 sp-5 an-390 E1U2018 sp-5 an-390 E1U9344 sp-31 an-390 E1A2019 sp-5 an-391 E1U2019 sp-5 an-391 E1U9345 sp-31 an-391 E1A2020 sp-5 an-392 E1U2020 sp-5 an-392 E1U9346 sp-31 an-392 E1A2021 sp-5 an-393 E1U2021 sp-5 an-393 E1U9347 sp-31 an-393 E1A2022 sp-5 an-394 E1U2022 sp-5 an-394 E1U9348 sp-31 an-394 E1A2023 sp-5 an-395 E1U2023 sp-5 an-395 E1U9349 sp-31 an-395 E1A2024 sp-5 an-396 E1U2024 sp-5 an-396 E1U9350 sp-31 an-396 E1A2025 sp-5 an-397 E1U2025 sp-5 an-397 E1U9351 sp-31 an-397 E1A2026 sp-5 an-398 E1U2026 sp-5 an-398 E1U9352 sp-31 an-398 E1A2027 sp-5 an-399 E1U2027 sp-5 an-399 E1U9353 sp-31 an-399 E1A2028 sp-5 an-400 E1U2028 sp-5 an-400 E1U9354 sp-31 an-400 E1A2029 sp-5 an-401 E1U2029 sp-5 an-401 E1U9355 sp-31 an-401 E1A2030 sp-5 an-402 E1U2030 sp-5 an-402 E1U9356 sp-31 an-402 E1A2031 sp-5 an-403 E1U2031 sp-5 an-403 E1U9357 sp-31 an-403 E1A2032 sp-5 an-404 E1U2032 sp-5 an-404 E1U9358 sp-31 an-404 E1A2033 sp-5 an-405 E1U2033 sp-5 an-405 E1U9359 sp-31 an-405 E1A2034 sp-5 an-406 E1U2034 sp-5 an-406 E1U9360 sp-31 an-406 E1A2035 sp-5 an-407 E1U2035 sp-5 an-407 E1U9361 sp-31 an-407 E1A2036 sp-6 an-1 E1U2036 sp-6 an-1 E1U9362 sp-32 an-1 E1A2037 sp-6 an-2 E1U2037 sp-6 an-2 E1U9363 sp-32 an-2 E1A2038 sp-6 an-3 E1U2038 sp-6 an-3 E1U9364 sp-32 an-3 E1A2039 sp-6 an-4 E1U2039 sp-6 an-4 E1U9365 sp-32 an-4 E1A2040 sp-6 an-5 E1U2040 sp-6 an-5 E1U9366 sp-32 an-5 E1A2041 sp-6 an-6 E1U2041 sp-6 an-6 E1U9367 sp-32 an-6 E1A2042 sp-6 an-7 E1U2042 sp-6 an-7 E1U9368 sp-32 an-7 E1A2043 sp-6 an-8 E1U2043 sp-6 an-8 E1U9369 sp-32 an-8 E1A2044 sp-6 an-9 E1U2044 sp-6 an-9 E1U9370 sp-32 an-9 E1A2045 sp-6 an-10 E1U2045 sp-6 an-10 E1U9371 sp-32 an-10 E1A2046 sp-6 an-11 E1U2046 sp-6 an-11 E1U9372 sp-32 an-11 E1A2047 sp-6 an-12 E1U2047 sp-6 an-12 E1U9373 sp-32 an-12 E1A2048 sp-6 an-13 E1U2048 sp-6 an-13 E1U9374 sp-32 an-13 E1A2049 sp-6 an-14 E1U2049 sp-6 an-14 E1U9375 sp-32 an-14 E1A2050 sp-6 an-15 E1U2050 sp-6 an-15 E1U9376 sp-32 an-15 E1A2051 sp-6 an-16 E1U2051 sp-6 an-16 E1U9377 sp-32 an-16 E1A2052 sp-6 an-17 E1U2052 sp-6 an-17 E1U9378 sp-32 an-17 Table 1-39 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A2053 sp-6 an-18 E1U2053 sp-6 an-18 E1U9379 sp-32 an-18 E1A2054 sp-6 an-19 E1U2054 sp-6 an-19 E1U9380 sp-32 an-19 E1A2055 sp-6 an-20 E1U2055 sp-6 an-20 E1U9381 sp-32 an-20 E1A2056 sp-6 an-21 E1U2056 sp-6 an-21 E1U9382 sp-32 an-21 E1A2057 sp-6 an-22 E1U2057 sp-6 an-22 E1U9383 sp-32 an-22 E1A2058 sp-6 an-23 E1U2058 sp-6 an-23 E1U9384 sp-32 an-23 E1A2059 sp-6 an-24 E1U2059 sp-6 an-24 E1U9385 sp-32 an-24 E1A2060 sp-6 an-25 E1U2060 sp-6 an-25 E1U9386 sp-32 an-25 E1A2061 sp-6 an-26 E1U2061 sp-6 an-26 E1U9387 sp-32 an-26 E1A2062 sp-6 an-27 E1U2062 sp-6 an-27 E1U9388 sp-32 an-27 E1A2063 sp-6 an-28 E1U2063 sp-6 an-28 E1U9389 sp-32 an-28 E1A2064 sp-6 an-29 E1U2064 sp-6 an-29 E1U9390 sp-32 an-29 E1A2065 sp-6 an-30 E1U2065 sp-6 an-30 E1U9391 sp-32 an-30 E1A2066 sp-6 an-31 E1U2066 sp-6 an-31 E1U9392 sp-32 an-31 E1A2067 sp-6 an-32 E1U2067 sp-6 an-32 E1U9393 sp-32 an-32 E1A2068 sp-6 an-33 E1U2068 sp-6 an-33 E1U9394 sp-32 an-33 E1A2069 sp-6 an-34 E1U2069 sp-6 an-34 E1U9395 sp-32 an-34 E1A2070 sp-6 an-35 E1U2070 sp-6 an-35 E1U9396 sp-32 an-35 E1A2071 sp-6 an-36 E1U2071 sp-6 an-36 E1U9397 sp-32 an-36 E1A2072 sp-6 an-37 E1U2072 sp-6 an-37 E1U9398 sp-32 an-37 E1A2073 sp-6 an-38 E1U2073 sp-6 an-38 E1U9399 sp-32 an-38 E1A2074 sp-6 an-39 E1U2074 sp-6 an-39 E1U9400 sp-32 an-39 E1A2075 sp-6 an-40 E1U2075 sp-6 an-40 E1U9401 sp-32 an-40 E1A2076 sp-6 an-41 E1U2076 sp-6 an-41 E1U9402 sp-32 an-41 E1A2077 sp-6 an-42 E1U2077 sp-6 an-42 E1U9403 sp-32 an-42 E1A2078 sp-6 an-43 E1U2078 sp-6 an-43 E1U9404 sp-32 an-43 E1A2079 sp-6 an-44 E1U2079 sp-6 an-44 E1U9405 sp-32 an-44 E1A2080 sp-6 an-45 E1U2080 sp-6 an-45 E1U9406 sp-32 an-45 E1A2081 sp-6 an-46 E1U2081 sp-6 an-46 E1U9407 sp-32 an-46 E1A2082 sp-6 an-47 E1U2082 sp-6 an-47 E1U9408 sp-32 an-47 E1A2083 sp-6 an-48 E1U2083 sp-6 an-48 E1U9409 sp-32 an-48 E1A2084 sp-6 an-49 E1U2084 sp-6 an-49 E1U9410 sp-32 an-49 E1A2085 sp-6 an-50 E1U2085 sp-6 an-50 E1U9411 sp-32 an-50 E1A2086 sp-6 an-51 E1U2086 sp-6 an-51 E1U9412 sp-32 an-51 E1A2087 sp-6 an-52 E1U2087 sp-6 an-52 E1U9413 sp-32 an-52 E1A2088 sp-6 an-53 E1U2088 sp-6 an-53 E1U9414 sp-32 an-53 E1A2089 sp-6 an-54 E1U2089 sp-6 an-54 E1U9415 sp-32 an-54 E1A2090 sp-6 an-55 E1U2090 sp-6 an-55 E1U9416 sp-32 an-55 E1A2091 sp-6 an-56 E1U2091 sp-6 an-56 E1U9417 sp-32 an-56 E1A2092 sp-6 an-57 E1U2092 sp-6 an-57 E1U9418 sp-32 an-57 E1A2093 sp-6 an-58 E1U2093 sp-6 an-58 E1U9419 sp-32 an-58 E1A2094 sp-6 an-59 E1U2094 sp-6 an-59 E1U9420 sp-32 an-59 E1A2095 sp-6 an-60 E1U2095 sp-6 an-60 E1U9421 sp-32 an-60 E1A2096 sp-6 an-61 E1U2096 sp-6 an-61 E1U9422 sp-32 an-61 E1A2097 sp-6 an-62 E1U2097 sp-6 an-62 E1U9423 sp-32 an-62 E1A2098 sp-6 an-63 E1U2098 sp-6 an-63 E1U9424 sp-32 an-63 E1A2099 sp-6 an-64 E1U2099 sp-6 an-64 E1U9425 sp-32 an-64 E1A2100 sp-6 an-65 E1U2100 sp-6 an-65 E1U9426 sp-32 an-65 E1A2101 sp-6 an-66 E1U2101 sp-6 an-66 E1U9427 sp-32 an-66 E1A2102 sp-6 an-67 E1U2102 sp-6 an-67 E1U9428 sp-32 an-67 E1A2103 sp-6 an-68 E1U2103 sp-6 an-68 E1U9429 sp-32 an-68 E1A2104 sp-6 an-69 E1U2104 sp-6 an-69 E1U9430 sp-32 an-69 E1A2105 sp-6 an-70 E1U2105 sp-6 an-70 E1U9431 sp-32 an-70 E1A2106 sp-6 an-71 E1U2106 sp-6 an-71 E1U9432 sp-32 an-71 Table 1-40 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A2107 sp-6 an-72 E1U2107 sp-6 an-72 E1U9433 sp-32 an-72 E1A2108 sp-6 an-73 E1U2108 sp-6 an-73 E1U9434 sp-32 an-73 E1A2109 sp-6 an-74 E1U2109 sp-6 an-74 E1U9435 sp-32 an-74 E1A2110 sp-6 an-75 E1U2110 sp-6 an-75 E1U9436 sp-32 an-75 E1A2111 sp-6 an-76 E1U2111 sp-6 an-76 E1U9437 sp-32 an-76 E1A2112 sp-6 an-77 E1U2112 sp-6 an-77 E1U9438 sp-32 an-77 E1A2113 sp-6 an-78 E1U2113 sp-6 an-78 E1U9439 sp-32 an-78 E1A2114 sp-6 an-79 E1U2114 sp-6 an-79 E1U9440 sp-32 an-79 E1A2115 sp-6 an-80 E1U2115 sp-6 an-80 E1U9441 sp-32 an-80 E1A2116 sp-6 an-81 E1U2116 sp-6 an-81 E1U9442 sp-32 an-81 E1A2117 sp-6 an-82 E1U2117 sp-6 an-82 E1U9443 sp-32 an-82 E1A2118 sp-6 an-83 E1U2118 sp-6 an-83 E1U9444 sp-32 an-83 E1A2119 sp-6 an-84 E1U2119 sp-6 an-84 E1U9445 sp-32 an-84 E1A2120 sp-6 an-85 E1U2120 sp-6 an-85 E1U9446 sp-32 an-85 E1A2121 sp-6 an-86 E1U2121 sp-6 an-86 E1U9447 sp-32 an-86 E1A2122 sp-6 an-87 E1U2122 sp-6 an-87 E1U9448 sp-32 an-87 E1A2123 sp-6 an-88 E1U2123 sp-6 an-88 E1U9449 sp-32 an-88 E1A2124 sp-6 an-89 E1U2124 sp-6 an-89 E1U9450 sp-32 an-89 E1A2125 sp-6 an-90 E1U2125 sp-6 an-90 E1U9451 sp-32 an-90 E1A2126 sp-6 an-91 E1U2126 sp-6 an-91 E1U9452 sp-32 an-91 E1A2127 sp-6 an-92 E1U2127 sp-6 an-92 E1U9453 sp-32 an-92 E1A2128 sp-6 an-93 E1U2128 sp-6 an-93 E1U9454 sp-32 an-93 E1A2129 sp-6 an-94 E1U2129 sp-6 an-94 E1U9455 sp-32 an-94 E1A2130 sp-6 an-95 E1U2130 sp-6 an-95 E1U9456 sp-32 an-95 E1A2131 sp-6 an-96 E1U2131 sp-6 an-96 E1U9457 sp-32 an-96 E1A2132 sp-6 an-97 E1U2132 sp-6 an-97 E1U9458 sp-32 an-97 E1A2133 sp-6 an-98 E1U2133 sp-6 an-98 E1U9459 sp-32 an-98 E1A2134 sp-6 an-99 E1U2134 sp-6 an-99 E1U9460 sp-32 an-99 E1A2135 sp-6 an-100 E1U2135 sp-6 an-100 E1U9461 sp-32 an-100 E1A2136 sp-6 an-101 E1U2136 sp-6 an-101 E1U9462 sp-32 an-101 E1A2137 sp-6 an-102 E1U2137 sp-6 an-102 E1U9463 sp-32 an-102 E1A2138 sp-6 an-103 E1U2138 sp-6 an-103 E1U9464 sp-32 an-103 E1A2139 sp-6 an-104 E1U2139 sp-6 an-104 E1U9465 sp-32 an-104 E1A2140 sp-6 an-105 E1U2140 sp-6 an-105 E1U9466 sp-32 an-105 E1A2141 sp-6 an-106 E1U2141 sp-6 an-106 E1U9467 sp-32 an-106 E1A2142 sp-6 an-107 E1U2142 sp-6 an-107 E1U9468 sp-32 an-107 E1A2143 sp-6 an-108 E1U2143 sp-6 an-108 E1U9469 sp-32 an-108 E1A2144 sp-6 an-109 E1U2144 sp-6 an-109 E1U9470 sp-32 an-109 E1A2145 sp-6 an-110 E1U2145 sp-6 an-110 E1U9471 sp-32 an-110 E1A2146 sp-6 an-111 E1U2146 sp-6 an-111 E1U9472 sp-32 an-111 E1A2147 sp-6 an-112 E1U2147 sp-6 an-112 E1U9473 sp-32 an-112 E1A2148 sp-6 an-113 E1U2148 sp-6 an-113 E1U9474 sp-32 an-113 E1A2149 sp-6 an-114 E1U2149 sp-6 an-114 E1U9475 sp-32 an-114 E1A2150 sp-6 an-115 E1U2150 sp-6 an-115 E1U9476 sp-32 an-115 E1A2151 sp-6 an-116 E1U2151 sp-6 an-116 E1U9477 sp-32 an-116 E1A2152 sp-6 an-117 E1U2152 sp-6 an-117 E1U9478 sp-32 an-117 E1A2153 sp-6 an-118 E1U2153 sp-6 an-118 E1U9479 sp-32 an-118 E1A2154 sp-6 an-119 E1U2154 sp-6 an-119 E1U9480 sp-32 an-119 E1A2155 sp-6 an-120 E1U2155 sp-6 an-120 E1U9481 sp-32 an-120 E1A2156 sp-6 an-121 E1U2156 sp-6 an-121 E1U9482 sp-32 an-121 E1A2157 sp-6 an-122 E1U2157 sp-6 an-122 E1U9483 sp-32 an-122 E1A2158 sp-6 an-123 E1U2158 sp-6 an-123 E1U9484 sp-32 an-123 E1A2159 sp-6 an-124 E1U2159 sp-6 an-124 E1U9485 sp-32 an-124 E1A2160 sp-6 an-125 E1U2160 sp-6 an-125 E1U9486 sp-32 an-125 Table 1-41 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A2161 sp-6 an-126 E1U2161 sp-6 an-126 E1U9487 sp-32 an-126 E1A2162 sp-6 an-127 E1U2162 sp-6 an-127 E1U9488 sp-32 an-127 E1A2163 sp-6 an-128 E1U2163 sp-6 an-128 E1U9489 sp-32 an-128 E1A2164 sp-6 an-129 E1U2164 sp-6 an-129 E1U9490 sp-32 an-129 E1A2165 sp-6 an-130 E1U2165 sp-6 an-130 E1U9491 sp-32 an-130 E1A2166 sp-6 an-131 E1U2166 sp-6 an-131 E1U9492 sp-32 an-131 E1A2167 sp-6 an-132 E1U2167 sp-6 an-132 E1U9493 sp-32 an-132 E1A2168 sp-6 an-133 E1U2168 sp-6 an-133 E1U9494 sp-32 an-133 E1A2169 sp-6 an-134 E1U2169 sp-6 an-134 E1U9495 sp-32 an-134 E1A2170 sp-6 an-135 E1U2170 sp-6 an-135 E1U9496 sp-32 an-135 E1A2171 sp-6 an-136 E1U2171 sp-6 an-136 E1U9497 sp-32 an-136 E1A2172 sp-6 an-137 E1U2172 sp-6 an-137 E1U9498 sp-32 an-137 E1A2173 sp-6 an-138 E1U2173 sp-6 an-138 E1U9499 sp-32 an-138 E1A2174 sp-6 an-139 E1U2174 sp-6 an-139 E1U9500 sp-32 an-139 E1A2175 sp-6 an-140 E1U2175 sp-6 an-140 E1U9501 sp-32 an-140 E1A2176 sp-6 an-141 E1U2176 sp-6 an-141 E1U9502 sp-32 an-141 E1A2177 sp-6 an-142 E1U2177 sp-6 an-142 E1U9503 sp-32 an-142 E1A2178 sp-6 an-143 E1U2178 sp-6 an-143 E1U9504 sp-32 an-143 E1A2179 sp-6 an-144 E1U2179 sp-6 an-144 E1U9505 sp-32 an-144 E1A2180 sp-6 an-145 E1U2180 sp-6 an-145 E1U9506 sp-32 an-145 E1A2181 sp-6 an-146 E1U2181 sp-6 an-146 E1U9507 sp-32 an-146 E1A2182 sp-6 an-147 E1U2182 sp-6 an-147 E1U9508 sp-32 an-147 E1A2183 sp-6 an-148 E1U2183 sp-6 an-148 E1U9509 sp-32 an-148 E1A2184 sp-6 an-149 E1U2184 sp-6 an-149 E1U9510 sp-32 an-149 E1A2185 sp-6 an-150 E1U2185 sp-6 an-150 E1U9511 sp-32 an-150 E1A2186 sp-6 an-151 E1U2186 sp-6 an-151 E1U9512 sp-32 an-151 E1A2187 sp-6 an-152 E1U2187 sp-6 an-152 E1U9513 sp-32 an-152 E1A2188 sp-6 an-153 E1U2188 sp-6 an-153 E1U9514 sp-32 an-153 E1A2189 sp-6 an-154 E1U2189 sp-6 an-154 E1U9515 sp-32 an-154 E1A2190 sp-6 an-155 E1U2190 sp-6 an-155 E1U9516 sp-32 an-155 E1A2191 sp-6 an-156 E1U2191 sp-6 an-156 E1U9517 sp-32 an-156 E1A2192 sp-6 an-157 E1U2192 sp-6 an-157 E1U9518 sp-32 an-157 E1A2193 sp-6 an-158 E1U2193 sp-6 an-158 E1U9519 sp-32 an-158 E1A2194 sp-6 an-159 E1U2194 sp-6 an-159 E1U9520 sp-32 an-159 E1A2195 sp-6 an-160 E1U2195 sp-6 an-160 E1U9521 sp-32 an-160 E1A2196 sp-6 an-161 E1U2196 sp-6 an-161 E1U9522 sp-32 an-161 E1A2197 sp-6 an-162 E1U2197 sp-6 an-162 E1U9523 sp-32 an-162 E1A2198 sp-6 an-163 E1U2198 sp-6 an-163 E1U9524 sp-32 an-163 E1A2199 sp-6 an-164 E1U2199 sp-6 an-164 E1U9525 sp-32 an-164 E1A2200 sp-6 an-165 E1U2200 sp-6 an-165 E1U9526 sp-32 an-165 E1A2201 sp-6 an-166 E1U2201 sp-6 an-166 E1U9527 sp-32 an-166 E1A2202 sp-6 an-167 E1U2202 sp-6 an-167 E1U9528 sp-32 an-167 E1A2203 sp-6 an-168 E1U2203 sp-6 an-168 E1U9529 sp-32 an-168 E1A2204 sp-6 an-169 E1U2204 sp-6 an-169 E1U9530 sp-32 an-169 E1A2205 sp-6 an-170 E1U2205 sp-6 an-170 E1U9531 sp-32 an-170 E1A2206 sp-6 an-171 E1U2206 sp-6 an-171 E1U9532 sp-32 an-171 E1A2207 sp-6 an-172 E1U2207 sp-6 an-172 E1U9533 sp-32 an-172 E1A2208 sp-6 an-173 E1U2208 sp-6 an-173 E1U9534 sp-32 an-173 E1A2209 sp-6 an-174 E1U2209 sp-6 an-174 E1U9535 sp-32 an-174 E1A2210 sp-6 an-175 E1U2210 sp-6 an-175 E1U9536 sp-32 an-175 E1A2211 sp-6 an-176 E1U2211 sp-6 an-176 E1U9537 sp-32 an-176 E1A2212 sp-6 an-177 E1U2212 sp-6 an-177 E1U9538 sp-32 an-177 E1A2213 sp-6 an-178 E1U2213 sp-6 an-178 E1U9539 sp-32 an-178 E1A2214 sp-6 an-179 E1U2214 sp-6 an-179 E1U9540 sp-32 an-179 Table 1-42 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A2215 sp-6 an-180 E1U2215 sp-6 an-180 E1U9541 sp-32 an-180 E1A2216 sp-6 an-181 E1U2216 sp-6 an-181 E1U9542 sp-32 an-181 E1A2217 sp-6 an-182 E1U2217 sp-6 an-182 E1U9543 sp-32 an-182 E1A2218 sp-6 an-183 E1U2218 sp-6 an-183 E1U9544 sp-32 an-183 E1A2219 sp-6 an-184 E1U2219 sp-6 an-184 E1U9545 sp-32 an-184 E1A2220 sp-6 an-185 E1U2220 sp-6 an-185 E1U9546 sp-32 an-185 E1A2221 sp-6 an-186 E1U2221 sp-6 an-186 E1U9547 sp-32 an-186 E1A2222 sp-6 an-187 E1U2222 sp-6 an-187 E1U9548 sp-32 an-187 E1A2223 sp-6 an-188 E1U2223 sp-6 an-188 E1U9549 sp-32 an-188 E1A2224 sp-6 an-189 E1U2224 sp-6 an-189 E1U9550 sp-32 an-189 E1A2225 sp-6 an-190 E1U2225 sp-6 an-190 E1U9551 sp-32 an-190 E1A2226 sp-6 an-191 E1U2226 sp-6 an-191 E1U9552 sp-32 an-191 E1A2227 sp-6 an-192 E1U2227 sp-6 an-192 E1U9553 sp-32 an-192 E1A2228 sp-6 an-193 E1U2228 sp-6 an-193 E1U9554 sp-32 an-193 E1A2229 sp-6 an-194 E1U2229 sp-6 an-194 E1U9555 sp-32 an-194 E1A2230 sp-6 an-195 E1U2230 sp-6 an-195 E1U9556 sp-32 an-195 E1A2231 sp-6 an-196 E1U2231 sp-6 an-196 E1U9557 sp-32 an-196 E1A2232 sp-6 an-197 E1U2232 sp-6 an-197 E1U9558 sp-32 an-197 E1A2233 sp-6 an-198 E1U2233 sp-6 an-198 E1U9559 sp-32 an-198 E1A2234 sp-6 an-199 E1U2234 sp-6 an-199 E1U9560 sp-32 an-199 E1A2235 sp-6 an-200 E1U2235 sp-6 an-200 E1U9561 sp-32 an-200 E1A2236 sp-6 an-201 E1U2236 sp-6 an-201 E1U9562 sp-32 an-201 E1A2237 sp-6 an-202 E1U2237 sp-6 an-202 E1U9563 sp-32 an-202 E1A2238 sp-6 an-203 E1U2238 sp-6 an-203 E1U9564 sp-32 an-203 E1A2239 sp-6 an-204 E1U2239 sp-6 an-204 E1U9565 sp-32 an-204 E1A2240 sp-6 an-205 E1U2240 sp-6 an-205 E1U9566 sp-32 an-205 E1A2241 sp-6 an-206 E1U2241 sp-6 an-206 E1U9567 sp-32 an-206 E1A2242 sp-6 an-207 E1U2242 sp-6 an-207 E1U9568 sp-32 an-207 E1A2243 sp-6 an-208 E1U2243 sp-6 an-208 E1U9569 sp-32 an-208 E1A2244 sp-6 an-209 E1U2244 sp-6 an-209 E1U9570 sp-32 an-209 E1A2245 sp-6 an-210 E1U2245 sp-6 an-210 E1U9571 sp-32 an-210 E1A2246 sp-6 an-211 E1U2246 sp-6 an-211 E1U9572 sp-32 an-211 E1A2247 sp-6 an-212 E1U2247 sp-6 an-212 E1U9573 sp-32 an-212 E1A2248 sp-6 an-213 E1U2248 sp-6 an-213 E1U9574 sp-32 an-213 E1A2249 sp-6 an-214 E1U2249 sp-6 an-214 E1U9575 sp-32 an-214 E1A2250 sp-6 an-215 E1U2250 sp-6 an-215 E1U9576 sp-32 an-215 E1A2251 sp-6 an-216 E1U2251 sp-6 an-216 E1U9577 sp-32 an-216 E1A2252 sp-6 an-217 E1U2252 sp-6 an-217 E1U9578 sp-32 an-217 E1A2253 sp-6 an-218 E1U2253 sp-6 an-218 E1U9579 sp-32 an-218 E1A2254 sp-6 an-219 E1U2254 sp-6 an-219 E1U9580 sp-32 an-219 E1A2255 sp-6 an-220 E1U2255 sp-6 an-220 E1U9581 sp-32 an-220 E1A2256 sp-6 an-221 E1U2256 sp-6 an-221 E1U9582 sp-32 an-221 E1A2257 sp-6 an-222 E1U2257 sp-6 an-222 E1U9583 sp-32 an-222 E1A2258 sp-6 an-223 E1U2258 sp-6 an-223 E1U9584 sp-32 an-223 E1A2259 sp-6 an-224 E1U2259 sp-6 an-224 E1U9585 sp-32 an-224 E1A2260 sp-6 an-225 E1U2260 sp-6 an-225 E1U9586 sp-32 an-225 E1A2261 sp-6 an-226 E1U2261 sp-6 an-226 E1U9587 sp-32 an-226 E1A2262 sp-6 an-227 E1U2262 sp-6 an-227 E1U9588 sp-32 an-227 E1A2263 sp-6 an-228 E1U2263 sp-6 an-228 E1U9589 sp-32 an-228 E1A2264 sp-6 an-229 E1U2264 sp-6 an-229 E1U9590 sp-32 an-229 E1A2265 sp-6 an-230 E1U2265 sp-6 an-230 E1U9591 sp-32 an-230 E1A2266 sp-6 an-231 E1U2266 sp-6 an-231 E1U9592 sp-32 an-231 E1A2267 sp-6 an-232 E1U2267 sp-6 an-232 E1U9593 sp-32 an-232 E1A2268 sp-6 an-233 E1U2268 sp-6 an-233 E1U9594 sp-32 an-233 Table 1-43 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A2269 sp-6 an-234 E1U2269 sp-6 an-234 E1U9595 sp-32 an-234 E1A2270 sp-6 an-235 E1U2270 sp-6 an-235 E1U9596 sp-32 an-235 E1A2271 sp-6 an-236 E1U2271 sp-6 an-236 E1U9597 sp-32 an-236 E1A2272 sp-6 an-237 E1U2272 sp-6 an-237 E1U9598 sp-32 an-237 E1A2273 sp-6 an-238 E1U2273 sp-6 an-238 E1U9599 sp-32 an-238 E1A2274 sp-6 an-239 E1U2274 sp-6 an-239 E1U9600 sp-32 an-239 E1A2275 sp-6 an-240 E1U2275 sp-6 an-240 E1U9601 sp-32 an-240 E1A2276 sp-6 an-241 E1U2276 sp-6 an-241 E1U9602 sp-32 an-241 E1A2277 sp-6 an-242 E1U2277 sp-6 an-242 E1U9603 sp-32 an-242 E1A2278 sp-6 an-243 E1U2278 sp-6 an-243 E1U9604 sp-32 an-243 E1A2279 sp-6 an-244 E1U2279 sp-6 an-244 E1U9605 sp-32 an-244 E1A2280 sp-6 an-245 E1U2280 sp-6 an-245 E1U9606 sp-32 an-245 E1A2281 sp-6 an-246 E1U2281 sp-6 an-246 E1U9607 sp-32 an-246 E1A2282 sp-6 an-247 E1U2282 sp-6 an-247 E1U9608 sp-32 an-247 E1A2283 sp-6 an-248 E1U2283 sp-6 an-248 E1U9609 sp-32 an-248 E1A2284 sp-6 an-249 E1U2284 sp-6 an-249 E1U9610 sp-32 an-249 E1A2285 sp-6 an-250 E1U2285 sp-6 an-250 E1U9611 sp-32 an-250 E1A2286 sp-6 an-251 E1U2286 sp-6 an-251 E1U9612 sp-32 an-251 E1A2287 sp-6 an-252 E1U2287 sp-6 an-252 E1U9613 sp-32 an-252 E1A2288 sp-6 an-253 E1U2288 sp-6 an-253 E1U9614 sp-32 an-253 E1A2289 sp-6 an-254 E1U2289 sp-6 an-254 E1U9615 sp-32 an-254 E1A2290 sp-6 an-255 E1U2290 sp-6 an-255 E1U9616 sp-32 an-255 E1A2291 sp-6 an-256 E1U2291 sp-6 an-256 E1U9617 sp-32 an-256 E1A2292 sp-6 an-257 E1U2292 sp-6 an-257 E1U9618 sp-32 an-257 E1A2293 sp-6 an-258 E1U2293 sp-6 an-258 E1U9619 sp-32 an-258 E1A2294 sp-6 an-259 E1U2294 sp-6 an-259 E1U9620 sp-32 an-259 E1A2295 sp-6 an-260 E1U2295 sp-6 an-260 E1U9621 sp-32 an-260 E1A2296 sp-6 an-261 E1U2296 sp-6 an-261 E1U9622 sp-32 an-261 E1A2297 sp-6 an-262 E1U2297 sp-6 an-262 E1U9623 sp-32 an-262 E1A2298 sp-6 an-263 E1U2298 sp-6 an-263 E1U9624 sp-32 an-263 E1A2299 sp-6 an-264 E1U2299 sp-6 an-264 E1U9625 sp-32 an-264 E1A2300 sp-6 an-265 E1U2300 sp-6 an-265 E1U9626 sp-32 an-265 E1A2301 sp-6 an-266 E1U2301 sp-6 an-266 E1U9627 sp-32 an-266 E1A2302 sp-6 an-267 E1U2302 sp-6 an-267 E1U9628 sp-32 an-267 E1A2303 sp-6 an-268 E1U2303 sp-6 an-268 E1U9629 sp-32 an-268 E1A2304 sp-6 an-269 E1U2304 sp-6 an-269 E1U9630 sp-32 an-269 E1A2305 sp-6 an-270 E1U2305 sp-6 an-270 E1U9631 sp-32 an-270 E1A2306 sp-6 an-271 E1U2306 sp-6 an-271 E1U9632 sp-32 an-271 E1A2307 sp-6 an-272 E1U2307 sp-6 an-272 E1U9633 sp-32 an-272 E1A2308 sp-6 an-273 E1U2308 sp-6 an-273 E1U9634 sp-32 an-273 E1A2309 sp-6 an-274 E1U2309 sp-6 an-274 E1U9635 sp-32 an-274 E1A2310 sp-6 an-275 E1U2310 sp-6 an-275 E1U9636 sp-32 an-275 E1A2311 sp-6 an-276 E1U2311 sp-6 an-276 E1U9637 sp-32 an-276 E1A2312 sp-6 an-277 E1U2312 sp-6 an-277 E1U9638 sp-32 an-277 E1A2313 sp-6 an-278 E1U2313 sp-6 an-278 E1U9639 sp-32 an-278 E1A2314 sp-6 an-279 E1U2314 sp-6 an-279 E1U9640 sp-32 an-279 E1A2315 sp-6 an-280 E1U2315 sp-6 an-280 E1U9641 sp-32 an-280 E1A2316 sp-6 an-281 E1U2316 sp-6 an-281 E1U9642 sp-32 an-281 E1A2317 sp-6 an-282 E1U2317 sp-6 an-282 E1U9643 sp-32 an-282 E1A2318 sp-6 an-283 E1U2318 sp-6 an-283 E1U9644 sp-32 an-283 E1A2319 sp-6 an-284 E1U2319 sp-6 an-284 E1U9645 sp-32 an-284 E1A2320 sp-6 an-285 E1U2320 sp-6 an-285 E1U9646 sp-32 an-285 E1A2321 sp-6 an-286 E1U2321 sp-6 an-286 E1U9647 sp-32 an-286 E1A2322 sp-6 an-287 E1U2322 sp-6 an-287 E1U9648 sp-32 an-287 Table 1-44 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A2323 sp-6 an-288 E1U2323 sp-6 an-288 E1U9649 sp-32 an-288 E1A2324 sp-6 an-289 E1U2324 sp-6 an-289 E1U9650 sp-32 an-289 E1A2325 sp-6 an-290 E1U2325 sp-6 an-290 E1U9651 sp-32 an-290 E1A2326 sp-6 an-291 E1U2326 sp-6 an-291 E1U9652 sp-32 an-291 E1A2327 sp-6 an-292 E1U2327 sp-6 an-292 E1U9653 sp-32 an-292 E1A2328 sp-6 an-293 E1U2328 sp-6 an-293 E1U9654 sp-32 an-293 E1A2329 sp-6 an-294 E1U2329 sp-6 an-294 E1U9655 sp-32 an-294 E1A2330 sp-6 an-295 E1U2330 sp-6 an-295 E1U9656 sp-32 an-295 E1A2331 sp-6 an-296 E1U2331 sp-6 an-296 E1U9657 sp-32 an-296 E1A2332 sp-6 an-297 E1U2332 sp-6 an-297 E1U9658 sp-32 an-297 E1A2333 sp-6 an-298 E1U2333 sp-6 an-298 E1U9659 sp-32 an-298 E1A2334 sp-6 an-299 E1U2334 sp-6 an-299 E1U9660 sp-32 an-299 E1A2335 sp-6 an-300 E1U2335 sp-6 an-300 E1U9661 sp-32 an-300 E1A2336 sp-6 an-301 E1U2336 sp-6 an-301 E1U9662 sp-32 an-301 E1A2337 sp-6 an-302 E1U2337 sp-6 an-302 E1U9663 sp-32 an-302 E1A2338 sp-6 an-303 E1U2338 sp-6 an-303 E1U9664 sp-32 an-303 E1A2339 sp-6 an-304 E1U2339 sp-6 an-304 E1U9665 sp-32 an-304 E1A2340 sp-6 an-305 E1U2340 sp-6 an-305 E1U9666 sp-32 an-305 E1A2341 sp-6 an-306 E1U2341 sp-6 an-306 E1U9667 sp-32 an-306 E1A2342 sp-6 an-307 E1U2342 sp-6 an-307 E1U9668 sp-32 an-307 E1A2343 sp-6 an-308 E1U2343 sp-6 an-308 E1U9669 sp-32 an-308 E1A2344 sp-6 an-309 E1U2344 sp-6 an-309 E1U9670 sp-32 an-309 E1A2345 sp-6 an-310 E1U2345 sp-6 an-310 E1U9671 sp-32 an-310 E1A2346 sp-6 an-311 E1U2346 sp-6 an-311 E1U9672 sp-32 an-311 E1A2347 sp-6 an-312 E1U2347 sp-6 an-312 E1U9673 sp-32 an-312 E1A2348 sp-6 an-313 E1U2348 sp-6 an-313 E1U9674 sp-32 an-313 E1A2349 sp-6 an-314 E1U2349 sp-6 an-314 E1U9675 sp-32 an-314 E1A2350 sp-6 an-315 E1U2350 sp-6 an-315 E1U9676 sp-32 an-315 E1A2351 sp-6 an-316 E1U2351 sp-6 an-316 E1U9677 sp-32 an-316 E1A2352 sp-6 an-317 E1U2352 sp-6 an-317 E1U9678 sp-32 an-317 E1A2353 sp-6 an-318 E1U2353 sp-6 an-318 E1U9679 sp-32 an-318 E1A2354 sp-6 an-319 E1U2354 sp-6 an-319 E1U9680 sp-32 an-319 E1A2355 sp-6 an-320 E1U2355 sp-6 an-320 E1U9681 sp-32 an-320 E1A2356 sp-6 an-321 E1U2356 sp-6 an-321 E1U9682 sp-32 an-321 E1A2357 sp-6 an-322 E1U2357 sp-6 an-322 E1U9683 sp-32 an-322 E1A2358 sp-6 an-323 E1U2358 sp-6 an-323 E1U9684 sp-32 an-323 E1A2359 sp-6 an-324 E1U2359 sp-6 an-324 E1U9685 sp-32 an-324 E1A2360 sp-6 an-325 E1U2360 sp-6 an-325 E1U9686 sp-32 an-325 E1A2361 sp-6 an-326 E1U2361 sp-6 an-326 E1U9687 sp-32 an-326 E1A2362 sp-6 an-327 E1U2362 sp-6 an-327 E1U9688 sp-32 an-327 E1A2363 sp-6 an-328 E1U2363 sp-6 an-328 E1U9689 sp-32 an-328 E1A2364 sp-6 an-329 E1U2364 sp-6 an-329 E1U9690 sp-32 an-329 E1A2365 sp-6 an-330 E1U2365 sp-6 an-330 E1U9691 sp-32 an-330 E1A2366 sp-6 an-331 E1U2366 sp-6 an-331 E1U9692 sp-32 an-331 E1A2367 sp-6 an-332 E1U2367 sp-6 an-332 E1U9693 sp-32 an-332 E1A2368 sp-6 an-333 E1U2368 sp-6 an-333 E1U9694 sp-32 an-333 E1A2369 sp-6 an-334 E1U2369 sp-6 an-334 E1U9695 sp-32 an-334 E1A2370 sp-6 an-335 E1U2370 sp-6 an-335 E1U9696 sp-32 an-335 E1A2371 sp-6 an-336 E1U2371 sp-6 an-336 E1U9697 sp-32 an-336 E1A2372 sp-6 an-337 E1U2372 sp-6 an-337 E1U9698 sp-32 an-337 E1A2373 sp-6 an-338 E1U2373 sp-6 an-338 E1U9699 sp-32 an-338 E1A2374 sp-6 an-339 E1U2374 sp-6 an-339 E1U9700 sp-32 an-339 E1A2375 sp-6 an-340 E1U2375 sp-6 an-340 E1U9701 sp-32 an-340 E1A2376 sp-6 an-341 E1U2376 sp-6 an-341 E1U9702 sp-32 an-341 Table 1-45 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A2377 sp-6 an-342 E1U2377 sp-6 an-342 E1U9703 sp-32 an-342 E1A2378 sp-6 an-343 E1U2378 sp-6 an-343 E1U9704 sp-32 an-343 E1A2379 sp-6 an-344 E1U2379 sp-6 an-344 E1U9705 sp-32 an-344 E1A2380 sp-6 an-345 E1U2380 sp-6 an-345 E1U9706 sp-32 an-345 E1A2381 sp-6 an-346 E1U2381 sp-6 an-346 E1U9707 sp-32 an-346 E1A2382 sp-6 an-347 E1U2382 sp-6 an-347 E1U9708 sp-32 an-347 E1A2383 sp-6 an-348 E1U2383 sp-6 an-348 E1U9709 sp-32 an-348 E1A2384 sp-6 an-349 E1U2384 sp-6 an-349 E1U9710 sp-32 an-349 E1A2385 sp-6 an-350 E1U2385 sp-6 an-350 E1U9711 sp-32 an-350 E1A2386 sp-6 an-351 E1U2386 sp-6 an-351 E1U9712 sp-32 an-351 E1A2387 sp-6 an-352 E1U2387 sp-6 an-352 E1U9713 sp-32 an-352 E1A2388 sp-6 an-353 E1U2388 sp-6 an-353 E1U9714 sp-32 an-353 E1A2389 sp-6 an-354 E1U2389 sp-6 an-354 E1U9715 sp-32 an-354 E1A2390 sp-6 an-355 E1U2390 sp-6 an-355 E1U9716 sp-32 an-355 E1A2391 sp-6 an-356 E1U2391 sp-6 an-356 E1U9717 sp-32 an-356 E1A2392 sp-6 an-357 E1U2392 sp-6 an-357 E1U9718 sp-32 an-357 E1A2393 sp-6 an-358 E1U2393 sp-6 an-358 E1U9719 sp-32 an-358 E1A2394 sp-6 an-359 E1U2394 sp-6 an-359 E1U9720 sp-32 an-359 E1A2395 sp-6 an-360 E1U2395 sp-6 an-360 E1U9721 sp-32 an-360 E1A2396 sp-6 an-361 E1U2396 sp-6 an-361 E1U9722 sp-32 an-361 E1A2397 sp-6 an-362 E1U2397 sp-6 an-362 E1U9723 sp-32 an-362 E1A2398 sp-6 an-363 E1U2398 sp-6 an-363 E1U9724 sp-32 an-363 E1A2399 sp-6 an-364 E1U2399 sp-6 an-364 E1U9725 sp-32 an-364 E1A2400 sp-6 an-365 E1U2400 sp-6 an-365 E1U9726 sp-32 an-365 E1A2401 sp-6 an-366 E1U2401 sp-6 an-366 E1U9727 sp-32 an-366 E1A2402 sp-6 an-367 E1U2402 sp-6 an-367 E1U9728 sp-32 an-367 E1A2403 sp-6 an-368 E1U2403 sp-6 an-368 E1U9729 sp-32 an-368 E1A2404 sp-6 an-369 E1U2404 sp-6 an-369 E1U9730 sp-32 an-369 E1A2405 sp-6 an-370 E1U2405 sp-6 an-370 E1U9731 sp-32 an-370 E1A2406 sp-6 an-371 E1U2406 sp-6 an-371 E1U9732 sp-32 an-371 E1A2407 sp-6 an-372 E1U2407 sp-6 an-372 E1U9733 sp-32 an-372 E1A2408 sp-6 an-373 E1U2408 sp-6 an-373 E1U9734 sp-32 an-373 E1A2409 sp-6 an-374 E1U2409 sp-6 an-374 E1U9735 sp-32 an-374 E1A2410 sp-6 an-375 E1U2410 sp-6 an-375 E1U9736 sp-32 an-375 E1A2411 sp-6 an-376 E1U2411 sp-6 an-376 E1U9737 sp-32 an-376 E1A2412 sp-6 an-377 E1U2412 sp-6 an-377 E1U9738 sp-32 an-377 E1A2413 sp-6 an-378 E1U2413 sp-6 an-378 E1U9739 sp-32 an-378 E1A2414 sp-6 an-379 E1U2414 sp-6 an-379 E1U9740 sp-32 an-379 E1A2415 sp-6 an-380 E1U2415 sp-6 an-380 E1U9741 sp-32 an-380 E1A2416 sp-6 an-381 E1U2416 sp-6 an-381 E1U9742 sp-32 an-381 E1A2417 sp-6 an-382 E1U2417 sp-6 an-382 E1U9743 sp-32 an-382 E1A2418 sp-6 an-383 E1U2418 sp-6 an-383 E1U9744 sp-32 an-383 E1A2419 sp-6 an-384 E1U2419 sp-6 an-384 E1U9745 sp-32 an-384 E1A2420 sp-6 an-385 E1U2420 sp-6 an-385 E1U9746 sp-32 an-385 E1A2421 sp-6 an-386 E1U2421 sp-6 an-386 E1U9747 sp-32 an-386 E1A2422 sp-6 an-387 E1U2422 sp-6 an-387 E1U9748 sp-32 an-387 E1A2423 sp-6 an-388 E1U2423 sp-6 an-388 E1U9749 sp-32 an-388 E1A2424 sp-6 an-389 E1U2424 sp-6 an-389 E1U9750 sp-32 an-389 E1A2425 sp-6 an-390 E1U2425 sp-6 an-390 E1U9751 sp-32 an-390 E1A2426 sp-6 an-391 E1U2426 sp-6 an-391 E1U9752 sp-32 an-391 E1A2427 sp-6 an-392 E1U2427 sp-6 an-392 E1U9753 sp-32 an-392 E1A2428 sp-6 an-393 E1U2428 sp-6 an-393 E1U9754 sp-32 an-393 E1A2429 sp-6 an-394 E1U2429 sp-6 an-394 E1U9755 sp-32 an-394 E1A2430 sp-6 an-395 E1U2430 sp-6 an-395 E1U9756 sp-32 an-395 Table 1-46 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A2431 sp-6 an-396 E1U2431 sp-6 an-396 E1U9757 sp-32 an-396 E1A2432 sp-6 an-397 E1U2432 sp-6 an-397 E1U9758 sp-32 an-397 E1A2433 sp-6 an-398 E1U2433 sp-6 an-398 E1U9759 sp-32 an-398 E1A2434 sp-6 an-399 E1U2434 sp-6 an-399 E1U9760 sp-32 an-399 E1A2435 sp-6 an-400 E1U2435 sp-6 an-400 E1U9761 sp-32 an-400 E1A2436 sp-6 an-401 E1U2436 sp-6 an-401 E1U9762 sp-32 an-401 E1A2437 sp-6 an-402 E1U2437 sp-6 an-402 E1U9763 sp-32 an-402 E1A2438 sp-6 an-403 E1U2438 sp-6 an-403 E1U9764 sp-32 an-403 E1A2439 sp-6 an-404 E1U2439 sp-6 an-404 E1U9765 sp-32 an-404 E1A2440 sp-6 an-405 E1U2440 sp-6 an-405 E1U9766 sp-32 an-405 E1A2441 sp-6 an-406 E1U2441 sp-6 an-406 E1U9767 sp-32 an-406 E1A2442 sp-6 an-407 E1U2442 sp-6 an-407 E1U9768 sp-32 an-407 E1A2443 sp-7 an-1 E1U2443 sp-7 an-1 E1U9769 sp-33 an-1 E1A2444 sp-7 an-2 E1U2444 sp-7 an-2 E1U9770 sp-33 an-2 E1A2445 sp-7 an-3 E1U2445 sp-7 an-3 E1U9771 sp-33 an-3 E1A2446 sp-7 an-4 E1U2446 sp-7 an-4 E1U9772 sp-33 an-4 E1A2447 sp-7 an-5 E1U2447 sp-7 an-5 E1U9773 sp-33 an-5 E1A2448 sp-7 an-6 E1U2448 sp-7 an-6 E1U9774 sp-33 an-6 E1A2449 sp-7 an-7 E1U2449 sp-7 an-7 E1U9775 sp-33 an-7 E1A2450 sp-7 an-8 E1U2450 sp-7 an-8 E1U9776 sp-33 an-8 E1A2451 sp-7 an-9 E1U2451 sp-7 an-9 E1U9777 sp-33 an-9 E1A2452 sp-7 an-10 E1U2452 sp-7 an-10 E1U9778 sp-33 an-10 E1A2453 sp-7 an-11 E1U2453 sp-7 an-11 E1U9779 sp-33 an-11 E1A2454 sp-7 an-12 E1U2454 sp-7 an-12 E1U9780 sp-33 an-12 E1A2455 sp-7 an-13 E1U2455 sp-7 an-13 E1U9781 sp-33 an-13 E1A2456 sp-7 an-14 E1U2456 sp-7 an-14 E1U9782 sp-33 an-14 E1A2457 sp-7 an-15 E1U2457 sp-7 an-15 E1U9783 sp-33 an-15 E1A2458 sp-7 an-16 E1U2458 sp-7 an-16 E1U9784 sp-33 an-16 E1A2459 sp-7 an-17 E1U2459 sp-7 an-17 E1U9785 sp-33 an-17 E1A2460 sp-7 an-18 E1U2460 sp-7 an-18 E1U9786 sp-33 an-18 E1A2461 sp-7 an-19 E1U2461 sp-7 an-19 E1U9787 sp-33 an-19 E1A2462 sp-7 an-20 E1U2462 sp-7 an-20 E1U9788 sp-33 an-20 E1A2463 sp-7 an-21 E1U2463 sp-7 an-21 E1U9789 sp-33 an-21 E1A2464 sp-7 an-22 E1U2464 sp-7 an-22 E1U9790 sp-33 an-22 E1A2465 sp-7 an-23 E1U2465 sp-7 an-23 E1U9791 sp-33 an-23 E1A2466 sp-7 an-24 E1U2466 sp-7 an-24 E1U9792 sp-33 an-24 E1A2467 sp-7 an-25 E1U2467 sp-7 an-25 E1U9793 sp-33 an-25 E1A2468 sp-7 an-26 E1U2468 sp-7 an-26 E1U9794 sp-33 an-26 E1A2469 sp-7 an-27 E1U2469 sp-7 an-27 E1U9795 sp-33 an-27 E1A2470 sp-7 an-28 E1U2470 sp-7 an-28 E1U9796 sp-33 an-28 E1A2471 sp-7 an-29 E1U2471 sp-7 an-29 E1U9797 sp-33 an-29 E1A2472 sp-7 an-30 E1U2472 sp-7 an-30 E1U9798 sp-33 an-30 E1A2473 sp-7 an-31 E1U2473 sp-7 an-31 E1U9799 sp-33 an-31 E1A2474 sp-7 an-32 E1U2474 sp-7 an-32 E1U9800 sp-33 an-32 E1A2475 sp-7 an-33 E1U2475 sp-7 an-33 E1U9801 sp-33 an-33 E1A2476 sp-7 an-34 E1U2476 sp-7 an-34 E1U9802 sp-33 an-34 E1A2477 sp-7 an-35 E1U2477 sp-7 an-35 E1U9803 sp-33 an-35 E1A2478 sp-7 an-36 E1U2478 sp-7 an-36 E1U9804 sp-33 an-36 E1A2479 sp-7 an-37 E1U2479 sp-7 an-37 E1U9805 sp-33 an-37 E1A2480 sp-7 an-38 E1U2480 sp-7 an-38 E1U9806 sp-33 an-38 E1A2481 sp-7 an-39 E1U2481 sp-7 an-39 E1U9807 sp-33 an-39 E1A2482 sp-7 an-40 E1U2482 sp-7 an-40 E1U9808 sp-33 an-40 E1A2483 sp-7 an-41 E1U2483 sp-7 an-41 E1U9809 sp-33 an-41 E1A2484 sp-7 an-42 E1U2484 sp-7 an-42 E1U9810 sp-33 an-42 Table 1-47 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A2485 sp-7 an-43 E1U2485 sp-7 an-43 E1U9811 sp-33 an-43 E1A2486 sp-7 an-44 E1U2486 sp-7 an-44 E1U9812 sp-33 an-44 E1A2487 sp-7 an-45 E1U2487 sp-7 an-45 E1U9813 sp-33 an-45 E1A2488 sp-7 an-46 E1U2488 sp-7 an-46 E1U9814 sp-33 an-46 E1A2489 sp-7 an-47 E1U2489 sp-7 an-47 E1U9815 sp-33 an-47 E1A2490 sp-7 an-48 E1U2490 sp-7 an-48 E1U9816 sp-33 an-48 E1A2491 sp-7 an-49 E1U2491 sp-7 an-49 E1U9817 sp-33 an-49 E1A2492 sp-7 an-50 E1U2492 sp-7 an-50 E1U9818 sp-33 an-50 E1A2493 sp-7 an-51 E1U2493 sp-7 an-51 E1U9819 sp-33 an-51 E1A2494 sp-7 an-52 E1U2494 sp-7 an-52 E1U9820 sp-33 an-52 E1A2495 sp-7 an-53 E1U2495 sp-7 an-53 E1U9821 sp-33 an-53 E1A2496 sp-7 an-54 E1U2496 sp-7 an-54 E1U9822 sp-33 an-54 E1A2497 sp-7 an-55 E1U2497 sp-7 an-55 E1U9823 sp-33 an-55 E1A2498 sp-7 an-56 E1U2498 sp-7 an-56 E1U9824 sp-33 an-56 E1A2499 sp-7 an-57 E1U2499 sp-7 an-57 E1U9825 sp-33 an-57 E1A2500 sp-7 an-58 E1U2500 sp-7 an-58 E1U9826 sp-33 an-58 E1A2501 sp-7 an-59 E1U2501 sp-7 an-59 E1U9827 sp-33 an-59 E1A2502 sp-7 an-60 E1U2502 sp-7 an-60 E1U9828 sp-33 an-60 E1A2503 sp-7 an-61 E1U2503 sp-7 an-61 E1U9829 sp-33 an-61 E1A2504 sp-7 an-62 E1U2504 sp-7 an-62 E1U9830 sp-33 an-62 E1A2505 sp-7 an-63 E1U2505 sp-7 an-63 E1U9831 sp-33 an-63 E1A2506 sp-7 an-64 E1U2506 sp-7 an-64 E1U9832 sp-33 an-64 E1A2507 sp-7 an-65 E1U2507 sp-7 an-65 E1U9833 sp-33 an-65 E1A2508 sp-7 an-66 E1U2508 sp-7 an-66 E1U9834 sp-33 an-66 E1A2509 sp-7 an-67 E1U2509 sp-7 an-67 E1U9835 sp-33 an-67 E1A2510 sp-7 an-68 E1U2510 sp-7 an-68 E1U9836 sp-33 an-68 E1A2511 sp-7 an-69 E1U2511 sp-7 an-69 E1U9837 sp-33 an-69 E1A2512 sp-7 an-70 E1U2512 sp-7 an-70 E1U9838 sp-33 an-70 E1A2513 sp-7 an-71 E1U2513 sp-7 an-71 E1U9839 sp-33 an-71 E1A2514 sp-7 an-72 E1U2514 sp-7 an-72 E1U9840 sp-33 an-72 E1A2515 sp-7 an-73 E1U2515 sp-7 an-73 E1U9841 sp-33 an-73 E1A2516 sp-7 an-74 E1U2516 sp-7 an-74 E1U9842 sp-33 an-74 E1A2517 sp-7 an-75 E1U2517 sp-7 an-75 E1U9843 sp-33 an-75 E1A2518 sp-7 an-76 E1U2518 sp-7 an-76 E1U9844 sp-33 an-76 E1A2519 sp-7 an-77 E1U2519 sp-7 an-77 E1U9845 sp-33 an-77 E1A2520 sp-7 an-78 E1U2520 sp-7 an-78 E1U9846 sp-33 an-78 E1A2521 sp-7 an-79 E1U2521 sp-7 an-79 E1U9847 sp-33 an-79 E1A2522 sp-7 an-80 E1U2522 sp-7 an-80 E1U9848 sp-33 an-80 E1A2523 sp-7 an-81 E1U2523 sp-7 an-81 E1U9849 sp-33 an-81 E1A2524 sp-7 an-82 E1U2524 sp-7 an-82 E1U9850 sp-33 an-82 E1A2525 sp-7 an-83 E1U2525 sp-7 an-83 E1U9851 sp-33 an-83 E1A2526 sp-7 an-84 E1U2526 sp-7 an-84 E1U9852 sp-33 an-84 E1A2527 sp-7 an-85 E1U2527 sp-7 an-85 E1U9853 sp-33 an-85 E1A2528 sp-7 an-86 E1U2528 sp-7 an-86 E1U9854 sp-33 an-86 E1A2529 sp-7 an-87 E1U2529 sp-7 an-87 E1U9855 sp-33 an-87 E1A2530 sp-7 an-88 E1U2530 sp-7 an-88 E1U9856 sp-33 an-88 E1A2531 sp-7 an-89 E1U2531 sp-7 an-89 E1U9857 sp-33 an-89 E1A2532 sp-7 an-90 E1U2532 sp-7 an-90 E1U9858 sp-33 an-90 E1A2533 sp-7 an-91 E1U2533 sp-7 an-91 E1U9859 sp-33 an-91 E1A2534 sp-7 an-92 E1U2534 sp-7 an-92 E1U9860 sp-33 an-92 E1A2535 sp-7 an-93 E1U2535 sp-7 an-93 E1U9861 sp-33 an-93 E1A2536 sp-7 an-94 E1U2536 sp-7 an-94 E1U9862 sp-33 an-94 E1A2537 sp-7 an-95 E1U2537 sp-7 an-95 E1U9863 sp-33 an-95 E1A2538 sp-7 an-96 E1U2538 sp-7 an-96 E1U9864 sp-33 an-96 Table 1-48 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A2539 sp-7 an-97 E1U2539 sp-7 an-97 E1U9865 sp-33 an-97 E1A2540 sp-7 an-98 E1U2540 sp-7 an-98 E1U9866 sp-33 an-98 E1A2541 sp-7 an-99 E1U2541 sp-7 an-99 E1U9867 sp-33 an-99 E1A2542 sp-7 an-100 E1U2542 sp-7 an-100 E1U9868 sp-33 an-100 E1A2543 sp-7 an-101 E1U2543 sp-7 an-101 E1U9869 sp-33 an-101 E1A2544 sp-7 an-102 E1U2544 sp-7 an-102 E1U9870 sp-33 an-102 E1A2545 sp-7 an-103 E1U2545 sp-7 an-103 E1U9871 sp-33 an-103 E1A2546 sp-7 an-104 E1U2546 sp-7 an-104 E1U9872 sp-33 an-104 E1A2547 sp-7 an-105 E1U2547 sp-7 an-105 E1U9873 sp-33 an-105 E1A2548 sp-7 an-106 E1U2548 sp-7 an-106 E1U9874 sp-33 an-106 E1A2549 sp-7 an-107 E1U2549 sp-7 an-107 E1U9875 sp-33 an-107 E1A2550 sp-7 an-108 E1U2550 sp-7 an-108 E1U9876 sp-33 an-108 E1A2551 sp-7 an-109 E1U2551 sp-7 an-109 E1U9877 sp-33 an-109 E1A2552 sp-7 an-110 E1U2552 sp-7 an-110 E1U9878 sp-33 an-110 E1A2553 sp-7 an-111 E1U2553 sp-7 an-111 E1U9879 sp-33 an-111 E1A2554 sp-7 an-112 E1U2554 sp-7 an-112 E1U9880 sp-33 an-112 E1A2555 sp-7 an-113 E1U2555 sp-7 an-113 E1U9881 sp-33 an-113 E1A2556 sp-7 an-114 E1U2556 sp-7 an-114 E1U9882 sp-33 an-114 E1A2557 sp-7 an-115 E1U2557 sp-7 an-115 E1U9883 sp-33 an-115 E1A2558 sp-7 an-116 E1U2558 sp-7 an-116 E1U9884 sp-33 an-116 E1A2559 sp-7 an-117 E1U2559 sp-7 an-117 E1U9885 sp-33 an-117 E1A2560 sp-7 an-118 E1U2560 sp-7 an-118 E1U9886 sp-33 an-118 E1A2561 sp-7 an-119 E1U2561 sp-7 an-119 E1U9887 sp-33 an-119 E1A2562 sp-7 an-120 E1U2562 sp-7 an-120 E1U9888 sp-33 an-120 E1A2563 sp-7 an-121 E1U2563 sp-7 an-121 E1U9889 sp-33 an-121 E1A2564 sp-7 an-122 E1U2564 sp-7 an-122 E1U9890 sp-33 an-122 E1A2565 sp-7 an-123 E1U2565 sp-7 an-123 E1U9891 sp-33 an-123 E1A2566 sp-7 an-124 E1U2566 sp-7 an-124 E1U9892 sp-33 an-124 E1A2567 sp-7 an-125 E1U2567 sp-7 an-125 E1U9893 sp-33 an-125 E1A2568 sp-7 an-126 E1U2568 sp-7 an-126 E1U9894 sp-33 an-126 E1A2569 sp-7 an-127 E1U2569 sp-7 an-127 E1U9895 sp-33 an-127 E1A2570 sp-7 an-128 E1U2570 sp-7 an-128 E1U9896 sp-33 an-128 E1A2571 sp-7 an-129 E1U2571 sp-7 an-129 E1U9897 sp-33 an-129 E1A2572 sp-7 an-130 E1U2572 sp-7 an-130 E1U9898 sp-33 an-130 E1A2573 sp-7 an-131 E1U2573 sp-7 an-131 E1U9899 sp-33 an-131 E1A2574 sp-7 an-132 E1U2574 sp-7 an-132 E1U9900 sp-33 an-132 E1A2575 sp-7 an-133 E1U2575 sp-7 an-133 E1U9901 sp-33 an-133 E1A2576 sp-7 an-134 E1U2576 sp-7 an-134 E1U9902 sp-33 an-134 E1A2577 sp-7 an-135 E1U2577 sp-7 an-135 E1U9903 sp-33 an-135 E1A2578 sp-7 an-136 E1U2578 sp-7 an-136 E1U9904 sp-33 an-136 E1A2579 sp-7 an-137 E1U2579 sp-7 an-137 E1U9905 sp-33 an-137 E1A2580 sp-7 an-138 E1U2580 sp-7 an-138 E1U9906 sp-33 an-138 E1A2581 sp-7 an-139 E1U2581 sp-7 an-139 E1U9907 sp-33 an-139 E1A2582 sp-7 an-140 E1U2582 sp-7 an-140 E1U9908 sp-33 an-140 E1A2583 sp-7 an-141 E1U2583 sp-7 an-141 E1U9909 sp-33 an-141 E1A2584 sp-7 an-142 E1U2584 sp-7 an-142 E1U9910 sp-33 an-142 E1A2585 sp-7 an-143 E1U2585 sp-7 an-143 E1U9911 sp-33 an-143 E1A2586 sp-7 an-144 E1U2586 sp-7 an-144 E1U9912 sp-33 an-144 E1A2587 sp-7 an-145 E1U2587 sp-7 an-145 E1U9913 sp-33 an-145 E1A2588 sp-7 an-146 E1U2588 sp-7 an-146 E1U9914 sp-33 an-146 E1A2589 sp-7 an-147 E1U2589 sp-7 an-147 E1U9915 sp-33 an-147 E1A2590 sp-7 an-148 E1U2590 sp-7 an-148 E1U9916 sp-33 an-148 E1A2591 sp-7 an-149 E1U2591 sp-7 an-149 E1U9917 sp-33 an-149 E1A2592 sp-7 an-150 E1U2592 sp-7 an-150 E1U9918 sp-33 an-150 Table 1-49 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A2593 sp-7 an-151 E1U2593 sp-7 an-151 E1U9919 sp-33 an-151 E1A2594 sp-7 an-152 E1U2594 sp-7 an-152 E1U9920 sp-33 an-152 E1A2595 sp-7 an-153 E1U2595 sp-7 an-153 E1U9921 sp-33 an-153 E1A2596 sp-7 an-154 E1U2596 sp-7 an-154 E1U9922 sp-33 an-154 E1A2597 sp-7 an-155 E1U2597 sp-7 an-155 E1U9923 sp-33 an-155 E1A2598 sp-7 an-156 E1U2598 sp-7 an-156 E1U9924 sp-33 an-156 E1A2599 sp-7 an-157 E1U2599 sp-7 an-157 E1U9925 sp-33 an-157 E1A2600 sp-7 an-158 E1U2600 sp-7 an-158 E1U9926 sp-33 an-158 E1A2601 sp-7 an-159 E1U2601 sp-7 an-159 E1U9927 sp-33 an-159 E1A2602 sp-7 an-160 E1U2602 sp-7 an-160 E1U9928 sp-33 an-160 E1A2603 sp-7 an-161 E1U2603 sp-7 an-161 E1U9929 sp-33 an-161 E1A2604 sp-7 an-162 E1U2604 sp-7 an-162 E1U9930 sp-33 an-162 E1A2605 sp-7 an-163 E1U2605 sp-7 an-163 E1U9931 sp-33 an-163 E1A2606 sp-7 an-164 E1U2606 sp-7 an-164 E1U9932 sp-33 an-164 E1A2607 sp-7 an-165 E1U2607 sp-7 an-165 E1U9933 sp-33 an-165 E1A2608 sp-7 an-166 E1U2608 sp-7 an-166 E1U9934 sp-33 an-166 E1A2609 sp-7 an-167 E1U2609 sp-7 an-167 E1U9935 sp-33 an-167 E1A2610 sp-7 an-168 E1U2610 sp-7 an-168 E1U9936 sp-33 an-168 E1A2611 sp-7 an-169 E1U2611 sp-7 an-169 E1U9937 sp-33 an-169 E1A2612 sp-7 an-170 E1U2612 sp-7 an-170 E1U9938 sp-33 an-170 E1A2613 sp-7 an-171 E1U2613 sp-7 an-171 E1U9939 sp-33 an-171 E1A2614 sp-7 an-172 E1U2614 sp-7 an-172 E1U9940 sp-33 an-172 E1A2615 sp-7 an-173 E1U2615 sp-7 an-173 E1U9941 sp-33 an-173 E1A2616 sp-7 an-174 E1U2616 sp-7 an-174 E1U9942 sp-33 an-174 E1A2617 sp-7 an-175 E1U2617 sp-7 an-175 E1U9943 sp-33 an-175 E1A2618 sp-7 an-176 E1U2618 sp-7 an-176 E1U9944 sp-33 an-176 E1A2619 sp-7 an-177 E1U2619 sp-7 an-177 E1U9945 sp-33 an-177 E1A2620 sp-7 an-178 E1U2620 sp-7 an-178 E1U9946 sp-33 an-178 E1A2621 sp-7 an-179 E1U2621 sp-7 an-179 E1U9947 sp-33 an-179 E1A2622 sp-7 an-180 E1U2622 sp-7 an-180 E1U9948 sp-33 an-180 E1A2623 sp-7 an-181 E1U2623 sp-7 an-181 E1U9949 sp-33 an-181 E1A2624 sp-7 an-182 E1U2624 sp-7 an-182 E1U9950 sp-33 an-182 E1A2625 sp-7 an-183 E1U2625 sp-7 an-183 E1U9951 sp-33 an-183 E1A2626 sp-7 an-184 E1U2626 sp-7 an-184 E1U9952 sp-33 an-184 E1A2627 sp-7 an-185 E1U2627 sp-7 an-185 E1U9953 sp-33 an-185 E1A2628 sp-7 an-186 E1U2628 sp-7 an-186 E1U9954 sp-33 an-186 E1A2629 sp-7 an-187 E1U2629 sp-7 an-187 E1U9955 sp-33 an-187 E1A2630 sp-7 an-188 E1U2630 sp-7 an-188 E1U9956 sp-33 an-188 E1A2631 sp-7 an-189 E1U2631 sp-7 an-189 E1U9957 sp-33 an-189 E1A2632 sp-7 an-190 E1U2632 sp-7 an-190 E1U9958 sp-33 an-190 E1A2633 sp-7 an-191 E1U2633 sp-7 an-191 E1U9959 sp-33 an-191 E1A2634 sp-7 an-192 E1U2634 sp-7 an-192 E1U9960 sp-33 an-192 E1A2635 sp-7 an-193 E1U2635 sp-7 an-193 E1U9961 sp-33 an-193 E1A2636 sp-7 an-194 E1U2636 sp-7 an-194 E1U9962 sp-33 an-194 E1A2637 sp-7 an-195 E1U2637 sp-7 an-195 E1U9963 sp-33 an-195 E1A2638 sp-7 an-196 E1U2638 sp-7 an-196 E1U9964 sp-33 an-196 E1A2639 sp-7 an-197 E1U2639 sp-7 an-197 E1U9965 sp-33 an-197 E1A2640 sp-7 an-198 E1U2640 sp-7 an-198 E1U9966 sp-33 an-198 E1A2641 sp-7 an-199 E1U2641 sp-7 an-199 E1U9967 sp-33 an-199 E1A2642 sp-7 an-200 E1U2642 sp-7 an-200 E1U9968 sp-33 an-200 E1A2643 sp-7 an-201 E1U2643 sp-7 an-201 E1U9969 sp-33 an-201 E1A2644 sp-7 an-202 E1U2644 sp-7 an-202 E1U9970 sp-33 an-202 E1A2645 sp-7 an-203 E1U2645 sp-7 an-203 E1U9971 sp-33 an-203 E1A2646 sp-7 an-204 E1U2646 sp-7 an-204 E1U9972 sp-33 an-204 Table 1-50 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A2647 sp-7 an-205 E1U2647 sp-7 an-205 E1U9973 sp-33 an-205 E1A2648 sp-7 an-206 E1U2648 sp-7 an-206 E1U9974 sp-33 an-206 E1A2649 sp-7 an-207 E1U2649 sp-7 an-207 E1U9975 sp-33 an-207 E1A2650 sp-7 an-208 E1U2650 sp-7 an-208 E1U9976 sp-33 an-208 E1A2651 sp-7 an-209 E1U2651 sp-7 an-209 E1U9977 sp-33 an-209 E1A2652 sp-7 an-210 E1U2652 sp-7 an-210 E1U9978 sp-33 an-210 E1A2653 sp-7 an-211 E1U2653 sp-7 an-211 E1U9979 sp-33 an-211 E1A2654 sp-7 an-212 E1U2654 sp-7 an-212 E1U9980 sp-33 an-212 E1A2655 sp-7 an-213 E1U2655 sp-7 an-213 E1U9981 sp-33 an-213 E1A2656 sp-7 an-214 E1U2656 sp-7 an-214 E1U9982 sp-33 an-214 E1A2657 sp-7 an-215 E1U2657 sp-7 an-215 E1U9983 sp-33 an-215 E1A2658 sp-7 an-216 E1U2658 sp-7 an-216 E1U9984 sp-33 an-216 E1A2659 sp-7 an-217 E1U2659 sp-7 an-217 E1U9985 sp-33 an-217 E1A2660 sp-7 an-218 E1U2660 sp-7 an-218 E1U9986 sp-33 an-218 E1A2661 sp-7 an-219 E1U2661 sp-7 an-219 E1U9987 sp-33 an-219 E1A2662 sp-7 an-220 E1U2662 sp-7 an-220 E1U9988 sp-33 an-220 E1A2663 sp-7 an-221 E1U2663 sp-7 an-221 E1U9989 sp-33 an-221 E1A2664 sp-7 an-222 E1U2664 sp-7 an-222 E1U9990 sp-33 an-222 E1A2665 sp-7 an-223 E1U2665 sp-7 an-223 E1U9991 sp-33 an-223 E1A2666 sp-7 an-224 E1U2666 sp-7 an-224 E1U9992 sp-33 an-224 E1A2667 sp-7 an-225 E1U2667 sp-7 an-225 E1U9993 sp-33 an-225 E1A2668 sp-7 an-226 E1U2668 sp-7 an-226 E1U9994 sp-33 an-226 E1A2669 sp-7 an-227 E1U2669 sp-7 an-227 E1U9995 sp-33 an-227 E1A2670 sp-7 an-228 E1U2670 sp-7 an-228 E1U9996 sp-33 an-228 E1A2671 sp-7 an-229 E1U2671 sp-7 an-229 E1U9997 sp-33 an-229 E1A2672 sp-7 an-230 E1U2672 sp-7 an-230 E1U9998 sp-33 an-230 E1A2673 sp-7 an-231 E1U2673 sp-7 an-231 E1U9999 sp-33 an-231 E1A2674 sp-7 an-232 E1U2674 sp-7 an-232 E1U10000 sp-33 an-232 E1A2675 sp-7 an-233 E1U2675 sp-7 an-233 E1U10001 sp-33 an-233 E1A2676 sp-7 an-234 E1U2676 sp-7 an-234 E1U10002 sp-33 an-234 E1A2677 sp-7 an-235 E1U2677 sp-7 an-235 E1U10003 sp-33 an-235 E1A2678 sp-7 an-236 E1U2678 sp-7 an-236 E1U10004 sp-33 an-236 E1A2679 sp-7 an-237 E1U2679 sp-7 an-237 E1U10005 sp-33 an-237 E1A2680 sp-7 an-238 E1U2680 sp-7 an-238 E1U10006 sp-33 an-238 E1A2681 sp-7 an-239 E1U2681 sp-7 an-239 E1U10007 sp-33 an-239 E1A2682 sp-7 an-240 E1U2682 sp-7 an-240 E1U10008 sp-33 an-240 E1A2683 sp-7 an-241 E1U2683 sp-7 an-241 E1U10009 sp-33 an-241 E1A2684 sp-7 an-242 E1U2684 sp-7 an-242 E1U10010 sp-33 an-242 E1A2685 sp-7 an-243 E1U2685 sp-7 an-243 E1U10011 sp-33 an-243 E1A2686 sp-7 an-244 E1U2686 sp-7 an-244 E1U10012 sp-33 an-244 E1A2687 sp-7 an-245 E1U2687 sp-7 an-245 E1U10013 sp-33 an-245 E1A2688 sp-7 an-246 E1U2688 sp-7 an-246 E1U10014 sp-33 an-246 E1A2689 sp-7 an-247 E1U2689 sp-7 an-247 E1U10015 sp-33 an-247 E1A2690 sp-7 an-248 E1U2690 sp-7 an-248 E1U10016 sp-33 an-248 E1A2691 sp-7 an-249 E1U2691 sp-7 an-249 E1U10017 sp-33 an-249 E1A2692 sp-7 an-250 E1U2692 sp-7 an-250 E1U10018 sp-33 an-250 E1A2693 sp-7 an-251 E1U2693 sp-7 an-251 E1U10019 sp-33 an-251 E1A2694 sp-7 an-252 E1U2694 sp-7 an-252 E1U10020 sp-33 an-252 E1A2695 sp-7 an-253 E1U2695 sp-7 an-253 E1U10021 sp-33 an-253 E1A2696 sp-7 an-254 E1U2696 sp-7 an-254 E1U10022 sp-33 an-254 E1A2697 sp-7 an-255 E1U2697 sp-7 an-255 E1U10023 sp-33 an-255 E1A2698 sp-7 an-256 E1U2698 sp-7 an-256 E1U10024 sp-33 an-256 E1A2699 sp-7 an-257 E1U2699 sp-7 an-257 E1U10025 sp-33 an-257 E1A2700 sp-7 an-258 E1U2700 sp-7 an-258 E1U10026 sp-33 an-258 Table 1-51 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A2701 sp-7 an-259 E1U2701 sp-7 an-259 E1U10027 sp-33 an-259 E1A2702 sp-7 an-260 E1U2702 sp-7 an-260 E1U10028 sp-33 an-260 E1A2703 sp-7 an-261 E1U2703 sp-7 an-261 E1U10029 sp-33 an-261 E1A2704 sp-7 an-262 E1U2704 sp-7 an-262 E1U10030 sp-33 an-262 E1A2705 sp-7 an-263 E1U2705 sp-7 an-263 E1U10031 sp-33 an-263 E1A2706 sp-7 an-264 E1U2706 sp-7 an-264 E1U10032 sp-33 an-264 E1A2707 sp-7 an-265 E1U2707 sp-7 an-265 E1U10033 sp-33 an-265 E1A2708 sp-7 an-266 E1U2708 sp-7 an-266 E1U10034 sp-33 an-266 E1A2709 sp-7 an-267 E1U2709 sp-7 an-267 E1U10035 sp-33 an-267 E1A2710 sp-7 an-268 E1U2710 sp-7 an-268 E1U10036 sp-33 an-268 E1A2711 sp-7 an-269 E1U2711 sp-7 an-269 E1U10037 sp-33 an-269 E1A2712 sp-7 an-270 E1U2712 sp-7 an-270 E1U10038 sp-33 an-270 E1A2713 sp-7 an-271 E1U2713 sp-7 an-271 E1U10039 sp-33 an-271 E1A2714 sp-7 an-272 E1U2714 sp-7 an-272 E1U10040 sp-33 an-272 E1A2715 sp-7 an-273 E1U2715 sp-7 an-273 E1U10041 sp-33 an-273 E1A2716 sp-7 an-274 E1U2716 sp-7 an-274 E1U10042 sp-33 an-274 E1A2717 sp-7 an-275 E1U2717 sp-7 an-275 E1U10043 sp-33 an-275 E1A2718 sp-7 an-276 E1U2718 sp-7 an-276 E1U10044 sp-33 an-276 E1A2719 sp-7 an-277 E1U2719 sp-7 an-277 E1U10045 sp-33 an-277 E1A2720 sp-7 an-278 E1U2720 sp-7 an-278 E1U10046 sp-33 an-278 E1A2721 sp-7 an-279 E1U2721 sp-7 an-279 E1U10047 sp-33 an-279 E1A2722 sp-7 an-280 E1U2722 sp-7 an-280 E1U10048 sp-33 an-280 E1A2723 sp-7 an-281 E1U2723 sp-7 an-281 E1U10049 sp-33 an-281 E1A2724 sp-7 an-282 E1U2724 sp-7 an-282 E1U10050 sp-33 an-282 E1A2725 sp-7 an-283 E1U2725 sp-7 an-283 E1U10051 sp-33 an-283 E1A2726 sp-7 an-284 E1U2726 sp-7 an-284 E1U10052 sp-33 an-284 E1A2727 sp-7 an-285 E1U2727 sp-7 an-285 E1U10053 sp-33 an-285 E1A2728 sp-7 an-286 E1U2728 sp-7 an-286 E1U10054 sp-33 an-286 E1A2729 sp-7 an-287 E1U2729 sp-7 an-287 E1U10055 sp-33 an-287 E1A2730 sp-7 an-288 E1U2730 sp-7 an-288 E1U10056 sp-33 an-288 E1A2731 sp-7 an-289 E1U2731 sp-7 an-289 E1U10057 sp-33 an-289 E1A2732 sp-7 an-290 E1U2732 sp-7 an-290 E1U10058 sp-33 an-290 E1A2733 sp-7 an-291 E1U2733 sp-7 an-291 E1U10059 sp-33 an-291 E1A2734 sp-7 an-292 E1U2734 sp-7 an-292 E1U10060 sp-33 an-292 E1A2735 sp-7 an-293 E1U2735 sp-7 an-293 E1U10061 sp-33 an-293 E1A2736 sp-7 an-294 E1U2736 sp-7 an-294 E1U10062 sp-33 an-294 E1A2737 sp-7 an-295 E1U2737 sp-7 an-295 E1U10063 sp-33 an-295 E1A2738 sp-7 an-296 E1U2738 sp-7 an-296 E1U10064 sp-33 an-296 E1A2739 sp-7 an-297 E1U2739 sp-7 an-297 E1U10065 sp-33 an-297 E1A2740 sp-7 an-298 E1U2740 sp-7 an-298 E1U10066 sp-33 an-298 E1A2741 sp-7 an-299 E1U2741 sp-7 an-299 E1U10067 sp-33 an-299 E1A2742 sp-7 an-300 E1U2742 sp-7 an-300 E1U10068 sp-33 an-300 E1A2743 sp-7 an-301 E1U2743 sp-7 an-301 E1U10069 sp-33 an-301 E1A2744 sp-7 an-302 E1U2744 sp-7 an-302 E1U10070 sp-33 an-302 E1A2745 sp-7 an-303 E1U2745 sp-7 an-303 E1U10071 sp-33 an-303 E1A2746 sp-7 an-304 E1U2746 sp-7 an-304 E1U10072 sp-33 an-304 E1A2747 sp-7 an-305 E1U2747 sp-7 an-305 E1U10073 sp-33 an-305 E1A2748 sp-7 an-306 E1U2748 sp-7 an-306 E1U10074 sp-33 an-306 E1A2749 sp-7 an-307 E1U2749 sp-7 an-307 E1U10075 sp-33 an-307 E1A2750 sp-7 an-308 E1U2750 sp-7 an-308 E1U10076 sp-33 an-308 E1A2751 sp-7 an-309 E1U2751 sp-7 an-309 E1U10077 sp-33 an-309 E1A2752 sp-7 an-310 E1U2752 sp-7 an-310 E1U10078 sp-33 an-310 E1A2753 sp-7 an-311 E1U2753 sp-7 an-311 E1U10079 sp-33 an-311 E1A2754 sp-7 an-312 E1U2754 sp-7 an-312 E1U10080 sp-33 an-312 Table 1-52 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A2755 sp-7 an-313 E1U2755 sp-7 an-313 E1U10081 sp-33 an-313 E1A2756 sp-7 an-314 E1U2756 sp-7 an-314 E1U10082 sp-33 an-314 E1A2757 sp-7 an-315 E1U2757 sp-7 an-315 E1U10083 sp-33 an-315 E1A2758 sp-7 an-316 E1U2758 sp-7 an-316 E1U10084 sp-33 an-316 E1A2759 sp-7 an-317 E1U2759 sp-7 an-317 E1U10085 sp-33 an-317 E1A2760 sp-7 an-318 E1U2760 sp-7 an-318 E1U10086 sp-33 an-318 E1A2761 sp-7 an-319 E1U2761 sp-7 an-319 E1U10087 sp-33 an-319 E1A2762 sp-7 an-320 E1U2762 sp-7 an-320 E1U10088 sp-33 an-320 E1A2763 sp-7 an-321 E1U2763 sp-7 an-321 E1U10089 sp-33 an-321 E1A2764 sp-7 an-322 E1U2764 sp-7 an-322 E1U10090 sp-33 an-322 E1A2765 sp-7 an-323 E1U2765 sp-7 an-323 E1U10091 sp-33 an-323 E1A2766 sp-7 an-324 E1U2766 sp-7 an-324 E1U10092 sp-33 an-324 E1A2767 sp-7 an-325 E1U2767 sp-7 an-325 E1U10093 sp-33 an-325 E1A2768 sp-7 an-326 E1U2768 sp-7 an-326 E1U10094 sp-33 an-326 E1A2769 sp-7 an-327 E1U2769 sp-7 an-327 E1U10095 sp-33 an-327 E1A2770 sp-7 an-328 E1U2770 sp-7 an-328 E1U10096 sp-33 an-328 E1A2771 sp-7 an-329 E1U2771 sp-7 an-329 E1U10097 sp-33 an-329 E1A2772 sp-7 an-330 E1U2772 sp-7 an-330 E1U10098 sp-33 an-330 E1A2773 sp-7 an-331 E1U2773 sp-7 an-331 E1U10099 sp-33 an-331 E1A2774 sp-7 an-332 E1U2774 sp-7 an-332 E1U10100 sp-33 an-332 E1A2775 sp-7 an-333 E1U2775 sp-7 an-333 E1U10101 sp-33 an-333 E1A2776 sp-7 an-334 E1U2776 sp-7 an-334 E1U10102 sp-33 an-334 E1A2777 sp-7 an-335 E1U2777 sp-7 an-335 E1U10103 sp-33 an-335 E1A2778 sp-7 an-336 E1U2778 sp-7 an-336 E1U10104 sp-33 an-336 E1A2779 sp-7 an-337 E1U2779 sp-7 an-337 E1U10105 sp-33 an-337 E1A2780 sp-7 an-338 E1U2780 sp-7 an-338 E1U10106 sp-33 an-338 E1A2781 sp-7 an-339 E1U2781 sp-7 an-339 E1U10107 sp-33 an-339 E1A2782 sp-7 an-340 E1U2782 sp-7 an-340 E1U10108 sp-33 an-340 E1A2783 sp-7 an-341 E1U2783 sp-7 an-341 E1U10109 sp-33 an-341 E1A2784 sp-7 an-342 E1U2784 sp-7 an-342 E1U10110 sp-33 an-342 E1A2785 sp-7 an-343 E1U2785 sp-7 an-343 E1U10111 sp-33 an-343 E1A2786 sp-7 an-344 E1U2786 sp-7 an-344 E1U10112 sp-33 an-344 E1A2787 sp-7 an-345 E1U2787 sp-7 an-345 E1U10113 sp-33 an-345 E1A2788 sp-7 an-346 E1U2788 sp-7 an-346 E1U10114 sp-33 an-346 E1A2789 sp-7 an-347 E1U2789 sp-7 an-347 E1U10115 sp-33 an-347 E1A2790 sp-7 an-348 E1U2790 sp-7 an-348 E1U10116 sp-33 an-348 E1A2791 sp-7 an-349 E1U2791 sp-7 an-349 E1U10117 sp-33 an-349 E1A2792 sp-7 an-350 E1U2792 sp-7 an-350 E1U10118 sp-33 an-350 E1A2793 sp-7 an-351 E1U2793 sp-7 an-351 E1U10119 sp-33 an-351 E1A2794 sp-7 an-352 E1U2794 sp-7 an-352 E1U10120 sp-33 an-352 E1A2795 sp-7 an-353 E1U2795 sp-7 an-353 E1U10121 sp-33 an-353 E1A2796 sp-7 an-354 E1U2796 sp-7 an-354 E1U10122 sp-33 an-354 E1A2797 sp-7 an-355 E1U2797 sp-7 an-355 E1U10123 sp-33 an-355 E1A2798 sp-7 an-356 E1U2798 sp-7 an-356 E1U10124 sp-33 an-356 E1A2799 sp-7 an-357 E1U2799 sp-7 an-357 E1U10125 sp-33 an-357 E1A2800 sp-7 an-358 E1U2800 sp-7 an-358 E1U10126 sp-33 an-358 E1A2801 sp-7 an-359 E1U2801 sp-7 an-359 E1U10127 sp-33 an-359 E1A2802 sp-7 an-360 E1U2802 sp-7 an-360 E1U10128 sp-33 an-360 E1A2803 sp-7 an-361 E1U2803 sp-7 an-361 E1U10129 sp-33 an-361 E1A2804 sp-7 an-362 E1U2804 sp-7 an-362 E1U10130 sp-33 an-362 E1A2805 sp-7 an-363 E1U2805 sp-7 an-363 E1U10131 sp-33 an-363 E1A2806 sp-7 an-364 E1U2806 sp-7 an-364 E1U10132 sp-33 an-364 E1A2807 sp-7 an-365 E1U2807 sp-7 an-365 E1U10133 sp-33 an-365 E1A2808 sp-7 an-366 E1U2808 sp-7 an-366 E1U10134 sp-33 an-366 Table 1-53 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A2809 sp-7 an-367 E1U2809 sp-7 an-367 E1U10135 sp-33 an-367 E1A2810 sp-7 an-368 E1U2810 sp-7 an-368 E1U10136 sp-33 an-368 E1A2811 sp-7 an-369 E1U2811 sp-7 an-369 E1U10137 sp-33 an-369 E1A2812 sp-7 an-370 E1U2812 sp-7 an-370 E1U10138 sp-33 an-370 E1A2813 sp-7 an-371 E1U2813 sp-7 an-371 E1U10139 sp-33 an-371 E1A2814 sp-7 an-372 E1U2814 sp-7 an-372 E1U10140 sp-33 an-372 E1A2815 sp-7 an-373 E1U2815 sp-7 an-373 E1U10141 sp-33 an-373 E1A2816 sp-7 an-374 E1U2816 sp-7 an-374 E1U10142 sp-33 an-374 E1A2817 sp-7 an-375 E1U2817 sp-7 an-375 E1U10143 sp-33 an-375 E1A2818 sp-7 an-376 E1U2818 sp-7 an-376 E1U10144 sp-33 an-376 E1A2819 sp-7 an-377 E1U2819 sp-7 an-377 E1U10145 sp-33 an-377 E1A2820 sp-7 an-378 E1U2820 sp-7 an-378 E1U10146 sp-33 an-378 E1A2821 sp-7 an-379 E1U2821 sp-7 an-379 E1U10147 sp-33 an-379 E1A2822 sp-7 an-380 E1U2822 sp-7 an-380 E1U10148 sp-33 an-380 E1A2823 sp-7 an-381 E1U2823 sp-7 an-381 E1U10149 sp-33 an-381 E1A2824 sp-7 an-382 E1U2824 sp-7 an-382 E1U10150 sp-33 an-382 E1A2825 sp-7 an-383 E1U2825 sp-7 an-383 E1U10151 sp-33 an-383 E1A2826 sp-7 an-384 E1U2826 sp-7 an-384 E1U10152 sp-33 an-384 E1A2827 sp-7 an-385 E1U2827 sp-7 an-385 E1U10153 sp-33 an-385 E1A2828 sp-7 an-386 E1U2828 sp-7 an-386 E1U10154 sp-33 an-386 E1A2829 sp-7 an-387 E1U2829 sp-7 an-387 E1U10155 sp-33 an-387 E1A2830 sp-7 an-388 E1U2830 sp-7 an-388 E1U10156 sp-33 an-388 E1A2831 sp-7 an-389 E1U2831 sp-7 an-389 E1U10157 sp-33 an-389 E1A2832 sp-7 an-390 E1U2832 sp-7 an-390 E1U10158 sp-33 an-390 E1A2833 sp-7 an-391 E1U2833 sp-7 an-391 E1U10159 sp-33 an-391 E1A2834 sp-7 an-392 E1U2834 sp-7 an-392 E1U10160 sp-33 an-392 E1A2835 sp-7 an-393 E1U2835 sp-7 an-393 E1U10161 sp-33 an-393 E1A2836 sp-7 an-394 E1U2836 sp-7 an-394 E1U10162 sp-33 an-394 E1A2837 sp-7 an-395 E1U2837 sp-7 an-395 E1U10163 sp-33 an-395 E1A2838 sp-7 an-396 E1U2838 sp-7 an-396 E1U10164 sp-33 an-396 E1A2839 sp-7 an-397 E1U2839 sp-7 an-397 E1U10165 sp-33 an-397 E1A2840 sp-7 an-398 E1U2840 sp-7 an-398 E1U10166 sp-33 an-398 E1A2841 sp-7 an-399 E1U2841 sp-7 an-399 E1U10167 sp-33 an-399 E1A2842 sp-7 an-400 E1U2842 sp-7 an-400 E1U10168 sp-33 an-400 E1A2843 sp-7 an-401 E1U2843 sp-7 an-401 E1U10169 sp-33 an-401 E1A2844 sp-7 an-402 E1U2844 sp-7 an-402 E1U10170 sp-33 an-402 E1A2845 sp-7 an-403 E1U2845 sp-7 an-403 E1U10171 sp-33 an-403 E1A2846 sp-7 an-404 E1U2846 sp-7 an-404 E1U10172 sp-33 an-404 E1A2847 sp-7 an-405 E1U2847 sp-7 an-405 E1U10173 sp-33 an-405 E1A2848 sp-7 an-406 E1U2848 sp-7 an-406 E1U10174 sp-33 an-406 E1A2849 sp-7 an-407 E1U2849 sp-7 an-407 E1U10175 sp-33 an-407 E1A2850 sp-8 an-1 E1U2850 sp-8 an-1 E1U10176 sp-34 an-1 E1A2851 sp-8 an-2 E1U2851 sp-8 an-2 E1U10177 sp-34 an-2 E1A2852 sp-8 an-3 E1U2852 sp-8 an-3 E1U10178 sp-34 an-3 E1A2853 sp-8 an-4 E1U2853 sp-8 an-4 E1U10179 sp-34 an-4 E1A2854 sp-8 an-5 E1U2854 sp-8 an-5 E1U10180 sp-34 an-5 E1A2855 sp-8 an-6 E1U2855 sp-8 an-6 E1U10181 sp-34 an-6 E1A2856 sp-8 an-7 E1U2856 sp-8 an-7 E1U10182 sp-34 an-7 E1A2857 sp-8 an-8 E1U2857 sp-8 an-8 E1U10183 sp-34 an-8 E1A2858 sp-8 an-9 E1U2858 sp-8 an-9 E1U10184 sp-34 an-9 E1A2859 sp-8 an-10 E1U2859 sp-8 an-10 E1U10185 sp-34 an-10 E1A2860 sp-8 an-11 E1U2860 sp-8 an-11 E1U10186 sp-34 an-11 E1A2861 sp-8 an-12 E1U2861 sp-8 an-12 E1U10187 sp-34 an-12 E1A2862 sp-8 an-13 E1U2862 sp-8 an-13 E1U10188 sp-34 an-13 Table 1-54 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A2863 sp-8 an-14 E1U2863 sp-8 an-14 E1U10189 sp-34 an-14 E1A2864 sp-8 an-15 E1U2864 sp-8 an-15 E1U10190 sp-34 an-15 E1A2865 sp-8 an-16 E1U2865 sp-8 an-16 E1U10191 sp-34 an-16 E1A2866 sp-8 an-17 E1U2866 sp-8 an-17 E1U10192 sp-34 an-17 E1A2867 sp-8 an-18 E1U2867 sp-8 an-18 E1U10193 sp-34 an-18 E1A2868 sp-8 an-19 E1U2868 sp-8 an-19 E1U10194 sp-34 an-19 E1A2869 sp-8 an-20 E1U2869 sp-8 an-20 E1U10195 sp-34 an-20 E1A2870 sp-8 an-21 E1U2870 sp-8 an-21 E1U10196 sp-34 an-21 E1A2871 sp-8 an-22 E1U2871 sp-8 an-22 E1U10197 sp-34 an-22 E1A2872 sp-8 an-23 E1U2872 sp-8 an-23 E1U10198 sp-34 an-23 E1A2873 sp-8 an-24 E1U2873 sp-8 an-24 E1U10199 sp-34 an-24 E1A2874 sp-8 an-25 E1U2874 sp-8 an-25 E1U10200 sp-34 an-25 E1A2875 sp-8 an-26 E1U2875 sp-8 an-26 E1U10201 sp-34 an-26 E1A2876 sp-8 an-27 E1U2876 sp-8 an-27 E1U10202 sp-34 an-27 E1A2877 sp-8 an-28 E1U2877 sp-8 an-28 E1U10203 sp-34 an-28 E1A2878 sp-8 an-29 E1U2878 sp-8 an-29 E1U10204 sp-34 an-29 E1A2879 sp-8 an-30 E1U2879 sp-8 an-30 E1U10205 sp-34 an-30 E1A2880 sp-8 an-31 E1U2880 sp-8 an-31 E1U10206 sp-34 an-31 E1A2881 sp-8 an-32 E1U2881 sp-8 an-32 E1U10207 sp-34 an-32 E1A2882 sp-8 an-33 E1U2882 sp-8 an-33 E1U10208 sp-34 an-33 E1A2883 sp-8 an-34 E1U2883 sp-8 an-34 E1U10209 sp-34 an-34 E1A2884 sp-8 an-35 E1U2884 sp-8 an-35 E1U10210 sp-34 an-35 E1A2885 sp-8 an-36 E1U2885 sp-8 an-36 E1U10211 sp-34 an-36 E1A2886 sp-8 an-37 E1U2886 sp-8 an-37 E1U10212 sp-34 an-37 E1A2887 sp-8 an-38 E1U2887 sp-8 an-38 E1U10213 sp-34 an-38 E1A2888 sp-8 an-39 E1U2888 sp-8 an-39 E1U10214 sp-34 an-39 E1A2889 sp-8 an-40 E1U2889 sp-8 an-40 E1U10215 sp-34 an-40 E1A2890 sp-8 an-41 E1U2890 sp-8 an-41 E1U10216 sp-34 an-41 E1A2891 sp-8 an-42 E1U2891 sp-8 an-42 E1U10217 sp-34 an-42 E1A2892 sp-8 an-43 E1U2892 sp-8 an-43 E1U10218 sp-34 an-43 E1A2893 sp-8 an-44 E1U2893 sp-8 an-44 E1U10219 sp-34 an-44 E1A2894 sp-8 an-45 E1U2894 sp-8 an-45 E1U10220 sp-34 an-45 E1A2895 sp-8 an-46 E1U2895 sp-8 an-46 E1U10221 sp-34 an-46 E1A2896 sp-8 an-47 E1U2896 sp-8 an-47 E1U10222 sp-34 an-47 E1A2897 sp-8 an-48 E1U2897 sp-8 an-48 E1U10223 sp-34 an-48 E1A2898 sp-8 an-49 E1U2898 sp-8 an-49 E1U10224 sp-34 an-49 E1A2899 sp-8 an-50 E1U2899 sp-8 an-50 E1U10225 sp-34 an-50 E1A2900 sp-8 an-51 E1U2900 sp-8 an-51 E1U10226 sp-34 an-51 E1A2901 sp-8 an-52 E1U2901 sp-8 an-52 E1U10227 sp-34 an-52 E1A2902 sp-8 an-53 E1U2902 sp-8 an-53 E1U10228 sp-34 an-53 E1A2903 sp-8 an-54 E1U2903 sp-8 an-54 E1U10229 sp-34 an-54 E1A2904 sp-8 an-55 E1U2904 sp-8 an-55 E1U10230 sp-34 an-55 E1A2905 sp-8 an-56 E1U2905 sp-8 an-56 E1U10231 sp-34 an-56 E1A2906 sp-8 an-57 E1U2906 sp-8 an-57 E1U10232 sp-34 an-57 E1A2907 sp-8 an-58 E1U2907 sp-8 an-58 E1U10233 sp-34 an-58 E1A2908 sp-8 an-59 E1U2908 sp-8 an-59 E1U10234 sp-34 an-59 E1A2909 sp-8 an-60 E1U2909 sp-8 an-60 E1U10235 sp-34 an-60 E1A2910 sp-8 an-61 E1U2910 sp-8 an-61 E1U10236 sp-34 an-61 E1A2911 sp-8 an-62 E1U2911 sp-8 an-62 E1U10237 sp-34 an-62 E1A2912 sp-8 an-63 E1U2912 sp-8 an-63 E1U10238 sp-34 an-63 E1A2913 sp-8 an-64 E1U2913 sp-8 an-64 E1U10239 sp-34 an-64 E1A2914 sp-8 an-65 E1U2914 sp-8 an-65 E1U10240 sp-34 an-65 E1A2915 sp-8 an-66 E1U2915 sp-8 an-66 E1U10241 sp-34 an-66 E1A2916 sp-8 an-67 E1U2916 sp-8 an-67 E1U10242 sp-34 an-67 Table 1-55 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A2917 sp-8 an-68 E1U2917 sp-8 an-68 E1U10243 sp-34 an-68 E1A2918 sp-8 an-69 E1U2918 sp-8 an-69 E1U10244 sp-34 an-69 E1A2919 sp-8 an-70 E1U2919 sp-8 an-70 E1U10245 sp-34 an-70 E1A2920 sp-8 an-71 E1U2920 sp-8 an-71 E1U10246 sp-34 an-71 E1A2921 sp-8 an-72 E1U2921 sp-8 an-72 E1U10247 sp-34 an-72 E1A2922 sp-8 an-73 E1U2922 sp-8 an-73 E1U10248 sp-34 an-73 E1A2923 sp-8 an-74 E1U2923 sp-8 an-74 E1U10249 sp-34 an-74 E1A2924 sp-8 an-75 E1U2924 sp-8 an-75 E1U10250 sp-34 an-75 E1A2925 sp-8 an-76 E1U2925 sp-8 an-76 E1U10251 sp-34 an-76 E1A2926 sp-8 an-77 E1U2926 sp-8 an-77 E1U10252 sp-34 an-77 E1A2927 sp-8 an-78 E1U2927 sp-8 an-78 E1U10253 sp-34 an-78 E1A2928 sp-8 an-79 E1U2928 sp-8 an-79 E1U10254 sp-34 an-79 E1A2929 sp-8 an-80 E1U2929 sp-8 an-80 E1U10255 sp-34 an-80 E1A2930 sp-8 an-81 E1U2930 sp-8 an-81 E1U10256 sp-34 an-81 E1A2931 sp-8 an-82 E1U2931 sp-8 an-82 E1U10257 sp-34 an-82 E1A2932 sp-8 an-83 E1U2932 sp-8 an-83 E1U10258 sp-34 an-83 E1A2933 sp-8 an-84 E1U2933 sp-8 an-84 E1U10259 sp-34 an-84 E1A2934 sp-8 an-85 E1U2934 sp-8 an-85 E1U10260 sp-34 an-85 E1A2935 sp-8 an-86 E1U2935 sp-8 an-86 E1U10261 sp-34 an-86 E1A2936 sp-8 an-87 E1U2936 sp-8 an-87 E1U10262 sp-34 an-87 E1A2937 sp-8 an-88 E1U2937 sp-8 an-88 E1U10263 sp-34 an-88 E1A2938 sp-8 an-89 E1U2938 sp-8 an-89 E1U10264 sp-34 an-89 E1A2939 sp-8 an-90 E1U2939 sp-8 an-90 E1U10265 sp-34 an-90 E1A2940 sp-8 an-91 E1U2940 sp-8 an-91 E1U10266 sp-34 an-91 E1A2941 sp-8 an-92 E1U2941 sp-8 an-92 E1U10267 sp-34 an-92 E1A2942 sp-8 an-93 E1U2942 sp-8 an-93 E1U10268 sp-34 an-93 E1A2943 sp-8 an-94 E1U2943 sp-8 an-94 E1U10269 sp-34 an-94 E1A2944 sp-8 an-95 E1U2944 sp-8 an-95 E1U10270 sp-34 an-95 E1A2945 sp-8 an-96 E1U2945 sp-8 an-96 E1U10271 sp-34 an-96 E1A2946 sp-8 an-97 E1U2946 sp-8 an-97 E1U10272 sp-34 an-97 E1A2947 sp-8 an-98 E1U2947 sp-8 an-98 E1U10273 sp-34 an-98 E1A2948 sp-8 an-99 E1U2948 sp-8 an-99 E1U10274 sp-34 an-99 E1A2949 sp-8 an-100 E1U2949 sp-8 an-100 E1U10275 sp-34 an-100 E1A2950 sp-8 an-101 E1U2950 sp-8 an-101 E1U10276 sp-34 an-101 E1A2951 sp-8 an-102 E1U2951 sp-8 an-102 E1U10277 sp-34 an-102 E1A2952 sp-8 an-103 E1U2952 sp-8 an-103 E1U10278 sp-34 an-103 E1A2953 sp-8 an-104 E1U2953 sp-8 an-104 E1U10279 sp-34 an-104 E1A2954 sp-8 an-105 E1U2954 sp-8 an-105 E1U10280 sp-34 an-105 E1A2955 sp-8 an-106 E1U2955 sp-8 an-106 E1U10281 sp-34 an-106 E1A2956 sp-8 an-107 E1U2956 sp-8 an-107 E1U10282 sp-34 an-107 E1A2957 sp-8 an-108 E1U2957 sp-8 an-108 E1U10283 sp-34 an-108 E1A2958 sp-8 an-109 E1U2958 sp-8 an-109 E1U10284 sp-34 an-109 E1A2959 sp-8 an-110 E1U2959 sp-8 an-110 E1U10285 sp-34 an-110 E1A2960 sp-8 an-111 E1U2960 sp-8 an-111 E1U10286 sp-34 an-111 E1A2961 sp-8 an-112 E1U2961 sp-8 an-112 E1U10287 sp-34 an-112 E1A2962 sp-8 an-113 E1U2962 sp-8 an-113 E1U10288 sp-34 an-113 E1A2963 sp-8 an-114 E1U2963 sp-8 an-114 E1U10289 sp-34 an-114 E1A2964 sp-8 an-115 E1U2964 sp-8 an-115 E1U10290 sp-34 an-115 E1A2965 sp-8 an-116 E1U2965 sp-8 an-116 E1U10291 sp-34 an-116 E1A2966 sp-8 an-117 E1U2966 sp-8 an-117 E1U10292 sp-34 an-117 E1A2967 sp-8 an-118 E1U2967 sp-8 an-118 E1U10293 sp-34 an-118 E1A2968 sp-8 an-119 E1U2968 sp-8 an-119 E1U10294 sp-34 an-119 E1A2969 sp-8 an-120 E1U2969 sp-8 an-120 E1U10295 sp-34 an-120 E1A2970 sp-8 an-121 E1U2970 sp-8 an-121 E1U10296 sp-34 an-121 Table 1-56 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A2971 sp-8 an-122 E1U2971 sp-8 an-122 E1U10297 sp-34 an-122 E1A2972 sp-8 an-123 E1U2972 sp-8 an-123 E1U10298 sp-34 an-123 E1A2973 sp-8 an-124 E1U2973 sp-8 an-124 E1U10299 sp-34 an-124 E1A2974 sp-8 an-125 E1U2974 sp-8 an-125 E1U10300 sp-34 an-125 E1A2975 sp-8 an-126 E1U2975 sp-8 an-126 E1U10301 sp-34 an-126 E1A2976 sp-8 an-127 E1U2976 sp-8 an-127 E1U10302 sp-34 an-127 E1A2977 sp-8 an-128 E1U2977 sp-8 an-128 E1U10303 sp-34 an-128 E1A2978 sp-8 an-129 E1U2978 sp-8 an-129 E1U10304 sp-34 an-129 E1A2979 sp-8 an-130 E1U2979 sp-8 an-130 E1U10305 sp-34 an-130 E1A2980 sp-8 an-131 E1U2980 sp-8 an-131 E1U10306 sp-34 an-131 E1A2981 sp-8 an-132 E1U2981 sp-8 an-132 E1U10307 sp-34 an-132 E1A2982 sp-8 an-133 E1U2982 sp-8 an-133 E1U10308 sp-34 an-133 E1A2983 sp-8 an-134 E1U2983 sp-8 an-134 E1U10309 sp-34 an-134 E1A2984 sp-8 an-135 E1U2984 sp-8 an-135 E1U10310 sp-34 an-135 E1A2985 sp-8 an-136 E1U2985 sp-8 an-136 E1U10311 sp-34 an-136 E1A2986 sp-8 an-137 E1U2986 sp-8 an-137 E1U10312 sp-34 an-137 E1A2987 sp-8 an-138 E1U2987 sp-8 an-138 E1U10313 sp-34 an-138 E1A2988 sp-8 an-139 E1U2988 sp-8 an-139 E1U10314 sp-34 an-139 E1A2989 sp-8 an-140 E1U2989 sp-8 an-140 E1U10315 sp-34 an-140 E1A2990 sp-8 an-141 E1U2990 sp-8 an-141 E1U10316 sp-34 an-141 E1A2991 sp-8 an-142 E1U2991 sp-8 an-142 E1U10317 sp-34 an-142 E1A2992 sp-8 an-143 E1U2992 sp-8 an-143 E1U10318 sp-34 an-143 E1A2993 sp-8 an-144 E1U2993 sp-8 an-144 E1U10319 sp-34 an-144 E1A2994 sp-8 an-145 E1U2994 sp-8 an-145 E1U10320 sp-34 an-145 E1A2995 sp-8 an-146 E1U2995 sp-8 an-146 E1U10321 sp-34 an-146 E1A2996 sp-8 an-147 E1U2996 sp-8 an-147 E1U10322 sp-34 an-147 E1A2997 sp-8 an-148 E1U2997 sp-8 an-148 E1U10323 sp-34 an-148 E1A2998 sp-8 an-149 E1U2998 sp-8 an-149 E1U10324 sp-34 an-149 E1A2999 sp-8 an-150 E1U2999 sp-8 an-150 E1U10325 sp-34 an-150 E1A3000 sp-8 an-151 E1U3000 sp-8 an-151 E1U10326 sp-34 an-151 E1A3001 sp-8 an-152 E1U3001 sp-8 an-152 E1U10327 sp-34 an-152 E1A3002 sp-8 an-153 E1U3002 sp-8 an-153 E1U10328 sp-34 an-153 E1A3003 sp-8 an-154 E1U3003 sp-8 an-154 E1U10329 sp-34 an-154 E1A3004 sp-8 an-155 E1U3004 sp-8 an-155 E1U10330 sp-34 an-155 E1A3005 sp-8 an-156 E1U3005 sp-8 an-156 E1U10331 sp-34 an-156 E1A3006 sp-8 an-157 E1U3006 sp-8 an-157 E1U10332 sp-34 an-157 E1A3007 sp-8 an-158 E1U3007 sp-8 an-158 E1U10333 sp-34 an-158 E1A3008 sp-8 an-159 E1U3008 sp-8 an-159 E1U10334 sp-34 an-159 E1A3009 sp-8 an-160 E1U3009 sp-8 an-160 E1U10335 sp-34 an-160 E1A3010 sp-8 an-161 E1U3010 sp-8 an-161 E1U10336 sp-34 an-161 E1A3011 sp-8 an-162 E1U3011 sp-8 an-162 E1U10337 sp-34 an-162 E1A3012 sp-8 an-163 E1U3012 sp-8 an-163 E1U10338 sp-34 an-163 E1A3013 sp-8 an-164 E1U3013 sp-8 an-164 E1U10339 sp-34 an-164 E1A3014 sp-8 an-165 E1U3014 sp-8 an-165 E1U10340 sp-34 an-165 E1A3015 sp-8 an-166 E1U3015 sp-8 an-166 E1U10341 sp-34 an-166 E1A3016 sp-8 an-167 E1U3016 sp-8 an-167 E1U10342 sp-34 an-167 E1A3017 sp-8 an-168 E1U3017 sp-8 an-168 E1U10343 sp-34 an-168 E1A3018 sp-8 an-169 E1U3018 sp-8 an-169 E1U10344 sp-34 an-169 E1A3019 sp-8 an-170 E1U3019 sp-8 an-170 E1U10345 sp-34 an-170 E1A3020 sp-8 an-171 E1U3020 sp-8 an-171 E1U10346 sp-34 an-171 E1A3021 sp-8 an-172 E1U3021 sp-8 an-172 E1U10347 sp-34 an-172 E1A3022 sp-8 an-173 E1U3022 sp-8 an-173 E1U10348 sp-34 an-173 E1A3023 sp-8 an-174 E1U3023 sp-8 an-174 E1U10349 sp-34 an-174 E1A3024 sp-8 an-175 E1U3024 sp-8 an-175 E1U10350 sp-34 an-175 Table 1-57 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3025 sp-8 an-176 E1U3025 sp-8 an-176 E1U10351 sp-34 an-176 E1A3026 sp-8 an-177 E1U3026 sp-8 an-177 E1U10352 sp-34 an-177 E1A3027 sp-8 an-178 E1U3027 sp-8 an-178 E1U10353 sp-34 an-178 E1A3028 sp-8 an-179 E1U3028 sp-8 an-179 E1U10354 sp-34 an-179 E1A3029 sp-8 an-180 E1U3029 sp-8 an-180 E1U10355 sp-34 an-180 E1A3030 sp-8 an-181 E1U3030 sp-8 an-181 E1U10356 sp-34 an-181 E1A3031 sp-8 an-182 E1U3031 sp-8 an-182 E1U10357 sp-34 an-182 E1A3032 sp-8 an-183 E1U3032 sp-8 an-183 E1U10358 sp-34 an-183 E1A3033 sp-8 an-184 E1U3033 sp-8 an-184 E1U10359 sp-34 an-184 E1A3034 sp-8 an-185 E1U3034 sp-8 an-185 E1U10360 sp-34 an-185 E1A3035 sp-8 an-186 E1U3035 sp-8 an-186 E1U10361 sp-34 an-186 E1A3036 sp-8 an-187 E1U3036 sp-8 an-187 E1U10362 sp-34 an-187 E1A3037 sp-8 an-188 E1U3037 sp-8 an-188 E1U10363 sp-34 an-188 E1A3038 sp-8 an-189 E1U3038 sp-8 an-189 E1U10364 sp-34 an-189 E1A3039 sp-8 an-190 E1U3039 sp-8 an-190 E1U10365 sp-34 an-190 E1A3040 sp-8 an-191 E1U3040 sp-8 an-191 E1U10366 sp-34 an-191 E1A3041 sp-8 an-192 E1U3041 sp-8 an-192 E1U10367 sp-34 an-192 E1A3042 sp-8 an-193 E1U3042 sp-8 an-193 E1U10368 sp-34 an-193 E1A3043 sp-8 an-194 E1U3043 sp-8 an-194 E1U10369 sp-34 an-194 E1A3044 sp-8 an-195 E1U3044 sp-8 an-195 E1U10370 sp-34 an-195 E1A3045 sp-8 an-196 E1U3045 sp-8 an-196 E1U10371 sp-34 an-196 E1A3046 sp-8 an-197 E1U3046 sp-8 an-197 E1U10372 sp-34 an-197 E1A3047 sp-8 an-198 E1U3047 sp-8 an-198 E1U10373 sp-34 an-198 E1A3048 sp-8 an-199 E1U3048 sp-8 an-199 E1U10374 sp-34 an-199 E1A3049 sp-8 an-200 E1U3049 sp-8 an-200 E1U10375 sp-34 an-200 E1A3050 sp-8 an-201 E1U3050 sp-8 an-201 E1U10376 sp-34 an-201 E1A3051 sp-8 an-202 E1U3051 sp-8 an-202 E1U10377 sp-34 an-202 E1A3052 sp-8 an-203 E1U3052 sp-8 an-203 E1U10378 sp-34 an-203 E1A3053 sp-8 an-204 E1U3053 sp-8 an-204 E1U10379 sp-34 an-204 E1A3054 sp-8 an-205 E1U3054 sp-8 an-205 E1U10380 sp-34 an-205 E1A3055 sp-8 an-206 E1U3055 sp-8 an-206 E1U10381 sp-34 an-206 E1A3056 sp-8 an-207 E1U3056 sp-8 an-207 E1U10382 sp-34 an-207 E1A3057 sp-8 an-208 E1U3057 sp-8 an-208 E1U10383 sp-34 an-208 E1A3058 sp-8 an-209 E1U3058 sp-8 an-209 E1U10384 sp-34 an-209 E1A3059 sp-8 an-210 E1U3059 sp-8 an-210 E1U10385 sp-34 an-210 E1A3060 sp-8 an-211 E1U3060 sp-8 an-211 E1U10386 sp-34 an-211 E1A3061 sp-8 an-212 E1U3061 sp-8 an-212 E1U10387 sp-34 an-212 E1A3062 sp-8 an-213 E1U3062 sp-8 an-213 E1U10388 sp-34 an-213 E1A3063 sp-8 an-214 E1U3063 sp-8 an-214 E1U10389 sp-34 an-214 E1A3064 sp-8 an-215 E1U3064 sp-8 an-215 E1U10390 sp-34 an-215 E1A3065 sp-8 an-216 E1U3065 sp-8 an-216 E1U10391 sp-34 an-216 E1A3066 sp-8 an-217 E1U3066 sp-8 an-217 E1U10392 sp-34 an-217 E1A3067 sp-8 an-218 E1U3067 sp-8 an-218 E1U10393 sp-34 an-218 E1A3068 sp-8 an-219 E1U3068 sp-8 an-219 E1U10394 sp-34 an-219 E1A3069 sp-8 an-220 E1U3069 sp-8 an-220 E1U10395 sp-34 an-220 E1A3070 sp-8 an-221 E1U3070 sp-8 an-221 E1U10396 sp-34 an-221 E1A3071 sp-8 an-222 E1U3071 sp-8 an-222 E1U10397 sp-34 an-222 E1A3072 sp-8 an-223 E1U3072 sp-8 an-223 E1U10398 sp-34 an-223 E1A3073 sp-8 an-224 E1U3073 sp-8 an-224 E1U10399 sp-34 an-224 E1A3074 sp-8 an-225 E1U3074 sp-8 an-225 E1U10400 sp-34 an-225 E1A3075 sp-8 an-226 E1U3075 sp-8 an-226 E1U10401 sp-34 an-226 E1A3076 sp-8 an-227 E1U3076 sp-8 an-227 E1U10402 sp-34 an-227 E1A3077 sp-8 an-228 E1U3077 sp-8 an-228 E1U10403 sp-34 an-228 E1A3078 sp-8 an-229 E1U3078 sp-8 an-229 E1U10404 sp-34 an-229 Table 1-58 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3079 sp-8 an-230 E1U3079 sp-8 an-230 E1U10405 sp-34 an-230 E1A3080 sp-8 an-231 E1U3080 sp-8 an-231 E1U10406 sp-34 an-231 E1A3081 sp-8 an-232 E1U3081 sp-8 an-232 E1U10407 sp-34 an-232 E1A3082 sp-8 an-233 E1U3082 sp-8 an-233 E1U10408 sp-34 an-233 E1A3083 sp-8 an-234 E1U3083 sp-8 an-234 E1U10409 sp-34 an-234 E1A3084 sp-8 an-235 E1U3084 sp-8 an-235 E1U10410 sp-34 an-235 E1A3085 sp-8 an-236 E1U3085 sp-8 an-236 E1U10411 sp-34 an-236 E1A3086 sp-8 an-237 E1U3086 sp-8 an-237 E1U10412 sp-34 an-237 E1A3087 sp-8 an-238 E1U3087 sp-8 an-238 E1U10413 sp-34 an-238 E1A3088 sp-8 an-239 E1U3088 sp-8 an-239 E1U10414 sp-34 an-239 E1A3089 sp-8 an-240 E1U3089 sp-8 an-240 E1U10415 sp-34 an-240 E1A3090 sp-8 an-241 E1U3090 sp-8 an-241 E1U10416 sp-34 an-241 E1A3091 sp-8 an-242 E1U3091 sp-8 an-242 E1U10417 sp-34 an-242 E1A3092 sp-8 an-243 E1U3092 sp-8 an-243 E1U10418 sp-34 an-243 E1A3093 sp-8 an-244 E1U3093 sp-8 an-244 E1U10419 sp-34 an-244 E1A3094 sp-8 an-245 E1U3094 sp-8 an-245 E1U10420 sp-34 an-245 E1A3095 sp-8 an-246 E1U3095 sp-8 an-246 E1U10421 sp-34 an-246 E1A3096 sp-8 an-247 E1U3096 sp-8 an-247 E1U10422 sp-34 an-247 E1A3097 sp-8 an-248 E1U3097 sp-8 an-248 E1U10423 sp-34 an-248 E1A3098 sp-8 an-249 E1U3098 sp-8 an-249 E1U10424 sp-34 an-249 E1A3099 sp-8 an-250 E1U3099 sp-8 an-250 E1U10425 sp-34 an-250 E1A3100 sp-8 an-251 E1U3100 sp-8 an-251 E1U10426 sp-34 an-251 E1A3101 sp-8 an-252 E1U3101 sp-8 an-252 E1U10427 sp-34 an-252 E1A3102 sp-8 an-253 E1U3102 sp-8 an-253 E1U10428 sp-34 an-253 E1A3103 sp-8 an-254 E1U3103 sp-8 an-254 E1U10429 sp-34 an-254 E1A3104 sp-8 an-255 E1U3104 sp-8 an-255 E1U10430 sp-34 an-255 E1A3105 sp-8 an-256 E1U3105 sp-8 an-256 E1U10431 sp-34 an-256 E1A3106 sp-8 an-257 E1U3106 sp-8 an-257 E1U10432 sp-34 an-257 E1A3107 sp-8 an-258 E1U3107 sp-8 an-258 E1U10433 sp-34 an-258 E1A3108 sp-8 an-259 E1U3108 sp-8 an-259 E1U10434 sp-34 an-259 E1A3109 sp-8 an-260 E1U3109 sp-8 an-260 E1U10435 sp-34 an-260 E1A3110 sp-8 an-261 E1U3110 sp-8 an-261 E1U10436 sp-34 an-261 E1A3111 sp-8 an-262 E1U3111 sp-8 an-262 E1U10437 sp-34 an-262 E1A3112 sp-8 an-263 E1U3112 sp-8 an-263 E1U10438 sp-34 an-263 E1A3113 sp-8 an-264 E1U3113 sp-8 an-264 E1U10439 sp-34 an-264 E1A3114 sp-8 an-265 E1U3114 sp-8 an-265 E1U10440 sp-34 an-265 E1A3115 sp-8 an-266 E1U3115 sp-8 an-266 E1U10441 sp-34 an-266 E1A3116 sp-8 an-267 E1U3116 sp-8 an-267 E1U10442 sp-34 an-267 E1A3117 sp-8 an-268 E1U3117 sp-8 an-268 E1U10443 sp-34 an-268 E1A3118 sp-8 an-269 E1U3118 sp-8 an-269 E1U10444 sp-34 an-269 E1A3119 sp-8 an-270 E1U3119 sp-8 an-270 E1U10445 sp-34 an-270 E1A3120 sp-8 an-271 E1U3120 sp-8 an-271 E1U10446 sp-34 an-271 E1A3121 sp-8 an-272 E1U3121 sp-8 an-272 E1U10447 sp-34 an-272 E1A3122 sp-8 an-273 E1U3122 sp-8 an-273 E1U10448 sp-34 an-273 E1A3123 sp-8 an-274 E1U3123 sp-8 an-274 E1U10449 sp-34 an-274 E1A3124 sp-8 an-275 E1U3124 sp-8 an-275 E1U10450 sp-34 an-275 E1A3125 sp-8 an-276 E1U3125 sp-8 an-276 E1U10451 sp-34 an-276 E1A3126 sp-8 an-277 E1U3126 sp-8 an-277 E1U10452 sp-34 an-277 E1A3127 sp-8 an-278 E1U3127 sp-8 an-278 E1U10453 sp-34 an-278 E1A3128 sp-8 an-279 E1U3128 sp-8 an-279 E1U10454 sp-34 an-279 E1A3129 sp-8 an-280 E1U3129 sp-8 an-280 E1U10455 sp-34 an-280 E1A3130 sp-8 an-281 E1U3130 sp-8 an-281 E1U10456 sp-34 an-281 E1A3131 sp-8 an-282 E1U3131 sp-8 an-282 E1U10457 sp-34 an-282 E1A3132 sp-8 an-283 E1U3132 sp-8 an-283 E1U10458 sp-34 an-283 Table 1-59 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3133 sp-8 an-284 E1U3133 sp-8 an-284 E1U10459 sp-34 an-284 E1A3134 sp-8 an-285 E1U3134 sp-8 an-285 E1U10460 sp-34 an-285 E1A3135 sp-8 an-286 E1U3135 sp-8 an-286 E1U10461 sp-34 an-286 E1A3136 sp-8 an-287 E1U3136 sp-8 an-287 E1U10462 sp-34 an-287 E1A3137 sp-8 an-288 E1U3137 sp-8 an-288 E1U10463 sp-34 an-288 E1A3138 sp-8 an-289 E1U3138 sp-8 an-289 E1U10464 sp-34 an-289 E1A3139 sp-8 an-290 E1U3139 sp-8 an-290 E1U10465 sp-34 an-290 E1A3140 sp-8 an-291 E1U3140 sp-8 an-291 E1U10466 sp-34 an-291 E1A3141 sp-8 an-292 E1U3141 sp-8 an-292 E1U10467 sp-34 an-292 E1A3142 sp-8 an-293 E1U3142 sp-8 an-293 E1U10468 sp-34 an-293 E1A3143 sp-8 an-294 E1U3143 sp-8 an-294 E1U10469 sp-34 an-294 E1A3144 sp-8 an-295 E1U3144 sp-8 an-295 E1U10470 sp-34 an-295 E1A3145 sp-8 an-296 E1U3145 sp-8 an-296 E1U10471 sp-34 an-296 E1A3146 sp-8 an-297 E1U3146 sp-8 an-297 E1U10472 sp-34 an-297 E1A3147 sp-8 an-298 E1U3147 sp-8 an-298 E1U10473 sp-34 an-298 E1A3148 sp-8 an-299 E1U3148 sp-8 an-299 E1U10474 sp-34 an-299 E1A3149 sp-8 an-300 E1U3149 sp-8 an-300 E1U10475 sp-34 an-300 E1A3150 sp-8 an-301 E1U3150 sp-8 an-301 E1U10476 sp-34 an-301 E1A3151 sp-8 an-302 E1U3151 sp-8 an-302 E1U10477 sp-34 an-302 E1A3152 sp-8 an-303 E1U3152 sp-8 an-303 E1U10478 sp-34 an-303 E1A3153 sp-8 an-304 E1U3153 sp-8 an-304 E1U10479 sp-34 an-304 E1A3154 sp-8 an-305 E1U3154 sp-8 an-305 E1U10480 sp-34 an-305 E1A3155 sp-8 an-306 E1U3155 sp-8 an-306 E1U10481 sp-34 an-306 E1A3156 sp-8 an-307 E1U3156 sp-8 an-307 E1U10482 sp-34 an-307 E1A3157 sp-8 an-308 E1U3157 sp-8 an-308 E1U10483 sp-34 an-308 E1A3158 sp-8 an-309 E1U3158 sp-8 an-309 E1U10484 sp-34 an-309 E1A3159 sp-8 an-310 E1U3159 sp-8 an-310 E1U10485 sp-34 an-310 E1A3160 sp-8 an-311 E1U3160 sp-8 an-311 E1U10486 sp-34 an-311 E1A3161 sp-8 an-312 E1U3161 sp-8 an-312 E1U10487 sp-34 an-312 E1A3162 sp-8 an-313 E1U3162 sp-8 an-313 E1U10488 sp-34 an-313 E1A3163 sp-8 an-314 E1U3163 sp-8 an-314 E1U10489 sp-34 an-314 E1A3164 sp-8 an-315 E1U3164 sp-8 an-315 E1U10490 sp-34 an-315 E1A3165 sp-8 an-316 E1U3165 sp-8 an-316 E1U10491 sp-34 an-316 E1A3166 sp-8 an-317 E1U3166 sp-8 an-317 E1U10492 sp-34 an-317 E1A3167 sp-8 an-318 E1U3167 sp-8 an-318 E1U10493 sp-34 an-318 E1A3168 sp-8 an-319 E1U3168 sp-8 an-319 E1U10494 sp-34 an-319 E1A3169 sp-8 an-320 E1U3169 sp-8 an-320 E1U10495 sp-34 an-320 E1A3170 sp-8 an-321 E1U3170 sp-8 an-321 E1U10496 sp-34 an-321 E1A3171 sp-8 an-322 E1U3171 sp-8 an-322 E1U10497 sp-34 an-322 E1A3172 sp-8 an-323 E1U3172 sp-8 an-323 E1U10498 sp-34 an-323 E1A3173 sp-8 an-324 E1U3173 sp-8 an-324 E1U10499 sp-34 an-324 E1A3174 sp-8 an-325 E1U3174 sp-8 an-325 E1U10500 sp-34 an-325 E1A3175 sp-8 an-326 E1U3175 sp-8 an-326 E1U10501 sp-34 an-326 E1A3176 sp-8 an-327 E1U3176 sp-8 an-327 E1U10502 sp-34 an-327 E1A3177 sp-8 an-328 E1U3177 sp-8 an-328 E1U10503 sp-34 an-328 E1A3178 sp-8 an-329 E1U3178 sp-8 an-329 E1U10504 sp-34 an-329 E1A3179 sp-8 an-330 E1U3179 sp-8 an-330 E1U10505 sp-34 an-330 E1A3180 sp-8 an-331 E1U3180 sp-8 an-331 E1U10506 sp-34 an-331 E1A3181 sp-8 an-332 E1U3181 sp-8 an-332 E1U10507 sp-34 an-332 E1A3182 sp-8 an-333 E1U3182 sp-8 an-333 E1U10508 sp-34 an-333 E1A3183 sp-8 an-334 E1U3183 sp-8 an-334 E1U10509 sp-34 an-334 E1A3184 sp-8 an-335 E1U3184 sp-8 an-335 E1U10510 sp-34 an-335 E1A3185 sp-8 an-336 E1U3185 sp-8 an-336 E1U10511 sp-34 an-336 E1A3186 sp-8 an-337 E1U3186 sp-8 an-337 E1U10512 sp-34 an-337 Table 1-60 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3187 sp-8 an-338 E1U3187 sp-8 an-338 E1U10513 sp-34 an-338 E1A3188 sp-8 an-339 E1U3188 sp-8 an-339 E1U10514 sp-34 an-339 E1A3189 sp-8 an-340 E1U3189 sp-8 an-340 E1U10515 sp-34 an-340 E1A3190 sp-8 an-341 E1U3190 sp-8 an-341 E1U10516 sp-34 an-341 E1A3191 sp-8 an-342 E1U3191 sp-8 an-342 E1U10517 sp-34 an-342 E1A3192 sp-8 an-343 E1U3192 sp-8 an-343 E1U10518 sp-34 an-343 E1A3193 sp-8 an-344 E1U3193 sp-8 an-344 E1U10519 sp-34 an-344 E1A3194 sp-8 an-345 E1U3194 sp-8 an-345 E1U10520 sp-34 an-345 E1A3195 sp-8 an-346 E1U3195 sp-8 an-346 E1U10521 sp-34 an-346 E1A3196 sp-8 an-347 E1U3196 sp-8 an-347 E1U10522 sp-34 an-347 E1A3197 sp-8 an-348 E1U3197 sp-8 an-348 E1U10523 sp-34 an-348 E1A3198 sp-8 an-349 E1U3198 sp-8 an-349 E1U10524 sp-34 an-349 E1A3199 sp-8 an-350 E1U3199 sp-8 an-350 E1U10525 sp-34 an-350 E1A3200 sp-8 an-351 E1U3200 sp-8 an-351 E1U10526 sp-34 an-351 E1A3201 sp-8 an-352 E1U3201 sp-8 an-352 E1U10527 sp-34 an-352 E1A3202 sp-8 an-353 E1U3202 sp-8 an-353 E1U10528 sp-34 an-353 E1A3203 sp-8 an-354 E1U3203 sp-8 an-354 E1U10529 sp-34 an-354 E1A3204 sp-8 an-355 E1U3204 sp-8 an-355 E1U10530 sp-34 an-355 E1A3205 sp-8 an-356 E1U3205 sp-8 an-356 E1U10531 sp-34 an-356 E1A3206 sp-8 an-357 E1U3206 sp-8 an-357 E1U10532 sp-34 an-357 E1A3207 sp-8 an-358 E1U3207 sp-8 an-358 E1U10533 sp-34 an-358 E1A3208 sp-8 an-359 E1U3208 sp-8 an-359 E1U10534 sp-34 an-359 E1A3209 sp-8 an-360 E1U3209 sp-8 an-360 E1U10535 sp-34 an-360 E1A3210 sp-8 an-361 E1U3210 sp-8 an-361 E1U10536 sp-34 an-361 E1A3211 sp-8 an-362 E1U3211 sp-8 an-362 E1U10537 sp-34 an-362 E1A3212 sp-8 an-363 E1U3212 sp-8 an-363 E1U10538 sp-34 an-363 E1A3213 sp-8 an-364 E1U3213 sp-8 an-364 E1U10539 sp-34 an-364 E1A3214 sp-8 an-365 E1U3214 sp-8 an-365 E1U10540 sp-34 an-365 E1A3215 sp-8 an-366 E1U3215 sp-8 an-366 E1U10541 sp-34 an-366 E1A3216 sp-8 an-367 E1U3216 sp-8 an-367 E1U10542 sp-34 an-367 E1A3217 sp-8 an-368 E1U3217 sp-8 an-368 E1U10543 sp-34 an-368 E1A3218 sp-8 an-369 E1U3218 sp-8 an-369 E1U10544 sp-34 an-369 E1A3219 sp-8 an-370 E1U3219 sp-8 an-370 E1U10545 sp-34 an-370 E1A3220 sp-8 an-371 E1U3220 sp-8 an-371 E1U10546 sp-34 an-371 E1A3221 sp-8 an-372 E1U3221 sp-8 an-372 E1U10547 sp-34 an-372 E1A3222 sp-8 an-373 E1U3222 sp-8 an-373 E1U10548 sp-34 an-373 E1A3223 sp-8 an-374 E1U3223 sp-8 an-374 E1U10549 sp-34 an-374 E1A3224 sp-8 an-375 E1U3224 sp-8 an-375 E1U10550 sp-34 an-375 E1A3225 sp-8 an-376 E1U3225 sp-8 an-376 E1U10551 sp-34 an-376 E1A3226 sp-8 an-377 E1U3226 sp-8 an-377 E1U10552 sp-34 an-377 E1A3227 sp-8 an-378 E1U3227 sp-8 an-378 E1U10553 sp-34 an-378 E1A3228 sp-8 an-379 E1U3228 sp-8 an-379 E1U10554 sp-34 an-379 E1A3229 sp-8 an-380 E1U3229 sp-8 an-380 E1U10555 sp-34 an-380 E1A3230 sp-8 an-381 E1U3230 sp-8 an-381 E1U10556 sp-34 an-381 E1A3231 sp-8 an-382 E1U3231 sp-8 an-382 E1U10557 sp-34 an-382 E1A3232 sp-8 an-383 E1U3232 sp-8 an-383 E1U10558 sp-34 an-383 E1A3233 sp-8 an-384 E1U3233 sp-8 an-384 E1U10559 sp-34 an-384 E1A3234 sp-8 an-385 E1U3234 sp-8 an-385 E1U10560 sp-34 an-385 E1A3235 sp-8 an-386 E1U3235 sp-8 an-386 E1U10561 sp-34 an-386 E1A3236 sp-8 an-387 E1U3236 sp-8 an-387 E1U10562 sp-34 an-387 E1A3237 sp-8 an-388 E1U3237 sp-8 an-388 E1U10563 sp-34 an-388 E1A3238 sp-8 an-389 E1U3238 sp-8 an-389 E1U10564 sp-34 an-389 E1A3239 sp-8 an-390 E1U3239 sp-8 an-390 E1U10565 sp-34 an-390 E1A3240 sp-8 an-391 E1U3240 sp-8 an-391 E1U10566 sp-34 an-391 Table 1-61 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3241 sp-8 an-392 E1U3241 sp-8 an-392 E1U10567 sp-34 an-392 E1A3242 sp-8 an-393 E1U3242 sp-8 an-393 E1U10568 sp-34 an-393 E1A3243 sp-8 an-394 E1U3243 sp-8 an-394 E1U10569 sp-34 an-394 E1A3244 sp-8 an-395 E1U3244 sp-8 an-395 E1U10570 sp-34 an-395 E1A3245 sp-8 an-396 E1U3245 sp-8 an-396 E1U10571 sp-34 an-396 E1A3246 sp-8 an-397 E1U3246 sp-8 an-397 E1U10572 sp-34 an-397 E1A3247 sp-8 an-398 E1U3247 sp-8 an-398 E1U10573 sp-34 an-398 E1A3248 sp-8 an-399 E1U3248 sp-8 an-399 E1U10574 sp-34 an-399 E1A3249 sp-8 an-400 E1U3249 sp-8 an-400 E1U10575 sp-34 an-400 E1A3250 sp-8 an-401 E1U3250 sp-8 an-401 E1U10576 sp-34 an-401 E1A3251 sp-8 an-402 E1U3251 sp-8 an-402 E1U10577 sp-34 an-402 E1A3252 sp-8 an-403 E1U3252 sp-8 an-403 E1U10578 sp-34 an-403 E1A3253 sp-8 an-404 E1U3253 sp-8 an-404 E1U10579 sp-34 an-404 E1A3254 sp-8 an-405 E1U3254 sp-8 an-405 E1U10580 sp-34 an-405 E1A3255 sp-8 an-406 E1U3255 sp-8 an-406 E1U10581 sp-34 an-406 E1A3256 sp-8 an-407 E1U3256 sp-8 an-407 E1U10582 sp-34 an-407 E1A3257 sp-9 an-1 E1U3257 sp-9 an-1 E1U10583 sp-35 an-1 E1A3258 sp-9 an-2 E1U3258 sp-9 an-2 E1U10584 sp-35 an-2 E1A3259 sp-9 an-3 E1U3259 sp-9 an-3 E1U10585 sp-35 an-3 E1A3260 sp-9 an-4 E1U3260 sp-9 an-4 E1U10586 sp-35 an-4 E1A3261 sp-9 an-5 E1U3261 sp-9 an-5 E1U10587 sp-35 an-5 E1A3262 sp-9 an-6 E1U3262 sp-9 an-6 E1U10588 sp-35 an-6 E1A3263 sp-9 an-7 E1U3263 sp-9 an-7 E1U10589 sp-35 an-7 E1A3264 sp-9 an-8 E1U3264 sp-9 an-8 E1U10590 sp-35 an-8 E1A3265 sp-9 an-9 E1U3265 sp-9 an-9 E1U10591 sp-35 an-9 E1A3266 sp-9 an-10 E1U3266 sp-9 an-10 E1U10592 sp-35 an-10 E1A3267 sp-9 an-11 E1U3267 sp-9 an-11 E1U10593 sp-35 an-11 E1A3268 sp-9 an-12 E1U3268 sp-9 an-12 E1U10594 sp-35 an-12 E1A3269 sp-9 an-13 E1U3269 sp-9 an-13 E1U10595 sp-35 an-13 E1A3270 sp-9 an-14 E1U3270 sp-9 an-14 E1U10596 sp-35 an-14 E1A3271 sp-9 an-15 E1U3271 sp-9 an-15 E1U10597 sp-35 an-15 E1A3272 sp-9 an-16 E1U3272 sp-9 an-16 E1U10598 sp-35 an-16 E1A3273 sp-9 an-17 E1U3273 sp-9 an-17 E1U10599 sp-35 an-17 E1A3274 sp-9 an-18 E1U3274 sp-9 an-18 E1U10600 sp-35 an-18 E1A3275 sp-9 an-19 E1U3275 sp-9 an-19 E1U10601 sp-35 an-19 E1A3276 sp-9 an-20 E1U3276 sp-9 an-20 E1U10602 sp-35 an-20 E1A3277 sp-9 an-21 E1U3277 sp-9 an-21 E1U10603 sp-35 an-21 E1A3278 sp-9 an-22 E1U3278 sp-9 an-22 E1U10604 sp-35 an-22 E1A3279 sp-9 an-23 E1U3279 sp-9 an-23 E1U10605 sp-35 an-23 E1A3280 sp-9 an-24 E1U3280 sp-9 an-24 E1U10606 sp-35 an-24 E1A3281 sp-9 an-25 E1U3281 sp-9 an-25 E1U10607 sp-35 an-25 E1A3282 sp-9 an-26 E1U3282 sp-9 an-26 E1U10608 sp-35 an-26 E1A3283 sp-9 an-27 E1U3283 sp-9 an-27 E1U10609 sp-35 an-27 E1A3284 sp-9 an-28 E1U3284 sp-9 an-28 E1U10610 sp-35 an-28 E1A3285 sp-9 an-29 E1U3285 sp-9 an-29 E1U10611 sp-35 an-29 E1A3286 sp-9 an-30 E1U3286 sp-9 an-30 E1U10612 sp-35 an-30 E1A3287 sp-9 an-31 E1U3287 sp-9 an-31 E1U10613 sp-35 an-31 E1A3288 sp-9 an-32 E1U3288 sp-9 an-32 E1U10614 sp-35 an-32 E1A3289 sp-9 an-33 E1U3289 sp-9 an-33 E1U10615 sp-35 an-33 E1A3290 sp-9 an-34 E1U3290 sp-9 an-34 E1U10616 sp-35 an-34 E1A3291 sp-9 an-35 E1U3291 sp-9 an-35 E1U10617 sp-35 an-35 E1A3292 sp-9 an-36 E1U3292 sp-9 an-36 E1U10618 sp-35 an-36 E1A3293 sp-9 an-37 E1U3293 sp-9 an-37 E1U10619 sp-35 an-37 E1A3294 sp-9 an-38 E1U3294 sp-9 an-38 E1U10620 sp-35 an-38 Table 1-62 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3295 sp-9 an-39 E1U3295 sp-9 an-39 E1U10621 sp-35 an-39 E1A3296 sp-9 an-40 E1U3296 sp-9 an-40 E1U10622 sp-35 an-40 E1A3297 sp-9 an-41 E1U3297 sp-9 an-41 E1U10623 sp-35 an-41 E1A3298 sp-9 an-42 E1U3298 sp-9 an-42 E1U10624 sp-35 an-42 E1A3299 sp-9 an-43 E1U3299 sp-9 an-43 E1U10625 sp-35 an-43 E1A3300 sp-9 an-44 E1U3300 sp-9 an-44 E1U10626 sp-35 an-44 E1A3301 sp-9 an-45 E1U3301 sp-9 an-45 E1U10627 sp-35 an-45 E1A3302 sp-9 an-46 E1U3302 sp-9 an-46 E1U10628 sp-35 an-46 E1A3303 sp-9 an-47 E1U3303 sp-9 an-47 E1U10629 sp-35 an-47 E1A3304 sp-9 an-48 E1U3304 sp-9 an-48 E1U10630 sp-35 an-48 E1A3305 sp-9 an-49 E1U3305 sp-9 an-49 E1U10631 sp-35 an-49 E1A3306 sp-9 an-50 E1U3306 sp-9 an-50 E1U10632 sp-35 an-50 E1A3307 sp-9 an-51 E1U3307 sp-9 an-51 E1U10633 sp-35 an-51 E1A3308 sp-9 an-52 E1U3308 sp-9 an-52 E1U10634 sp-35 an-52 E1A3309 sp-9 an-53 E1U3309 sp-9 an-53 E1U10635 sp-35 an-53 E1A3310 sp-9 an-54 E1U3310 sp-9 an-54 E1U10636 sp-35 an-54 E1A3311 sp-9 an-55 E1U3311 sp-9 an-55 E1U10637 sp-35 an-55 E1A3312 sp-9 an-56 E1U3312 sp-9 an-56 E1U10638 sp-35 an-56 E1A3313 sp-9 an-57 E1U3313 sp-9 an-57 E1U10639 sp-35 an-57 E1A3314 sp-9 an-58 E1U3314 sp-9 an-58 E1U10640 sp-35 an-58 E1A3315 sp-9 an-59 E1U3315 sp-9 an-59 E1U10641 sp-35 an-59 E1A3316 sp-9 an-60 E1U3316 sp-9 an-60 E1U10642 sp-35 an-60 E1A3317 sp-9 an-61 E1U3317 sp-9 an-61 E1U10643 sp-35 an-61 E1A3318 sp-9 an-62 E1U3318 sp-9 an-62 E1U10644 sp-35 an-62 E1A3319 sp-9 an-63 E1U3319 sp-9 an-63 E1U10645 sp-35 an-63 E1A3320 sp-9 an-64 E1U3320 sp-9 an-64 E1U10646 sp-35 an-64 E1A3321 sp-9 an-65 E1U3321 sp-9 an-65 E1U10647 sp-35 an-65 E1A3322 sp-9 an-66 E1U3322 sp-9 an-66 E1U10648 sp-35 an-66 E1A3323 sp-9 an-67 E1U3323 sp-9 an-67 E1U10649 sp-35 an-67 E1A3324 sp-9 an-68 E1U3324 sp-9 an-68 E1U10650 sp-35 an-68 E1A3325 sp-9 an-69 E1U3325 sp-9 an-69 E1U10651 sp-35 an-69 E1A3326 sp-9 an-70 E1U3326 sp-9 an-70 E1U10652 sp-35 an-70 E1A3327 sp-9 an-71 E1U3327 sp-9 an-71 E1U10653 sp-35 an-71 E1A3328 sp-9 an-72 E1U3328 sp-9 an-72 E1U10654 sp-35 an-72 E1A3329 sp-9 an-73 E1U3329 sp-9 an-73 E1U10655 sp-35 an-73 E1A3330 sp-9 an-74 E1U3330 sp-9 an-74 E1U10656 sp-35 an-74 E1A3331 sp-9 an-75 E1U3331 sp-9 an-75 E1U10657 sp-35 an-75 E1A3332 sp-9 an-76 E1U3332 sp-9 an-76 E1U10658 sp-35 an-76 E1A3333 sp-9 an-77 E1U3333 sp-9 an-77 E1U10659 sp-35 an-77 E1A3334 sp-9 an-78 E1U3334 sp-9 an-78 E1U10660 sp-35 an-78 E1A3335 sp-9 an-79 E1U3335 sp-9 an-79 E1U10661 sp-35 an-79 E1A3336 sp-9 an-80 E1U3336 sp-9 an-80 E1U10662 sp-35 an-80 E1A3337 sp-9 an-81 E1U3337 sp-9 an-81 E1U10663 sp-35 an-81 E1A3338 sp-9 an-82 E1U3338 sp-9 an-82 E1U10664 sp-35 an-82 E1A3339 sp-9 an-83 E1U3339 sp-9 an-83 E1U10665 sp-35 an-83 E1A3340 sp-9 an-84 E1U3340 sp-9 an-84 E1U10666 sp-35 an-84 E1A3341 sp-9 an-85 E1U3341 sp-9 an-85 E1U10667 sp-35 an-85 E1A3342 sp-9 an-86 E1U3342 sp-9 an-86 E1U10668 sp-35 an-86 E1A3343 sp-9 an-87 E1U3343 sp-9 an-87 E1U10669 sp-35 an-87 E1A3344 sp-9 an-88 E1U3344 sp-9 an-88 E1U10670 sp-35 an-88 E1A3345 sp-9 an-89 E1U3345 sp-9 an-89 E1U10671 sp-35 an-89 E1A3346 sp-9 an-90 E1U3346 sp-9 an-90 E1U10672 sp-35 an-90 E1A3347 sp-9 an-91 E1U3347 sp-9 an-91 E1U10673 sp-35 an-91 E1A3348 sp-9 an-92 E1U3348 sp-9 an-92 E1U10674 sp-35 an-92 Table 1-63 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3349 sp-9 an-93 E1U3349 sp-9 an-93 E1U10675 sp-35 an-93 E1A3350 sp-9 an-94 E1U3350 sp-9 an-94 E1U10676 sp-35 an-94 E1A3351 sp-9 an-95 E1U3351 sp-9 an-95 E1U10677 sp-35 an-95 E1A3352 sp-9 an-96 E1U3352 sp-9 an-96 E1U10678 sp-35 an-96 E1A3353 sp-9 an-97 E1U3353 sp-9 an-97 E1U10679 sp-35 an-97 E1A3354 sp-9 an-98 E1U3354 sp-9 an-98 E1U10680 sp-35 an-98 E1A3355 sp-9 an-99 E1U3355 sp-9 an-99 E1U10681 sp-35 an-99 E1A3356 sp-9 an-100 E1U3356 sp-9 an-100 E1U10682 sp-35 an-100 E1A3357 sp-9 an-101 E1U3357 sp-9 an-101 E1U10683 sp-35 an-101 E1A3358 sp-9 an-102 E1U3358 sp-9 an-102 E1U10684 sp-35 an-102 E1A3359 sp-9 an-103 E1U3359 sp-9 an-103 E1U10685 sp-35 an-103 E1A3360 sp-9 an-104 E1U3360 sp-9 an-104 E1U10686 sp-35 an-104 E1A3361 sp-9 an-105 E1U3361 sp-9 an-105 E1U10687 sp-35 an-105 E1A3362 sp-9 an-106 E1U3362 sp-9 an-106 E1U10688 sp-35 an-106 E1A3363 sp-9 an-107 E1U3363 sp-9 an-107 E1U10689 sp-35 an-107 E1A3364 sp-9 an-108 E1U3364 sp-9 an-108 E1U10690 sp-35 an-108 E1A3365 sp-9 an-109 E1U3365 sp-9 an-109 E1U10691 sp-35 an-109 E1A3366 sp-9 an-110 E1U3366 sp-9 an-110 E1U10692 sp-35 an-110 E1A3367 sp-9 an-111 E1U3367 sp-9 an-111 E1U10693 sp-35 an-111 E1A3368 sp-9 an-112 E1U3368 sp-9 an-112 E1U10694 sp-35 an-112 E1A3369 sp-9 an-113 E1U3369 sp-9 an-113 E1U10695 sp-35 an-113 E1A3370 sp-9 an-114 E1U3370 sp-9 an-114 E1U10696 sp-35 an-114 E1A3371 sp-9 an-115 E1U3371 sp-9 an-115 E1U10697 sp-35 an-115 E1A3372 sp-9 an-116 E1U3372 sp-9 an-116 E1U10698 sp-35 an-116 E1A3373 sp-9 an-117 E1U3373 sp-9 an-117 E1U10699 sp-35 an-117 E1A3374 sp-9 an-118 E1U3374 sp-9 an-118 E1U10700 sp-35 an-118 E1A3375 sp-9 an-119 E1U3375 sp-9 an-119 E1U10701 sp-35 an-119 E1A3376 sp-9 an-120 E1U3376 sp-9 an-120 E1U10702 sp-35 an-120 E1A3377 sp-9 an-121 E1U3377 sp-9 an-121 E1U10703 sp-35 an-121 E1A3378 sp-9 an-122 E1U3378 sp-9 an-122 E1U10704 sp-35 an-122 E1A3379 sp-9 an-123 E1U3379 sp-9 an-123 E1U10705 sp-35 an-123 E1A3380 sp-9 an-124 E1U3380 sp-9 an-124 E1U10706 sp-35 an-124 E1A3381 sp-9 an-125 E1U3381 sp-9 an-125 E1U10707 sp-35 an-125 E1A3382 sp-9 an-126 E1U3382 sp-9 an-126 E1U10708 sp-35 an-126 E1A3383 sp-9 an-127 E1U3383 sp-9 an-127 E1U10709 sp-35 an-127 E1A3384 sp-9 an-128 E1U3384 sp-9 an-128 E1U10710 sp-35 an-128 E1A3385 sp-9 an-129 E1U3385 sp-9 an-129 E1U10711 sp-35 an-129 E1A3386 sp-9 an-130 E1U3386 sp-9 an-130 E1U10712 sp-35 an-130 E1A3387 sp-9 an-131 E1U3387 sp-9 an-131 E1U10713 sp-35 an-131 E1A3388 sp-9 an-132 E1U3388 sp-9 an-132 E1U10714 sp-35 an-132 E1A3389 sp-9 an-133 E1U3389 sp-9 an-133 E1U10715 sp-35 an-133 E1A3390 sp-9 an-134 E1U3390 sp-9 an-134 E1U10716 sp-35 an-134 E1A3391 sp-9 an-135 E1U3391 sp-9 an-135 E1U10717 sp-35 an-135 E1A3392 sp-9 an-136 E1U3392 sp-9 an-136 E1U10718 sp-35 an-136 E1A3393 sp-9 an-137 E1U3393 sp-9 an-137 E1U10719 sp-35 an-137 E1A3394 sp-9 an-138 E1U3394 sp-9 an-138 E1U10720 sp-35 an-138 E1A3395 sp-9 an-139 E1U3395 sp-9 an-139 E1U10721 sp-35 an-139 E1A3396 sp-9 an-140 E1U3396 sp-9 an-140 E1U10722 sp-35 an-140 E1A3397 sp-9 an-141 E1U3397 sp-9 an-141 E1U10723 sp-35 an-141 E1A3398 sp-9 an-142 E1U3398 sp-9 an-142 E1U10724 sp-35 an-142 E1A3399 sp-9 an-143 E1U3399 sp-9 an-143 E1U10725 sp-35 an-143 E1A3400 sp-9 an-144 E1U3400 sp-9 an-144 E1U10726 sp-35 an-144 E1A3401 sp-9 an-145 E1U3401 sp-9 an-145 E1U10727 sp-35 an-145 E1A3402 sp-9 an-146 E1U3402 sp-9 an-146 E1U10728 sp-35 an-146 Table 1-64 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3403 sp-9 an-147 E1U3403 sp-9 an-147 E1U10729 sp-35 an-147 E1A3404 sp-9 an-148 E1U3404 sp-9 an-148 E1U10730 sp-35 an-148 E1A3405 sp-9 an-149 E1U3405 sp-9 an-149 E1U10731 sp-35 an-149 E1A3406 sp-9 an-150 E1U3406 sp-9 an-150 E1U10732 sp-35 an-150 E1A3407 sp-9 an-151 E1U3407 sp-9 an-151 E1U10733 sp-35 an-151 E1A3408 sp-9 an-152 E1U3408 sp-9 an-152 E1U10734 sp-35 an-152 E1A3409 sp-9 an-153 E1U3409 sp-9 an-153 E1U10735 sp-35 an-153 E1A3410 sp-9 an-154 E1U3410 sp-9 an-154 E1U10736 sp-35 an-154 E1A3411 sp-9 an-155 E1U3411 sp-9 an-155 E1U10737 sp-35 an-155 E1A3412 sp-9 an-156 E1U3412 sp-9 an-156 E1U10738 sp-35 an-156 E1A3413 sp-9 an-157 E1U3413 sp-9 an-157 E1U10739 sp-35 an-157 E1A3414 sp-9 an-158 E1U3414 sp-9 an-158 E1U10740 sp-35 an-158 E1A3415 sp-9 an-159 E1U3415 sp-9 an-159 E1U10741 sp-35 an-159 E1A3416 sp-9 an-160 E1U3416 sp-9 an-160 E1U10742 sp-35 an-160 E1A3417 sp-9 an-161 E1U3417 sp-9 an-161 E1U10743 sp-35 an-161 E1A3418 sp-9 an-162 E1U3418 sp-9 an-162 E1U10744 sp-35 an-162 E1A3419 sp-9 an-163 E1U3419 sp-9 an-163 E1U10745 sp-35 an-163 E1A3420 sp-9 an-164 E1U3420 sp-9 an-164 E1U10746 sp-35 an-164 E1A3421 sp-9 an-165 E1U3421 sp-9 an-165 E1U10747 sp-35 an-165 E1A3422 sp-9 an-166 E1U3422 sp-9 an-166 E1U10748 sp-35 an-166 E1A3423 sp-9 an-167 E1U3423 sp-9 an-167 E1U10749 sp-35 an-167 E1A3424 sp-9 an-168 E1U3424 sp-9 an-168 E1U10750 sp-35 an-168 E1A3425 sp-9 an-169 E1U3425 sp-9 an-169 E1U10751 sp-35 an-169 E1A3426 sp-9 an-170 E1U3426 sp-9 an-170 E1U10752 sp-35 an-170 E1A3427 sp-9 an-171 E1U3427 sp-9 an-171 E1U10753 sp-35 an-171 E1A3428 sp-9 an-172 E1U3428 sp-9 an-172 E1U10754 sp-35 an-172 E1A3429 sp-9 an-173 E1U3429 sp-9 an-173 E1U10755 sp-35 an-173 E1A3430 sp-9 an-174 E1U3430 sp-9 an-174 E1U10756 sp-35 an-174 E1A3431 sp-9 an-175 E1U3431 sp-9 an-175 E1U10757 sp-35 an-175 E1A3432 sp-9 an-176 E1U3432 sp-9 an-176 E1U10758 sp-35 an-176 E1A3433 sp-9 an-177 E1U3433 sp-9 an-177 E1U10759 sp-35 an-177 E1A3434 sp-9 an-178 E1U3434 sp-9 an-178 E1U10760 sp-35 an-178 E1A3435 sp-9 an-179 E1U3435 sp-9 an-179 E1U10761 sp-35 an-179 E1A3436 sp-9 an-180 E1U3436 sp-9 an-180 E1U10762 sp-35 an-180 E1A3437 sp-9 an-181 E1U3437 sp-9 an-181 E1U10763 sp-35 an-181 E1A3438 sp-9 an-182 E1U3438 sp-9 an-182 E1U10764 sp-35 an-182 E1A3439 sp-9 an-183 E1U3439 sp-9 an-183 E1U10765 sp-35 an-183 E1A3440 sp-9 an-184 E1U3440 sp-9 an-184 E1U10766 sp-35 an-184 E1A3441 sp-9 an-185 E1U3441 sp-9 an-185 E1U10767 sp-35 an-185 E1A3442 sp-9 an-186 E1U3442 sp-9 an-186 E1U10768 sp-35 an-186 E1A3443 sp-9 an-187 E1U3443 sp-9 an-187 E1U10769 sp-35 an-187 E1A3444 sp-9 an-188 E1U3444 sp-9 an-188 E1U10770 sp-35 an-188 E1A3445 sp-9 an-189 E1U3445 sp-9 an-189 E1U10771 sp-35 an-189 E1A3446 sp-9 an-190 E1U3446 sp-9 an-190 E1U10772 sp-35 an-190 E1A3447 sp-9 an-191 E1U3447 sp-9 an-191 E1U10773 sp-35 an-191 E1A3448 sp-9 an-192 E1U3448 sp-9 an-192 E1U10774 sp-35 an-192 E1A3449 sp-9 an-193 E1U3449 sp-9 an-193 E1U10775 sp-35 an-193 E1A3450 sp-9 an-194 E1U3450 sp-9 an-194 E1U10776 sp-35 an-194 E1A3451 sp-9 an-195 E1U3451 sp-9 an-195 E1U10777 sp-35 an-195 E1A3452 sp-9 an-196 E1U3452 sp-9 an-196 E1U10778 sp-35 an-196 E1A3453 sp-9 an-197 E1U3453 sp-9 an-197 E1U10779 sp-35 an-197 E1A3454 sp-9 an-198 E1U3454 sp-9 an-198 E1U10780 sp-35 an-198 E1A3455 sp-9 an-199 E1U3455 sp-9 an-199 E1U10781 sp-35 an-199 E1A3456 sp-9 an-200 E1U3456 sp-9 an-200 E1U10782 sp-35 an-200 Table 1-65 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3457 sp-9 an-201 E1U3457 sp-9 an-201 E1U10783 sp-35 an-201 E1A3458 sp-9 an-202 E1U3458 sp-9 an-202 E1U10784 sp-35 an-202 E1A3459 sp-9 an-203 E1U3459 sp-9 an-203 E1U10785 sp-35 an-203 E1A3460 sp-9 an-204 E1U3460 sp-9 an-204 E1U10786 sp-35 an-204 E1A3461 sp-9 an-205 E1U3461 sp-9 an-205 E1U10787 sp-35 an-205 E1A3462 sp-9 an-206 E1U3462 sp-9 an-206 E1U10788 sp-35 an-206 E1A3463 sp-9 an-207 E1U3463 sp-9 an-207 E1U10789 sp-35 an-207 E1A3464 sp-9 an-208 E1U3464 sp-9 an-208 E1U10790 sp-35 an-208 E1A3465 sp-9 an-209 E1U3465 sp-9 an-209 E1U10791 sp-35 an-209 E1A3466 sp-9 an-210 E1U3466 sp-9 an-210 E1U10792 sp-35 an-210 E1A3467 sp-9 an-211 E1U3467 sp-9 an-211 E1U10793 sp-35 an-211 E1A3468 sp-9 an-212 E1U3468 sp-9 an-212 E1U10794 sp-35 an-212 E1A3469 sp-9 an-213 E1U3469 sp-9 an-213 E1U10795 sp-35 an-213 E1A3470 sp-9 an-214 E1U3470 sp-9 an-214 E1U10796 sp-35 an-214 E1A3471 sp-9 an-215 E1U3471 sp-9 an-215 E1U10797 sp-35 an-215 E1A3472 sp-9 an-216 E1U3472 sp-9 an-216 E1U10798 sp-35 an-216 E1A3473 sp-9 an-217 E1U3473 sp-9 an-217 E1U10799 sp-35 an-217 E1A3474 sp-9 an-218 E1U3474 sp-9 an-218 E1U10800 sp-35 an-218 E1A3475 sp-9 an-219 E1U3475 sp-9 an-219 E1U10801 sp-35 an-219 E1A3476 sp-9 an-220 E1U3476 sp-9 an-220 E1U10802 sp-35 an-220 E1A3477 sp-9 an-221 E1U3477 sp-9 an-221 E1U10803 sp-35 an-221 E1A3478 sp-9 an-222 E1U3478 sp-9 an-222 E1U10804 sp-35 an-222 E1A3479 sp-9 an-223 E1U3479 sp-9 an-223 E1U10805 sp-35 an-223 E1A3480 sp-9 an-224 E1U3480 sp-9 an-224 E1U10806 sp-35 an-224 E1A3481 sp-9 an-225 E1U3481 sp-9 an-225 E1U10807 sp-35 an-225 E1A3482 sp-9 an-226 E1U3482 sp-9 an-226 E1U10808 sp-35 an-226 E1A3483 sp-9 an-227 E1U3483 sp-9 an-227 E1U10809 sp-35 an-227 E1A3484 sp-9 an-228 E1U3484 sp-9 an-228 E1U10810 sp-35 an-228 E1A3485 sp-9 an-229 E1U3485 sp-9 an-229 E1U10811 sp-35 an-229 E1A3486 sp-9 an-230 E1U3486 sp-9 an-230 E1U10812 sp-35 an-230 E1A3487 sp-9 an-231 E1U3487 sp-9 an-231 E1U10813 sp-35 an-231 E1A3488 sp-9 an-232 E1U3488 sp-9 an-232 E1U10814 sp-35 an-232 E1A3489 sp-9 an-233 E1U3489 sp-9 an-233 E1U10815 sp-35 an-233 E1A3490 sp-9 an-234 E1U3490 sp-9 an-234 E1U10816 sp-35 an-234 E1A3491 sp-9 an-235 E1U3491 sp-9 an-235 E1U10817 sp-35 an-235 E1A3492 sp-9 an-236 E1U3492 sp-9 an-236 E1U10818 sp-35 an-236 E1A3493 sp-9 an-237 E1U3493 sp-9 an-237 E1U10819 sp-35 an-237 E1A3494 sp-9 an-238 E1U3494 sp-9 an-238 E1U10820 sp-35 an-238 E1A3495 sp-9 an-239 E1U3495 sp-9 an-239 E1U10821 sp-35 an-239 E1A3496 sp-9 an-240 E1U3496 sp-9 an-240 E1U10822 sp-35 an-240 E1A3497 sp-9 an-241 E1U3497 sp-9 an-241 E1U10823 sp-35 an-241 E1A3498 sp-9 an-242 E1U3498 sp-9 an-242 E1U10824 sp-35 an-242 E1A3499 sp-9 an-243 E1U3499 sp-9 an-243 E1U10825 sp-35 an-243 E1A3500 sp-9 an-244 E1U3500 sp-9 an-244 E1U10826 sp-35 an-244 E1A3501 sp-9 an-245 E1U3501 sp-9 an-245 E1U10827 sp-35 an-245 E1A3502 sp-9 an-246 E1U3502 sp-9 an-246 E1U10828 sp-35 an-246 E1A3503 sp-9 an-247 E1U3503 sp-9 an-247 E1U10829 sp-35 an-247 E1A3504 sp-9 an-248 E1U3504 sp-9 an-248 E1U10830 sp-35 an-248 E1A3505 sp-9 an-249 E1U3505 sp-9 an-249 E1U10831 sp-35 an-249 E1A3506 sp-9 an-250 E1U3506 sp-9 an-250 E1U10832 sp-35 an-250 E1A3507 sp-9 an-251 E1U3507 sp-9 an-251 E1U10833 sp-35 an-251 E1A3508 sp-9 an-252 E1U3508 sp-9 an-252 E1U10834 sp-35 an-252 E1A3509 sp-9 an-253 E1U3509 sp-9 an-253 E1U10835 sp-35 an-253 E1A3510 sp-9 an-254 E1U3510 sp-9 an-254 E1U10836 sp-35 an-254 Table 1-66 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3511 sp-9 an-255 E1U3511 sp-9 an-255 E1U10837 sp-35 an-255 E1A3512 sp-9 an-256 E1U3512 sp-9 an-256 E1U10838 sp-35 an-256 E1A3513 sp-9 an-257 E1U3513 sp-9 an-257 E1U10839 sp-35 an-257 E1A3514 sp-9 an-258 E1U3514 sp-9 an-258 E1U10840 sp-35 an-258 E1A3515 sp-9 an-259 E1U3515 sp-9 an-259 E1U10841 sp-35 an-259 E1A3516 sp-9 an-260 E1U3516 sp-9 an-260 E1U10842 sp-35 an-260 E1A3517 sp-9 an-261 E1U3517 sp-9 an-261 E1U10843 sp-35 an-261 E1A3518 sp-9 an-262 E1U3518 sp-9 an-262 E1U10844 sp-35 an-262 E1A3519 sp-9 an-263 E1U3519 sp-9 an-263 E1U10845 sp-35 an-263 E1A3520 sp-9 an-264 E1U3520 sp-9 an-264 E1U10846 sp-35 an-264 E1A3521 sp-9 an-265 E1U3521 sp-9 an-265 E1U10847 sp-35 an-265 E1A3522 sp-9 an-266 E1U3522 sp-9 an-266 E1U10848 sp-35 an-266 E1A3523 sp-9 an-267 E1U3523 sp-9 an-267 E1U10849 sp-35 an-267 E1A3524 sp-9 an-268 E1U3524 sp-9 an-268 E1U10850 sp-35 an-268 E1A3525 sp-9 an-269 E1U3525 sp-9 an-269 E1U10851 sp-35 an-269 E1A3526 sp-9 an-270 E1U3526 sp-9 an-270 E1U10852 sp-35 an-270 E1A3527 sp-9 an-271 E1U3527 sp-9 an-271 E1U10853 sp-35 an-271 E1A3528 sp-9 an-272 E1U3528 sp-9 an-272 E1U10854 sp-35 an-272 E1A3529 sp-9 an-273 E1U3529 sp-9 an-273 E1U10855 sp-35 an-273 E1A3530 sp-9 an-274 E1U3530 sp-9 an-274 E1U10856 sp-35 an-274 E1A3531 sp-9 an-275 E1U3531 sp-9 an-275 E1U10857 sp-35 an-275 E1A3532 sp-9 an-276 E1U3532 sp-9 an-276 E1U10858 sp-35 an-276 E1A3533 sp-9 an-277 E1U3533 sp-9 an-277 E1U10859 sp-35 an-277 E1A3534 sp-9 an-278 E1U3534 sp-9 an-278 E1U10860 sp-35 an-278 E1A3535 sp-9 an-279 E1U3535 sp-9 an-279 E1U10861 sp-35 an-279 E1A3536 sp-9 an-280 E1U3536 sp-9 an-280 E1U10862 sp-35 an-280 E1A3537 sp-9 an-281 E1U3537 sp-9 an-281 E1U10863 sp-35 an-281 E1A3538 sp-9 an-282 E1U3538 sp-9 an-282 E1U10864 sp-35 an-282 E1A3539 sp-9 an-283 E1U3539 sp-9 an-283 E1U10865 sp-35 an-283 E1A3540 sp-9 an-284 E1U3540 sp-9 an-284 E1U10866 sp-35 an-284 E1A3541 sp-9 an-285 E1U3541 sp-9 an-285 E1U10867 sp-35 an-285 E1A3542 sp-9 an-286 E1U3542 sp-9 an-286 E1U10868 sp-35 an-286 E1A3543 sp-9 an-287 E1U3543 sp-9 an-287 E1U10869 sp-35 an-287 E1A3544 sp-9 an-288 E1U3544 sp-9 an-288 E1U10870 sp-35 an-288 E1A3545 sp-9 an-289 E1U3545 sp-9 an-289 E1U10871 sp-35 an-289 E1A3546 sp-9 an-290 E1U3546 sp-9 an-290 E1U10872 sp-35 an-290 E1A3547 sp-9 an-291 E1U3547 sp-9 an-291 E1U10873 sp-35 an-291 E1A3548 sp-9 an-292 E1U3548 sp-9 an-292 E1U10874 sp-35 an-292 E1A3549 sp-9 an-293 E1U3549 sp-9 an-293 E1U10875 sp-35 an-293 E1A3550 sp-9 an-294 E1U3550 sp-9 an-294 E1U10876 sp-35 an-294 E1A3551 sp-9 an-295 E1U3551 sp-9 an-295 E1U10877 sp-35 an-295 E1A3552 sp-9 an-296 E1U3552 sp-9 an-296 E1U10878 sp-35 an-296 E1A3553 sp-9 an-297 E1U3553 sp-9 an-297 E1U10879 sp-35 an-297 E1A3554 sp-9 an-298 E1U3554 sp-9 an-298 E1U10880 sp-35 an-298 E1A3555 sp-9 an-299 E1U3555 sp-9 an-299 E1U10881 sp-35 an-299 E1A3556 sp-9 an-300 E1U3556 sp-9 an-300 E1U10882 sp-35 an-300 E1A3557 sp-9 an-301 E1U3557 sp-9 an-301 E1U10883 sp-35 an-301 E1A3558 sp-9 an-302 E1U3558 sp-9 an-302 E1U10884 sp-35 an-302 E1A3559 sp-9 an-303 E1U3559 sp-9 an-303 E1U10885 sp-35 an-303 E1A3560 sp-9 an-304 E1U3560 sp-9 an-304 E1U10886 sp-35 an-304 E1A3561 sp-9 an-305 E1U3561 sp-9 an-305 E1U10887 sp-35 an-305 E1A3562 sp-9 an-306 E1U3562 sp-9 an-306 E1U10888 sp-35 an-306 E1A3563 sp-9 an-307 E1U3563 sp-9 an-307 E1U10889 sp-35 an-307 E1A3564 sp-9 an-308 E1U3564 sp-9 an-308 E1U10890 sp-35 an-308 Table 1-67 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3565 sp-9 an-309 E1U3565 sp-9 an-309 E1U10891 sp-35 an-309 E1A3566 sp-9 an-310 E1U3566 sp-9 an-310 E1U10892 sp-35 an-310 E1A3567 sp-9 an-311 E1U3567 sp-9 an-311 E1U10893 sp-35 an-311 E1A3568 sp-9 an-312 E1U3568 sp-9 an-312 E1U10894 sp-35 an-312 E1A3569 sp-9 an-313 E1U3569 sp-9 an-313 E1U10895 sp-35 an-313 E1A3570 sp-9 an-314 E1U3570 sp-9 an-314 E1U10896 sp-35 an-314 E1A3571 sp-9 an-315 E1U3571 sp-9 an-315 E1U10897 sp-35 an-315 E1A3572 sp-9 an-316 E1U3572 sp-9 an-316 E1U10898 sp-35 an-316 E1A3573 sp-9 an-317 E1U3573 sp-9 an-317 E1U10899 sp-35 an-317 E1A3574 sp-9 an-318 E1U3574 sp-9 an-318 E1U10900 sp-35 an-318 E1A3575 sp-9 an-319 E1U3575 sp-9 an-319 E1U10901 sp-35 an-319 E1A3576 sp-9 an-320 E1U3576 sp-9 an-320 E1U10902 sp-35 an-320 E1A3577 sp-9 an-321 E1U3577 sp-9 an-321 E1U10903 sp-35 an-321 E1A3578 sp-9 an-322 E1U3578 sp-9 an-322 E1U10904 sp-35 an-322 E1A3579 sp-9 an-323 E1U3579 sp-9 an-323 E1U10905 sp-35 an-323 E1A3580 sp-9 an-324 E1U3580 sp-9 an-324 E1U10906 sp-35 an-324 E1A3581 sp-9 an-325 E1U3581 sp-9 an-325 E1U10907 sp-35 an-325 E1A3582 sp-9 an-326 E1U3582 sp-9 an-326 E1U10908 sp-35 an-326 E1A3583 sp-9 an-327 E1U3583 sp-9 an-327 E1U10909 sp-35 an-327 E1A3584 sp-9 an-328 E1U3584 sp-9 an-328 E1U10910 sp-35 an-328 E1A3585 sp-9 an-329 E1U3585 sp-9 an-329 E1U10911 sp-35 an-329 E1A3586 sp-9 an-330 E1U3586 sp-9 an-330 E1U10912 sp-35 an-330 E1A3587 sp-9 an-331 E1U3587 sp-9 an-331 E1U10913 sp-35 an-331 E1A3588 sp-9 an-332 E1U3588 sp-9 an-332 E1U10914 sp-35 an-332 E1A3589 sp-9 an-333 E1U3589 sp-9 an-333 E1U10915 sp-35 an-333 E1A3590 sp-9 an-334 E1U3590 sp-9 an-334 E1U10916 sp-35 an-334 E1A3591 sp-9 an-335 E1U3591 sp-9 an-335 E1U10917 sp-35 an-335 E1A3592 sp-9 an-336 E1U3592 sp-9 an-336 E1U10918 sp-35 an-336 E1A3593 sp-9 an-337 E1U3593 sp-9 an-337 E1U10919 sp-35 an-337 E1A3594 sp-9 an-338 E1U3594 sp-9 an-338 E1U10920 sp-35 an-338 E1A3595 sp-9 an-339 E1U3595 sp-9 an-339 E1U10921 sp-35 an-339 E1A3596 sp-9 an-340 E1U3596 sp-9 an-340 E1U10922 sp-35 an-340 E1A3597 sp-9 an-341 E1U3597 sp-9 an-341 E1U10923 sp-35 an-341 E1A3598 sp-9 an-342 E1U3598 sp-9 an-342 E1U10924 sp-35 an-342 E1A3599 sp-9 an-343 E1U3599 sp-9 an-343 E1U10925 sp-35 an-343 E1A3600 sp-9 an-344 E1U3600 sp-9 an-344 E1U10926 sp-35 an-344 E1A3601 sp-9 an-345 E1U3601 sp-9 an-345 E1U10927 sp-35 an-345 E1A3602 sp-9 an-346 E1U3602 sp-9 an-346 E1U10928 sp-35 an-346 E1A3603 sp-9 an-347 E1U3603 sp-9 an-347 E1U10929 sp-35 an-347 E1A3604 sp-9 an-348 E1U3604 sp-9 an-348 E1U10930 sp-35 an-348 E1A3605 sp-9 an-349 E1U3605 sp-9 an-349 E1U10931 sp-35 an-349 E1A3606 sp-9 an-350 E1U3606 sp-9 an-350 E1U10932 sp-35 an-350 E1A3607 sp-9 an-351 E1U3607 sp-9 an-351 E1U10933 sp-35 an-351 E1A3608 sp-9 an-352 E1U3608 sp-9 an-352 E1U10934 sp-35 an-352 E1A3609 sp-9 an-353 E1U3609 sp-9 an-353 E1U10935 sp-35 an-353 E1A3610 sp-9 an-354 E1U3610 sp-9 an-354 E1U10936 sp-35 an-354 E1A3611 sp-9 an-355 E1U3611 sp-9 an-355 E1U10937 sp-35 an-355 E1A3612 sp-9 an-356 E1U3612 sp-9 an-356 E1U10938 sp-35 an-356 E1A3613 sp-9 an-357 E1U3613 sp-9 an-357 E1U10939 sp-35 an-357 E1A3614 sp-9 an-358 E1U3614 sp-9 an-358 E1U10940 sp-35 an-358 E1A3615 sp-9 an-359 E1U3615 sp-9 an-359 E1U10941 sp-35 an-359 E1A3616 sp-9 an-360 E1U3616 sp-9 an-360 E1U10942 sp-35 an-360 E1A3617 sp-9 an-361 E1U3617 sp-9 an-361 E1U10943 sp-35 an-361 E1A3618 sp-9 an-362 E1U3618 sp-9 an-362 E1U10944 sp-35 an-362 Table 1-68 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3619 sp-9 an-363 E1U3619 sp-9 an-363 E1U10945 sp-35 an-363 E1A3620 sp-9 an-364 E1U3620 sp-9 an-364 E1U10946 sp-35 an-364 E1A3621 sp-9 an-365 E1U3621 sp-9 an-365 E1U10947 sp-35 an-365 E1A3622 sp-9 an-366 E1U3622 sp-9 an-366 E1U10948 sp-35 an-366 E1A3623 sp-9 an-367 E1U3623 sp-9 an-367 E1U10949 sp-35 an-367 E1A3624 sp-9 an-368 E1U3624 sp-9 an-368 E1U10950 sp-35 an-368 E1A3625 sp-9 an-369 E1U3625 sp-9 an-369 E1U10951 sp-35 an-369 E1A3626 sp-9 an-370 E1U3626 sp-9 an-370 E1U10952 sp-35 an-370 E1A3627 sp-9 an-371 E1U3627 sp-9 an-371 E1U10953 sp-35 an-371 E1A3628 sp-9 an-372 E1U3628 sp-9 an-372 E1U10954 sp-35 an-372 E1A3629 sp-9 an-373 E1U3629 sp-9 an-373 E1U10955 sp-35 an-373 E1A3630 sp-9 an-374 E1U3630 sp-9 an-374 E1U10956 sp-35 an-374 E1A3631 sp-9 an-375 E1U3631 sp-9 an-375 E1U10957 sp-35 an-375 E1A3632 sp-9 an-376 E1U3632 sp-9 an-376 E1U10958 sp-35 an-376 E1A3633 sp-9 an-377 E1U3633 sp-9 an-377 E1U10959 sp-35 an-377 E1A3634 sp-9 an-378 E1U3634 sp-9 an-378 E1U10960 sp-35 an-378 E1A3635 sp-9 an-379 E1U3635 sp-9 an-379 E1U10961 sp-35 an-379 E1A3636 sp-9 an-380 E1U3636 sp-9 an-380 E1U10962 sp-35 an-380 E1A3637 sp-9 an-381 E1U3637 sp-9 an-381 E1U10963 sp-35 an-381 E1A3638 sp-9 an-382 E1U3638 sp-9 an-382 E1U10964 sp-35 an-382 E1A3639 sp-9 an-383 E1U3639 sp-9 an-383 E1U10965 sp-35 an-383 E1A3640 sp-9 an-384 E1U3640 sp-9 an-384 E1U10966 sp-35 an-384 E1A3641 sp-9 an-385 E1U3641 sp-9 an-385 E1U10967 sp-35 an-385 E1A3642 sp-9 an-386 E1U3642 sp-9 an-386 E1U10968 sp-35 an-386 E1A3643 sp-9 an-387 E1U3643 sp-9 an-387 E1U10969 sp-35 an-387 E1A3644 sp-9 an-388 E1U3644 sp-9 an-388 E1U10970 sp-35 an-388 E1A3645 sp-9 an-389 E1U3645 sp-9 an-389 E1U10971 sp-35 an-389 E1A3646 sp-9 an-390 E1U3646 sp-9 an-390 E1U10972 sp-35 an-390 E1A3647 sp-9 an-391 E1U3647 sp-9 an-391 E1U10973 sp-35 an-391 E1A3648 sp-9 an-392 E1U3648 sp-9 an-392 E1U10974 sp-35 an-392 E1A3649 sp-9 an-393 E1U3649 sp-9 an-393 E1U10975 sp-35 an-393 E1A3650 sp-9 an-394 E1U3650 sp-9 an-394 E1U10976 sp-35 an-394 E1A3651 sp-9 an-395 E1U3651 sp-9 an-395 E1U10977 sp-35 an-395 E1A3652 sp-9 an-396 E1U3652 sp-9 an-396 E1U10978 sp-35 an-396 E1A3653 sp-9 an-397 E1U3653 sp-9 an-397 E1U10979 sp-35 an-397 E1A3654 sp-9 an-398 E1U3654 sp-9 an-398 E1U10980 sp-35 an-398 E1A3655 sp-9 an-399 E1U3655 sp-9 an-399 E1U10981 sp-35 an-399 E1A3656 sp-9 an-400 E1U3656 sp-9 an-400 E1U10982 sp-35 an-400 E1A3657 sp-9 an-401 E1U3657 sp-9 an-401 E1U10983 sp-35 an-401 E1A3658 sp-9 an-402 E1U3658 sp-9 an-402 E1U10984 sp-35 an-402 E1A3659 sp-9 an-403 E1U3659 sp-9 an-403 E1U10985 sp-35 an-403 E1A3660 sp-9 an-404 E1U3660 sp-9 an-404 E1U10986 sp-35 an-404 E1A3661 sp-9 an-405 E1U3661 sp-9 an-405 E1U10987 sp-35 an-405 E1A3662 sp-9 an-406 E1U3662 sp-9 an-406 E1U10988 sp-35 an-406 E1A3663 sp-9 an-407 E1U3663 sp-9 an-407 E1U10989 sp-35 an-407 E1A3664 sp-10 an-1 E1U3664 sp-12 an-1 E1U10990 sp-36 an-1 E1A3665 sp-10 an-2 E1U3665 sp-12 an-2 E1U10991 sp-36 an-2 E1A3666 sp-10 an-3 E1U3666 sp-12 an-3 E1U10992 sp-36 an-3 E1A3667 sp-10 an-4 E1U3667 sp-12 an-4 E1U10993 sp-36 an-4 E1A3668 sp-10 an-5 E1U3668 sp-12 an-5 E1U10994 sp-36 an-5 E1A3669 sp-10 an-6 E1U3669 sp-12 an-6 E1U10995 sp-36 an-6 E1A3670 sp-10 an-7 E1U3670 sp-12 an-7 E1U10996 sp-36 an-7 E1A3671 sp-10 an-8 E1U3671 sp-12 an-8 E1U10997 sp-36 an-8 E1A3672 sp-10 an-9 E1U3672 sp-12 an-9 E1U10998 sp-36 an-9 Table 1-69 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3673 sp-10 an-10 E1U3673 sp-12 an-10 E1U10999 sp-36 an-10 E1A3674 sp-10 an-11 E1U3674 sp-12 an-11 E1U11000 sp-36 an-11 E1A3675 sp-10 an-12 E1U3675 sp-12 an-12 E1U11001 sp-36 an-12 E1A3676 sp-10 an-13 E1U3676 sp-12 an-13 E1U11002 sp-36 an-13 E1A3677 sp-10 an-14 E1U3677 sp-12 an-14 E1U11003 sp-36 an-14 E1A3678 sp-10 an-15 E1U3678 sp-12 an-15 E1U11004 sp-36 an-15 E1A3679 sp-10 an-16 E1U3679 sp-12 an-16 E1U11005 sp-36 an-16 E1A3680 sp-10 an-17 E1U3680 sp-12 an-17 E1U11006 sp-36 an-17 E1A3681 sp-10 an-18 E1U3681 sp-12 an-18 E1U11007 sp-36 an-18 E1A3682 sp-10 an-19 E1U3682 sp-12 an-19 E1U11008 sp-36 an-19 E1A3683 sp-10 an-20 E1U3683 sp-12 an-20 E1U11009 sp-36 an-20 E1A3684 sp-10 an-21 E1U3684 sp-12 an-21 E1U11010 sp-36 an-21 E1A3685 sp-10 an-22 E1U3685 sp-12 an-22 E1U11011 sp-36 an-22 E1A3686 sp-10 an-23 E1U3686 sp-12 an-23 E1U11012 sp-36 an-23 E1A3687 sp-10 an-24 E1U3687 sp-12 an-24 E1U11013 sp-36 an-24 E1A3688 sp-10 an-25 E1U3688 sp-12 an-25 E1U11014 sp-36 an-25 E1A3689 sp-10 an-26 E1U3689 sp-12 an-26 E1U11015 sp-36 an-26 E1A3690 sp-10 an-27 E1U3690 sp-12 an-27 E1U11016 sp-36 an-27 E1A3691 sp-10 an-28 E1U3691 sp-12 an-28 E1U11017 sp-36 an-28 E1A3692 sp-10 an-29 E1U3692 sp-12 an-29 E1U11018 sp-36 an-29 E1A3693 sp-10 an-30 E1U3693 sp-12 an-30 E1U11019 sp-36 an-30 E1A3694 sp-10 an-31 E1U3694 sp-12 an-31 E1U11020 sp-36 an-31 E1A3695 sp-10 an-32 E1U3695 sp-12 an-32 E1U11021 sp-36 an-32 E1A3696 sp-10 an-33 E1U3696 sp-12 an-33 E1U11022 sp-36 an-33 E1A3697 sp-10 an-34 E1U3697 sp-12 an-34 E1U11023 sp-36 an-34 E1A3698 sp-10 an-35 E1U3698 sp-12 an-35 E1U11024 sp-36 an-35 E1A3699 sp-10 an-36 E1U3699 sp-12 an-36 E1U11025 sp-36 an-36 E1A3700 sp-10 an-37 E1U3700 sp-12 an-37 E1U11026 sp-36 an-37 E1A3701 sp-10 an-38 E1U3701 sp-12 an-38 E1U11027 sp-36 an-38 E1A3702 sp-10 an-39 E1U3702 sp-12 an-39 E1U11028 sp-36 an-39 E1A3703 sp-10 an-40 E1U3703 sp-12 an-40 E1U11029 sp-36 an-40 E1A3704 sp-10 an-41 E1U3704 sp-12 an-41 E1U11030 sp-36 an-41 E1A3705 sp-10 an-42 E1U3705 sp-12 an-42 E1U11031 sp-36 an-42 E1A3706 sp-10 an-43 E1U3706 sp-12 an-43 E1U11032 sp-36 an-43 E1A3707 sp-10 an-44 E1U3707 sp-12 an-44 E1U11033 sp-36 an-44 E1A3708 sp-10 an-45 E1U3708 sp-12 an-45 E1U11034 sp-36 an-45 E1A3709 sp-10 an-46 E1U3709 sp-12 an-46 E1U11035 sp-36 an-46 E1A3710 sp-10 an-47 E1U3710 sp-12 an-47 E1U11036 sp-36 an-47 E1A3711 sp-10 an-48 E1U3711 sp-12 an-48 E1U11037 sp-36 an-48 E1A3712 sp-10 an-49 E1U3712 sp-12 an-49 E1U11038 sp-36 an-49 E1A3713 sp-10 an-50 E1U3713 sp-12 an-50 E1U11039 sp-36 an-50 E1A3714 sp-10 an-51 E1U3714 sp-12 an-51 E1U11040 sp-36 an-51 E1A3715 sp-10 an-52 E1U3715 sp-12 an-52 E1U11041 sp-36 an-52 E1A3716 sp-10 an-53 E1U3716 sp-12 an-53 E1U11042 sp-36 an-53 E1A3717 sp-10 an-54 E1U3717 sp-12 an-54 E1U11043 sp-36 an-54 E1A3718 sp-10 an-55 E1U3718 sp-12 an-55 E1U11044 sp-36 an-55 E1A3719 sp-10 an-56 E1U3719 sp-12 an-56 E1U11045 sp-36 an-56 E1A3720 sp-10 an-57 E1U3720 sp-12 an-57 E1U11046 sp-36 an-57 E1A3721 sp-10 an-58 E1U3721 sp-12 an-58 E1U11047 sp-36 an-58 E1A3722 sp-10 an-59 E1U3722 sp-12 an-59 E1U11048 sp-36 an-59 E1A3723 sp-10 an-60 E1U3723 sp-12 an-60 E1U11049 sp-36 an-60 E1A3724 sp-10 an-61 E1U3724 sp-12 an-61 E1U11050 sp-36 an-61 E1A3725 sp-10 an-62 E1U3725 sp-12 an-62 E1U11051 sp-36 an-62 E1A3726 sp-10 an-63 E1U3726 sp-12 an-63 E1U11052 sp-36 an-63 Table 1-70 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3727 sp-10 an-64 E1U3727 sp-12 an-64 E1U11053 sp-36 an-64 E1A3728 sp-10 an-65 E1U3728 sp-12 an-65 E1U11054 sp-36 an-65 E1A3729 sp-10 an-66 E1U3729 sp-12 an-66 E1U11055 sp-36 an-66 E1A3730 sp-10 an-67 E1U3730 sp-12 an-67 E1U11056 sp-36 an-67 E1A3731 sp-10 an-68 E1U3731 sp-12 an-68 E1U11057 sp-36 an-68 E1A3732 sp-10 an-69 E1U3732 sp-12 an-69 E1U11058 sp-36 an-69 E1A3733 sp-10 an-70 E1U3733 sp-12 an-70 E1U11059 sp-36 an-70 E1A3734 sp-10 an-71 E1U3734 sp-12 an-71 E1U11060 sp-36 an-71 E1A3735 sp-10 an-72 E1U3735 sp-12 an-72 E1U11061 sp-36 an-72 E1A3736 sp-10 an-73 E1U3736 sp-12 an-73 E1U11062 sp-36 an-73 E1A3737 sp-10 an-74 E1U3737 sp-12 an-74 E1U11063 sp-36 an-74 E1A3738 sp-10 an-75 E1U3738 sp-12 an-75 E1U11064 sp-36 an-75 E1A3739 sp-10 an-76 E1U3739 sp-12 an-76 E1U11065 sp-36 an-76 E1A3740 sp-10 an-77 E1U3740 sp-12 an-77 E1U11066 sp-36 an-77 E1A3741 sp-10 an-78 E1U3741 sp-12 an-78 E1U11067 sp-36 an-78 E1A3742 sp-10 an-79 E1U3742 sp-12 an-79 E1U11068 sp-36 an-79 E1A3743 sp-10 an-80 E1U3743 sp-12 an-80 E1U11069 sp-36 an-80 E1A3744 sp-10 an-81 E1U3744 sp-12 an-81 E1U11070 sp-36 an-81 E1A3745 sp-10 an-82 E1U3745 sp-12 an-82 E1U11071 sp-36 an-82 E1A3746 sp-10 an-83 E1U3746 sp-12 an-83 E1U11072 sp-36 an-83 E1A3747 sp-10 an-84 E1U3747 sp-12 an-84 E1U11073 sp-36 an-84 E1A3748 sp-10 an-85 E1U3748 sp-12 an-85 E1U11074 sp-36 an-85 E1A3749 sp-10 an-86 E1U3749 sp-12 an-86 E1U11075 sp-36 an-86 E1A3750 sp-10 an-87 E1U3750 sp-12 an-87 E1U11076 sp-36 an-87 E1A3751 sp-10 an-88 E1U3751 sp-12 an-88 E1U11077 sp-36 an-88 E1A3752 sp-10 an-89 E1U3752 sp-12 an-89 E1U11078 sp-36 an-89 E1A3753 sp-10 an-90 E1U3753 sp-12 an-90 E1U11079 sp-36 an-90 E1A3754 sp-10 an-91 E1U3754 sp-12 an-91 E1U11080 sp-36 an-91 E1A3755 sp-10 an-92 E1U3755 sp-12 an-92 E1U11081 sp-36 an-92 E1A3756 sp-10 an-93 E1U3756 sp-12 an-93 E1U11082 sp-36 an-93 E1A3757 sp-10 an-94 E1U3757 sp-12 an-94 E1U11083 sp-36 an-94 E1A3758 sp-10 an-95 E1U3758 sp-12 an-95 E1U11084 sp-36 an-95 E1A3759 sp-10 an-96 E1U3759 sp-12 an-96 E1U11085 sp-36 an-96 E1A3760 sp-10 an-97 E1U3760 sp-12 an-97 E1U11086 sp-36 an-97 E1A3761 sp-10 an-98 E1U3761 sp-12 an-98 E1U11087 sp-36 an-98 E1A3762 sp-10 an-99 E1U3762 sp-12 an-99 E1U11088 sp-36 an-99 E1A3763 sp-10 an-100 E1U3763 sp-12 an-100 E1U11089 sp-36 an-100 E1A3764 sp-10 an-101 E1U3764 sp-12 an-101 E1U11090 sp-36 an-101 E1A3765 sp-10 an-102 E1U3765 sp-12 an-102 E1U11091 sp-36 an-102 E1A3766 sp-10 an-103 E1U3766 sp-12 an-103 E1U11092 sp-36 an-103 E1A3767 sp-10 an-104 E1U3767 sp-12 an-104 E1U11093 sp-36 an-104 E1A3768 sp-10 an-105 E1U3768 sp-12 an-105 E1U11094 sp-36 an-105 E1A3769 sp-10 an-106 E1U3769 sp-12 an-106 E1U11095 sp-36 an-106 E1A3770 sp-10 an-107 E1U3770 sp-12 an-107 E1U11096 sp-36 an-107 E1A3771 sp-10 an-108 E1U3771 sp-12 an-108 E1U11097 sp-36 an-108 E1A3772 sp-10 an-109 E1U3772 sp-12 an-109 E1U11098 sp-36 an-109 E1A3773 sp-10 an-110 E1U3773 sp-12 an-110 E1U11099 sp-36 an-110 E1A3774 sp-10 an-111 E1U3774 sp-12 an-111 E1U11100 sp-36 an-111 E1A3775 sp-10 an-112 E1U3775 sp-12 an-112 E1U11101 sp-36 an-112 E1A3776 sp-10 an-113 E1U3776 sp-12 an-113 E1U11102 sp-36 an-113 E1A3777 sp-10 an-114 E1U3777 sp-12 an-114 E1U11103 sp-36 an-114 E1A3778 sp-10 an-115 E1U3778 sp-12 an-115 E1U11104 sp-36 an-115 E1A3779 sp-10 an-116 E1U3779 sp-12 an-116 E1U11105 sp-36 an-116 E1A3780 sp-10 an-117 E1U3780 sp-12 an-117 E1U11106 sp-36 an-117 Table 1-71 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3781 sp-10 an-118 E1U3781 sp-12 an-118 E1U11107 sp-36 an-118 E1A3782 sp-10 an-119 E1U3782 sp-12 an-119 E1U11108 sp-36 an-119 E1A3783 sp-10 an-120 E1U3783 sp-12 an-120 E1U11109 sp-36 an-120 E1A3784 sp-10 an-121 E1U3784 sp-12 an-121 E1U11110 sp-36 an-121 E1A3785 sp-10 an-122 E1U3785 sp-12 an-122 E1U11111 sp-36 an-122 E1A3786 sp-10 an-123 E1U3786 sp-12 an-123 E1U11112 sp-36 an-123 E1A3787 sp-10 an-124 E1U3787 sp-12 an-124 E1U11113 sp-36 an-124 E1A3788 sp-10 an-125 E1U3788 sp-12 an-125 E1U11114 sp-36 an-125 E1A3789 sp-10 an-126 E1U3789 sp-12 an-126 E1U11115 sp-36 an-126 E1A3790 sp-10 an-127 E1U3790 sp-12 an-127 E1U11116 sp-36 an-127 E1A3791 sp-10 an-128 E1U3791 sp-12 an-128 E1U11117 sp-36 an-128 E1A3792 sp-10 an-129 E1U3792 sp-12 an-129 E1U11118 sp-36 an-129 E1A3793 sp-10 an-130 E1U3793 sp-12 an-130 E1U11119 sp-36 an-130 E1A3794 sp-10 an-131 E1U3794 sp-12 an-131 E1U11120 sp-36 an-131 E1A3795 sp-10 an-132 E1U3795 sp-12 an-132 E1U11121 sp-36 an-132 E1A3796 sp-10 an-133 E1U3796 sp-12 an-133 E1U11122 sp-36 an-133 E1A3797 sp-10 an-134 E1U3797 sp-12 an-134 E1U11123 sp-36 an-134 E1A3798 sp-10 an-135 E1U3798 sp-12 an-135 E1U11124 sp-36 an-135 E1A3799 sp-10 an-136 E1U3799 sp-12 an-136 E1U11125 sp-36 an-136 E1A3800 sp-10 an-137 E1U3800 sp-12 an-137 E1U11126 sp-36 an-137 E1A3801 sp-10 an-138 E1U3801 sp-12 an-138 E1U11127 sp-36 an-138 E1A3802 sp-10 an-139 E1U3802 sp-12 an-139 E1U11128 sp-36 an-139 E1A3803 sp-10 an-140 E1U3803 sp-12 an-140 E1U11129 sp-36 an-140 E1A3804 sp-10 an-141 E1U3804 sp-12 an-141 E1U11130 sp-36 an-141 E1A3805 sp-10 an-142 E1U3805 sp-12 an-142 E1U11131 sp-36 an-142 E1A3806 sp-10 an-143 E1U3806 sp-12 an-143 E1U11132 sp-36 an-143 E1A3807 sp-10 an-144 E1U3807 sp-12 an-144 E1U11133 sp-36 an-144 E1A3808 sp-10 an-145 E1U3808 sp-12 an-145 E1U11134 sp-36 an-145 E1A3809 sp-10 an-146 E1U3809 sp-12 an-146 E1U11135 sp-36 an-146 E1A3810 sp-10 an-147 E1U3810 sp-12 an-147 E1U11136 sp-36 an-147 E1A3811 sp-10 an-148 E1U3811 sp-12 an-148 E1U11137 sp-36 an-148 E1A3812 sp-10 an-149 E1U3812 sp-12 an-149 E1U11138 sp-36 an-149 E1A3813 sp-10 an-150 E1U3813 sp-12 an-150 E1U11139 sp-36 an-150 E1A3814 sp-10 an-151 E1U3814 sp-12 an-151 E1U11140 sp-36 an-151 E1A3815 sp-10 an-152 E1U3815 sp-12 an-152 E1U11141 sp-36 an-152 E1A3816 sp-10 an-153 E1U3816 sp-12 an-153 E1U11142 sp-36 an-153 E1A3817 sp-10 an-154 E1U3817 sp-12 an-154 E1U11143 sp-36 an-154 E1A3818 sp-10 an-155 E1U3818 sp-12 an-155 E1U11144 sp-36 an-155 E1A3819 sp-10 an-156 E1U3819 sp-12 an-156 E1U11145 sp-36 an-156 E1A3820 sp-10 an-157 E1U3820 sp-12 an-157 E1U11146 sp-36 an-157 E1A3821 sp-10 an-158 E1U3821 sp-12 an-158 E1U11147 sp-36 an-158 E1A3822 sp-10 an-159 E1U3822 sp-12 an-159 E1U11148 sp-36 an-159 E1A3823 sp-10 an-160 E1U3823 sp-12 an-160 E1U11149 sp-36 an-160 E1A3824 sp-10 an-161 E1U3824 sp-12 an-161 E1U11150 sp-36 an-161 E1A3825 sp-10 an-162 E1U3825 sp-12 an-162 E1U11151 sp-36 an-162 E1A3826 sp-10 an-163 E1U3826 sp-12 an-163 E1U11152 sp-36 an-163 E1A3827 sp-10 an-164 E1U3827 sp-12 an-164 E1U11153 sp-36 an-164 E1A3828 sp-10 an-165 E1U3828 sp-12 an-165 E1U11154 sp-36 an-165 E1A3829 sp-10 an-166 E1U3829 sp-12 an-166 E1U11155 sp-36 an-166 E1A3830 sp-10 an-167 E1U3830 sp-12 an-167 E1U11156 sp-36 an-167 E1A3831 sp-10 an-168 E1U3831 sp-12 an-168 E1U11157 sp-36 an-168 E1A3832 sp-10 an-169 E1U3832 sp-12 an-169 E1U11158 sp-36 an-169 E1A3833 sp-10 an-170 E1U3833 sp-12 an-170 E1U11159 sp-36 an-170 E1A3834 sp-10 an-171 E1U3834 sp-12 an-171 E1U11160 sp-36 an-171 Table 1-72 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3835 sp-10 an-172 E1U3835 sp-12 an-172 E1U11161 sp-36 an-172 E1A3836 sp-10 an-173 E1U3836 sp-12 an-173 E1U11162 sp-36 an-173 E1A3837 sp-10 an-174 E1U3837 sp-12 an-174 E1U11163 sp-36 an-174 E1A3838 sp-10 an-175 E1U3838 sp-12 an-175 E1U11164 sp-36 an-175 E1A3839 sp-10 an-176 E1U3839 sp-12 an-176 E1U11165 sp-36 an-176 E1A3840 sp-10 an-177 E1U3840 sp-12 an-177 E1U11166 sp-36 an-177 E1A3841 sp-10 an-178 E1U3841 sp-12 an-178 E1U11167 sp-36 an-178 E1A3842 sp-10 an-179 E1U3842 sp-12 an-179 E1U11168 sp-36 an-179 E1A3843 sp-10 an-180 E1U3843 sp-12 an-180 E1U11169 sp-36 an-180 E1A3844 sp-10 an-181 E1U3844 sp-12 an-181 E1U11170 sp-36 an-181 E1A3845 sp-10 an-182 E1U3845 sp-12 an-182 E1U11171 sp-36 an-182 E1A3846 sp-10 an-183 E1U3846 sp-12 an-183 E1U11172 sp-36 an-183 E1A3847 sp-10 an-184 E1U3847 sp-12 an-184 E1U11173 sp-36 an-184 E1A3848 sp-10 an-185 E1U3848 sp-12 an-185 E1U11174 sp-36 an-185 E1A3849 sp-10 an-186 E1U3849 sp-12 an-186 E1U11175 sp-36 an-186 E1A3850 sp-10 an-187 E1U3850 sp-12 an-187 E1U11176 sp-36 an-187 E1A3851 sp-10 an-188 E1U3851 sp-12 an-188 E1U11177 sp-36 an-188 E1A3852 sp-10 an-189 E1U3852 sp-12 an-189 E1U11178 sp-36 an-189 E1A3853 sp-10 an-190 E1U3853 sp-12 an-190 E1U11179 sp-36 an-190 E1A3854 sp-10 an-191 E1U3854 sp-12 an-191 E1U11180 sp-36 an-191 E1A3855 sp-10 an-192 E1U3855 sp-12 an-192 E1U11181 sp-36 an-192 E1A3856 sp-10 an-193 E1U3856 sp-12 an-193 E1U11182 sp-36 an-193 E1A3857 sp-10 an-194 E1U3857 sp-12 an-194 E1U11183 sp-36 an-194 E1A3858 sp-10 an-195 E1U3858 sp-12 an-195 E1U11184 sp-36 an-195 E1A3859 sp-10 an-196 E1U3859 sp-12 an-196 E1U11185 sp-36 an-196 E1A3860 sp-10 an-197 E1U3860 sp-12 an-197 E1U11186 sp-36 an-197 E1A3861 sp-10 an-198 E1U3861 sp-12 an-198 E1U11187 sp-36 an-198 E1A3862 sp-10 an-199 E1U3862 sp-12 an-199 E1U11188 sp-36 an-199 E1A3863 sp-10 an-200 E1U3863 sp-12 an-200 E1U11189 sp-36 an-200 E1A3864 sp-10 an-201 E1U3864 sp-12 an-201 E1U11190 sp-36 an-201 E1A3865 sp-10 an-202 E1U3865 sp-12 an-202 E1U11191 sp-36 an-202 E1A3866 sp-10 an-203 E1U3866 sp-12 an-203 E1U11192 sp-36 an-203 E1A3867 sp-10 an-204 E1U3867 sp-12 an-204 E1U11193 sp-36 an-204 E1A3868 sp-10 an-205 E1U3868 sp-12 an-205 E1U11194 sp-36 an-205 E1A3869 sp-10 an-206 E1U3869 sp-12 an-206 E1U11195 sp-36 an-206 E1A3870 sp-10 an-207 E1U3870 sp-12 an-207 E1U11196 sp-36 an-207 E1A3871 sp-10 an-208 E1U3871 sp-12 an-208 E1U11197 sp-36 an-208 E1A3872 sp-10 an-209 E1U3872 sp-12 an-209 E1U11198 sp-36 an-209 E1A3873 sp-10 an-210 E1U3873 sp-12 an-210 E1U11199 sp-36 an-210 E1A3874 sp-10 an-211 E1U3874 sp-12 an-211 E1U11200 sp-36 an-211 E1A3875 sp-10 an-212 E1U3875 sp-12 an-212 E1U11201 sp-36 an-212 E1A3876 sp-10 an-213 E1U3876 sp-12 an-213 E1U11202 sp-36 an-213 E1A3877 sp-10 an-214 E1U3877 sp-12 an-214 E1U11203 sp-36 an-214 E1A3878 sp-10 an-215 E1U3878 sp-12 an-215 E1U11204 sp-36 an-215 E1A3879 sp-10 an-216 E1U3879 sp-12 an-216 E1U11205 sp-36 an-216 E1A3880 sp-10 an-217 E1U3880 sp-12 an-217 E1U11206 sp-36 an-217 E1A3881 sp-10 an-218 E1U3881 sp-12 an-218 E1U11207 sp-36 an-218 E1A3882 sp-10 an-219 E1U3882 sp-12 an-219 E1U11208 sp-36 an-219 E1A3883 sp-10 an-220 E1U3883 sp-12 an-220 E1U11209 sp-36 an-220 E1A3884 sp-10 an-221 E1U3884 sp-12 an-221 E1U11210 sp-36 an-221 E1A3885 sp-10 an-222 E1U3885 sp-12 an-222 E1U11211 sp-36 an-222 E1A3886 sp-10 an-223 E1U3886 sp-12 an-223 E1U11212 sp-36 an-223 E1A3887 sp-10 an-224 E1U3887 sp-12 an-224 E1U11213 sp-36 an-224 E1A3888 sp-10 an-225 E1U3888 sp-12 an-225 E1U11214 sp-36 an-225 Table 1-73 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3889 sp-10 an-226 E1U3889 sp-12 an-226 E1U11215 sp-36 an-226 E1A3890 sp-10 an-227 E1U3890 sp-12 an-227 E1U11216 sp-36 an-227 E1A3891 sp-10 an-228 E1U3891 sp-12 an-228 E1U11217 sp-36 an-228 E1A3892 sp-10 an-229 E1U3892 sp-12 an-229 E1U11218 sp-36 an-229 E1A3893 sp-10 an-230 E1U3893 sp-12 an-230 E1U11219 sp-36 an-230 E1A3894 sp-10 an-231 E1U3894 sp-12 an-231 E1U11220 sp-36 an-231 E1A3895 sp-10 an-232 E1U3895 sp-12 an-232 E1U11221 sp-36 an-232 E1A3896 sp-10 an-233 E1U3896 sp-12 an-233 E1U11222 sp-36 an-233 E1A3897 sp-10 an-234 E1U3897 sp-12 an-234 E1U11223 sp-36 an-234 E1A3898 sp-10 an-235 E1U3898 sp-12 an-235 E1U11224 sp-36 an-235 E1A3899 sp-10 an-236 E1U3899 sp-12 an-236 E1U11225 sp-36 an-236 E1A3900 sp-10 an-237 E1U3900 sp-12 an-237 E1U11226 sp-36 an-237 E1A3901 sp-10 an-238 E1U3901 sp-12 an-238 E1U11227 sp-36 an-238 E1A3902 sp-10 an-239 E1U3902 sp-12 an-239 E1U11228 sp-36 an-239 E1A3903 sp-10 an-240 E1U3903 sp-12 an-240 E1U11229 sp-36 an-240 E1A3904 sp-10 an-241 E1U3904 sp-12 an-241 E1U11230 sp-36 an-241 E1A3905 sp-10 an-242 E1U3905 sp-12 an-242 E1U11231 sp-36 an-242 E1A3906 sp-10 an-243 E1U3906 sp-12 an-243 E1U11232 sp-36 an-243 E1A3907 sp-10 an-244 E1U3907 sp-12 an-244 E1U11233 sp-36 an-244 E1A3908 sp-10 an-245 E1U3908 sp-12 an-245 E1U11234 sp-36 an-245 E1A3909 sp-10 an-246 E1U3909 sp-12 an-246 E1U11235 sp-36 an-246 E1A3910 sp-10 an-247 E1U3910 sp-12 an-247 E1U11236 sp-36 an-247 E1A3911 sp-10 an-248 E1U3911 sp-12 an-248 E1U11237 sp-36 an-248 E1A3912 sp-10 an-249 E1U3912 sp-12 an-249 E1U11238 sp-36 an-249 E1A3913 sp-10 an-250 E1U3913 sp-12 an-250 E1U11239 sp-36 an-250 E1A3914 sp-10 an-251 E1U3914 sp-12 an-251 E1U11240 sp-36 an-251 E1A3915 sp-10 an-252 E1U3915 sp-12 an-252 E1U11241 sp-36 an-252 E1A3916 sp-10 an-253 E1U3916 sp-12 an-253 E1U11242 sp-36 an-253 E1A3917 sp-10 an-254 E1U3917 sp-12 an-254 E1U11243 sp-36 an-254 E1A3918 sp-10 an-255 E1U3918 sp-12 an-255 E1U11244 sp-36 an-255 E1A3919 sp-10 an-256 E1U3919 sp-12 an-256 E1U11245 sp-36 an-256 E1A3920 sp-10 an-257 E1U3920 sp-12 an-257 E1U11246 sp-36 an-257 E1A3921 sp-10 an-258 E1U3921 sp-12 an-258 E1U11247 sp-36 an-258 E1A3922 sp-10 an-259 E1U3922 sp-12 an-259 E1U11248 sp-36 an-259 E1A3923 sp-10 an-260 E1U3923 sp-12 an-260 E1U11249 sp-36 an-260 E1A3924 sp-10 an-261 E1U3924 sp-12 an-261 E1U11250 sp-36 an-261 E1A3925 sp-10 an-262 E1U3925 sp-12 an-262 E1U11251 sp-36 an-262 E1A3926 sp-10 an-263 E1U3926 sp-12 an-263 E1U11252 sp-36 an-263 E1A3927 sp-10 an-264 E1U3927 sp-12 an-264 E1U11253 sp-36 an-264 E1A3928 sp-10 an-265 E1U3928 sp-12 an-265 E1U11254 sp-36 an-265 E1A3929 sp-10 an-266 E1U3929 sp-12 an-266 E1U11255 sp-36 an-266 E1A3930 sp-10 an-267 E1U3930 sp-12 an-267 E1U11256 sp-36 an-267 E1A3931 sp-10 an-268 E1U3931 sp-12 an-268 E1U11257 sp-36 an-268 E1A3932 sp-10 an-269 E1U3932 sp-12 an-269 E1U11258 sp-36 an-269 E1A3933 sp-10 an-270 E1U3933 sp-12 an-270 E1U11259 sp-36 an-270 E1A3934 sp-10 an-271 E1U3934 sp-12 an-271 E1U11260 sp-36 an-271 E1A3935 sp-10 an-272 E1U3935 sp-12 an-272 E1U11261 sp-36 an-272 E1A3936 sp-10 an-273 E1U3936 sp-12 an-273 E1U11262 sp-36 an-273 E1A3937 sp-10 an-274 E1U3937 sp-12 an-274 E1U11263 sp-36 an-274 E1A3938 sp-10 an-275 E1U3938 sp-12 an-275 E1U11264 sp-36 an-275 E1A3939 sp-10 an-276 E1U3939 sp-12 an-276 E1U11265 sp-36 an-276 E1A3940 sp-10 an-277 E1U3940 sp-12 an-277 E1U11266 sp-36 an-277 E1A3941 sp-10 an-278 E1U3941 sp-12 an-278 E1U11267 sp-36 an-278 E1A3942 sp-10 an-279 E1U3942 sp-12 an-279 E1U11268 sp-36 an-279 Table 1-74 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3943 sp-10 an-280 E1U3943 sp-12 an-280 E1U11269 sp-36 an-280 E1A3944 sp-10 an-281 E1U3944 sp-12 an-281 E1U11270 sp-36 an-281 E1A3945 sp-10 an-282 E1U3945 sp-12 an-282 E1U11271 sp-36 an-282 E1A3946 sp-10 an-283 E1U3946 sp-12 an-283 E1U11272 sp-36 an-283 E1A3947 sp-10 an-284 E1U3947 sp-12 an-284 E1U11273 sp-36 an-284 E1A3948 sp-10 an-285 E1U3948 sp-12 an-285 E1U11274 sp-36 an-285 E1A3949 sp-10 an-286 E1U3949 sp-12 an-286 E1U11275 sp-36 an-286 E1A3950 sp-10 an-287 E1U3950 sp-12 an-287 E1U11276 sp-36 an-287 E1A3951 sp-10 an-288 E1U3951 sp-12 an-288 E1U11277 sp-36 an-288 E1A3952 sp-10 an-289 E1U3952 sp-12 an-289 E1U11278 sp-36 an-289 E1A3953 sp-10 an-290 E1U3953 sp-12 an-290 E1U11279 sp-36 an-290 E1A3954 sp-10 an-291 E1U3954 sp-12 an-291 E1U11280 sp-36 an-291 E1A3955 sp-10 an-292 E1U3955 sp-12 an-292 E1U11281 sp-36 an-292 E1A3956 sp-10 an-293 E1U3956 sp-12 an-293 E1U11282 sp-36 an-293 E1A3957 sp-10 an-294 E1U3957 sp-12 an-294 E1U11283 sp-36 an-294 E1A3958 sp-10 an-295 E1U3958 sp-12 an-295 E1U11284 sp-36 an-295 E1A3959 sp-10 an-296 E1U3959 sp-12 an-296 E1U11285 sp-36 an-296 E1A3960 sp-10 an-297 E1U3960 sp-12 an-297 E1U11286 sp-36 an-297 E1A3961 sp-10 an-298 E1U3961 sp-12 an-298 E1U11287 sp-36 an-298 E1A3962 sp-10 an-299 E1U3962 sp-12 an-299 E1U11288 sp-36 an-299 E1A3963 sp-10 an-300 E1U3963 sp-12 an-300 E1U11289 sp-36 an-300 E1A3964 sp-10 an-301 E1U3964 sp-12 an-301 E1U11290 sp-36 an-301 E1A3965 sp-10 an-302 E1U3965 sp-12 an-302 E1U11291 sp-36 an-302 E1A3966 sp-10 an-303 E1U3966 sp-12 an-303 E1U11292 sp-36 an-303 E1A3967 sp-10 an-304 E1U3967 sp-12 an-304 E1U11293 sp-36 an-304 E1A3968 sp-10 an-305 E1U3968 sp-12 an-305 E1U11294 sp-36 an-305 E1A3969 sp-10 an-306 E1U3969 sp-12 an-306 E1U11295 sp-36 an-306 E1A3970 sp-10 an-307 E1U3970 sp-12 an-307 E1U11296 sp-36 an-307 E1A3971 sp-10 an-308 E1U3971 sp-12 an-308 E1U11297 sp-36 an-308 E1A3972 sp-10 an-309 E1U3972 sp-12 an-309 E1U11298 sp-36 an-309 E1A3973 sp-10 an-310 E1U3973 sp-12 an-310 E1U11299 sp-36 an-310 E1A3974 sp-10 an-311 E1U3974 sp-12 an-311 E1U11300 sp-36 an-311 E1A3975 sp-10 an-312 E1U3975 sp-12 an-312 E1U11301 sp-36 an-312 E1A3976 sp-10 an-313 E1U3976 sp-12 an-313 E1U11302 sp-36 an-313 E1A3977 sp-10 an-314 E1U3977 sp-12 an-314 E1U11303 sp-36 an-314 E1A3978 sp-10 an-315 E1U3978 sp-12 an-315 E1U11304 sp-36 an-315 E1A3979 sp-10 an-316 E1U3979 sp-12 an-316 E1U11305 sp-36 an-316 E1A3980 sp-10 an-317 E1U3980 sp-12 an-317 E1U11306 sp-36 an-317 E1A3981 sp-10 an-318 E1U3981 sp-12 an-318 E1U11307 sp-36 an-318 E1A3982 sp-10 an-319 E1U3982 sp-12 an-319 E1U11308 sp-36 an-319 E1A3983 sp-10 an-320 E1U3983 sp-12 an-320 E1U11309 sp-36 an-320 E1A3984 sp-10 an-321 E1U3984 sp-12 an-321 E1U11310 sp-36 an-321 E1A3985 sp-10 an-322 E1U3985 sp-12 an-322 E1U11311 sp-36 an-322 E1A3986 sp-10 an-323 E1U3986 sp-12 an-323 E1U11312 sp-36 an-323 E1A3987 sp-10 an-324 E1U3987 sp-12 an-324 E1U11313 sp-36 an-324 E1A3988 sp-10 an-325 E1U3988 sp-12 an-325 E1U11314 sp-36 an-325 E1A3989 sp-10 an-326 E1U3989 sp-12 an-326 E1U11315 sp-36 an-326 E1A3990 sp-10 an-327 E1U3990 sp-12 an-327 E1U11316 sp-36 an-327 E1A3991 sp-10 an-328 E1U3991 sp-12 an-328 E1U11317 sp-36 an-328 E1A3992 sp-10 an-329 E1U3992 sp-12 an-329 E1U11318 sp-36 an-329 E1A3993 sp-10 an-330 E1U3993 sp-12 an-330 E1U11319 sp-36 an-330 E1A3994 sp-10 an-331 E1U3994 sp-12 an-331 E1U11320 sp-36 an-331 E1A3995 sp-10 an-332 E1U3995 sp-12 an-332 E1U11321 sp-36 an-332 E1A3996 sp-10 an-333 E1U3996 sp-12 an-333 E1U11322 sp-36 an-333 Table 1-75 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A3997 sp-10 an-334 E1U3997 sp-12 an-334 E1U11323 sp-36 an-334 E1A3998 sp-10 an-335 E1U3998 sp-12 an-335 E1U11324 sp-36 an-335 E1A3999 sp-10 an-336 E1U3999 sp-12 an-336 E1U11325 sp-36 an-336 E1A4000 sp-10 an-337 E1U4000 sp-12 an-337 E1U11326 sp-36 an-337 E1A4001 sp-10 an-338 E1U4001 sp-12 an-338 E1U11327 sp-36 an-338 E1A4002 sp-10 an-339 E1U4002 sp-12 an-339 E1U11328 sp-36 an-339 E1A4003 sp-10 an-340 E1U4003 sp-12 an-340 E1U11329 sp-36 an-340 E1A4004 sp-10 an-341 E1U4004 sp-12 an-341 E1U11330 sp-36 an-341 E1A4005 sp-10 an-342 E1U4005 sp-12 an-342 E1U11331 sp-36 an-342 E1A4006 sp-10 an-343 E1U4006 sp-12 an-343 E1U11332 sp-36 an-343 E1A4007 sp-10 an-344 E1U4007 sp-12 an-344 E1U11333 sp-36 an-344 E1A4008 sp-10 an-345 E1U4008 sp-12 an-345 E1U11334 sp-36 an-345 E1A4009 sp-10 an-346 E1U4009 sp-12 an-346 E1U11335 sp-36 an-346 E1A4010 sp-10 an-347 E1U4010 sp-12 an-347 E1U11336 sp-36 an-347 E1A4011 sp-10 an-348 E1U4011 sp-12 an-348 E1U11337 sp-36 an-348 E1A4012 sp-10 an-349 E1U4012 sp-12 an-349 E1U11338 sp-36 an-349 E1A4013 sp-10 an-350 E1U4013 sp-12 an-350 E1U11339 sp-36 an-350 E1A4014 sp-10 an-351 E1U4014 sp-12 an-351 E1U11340 sp-36 an-351 E1A4015 sp-10 an-352 E1U4015 sp-12 an-352 E1U11341 sp-36 an-352 E1A4016 sp-10 an-353 E1U4016 sp-12 an-353 E1U11342 sp-36 an-353 E1A4017 sp-10 an-354 E1U4017 sp-12 an-354 E1U11343 sp-36 an-354 E1A4018 sp-10 an-355 E1U4018 sp-12 an-355 E1U11344 sp-36 an-355 E1A4019 sp-10 an-356 E1U4019 sp-12 an-356 E1U11345 sp-36 an-356 E1A4020 sp-10 an-357 E1U4020 sp-12 an-357 E1U11346 sp-36 an-357 E1A4021 sp-10 an-358 E1U4021 sp-12 an-358 E1U11347 sp-36 an-358 E1A4022 sp-10 an-359 E1U4022 sp-12 an-359 E1U11348 sp-36 an-359 E1A4023 sp-10 an-360 E1U4023 sp-12 an-360 E1U11349 sp-36 an-360 E1A4024 sp-10 an-361 E1U4024 sp-12 an-361 E1U11350 sp-36 an-361 E1A4025 sp-10 an-362 E1U4025 sp-12 an-362 E1U11351 sp-36 an-362 E1A4026 sp-10 an-363 E1U4026 sp-12 an-363 E1U11352 sp-36 an-363 E1A4027 sp-10 an-364 E1U4027 sp-12 an-364 E1U11353 sp-36 an-364 E1A4028 sp-10 an-365 E1U4028 sp-12 an-365 E1U11354 sp-36 an-365 E1A4029 sp-10 an-366 E1U4029 sp-12 an-366 E1U11355 sp-36 an-366 E1A4030 sp-10 an-367 E1U4030 sp-12 an-367 E1U11356 sp-36 an-367 E1A4031 sp-10 an-368 E1U4031 sp-12 an-368 E1U11357 sp-36 an-368 E1A4032 sp-10 an-369 E1U4032 sp-12 an-369 E1U11358 sp-36 an-369 E1A4033 sp-10 an-370 E1U4033 sp-12 an-370 E1U11359 sp-36 an-370 E1A4034 sp-10 an-371 E1U4034 sp-12 an-371 E1U11360 sp-36 an-371 E1A4035 sp-10 an-372 E1U4035 sp-12 an-372 E1U11361 sp-36 an-372 E1A4036 sp-10 an-373 E1U4036 sp-12 an-373 E1U11362 sp-36 an-373 E1A4037 sp-10 an-374 E1U4037 sp-12 an-374 E1U11363 sp-36 an-374 E1A4038 sp-10 an-375 E1U4038 sp-12 an-375 E1U11364 sp-36 an-375 E1A4039 sp-10 an-376 E1U4039 sp-12 an-376 E1U11365 sp-36 an-376 E1A4040 sp-10 an-377 E1U4040 sp-12 an-377 E1U11366 sp-36 an-377 E1A4041 sp-10 an-378 E1U4041 sp-12 an-378 E1U11367 sp-36 an-378 E1A4042 sp-10 an-379 E1U4042 sp-12 an-379 E1U11368 sp-36 an-379 E1A4043 sp-10 an-380 E1U4043 sp-12 an-380 E1U11369 sp-36 an-380 E1A4044 sp-10 an-381 E1U4044 sp-12 an-381 E1U11370 sp-36 an-381 E1A4045 sp-10 an-382 E1U4045 sp-12 an-382 E1U11371 sp-36 an-382 E1A4046 sp-10 an-383 E1U4046 sp-12 an-383 E1U11372 sp-36 an-383 E1A4047 sp-10 an-384 E1U4047 sp-12 an-384 E1U11373 sp-36 an-384 E1A4048 sp-10 an-385 E1U4048 sp-12 an-385 E1U11374 sp-36 an-385 E1A4049 sp-10 an-386 E1U4049 sp-12 an-386 E1U11375 sp-36 an-386 E1A4050 sp-10 an-387 E1U4050 sp-12 an-387 E1U11376 sp-36 an-387 Table 1-76 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A4051 sp-10 an-388 E1U4051 sp-12 an-388 E1U11377 sp-36 an-388 E1A4052 sp-10 an-389 E1U4052 sp-12 an-389 E1U11378 sp-36 an-389 E1A4053 sp-10 an-390 E1U4053 sp-12 an-390 E1U11379 sp-36 an-390 E1A4054 sp-10 an-391 E1U4054 sp-12 an-391 E1U11380 sp-36 an-391 E1A4055 sp-10 an-392 E1U4055 sp-12 an-392 E1U11381 sp-36 an-392 E1A4056 sp-10 an-393 E1U4056 sp-12 an-393 E1U11382 sp-36 an-393 E1A4057 sp-10 an-394 E1U4057 sp-12 an-394 E1U11383 sp-36 an-394 E1A4058 sp-10 an-395 E1U4058 sp-12 an-395 E1U11384 sp-36 an-395 E1A4059 sp-10 an-396 E1U4059 sp-12 an-396 E1U11385 sp-36 an-396 E1A4060 sp-10 an-397 E1U4060 sp-12 an-397 E1U11386 sp-36 an-397 E1A4061 sp-10 an-398 E1U4061 sp-12 an-398 E1U11387 sp-36 an-398 E1A4062 sp-10 an-399 E1U4062 sp-12 an-399 E1U11388 sp-36 an-399 E1A4063 sp-10 an-400 E1U4063 sp-12 an-400 E1U11389 sp-36 an-400 E1A4064 sp-10 an-401 E1U4064 sp-12 an-401 E1U11390 sp-36 an-401 E1A4065 sp-10 an-402 E1U4065 sp-12 an-402 E1U11391 sp-36 an-402 E1A4066 sp-10 an-403 E1U4066 sp-12 an-403 E1U11392 sp-36 an-403 E1A4067 sp-10 an-404 E1U4067 sp-12 an-404 E1U11393 sp-36 an-404 E1A4068 sp-10 an-405 E1U4068 sp-12 an-405 E1U11394 sp-36 an-405 E1A4069 sp-10 an-406 E1U4069 sp-12 an-406 E1U11395 sp-36 an-406 E1A4070 sp-10 an-407 E1U4070 sp-12 an-407 E1U11396 sp-36 an-407 E1A4071 sp-14 an-1 E1U4071 sp-13 an-1 E1U11397 sp-37 an-1 E1A4072 sp-14 an-2 E1U4072 sp-13 an-2 E1U11398 sp-37 an-2 E1A4073 sp-14 an-3 E1U4073 sp-13 an-3 E1U11399 sp-37 an-3 E1A4074 sp-14 an-4 E1U4074 sp-13 an-4 E1U11400 sp-37 an-4 E1A4075 sp-14 an-5 E1U4075 sp-13 an-5 E1U11401 sp-37 an-5 E1A4076 sp-14 an-6 E1U4076 sp-13 an-6 E1U11402 sp-37 an-6 E1A4077 sp-14 an-7 E1U4077 sp-13 an-7 E1U11403 sp-37 an-7 E1A4078 sp-14 an-8 E1U4078 sp-13 an-8 E1U11404 sp-37 an-8 E1A4079 sp-14 an-9 E1U4079 sp-13 an-9 E1U11405 sp-37 an-9 E1A4080 sp-14 an-10 E1U4080 sp-13 an-10 E1U11406 sp-37 an-10 E1A4081 sp-14 an-11 E1U4081 sp-13 an-11 E1U11407 sp-37 an-11 E1A4082 sp-14 an-12 E1U4082 sp-13 an-12 E1U11408 sp-37 an-12 E1A4083 sp-14 an-13 E1U4083 sp-13 an-13 E1U11409 sp-37 an-13 E1A4084 sp-14 an-14 E1U4084 sp-13 an-14 E1U11410 sp-37 an-14 E1A4085 sp-14 an-15 E1U4085 sp-13 an-15 E1U11411 sp-37 an-15 E1A4086 sp-14 an-16 E1U4086 sp-13 an-16 E1U11412 sp-37 an-16 E1A4087 sp-14 an-17 E1U4087 sp-13 an-17 E1U11413 sp-37 an-17 E1A4088 sp-14 an-18 E1U4088 sp-13 an-18 E1U11414 sp-37 an-18 E1A4089 sp-14 an-19 E1U4089 sp-13 an-19 E1U11415 sp-37 an-19 E1A4090 sp-14 an-20 E1U4090 sp-13 an-20 E1U11416 sp-37 an-20 E1A4091 sp-14 an-21 E1U4091 sp-13 an-21 E1U11417 sp-37 an-21 E1A4092 sp-14 an-22 E1U4092 sp-13 an-22 E1U11418 sp-37 an-22 E1A4093 sp-14 an-23 E1U4093 sp-13 an-23 E1U11419 sp-37 an-23 E1A4094 sp-14 an-24 E1U4094 sp-13 an-24 E1U11420 sp-37 an-24 E1A4095 sp-14 an-25 E1U4095 sp-13 an-25 E1U11421 sp-37 an-25 E1A4096 sp-14 an-26 E1U4096 sp-13 an-26 E1U11422 sp-37 an-26 E1A4097 sp-14 an-27 E1U4097 sp-13 an-27 E1U11423 sp-37 an-27 E1A4098 sp-14 an-28 E1U4098 sp-13 an-28 E1U11424 sp-37 an-28 E1A4099 sp-14 an-29 E1U4099 sp-13 an-29 E1U11425 sp-37 an-29 E1A4100 sp-14 an-30 E1U4100 sp-13 an-30 E1U11426 sp-37 an-30 E1A4101 sp-14 an-31 E1U4101 sp-13 an-31 E1U11427 sp-37 an-31 E1A4102 sp-14 an-32 E1U4102 sp-13 an-32 E1U11428 sp-37 an-32 E1A4103 sp-14 an-33 E1U4103 sp-13 an-33 E1U11429 sp-37 an-33 E1A4104 sp-14 an-34 E1U4104 sp-13 an-34 E1U11430 sp-37 an-34 Table 1-77 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A4105 sp-14 an-35 E1U4105 sp-13 an-35 E1U11431 sp-37 an-35 E1A4106 sp-14 an-36 E1U4106 sp-13 an-36 E1U11432 sp-37 an-36 E1A4107 sp-14 an-37 E1U4107 sp-13 an-37 E1U11433 sp-37 an-37 E1A4108 sp-14 an-38 E1U4108 sp-13 an-38 E1U11434 sp-37 an-38 E1A4109 sp-14 an-39 E1U4109 sp-13 an-39 E1U11435 sp-37 an-39 E1A4110 sp-14 an-40 E1U4110 sp-13 an-40 E1U11436 sp-37 an-40 E1A4111 sp-14 an-41 E1U4111 sp-13 an-41 E1U11437 sp-37 an-41 E1A4112 sp-14 an-42 E1U4112 sp-13 an-42 E1U11438 sp-37 an-42 E1A4113 sp-14 an-43 E1U4113 sp-13 an-43 E1U11439 sp-37 an-43 E1A4114 sp-14 an-44 E1U4114 sp-13 an-44 E1U11440 sp-37 an-44 E1A4115 sp-14 an-45 E1U4115 sp-13 an-45 E1U11441 sp-37 an-45 E1A4116 sp-14 an-46 E1U4116 sp-13 an-46 E1U11442 sp-37 an-46 E1A4117 sp-14 an-47 E1U4117 sp-13 an-47 E1U11443 sp-37 an-47 E1A4118 sp-14 an-48 E1U4118 sp-13 an-48 E1U11444 sp-37 an-48 E1A4119 sp-14 an-49 E1U4119 sp-13 an-49 E1U11445 sp-37 an-49 E1A4120 sp-14 an-50 E1U4120 sp-13 an-50 E1U11446 sp-37 an-50 E1A4121 sp-14 an-51 E1U4121 sp-13 an-51 E1U11447 sp-37 an-51 E1A4122 sp-14 an-52 E1U4122 sp-13 an-52 E1U11448 sp-37 an-52 E1A4123 sp-14 an-53 E1U4123 sp-13 an-53 E1U11449 sp-37 an-53 E1A4124 sp-14 an-54 E1U4124 sp-13 an-54 E1U11450 sp-37 an-54 E1A4125 sp-14 an-55 E1U4125 sp-13 an-55 E1U11451 sp-37 an-55 E1A4126 sp-14 an-56 E1U4126 sp-13 an-56 E1U11452 sp-37 an-56 E1A4127 sp-14 an-57 E1U4127 sp-13 an-57 E1U11453 sp-37 an-57 E1A4128 sp-14 an-58 E1U4128 sp-13 an-58 E1U11454 sp-37 an-58 E1A4129 sp-14 an-59 E1U4129 sp-13 an-59 E1U11455 sp-37 an-59 E1A4130 sp-14 an-60 E1U4130 sp-13 an-60 E1U11456 sp-37 an-60 E1A4131 sp-14 an-61 E1U4131 sp-13 an-61 E1U11457 sp-37 an-61 E1A4132 sp-14 an-62 E1U4132 sp-13 an-62 E1U11458 sp-37 an-62 E1A4133 sp-14 an-63 E1U4133 sp-13 an-63 E1U11459 sp-37 an-63 E1A4134 sp-14 an-64 E1U4134 sp-13 an-64 E1U11460 sp-37 an-64 E1A4135 sp-14 an-65 E1U4135 sp-13 an-65 E1U11461 sp-37 an-65 E1A4136 sp-14 an-66 E1U4136 sp-13 an-66 E1U11462 sp-37 an-66 E1A4137 sp-14 an-67 E1U4137 sp-13 an-67 E1U11463 sp-37 an-67 E1A4138 sp-14 an-68 E1U4138 sp-13 an-68 E1U11464 sp-37 an-68 E1A4139 sp-14 an-69 E1U4139 sp-13 an-69 E1U11465 sp-37 an-69 E1A4140 sp-14 an-70 E1U4140 sp-13 an-70 E1U11466 sp-37 an-70 E1A4141 sp-14 an-71 E1U4141 sp-13 an-71 E1U11467 sp-37 an-71 E1A4142 sp-14 an-72 E1U4142 sp-13 an-72 E1U11468 sp-37 an-72 E1A4143 sp-14 an-73 E1U4143 sp-13 an-73 E1U11469 sp-37 an-73 E1A4144 sp-14 an-74 E1U4144 sp-13 an-74 E1U11470 sp-37 an-74 E1A4145 sp-14 an-75 E1U4145 sp-13 an-75 E1U11471 sp-37 an-75 E1A4146 sp-14 an-76 E1U4146 sp-13 an-76 E1U11472 sp-37 an-76 E1A4147 sp-14 an-77 E1U4147 sp-13 an-77 E1U11473 sp-37 an-77 E1A4148 sp-14 an-78 E1U4148 sp-13 an-78 E1U11474 sp-37 an-78 E1A4149 sp-14 an-79 E1U4149 sp-13 an-79 E1U11475 sp-37 an-79 E1A4150 sp-14 an-80 E1U4150 sp-13 an-80 E1U11476 sp-37 an-80 E1A4151 sp-14 an-81 E1U4151 sp-13 an-81 E1U11477 sp-37 an-81 E1A4152 sp-14 an-82 E1U4152 sp-13 an-82 E1U11478 sp-37 an-82 E1A4153 sp-14 an-83 E1U4153 sp-13 an-83 E1U11479 sp-37 an-83 E1A4154 sp-14 an-84 E1U4154 sp-13 an-84 E1U11480 sp-37 an-84 E1A4155 sp-14 an-85 E1U4155 sp-13 an-85 E1U11481 sp-37 an-85 E1A4156 sp-14 an-86 E1U4156 sp-13 an-86 E1U11482 sp-37 an-86 E1A4157 sp-14 an-87 E1U4157 sp-13 an-87 E1U11483 sp-37 an-87 E1A4158 sp-14 an-88 E1U4158 sp-13 an-88 E1U11484 sp-37 an-88 Table 1-78 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A4159 sp-14 an-89 E1U4159 sp-13 an-89 E1U11485 sp-37 an-89 E1A4160 sp-14 an-90 E1U4160 sp-13 an-90 E1U11486 sp-37 an-90 E1A4161 sp-14 an-91 E1U4161 sp-13 an-91 E1U11487 sp-37 an-91 E1A4162 sp-14 an-92 E1U4162 sp-13 an-92 E1U11488 sp-37 an-92 E1A4163 sp-14 an-93 E1U4163 sp-13 an-93 E1U11489 sp-37 an-93 E1A4164 sp-14 an-94 E1U4164 sp-13 an-94 E1U11490 sp-37 an-94 E1A4165 sp-14 an-95 E1U4165 sp-13 an-95 E1U11491 sp-37 an-95 E1A4166 sp-14 an-96 E1U4166 sp-13 an-96 E1U11492 sp-37 an-96 E1A4167 sp-14 an-97 E1U4167 sp-13 an-97 E1U11493 sp-37 an-97 E1A4168 sp-14 an-98 E1U4168 sp-13 an-98 E1U11494 sp-37 an-98 E1A4169 sp-14 an-99 E1U4169 sp-13 an-99 E1U11495 sp-37 an-99 E1A4170 sp-14 an-100 E1U4170 sp-13 an-100 E1U11496 sp-37 an-100 E1A4171 sp-14 an-101 E1U4171 sp-13 an-101 E1U11497 sp-37 an-101 E1A4172 sp-14 an-102 E1U4172 sp-13 an-102 E1U11498 sp-37 an-102 E1A4173 sp-14 an-103 E1U4173 sp-13 an-103 E1U11499 sp-37 an-103 E1A4174 sp-14 an-104 E1U4174 sp-13 an-104 E1U11500 sp-37 an-104 E1A4175 sp-14 an-105 E1U4175 sp-13 an-105 E1U11501 sp-37 an-105 E1A4176 sp-14 an-106 E1U4176 sp-13 an-106 E1U11502 sp-37 an-106 E1A4177 sp-14 an-107 E1U4177 sp-13 an-107 E1U11503 sp-37 an-107 E1A4178 sp-14 an-108 E1U4178 sp-13 an-108 E1U11504 sp-37 an-108 E1A4179 sp-14 an-109 E1U4179 sp-13 an-109 E1U11505 sp-37 an-109 E1A4180 sp-14 an-110 E1U4180 sp-13 an-110 E1U11506 sp-37 an-110 E1A4181 sp-14 an-111 E1U4181 sp-13 an-111 E1U11507 sp-37 an-111 E1A4182 sp-14 an-112 E1U4182 sp-13 an-112 E1U11508 sp-37 an-112 E1A4183 sp-14 an-113 E1U4183 sp-13 an-113 E1U11509 sp-37 an-113 E1A4184 sp-14 an-114 E1U4184 sp-13 an-114 E1U11510 sp-37 an-114 E1A4185 sp-14 an-115 E1U4185 sp-13 an-115 E1U11511 sp-37 an-115 E1A4186 sp-14 an-116 E1U4186 sp-13 an-116 E1U11512 sp-37 an-116 E1A4187 sp-14 an-117 E1U4187 sp-13 an-117 E1U11513 sp-37 an-117 E1A4188 sp-14 an-118 E1U4188 sp-13 an-118 E1U11514 sp-37 an-118 E1A4189 sp-14 an-119 E1U4189 sp-13 an-119 E1U11515 sp-37 an-119 E1A4190 sp-14 an-120 E1U4190 sp-13 an-120 E1U11516 sp-37 an-120 E1A4191 sp-14 an-121 E1U4191 sp-13 an-121 E1U11517 sp-37 an-121 E1A4192 sp-14 an-122 E1U4192 sp-13 an-122 E1U11518 sp-37 an-122 E1A4193 sp-14 an-123 E1U4193 sp-13 an-123 E1U11519 sp-37 an-123 E1A4194 sp-14 an-124 E1U4194 sp-13 an-124 E1U11520 sp-37 an-124 E1A4195 sp-14 an-125 E1U4195 sp-13 an-125 E1U11521 sp-37 an-125 E1A4196 sp-14 an-126 E1U4196 sp-13 an-126 E1U11522 sp-37 an-126 E1A4197 sp-14 an-127 E1U4197 sp-13 an-127 E1U11523 sp-37 an-127 E1A4198 sp-14 an-128 E1U4198 sp-13 an-128 E1U11524 sp-37 an-128 E1A4199 sp-14 an-129 E1U4199 sp-13 an-129 E1U11525 sp-37 an-129 E1A4200 sp-14 an-130 E1U4200 sp-13 an-130 E1U11526 sp-37 an-130 E1A4201 sp-14 an-131 E1U4201 sp-13 an-131 E1U11527 sp-37 an-131 E1A4202 sp-14 an-132 E1U4202 sp-13 an-132 E1U11528 sp-37 an-132 E1A4203 sp-14 an-133 E1U4203 sp-13 an-133 E1U11529 sp-37 an-133 E1A4204 sp-14 an-134 E1U4204 sp-13 an-134 E1U11530 sp-37 an-134 E1A4205 sp-14 an-135 E1U4205 sp-13 an-135 E1U11531 sp-37 an-135 E1A4206 sp-14 an-136 E1U4206 sp-13 an-136 E1U11532 sp-37 an-136 E1A4207 sp-14 an-137 E1U4207 sp-13 an-137 E1U11533 sp-37 an-137 E1A4208 sp-14 an-138 E1U4208 sp-13 an-138 E1U11534 sp-37 an-138 E1A4209 sp-14 an-139 E1U4209 sp-13 an-139 E1U11535 sp-37 an-139 E1A4210 sp-14 an-140 E1U4210 sp-13 an-140 E1U11536 sp-37 an-140 E1A4211 sp-14 an-141 E1U4211 sp-13 an-141 E1U11537 sp-37 an-141 E1A4212 sp-14 an-142 E1U4212 sp-13 an-142 E1U11538 sp-37 an-142 Table 1-79 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A4213 sp-14 an-143 E1U4213 sp-13 an-143 E1U11539 sp-37 an-143 E1A4214 sp-14 an-144 E1U4214 sp-13 an-144 E1U11540 sp-37 an-144 E1A4215 sp-14 an-145 E1U4215 sp-13 an-145 E1U11541 sp-37 an-145 E1A4216 sp-14 an-146 E1U4216 sp-13 an-146 E1U11542 sp-37 an-146 E1A4217 sp-14 an-147 E1U4217 sp-13 an-147 E1U11543 sp-37 an-147 E1A4218 sp-14 an-148 E1U4218 sp-13 an-148 E1U11544 sp-37 an-148 E1A4219 sp-14 an-149 E1U4219 sp-13 an-149 E1U11545 sp-37 an-149 E1A4220 sp-14 an-150 E1U4220 sp-13 an-150 E1U11546 sp-37 an-150 E1A4221 sp-14 an-151 E1U4221 sp-13 an-151 E1U11547 sp-37 an-151 E1A4222 sp-14 an-152 E1U4222 sp-13 an-152 E1U11548 sp-37 an-152 E1A4223 sp-14 an-153 E1U4223 sp-13 an-153 E1U11549 sp-37 an-153 E1A4224 sp-14 an-154 E1U4224 sp-13 an-154 E1U11550 sp-37 an-154 E1A4225 sp-14 an-155 E1U4225 sp-13 an-155 E1U11551 sp-37 an-155 E1A4226 sp-14 an-156 E1U4226 sp-13 an-156 E1U11552 sp-37 an-156 E1A4227 sp-14 an-157 E1U4227 sp-13 an-157 E1U11553 sp-37 an-157 E1A4228 sp-14 an-158 E1U4228 sp-13 an-158 E1U11554 sp-37 an-158 E1A4229 sp-14 an-159 E1U4229 sp-13 an-159 E1U11555 sp-37 an-159 E1A4230 sp-14 an-160 E1U4230 sp-13 an-160 E1U11556 sp-37 an-160 E1A4231 sp-14 an-161 E1U4231 sp-13 an-161 E1U11557 sp-37 an-161 E1A4232 sp-14 an-162 E1U4232 sp-13 an-162 E1U11558 sp-37 an-162 E1A4233 sp-14 an-163 E1U4233 sp-13 an-163 E1U11559 sp-37 an-163 E1A4234 sp-14 an-164 E1U4234 sp-13 an-164 E1U11560 sp-37 an-164 E1A4235 sp-14 an-165 E1U4235 sp-13 an-165 E1U11561 sp-37 an-165 E1A4236 sp-14 an-166 E1U4236 sp-13 an-166 E1U11562 sp-37 an-166 E1A4237 sp-14 an-167 E1U4237 sp-13 an-167 E1U11563 sp-37 an-167 E1A4238 sp-14 an-168 E1U4238 sp-13 an-168 E1U11564 sp-37 an-168 E1A4239 sp-14 an-169 E1U4239 sp-13 an-169 E1U11565 sp-37 an-169 E1A4240 sp-14 an-170 E1U4240 sp-13 an-170 E1U11566 sp-37 an-170 E1A4241 sp-14 an-171 E1U4241 sp-13 an-171 E1U11567 sp-37 an-171 E1A4242 sp-14 an-172 E1U4242 sp-13 an-172 E1U11568 sp-37 an-172 E1A4243 sp-14 an-173 E1U4243 sp-13 an-173 E1U11569 sp-37 an-173 E1A4244 sp-14 an-174 E1U4244 sp-13 an-174 E1U11570 sp-37 an-174 E1A4245 sp-14 an-175 E1U4245 sp-13 an-175 E1U11571 sp-37 an-175 E1A4246 sp-14 an-176 E1U4246 sp-13 an-176 E1U11572 sp-37 an-176 E1A4247 sp-14 an-177 E1U4247 sp-13 an-177 E1U11573 sp-37 an-177 E1A4248 sp-14 an-178 E1U4248 sp-13 an-178 E1U11574 sp-37 an-178 E1A4249 sp-14 an-179 E1U4249 sp-13 an-179 E1U11575 sp-37 an-179 E1A4250 sp-14 an-180 E1U4250 sp-13 an-180 E1U11576 sp-37 an-180 E1A4251 sp-14 an-181 E1U4251 sp-13 an-181 E1U11577 sp-37 an-181 E1A4252 sp-14 an-182 E1U4252 sp-13 an-182 E1U11578 sp-37 an-182 E1A4253 sp-14 an-183 E1U4253 sp-13 an-183 E1U11579 sp-37 an-183 E1A4254 sp-14 an-184 E1U4254 sp-13 an-184 E1U11580 sp-37 an-184 E1A4255 sp-14 an-185 E1U4255 sp-13 an-185 E1U11581 sp-37 an-185 E1A4256 sp-14 an-186 E1U4256 sp-13 an-186 E1U11582 sp-37 an-186 E1A4257 sp-14 an-187 E1U4257 sp-13 an-187 E1U11583 sp-37 an-187 E1A4258 sp-14 an-188 E1U4258 sp-13 an-188 E1U11584 sp-37 an-188 E1A4259 sp-14 an-189 E1U4259 sp-13 an-189 E1U11585 sp-37 an-189 E1A4260 sp-14 an-190 E1U4260 sp-13 an-190 E1U11586 sp-37 an-190 E1A4261 sp-14 an-191 E1U4261 sp-13 an-191 E1U11587 sp-37 an-191 E1A4262 sp-14 an-192 E1U4262 sp-13 an-192 E1U11588 sp-37 an-192 E1A4263 sp-14 an-193 E1U4263 sp-13 an-193 E1U11589 sp-37 an-193 E1A4264 sp-14 an-194 E1U4264 sp-13 an-194 E1U11590 sp-37 an-194 E1A4265 sp-14 an-195 E1U4265 sp-13 an-195 E1U11591 sp-37 an-195 E1A4266 sp-14 an-196 E1U4266 sp-13 an-196 E1U11592 sp-37 an-196 Table 1-80 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A4267 sp-14 an-197 E1U4267 sp-13 an-197 E1U11593 sp-37 an-197 E1A4268 sp-14 an-198 E1U4268 sp-13 an-198 E1U11594 sp-37 an-198 E1A4269 sp-14 an-199 E1U4269 sp-13 an-199 E1U11595 sp-37 an-199 E1A4270 sp-14 an-200 E1U4270 sp-13 an-200 E1U11596 sp-37 an-200 E1A4271 sp-14 an-201 E1U4271 sp-13 an-201 E1U11597 sp-37 an-201 E1A4272 sp-14 an-202 E1U4272 sp-13 an-202 E1U11598 sp-37 an-202 E1A4273 sp-14 an-203 E1U4273 sp-13 an-203 E1U11599 sp-37 an-203 E1A4274 sp-14 an-204 E1U4274 sp-13 an-204 E1U11600 sp-37 an-204 E1A4275 sp-14 an-205 E1U4275 sp-13 an-205 E1U11601 sp-37 an-205 E1A4276 sp-14 an-206 E1U4276 sp-13 an-206 E1U11602 sp-37 an-206 E1A4277 sp-14 an-207 E1U4277 sp-13 an-207 E1U11603 sp-37 an-207 E1A4278 sp-14 an-208 E1U4278 sp-13 an-208 E1U11604 sp-37 an-208 E1A4279 sp-14 an-209 E1U4279 sp-13 an-209 E1U11605 sp-37 an-209 E1A4280 sp-14 an-210 E1U4280 sp-13 an-210 E1U11606 sp-37 an-210 E1A4281 sp-14 an-211 E1U4281 sp-13 an-211 E1U11607 sp-37 an-211 E1A4282 sp-14 an-212 E1U4282 sp-13 an-212 E1U11608 sp-37 an-212 E1A4283 sp-14 an-213 E1U4283 sp-13 an-213 E1U11609 sp-37 an-213 E1A4284 sp-14 an-214 E1U4284 sp-13 an-214 E1U11610 sp-37 an-214 E1A4285 sp-14 an-215 E1U4285 sp-13 an-215 E1U11611 sp-37 an-215 E1A4286 sp-14 an-216 E1U4286 sp-13 an-216 E1U11612 sp-37 an-216 E1A4287 sp-14 an-217 E1U4287 sp-13 an-217 E1U11613 sp-37 an-217 E1A4288 sp-14 an-218 E1U4288 sp-13 an-218 E1U11614 sp-37 an-218 E1A4289 sp-14 an-219 E1U4289 sp-13 an-219 E1U11615 sp-37 an-219 E1A4290 sp-14 an-220 E1U4290 sp-13 an-220 E1U11616 sp-37 an-220 E1A4291 sp-14 an-221 E1U4291 sp-13 an-221 E1U11617 sp-37 an-221 E1A4292 sp-14 an-222 E1U4292 sp-13 an-222 E1U11618 sp-37 an-222 E1A4293 sp-14 an-223 E1U4293 sp-13 an-223 E1U11619 sp-37 an-223 E1A4294 sp-14 an-224 E1U4294 sp-13 an-224 E1U11620 sp-37 an-224 E1A4295 sp-14 an-225 E1U4295 sp-13 an-225 E1U11621 sp-37 an-225 E1A4296 sp-14 an-226 E1U4296 sp-13 an-226 E1U11622 sp-37 an-226 E1A4297 sp-14 an-227 E1U4297 sp-13 an-227 E1U11623 sp-37 an-227 E1A4298 sp-14 an-228 E1U4298 sp-13 an-228 E1U11624 sp-37 an-228 E1A4299 sp-14 an-229 E1U4299 sp-13 an-229 E1U11625 sp-37 an-229 E1A4300 sp-14 an-230 E1U4300 sp-13 an-230 E1U11626 sp-37 an-230 E1A4301 sp-14 an-231 E1U4301 sp-13 an-231 E1U11627 sp-37 an-231 E1A4302 sp-14 an-232 E1U4302 sp-13 an-232 E1U11628 sp-37 an-232 E1A4303 sp-14 an-233 E1U4303 sp-13 an-233 E1U11629 sp-37 an-233 E1A4304 sp-14 an-234 E1U4304 sp-13 an-234 E1U11630 sp-37 an-234 E1A4305 sp-14 an-235 E1U4305 sp-13 an-235 E1U11631 sp-37 an-235 E1A4306 sp-14 an-236 E1U4306 sp-13 an-236 E1U11632 sp-37 an-236 E1A4307 sp-14 an-237 E1U4307 sp-13 an-237 E1U11633 sp-37 an-237 E1A4308 sp-14 an-238 E1U4308 sp-13 an-238 E1U11634 sp-37 an-238 E1A4309 sp-14 an-239 E1U4309 sp-13 an-239 E1U11635 sp-37 an-239 E1A4310 sp-14 an-240 E1U4310 sp-13 an-240 E1U11636 sp-37 an-240 E1A4311 sp-14 an-241 E1U4311 sp-13 an-241 E1U11637 sp-37 an-241 E1A4312 sp-14 an-242 E1U4312 sp-13 an-242 E1U11638 sp-37 an-242 E1A4313 sp-14 an-243 E1U4313 sp-13 an-243 E1U11639 sp-37 an-243 E1A4314 sp-14 an-244 E1U4314 sp-13 an-244 E1U11640 sp-37 an-244 E1A4315 sp-14 an-245 E1U4315 sp-13 an-245 E1U11641 sp-37 an-245 E1A4316 sp-14 an-246 E1U4316 sp-13 an-246 E1U11642 sp-37 an-246 E1A4317 sp-14 an-247 E1U4317 sp-13 an-247 E1U11643 sp-37 an-247 E1A4318 sp-14 an-248 E1U4318 sp-13 an-248 E1U11644 sp-37 an-248 E1A4319 sp-14 an-249 E1U4319 sp-13 an-249 E1U11645 sp-37 an-249 E1A4320 sp-14 an-250 E1U4320 sp-13 an-250 E1U11646 sp-37 an-250 Table 1-81 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A4321 sp-14 an-251 E1U4321 sp-13 an-251 E1U11647 sp-37 an-251 E1A4322 sp-14 an-252 E1U4322 sp-13 an-252 E1U11648 sp-37 an-252 E1A4323 sp-14 an-253 E1U4323 sp-13 an-253 E1U11649 sp-37 an-253 E1A4324 sp-14 an-254 E1U4324 sp-13 an-254 E1U11650 sp-37 an-254 E1A4325 sp-14 an-255 E1U4325 sp-13 an-255 E1U11651 sp-37 an-255 E1A4326 sp-14 an-256 E1U4326 sp-13 an-256 E1U11652 sp-37 an-256 E1A4327 sp-14 an-257 E1U4327 sp-13 an-257 E1U11653 sp-37 an-257 E1A4328 sp-14 an-258 E1U4328 sp-13 an-258 E1U11654 sp-37 an-258 E1A4329 sp-14 an-259 E1U4329 sp-13 an-259 E1U11655 sp-37 an-259 E1A4330 sp-14 an-260 E1U4330 sp-13 an-260 E1U11656 sp-37 an-260 E1A4331 sp-14 an-261 E1U4331 sp-13 an-261 E1U11657 sp-37 an-261 E1A4332 sp-14 an-262 E1U4332 sp-13 an-262 E1U11658 sp-37 an-262 E1A4333 sp-14 an-263 E1U4333 sp-13 an-263 E1U11659 sp-37 an-263 E1A4334 sp-14 an-264 E1U4334 sp-13 an-264 E1U11660 sp-37 an-264 E1A4335 sp-14 an-265 E1U4335 sp-13 an-265 E1U11661 sp-37 an-265 E1A4336 sp-14 an-266 E1U4336 sp-13 an-266 E1U11662 sp-37 an-266 E1A4337 sp-14 an-267 E1U4337 sp-13 an-267 E1U11663 sp-37 an-267 E1A4338 sp-14 an-268 E1U4338 sp-13 an-268 E1U11664 sp-37 an-268 E1A4339 sp-14 an-269 E1U4339 sp-13 an-269 E1U11665 sp-37 an-269 E1A4340 sp-14 an-270 E1U4340 sp-13 an-270 E1U11666 sp-37 an-270 E1A4341 sp-14 an-271 E1U4341 sp-13 an-271 E1U11667 sp-37 an-271 E1A4342 sp-14 an-272 E1U4342 sp-13 an-272 E1U11668 sp-37 an-272 E1A4343 sp-14 an-273 E1U4343 sp-13 an-273 E1U11669 sp-37 an-273 E1A4344 sp-14 an-274 E1U4344 sp-13 an-274 E1U11670 sp-37 an-274 E1A4345 sp-14 an-275 E1U4345 sp-13 an-275 E1U11671 sp-37 an-275 E1A4346 sp-14 an-276 E1U4346 sp-13 an-276 E1U11672 sp-37 an-276 E1A4347 sp-14 an-277 E1U4347 sp-13 an-277 E1U11673 sp-37 an-277 E1A4348 sp-14 an-278 E1U4348 sp-13 an-278 E1U11674 sp-37 an-278 E1A4349 sp-14 an-279 E1U4349 sp-13 an-279 E1U11675 sp-37 an-279 E1A4350 sp-14 an-280 E1U4350 sp-13 an-280 E1U11676 sp-37 an-280 E1A4351 sp-14 an-281 E1U4351 sp-13 an-281 E1U11677 sp-37 an-281 E1A4352 sp-14 an-282 E1U4352 sp-13 an-282 E1U11678 sp-37 an-282 E1A4353 sp-14 an-283 E1U4353 sp-13 an-283 E1U11679 sp-37 an-283 E1A4354 sp-14 an-284 E1U4354 sp-13 an-284 E1U11680 sp-37 an-284 E1A4355 sp-14 an-285 E1U4355 sp-13 an-285 E1U11681 sp-37 an-285 E1A4356 sp-14 an-286 E1U4356 sp-13 an-286 E1U11682 sp-37 an-286 E1A4357 sp-14 an-287 E1U4357 sp-13 an-287 E1U11683 sp-37 an-287 E1A4358 sp-14 an-288 E1U4358 sp-13 an-288 E1U11684 sp-37 an-288 E1A4359 sp-14 an-289 E1U4359 sp-13 an-289 E1U11685 sp-37 an-289 E1A4360 sp-14 an-290 E1U4360 sp-13 an-290 E1U11686 sp-37 an-290 E1A4361 sp-14 an-291 E1U4361 sp-13 an-291 E1U11687 sp-37 an-291 E1A4362 sp-14 an-292 E1U4362 sp-13 an-292 E1U11688 sp-37 an-292 E1A4363 sp-14 an-293 E1U4363 sp-13 an-293 E1U11689 sp-37 an-293 E1A4364 sp-14 an-294 E1U4364 sp-13 an-294 E1U11690 sp-37 an-294 E1A4365 sp-14 an-295 E1U4365 sp-13 an-295 E1U11691 sp-37 an-295 E1A4366 sp-14 an-296 E1U4366 sp-13 an-296 E1U11692 sp-37 an-296 E1A4367 sp-14 an-297 E1U4367 sp-13 an-297 E1U11693 sp-37 an-297 E1A4368 sp-14 an-298 E1U4368 sp-13 an-298 E1U11694 sp-37 an-298 E1A4369 sp-14 an-299 E1U4369 sp-13 an-299 E1U11695 sp-37 an-299 E1A4370 sp-14 an-300 E1U4370 sp-13 an-300 E1U11696 sp-37 an-300 E1A4371 sp-14 an-301 E1U4371 sp-13 an-301 E1U11697 sp-37 an-301 E1A4372 sp-14 an-302 E1U4372 sp-13 an-302 E1U11698 sp-37 an-302 E1A4373 sp-14 an-303 E1U4373 sp-13 an-303 E1U11699 sp-37 an-303 E1A4374 sp-14 an-304 E1U4374 sp-13 an-304 E1U11700 sp-37 an-304 Table 1-82 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A4375 sp-14 an-305 E1U4375 sp-13 an-305 E1U11701 sp-37 an-305 E1A4376 sp-14 an-306 E1U4376 sp-13 an-306 E1U11702 sp-37 an-306 E1A4377 sp-14 an-307 E1U4377 sp-13 an-307 E1U11703 sp-37 an-307 E1A4378 sp-14 an-308 E1U4378 sp-13 an-308 E1U11704 sp-37 an-308 E1A4379 sp-14 an-309 E1U4379 sp-13 an-309 E1U11705 sp-37 an-309 E1A4380 sp-14 an-310 E1U4380 sp-13 an-310 E1U11706 sp-37 an-310 E1A4381 sp-14 an-311 E1U4381 sp-13 an-311 E1U11707 sp-37 an-311 E1A4382 sp-14 an-312 E1U4382 sp-13 an-312 E1U11708 sp-37 an-312 E1A4383 sp-14 an-313 E1U4383 sp-13 an-313 E1U11709 sp-37 an-313 E1A4384 sp-14 an-314 E1U4384 sp-13 an-314 E1U11710 sp-37 an-314 E1A4385 sp-14 an-315 E1U4385 sp-13 an-315 E1U11711 sp-37 an-315 E1A4386 sp-14 an-316 E1U4386 sp-13 an-316 E1U11712 sp-37 an-316 E1A4387 sp-14 an-317 E1U4387 sp-13 an-317 E1U11713 sp-37 an-317 E1A4388 sp-14 an-318 E1U4388 sp-13 an-318 E1U11714 sp-37 an-318 E1A4389 sp-14 an-319 E1U4389 sp-13 an-319 E1U11715 sp-37 an-319 E1A4390 sp-14 an-320 E1U4390 sp-13 an-320 E1U11716 sp-37 an-320 E1A4391 sp-14 an-321 E1U4391 sp-13 an-321 E1U11717 sp-37 an-321 E1A4392 sp-14 an-322 E1U4392 sp-13 an-322 E1U11718 sp-37 an-322 E1A4393 sp-14 an-323 E1U4393 sp-13 an-323 E1U11719 sp-37 an-323 E1A4394 sp-14 an-324 E1U4394 sp-13 an-324 E1U11720 sp-37 an-324 E1A4395 sp-14 an-325 E1U4395 sp-13 an-325 E1U11721 sp-37 an-325 E1A4396 sp-14 an-326 E1U4396 sp-13 an-326 E1U11722 sp-37 an-326 E1A4397 sp-14 an-327 E1U4397 sp-13 an-327 E1U11723 sp-37 an-327 E1A4398 sp-14 an-328 E1U4398 sp-13 an-328 E1U11724 sp-37 an-328 E1A4399 sp-14 an-329 E1U4399 sp-13 an-329 E1U11725 sp-37 an-329 E1A4400 sp-14 an-330 E1U4400 sp-13 an-330 E1U11726 sp-37 an-330 E1A4401 sp-14 an-331 E1U4401 sp-13 an-331 E1U11727 sp-37 an-331 E1A4402 sp-14 an-332 E1U4402 sp-13 an-332 E1U11728 sp-37 an-332 E1A4403 sp-14 an-333 E1U4403 sp-13 an-333 E1U11729 sp-37 an-333 E1A4404 sp-14 an-334 E1U4404 sp-13 an-334 E1U11730 sp-37 an-334 E1A4405 sp-14 an-335 E1U4405 sp-13 an-335 E1U11731 sp-37 an-335 E1A4406 sp-14 an-336 E1U4406 sp-13 an-336 E1U11732 sp-37 an-336 E1A4407 sp-14 an-337 E1U4407 sp-13 an-337 E1U11733 sp-37 an-337 E1A4408 sp-14 an-338 E1U4408 sp-13 an-338 E1U11734 sp-37 an-338 E1A4409 sp-14 an-339 E1U4409 sp-13 an-339 E1U11735 sp-37 an-339 E1A4410 sp-14 an-340 E1U4410 sp-13 an-340 E1U11736 sp-37 an-340 E1A4411 sp-14 an-341 E1U4411 sp-13 an-341 E1U11737 sp-37 an-341 E1A4412 sp-14 an-342 E1U4412 sp-13 an-342 E1U11738 sp-37 an-342 E1A4413 sp-14 an-343 E1U4413 sp-13 an-343 E1U11739 sp-37 an-343 E1A4414 sp-14 an-344 E1U4414 sp-13 an-344 E1U11740 sp-37 an-344 E1A4415 sp-14 an-345 E1U4415 sp-13 an-345 E1U11741 sp-37 an-345 E1A4416 sp-14 an-346 E1U4416 sp-13 an-346 E1U11742 sp-37 an-346 E1A4417 sp-14 an-347 E1U4417 sp-13 an-347 E1U11743 sp-37 an-347 E1A4418 sp-14 an-348 E1U4418 sp-13 an-348 E1U11744 sp-37 an-348 E1A4419 sp-14 an-349 E1U4419 sp-13 an-349 E1U11745 sp-37 an-349 E1A4420 sp-14 an-350 E1U4420 sp-13 an-350 E1U11746 sp-37 an-350 E1A4421 sp-14 an-351 E1U4421 sp-13 an-351 E1U11747 sp-37 an-351 E1A4422 sp-14 an-352 E1U4422 sp-13 an-352 E1U11748 sp-37 an-352 E1A4423 sp-14 an-353 E1U4423 sp-13 an-353 E1U11749 sp-37 an-353 E1A4424 sp-14 an-354 E1U4424 sp-13 an-354 E1U11750 sp-37 an-354 E1A4425 sp-14 an-355 E1U4425 sp-13 an-355 E1U11751 sp-37 an-355 E1A4426 sp-14 an-356 E1U4426 sp-13 an-356 E1U11752 sp-37 an-356 E1A4427 sp-14 an-357 E1U4427 sp-13 an-357 E1U11753 sp-37 an-357 E1A4428 sp-14 an-358 E1U4428 sp-13 an-358 E1U11754 sp-37 an-358 Table 1-83 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A4429 sp-14 an-359 E1U4429 sp-13 an-359 E1U11755 sp-37 an-359 E1A4430 sp-14 an-360 E1U4430 sp-13 an-360 E1U11756 sp-37 an-360 E1A4431 sp-14 an-361 E1U4431 sp-13 an-361 E1U11757 sp-37 an-361 E1A4432 sp-14 an-362 E1U4432 sp-13 an-362 E1U11758 sp-37 an-362 E1A4433 sp-14 an-363 E1U4433 sp-13 an-363 E1U11759 sp-37 an-363 E1A4434 sp-14 an-364 E1U4434 sp-13 an-364 E1U11760 sp-37 an-364 E1A4435 sp-14 an-365 E1U4435 sp-13 an-365 E1U11761 sp-37 an-365 E1A4436 sp-14 an-366 E1U4436 sp-13 an-366 E1U11762 sp-37 an-366 E1A4437 sp-14 an-367 E1U4437 sp-13 an-367 E1U11763 sp-37 an-367 E1A4438 sp-14 an-368 E1U4438 sp-13 an-368 E1U11764 sp-37 an-368 E1A4439 sp-14 an-369 E1U4439 sp-13 an-369 E1U11765 sp-37 an-369 E1A4440 sp-14 an-370 E1U4440 sp-13 an-370 E1U11766 sp-37 an-370 E1A4441 sp-14 an-371 E1U4441 sp-13 an-371 E1U11767 sp-37 an-371 E1A4442 sp-14 an-372 E1U4442 sp-13 an-372 E1U11768 sp-37 an-372 E1A4443 sp-14 an-373 E1U4443 sp-13 an-373 E1U11769 sp-37 an-373 E1A4444 sp-14 an-374 E1U4444 sp-13 an-374 E1U11770 sp-37 an-374 E1A4445 sp-14 an-375 E1U4445 sp-13 an-375 E1U11771 sp-37 an-375 E1A4446 sp-14 an-376 E1U4446 sp-13 an-376 E1U11772 sp-37 an-376 E1A4447 sp-14 an-377 E1U4447 sp-13 an-377 E1U11773 sp-37 an-377 E1A4448 sp-14 an-378 E1U4448 sp-13 an-378 E1U11774 sp-37 an-378 E1A4449 sp-14 an-379 E1U4449 sp-13 an-379 E1U11775 sp-37 an-379 E1A4450 sp-14 an-380 E1U4450 sp-13 an-380 E1U11776 sp-37 an-380 E1A4451 sp-14 an-381 E1U4451 sp-13 an-381 E1U11777 sp-37 an-381 E1A4452 sp-14 an-382 E1U4452 sp-13 an-382 E1U11778 sp-37 an-382 E1A4453 sp-14 an-383 E1U4453 sp-13 an-383 E1U11779 sp-37 an-383 E1A4454 sp-14 an-384 E1U4454 sp-13 an-384 E1U11780 sp-37 an-384 E1A4455 sp-14 an-385 E1U4455 sp-13 an-385 E1U11781 sp-37 an-385 E1A4456 sp-14 an-386 E1U4456 sp-13 an-386 E1U11782 sp-37 an-386 E1A4457 sp-14 an-387 E1U4457 sp-13 an-387 E1U11783 sp-37 an-387 E1A4458 sp-14 an-388 E1U4458 sp-13 an-388 E1U11784 sp-37 an-388 E1A4459 sp-14 an-389 E1U4459 sp-13 an-389 E1U11785 sp-37 an-389 E1A4460 sp-14 an-390 E1U4460 sp-13 an-390 E1U11786 sp-37 an-390 E1A4461 sp-14 an-391 E1U4461 sp-13 an-391 E1U11787 sp-37 an-391 E1A4462 sp-14 an-392 E1U4462 sp-13 an-392 E1U11788 sp-37 an-392 E1A4463 sp-14 an-393 E1U4463 sp-13 an-393 E1U11789 sp-37 an-393 E1A4464 sp-14 an-394 E1U4464 sp-13 an-394 E1U11790 sp-37 an-394 E1A4465 sp-14 an-395 E1U4465 sp-13 an-395 E1U11791 sp-37 an-395 E1A4466 sp-14 an-396 E1U4466 sp-13 an-396 E1U11792 sp-37 an-396 E1A4467 sp-14 an-397 E1U4467 sp-13 an-397 E1U11793 sp-37 an-397 E1A4468 sp-14 an-398 E1U4468 sp-13 an-398 E1U11794 sp-37 an-398 E1A4469 sp-14 an-399 E1U4469 sp-13 an-399 E1U11795 sp-37 an-399 E1A4470 sp-14 an-400 E1U4470 sp-13 an-400 E1U11796 sp-37 an-400 E1A4471 sp-14 an-401 E1U4471 sp-13 an-401 E1U11797 sp-37 an-401 E1A4472 sp-14 an-402 E1U4472 sp-13 an-402 E1U11798 sp-37 an-402 E1A4473 sp-14 an-403 E1U4473 sp-13 an-403 E1U11799 sp-37 an-403 E1A4474 sp-14 an-404 E1U4474 sp-13 an-404 E1U11800 sp-37 an-404 E1A4475 sp-14 an-405 E1U4475 sp-13 an-405 E1U11801 sp-37 an-405 E1A4476 sp-14 an-406 E1U4476 sp-13 an-406 E1U11802 sp-37 an-406 E1A4477 sp-14 an-407 E1U4477 sp-13 an-407 E1U11803 sp-37 an-407 E1A4478 sp-15 an-1 E1U4478 sp-14 an-1 E1U11804 sp-38 an-1 E1A4479 sp-15 an-2 E1U4479 sp-14 an-2 E1U11805 sp-38 an-2 E1A4480 sp-15 an-3 E1U4480 sp-14 an-3 E1U11806 sp-38 an-3 E1A4481 sp-15 an-4 E1U4481 sp-14 an-4 E1U11807 sp-38 an-4 E1A4482 sp-15 an-5 E1U4482 sp-14 an-5 E1U11808 sp-38 an-5 Table 1-84 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A4483 sp-15 an-6 E1U4483 sp-14 an-6 E1U11809 sp-38 an-6 E1A4484 sp-15 an-7 E1U4484 sp-14 an-7 E1U11810 sp-38 an-7 E1A4485 sp-15 an-8 E1U4485 sp-14 an-8 E1U11811 sp-38 an-8 E1A4486 sp-15 an-9 E1U4486 sp-14 an-9 E1U11812 sp-38 an-9 E1A4487 sp-15 an-10 E1U4487 sp-14 an-10 E1U11813 sp-38 an-10 E1A4488 sp-15 an-11 E1U4488 sp-14 an-11 E1U11814 sp-38 an-11 E1A4489 sp-15 an-12 E1U4489 sp-14 an-12 E1U11815 sp-38 an-12 E1A4490 sp-15 an-13 E1U4490 sp-14 an-13 E1U11816 sp-38 an-13 E1A4491 sp-15 an-14 E1U4491 sp-14 an-14 E1U11817 sp-38 an-14 E1A4492 sp-15 an-15 E1U4492 sp-14 an-15 E1U11818 sp-38 an-15 E1A4493 sp-15 an-16 E1U4493 sp-14 an-16 E1U11819 sp-38 an-16 E1A4494 sp-15 an-17 E1U4494 sp-14 an-17 E1U11820 sp-38 an-17 E1A4495 sp-15 an-18 E1U4495 sp-14 an-18 E1U11821 sp-38 an-18 E1A4496 sp-15 an-19 E1U4496 sp-14 an-19 E1U11822 sp-38 an-19 E1A4497 sp-15 an-20 E1U4497 sp-14 an-20 E1U11823 sp-38 an-20 E1A4498 sp-15 an-21 E1U4498 sp-14 an-21 E1U11824 sp-38 an-21 E1A4499 sp-15 an-22 E1U4499 sp-14 an-22 E1U11825 sp-38 an-22 E1A4500 sp-15 an-23 E1U4500 sp-14 an-23 E1U11826 sp-38 an-23 E1A4501 sp-15 an-24 E1U4501 sp-14 an-24 E1U11827 sp-38 an-24 E1A4502 sp-15 an-25 E1U4502 sp-14 an-25 E1U11828 sp-38 an-25 E1A4503 sp-15 an-26 E1U4503 sp-14 an-26 E1U11829 sp-38 an-26 E1A4504 sp-15 an-27 E1U4504 sp-14 an-27 E1U11830 sp-38 an-27 E1A4505 sp-15 an-28 E1U4505 sp-14 an-28 E1U11831 sp-38 an-28 E1A4506 sp-15 an-29 E1U4506 sp-14 an-29 E1U11832 sp-38 an-29 E1A4507 sp-15 an-30 E1U4507 sp-14 an-30 E1U11833 sp-38 an-30 E1A4508 sp-15 an-31 E1U4508 sp-14 an-31 E1U11834 sp-38 an-31 E1A4509 sp-15 an-32 E1U4509 sp-14 an-32 E1U11835 sp-38 an-32 E1A4510 sp-15 an-33 E1U4510 sp-14 an-33 E1U11836 sp-38 an-33 E1A4511 sp-15 an-34 E1U4511 sp-14 an-34 E1U11837 sp-38 an-34 E1A4512 sp-15 an-35 E1U4512 sp-14 an-35 E1U11838 sp-38 an-35 E1A4513 sp-15 an-36 E1U4513 sp-14 an-36 E1U11839 sp-38 an-36 E1A4514 sp-15 an-37 E1U4514 sp-14 an-37 E1U11840 sp-38 an-37 E1A4515 sp-15 an-38 E1U4515 sp-14 an-38 E1U11841 sp-38 an-38 E1A4516 sp-15 an-39 E1U4516 sp-14 an-39 E1U11842 sp-38 an-39 E1A4517 sp-15 an-40 E1U4517 sp-14 an-40 E1U11843 sp-38 an-40 E1A4518 sp-15 an-41 E1U4518 sp-14 an-41 E1U11844 sp-38 an-41 E1A4519 sp-15 an-42 E1U4519 sp-14 an-42 E1U11845 sp-38 an-42 E1A4520 sp-15 an-43 E1U4520 sp-14 an-43 E1U11846 sp-38 an-43 E1A4521 sp-15 an-44 E1U4521 sp-14 an-44 E1U11847 sp-38 an-44 E1A4522 sp-15 an-45 E1U4522 sp-14 an-45 E1U11848 sp-38 an-45 E1A4523 sp-15 an-46 E1U4523 sp-14 an-46 E1U11849 sp-38 an-46 E1A4524 sp-15 an-47 E1U4524 sp-14 an-47 E1U11850 sp-38 an-47 E1A4525 sp-15 an-48 E1U4525 sp-14 an-48 E1U11851 sp-38 an-48 E1A4526 sp-15 an-49 E1U4526 sp-14 an-49 E1U11852 sp-38 an-49 E1A4527 sp-15 an-50 E1U4527 sp-14 an-50 E1U11853 sp-38 an-50 E1A4528 sp-15 an-51 E1U4528 sp-14 an-51 E1U11854 sp-38 an-51 E1A4529 sp-15 an-52 E1U4529 sp-14 an-52 E1U11855 sp-38 an-52 E1A4530 sp-15 an-53 E1U4530 sp-14 an-53 E1U11856 sp-38 an-53 E1A4531 sp-15 an-54 E1U4531 sp-14 an-54 E1U11857 sp-38 an-54 E1A4532 sp-15 an-55 E1U4532 sp-14 an-55 E1U11858 sp-38 an-55 E1A4533 sp-15 an-56 E1U4533 sp-14 an-56 E1U11859 sp-38 an-56 E1A4534 sp-15 an-57 E1U4534 sp-14 an-57 E1U11860 sp-38 an-57 E1A4535 sp-15 an-58 E1U4535 sp-14 an-58 E1U11861 sp-38 an-58 E1A4536 sp-15 an-59 E1U4536 sp-14 an-59 E1U11862 sp-38 an-59 Table 1-85 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A4537 sp-15 an-60 E1U4537 sp-14 an-60 E1U11863 sp-38 an-60 E1A4538 sp-15 an-61 E1U4538 sp-14 an-61 E1U11864 sp-38 an-61 E1A4539 sp-15 an-62 E1U4539 sp-14 an-62 E1U11865 sp-38 an-62 E1A4540 sp-15 an-63 E1U4540 sp-14 an-63 E1U11866 sp-38 an-63 E1A4541 sp-15 an-64 E1U4541 sp-14 an-64 E1U11867 sp-38 an-64 E1A4542 sp-15 an-65 E1U4542 sp-14 an-65 E1U11868 sp-38 an-65 E1A4543 sp-15 an-66 E1U4543 sp-14 an-66 E1U11869 sp-38 an-66 E1A4544 sp-15 an-67 E1U4544 sp-14 an-67 E1U11870 sp-38 an-67 E1A4545 sp-15 an-68 E1U4545 sp-14 an-68 E1U11871 sp-38 an-68 E1A4546 sp-15 an-69 E1U4546 sp-14 an-69 E1U11872 sp-38 an-69 E1A4547 sp-15 an-70 E1U4547 sp-14 an-70 E1U11873 sp-38 an-70 E1A4548 sp-15 an-71 E1U4548 sp-14 an-71 E1U11874 sp-38 an-71 E1A4549 sp-15 an-72 E1U4549 sp-14 an-72 E1U11875 sp-38 an-72 E1A4550 sp-15 an-73 E1U4550 sp-14 an-73 E1U11876 sp-38 an-73 E1A4551 sp-15 an-74 E1U4551 sp-14 an-74 E1U11877 sp-38 an-74 E1A4552 sp-15 an-75 E1U4552 sp-14 an-75 E1U11878 sp-38 an-75 E1A4553 sp-15 an-76 E1U4553 sp-14 an-76 E1U11879 sp-38 an-76 E1A4554 sp-15 an-77 E1U4554 sp-14 an-77 E1U11880 sp-38 an-77 E1A4555 sp-15 an-78 E1U4555 sp-14 an-78 E1U11881 sp-38 an-78 E1A4556 sp-15 an-79 E1U4556 sp-14 an-79 E1U11882 sp-38 an-79 E1A4557 sp-15 an-80 E1U4557 sp-14 an-80 E1U11883 sp-38 an-80 E1A4558 sp-15 an-81 E1U4558 sp-14 an-81 E1U11884 sp-38 an-81 E1A4559 sp-15 an-82 E1U4559 sp-14 an-82 E1U11885 sp-38 an-82 E1A4560 sp-15 an-83 E1U4560 sp-14 an-83 E1U11886 sp-38 an-83 E1A4561 sp-15 an-84 E1U4561 sp-14 an-84 E1U11887 sp-38 an-84 E1A4562 sp-15 an-85 E1U4562 sp-14 an-85 E1U11888 sp-38 an-85 E1A4563 sp-15 an-86 E1U4563 sp-14 an-86 E1U11889 sp-38 an-86 E1A4564 sp-15 an-87 E1U4564 sp-14 an-87 E1U11890 sp-38 an-87 E1A4565 sp-15 an-88 E1U4565 sp-14 an-88 E1U11891 sp-38 an-88 E1A4566 sp-15 an-89 E1U4566 sp-14 an-89 E1U11892 sp-38 an-89 E1A4567 sp-15 an-90 E1U4567 sp-14 an-90 E1U11893 sp-38 an-90 E1A4568 sp-15 an-91 E1U4568 sp-14 an-91 E1U11894 sp-38 an-91 E1A4569 sp-15 an-92 E1U4569 sp-14 an-92 E1U11895 sp-38 an-92 E1A4570 sp-15 an-93 E1U4570 sp-14 an-93 E1U11896 sp-38 an-93 E1A4571 sp-15 an-94 E1U4571 sp-14 an-94 E1U11897 sp-38 an-94 E1A4572 sp-15 an-95 E1U4572 sp-14 an-95 E1U11898 sp-38 an-95 E1A4573 sp-15 an-96 E1U4573 sp-14 an-96 E1U11899 sp-38 an-96 E1A4574 sp-15 an-97 E1U4574 sp-14 an-97 E1U11900 sp-38 an-97 E1A4575 sp-15 an-98 E1U4575 sp-14 an-98 E1U11901 sp-38 an-98 E1A4576 sp-15 an-99 E1U4576 sp-14 an-99 E1U11902 sp-38 an-99 E1A4577 sp-15 an-100 E1U4577 sp-14 an-100 E1U11903 sp-38 an-100 E1A4578 sp-15 an-101 E1U4578 sp-14 an-101 E1U11904 sp-38 an-101 E1A4579 sp-15 an-102 E1U4579 sp-14 an-102 E1U11905 sp-38 an-102 E1A4580 sp-15 an-103 E1U4580 sp-14 an-103 E1U11906 sp-38 an-103 E1A4581 sp-15 an-104 E1U4581 sp-14 an-104 E1U11907 sp-38 an-104 E1A4582 sp-15 an-105 E1U4582 sp-14 an-105 E1U11908 sp-38 an-105 E1A4583 sp-15 an-106 E1U4583 sp-14 an-106 E1U11909 sp-38 an-106 E1A4584 sp-15 an-107 E1U4584 sp-14 an-107 E1U11910 sp-38 an-107 E1A4585 sp-15 an-108 E1U4585 sp-14 an-108 E1U11911 sp-38 an-108 E1A4586 sp-15 an-109 E1U4586 sp-14 an-109 E1U11912 sp-38 an-109 E1A4587 sp-15 an-110 E1U4587 sp-14 an-110 E1U11913 sp-38 an-110 E1A4588 sp-15 an-111 E1U4588 sp-14 an-111 E1U11914 sp-38 an-111 E1A4589 sp-15 an-112 E1U4589 sp-14 an-112 E1U11915 sp-38 an-112 E1A4590 sp-15 an-113 E1U4590 sp-14 an-113 E1U11916 sp-38 an-113 Table 1-86 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A4591 sp-15 an-114 E1U4591 sp-14 an-114 E1U11917 sp-38 an-114 E1A4592 sp-15 an-115 E1U4592 sp-14 an-115 E1U11918 sp-38 an-115 E1A4593 sp-15 an-116 E1U4593 sp-14 an-116 E1U11919 sp-38 an-116 E1A4594 sp-15 an-117 E1U4594 sp-14 an-117 E1U11920 sp-38 an-117 E1A4595 sp-15 an-118 E1U4595 sp-14 an-118 E1U11921 sp-38 an-118 E1A4596 sp-15 an-119 E1U4596 sp-14 an-119 E1U11922 sp-38 an-119 E1A4597 sp-15 an-120 E1U4597 sp-14 an-120 E1U11923 sp-38 an-120 E1A4598 sp-15 an-121 E1U4598 sp-14 an-121 E1U11924 sp-38 an-121 E1A4599 sp-15 an-122 E1U4599 sp-14 an-122 E1U11925 sp-38 an-122 E1A4600 sp-15 an-123 E1U4600 sp-14 an-123 E1U11926 sp-38 an-123 E1A4601 sp-15 an-124 E1U4601 sp-14 an-124 E1U11927 sp-38 an-124 E1A4602 sp-15 an-125 E1U4602 sp-14 an-125 E1U11928 sp-38 an-125 E1A4603 sp-15 an-126 E1U4603 sp-14 an-126 E1U11929 sp-38 an-126 E1A4604 sp-15 an-127 E1U4604 sp-14 an-127 E1U11930 sp-38 an-127 E1A4605 sp-15 an-128 E1U4605 sp-14 an-128 E1U11931 sp-38 an-128 E1A4606 sp-15 an-129 E1U4606 sp-14 an-129 E1U11932 sp-38 an-129 E1A4607 sp-15 an-130 E1U4607 sp-14 an-130 E1U11933 sp-38 an-130 E1A4608 sp-15 an-131 E1U4608 sp-14 an-131 E1U11934 sp-38 an-131 E1A4609 sp-15 an-132 E1U4609 sp-14 an-132 E1U11935 sp-38 an-132 E1A4610 sp-15 an-133 E1U4610 sp-14 an-133 E1U11936 sp-38 an-133 E1A4611 sp-15 an-134 E1U4611 sp-14 an-134 E1U11937 sp-38 an-134 E1A4612 sp-15 an-135 E1U4612 sp-14 an-135 E1U11938 sp-38 an-135 E1A4613 sp-15 an-136 E1U4613 sp-14 an-136 E1U11939 sp-38 an-136 E1A4614 sp-15 an-137 E1U4614 sp-14 an-137 E1U11940 sp-38 an-137 E1A4615 sp-15 an-138 E1U4615 sp-14 an-138 E1U11941 sp-38 an-138 E1A4616 sp-15 an-139 E1U4616 sp-14 an-139 E1U11942 sp-38 an-139 E1A4617 sp-15 an-140 E1U4617 sp-14 an-140 E1U11943 sp-38 an-140 E1A4618 sp-15 an-141 E1U4618 sp-14 an-141 E1U11944 sp-38 an-141 E1A4619 sp-15 an-142 E1U4619 sp-14 an-142 E1U11945 sp-38 an-142 E1A4620 sp-15 an-143 E1U4620 sp-14 an-143 E1U11946 sp-38 an-143 E1A4621 sp-15 an-144 E1U4621 sp-14 an-144 E1U11947 sp-38 an-144 E1A4622 sp-15 an-145 E1U4622 sp-14 an-145 E1U11948 sp-38 an-145 E1A4623 sp-15 an-146 E1U4623 sp-14 an-146 E1U11949 sp-38 an-146 E1A4624 sp-15 an-147 E1U4624 sp-14 an-147 E1U11950 sp-38 an-147 E1A4625 sp-15 an-148 E1U4625 sp-14 an-148 E1U11951 sp-38 an-148 E1A4626 sp-15 an-149 E1U4626 sp-14 an-149 E1U11952 sp-38 an-149 E1A4627 sp-15 an-150 E1U4627 sp-14 an-150 E1U11953 sp-38 an-150 E1A4628 sp-15 an-151 E1U4628 sp-14 an-151 E1U11954 sp-38 an-151 E1A4629 sp-15 an-152 E1U4629 sp-14 an-152 E1U11955 sp-38 an-152 E1A4630 sp-15 an-153 E1U4630 sp-14 an-153 E1U11956 sp-38 an-153 E1A4631 sp-15 an-154 E1U4631 sp-14 an-154 E1U11957 sp-38 an-154 E1A4632 sp-15 an-155 E1U4632 sp-14 an-155 E1U11958 sp-38 an-155 E1A4633 sp-15 an-156 E1U4633 sp-14 an-156 E1U11959 sp-38 an-156 E1A4634 sp-15 an-157 E1U4634 sp-14 an-157 E1U11960 sp-38 an-157 E1A4635 sp-15 an-158 E1U4635 sp-14 an-158 E1U11961 sp-38 an-158 E1A4636 sp-15 an-159 E1U4636 sp-14 an-159 E1U11962 sp-38 an-159 E1A4637 sp-15 an-160 E1U4637 sp-14 an-160 E1U11963 sp-38 an-160 E1A4638 sp-15 an-161 E1U4638 sp-14 an-161 E1U11964 sp-38 an-161 E1A4639 sp-15 an-162 E1U4639 sp-14 an-162 E1U11965 sp-38 an-162 E1A4640 sp-15 an-163 E1U4640 sp-14 an-163 E1U11966 sp-38 an-163 E1A4641 sp-15 an-164 E1U4641 sp-14 an-164 E1U11967 sp-38 an-164 E1A4642 sp-15 an-165 E1U4642 sp-14 an-165 E1U11968 sp-38 an-165 E1A4643 sp-15 an-166 E1U4643 sp-14 an-166 E1U11969 sp-38 an-166 E1A4644 sp-15 an-167 E1U4644 sp-14 an-167 E1U11970 sp-38 an-167 Table 1-87 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A4645 sp-15 an-168 E1U4645 sp-14 an-168 E1U11971 sp-38 an-168 E1A4646 sp-15 an-169 E1U4646 sp-14 an-169 E1U11972 sp-38 an-169 E1A4647 sp-15 an-170 E1U4647 sp-14 an-170 E1U11973 sp-38 an-170 E1A4648 sp-15 an-171 E1U4648 sp-14 an-171 E1U11974 sp-38 an-171 E1A4649 sp-15 an-172 E1U4649 sp-14 an-172 E1U11975 sp-38 an-172 E1A4650 sp-15 an-173 E1U4650 sp-14 an-173 E1U11976 sp-38 an-173 E1A4651 sp-15 an-174 E1U4651 sp-14 an-174 E1U11977 sp-38 an-174 E1A4652 sp-15 an-175 E1U4652 sp-14 an-175 E1U11978 sp-38 an-175 E1A4653 sp-15 an-176 E1U4653 sp-14 an-176 E1U11979 sp-38 an-176 E1A4654 sp-15 an-177 E1U4654 sp-14 an-177 E1U11980 sp-38 an-177 E1A4655 sp-15 an-178 E1U4655 sp-14 an-178 E1U11981 sp-38 an-178 E1A4656 sp-15 an-179 E1U4656 sp-14 an-179 E1U11982 sp-38 an-179 E1A4657 sp-15 an-180 E1U4657 sp-14 an-180 E1U11983 sp-38 an-180 E1A4658 sp-15 an-181 E1U4658 sp-14 an-181 E1U11984 sp-38 an-181 E1A4659 sp-15 an-182 E1U4659 sp-14 an-182 E1U11985 sp-38 an-182 E1A4660 sp-15 an-183 E1U4660 sp-14 an-183 E1U11986 sp-38 an-183 E1A4661 sp-15 an-184 E1U4661 sp-14 an-184 E1U11987 sp-38 an-184 E1A4662 sp-15 an-185 E1U4662 sp-14 an-185 E1U11988 sp-38 an-185 E1A4663 sp-15 an-186 E1U4663 sp-14 an-186 E1U11989 sp-38 an-186 E1A4664 sp-15 an-187 E1U4664 sp-14 an-187 E1U11990 sp-38 an-187 E1A4665 sp-15 an-188 E1U4665 sp-14 an-188 E1U11991 sp-38 an-188 E1A4666 sp-15 an-189 E1U4666 sp-14 an-189 E1U11992 sp-38 an-189 E1A4667 sp-15 an-190 E1U4667 sp-14 an-190 E1U11993 sp-38 an-190 E1A4668 sp-15 an-191 E1U4668 sp-14 an-191 E1U11994 sp-38 an-191 E1A4669 sp-15 an-192 E1U4669 sp-14 an-192 E1U11995 sp-38 an-192 E1A4670 sp-15 an-193 E1U4670 sp-14 an-193 E1U11996 sp-38 an-193 E1A4671 sp-15 an-194 E1U4671 sp-14 an-194 E1U11997 sp-38 an-194 E1A4672 sp-15 an-195 E1U4672 sp-14 an-195 E1U11998 sp-38 an-195 E1A4673 sp-15 an-196 E1U4673 sp-14 an-196 E1U11999 sp-38 an-196 E1A4674 sp-15 an-197 E1U4674 sp-14 an-197 E1U12000 sp-38 an-197 E1A4675 sp-15 an-198 E1U4675 sp-14 an-198 E1U12001 sp-38 an-198 E1A4676 sp-15 an-199 E1U4676 sp-14 an-199 E1U12002 sp-38 an-199 E1A4677 sp-15 an-200 E1U4677 sp-14 an-200 E1U12003 sp-38 an-200 E1A4678 sp-15 an-201 E1U4678 sp-14 an-201 E1U12004 sp-38 an-201 E1A4679 sp-15 an-202 E1U4679 sp-14 an-202 E1U12005 sp-38 an-202 E1A4680 sp-15 an-203 E1U4680 sp-14 an-203 E1U12006 sp-38 an-203 E1A4681 sp-15 an-204 E1U4681 sp-14 an-204 E1U12007 sp-38 an-204 E1A4682 sp-15 an-205 E1U4682 sp-14 an-205 E1U12008 sp-38 an-205 E1A4683 sp-15 an-206 E1U4683 sp-14 an-206 E1U12009 sp-38 an-206 E1A4684 sp-15 an-207 E1U4684 sp-14 an-207 E1U12010 sp-38 an-207 E1A4685 sp-15 an-208 E1U4685 sp-14 an-208 E1U12011 sp-38 an-208 E1A4686 sp-15 an-209 E1U4686 sp-14 an-209 E1U12012 sp-38 an-209 E1A4687 sp-15 an-210 E1U4687 sp-14 an-210 E1U12013 sp-38 an-210 E1A4688 sp-15 an-211 E1U4688 sp-14 an-211 E1U12014 sp-38 an-211 E1A4689 sp-15 an-212 E1U4689 sp-14 an-212 E1U12015 sp-38 an-212 E1A4690 sp-15 an-213 E1U4690 sp-14 an-213 E1U12016 sp-38 an-213 E1A4691 sp-15 an-214 E1U4691 sp-14 an-214 E1U12017 sp-38 an-214 E1A4692 sp-15 an-215 E1U4692 sp-14 an-215 E1U12018 sp-38 an-215 E1A4693 sp-15 an-216 E1U4693 sp-14 an-216 E1U12019 sp-38 an-216 E1A4694 sp-15 an-217 E1U4694 sp-14 an-217 E1U12020 sp-38 an-217 E1A4695 sp-15 an-218 E1U4695 sp-14 an-218 E1U12021 sp-38 an-218 E1A4696 sp-15 an-219 E1U4696 sp-14 an-219 E1U12022 sp-38 an-219 E1A4697 sp-15 an-220 E1U4697 sp-14 an-220 E1U12023 sp-38 an-220 E1A4698 sp-15 an-221 E1U4698 sp-14 an-221 E1U12024 sp-38 an-221 Table 1-88 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A4699 sp-15 an-222 E1U4699 sp-14 an-222 E1U12025 sp-38 an-222 E1A4700 sp-15 an-223 E1U4700 sp-14 an-223 E1U12026 sp-38 an-223 E1A4701 sp-15 an-224 E1U4701 sp-14 an-224 E1U12027 sp-38 an-224 E1A4702 sp-15 an-225 E1U4702 sp-14 an-225 E1U12028 sp-38 an-225 E1A4703 sp-15 an-226 E1U4703 sp-14 an-226 E1U12029 sp-38 an-226 E1A4704 sp-15 an-227 E1U4704 sp-14 an-227 E1U12030 sp-38 an-227 E1A4705 sp-15 an-228 E1U4705 sp-14 an-228 E1U12031 sp-38 an-228 E1A4706 sp-15 an-229 E1U4706 sp-14 an-229 E1U12032 sp-38 an-229 E1A4707 sp-15 an-230 E1U4707 sp-14 an-230 E1U12033 sp-38 an-230 E1A4708 sp-15 an-231 E1U4708 sp-14 an-231 E1U12034 sp-38 an-231 E1A4709 sp-15 an-232 E1U4709 sp-14 an-232 E1U12035 sp-38 an-232 E1A4710 sp-15 an-233 E1U4710 sp-14 an-233 E1U12036 sp-38 an-233 E1A4711 sp-15 an-234 E1U4711 sp-14 an-234 E1U12037 sp-38 an-234 E1A4712 sp-15 an-235 E1U4712 sp-14 an-235 E1U12038 sp-38 an-235 E1A4713 sp-15 an-236 E1U4713 sp-14 an-236 E1U12039 sp-38 an-236 E1A4714 sp-15 an-237 E1U4714 sp-14 an-237 E1U12040 sp-38 an-237 E1A4715 sp-15 an-238 E1U4715 sp-14 an-238 E1U12041 sp-38 an-238 E1A4716 sp-15 an-239 E1U4716 sp-14 an-239 E1U12042 sp-38 an-239 E1A4717 sp-15 an-240 E1U4717 sp-14 an-240 E1U12043 sp-38 an-240 E1A4718 sp-15 an-241 E1U4718 sp-14 an-241 E1U12044 sp-38 an-241 E1A4719 sp-15 an-242 E1U4719 sp-14 an-242 E1U12045 sp-38 an-242 E1A4720 sp-15 an-243 E1U4720 sp-14 an-243 E1U12046 sp-38 an-243 E1A4721 sp-15 an-244 E1U4721 sp-14 an-244 E1U12047 sp-38 an-244 E1A4722 sp-15 an-245 E1U4722 sp-14 an-245 E1U12048 sp-38 an-245 E1A4723 sp-15 an-246 E1U4723 sp-14 an-246 E1U12049 sp-38 an-246 E1A4724 sp-15 an-247 E1U4724 sp-14 an-247 E1U12050 sp-38 an-247 E1A4725 sp-15 an-248 E1U4725 sp-14 an-248 E1U12051 sp-38 an-248 E1A4726 sp-15 an-249 E1U4726 sp-14 an-249 E1U12052 sp-38 an-249 E1A4727 sp-15 an-250 E1U4727 sp-14 an-250 E1U12053 sp-38 an-250 E1A4728 sp-15 an-251 E1U4728 sp-14 an-251 E1U12054 sp-38 an-251 E1A4729 sp-15 an-252 E1U4729 sp-14 an-252 E1U12055 sp-38 an-252 E1A4730 sp-15 an-253 E1U4730 sp-14 an-253 E1U12056 sp-38 an-253 E1A4731 sp-15 an-254 E1U4731 sp-14 an-254 E1U12057 sp-38 an-254 E1A4732 sp-15 an-255 E1U4732 sp-14 an-255 E1U12058 sp-38 an-255 E1A4733 sp-15 an-256 E1U4733 sp-14 an-256 E1U12059 sp-38 an-256 E1A4734 sp-15 an-257 E1U4734 sp-14 an-257 E1U12060 sp-38 an-257 E1A4735 sp-15 an-258 E1U4735 sp-14 an-258 E1U12061 sp-38 an-258 E1A4736 sp-15 an-259 E1U4736 sp-14 an-259 E1U12062 sp-38 an-259 E1A4737 sp-15 an-260 E1U4737 sp-14 an-260 E1U12063 sp-38 an-260 E1A4738 sp-15 an-261 E1U4738 sp-14 an-261 E1U12064 sp-38 an-261 E1A4739 sp-15 an-262 E1U4739 sp-14 an-262 E1U12065 sp-38 an-262 E1A4740 sp-15 an-263 E1U4740 sp-14 an-263 E1U12066 sp-38 an-263 E1A4741 sp-15 an-264 E1U4741 sp-14 an-264 E1U12067 sp-38 an-264 E1A4742 sp-15 an-265 E1U4742 sp-14 an-265 E1U12068 sp-38 an-265 E1A4743 sp-15 an-266 E1U4743 sp-14 an-266 E1U12069 sp-38 an-266 E1A4744 sp-15 an-267 E1U4744 sp-14 an-267 E1U12070 sp-38 an-267 E1A4745 sp-15 an-268 E1U4745 sp-14 an-268 E1U12071 sp-38 an-268 E1A4746 sp-15 an-269 E1U4746 sp-14 an-269 E1U12072 sp-38 an-269 E1A4747 sp-15 an-270 E1U4747 sp-14 an-270 E1U12073 sp-38 an-270 E1A4748 sp-15 an-271 E1U4748 sp-14 an-271 E1U12074 sp-38 an-271 E1A4749 sp-15 an-272 E1U4749 sp-14 an-272 E1U12075 sp-38 an-272 E1A4750 sp-15 an-273 E1U4750 sp-14 an-273 E1U12076 sp-38 an-273 E1A4751 sp-15 an-274 E1U4751 sp-14 an-274 E1U12077 sp-38 an-274 E1A4752 sp-15 an-275 E1U4752 sp-14 an-275 E1U12078 sp-38 an-275 Table 1-89 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A4753 sp-15 an-276 E1U4753 sp-14 an-276 E1U12079 sp-38 an-276 E1A4754 sp-15 an-277 E1U4754 sp-14 an-277 E1U12080 sp-38 an-277 E1A4755 sp-15 an-278 E1U4755 sp-14 an-278 E1U12081 sp-38 an-278 E1A4756 sp-15 an-279 E1U4756 sp-14 an-279 E1U12082 sp-38 an-279 E1A4757 sp-15 an-280 E1U4757 sp-14 an-280 E1U12083 sp-38 an-280 E1A4758 sp-15 an-281 E1U4758 sp-14 an-281 E1U12084 sp-38 an-281 E1A4759 sp-15 an-282 E1U4759 sp-14 an-282 E1U12085 sp-38 an-282 E1A4760 sp-15 an-283 E1U4760 sp-14 an-283 E1U12086 sp-38 an-283 E1A4761 sp-15 an-284 E1U4761 sp-14 an-284 E1U12087 sp-38 an-284 E1A4762 sp-15 an-285 E1U4762 sp-14 an-285 E1U12088 sp-38 an-285 E1A4763 sp-15 an-286 E1U4763 sp-14 an-286 E1U12089 sp-38 an-286 E1A4764 sp-15 an-287 E1U4764 sp-14 an-287 E1U12090 sp-38 an-287 E1A4765 sp-15 an-288 E1U4765 sp-14 an-288 E1U12091 sp-38 an-288 E1A4766 sp-15 an-289 E1U4766 sp-14 an-289 E1U12092 sp-38 an-289 E1A4767 sp-15 an-290 E1U4767 sp-14 an-290 E1U12093 sp-38 an-290 E1A4768 sp-15 an-291 E1U4768 sp-14 an-291 E1U12094 sp-38 an-291 E1A4769 sp-15 an-292 E1U4769 sp-14 an-292 E1U12095 sp-38 an-292 E1A4770 sp-15 an-293 E1U4770 sp-14 an-293 E1U12096 sp-38 an-293 E1A4771 sp-15 an-294 E1U4771 sp-14 an-294 E1U12097 sp-38 an-294 E1A4772 sp-15 an-295 E1U4772 sp-14 an-295 E1U12098 sp-38 an-295 E1A4773 sp-15 an-296 E1U4773 sp-14 an-296 E1U12099 sp-38 an-296 E1A4774 sp-15 an-297 E1U4774 sp-14 an-297 E1U12100 sp-38 an-297 E1A4775 sp-15 an-298 E1U4775 sp-14 an-298 E1U12101 sp-38 an-298 E1A4776 sp-15 an-299 E1U4776 sp-14 an-299 E1U12102 sp-38 an-299 E1A4777 sp-15 an-300 E1U4777 sp-14 an-300 E1U12103 sp-38 an-300 E1A4778 sp-15 an-301 E1U4778 sp-14 an-301 E1U12104 sp-38 an-301 E1A4779 sp-15 an-302 E1U4779 sp-14 an-302 E1U12105 sp-38 an-302 E1A4780 sp-15 an-303 E1U4780 sp-14 an-303 E1U12106 sp-38 an-303 E1A4781 sp-15 an-304 E1U4781 sp-14 an-304 E1U12107 sp-38 an-304 E1A4782 sp-15 an-305 E1U4782 sp-14 an-305 E1U12108 sp-38 an-305 E1A4783 sp-15 an-306 E1U4783 sp-14 an-306 E1U12109 sp-38 an-306 E1A4784 sp-15 an-307 E1U4784 sp-14 an-307 E1U12110 sp-38 an-307 E1A4785 sp-15 an-308 E1U4785 sp-14 an-308 E1U12111 sp-38 an-308 E1A4786 sp-15 an-309 E1U4786 sp-14 an-309 E1U12112 sp-38 an-309 E1A4787 sp-15 an-310 E1U4787 sp-14 an-310 E1U12113 sp-38 an-310 E1A4788 sp-15 an-311 E1U4788 sp-14 an-311 E1U12114 sp-38 an-311 E1A4789 sp-15 an-312 E1U4789 sp-14 an-312 E1U12115 sp-38 an-312 E1A4790 sp-15 an-313 E1U4790 sp-14 an-313 E1U12116 sp-38 an-313 E1A4791 sp-15 an-314 E1U4791 sp-14 an-314 E1U12117 sp-38 an-314 E1A4792 sp-15 an-315 E1U4792 sp-14 an-315 E1U12118 sp-38 an-315 E1A4793 sp-15 an-316 E1U4793 sp-14 an-316 E1U12119 sp-38 an-316 E1A4794 sp-15 an-317 E1U4794 sp-14 an-317 E1U12120 sp-38 an-317 E1A4795 sp-15 an-318 E1U4795 sp-14 an-318 E1U12121 sp-38 an-318 E1A4796 sp-15 an-319 E1U4796 sp-14 an-319 E1U12122 sp-38 an-319 E1A4797 sp-15 an-320 E1U4797 sp-14 an-320 E1U12123 sp-38 an-320 E1A4798 sp-15 an-321 E1U4798 sp-14 an-321 E1U12124 sp-38 an-321 E1A4799 sp-15 an-322 E1U4799 sp-14 an-322 E1U12125 sp-38 an-322 E1A4800 sp-15 an-323 E1U4800 sp-14 an-323 E1U12126 sp-38 an-323 E1A4801 sp-15 an-324 E1U4801 sp-14 an-324 E1U12127 sp-38 an-324 E1A4802 sp-15 an-325 E1U4802 sp-14 an-325 E1U12128 sp-38 an-325 E1A4803 sp-15 an-326 E1U4803 sp-14 an-326 E1U12129 sp-38 an-326 E1A4804 sp-15 an-327 E1U4804 sp-14 an-327 E1U12130 sp-38 an-327 E1A4805 sp-15 an-328 E1U4805 sp-14 an-328 E1U12131 sp-38 an-328 E1A4806 sp-15 an-329 E1U4806 sp-14 an-329 E1U12132 sp-38 an-329 Table 1-90 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A4807 sp-15 an-330 E1U4807 sp-14 an-330 E1U12133 sp-38 an-330 E1A4808 sp-15 an-331 E1U4808 sp-14 an-331 E1U12134 sp-38 an-331 E1A4809 sp-15 an-332 E1U4809 sp-14 an-332 E1U12135 sp-38 an-332 E1A4810 sp-15 an-333 E1U4810 sp-14 an-333 E1U12136 sp-38 an-333 E1A4811 sp-15 an-334 E1U4811 sp-14 an-334 E1U12137 sp-38 an-334 E1A4812 sp-15 an-335 E1U4812 sp-14 an-335 E1U12138 sp-38 an-335 E1A4813 sp-15 an-336 E1U4813 sp-14 an-336 E1U12139 sp-38 an-336 E1A4814 sp-15 an-337 E1U4814 sp-14 an-337 E1U12140 sp-38 an-337 E1A4815 sp-15 an-338 E1U4815 sp-14 an-338 E1U12141 sp-38 an-338 E1A4816 sp-15 an-339 E1U4816 sp-14 an-339 E1U12142 sp-38 an-339 E1A4817 sp-15 an-340 E1U4817 sp-14 an-340 E1U12143 sp-38 an-340 E1A4818 sp-15 an-341 E1U4818 sp-14 an-341 E1U12144 sp-38 an-341 E1A4819 sp-15 an-342 E1U4819 sp-14 an-342 E1U12145 sp-38 an-342 E1A4820 sp-15 an-343 E1U4820 sp-14 an-343 E1U12146 sp-38 an-343 E1A4821 sp-15 an-344 E1U4821 sp-14 an-344 E1U12147 sp-38 an-344 E1A4822 sp-15 an-345 E1U4822 sp-14 an-345 E1U12148 sp-38 an-345 E1A4823 sp-15 an-346 E1U4823 sp-14 an-346 E1U12149 sp-38 an-346 E1A4824 sp-15 an-347 E1U4824 sp-14 an-347 E1U12150 sp-38 an-347 E1A4825 sp-15 an-348 E1U4825 sp-14 an-348 E1U12151 sp-38 an-348 E1A4826 sp-15 an-349 E1U4826 sp-14 an-349 E1U12152 sp-38 an-349 E1A4827 sp-15 an-350 E1U4827 sp-14 an-350 E1U12153 sp-38 an-350 E1A4828 sp-15 an-351 E1U4828 sp-14 an-351 E1U12154 sp-38 an-351 E1A4829 sp-15 an-352 E1U4829 sp-14 an-352 E1U12155 sp-38 an-352 E1A4830 sp-15 an-353 E1U4830 sp-14 an-353 E1U12156 sp-38 an-353 E1A4831 sp-15 an-354 E1U4831 sp-14 an-354 E1U12157 sp-38 an-354 E1A4832 sp-15 an-355 E1U4832 sp-14 an-355 E1U12158 sp-38 an-355 E1A4833 sp-15 an-356 E1U4833 sp-14 an-356 E1U12159 sp-38 an-356 E1A4834 sp-15 an-357 E1U4834 sp-14 an-357 E1U12160 sp-38 an-357 E1A4835 sp-15 an-358 E1U4835 sp-14 an-358 E1U12161 sp-38 an-358 E1A4836 sp-15 an-359 E1U4836 sp-14 an-359 E1U12162 sp-38 an-359 E1A4837 sp-15 an-360 E1U4837 sp-14 an-360 E1U12163 sp-38 an-360 E1A4838 sp-15 an-361 E1U4838 sp-14 an-361 E1U12164 sp-38 an-361 E1A4839 sp-15 an-362 E1U4839 sp-14 an-362 E1U12165 sp-38 an-362 E1A4840 sp-15 an-363 E1U4840 sp-14 an-363 E1U12166 sp-38 an-363 E1A4841 sp-15 an-364 E1U4841 sp-14 an-364 E1U12167 sp-38 an-364 E1A4842 sp-15 an-365 E1U4842 sp-14 an-365 E1U12168 sp-38 an-365 E1A4843 sp-15 an-366 E1U4843 sp-14 an-366 E1U12169 sp-38 an-366 E1A4844 sp-15 an-367 E1U4844 sp-14 an-367 E1U12170 sp-38 an-367 E1A4845 sp-15 an-368 E1U4845 sp-14 an-368 E1U12171 sp-38 an-368 E1A4846 sp-15 an-369 E1U4846 sp-14 an-369 E1U12172 sp-38 an-369 E1A4847 sp-15 an-370 E1U4847 sp-14 an-370 E1U12173 sp-38 an-370 E1A4848 sp-15 an-371 E1U4848 sp-14 an-371 E1U12174 sp-38 an-371 E1A4849 sp-15 an-372 E1U4849 sp-14 an-372 E1U12175 sp-38 an-372 E1A4850 sp-15 an-373 E1U4850 sp-14 an-373 E1U12176 sp-38 an-373 E1A4851 sp-15 an-374 E1U4851 sp-14 an-374 E1U12177 sp-38 an-374 E1A4852 sp-15 an-375 E1U4852 sp-14 an-375 E1U12178 sp-38 an-375 E1A4853 sp-15 an-376 E1U4853 sp-14 an-376 E1U12179 sp-38 an-376 E1A4854 sp-15 an-377 E1U4854 sp-14 an-377 E1U12180 sp-38 an-377 E1A4855 sp-15 an-378 E1U4855 sp-14 an-378 E1U12181 sp-38 an-378 E1A4856 sp-15 an-379 E1U4856 sp-14 an-379 E1U12182 sp-38 an-379 E1A4857 sp-15 an-380 E1U4857 sp-14 an-380 E1U12183 sp-38 an-380 E1A4858 sp-15 an-381 E1U4858 sp-14 an-381 E1U12184 sp-38 an-381 E1A4859 sp-15 an-382 E1U4859 sp-14 an-382 E1U12185 sp-38 an-382 E1A4860 sp-15 an-383 E1U4860 sp-14 an-383 E1U12186 sp-38 an-383 Table 1-91 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A4861 sp-15 an-384 E1U4861 sp-14 an-384 E1U12187 sp-38 an-384 E1A4862 sp-15 an-385 E1U4862 sp-14 an-385 E1U12188 sp-38 an-385 E1A4863 sp-15 an-386 E1U4863 sp-14 an-386 E1U12189 sp-38 an-386 E1A4864 sp-15 an-387 E1U4864 sp-14 an-387 E1U12190 sp-38 an-387 E1A4865 sp-15 an-388 E1U4865 sp-14 an-388 E1U12191 sp-38 an-388 E1A4866 sp-15 an-389 E1U4866 sp-14 an-389 E1U12192 sp-38 an-389 E1A4867 sp-15 an-390 E1U4867 sp-14 an-390 E1U12193 sp-38 an-390 E1A4868 sp-15 an-391 E1U4868 sp-14 an-391 E1U12194 sp-38 an-391 E1A4869 sp-15 an-392 E1U4869 sp-14 an-392 E1U12195 sp-38 an-392 E1A4870 sp-15 an-393 E1U4870 sp-14 an-393 E1U12196 sp-38 an-393 E1A4871 sp-15 an-394 E1U4871 sp-14 an-394 E1U12197 sp-38 an-394 E1A4872 sp-15 an-395 E1U4872 sp-14 an-395 E1U12198 sp-38 an-395 E1A4873 sp-15 an-396 E1U4873 sp-14 an-396 E1U12199 sp-38 an-396 E1A4874 sp-15 an-397 E1U4874 sp-14 an-397 E1U12200 sp-38 an-397 E1A4875 sp-15 an-398 E1U4875 sp-14 an-398 E1U12201 sp-38 an-398 E1A4876 sp-15 an-399 E1U4876 sp-14 an-399 E1U12202 sp-38 an-399 E1A4877 sp-15 an-400 E1U4877 sp-14 an-400 E1U12203 sp-38 an-400 E1A4878 sp-15 an-401 E1U4878 sp-14 an-401 E1U12204 sp-38 an-401 E1A4879 sp-15 an-402 E1U4879 sp-14 an-402 E1U12205 sp-38 an-402 E1A4880 sp-15 an-403 E1U4880 sp-14 an-403 E1U12206 sp-38 an-403 E1A4881 sp-15 an-404 E1U4881 sp-14 an-404 E1U12207 sp-38 an-404 E1A4882 sp-15 an-405 E1U4882 sp-14 an-405 E1U12208 sp-38 an-405 E1A4883 sp-15 an-406 E1U4883 sp-14 an-406 E1U12209 sp-38 an-406 E1A4884 sp-15 an-407 E1U4884 sp-14 an-407 E1U12210 sp-38 an-407 E1A4885 sp-16 an-1 E1U4885 sp-17 an-1 E1U12211 sp-39 an-1 E1A4886 sp-16 an-2 E1U4886 sp-17 an-2 E1U12212 sp-39 an-2 E1A4887 sp-16 an-3 E1U4887 sp-17 an-3 E1U12213 sp-39 an-3 E1A4888 sp-16 an-4 E1U4888 sp-17 an-4 E1U12214 sp-39 an-4 E1A4889 sp-16 an-5 E1U4889 sp-17 an-5 E1U12215 sp-39 an-5 E1A4890 sp-16 an-6 E1U4890 sp-17 an-6 E1U12216 sp-39 an-6 E1A4891 sp-16 an-7 E1U4891 sp-17 an-7 E1U12217 sp-39 an-7 E1A4892 sp-16 an-8 E1U4892 sp-17 an-8 E1U12218 sp-39 an-8 E1A4893 sp-16 an-9 E1U4893 sp-17 an-9 E1U12219 sp-39 an-9 E1A4894 sp-16 an-10 E1U4894 sp-17 an-10 E1U12220 sp-39 an-10 E1A4895 sp-16 an-11 E1U4895 sp-17 an-11 E1U12221 sp-39 an-11 E1A4896 sp-16 an-12 E1U4896 sp-17 an-12 E1U12222 sp-39 an-12 E1A4897 sp-16 an-13 E1U4897 sp-17 an-13 E1U12223 sp-39 an-13 E1A4898 sp-16 an-14 E1U4898 sp-17 an-14 E1U12224 sp-39 an-14 E1A4899 sp-16 an-15 E1U4899 sp-17 an-15 E1U12225 sp-39 an-15 E1A4900 sp-16 an-16 E1U4900 sp-17 an-16 E1U12226 sp-39 an-16 E1A4901 sp-16 an-17 E1U4901 sp-17 an-17 E1U12227 sp-39 an-17 E1A4902 sp-16 an-18 E1U4902 sp-17 an-18 E1U12228 sp-39 an-18 E1A4903 sp-16 an-19 E1U4903 sp-17 an-19 E1U12229 sp-39 an-19 E1A4904 sp-16 an-20 E1U4904 sp-17 an-20 E1U12230 sp-39 an-20 E1A4905 sp-16 an-21 E1U4905 sp-17 an-21 E1U12231 sp-39 an-21 E1A4906 sp-16 an-22 E1U4906 sp-17 an-22 E1U12232 sp-39 an-22 E1A4907 sp-16 an-23 E1U4907 sp-17 an-23 E1U12233 sp-39 an-23 E1A4908 sp-16 an-24 E1U4908 sp-17 an-24 E1U12234 sp-39 an-24 E1A4909 sp-16 an-25 E1U4909 sp-17 an-25 E1U12235 sp-39 an-25 E1A4910 sp-16 an-26 E1U4910 sp-17 an-26 E1U12236 sp-39 an-26 E1A4911 sp-16 an-27 E1U4911 sp-17 an-27 E1U12237 sp-39 an-27 E1A4912 sp-16 an-28 E1U4912 sp-17 an-28 E1U12238 sp-39 an-28 E1A4913 sp-16 an-29 E1U4913 sp-17 an-29 E1U12239 sp-39 an-29 E1A4914 sp-16 an-30 E1U4914 sp-17 an-30 E1U12240 sp-39 an-30 Table 1-92 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A4915 sp-16 an-31 E1U4915 sp-17 an-31 E1U12241 sp-39 an-31 E1A4916 sp-16 an-32 E1U4916 sp-17 an-32 E1U12242 sp-39 an-32 E1A4917 sp-16 an-33 E1U4917 sp-17 an-33 E1U12243 sp-39 an-33 E1A4918 sp-16 an-34 E1U4918 sp-17 an-34 E1U12244 sp-39 an-34 E1A4919 sp-16 an-35 E1U4919 sp-17 an-35 E1U12245 sp-39 an-35 E1A4920 sp-16 an-36 E1U4920 sp-17 an-36 E1U12246 sp-39 an-36 E1A4921 sp-16 an-37 E1U4921 sp-17 an-37 E1U12247 sp-39 an-37 E1A4922 sp-16 an-38 E1U4922 sp-17 an-38 E1U12248 sp-39 an-38 E1A4923 sp-16 an-39 E1U4923 sp-17 an-39 E1U12249 sp-39 an-39 E1A4924 sp-16 an-40 E1U4924 sp-17 an-40 E1U12250 sp-39 an-40 E1A4925 sp-16 an-41 E1U4925 sp-17 an-41 E1U12251 sp-39 an-41 E1A4926 sp-16 an-42 E1U4926 sp-17 an-42 E1U12252 sp-39 an-42 E1A4927 sp-16 an-43 E1U4927 sp-17 an-43 E1U12253 sp-39 an-43 E1A4928 sp-16 an-44 E1U4928 sp-17 an-44 E1U12254 sp-39 an-44 E1A4929 sp-16 an-45 E1U4929 sp-17 an-45 E1U12255 sp-39 an-45 E1A4930 sp-16 an-46 E1U4930 sp-17 an-46 E1U12256 sp-39 an-46 E1A4931 sp-16 an-47 E1U4931 sp-17 an-47 E1U12257 sp-39 an-47 E1A4932 sp-16 an-48 E1U4932 sp-17 an-48 E1U12258 sp-39 an-48 E1A4933 sp-16 an-49 E1U4933 sp-17 an-49 E1U12259 sp-39 an-49 E1A4934 sp-16 an-50 E1U4934 sp-17 an-50 E1U12260 sp-39 an-50 E1A4935 sp-16 an-51 E1U4935 sp-17 an-51 E1U12261 sp-39 an-51 E1A4936 sp-16 an-52 E1U4936 sp-17 an-52 E1U12262 sp-39 an-52 E1A4937 sp-16 an-53 E1U4937 sp-17 an-53 E1U12263 sp-39 an-53 E1A4938 sp-16 an-54 E1U4938 sp-17 an-54 E1U12264 sp-39 an-54 E1A4939 sp-16 an-55 E1U4939 sp-17 an-55 E1U12265 sp-39 an-55 E1A4940 sp-16 an-56 E1U4940 sp-17 an-56 E1U12266 sp-39 an-56 E1A4941 sp-16 an-57 E1U4941 sp-17 an-57 E1U12267 sp-39 an-57 E1A4942 sp-16 an-58 E1U4942 sp-17 an-58 E1U12268 sp-39 an-58 E1A4943 sp-16 an-59 E1U4943 sp-17 an-59 E1U12269 sp-39 an-59 E1A4944 sp-16 an-60 E1U4944 sp-17 an-60 E1U12270 sp-39 an-60 E1A4945 sp-16 an-61 E1U4945 sp-17 an-61 E1U12271 sp-39 an-61 E1A4946 sp-16 an-62 E1U4946 sp-17 an-62 E1U12272 sp-39 an-62 E1A4947 sp-16 an-63 E1U4947 sp-17 an-63 E1U12273 sp-39 an-63 E1A4948 sp-16 an-64 E1U4948 sp-17 an-64 E1U12274 sp-39 an-64 E1A4949 sp-16 an-65 E1U4949 sp-17 an-65 E1U12275 sp-39 an-65 E1A4950 sp-16 an-66 E1U4950 sp-17 an-66 E1U12276 sp-39 an-66 E1A4951 sp-16 an-67 E1U4951 sp-17 an-67 E1U12277 sp-39 an-67 E1A4952 sp-16 an-68 E1U4952 sp-17 an-68 E1U12278 sp-39 an-68 E1A4953 sp-16 an-69 E1U4953 sp-17 an-69 E1U12279 sp-39 an-69 E1A4954 sp-16 an-70 E1U4954 sp-17 an-70 E1U12280 sp-39 an-70 E1A4955 sp-16 an-71 E1U4955 sp-17 an-71 E1U12281 sp-39 an-71 E1A4956 sp-16 an-72 E1U4956 sp-17 an-72 E1U12282 sp-39 an-72 E1A4957 sp-16 an-73 E1U4957 sp-17 an-73 E1U12283 sp-39 an-73 E1A4958 sp-16 an-74 E1U4958 sp-17 an-74 E1U12284 sp-39 an-74 E1A4959 sp-16 an-75 E1U4959 sp-17 an-75 E1U12285 sp-39 an-75 E1A4960 sp-16 an-76 E1U4960 sp-17 an-76 E1U12286 sp-39 an-76 E1A4961 sp-16 an-77 E1U4961 sp-17 an-77 E1U12287 sp-39 an-77 E1A4962 sp-16 an-78 E1U4962 sp-17 an-78 E1U12288 sp-39 an-78 E1A4963 sp-16 an-79 E1U4963 sp-17 an-79 E1U12289 sp-39 an-79 E1A4964 sp-16 an-80 E1U4964 sp-17 an-80 E1U12290 sp-39 an-80 E1A4965 sp-16 an-81 E1U4965 sp-17 an-81 E1U12291 sp-39 an-81 E1A4966 sp-16 an-82 E1U4966 sp-17 an-82 E1U12292 sp-39 an-82 E1A4967 sp-16 an-83 E1U4967 sp-17 an-83 E1U12293 sp-39 an-83 E1A4968 sp-16 an-84 E1U4968 sp-17 an-84 E1U12294 sp-39 an-84 Table 1-93 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A4969 sp-16 an-85 E1U4969 sp-17 an-85 E1U12295 sp-39 an-85 E1A4970 sp-16 an-86 E1U4970 sp-17 an-86 E1U12296 sp-39 an-86 E1A4971 sp-16 an-87 E1U4971 sp-17 an-87 E1U12297 sp-39 an-87 E1A4972 sp-16 an-88 E1U4972 sp-17 an-88 E1U12298 sp-39 an-88 E1A4973 sp-16 an-89 E1U4973 sp-17 an-89 E1U12299 sp-39 an-89 E1A4974 sp-16 an-90 E1U4974 sp-17 an-90 E1U12300 sp-39 an-90 E1A4975 sp-16 an-91 E1U4975 sp-17 an-91 E1U12301 sp-39 an-91 E1A4976 sp-16 an-92 E1U4976 sp-17 an-92 E1U12302 sp-39 an-92 E1A4977 sp-16 an-93 E1U4977 sp-17 an-93 E1U12303 sp-39 an-93 E1A4978 sp-16 an-94 E1U4978 sp-17 an-94 E1U12304 sp-39 an-94 E1A4979 sp-16 an-95 E1U4979 sp-17 an-95 E1U12305 sp-39 an-95 E1A4980 sp-16 an-96 E1U4980 sp-17 an-96 E1U12306 sp-39 an-96 E1A4981 sp-16 an-97 E1U4981 sp-17 an-97 E1U12307 sp-39 an-97 E1A4982 sp-16 an-98 E1U4982 sp-17 an-98 E1U12308 sp-39 an-98 E1A4983 sp-16 an-99 E1U4983 sp-17 an-99 E1U12309 sp-39 an-99 E1A4984 sp-16 an-100 E1U4984 sp-17 an-100 E1U12310 sp-39 an-100 E1A4985 sp-16 an-101 E1U4985 sp-17 an-101 E1U12311 sp-39 an-101 E1A4986 sp-16 an-102 E1U4986 sp-17 an-102 E1U12312 sp-39 an-102 E1A4987 sp-16 an-103 E1U4987 sp-17 an-103 E1U12313 sp-39 an-103 E1A4988 sp-16 an-104 E1U4988 sp-17 an-104 E1U12314 sp-39 an-104 E1A4989 sp-16 an-105 E1U4989 sp-17 an-105 E1U12315 sp-39 an-105 E1A4990 sp-16 an-106 E1U4990 sp-17 an-106 E1U12316 sp-39 an-106 E1A4991 sp-16 an-107 E1U4991 sp-17 an-107 E1U12317 sp-39 an-107 E1A4992 sp-16 an-108 E1U4992 sp-17 an-108 E1U12318 sp-39 an-108 E1A4993 sp-16 an-109 E1U4993 sp-17 an-109 E1U12319 sp-39 an-109 E1A4994 sp-16 an-110 E1U4994 sp-17 an-110 E1U12320 sp-39 an-110 E1A4995 sp-16 an-111 E1U4995 sp-17 an-111 E1U12321 sp-39 an-111 E1A4996 sp-16 an-112 E1U4996 sp-17 an-112 E1U12322 sp-39 an-112 E1A4997 sp-16 an-113 E1U4997 sp-17 an-113 E1U12323 sp-39 an-113 E1A4998 sp-16 an-114 E1U4998 sp-17 an-114 E1U12324 sp-39 an-114 E1A4999 sp-16 an-115 E1U4999 sp-17 an-115 E1U12325 sp-39 an-115 E1A5000 sp-16 an-116 E1U5000 sp-17 an-116 E1U12326 sp-39 an-116 E1A5001 sp-16 an-117 E1U5001 sp-17 an-117 E1U12327 sp-39 an-117 E1A5002 sp-16 an-118 E1U5002 sp-17 an-118 E1U12328 sp-39 an-118 E1A5003 sp-16 an-119 E1U5003 sp-17 an-119 E1U12329 sp-39 an-119 E1A5004 sp-16 an-120 E1U5004 sp-17 an-120 E1U12330 sp-39 an-120 E1A5005 sp-16 an-121 E1U5005 sp-17 an-121 E1U12331 sp-39 an-121 E1A5006 sp-16 an-122 E1U5006 sp-17 an-122 E1U12332 sp-39 an-122 E1A5007 sp-16 an-123 E1U5007 sp-17 an-123 E1U12333 sp-39 an-123 E1A5008 sp-16 an-124 E1U5008 sp-17 an-124 E1U12334 sp-39 an-124 E1A5009 sp-16 an-125 E1U5009 sp-17 an-125 E1U12335 sp-39 an-125 E1A5010 sp-16 an-126 E1U5010 sp-17 an-126 E1U12336 sp-39 an-126 E1A5011 sp-16 an-127 E1U5011 sp-17 an-127 E1U12337 sp-39 an-127 E1A5012 sp-16 an-128 E1U5012 sp-17 an-128 E1U12338 sp-39 an-128 E1A5013 sp-16 an-129 E1U5013 sp-17 an-129 E1U12339 sp-39 an-129 E1A5014 sp-16 an-130 E1U5014 sp-17 an-130 E1U12340 sp-39 an-130 E1A5015 sp-16 an-131 E1U5015 sp-17 an-131 E1U12341 sp-39 an-131 E1A5016 sp-16 an-132 E1U5016 sp-17 an-132 E1U12342 sp-39 an-132 E1A5017 sp-16 an-133 E1U5017 sp-17 an-133 E1U12343 sp-39 an-133 E1A5018 sp-16 an-134 E1U5018 sp-17 an-134 E1U12344 sp-39 an-134 E1A5019 sp-16 an-135 E1U5019 sp-17 an-135 E1U12345 sp-39 an-135 E1A5020 sp-16 an-136 E1U5020 sp-17 an-136 E1U12346 sp-39 an-136 E1A5021 sp-16 an-137 E1U5021 sp-17 an-137 E1U12347 sp-39 an-137 E1A5022 sp-16 an-138 E1U5022 sp-17 an-138 E1U12348 sp-39 an-138 Table 1-94 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5023 sp-16 an-139 E1U5023 sp-17 an-139 E1U12349 sp-39 an-139 E1A5024 sp-16 an-140 E1U5024 sp-17 an-140 E1U12350 sp-39 an-140 E1A5025 sp-16 an-141 E1U5025 sp-17 an-141 E1U12351 sp-39 an-141 E1A5026 sp-16 an-142 E1U5026 sp-17 an-142 E1U12352 sp-39 an-142 E1A5027 sp-16 an-143 E1U5027 sp-17 an-143 E1U12353 sp-39 an-143 E1A5028 sp-16 an-144 E1U5028 sp-17 an-144 E1U12354 sp-39 an-144 E1A5029 sp-16 an-145 E1U5029 sp-17 an-145 E1U12355 sp-39 an-145 E1A5030 sp-16 an-146 E1U5030 sp-17 an-146 E1U12356 sp-39 an-146 E1A5031 sp-16 an-147 E1U5031 sp-17 an-147 E1U12357 sp-39 an-147 E1A5032 sp-16 an-148 E1U5032 sp-17 an-148 E1U12358 sp-39 an-148 E1A5033 sp-16 an-149 E1U5033 sp-17 an-149 E1U12359 sp-39 an-149 E1A5034 sp-16 an-150 E1U5034 sp-17 an-150 E1U12360 sp-39 an-150 E1A5035 sp-16 an-151 E1U5035 sp-17 an-151 E1U12361 sp-39 an-151 E1A5036 sp-16 an-152 E1U5036 sp-17 an-152 E1U12362 sp-39 an-152 E1A5037 sp-16 an-153 E1U5037 sp-17 an-153 E1U12363 sp-39 an-153 E1A5038 sp-16 an-154 E1U5038 sp-17 an-154 E1U12364 sp-39 an-154 E1A5039 sp-16 an-155 E1U5039 sp-17 an-155 E1U12365 sp-39 an-155 E1A5040 sp-16 an-156 E1U5040 sp-17 an-156 E1U12366 sp-39 an-156 E1A5041 sp-16 an-157 E1U5041 sp-17 an-157 E1U12367 sp-39 an-157 E1A5042 sp-16 an-158 E1U5042 sp-17 an-158 E1U12368 sp-39 an-158 E1A5043 sp-16 an-159 E1U5043 sp-17 an-159 E1U12369 sp-39 an-159 E1A5044 sp-16 an-160 E1U5044 sp-17 an-160 E1U12370 sp-39 an-160 E1A5045 sp-16 an-161 E1U5045 sp-17 an-161 E1U12371 sp-39 an-161 E1A5046 sp-16 an-162 E1U5046 sp-17 an-162 E1U12372 sp-39 an-162 E1A5047 sp-16 an-163 E1U5047 sp-17 an-163 E1U12373 sp-39 an-163 E1A5048 sp-16 an-164 E1U5048 sp-17 an-164 E1U12374 sp-39 an-164 E1A5049 sp-16 an-165 E1U5049 sp-17 an-165 E1U12375 sp-39 an-165 E1A5050 sp-16 an-166 E1U5050 sp-17 an-166 E1U12376 sp-39 an-166 E1A5051 sp-16 an-167 E1U5051 sp-17 an-167 E1U12377 sp-39 an-167 E1A5052 sp-16 an-168 E1U5052 sp-17 an-168 E1U12378 sp-39 an-168 E1A5053 sp-16 an-169 E1U5053 sp-17 an-169 E1U12379 sp-39 an-169 E1A5054 sp-16 an-170 E1U5054 sp-17 an-170 E1U12380 sp-39 an-170 E1A5055 sp-16 an-171 E1U5055 sp-17 an-171 E1U12381 sp-39 an-171 E1A5056 sp-16 an-172 E1U5056 sp-17 an-172 E1U12382 sp-39 an-172 E1A5057 sp-16 an-173 E1U5057 sp-17 an-173 E1U12383 sp-39 an-173 E1A5058 sp-16 an-174 E1U5058 sp-17 an-174 E1U12384 sp-39 an-174 E1A5059 sp-16 an-175 E1U5059 sp-17 an-175 E1U12385 sp-39 an-175 E1A5060 sp-16 an-176 E1U5060 sp-17 an-176 E1U12386 sp-39 an-176 E1A5061 sp-16 an-177 E1U5061 sp-17 an-177 E1U12387 sp-39 an-177 E1A5062 sp-16 an-178 E1U5062 sp-17 an-178 E1U12388 sp-39 an-178 E1A5063 sp-16 an-179 E1U5063 sp-17 an-179 E1U12389 sp-39 an-179 E1A5064 sp-16 an-180 E1U5064 sp-17 an-180 E1U12390 sp-39 an-180 E1A5065 sp-16 an-181 E1U5065 sp-17 an-181 E1U12391 sp-39 an-181 E1A5066 sp-16 an-182 E1U5066 sp-17 an-182 E1U12392 sp-39 an-182 E1A5067 sp-16 an-183 E1U5067 sp-17 an-183 E1U12393 sp-39 an-183 E1A5068 sp-16 an-184 E1U5068 sp-17 an-184 E1U12394 sp-39 an-184 E1A5069 sp-16 an-185 E1U5069 sp-17 an-185 E1U12395 sp-39 an-185 E1A5070 sp-16 an-186 E1U5070 sp-17 an-186 E1U12396 sp-39 an-186 E1A5071 sp-16 an-187 E1U5071 sp-17 an-187 E1U12397 sp-39 an-187 E1A5072 sp-16 an-188 E1U5072 sp-17 an-188 E1U12398 sp-39 an-188 E1A5073 sp-16 an-189 E1U5073 sp-17 an-189 E1U12399 sp-39 an-189 E1A5074 sp-16 an-190 E1U5074 sp-17 an-190 E1U12400 sp-39 an-190 E1A5075 sp-16 an-191 E1U5075 sp-17 an-191 E1U12401 sp-39 an-191 E1A5076 sp-16 an-192 E1U5076 sp-17 an-192 E1U12402 sp-39 an-192 Table 1-95 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5077 sp-16 an-193 E1U5077 sp-17 an-193 E1U12403 sp-39 an-193 E1A5078 sp-16 an-194 E1U5078 sp-17 an-194 E1U12404 sp-39 an-194 E1A5079 sp-16 an-195 E1U5079 sp-17 an-195 E1U12405 sp-39 an-195 E1A5080 sp-16 an-196 E1U5080 sp-17 an-196 E1U12406 sp-39 an-196 E1A5081 sp-16 an-197 E1U5081 sp-17 an-197 E1U12407 sp-39 an-197 E1A5082 sp-16 an-198 E1U5082 sp-17 an-198 E1U12408 sp-39 an-198 E1A5083 sp-16 an-199 E1U5083 sp-17 an-199 E1U12409 sp-39 an-199 E1A5084 sp-16 an-200 E1U5084 sp-17 an-200 E1U12410 sp-39 an-200 E1A5085 sp-16 an-201 E1U5085 sp-17 an-201 E1U12411 sp-39 an-201 E1A5086 sp-16 an-202 E1U5086 sp-17 an-202 E1U12412 sp-39 an-202 E1A5087 sp-16 an-203 E1U5087 sp-17 an-203 E1U12413 sp-39 an-203 E1A5088 sp-16 an-204 E1U5088 sp-17 an-204 E1U12414 sp-39 an-204 E1A5089 sp-16 an-205 E1U5089 sp-17 an-205 E1U12415 sp-39 an-205 E1A5090 sp-16 an-206 E1U5090 sp-17 an-206 E1U12416 sp-39 an-206 E1A5091 sp-16 an-207 E1U5091 sp-17 an-207 E1U12417 sp-39 an-207 E1A5092 sp-16 an-208 E1U5092 sp-17 an-208 E1U12418 sp-39 an-208 E1A5093 sp-16 an-209 E1U5093 sp-17 an-209 E1U12419 sp-39 an-209 E1A5094 sp-16 an-210 E1U5094 sp-17 an-210 E1U12420 sp-39 an-210 E1A5095 sp-16 an-211 E1U5095 sp-17 an-211 E1U12421 sp-39 an-211 E1A5096 sp-16 an-212 E1U5096 sp-17 an-212 E1U12422 sp-39 an-212 E1A5097 sp-16 an-213 E1U5097 sp-17 an-213 E1U12423 sp-39 an-213 E1A5098 sp-16 an-214 E1U5098 sp-17 an-214 E1U12424 sp-39 an-214 E1A5099 sp-16 an-215 E1U5099 sp-17 an-215 E1U12425 sp-39 an-215 E1A5100 sp-16 an-216 E1U5100 sp-17 an-216 E1U12426 sp-39 an-216 E1A5101 sp-16 an-217 E1U5101 sp-17 an-217 E1U12427 sp-39 an-217 E1A5102 sp-16 an-218 E1U5102 sp-17 an-218 E1U12428 sp-39 an-218 E1A5103 sp-16 an-219 E1U5103 sp-17 an-219 E1U12429 sp-39 an-219 E1A5104 sp-16 an-220 E1U5104 sp-17 an-220 E1U12430 sp-39 an-220 E1A5105 sp-16 an-221 E1U5105 sp-17 an-221 E1U12431 sp-39 an-221 E1A5106 sp-16 an-222 E1U5106 sp-17 an-222 E1U12432 sp-39 an-222 E1A5107 sp-16 an-223 E1U5107 sp-17 an-223 E1U12433 sp-39 an-223 E1A5108 sp-16 an-224 E1U5108 sp-17 an-224 E1U12434 sp-39 an-224 E1A5109 sp-16 an-225 E1U5109 sp-17 an-225 E1U12435 sp-39 an-225 E1A5110 sp-16 an-226 E1U5110 sp-17 an-226 E1U12436 sp-39 an-226 E1A5111 sp-16 an-227 E1U5111 sp-17 an-227 E1U12437 sp-39 an-227 E1A5112 sp-16 an-228 E1U5112 sp-17 an-228 E1U12438 sp-39 an-228 E1A5113 sp-16 an-229 E1U5113 sp-17 an-229 E1U12439 sp-39 an-229 E1A5114 sp-16 an-230 E1U5114 sp-17 an-230 E1U12440 sp-39 an-230 E1A5115 sp-16 an-231 E1U5115 sp-17 an-231 E1U12441 sp-39 an-231 E1A5116 sp-16 an-232 E1U5116 sp-17 an-232 E1U12442 sp-39 an-232 E1A5117 sp-16 an-233 E1U5117 sp-17 an-233 E1U12443 sp-39 an-233 E1A5118 sp-16 an-234 E1U5118 sp-17 an-234 E1U12444 sp-39 an-234 E1A5119 sp-16 an-235 E1U5119 sp-17 an-235 E1U12445 sp-39 an-235 E1A5120 sp-16 an-236 E1U5120 sp-17 an-236 E1U12446 sp-39 an-236 E1A5121 sp-16 an-237 E1U5121 sp-17 an-237 E1U12447 sp-39 an-237 E1A5122 sp-16 an-238 E1U5122 sp-17 an-238 E1U12448 sp-39 an-238 E1A5123 sp-16 an-239 E1U5123 sp-17 an-239 E1U12449 sp-39 an-239 E1A5124 sp-16 an-240 E1U5124 sp-17 an-240 E1U12450 sp-39 an-240 E1A5125 sp-16 an-241 E1U5125 sp-17 an-241 E1U12451 sp-39 an-241 E1A5126 sp-16 an-242 E1U5126 sp-17 an-242 E1U12452 sp-39 an-242 E1A5127 sp-16 an-243 E1U5127 sp-17 an-243 E1U12453 sp-39 an-243 E1A5128 sp-16 an-244 E1U5128 sp-17 an-244 E1U12454 sp-39 an-244 E1A5129 sp-16 an-245 E1U5129 sp-17 an-245 E1U12455 sp-39 an-245 E1A5130 sp-16 an-246 E1U5130 sp-17 an-246 E1U12456 sp-39 an-246 Table 1-96 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5131 sp-16 an-247 E1U5131 sp-17 an-247 E1U12457 sp-39 an-247 E1A5132 sp-16 an-248 E1U5132 sp-17 an-248 E1U12458 sp-39 an-248 E1A5133 sp-16 an-249 E1U5133 sp-17 an-249 E1U12459 sp-39 an-249 E1A5134 sp-16 an-250 E1U5134 sp-17 an-250 E1U12460 sp-39 an-250 E1A5135 sp-16 an-251 E1U5135 sp-17 an-251 E1U12461 sp-39 an-251 E1A5136 sp-16 an-252 E1U5136 sp-17 an-252 E1U12462 sp-39 an-252 E1A5137 sp-16 an-253 E1U5137 sp-17 an-253 E1U12463 sp-39 an-253 E1A5138 sp-16 an-254 E1U5138 sp-17 an-254 E1U12464 sp-39 an-254 E1A5139 sp-16 an-255 E1U5139 sp-17 an-255 E1U12465 sp-39 an-255 E1A5140 sp-16 an-256 E1U5140 sp-17 an-256 E1U12466 sp-39 an-256 E1A5141 sp-16 an-257 E1U5141 sp-17 an-257 E1U12467 sp-39 an-257 E1A5142 sp-16 an-258 E1U5142 sp-17 an-258 E1U12468 sp-39 an-258 E1A5143 sp-16 an-259 E1U5143 sp-17 an-259 E1U12469 sp-39 an-259 E1A5144 sp-16 an-260 E1U5144 sp-17 an-260 E1U12470 sp-39 an-260 E1A5145 sp-16 an-261 E1U5145 sp-17 an-261 E1U12471 sp-39 an-261 E1A5146 sp-16 an-262 E1U5146 sp-17 an-262 E1U12472 sp-39 an-262 E1A5147 sp-16 an-263 E1U5147 sp-17 an-263 E1U12473 sp-39 an-263 E1A5148 sp-16 an-264 E1U5148 sp-17 an-264 E1U12474 sp-39 an-264 E1A5149 sp-16 an-265 E1U5149 sp-17 an-265 E1U12475 sp-39 an-265 E1A5150 sp-16 an-266 E1U5150 sp-17 an-266 E1U12476 sp-39 an-266 E1A5151 sp-16 an-267 E1U5151 sp-17 an-267 E1U12477 sp-39 an-267 E1A5152 sp-16 an-268 E1U5152 sp-17 an-268 E1U12478 sp-39 an-268 E1A5153 sp-16 an-269 E1U5153 sp-17 an-269 E1U12479 sp-39 an-269 E1A5154 sp-16 an-270 E1U5154 sp-17 an-270 E1U12480 sp-39 an-270 E1A5155 sp-16 an-271 E1U5155 sp-17 an-271 E1U12481 sp-39 an-271 E1A5156 sp-16 an-272 E1U5156 sp-17 an-272 E1U12482 sp-39 an-272 E1A5157 sp-16 an-273 E1U5157 sp-17 an-273 E1U12483 sp-39 an-273 E1A5158 sp-16 an-274 E1U5158 sp-17 an-274 E1U12484 sp-39 an-274 E1A5159 sp-16 an-275 E1U5159 sp-17 an-275 E1U12485 sp-39 an-275 E1A5160 sp-16 an-276 E1U5160 sp-17 an-276 E1U12486 sp-39 an-276 E1A5161 sp-16 an-277 E1U5161 sp-17 an-277 E1U12487 sp-39 an-277 E1A5162 sp-16 an-278 E1U5162 sp-17 an-278 E1U12488 sp-39 an-278 E1A5163 sp-16 an-279 E1U5163 sp-17 an-279 E1U12489 sp-39 an-279 E1A5164 sp-16 an-280 E1U5164 sp-17 an-280 E1U12490 sp-39 an-280 E1A5165 sp-16 an-281 E1U5165 sp-17 an-281 E1U12491 sp-39 an-281 E1A5166 sp-16 an-282 E1U5166 sp-17 an-282 E1U12492 sp-39 an-282 E1A5167 sp-16 an-283 E1U5167 sp-17 an-283 E1U12493 sp-39 an-283 E1A5168 sp-16 an-284 E1U5168 sp-17 an-284 E1U12494 sp-39 an-284 E1A5169 sp-16 an-285 E1U5169 sp-17 an-285 E1U12495 sp-39 an-285 E1A5170 sp-16 an-286 E1U5170 sp-17 an-286 E1U12496 sp-39 an-286 E1A5171 sp-16 an-287 E1U5171 sp-17 an-287 E1U12497 sp-39 an-287 E1A5172 sp-16 an-288 E1U5172 sp-17 an-288 E1U12498 sp-39 an-288 E1A5173 sp-16 an-289 E1U5173 sp-17 an-289 E1U12499 sp-39 an-289 E1A5174 sp-16 an-290 E1U5174 sp-17 an-290 E1U12500 sp-39 an-290 E1A5175 sp-16 an-291 E1U5175 sp-17 an-291 E1U12501 sp-39 an-291 E1A5176 sp-16 an-292 E1U5176 sp-17 an-292 E1U12502 sp-39 an-292 E1A5177 sp-16 an-293 E1U5177 sp-17 an-293 E1U12503 sp-39 an-293 E1A5178 sp-16 an-294 E1U5178 sp-17 an-294 E1U12504 sp-39 an-294 E1A5179 sp-16 an-295 E1U5179 sp-17 an-295 E1U12505 sp-39 an-295 E1A5180 sp-16 an-296 E1U5180 sp-17 an-296 E1U12506 sp-39 an-296 E1A5181 sp-16 an-297 E1U5181 sp-17 an-297 E1U12507 sp-39 an-297 E1A5182 sp-16 an-298 E1U5182 sp-17 an-298 E1U12508 sp-39 an-298 E1A5183 sp-16 an-299 E1U5183 sp-17 an-299 E1U12509 sp-39 an-299 E1A5184 sp-16 an-300 E1U5184 sp-17 an-300 E1U12510 sp-39 an-300 Table 1-97 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5185 sp-16 an-301 E1U5185 sp-17 an-301 E1U12511 sp-39 an-301 E1A5186 sp-16 an-302 E1U5186 sp-17 an-302 E1U12512 sp-39 an-302 E1A5187 sp-16 an-303 E1U5187 sp-17 an-303 E1U12513 sp-39 an-303 E1A5188 sp-16 an-304 E1U5188 sp-17 an-304 E1U12514 sp-39 an-304 E1A5189 sp-16 an-305 E1U5189 sp-17 an-305 E1U12515 sp-39 an-305 E1A5190 sp-16 an-306 E1U5190 sp-17 an-306 E1U12516 sp-39 an-306 E1A5191 sp-16 an-307 E1U5191 sp-17 an-307 E1U12517 sp-39 an-307 E1A5192 sp-16 an-308 E1U5192 sp-17 an-308 E1U12518 sp-39 an-308 E1A5193 sp-16 an-309 E1U5193 sp-17 an-309 E1U12519 sp-39 an-309 E1A5194 sp-16 an-310 E1U5194 sp-17 an-310 E1U12520 sp-39 an-310 E1A5195 sp-16 an-311 E1U5195 sp-17 an-311 E1U12521 sp-39 an-311 E1A5196 sp-16 an-312 E1U5196 sp-17 an-312 E1U12522 sp-39 an-312 E1A5197 sp-16 an-313 E1U5197 sp-17 an-313 E1U12523 sp-39 an-313 E1A5198 sp-16 an-314 E1U5198 sp-17 an-314 E1U12524 sp-39 an-314 E1A5199 sp-16 an-315 E1U5199 sp-17 an-315 E1U12525 sp-39 an-315 E1A5200 sp-16 an-316 E1U5200 sp-17 an-316 E1U12526 sp-39 an-316 E1A5201 sp-16 an-317 E1U5201 sp-17 an-317 E1U12527 sp-39 an-317 E1A5202 sp-16 an-318 E1U5202 sp-17 an-318 E1U12528 sp-39 an-318 E1A5203 sp-16 an-319 E1U5203 sp-17 an-319 E1U12529 sp-39 an-319 E1A5204 sp-16 an-320 E1U5204 sp-17 an-320 E1U12530 sp-39 an-320 E1A5205 sp-16 an-321 E1U5205 sp-17 an-321 E1U12531 sp-39 an-321 E1A5206 sp-16 an-322 E1U5206 sp-17 an-322 E1U12532 sp-39 an-322 E1A5207 sp-16 an-323 E1U5207 sp-17 an-323 E1U12533 sp-39 an-323 E1A5208 sp-16 an-324 E1U5208 sp-17 an-324 E1U12534 sp-39 an-324 E1A5209 sp-16 an-325 E1U5209 sp-17 an-325 E1U12535 sp-39 an-325 E1A5210 sp-16 an-326 E1U5210 sp-17 an-326 E1U12536 sp-39 an-326 E1A5211 sp-16 an-327 E1U5211 sp-17 an-327 E1U12537 sp-39 an-327 E1A5212 sp-16 an-328 E1U5212 sp-17 an-328 E1U12538 sp-39 an-328 E1A5213 sp-16 an-329 E1U5213 sp-17 an-329 E1U12539 sp-39 an-329 E1A5214 sp-16 an-330 E1U5214 sp-17 an-330 E1U12540 sp-39 an-330 E1A5215 sp-16 an-331 E1U5215 sp-17 an-331 E1U12541 sp-39 an-331 E1A5216 sp-16 an-332 E1U5216 sp-17 an-332 E1U12542 sp-39 an-332 E1A5217 sp-16 an-333 E1U5217 sp-17 an-333 E1U12543 sp-39 an-333 E1A5218 sp-16 an-334 E1U5218 sp-17 an-334 E1U12544 sp-39 an-334 E1A5219 sp-16 an-335 E1U5219 sp-17 an-335 E1U12545 sp-39 an-335 E1A5220 sp-16 an-336 E1U5220 sp-17 an-336 E1U12546 sp-39 an-336 E1A5221 sp-16 an-337 E1U5221 sp-17 an-337 E1U12547 sp-39 an-337 E1A5222 sp-16 an-338 E1U5222 sp-17 an-338 E1U12548 sp-39 an-338 E1A5223 sp-16 an-339 E1U5223 sp-17 an-339 E1U12549 sp-39 an-339 E1A5224 sp-16 an-340 E1U5224 sp-17 an-340 E1U12550 sp-39 an-340 E1A5225 sp-16 an-341 E1U5225 sp-17 an-341 E1U12551 sp-39 an-341 E1A5226 sp-16 an-342 E1U5226 sp-17 an-342 E1U12552 sp-39 an-342 E1A5227 sp-16 an-343 E1U5227 sp-17 an-343 E1U12553 sp-39 an-343 E1A5228 sp-16 an-344 E1U5228 sp-17 an-344 E1U12554 sp-39 an-344 E1A5229 sp-16 an-345 E1U5229 sp-17 an-345 E1U12555 sp-39 an-345 E1A5230 sp-16 an-346 E1U5230 sp-17 an-346 E1U12556 sp-39 an-346 E1A5231 sp-16 an-347 E1U5231 sp-17 an-347 E1U12557 sp-39 an-347 E1A5232 sp-16 an-348 E1U5232 sp-17 an-348 E1U12558 sp-39 an-348 E1A5233 sp-16 an-349 E1U5233 sp-17 an-349 E1U12559 sp-39 an-349 E1A5234 sp-16 an-350 E1U5234 sp-17 an-350 E1U12560 sp-39 an-350 E1A5235 sp-16 an-351 E1U5235 sp-17 an-351 E1U12561 sp-39 an-351 E1A5236 sp-16 an-352 E1U5236 sp-17 an-352 E1U12562 sp-39 an-352 E1A5237 sp-16 an-353 E1U5237 sp-17 an-353 E1U12563 sp-39 an-353 E1A5238 sp-16 an-354 E1U5238 sp-17 an-354 E1U12564 sp-39 an-354 Table 1-98 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5239 sp-16 an-355 E1U5239 sp-17 an-355 E1U12565 sp-39 an-355 E1A5240 sp-16 an-356 E1U5240 sp-17 an-356 E1U12566 sp-39 an-356 E1A5241 sp-16 an-357 E1U5241 sp-17 an-357 E1U12567 sp-39 an-357 E1A5242 sp-16 an-358 E1U5242 sp-17 an-358 E1U12568 sp-39 an-358 E1A5243 sp-16 an-359 E1U5243 sp-17 an-359 E1U12569 sp-39 an-359 E1A5244 sp-16 an-360 E1U5244 sp-17 an-360 E1U12570 sp-39 an-360 E1A5245 sp-16 an-361 E1U5245 sp-17 an-361 E1U12571 sp-39 an-361 E1A5246 sp-16 an-362 E1U5246 sp-17 an-362 E1U12572 sp-39 an-362 E1A5247 sp-16 an-363 E1U5247 sp-17 an-363 E1U12573 sp-39 an-363 E1A5248 sp-16 an-364 E1U5248 sp-17 an-364 E1U12574 sp-39 an-364 E1A5249 sp-16 an-365 E1U5249 sp-17 an-365 E1U12575 sp-39 an-365 E1A5250 sp-16 an-366 E1U5250 sp-17 an-366 E1U12576 sp-39 an-366 E1A5251 sp-16 an-367 E1U5251 sp-17 an-367 E1U12577 sp-39 an-367 E1A5252 sp-16 an-368 E1U5252 sp-17 an-368 E1U12578 sp-39 an-368 E1A5253 sp-16 an-369 E1U5253 sp-17 an-369 E1U12579 sp-39 an-369 E1A5254 sp-16 an-370 E1U5254 sp-17 an-370 E1U12580 sp-39 an-370 E1A5255 sp-16 an-371 E1U5255 sp-17 an-371 E1U12581 sp-39 an-371 E1A5256 sp-16 an-372 E1U5256 sp-17 an-372 E1U12582 sp-39 an-372 E1A5257 sp-16 an-373 E1U5257 sp-17 an-373 E1U12583 sp-39 an-373 E1A5258 sp-16 an-374 E1U5258 sp-17 an-374 E1U12584 sp-39 an-374 E1A5259 sp-16 an-375 E1U5259 sp-17 an-375 E1U12585 sp-39 an-375 E1A5260 sp-16 an-376 E1U5260 sp-17 an-376 E1U12586 sp-39 an-376 E1A5261 sp-16 an-377 E1U5261 sp-17 an-377 E1U12587 sp-39 an-377 E1A5262 sp-16 an-378 E1U5262 sp-17 an-378 E1U12588 sp-39 an-378 E1A5263 sp-16 an-379 E1U5263 sp-17 an-379 E1U12589 sp-39 an-379 E1A5264 sp-16 an-380 E1U5264 sp-17 an-380 E1U12590 sp-39 an-380 E1A5265 sp-16 an-381 E1U5265 sp-17 an-381 E1U12591 sp-39 an-381 E1A5266 sp-16 an-382 E1U5266 sp-17 an-382 E1U12592 sp-39 an-382 E1A5267 sp-16 an-383 E1U5267 sp-17 an-383 E1U12593 sp-39 an-383 E1A5268 sp-16 an-384 E1U5268 sp-17 an-384 E1U12594 sp-39 an-384 E1A5269 sp-16 an-385 E1U5269 sp-17 an-385 E1U12595 sp-39 an-385 E1A5270 sp-16 an-386 E1U5270 sp-17 an-386 E1U12596 sp-39 an-386 E1A5271 sp-16 an-387 E1U5271 sp-17 an-387 E1U12597 sp-39 an-387 E1A5272 sp-16 an-388 E1U5272 sp-17 an-388 E1U12598 sp-39 an-388 E1A5273 sp-16 an-389 E1U5273 sp-17 an-389 E1U12599 sp-39 an-389 E1A5274 sp-16 an-390 E1U5274 sp-17 an-390 E1U12600 sp-39 an-390 E1A5275 sp-16 an-391 E1U5275 sp-17 an-391 E1U12601 sp-39 an-391 E1A5276 sp-16 an-392 E1U5276 sp-17 an-392 E1U12602 sp-39 an-392 E1A5277 sp-16 an-393 E1U5277 sp-17 an-393 E1U12603 sp-39 an-393 E1A5278 sp-16 an-394 E1U5278 sp-17 an-394 E1U12604 sp-39 an-394 E1A5279 sp-16 an-395 E1U5279 sp-17 an-395 E1U12605 sp-39 an-395 E1A5280 sp-16 an-396 E1U5280 sp-17 an-396 E1U12606 sp-39 an-396 E1A5281 sp-16 an-397 E1U5281 sp-17 an-397 E1U12607 sp-39 an-397 E1A5282 sp-16 an-398 E1U5282 sp-17 an-398 E1U12608 sp-39 an-398 E1A5283 sp-16 an-399 E1U5283 sp-17 an-399 E1U12609 sp-39 an-399 E1A5284 sp-16 an-400 E1U5284 sp-17 an-400 E1U12610 sp-39 an-400 E1A5285 sp-16 an-401 E1U5285 sp-17 an-401 E1U12611 sp-39 an-401 E1A5286 sp-16 an-402 E1U5286 sp-17 an-402 E1U12612 sp-39 an-402 E1A5287 sp-16 an-403 E1U5287 sp-17 an-403 E1U12613 sp-39 an-403 E1A5288 sp-16 an-404 E1U5288 sp-17 an-404 E1U12614 sp-39 an-404 E1A5289 sp-16 an-405 E1U5289 sp-17 an-405 E1U12615 sp-39 an-405 E1A5290 sp-16 an-406 E1U5290 sp-17 an-406 E1U12616 sp-39 an-406 E1A5291 sp-16 an-407 E1U5291 sp-17 an-407 E1U12617 sp-39 an-407 E1A5292 sp-18 an-1 E1U5292 sp-20 an-1 E1U12618 sp-40 an-1 Table 1-99 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5293 sp-18 an-2 E1U5293 sp-20 an-2 E1U12619 sp-40 an-2 E1A5294 sp-18 an-3 E1U5294 sp-20 an-3 E1U12620 sp-40 an-3 E1A5295 sp-18 an-4 E1U5295 sp-20 an-4 E1U12621 sp-40 an-4 E1A5296 sp-18 an-5 E1U5296 sp-20 an-5 E1U12622 sp-40 an-5 E1A5297 sp-18 an-6 E1U5297 sp-20 an-6 E1U12623 sp-40 an-6 E1A5298 sp-18 an-7 E1U5298 sp-20 an-7 E1U12624 sp-40 an-7 E1A5299 sp-18 an-8 E1U5299 sp-20 an-8 E1U12625 sp-40 an-8 E1A5300 sp-18 an-9 E1U5300 sp-20 an-9 E1U12626 sp-40 an-9 E1A5301 sp-18 an-10 E1U5301 sp-20 an-10 E1U12627 sp-40 an-10 E1A5302 sp-18 an-11 E1U5302 sp-20 an-11 E1U12628 sp-40 an-11 E1A5303 sp-18 an-12 E1U5303 sp-20 an-12 E1U12629 sp-40 an-12 E1A5304 sp-18 an-13 E1U5304 sp-20 an-13 E1U12630 sp-40 an-13 E1A5305 sp-18 an-14 E1U5305 sp-20 an-14 E1U12631 sp-40 an-14 E1A5306 sp-18 an-15 E1U5306 sp-20 an-15 E1U12632 sp-40 an-15 E1A5307 sp-18 an-16 E1U5307 sp-20 an-16 E1U12633 sp-40 an-16 E1A5308 sp-18 an-17 E1U5308 sp-20 an-17 E1U12634 sp-40 an-17 E1A5309 sp-18 an-18 E1U5309 sp-20 an-18 E1U12635 sp-40 an-18 E1A5310 sp-18 an-19 E1U5310 sp-20 an-19 E1U12636 sp-40 an-19 E1A5311 sp-18 an-20 E1U5311 sp-20 an-20 E1U12637 sp-40 an-20 E1A5312 sp-18 an-21 E1U5312 sp-20 an-21 E1U12638 sp-40 an-21 E1A5313 sp-18 an-22 E1U5313 sp-20 an-22 E1U12639 sp-40 an-22 E1A5314 sp-18 an-23 E1U5314 sp-20 an-23 E1U12640 sp-40 an-23 E1A5315 sp-18 an-24 E1U5315 sp-20 an-24 E1U12641 sp-40 an-24 E1A5316 sp-18 an-25 E1U5316 sp-20 an-25 E1U12642 sp-40 an-25 E1A5317 sp-18 an-26 E1U5317 sp-20 an-26 E1U12643 sp-40 an-26 E1A5318 sp-18 an-27 E1U5318 sp-20 an-27 E1U12644 sp-40 an-27 E1A5319 sp-18 an-28 E1U5319 sp-20 an-28 E1U12645 sp-40 an-28 E1A5320 sp-18 an-29 E1U5320 sp-20 an-29 E1U12646 sp-40 an-29 E1A5321 sp-18 an-30 E1U5321 sp-20 an-30 E1U12647 sp-40 an-30 E1A5322 sp-18 an-31 E1U5322 sp-20 an-31 E1U12648 sp-40 an-31 E1A5323 sp-18 an-32 E1U5323 sp-20 an-32 E1U12649 sp-40 an-32 E1A5324 sp-18 an-33 E1U5324 sp-20 an-33 E1U12650 sp-40 an-33 E1A5325 sp-18 an-34 E1U5325 sp-20 an-34 E1U12651 sp-40 an-34 E1A5326 sp-18 an-35 E1U5326 sp-20 an-35 E1U12652 sp-40 an-35 E1A5327 sp-18 an-36 E1U5327 sp-20 an-36 E1U12653 sp-40 an-36 E1A5328 sp-18 an-37 E1U5328 sp-20 an-37 E1U12654 sp-40 an-37 E1A5329 sp-18 an-38 E1U5329 sp-20 an-38 E1U12655 sp-40 an-38 E1A5330 sp-18 an-39 E1U5330 sp-20 an-39 E1U12656 sp-40 an-39 E1A5331 sp-18 an-40 E1U5331 sp-20 an-40 E1U12657 sp-40 an-40 E1A5332 sp-18 an-41 E1U5332 sp-20 an-41 E1U12658 sp-40 an-41 E1A5333 sp-18 an-42 E1U5333 sp-20 an-42 E1U12659 sp-40 an-42 E1A5334 sp-18 an-43 E1U5334 sp-20 an-43 E1U12660 sp-40 an-43 E1A5335 sp-18 an-44 E1U5335 sp-20 an-44 E1U12661 sp-40 an-44 E1A5336 sp-18 an-45 E1U5336 sp-20 an-45 E1U12662 sp-40 an-45 E1A5337 sp-18 an-46 E1U5337 sp-20 an-46 E1U12663 sp-40 an-46 E1A5338 sp-18 an-47 E1U5338 sp-20 an-47 E1U12664 sp-40 an-47 E1A5339 sp-18 an-48 E1U5339 sp-20 an-48 E1U12665 sp-40 an-48 E1A5340 sp-18 an-49 E1U5340 sp-20 an-49 E1U12666 sp-40 an-49 E1A5341 sp-18 an-50 E1U5341 sp-20 an-50 E1U12667 sp-40 an-50 E1A5342 sp-18 an-51 E1U5342 sp-20 an-51 E1U12668 sp-40 an-51 E1A5343 sp-18 an-52 E1U5343 sp-20 an-52 E1U12669 sp-40 an-52 E1A5344 sp-18 an-53 E1U5344 sp-20 an-53 E1U12670 sp-40 an-53 E1A5345 sp-18 an-54 E1U5345 sp-20 an-54 E1U12671 sp-40 an-54 E1A5346 sp-18 an-55 E1U5346 sp-20 an-55 E1U12672 sp-40 an-55 Table 1-100 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5347 sp-18 an-56 E1U5347 sp-20 an-56 E1U12673 sp-40 an-56 E1A5348 sp-18 an-57 E1U5348 sp-20 an-57 E1U12674 sp-40 an-57 E1A5349 sp-18 an-58 E1U5349 sp-20 an-58 E1U12675 sp-40 an-58 E1A5350 sp-18 an-59 E1U5350 sp-20 an-59 E1U12676 sp-40 an-59 E1A5351 sp-18 an-60 E1U5351 sp-20 an-60 E1U12677 sp-40 an-60 E1A5352 sp-18 an-61 E1U5352 sp-20 an-61 E1U12678 sp-40 an-61 E1A5353 sp-18 an-62 E1U5353 sp-20 an-62 E1U12679 sp-40 an-62 E1A5354 sp-18 an-63 E1U5354 sp-20 an-63 E1U12680 sp-40 an-63 E1A5355 sp-18 an-64 E1U5355 sp-20 an-64 E1U12681 sp-40 an-64 E1A5356 sp-18 an-65 E1U5356 sp-20 an-65 E1U12682 sp-40 an-65 E1A5357 sp-18 an-66 E1U5357 sp-20 an-66 E1U12683 sp-40 an-66 E1A5358 sp-18 an-67 E1U5358 sp-20 an-67 E1U12684 sp-40 an-67 E1A5359 sp-18 an-68 E1U5359 sp-20 an-68 E1U12685 sp-40 an-68 E1A5360 sp-18 an-69 E1U5360 sp-20 an-69 E1U12686 sp-40 an-69 E1A5361 sp-18 an-70 E1U5361 sp-20 an-70 E1U12687 sp-40 an-70 E1A5362 sp-18 an-71 E1U5362 sp-20 an-71 E1U12688 sp-40 an-71 E1A5363 sp-18 an-72 E1U5363 sp-20 an-72 E1U12689 sp-40 an-72 E1A5364 sp-18 an-73 E1U5364 sp-20 an-73 E1U12690 sp-40 an-73 E1A5365 sp-18 an-74 E1U5365 sp-20 an-74 E1U12691 sp-40 an-74 E1A5366 sp-18 an-75 E1U5366 sp-20 an-75 E1U12692 sp-40 an-75 E1A5367 sp-18 an-76 E1U5367 sp-20 an-76 E1U12693 sp-40 an-76 E1A5368 sp-18 an-77 E1U5368 sp-20 an-77 E1U12694 sp-40 an-77 E1A5369 sp-18 an-78 E1U5369 sp-20 an-78 E1U12695 sp-40 an-78 E1A5370 sp-18 an-79 E1U5370 sp-20 an-79 E1U12696 sp-40 an-79 E1A5371 sp-18 an-80 E1U5371 sp-20 an-80 E1U12697 sp-40 an-80 E1A5372 sp-18 an-81 E1U5372 sp-20 an-81 E1U12698 sp-40 an-81 E1A5373 sp-18 an-82 E1U5373 sp-20 an-82 E1U12699 sp-40 an-82 E1A5374 sp-18 an-83 E1U5374 sp-20 an-83 E1U12700 sp-40 an-83 E1A5375 sp-18 an-84 E1U5375 sp-20 an-84 E1U12701 sp-40 an-84 E1A5376 sp-18 an-85 E1U5376 sp-20 an-85 E1U12702 sp-40 an-85 E1A5377 sp-18 an-86 E1U5377 sp-20 an-86 E1U12703 sp-40 an-86 E1A5378 sp-18 an-87 E1U5378 sp-20 an-87 E1U12704 sp-40 an-87 E1A5379 sp-18 an-88 E1U5379 sp-20 an-88 E1U12705 sp-40 an-88 E1A5380 sp-18 an-89 E1U5380 sp-20 an-89 E1U12706 sp-40 an-89 E1A5381 sp-18 an-90 E1U5381 sp-20 an-90 E1U12707 sp-40 an-90 E1A5382 sp-18 an-91 E1U5382 sp-20 an-91 E1U12708 sp-40 an-91 E1A5383 sp-18 an-92 E1U5383 sp-20 an-92 E1U12709 sp-40 an-92 E1A5384 sp-18 an-93 E1U5384 sp-20 an-93 E1U12710 sp-40 an-93 E1A5385 sp-18 an-94 E1U5385 sp-20 an-94 E1U12711 sp-40 an-94 E1A5386 sp-18 an-95 E1U5386 sp-20 an-95 E1U12712 sp-40 an-95 E1A5387 sp-18 an-96 E1U5387 sp-20 an-96 E1U12713 sp-40 an-96 E1A5388 sp-18 an-97 E1U5388 sp-20 an-97 E1U12714 sp-40 an-97 E1A5389 sp-18 an-98 E1U5389 sp-20 an-98 E1U12715 sp-40 an-98 E1A5390 sp-18 an-99 E1U5390 sp-20 an-99 E1U12716 sp-40 an-99 E1A5391 sp-18 an-100 E1U5391 sp-20 an-100 E1U12717 sp-40 an-100 E1A5392 sp-18 an-101 E1U5392 sp-20 an-101 E1U12718 sp-40 an-101 E1A5393 sp-18 an-102 E1U5393 sp-20 an-102 E1U12719 sp-40 an-102 E1A5394 sp-18 an-103 E1U5394 sp-20 an-103 E1U12720 sp-40 an-103 E1A5395 sp-18 an-104 E1U5395 sp-20 an-104 E1U12721 sp-40 an-104 E1A5396 sp-18 an-105 E1U5396 sp-20 an-105 E1U12722 sp-40 an-105 E1A5397 sp-18 an-106 E1U5397 sp-20 an-106 E1U12723 sp-40 an-106 E1A5398 sp-18 an-107 E1U5398 sp-20 an-107 E1U12724 sp-40 an-107 E1A5399 sp-18 an-108 E1U5399 sp-20 an-108 E1U12725 sp-40 an-108 E1A5400 sp-18 an-109 E1U5400 sp-20 an-109 E1U12726 sp-40 an-109 Table 1-101 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5401 sp-18 an-110 E1U5401 sp-20 an-110 E1U12727 sp-40 an-110 E1A5402 sp-18 an-111 E1U5402 sp-20 an-111 E1U12728 sp-40 an-111 E1A5403 sp-18 an-112 E1U5403 sp-20 an-112 E1U12729 sp-40 an-112 E1A5404 sp-18 an-113 E1U5404 sp-20 an-113 E1U12730 sp-40 an-113 E1A5405 sp-18 an-114 E1U5405 sp-20 an-114 E1U12731 sp-40 an-114 E1A5406 sp-18 an-115 E1U5406 sp-20 an-115 E1U12732 sp-40 an-115 E1A5407 sp-18 an-116 E1U5407 sp-20 an-116 E1U12733 sp-40 an-116 E1A5408 sp-18 an-117 E1U5408 sp-20 an-117 E1U12734 sp-40 an-117 E1A5409 sp-18 an-118 E1U5409 sp-20 an-118 E1U12735 sp-40 an-118 E1A5410 sp-18 an-119 E1U5410 sp-20 an-119 E1U12736 sp-40 an-119 E1A5411 sp-18 an-120 E1U5411 sp-20 an-120 E1U12737 sp-40 an-120 E1A5412 sp-18 an-121 E1U5412 sp-20 an-121 E1U12738 sp-40 an-121 E1A5413 sp-18 an-122 E1U5413 sp-20 an-122 E1U12739 sp-40 an-122 E1A5414 sp-18 an-123 E1U5414 sp-20 an-123 E1U12740 sp-40 an-123 E1A5415 sp-18 an-124 E1U5415 sp-20 an-124 E1U12741 sp-40 an-124 E1A5416 sp-18 an-125 E1U5416 sp-20 an-125 E1U12742 sp-40 an-125 E1A5417 sp-18 an-126 E1U5417 sp-20 an-126 E1U12743 sp-40 an-126 E1A5418 sp-18 an-127 E1U5418 sp-20 an-127 E1U12744 sp-40 an-127 E1A5419 sp-18 an-128 E1U5419 sp-20 an-128 E1U12745 sp-40 an-128 E1A5420 sp-18 an-129 E1U5420 sp-20 an-129 E1U12746 sp-40 an-129 E1A5421 sp-18 an-130 E1U5421 sp-20 an-130 E1U12747 sp-40 an-130 E1A5422 sp-18 an-131 E1U5422 sp-20 an-131 E1U12748 sp-40 an-131 E1A5423 sp-18 an-132 E1U5423 sp-20 an-132 E1U12749 sp-40 an-132 E1A5424 sp-18 an-133 E1U5424 sp-20 an-133 E1U12750 sp-40 an-133 E1A5425 sp-18 an-134 E1U5425 sp-20 an-134 E1U12751 sp-40 an-134 E1A5426 sp-18 an-135 E1U5426 sp-20 an-135 E1U12752 sp-40 an-135 E1A5427 sp-18 an-136 E1U5427 sp-20 an-136 E1U12753 sp-40 an-136 E1A5428 sp-18 an-137 E1U5428 sp-20 an-137 E1U12754 sp-40 an-137 E1A5429 sp-18 an-138 E1U5429 sp-20 an-138 E1U12755 sp-40 an-138 E1A5430 sp-18 an-139 E1U5430 sp-20 an-139 E1U12756 sp-40 an-139 E1A5431 sp-18 an-140 E1U5431 sp-20 an-140 E1U12757 sp-40 an-140 E1A5432 sp-18 an-141 E1U5432 sp-20 an-141 E1U12758 sp-40 an-141 E1A5433 sp-18 an-142 E1U5433 sp-20 an-142 E1U12759 sp-40 an-142 E1A5434 sp-18 an-143 E1U5434 sp-20 an-143 E1U12760 sp-40 an-143 E1A5435 sp-18 an-144 E1U5435 sp-20 an-144 E1U12761 sp-40 an-144 E1A5436 sp-18 an-145 E1U5436 sp-20 an-145 E1U12762 sp-40 an-145 E1A5437 sp-18 an-146 E1U5437 sp-20 an-146 E1U12763 sp-40 an-146 E1A5438 sp-18 an-147 E1U5438 sp-20 an-147 E1U12764 sp-40 an-147 E1A5439 sp-18 an-148 E1U5439 sp-20 an-148 E1U12765 sp-40 an-148 E1A5440 sp-18 an-149 E1U5440 sp-20 an-149 E1U12766 sp-40 an-149 E1A5441 sp-18 an-150 E1U5441 sp-20 an-150 E1U12767 sp-40 an-150 E1A5442 sp-18 an-151 E1U5442 sp-20 an-151 E1U12768 sp-40 an-151 E1A5443 sp-18 an-152 E1U5443 sp-20 an-152 E1U12769 sp-40 an-152 E1A5444 sp-18 an-153 E1U5444 sp-20 an-153 E1U12770 sp-40 an-153 E1A5445 sp-18 an-154 E1U5445 sp-20 an-154 E1U12771 sp-40 an-154 E1A5446 sp-18 an-155 E1U5446 sp-20 an-155 E1U12772 sp-40 an-155 E1A5447 sp-18 an-156 E1U5447 sp-20 an-156 E1U12773 sp-40 an-156 E1A5448 sp-18 an-157 E1U5448 sp-20 an-157 E1U12774 sp-40 an-157 E1A5449 sp-18 an-158 E1U5449 sp-20 an-158 E1U12775 sp-40 an-158 E1A5450 sp-18 an-159 E1U5450 sp-20 an-159 E1U12776 sp-40 an-159 E1A5451 sp-18 an-160 E1U5451 sp-20 an-160 E1U12777 sp-40 an-160 E1A5452 sp-18 an-161 E1U5452 sp-20 an-161 E1U12778 sp-40 an-161 E1A5453 sp-18 an-162 E1U5453 sp-20 an-162 E1U12779 sp-40 an-162 E1A5454 sp-18 an-163 E1U5454 sp-20 an-163 E1U12780 sp-40 an-163 Table 1-102 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5455 sp-18 an-164 E1U5455 sp-20 an-164 E1U12781 sp-40 an-164 E1A5456 sp-18 an-165 E1U5456 sp-20 an-165 E1U12782 sp-40 an-165 E1A5457 sp-18 an-166 E1U5457 sp-20 an-166 E1U12783 sp-40 an-166 E1A5458 sp-18 an-167 E1U5458 sp-20 an-167 E1U12784 sp-40 an-167 E1A5459 sp-18 an-168 E1U5459 sp-20 an-168 E1U12785 sp-40 an-168 E1A5460 sp-18 an-169 E1U5460 sp-20 an-169 E1U12786 sp-40 an-169 E1A5461 sp-18 an-170 E1U5461 sp-20 an-170 E1U12787 sp-40 an-170 E1A5462 sp-18 an-171 E1U5462 sp-20 an-171 E1U12788 sp-40 an-171 E1A5463 sp-18 an-172 E1U5463 sp-20 an-172 E1U12789 sp-40 an-172 E1A5464 sp-18 an-173 E1U5464 sp-20 an-173 E1U12790 sp-40 an-173 E1A5465 sp-18 an-174 E1U5465 sp-20 an-174 E1U12791 sp-40 an-174 E1A5466 sp-18 an-175 E1U5466 sp-20 an-175 E1U12792 sp-40 an-175 E1A5467 sp-18 an-176 E1U5467 sp-20 an-176 E1U12793 sp-40 an-176 E1A5468 sp-18 an-177 E1U5468 sp-20 an-177 E1U12794 sp-40 an-177 E1A5469 sp-18 an-178 E1U5469 sp-20 an-178 E1U12795 sp-40 an-178 E1A5470 sp-18 an-179 E1U5470 sp-20 an-179 E1U12796 sp-40 an-179 E1A5471 sp-18 an-180 E1U5471 sp-20 an-180 E1U12797 sp-40 an-180 E1A5472 sp-18 an-181 E1U5472 sp-20 an-181 E1U12798 sp-40 an-181 E1A5473 sp-18 an-182 E1U5473 sp-20 an-182 E1U12799 sp-40 an-182 E1A5474 sp-18 an-183 E1U5474 sp-20 an-183 E1U12800 sp-40 an-183 E1A5475 sp-18 an-184 E1U5475 sp-20 an-184 E1U12801 sp-40 an-184 E1A5476 sp-18 an-185 E1U5476 sp-20 an-185 E1U12802 sp-40 an-185 E1A5477 sp-18 an-186 E1U5477 sp-20 an-186 E1U12803 sp-40 an-186 E1A5478 sp-18 an-187 E1U5478 sp-20 an-187 E1U12804 sp-40 an-187 E1A5479 sp-18 an-188 E1U5479 sp-20 an-188 E1U12805 sp-40 an-188 E1A5480 sp-18 an-189 E1U5480 sp-20 an-189 E1U12806 sp-40 an-189 E1A5481 sp-18 an-190 E1U5481 sp-20 an-190 E1U12807 sp-40 an-190 E1A5482 sp-18 an-191 E1U5482 sp-20 an-191 E1U12808 sp-40 an-191 E1A5483 sp-18 an-192 E1U5483 sp-20 an-192 E1U12809 sp-40 an-192 E1A5484 sp-18 an-193 E1U5484 sp-20 an-193 E1U12810 sp-40 an-193 E1A5485 sp-18 an-194 E1U5485 sp-20 an-194 E1U12811 sp-40 an-194 E1A5486 sp-18 an-195 E1U5486 sp-20 an-195 E1U12812 sp-40 an-195 E1A5487 sp-18 an-196 E1U5487 sp-20 an-196 E1U12813 sp-40 an-196 E1A5488 sp-18 an-197 E1U5488 sp-20 an-197 E1U12814 sp-40 an-197 E1A5489 sp-18 an-198 E1U5489 sp-20 an-198 E1U12815 sp-40 an-198 E1A5490 sp-18 an-199 E1U5490 sp-20 an-199 E1U12816 sp-40 an-199 E1A5491 sp-18 an-200 E1U5491 sp-20 an-200 E1U12817 sp-40 an-200 E1A5492 sp-18 an-201 E1U5492 sp-20 an-201 E1U12818 sp-40 an-201 E1A5493 sp-18 an-202 E1U5493 sp-20 an-202 E1U12819 sp-40 an-202 E1A5494 sp-18 an-203 E1U5494 sp-20 an-203 E1U12820 sp-40 an-203 E1A5495 sp-18 an-204 E1U5495 sp-20 an-204 E1U12821 sp-40 an-204 E1A5496 sp-18 an-205 E1U5496 sp-20 an-205 E1U12822 sp-40 an-205 E1A5497 sp-18 an-206 E1U5497 sp-20 an-206 E1U12823 sp-40 an-206 E1A5498 sp-18 an-207 E1U5498 sp-20 an-207 E1U12824 sp-40 an-207 E1A5499 sp-18 an-208 E1U5499 sp-20 an-208 E1U12825 sp-40 an-208 E1A5500 sp-18 an-209 E1U5500 sp-20 an-209 E1U12826 sp-40 an-209 E1A5501 sp-18 an-210 E1U5501 sp-20 an-210 E1U12827 sp-40 an-210 E1A5502 sp-18 an-211 E1U5502 sp-20 an-211 E1U12828 sp-40 an-211 E1A5503 sp-18 an-212 E1U5503 sp-20 an-212 E1U12829 sp-40 an-212 E1A5504 sp-18 an-213 E1U5504 sp-20 an-213 E1U12830 sp-40 an-213 E1A5505 sp-18 an-214 E1U5505 sp-20 an-214 E1U12831 sp-40 an-214 E1A5506 sp-18 an-215 E1U5506 sp-20 an-215 E1U12832 sp-40 an-215 E1A5507 sp-18 an-216 E1U5507 sp-20 an-216 E1U12833 sp-40 an-216 E1A5508 sp-18 an-217 E1U5508 sp-20 an-217 E1U12834 sp-40 an-217 Table 1-103 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5509 sp-18 an-218 E1U5509 sp-20 an-218 E1U12835 sp-40 an-218 E1A5510 sp-18 an-219 E1U5510 sp-20 an-219 E1U12836 sp-40 an-219 E1A5511 sp-18 an-220 E1U5511 sp-20 an-220 E1U12837 sp-40 an-220 E1A5512 sp-18 an-221 E1U5512 sp-20 an-221 E1U12838 sp-40 an-221 E1A5513 sp-18 an-222 E1U5513 sp-20 an-222 E1U12839 sp-40 an-222 E1A5514 sp-18 an-223 E1U5514 sp-20 an-223 E1U12840 sp-40 an-223 E1A5515 sp-18 an-224 E1U5515 sp-20 an-224 E1U12841 sp-40 an-224 E1A5516 sp-18 an-225 E1U5516 sp-20 an-225 E1U12842 sp-40 an-225 E1A5517 sp-18 an-226 E1U5517 sp-20 an-226 E1U12843 sp-40 an-226 E1A5518 sp-18 an-227 E1U5518 sp-20 an-227 E1U12844 sp-40 an-227 E1A5519 sp-18 an-228 E1U5519 sp-20 an-228 E1U12845 sp-40 an-228 E1A5520 sp-18 an-229 E1U5520 sp-20 an-229 E1U12846 sp-40 an-229 E1A5521 sp-18 an-230 E1U5521 sp-20 an-230 E1U12847 sp-40 an-230 E1A5522 sp-18 an-231 E1U5522 sp-20 an-231 E1U12848 sp-40 an-231 E1A5523 sp-18 an-232 E1U5523 sp-20 an-232 E1U12849 sp-40 an-232 E1A5524 sp-18 an-233 E1U5524 sp-20 an-233 E1U12850 sp-40 an-233 E1A5525 sp-18 an-234 E1U5525 sp-20 an-234 E1U12851 sp-40 an-234 E1A5526 sp-18 an-235 E1U5526 sp-20 an-235 E1U12852 sp-40 an-235 E1A5527 sp-18 an-236 E1U5527 sp-20 an-236 E1U12853 sp-40 an-236 E1A5528 sp-18 an-237 E1U5528 sp-20 an-237 E1U12854 sp-40 an-237 E1A5529 sp-18 an-238 E1U5529 sp-20 an-238 E1U12855 sp-40 an-238 E1A5530 sp-18 an-239 E1U5530 sp-20 an-239 E1U12856 sp-40 an-239 E1A5531 sp-18 an-240 E1U5531 sp-20 an-240 E1U12857 sp-40 an-240 E1A5532 sp-18 an-241 E1U5532 sp-20 an-241 E1U12858 sp-40 an-241 E1A5533 sp-18 an-242 E1U5533 sp-20 an-242 E1U12859 sp-40 an-242 E1A5534 sp-18 an-243 E1U5534 sp-20 an-243 E1U12860 sp-40 an-243 E1A5535 sp-18 an-244 E1U5535 sp-20 an-244 E1U12861 sp-40 an-244 E1A5536 sp-18 an-245 E1U5536 sp-20 an-245 E1U12862 sp-40 an-245 E1A5537 sp-18 an-246 E1U5537 sp-20 an-246 E1U12863 sp-40 an-246 E1A5538 sp-18 an-247 E1U5538 sp-20 an-247 E1U12864 sp-40 an-247 E1A5539 sp-18 an-248 E1U5539 sp-20 an-248 E1U12865 sp-40 an-248 E1A5540 sp-18 an-249 E1U5540 sp-20 an-249 E1U12866 sp-40 an-249 E1A5541 sp-18 an-250 E1U5541 sp-20 an-250 E1U12867 sp-40 an-250 E1A5542 sp-18 an-251 E1U5542 sp-20 an-251 E1U12868 sp-40 an-251 E1A5543 sp-18 an-252 E1U5543 sp-20 an-252 E1U12869 sp-40 an-252 E1A5544 sp-18 an-253 E1U5544 sp-20 an-253 E1U12870 sp-40 an-253 E1A5545 sp-18 an-254 E1U5545 sp-20 an-254 E1U12871 sp-40 an-254 E1A5546 sp-18 an-255 E1U5546 sp-20 an-255 E1U12872 sp-40 an-255 E1A5547 sp-18 an-256 E1U5547 sp-20 an-256 E1U12873 sp-40 an-256 E1A5548 sp-18 an-257 E1U5548 sp-20 an-257 E1U12874 sp-40 an-257 E1A5549 sp-18 an-258 E1U5549 sp-20 an-258 E1U12875 sp-40 an-258 E1A5550 sp-18 an-259 E1U5550 sp-20 an-259 E1U12876 sp-40 an-259 E1A5551 sp-18 an-260 E1U5551 sp-20 an-260 E1U12877 sp-40 an-260 E1A5552 sp-18 an-261 E1U5552 sp-20 an-261 E1U12878 sp-40 an-261 E1A5553 sp-18 an-262 E1U5553 sp-20 an-262 E1U12879 sp-40 an-262 E1A5554 sp-18 an-263 E1U5554 sp-20 an-263 E1U12880 sp-40 an-263 E1A5555 sp-18 an-264 E1U5555 sp-20 an-264 E1U12881 sp-40 an-264 E1A5556 sp-18 an-265 E1U5556 sp-20 an-265 E1U12882 sp-40 an-265 E1A5557 sp-18 an-266 E1U5557 sp-20 an-266 E1U12883 sp-40 an-266 E1A5558 sp-18 an-267 E1U5558 sp-20 an-267 E1U12884 sp-40 an-267 E1A5559 sp-18 an-268 E1U5559 sp-20 an-268 E1U12885 sp-40 an-268 E1A5560 sp-18 an-269 E1U5560 sp-20 an-269 E1U12886 sp-40 an-269 E1A5561 sp-18 an-270 E1U5561 sp-20 an-270 E1U12887 sp-40 an-270 E1A5562 sp-18 an-271 E1U5562 sp-20 an-271 E1U12888 sp-40 an-271 Table 1-104 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5563 sp-18 an-272 E1U5563 sp-20 an-272 E1U12889 sp-40 an-272 E1A5564 sp-18 an-273 E1U5564 sp-20 an-273 E1U12890 sp-40 an-273 E1A5565 sp-18 an-274 E1U5565 sp-20 an-274 E1U12891 sp-40 an-274 E1A5566 sp-18 an-275 E1U5566 sp-20 an-275 E1U12892 sp-40 an-275 E1A5567 sp-18 an-276 E1U5567 sp-20 an-276 E1U12893 sp-40 an-276 E1A5568 sp-18 an-277 E1U5568 sp-20 an-277 E1U12894 sp-40 an-277 E1A5569 sp-18 an-278 E1U5569 sp-20 an-278 E1U12895 sp-40 an-278 E1A5570 sp-18 an-279 E1U5570 sp-20 an-279 E1U12896 sp-40 an-279 E1A5571 sp-18 an-280 E1U5571 sp-20 an-280 E1U12897 sp-40 an-280 E1A5572 sp-18 an-281 E1U5572 sp-20 an-281 E1U12898 sp-40 an-281 E1A5573 sp-18 an-282 E1U5573 sp-20 an-282 E1U12899 sp-40 an-282 E1A5574 sp-18 an-283 E1U5574 sp-20 an-283 E1U12900 sp-40 an-283 E1A5575 sp-18 an-284 E1U5575 sp-20 an-284 E1U12901 sp-40 an-284 E1A5576 sp-18 an-285 E1U5576 sp-20 an-285 E1U12902 sp-40 an-285 E1A5577 sp-18 an-286 E1U5577 sp-20 an-286 E1U12903 sp-40 an-286 E1A5578 sp-18 an-287 E1U5578 sp-20 an-287 E1U12904 sp-40 an-287 E1A5579 sp-18 an-288 E1U5579 sp-20 an-288 E1U12905 sp-40 an-288 E1A5580 sp-18 an-289 E1U5580 sp-20 an-289 E1U12906 sp-40 an-289 E1A5581 sp-18 an-290 E1U5581 sp-20 an-290 E1U12907 sp-40 an-290 E1A5582 sp-18 an-291 E1U5582 sp-20 an-291 E1U12908 sp-40 an-291 E1A5583 sp-18 an-292 E1U5583 sp-20 an-292 E1U12909 sp-40 an-292 E1A5584 sp-18 an-293 E1U5584 sp-20 an-293 E1U12910 sp-40 an-293 E1A5585 sp-18 an-294 E1U5585 sp-20 an-294 E1U12911 sp-40 an-294 E1A5586 sp-18 an-295 E1U5586 sp-20 an-295 E1U12912 sp-40 an-295 E1A5587 sp-18 an-296 E1U5587 sp-20 an-296 E1U12913 sp-40 an-296 E1A5588 sp-18 an-297 E1U5588 sp-20 an-297 E1U12914 sp-40 an-297 E1A5589 sp-18 an-298 E1U5589 sp-20 an-298 E1U12915 sp-40 an-298 E1A5590 sp-18 an-299 E1U5590 sp-20 an-299 E1U12916 sp-40 an-299 E1A5591 sp-18 an-300 E1U5591 sp-20 an-300 E1U12917 sp-40 an-300 E1A5592 sp-18 an-301 E1U5592 sp-20 an-301 E1U12918 sp-40 an-301 E1A5593 sp-18 an-302 E1U5593 sp-20 an-302 E1U12919 sp-40 an-302 E1A5594 sp-18 an-303 E1U5594 sp-20 an-303 E1U12920 sp-40 an-303 E1A5595 sp-18 an-304 E1U5595 sp-20 an-304 E1U12921 sp-40 an-304 E1A5596 sp-18 an-305 E1U5596 sp-20 an-305 E1U12922 sp-40 an-305 E1A5597 sp-18 an-306 E1U5597 sp-20 an-306 E1U12923 sp-40 an-306 E1A5598 sp-18 an-307 E1U5598 sp-20 an-307 E1U12924 sp-40 an-307 E1A5599 sp-18 an-308 E1U5599 sp-20 an-308 E1U12925 sp-40 an-308 E1A5600 sp-18 an-309 E1U5600 sp-20 an-309 E1U12926 sp-40 an-309 E1A5601 sp-18 an-310 E1U5601 sp-20 an-310 E1U12927 sp-40 an-310 E1A5602 sp-18 an-311 E1U5602 sp-20 an-311 E1U12928 sp-40 an-311 E1A5603 sp-18 an-312 E1U5603 sp-20 an-312 E1U12929 sp-40 an-312 E1A5604 sp-18 an-313 E1U5604 sp-20 an-313 E1U12930 sp-40 an-313 E1A5605 sp-18 an-314 E1U5605 sp-20 an-314 E1U12931 sp-40 an-314 E1A5606 sp-18 an-315 E1U5606 sp-20 an-315 E1U12932 sp-40 an-315 E1A5607 sp-18 an-316 E1U5607 sp-20 an-316 E1U12933 sp-40 an-316 E1A5608 sp-18 an-317 E1U5608 sp-20 an-317 E1U12934 sp-40 an-317 E1A5609 sp-18 an-318 E1U5609 sp-20 an-318 E1U12935 sp-40 an-318 E1A5610 sp-18 an-319 E1U5610 sp-20 an-319 E1U12936 sp-40 an-319 E1A5611 sp-18 an-320 E1U5611 sp-20 an-320 E1U12937 sp-40 an-320 E1A5612 sp-18 an-321 E1U5612 sp-20 an-321 E1U12938 sp-40 an-321 E1A5613 sp-18 an-322 E1U5613 sp-20 an-322 E1U12939 sp-40 an-322 E1A5614 sp-18 an-323 E1U5614 sp-20 an-323 E1U12940 sp-40 an-323 E1A5615 sp-18 an-324 E1U5615 sp-20 an-324 E1U12941 sp-40 an-324 E1A5616 sp-18 an-325 E1U5616 sp-20 an-325 E1U12942 sp-40 an-325 Table 1-105 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5617 sp-18 an-326 E1U5617 sp-20 an-326 E1U12943 sp-40 an-326 E1A5618 sp-18 an-327 E1U5618 sp-20 an-327 E1U12944 sp-40 an-327 E1A5619 sp-18 an-328 E1U5619 sp-20 an-328 E1U12945 sp-40 an-328 E1A5620 sp-18 an-329 E1U5620 sp-20 an-329 E1U12946 sp-40 an-329 E1A5621 sp-18 an-330 E1U5621 sp-20 an-330 E1U12947 sp-40 an-330 E1A5622 sp-18 an-331 E1U5622 sp-20 an-331 E1U12948 sp-40 an-331 E1A5623 sp-18 an-332 E1U5623 sp-20 an-332 E1U12949 sp-40 an-332 E1A5624 sp-18 an-333 E1U5624 sp-20 an-333 E1U12950 sp-40 an-333 E1A5625 sp-18 an-334 E1U5625 sp-20 an-334 E1U12951 sp-40 an-334 E1A5626 sp-18 an-335 E1U5626 sp-20 an-335 E1U12952 sp-40 an-335 E1A5627 sp-18 an-336 E1U5627 sp-20 an-336 E1U12953 sp-40 an-336 E1A5628 sp-18 an-337 E1U5628 sp-20 an-337 E1U12954 sp-40 an-337 E1A5629 sp-18 an-338 E1U5629 sp-20 an-338 E1U12955 sp-40 an-338 E1A5630 sp-18 an-339 E1U5630 sp-20 an-339 E1U12956 sp-40 an-339 E1A5631 sp-18 an-340 E1U5631 sp-20 an-340 E1U12957 sp-40 an-340 E1A5632 sp-18 an-341 E1U5632 sp-20 an-341 E1U12958 sp-40 an-341 E1A5633 sp-18 an-342 E1U5633 sp-20 an-342 E1U12959 sp-40 an-342 E1A5634 sp-18 an-343 E1U5634 sp-20 an-343 E1U12960 sp-40 an-343 E1A5635 sp-18 an-344 E1U5635 sp-20 an-344 E1U12961 sp-40 an-344 E1A5636 sp-18 an-345 E1U5636 sp-20 an-345 E1U12962 sp-40 an-345 E1A5637 sp-18 an-346 E1U5637 sp-20 an-346 E1U12963 sp-40 an-346 E1A5638 sp-18 an-347 E1U5638 sp-20 an-347 E1U12964 sp-40 an-347 E1A5639 sp-18 an-348 E1U5639 sp-20 an-348 E1U12965 sp-40 an-348 E1A5640 sp-18 an-349 E1U5640 sp-20 an-349 E1U12966 sp-40 an-349 E1A5641 sp-18 an-350 E1U5641 sp-20 an-350 E1U12967 sp-40 an-350 E1A5642 sp-18 an-351 E1U5642 sp-20 an-351 E1U12968 sp-40 an-351 E1A5643 sp-18 an-352 E1U5643 sp-20 an-352 E1U12969 sp-40 an-352 E1A5644 sp-18 an-353 E1U5644 sp-20 an-353 E1U12970 sp-40 an-353 E1A5645 sp-18 an-354 E1U5645 sp-20 an-354 E1U12971 sp-40 an-354 E1A5646 sp-18 an-355 E1U5646 sp-20 an-355 E1U12972 sp-40 an-355 E1A5647 sp-18 an-356 E1U5647 sp-20 an-356 E1U12973 sp-40 an-356 E1A5648 sp-18 an-357 E1U5648 sp-20 an-357 E1U12974 sp-40 an-357 E1A5649 sp-18 an-358 E1U5649 sp-20 an-358 E1U12975 sp-40 an-358 E1A5650 sp-18 an-359 E1U5650 sp-20 an-359 E1U12976 sp-40 an-359 E1A5651 sp-18 an-360 E1U5651 sp-20 an-360 E1U12977 sp-40 an-360 E1A5652 sp-18 an-361 E1U5652 sp-20 an-361 E1U12978 sp-40 an-361 E1A5653 sp-18 an-362 E1U5653 sp-20 an-362 E1U12979 sp-40 an-362 E1A5654 sp-18 an-363 E1U5654 sp-20 an-363 E1U12980 sp-40 an-363 E1A5655 sp-18 an-364 E1U5655 sp-20 an-364 E1U12981 sp-40 an-364 E1A5656 sp-18 an-365 E1U5656 sp-20 an-365 E1U12982 sp-40 an-365 E1A5657 sp-18 an-366 E1U5657 sp-20 an-366 E1U12983 sp-40 an-366 E1A5658 sp-18 an-367 E1U5658 sp-20 an-367 E1U12984 sp-40 an-367 E1A5659 sp-18 an-368 E1U5659 sp-20 an-368 E1U12985 sp-40 an-368 E1A5660 sp-18 an-369 E1U5660 sp-20 an-369 E1U12986 sp-40 an-369 E1A5661 sp-18 an-370 E1U5661 sp-20 an-370 E1U12987 sp-40 an-370 E1A5662 sp-18 an-371 E1U5662 sp-20 an-371 E1U12988 sp-40 an-371 E1A5663 sp-18 an-372 E1U5663 sp-20 an-372 E1U12989 sp-40 an-372 E1A5664 sp-18 an-373 E1U5664 sp-20 an-373 E1U12990 sp-40 an-373 E1A5665 sp-18 an-374 E1U5665 sp-20 an-374 E1U12991 sp-40 an-374 E1A5666 sp-18 an-375 E1U5666 sp-20 an-375 E1U12992 sp-40 an-375 E1A5667 sp-18 an-376 E1U5667 sp-20 an-376 E1U12993 sp-40 an-376 E1A5668 sp-18 an-377 E1U5668 sp-20 an-377 E1U12994 sp-40 an-377 E1A5669 sp-18 an-378 E1U5669 sp-20 an-378 E1U12995 sp-40 an-378 E1A5670 sp-18 an-379 E1U5670 sp-20 an-379 E1U12996 sp-40 an-379 Table 1-106 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5671 sp-18 an-380 E1U5671 sp-20 an-380 E1U12997 sp-40 an-380 E1A5672 sp-18 an-381 E1U5672 sp-20 an-381 E1U12998 sp-40 an-381 E1A5673 sp-18 an-382 E1U5673 sp-20 an-382 E1U12999 sp-40 an-382 E1A5674 sp-18 an-383 E1U5674 sp-20 an-383 E1U13000 sp-40 an-383 E1A5675 sp-18 an-384 E1U5675 sp-20 an-384 E1U13001 sp-40 an-384 E1A5676 sp-18 an-385 E1U5676 sp-20 an-385 E1U13002 sp-40 an-385 E1A5677 sp-18 an-386 E1U5677 sp-20 an-386 E1U13003 sp-40 an-386 E1A5678 sp-18 an-387 E1U5678 sp-20 an-387 E1U13004 sp-40 an-387 E1A5679 sp-18 an-388 E1U5679 sp-20 an-388 E1U13005 sp-40 an-388 E1A5680 sp-18 an-389 E1U5680 sp-20 an-389 E1U13006 sp-40 an-389 E1A5681 sp-18 an-390 E1U5681 sp-20 an-390 E1U13007 sp-40 an-390 E1A5682 sp-18 an-391 E1U5682 sp-20 an-391 E1U13008 sp-40 an-391 E1A5683 sp-18 an-392 E1U5683 sp-20 an-392 E1U13009 sp-40 an-392 E1A5684 sp-18 an-393 E1U5684 sp-20 an-393 E1U13010 sp-40 an-393 E1A5685 sp-18 an-394 E1U5685 sp-20 an-394 E1U13011 sp-40 an-394 E1A5686 sp-18 an-395 E1U5686 sp-20 an-395 E1U13012 sp-40 an-395 E1A5687 sp-18 an-396 E1U5687 sp-20 an-396 E1U13013 sp-40 an-396 E1A5688 sp-18 an-397 E1U5688 sp-20 an-397 E1U13014 sp-40 an-397 E1A5689 sp-18 an-398 E1U5689 sp-20 an-398 E1U13015 sp-40 an-398 E1A5690 sp-18 an-399 E1U5690 sp-20 an-399 E1U13016 sp-40 an-399 E1A5691 sp-18 an-400 E1U5691 sp-20 an-400 E1U13017 sp-40 an-400 E1A5692 sp-18 an-401 E1U5692 sp-20 an-401 E1U13018 sp-40 an-401 E1A5693 sp-18 an-402 E1U5693 sp-20 an-402 E1U13019 sp-40 an-402 E1A5694 sp-18 an-403 E1U5694 sp-20 an-403 E1U13020 sp-40 an-403 E1A5695 sp-18 an-404 E1U5695 sp-20 an-404 E1U13021 sp-40 an-404 E1A5696 sp-18 an-405 E1U5696 sp-20 an-405 E1U13022 sp-40 an-405 E1A5697 sp-18 an-406 E1U5697 sp-20 an-406 E1U13023 sp-40 an-406 E1A5698 sp-18 an-407 E1U5698 sp-20 an-407 E1U13024 sp-40 an-407 E1A5699 sp-19 an-1 E1U5699 sp-23 an-1 E1U13025 sp-41 an-1 E1A5700 sp-19 an-2 E1U5700 sp-23 an-2 E1U13026 sp-41 an-2 E1A5701 sp-19 an-3 E1U5701 sp-23 an-3 E1U13027 sp-41 an-3 E1A5702 sp-19 an-4 E1U5702 sp-23 an-4 E1U13028 sp-41 an-4 E1A5703 sp-19 an-5 E1U5703 sp-23 an-5 E1U13029 sp-41 an-5 E1A5704 sp-19 an-6 E1U5704 sp-23 an-6 E1U13030 sp-41 an-6 E1A5705 sp-19 an-7 E1U5705 sp-23 an-7 E1U13031 sp-41 an-7 E1A5706 sp-19 an-8 E1U5706 sp-23 an-8 E1U13032 sp-41 an-8 E1A5707 sp-19 an-9 E1U5707 sp-23 an-9 E1U13033 sp-41 an-9 E1A5708 sp-19 an-10 E1U5708 sp-23 an-10 E1U13034 sp-41 an-10 E1A5709 sp-19 an-11 E1U5709 sp-23 an-11 E1U13035 sp-41 an-11 E1A5710 sp-19 an-12 E1U5710 sp-23 an-12 E1U13036 sp-41 an-12 E1A5711 sp-19 an-13 E1U5711 sp-23 an-13 E1U13037 sp-41 an-13 E1A5712 sp-19 an-14 E1U5712 sp-23 an-14 E1U13038 sp-41 an-14 E1A5713 sp-19 an-15 E1U5713 sp-23 an-15 E1U13039 sp-41 an-15 E1A5714 sp-19 an-16 E1U5714 sp-23 an-16 E1U13040 sp-41 an-16 E1A5715 sp-19 an-17 E1U5715 sp-23 an-17 E1U13041 sp-41 an-17 E1A5716 sp-19 an-18 E1U5716 sp-23 an-18 E1U13042 sp-41 an-18 E1A5717 sp-19 an-19 E1U5717 sp-23 an-19 E1U13043 sp-41 an-19 E1A5718 sp-19 an-20 E1U5718 sp-23 an-20 E1U13044 sp-41 an-20 E1A5719 sp-19 an-21 E1U5719 sp-23 an-21 E1U13045 sp-41 an-21 E1A5720 sp-19 an-22 E1U5720 sp-23 an-22 E1U13046 sp-41 an-22 E1A5721 sp-19 an-23 E1U5721 sp-23 an-23 E1U13047 sp-41 an-23 E1A5722 sp-19 an-24 E1U5722 sp-23 an-24 E1U13048 sp-41 an-24 E1A5723 sp-19 an-25 E1U5723 sp-23 an-25 E1U13049 sp-41 an-25 E1A5724 sp-19 an-26 E1U5724 sp-23 an-26 E1U13050 sp-41 an-26 Table 1-107 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5725 sp-19 an-27 E1U5725 sp-23 an-27 E1U13051 sp-41 an-27 E1A5726 sp-19 an-28 E1U5726 sp-23 an-28 E1U13052 sp-41 an-28 E1A5727 sp-19 an-29 E1U5727 sp-23 an-29 E1U13053 sp-41 an-29 E1A5728 sp-19 an-30 E1U5728 sp-23 an-30 E1U13054 sp-41 an-30 E1A5729 sp-19 an-31 E1U5729 sp-23 an-31 E1U13055 sp-41 an-31 E1A5730 sp-19 an-32 E1U5730 sp-23 an-32 E1U13056 sp-41 an-32 E1A5731 sp-19 an-33 E1U5731 sp-23 an-33 E1U13057 sp-41 an-33 E1A5732 sp-19 an-34 E1U5732 sp-23 an-34 E1U13058 sp-41 an-34 E1A5733 sp-19 an-35 E1U5733 sp-23 an-35 E1U13059 sp-41 an-35 E1A5734 sp-19 an-36 E1U5734 sp-23 an-36 E1U13060 sp-41 an-36 E1A5735 sp-19 an-37 E1U5735 sp-23 an-37 E1U13061 sp-41 an-37 E1A5736 sp-19 an-38 E1U5736 sp-23 an-38 E1U13062 sp-41 an-38 E1A5737 sp-19 an-39 E1U5737 sp-23 an-39 E1U13063 sp-41 an-39 E1A5738 sp-19 an-40 E1U5738 sp-23 an-40 E1U13064 sp-41 an-40 E1A5739 sp-19 an-41 E1U5739 sp-23 an-41 E1U13065 sp-41 an-41 E1A5740 sp-19 an-42 E1U5740 sp-23 an-42 E1U13066 sp-41 an-42 E1A5741 sp-19 an-43 E1U5741 sp-23 an-43 E1U13067 sp-41 an-43 E1A5742 sp-19 an-44 E1U5742 sp-23 an-44 E1U13068 sp-41 an-44 E1A5743 sp-19 an-45 E1U5743 sp-23 an-45 E1U13069 sp-41 an-45 E1A5744 sp-19 an-46 E1U5744 sp-23 an-46 E1U13070 sp-41 an-46 E1A5745 sp-19 an-47 E1U5745 sp-23 an-47 E1U13071 sp-41 an-47 E1A5746 sp-19 an-48 E1U5746 sp-23 an-48 E1U13072 sp-41 an-48 E1A5747 sp-19 an-49 E1U5747 sp-23 an-49 E1U13073 sp-41 an-49 E1A5748 sp-19 an-50 E1U5748 sp-23 an-50 E1U13074 sp-41 an-50 E1A5749 sp-19 an-51 E1U5749 sp-23 an-51 E1U13075 sp-41 an-51 E1A5750 sp-19 an-52 E1U5750 sp-23 an-52 E1U13076 sp-41 an-52 E1A5751 sp-19 an-53 E1U5751 sp-23 an-53 E1U13077 sp-41 an-53 E1A5752 sp-19 an-54 E1U5752 sp-23 an-54 E1U13078 sp-41 an-54 E1A5753 sp-19 an-55 E1U5753 sp-23 an-55 E1U13079 sp-41 an-55 E1A5754 sp-19 an-56 E1U5754 sp-23 an-56 E1U13080 sp-41 an-56 E1A5755 sp-19 an-57 E1U5755 sp-23 an-57 E1U13081 sp-41 an-57 E1A5756 sp-19 an-58 E1U5756 sp-23 an-58 E1U13082 sp-41 an-58 E1A5757 sp-19 an-59 E1U5757 sp-23 an-59 E1U13083 sp-41 an-59 E1A5758 sp-19 an-60 E1U5758 sp-23 an-60 E1U13084 sp-41 an-60 E1A5759 sp-19 an-61 E1U5759 sp-23 an-61 E1U13085 sp-41 an-61 E1A5760 sp-19 an-62 E1U5760 sp-23 an-62 E1U13086 sp-41 an-62 E1A5761 sp-19 an-63 E1U5761 sp-23 an-63 E1U13087 sp-41 an-63 E1A5762 sp-19 an-64 E1U5762 sp-23 an-64 E1U13088 sp-41 an-64 E1A5763 sp-19 an-65 E1U5763 sp-23 an-65 E1U13089 sp-41 an-65 E1A5764 sp-19 an-66 E1U5764 sp-23 an-66 E1U13090 sp-41 an-66 E1A5765 sp-19 an-67 E1U5765 sp-23 an-67 E1U13091 sp-41 an-67 E1A5766 sp-19 an-68 E1U5766 sp-23 an-68 E1U13092 sp-41 an-68 E1A5767 sp-19 an-69 E1U5767 sp-23 an-69 E1U13093 sp-41 an-69 E1A5768 sp-19 an-70 E1U5768 sp-23 an-70 E1U13094 sp-41 an-70 E1A5769 sp-19 an-71 E1U5769 sp-23 an-71 E1U13095 sp-41 an-71 E1A5770 sp-19 an-72 E1U5770 sp-23 an-72 E1U13096 sp-41 an-72 E1A5771 sp-19 an-73 E1U5771 sp-23 an-73 E1U13097 sp-41 an-73 E1A5772 sp-19 an-74 E1U5772 sp-23 an-74 E1U13098 sp-41 an-74 E1A5773 sp-19 an-75 E1U5773 sp-23 an-75 E1U13099 sp-41 an-75 E1A5774 sp-19 an-76 E1U5774 sp-23 an-76 E1U13100 sp-41 an-76 E1A5775 sp-19 an-77 E1U5775 sp-23 an-77 E1U13101 sp-41 an-77 E1A5776 sp-19 an-78 E1U5776 sp-23 an-78 E1U13102 sp-41 an-78 E1A5777 sp-19 an-79 E1U5777 sp-23 an-79 E1U13103 sp-41 an-79 E1A5778 sp-19 an-80 E1U5778 sp-23 an-80 E1U13104 sp-41 an-80 Table 1-108 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5779 sp-19 an-81 E1U5779 sp-23 an-81 E1U13105 sp-41 an-81 E1A5780 sp-19 an-82 E1U5780 sp-23 an-82 E1U13106 sp-41 an-82 E1A5781 sp-19 an-83 E1U5781 sp-23 an-83 E1U13107 sp-41 an-83 E1A5782 sp-19 an-84 E1U5782 sp-23 an-84 E1U13108 sp-41 an-84 E1A5783 sp-19 an-85 E1U5783 sp-23 an-85 E1U13109 sp-41 an-85 E1A5784 sp-19 an-86 E1U5784 sp-23 an-86 E1U13110 sp-41 an-86 E1A5785 sp-19 an-87 E1U5785 sp-23 an-87 E1U13111 sp-41 an-87 E1A5786 sp-19 an-88 E1U5786 sp-23 an-88 E1U13112 sp-41 an-88 E1A5787 sp-19 an-89 E1U5787 sp-23 an-89 E1U13113 sp-41 an-89 E1A5788 sp-19 an-90 E1U5788 sp-23 an-90 E1U13114 sp-41 an-90 E1A5789 sp-19 an-91 E1U5789 sp-23 an-91 E1U13115 sp-41 an-91 E1A5790 sp-19 an-92 E1U5790 sp-23 an-92 E1U13116 sp-41 an-92 E1A5791 sp-19 an-93 E1U5791 sp-23 an-93 E1U13117 sp-41 an-93 E1A5792 sp-19 an-94 E1U5792 sp-23 an-94 E1U13118 sp-41 an-94 E1A5793 sp-19 an-95 E1U5793 sp-23 an-95 E1U13119 sp-41 an-95 E1A5794 sp-19 an-96 E1U5794 sp-23 an-96 E1U13120 sp-41 an-96 E1A5795 sp-19 an-97 E1U5795 sp-23 an-97 E1U13121 sp-41 an-97 E1A5796 sp-19 an-98 E1U5796 sp-23 an-98 E1U13122 sp-41 an-98 E1A5797 sp-19 an-99 E1U5797 sp-23 an-99 E1U13123 sp-41 an-99 E1A5798 sp-19 an-100 E1U5798 sp-23 an-100 E1U13124 sp-41 an-100 E1A5799 sp-19 an-101 E1U5799 sp-23 an-101 E1U13125 sp-41 an-101 E1A5800 sp-19 an-102 E1U5800 sp-23 an-102 E1U13126 sp-41 an-102 E1A5801 sp-19 an-103 E1U5801 sp-23 an-103 E1U13127 sp-41 an-103 E1A5802 sp-19 an-104 E1U5802 sp-23 an-104 E1U13128 sp-41 an-104 E1A5803 sp-19 an-105 E1U5803 sp-23 an-105 E1U13129 sp-41 an-105 E1A5804 sp-19 an-106 E1U5804 sp-23 an-106 E1U13130 sp-41 an-106 E1A5805 sp-19 an-107 E1U5805 sp-23 an-107 E1U13131 sp-41 an-107 E1A5806 sp-19 an-108 E1U5806 sp-23 an-108 E1U13132 sp-41 an-108 E1A5807 sp-19 an-109 E1U5807 sp-23 an-109 E1U13133 sp-41 an-109 E1A5808 sp-19 an-110 E1U5808 sp-23 an-110 E1U13134 sp-41 an-110 E1A5809 sp-19 an-111 E1U5809 sp-23 an-111 E1U13135 sp-41 an-111 E1A5810 sp-19 an-112 E1U5810 sp-23 an-112 E1U13136 sp-41 an-112 E1A5811 sp-19 an-113 E1U5811 sp-23 an-113 E1U13137 sp-41 an-113 E1A5812 sp-19 an-114 E1U5812 sp-23 an-114 E1U13138 sp-41 an-114 E1A5813 sp-19 an-115 E1U5813 sp-23 an-115 E1U13139 sp-41 an-115 E1A5814 sp-19 an-116 E1U5814 sp-23 an-116 E1U13140 sp-41 an-116 E1A5815 sp-19 an-117 E1U5815 sp-23 an-117 E1U13141 sp-41 an-117 E1A5816 sp-19 an-118 E1U5816 sp-23 an-118 E1U13142 sp-41 an-118 E1A5817 sp-19 an-119 E1U5817 sp-23 an-119 E1U13143 sp-41 an-119 E1A5818 sp-19 an-120 E1U5818 sp-23 an-120 E1U13144 sp-41 an-120 E1A5819 sp-19 an-121 E1U5819 sp-23 an-121 E1U13145 sp-41 an-121 E1A5820 sp-19 an-122 E1U5820 sp-23 an-122 E1U13146 sp-41 an-122 E1A5821 sp-19 an-123 E1U5821 sp-23 an-123 E1U13147 sp-41 an-123 E1A5822 sp-19 an-124 E1U5822 sp-23 an-124 E1U13148 sp-41 an-124 E1A5823 sp-19 an-125 E1U5823 sp-23 an-125 E1U13149 sp-41 an-125 E1A5824 sp-19 an-126 E1U5824 sp-23 an-126 E1U13150 sp-41 an-126 E1A5825 sp-19 an-127 E1U5825 sp-23 an-127 E1U13151 sp-41 an-127 E1A5826 sp-19 an-128 E1U5826 sp-23 an-128 E1U13152 sp-41 an-128 E1A5827 sp-19 an-129 E1U5827 sp-23 an-129 E1U13153 sp-41 an-129 E1A5828 sp-19 an-130 E1U5828 sp-23 an-130 E1U13154 sp-41 an-130 E1A5829 sp-19 an-131 E1U5829 sp-23 an-131 E1U13155 sp-41 an-131 E1A5830 sp-19 an-132 E1U5830 sp-23 an-132 E1U13156 sp-41 an-132 E1A5831 sp-19 an-133 E1U5831 sp-23 an-133 E1U13157 sp-41 an-133 E1A5832 sp-19 an-134 E1U5832 sp-23 an-134 E1U13158 sp-41 an-134 Table 1-109 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5833 sp-19 an-135 E1U5833 sp-23 an-135 E1U13159 sp-41 an-135 E1A5834 sp-19 an-136 E1U5834 sp-23 an-136 E1U13160 sp-41 an-136 E1A5835 sp-19 an-137 E1U5835 sp-23 an-137 E1U13161 sp-41 an-137 E1A5836 sp-19 an-138 E1U5836 sp-23 an-138 E1U13162 sp-41 an-138 E1A5837 sp-19 an-139 E1U5837 sp-23 an-139 E1U13163 sp-41 an-139 E1A5838 sp-19 an-140 E1U5838 sp-23 an-140 E1U13164 sp-41 an-140 E1A5839 sp-19 an-141 E1U5839 sp-23 an-141 E1U13165 sp-41 an-141 E1A5840 sp-19 an-142 E1U5840 sp-23 an-142 E1U13166 sp-41 an-142 E1A5841 sp-19 an-143 E1U5841 sp-23 an-143 E1U13167 sp-41 an-143 E1A5842 sp-19 an-144 E1U5842 sp-23 an-144 E1U13168 sp-41 an-144 E1A5843 sp-19 an-145 E1U5843 sp-23 an-145 E1U13169 sp-41 an-145 E1A5844 sp-19 an-146 E1U5844 sp-23 an-146 E1U13170 sp-41 an-146 E1A5845 sp-19 an-147 E1U5845 sp-23 an-147 E1U13171 sp-41 an-147 E1A5846 sp-19 an-148 E1U5846 sp-23 an-148 E1U13172 sp-41 an-148 E1A5847 sp-19 an-149 E1U5847 sp-23 an-149 E1U13173 sp-41 an-149 E1A5848 sp-19 an-150 E1U5848 sp-23 an-150 E1U13174 sp-41 an-150 E1A5849 sp-19 an-151 E1U5849 sp-23 an-151 E1U13175 sp-41 an-151 E1A5850 sp-19 an-152 E1U5850 sp-23 an-152 E1U13176 sp-41 an-152 E1A5851 sp-19 an-153 E1U5851 sp-23 an-153 E1U13177 sp-41 an-153 E1A5852 sp-19 an-154 E1U5852 sp-23 an-154 E1U13178 sp-41 an-154 E1A5853 sp-19 an-155 E1U5853 sp-23 an-155 E1U13179 sp-41 an-155 E1A5854 sp-19 an-156 E1U5854 sp-23 an-156 E1U13180 sp-41 an-156 E1A5855 sp-19 an-157 E1U5855 sp-23 an-157 E1U13181 sp-41 an-157 E1A5856 sp-19 an-158 E1U5856 sp-23 an-158 E1U13182 sp-41 an-158 E1A5857 sp-19 an-159 E1U5857 sp-23 an-159 E1U13183 sp-41 an-159 E1A5858 sp-19 an-160 E1U5858 sp-23 an-160 E1U13184 sp-41 an-160 E1A5859 sp-19 an-161 E1U5859 sp-23 an-161 E1U13185 sp-41 an-161 E1A5860 sp-19 an-162 E1U5860 sp-23 an-162 E1U13186 sp-41 an-162 E1A5861 sp-19 an-163 E1U5861 sp-23 an-163 E1U13187 sp-41 an-163 E1A5862 sp-19 an-164 E1U5862 sp-23 an-164 E1U13188 sp-41 an-164 E1A5863 sp-19 an-165 E1U5863 sp-23 an-165 E1U13189 sp-41 an-165 E1A5864 sp-19 an-166 E1U5864 sp-23 an-166 E1U13190 sp-41 an-166 E1A5865 sp-19 an-167 E1U5865 sp-23 an-167 E1U13191 sp-41 an-167 E1A5866 sp-19 an-168 E1U5866 sp-23 an-168 E1U13192 sp-41 an-168 E1A5867 sp-19 an-169 E1U5867 sp-23 an-169 E1U13193 sp-41 an-169 E1A5868 sp-19 an-170 E1U5868 sp-23 an-170 E1U13194 sp-41 an-170 E1A5869 sp-19 an-171 E1U5869 sp-23 an-171 E1U13195 sp-41 an-171 E1A5870 sp-19 an-172 E1U5870 sp-23 an-172 E1U13196 sp-41 an-172 E1A5871 sp-19 an-173 E1U5871 sp-23 an-173 E1U13197 sp-41 an-173 E1A5872 sp-19 an-174 E1U5872 sp-23 an-174 E1U13198 sp-41 an-174 E1A5873 sp-19 an-175 E1U5873 sp-23 an-175 E1U13199 sp-41 an-175 E1A5874 sp-19 an-176 E1U5874 sp-23 an-176 E1U13200 sp-41 an-176 E1A5875 sp-19 an-177 E1U5875 sp-23 an-177 E1U13201 sp-41 an-177 E1A5876 sp-19 an-178 E1U5876 sp-23 an-178 E1U13202 sp-41 an-178 E1A5877 sp-19 an-179 E1U5877 sp-23 an-179 E1U13203 sp-41 an-179 E1A5878 sp-19 an-180 E1U5878 sp-23 an-180 E1U13204 sp-41 an-180 E1A5879 sp-19 an-181 E1U5879 sp-23 an-181 E1U13205 sp-41 an-181 E1A5880 sp-19 an-182 E1U5880 sp-23 an-182 E1U13206 sp-41 an-182 E1A5881 sp-19 an-183 E1U5881 sp-23 an-183 E1U13207 sp-41 an-183 E1A5882 sp-19 an-184 E1U5882 sp-23 an-184 E1U13208 sp-41 an-184 E1A5883 sp-19 an-185 E1U5883 sp-23 an-185 E1U13209 sp-41 an-185 E1A5884 sp-19 an-186 E1U5884 sp-23 an-186 E1U13210 sp-41 an-186 E1A5885 sp-19 an-187 E1U5885 sp-23 an-187 E1U13211 sp-41 an-187 E1A5886 sp-19 an-188 E1U5886 sp-23 an-188 E1U13212 sp-41 an-188 Table 1-110 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5887 sp-19 an-189 E1U5887 sp-23 an-189 E1U13213 sp-41 an-189 E1A5888 sp-19 an-190 E1U5888 sp-23 an-190 E1U13214 sp-41 an-190 E1A5889 sp-19 an-191 E1U5889 sp-23 an-191 E1U13215 sp-41 an-191 E1A5890 sp-19 an-192 E1U5890 sp-23 an-192 E1U13216 sp-41 an-192 E1A5891 sp-19 an-193 E1U5891 sp-23 an-193 E1U13217 sp-41 an-193 E1A5892 sp-19 an-194 E1U5892 sp-23 an-194 E1U13218 sp-41 an-194 E1A5893 sp-19 an-195 E1U5893 sp-23 an-195 E1U13219 sp-41 an-195 E1A5894 sp-19 an-196 E1U5894 sp-23 an-196 E1U13220 sp-41 an-196 E1A5895 sp-19 an-197 E1U5895 sp-23 an-197 E1U13221 sp-41 an-197 E1A5896 sp-19 an-198 E1U5896 sp-23 an-198 E1U13222 sp-41 an-198 E1A5897 sp-19 an-199 E1U5897 sp-23 an-199 E1U13223 sp-41 an-199 E1A5898 sp-19 an-200 E1U5898 sp-23 an-200 E1U13224 sp-41 an-200 E1A5899 sp-19 an-201 E1U5899 sp-23 an-201 E1U13225 sp-41 an-201 E1A5900 sp-19 an-202 E1U5900 sp-23 an-202 E1U13226 sp-41 an-202 E1A5901 sp-19 an-203 E1U5901 sp-23 an-203 E1U13227 sp-41 an-203 E1A5902 sp-19 an-204 E1U5902 sp-23 an-204 E1U13228 sp-41 an-204 E1A5903 sp-19 an-205 E1U5903 sp-23 an-205 E1U13229 sp-41 an-205 E1A5904 sp-19 an-206 E1U5904 sp-23 an-206 E1U13230 sp-41 an-206 E1A5905 sp-19 an-207 E1U5905 sp-23 an-207 E1U13231 sp-41 an-207 E1A5906 sp-19 an-208 E1U5906 sp-23 an-208 E1U13232 sp-41 an-208 E1A5907 sp-19 an-209 E1U5907 sp-23 an-209 E1U13233 sp-41 an-209 E1A5908 sp-19 an-210 E1U5908 sp-23 an-210 E1U13234 sp-41 an-210 E1A5909 sp-19 an-211 E1U5909 sp-23 an-211 E1U13235 sp-41 an-211 E1A5910 sp-19 an-212 E1U5910 sp-23 an-212 E1U13236 sp-41 an-212 E1A5911 sp-19 an-213 E1U5911 sp-23 an-213 E1U13237 sp-41 an-213 E1A5912 sp-19 an-214 E1U5912 sp-23 an-214 E1U13238 sp-41 an-214 E1A5913 sp-19 an-215 E1U5913 sp-23 an-215 E1U13239 sp-41 an-215 E1A5914 sp-19 an-216 E1U5914 sp-23 an-216 E1U13240 sp-41 an-216 E1A5915 sp-19 an-217 E1U5915 sp-23 an-217 E1U13241 sp-41 an-217 E1A5916 sp-19 an-218 E1U5916 sp-23 an-218 E1U13242 sp-41 an-218 E1A5917 sp-19 an-219 E1U5917 sp-23 an-219 E1U13243 sp-41 an-219 E1A5918 sp-19 an-220 E1U5918 sp-23 an-220 E1U13244 sp-41 an-220 E1A5919 sp-19 an-221 E1U5919 sp-23 an-221 E1U13245 sp-41 an-221 E1A5920 sp-19 an-222 E1U5920 sp-23 an-222 E1U13246 sp-41 an-222 E1A5921 sp-19 an-223 E1U5921 sp-23 an-223 E1U13247 sp-41 an-223 E1A5922 sp-19 an-224 E1U5922 sp-23 an-224 E1U13248 sp-41 an-224 E1A5923 sp-19 an-225 E1U5923 sp-23 an-225 E1U13249 sp-41 an-225 E1A5924 sp-19 an-226 E1U5924 sp-23 an-226 E1U13250 sp-41 an-226 E1A5925 sp-19 an-227 E1U5925 sp-23 an-227 E1U13251 sp-41 an-227 E1A5926 sp-19 an-228 E1U5926 sp-23 an-228 E1U13252 sp-41 an-228 E1A5927 sp-19 an-229 E1U5927 sp-23 an-229 E1U13253 sp-41 an-229 E1A5928 sp-19 an-230 E1U5928 sp-23 an-230 E1U13254 sp-41 an-230 E1A5929 sp-19 an-231 E1U5929 sp-23 an-231 E1U13255 sp-41 an-231 E1A5930 sp-19 an-232 E1U5930 sp-23 an-232 E1U13256 sp-41 an-232 E1A5931 sp-19 an-233 E1U5931 sp-23 an-233 E1U13257 sp-41 an-233 E1A5932 sp-19 an-234 E1U5932 sp-23 an-234 E1U13258 sp-41 an-234 E1A5933 sp-19 an-235 E1U5933 sp-23 an-235 E1U13259 sp-41 an-235 E1A5934 sp-19 an-236 E1U5934 sp-23 an-236 E1U13260 sp-41 an-236 E1A5935 sp-19 an-237 E1U5935 sp-23 an-237 E1U13261 sp-41 an-237 E1A5936 sp-19 an-238 E1U5936 sp-23 an-238 E1U13262 sp-41 an-238 E1A5937 sp-19 an-239 E1U5937 sp-23 an-239 E1U13263 sp-41 an-239 E1A5938 sp-19 an-240 E1U5938 sp-23 an-240 E1U13264 sp-41 an-240 E1A5939 sp-19 an-241 E1U5939 sp-23 an-241 E1U13265 sp-41 an-241 E1A5940 sp-19 an-242 E1U5940 sp-23 an-242 E1U13266 sp-41 an-242 Table 1-111 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5941 sp-19 an-243 E1U5941 sp-23 an-243 E1U13267 sp-41 an-243 E1A5942 sp-19 an-244 E1U5942 sp-23 an-244 E1U13268 sp-41 an-244 E1A5943 sp-19 an-245 E1U5943 sp-23 an-245 E1U13269 sp-41 an-245 E1A5944 sp-19 an-246 E1U5944 sp-23 an-246 E1U13270 sp-41 an-246 E1A5945 sp-19 an-247 E1U5945 sp-23 an-247 E1U13271 sp-41 an-247 E1A5946 sp-19 an-248 E1U5946 sp-23 an-248 E1U13272 sp-41 an-248 E1A5947 sp-19 an-249 E1U5947 sp-23 an-249 E1U13273 sp-41 an-249 E1A5948 sp-19 an-250 E1U5948 sp-23 an-250 E1U13274 sp-41 an-250 E1A5949 sp-19 an-251 E1U5949 sp-23 an-251 E1U13275 sp-41 an-251 E1A5950 sp-19 an-252 E1U5950 sp-23 an-252 E1U13276 sp-41 an-252 E1A5951 sp-19 an-253 E1U5951 sp-23 an-253 E1U13277 sp-41 an-253 E1A5952 sp-19 an-254 E1U5952 sp-23 an-254 E1U13278 sp-41 an-254 E1A5953 sp-19 an-255 E1U5953 sp-23 an-255 E1U13279 sp-41 an-255 E1A5954 sp-19 an-256 E1U5954 sp-23 an-256 E1U13280 sp-41 an-256 E1A5955 sp-19 an-257 E1U5955 sp-23 an-257 E1U13281 sp-41 an-257 E1A5956 sp-19 an-258 E1U5956 sp-23 an-258 E1U13282 sp-41 an-258 E1A5957 sp-19 an-259 E1U5957 sp-23 an-259 E1U13283 sp-41 an-259 E1A5958 sp-19 an-260 E1U5958 sp-23 an-260 E1U13284 sp-41 an-260 E1A5959 sp-19 an-261 E1U5959 sp-23 an-261 E1U13285 sp-41 an-261 E1A5960 sp-19 an-262 E1U5960 sp-23 an-262 E1U13286 sp-41 an-262 E1A5961 sp-19 an-263 E1U5961 sp-23 an-263 E1U13287 sp-41 an-263 E1A5962 sp-19 an-264 E1U5962 sp-23 an-264 E1U13288 sp-41 an-264 E1A5963 sp-19 an-265 E1U5963 sp-23 an-265 E1U13289 sp-41 an-265 E1A5964 sp-19 an-266 E1U5964 sp-23 an-266 E1U13290 sp-41 an-266 E1A5965 sp-19 an-267 E1U5965 sp-23 an-267 E1U13291 sp-41 an-267 E1A5966 sp-19 an-268 E1U5966 sp-23 an-268 E1U13292 sp-41 an-268 E1A5967 sp-19 an-269 E1U5967 sp-23 an-269 E1U13293 sp-41 an-269 E1A5968 sp-19 an-270 E1U5968 sp-23 an-270 E1U13294 sp-41 an-270 E1A5969 sp-19 an-271 E1U5969 sp-23 an-271 E1U13295 sp-41 an-271 E1A5970 sp-19 an-272 E1U5970 sp-23 an-272 E1U13296 sp-41 an-272 E1A5971 sp-19 an-273 E1U5971 sp-23 an-273 E1U13297 sp-41 an-273 E1A5972 sp-19 an-274 E1U5972 sp-23 an-274 E1U13298 sp-41 an-274 E1A5973 sp-19 an-275 E1U5973 sp-23 an-275 E1U13299 sp-41 an-275 E1A5974 sp-19 an-276 E1U5974 sp-23 an-276 E1U13300 sp-41 an-276 E1A5975 sp-19 an-277 E1U5975 sp-23 an-277 E1U13301 sp-41 an-277 E1A5976 sp-19 an-278 E1U5976 sp-23 an-278 E1U13302 sp-41 an-278 E1A5977 sp-19 an-279 E1U5977 sp-23 an-279 E1U13303 sp-41 an-279 E1A5978 sp-19 an-280 E1U5978 sp-23 an-280 E1U13304 sp-41 an-280 E1A5979 sp-19 an-281 E1U5979 sp-23 an-281 E1U13305 sp-41 an-281 E1A5980 sp-19 an-282 E1U5980 sp-23 an-282 E1U13306 sp-41 an-282 E1A5981 sp-19 an-283 E1U5981 sp-23 an-283 E1U13307 sp-41 an-283 E1A5982 sp-19 an-284 E1U5982 sp-23 an-284 E1U13308 sp-41 an-284 E1A5983 sp-19 an-285 E1U5983 sp-23 an-285 E1U13309 sp-41 an-285 E1A5984 sp-19 an-286 E1U5984 sp-23 an-286 E1U13310 sp-41 an-286 E1A5985 sp-19 an-287 E1U5985 sp-23 an-287 E1U13311 sp-41 an-287 E1A5986 sp-19 an-288 E1U5986 sp-23 an-288 E1U13312 sp-41 an-288 E1A5987 sp-19 an-289 E1U5987 sp-23 an-289 E1U13313 sp-41 an-289 E1A5988 sp-19 an-290 E1U5988 sp-23 an-290 E1U13314 sp-41 an-290 E1A5989 sp-19 an-291 E1U5989 sp-23 an-291 E1U13315 sp-41 an-291 E1A5990 sp-19 an-292 E1U5990 sp-23 an-292 E1U13316 sp-41 an-292 E1A5991 sp-19 an-293 E1U5991 sp-23 an-293 E1U13317 sp-41 an-293 E1A5992 sp-19 an-294 E1U5992 sp-23 an-294 E1U13318 sp-41 an-294 E1A5993 sp-19 an-295 E1U5993 sp-23 an-295 E1U13319 sp-41 an-295 E1A5994 sp-19 an-296 E1U5994 sp-23 an-296 E1U13320 sp-41 an-296 Table 1-112 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A5995 sp-19 an-297 E1U5995 sp-23 an-297 E1U13321 sp-41 an-297 E1A5996 sp-19 an-298 E1U5996 sp-23 an-298 E1U13322 sp-41 an-298 E1A5997 sp-19 an-299 E1U5997 sp-23 an-299 E1U13323 sp-41 an-299 E1A5998 sp-19 an-300 E1U5998 sp-23 an-300 E1U13324 sp-41 an-300 E1A5999 sp-19 an-301 E1U5999 sp-23 an-301 E1U13325 sp-41 an-301 E1A6000 sp-19 an-302 E1U6000 sp-23 an-302 E1U13326 sp-41 an-302 E1A6001 sp-19 an-303 E1U6001 sp-23 an-303 E1U13327 sp-41 an-303 E1A6002 sp-19 an-304 E1U6002 sp-23 an-304 E1U13328 sp-41 an-304 E1A6003 sp-19 an-305 E1U6003 sp-23 an-305 E1U13329 sp-41 an-305 E1A6004 sp-19 an-306 E1U6004 sp-23 an-306 E1U13330 sp-41 an-306 E1A6005 sp-19 an-307 E1U6005 sp-23 an-307 E1U13331 sp-41 an-307 E1A6006 sp-19 an-308 E1U6006 sp-23 an-308 E1U13332 sp-41 an-308 E1A6007 sp-19 an-309 E1U6007 sp-23 an-309 E1U13333 sp-41 an-309 E1A6008 sp-19 an-310 E1U6008 sp-23 an-310 E1U13334 sp-41 an-310 E1A6009 sp-19 an-311 E1U6009 sp-23 an-311 E1U13335 sp-41 an-311 E1A6010 sp-19 an-312 E1U6010 sp-23 an-312 E1U13336 sp-41 an-312 E1A6011 sp-19 an-313 E1U6011 sp-23 an-313 E1U13337 sp-41 an-313 E1A6012 sp-19 an-314 E1U6012 sp-23 an-314 E1U13338 sp-41 an-314 E1A6013 sp-19 an-315 E1U6013 sp-23 an-315 E1U13339 sp-41 an-315 E1A6014 sp-19 an-316 E1U6014 sp-23 an-316 E1U13340 sp-41 an-316 E1A6015 sp-19 an-317 E1U6015 sp-23 an-317 E1U13341 sp-41 an-317 E1A6016 sp-19 an-318 E1U6016 sp-23 an-318 E1U13342 sp-41 an-318 E1A6017 sp-19 an-319 E1U6017 sp-23 an-319 E1U13343 sp-41 an-319 E1A6018 sp-19 an-320 E1U6018 sp-23 an-320 E1U13344 sp-41 an-320 E1A6019 sp-19 an-321 E1U6019 sp-23 an-321 E1U13345 sp-41 an-321 E1A6020 sp-19 an-322 E1U6020 sp-23 an-322 E1U13346 sp-41 an-322 E1A6021 sp-19 an-323 E1U6021 sp-23 an-323 E1U13347 sp-41 an-323 E1A6022 sp-19 an-324 E1U6022 sp-23 an-324 E1U13348 sp-41 an-324 E1A6023 sp-19 an-325 E1U6023 sp-23 an-325 E1U13349 sp-41 an-325 E1A6024 sp-19 an-326 E1U6024 sp-23 an-326 E1U13350 sp-41 an-326 E1A6025 sp-19 an-327 E1U6025 sp-23 an-327 E1U13351 sp-41 an-327 E1A6026 sp-19 an-328 E1U6026 sp-23 an-328 E1U13352 sp-41 an-328 E1A6027 sp-19 an-329 E1U6027 sp-23 an-329 E1U13353 sp-41 an-329 E1A6028 sp-19 an-330 E1U6028 sp-23 an-330 E1U13354 sp-41 an-330 E1A6029 sp-19 an-331 E1U6029 sp-23 an-331 E1U13355 sp-41 an-331 E1A6030 sp-19 an-332 E1U6030 sp-23 an-332 E1U13356 sp-41 an-332 E1A6031 sp-19 an-333 E1U6031 sp-23 an-333 E1U13357 sp-41 an-333 E1A6032 sp-19 an-334 E1U6032 sp-23 an-334 E1U13358 sp-41 an-334 E1A6033 sp-19 an-335 E1U6033 sp-23 an-335 E1U13359 sp-41 an-335 E1A6034 sp-19 an-336 E1U6034 sp-23 an-336 E1U13360 sp-41 an-336 E1A6035 sp-19 an-337 E1U6035 sp-23 an-337 E1U13361 sp-41 an-337 E1A6036 sp-19 an-338 E1U6036 sp-23 an-338 E1U13362 sp-41 an-338 E1A6037 sp-19 an-339 E1U6037 sp-23 an-339 E1U13363 sp-41 an-339 E1A6038 sp-19 an-340 E1U6038 sp-23 an-340 E1U13364 sp-41 an-340 E1A6039 sp-19 an-341 E1U6039 sp-23 an-341 E1U13365 sp-41 an-341 E1A6040 sp-19 an-342 E1U6040 sp-23 an-342 E1U13366 sp-41 an-342 E1A6041 sp-19 an-343 E1U6041 sp-23 an-343 E1U13367 sp-41 an-343 E1A6042 sp-19 an-344 E1U6042 sp-23 an-344 E1U13368 sp-41 an-344 E1A6043 sp-19 an-345 E1U6043 sp-23 an-345 E1U13369 sp-41 an-345 E1A6044 sp-19 an-346 E1U6044 sp-23 an-346 E1U13370 sp-41 an-346 E1A6045 sp-19 an-347 E1U6045 sp-23 an-347 E1U13371 sp-41 an-347 E1A6046 sp-19 an-348 E1U6046 sp-23 an-348 E1U13372 sp-41 an-348 E1A6047 sp-19 an-349 E1U6047 sp-23 an-349 E1U13373 sp-41 an-349 E1A6048 sp-19 an-350 E1U6048 sp-23 an-350 E1U13374 sp-41 an-350 Table 1-113 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A6049 sp-19 an-351 E1U6049 sp-23 an-351 E1U13375 sp-41 an-351 E1A6050 sp-19 an-352 E1U6050 sp-23 an-352 E1U13376 sp-41 an-352 E1A6051 sp-19 an-353 E1U6051 sp-23 an-353 E1U13377 sp-41 an-353 E1A6052 sp-19 an-354 E1U6052 sp-23 an-354 E1U13378 sp-41 an-354 E1A6053 sp-19 an-355 E1U6053 sp-23 an-355 E1U13379 sp-41 an-355 E1A6054 sp-19 an-356 E1U6054 sp-23 an-356 E1U13380 sp-41 an-356 E1A6055 sp-19 an-357 E1U6055 sp-23 an-357 E1U13381 sp-41 an-357 E1A6056 sp-19 an-358 E1U6056 sp-23 an-358 E1U13382 sp-41 an-358 E1A6057 sp-19 an-359 E1U6057 sp-23 an-359 E1U13383 sp-41 an-359 E1A6058 sp-19 an-360 E1U6058 sp-23 an-360 E1U13384 sp-41 an-360 E1A6059 sp-19 an-361 E1U6059 sp-23 an-361 E1U13385 sp-41 an-361 E1A6060 sp-19 an-362 E1U6060 sp-23 an-362 E1U13386 sp-41 an-362 E1A6061 sp-19 an-363 E1U6061 sp-23 an-363 E1U13387 sp-41 an-363 E1A6062 sp-19 an-364 E1U6062 sp-23 an-364 E1U13388 sp-41 an-364 E1A6063 sp-19 an-365 E1U6063 sp-23 an-365 E1U13389 sp-41 an-365 E1A6064 sp-19 an-366 E1U6064 sp-23 an-366 E1U13390 sp-41 an-366 E1A6065 sp-19 an-367 E1U6065 sp-23 an-367 E1U13391 sp-41 an-367 E1A6066 sp-19 an-368 E1U6066 sp-23 an-368 E1U13392 sp-41 an-368 E1A6067 sp-19 an-369 E1U6067 sp-23 an-369 E1U13393 sp-41 an-369 E1A6068 sp-19 an-370 E1U6068 sp-23 an-370 E1U13394 sp-41 an-370 E1A6069 sp-19 an-371 E1U6069 sp-23 an-371 E1U13395 sp-41 an-371 E1A6070 sp-19 an-372 E1U6070 sp-23 an-372 E1U13396 sp-41 an-372 E1A6071 sp-19 an-373 E1U6071 sp-23 an-373 E1U13397 sp-41 an-373 E1A6072 sp-19 an-374 E1U6072 sp-23 an-374 E1U13398 sp-41 an-374 E1A6073 sp-19 an-375 E1U6073 sp-23 an-375 E1U13399 sp-41 an-375 E1A6074 sp-19 an-376 E1U6074 sp-23 an-376 E1U13400 sp-41 an-376 E1A6075 sp-19 an-377 E1U6075 sp-23 an-377 E1U13401 sp-41 an-377 E1A6076 sp-19 an-378 E1U6076 sp-23 an-378 E1U13402 sp-41 an-378 E1A6077 sp-19 an-379 E1U6077 sp-23 an-379 E1U13403 sp-41 an-379 E1A6078 sp-19 an-380 E1U6078 sp-23 an-380 E1U13404 sp-41 an-380 E1A6079 sp-19 an-381 E1U6079 sp-23 an-381 E1U13405 sp-41 an-381 E1A6080 sp-19 an-382 E1U6080 sp-23 an-382 E1U13406 sp-41 an-382 E1A6081 sp-19 an-383 E1U6081 sp-23 an-383 E1U13407 sp-41 an-383 E1A6082 sp-19 an-384 E1U6082 sp-23 an-384 E1U13408 sp-41 an-384 E1A6083 sp-19 an-385 E1U6083 sp-23 an-385 E1U13409 sp-41 an-385 E1A6084 sp-19 an-386 E1U6084 sp-23 an-386 E1U13410 sp-41 an-386 E1A6085 sp-19 an-387 E1U6085 sp-23 an-387 E1U13411 sp-41 an-387 E1A6086 sp-19 an-388 E1U6086 sp-23 an-388 E1U13412 sp-41 an-388 E1A6087 sp-19 an-389 E1U6087 sp-23 an-389 E1U13413 sp-41 an-389 E1A6088 sp-19 an-390 E1U6088 sp-23 an-390 E1U13414 sp-41 an-390 E1A6089 sp-19 an-391 E1U6089 sp-23 an-391 E1U13415 sp-41 an-391 E1A6090 sp-19 an-392 E1U6090 sp-23 an-392 E1U13416 sp-41 an-392 E1A6091 sp-19 an-393 E1U6091 sp-23 an-393 E1U13417 sp-41 an-393 E1A6092 sp-19 an-394 E1U6092 sp-23 an-394 E1U13418 sp-41 an-394 E1A6093 sp-19 an-395 E1U6093 sp-23 an-395 E1U13419 sp-41 an-395 E1A6094 sp-19 an-396 E1U6094 sp-23 an-396 E1U13420 sp-41 an-396 E1A6095 sp-19 an-397 E1U6095 sp-23 an-397 E1U13421 sp-41 an-397 E1A6096 sp-19 an-398 E1U6096 sp-23 an-398 E1U13422 sp-41 an-398 E1A6097 sp-19 an-399 E1U6097 sp-23 an-399 E1U13423 sp-41 an-399 E1A6098 sp-19 an-400 E1U6098 sp-23 an-400 E1U13424 sp-41 an-400 E1A6099 sp-19 an-401 E1U6099 sp-23 an-401 E1U13425 sp-41 an-401 E1A6100 sp-19 an-402 E1U6100 sp-23 an-402 E1U13426 sp-41 an-402 E1A6101 sp-19 an-403 E1U6101 sp-23 an-403 E1U13427 sp-41 an-403 E1A6102 sp-19 an-404 E1U6102 sp-23 an-404 E1U13428 sp-41 an-404 Table 1-114 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A6103 sp-19 an-405 E1U6103 sp-23 an-405 E1U13429 sp-41 an-405 E1A6104 sp-19 an-406 E1U6104 sp-23 an-406 E1U13430 sp-41 an-406 E1A6105 sp-19 an-407 E1U6105 sp-23 an-407 E1U13431 sp-41 an-407 E1A6106 sp-21 an-1 E1U6106 sp-24 an-1 E1U13432 sp-42 an-1 E1A6107 sp-21 an-2 E1U6107 sp-24 an-2 E1U13433 sp-42 an-2 E1A6108 sp-21 an-3 E1U6108 sp-24 an-3 E1U13434 sp-42 an-3 E1A6109 sp-21 an-4 E1U6109 sp-24 an-4 E1U13435 sp-42 an-4 E1A6110 sp-21 an-5 E1U6110 sp-24 an-5 E1U13436 sp-42 an-5 E1A6111 sp-21 an-6 E1U6111 sp-24 an-6 E1U13437 sp-42 an-6 E1A6112 sp-21 an-7 E1U6112 sp-24 an-7 E1U13438 sp-42 an-7 E1A6113 sp-21 an-8 E1U6113 sp-24 an-8 E1U13439 sp-42 an-8 E1A6114 sp-21 an-9 E1U6114 sp-24 an-9 E1U13440 sp-42 an-9 E1A6115 sp-21 an-10 E1U6115 sp-24 an-10 E1U13441 sp-42 an-10 E1A6116 sp-21 an-11 E1U6116 sp-24 an-11 E1U13442 sp-42 an-11 E1A6117 sp-21 an-12 E1U6117 sp-24 an-12 E1U13443 sp-42 an-12 E1A6118 sp-21 an-13 E1U6118 sp-24 an-13 E1U13444 sp-42 an-13 E1A6119 sp-21 an-14 E1U6119 sp-24 an-14 E1U13445 sp-42 an-14 E1A6120 sp-21 an-15 E1U6120 sp-24 an-15 E1U13446 sp-42 an-15 E1A6121 sp-21 an-16 E1U6121 sp-24 an-16 E1U13447 sp-42 an-16 E1A6122 sp-21 an-17 E1U6122 sp-24 an-17 E1U13448 sp-42 an-17 E1A6123 sp-21 an-18 E1U6123 sp-24 an-18 E1U13449 sp-42 an-18 E1A6124 sp-21 an-19 E1U6124 sp-24 an-19 E1U13450 sp-42 an-19 E1A6125 sp-21 an-20 E1U6125 sp-24 an-20 E1U13451 sp-42 an-20 E1A6126 sp-21 an-21 E1U6126 sp-24 an-21 E1U13452 sp-42 an-21 E1A6127 sp-21 an-22 E1U6127 sp-24 an-22 E1U13453 sp-42 an-22 E1A6128 sp-21 an-23 E1U6128 sp-24 an-23 E1U13454 sp-42 an-23 E1A6129 sp-21 an-24 E1U6129 sp-24 an-24 E1U13455 sp-42 an-24 E1A6130 sp-21 an-25 E1U6130 sp-24 an-25 E1U13456 sp-42 an-25 E1A6131 sp-21 an-26 E1U6131 sp-24 an-26 E1U13457 sp-42 an-26 E1A6132 sp-21 an-27 E1U6132 sp-24 an-27 E1U13458 sp-42 an-27 E1A6133 sp-21 an-28 E1U6133 sp-24 an-28 E1U13459 sp-42 an-28 E1A6134 sp-21 an-29 E1U6134 sp-24 an-29 E1U13460 sp-42 an-29 E1A6135 sp-21 an-30 E1U6135 sp-24 an-30 E1U13461 sp-42 an-30 E1A6136 sp-21 an-31 E1U6136 sp-24 an-31 E1U13462 sp-42 an-31 E1A6137 sp-21 an-32 E1U6137 sp-24 an-32 E1U13463 sp-42 an-32 E1A6138 sp-21 an-33 E1U6138 sp-24 an-33 E1U13464 sp-42 an-33 E1A6139 sp-21 an-34 E1U6139 sp-24 an-34 E1U13465 sp-42 an-34 E1A6140 sp-21 an-35 E1U6140 sp-24 an-35 E1U13466 sp-42 an-35 E1A6141 sp-21 an-36 E1U6141 sp-24 an-36 E1U13467 sp-42 an-36 E1A6142 sp-21 an-37 E1U6142 sp-24 an-37 E1U13468 sp-42 an-37 E1A6143 sp-21 an-38 E1U6143 sp-24 an-38 E1U13469 sp-42 an-38 E1A6144 sp-21 an-39 E1U6144 sp-24 an-39 E1U13470 sp-42 an-39 E1A6145 sp-21 an-40 E1U6145 sp-24 an-40 E1U13471 sp-42 an-40 E1A6146 sp-21 an-41 E1U6146 sp-24 an-41 E1U13472 sp-42 an-41 E1A6147 sp-21 an-42 E1U6147 sp-24 an-42 E1U13473 sp-42 an-42 E1A6148 sp-21 an-43 E1U6148 sp-24 an-43 E1U13474 sp-42 an-43 E1A6149 sp-21 an-44 E1U6149 sp-24 an-44 E1U13475 sp-42 an-44 E1A6150 sp-21 an-45 E1U6150 sp-24 an-45 E1U13476 sp-42 an-45 E1A6151 sp-21 an-46 E1U6151 sp-24 an-46 E1U13477 sp-42 an-46 E1A6152 sp-21 an-47 E1U6152 sp-24 an-47 E1U13478 sp-42 an-47 E1A6153 sp-21 an-48 E1U6153 sp-24 an-48 E1U13479 sp-42 an-48 E1A6154 sp-21 an-49 E1U6154 sp-24 an-49 E1U13480 sp-42 an-49 E1A6155 sp-21 an-50 E1U6155 sp-24 an-50 E1U13481 sp-42 an-50 E1A6156 sp-21 an-51 E1U6156 sp-24 an-51 E1U13482 sp-42 an-51 Table 1-115 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A6157 sp-21 an-52 E1U6157 sp-24 an-52 E1U13483 sp-42 an-52 E1A6158 sp-21 an-53 E1U6158 sp-24 an-53 E1U13484 sp-42 an-53 E1A6159 sp-21 an-54 E1U6159 sp-24 an-54 E1U13485 sp-42 an-54 E1A6160 sp-21 an-55 E1U6160 sp-24 an-55 E1U13486 sp-42 an-55 E1A6161 sp-21 an-56 E1U6161 sp-24 an-56 E1U13487 sp-42 an-56 E1A6162 sp-21 an-57 E1U6162 sp-24 an-57 E1U13488 sp-42 an-57 E1A6163 sp-21 an-58 E1U6163 sp-24 an-58 E1U13489 sp-42 an-58 E1A6164 sp-21 an-59 E1U6164 sp-24 an-59 E1U13490 sp-42 an-59 E1A6165 sp-21 an-60 E1U6165 sp-24 an-60 E1U13491 sp-42 an-60 E1A6166 sp-21 an-61 E1U6166 sp-24 an-61 E1U13492 sp-42 an-61 E1A6167 sp-21 an-62 E1U6167 sp-24 an-62 E1U13493 sp-42 an-62 E1A6168 sp-21 an-63 E1U6168 sp-24 an-63 E1U13494 sp-42 an-63 E1A6169 sp-21 an-64 E1U6169 sp-24 an-64 E1U13495 sp-42 an-64 E1A6170 sp-21 an-65 E1U6170 sp-24 an-65 E1U13496 sp-42 an-65 E1A6171 sp-21 an-66 E1U6171 sp-24 an-66 E1U13497 sp-42 an-66 E1A6172 sp-21 an-67 E1U6172 sp-24 an-67 E1U13498 sp-42 an-67 E1A6173 sp-21 an-68 E1U6173 sp-24 an-68 E1U13499 sp-42 an-68 E1A6174 sp-21 an-69 E1U6174 sp-24 an-69 E1U13500 sp-42 an-69 E1A6175 sp-21 an-70 E1U6175 sp-24 an-70 E1U13501 sp-42 an-70 E1A6176 sp-21 an-71 E1U6176 sp-24 an-71 E1U13502 sp-42 an-71 E1A6177 sp-21 an-72 E1U6177 sp-24 an-72 E1U13503 sp-42 an-72 E1A6178 sp-21 an-73 E1U6178 sp-24 an-73 E1U13504 sp-42 an-73 E1A6179 sp-21 an-74 E1U6179 sp-24 an-74 E1U13505 sp-42 an-74 E1A6180 sp-21 an-75 E1U6180 sp-24 an-75 E1U13506 sp-42 an-75 E1A6181 sp-21 an-76 E1U6181 sp-24 an-76 E1U13507 sp-42 an-76 E1A6182 sp-21 an-77 E1U6182 sp-24 an-77 E1U13508 sp-42 an-77 E1A6183 sp-21 an-78 E1U6183 sp-24 an-78 E1U13509 sp-42 an-78 E1A6184 sp-21 an-79 E1U6184 sp-24 an-79 E1U13510 sp-42 an-79 E1A6185 sp-21 an-80 E1U6185 sp-24 an-80 E1U13511 sp-42 an-80 E1A6186 sp-21 an-81 E1U6186 sp-24 an-81 E1U13512 sp-42 an-81 E1A6187 sp-21 an-82 E1U6187 sp-24 an-82 E1U13513 sp-42 an-82 E1A6188 sp-21 an-83 E1U6188 sp-24 an-83 E1U13514 sp-42 an-83 E1A6189 sp-21 an-84 E1U6189 sp-24 an-84 E1U13515 sp-42 an-84 E1A6190 sp-21 an-85 E1U6190 sp-24 an-85 E1U13516 sp-42 an-85 E1A6191 sp-21 an-86 E1U6191 sp-24 an-86 E1U13517 sp-42 an-86 E1A6192 sp-21 an-87 E1U6192 sp-24 an-87 E1U13518 sp-42 an-87 E1A6193 sp-21 an-88 E1U6193 sp-24 an-88 E1U13519 sp-42 an-88 E1A6194 sp-21 an-89 E1U6194 sp-24 an-89 E1U13520 sp-42 an-89 E1A6195 sp-21 an-90 E1U6195 sp-24 an-90 E1U13521 sp-42 an-90 E1A6196 sp-21 an-91 E1U6196 sp-24 an-91 E1U13522 sp-42 an-91 E1A6197 sp-21 an-92 E1U6197 sp-24 an-92 E1U13523 sp-42 an-92 E1A6198 sp-21 an-93 E1U6198 sp-24 an-93 E1U13524 sp-42 an-93 E1A6199 sp-21 an-94 E1U6199 sp-24 an-94 E1U13525 sp-42 an-94 E1A6200 sp-21 an-95 E1U6200 sp-24 an-95 E1U13526 sp-42 an-95 E1A6201 sp-21 an-96 E1U6201 sp-24 an-96 E1U13527 sp-42 an-96 E1A6202 sp-21 an-97 E1U6202 sp-24 an-97 E1U13528 sp-42 an-97 E1A6203 sp-21 an-98 E1U6203 sp-24 an-98 E1U13529 sp-42 an-98 E1A6204 sp-21 an-99 E1U6204 sp-24 an-99 E1U13530 sp-42 an-99 E1A6205 sp-21 an-100 E1U6205 sp-24 an-100 E1U13531 sp-42 an-100 E1A6206 sp-21 an-101 E1U6206 sp-24 an-101 E1U13532 sp-42 an-101 E1A6207 sp-21 an-102 E1U6207 sp-24 an-102 E1U13533 sp-42 an-102 E1A6208 sp-21 an-103 E1U6208 sp-24 an-103 E1U13534 sp-42 an-103 E1A6209 sp-21 an-104 E1U6209 sp-24 an-104 E1U13535 sp-42 an-104 E1A6210 sp-21 an-105 E1U6210 sp-24 an-105 E1U13536 sp-42 an-105 Table 1-116 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A6211 sp-21 an-106 E1U6211 sp-24 an-106 E1U13537 sp-42 an-106 E1A6212 sp-21 an-107 E1U6212 sp-24 an-107 E1U13538 sp-42 an-107 E1A6213 sp-21 an-108 E1U6213 sp-24 an-108 E1U13539 sp-42 an-108 E1A6214 sp-21 an-109 E1U6214 sp-24 an-109 E1U13540 sp-42 an-109 E1A6215 sp-21 an-110 E1U6215 sp-24 an-110 E1U13541 sp-42 an-110 E1A6216 sp-21 an-111 E1U6216 sp-24 an-111 E1U13542 sp-42 an-111 E1A6217 sp-21 an-112 E1U6217 sp-24 an-112 E1U13543 sp-42 an-112 E1A6218 sp-21 an-113 E1U6218 sp-24 an-113 E1U13544 sp-42 an-113 E1A6219 sp-21 an-114 E1U6219 sp-24 an-114 E1U13545 sp-42 an-114 E1A6220 sp-21 an-115 E1U6220 sp-24 an-115 E1U13546 sp-42 an-115 E1A6221 sp-21 an-116 E1U6221 sp-24 an-116 E1U13547 sp-42 an-116 E1A6222 sp-21 an-117 E1U6222 sp-24 an-117 E1U13548 sp-42 an-117 E1A6223 sp-21 an-118 E1U6223 sp-24 an-118 E1U13549 sp-42 an-118 E1A6224 sp-21 an-119 E1U6224 sp-24 an-119 E1U13550 sp-42 an-119 E1A6225 sp-21 an-120 E1U6225 sp-24 an-120 E1U13551 sp-42 an-120 E1A6226 sp-21 an-121 E1U6226 sp-24 an-121 E1U13552 sp-42 an-121 E1A6227 sp-21 an-122 E1U6227 sp-24 an-122 E1U13553 sp-42 an-122 E1A6228 sp-21 an-123 E1U6228 sp-24 an-123 E1U13554 sp-42 an-123 E1A6229 sp-21 an-124 E1U6229 sp-24 an-124 E1U13555 sp-42 an-124 E1A6230 sp-21 an-125 E1U6230 sp-24 an-125 E1U13556 sp-42 an-125 E1A6231 sp-21 an-126 E1U6231 sp-24 an-126 E1U13557 sp-42 an-126 E1A6232 sp-21 an-127 E1U6232 sp-24 an-127 E1U13558 sp-42 an-127 E1A6233 sp-21 an-128 E1U6233 sp-24 an-128 E1U13559 sp-42 an-128 E1A6234 sp-21 an-129 E1U6234 sp-24 an-129 E1U13560 sp-42 an-129 E1A6235 sp-21 an-130 E1U6235 sp-24 an-130 E1U13561 sp-42 an-130 E1A6236 sp-21 an-131 E1U6236 sp-24 an-131 E1U13562 sp-42 an-131 E1A6237 sp-21 an-132 E1U6237 sp-24 an-132 E1U13563 sp-42 an-132 E1A6238 sp-21 an-133 E1U6238 sp-24 an-133 E1U13564 sp-42 an-133 E1A6239 sp-21 an-134 E1U6239 sp-24 an-134 E1U13565 sp-42 an-134 E1A6240 sp-21 an-135 E1U6240 sp-24 an-135 E1U13566 sp-42 an-135 E1A6241 sp-21 an-136 E1U6241 sp-24 an-136 E1U13567 sp-42 an-136 E1A6242 sp-21 an-137 E1U6242 sp-24 an-137 E1U13568 sp-42 an-137 E1A6243 sp-21 an-138 E1U6243 sp-24 an-138 E1U13569 sp-42 an-138 E1A6244 sp-21 an-139 E1U6244 sp-24 an-139 E1U13570 sp-42 an-139 E1A6245 sp-21 an-140 E1U6245 sp-24 an-140 E1U13571 sp-42 an-140 E1A6246 sp-21 an-141 E1U6246 sp-24 an-141 E1U13572 sp-42 an-141 E1A6247 sp-21 an-142 E1U6247 sp-24 an-142 E1U13573 sp-42 an-142 E1A6248 sp-21 an-143 E1U6248 sp-24 an-143 E1U13574 sp-42 an-143 E1A6249 sp-21 an-144 E1U6249 sp-24 an-144 E1U13575 sp-42 an-144 E1A6250 sp-21 an-145 E1U6250 sp-24 an-145 E1U13576 sp-42 an-145 E1A6251 sp-21 an-146 E1U6251 sp-24 an-146 E1U13577 sp-42 an-146 E1A6252 sp-21 an-147 E1U6252 sp-24 an-147 E1U13578 sp-42 an-147 E1A6253 sp-21 an-148 E1U6253 sp-24 an-148 E1U13579 sp-42 an-148 E1A6254 sp-21 an-149 E1U6254 sp-24 an-149 E1U13580 sp-42 an-149 E1A6255 sp-21 an-150 E1U6255 sp-24 an-150 E1U13581 sp-42 an-150 E1A6256 sp-21 an-151 E1U6256 sp-24 an-151 E1U13582 sp-42 an-151 E1A6257 sp-21 an-152 E1U6257 sp-24 an-152 E1U13583 sp-42 an-152 E1A6258 sp-21 an-153 E1U6258 sp-24 an-153 E1U13584 sp-42 an-153 E1A6259 sp-21 an-154 E1U6259 sp-24 an-154 E1U13585 sp-42 an-154 E1A6260 sp-21 an-155 E1U6260 sp-24 an-155 E1U13586 sp-42 an-155 E1A6261 sp-21 an-156 E1U6261 sp-24 an-156 E1U13587 sp-42 an-156 E1A6262 sp-21 an-157 E1U6262 sp-24 an-157 E1U13588 sp-42 an-157 E1A6263 sp-21 an-158 E1U6263 sp-24 an-158 E1U13589 sp-42 an-158 E1A6264 sp-21 an-159 E1U6264 sp-24 an-159 E1U13590 sp-42 an-159 Table 1-117 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A6265 sp-21 an-160 E1U6265 sp-24 an-160 E1U13591 sp-42 an-160 E1A6266 sp-21 an-161 E1U6266 sp-24 an-161 E1U13592 sp-42 an-161 E1A6267 sp-21 an-162 E1U6267 sp-24 an-162 E1U13593 sp-42 an-162 E1A6268 sp-21 an-163 E1U6268 sp-24 an-163 E1U13594 sp-42 an-163 E1A6269 sp-21 an-164 E1U6269 sp-24 an-164 E1U13595 sp-42 an-164 E1A6270 sp-21 an-165 E1U6270 sp-24 an-165 E1U13596 sp-42 an-165 E1A6271 sp-21 an-166 E1U6271 sp-24 an-166 E1U13597 sp-42 an-166 E1A6272 sp-21 an-167 E1U6272 sp-24 an-167 E1U13598 sp-42 an-167 E1A6273 sp-21 an-168 E1U6273 sp-24 an-168 E1U13599 sp-42 an-168 E1A6274 sp-21 an-169 E1U6274 sp-24 an-169 E1U13600 sp-42 an-169 E1A6275 sp-21 an-170 E1U6275 sp-24 an-170 E1U13601 sp-42 an-170 E1A6276 sp-21 an-171 E1U6276 sp-24 an-171 E1U13602 sp-42 an-171 E1A6277 sp-21 an-172 E1U6277 sp-24 an-172 E1U13603 sp-42 an-172 E1A6278 sp-21 an-173 E1U6278 sp-24 an-173 E1U13604 sp-42 an-173 E1A6279 sp-21 an-174 E1U6279 sp-24 an-174 E1U13605 sp-42 an-174 E1A6280 sp-21 an-175 E1U6280 sp-24 an-175 E1U13606 sp-42 an-175 E1A6281 sp-21 an-176 E1U6281 sp-24 an-176 E1U13607 sp-42 an-176 E1A6282 sp-21 an-177 E1U6282 sp-24 an-177 E1U13608 sp-42 an-177 E1A6283 sp-21 an-178 E1U6283 sp-24 an-178 E1U13609 sp-42 an-178 E1A6284 sp-21 an-179 E1U6284 sp-24 an-179 E1U13610 sp-42 an-179 E1A6285 sp-21 an-180 E1U6285 sp-24 an-180 E1U13611 sp-42 an-180 E1A6286 sp-21 an-181 E1U6286 sp-24 an-181 E1U13612 sp-42 an-181 E1A6287 sp-21 an-182 E1U6287 sp-24 an-182 E1U13613 sp-42 an-182 E1A6288 sp-21 an-183 E1U6288 sp-24 an-183 E1U13614 sp-42 an-183 E1A6289 sp-21 an-184 E1U6289 sp-24 an-184 E1U13615 sp-42 an-184 E1A6290 sp-21 an-185 E1U6290 sp-24 an-185 E1U13616 sp-42 an-185 E1A6291 sp-21 an-186 E1U6291 sp-24 an-186 E1U13617 sp-42 an-186 E1A6292 sp-21 an-187 E1U6292 sp-24 an-187 E1U13618 sp-42 an-187 E1A6293 sp-21 an-188 E1U6293 sp-24 an-188 E1U13619 sp-42 an-188 E1A6294 sp-21 an-189 E1U6294 sp-24 an-189 E1U13620 sp-42 an-189 E1A6295 sp-21 an-190 E1U6295 sp-24 an-190 E1U13621 sp-42 an-190 E1A6296 sp-21 an-191 E1U6296 sp-24 an-191 E1U13622 sp-42 an-191 E1A6297 sp-21 an-192 E1U6297 sp-24 an-192 E1U13623 sp-42 an-192 E1A6298 sp-21 an-193 E1U6298 sp-24 an-193 E1U13624 sp-42 an-193 E1A6299 sp-21 an-194 E1U6299 sp-24 an-194 E1U13625 sp-42 an-194 E1A6300 sp-21 an-195 E1U6300 sp-24 an-195 E1U13626 sp-42 an-195 E1A6301 sp-21 an-196 E1U6301 sp-24 an-196 E1U13627 sp-42 an-196 E1A6302 sp-21 an-197 E1U6302 sp-24 an-197 E1U13628 sp-42 an-197 E1A6303 sp-21 an-198 E1U6303 sp-24 an-198 E1U13629 sp-42 an-198 E1A6304 sp-21 an-199 E1U6304 sp-24 an-199 E1U13630 sp-42 an-199 E1A6305 sp-21 an-200 E1U6305 sp-24 an-200 E1U13631 sp-42 an-200 E1A6306 sp-21 an-201 E1U6306 sp-24 an-201 E1U13632 sp-42 an-201 E1A6307 sp-21 an-202 E1U6307 sp-24 an-202 E1U13633 sp-42 an-202 E1A6308 sp-21 an-203 E1U6308 sp-24 an-203 E1U13634 sp-42 an-203 E1A6309 sp-21 an-204 E1U6309 sp-24 an-204 E1U13635 sp-42 an-204 E1A6310 sp-21 an-205 E1U6310 sp-24 an-205 E1U13636 sp-42 an-205 E1A6311 sp-21 an-206 E1U6311 sp-24 an-206 E1U13637 sp-42 an-206 E1A6312 sp-21 an-207 E1U6312 sp-24 an-207 E1U13638 sp-42 an-207 E1A6313 sp-21 an-208 E1U6313 sp-24 an-208 E1U13639 sp-42 an-208 E1A6314 sp-21 an-209 E1U6314 sp-24 an-209 E1U13640 sp-42 an-209 E1A6315 sp-21 an-210 E1U6315 sp-24 an-210 E1U13641 sp-42 an-210 E1A6316 sp-21 an-211 E1U6316 sp-24 an-211 E1U13642 sp-42 an-211 E1A6317 sp-21 an-212 E1U6317 sp-24 an-212 E1U13643 sp-42 an-212 E1A6318 sp-21 an-213 E1U6318 sp-24 an-213 E1U13644 sp-42 an-213 Table 1-118 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A6319 sp-21 an-214 E1U6319 sp-24 an-214 E1U13645 sp-42 an-214 E1A6320 sp-21 an-215 E1U6320 sp-24 an-215 E1U13646 sp-42 an-215 E1A6321 sp-21 an-216 E1U6321 sp-24 an-216 E1U13647 sp-42 an-216 E1A6322 sp-21 an-217 E1U6322 sp-24 an-217 E1U13648 sp-42 an-217 E1A6323 sp-21 an-218 E1U6323 sp-24 an-218 E1U13649 sp-42 an-218 E1A6324 sp-21 an-219 E1U6324 sp-24 an-219 E1U13650 sp-42 an-219 E1A6325 sp-21 an-220 E1U6325 sp-24 an-220 E1U13651 sp-42 an-220 E1A6326 sp-21 an-221 E1U6326 sp-24 an-221 E1U13652 sp-42 an-221 E1A6327 sp-21 an-222 E1U6327 sp-24 an-222 E1U13653 sp-42 an-222 E1A6328 sp-21 an-223 E1U6328 sp-24 an-223 E1U13654 sp-42 an-223 E1A6329 sp-21 an-224 E1U6329 sp-24 an-224 E1U13655 sp-42 an-224 E1A6330 sp-21 an-225 E1U6330 sp-24 an-225 E1U13656 sp-42 an-225 E1A6331 sp-21 an-226 E1U6331 sp-24 an-226 E1U13657 sp-42 an-226 E1A6332 sp-21 an-227 E1U6332 sp-24 an-227 E1U13658 sp-42 an-227 E1A6333 sp-21 an-228 E1U6333 sp-24 an-228 E1U13659 sp-42 an-228 E1A6334 sp-21 an-229 E1U6334 sp-24 an-229 E1U13660 sp-42 an-229 E1A6335 sp-21 an-230 E1U6335 sp-24 an-230 E1U13661 sp-42 an-230 E1A6336 sp-21 an-231 E1U6336 sp-24 an-231 E1U13662 sp-42 an-231 E1A6337 sp-21 an-232 E1U6337 sp-24 an-232 E1U13663 sp-42 an-232 E1A6338 sp-21 an-233 E1U6338 sp-24 an-233 E1U13664 sp-42 an-233 E1A6339 sp-21 an-234 E1U6339 sp-24 an-234 E1U13665 sp-42 an-234 E1A6340 sp-21 an-235 E1U6340 sp-24 an-235 E1U13666 sp-42 an-235 E1A6341 sp-21 an-236 E1U6341 sp-24 an-236 E1U13667 sp-42 an-236 E1A6342 sp-21 an-237 E1U6342 sp-24 an-237 E1U13668 sp-42 an-237 E1A6343 sp-21 an-238 E1U6343 sp-24 an-238 E1U13669 sp-42 an-238 E1A6344 sp-21 an-239 E1U6344 sp-24 an-239 E1U13670 sp-42 an-239 E1A6345 sp-21 an-240 E1U6345 sp-24 an-240 E1U13671 sp-42 an-240 E1A6346 sp-21 an-241 E1U6346 sp-24 an-241 E1U13672 sp-42 an-241 E1A6347 sp-21 an-242 E1U6347 sp-24 an-242 E1U13673 sp-42 an-242 E1A6348 sp-21 an-243 E1U6348 sp-24 an-243 E1U13674 sp-42 an-243 E1A6349 sp-21 an-244 E1U6349 sp-24 an-244 E1U13675 sp-42 an-244 E1A6350 sp-21 an-245 E1U6350 sp-24 an-245 E1U13676 sp-42 an-245 E1A6351 sp-21 an-246 E1U6351 sp-24 an-246 E1U13677 sp-42 an-246 E1A6352 sp-21 an-247 E1U6352 sp-24 an-247 E1U13678 sp-42 an-247 E1A6353 sp-21 an-248 E1U6353 sp-24 an-248 E1U13679 sp-42 an-248 E1A6354 sp-21 an-249 E1U6354 sp-24 an-249 E1U13680 sp-42 an-249 E1A6355 sp-21 an-250 E1U6355 sp-24 an-250 E1U13681 sp-42 an-250 E1A6356 sp-21 an-251 E1U6356 sp-24 an-251 E1U13682 sp-42 an-251 E1A6357 sp-21 an-252 E1U6357 sp-24 an-252 E1U13683 sp-42 an-252 E1A6358 sp-21 an-253 E1U6358 sp-24 an-253 E1U13684 sp-42 an-253 E1A6359 sp-21 an-254 E1U6359 sp-24 an-254 E1U13685 sp-42 an-254 E1A6360 sp-21 an-255 E1U6360 sp-24 an-255 E1U13686 sp-42 an-255 E1A6361 sp-21 an-256 E1U6361 sp-24 an-256 E1U13687 sp-42 an-256 E1A6362 sp-21 an-257 E1U6362 sp-24 an-257 E1U13688 sp-42 an-257 E1A6363 sp-21 an-258 E1U6363 sp-24 an-258 E1U13689 sp-42 an-258 E1A6364 sp-21 an-259 E1U6364 sp-24 an-259 E1U13690 sp-42 an-259 E1A6365 sp-21 an-260 E1U6365 sp-24 an-260 E1U13691 sp-42 an-260 E1A6366 sp-21 an-261 E1U6366 sp-24 an-261 E1U13692 sp-42 an-261 E1A6367 sp-21 an-262 E1U6367 sp-24 an-262 E1U13693 sp-42 an-262 E1A6368 sp-21 an-263 E1U6368 sp-24 an-263 E1U13694 sp-42 an-263 E1A6369 sp-21 an-264 E1U6369 sp-24 an-264 E1U13695 sp-42 an-264 E1A6370 sp-21 an-265 E1U6370 sp-24 an-265 E1U13696 sp-42 an-265 E1A6371 sp-21 an-266 E1U6371 sp-24 an-266 E1U13697 sp-42 an-266 E1A6372 sp-21 an-267 E1U6372 sp-24 an-267 E1U13698 sp-42 an-267 Table 1-119 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A6373 sp-21 an-268 E1U6373 sp-24 an-268 E1U13699 sp-42 an-268 E1A6374 sp-21 an-269 E1U6374 sp-24 an-269 E1U13700 sp-42 an-269 E1A6375 sp-21 an-270 E1U6375 sp-24 an-270 E1U13701 sp-42 an-270 E1A6376 sp-21 an-271 E1U6376 sp-24 an-271 E1U13702 sp-42 an-271 E1A6377 sp-21 an-272 E1U6377 sp-24 an-272 E1U13703 sp-42 an-272 E1A6378 sp-21 an-273 E1U6378 sp-24 an-273 E1U13704 sp-42 an-273 E1A6379 sp-21 an-274 E1U6379 sp-24 an-274 E1U13705 sp-42 an-274 E1A6380 sp-21 an-275 E1U6380 sp-24 an-275 E1U13706 sp-42 an-275 E1A6381 sp-21 an-276 E1U6381 sp-24 an-276 E1U13707 sp-42 an-276 E1A6382 sp-21 an-277 E1U6382 sp-24 an-277 E1U13708 sp-42 an-277 E1A6383 sp-21 an-278 E1U6383 sp-24 an-278 E1U13709 sp-42 an-278 E1A6384 sp-21 an-279 E1U6384 sp-24 an-279 E1U13710 sp-42 an-279 E1A6385 sp-21 an-280 E1U6385 sp-24 an-280 E1U13711 sp-42 an-280 E1A6386 sp-21 an-281 E1U6386 sp-24 an-281 E1U13712 sp-42 an-281 E1A6387 sp-21 an-282 E1U6387 sp-24 an-282 E1U13713 sp-42 an-282 E1A6388 sp-21 an-283 E1U6388 sp-24 an-283 E1U13714 sp-42 an-283 E1A6389 sp-21 an-284 E1U6389 sp-24 an-284 E1U13715 sp-42 an-284 E1A6390 sp-21 an-285 E1U6390 sp-24 an-285 E1U13716 sp-42 an-285 E1A6391 sp-21 an-286 E1U6391 sp-24 an-286 E1U13717 sp-42 an-286 E1A6392 sp-21 an-287 E1U6392 sp-24 an-287 E1U13718 sp-42 an-287 E1A6393 sp-21 an-288 E1U6393 sp-24 an-288 E1U13719 sp-42 an-288 E1A6394 sp-21 an-289 E1U6394 sp-24 an-289 E1U13720 sp-42 an-289 E1A6395 sp-21 an-290 E1U6395 sp-24 an-290 E1U13721 sp-42 an-290 E1A6396 sp-21 an-291 E1U6396 sp-24 an-291 E1U13722 sp-42 an-291 E1A6397 sp-21 an-292 E1U6397 sp-24 an-292 E1U13723 sp-42 an-292 E1A6398 sp-21 an-293 E1U6398 sp-24 an-293 E1U13724 sp-42 an-293 E1A6399 sp-21 an-294 E1U6399 sp-24 an-294 E1U13725 sp-42 an-294 E1A6400 sp-21 an-295 E1U6400 sp-24 an-295 E1U13726 sp-42 an-295 E1A6401 sp-21 an-296 E1U6401 sp-24 an-296 E1U13727 sp-42 an-296 E1A6402 sp-21 an-297 E1U6402 sp-24 an-297 E1U13728 sp-42 an-297 E1A6403 sp-21 an-298 E1U6403 sp-24 an-298 E1U13729 sp-42 an-298 E1A6404 sp-21 an-299 E1U6404 sp-24 an-299 E1U13730 sp-42 an-299 E1A6405 sp-21 an-300 E1U6405 sp-24 an-300 E1U13731 sp-42 an-300 E1A6406 sp-21 an-301 E1U6406 sp-24 an-301 E1U13732 sp-42 an-301 E1A6407 sp-21 an-302 E1U6407 sp-24 an-302 E1U13733 sp-42 an-302 E1A6408 sp-21 an-303 E1U6408 sp-24 an-303 E1U13734 sp-42 an-303 E1A6409 sp-21 an-304 E1U6409 sp-24 an-304 E1U13735 sp-42 an-304 E1A6410 sp-21 an-305 E1U6410 sp-24 an-305 E1U13736 sp-42 an-305 E1A6411 sp-21 an-306 E1U6411 sp-24 an-306 E1U13737 sp-42 an-306 E1A6412 sp-21 an-307 E1U6412 sp-24 an-307 E1U13738 sp-42 an-307 E1A6413 sp-21 an-308 E1U6413 sp-24 an-308 E1U13739 sp-42 an-308 E1A6414 sp-21 an-309 E1U6414 sp-24 an-309 E1U13740 sp-42 an-309 E1A6415 sp-21 an-310 E1U6415 sp-24 an-310 E1U13741 sp-42 an-310 E1A6416 sp-21 an-311 E1U6416 sp-24 an-311 E1U13742 sp-42 an-311 E1A6417 sp-21 an-312 E1U6417 sp-24 an-312 E1U13743 sp-42 an-312 E1A6418 sp-21 an-313 E1U6418 sp-24 an-313 E1U13744 sp-42 an-313 E1A6419 sp-21 an-314 E1U6419 sp-24 an-314 E1U13745 sp-42 an-314 E1A6420 sp-21 an-315 E1U6420 sp-24 an-315 E1U13746 sp-42 an-315 E1A6421 sp-21 an-316 E1U6421 sp-24 an-316 E1U13747 sp-42 an-316 E1A6422 sp-21 an-317 E1U6422 sp-24 an-317 E1U13748 sp-42 an-317 E1A6423 sp-21 an-318 E1U6423 sp-24 an-318 E1U13749 sp-42 an-318 E1A6424 sp-21 an-319 E1U6424 sp-24 an-319 E1U13750 sp-42 an-319 E1A6425 sp-21 an-320 E1U6425 sp-24 an-320 E1U13751 sp-42 an-320 E1A6426 sp-21 an-321 E1U6426 sp-24 an-321 E1U13752 sp-42 an-321 Table 1-120 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A6427 sp-21 an-322 E1U6427 sp-24 an-322 E1U13753 sp-42 an-322 E1A6428 sp-21 an-323 E1U6428 sp-24 an-323 E1U13754 sp-42 an-323 E1A6429 sp-21 an-324 E1U6429 sp-24 an-324 E1U13755 sp-42 an-324 E1A6430 sp-21 an-325 E1U6430 sp-24 an-325 E1U13756 sp-42 an-325 E1A6431 sp-21 an-326 E1U6431 sp-24 an-326 E1U13757 sp-42 an-326 E1A6432 sp-21 an-327 E1U6432 sp-24 an-327 E1U13758 sp-42 an-327 E1A6433 sp-21 an-328 E1U6433 sp-24 an-328 E1U13759 sp-42 an-328 E1A6434 sp-21 an-329 E1U6434 sp-24 an-329 E1U13760 sp-42 an-329 E1A6435 sp-21 an-330 E1U6435 sp-24 an-330 E1U13761 sp-42 an-330 E1A6436 sp-21 an-331 E1U6436 sp-24 an-331 E1U13762 sp-42 an-331 E1A6437 sp-21 an-332 E1U6437 sp-24 an-332 E1U13763 sp-42 an-332 E1A6438 sp-21 an-333 E1U6438 sp-24 an-333 E1U13764 sp-42 an-333 E1A6439 sp-21 an-334 E1U6439 sp-24 an-334 E1U13765 sp-42 an-334 E1A6440 sp-21 an-335 E1U6440 sp-24 an-335 E1U13766 sp-42 an-335 E1A6441 sp-21 an-336 E1U6441 sp-24 an-336 E1U13767 sp-42 an-336 E1A6442 sp-21 an-337 E1U6442 sp-24 an-337 E1U13768 sp-42 an-337 E1A6443 sp-21 an-338 E1U6443 sp-24 an-338 E1U13769 sp-42 an-338 E1A6444 sp-21 an-339 E1U6444 sp-24 an-339 E1U13770 sp-42 an-339 E1A6445 sp-21 an-340 E1U6445 sp-24 an-340 E1U13771 sp-42 an-340 E1A6446 sp-21 an-341 E1U6446 sp-24 an-341 E1U13772 sp-42 an-341 E1A6447 sp-21 an-342 E1U6447 sp-24 an-342 E1U13773 sp-42 an-342 E1A6448 sp-21 an-343 E1U6448 sp-24 an-343 E1U13774 sp-42 an-343 E1A6449 sp-21 an-344 E1U6449 sp-24 an-344 E1U13775 sp-42 an-344 E1A6450 sp-21 an-345 E1U6450 sp-24 an-345 E1U13776 sp-42 an-345 E1A6451 sp-21 an-346 E1U6451 sp-24 an-346 E1U13777 sp-42 an-346 E1A6452 sp-21 an-347 E1U6452 sp-24 an-347 E1U13778 sp-42 an-347 E1A6453 sp-21 an-348 E1U6453 sp-24 an-348 E1U13779 sp-42 an-348 E1A6454 sp-21 an-349 E1U6454 sp-24 an-349 E1U13780 sp-42 an-349 E1A6455 sp-21 an-350 E1U6455 sp-24 an-350 E1U13781 sp-42 an-350 E1A6456 sp-21 an-351 E1U6456 sp-24 an-351 E1U13782 sp-42 an-351 E1A6457 sp-21 an-352 E1U6457 sp-24 an-352 E1U13783 sp-42 an-352 E1A6458 sp-21 an-353 E1U6458 sp-24 an-353 E1U13784 sp-42 an-353 E1A6459 sp-21 an-354 E1U6459 sp-24 an-354 E1U13785 sp-42 an-354 E1A6460 sp-21 an-355 E1U6460 sp-24 an-355 E1U13786 sp-42 an-355 E1A6461 sp-21 an-356 E1U6461 sp-24 an-356 E1U13787 sp-42 an-356 E1A6462 sp-21 an-357 E1U6462 sp-24 an-357 E1U13788 sp-42 an-357 E1A6463 sp-21 an-358 E1U6463 sp-24 an-358 E1U13789 sp-42 an-358 E1A6464 sp-21 an-359 E1U6464 sp-24 an-359 E1U13790 sp-42 an-359 E1A6465 sp-21 an-360 E1U6465 sp-24 an-360 E1U13791 sp-42 an-360 E1A6466 sp-21 an-361 E1U6466 sp-24 an-361 E1U13792 sp-42 an-361 E1A6467 sp-21 an-362 E1U6467 sp-24 an-362 E1U13793 sp-42 an-362 E1A6468 sp-21 an-363 E1U6468 sp-24 an-363 E1U13794 sp-42 an-363 E1A6469 sp-21 an-364 E1U6469 sp-24 an-364 E1U13795 sp-42 an-364 E1A6470 sp-21 an-365 E1U6470 sp-24 an-365 E1U13796 sp-42 an-365 E1A6471 sp-21 an-366 E1U6471 sp-24 an-366 E1U13797 sp-42 an-366 E1A6472 sp-21 an-367 E1U6472 sp-24 an-367 E1U13798 sp-42 an-367 E1A6473 sp-21 an-368 E1U6473 sp-24 an-368 E1U13799 sp-42 an-368 E1A6474 sp-21 an-369 E1U6474 sp-24 an-369 E1U13800 sp-42 an-369 E1A6475 sp-21 an-370 E1U6475 sp-24 an-370 E1U13801 sp-42 an-370 E1A6476 sp-21 an-371 E1U6476 sp-24 an-371 E1U13802 sp-42 an-371 E1A6477 sp-21 an-372 E1U6477 sp-24 an-372 E1U13803 sp-42 an-372 E1A6478 sp-21 an-373 E1U6478 sp-24 an-373 E1U13804 sp-42 an-373 E1A6479 sp-21 an-374 E1U6479 sp-24 an-374 E1U13805 sp-42 an-374 E1A6480 sp-21 an-375 E1U6480 sp-24 an-375 E1U13806 sp-42 an-375 Table 1-121 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A6481 sp-21 an-376 E1U6481 sp-24 an-376 E1U13807 sp-42 an-376 E1A6482 sp-21 an-377 E1U6482 sp-24 an-377 E1U13808 sp-42 an-377 E1A6483 sp-21 an-378 E1U6483 sp-24 an-378 E1U13809 sp-42 an-378 E1A6484 sp-21 an-379 E1U6484 sp-24 an-379 E1U13810 sp-42 an-379 E1A6485 sp-21 an-380 E1U6485 sp-24 an-380 E1U13811 sp-42 an-380 E1A6486 sp-21 an-381 E1U6486 sp-24 an-381 E1U13812 sp-42 an-381 E1A6487 sp-21 an-382 E1U6487 sp-24 an-382 E1U13813 sp-42 an-382 E1A6488 sp-21 an-383 E1U6488 sp-24 an-383 E1U13814 sp-42 an-383 E1A6489 sp-21 an-384 E1U6489 sp-24 an-384 E1U13815 sp-42 an-384 E1A6490 sp-21 an-385 E1U6490 sp-24 an-385 E1U13816 sp-42 an-385 E1A6491 sp-21 an-386 E1U6491 sp-24 an-386 E1U13817 sp-42 an-386 E1A6492 sp-21 an-387 E1U6492 sp-24 an-387 E1U13818 sp-42 an-387 E1A6493 sp-21 an-388 E1U6493 sp-24 an-388 E1U13819 sp-42 an-388 E1A6494 sp-21 an-389 E1U6494 sp-24 an-389 E1U13820 sp-42 an-389 E1A6495 sp-21 an-390 E1U6495 sp-24 an-390 E1U13821 sp-42 an-390 E1A6496 sp-21 an-391 E1U6496 sp-24 an-391 E1U13822 sp-42 an-391 E1A6497 sp-21 an-392 E1U6497 sp-24 an-392 E1U13823 sp-42 an-392 E1A6498 sp-21 an-393 E1U6498 sp-24 an-393 E1U13824 sp-42 an-393 E1A6499 sp-21 an-394 E1U6499 sp-24 an-394 E1U13825 sp-42 an-394 E1A6500 sp-21 an-395 E1U6500 sp-24 an-395 E1U13826 sp-42 an-395 E1A6501 sp-21 an-396 E1U6501 sp-24 an-396 E1U13827 sp-42 an-396 E1A6502 sp-21 an-397 E1U6502 sp-24 an-397 E1U13828 sp-42 an-397 E1A6503 sp-21 an-398 E1U6503 sp-24 an-398 E1U13829 sp-42 an-398 E1A6504 sp-21 an-399 E1U6504 sp-24 an-399 E1U13830 sp-42 an-399 E1A6505 sp-21 an-400 E1U6505 sp-24 an-400 E1U13831 sp-42 an-400 E1A6506 sp-21 an-401 E1U6506 sp-24 an-401 E1U13832 sp-42 an-401 E1A6507 sp-21 an-402 E1U6507 sp-24 an-402 E1U13833 sp-42 an-402 E1A6508 sp-21 an-403 E1U6508 sp-24 an-403 E1U13834 sp-42 an-403 E1A6509 sp-21 an-404 E1U6509 sp-24 an-404 E1U13835 sp-42 an-404 E1A6510 sp-21 an-405 E1U6510 sp-24 an-405 E1U13836 sp-42 an-405 E1A6511 sp-21 an-406 E1U6511 sp-24 an-406 E1U13837 sp-42 an-406 E1A6512 sp-21 an-407 E1U6512 sp-24 an-407 E1U13838 sp-42 an-407 E1A6513 sp-22 an-1 E1U6513 sp-25 an-1 E1U13839 sp-43 an-1 E1A6514 sp-22 an-2 E1U6514 sp-25 an-2 E1U13840 sp-43 an-2 E1A6515 sp-22 an-3 E1U6515 sp-25 an-3 E1U13841 sp-43 an-3 E1A6516 sp-22 an-4 E1U6516 sp-25 an-4 E1U13842 sp-43 an-4 E1A6517 sp-22 an-5 E1U6517 sp-25 an-5 E1U13843 sp-43 an-5 E1A6518 sp-22 an-6 E1U6518 sp-25 an-6 E1U13844 sp-43 an-6 E1A6519 sp-22 an-7 E1U6519 sp-25 an-7 E1U13845 sp-43 an-7 E1A6520 sp-22 an-8 E1U6520 sp-25 an-8 E1U13846 sp-43 an-8 E1A6521 sp-22 an-9 E1U6521 sp-25 an-9 E1U13847 sp-43 an-9 E1A6522 sp-22 an-10 E1U6522 sp-25 an-10 E1U13848 sp-43 an-10 E1A6523 sp-22 an-11 E1U6523 sp-25 an-11 E1U13849 sp-43 an-11 E1A6524 sp-22 an-12 E1U6524 sp-25 an-12 E1U13850 sp-43 an-12 E1A6525 sp-22 an-13 E1U6525 sp-25 an-13 E1U13851 sp-43 an-13 E1A6526 sp-22 an-14 E1U6526 sp-25 an-14 E1U13852 sp-43 an-14 E1A6527 sp-22 an-15 E1U6527 sp-25 an-15 E1U13853 sp-43 an-15 E1A6528 sp-22 an-16 E1U6528 sp-25 an-16 E1U13854 sp-43 an-16 E1A6529 sp-22 an-17 E1U6529 sp-25 an-17 E1U13855 sp-43 an-17 E1A6530 sp-22 an-18 E1U6530 sp-25 an-18 E1U13856 sp-43 an-18 E1A6531 sp-22 an-19 E1U6531 sp-25 an-19 E1U13857 sp-43 an-19 E1A6532 sp-22 an-20 E1U6532 sp-25 an-20 E1U13858 sp-43 an-20 E1A6533 sp-22 an-21 E1U6533 sp-25 an-21 E1U13859 sp-43 an-21 E1A6534 sp-22 an-22 E1U6534 sp-25 an-22 E1U13860 sp-43 an-22 Table 1-122 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A6535 sp-22 an-23 E1U6535 sp-25 an-23 E1U13861 sp-43 an-23 E1A6536 sp-22 an-24 E1U6536 sp-25 an-24 E1U13862 sp-43 an-24 E1A6537 sp-22 an-25 E1U6537 sp-25 an-25 E1U13863 sp-43 an-25 E1A6538 sp-22 an-26 E1U6538 sp-25 an-26 E1U13864 sp-43 an-26 E1A6539 sp-22 an-27 E1U6539 sp-25 an-27 E1U13865 sp-43 an-27 E1A6540 sp-22 an-28 E1U6540 sp-25 an-28 E1U13866 sp-43 an-28 E1A6541 sp-22 an-29 E1U6541 sp-25 an-29 E1U13867 sp-43 an-29 E1A6542 sp-22 an-30 E1U6542 sp-25 an-30 E1U13868 sp-43 an-30 E1A6543 sp-22 an-31 E1U6543 sp-25 an-31 E1U13869 sp-43 an-31 E1A6544 sp-22 an-32 E1U6544 sp-25 an-32 E1U13870 sp-43 an-32 E1A6545 sp-22 an-33 E1U6545 sp-25 an-33 E1U13871 sp-43 an-33 E1A6546 sp-22 an-34 E1U6546 sp-25 an-34 E1U13872 sp-43 an-34 E1A6547 sp-22 an-35 E1U6547 sp-25 an-35 E1U13873 sp-43 an-35 E1A6548 sp-22 an-36 E1U6548 sp-25 an-36 E1U13874 sp-43 an-36 E1A6549 sp-22 an-37 E1U6549 sp-25 an-37 E1U13875 sp-43 an-37 E1A6550 sp-22 an-38 E1U6550 sp-25 an-38 E1U13876 sp-43 an-38 E1A6551 sp-22 an-39 E1U6551 sp-25 an-39 E1U13877 sp-43 an-39 E1A6552 sp-22 an-40 E1U6552 sp-25 an-40 E1U13878 sp-43 an-40 E1A6553 sp-22 an-41 E1U6553 sp-25 an-41 E1U13879 sp-43 an-41 E1A6554 sp-22 an-42 E1U6554 sp-25 an-42 E1U13880 sp-43 an-42 E1A6555 sp-22 an-43 E1U6555 sp-25 an-43 E1U13881 sp-43 an-43 E1A6556 sp-22 an-44 E1U6556 sp-25 an-44 E1U13882 sp-43 an-44 E1A6557 sp-22 an-45 E1U6557 sp-25 an-45 E1U13883 sp-43 an-45 E1A6558 sp-22 an-46 E1U6558 sp-25 an-46 E1U13884 sp-43 an-46 E1A6559 sp-22 an-47 E1U6559 sp-25 an-47 E1U13885 sp-43 an-47 E1A6560 sp-22 an-48 E1U6560 sp-25 an-48 E1U13886 sp-43 an-48 E1A6561 sp-22 an-49 E1U6561 sp-25 an-49 E1U13887 sp-43 an-49 E1A6562 sp-22 an-50 E1U6562 sp-25 an-50 E1U13888 sp-43 an-50 E1A6563 sp-22 an-51 E1U6563 sp-25 an-51 E1U13889 sp-43 an-51 E1A6564 sp-22 an-52 E1U6564 sp-25 an-52 E1U13890 sp-43 an-52 E1A6565 sp-22 an-53 E1U6565 sp-25 an-53 E1U13891 sp-43 an-53 E1A6566 sp-22 an-54 E1U6566 sp-25 an-54 E1U13892 sp-43 an-54 E1A6567 sp-22 an-55 E1U6567 sp-25 an-55 E1U13893 sp-43 an-55 E1A6568 sp-22 an-56 E1U6568 sp-25 an-56 E1U13894 sp-43 an-56 E1A6569 sp-22 an-57 E1U6569 sp-25 an-57 E1U13895 sp-43 an-57 E1A6570 sp-22 an-58 E1U6570 sp-25 an-58 E1U13896 sp-43 an-58 E1A6571 sp-22 an-59 E1U6571 sp-25 an-59 E1U13897 sp-43 an-59 E1A6572 sp-22 an-60 E1U6572 sp-25 an-60 E1U13898 sp-43 an-60 E1A6573 sp-22 an-61 E1U6573 sp-25 an-61 E1U13899 sp-43 an-61 E1A6574 sp-22 an-62 E1U6574 sp-25 an-62 E1U13900 sp-43 an-62 E1A6575 sp-22 an-63 E1U6575 sp-25 an-63 E1U13901 sp-43 an-63 E1A6576 sp-22 an-64 E1U6576 sp-25 an-64 E1U13902 sp-43 an-64 E1A6577 sp-22 an-65 E1U6577 sp-25 an-65 E1U13903 sp-43 an-65 E1A6578 sp-22 an-66 E1U6578 sp-25 an-66 E1U13904 sp-43 an-66 E1A6579 sp-22 an-67 E1U6579 sp-25 an-67 E1U13905 sp-43 an-67 E1A6580 sp-22 an-68 E1U6580 sp-25 an-68 E1U13906 sp-43 an-68 E1A6581 sp-22 an-69 E1U6581 sp-25 an-69 E1U13907 sp-43 an-69 E1A6582 sp-22 an-70 E1U6582 sp-25 an-70 E1U13908 sp-43 an-70 E1A6583 sp-22 an-71 E1U6583 sp-25 an-71 E1U13909 sp-43 an-71 E1A6584 sp-22 an-72 E1U6584 sp-25 an-72 E1U13910 sp-43 an-72 E1A6585 sp-22 an-73 E1U6585 sp-25 an-73 E1U13911 sp-43 an-73 E1A6586 sp-22 an-74 E1U6586 sp-25 an-74 E1U13912 sp-43 an-74 E1A6587 sp-22 an-75 E1U6587 sp-25 an-75 E1U13913 sp-43 an-75 E1A6588 sp-22 an-76 E1U6588 sp-25 an-76 E1U13914 sp-43 an-76 Table 1-123 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A6589 sp-22 an-77 E1U6589 sp-25 an-77 E1U13915 sp-43 an-77 E1A6590 sp-22 an-78 E1U6590 sp-25 an-78 E1U13916 sp-43 an-78 E1A6591 sp-22 an-79 E1U6591 sp-25 an-79 E1U13917 sp-43 an-79 E1A6592 sp-22 an-80 E1U6592 sp-25 an-80 E1U13918 sp-43 an-80 E1A6593 sp-22 an-81 E1U6593 sp-25 an-81 E1U13919 sp-43 an-81 E1A6594 sp-22 an-82 E1U6594 sp-25 an-82 E1U13920 sp-43 an-82 E1A6595 sp-22 an-83 E1U6595 sp-25 an-83 E1U13921 sp-43 an-83 E1A6596 sp-22 an-84 E1U6596 sp-25 an-84 E1U13922 sp-43 an-84 E1A6597 sp-22 an-85 E1U6597 sp-25 an-85 E1U13923 sp-43 an-85 E1A6598 sp-22 an-86 E1U6598 sp-25 an-86 E1U13924 sp-43 an-86 E1A6599 sp-22 an-87 E1U6599 sp-25 an-87 E1U13925 sp-43 an-87 E1A6600 sp-22 an-88 E1U6600 sp-25 an-88 E1U13926 sp-43 an-88 E1A6601 sp-22 an-89 E1U6601 sp-25 an-89 E1U13927 sp-43 an-89 E1A6602 sp-22 an-90 E1U6602 sp-25 an-90 E1U13928 sp-43 an-90 E1A6603 sp-22 an-91 E1U6603 sp-25 an-91 E1U13929 sp-43 an-91 E1A6604 sp-22 an-92 E1U6604 sp-25 an-92 E1U13930 sp-43 an-92 E1A6605 sp-22 an-93 E1U6605 sp-25 an-93 E1U13931 sp-43 an-93 E1A6606 sp-22 an-94 E1U6606 sp-25 an-94 E1U13932 sp-43 an-94 E1A6607 sp-22 an-95 E1U6607 sp-25 an-95 E1U13933 sp-43 an-95 E1A6608 sp-22 an-96 E1U6608 sp-25 an-96 E1U13934 sp-43 an-96 E1A6609 sp-22 an-97 E1U6609 sp-25 an-97 E1U13935 sp-43 an-97 E1A6610 sp-22 an-98 E1U6610 sp-25 an-98 E1U13936 sp-43 an-98 E1A6611 sp-22 an-99 E1U6611 sp-25 an-99 E1U13937 sp-43 an-99 E1A6612 sp-22 an-100 E1U6612 sp-25 an-100 E1U13938 sp-43 an-100 E1A6613 sp-22 an-101 E1U6613 sp-25 an-101 E1U13939 sp-43 an-101 E1A6614 sp-22 an-102 E1U6614 sp-25 an-102 E1U13940 sp-43 an-102 E1A6615 sp-22 an-103 E1U6615 sp-25 an-103 E1U13941 sp-43 an-103 E1A6616 sp-22 an-104 E1U6616 sp-25 an-104 E1U13942 sp-43 an-104 E1A6617 sp-22 an-105 E1U6617 sp-25 an-105 E1U13943 sp-43 an-105 E1A6618 sp-22 an-106 E1U6618 sp-25 an-106 E1U13944 sp-43 an-106 E1A6619 sp-22 an-107 E1U6619 sp-25 an-107 E1U13945 sp-43 an-107 E1A6620 sp-22 an-108 E1U6620 sp-25 an-108 E1U13946 sp-43 an-108 E1A6621 sp-22 an-109 E1U6621 sp-25 an-109 E1U13947 sp-43 an-109 E1A6622 sp-22 an-110 E1U6622 sp-25 an-110 E1U13948 sp-43 an-110 E1A6623 sp-22 an-111 E1U6623 sp-25 an-111 E1U13949 sp-43 an-111 E1A6624 sp-22 an-112 E1U6624 sp-25 an-112 E1U13950 sp-43 an-112 E1A6625 sp-22 an-113 E1U6625 sp-25 an-113 E1U13951 sp-43 an-113 E1A6626 sp-22 an-114 E1U6626 sp-25 an-114 E1U13952 sp-43 an-114 E1A6627 sp-22 an-115 E1U6627 sp-25 an-115 E1U13953 sp-43 an-115 E1A6628 sp-22 an-116 E1U6628 sp-25 an-116 E1U13954 sp-43 an-116 E1A6629 sp-22 an-117 E1U6629 sp-25 an-117 E1U13955 sp-43 an-117 E1A6630 sp-22 an-118 E1U6630 sp-25 an-118 E1U13956 sp-43 an-118 E1A6631 sp-22 an-119 E1U6631 sp-25 an-119 E1U13957 sp-43 an-119 E1A6632 sp-22 an-120 E1U6632 sp-25 an-120 E1U13958 sp-43 an-120 E1A6633 sp-22 an-121 E1U6633 sp-25 an-121 E1U13959 sp-43 an-121 E1A6634 sp-22 an-122 E1U6634 sp-25 an-122 E1U13960 sp-43 an-122 E1A6635 sp-22 an-123 E1U6635 sp-25 an-123 E1U13961 sp-43 an-123 E1A6636 sp-22 an-124 E1U6636 sp-25 an-124 E1U13962 sp-43 an-124 E1A6637 sp-22 an-125 E1U6637 sp-25 an-125 E1U13963 sp-43 an-125 E1A6638 sp-22 an-126 E1U6638 sp-25 an-126 E1U13964 sp-43 an-126 E1A6639 sp-22 an-127 E1U6639 sp-25 an-127 E1U13965 sp-43 an-127 E1A6640 sp-22 an-128 E1U6640 sp-25 an-128 E1U13966 sp-43 an-128 E1A6641 sp-22 an-129 E1U6641 sp-25 an-129 E1U13967 sp-43 an-129 E1A6642 sp-22 an-130 E1U6642 sp-25 an-130 E1U13968 sp-43 an-130 Table 1-124 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A6643 sp-22 an-131 E1U6643 sp-25 an-131 E1U13969 sp-43 an-131 E1A6644 sp-22 an-132 E1U6644 sp-25 an-132 E1U13970 sp-43 an-132 E1A6645 sp-22 an-133 E1U6645 sp-25 an-133 E1U13971 sp-43 an-133 E1A6646 sp-22 an-134 E1U6646 sp-25 an-134 E1U13972 sp-43 an-134 E1A6647 sp-22 an-135 E1U6647 sp-25 an-135 E1U13973 sp-43 an-135 E1A6648 sp-22 an-136 E1U6648 sp-25 an-136 E1U13974 sp-43 an-136 E1A6649 sp-22 an-137 E1U6649 sp-25 an-137 E1U13975 sp-43 an-137 E1A6650 sp-22 an-138 E1U6650 sp-25 an-138 E1U13976 sp-43 an-138 E1A6651 sp-22 an-139 E1U6651 sp-25 an-139 E1U13977 sp-43 an-139 E1A6652 sp-22 an-140 E1U6652 sp-25 an-140 E1U13978 sp-43 an-140 E1A6653 sp-22 an-141 E1U6653 sp-25 an-141 E1U13979 sp-43 an-141 E1A6654 sp-22 an-142 E1U6654 sp-25 an-142 E1U13980 sp-43 an-142 E1A6655 sp-22 an-143 E1U6655 sp-25 an-143 E1U13981 sp-43 an-143 E1A6656 sp-22 an-144 E1U6656 sp-25 an-144 E1U13982 sp-43 an-144 E1A6657 sp-22 an-145 E1U6657 sp-25 an-145 E1U13983 sp-43 an-145 E1A6658 sp-22 an-146 E1U6658 sp-25 an-146 E1U13984 sp-43 an-146 E1A6659 sp-22 an-147 E1U6659 sp-25 an-147 E1U13985 sp-43 an-147 E1A6660 sp-22 an-148 E1U6660 sp-25 an-148 E1U13986 sp-43 an-148 E1A6661 sp-22 an-149 E1U6661 sp-25 an-149 E1U13987 sp-43 an-149 E1A6662 sp-22 an-150 E1U6662 sp-25 an-150 E1U13988 sp-43 an-150 E1A6663 sp-22 an-151 E1U6663 sp-25 an-151 E1U13989 sp-43 an-151 E1A6664 sp-22 an-152 E1U6664 sp-25 an-152 E1U13990 sp-43 an-152 E1A6665 sp-22 an-153 E1U6665 sp-25 an-153 E1U13991 sp-43 an-153 E1A6666 sp-22 an-154 E1U6666 sp-25 an-154 E1U13992 sp-43 an-154 E1A6667 sp-22 an-155 E1U6667 sp-25 an-155 E1U13993 sp-43 an-155 E1A6668 sp-22 an-156 E1U6668 sp-25 an-156 E1U13994 sp-43 an-156 E1A6669 sp-22 an-157 E1U6669 sp-25 an-157 E1U13995 sp-43 an-157 E1A6670 sp-22 an-158 E1U6670 sp-25 an-158 E1U13996 sp-43 an-158 E1A6671 sp-22 an-159 E1U6671 sp-25 an-159 E1U13997 sp-43 an-159 E1A6672 sp-22 an-160 E1U6672 sp-25 an-160 E1U13998 sp-43 an-160 E1A6673 sp-22 an-161 E1U6673 sp-25 an-161 E1U13999 sp-43 an-161 E1A6674 sp-22 an-162 E1U6674 sp-25 an-162 E1U14000 sp-43 an-162 E1A6675 sp-22 an-163 E1U6675 sp-25 an-163 E1U14001 sp-43 an-163 E1A6676 sp-22 an-164 E1U6676 sp-25 an-164 E1U14002 sp-43 an-164 E1A6677 sp-22 an-165 E1U6677 sp-25 an-165 E1U14003 sp-43 an-165 E1A6678 sp-22 an-166 E1U6678 sp-25 an-166 E1U14004 sp-43 an-166 E1A6679 sp-22 an-167 E1U6679 sp-25 an-167 E1U14005 sp-43 an-167 E1A6680 sp-22 an-168 E1U6680 sp-25 an-168 E1U14006 sp-43 an-168 E1A6681 sp-22 an-169 E1U6681 sp-25 an-169 E1U14007 sp-43 an-169 E1A6682 sp-22 an-170 E1U6682 sp-25 an-170 E1U14008 sp-43 an-170 E1A6683 sp-22 an-171 E1U6683 sp-25 an-171 E1U14009 sp-43 an-171 E1A6684 sp-22 an-172 E1U6684 sp-25 an-172 E1U14010 sp-43 an-172 E1A6685 sp-22 an-173 E1U6685 sp-25 an-173 E1U14011 sp-43 an-173 E1A6686 sp-22 an-174 E1U6686 sp-25 an-174 E1U14012 sp-43 an-174 E1A6687 sp-22 an-175 E1U6687 sp-25 an-175 E1U14013 sp-43 an-175 E1A6688 sp-22 an-176 E1U6688 sp-25 an-176 E1U14014 sp-43 an-176 E1A6689 sp-22 an-177 E1U6689 sp-25 an-177 E1U14015 sp-43 an-177 E1A6690 sp-22 an-178 E1U6690 sp-25 an-178 E1U14016 sp-43 an-178 E1A6691 sp-22 an-179 E1U6691 sp-25 an-179 E1U14017 sp-43 an-179 E1A6692 sp-22 an-180 E1U6692 sp-25 an-180 E1U14018 sp-43 an-180 E1A6693 sp-22 an-181 E1U6693 sp-25 an-181 E1U14019 sp-43 an-181 E1A6694 sp-22 an-182 E1U6694 sp-25 an-182 E1U14020 sp-43 an-182 E1A6695 sp-22 an-183 E1U6695 sp-25 an-183 E1U14021 sp-43 an-183 E1A6696 sp-22 an-184 E1U6696 sp-25 an-184 E1U14022 sp-43 an-184 Table 1-125 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A6697 sp-22 an-185 E1U6697 sp-25 an-185 E1U14023 sp-43 an-185 E1A6698 sp-22 an-186 E1U6698 sp-25 an-186 E1U14024 sp-43 an-186 E1A6699 sp-22 an-187 E1U6699 sp-25 an-187 E1U14025 sp-43 an-187 E1A6700 sp-22 an-188 E1U6700 sp-25 an-188 E1U14026 sp-43 an-188 E1A6701 sp-22 an-189 E1U6701 sp-25 an-189 E1U14027 sp-43 an-189 E1A6702 sp-22 an-190 E1U6702 sp-25 an-190 E1U14028 sp-43 an-190 E1A6703 sp-22 an-191 E1U6703 sp-25 an-191 E1U14029 sp-43 an-191 E1A6704 sp-22 an-192 E1U6704 sp-25 an-192 E1U14030 sp-43 an-192 E1A6705 sp-22 an-193 E1U6705 sp-25 an-193 E1U14031 sp-43 an-193 E1A6706 sp-22 an-194 E1U6706 sp-25 an-194 E1U14032 sp-43 an-194 E1A6707 sp-22 an-195 E1U6707 sp-25 an-195 E1U14033 sp-43 an-195 E1A6708 sp-22 an-196 E1U6708 sp-25 an-196 E1U14034 sp-43 an-196 E1A6709 sp-22 an-197 E1U6709 sp-25 an-197 E1U14035 sp-43 an-197 E1A6710 sp-22 an-198 E1U6710 sp-25 an-198 E1U14036 sp-43 an-198 E1A6711 sp-22 an-199 E1U6711 sp-25 an-199 E1U14037 sp-43 an-199 E1A6712 sp-22 an-200 E1U6712 sp-25 an-200 E1U14038 sp-43 an-200 E1A6713 sp-22 an-201 E1U6713 sp-25 an-201 E1U14039 sp-43 an-201 E1A6714 sp-22 an-202 E1U6714 sp-25 an-202 E1U14040 sp-43 an-202 E1A6715 sp-22 an-203 E1U6715 sp-25 an-203 E1U14041 sp-43 an-203 E1A6716 sp-22 an-204 E1U6716 sp-25 an-204 E1U14042 sp-43 an-204 E1A6717 sp-22 an-205 E1U6717 sp-25 an-205 E1U14043 sp-43 an-205 E1A6718 sp-22 an-206 E1U6718 sp-25 an-206 E1U14044 sp-43 an-206 E1A6719 sp-22 an-207 E1U6719 sp-25 an-207 E1U14045 sp-43 an-207 E1A6720 sp-22 an-208 E1U6720 sp-25 an-208 E1U14046 sp-43 an-208 E1A6721 sp-22 an-209 E1U6721 sp-25 an-209 E1U14047 sp-43 an-209 E1A6722 sp-22 an-210 E1U6722 sp-25 an-210 E1U14048 sp-43 an-210 E1A6723 sp-22 an-211 E1U6723 sp-25 an-211 E1U14049 sp-43 an-211 E1A6724 sp-22 an-212 E1U6724 sp-25 an-212 E1U14050 sp-43 an-212 E1A6725 sp-22 an-213 E1U6725 sp-25 an-213 E1U14051 sp-43 an-213 E1A6726 sp-22 an-214 E1U6726 sp-25 an-214 E1U14052 sp-43 an-214 E1A6727 sp-22 an-215 E1U6727 sp-25 an-215 E1U14053 sp-43 an-215 E1A6728 sp-22 an-216 E1U6728 sp-25 an-216 E1U14054 sp-43 an-216 E1A6729 sp-22 an-217 E1U6729 sp-25 an-217 E1U14055 sp-43 an-217 E1A6730 sp-22 an-218 E1U6730 sp-25 an-218 E1U14056 sp-43 an-218 E1A6731 sp-22 an-219 E1U6731 sp-25 an-219 E1U14057 sp-43 an-219 E1A6732 sp-22 an-220 E1U6732 sp-25 an-220 E1U14058 sp-43 an-220 E1A6733 sp-22 an-221 E1U6733 sp-25 an-221 E1U14059 sp-43 an-221 E1A6734 sp-22 an-222 E1U6734 sp-25 an-222 E1U14060 sp-43 an-222 E1A6735 sp-22 an-223 E1U6735 sp-25 an-223 E1U14061 sp-43 an-223 E1A6736 sp-22 an-224 E1U6736 sp-25 an-224 E1U14062 sp-43 an-224 E1A6737 sp-22 an-225 E1U6737 sp-25 an-225 E1U14063 sp-43 an-225 E1A6738 sp-22 an-226 E1U6738 sp-25 an-226 E1U14064 sp-43 an-226 E1A6739 sp-22 an-227 E1U6739 sp-25 an-227 E1U14065 sp-43 an-227 E1A6740 sp-22 an-228 E1U6740 sp-25 an-228 E1U14066 sp-43 an-228 E1A6741 sp-22 an-229 E1U6741 sp-25 an-229 E1U14067 sp-43 an-229 E1A6742 sp-22 an-230 E1U6742 sp-25 an-230 E1U14068 sp-43 an-230 E1A6743 sp-22 an-231 E1U6743 sp-25 an-231 E1U14069 sp-43 an-231 E1A6744 sp-22 an-232 E1U6744 sp-25 an-232 E1U14070 sp-43 an-232 E1A6745 sp-22 an-233 E1U6745 sp-25 an-233 E1U14071 sp-43 an-233 E1A6746 sp-22 an-234 E1U6746 sp-25 an-234 E1U14072 sp-43 an-234 E1A6747 sp-22 an-235 E1U6747 sp-25 an-235 E1U14073 sp-43 an-235 E1A6748 sp-22 an-236 E1U6748 sp-25 an-236 E1U14074 sp-43 an-236 E1A6749 sp-22 an-237 E1U6749 sp-25 an-237 E1U14075 sp-43 an-237 E1A6750 sp-22 an-238 E1U6750 sp-25 an-238 E1U14076 sp-43 an-238 Table 1-126 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A6751 sp-22 an-239 E1U6751 sp-25 an-239 E1U14077 sp-43 an-239 E1A6752 sp-22 an-240 E1U6752 sp-25 an-240 E1U14078 sp-43 an-240 E1A6753 sp-22 an-241 E1U6753 sp-25 an-241 E1U14079 sp-43 an-241 E1A6754 sp-22 an-242 E1U6754 sp-25 an-242 E1U14080 sp-43 an-242 E1A6755 sp-22 an-243 E1U6755 sp-25 an-243 E1U14081 sp-43 an-243 E1A6756 sp-22 an-244 E1U6756 sp-25 an-244 E1U14082 sp-43 an-244 E1A6757 sp-22 an-245 E1U6757 sp-25 an-245 E1U14083 sp-43 an-245 E1A6758 sp-22 an-246 E1U6758 sp-25 an-246 E1U14084 sp-43 an-246 E1A6759 sp-22 an-247 E1U6759 sp-25 an-247 E1U14085 sp-43 an-247 E1A6760 sp-22 an-248 E1U6760 sp-25 an-248 E1U14086 sp-43 an-248 E1A6761 sp-22 an-249 E1U6761 sp-25 an-249 E1U14087 sp-43 an-249 E1A6762 sp-22 an-250 E1U6762 sp-25 an-250 E1U14088 sp-43 an-250 E1A6763 sp-22 an-251 E1U6763 sp-25 an-251 E1U14089 sp-43 an-251 E1A6764 sp-22 an-252 E1U6764 sp-25 an-252 E1U14090 sp-43 an-252 E1A6765 sp-22 an-253 E1U6765 sp-25 an-253 E1U14091 sp-43 an-253 E1A6766 sp-22 an-254 E1U6766 sp-25 an-254 E1U14092 sp-43 an-254 E1A6767 sp-22 an-255 E1U6767 sp-25 an-255 E1U14093 sp-43 an-255 E1A6768 sp-22 an-256 E1U6768 sp-25 an-256 E1U14094 sp-43 an-256 E1A6769 sp-22 an-257 E1U6769 sp-25 an-257 E1U14095 sp-43 an-257 E1A6770 sp-22 an-258 E1U6770 sp-25 an-258 E1U14096 sp-43 an-258 E1A6771 sp-22 an-259 E1U6771 sp-25 an-259 E1U14097 sp-43 an-259 E1A6772 sp-22 an-260 E1U6772 sp-25 an-260 E1U14098 sp-43 an-260 E1A6773 sp-22 an-261 E1U6773 sp-25 an-261 E1U14099 sp-43 an-261 E1A6774 sp-22 an-262 E1U6774 sp-25 an-262 E1U14100 sp-43 an-262 E1A6775 sp-22 an-263 E1U6775 sp-25 an-263 E1U14101 sp-43 an-263 E1A6776 sp-22 an-264 E1U6776 sp-25 an-264 E1U14102 sp-43 an-264 E1A6777 sp-22 an-265 E1U6777 sp-25 an-265 E1U14103 sp-43 an-265 E1A6778 sp-22 an-266 E1U6778 sp-25 an-266 E1U14104 sp-43 an-266 E1A6779 sp-22 an-267 E1U6779 sp-25 an-267 E1U14105 sp-43 an-267 E1A6780 sp-22 an-268 E1U6780 sp-25 an-268 E1U14106 sp-43 an-268 E1A6781 sp-22 an-269 E1U6781 sp-25 an-269 E1U14107 sp-43 an-269 E1A6782 sp-22 an-270 E1U6782 sp-25 an-270 E1U14108 sp-43 an-270 E1A6783 sp-22 an-271 E1U6783 sp-25 an-271 E1U14109 sp-43 an-271 E1A6784 sp-22 an-272 E1U6784 sp-25 an-272 E1U14110 sp-43 an-272 E1A6785 sp-22 an-273 E1U6785 sp-25 an-273 E1U14111 sp-43 an-273 E1A6786 sp-22 an-274 E1U6786 sp-25 an-274 E1U14112 sp-43 an-274 E1A6787 sp-22 an-275 E1U6787 sp-25 an-275 E1U14113 sp-43 an-275 E1A6788 sp-22 an-276 E1U6788 sp-25 an-276 E1U14114 sp-43 an-276 E1A6789 sp-22 an-277 E1U6789 sp-25 an-277 E1U14115 sp-43 an-277 E1A6790 sp-22 an-278 E1U6790 sp-25 an-278 E1U14116 sp-43 an-278 E1A6791 sp-22 an-279 E1U6791 sp-25 an-279 E1U14117 sp-43 an-279 E1A6792 sp-22 an-280 E1U6792 sp-25 an-280 E1U14118 sp-43 an-280 E1A6793 sp-22 an-281 E1U6793 sp-25 an-281 E1U14119 sp-43 an-281 E1A6794 sp-22 an-282 E1U6794 sp-25 an-282 E1U14120 sp-43 an-282 E1A6795 sp-22 an-283 E1U6795 sp-25 an-283 E1U14121 sp-43 an-283 E1A6796 sp-22 an-284 E1U6796 sp-25 an-284 E1U14122 sp-43 an-284 E1A6797 sp-22 an-285 E1U6797 sp-25 an-285 E1U14123 sp-43 an-285 E1A6798 sp-22 an-286 E1U6798 sp-25 an-286 E1U14124 sp-43 an-286 E1A6799 sp-22 an-287 E1U6799 sp-25 an-287 E1U14125 sp-43 an-287 E1A6800 sp-22 an-288 E1U6800 sp-25 an-288 E1U14126 sp-43 an-288 E1A6801 sp-22 an-289 E1U6801 sp-25 an-289 E1U14127 sp-43 an-289 E1A6802 sp-22 an-290 E1U6802 sp-25 an-290 E1U14128 sp-43 an-290 E1A6803 sp-22 an-291 E1U6803 sp-25 an-291 E1U14129 sp-43 an-291 E1A6804 sp-22 an-292 E1U6804 sp-25 an-292 E1U14130 sp-43 an-292 Table 1-127 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A6805 sp-22 an-293 E1U6805 sp-25 an-293 E1U14131 sp-43 an-293 E1A6806 sp-22 an-294 E1U6806 sp-25 an-294 E1U14132 sp-43 an-294 E1A6807 sp-22 an-295 E1U6807 sp-25 an-295 E1U14133 sp-43 an-295 E1A6808 sp-22 an-296 E1U6808 sp-25 an-296 E1U14134 sp-43 an-296 E1A6809 sp-22 an-297 E1U6809 sp-25 an-297 E1U14135 sp-43 an-297 E1A6810 sp-22 an-298 E1U6810 sp-25 an-298 E1U14136 sp-43 an-298 E1A6811 sp-22 an-299 E1U6811 sp-25 an-299 E1U14137 sp-43 an-299 E1A6812 sp-22 an-300 E1U6812 sp-25 an-300 E1U14138 sp-43 an-300 E1A6813 sp-22 an-301 E1U6813 sp-25 an-301 E1U14139 sp-43 an-301 E1A6814 sp-22 an-302 E1U6814 sp-25 an-302 E1U14140 sp-43 an-302 E1A6815 sp-22 an-303 E1U6815 sp-25 an-303 E1U14141 sp-43 an-303 E1A6816 sp-22 an-304 E1U6816 sp-25 an-304 E1U14142 sp-43 an-304 E1A6817 sp-22 an-305 E1U6817 sp-25 an-305 E1U14143 sp-43 an-305 E1A6818 sp-22 an-306 E1U6818 sp-25 an-306 E1U14144 sp-43 an-306 E1A6819 sp-22 an-307 E1U6819 sp-25 an-307 E1U14145 sp-43 an-307 E1A6820 sp-22 an-308 E1U6820 sp-25 an-308 E1U14146 sp-43 an-308 E1A6821 sp-22 an-309 E1U6821 sp-25 an-309 E1U14147 sp-43 an-309 E1A6822 sp-22 an-310 E1U6822 sp-25 an-310 E1U14148 sp-43 an-310 E1A6823 sp-22 an-311 E1U6823 sp-25 an-311 E1U14149 sp-43 an-311 E1A6824 sp-22 an-312 E1U6824 sp-25 an-312 E1U14150 sp-43 an-312 E1A6825 sp-22 an-313 E1U6825 sp-25 an-313 E1U14151 sp-43 an-313 E1A6826 sp-22 an-314 E1U6826 sp-25 an-314 E1U14152 sp-43 an-314 E1A6827 sp-22 an-315 E1U6827 sp-25 an-315 E1U14153 sp-43 an-315 E1A6828 sp-22 an-316 E1U6828 sp-25 an-316 E1U14154 sp-43 an-316 E1A6829 sp-22 an-317 E1U6829 sp-25 an-317 E1U14155 sp-43 an-317 E1A6830 sp-22 an-318 E1U6830 sp-25 an-318 E1U14156 sp-43 an-318 E1A6831 sp-22 an-319 E1U6831 sp-25 an-319 E1U14157 sp-43 an-319 E1A6832 sp-22 an-320 E1U6832 sp-25 an-320 E1U14158 sp-43 an-320 E1A6833 sp-22 an-321 E1U6833 sp-25 an-321 E1U14159 sp-43 an-321 E1A6834 sp-22 an-322 E1U6834 sp-25 an-322 E1U14160 sp-43 an-322 E1A6835 sp-22 an-323 E1U6835 sp-25 an-323 E1U14161 sp-43 an-323 E1A6836 sp-22 an-324 E1U6836 sp-25 an-324 E1U14162 sp-43 an-324 E1A6837 sp-22 an-325 E1U6837 sp-25 an-325 E1U14163 sp-43 an-325 E1A6838 sp-22 an-326 E1U6838 sp-25 an-326 E1U14164 sp-43 an-326 E1A6839 sp-22 an-327 E1U6839 sp-25 an-327 E1U14165 sp-43 an-327 E1A6840 sp-22 an-328 E1U6840 sp-25 an-328 E1U14166 sp-43 an-328 E1A6841 sp-22 an-329 E1U6841 sp-25 an-329 E1U14167 sp-43 an-329 E1A6842 sp-22 an-330 E1U6842 sp-25 an-330 E1U14168 sp-43 an-330 E1A6843 sp-22 an-331 E1U6843 sp-25 an-331 E1U14169 sp-43 an-331 E1A6844 sp-22 an-332 E1U6844 sp-25 an-332 E1U14170 sp-43 an-332 E1A6845 sp-22 an-333 E1U6845 sp-25 an-333 E1U14171 sp-43 an-333 E1A6846 sp-22 an-334 E1U6846 sp-25 an-334 E1U14172 sp-43 an-334 E1A6847 sp-22 an-335 E1U6847 sp-25 an-335 E1U14173 sp-43 an-335 E1A6848 sp-22 an-336 E1U6848 sp-25 an-336 E1U14174 sp-43 an-336 E1A6849 sp-22 an-337 E1U6849 sp-25 an-337 E1U14175 sp-43 an-337 E1A6850 sp-22 an-338 E1U6850 sp-25 an-338 E1U14176 sp-43 an-338 E1A6851 sp-22 an-339 E1U6851 sp-25 an-339 E1U14177 sp-43 an-339 E1A6852 sp-22 an-340 E1U6852 sp-25 an-340 E1U14178 sp-43 an-340 E1A6853 sp-22 an-341 E1U6853 sp-25 an-341 E1U14179 sp-43 an-341 E1A6854 sp-22 an-342 E1U6854 sp-25 an-342 E1U14180 sp-43 an-342 E1A6855 sp-22 an-343 E1U6855 sp-25 an-343 E1U14181 sp-43 an-343 E1A6856 sp-22 an-344 E1U6856 sp-25 an-344 E1U14182 sp-43 an-344 E1A6857 sp-22 an-345 E1U6857 sp-25 an-345 E1U14183 sp-43 an-345 E1A6858 sp-22 an-346 E1U6858 sp-25 an-346 E1U14184 sp-43 an-346 Table 1-128 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A6859 sp-22 an-347 E1U6859 sp-25 an-347 E1U14185 sp-43 an-347 E1A6860 sp-22 an-348 E1U6860 sp-25 an-348 E1U14186 sp-43 an-348 E1A6861 sp-22 an-349 E1U6861 sp-25 an-349 E1U14187 sp-43 an-349 E1A6862 sp-22 an-350 E1U6862 sp-25 an-350 E1U14188 sp-43 an-350 E1A6863 sp-22 an-351 E1U6863 sp-25 an-351 E1U14189 sp-43 an-351 E1A6864 sp-22 an-352 E1U6864 sp-25 an-352 E1U14190 sp-43 an-352 E1A6865 sp-22 an-353 E1U6865 sp-25 an-353 E1U14191 sp-43 an-353 E1A6866 sp-22 an-354 E1U6866 sp-25 an-354 E1U14192 sp-43 an-354 E1A6867 sp-22 an-355 E1U6867 sp-25 an-355 E1U14193 sp-43 an-355 E1A6868 sp-22 an-356 E1U6868 sp-25 an-356 E1U14194 sp-43 an-356 E1A6869 sp-22 an-357 E1U6869 sp-25 an-357 E1U14195 sp-43 an-357 E1A6870 sp-22 an-358 E1U6870 sp-25 an-358 E1U14196 sp-43 an-358 E1A6871 sp-22 an-359 E1U6871 sp-25 an-359 E1U14197 sp-43 an-359 E1A6872 sp-22 an-360 E1U6872 sp-25 an-360 E1U14198 sp-43 an-360 E1A6873 sp-22 an-361 E1U6873 sp-25 an-361 E1U14199 sp-43 an-361 E1A6874 sp-22 an-362 E1U6874 sp-25 an-362 E1U14200 sp-43 an-362 E1A6875 sp-22 an-363 E1U6875 sp-25 an-363 E1U14201 sp-43 an-363 E1A6876 sp-22 an-364 E1U6876 sp-25 an-364 E1U14202 sp-43 an-364 E1A6877 sp-22 an-365 E1U6877 sp-25 an-365 E1U14203 sp-43 an-365 E1A6878 sp-22 an-366 E1U6878 sp-25 an-366 E1U14204 sp-43 an-366 E1A6879 sp-22 an-367 E1U6879 sp-25 an-367 E1U14205 sp-43 an-367 E1A6880 sp-22 an-368 E1U6880 sp-25 an-368 E1U14206 sp-43 an-368 E1A6881 sp-22 an-369 E1U6881 sp-25 an-369 E1U14207 sp-43 an-369 E1A6882 sp-22 an-370 E1U6882 sp-25 an-370 E1U14208 sp-43 an-370 E1A6883 sp-22 an-371 E1U6883 sp-25 an-371 E1U14209 sp-43 an-371 E1A6884 sp-22 an-372 E1U6884 sp-25 an-372 E1U14210 sp-43 an-372 E1A6885 sp-22 an-373 E1U6885 sp-25 an-373 E1U14211 sp-43 an-373 E1A6886 sp-22 an-374 E1U6886 sp-25 an-374 E1U14212 sp-43 an-374 E1A6887 sp-22 an-375 E1U6887 sp-25 an-375 E1U14213 sp-43 an-375 E1A6888 sp-22 an-376 E1U6888 sp-25 an-376 E1U14214 sp-43 an-376 E1A6889 sp-22 an-377 E1U6889 sp-25 an-377 E1U14215 sp-43 an-377 E1A6890 sp-22 an-378 E1U6890 sp-25 an-378 E1U14216 sp-43 an-378 E1A6891 sp-22 an-379 E1U6891 sp-25 an-379 E1U14217 sp-43 an-379 E1A6892 sp-22 an-380 E1U6892 sp-25 an-380 E1U14218 sp-43 an-380 E1A6893 sp-22 an-381 E1U6893 sp-25 an-381 E1U14219 sp-43 an-381 E1A6894 sp-22 an-382 E1U6894 sp-25 an-382 E1U14220 sp-43 an-382 E1A6895 sp-22 an-383 E1U6895 sp-25 an-383 E1U14221 sp-43 an-383 E1A6896 sp-22 an-384 E1U6896 sp-25 an-384 E1U14222 sp-43 an-384 E1A6897 sp-22 an-385 E1U6897 sp-25 an-385 E1U14223 sp-43 an-385 E1A6898 sp-22 an-386 E1U6898 sp-25 an-386 E1U14224 sp-43 an-386 E1A6899 sp-22 an-387 E1U6899 sp-25 an-387 E1U14225 sp-43 an-387 E1A6900 sp-22 an-388 E1U6900 sp-25 an-388 E1U14226 sp-43 an-388 E1A6901 sp-22 an-389 E1U6901 sp-25 an-389 E1U14227 sp-43 an-389 E1A6902 sp-22 an-390 E1U6902 sp-25 an-390 E1U14228 sp-43 an-390 E1A6903 sp-22 an-391 E1U6903 sp-25 an-391 E1U14229 sp-43 an-391 E1A6904 sp-22 an-392 E1U6904 sp-25 an-392 E1U14230 sp-43 an-392 E1A6905 sp-22 an-393 E1U6905 sp-25 an-393 E1U14231 sp-43 an-393 E1A6906 sp-22 an-394 E1U6906 sp-25 an-394 E1U14232 sp-43 an-394 E1A6907 sp-22 an-395 E1U6907 sp-25 an-395 E1U14233 sp-43 an-395 E1A6908 sp-22 an-396 E1U6908 sp-25 an-396 E1U14234 sp-43 an-396 E1A6909 sp-22 an-397 E1U6909 sp-25 an-397 E1U14235 sp-43 an-397 E1A6910 sp-22 an-398 E1U6910 sp-25 an-398 E1U14236 sp-43 an-398 E1A6911 sp-22 an-399 E1U6911 sp-25 an-399 E1U14237 sp-43 an-399 E1A6912 sp-22 an-400 E1U6912 sp-25 an-400 E1U14238 sp-43 an-400 Table 1-129 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1A6913 sp-22 an-401 E1U6913 sp-25 an-401 E1U14239 sp-43 an-401 E1A6914 sp-22 an-402 E1U6914 sp-25 an-402 E1U14240 sp-43 an-402 E1A6915 sp-22 an-403 E1U6915 sp-25 an-403 E1U14241 sp-43 an-403 E1A6916 sp-22 an-404 E1U6916 sp-25 an-404 E1U14242 sp-43 an-404 E1A6917 sp-22 an-405 E1U6917 sp-25 an-405 E1U14243 sp-43 an-405 E1A6918 sp-22 an-406 E1U6918 sp-25 an-406 E1U14244 sp-43 an-406 E1A6919 sp-22 an-407 E1U6919 sp-25 an-407 E1U14245 sp-43 an-407 E1U6920 sp-26 an-1 E1U14246 sp-44 an-1 Y = NHCSO E1U6921 sp-26 an-2 E1U14247 sp-44 an-2 E1C0001 sp-1 an-1 E1U6922 sp-26 an-3 E1U14248 sp-44 an-3 E1C0002 sp-1 an-2 E1U6923 sp-26 an-4 E1U14249 sp-44 an-4 E1C0003 sp-1 an-3 E1U6924 sp-26 an-5 E1U14250 sp-44 an-5 E1C0004 sp-1 an-4 E1U6925 sp-26 an-6 E1U14251 sp-44 an-6 E1C0005 sp-1 an-5 E1U6926 sp-26 an-7 E1U14252 sp-44 an-7 E1C0006 sp-1 an-6 E1U6927 sp-26 an-8 E1U14253 sp-44 an-8 E1C0007 sp-1 an-7 E1U6928 sp-26 an-9 E1U14254 sp-44 an-9 E1C0008 sp-1 an-8 E1U6929 sp-26 an-10 E1U14255 sp-44 an-10 E1C0009 sp-1 an-9 E1U6930 sp-26 an-11 E1U14256 sp-44 an-11 E1C0010 sp-1 an-10 E1U6931 sp-26 an-12 E1U14257 sp-44 an-12 E1C0011 sp-1 an-11 E1U6932 sp-26 an-13 E1U14258 sp-44 an-13 E1C0012 sp-1 an-12 E1U6933 sp-26 an-14 E1U14259 sp-44 an-14 E1C0013 sp-1 an-13 E1U6934 sp-26 an-15 E1U14260 sp-44 an-15 E1C0014 sp-1 an-14 E1U6935 sp-26 an-16 E1U14261 sp-44 an-16 E1C0015 sp-1 an-15 E1U6936 sp-26 an-17 E1U14262 sp-44 an-17 E1C0016 sp-1 an-16 E1U6937 sp-26 an-18 E1U14263 sp-44 an-18 E1C0017 sp-1 an-17 E1U6938 sp-26 an-19 E1U14264 sp-44 an-19 E1C0018 sp-1 an-18 E1U6939 sp-26 an-20 E1U14265 sp-44 an-20 E1C0019 sp-1 an-19 E1U6940 sp-26 an-21 E1U14266 sp-44 an-21 E1C0020 sp-1 an-20 E1U6941 sp-26 an-22 E1U14267 sp-44 an-22 E1C0021 sp-1 an-21 E1U6942 sp-26 an-23 E1U14268 sp-44 an-23 E1C0022 sp-1 an-22 E1U6943 sp-26 an-24 E1U14269 sp-44 an-24 E1C0023 sp-1 an-23 E1U6944 sp-26 an-25 E1U14270 sp-44 an-25 E1C0024 sp-1 an-24 E1U6945 sp-26 an-26 E1U14271 sp-44 an-26 E1C0025 sp-1 an-25 E1U6946 sp-26 an-27 E1U14272 sp-44 an-27 E1C0026 sp-1 an-26 E1U6947 sp-26 an-28 E1U14273 sp-44 an-28 E1C0027 sp-1 an-27 E1U6948 sp-26 an-29 E1U14274 sp-44 an-29 E1C0028 sp-1 an-28 E1U6949 sp-26 an-30 E1U14275 sp-44 an-30 E1C0029 sp-1 an-29 E1U6950 sp-26 an-31 E1U14276 sp-44 an-31 E1C0030 sp-1 an-30 E1U6951 sp-26 an-32 E1U14277 sp-44 an-32 E1C0031 sp-1 an-31 E1U6952 sp-26 an-33 E1U14278 sp-44 an-33 E1C0032 sp-1 an-32 E1U6953 sp-26 an-34 E1U14279 sp-44 an-34 E1C0033 sp-1 an-33 E1U6954 sp-26 an-35 E1U14280 sp-44 an-35 E1C0034 sp-1 an-34 E1U6955 sp-26 an-36 E1U14281 sp-44 an-36 E1C0035 sp-1 an-35 E1U6956 sp-26 an-37 E1U14282 sp-44 an-37 E1C0036 sp-1 an-36 E1U6957 sp-26 an-38 E1U14283 sp-44 an-38 E1C0037 sp-1 an-37 E1U6958 sp-26 an-39 E1U14284 sp-44 an-39 E1C0038 sp-1 an-38 E1U6959 sp-26 an-40 E1U14285 sp-44 an-40 E1C0039 sp-1 an-39 E1U6960 sp-26 an-41 E1U14286 sp-44 an-41 E1C0040 sp-1 an-40 E1U6961 sp-26 an-42 E1U14287 sp-44 an-42 E1C0041 sp-1 an-41 E1U6962 sp-26 an-43 E1U14288 sp-44 an-43 E1C0042 sp-1 an-42 E1U6963 sp-26 an-44 E1U14289 sp-44 an-44 E1C0043 sp-1 an-43 E1U6964 sp-26 an-45 E1U14290 sp-44 an-45 E1C0044 sp-1 an-44 E1U6965 sp-26 an-46 E1U14291 sp-44 an-46 E1C0045 sp-1 an-45 E1U6966 sp-26 an-47 E1U14292 sp-44 an-47 Table 1-130 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1C0046 sp-1 an-46 E1U6967 sp-26 an-48 E1U14293 sp-44 an-48 E1C0047 sp-1 an-47 E1U6968 sp-26 an-49 E1U14294 sp-44 an-49 E1C0048 sp-1 an-48 E1U6969 sp-26 an-50 E1U14295 sp-44 an-50 E1C0049 sp-1 an-49 E1U6970 sp-26 an-51 E1U14296 sp-44 an-51 E1C0050 sp-1 an-50 E1U6971 sp-26 an-52 E1U14297 sp-44 an-52 E1C0051 sp-1 an-51 E1U6972 sp-26 an-53 E1U14298 sp-44 an-53 E1C0052 sp-1 an-52 E1U6973 sp-26 an-54 E1U14299 sp-44 an-54 E1C0053 sp-1 an-53 E1U6974 sp-26 an-55 E1U14300 sp-44 an-55 E1C0054 sp-1 an-54 E1U6975 sp-26 an-56 E1U14301 sp-44 an-56 E1C0055 sp-1 an-55 E1U6976 sp-26 an-57 E1U14302 sp-44 an-57 E1C0056 sp-1 an-56 E1U6977 sp-26 an-58 E1U14303 sp-44 an-58 E1C0057 sp-1 an-57 E1U6978 sp-26 an-59 E1U14304 sp-44 an-59 E1C0058 sp-1 an-58 E1U6979 sp-26 an-60 E1U14305 sp-44 an-60 E1C0059 sp-1 an-59 E1U6980 sp-26 an-61 E1U14306 sp-44 an-61 E1C0060 sp-1 an-60 E1U6981 sp-26 an-62 E1U14307 sp-44 an-62 E1C0061 sp-1 an-61 E1U6982 sp-26 an-63 E1U14308 sp-44 an-63 E1C0062 sp-1 an-62 E1U6983 sp-26 an-64 E1U14309 sp-44 an-64 E1C0063 sp-1 an-63 E1U6984 sp-26 an-65 E1U14310 sp-44 an-65 E1C0064 sp-1 an-64 E1U6985 sp-26 an-66 E1U14311 sp-44 an-66 E1C0065 sp-1 an-65 E1U6986 sp-26 an-67 E1U14312 sp-44 an-67 E1C0066 sp-1 an-66 E1U6987 sp-26 an-68 E1U14313 sp-44 an-68 E1C0067 sp-1 an-67 E1U6988 sp-26 an-69 E1U14314 sp-44 an-69 E1C0068 sp-1 an-68 E1U6989 sp-26 an-70 E1U14315 sp-44 an-70 E1C0069 sp-1 an-69 E1U6990 sp-26 an-71 E1U14316 sp-44 an-71 E1C0070 sp-1 an-70 E1U6991 sp-26 an-72 E1U14317 sp-44 an-72 E1C0071 sp-1 an-71 E1U6992 sp-26 an-73 E1U14318 sp-44 an-73 E1C0072 sp-1 an-72 E1U6993 sp-26 an-74 E1U14319 sp-44 an-74 E1C0073 sp-1 an-73 E1U6994 sp-26 an-75 E1U14320 sp-44 an-75 E1C0074 sp-1 an-74 E1U6995 sp-26 an-76 E1U14321 sp-44 an-76 E1C0075 sp-1 an-75 E1U6996 sp-26 an-77 E1U14322 sp-44 an-77 E1C0076 sp-1 an-76 E1U6997 sp-26 an-78 E1U14323 sp-44 an-78 E1C0077 sp-1 an-77 E1U6998 sp-26 an-79 E1U14324 sp-44 an-79 E1C0078 sp-1 an-78 E1U6999 sp-26 an-80 E1U14325 sp-44 an-80 E1C0079 sp-1 an-79 E1U7000 sp-26 an-81 E1U14326 sp-44 an-81 E1C0080 sp-1 an-80 E1U7001 sp-26 an-82 E1U14327 sp-44 an-82 E1C0081 sp-1 an-81 E1U7002 sp-26 an-83 E1U14328 sp-44 an-83 E1C0082 sp-1 an-82 E1U7003 sp-26 an-84 E1U14329 sp-44 an-84 E1C0083 sp-1 an-83 E1U7004 sp-26 an-85 E1U14330 sp-44 an-85 E1C0084 sp-1 an-84 E1U7005 sp-26 an-86 E1U14331 sp-44 an-86 E1C0085 sp-1 an-85 E1U7006 sp-26 an-87 E1U14332 sp-44 an-87 E1C0086 sp-1 an-86 E1U7007 sp-26 an-88 E1U14333 sp-44 an-88 E1C0087 sp-1 an-87 E1U7008 sp-26 an-89 E1U14334 sp-44 an-89 E1C0088 sp-1 an-88 E1U7009 sp-26 an-90 E1U14335 sp-44 an-90 E1C0089 sp-1 an-89 E1U7010 sp-26 an-91 E1U14336 sp-44 an-91 E1C0090 sp-1 an-90 E1U7011 sp-26 an-92 E1U14337 sp-44 an-92 E1C0091 sp-1 an-91 E1U7012 sp-26 an-93 E1U14338 sp-44 an-93 E1C0092 sp-1 an-92 E1U7013 sp-26 an-94 E1U14339 sp-44 an-94 E1C0093 sp-1 an-93 E1U7014 sp-26 an-95 E1U14340 sp-44 an-95 E1C0094 sp-1 an-94 E1U7015 sp-26 an-96 E1U14341 sp-44 an-96 E1C0095 sp-1 an-95 E1U7016 sp-26 an-97 E1U14342 sp-44 an-97 E1C0096 sp-1 an-96 E1U7017 sp-26 an-98 E1U14343 sp-44 an-98 E1C0097 sp-1 an-97 E1U7018 sp-26 an-99 E1U14344 sp-44 an-99 E1C0098 sp-1 an-98 E1U7019 sp-26 an-100 E1U14345 sp-44 an-100 E1C0099 sp-1 an-99 E1U7020 sp-26 an-101 E1U14346 sp-44 an-101 Table 1-131 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1C0100 sp-1 an-100 E1U7021 sp-26 an-102 E1U14347 sp-44 an-102 E1C0101 sp-1 an-101 E1U7022 sp-26 an-103 E1U14348 sp-44 an-103 E1C0102 sp-1 an-102 E1U7023 sp-26 an-104 E1U14349 sp-44 an-104 E1C0103 sp-1 an-103 E1U7024 sp-26 an-105 E1U14350 sp-44 an-105 E1C0104 sp-1 an-104 E1U7025 sp-26 an-106 E1U14351 sp-44 an-106 E1C0105 sp-1 an-105 E1U7026 sp-26 an-107 E1U14352 sp-44 an-107 E1C0106 sp-1 an-106 E1U7027 sp-26 an-108 E1U14353 sp-44 an-108 E1C0107 sp-1 an-107 E1U7028 sp-26 an-109 E1U14354 sp-44 an-109 E1C0108 sp-1 an-108 E1U7029 sp-26 an-110 E1U14355 sp-44 an-110 E1C0109 sp-1 an-109 E1U7030 sp-26 an-111 E1U14356 sp-44 an-111 E1C0110 sp-1 an-110 E1U7031 sp-26 an-112 E1U14357 sp-44 an-112 E1C0111 sp-1 an-111 E1U7032 sp-26 an-113 E1U14358 sp-44 an-113 E1C0112 sp-1 an-112 E1U7033 sp-26 an-114 E1U14359 sp-44 an-114 E1C0113 sp-1 an-113 E1U7034 sp-26 an-115 E1U14360 sp-44 an-115 E1C0114 sp-1 an-114 E1U7035 sp-26 an-116 E1U14361 sp-44 an-116 E1C0115 sp-1 an-115 E1U7036 sp-26 an-117 E1U14362 sp-44 an-117 E1C0116 sp-1 an-116 E1U7037 sp-26 an-118 E1U14363 sp-44 an-118 E1C0117 sp-1 an-117 E1U7038 sp-26 an-119 E1U14364 sp-44 an-119 E1C0118 sp-1 an-118 E1U7039 sp-26 an-120 E1U14365 sp-44 an-120 E1C0119 sp-1 an-119 E1U7040 sp-26 an-121 E1U14366 sp-44 an-121 E1C0120 sp-1 an-120 E1U7041 sp-26 an-122 E1U14367 sp-44 an-122 E1C0121 sp-1 an-121 E1U7042 sp-26 an-123 E1U14368 sp-44 an-123 E1C0122 sp-1 an-122 E1U7043 sp-26 an-124 E1U14369 sp-44 an-124 E1C0123 sp-1 an-123 E1U7044 sp-26 an-125 E1U14370 sp-44 an-125 E1C0124 sp-1 an-124 E1U7045 sp-26 an-126 E1U14371 sp-44 an-126 E1C0125 sp-1 an-125 E1U7046 sp-26 an-127 E1U14372 sp-44 an-127 E1C0126 sp-1 an-126 E1U7047 sp-26 an-128 E1U14373 sp-44 an-128 E1C0127 sp-1 an-127 E1U7048 sp-26 an-129 E1U14374 sp-44 an-129 E1C0128 sp-1 an-128 E1U7049 sp-26 an-130 E1U14375 sp-44 an-130 E1C0129 sp-1 an-129 E1U7050 sp-26 an-131 E1U14376 sp-44 an-131 E1C0130 sp-1 an-130 E1U7051 sp-26 an-132 E1U14377 sp-44 an-132 E1C0131 sp-1 an-131 E1U7052 sp-26 an-133 E1U14378 sp-44 an-133 E1C0132 sp-1 an-132 E1U7053 sp-26 an-134 E1U14379 sp-44 an-134 E1C0133 sp-1 an-133 E1U7054 sp-26 an-135 E1U14380 sp-44 an-135 E1C0134 sp-1 an-134 E1U7055 sp-26 an-136 E1U14381 sp-44 an-136 E1C0135 sp-1 an-135 E1U7056 sp-26 an-137 E1U14382 sp-44 an-137 E1C0136 sp-1 an-136 E1U7057 sp-26 an-138 E1U14383 sp-44 an-138 E1C0137 sp-1 an-137 E1U7058 sp-26 an-139 E1U14384 sp-44 an-139 E1C0138 sp-1 an-138 E1U7059 sp-26 an-140 E1U14385 sp-44 an-140 E1C0139 sp-1 an-139 E1U7060 sp-26 an-141 E1U14386 sp-44 an-141 E1C0140 sp-1 an-140 E1U7061 sp-26 an-142 E1U14387 sp-44 an-142 E1C0141 sp-1 an-141 E1U7062 sp-26 an-143 E1U14388 sp-44 an-143 E1C0142 sp-1 an-142 E1U7063 sp-26 an-144 E1U14389 sp-44 an-144 E1C0143 sp-1 an-143 E1U7064 sp-26 an-145 E1U14390 sp-44 an-145 E1C0144 sp-1 an-144 E1U7065 sp-26 an-146 E1U14391 sp-44 an-146 E1C0145 sp-1 an-145 E1U7066 sp-26 an-147 E1U14392 sp-44 an-147 E1C0146 sp-1 an-146 E1U7067 sp-26 an-148 E1U14393 sp-44 an-148 E1C0147 sp-1 an-147 E1U7068 sp-26 an-149 E1U14394 sp-44 an-149 E1C0148 sp-1 an-148 E1U7069 sp-26 an-150 E1U14395 sp-44 an-150 E1C0149 sp-1 an-149 E1U7070 sp-26 an-151 E1U14396 sp-44 an-151 E1C0150 sp-1 an-150 E1U7071 sp-26 an-152 E1U14397 sp-44 an-152 E1C0151 sp-1 an-151 E1U7072 sp-26 an-153 E1U14398 sp-44 an-153 E1C0152 sp-1 an-152 E1U7073 sp-26 an-154 E1U14399 sp-44 an-154 E1C0153 sp-1 an-153 E1U7074 sp-26 an-155 E1U14400 sp-44 an-155 Table 1-132 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1C0154 sp-1 an-154 E1U7075 sp-26 an-156 E1U14401 sp-44 an-156 E1C0155 sp-1 an-155 E1U7076 sp-26 an-157 E1U14402 sp-44 an-157 E1C0156 sp-1 an-156 E1U7077 sp-26 an-158 E1U14403 sp-44 an-158 E1C0157 sp-1 an-157 E1U7078 sp-26 an-159 E1U14404 sp-44 an-159 E1C0158 sp-1 an-158 E1U7079 sp-26 an-160 E1U14405 sp-44 an-160 E1C0159 sp-1 an-159 E1U7080 sp-26 an-161 E1U14406 sp-44 an-161 E1C0160 sp-1 an-160 E1U7081 sp-26 an-162 E1U14407 sp-44 an-162 E1C0161 sp-1 an-161 E1U7082 sp-26 an-163 E1U14408 sp-44 an-163 E1C0162 sp-1 an-162 E1U7083 sp-26 an-164 E1U14409 sp-44 an-164 E1C0163 sp-1 an-163 E1U7084 sp-26 an-165 E1U14410 sp-44 an-165 E1C0164 sp-1 an-164 E1U7085 sp-26 an-166 E1U14411 sp-44 an-166 E1C0165 sp-1 an-165 E1U7086 sp-26 an-167 E1U14412 sp-44 an-167 E1C0166 sp-1 an-166 E1U7087 sp-26 an-168 E1U14413 sp-44 an-168 E1C0167 sp-1 an-167 E1U7088 sp-26 an-169 E1U14414 sp-44 an-169 E1C0168 sp-1 an-168 E1U7089 sp-26 an-170 E1U14415 sp-44 an-170 E1C0169 sp-1 an-169 E1U7090 sp-26 an-171 E1U14416 sp-44 an-171 E1C0170 sp-1 an-170 E1U7091 sp-26 an-172 E1U14417 sp-44 an-172 E1C0171 sp-1 an-171 E1U7092 sp-26 an-173 E1U14418 sp-44 an-173 E1C0172 sp-1 an-172 E1U7093 sp-26 an-174 E1U14419 sp-44 an-174 E1C0173 sp-1 an-173 E1U7094 sp-26 an-175 E1U14420 sp-44 an-175 E1C0174 sp-1 an-174 E1U7095 sp-26 an-176 E1U14421 sp-44 an-176 E1C0175 sp-1 an-175 E1U7096 sp-26 an-177 E1U14422 sp-44 an-177 E1C0176 sp-1 an-176 E1U7097 sp-26 an-178 E1U14423 sp-44 an-178 E1C0177 sp-1 an-177 E1U7098 sp-26 an-179 E1U14424 sp-44 an-179 E1C0178 sp-1 an-178 E1U7099 sp-26 an-180 E1U14425 sp-44 an-180 E1C0179 sp-1 an-179 E1U7100 sp-26 an-181 E1U14426 sp-44 an-181 E1C0180 sp-1 an-180 E1U7101 sp-26 an-182 E1U14427 sp-44 an-182 E1C0181 sp-1 an-181 E1U7102 sp-26 an-183 E1U14428 sp-44 an-183 E1C0182 sp-1 an-182 E1U7103 sp-26 an-184 E1U14429 sp-44 an-184 E1C0183 sp-1 an-183 E1U7104 sp-26 an-185 E1U14430 sp-44 an-185 E1C0184 sp-1 an-184 E1U7105 sp-26 an-186 E1U14431 sp-44 an-186 E1C0185 sp-1 an-185 E1U7106 sp-26 an-187 E1U14432 sp-44 an-187 E1C0186 sp-1 an-186 E1U7107 sp-26 an-188 E1U14433 sp-44 an-188 E1C0187 sp-1 an-187 E1U7108 sp-26 an-189 E1U14434 sp-44 an-189 E1C0188 sp-1 an-188 E1U7109 sp-26 an-190 E1U14435 sp-44 an-190 E1C0189 sp-1 an-189 E1U7110 sp-26 an-191 E1U14436 sp-44 an-191 E1C0190 sp-1 an-190 E1U7111 sp-26 an-192 E1U14437 sp-44 an-192 E1C0191 sp-1 an-191 E1U7112 sp-26 an-193 E1U14438 sp-44 an-193 E1C0192 sp-1 an-192 E1U7113 sp-26 an-194 E1U14439 sp-44 an-194 E1C0193 sp-1 an-193 E1U7114 sp-26 an-195 E1U14440 sp-44 an-195 E1C0194 sp-1 an-194 E1U7115 sp-26 an-196 E1U14441 sp-44 an-196 E1C0195 sp-1 an-195 E1U7116 sp-26 an-197 E1U14442 sp-44 an-197 E1C0196 sp-1 an-196 E1U7117 sp-26 an-198 E1U14443 sp-44 an-198 E1C0197 sp-1 an-197 E1U7118 sp-26 an-199 E1U14444 sp-44 an-199 E1C0198 sp-1 an-198 E1U7119 sp-26 an-200 E1U14445 sp-44 an-200 E1C0199 sp-1 an-199 E1U7120 sp-26 an-201 E1U14446 sp-44 an-201 E1C0200 sp-1 an-200 E1U7121 sp-26 an-202 E1U14447 sp-44 an-202 E1C0201 sp-1 an-201 E1U7122 sp-26 an-203 E1U14448 sp-44 an-203 E1C0202 sp-1 an-202 E1U7123 sp-26 an-204 E1U14449 sp-44 an-204 E1C0203 sp-1 an-203 E1U7124 sp-26 an-205 E1U14450 sp-44 an-205 E1C0204 sp-1 an-204 E1U7125 sp-26 an-206 E1U14451 sp-44 an-206 E1C0205 sp-1 an-205 E1U7126 sp-26 an-207 E1U14452 sp-44 an-207 E1C0206 sp-1 an-206 E1U7127 sp-26 an-208 E1U14453 sp-44 an-208 E1C0207 sp-1 an-207 E1U7128 sp-26 an-209 E1U14454 sp-44 an-209 Table 1-133 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1C0208 sp-1 an-208 E1U7129 sp-26 an-210 E1U14455 sp-44 an-210 E1C0209 sp-1 an-209 E1U7130 sp-26 an-211 E1U14456 sp-44 an-211 E1C0210 sp-1 an-210 E1U7131 sp-26 an-212 E1U14457 sp-44 an-212 E1C0211 sp-1 an-211 E1U7132 sp-26 an-213 E1U14458 sp-44 an-213 E1C0212 sp-1 an-212 E1U7133 sp-26 an-214 E1U14459 sp-44 an-214 E1C0213 sp-1 an-213 E1U7134 sp-26 an-215 E1U14460 sp-44 an-215 E1C0214 sp-1 an-214 E1U7135 sp-26 an-216 E1U14461 sp-44 an-216 E1C0215 sp-1 an-215 E1U7136 sp-26 an-217 E1U14462 sp-44 an-217 E1C0216 sp-1 an-216 E1U7137 sp-26 an-218 E1U14463 sp-44 an-218 E1C0217 sp-1 an-217 E1U7138 sp-26 an-219 E1U14464 sp-44 an-219 E1C0218 sp-1 an-218 E1U7139 sp-26 an-220 E1U14465 sp-44 an-220 E1C0219 sp-1 an-219 E1U7140 sp-26 an-221 E1U14466 sp-44 an-221 E1C0220 sp-1 an-220 E1U7141 sp-26 an-222 E1U14467 sp-44 an-222 E1C0221 sp-1 an-221 E1U7142 sp-26 an-223 E1U14468 sp-44 an-223 E1C0222 sp-1 an-222 E1U7143 sp-26 an-224 E1U14469 sp-44 an-224 E1C0223 sp-1 an-223 E1U7144 sp-26 an-225 E1U14470 sp-44 an-225 E1C0224 sp-1 an-224 E1U7145 sp-26 an-226 E1U14471 sp-44 an-226 E1C0225 sp-1 an-225 E1U7146 sp-26 an-227 E1U14472 sp-44 an-227 E1C0226 sp-1 an-226 E1U7147 sp-26 an-228 E1U14473 sp-44 an-228 E1C0227 sp-1 an-227 E1U7148 sp-26 an-229 E1U14474 sp-44 an-229 E1C0228 sp-1 an-228 E1U7149 sp-26 an-230 E1U14475 sp-44 an-230 E1C0229 sp-1 an-229 E1U7150 sp-26 an-231 E1U14476 sp-44 an-231 E1C0230 sp-1 an-230 E1U7151 sp-26 an-232 E1U14477 sp-44 an-232 E1C0231 sp-1 an-231 E1U7152 sp-26 an-233 E1U14478 sp-44 an-233 E1C0232 sp-1 an-232 E1U7153 sp-26 an-234 E1U14479 sp-44 an-234 E1C0233 sp-1 an-233 E1U7154 sp-26 an-235 E1U14480 sp-44 an-235 E1C0234 sp-1 an-234 E1U7155 sp-26 an-236 E1U14481 sp-44 an-236 E1C0235 sp-1 an-235 E1U7156 sp-26 an-237 E1U14482 sp-44 an-237 E1C0236 sp-1 an-236 E1U7157 sp-26 an-238 E1U14483 sp-44 an-238 E1C0237 sp-1 an-237 E1U7158 sp-26 an-239 E1U14484 sp-44 an-239 E1C0238 sp-1 an-238 E1U7159 sp-26 an-240 E1U14485 sp-44 an-240 E1C0239 sp-1 an-239 E1U7160 sp-26 an-241 E1U14486 sp-44 an-241 E1C0240 sp-1 an-240 E1U7161 sp-26 an-242 E1U14487 sp-44 an-242 E1C0241 sp-1 an-241 E1U7162 sp-26 an-243 E1U14488 sp-44 an-243 E1C0242 sp-1 an-242 E1U7163 sp-26 an-244 E1U14489 sp-44 an-244 E1C0243 sp-1 an-243 E1U7164 sp-26 an-245 E1U14490 sp-44 an-245 E1C0244 sp-1 an-244 E1U7165 sp-26 an-246 E1U14491 sp-44 an-246 E1C0245 sp-1 an-245 E1U7166 sp-26 an-247 E1U14492 sp-44 an-247 E1C0246 sp-1 an-246 E1U7167 sp-26 an-248 E1U14493 sp-44 an-248 E1C0247 sp-1 an-247 E1U7168 sp-26 an-249 E1U14494 sp-44 an-249 E1C0248 sp-1 an-248 E1U7169 sp-26 an-250 E1U14495 sp-44 an-250 E1C0249 sp-1 an-249 E1U7170 sp-26 an-251 E1U14496 sp-44 an-251 E1C0250 sp-1 an-250 E1U7171 sp-26 an-252 E1U14497 sp-44 an-252 E1C0251 sp-1 an-251 E1U7172 sp-26 an-253 E1U14498 sp-44 an-253 E1C0252 sp-1 an-252 E1U7173 sp-26 an-254 E1U14499 sp-44 an-254 E1C0253 sp-1 an-253 E1U7174 sp-26 an-255 E1U14500 sp-44 an-255 E1C0254 sp-1 an-254 E1U7175 sp-26 an-256 E1U14501 sp-44 an-256 E1C0255 sp-1 an-255 E1U7176 sp-26 an-257 E1U14502 sp-44 an-257 E1C0256 sp-1 an-256 E1U7177 sp-26 an-258 E1U14503 sp-44 an-258 E1C0257 sp-1 an-257 E1U7178 sp-26 an-259 E1U14504 sp-44 an-259 E1C0258 sp-1 an-258 E1U7179 sp-26 an-260 E1U14505 sp-44 an-260 E1C0259 sp-1 an-259 E1U7180 sp-26 an-261 E1U14506 sp-44 an-261 E1C0260 sp-1 an-260 E1U7181 sp-26 an-262 E1U14507 sp-44 an-262 E1C0261 sp-1 an-261 E1U7182 sp-26 an-263 E1U14508 sp-44 an-263 Table 1-134 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1C0262 sp-1 an-262 E1U7183 sp-26 an-264 E1U14509 sp-44 an-264 E1C0263 sp-1 an-263 E1U7184 sp-26 an-265 E1U14510 sp-44 an-265 E1C0264 sp-1 an-264 E1U7185 sp-26 an-266 E1U14511 sp-44 an-266 E1C0265 sp-1 an-265 E1U7186 sp-26 an-267 E1U14512 sp-44 an-267 E1C0266 sp-1 an-266 E1U7187 sp-26 an-268 E1U14513 sp-44 an-268 E1C0267 sp-1 an-267 E1U7188 sp-26 an-269 E1U14514 sp-44 an-269 E1C0268 sp-1 an-268 E1U7189 sp-26 an-270 E1U14515 sp-44 an-270 E1C0269 sp-1 an-269 E1U7190 sp-26 an-271 E1U14516 sp-44 an-271 E1C0270 sp-1 an-270 E1U7191 sp-26 an-272 E1U14517 sp-44 an-272 E1C0271 sp-1 an-271 E1U7192 sp-26 an-273 E1U14518 sp-44 an-273 E1C0272 sp-1 an-272 E1U7193 sp-26 an-274 E1U14519 sp-44 an-274 E1C0273 sp-1 an-273 E1U7194 sp-26 an-275 E1U14520 sp-44 an-275 E1C0274 sp-1 an-274 E1U7195 sp-26 an-276 E1U14521 sp-44 an-276 E1C0275 sp-1 an-275 E1U7196 sp-26 an-277 E1U14522 sp-44 an-277 E1C0276 sp-1 an-276 E1U7197 sp-26 an-278 E1U14523 sp-44 an-278 E1C0277 sp-1 an-277 E1U7198 sp-26 an-279 E1U14524 sp-44 an-279 E1C0278 sp-1 an-278 E1U7199 sp-26 an-280 E1U14525 sp-44 an-280 E1C0279 sp-1 an-279 E1U7200 sp-26 an-281 E1U14526 sp-44 an-281 E1C0280 sp-1 an-280 E1U7201 sp-26 an-282 E1U14527 sp-44 an-282 E1C0281 sp-1 an-281 E1U7202 sp-26 an-283 E1U14528 sp-44 an-283 E1C0282 sp-1 an-282 E1U7203 sp-26 an-284 E1U14529 sp-44 an-284 E1C0283 sp-1 an-283 E1U7204 sp-26 an-285 E1U14530 sp-44 an-285 E1C0284 sp-1 an-284 E1U7205 sp-26 an-286 E1U14531 sp-44 an-286 E1C0285 sp-1 an-285 E1U7206 sp-26 an-287 E1U14532 sp-44 an-287 E1C0286 sp-1 an-286 E1U7207 sp-26 an-288 E1U14533 sp-44 an-288 E1C0287 sp-1 an-287 E1U7208 sp-26 an-289 E1U14534 sp-44 an-289 E1C0288 sp-1 an-288 E1U7209 sp-26 an-290 E1U14535 sp-44 an-290 E1C0289 sp-1 an-289 E1U7210 sp-26 an-291 E1U14536 sp-44 an-291 E1C0290 sp-1 an-290 E1U7211 sp-26 an-292 E1U14537 sp-44 an-292 E1C0291 sp-1 an-291 E1U7212 sp-26 an-293 E1U14538 sp-44 an-293 E1C0292 sp-1 an-292 E1U7213 sp-26 an-294 E1U14539 sp-44 an-294 E1C0293 sp-1 an-293 E1U7214 sp-26 an-295 E1U14540 sp-44 an-295 E1C0294 sp-1 an-294 E1U7215 sp-26 an-296 E1U14541 sp-44 an-296 E1C0295 sp-1 an-295 E1U7216 sp-26 an-297 E1U14542 sp-44 an-297 E1C0296 sp-1 an-296 E1U7217 sp-26 an-298 E1U14543 sp-44 an-298 E1C0297 sp-1 an-297 E1U7218 sp-26 an-299 E1U14544 sp-44 an-299 E1C0298 sp-1 an-298 E1U7219 sp-26 an-300 E1U14545 sp-44 an-300 E1C0299 sp-1 an-299 E1U7220 sp-26 an-301 E1U14546 sp-44 an-301 E1C0300 sp-1 an-300 E1U7221 sp-26 an-302 E1U14547 sp-44 an-302 E1C0301 sp-1 an-301 E1U7222 sp-26 an-303 E1U14548 sp-44 an-303 E1C0302 sp-1 an-302 E1U7223 sp-26 an-304 E1U14549 sp-44 an-304 E1C0303 sp-1 an-303 E1U7224 sp-26 an-305 E1U14550 sp-44 an-305 E1C0304 sp-1 an-304 E1U7225 sp-26 an-306 E1U14551 sp-44 an-306 E1C0305 sp-1 an-305 E1U7226 sp-26 an-307 E1U14552 sp-44 an-307 E1C0306 sp-1 an-306 E1U7227 sp-26 an-308 E1U14553 sp-44 an-308 E1C0307 sp-1 an-307 E1U7228 sp-26 an-309 E1U14554 sp-44 an-309 E1C0308 sp-1 an-308 E1U7229 sp-26 an-310 E1U14555 sp-44 an-310 E1C0309 sp-1 an-309 E1U7230 sp-26 an-311 E1U14556 sp-44 an-311 E1C0310 sp-1 an-310 E1U7231 sp-26 an-312 E1U14557 sp-44 an-312 E1C0311 sp-1 an-311 E1U7232 sp-26 an-313 E1U14558 sp-44 an-313 E1C0312 sp-1 an-312 E1U7233 sp-26 an-314 E1U14559 sp-44 an-314 E1C0313 sp-1 an-313 E1U7234 sp-26 an-315 E1U14560 sp-44 an-315 E1C0314 sp-1 an-314 E1U7235 sp-26 an-316 E1U14561 sp-44 an-316 E1C0315 sp-1 an-315 E1U7236 sp-26 an-317 E1U14562 sp-44 an-317 Table 1-135 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1C0316 sp-1 an-316 E1U7237 sp-26 an-318 E1U14563 sp-44 an-318 E1C0317 sp-1 an-317 E1U7238 sp-26 an-319 E1U14564 sp-44 an-319 E1C0318 sp-1 an-318 E1U7239 sp-26 an-320 E1U14565 sp-44 an-320 E1C0319 sp-1 an-319 E1U7240 sp-26 an-321 E1U14566 sp-44 an-321 E1C0320 sp-1 an-320 E1U7241 sp-26 an-322 E1U14567 sp-44 an-322 E1C0321 sp-1 an-321 E1U7242 sp-26 an-323 E1U14568 sp-44 an-323 E1C0322 sp-1 an-322 E1U7243 sp-26 an-324 E1U14569 sp-44 an-324 E1C0323 sp-1 an-323 E1U7244 sp-26 an-325 E1U14570 sp-44 an-325 E1C0324 sp-1 an-324 E1U7245 sp-26 an-326 E1U14571 sp-44 an-326 E1C0325 sp-1 an-325 E1U7246 sp-26 an-327 E1U14572 sp-44 an-327 E1C0326 sp-1 an-326 E1U7247 sp-26 an-328 E1U14573 sp-44 an-328 E1C0327 sp-1 an-327 E1U7248 sp-26 an-329 E1U14574 sp-44 an-329 E1C0328 sp-1 an-328 E1U7249 sp-26 an-330 E1U14575 sp-44 an-330 E1C0329 sp-1 an-329 E1U7250 sp-26 an-331 E1U14576 sp-44 an-331 E1C0330 sp-1 an-330 E1U7251 sp-26 an-332 E1U14577 sp-44 an-332 E1C0331 sp-1 an-331 E1U7252 sp-26 an-333 E1U14578 sp-44 an-333 E1C0332 sp-1 an-332 E1U7253 sp-26 an-334 E1U14579 sp-44 an-334 E1C0333 sp-1 an-333 E1U7254 sp-26 an-335 E1U14580 sp-44 an-335 E1C0334 sp-1 an-334 E1U7255 sp-26 an-336 E1U14581 sp-44 an-336 E1C0335 sp-1 an-335 E1U7256 sp-26 an-337 E1U14582 sp-44 an-337 E1C0336 sp-1 an-336 E1U7257 sp-26 an-338 E1U14583 sp-44 an-338 E1C0337 sp-1 an-337 E1U7258 sp-26 an-339 E1U14584 sp-44 an-339 E1C0338 sp-1 an-338 E1U7259 sp-26 an-340 E1U14585 sp-44 an-340 E1C0339 sp-1 an-339 E1U7260 sp-26 an-341 E1U14586 sp-44 an-341 E1C0340 sp-1 an-340 E1U7261 sp-26 an-342 E1U14587 sp-44 an-342 E1C0341 sp-1 an-341 E1U7262 sp-26 an-343 E1U14588 sp-44 an-343 E1C0342 sp-1 an-342 E1U7263 sp-26 an-344 E1U14589 sp-44 an-344 E1C0343 sp-1 an-343 E1U7264 sp-26 an-345 E1U14590 sp-44 an-345 E1C0344 sp-1 an-344 E1U7265 sp-26 an-346 E1U14591 sp-44 an-346 E1C0345 sp-1 an-345 E1U7266 sp-26 an-347 E1U14592 sp-44 an-347 E1C0346 sp-1 an-346 E1U7267 sp-26 an-348 E1U14593 sp-44 an-348 E1C0347 sp-1 an-347 E1U7268 sp-26 an-349 E1U14594 sp-44 an-349 E1C0348 sp-1 an-348 E1U7269 sp-26 an-350 E1U14595 sp-44 an-350 E1C0349 sp-1 an-349 E1U7270 sp-26 an-351 E1U14596 sp-44 an-351 E1C0350 sp-1 an-350 E1U7271 sp-26 an-352 E1U14597 sp-44 an-352 E1C0351 sp-1 an-351 E1U7272 sp-26 an-353 E1U14598 sp-44 an-353 E1C0352 sp-1 an-352 E1U7273 sp-26 an-354 E1U14599 sp-44 an-354 E1C0353 sp-1 an-353 E1U7274 sp-26 an-355 E1U14600 sp-44 an-355 E1C0354 sp-1 an-354 E1U7275 sp-26 an-356 E1U14601 sp-44 an-356 E1C0355 sp-1 an-355 E1U7276 sp-26 an-357 E1U14602 sp-44 an-357 E1C0356 sp-1 an-356 E1U7277 sp-26 an-358 E1U14603 sp-44 an-358 E1C0357 sp-1 an-357 E1U7278 sp-26 an-359 E1U14604 sp-44 an-359 E1C0358 sp-1 an-358 E1U7279 sp-26 an-360 E1U14605 sp-44 an-360 E1C0359 sp-1 an-359 E1U7280 sp-26 an-361 E1U14606 sp-44 an-361 E1C0360 sp-1 an-360 E1U7281 sp-26 an-362 E1U14607 sp-44 an-362 E1C0361 sp-1 an-361 E1U7282 sp-26 an-363 E1U14608 sp-44 an-363 E1C0362 sp-1 an-362 E1U7283 sp-26 an-364 E1U14609 sp-44 an-364 E1C0363 sp-1 an-363 E1U7284 sp-26 an-365 E1U14610 sp-44 an-365 E1C0364 sp-1 an-364 E1U7285 sp-26 an-366 E1U14611 sp-44 an-366 E1C0365 sp-1 an-365 E1U7286 sp-26 an-367 E1U14612 sp-44 an-367 E1C0366 sp-1 an-366 E1U7287 sp-26 an-368 E1U14613 sp-44 an-368 E1C0367 sp-1 an-367 E1U7288 sp-26 an-369 E1U14614 sp-44 an-369 E1C0368 sp-1 an-368 E1U7289 sp-26 an-370 E1U14615 sp-44 an-370 E1C0369 sp-1 an-369 E1U7290 sp-26 an-371 E1U14616 sp-44 an-371 Table 1-136 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH E1C0370 sp-1 an-370 E1U7291 sp-26 an-372 E1U14617 sp-44 an-372 E1C0371 sp-1 an-371 E1U7292 sp-26 an-373 E1U14618 sp-44 an-373 E1C0372 sp-1 an-372 E1U7293 sp-26 an-374 E1U14619 sp-44 an-374 E1C0373 sp-1 an-373 E1U7294 sp-26 an-375 E1U14620 sp-44 an-375 E1C0374 sp-1 an-374 E1U7295 sp-26 an-376 E1U14621 sp-44 an-376 E1C0375 sp-1 an-375 E1U7296 sp-26 an-377 E1U14622 sp-44 an-377 E1C0376 sp-1 an-376 E1U7297 sp-26 an-378 E1U14623 sp-44 an-378 E1C0377 sp-1 an-377 E1U7298 sp-26 an-379 E1U14624 sp-44 an-379 E1C0378 sp-1 an-378 E1U7299 sp-26 an-380 E1U14625 sp-44 an-380 E1C0379 sp-1 an-379 E1U7300 sp-26 an-381 E1U14626 sp-44 an-381 E1C0380 sp-1 an-380 E1U7301 sp-26 an-382 E1U14627 sp-44 an-382 E1C0381 sp-1 an-381 E1U7302 sp-26 an-383 E1U14628 sp-44 an-383 E1C0382 sp-1 an-382 E1U7303 sp-26 an-384 E1U14629 sp-44 an-384 E1C0383 sp-1 an-383 E1U7304 sp-26 an-385 E1U14630 sp-44 an-385 E1C0384 sp-1 an-384 E1U7305 sp-26 an-386 E1U14631 sp-44 an-386 E1C0385 sp-1 an-385 E1U7306 sp-26 an-387 E1U14632 sp-44 an-387 E1C0386 sp-1 an-386 E1U7307 sp-26 an-388 E1U14633 sp-44 an-388 E1C0387 sp-1 an-387 E1U7308 sp-26 an-389 E1U14634 sp-44 an-389 E1C0388 sp-1 an-388 E1U7309 sp-26 an-390 E1U14635 sp-44 an-390 E1C0389 sp-1 an-389 E1U7310 sp-26 an-391 E1U14636 sp-44 an-391 E1C0390 sp-1 an-390 E1U7311 sp-26 an-392 E1U14637 sp-44 an-392 E1C0391 sp-1 an-391 E1U7312 sp-26 an-393 E1U14638 sp-44 an-393 E1C0392 sp-1 an-392 E1U7313 sp-26 an-394 E1U14639 sp-44 an-394 E1C0393 sp-1 an-393 E1U7314 sp-26 an-395 E1U14640 sp-44 an-395 E1C0394 sp-1 an-394 E1U7315 sp-26 an-396 E1U14641 sp-44 an-396 E1C0395 sp-1 an-395 E1U7316 sp-26 an-397 E1U14642 sp-44 an-397 E1C0396 sp-1 an-396 E1U7317 sp-26 an-398 E1U14643 sp-44 an-398 E1C0397 sp-1 an-397 E1U7318 sp-26 an-399 E1U14644 sp-44 an-399 E1C0398 sp-1 an-398 E1U7319 sp-26 an-400 E1U14645 sp-44 an-400 E1C0399 sp-1 an-399 E1U7320 sp-26 an-401 E1U14646 sp-44 an-401 E1C0400 sp-1 an-400 E1U7321 sp-26 an-402 E1U14647 sp-44 an-402 E1C0401 sp-1 an-401 E1U7322 sp-26 an-403 E1U14648 sp-44 an-403 E1C0402 sp-1 an-402 E1U7323 sp-26 an-404 E1U14649 sp-44 an-404 E1C0403 sp-1 an-403 E1U7324 sp-26 an-405 E1U14650 sp-44 an-405 E1C0404 sp-1 an-404 E1U7325 sp-26 an-406 E1U14651 sp-44 an-406 E1C0405 sp-1 an-405 E1U7326 sp-26 an-407 E1U14652 sp-44 an-407 E1C0406 sp-1 an-406 E1C0407 sp-1 an-407 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C0408 sp-2 an-1 E1C1629 sp-5 an-1 E1C2850 sp-8 an-1 E1C0409 sp-2 an-2 E1C1630 sp-5 an-2 E1C2851 sp-8 an-2 E1C0410 sp-2 an-3 E1C1631 sp-5 an-3 E1C2852 sp-8 an-3 E1C0411 sp-2 an-4 E1C1632 sp-5 an-4 E1C2853 sp-8 an-4 E1C0412 sp-2 an-5 E1C1633 sp-5 an-5 E1C2854 sp-8 an-5 E1C0413 sp-2 an-6 E1C1634 sp-5 an-6 E1C2855 sp-8 an-6 E1C0414 sp-2 an-7 E1C1635 sp-5 an-7 E1C2856 sp-8 an-7 E1C0415 sp-2 an-8 E1C1636 sp-5 an-8 E1C2857 sp-8 an-8 E1C0416 sp-2 an-9 E1C1637 sp-5 an-9 E1C2858 sp-8 an-9 E1C0417 sp-2 an-10 E1C1638 sp-5 an-10 E1C2859 sp-8 an-10 E1C0418 sp-2 an-11 E1C1639 sp-5 an-11 E1C2860 sp-8 an-11 E1C0419 sp-2 an-12 E1C1640 sp-5 an-12 E1C2861 sp-8 an-12 E1C0420 sp-2 an-13 E1C1641 sp-5 an-13 E1C2862 sp-8 an-13 E1C0421 sp-2 an-14 E1C1642 sp-5 an-14 E1C2863 sp-8 an-14 E1C0422 sp-2 an-15 E1C1643 sp-5 an-15 E1C2864 sp-8 an-15 E1C0423 sp-2 an-16 E1C1644 sp-5 an-16 E1C2865 sp-8 an-16 Table 1-137 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C0424 sp-2 an-17 E1C1645 sp-5 an-17 E1C2866 sp-8 an-17 E1C0425 sp-2 an-18 E1C1646 sp-5 an-18 E1C2867 sp-8 an-18 E1C0426 sp-2 an-19 E1C1647 sp-5 an-19 E1C2868 sp-8 an-19 E1C0427 sp-2 an-20 E1C1648 sp-5 an-20 E1C2869 sp-8 an-20 E1C0428 sp-2 an-21 E1C1649 sp-5 an-21 E1C2870 sp-8 an-21 E1C0429 sp-2 an-22 E1C1650 sp-5 an-22 E1C2871 sp-8 an-22 E1C0430 sp-2 an-23 E1C1651 sp-5 an-23 E1C2872 sp-8 an-23 E1C0431 sp-2 an-24 E1C1652 sp-5 an-24 E1C2873 sp-8 an-24 E1C0432 sp-2 an-25 E1C1653 sp-5 an-25 E1C2874 sp-8 an-25 E1C0433 sp-2 an-26 E1C1654 sp-5 an-26 E1C2875 sp-8 an-26 E1C0434 sp-2 an-27 E1C1655 sp-5 an-27 E1C2876 sp-8 an-27 E1C0435 sp-2 an-28 E1C1656 sp-5 an-28 E1C2877 sp-8 an-28 E1C0436 sp-2 an-29 E1C1657 sp-5 an-29 E1C2878 sp-8 an-29 E1C0437 sp-2 an-30 E1C1658 sp-5 an-30 E1C2879 sp-8 an-30 E1C0438 sp-2 an-31 E1C1659 sp-5 an-31 E1C2880 sp-8 an-31 E1C0439 sp-2 an-32 E1C1660 sp-5 an-32 E1C2881 sp-8 an-32 E1C0440 sp-2 an-33 E1C1661 sp-5 an-33 E1C2882 sp-8 an-33 E1C0441 sp-2 an-34 E1C1662 sp-5 an-34 E1C2883 sp-8 an-34 E1C0442 sp-2 an-35 E1C1663 sp-5 an-35 E1C2884 sp-8 an-35 E1C0443 sp-2 an-36 E1C1664 sp-5 an-36 E1C2885 sp-8 an-36 E1C0444 sp-2 an-37 E1C1665 sp-5 an-37 E1C2886 sp-8 an-37 E1C0445 sp-2 an-38 E1C1666 sp-5 an-38 E1C2887 sp-8 an-38 E1C0446 sp-2 an-39 E1C1667 sp-5 an-39 E1C2888 sp-8 an-39 E1C0447 sp-2 an-40 E1C1668 sp-5 an-40 E1C2889 sp-8 an-40 E1C0448 sp-2 an-41 E1C1669 sp-5 an-41 E1C2890 sp-8 an-41 E1C0449 sp-2 an-42 E1C1670 sp-5 an-42 E1C2891 sp-8 an-42 E1C0450 sp-2 an-43 E1C1671 sp-5 an-43 E1C2892 sp-8 an-43 E1C0451 sp-2 an-44 E1C1672 sp-5 an-44 E1C2893 sp-8 an-44 E1C0452 sp-2 an-45 E1C1673 sp-5 an-45 E1C2894 sp-8 an-45 E1C0453 sp-2 an-46 E1C1674 sp-5 an-46 E1C2895 sp-8 an-46 E1C0454 sp-2 an-47 E1C1675 sp-5 an-47 E1C2896 sp-8 an-47 E1C0455 sp-2 an-48 E1C1676 sp-5 an-48 E1C2897 sp-8 an-48 E1C0456 sp-2 an-49 E1C1677 sp-5 an-49 E1C2898 sp-8 an-49 E1C0457 sp-2 an-50 E1C1678 sp-5 an-50 E1C2899 sp-8 an-50 E1C0458 sp-2 an-51 E1C1679 sp-5 an-51 E1C2900 sp-8 an-51 E1C0459 sp-2 an-52 E1C1680 sp-5 an-52 E1C2901 sp-8 an-52 E1C0460 sp-2 an-53 E1C1681 sp-5 an-53 E1C2902 sp-8 an-53 E1C0461 sp-2 an-54 E1C1682 sp-5 an-54 E1C2903 sp-8 an-54 E1C0462 sp-2 an-55 E1C1683 sp-5 an-55 E1C2904 sp-8 an-55 E1C0463 sp-2 an-56 E1C1684 sp-5 an-56 E1C2905 sp-8 an-56 E1C0464 sp-2 an-57 E1C1685 sp-5 an-57 E1C2906 sp-8 an-57 E1C0465 sp-2 an-58 E1C1686 sp-5 an-58 E1C2907 sp-8 an-58 E1C0466 sp-2 an-59 E1C1687 sp-5 an-59 E1C2908 sp-8 an-59 E1C0467 sp-2 an-60 E1C1688 sp-5 an-60 E1C2909 sp-8 an-60 E1C0468 sp-2 an-61 E1C1689 sp-5 an-61 E1C2910 sp-8 an-61 E1C0469 sp-2 an-62 E1C1690 sp-5 an-62 E1C2911 sp-8 an-62 E1C0470 sp-2 an-63 E1C1691 sp-5 an-63 E1C2912 sp-8 an-63 E1C0471 sp-2 an-64 E1C1692 sp-5 an-64 E1C2913 sp-8 an-64 E1C0472 sp-2 an-65 E1C1693 sp-5 an-65 E1C2914 sp-8 an-65 E1C0473 sp-2 an-66 E1C1694 sp-5 an-66 E1C2915 sp-8 an-66 E1C0474 sp-2 an-67 E1C1695 sp-5 an-67 E1C2916 sp-8 an-67 E1C0475 sp-2 an-68 E1C1696 sp-5 an-68 E1C2917 sp-8 an-68 E1C0476 sp-2 an-69 E1C1697 sp-5 an-69 E1C2918 sp-8 an-69 E1C0477 sp-2 an-70 E1C1698 sp-5 an-70 E1C2919 sp-8 an-70 Table 1-138 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C0478 sp-2 an-71 E1C1699 sp-5 an-71 E1C2920 sp-8 an-71 E1C0479 sp-2 an-72 E1C1700 sp-5 an-72 E1C2921 sp-8 an-72 E1C0480 sp-2 an-73 E1C1701 sp-5 an-73 E1C2922 sp-8 an-73 E1C0481 sp-2 an-74 E1C1702 sp-5 an-74 E1C2923 sp-8 an-74 E1C0482 sp-2 an-75 E1C1703 sp-5 an-75 E1C2924 sp-8 an-75 E1C0483 sp-2 an-76 E1C1704 sp-5 an-76 E1C2925 sp-8 an-76 E1C0484 sp-2 an-77 E1C1705 sp-5 an-77 E1C2926 sp-8 an-77 E1C0485 sp-2 an-78 E1C1706 sp-5 an-78 E1C2927 sp-8 an-78 E1C0486 sp-2 an-79 E1C1707 sp-5 an-79 E1C2928 sp-8 an-79 E1C0487 sp-2 an-80 E1C1708 sp-5 an-80 E1C2929 sp-8 an-80 E1C0488 sp-2 an-81 E1C1709 sp-5 an-81 E1C2930 sp-8 an-81 E1C0489 sp-2 an-82 E1C1710 sp-5 an-82 E1C2931 sp-8 an-82 E1C0490 sp-2 an-83 E1C1711 sp-5 an-83 E1C2932 sp-8 an-83 E1C0491 sp-2 an-84 E1C1712 sp-5 an-84 E1C2933 sp-8 an-84 E1C0492 sp-2 an-85 E1C1713 sp-5 an-85 E1C2934 sp-8 an-85 E1C0493 sp-2 an-86 E1C1714 sp-5 an-86 E1C2935 sp-8 an-86 E1C0494 sp-2 an-87 E1C1715 sp-5 an-87 E1C2936 sp-8 an-87 E1C0495 sp-2 an-88 E1C1716 sp-5 an-88 E1C2937 sp-8 an-88 E1C0496 sp-2 an-89 E1C1717 sp-5 an-89 E1C2938 sp-8 an-89 E1C0497 sp-2 an-90 E1C1718 sp-5 an-90 E1C2939 sp-8 an-90 E1C0498 sp-2 an-91 E1C1719 sp-5 an-91 E1C2940 sp-8 an-91 E1C0499 sp-2 an-92 E1C1720 sp-5 an-92 E1C2941 sp-8 an-92 E1C0500 sp-2 an-93 E1C1721 sp-5 an-93 E1C2942 sp-8 an-93 E1C0501 sp-2 an-94 E1C1722 sp-5 an-94 E1C2943 sp-8 an-94 E1C0502 sp-2 an-95 E1C1723 sp-5 an-95 E1C2944 sp-8 an-95 E1C0503 sp-2 an-96 E1C1724 sp-5 an-96 E1C2945 sp-8 an-96 E1C0504 sp-2 an-97 E1C1725 sp-5 an-97 E1C2946 sp-8 an-97 E1C0505 sp-2 an-98 E1C1726 sp-5 an-98 E1C2947 sp-8 an-98 E1C0506 sp-2 an-99 E1C1727 sp-5 an-99 E1C2948 sp-8 an-99 E1C0507 sp-2 an-100 E1C1728 sp-5 an-100 E1C2949 sp-8 an-100 E1C0508 sp-2 an-101 E1C1729 sp-5 an-101 E1C2950 sp-8 an-101 E1C0509 sp-2 an-102 E1C1730 sp-5 an-102 E1C2951 sp-8 an-102 E1C0510 sp-2 an-103 E1C1731 sp-5 an-103 E1C2952 sp-8 an-103 E1C0511 sp-2 an-104 E1C1732 sp-5 an-104 E1C2953 sp-8 an-104 E1C0512 sp-2 an-105 E1C1733 sp-5 an-105 E1C2954 sp-8 an-105 E1C0513 sp-2 an-106 E1C1734 sp-5 an-106 E1C2955 sp-8 an-106 E1C0514 sp-2 an-107 E1C1735 sp-5 an-107 E1C2956 sp-8 an-107 E1C0515 sp-2 an-108 E1C1736 sp-5 an-108 E1C2957 sp-8 an-108 E1C0516 sp-2 an-109 E1C1737 sp-5 an-109 E1C2958 sp-8 an-109 E1C0517 sp-2 an-110 E1C1738 sp-5 an-110 E1C2959 sp-8 an-110 E1C0518 sp-2 an-111 E1C1739 sp-5 an-111 E1C2960 sp-8 an-111 E1C0519 sp-2 an-112 E1C1740 sp-5 an-112 E1C2961 sp-8 an-112 E1C0520 sp-2 an-113 E1C1741 sp-5 an-113 E1C2962 sp-8 an-113 E1C0521 sp-2 an-114 E1C1742 sp-5 an-114 E1C2963 sp-8 an-114 E1C0522 sp-2 an-115 E1C1743 sp-5 an-115 E1C2964 sp-8 an-115 E1C0523 sp-2 an-116 E1C1744 sp-5 an-116 E1C2965 sp-8 an-116 E1C0524 sp-2 an-117 E1C1745 sp-5 an-117 E1C2966 sp-8 an-117 E1C0525 sp-2 an-118 E1C1746 sp-5 an-118 E1C2967 sp-8 an-118 E1C0526 sp-2 an-119 E1C1747 sp-5 an-119 E1C2968 sp-8 an-119 E1C0527 sp-2 an-120 E1C1748 sp-5 an-120 E1C2969 sp-8 an-120 E1C0528 sp-2 an-121 E1C1749 sp-5 an-121 E1C2970 sp-8 an-121 E1C0529 sp-2 an-122 E1C1750 sp-5 an-122 E1C2971 sp-8 an-122 E1C0530 sp-2 an-123 E1C1751 sp-5 an-123 E1C2972 sp-8 an-123 E1C0531 sp-2 an-124 E1C1752 sp-5 an-124 E1C2973 sp-8 an-124 Table 1-139 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C0532 sp-2 an-125 E1C1753 sp-5 an-125 E1C2974 sp-8 an-125 E1C0533 sp-2 an-126 E1C1754 sp-5 an-126 E1C2975 sp-8 an-126 E1C0534 sp-2 an-127 E1C1755 sp-5 an-127 E1C2976 sp-8 an-127 E1C0535 sp-2 an-128 E1C1756 sp-5 an-128 E1C2977 sp-8 an-128 E1C0536 sp-2 an-129 E1C1757 sp-5 an-129 E1C2978 sp-8 an-129 E1C0537 sp-2 an-130 E1C1758 sp-5 an-130 E1C2979 sp-8 an-130 E1C0538 sp-2 an-131 E1C1759 sp-5 an-131 E1C2980 sp-8 an-131 E1C0539 sp-2 an-132 E1C1760 sp-5 an-132 E1C2981 sp-8 an-132 E1C0540 sp-2 an-133 E1C1761 sp-5 an-133 E1C2982 sp-8 an-133 E1C0541 sp-2 an-134 E1C1762 sp-5 an-134 E1C2983 sp-8 an-134 E1C0542 sp-2 an-135 E1C1763 sp-5 an-135 E1C2984 sp-8 an-135 E1C0543 sp-2 an-136 E1C1764 sp-5 an-136 E1C2985 sp-8 an-136 E1C0544 sp-2 an-137 E1C1765 sp-5 an-137 E1C2986 sp-8 an-137 E1C0545 sp-2 an-138 E1C1766 sp-5 an-138 E1C2987 sp-8 an-138 E1C0546 sp-2 an-139 E1C1767 sp-5 an-139 E1C2988 sp-8 an-139 E1C0547 sp-2 an-140 E1C1768 sp-5 an-140 E1C2989 sp-8 an-140 E1C0548 sp-2 an-141 E1C1769 sp-5 an-141 E1C2990 sp-8 an-141 E1C0549 sp-2 an-142 E1C1770 sp-5 an-142 E1C2991 sp-8 an-142 E1C0550 sp-2 an-143 E1C1771 sp-5 an-143 E1C2992 sp-8 an-143 E1C0551 sp-2 an-144 E1C1772 sp-5 an-144 E1C2993 sp-8 an-144 E1C0552 sp-2 an-145 E1C1773 sp-5 an-145 E1C2994 sp-8 an-145 E1C0553 sp-2 an-146 E1C1774 sp-5 an-146 E1C2995 sp-8 an-146 E1C0554 sp-2 an-147 E1C1775 sp-5 an-147 E1C2996 sp-8 an-147 E1C0555 sp-2 an-148 E1C1776 sp-5 an-148 E1C2997 sp-8 an-148 E1C0556 sp-2 an-149 E1C1777 sp-5 an-149 E1C2998 sp-8 an-149 E1C0557 sp-2 an-150 E1C1778 sp-5 an-150 E1C2999 sp-8 an-150 E1C0558 sp-2 an-151 E1C1779 sp-5 an-151 E1C3000 sp-8 an-151 E1C0559 sp-2 an-152 E1C1780 sp-5 an-152 E1C3001 sp-8 an-152 E1C0560 sp-2 an-153 E1C1781 sp-5 an-153 E1C3002 sp-8 an-153 E1C0561 sp-2 an-154 E1C1782 sp-5 an-154 E1C3003 sp-8 an-154 E1C0562 sp-2 an-155 E1C1783 sp-5 an-155 E1C3004 sp-8 an-155 E1C0563 sp-2 an-156 E1C1784 sp-5 an-156 E1C3005 sp-8 an-156 E1C0564 sp-2 an-157 E1C1785 sp-5 an-157 E1C3006 sp-8 an-157 E1C0565 sp-2 an-158 E1C1786 sp-5 an-158 E1C3007 sp-8 an-158 E1C0566 sp-2 an-159 E1C1787 sp-5 an-159 E1C3008 sp-8 an-159 E1C0567 sp-2 an-160 E1C1788 sp-5 an-160 E1C3009 sp-8 an-160 E1C0568 sp-2 an-161 E1C1789 sp-5 an-161 E1C3010 sp-8 an-161 E1C0569 sp-2 an-162 E1C1790 sp-5 an-162 E1C3011 sp-8 an-162 E1C0570 sp-2 an-163 E1C1791 sp-5 an-163 E1C3012 sp-8 an-163 E1C0571 sp-2 an-164 E1C1792 sp-5 an-164 E1C3013 sp-8 an-164 E1C0572 sp-2 an-165 E1C1793 sp-5 an-165 E1C3014 sp-8 an-165 E1C0573 sp-2 an-166 E1C1794 sp-5 an-166 E1C3015 sp-8 an-166 E1C0574 sp-2 an-167 E1C1795 sp-5 an-167 E1C3016 sp-8 an-167 E1C0575 sp-2 an-168 E1C1796 sp-5 an-168 E1C3017 sp-8 an-168 E1C0576 sp-2 an-169 E1C1797 sp-5 an-169 E1C3018 sp-8 an-169 E1C0577 sp-2 an-170 E1C1798 sp-5 an-170 E1C3019 sp-8 an-170 E1C0578 sp-2 an-171 E1C1799 sp-5 an-171 E1C3020 sp-8 an-171 E1C0579 sp-2 an-172 E1C1800 sp-5 an-172 E1C3021 sp-8 an-172 E1C0580 sp-2 an-173 E1C1801 sp-5 an-173 E1C3022 sp-8 an-173 E1C0581 sp-2 an-174 E1C1802 sp-5 an-174 E1C3023 sp-8 an-174 E1C0582 sp-2 an-175 E1C1803 sp-5 an-175 E1C3024 sp-8 an-175 E1C0583 sp-2 an-176 E1C1804 sp-5 an-176 E1C3025 sp-8 an-176 E1C0584 sp-2 an-177 E1C1805 sp-5 an-177 E1C3026 sp-8 an-177 E1C0585 sp-2 an-178 E1C1806 sp-5 an-178 E1C3027 sp-8 an-178 Table 1-140 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C0586 sp-2 an-179 E1C1807 sp-5 an-179 E1C3028 sp-8 an-179 E1C0587 sp-2 an-180 E1C1808 sp-5 an-180 E1C3029 sp-8 an-180 E1C0588 sp-2 an-181 E1C1809 sp-5 an-181 E1C3030 sp-8 an-181 E1C0589 sp-2 an-182 E1C1810 sp-5 an-182 E1C3031 sp-8 an-182 E1C0590 sp-2 an-183 E1C1811 sp-5 an-183 E1C3032 sp-8 an-183 E1C0591 sp-2 an-184 E1C1812 sp-5 an-184 E1C3033 sp-8 an-184 E1C0592 sp-2 an-185 E1C1813 sp-5 an-185 E1C3034 sp-8 an-185 E1C0593 sp-2 an-186 E1C1814 sp-5 an-186 E1C3035 sp-8 an-186 E1C0594 sp-2 an-187 E1C1815 sp-5 an-187 E1C3036 sp-8 an-187 E1C0595 sp-2 an-188 E1C1816 sp-5 an-188 E1C3037 sp-8 an-188 E1C0596 sp-2 an-189 E1C1817 sp-5 an-189 E1C3038 sp-8 an-189 E1C0597 sp-2 an-190 E1C1818 sp-5 an-190 E1C3039 sp-8 an-190 E1C0598 sp-2 an-191 E1C1819 sp-5 an-191 E1C3040 sp-8 an-191 E1C0599 sp-2 an-192 E1C1820 sp-5 an-192 E1C3041 sp-8 an-192 E1C0600 sp-2 an-193 E1C1821 sp-5 an-193 E1C3042 sp-8 an-193 E1C0601 sp-2 an-194 E1C1822 sp-5 an-194 E1C3043 sp-8 an-194 E1C0602 sp-2 an-195 E1C1823 sp-5 an-195 E1C3044 sp-8 an-195 E1C0603 sp-2 an-196 E1C1824 sp-5 an-196 E1C3045 sp-8 an-196 E1C0604 sp-2 an-197 E1C1825 sp-5 an-197 E1C3046 sp-8 an-197 E1C0605 sp-2 an-198 E1C1826 sp-5 an-198 E1C3047 sp-8 an-198 E1C0606 sp-2 an-199 E1C1827 sp-5 an-199 E1C3048 sp-8 an-199 E1C0607 sp-2 an-200 E1C1828 sp-5 an-200 E1C3049 sp-8 an-200 E1C0608 sp-2 an-201 E1C1829 sp-5 an-201 E1C3050 sp-8 an-201 E1C0609 sp-2 an-202 E1C1830 sp-5 an-202 E1C3051 sp-8 an-202 E1C0610 sp-2 an-203 E1C1831 sp-5 an-203 E1C3052 sp-8 an-203 E1C0611 sp-2 an-204 E1C1832 sp-5 an-204 E1C3053 sp-8 an-204 E1C0612 sp-2 an-205 E1C1833 sp-5 an-205 E1C3054 sp-8 an-205 E1C0613 sp-2 an-206 E1C1834 sp-5 an-206 E1C3055 sp-8 an-206 E1C0614 sp-2 an-207 E1C1835 sp-5 an-207 E1C3056 sp-8 an-207 E1C0615 sp-2 an-208 E1C1836 sp-5 an-208 E1C3057 sp-8 an-208 E1C0616 sp-2 an-209 E1C1837 sp-5 an-209 E1C3058 sp-8 an-209 E1C0617 sp-2 an-210 E1C1838 sp-5 an-210 E1C3059 sp-8 an-210 E1C0618 sp-2 an-211 E1C1839 sp-5 an-211 E1C3060 sp-8 an-211 E1C0619 sp-2 an-212 E1C1840 sp-5 an-212 E1C3061 sp-8 an-212 E1C0620 sp-2 an-213 E1C1841 sp-5 an-213 E1C3062 sp-8 an-213 E1C0621 sp-2 an-214 E1C1842 sp-5 an-214 E1C3063 sp-8 an-214 E1C0622 sp-2 an-215 E1C1843 sp-5 an-215 E1C3064 sp-8 an-215 E1C0623 sp-2 an-216 E1C1844 sp-5 an-216 E1C3065 sp-8 an-216 E1C0624 sp-2 an-217 E1C1845 sp-5 an-217 E1C3066 sp-8 an-217 E1C0625 sp-2 an-218 E1C1846 sp-5 an-218 E1C3067 sp-8 an-218 E1C0626 sp-2 an-219 E1C1847 sp-5 an-219 E1C3068 sp-8 an-219 E1C0627 sp-2 an-220 E1C1848 sp-5 an-220 E1C3069 sp-8 an-220 E1C0628 sp-2 an-221 E1C1849 sp-5 an-221 E1C3070 sp-8 an-221 E1C0629 sp-2 an-222 E1C1850 sp-5 an-222 E1C3071 sp-8 an-222 E1C0630 sp-2 an-223 E1C1851 sp-5 an-223 E1C3072 sp-8 an-223 E1C0631 sp-2 an-224 E1C1852 sp-5 an-224 E1C3073 sp-8 an-224 E1C0632 sp-2 an-225 E1C1853 sp-5 an-225 E1C3074 sp-8 an-225 E1C0633 sp-2 an-226 E1C1854 sp-5 an-226 E1C3075 sp-8 an-226 E1C0634 sp-2 an-227 E1C1855 sp-5 an-227 E1C3076 sp-8 an-227 E1C0635 sp-2 an-228 E1C1856 sp-5 an-228 E1C3077 sp-8 an-228 E1C0636 sp-2 an-229 E1C1857 sp-5 an-229 E1C3078 sp-8 an-229 E1C0637 sp-2 an-230 E1C1858 sp-5 an-230 E1C3079 sp-8 an-230 E1C0638 sp-2 an-231 E1C1859 sp-5 an-231 E1C3080 sp-8 an-231 E1C0639 sp-2 an-232 E1C1860 sp-5 an-232 E1C3081 sp-8 an-232 Table 1-141 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C0640 sp-2 an-233 E1C1861 sp-5 an-233 E1C3082 sp-8 an-233 E1C0641 sp-2 an-234 E1C1862 sp-5 an-234 E1C3083 sp-8 an-234 E1C0642 sp-2 an-235 E1C1863 sp-5 an-235 E1C3084 sp-8 an-235 E1C0643 sp-2 an-236 E1C1864 sp-5 an-236 E1C3085 sp-8 an-236 E1C0644 sp-2 an-237 E1C1865 sp-5 an-237 E1C3086 sp-8 an-237 E1C0645 sp-2 an-238 E1C1866 sp-5 an-238 E1C3087 sp-8 an-238 E1C0646 sp-2 an-239 E1C1867 sp-5 an-239 E1C3088 sp-8 an-239 E1C0647 sp-2 an-240 E1C1868 sp-5 an-240 E1C3089 sp-8 an-240 E1C0648 sp-2 an-241 E1C1869 sp-5 an-241 E1C3090 sp-8 an-241 E1C0649 sp-2 an-242 E1C1870 sp-5 an-242 E1C3091 sp-8 an-242 E1C0650 sp-2 an-243 E1C1871 sp-5 an-243 E1C3092 sp-8 an-243 E1C0651 sp-2 an-244 E1C1872 sp-5 an-244 E1C3093 sp-8 an-244 E1C0652 sp-2 an-245 E1C1873 sp-5 an-245 E1C3094 sp-8 an-245 E1C0653 sp-2 an-246 E1C1874 sp-5 an-246 E1C3095 sp-8 an-246 E1C0654 sp-2 an-247 E1C1875 sp-5 an-247 E1C3096 sp-8 an-247 E1C0655 sp-2 an-248 E1C1876 sp-5 an-248 E1C3097 sp-8 an-248 E1C0656 sp-2 an-249 E1C1877 sp-5 an-249 E1C3098 sp-8 an-249 E1C0657 sp-2 an-250 E1C1878 sp-5 an-250 E1C3099 sp-8 an-250 E1C0658 sp-2 an-251 E1C1879 sp-5 an-251 E1C3100 sp-8 an-251 E1C0659 sp-2 an-252 E1C1880 sp-5 an-252 E1C3101 sp-8 an-252 E1C0660 sp-2 an-253 E1C1881 sp-5 an-253 E1C3102 sp-8 an-253 E1C0661 sp-2 an-254 E1C1882 sp-5 an-254 E1C3103 sp-8 an-254 E1C0662 sp-2 an-255 E1C1883 sp-5 an-255 E1C3104 sp-8 an-255 E1C0663 sp-2 an-256 E1C1884 sp-5 an-256 E1C3105 sp-8 an-256 E1C0664 sp-2 an-257 E1C1885 sp-5 an-257 E1C3106 sp-8 an-257 E1C0665 sp-2 an-258 E1C1886 sp-5 an-258 E1C3107 sp-8 an-258 E1C0666 sp-2 an-259 E1C1887 sp-5 an-259 E1C3108 sp-8 an-259 E1C0667 sp-2 an-260 E1C1888 sp-5 an-260 E1C3109 sp-8 an-260 E1C0668 sp-2 an-261 E1C1889 sp-5 an-261 E1C3110 sp-8 an-261 E1C0669 sp-2 an-262 E1C1890 sp-5 an-262 E1C3111 sp-8 an-262 E1C0670 sp-2 an-263 E1C1891 sp-5 an-263 E1C3112 sp-8 an-263 E1C0671 sp-2 an-264 E1C1892 sp-5 an-264 E1C3113 sp-8 an-264 E1C0672 sp-2 an-265 E1C1893 sp-5 an-265 E1C3114 sp-8 an-265 E1C0673 sp-2 an-266 E1C1894 sp-5 an-266 E1C3115 sp-8 an-266 E1C0674 sp-2 an-267 E1C1895 sp-5 an-267 E1C3116 sp-8 an-267 E1C0675 sp-2 an-268 E1C1896 sp-5 an-268 E1C3117 sp-8 an-268 E1C0676 sp-2 an-269 E1C1897 sp-5 an-269 E1C3118 sp-8 an-269 E1C0677 sp-2 an-270 E1C1898 sp-5 an-270 E1C3119 sp-8 an-270 E1C0678 sp-2 an-271 E1C1899 sp-5 an-271 E1C3120 sp-8 an-271 E1C0679 sp-2 an-272 E1C1900 sp-5 an-272 E1C3121 sp-8 an-272 E1C0680 sp-2 an-273 E1C1901 sp-5 an-273 E1C3122 sp-8 an-273 E1C0681 sp-2 an-274 E1C1902 sp-5 an-274 E1C3123 sp-8 an-274 E1C0682 sp-2 an-275 E1C1903 sp-5 an-275 E1C3124 sp-8 an-275 E1C0683 sp-2 an-276 E1C1904 sp-5 an-276 E1C3125 sp-8 an-276 E1C0684 sp-2 an-277 E1C1905 sp-5 an-277 E1C3126 sp-8 an-277 E1C0685 sp-2 an-278 E1C1906 sp-5 an-278 E1C3127 sp-8 an-278 E1C0686 sp-2 an-279 E1C1907 sp-5 an-279 E1C3128 sp-8 an-279 E1C0687 sp-2 an-280 E1C1908 sp-5 an-280 E1C3129 sp-8 an-280 E1C0688 sp-2 an-281 E1C1909 sp-5 an-281 E1C3130 sp-8 an-281 E1C0689 sp-2 an-282 E1C1910 sp-5 an-282 E1C3131 sp-8 an-282 E1C0690 sp-2 an-283 E1C1911 sp-5 an-283 E1C3132 sp-8 an-283 E1C0691 sp-2 an-284 E1C1912 sp-5 an-284 E1C3133 sp-8 an-284 E1C0692 sp-2 an-285 E1C1913 sp-5 an-285 E1C3134 sp-8 an-285 E1C0693 sp-2 an-286 E1C1914 sp-5 an-286 E1C3135 sp-8 an-286 Table 1-142 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C0694 sp-2 an-287 E1C1915 sp-5 an-287 E1C3136 sp-8 an-287 E1C0695 sp-2 an-288 E1C1916 sp-5 an-288 E1C3137 sp-8 an-288 E1C0696 sp-2 an-289 E1C1917 sp-5 an-289 E1C3138 sp-8 an-289 E1C0697 sp-2 an-290 E1C1918 sp-5 an-290 E1C3139 sp-8 an-290 E1C0698 sp-2 an-291 E1C1919 sp-5 an-291 E1C3140 sp-8 an-291 E1C0699 sp-2 an-292 E1C1920 sp-5 an-292 E1C3141 sp-8 an-292 E1C0700 sp-2 an-293 E1C1921 sp-5 an-293 E1C3142 sp-8 an-293 E1C0701 sp-2 an-294 E1C1922 sp-5 an-294 E1C3143 sp-8 an-294 E1C0702 sp-2 an-295 E1C1923 sp-5 an-295 E1C3144 sp-8 an-295 E1C0703 sp-2 an-296 E1C1924 sp-5 an-296 E1C3145 sp-8 an-296 E1C0704 sp-2 an-297 E1C1925 sp-5 an-297 E1C3146 sp-8 an-297 E1C0705 sp-2 an-298 E1C1926 sp-5 an-298 E1C3147 sp-8 an-298 E1C0706 sp-2 an-299 E1C1927 sp-5 an-299 E1C3148 sp-8 an-299 E1C0707 sp-2 an-300 E1C1928 sp-5 an-300 E1C3149 sp-8 an-300 E1C0708 sp-2 an-301 E1C1929 sp-5 an-301 E1C3150 sp-8 an-301 E1C0709 sp-2 an-302 E1C1930 sp-5 an-302 E1C3151 sp-8 an-302 E1C0710 sp-2 an-303 E1C1931 sp-5 an-303 E1C3152 sp-8 an-303 E1C0711 sp-2 an-304 E1C1932 sp-5 an-304 E1C3153 sp-8 an-304 E1C0712 sp-2 an-305 E1C1933 sp-5 an-305 E1C3154 sp-8 an-305 E1C0713 sp-2 an-306 E1C1934 sp-5 an-306 E1C3155 sp-8 an-306 E1C0714 sp-2 an-307 E1C1935 sp-5 an-307 E1C3156 sp-8 an-307 E1C0715 sp-2 an-308 E1C1936 sp-5 an-308 E1C3157 sp-8 an-308 E1C0716 sp-2 an-309 E1C1937 sp-5 an-309 E1C3158 sp-8 an-309 E1C0717 sp-2 an-310 E1C1938 sp-5 an-310 E1C3159 sp-8 an-310 E1C0718 sp-2 an-311 E1C1939 sp-5 an-311 E1C3160 sp-8 an-311 E1C0719 sp-2 an-312 E1C1940 sp-5 an-312 E1C3161 sp-8 an-312 E1C0720 sp-2 an-313 E1C1941 sp-5 an-313 E1C3162 sp-8 an-313 E1C0721 sp-2 an-314 E1C1942 sp-5 an-314 E1C3163 sp-8 an-314 E1C0722 sp-2 an-315 E1C1943 sp-5 an-315 E1C3164 sp-8 an-315 E1C0723 sp-2 an-316 E1C1944 sp-5 an-316 E1C3165 sp-8 an-316 E1C0724 sp-2 an-317 E1C1945 sp-5 an-317 E1C3166 sp-8 an-317 E1C0725 sp-2 an-318 E1C1946 sp-5 an-318 E1C3167 sp-8 an-318 E1C0726 sp-2 an-319 E1C1947 sp-5 an-319 E1C3168 sp-8 an-319 E1C0727 sp-2 an-320 E1C1948 sp-5 an-320 E1C3169 sp-8 an-320 E1C0728 sp-2 an-321 E1C1949 sp-5 an-321 E1C3170 sp-8 an-321 E1C0729 sp-2 an-322 E1C1950 sp-5 an-322 E1C3171 sp-8 an-322 E1C0730 sp-2 an-323 E1C1951 sp-5 an-323 E1C3172 sp-8 an-323 E1C0731 sp-2 an-324 E1C1952 sp-5 an-324 E1C3173 sp-8 an-324 E1C0732 sp-2 an-325 E1C1953 sp-5 an-325 E1C3174 sp-8 an-325 E1C0733 sp-2 an-326 E1C1954 sp-5 an-326 E1C3175 sp-8 an-326 E1C0734 sp-2 an-327 E1C1955 sp-5 an-327 E1C3176 sp-8 an-327 E1C0735 sp-2 an-328 E1C1956 sp-5 an-328 E1C3177 sp-8 an-328 E1C0736 sp-2 an-329 E1C1957 sp-5 an-329 E1C3178 sp-8 an-329 E1C0737 sp-2 an-330 E1C1958 sp-5 an-330 E1C3179 sp-8 an-330 E1C0738 sp-2 an-331 E1C1959 sp-5 an-331 E1C3180 sp-8 an-331 E1C0739 sp-2 an-332 E1C1960 sp-5 an-332 E1C3181 sp-8 an-332 E1C0740 sp-2 an-333 E1C1961 sp-5 an-333 E1C3182 sp-8 an-333 E1C0741 sp-2 an-334 E1C1962 sp-5 an-334 E1C3183 sp-8 an-334 E1C0742 sp-2 an-335 E1C1963 sp-5 an-335 E1C3184 sp-8 an-335 E1C0743 sp-2 an-336 E1C1964 sp-5 an-336 E1C3185 sp-8 an-336 E1C0744 sp-2 an-337 E1C1965 sp-5 an-337 E1C3186 sp-8 an-337 E1C0745 sp-2 an-338 E1C1966 sp-5 an-338 E1C3187 sp-8 an-338 E1C0746 sp-2 an-339 E1C1967 sp-5 an-339 E1C3188 sp-8 an-339 E1C0747 sp-2 an-340 E1C1968 sp-5 an-340 E1C3189 sp-8 an-340 Table 1-143 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C0748 sp-2 an-341 E1C1969 sp-5 an-341 E1C3190 sp-8 an-341 E1C0749 sp-2 an-342 E1C1970 sp-5 an-342 E1C3191 sp-8 an-342 E1C0750 sp-2 an-343 E1C1971 sp-5 an-343 E1C3192 sp-8 an-343 E1C0751 sp-2 an-344 E1C1972 sp-5 an-344 E1C3193 sp-8 an-344 E1C0752 sp-2 an-345 E1C1973 sp-5 an-345 E1C3194 sp-8 an-345 E1C0753 sp-2 an-346 E1C1974 sp-5 an-346 E1C3195 sp-8 an-346 E1C0754 sp-2 an-347 E1C1975 sp-5 an-347 E1C3196 sp-8 an-347 E1C0755 sp-2 an-348 E1C1976 sp-5 an-348 E1C3197 sp-8 an-348 E1C0756 sp-2 an-349 E1C1977 sp-5 an-349 E1C3198 sp-8 an-349 E1C0757 sp-2 an-350 E1C1978 sp-5 an-350 E1C3199 sp-8 an-350 E1C0758 sp-2 an-351 E1C1979 sp-5 an-351 E1C3200 sp-8 an-351 E1C0759 sp-2 an-352 E1C1980 sp-5 an-352 E1C3201 sp-8 an-352 E1C0760 sp-2 an-353 E1C1981 sp-5 an-353 E1C3202 sp-8 an-353 E1C0761 sp-2 an-354 E1C1982 sp-5 an-354 E1C3203 sp-8 an-354 E1C0762 sp-2 an-355 E1C1983 sp-5 an-355 E1C3204 sp-8 an-355 E1C0763 sp-2 an-356 E1C1984 sp-5 an-356 E1C3205 sp-8 an-356 E1C0764 sp-2 an-357 E1C1985 sp-5 an-357 E1C3206 sp-8 an-357 E1C0765 sp-2 an-358 E1C1986 sp-5 an-358 E1C3207 sp-8 an-358 E1C0766 sp-2 an-359 E1C1987 sp-5 an-359 E1C3208 sp-8 an-359 E1C0767 sp-2 an-360 E1C1988 sp-5 an-360 E1C3209 sp-8 an-360 E1C0768 sp-2 an-361 E1C1989 sp-5 an-361 E1C3210 sp-8 an-361 E1C0769 sp-2 an-362 E1C1990 sp-5 an-362 E1C3211 sp-8 an-362 E1C0770 sp-2 an-363 E1C1991 sp-5 an-363 E1C3212 sp-8 an-363 E1C0771 sp-2 an-364 E1C1992 sp-5 an-364 E1C3213 sp-8 an-364 E1C0772 sp-2 an-365 E1C1993 sp-5 an-365 E1C3214 sp-8 an-365 E1C0773 sp-2 an-366 E1C1994 sp-5 an-366 E1C3215 sp-8 an-366 E1C0774 sp-2 an-367 E1C1995 sp-5 an-367 E1C3216 sp-8 an-367 E1C0775 sp-2 an-368 E1C1996 sp-5 an-368 E1C3217 sp-8 an-368 E1C0776 sp-2 an-369 E1C1997 sp-5 an-369 E1C3218 sp-8 an-369 E1C0777 sp-2 an-370 E1C1998 sp-5 an-370 E1C3219 sp-8 an-370 E1C0778 sp-2 an-371 E1C1999 sp-5 an-371 E1C3220 sp-8 an-371 E1C0779 sp-2 an-372 E1C2000 sp-5 an-372 E1C3221 sp-8 an-372 E1C0780 sp-2 an-373 E1C2001 sp-5 an-373 E1C3222 sp-8 an-373 E1C0781 sp-2 an-374 E1C2002 sp-5 an-374 E1C3223 sp-8 an-374 E1C0782 sp-2 an-375 E1C2003 sp-5 an-375 E1C3224 sp-8 an-375 E1C0783 sp-2 an-376 E1C2004 sp-5 an-376 E1C3225 sp-8 an-376 E1C0784 sp-2 an-377 E1C2005 sp-5 an-377 E1C3226 sp-8 an-377 E1C0785 sp-2 an-378 E1C2006 sp-5 an-378 E1C3227 sp-8 an-378 E1C0786 sp-2 an-379 E1C2007 sp-5 an-379 E1C3228 sp-8 an-379 E1C0787 sp-2 an-380 E1C2008 sp-5 an-380 E1C3229 sp-8 an-380 E1C0788 sp-2 an-381 E1C2009 sp-5 an-381 E1C3230 sp-8 an-381 E1C0789 sp-2 an-382 E1C2010 sp-5 an-382 E1C3231 sp-8 an-382 E1C0790 sp-2 an-383 E1C2011 sp-5 an-383 E1C3232 sp-8 an-383 E1C0791 sp-2 an-384 E1C2012 sp-5 an-384 E1C3233 sp-8 an-384 E1C0792 sp-2 an-385 E1C2013 sp-5 an-385 E1C3234 sp-8 an-385 E1C0793 sp-2 an-386 E1C2014 sp-5 an-386 E1C3235 sp-8 an-386 E1C0794 sp-2 an-387 E1C2015 sp-5 an-387 E1C3236 sp-8 an-387 E1C0795 sp-2 an-388 E1C2016 sp-5 an-388 E1C3237 sp-8 an-388 E1C0796 sp-2 an-389 E1C2017 sp-5 an-389 E1C3238 sp-8 an-389 E1C0797 sp-2 an-390 E1C2018 sp-5 an-390 E1C3239 sp-8 an-390 E1C0798 sp-2 an-391 E1C2019 sp-5 an-391 E1C3240 sp-8 an-391 E1C0799 sp-2 an-392 E1C2020 sp-5 an-392 E1C3241 sp-8 an-392 E1C0800 sp-2 an-393 E1C2021 sp-5 an-393 E1C3242 sp-8 an-393 E1C0801 sp-2 an-394 E1C2022 sp-5 an-394 E1C3243 sp-8 an-394 Table 1-144 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C0802 sp-2 an-395 E1C2023 sp-5 an-395 E1C3244 sp-8 an-395 E1C0803 sp-2 an-396 E1C2024 sp-5 an-396 E1C3245 sp-8 an-396 E1C0804 sp-2 an-397 E1C2025 sp-5 an-397 E1C3246 sp-8 an-397 E1C0805 sp-2 an-398 E1C2026 sp-5 an-398 E1C3247 sp-8 an-398 E1C0806 sp-2 an-399 E1C2027 sp-5 an-399 E1C3248 sp-8 an-399 E1C0807 sp-2 an-400 E1C2028 sp-5 an-400 E1C3249 sp-8 an-400 E1C0808 sp-2 an-401 E1C2029 sp-5 an-401 E1C3250 sp-8 an-401 E1C0809 sp-2 an-402 E1C2030 sp-5 an-402 E1C3251 sp-8 an-402 E1C0810 sp-2 an-403 E1C2031 sp-5 an-403 E1C3252 sp-8 an-403 E1C0811 sp-2 an-404 E1C2032 sp-5 an-404 E1C3253 sp-8 an-404 E1C0812 sp-2 an-405 E1C2033 sp-5 an-405 E1C3254 sp-8 an-405 E1C0813 sp-2 an-406 E1C2034 sp-5 an-406 E1C3255 sp-8 an-406 E1C0814 sp-2 an-407 E1C2035 sp-5 an-407 E1C3256 sp-8 an-407 E1C0815 sp-3 an-1 E1C2036 sp-6 an-1 E1C3257 sp-9 an-1 E1C0816 sp-3 an-2 E1C2037 sp-6 an-2 E1C3258 sp-9 an-2 E1C0817 sp-3 an-3 E1C2038 sp-6 an-3 E1C3259 sp-9 an-3 E1C0818 sp-3 an-4 E1C2039 sp-6 an-4 E1C3260 sp-9 an-4 E1C0819 sp-3 an-5 E1C2040 sp-6 an-5 E1C3261 sp-9 an-5 E1C0820 sp-3 an-6 E1C2041 sp-6 an-6 E1C3262 sp-9 an-6 E1C0821 sp-3 an-7 E1C2042 sp-6 an-7 E1C3263 sp-9 an-7 E1C0822 sp-3 an-8 E1C2043 sp-6 an-8 E1C3264 sp-9 an-8 E1C0823 sp-3 an-9 E1C2044 sp-6 an-9 E1C3265 sp-9 an-9 E1C0824 sp-3 an-10 E1C2045 sp-6 an-10 E1C3266 sp-9 an-10 E1C0825 sp-3 an-11 E1C2046 sp-6 an-11 E1C3267 sp-9 an-11 E1C0826 sp-3 an-12 E1C2047 sp-6 an-12 E1C3268 sp-9 an-12 E1C0827 sp-3 an-13 E1C2048 sp-6 an-13 E1C3269 sp-9 an-13 E1C0828 sp-3 an-14 E1C2049 sp-6 an-14 E1C3270 sp-9 an-14 E1C0829 sp-3 an-15 E1C2050 sp-6 an-15 E1C3271 sp-9 an-15 E1C0830 sp-3 an-16 E1C2051 sp-6 an-16 E1C3272 sp-9 an-16 E1C0831 sp-3 an-17 E1C2052 sp-6 an-17 E1C3273 sp-9 an-17 E1C0832 sp-3 an-18 E1C2053 sp-6 an-18 E1C3274 sp-9 an-18 E1C0833 sp-3 an-19 E1C2054 sp-6 an-19 E1C3275 sp-9 an-19 E1C0834 sp-3 an-20 E1C2055 sp-6 an-20 E1C3276 sp-9 an-20 E1C0835 sp-3 an-21 E1C2056 sp-6 an-21 E1C3277 sp-9 an-21 E1C0836 sp-3 an-22 E1C2057 sp-6 an-22 E1C3278 sp-9 an-22 E1C0837 sp-3 an-23 E1C2058 sp-6 an-23 E1C3279 sp-9 an-23 E1C0838 sp-3 an-24 E1C2059 sp-6 an-24 E1C3280 sp-9 an-24 E1C0839 sp-3 an-25 E1C2060 sp-6 an-25 E1C3281 sp-9 an-25 E1C0840 sp-3 an-26 E1C2061 sp-6 an-26 E1C3282 sp-9 an-26 E1C0841 sp-3 an-27 E1C2062 sp-6 an-27 E1C3283 sp-9 an-27 E1C0842 sp-3 an-28 E1C2063 sp-6 an-28 E1C3284 sp-9 an-28 E1C0843 sp-3 an-29 E1C2064 sp-6 an-29 E1C3285 sp-9 an-29 E1C0844 sp-3 an-30 E1C2065 sp-6 an-30 E1C3286 sp-9 an-30 E1C0845 sp-3 an-31 E1C2066 sp-6 an-31 E1C3287 sp-9 an-31 E1C0846 sp-3 an-32 E1C2067 sp-6 an-32 E1C3288 sp-9 an-32 E1C0847 sp-3 an-33 E1C2068 sp-6 an-33 E1C3289 sp-9 an-33 E1C0848 sp-3 an-34 E1C2069 sp-6 an-34 E1C3290 sp-9 an-34 E1C0849 sp-3 an-35 E1C2070 sp-6 an-35 E1C3291 sp-9 an-35 E1C0850 sp-3 an-36 E1C2071 sp-6 an-36 E1C3292 sp-9 an-36 E1C0851 sp-3 an-37 E1C2072 sp-6 an-37 E1C3293 sp-9 an-37 E1C0852 sp-3 an-38 E1C2073 sp-6 an-38 E1C3294 sp-9 an-38 E1C0853 sp-3 an-39 E1C2074 sp-6 an-39 E1C3295 sp-9 an-39 E1C0854 sp-3 an-40 E1C2075 sp-6 an-40 E1C3296 sp-9 an-40 E1C0855 sp-3 an-41 E1C2076 sp-6 an-41 E1C3297 sp-9 an-41 Table 1-145 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C0856 sp-3 an-42 E1C2077 sp-6 an-42 E1C3298 sp-9 an-42 E1C0857 sp-3 an-43 E1C2078 sp-6 an-43 E1C3299 sp-9 an-43 E1C0858 sp-3 an-44 E1C2079 sp-6 an-44 E1C3300 sp-9 an-44 E1C0859 sp-3 an-45 E1C2080 sp-6 an-45 E1C3301 sp-9 an-45 E1C0860 sp-3 an-46 E1C2081 sp-6 an-46 E1C3302 sp-9 an-46 E1C0861 sp-3 an-47 E1C2082 sp-6 an-47 E1C3303 sp-9 an-47 E1C0862 sp-3 an-48 E1C2083 sp-6 an-48 E1C3304 sp-9 an-48 E1C0863 sp-3 an-49 E1C2084 sp-6 an-49 E1C3305 sp-9 an-49 E1C0864 sp-3 an-50 E1C2085 sp-6 an-50 E1C3306 sp-9 an-50 E1C0865 sp-3 an-51 E1C2086 sp-6 an-51 E1C3307 sp-9 an-51 E1C0866 sp-3 an-52 E1C2087 sp-6 an-52 E1C3308 sp-9 an-52 E1C0867 sp-3 an-53 E1C2088 sp-6 an-53 E1C3309 sp-9 an-53 E1C0868 sp-3 an-54 E1C2089 sp-6 an-54 E1C3310 sp-9 an-54 E1C0869 sp-3 an-55 E1C2090 sp-6 an-55 E1C3311 sp-9 an-55 E1C0870 sp-3 an-56 E1C2091 sp-6 an-56 E1C3312 sp-9 an-56 E1C0871 sp-3 an-57 E1C2092 sp-6 an-57 E1C3313 sp-9 an-57 E1C0872 sp-3 an-58 E1C2093 sp-6 an-58 E1C3314 sp-9 an-58 E1C0873 sp-3 an-59 E1C2094 sp-6 an-59 E1C3315 sp-9 an-59 E1C0874 sp-3 an-60 E1C2095 sp-6 an-60 E1C3316 sp-9 an-60 E1C0875 sp-3 an-61 E1C2096 sp-6 an-61 E1C3317 sp-9 an-61 E1C0876 sp-3 an-62 E1C2097 sp-6 an-62 E1C3318 sp-9 an-62 E1C0877 sp-3 an-63 E1C2098 sp-6 an-63 E1C3319 sp-9 an-63 E1C0878 sp-3 an-64 E1C2099 sp-6 an-64 E1C3320 sp-9 an-64 E1C0879 sp-3 an-65 E1C2100 sp-6 an-65 E1C3321 sp-9 an-65 E1C0880 sp-3 an-66 E1C2101 sp-6 an-66 E1C3322 sp-9 an-66 E1C0881 sp-3 an-67 E1C2102 sp-6 an-67 E1C3323 sp-9 an-67 E1C0882 sp-3 an-68 E1C2103 sp-6 an-68 E1C3324 sp-9 an-68 E1C0883 sp-3 an-69 E1C2104 sp-6 an-69 E1C3325 sp-9 an-69 E1C0884 sp-3 an-70 E1C2105 sp-6 an-70 E1C3326 sp-9 an-70 E1C0885 sp-3 an-71 E1C2106 sp-6 an-71 E1C3327 sp-9 an-71 E1C0886 sp-3 an-72 E1C2107 sp-6 an-72 E1C3328 sp-9 an-72 E1C0887 sp-3 an-73 E1C2108 sp-6 an-73 E1C3329 sp-9 an-73 E1C0888 sp-3 an-74 E1C2109 sp-6 an-74 E1C3330 sp-9 an-74 E1C0889 sp-3 an-75 E1C2110 sp-6 an-75 E1C3331 sp-9 an-75 E1C0890 sp-3 an-76 E1C2111 sp-6 an-76 E1C3332 sp-9 an-76 E1C0891 sp-3 an-77 E1C2112 sp-6 an-77 E1C3333 sp-9 an-77 E1C0892 sp-3 an-78 E1C2113 sp-6 an-78 E1C3334 sp-9 an-78 E1C0893 sp-3 an-79 E1C2114 sp-6 an-79 E1C3335 sp-9 an-79 E1C0894 sp-3 an-80 E1C2115 sp-6 an-80 E1C3336 sp-9 an-80 E1C0895 sp-3 an-81 E1C2116 sp-6 an-81 E1C3337 sp-9 an-81 E1C0896 sp-3 an-82 E1C2117 sp-6 an-82 E1C3338 sp-9 an-82 E1C0897 sp-3 an-83 E1C2118 sp-6 an-83 E1C3339 sp-9 an-83 E1C0898 sp-3 an-84 E1C2119 sp-6 an-84 E1C3340 sp-9 an-84 E1C0899 sp-3 an-85 E1C2120 sp-6 an-85 E1C3341 sp-9 an-85 E1C0900 sp-3 an-86 E1C2121 sp-6 an-86 E1C3342 sp-9 an-86 E1C0901 sp-3 an-87 E1C2122 sp-6 an-87 E1C3343 sp-9 an-87 E1C0902 sp-3 an-88 E1C2123 sp-6 an-88 E1C3344 sp-9 an-88 E1C0903 sp-3 an-89 E1C2124 sp-6 an-89 E1C3345 sp-9 an-89 E1C0904 sp-3 an-90 E1C2125 sp-6 an-90 E1C3346 sp-9 an-90 E1C0905 sp-3 an-91 E1C2126 sp-6 an-91 E1C3347 sp-9 an-91 E1C0906 sp-3 an-92 E1C2127 sp-6 an-92 E1C3348 sp-9 an-92 E1C0907 sp-3 an-93 E1C2128 sp-6 an-93 E1C3349 sp-9 an-93 E1C0908 sp-3 an-94 E1C2129 sp-6 an-94 E1C3350 sp-9 an-94 E1C0909 sp-3 an-95 E1C2130 sp-6 an-95 E1C3351 sp-9 an-95 Table 1-146 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C0910 sp-3 an-96 E1C2131 sp-6 an-96 E1C3352 sp-9 an-96 E1C0911 sp-3 an-97 E1C2132 sp-6 an-97 E1C3353 sp-9 an-97 E1C0912 sp-3 an-98 E1C2133 sp-6 an-98 E1C3354 sp-9 an-98 E1C0913 sp-3 an-99 E1C2134 sp-6 an-99 E1C3355 sp-9 an-99 E1C0914 sp-3 an-100 E1C2135 sp-6 an-100 E1C3356 sp-9 an-100 E1C0915 sp-3 an-101 E1C2136 sp-6 an-101 E1C3357 sp-9 an-101 E1C0916 sp-3 an-102 E1C2137 sp-6 an-102 E1C3358 sp-9 an-102 E1C0917 sp-3 an-103 E1C2138 sp-6 an-103 E1C3359 sp-9 an-103 E1C0918 sp-3 an-104 E1C2139 sp-6 an-104 E1C3360 sp-9 an-104 E1C0919 sp-3 an-105 E1C2140 sp-6 an-105 E1C3361 sp-9 an-105 E1C0920 sp-3 an-106 E1C2141 sp-6 an-106 E1C3362 sp-9 an-106 E1C0921 sp-3 an-107 E1C2142 sp-6 an-107 E1C3363 sp-9 an-107 E1C0922 sp-3 an-108 E1C2143 sp-6 an-108 E1C3364 sp-9 an-108 E1C0923 sp-3 an-109 E1C2144 sp-6 an-109 E1C3365 sp-9 an-109 E1C0924 sp-3 an-110 E1C2145 sp-6 an-110 E1C3366 sp-9 an-110 E1C0925 sp-3 an-111 E1C2146 sp-6 an-111 E1C3367 sp-9 an-111 E1C0926 sp-3 an-112 E1C2147 sp-6 an-112 E1C3368 sp-9 an-112 E1C0927 sp-3 an-113 E1C2148 sp-6 an-113 E1C3369 sp-9 an-113 E1C0928 sp-3 an-114 E1C2149 sp-6 an-114 E1C3370 sp-9 an-114 E1C0929 sp-3 an-115 E1C2150 sp-6 an-115 E1C3371 sp-9 an-115 E1C0930 sp-3 an-116 E1C2151 sp-6 an-116 E1C3372 sp-9 an-116 E1C0931 sp-3 an-117 E1C2152 sp-6 an-117 E1C3373 sp-9 an-117 E1C0932 sp-3 an-118 E1C2153 sp-6 an-118 E1C3374 sp-9 an-118 E1C0933 sp-3 an-119 E1C2154 sp-6 an-119 E1C3375 sp-9 an-119 E1C0934 sp-3 an-120 E1C2155 sp-6 an-120 E1C3376 sp-9 an-120 E1C0935 sp-3 an-121 E1C2156 sp-6 an-121 E1C3377 sp-9 an-121 E1C0936 sp-3 an-122 E1C2157 sp-6 an-122 E1C3378 sp-9 an-122 E1C0937 sp-3 an-123 E1C2158 sp-6 an-123 E1C3379 sp-9 an-123 E1C0938 sp-3 an-124 E1C2159 sp-6 an-124 E1C3380 sp-9 an-124 E1C0939 sp-3 an-125 E1C2160 sp-6 an-125 E1C3381 sp-9 an-125 E1C0940 sp-3 an-126 E1C2161 sp-6 an-126 E1C3382 sp-9 an-126 E1C0941 sp-3 an-127 E1C2162 sp-6 an-127 E1C3383 sp-9 an-127 E1C0942 sp-3 an-128 E1C2163 sp-6 an-128 E1C3384 sp-9 an-128 E1C0943 sp-3 an-129 E1C2164 sp-6 an-129 E1C3385 sp-9 an-129 E1C0944 sp-3 an-130 E1C2165 sp-6 an-130 E1C3386 sp-9 an-130 E1C0945 sp-3 an-131 E1C2166 sp-6 an-131 E1C3387 sp-9 an-131 E1C0946 sp-3 an-132 E1C2167 sp-6 an-132 E1C3388 sp-9 an-132 E1C0947 sp-3 an-133 E1C2168 sp-6 an-133 E1C3389 sp-9 an-133 E1C0948 sp-3 an-134 E1C2169 sp-6 an-134 E1C3390 sp-9 an-134 E1C0949 sp-3 an-135 E1C2170 sp-6 an-135 E1C3391 sp-9 an-135 E1C0950 sp-3 an-136 E1C2171 sp-6 an-136 E1C3392 sp-9 an-136 E1C0951 sp-3 an-137 E1C2172 sp-6 an-137 E1C3393 sp-9 an-137 E1C0952 sp-3 an-138 E1C2173 sp-6 an-138 E1C3394 sp-9 an-138 E1C0953 sp-3 an-139 E1C2174 sp-6 an-139 E1C3395 sp-9 an-139 E1C0954 sp-3 an-140 E1C2175 sp-6 an-140 E1C3396 sp-9 an-140 E1C0955 sp-3 an-141 E1C2176 sp-6 an-141 E1C3397 sp-9 an-141 E1C0956 sp-3 an-142 E1C2177 sp-6 an-142 E1C3398 sp-9 an-142 E1C0957 sp-3 an-143 E1C2178 sp-6 an-143 E1C3399 sp-9 an-143 E1C0958 sp-3 an-144 E1C2179 sp-6 an-144 E1C3400 sp-9 an-144 E1C0959 sp-3 an-145 E1C2180 sp-6 an-145 E1C3401 sp-9 an-145 E1C0960 sp-3 an-146 E1C2181 sp-6 an-146 E1C3402 sp-9 an-146 E1C0961 sp-3 an-147 E1C2182 sp-6 an-147 E1C3403 sp-9 an-147 E1C0962 sp-3 an-148 E1C2183 sp-6 an-148 E1C3404 sp-9 an-148 E1C0963 sp-3 an-149 E1C2184 sp-6 an-149 E1C3405 sp-9 an-149 Table 1-147 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C0964 sp-3 an-150 E1C2185 sp-6 an-150 E1C3406 sp-9 an-150 E1C0965 sp-3 an-151 E1C2186 sp-6 an-151 E1C3407 sp-9 an-151 E1C0966 sp-3 an-152 E1C2187 sp-6 an-152 E1C3408 sp-9 an-152 E1C0967 sp-3 an-153 E1C2188 sp-6 an-153 E1C3409 sp-9 an-153 E1C0968 sp-3 an-154 E1C2189 sp-6 an-154 E1C3410 sp-9 an-154 E1C0969 sp-3 an-155 E1C2190 sp-6 an-155 E1C3411 sp-9 an-155 E1C0970 sp-3 an-156 E1C2191 sp-6 an-156 E1C3412 sp-9 an-156 E1C0971 sp-3 an-157 E1C2192 sp-6 an-157 E1C3413 sp-9 an-157 E1C0972 sp-3 an-158 E1C2193 sp-6 an-158 E1C3414 sp-9 an-158 E1C0973 sp-3 an-159 E1C2194 sp-6 an-159 E1C3415 sp-9 an-159 E1C0974 sp-3 an-160 E1C2195 sp-6 an-160 E1C3416 sp-9 an-160 E1C0975 sp-3 an-161 E1C2196 sp-6 an-161 E1C3417 sp-9 an-161 E1C0976 sp-3 an-162 E1C2197 sp-6 an-162 E1C3418 sp-9 an-162 E1C0977 sp-3 an-163 E1C2198 sp-6 an-163 E1C3419 sp-9 an-163 E1C0978 sp-3 an-164 E1C2199 sp-6 an-164 E1C3420 sp-9 an-164 E1C0979 sp-3 an-165 E1C2200 sp-6 an-165 E1C3421 sp-9 an-165 E1C0980 sp-3 an-166 E1C2201 sp-6 an-166 E1C3422 sp-9 an-166 E1C0981 sp-3 an-167 E1C2202 sp-6 an-167 E1C3423 sp-9 an-167 E1C0982 sp-3 an-168 E1C2203 sp-6 an-168 E1C3424 sp-9 an-168 E1C0983 sp-3 an-169 E1C2204 sp-6 an-169 E1C3425 sp-9 an-169 E1C0984 sp-3 an-170 E1C2205 sp-6 an-170 E1C3426 sp-9 an-170 E1C0985 sp-3 an-171 E1C2206 sp-6 an-171 E1C3427 sp-9 an-171 E1C0986 sp-3 an-172 E1C2207 sp-6 an-172 E1C3428 sp-9 an-172 E1C0987 sp-3 an-173 E1C2208 sp-6 an-173 E1C3429 sp-9 an-173 E1C0988 sp-3 an-174 E1C2209 sp-6 an-174 E1C3430 sp-9 an-174 E1C0989 sp-3 an-175 E1C2210 sp-6 an-175 E1C3431 sp-9 an-175 E1C0990 sp-3 an-176 E1C2211 sp-6 an-176 E1C3432 sp-9 an-176 E1C0991 sp-3 an-177 E1C2212 sp-6 an-177 E1C3433 sp-9 an-177 E1C0992 sp-3 an-178 E1C2213 sp-6 an-178 E1C3434 sp-9 an-178 E1C0993 sp-3 an-179 E1C2214 sp-6 an-179 E1C3435 sp-9 an-179 E1C0994 sp-3 an-180 E1C2215 sp-6 an-180 E1C3436 sp-9 an-180 E1C0995 sp-3 an-181 E1C2216 sp-6 an-181 E1C3437 sp-9 an-181 E1C0996 sp-3 an-182 E1C2217 sp-6 an-182 E1C3438 sp-9 an-182 E1C0997 sp-3 an-183 E1C2218 sp-6 an-183 E1C3439 sp-9 an-183 E1C0998 sp-3 an-184 E1C2219 sp-6 an-184 E1C3440 sp-9 an-184 E1C0999 sp-3 an-185 E1C2220 sp-6 an-185 E1C3441 sp-9 an-185 E1C1000 sp-3 an-186 E1C2221 sp-6 an-186 E1C3442 sp-9 an-186 E1C1001 sp-3 an-187 E1C2222 sp-6 an-187 E1C3443 sp-9 an-187 E1C1002 sp-3 an-188 E1C2223 sp-6 an-188 E1C3444 sp-9 an-188 E1C1003 sp-3 an-189 E1C2224 sp-6 an-189 E1C3445 sp-9 an-189 E1C1004 sp-3 an-190 E1C2225 sp-6 an-190 E1C3446 sp-9 an-190 E1C1005 sp-3 an-191 E1C2226 sp-6 an-191 E1C3447 sp-9 an-191 E1C1006 sp-3 an-192 E1C2227 sp-6 an-192 E1C3448 sp-9 an-192 E1C1007 sp-3 an-193 E1C2228 sp-6 an-193 E1C3449 sp-9 an-193 E1C1008 sp-3 an-194 E1C2229 sp-6 an-194 E1C3450 sp-9 an-194 E1C1009 sp-3 an-195 E1C2230 sp-6 an-195 E1C3451 sp-9 an-195 E1C1010 sp-3 an-196 E1C2231 sp-6 an-196 E1C3452 sp-9 an-196 E1C1011 sp-3 an-197 E1C2232 sp-6 an-197 E1C3453 sp-9 an-197 E1C1012 sp-3 an-198 E1C2233 sp-6 an-198 E1C3454 sp-9 an-198 E1C1013 sp-3 an-199 E1C2234 sp-6 an-199 E1C3455 sp-9 an-199 E1C1014 sp-3 an-200 E1C2235 sp-6 an-200 E1C3456 sp-9 an-200 E1C1015 sp-3 an-201 E1C2236 sp-6 an-201 E1C3457 sp-9 an-201 E1C1016 sp-3 an-202 E1C2237 sp-6 an-202 E1C3458 sp-9 an-202 E1C1017 sp-3 an-203 E1C2238 sp-6 an-203 E1C3459 sp-9 an-203 Table 1-148 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C1018 sp-3 an-204 E1C2239 sp-6 an-204 E1C3460 sp-9 an-204 E1C1019 sp-3 an-205 E1C2240 sp-6 an-205 E1C3461 sp-9 an-205 E1C1020 sp-3 an-206 E1C2241 sp-6 an-206 E1C3462 sp-9 an-206 E1C1021 sp-3 an-207 E1C2242 sp-6 an-207 E1C3463 sp-9 an-207 E1C1022 sp-3 an-208 E1C2243 sp-6 an-208 E1C3464 sp-9 an-208 E1C1023 sp-3 an-209 E1C2244 sp-6 an-209 E1C3465 sp-9 an-209 E1C1024 sp-3 an-210 E1C2245 sp-6 an-210 E1C3466 sp-9 an-210 E1C1025 sp-3 an-211 E1C2246 sp-6 an-211 E1C3467 sp-9 an-211 E1C1026 sp-3 an-212 E1C2247 sp-6 an-212 E1C3468 sp-9 an-212 E1C1027 sp-3 an-213 E1C2248 sp-6 an-213 E1C3469 sp-9 an-213 E1C1028 sp-3 an-214 E1C2249 sp-6 an-214 E1C3470 sp-9 an-214 E1C1029 sp-3 an-215 E1C2250 sp-6 an-215 E1C3471 sp-9 an-215 E1C1030 sp-3 an-216 E1C2251 sp-6 an-216 E1C3472 sp-9 an-216 E1C1031 sp-3 an-217 E1C2252 sp-6 an-217 E1C3473 sp-9 an-217 E1C1032 sp-3 an-218 E1C2253 sp-6 an-218 E1C3474 sp-9 an-218 E1C1033 sp-3 an-219 E1C2254 sp-6 an-219 E1C3475 sp-9 an-219 E1C1034 sp-3 an-220 E1C2255 sp-6 an-220 E1C3476 sp-9 an-220 E1C1035 sp-3 an-221 E1C2256 sp-6 an-221 E1C3477 sp-9 an-221 E1C1036 sp-3 an-222 E1C2257 sp-6 an-222 E1C3478 sp-9 an-222 E1C1037 sp-3 an-223 E1C2258 sp-6 an-223 E1C3479 sp-9 an-223 E1C1038 sp-3 an-224 E1C2259 sp-6 an-224 E1C3480 sp-9 an-224 E1C1039 sp-3 an-225 E1C2260 sp-6 an-225 E1C3481 sp-9 an-225 E1C1040 sp-3 an-226 E1C2261 sp-6 an-226 E1C3482 sp-9 an-226 E1C1041 sp-3 an-227 E1C2262 sp-6 an-227 E1C3483 sp-9 an-227 E1C1042 sp-3 an-228 E1C2263 sp-6 an-228 E1C3484 sp-9 an-228 E1C1043 sp-3 an-229 E1C2264 sp-6 an-229 E1C3485 sp-9 an-229 E1C1044 sp-3 an-230 E1C2265 sp-6 an-230 E1C3486 sp-9 an-230 E1C1045 sp-3 an-231 E1C2266 sp-6 an-231 E1C3487 sp-9 an-231 E1C1046 sp-3 an-232 E1C2267 sp-6 an-232 E1C3488 sp-9 an-232 E1C1047 sp-3 an-233 E1C2268 sp-6 an-233 E1C3489 sp-9 an-233 E1C1048 sp-3 an-234 E1C2269 sp-6 an-234 E1C3490 sp-9 an-234 E1C1049 sp-3 an-235 E1C2270 sp-6 an-235 E1C3491 sp-9 an-235 E1C1050 sp-3 an-236 E1C2271 sp-6 an-236 E1C3492 sp-9 an-236 E1C1051 sp-3 an-237 E1C2272 sp-6 an-237 E1C3493 sp-9 an-237 E1C1052 sp-3 an-238 E1C2273 sp-6 an-238 E1C3494 sp-9 an-238 E1C1053 sp-3 an-239 E1C2274 sp-6 an-239 E1C3495 sp-9 an-239 E1C1054 sp-3 an-240 E1C2275 sp-6 an-240 E1C3496 sp-9 an-240 E1C1055 sp-3 an-241 E1C2276 sp-6 an-241 E1C3497 sp-9 an-241 E1C1056 sp-3 an-242 E1C2277 sp-6 an-242 E1C3498 sp-9 an-242 E1C1057 sp-3 an-243 E1C2278 sp-6 an-243 E1C3499 sp-9 an-243 E1C1058 sp-3 an-244 E1C2279 sp-6 an-244 E1C3500 sp-9 an-244 E1C1059 sp-3 an-245 E1C2280 sp-6 an-245 E1C3501 sp-9 an-245 E1C1060 sp-3 an-246 E1C2281 sp-6 an-246 E1C3502 sp-9 an-246 E1C1061 sp-3 an-247 E1C2282 sp-6 an-247 E1C3503 sp-9 an-247 E1C1062 sp-3 an-248 E1C2283 sp-6 an-248 E1C3504 sp-9 an-248 E1C1063 sp-3 an-249 E1C2284 sp-6 an-249 E1C3505 sp-9 an-249 E1C1064 sp-3 an-250 E1C2285 sp-6 an-250 E1C3506 sp-9 an-250 E1C1065 sp-3 an-251 E1C2286 sp-6 an-251 E1C3507 sp-9 an-251 E1C1066 sp-3 an-252 E1C2287 sp-6 an-252 E1C3508 sp-9 an-252 E1C1067 sp-3 an-253 E1C2288 sp-6 an-253 E1C3509 sp-9 an-253 E1C1068 sp-3 an-254 E1C2289 sp-6 an-254 E1C3510 sp-9 an-254 E1C1069 sp-3 an-255 E1C2290 sp-6 an-255 E1C3511 sp-9 an-255 E1C1070 sp-3 an-256 E1C2291 sp-6 an-256 E1C3512 sp-9 an-256 E1C1071 sp-3 an-257 E1C2292 sp-6 an-257 E1C3513 sp-9 an-257 Table 1-149 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C1072 sp-3 an-258 E1C2293 sp-6 an-258 E1C3514 sp-9 an-258 E1C1073 sp-3 an-259 E1C2294 sp-6 an-259 E1C3515 sp-9 an-259 E1C1074 sp-3 an-260 E1C2295 sp-6 an-260 E1C3516 sp-9 an-260 E1C1075 sp-3 an-261 E1C2296 sp-6 an-261 E1C3517 sp-9 an-261 E1C1076 sp-3 an-262 E1C2297 sp-6 an-262 E1C3518 sp-9 an-262 E1C1077 sp-3 an-263 E1C2298 sp-6 an-263 E1C3519 sp-9 an-263 E1C1078 sp-3 an-264 E1C2299 sp-6 an-264 E1C3520 sp-9 an-264 E1C1079 sp-3 an-265 E1C2300 sp-6 an-265 E1C3521 sp-9 an-265 E1C1080 sp-3 an-266 E1C2301 sp-6 an-266 E1C3522 sp-9 an-266 E1C1081 sp-3 an-267 E1C2302 sp-6 an-267 E1C3523 sp-9 an-267 E1C1082 sp-3 an-268 E1C2303 sp-6 an-268 E1C3524 sp-9 an-268 E1C1083 sp-3 an-269 E1C2304 sp-6 an-269 E1C3525 sp-9 an-269 E1C1084 sp-3 an-270 E1C2305 sp-6 an-270 E1C3526 sp-9 an-270 E1C1085 sp-3 an-271 E1C2306 sp-6 an-271 E1C3527 sp-9 an-271 E1C1086 sp-3 an-272 E1C2307 sp-6 an-272 E1C3528 sp-9 an-272 E1C1087 sp-3 an-273 E1C2308 sp-6 an-273 E1C3529 sp-9 an-273 E1C1088 sp-3 an-274 E1C2309 sp-6 an-274 E1C3530 sp-9 an-274 E1C1089 sp-3 an-275 E1C2310 sp-6 an-275 E1C3531 sp-9 an-275 E1C1090 sp-3 an-276 E1C2311 sp-6 an-276 E1C3532 sp-9 an-276 E1C1091 sp-3 an-277 E1C2312 sp-6 an-277 E1C3533 sp-9 an-277 E1C1092 sp-3 an-278 E1C2313 sp-6 an-278 E1C3534 sp-9 an-278 E1C1093 sp-3 an-279 E1C2314 sp-6 an-279 E1C3535 sp-9 an-279 E1C1094 sp-3 an-280 E1C2315 sp-6 an-280 E1C3536 sp-9 an-280 E1C1095 sp-3 an-281 E1C2316 sp-6 an-281 E1C3537 sp-9 an-281 E1C1096 sp-3 an-282 E1C2317 sp-6 an-282 E1C3538 sp-9 an-282 E1C1097 sp-3 an-283 E1C2318 sp-6 an-283 E1C3539 sp-9 an-283 E1C1098 sp-3 an-284 E1C2319 sp-6 an-284 E1C3540 sp-9 an-284 E1C1099 sp-3 an-285 E1C2320 sp-6 an-285 E1C3541 sp-9 an-285 E1C1100 sp-3 an-286 E1C2321 sp-6 an-286 E1C3542 sp-9 an-286 E1C1101 sp-3 an-287 E1C2322 sp-6 an-287 E1C3543 sp-9 an-287 E1C1102 sp-3 an-288 E1C2323 sp-6 an-288 E1C3544 sp-9 an-288 E1C1103 sp-3 an-289 E1C2324 sp-6 an-289 E1C3545 sp-9 an-289 E1C1104 sp-3 an-290 E1C2325 sp-6 an-290 E1C3546 sp-9 an-290 E1C1105 sp-3 an-291 E1C2326 sp-6 an-291 E1C3547 sp-9 an-291 E1C1106 sp-3 an-292 E1C2327 sp-6 an-292 E1C3548 sp-9 an-292 E1C1107 sp-3 an-293 E1C2328 sp-6 an-293 E1C3549 sp-9 an-293 E1C1108 sp-3 an-294 E1C2329 sp-6 an-294 E1C3550 sp-9 an-294 E1C1109 sp-3 an-295 E1C2330 sp-6 an-295 E1C3551 sp-9 an-295 E1C1110 sp-3 an-296 E1C2331 sp-6 an-296 E1C3552 sp-9 an-296 E1C1111 sp-3 an-297 E1C2332 sp-6 an-297 E1C3553 sp-9 an-297 E1C1112 sp-3 an-298 E1C2333 sp-6 an-298 E1C3554 sp-9 an-298 E1C1113 sp-3 an-299 E1C2334 sp-6 an-299 E1C3555 sp-9 an-299 E1C1114 sp-3 an-300 E1C2335 sp-6 an-300 E1C3556 sp-9 an-300 E1C1115 sp-3 an-301 E1C2336 sp-6 an-301 E1C3557 sp-9 an-301 E1C1116 sp-3 an-302 E1C2337 sp-6 an-302 E1C3558 sp-9 an-302 E1C1117 sp-3 an-303 E1C2338 sp-6 an-303 E1C3559 sp-9 an-303 E1C1118 sp-3 an-304 E1C2339 sp-6 an-304 E1C3560 sp-9 an-304 E1C1119 sp-3 an-305 E1C2340 sp-6 an-305 E1C3561 sp-9 an-305 E1C1120 sp-3 an-306 E1C2341 sp-6 an-306 E1C3562 sp-9 an-306 E1C1121 sp-3 an-307 E1C2342 sp-6 an-307 E1C3563 sp-9 an-307 E1C1122 sp-3 an-308 E1C2343 sp-6 an-308 E1C3564 sp-9 an-308 E1C1123 sp-3 an-309 E1C2344 sp-6 an-309 E1C3565 sp-9 an-309 E1C1124 sp-3 an-310 E1C2345 sp-6 an-310 E1C3566 sp-9 an-310 E1C1125 sp-3 an-311 E1C2346 sp-6 an-311 E1C3567 sp-9 an-311 Table 1-150 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C1126 sp-3 an-312 E1C2347 sp-6 an-312 E1C3568 sp-9 an-312 E1C1127 sp-3 an-313 E1C2348 sp-6 an-313 E1C3569 sp-9 an-313 E1C1128 sp-3 an-314 E1C2349 sp-6 an-314 E1C3570 sp-9 an-314 E1C1129 sp-3 an-315 E1C2350 sp-6 an-315 E1C3571 sp-9 an-315 E1C1130 sp-3 an-316 E1C2351 sp-6 an-316 E1C3572 sp-9 an-316 E1C1131 sp-3 an-317 E1C2352 sp-6 an-317 E1C3573 sp-9 an-317 E1C1132 sp-3 an-318 E1C2353 sp-6 an-318 E1C3574 sp-9 an-318 E1C1133 sp-3 an-319 E1C2354 sp-6 an-319 E1C3575 sp-9 an-319 E1C1134 sp-3 an-320 E1C2355 sp-6 an-320 E1C3576 sp-9 an-320 E1C1135 sp-3 an-321 E1C2356 sp-6 an-321 E1C3577 sp-9 an-321 E1C1136 sp-3 an-322 E1C2357 sp-6 an-322 E1C3578 sp-9 an-322 E1C1137 sp-3 an-323 E1C2358 sp-6 an-323 E1C3579 sp-9 an-323 E1C1138 sp-3 an-324 E1C2359 sp-6 an-324 E1C3580 sp-9 an-324 E1C1139 sp-3 an-325 E1C2360 sp-6 an-325 E1C3581 sp-9 an-325 E1C1140 sp-3 an-326 E1C2361 sp-6 an-326 E1C3582 sp-9 an-326 E1C1141 sp-3 an-327 E1C2362 sp-6 an-327 E1C3583 sp-9 an-327 E1C1142 sp-3 an-328 E1C2363 sp-6 an-328 E1C3584 sp-9 an-328 E1C1143 sp-3 an-329 E1C2364 sp-6 an-329 E1C3585 sp-9 an-329 E1C1144 sp-3 an-330 E1C2365 sp-6 an-330 E1C3586 sp-9 an-330 E1C1145 sp-3 an-331 E1C2366 sp-6 an-331 E1C3587 sp-9 an-331 E1C1146 sp-3 an-332 E1C2367 sp-6 an-332 E1C3588 sp-9 an-332 E1C1147 sp-3 an-333 E1C2368 sp-6 an-333 E1C3589 sp-9 an-333 E1C1148 sp-3 an-334 E1C2369 sp-6 an-334 E1C3590 sp-9 an-334 E1C1149 sp-3 an-335 E1C2370 sp-6 an-335 E1C3591 sp-9 an-335 E1C1150 sp-3 an-336 E1C2371 sp-6 an-336 E1C3592 sp-9 an-336 E1C1151 sp-3 an-337 E1C2372 sp-6 an-337 E1C3593 sp-9 an-337 E1C1152 sp-3 an-338 E1C2373 sp-6 an-338 E1C3594 sp-9 an-338 E1C1153 sp-3 an-339 E1C2374 sp-6 an-339 E1C3595 sp-9 an-339 E1C1154 sp-3 an-340 E1C2375 sp-6 an-340 E1C3596 sp-9 an-340 E1C1155 sp-3 an-341 E1C2376 sp-6 an-341 E1C3597 sp-9 an-341 E1C1156 sp-3 an-342 E1C2377 sp-6 an-342 E1C3598 sp-9 an-342 E1C1157 sp-3 an-343 E1C2378 sp-6 an-343 E1C3599 sp-9 an-343 E1C1158 sp-3 an-344 E1C2379 sp-6 an-344 E1C3600 sp-9 an-344 E1C1159 sp-3 an-345 E1C2380 sp-6 an-345 E1C3601 sp-9 an-345 E1C1160 sp-3 an-346 E1C2381 sp-6 an-346 E1C3602 sp-9 an-346 E1C1161 sp-3 an-347 E1C2382 sp-6 an-347 E1C3603 sp-9 an-347 E1C1162 sp-3 an-348 E1C2383 sp-6 an-348 E1C3604 sp-9 an-348 E1C1163 sp-3 an-349 E1C2384 sp-6 an-349 E1C3605 sp-9 an-349 E1C1164 sp-3 an-350 E1C2385 sp-6 an-350 E1C3606 sp-9 an-350 E1C1165 sp-3 an-351 E1C2386 sp-6 an-351 E1C3607 sp-9 an-351 E1C1166 sp-3 an-352 E1C2387 sp-6 an-352 E1C3608 sp-9 an-352 E1C1167 sp-3 an-353 E1C2388 sp-6 an-353 E1C3609 sp-9 an-353 E1C1168 sp-3 an-354 E1C2389 sp-6 an-354 E1C3610 sp-9 an-354 E1C1169 sp-3 an-355 E1C2390 sp-6 an-355 E1C3611 sp-9 an-355 E1C1170 sp-3 an-356 E1C2391 sp-6 an-356 E1C3612 sp-9 an-356 E1C1171 sp-3 an-357 E1C2392 sp-6 an-357 E1C3613 sp-9 an-357 E1C1172 sp-3 an-358 E1C2393 sp-6 an-358 E1C3614 sp-9 an-358 E1C1173 sp-3 an-359 E1C2394 sp-6 an-359 E1C3615 sp-9 an-359 E1C1174 sp-3 an-360 E1C2395 sp-6 an-360 E1C3616 sp-9 an-360 E1C1175 sp-3 an-361 E1C2396 sp-6 an-361 E1C3617 sp-9 an-361 E1C1176 sp-3 an-362 E1C2397 sp-6 an-362 E1C3618 sp-9 an-362 E1C1177 sp-3 an-363 E1C2398 sp-6 an-363 E1C3619 sp-9 an-363 E1C1178 sp-3 an-364 E1C2399 sp-6 an-364 E1C3620 sp-9 an-364 E1C1179 sp-3 an-365 E1C2400 sp-6 an-365 E1C3621 sp-9 an-365 Table 1-151 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C1180 sp-3 an-366 E1C2401 sp-6 an-366 E1C3622 sp-9 an-366 E1C1181 sp-3 an-367 E1C2402 sp-6 an-367 E1C3623 sp-9 an-367 E1C1182 sp-3 an-368 E1C2403 sp-6 an-368 E1C3624 sp-9 an-368 E1C1183 sp-3 an-369 E1C2404 sp-6 an-369 E1C3625 sp-9 an-369 E1C1184 sp-3 an-370 E1C2405 sp-6 an-370 E1C3626 sp-9 an-370 E1C1185 sp-3 an-371 E1C2406 sp-6 an-371 E1C3627 sp-9 an-371 E1C1186 sp-3 an-372 E1C2407 sp-6 an-372 E1C3628 sp-9 an-372 E1C1187 sp-3 an-373 E1C2408 sp-6 an-373 E1C3629 sp-9 an-373 E1C1188 sp-3 an-374 E1C2409 sp-6 an-374 E1C3630 sp-9 an-374 E1C1189 sp-3 an-375 E1C2410 sp-6 an-375 E1C3631 sp-9 an-375 E1C1190 sp-3 an-376 E1C2411 sp-6 an-376 E1C3632 sp-9 an-376 E1C1191 sp-3 an-377 E1C2412 sp-6 an-377 E1C3633 sp-9 an-377 E1C1192 sp-3 an-378 E1C2413 sp-6 an-378 E1C3634 sp-9 an-378 E1C1193 sp-3 an-379 E1C2414 sp-6 an-379 E1C3635 sp-9 an-379 E1C1194 sp-3 an-380 E1C2415 sp-6 an-380 E1C3636 sp-9 an-380 E1C1195 sp-3 an-381 E1C2416 sp-6 an-381 E1C3637 sp-9 an-381 E1C1196 sp-3 an-382 E1C2417 sp-6 an-382 E1C3638 sp-9 an-382 E1C1197 sp-3 an-383 E1C2418 sp-6 an-383 E1C3639 sp-9 an-383 E1C1198 sp-3 an-384 E1C2419 sp-6 an-384 E1C3640 sp-9 an-384 E1C1199 sp-3 an-385 E1C2420 sp-6 an-385 E1C3641 sp-9 an-385 E1C1200 sp-3 an-386 E1C2421 sp-6 an-386 E1C3642 sp-9 an-386 E1C1201 sp-3 an-387 E1C2422 sp-6 an-387 E1C3643 sp-9 an-387 E1C1202 sp-3 an-388 E1C2423 sp-6 an-388 E1C3644 sp-9 an-388 E1C1203 sp-3 an-389 E1C2424 sp-6 an-389 E1C3645 sp-9 an-389 E1C1204 sp-3 an-390 E1C2425 sp-6 an-390 E1C3646 sp-9 an-390 E1C1205 sp-3 an-391 E1C2426 sp-6 an-391 E1C3647 sp-9 an-391 E1C1206 sp-3 an-392 E1C2427 sp-6 an-392 E1C3648 sp-9 an-392 E1C1207 sp-3 an-393 E1C2428 sp-6 an-393 E1C3649 sp-9 an-393 E1C1208 sp-3 an-394 E1C2429 sp-6 an-394 E1C3650 sp-9 an-394 E1C1209 sp-3 an-395 E1C2430 sp-6 an-395 E1C3651 sp-9 an-395 E1C1210 sp-3 an-396 E1C2431 sp-6 an-396 E1C3652 sp-9 an-396 E1C1211 sp-3 an-397 E1C2432 sp-6 an-397 E1C3653 sp-9 an-397 E1C1212 sp-3 an-398 E1C2433 sp-6 an-398 E1C3654 sp-9 an-398 E1C1213 sp-3 an-399 E1C2434 sp-6 an-399 E1C3655 sp-9 an-399 E1C1214 sp-3 an-400 E1C2435 sp-6 an-400 E1C3656 sp-9 an-400 E1C1215 sp-3 an-401 E1C2436 sp-6 an-401 E1C3657 sp-9 an-401 E1C1216 sp-3 an-402 E1C2437 sp-6 an-402 E1C3658 sp-9 an-402 E1C1217 sp-3 an-403 E1C2438 sp-6 an-403 E1C3659 sp-9 an-403 E1C1218 sp-3 an-404 E1C2439 sp-6 an-404 E1C3660 sp-9 an-404 E1C1219 sp-3 an-405 E1C2440 sp-6 an-405 E1C3661 sp-9 an-405 E1C1220 sp-3 an-406 E1C2441 sp-6 an-406 E1C3662 sp-9 an-406 E1C1221 sp-3 an-407 E1C2442 sp-6 an-407 E1C3663 sp-9 an-407 E1C1222 sp-4 an-1 E1C2443 sp-7 an-1 E1C3664 sp-11 an-1 E1C1223 sp-4 an-2 E1C2444 sp-7 an-2 E1C3665 sp-11 an-2 E1C1224 sp-4 an-3 E1C2445 sp-7 an-3 E1C3666 sp-11 an-3 E1C1225 sp-4 an-4 E1C2446 sp-7 an-4 E1C3667 sp-11 an-4 E1C1226 sp-4 an-5 E1C2447 sp-7 an-5 E1C3668 sp-11 an-5 E1C1227 sp-4 an-6 E1C2448 sp-7 an-6 E1C3669 sp-11 an-6 E1C1228 sp-4 an-7 E1C2449 sp-7 an-7 E1C3670 sp-11 an-7 E1C1229 sp-4 an-8 E1C2450 sp-7 an-8 E1C3671 sp-11 an-8 E1C1230 sp-4 an-9 E1C2451 sp-7 an-9 E1C3672 sp-11 an-9 E1C1231 sp-4 an-10 E1C2452 sp-7 an-10 E1C3673 sp-11 an-10 E1C1232 sp-4 an-11 E1C2453 sp-7 an-11 E1C3674 sp-11 an-11 E1C1233 sp-4 an-12 E1C2454 sp-7 an-12 E1C3675 sp-11 an-12 Table 1-152 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C1234 sp-4 an-13 E1C2455 sp-7 an-13 E1C3676 sp-11 an-13 E1C1235 sp-4 an-14 E1C2456 sp-7 an-14 E1C3677 sp-11 an-14 E1C1236 sp-4 an-15 E1C2457 sp-7 an-15 E1C3678 sp-11 an-15 E1C1237 sp-4 an-16 E1C2458 sp-7 an-16 E1C3679 sp-11 an-16 E1C1238 sp-4 an-17 E1C2459 sp-7 an-17 E1C3680 sp-11 an-17 E1C1239 sp-4 an-18 E1C2460 sp-7 an-18 E1C3681 sp-11 an-18 E1C1240 sp-4 an-19 E1C2461 sp-7 an-19 E1C3682 sp-11 an-19 E1C1241 sp-4 an-20 E1C2462 sp-7 an-20 E1C3683 sp-11 an-20 E1C1242 sp-4 an-21 E1C2463 sp-7 an-21 E1C3684 sp-11 an-21 E1C1243 sp-4 an-22 E1C2464 sp-7 an-22 E1C3685 sp-11 an-22 E1C1244 sp-4 an-23 E1C2465 sp-7 an-23 E1C3686 sp-11 an-23 E1C1245 sp-4 an-24 E1C2466 sp-7 an-24 E1C3687 sp-11 an-24 E1C1246 sp-4 an-25 E1C2467 sp-7 an-25 E1C3688 sp-11 an-25 E1C1247 sp-4 an-26 E1C2468 sp-7 an-26 E1C3689 sp-11 an-26 E1C1248 sp-4 an-27 E1C2469 sp-7 an-27 E1C3690 sp-11 an-27 E1C1249 sp-4 an-28 E1C2470 sp-7 an-28 E1C3691 sp-11 an-28 E1C1250 sp-4 an-29 E1C2471 sp-7 an-29 E1C3692 sp-11 an-29 E1C1251 sp-4 an-30 E1C2472 sp-7 an-30 E1C3693 sp-11 an-30 E1C1252 sp-4 an-31 E1C2473 sp-7 an-31 E1C3694 sp-11 an-31 E1C1253 sp-4 an-32 E1C2474 sp-7 an-32 E1C3695 sp-11 an-32 E1C1254 sp-4 an-33 E1C2475 sp-7 an-33 E1C3696 sp-11 an-33 E1C1255 sp-4 an-34 E1C2476 sp-7 an-34 E1C3697 sp-11 an-34 E1C1256 sp-4 an-35 E1C2477 sp-7 an-35 E1C3698 sp-11 an-35 E1C1257 sp-4 an-36 E1C2478 sp-7 an-36 E1C3699 sp-11 an-36 E1C1258 sp-4 an-37 E1C2479 sp-7 an-37 E1C3700 sp-11 an-37 E1C1259 sp-4 an-38 E1C2480 sp-7 an-38 E1C3701 sp-11 an-38 E1C1260 sp-4 an-39 E1C2481 sp-7 an-39 E1C3702 sp-11 an-39 E1C1261 sp-4 an-40 E1C2482 sp-7 an-40 E1C3703 sp-11 an-40 E1C1262 sp-4 an-41 E1C2483 sp-7 an-41 E1C3704 sp-11 an-41 E1C1263 sp-4 an-42 E1C2484 sp-7 an-42 E1C3705 sp-11 an-42 E1C1264 sp-4 an-43 E1C2485 sp-7 an-43 E1C3706 sp-11 an-43 E1C1265 sp-4 an-44 E1C2486 sp-7 an-44 E1C3707 sp-11 an-44 E1C1266 sp-4 an-45 E1C2487 sp-7 an-45 E1C3708 sp-11 an-45 E1C1267 sp-4 an-46 E1C2488 sp-7 an-46 E1C3709 sp-11 an-46 E1C1268 sp-4 an-47 E1C2489 sp-7 an-47 E1C3710 sp-11 an-47 E1C1269 sp-4 an-48 E1C2490 sp-7 an-48 E1C3711 sp-11 an-48 E1C1270 sp-4 an-49 E1C2491 sp-7 an-49 E1C3712 sp-11 an-49 E1C1271 sp-4 an-50 E1C2492 sp-7 an-50 E1C3713 sp-11 an-50 E1C1272 sp-4 an-51 E1C2493 sp-7 an-51 E1C3714 sp-11 an-51 E1C1273 sp-4 an-52 E1C2494 sp-7 an-52 E1C3715 sp-11 an-52 E1C1274 sp-4 an-53 E1C2495 sp-7 an-53 E1C3716 sp-11 an-53 E1C1275 sp-4 an-54 E1C2496 sp-7 an-54 E1C3717 sp-11 an-54 E1C1276 sp-4 an-55 E1C2497 sp-7 an-55 E1C3718 sp-11 an-55 E1C1277 sp-4 an-56 E1C2498 sp-7 an-56 E1C3719 sp-11 an-56 E1C1278 sp-4 an-57 E1C2499 sp-7 an-57 E1C3720 sp-11 an-57 E1C1279 sp-4 an-58 E1C2500 sp-7 an-58 E1C3721 sp-11 an-58 E1C1280 sp-4 an-59 E1C2501 sp-7 an-59 E1C3722 sp-11 an-59 E1C1281 sp-4 an-60 E1C2502 sp-7 an-60 E1C3723 sp-11 an-60 E1C1282 sp-4 an-61 E1C2503 sp-7 an-61 E1C3724 sp-11 an-61 E1C1283 sp-4 an-62 E1C2504 sp-7 an-62 E1C3725 sp-11 an-62 E1C1284 sp-4 an-63 E1C2505 sp-7 an-63 E1C3726 sp-11 an-63 E1C1285 sp-4 an-64 E1C2506 sp-7 an-64 E1C3727 sp-11 an-64 E1C1286 sp-4 an-65 E1C2507 sp-7 an-65 E1C3728 sp-11 an-65 E1C1287 sp-4 an-66 E1C2508 sp-7 an-66 E1C3729 sp-11 an-66 Table 1-153 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C1288 sp-4 an-67 E1C2509 sp-7 an-67 E1C3730 sp-11 an-67 E1C1289 sp-4 an-68 E1C2510 sp-7 an-68 E1C3731 sp-11 an-68 E1C1290 sp-4 an-69 E1C2511 sp-7 an-69 E1C3732 sp-11 an-69 E1C1291 sp-4 an-70 E1C2512 sp-7 an-70 E1C3733 sp-11 an-70 E1C1292 sp-4 an-71 E1C2513 sp-7 an-71 E1C3734 sp-11 an-71 E1C1293 sp-4 an-72 E1C2514 sp-7 an-72 E1C3735 sp-11 an-72 E1C1294 sp-4 an-73 E1C2515 sp-7 an-73 E1C3736 sp-11 an-73 E1C1295 sp-4 an-74 E1C2516 sp-7 an-74 E1C3737 sp-11 an-74 E1C1296 sp-4 an-75 E1C2517 sp-7 an-75 E1C3738 sp-11 an-75 E1C1297 sp-4 an-76 E1C2518 sp-7 an-76 E1C3739 sp-11 an-76 E1C1298 sp-4 an-77 E1C2519 sp-7 an-77 E1C3740 sp-11 an-77 E1C1299 sp-4 an-78 E1C2520 sp-7 an-78 E1C3741 sp-11 an-78 E1C1300 sp-4 an-79 E1C2521 sp-7 an-79 E1C3742 sp-11 an-79 E1C1301 sp-4 an-80 E1C2522 sp-7 an-80 E1C3743 sp-11 an-80 E1C1302 sp-4 an-81 E1C2523 sp-7 an-81 E1C3744 sp-11 an-81 E1C1303 sp-4 an-82 E1C2524 sp-7 an-82 E1C3745 sp-11 an-82 E1C1304 sp-4 an-83 E1C2525 sp-7 an-83 E1C3746 sp-11 an-83 E1C1305 sp-4 an-84 E1C2526 sp-7 an-84 E1C3747 sp-11 an-84 E1C1306 sp-4 an-85 E1C2527 sp-7 an-85 E1C3748 sp-11 an-85 E1C1307 sp-4 an-86 E1C2528 sp-7 an-86 E1C3749 sp-11 an-86 E1C1308 sp-4 an-87 E1C2529 sp-7 an-87 E1C3750 sp-11 an-87 E1C1309 sp-4 an-88 E1C2530 sp-7 an-88 E1C3751 sp-11 an-88 E1C1310 sp-4 an-89 E1C2531 sp-7 an-89 E1C3752 sp-11 an-89 E1C1311 sp-4 an-90 E1C2532 sp-7 an-90 E1C3753 sp-11 an-90 E1C1312 sp-4 an-91 E1C2533 sp-7 an-91 E1C3754 sp-11 an-91 E1C1313 sp-4 an-92 E1C2534 sp-7 an-92 E1C3755 sp-11 an-92 E1C1314 sp-4 an-93 E1C2535 sp-7 an-93 E1C3756 sp-11 an-93 E1C1315 sp-4 an-94 E1C2536 sp-7 an-94 E1C3757 sp-11 an-94 E1C1316 sp-4 an-95 E1C2537 sp-7 an-95 E1C3758 sp-11 an-95 E1C1317 sp-4 an-96 E1C2538 sp-7 an-96 E1C3759 sp-11 an-96 E1C1318 sp-4 an-97 E1C2539 sp-7 an-97 E1C3760 sp-11 an-97 E1C1319 sp-4 an-98 E1C2540 sp-7 an-98 E1C3761 sp-11 an-98 E1C1320 sp-4 an-99 E1C2541 sp-7 an-99 E1C3762 sp-11 an-99 E1C1321 sp-4 an-100 E1C2542 sp-7 an-100 E1C3763 sp-11 an-100 E1C1322 sp-4 an-101 E1C2543 sp-7 an-101 E1C3764 sp-11 an-101 E1C1323 sp-4 an-102 E1C2544 sp-7 an-102 E1C3765 sp-11 an-102 E1C1324 sp-4 an-103 E1C2545 sp-7 an-103 E1C3766 sp-11 an-103 E1C1325 sp-4 an-104 E1C2546 sp-7 an-104 E1C3767 sp-11 an-104 E1C1326 sp-4 an-105 E1C2547 sp-7 an-105 E1C3768 sp-11 an-105 E1C1327 sp-4 an-106 E1C2548 sp-7 an-106 E1C3769 sp-11 an-106 E1C1328 sp-4 an-107 E1C2549 sp-7 an-107 E1C3770 sp-11 an-107 E1C1329 sp-4 an-108 E1C2550 sp-7 an-108 E1C3771 sp-11 an-108 E1C1330 sp-4 an-109 E1C2551 sp-7 an-109 E1C3772 sp-11 an-109 E1C1331 sp-4 an-110 E1C2552 sp-7 an-110 E1C3773 sp-11 an-110 E1C1332 sp-4 an-111 E1C2553 sp-7 an-111 E1C3774 sp-11 an-111 E1C1333 sp-4 an-112 E1C2554 sp-7 an-112 E1C3775 sp-11 an-112 E1C1334 sp-4 an-113 E1C2555 sp-7 an-113 E1C3776 sp-11 an-113 E1C1335 sp-4 an-114 E1C2556 sp-7 an-114 E1C3777 sp-11 an-114 E1C1336 sp-4 an-115 E1C2557 sp-7 an-115 E1C3778 sp-11 an-115 E1C1337 sp-4 an-116 E1C2558 sp-7 an-116 E1C3779 sp-11 an-116 E1C1338 sp-4 an-117 E1C2559 sp-7 an-117 E1C3780 sp-11 an-117 E1C1339 sp-4 an-118 E1C2560 sp-7 an-118 E1C3781 sp-11 an-118 E1C1340 sp-4 an-119 E1C2561 sp-7 an-119 E1C3782 sp-11 an-119 E1C1341 sp-4 an-120 E1C2562 sp-7 an-120 E1C3783 sp-11 an-120 Table 1-154 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C1342 sp-4 an-121 E1C2563 sp-7 an-121 E1C3784 sp-11 an-121 E1C1343 sp-4 an-122 E1C2564 sp-7 an-122 E1C3785 sp-11 an-122 E1C1344 sp-4 an-123 E1C2565 sp-7 an-123 E1C3786 sp-11 an-123 E1C1345 sp-4 an-124 E1C2566 sp-7 an-124 E1C3787 sp-11 an-124 E1C1346 sp-4 an-125 E1C2567 sp-7 an-125 E1C3788 sp-11 an-125 E1C1347 sp-4 an-126 E1C2568 sp-7 an-126 E1C3789 sp-11 an-126 E1C1348 sp-4 an-127 E1C2569 sp-7 an-127 E1C3790 sp-11 an-127 E1C1349 sp-4 an-128 E1C2570 sp-7 an-128 E1C3791 sp-11 an-128 E1C1350 sp-4 an-129 E1C2571 sp-7 an-129 E1C3792 sp-11 an-129 E1C1351 sp-4 an-130 E1C2572 sp-7 an-130 E1C3793 sp-11 an-130 E1C1352 sp-4 an-131 E1C2573 sp-7 an-131 E1C3794 sp-11 an-131 E1C1353 sp-4 an-132 E1C2574 sp-7 an-132 E1C3795 sp-11 an-132 E1C1354 sp-4 an-133 E1C2575 sp-7 an-133 E1C3796 sp-11 an-133 E1C1355 sp-4 an-134 E1C2576 sp-7 an-134 E1C3797 sp-11 an-134 E1C1356 sp-4 an-135 E1C2577 sp-7 an-135 E1C3798 sp-11 an-135 E1C1357 sp-4 an-136 E1C2578 sp-7 an-136 E1C3799 sp-11 an-136 E1C1358 sp-4 an-137 E1C2579 sp-7 an-137 E1C3800 sp-11 an-137 E1C1359 sp-4 an-138 E1C2580 sp-7 an-138 E1C3801 sp-11 an-138 E1C1360 sp-4 an-139 E1C2581 sp-7 an-139 E1C3802 sp-11 an-139 E1C1361 sp-4 an-140 E1C2582 sp-7 an-140 E1C3803 sp-11 an-140 E1C1362 sp-4 an-141 E1C2583 sp-7 an-141 E1C3804 sp-11 an-141 E1C1363 sp-4 an-142 E1C2584 sp-7 an-142 E1C3805 sp-11 an-142 E1C1364 sp-4 an-143 E1C2585 sp-7 an-143 E1C3806 sp-11 an-143 E1C1365 sp-4 an-144 E1C2586 sp-7 an-144 E1C3807 sp-11 an-144 E1C1366 sp-4 an-145 E1C2587 sp-7 an-145 E1C3808 sp-11 an-145 E1C1367 sp-4 an-146 E1C2588 sp-7 an-146 E1C3809 sp-11 an-146 E1C1368 sp-4 an-147 E1C2589 sp-7 an-147 E1C3810 sp-11 an-147 E1C1369 sp-4 an-148 E1C2590 sp-7 an-148 E1C3811 sp-11 an-148 E1C1370 sp-4 an-149 E1C2591 sp-7 an-149 E1C3812 sp-11 an-149 E1C1371 sp-4 an-150 E1C2592 sp-7 an-150 E1C3813 sp-11 an-150 E1C1372 sp-4 an-151 E1C2593 sp-7 an-151 E1C3814 sp-11 an-151 E1C1373 sp-4 an-152 E1C2594 sp-7 an-152 E1C3815 sp-11 an-152 E1C1374 sp-4 an-153 E1C2595 sp-7 an-153 E1C3816 sp-11 an-153 E1C1375 sp-4 an-154 E1C2596 sp-7 an-154 E1C3817 sp-11 an-154 E1C1376 sp-4 an-155 E1C2597 sp-7 an-155 E1C3818 sp-11 an-155 E1C1377 sp-4 an-156 E1C2598 sp-7 an-156 E1C3819 sp-11 an-156 E1C1378 sp-4 an-157 E1C2599 sp-7 an-157 E1C3820 sp-11 an-157 E1C1379 sp-4 an-158 E1C2600 sp-7 an-158 E1C3821 sp-11 an-158 E1C1380 sp-4 an-159 E1C2601 sp-7 an-159 E1C3822 sp-11 an-159 E1C1381 sp-4 an-160 E1C2602 sp-7 an-160 E1C3823 sp-11 an-160 E1C1382 sp-4 an-161 E1C2603 sp-7 an-161 E1C3824 sp-11 an-161 E1C1383 sp-4 an-162 E1C2604 sp-7 an-162 E1C3825 sp-11 an-162 E1C1384 sp-4 an-163 E1C2605 sp-7 an-163 E1C3826 sp-11 an-163 E1C1385 sp-4 an-164 E1C2606 sp-7 an-164 E1C3827 sp-11 an-164 E1C1386 sp-4 an-165 E1C2607 sp-7 an-165 E1C3828 sp-11 an-165 E1C1387 sp-4 an-166 E1C2608 sp-7 an-166 E1C3829 sp-11 an-166 E1C1388 sp-4 an-167 E1C2609 sp-7 an-167 E1C3830 sp-11 an-167 E1C1389 sp-4 an-168 E1C2610 sp-7 an-168 E1C3831 sp-11 an-168 E1C1390 sp-4 an-169 E1C2611 sp-7 an-169 E1C3832 sp-11 an-169 E1C1391 sp-4 an-170 E1C2612 sp-7 an-170 E1C3833 sp-11 an-170 E1C1392 sp-4 an-171 E1C2613 sp-7 an-171 E1C3834 sp-11 an-171 E1C1393 sp-4 an-172 E1C2614 sp-7 an-172 E1C3835 sp-11 an-172 E1C1394 sp-4 an-173 E1C2615 sp-7 an-173 E1C3836 sp-11 an-173 E1C1395 sp-4 an-174 E1C2616 sp-7 an-174 E1C3837 sp-11 an-174 Table 1-155 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C1396 sp-4 an-175 E1C2617 sp-7 an-175 E1C3838 sp-11 an-175 E1C1397 sp-4 an-176 E1C2618 sp-7 an-176 E1C3839 sp-11 an-176 E1C1398 sp-4 an-177 E1C2619 sp-7 an-177 E1C3840 sp-11 an-177 E1C1399 sp-4 an-178 E1C2620 sp-7 an-178 E1C3841 sp-11 an-178 E1C1400 sp-4 an-179 E1C2621 sp-7 an-179 E1C3842 sp-11 an-179 E1C1401 sp-4 an-180 E1C2622 sp-7 an-180 E1C3843 sp-11 an-180 E1C1402 sp-4 an-181 E1C2623 sp-7 an-181 E1C3844 sp-11 an-181 E1C1403 sp-4 an-182 E1C2624 sp-7 an-182 E1C3845 sp-11 an-182 E1C1404 sp-4 an-183 E1C2625 sp-7 an-183 E1C3846 sp-11 an-183 E1C1405 sp-4 an-184 E1C2626 sp-7 an-184 E1C3847 sp-11 an-184 E1C1406 sp-4 an-185 E1C2627 sp-7 an-185 E1C3848 sp-11 an-185 E1C1407 sp-4 an-186 E1C2628 sp-7 an-186 E1C3849 sp-11 an-186 E1C1408 sp-4 an-187 E1C2629 sp-7 an-187 E1C3850 sp-11 an-187 E1C1409 sp-4 an-188 E1C2630 sp-7 an-188 E1C3851 sp-11 an-188 E1C1410 sp-4 an-189 E1C2631 sp-7 an-189 E1C3852 sp-11 an-189 E1C1411 sp-4 an-190 E1C2632 sp-7 an-190 E1C3853 sp-11 an-190 E1C1412 sp-4 an-191 E1C2633 sp-7 an-191 E1C3854 sp-11 an-191 E1C1413 sp-4 an-192 E1C2634 sp-7 an-192 E1C3855 sp-11 an-192 E1C1414 sp-4 an-193 E1C2635 sp-7 an-193 E1C3856 sp-11 an-193 E1C1415 sp-4 an-194 E1C2636 sp-7 an-194 E1C3857 sp-11 an-194 E1C1416 sp-4 an-195 E1C2637 sp-7 an-195 E1C3858 sp-11 an-195 E1C1417 sp-4 an-196 E1C2638 sp-7 an-196 E1C3859 sp-11 an-196 E1C1418 sp-4 an-197 E1C2639 sp-7 an-197 E1C3860 sp-11 an-197 E1C1419 sp-4 an-198 E1C2640 sp-7 an-198 E1C3861 sp-11 an-198 E1C1420 sp-4 an-199 E1C2641 sp-7 an-199 E1C3862 sp-11 an-199 E1C1421 sp-4 an-200 E1C2642 sp-7 an-200 E1C3863 sp-11 an-200 E1C1422 sp-4 an-201 E1C2643 sp-7 an-201 E1C3864 sp-11 an-201 E1C1423 sp-4 an-202 E1C2644 sp-7 an-202 E1C3865 sp-11 an-202 E1C1424 sp-4 an-203 E1C2645 sp-7 an-203 E1C3866 sp-11 an-203 E1C1425 sp-4 an-204 E1C2646 sp-7 an-204 E1C3867 sp-11 an-204 E1C1426 sp-4 an-205 E1C2647 sp-7 an-205 E1C3868 sp-11 an-205 E1C1427 sp-4 an-206 E1C2648 sp-7 an-206 E1C3869 sp-11 an-206 E1C1428 sp-4 an-207 E1C2649 sp-7 an-207 E1C3870 sp-11 an-207 E1C1429 sp-4 an-208 E1C2650 sp-7 an-208 E1C3871 sp-11 an-208 E1C1430 sp-4 an-209 E1C2651 sp-7 an-209 E1C3872 sp-11 an-209 E1C1431 sp-4 an-210 E1C2652 sp-7 an-210 E1C3873 sp-11 an-210 E1C1432 sp-4 an-211 E1C2653 sp-7 an-211 E1C3874 sp-11 an-211 E1C1433 sp-4 an-212 E1C2654 sp-7 an-212 E1C3875 sp-11 an-212 E1C1434 sp-4 an-213 E1C2655 sp-7 an-213 E1C3876 sp-11 an-213 E1C1435 sp-4 an-214 E1C2656 sp-7 an-214 E1C3877 sp-11 an-214 E1C1436 sp-4 an-215 E1C2657 sp-7 an-215 E1C3878 sp-11 an-215 E1C1437 sp-4 an-216 E1C2658 sp-7 an-216 E1C3879 sp-11 an-216 E1C1438 sp-4 an-217 E1C2659 sp-7 an-217 E1C3880 sp-11 an-217 E1C1439 sp-4 an-218 E1C2660 sp-7 an-218 E1C3881 sp-11 an-218 E1C1440 sp-4 an-219 E1C2661 sp-7 an-219 E1C3882 sp-11 an-219 E1C1441 sp-4 an-220 E1C2662 sp-7 an-220 E1C3883 sp-11 an-220 E1C1442 sp-4 an-221 E1C2663 sp-7 an-221 E1C3884 sp-11 an-221 E1C1443 sp-4 an-222 E1C2664 sp-7 an-222 E1C3885 sp-11 an-222 E1C1444 sp-4 an-223 E1C2665 sp-7 an-223 E1C3886 sp-11 an-223 E1C1445 sp-4 an-224 E1C2666 sp-7 an-224 E1C3887 sp-11 an-224 E1C1446 sp-4 an-225 E1C2667 sp-7 an-225 E1C3888 sp-11 an-225 E1C1447 sp-4 an-226 E1C2668 sp-7 an-226 E1C3889 sp-11 an-226 E1C1448 sp-4 an-227 E1C2669 sp-7 an-227 E1C3890 sp-11 an-227 E1C1449 sp-4 an-228 E1C2670 sp-7 an-228 E1C3891 sp-11 an-228 Table 1-156 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C1450 sp-4 an-229 E1C2671 sp-7 an-229 E1C3892 sp-11 an-229 E1C1451 sp-4 an-230 E1C2672 sp-7 an-230 E1C3893 sp-11 an-230 E1C1452 sp-4 an-231 E1C2673 sp-7 an-231 E1C3894 sp-11 an-231 E1C1453 sp-4 an-232 E1C2674 sp-7 an-232 E1C3895 sp-11 an-232 E1C1454 sp-4 an-233 E1C2675 sp-7 an-233 E1C3896 sp-11 an-233 E1C1455 sp-4 an-234 E1C2676 sp-7 an-234 E1C3897 sp-11 an-234 E1C1456 sp-4 an-235 E1C2677 sp-7 an-235 E1C3898 sp-11 an-235 E1C1457 sp-4 an-236 E1C2678 sp-7 an-236 E1C3899 sp-11 an-236 E1C1458 sp-4 an-237 E1C2679 sp-7 an-237 E1C3900 sp-11 an-237 E1C1459 sp-4 an-238 E1C2680 sp-7 an-238 E1C3901 sp-11 an-238 E1C1460 sp-4 an-239 E1C2681 sp-7 an-239 E1C3902 sp-11 an-239 E1C1461 sp-4 an-240 E1C2682 sp-7 an-240 E1C3903 sp-11 an-240 E1C1462 sp-4 an-241 E1C2683 sp-7 an-241 E1C3904 sp-11 an-241 E1C1463 sp-4 an-242 E1C2684 sp-7 an-242 E1C3905 sp-11 an-242 E1C1464 sp-4 an-243 E1C2685 sp-7 an-243 E1C3906 sp-11 an-243 E1C1465 sp-4 an-244 E1C2686 sp-7 an-244 E1C3907 sp-11 an-244 E1C1466 sp-4 an-245 E1C2687 sp-7 an-245 E1C3908 sp-11 an-245 E1C1467 sp-4 an-246 E1C2688 sp-7 an-246 E1C3909 sp-11 an-246 E1C1468 sp-4 an-247 E1C2689 sp-7 an-247 E1C3910 sp-11 an-247 E1C1469 sp-4 an-248 E1C2690 sp-7 an-248 E1C3911 sp-11 an-248 E1C1470 sp-4 an-249 E1C2691 sp-7 an-249 E1C3912 sp-11 an-249 E1C1471 sp-4 an-250 E1C2692 sp-7 an-250 E1C3913 sp-11 an-250 E1C1472 sp-4 an-251 E1C2693 sp-7 an-251 E1C3914 sp-11 an-251 E1C1473 sp-4 an-252 E1C2694 sp-7 an-252 E1C3915 sp-11 an-252 E1C1474 sp-4 an-253 E1C2695 sp-7 an-253 E1C3916 sp-11 an-253 E1C1475 sp-4 an-254 E1C2696 sp-7 an-254 E1C3917 sp-11 an-254 E1C1476 sp-4 an-255 E1C2697 sp-7 an-255 E1C3918 sp-11 an-255 E1C1477 sp-4 an-256 E1C2698 sp-7 an-256 E1C3919 sp-11 an-256 E1C1478 sp-4 an-257 E1C2699 sp-7 an-257 E1C3920 sp-11 an-257 E1C1479 sp-4 an-258 E1C2700 sp-7 an-258 E1C3921 sp-11 an-258 E1C1480 sp-4 an-259 E1C2701 sp-7 an-259 E1C3922 sp-11 an-259 E1C1481 sp-4 an-260 E1C2702 sp-7 an-260 E1C3923 sp-11 an-260 E1C1482 sp-4 an-261 E1C2703 sp-7 an-261 E1C3924 sp-11 an-261 E1C1483 sp-4 an-262 E1C2704 sp-7 an-262 E1C3925 sp-11 an-262 E1C1484 sp-4 an-263 E1C2705 sp-7 an-263 E1C3926 sp-11 an-263 E1C1485 sp-4 an-264 E1C2706 sp-7 an-264 E1C3927 sp-11 an-264 E1C1486 sp-4 an-265 E1C2707 sp-7 an-265 E1C3928 sp-11 an-265 E1C1487 sp-4 an-266 E1C2708 sp-7 an-266 E1C3929 sp-11 an-266 E1C1488 sp-4 an-267 E1C2709 sp-7 an-267 E1C3930 sp-11 an-267 E1C1489 sp-4 an-268 E1C2710 sp-7 an-268 E1C3931 sp-11 an-268 E1C1490 sp-4 an-269 E1C2711 sp-7 an-269 E1C3932 sp-11 an-269 E1C1491 sp-4 an-270 E1C2712 sp-7 an-270 E1C3933 sp-11 an-270 E1C1492 sp-4 an-271 E1C2713 sp-7 an-271 E1C3934 sp-11 an-271 E1C1493 sp-4 an-272 E1C2714 sp-7 an-272 E1C3935 sp-11 an-272 E1C1494 sp-4 an-273 E1C2715 sp-7 an-273 E1C3936 sp-11 an-273 E1C1495 sp-4 an-274 E1C2716 sp-7 an-274 E1C3937 sp-11 an-274 E1C1496 sp-4 an-275 E1C2717 sp-7 an-275 E1C3938 sp-11 an-275 E1C1497 sp-4 an-276 E1C2718 sp-7 an-276 E1C3939 sp-11 an-276 E1C1498 sp-4 an-277 E1C2719 sp-7 an-277 E1C3940 sp-11 an-277 E1C1499 sp-4 an-278 E1C2720 sp-7 an-278 E1C3941 sp-11 an-278 E1C1500 sp-4 an-279 E1C2721 sp-7 an-279 E1C3942 sp-11 an-279 E1C1501 sp-4 an-280 E1C2722 sp-7 an-280 E1C3943 sp-11 an-280 E1C1502 sp-4 an-281 E1C2723 sp-7 an-281 E1C3944 sp-11 an-281 E1C1503 sp-4 an-282 E1C2724 sp-7 an-282 E1C3945 sp-11 an-282 Table 1-157 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C1504 sp-4 an-283 E1C2725 sp-7 an-283 E1C3946 sp-11 an-283 E1C1505 sp-4 an-284 E1C2726 sp-7 an-284 E1C3947 sp-11 an-284 E1C1506 sp-4 an-285 E1C2727 sp-7 an-285 E1C3948 sp-11 an-285 E1C1507 sp-4 an-286 E1C2728 sp-7 an-286 E1C3949 sp-11 an-286 E1C1508 sp-4 an-287 E1C2729 sp-7 an-287 E1C3950 sp-11 an-287 E1C1509 sp-4 an-288 E1C2730 sp-7 an-288 E1C3951 sp-11 an-288 E1C1510 sp-4 an-289 E1C2731 sp-7 an-289 E1C3952 sp-11 an-289 E1C1511 sp-4 an-290 E1C2732 sp-7 an-290 E1C3953 sp-11 an-290 E1C1512 sp-4 an-291 E1C2733 sp-7 an-291 E1C3954 sp-11 an-291 E1C1513 sp-4 an-292 E1C2734 sp-7 an-292 E1C3955 sp-11 an-292 E1C1514 sp-4 an-293 E1C2735 sp-7 an-293 E1C3956 sp-11 an-293 E1C1515 sp-4 an-294 E1C2736 sp-7 an-294 E1C3957 sp-11 an-294 E1C1516 sp-4 an-295 E1C2737 sp-7 an-295 E1C3958 sp-11 an-295 E1C1517 sp-4 an-296 E1C2738 sp-7 an-296 E1C3959 sp-11 an-296 E1C1518 sp-4 an-297 E1C2739 sp-7 an-297 E1C3960 sp-11 an-297 E1C1519 sp-4 an-298 E1C2740 sp-7 an-298 E1C3961 sp-11 an-298 E1C1520 sp-4 an-299 E1C2741 sp-7 an-299 E1C3962 sp-11 an-299 E1C1521 sp-4 an-300 E1C2742 sp-7 an-300 E1C3963 sp-11 an-300 E1C1522 sp-4 an-301 E1C2743 sp-7 an-301 E1C3964 sp-11 an-301 E1C1523 sp-4 an-302 E1C2744 sp-7 an-302 E1C3965 sp-11 an-302 E1C1524 sp-4 an-303 E1C2745 sp-7 an-303 E1C3966 sp-11 an-303 E1C1525 sp-4 an-304 E1C2746 sp-7 an-304 E1C3967 sp-11 an-304 E1C1526 sp-4 an-305 E1C2747 sp-7 an-305 E1C3968 sp-11 an-305 E1C1527 sp-4 an-306 E1C2748 sp-7 an-306 E1C3969 sp-11 an-306 E1C1528 sp-4 an-307 E1C2749 sp-7 an-307 E1C3970 sp-11 an-307 E1C1529 sp-4 an-308 E1C2750 sp-7 an-308 E1C3971 sp-11 an-308 E1C1530 sp-4 an-309 E1C2751 sp-7 an-309 E1C3972 sp-11 an-309 E1C1531 sp-4 an-310 E1C2752 sp-7 an-310 E1C3973 sp-11 an-310 E1C1532 sp-4 an-311 E1C2753 sp-7 an-311 E1C3974 sp-11 an-311 E1C1533 sp-4 an-312 E1C2754 sp-7 an-312 E1C3975 sp-11 an-312 E1C1534 sp-4 an-313 E1C2755 sp-7 an-313 E1C3976 sp-11 an-313 E1C1535 sp-4 an-314 E1C2756 sp-7 an-314 E1C3977 sp-11 an-314 E1C1536 sp-4 an-315 E1C2757 sp-7 an-315 E1C3978 sp-11 an-315 E1C1537 sp-4 an-316 E1C2758 sp-7 an-316 E1C3979 sp-11 an-316 E1C1538 sp-4 an-317 E1C2759 sp-7 an-317 E1C3980 sp-11 an-317 E1C1539 sp-4 an-318 E1C2760 sp-7 an-318 E1C3981 sp-11 an-318 E1C1540 sp-4 an-319 E1C2761 sp-7 an-319 E1C3982 sp-11 an-319 E1C1541 sp-4 an-320 E1C2762 sp-7 an-320 E1C3983 sp-11 an-320 E1C1542 sp-4 an-321 E1C2763 sp-7 an-321 E1C3984 sp-11 an-321 E1C1543 sp-4 an-322 E1C2764 sp-7 an-322 E1C3985 sp-11 an-322 E1C1544 sp-4 an-323 E1C2765 sp-7 an-323 E1C3986 sp-11 an-323 E1C1545 sp-4 an-324 E1C2766 sp-7 an-324 E1C3987 sp-11 an-324 E1C1546 sp-4 an-325 E1C2767 sp-7 an-325 E1C3988 sp-11 an-325 E1C1547 sp-4 an-326 E1C2768 sp-7 an-326 E1C3989 sp-11 an-326 E1C1548 sp-4 an-327 E1C2769 sp-7 an-327 E1C3990 sp-11 an-327 E1C1549 sp-4 an-328 E1C2770 sp-7 an-328 E1C3991 sp-11 an-328 E1C1550 sp-4 an-329 E1C2771 sp-7 an-329 E1C3992 sp-11 an-329 E1C1551 sp-4 an-330 E1C2772 sp-7 an-330 E1C3993 sp-11 an-330 E1C1552 sp-4 an-331 E1C2773 sp-7 an-331 E1C3994 sp-11 an-331 E1C1553 sp-4 an-332 E1C2774 sp-7 an-332 E1C3995 sp-11 an-332 E1C1554 sp-4 an-333 E1C2775 sp-7 an-333 E1C3996 sp-11 an-333 E1C1555 sp-4 an-334 E1C2776 sp-7 an-334 E1C3997 sp-11 an-334 E1C1556 sp-4 an-335 E1C2777 sp-7 an-335 E1C3998 sp-11 an-335 E1C1557 sp-4 an-336 E1C2778 sp-7 an-336 E1C3999 sp-11 an-336 Table 1-158 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C1558 sp-4 an-337 E1C2779 sp-7 an-337 E1C4000 sp-11 an-337 E1C1559 sp-4 an-338 E1C2780 sp-7 an-338 E1C4001 sp-11 an-338 E1C1560 sp-4 an-339 E1C2781 sp-7 an-339 E1C4002 sp-11 an-339 E1C1561 sp-4 an-340 E1C2782 sp-7 an-340 E1C4003 sp-11 an-340 E1C1562 sp-4 an-341 E1C2783 sp-7 an-341 E1C4004 sp-11 an-341 E1C1563 sp-4 an-342 E1C2784 sp-7 an-342 E1C4005 sp-11 an-342 E1C1564 sp-4 an-343 E1C2785 sp-7 an-343 E1C4006 sp-11 an-343 E1C1565 sp-4 an-344 E1C2786 sp-7 an-344 E1C4007 sp-11 an-344 E1C1566 sp-4 an-345 E1C2787 sp-7 an-345 E1C4008 sp-11 an-345 E1C1567 sp-4 an-346 E1C2788 sp-7 an-346 E1C4009 sp-11 an-346 E1C1568 sp-4 an-347 E1C2789 sp-7 an-347 E1C4010 sp-11 an-347 E1C1569 sp-4 an-348 E1C2790 sp-7 an-348 E1C4011 sp-11 an-348 E1C1570 sp-4 an-349 E1C2791 sp-7 an-349 E1C4012 sp-11 an-349 E1C1571 sp-4 an-350 E1C2792 sp-7 an-350 E1C4013 sp-11 an-350 E1C1572 sp-4 an-351 E1C2793 sp-7 an-351 E1C4014 sp-11 an-351 E1C1573 sp-4 an-352 E1C2794 sp-7 an-352 E1C4015 sp-11 an-352 E1C1574 sp-4 an-353 E1C2795 sp-7 an-353 E1C4016 sp-11 an-353 E1C1575 sp-4 an-354 E1C2796 sp-7 an-354 E1C4017 sp-11 an-354 E1C1576 sp-4 an-355 E1C2797 sp-7 an-355 E1C4018 sp-11 an-355 E1C1577 sp-4 an-356 E1C2798 sp-7 an-356 E1C4019 sp-11 an-356 E1C1578 sp-4 an-357 E1C2799 sp-7 an-357 E1C4020 sp-11 an-357 E1C1579 sp-4 an-358 E1C2800 sp-7 an-358 E1C4021 sp-11 an-358 E1C1580 sp-4 an-359 E1C2801 sp-7 an-359 E1C4022 sp-11 an-359 E1C1581 sp-4 an-360 E1C2802 sp-7 an-360 E1C4023 sp-11 an-360 E1C1582 sp-4 an-361 E1C2803 sp-7 an-361 E1C4024 sp-11 an-361 E1C1583 sp-4 an-362 E1C2804 sp-7 an-362 E1C4025 sp-11 an-362 E1C1584 sp-4 an-363 E1C2805 sp-7 an-363 E1C4026 sp-11 an-363 E1C1585 sp-4 an-364 E1C2806 sp-7 an-364 E1C4027 sp-11 an-364 E1C1586 sp-4 an-365 E1C2807 sp-7 an-365 E1C4028 sp-11 an-365 E1C1587 sp-4 an-366 E1C2808 sp-7 an-366 E1C4029 sp-11 an-366 E1C1588 sp-4 an-367 E1C2809 sp-7 an-367 E1C4030 sp-11 an-367 E1C1589 sp-4 an-368 E1C2810 sp-7 an-368 E1C4031 sp-11 an-368 E1C1590 sp-4 an-369 E1C2811 sp-7 an-369 E1C4032 sp-11 an-369 E1C1591 sp-4 an-370 E1C2812 sp-7 an-370 E1C4033 sp-11 an-370 E1C1592 sp-4 an-371 E1C2813 sp-7 an-371 E1C4034 sp-11 an-371 E1C1593 sp-4 an-372 E1C2814 sp-7 an-372 E1C4035 sp-11 an-372 E1C1594 sp-4 an-373 E1C2815 sp-7 an-373 E1C4036 sp-11 an-373 E1C1595 sp-4 an-374 E1C2816 sp-7 an-374 E1C4037 sp-11 an-374 E1C1596 sp-4 an-375 E1C2817 sp-7 an-375 E1C4038 sp-11 an-375 E1C1597 sp-4 an-376 E1C2818 sp-7 an-376 E1C4039 sp-11 an-376 E1C1598 sp-4 an-377 E1C2819 sp-7 an-377 E1C4040 sp-11 an-377 E1C1599 sp-4 an-378 E1C2820 sp-7 an-378 E1C4041 sp-11 an-378 E1C1600 sp-4 an-379 E1C2821 sp-7 an-379 E1C4042 sp-11 an-379 E1C1601 sp-4 an-380 E1C2822 sp-7 an-380 E1C4043 sp-11 an-380 E1C1602 sp-4 an-381 E1C2823 sp-7 an-381 E1C4044 sp-11 an-381 E1C1603 sp-4 an-382 E1C2824 sp-7 an-382 E1C4045 sp-11 an-382 E1C1604 sp-4 an-383 E1C2825 sp-7 an-383 E1C4046 sp-11 an-383 E1C1605 sp-4 an-384 E1C2826 sp-7 an-384 E1C4047 sp-11 an-384 E1C1606 sp-4 an-385 E1C2827 sp-7 an-385 E1C4048 sp-11 an-385 E1C1607 sp-4 an-386 E1C2828 sp-7 an-386 E1C4049 sp-11 an-386 E1C1608 sp-4 an-387 E1C2829 sp-7 an-387 E1C4050 sp-11 an-387 E1C1609 sp-4 an-388 E1C2830 sp-7 an-388 E1C4051 sp-11 an-388 E1C1610 sp-4 an-389 E1C2831 sp-7 an-389 E1C4052 sp-11 an-389 E1C1611 sp-4 an-390 E1C2832 sp-7 an-390 E1C4053 sp-11 an-390 Table 1-159 Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO Y = NHCSO E1C1612 sp-4 an-391 E1C2833 sp-7 an-391 E1C4054 sp-11 an-391 E1C1613 sp-4 an-392 E1C2834 sp-7 an-392 E1C4055 sp-11 an-392 E1C1614 sp-4 an-393 E1C2835 sp-7 an-393 E1C4056 sp-11 an-393 E1C1615 sp-4 an-394 E1C2836 sp-7 an-394 E1C4057 sp-11 an-394 E1C1616 sp-4 an-395 E1C2837 sp-7 an-395 E1C4058 sp-11 an-395 E1C1617 sp-4 an-396 E1C2838 sp-7 an-396 E1C4059 sp-11 an-396 E1C1618 sp-4 an-397 E1C2839 sp-7 an-397 E1C4060 sp-11 an-397 E1C1619 sp-4 an-398 E1C2840 sp-7 an-398 E1C4061 sp-11 an-398 E1C1620 sp-4 an-399 E1C2841 sp-7 an-399 E1C4062 sp-11 an-399 E1C1621 sp-4 an-400 E1C2842 sp-7 an-400 E1C4063 sp-11 an-400 E1C1622 sp-4 an-401 E1C2843 sp-7 an-401 E1C4064 sp-11 an-401 E1C1623 sp-4 an-402 E1C2844 sp-7 an-402 E1C4065 sp-11 an-402 E1C1624 sp-4 an-403 E1C2845 sp-7 an-403 E1C4066 sp-11 an-403 E1C1625 sp-4 an-404 E1C2846 sp-7 an-404 E1C4067 sp-11 an-404 E1C1626 sp-4 an-405 E1C2847 sp-7 an-405 E1C4068 sp-11 an-405 E1C1627 sp-4 an-406 E1C2848 sp-7 an-406 E1C4069 sp-11 an-406 E1C1628 sp-4 an-407 E1C2849 sp-7 an-407 E1C4070 sp-11 an-407 Further examples are the compounds (E2A0001 to E2A6919, E2U0001 to E2U14652, E2C0001 to E2C4070) in which the binding position of Y has been changed to the para position in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U0001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1 (Table 1-1 to Table 1-159). For example, it is meant herein that the compound E1A0001 has been changed to the compound E2A0001, and the same meaning is also applied to the subsequent compounds. Further examples are the compounds (E3A0001 to E3A6919, E3U0001 to E3U14652, E3C0001 to E3C4070) in which (Rx)ma has been changed to 7-diethylamino group in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U0001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1. Further examples are the compounds (E4A0001 to E4A6919, E4U0001 to E4U14652, E4C0001 to E4C4070) in which (Rx)ma has been changed to 7-ethylmethylamino group in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U0001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1. Further examples are the compounds (E5A0001 to E5A6919, E5U0001 to E5U14652, E5C0001 to E5C4070) in which (Rx)ma has been changed to 9-dimethylamino group in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U0001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1. Further examples are the compounds (E6A0001 to E6A6919, E6U0001 to E6U14652, E6C0001 to E6C4070) in which (Rx)ma has been changed to 7,9-bis(dimethylamino) group in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U0001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1. Further examples are the compounds (E7A0001 to E7A6919, E7U0001 to E7U14652, E7C0001 to E7C4070) in which both R1a and R2a have been changed to propyl groups in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U0001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1. Further examples are the compounds (E8A0001 to E8A6919, E8U0001 to E8U14652, E8C0001 to E8C4070) in which both R1a and R2a have been changed to pentyl groups in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U0001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1. Further examples are the compounds (E9A0001 to E9A6919, E9U0001 to E9U14652, E9C0001 to E9C4070) in which both R1a and R2a have been changed to hexyl groups in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U0001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1. Further examples are the compounds (E10A0001 to E10A6919, E10U0001 to E10U14652, E10C0001 to E10C4070) in which R1a has been changed to ethyl group in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U0001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1. Further examples are the compounds (E11A0001 to E11A6919, E11U0001 to E11U14652, E11C0001 to E11C4070) in which (Rx)ma has been changed to 7,8-dimethoxy group in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U0001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1. Further examples are the compounds (E12A0001 to E12A6919, E12U0001 to E12U14652, E12C0001 to E12C4070) in which the combination of (A1, A2, A3) has been changed to (CH2, NH, CH) in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U0001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1. Further examples are the compounds (E13A0001 to E13A6919, E13U0001 to E13U14652, E13C0001 to E13C4070) in which the combination of (A1, A2, A3) has been changed to (NH, CH(OH), CH) in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U0001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1. Further examples are the compounds (E14A0001 to E14A6919, E14U0001 to E14U14652, E14C0001 to E14C4070) in which the combination of (A1, A2, A3) has been changed to (CH2, CH2, N) in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U0001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1. Further examples are the compounds (E15A0001 to E15A6919, E15U0001 to E15U14652, E15C0001 to E15C4070) in which the combination of (A1, A2, A3) has been changed to (CH2, NH, CH) and (Rx)ma has been changed to 7,8-dimethoxy group in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U0001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1. Further examples are the compounds (E16A0001 to E16A6919, E16U0001 to E16U14652, E16C0001 to E16C4070) in which the combination of (A1, A2, A3) has been changed to (NH, CH(OH), CH) and (Rx)ma has been changed to 7,8-dimethoxy group in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U0001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1. Further examples are the compounds (E17A0001 to E17A6919, E17U0001 to E17U14652, E17C0001 to E17C4070) in which the combination of (A1, A2, A3) has been changed to (CH2, CH2, N) and (Rx)ma has been changed to 7,8-dimethoxy group in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1. Further examples are the compounds (E18A0001 to E18A6919, E18U0001 to E18U14652, E18C0001 to E18C4070) in which the combination of (A1, A2, A3) has been changed to (CH2, NH, CH) and (Rx)ma has been changed to 7,9-bis(dimethylamino) group in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U0001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1. Further examples are the compounds (E19A0001 to E19A6919, E19U0001 to E19U14652, E19C0001 to E19C4070) in which the combination of (A1, A2, A3) has been changed to (NH, CH(OH), CH) and (Rx)ma has been changed to 7,9-bis(dimethylamino) group in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U0001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1. Further examples are the compounds (E20A0001 to E20A6919, E20U0001 to E20U14652, E20C0001 to E20C4070) in which the combination of (A1, A2, A3) has been changed to (CH2, CH2, N) and (Rx)ma has been changed to 7,9-bis(dimethylamino) group in the compounds (E1A0001 to E1A6919, E1U0001 to E1U14652, E1C0001 to E1C4070) described in Table 1. Examples of the specific compounds represented by the formula (1) may include the following compounds and acid addition salts thereof. Examples of the compounds in which both R1 and R2 are butyl groups, (R3R4N)m is 7-dimethylamino group, X− is Br− and the binding position of Y is the meta position may include the compounds described in Table 2 (1A0001 to 1A6681, 1U0001 to 1U6681, 1C0001 to 1C3930). In Table 2, (sp-1) to (sp-25) and (an-1) to (an-393) are the same as the above. Ex. No. Z N+R5R6R7 Ex. No. Z N+R5R6R7 Ex. No. Z N+R5R6R7 Table 2-1 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A0001 sp-1 an-1 1U0001 sp-1 an-1 1C0001 sp-1 an-1 1A0002 sp-1 an-2 1U0002 sp-1 an-2 1C0002 sp-1 an-2 1A0003 sp-1 an-3 1U0003 sp-1 an-3 1C0003 sp-1 an-3 1A0004 sp-1 an-4 1U0004 sp-1 an-4 1C0004 sp-1 an-4 1A0005 sp-1 an-5 1U0005 sp-1 an-5 1C0005 sp-1 an-5 1A0006 sp-1 an-6 1U0006 sp-1 an-6 1C0006 sp-1 an-6 1A0007 sp-1 an-7 1U0007 sp-1 an-7 1C0007 sp-1 an-7 1A0008 sp-1 an-8 1U0008 sp-1 an-8 1C0008 sp-1 an-8 1A0009 sp-1 an-9 1U0009 sp-1 an-9 1C0009 sp-1 an-9 1A0010 sp-1 an-10 1U0010 sp-1 an-10 1C0010 sp-1 an-10 1A0011 sp-1 an-11 1U0011 sp-1 an-11 1C0011 sp-1 an-11 1A0012 sp-1 an-12 1U0012 sp-1 an-12 1C0012 sp-1 an-12 1A0013 sp-1 an-13 1U0013 sp-1 an-13 1C0013 sp-1 an-13 1A0014 sp-1 an-14 1U0014 sp-1 an-14 1C0014 sp-1 an-14 1A0015 sp-1 an-15 1U0015 sp-1 an-15 1C0015 sp-1 an-15 1A0016 sp-1 an-16 1U0016 sp-1 an-16 1C0016 sp-1 an-16 1A0017 sp-1 an-17 1U0017 sp-1 an-17 1C0017 sp-1 an-17 1A0018 sp-1 an-18 1U0018 sp-1 an-18 1C0018 sp-1 an-18 1A0019 sp-1 an-19 1U0019 sp-1 an-19 1C0019 sp-1 an-19 1A0020 sp-1 an-20 1U0020 sp-1 an-20 1C0020 sp-1 an-20 1A0021 sp-1 an-21 1U0021 sp-1 an-21 1C0021 sp-1 an-21 1A0022 sp-1 an-22 1U0022 sp-1 an-22 1C0022 sp-1 an-22 1A0023 sp-1 an-23 1U0023 sp-1 an-23 1C0023 sp-1 an-23 1A0024 sp-1 an-24 1U0024 sp-1 an-24 1C0024 sp-1 an-24 1A0025 sp-1 an-25 1U0025 sp-1 an-25 1C0025 sp-1 an-25 1A0026 sp-1 an-26 1U0026 sp-1 an-26 1C0026 sp-1 an-26 1A0027 sp-1 an-27 1U0027 sp-1 an-27 1C0027 sp-1 an-27 1A0028 sp-1 an-28 1U0028 sp-1 an-28 1C0028 sp-1 an-28 1A0029 sp-1 an-29 1U0029 sp-1 an-29 1C0029 sp-1 an-29 1A0030 sp-1 an-30 1U0030 sp-1 an-30 1C0030 sp-1 an-30 1A0031 sp-1 an-31 1U0031 sp-1 an-31 1C0031 sp-1 an-31 1A0032 sp-1 an-32 1U0032 sp-1 an-32 1C0032 sp-1 an-32 1A0033 sp-1 an-33 1U0033 sp-1 an-33 1C0033 sp-1 an-33 1A0034 sp-1 an-34 1U0034 sp-1 an-34 1C0034 sp-1 an-34 1A0035 sp-1 an-35 1U0035 sp-1 an-35 1C0035 sp-1 an-35 1A0036 sp-1 an-36 1U0036 sp-1 an-36 1C0036 sp-1 an-36 1A0037 sp-1 an-37 1U0037 sp-1 an-37 1C0037 sp-1 an-37 1A0038 sp-1 an-38 1U0038 sp-1 an-38 1C0038 sp-1 an-38 1A0039 sp-1 an-39 1U0039 sp-1 an-39 1C0039 sp-1 an-39 1A0040 sp-1 an-40 1U0040 sp-1 an-40 1C0040 sp-1 an-40 1A0041 sp-1 an-41 1U0041 sp-1 an-41 1C0041 sp-1 an-41 1A0042 sp-1 an-42 1U0042 sp-1 an-42 1C0042 sp-1 an-42 1A0043 sp-1 an-43 1U0043 sp-1 an-43 1C0043 sp-1 an-43 1A0044 sp-1 an-44 1U0044 sp-1 an-44 1C0044 sp-1 an-44 1A0045 sp-1 an-45 1U0045 sp-1 an-45 1C0045 sp-1 an-45 1A0046 sp-1 an-46 1U0046 sp-1 an-46 1C0046 sp-1 an-46 1A0047 sp-1 an-47 1U0047 sp-1 an-47 1C0047 sp-1 an-47 1A0048 sp-1 an-48 1U0048 sp-1 an-48 1C0048 sp-1 an-48 1A0049 sp-1 an-49 1U0049 sp-1 an-49 1C0049 sp-1 an-49 1A0050 sp-1 an-50 1U0050 sp-1 an-50 1C0050 sp-1 an-50 1A0051 sp-1 an-51 1U0051 sp-1 an-51 1C0051 sp-1 an-51 1A0052 sp-1 an-52 1U0052 sp-1 an-52 1C0052 sp-1 an-52 1A0053 sp-1 an-53 1U0053 sp-1 an-53 1C0053 sp-1 an-53 1A0054 sp-1 an-54 1U0054 sp-1 an-54 1C0054 sp-1 an-54 1A0055 sp-1 an-55 1U0055 sp-1 an-55 1C0055 sp-1 an-55 1A0056 sp-1 an-56 1U0056 sp-1 an-56 1C0056 sp-1 an-56 Table 2-2 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A0057 sp-1 an-57 1U0057 sp-1 an-57 1C0057 sp-1 an-57 1A0058 sp-1 an-58 1U0058 sp-1 an-58 1C0058 sp-1 an-58 1A0059 sp-1 an-59 1U0059 sp-1 an-59 1C0059 sp-1 an-59 1A0060 sp-1 an-60 1U0060 sp-1 an-60 1C0060 sp-1 an-60 1A0061 sp-1 an-61 1U0061 sp-1 an-61 1C0061 sp-1 an-61 1A0062 sp-1 an-62 1U0062 sp-1 an-62 1C0062 sp-1 an-62 1A0063 sp-1 an-63 1U0063 sp-1 an-63 1C0063 sp-1 an-63 1A0064 sp-1 an-64 1U0064 sp-1 an-64 1C0064 sp-1 an-64 1A0065 sp-1 an-65 1U0065 sp-1 an-65 1C0065 sp-1 an-65 1A0066 sp-1 an-66 1U0066 sp-1 an-66 1C0066 sp-1 an-66 1A0067 sp-1 an-67 1U0067 sp-1 an-67 1C0067 sp-1 an-67 1A0068 sp-1 an-68 1U0068 sp-1 an-68 1C0068 sp-1 an-68 1A0069 sp-1 an-69 1U0069 sp-1 an-69 1C0069 sp-1 an-69 1A0070 sp-1 an-70 1U0070 sp-1 an-70 1C0070 sp-1 an-70 1A0071 sp-1 an-71 1U0071 sp-1 an-71 1C0071 sp-1 an-71 1A0072 sp-1 an-72 1U0072 sp-1 an-72 1C0072 sp-1 an-72 1A0073 sp-1 an-73 1U0073 sp-1 an-73 1C0073 sp-1 an-73 1A0074 sp-1 an-74 1U0074 sp-1 an-74 1C0074 sp-1 an-74 1A0075 sp-1 an-75 1U0075 sp-1 an-75 1C0075 sp-1 an-75 1A0076 sp-1 an-76 1U0076 sp-1 an-76 1C0076 sp-1 an-76 1A0077 sp-1 an-77 1U0077 sp-1 an-77 1C0077 sp-1 an-77 1A0078 sp-1 an-78 1U0078 sp-1 an-78 1C0078 sp-1 an-78 1A0079 sp-1 an-79 1U0079 sp-1 an-79 1C0079 sp-1 an-79 1A0080 sp-1 an-80 1U0080 sp-1 an-80 1C0080 sp-1 an-80 1A0081 sp-1 an-81 1U0081 sp-1 an-81 1C0081 sp-1 an-81 1A0082 sp-1 an-82 1U0082 sp-1 an-82 1C0082 sp-1 an-82 1A0083 sp-1 an-83 1U0083 sp-1 an-83 1C0083 sp-1 an-83 1A0084 sp-1 an-84 1U0084 sp-1 an-84 1C0084 sp-1 an-84 1A0085 sp-1 an-85 1U0085 sp-1 an-85 1C0085 sp-1 an-85 1A0086 sp-1 an-86 1U0086 sp-1 an-86 1C0086 sp-1 an-86 1A0087 sp-1 an-87 1U0087 sp-1 an-87 1C0087 sp-1 an-87 1A0088 sp-1 an-88 1U0088 sp-1 an-88 1C0088 sp-1 an-88 1A0089 sp-1 an-89 1U0089 sp-1 an-89 1C0089 sp-1 an-89 1A0090 sp-1 an-90 1U0090 sp-1 an-90 1C0090 sp-1 an-90 1A0091 sp-1 an-91 1U0091 sp-1 an-91 1C0091 sp-1 an-91 1A0092 sp-1 an-92 1U0092 sp-1 an-92 1C0092 sp-1 an-92 1A0093 sp-1 an-93 1U0093 sp-1 an-93 1C0093 sp-1 an-93 1A0094 sp-1 an-94 1U0094 sp-1 an-94 1C0094 sp-1 an-94 1A0095 sp-1 an-95 1U0095 sp-1 an-95 1C0095 sp-1 an-95 1A0096 sp-1 an-96 1U0096 sp-1 an-96 1C0096 sp-1 an-96 1A0097 sp-1 an-97 1U0097 sp-1 an-97 1C0097 sp-1 an-97 1A0098 sp-1 an-98 1U0098 sp-1 an-98 1C0098 sp-1 an-98 1A0099 sp-1 an-99 1U0099 sp-1 an-99 1C0099 sp-1 an-99 1A0100 sp-1 an-100 1U0100 sp-1 an-100 1C0100 sp-1 an-100 1A0101 sp-1 an-101 1U0101 sp-1 an-101 1C0101 sp-1 an-101 1A0102 sp-1 an-102 1U0102 sp-1 an-102 1C0102 sp-1 an-102 1A0103 sp-1 an-103 1U0103 sp-1 an-103 1C0103 sp-1 an-103 1A0104 sp-1 an-104 1U0104 sp-1 an-104 1C0104 sp-1 an-104 1A0105 sp-1 an-105 1U0105 sp-1 an-105 1C0105 sp-1 an-105 1A0106 sp-1 an-106 1U0106 sp-1 an-106 1C0106 sp-1 an-106 1A0107 sp-1 an-107 1U0107 sp-1 an-107 1C0107 sp-1 an-107 1A0108 sp-1 an-108 1U0108 sp-1 an-108 1C0108 sp-1 an-108 1A0109 sp-1 an-109 1U0109 sp-1 an-109 1C0109 sp-1 an-109 1A0110 sp-1 an-110 1U0110 sp-1 an-110 1C0110 sp-1 an-110 1A0111 sp-1 an-111 1U0111 sp-1 an-111 1C0111 sp-1 an-111 1A0112 sp-1 an-112 1U0112 sp-1 an-112 1C0112 sp-1 an-112 Table 2-3 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A0113 sp-1 an-113 1U0113 sp-1 an-113 1C0113 sp-1 an-113 1A0114 sp-1 an-114 1U0114 sp-1 an-114 1C0114 sp-1 an-114 1A0115 sp-1 an-115 1U0115 sp-1 an-115 1C0115 sp-1 an-115 1A0116 sp-1 an-116 1U0116 sp-1 an-116 1C0116 sp-1 an-116 1A0117 sp-1 an-117 1U0117 sp-1 an-117 1C0117 sp-1 an-117 1A0118 sp-1 an-118 1U0118 sp-1 an-118 1C0118 sp-1 an-118 1A0119 sp-1 an-119 1U0119 sp-1 an-119 1C0119 sp-1 an-119 1A0120 sp-1 an-120 1U0120 sp-1 an-120 1C0120 sp-1 an-120 1A0121 sp-1 an-121 1U0121 sp-1 an-121 1C0121 sp-1 an-121 1A0122 sp-1 an-122 1U0122 sp-1 an-122 1C0122 sp-1 an-122 1A0123 sp-1 an-123 1U0123 sp-1 an-123 1C0123 sp-1 an-123 1A0124 sp-1 an-124 1U0124 sp-1 an-124 1C0124 sp-1 an-124 1A0125 sp-1 an-125 1U0125 sp-1 an-125 1C0125 sp-1 an-125 1A0126 sp-1 an-126 1U0126 sp-1 an-126 1C0126 sp-1 an-126 1A0127 sp-1 an-127 1U0127 sp-1 an-127 1C0127 sp-1 an-127 1A0128 sp-1 an-128 1U0128 sp-1 an-128 1C0128 sp-1 an-128 1A0129 sp-1 an-129 1U0129 sp-1 an-129 1C0129 sp-1 an-129 1A0130 sp-1 an-130 1U0130 sp-1 an-130 1C0130 sp-1 an-130 1A0131 sp-1 an-131 1U0131 sp-1 an-131 1C0131 sp-1 an-131 1A0132 sp-1 an-132 1U0132 sp-1 an-132 1C0132 sp-1 an-132 1A0133 sp-1 an-133 1U0133 sp-1 an-133 1C0133 sp-1 an-133 1A0134 sp-1 an-134 1U0134 sp-1 an-134 1C0134 sp-1 an-134 1A0135 sp-1 an-135 1U0135 sp-1 an-135 1C0135 sp-1 an-135 1A0136 sp-1 an-136 1U0136 sp-1 an-136 1C0136 sp-1 an-136 1A0137 sp-1 an-137 1U0137 sp-1 an-137 1C0137 sp-1 an-137 1A0138 sp-1 an-138 1U0138 sp-1 an-138 1C0138 sp-1 an-138 1A0139 sp-1 an-139 1U0139 sp-1 an-139 1C0139 sp-1 an-139 1A0140 sp-1 an-140 1U0140 sp-1 an-140 1C0140 sp-1 an-140 1A0141 sp-1 an-141 1U0141 sp-1 an-141 1C0141 sp-1 an-141 1A0142 sp-1 an-142 1U0142 sp-1 an-142 1C0142 sp-1 an-142 1A0143 sp-1 an-143 1U0143 sp-1 an-143 1C0143 sp-1 an-143 1A0144 sp-1 an-144 1U0144 sp-1 an-144 1C0144 sp-1 an-144 1A0145 sp-1 an-145 1U0145 sp-1 an-145 1C0145 sp-1 an-145 1A0146 sp-1 an-146 1U0146 sp-1 an-146 1C0146 sp-1 an-146 1A0147 sp-1 an-147 1U0147 sp-1 an-147 1C0147 sp-1 an-147 1A0148 sp-1 an-148 1U0148 sp-1 an-148 1C0148 sp-1 an-148 1A0149 sp-1 an-149 1U0149 sp-1 an-149 1C0149 sp-1 an-149 1A0150 sp-1 an-150 1U0150 sp-1 an-150 1C0150 sp-1 an-150 1A0151 sp-1 an-151 1U0151 sp-1 an-151 1C0151 sp-1 an-151 1A0152 sp-1 an-152 1U0152 sp-1 an-152 1C0152 sp-1 an-152 1A0153 sp-1 an-153 1U0153 sp-1 an-153 1C0153 sp-1 an-153 1A0154 sp-1 an-154 1U0154 sp-1 an-154 1C0154 sp-1 an-154 1A0155 sp-1 an-155 1U0155 sp-1 an-155 1C0155 sp-1 an-155 1A0156 sp-1 an-156 1U0156 sp-1 an-156 1C0156 sp-1 an-156 1A0157 sp-1 an-157 1U0157 sp-1 an-157 1C0157 sp-1 an-157 1A0158 sp-1 an-158 1U0158 sp-1 an-158 1C0158 sp-1 an-158 1A0159 sp-1 an-159 1U0159 sp-1 an-159 1C0159 sp-1 an-159 1A0160 sp-1 an-160 1U0160 sp-1 an-160 1C0160 sp-1 an-160 1A0161 sp-1 an-161 1U0161 sp-1 an-161 1C0161 sp-1 an-161 1A0162 sp-1 an-162 1U0162 sp-1 an-162 1C0162 sp-1 an-162 1A0163 sp-1 an-163 1U0163 sp-1 an-163 1C0163 sp-1 an-163 1A0164 sp-1 an-164 1U0164 sp-1 an-164 1C0164 sp-1 an-164 1A0165 sp-1 an-165 1U0165 sp-1 an-165 1C0165 sp-1 an-165 1A0166 sp-1 an-166 1U0166 sp-1 an-166 1C0166 sp-1 an-166 1A0167 sp-1 an-167 1U0167 sp-1 an-167 1C0167 sp-1 an-167 1A0168 sp-1 an-168 1U0168 sp-1 an-168 1C0168 sp-1 an-168 Table 2-4 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A0169 sp-1 an-169 1U0169 sp-1 an-169 1C0169 sp-1 an-169 1A0170 sp-1 an-170 1U0170 sp-1 an-170 1C0170 sp-1 an-170 1A0171 sp-1 an-171 1U0171 sp-1 an-171 1C0171 sp-1 an-171 1A0172 sp-1 an-172 1U0172 sp-1 an-172 1C0172 sp-1 an-172 1A0173 sp-1 an-173 1U0173 sp-1 an-173 1C0173 sp-1 an-173 1A0174 sp-1 an-174 1U0174 sp-1 an-174 1C0174 sp-1 an-174 1A0175 sp-1 an-175 1U0175 sp-1 an-175 1C0175 sp-1 an-175 1A0176 sp-1 an-176 1U0176 sp-1 an-176 1C0176 sp-1 an-176 1A0177 sp-1 an-177 1U0177 sp-1 an-177 1C0177 sp-1 an-177 1A0178 sp-1 an-178 1U0178 sp-1 an-178 1C0178 sp-1 an-178 1A0179 sp-1 an-179 1U0179 sp-1 an-179 1C0179 sp-1 an-179 1A0180 sp-1 an-180 1U0180 sp-1 an-180 1C0180 sp-1 an-180 1A0181 sp-1 an-181 1U0181 sp-1 an-181 1C0181 sp-1 an-181 1A0182 sp-1 an-182 1U0182 sp-1 an-182 1C0182 sp-1 an-182 1A0183 sp-1 an-183 1U0183 sp-1 an-183 1C0183 sp-1 an-183 1A0184 sp-1 an-184 1U0184 sp-1 an-184 1C0184 sp-1 an-184 1A0185 sp-1 an-185 1U0185 sp-1 an-185 1C0185 sp-1 an-185 1A0186 sp-1 an-186 1U0186 sp-1 an-186 1C0186 sp-1 an-186 1A0187 sp-1 an-187 1U0187 sp-1 an-187 1C0187 sp-1 an-187 1A0188 sp-1 an-188 1U0188 sp-1 an-188 1C0188 sp-1 an-188 1A0189 sp-1 an-189 1U0189 sp-1 an-189 1C0189 sp-1 an-189 1A0190 sp-1 an-190 1U0190 sp-1 an-190 1C0190 sp-1 an-190 1A0191 sp-1 an-191 1U0191 sp-1 an-191 1C0191 sp-1 an-191 1A0192 sp-1 an-192 1U0192 sp-1 an-192 1C0192 sp-1 an-192 1A0193 sp-1 an-193 1U0193 sp-1 an-193 1C0193 sp-1 an-193 1A0194 sp-1 an-194 1U0194 sp-1 an-194 1C0194 sp-1 an-194 1A0195 sp-1 an-195 1U0195 sp-1 an-195 1C0195 sp-1 an-195 1A0196 sp-1 an-196 1U0196 sp-1 an-196 1C0196 sp-1 an-196 1A0197 sp-1 an-197 1U0197 sp-1 an-197 1C0197 sp-1 an-197 1A0198 sp-1 an-198 1U0198 sp-1 an-198 1C0198 sp-1 an-198 1A0199 sp-1 an-199 1U0199 sp-1 an-199 1C0199 sp-1 an-199 1A0200 sp-1 an-200 1U0200 sp-1 an-200 1C0200 sp-1 an-200 1A0201 sp-1 an-201 1U0201 sp-1 an-201 1C0201 sp-1 an-201 1A0202 sp-1 an-202 1U0202 sp-1 an-202 1C0202 sp-1 an-202 1A0203 sp-1 an-203 1U0203 sp-1 an-203 1C0203 sp-1 an-203 1A0204 sp-1 an-204 1U0204 sp-1 an-204 1C0204 sp-1 an-204 1A0205 sp-1 an-205 1U0205 sp-1 an-205 1C0205 sp-1 an-205 1A0206 sp-1 an-206 1U0206 sp-1 an-206 1C0206 sp-1 an-206 1A0207 sp-1 an-207 1U0207 sp-1 an-207 1C0207 sp-1 an-207 1A0208 sp-1 an-208 1U0208 sp-1 an-208 1C0208 sp-1 an-208 1A0209 sp-1 an-209 1U0209 sp-1 an-209 1C0209 sp-1 an-209 1A0210 sp-1 an-210 1U0210 sp-1 an-210 1C0210 sp-1 an-210 1A0211 sp-1 an-211 1U0211 sp-1 an-211 1C0211 sp-1 an-211 1A0212 sp-1 an-212 1U0212 sp-1 an-212 1C0212 sp-1 an-212 1A0213 sp-1 an-213 1U0213 sp-1 an-213 1C0213 sp-1 an-213 1A0214 sp-1 an-214 1U0214 sp-1 an-214 1C0214 sp-1 an-214 1A0215 sp-1 an-215 1U0215 sp-1 an-215 1C0215 sp-1 an-215 1A0216 sp-1 an-216 1U0216 sp-1 an-216 1C0216 sp-1 an-216 1A0217 sp-1 an-217 1U0217 sp-1 an-217 1C0217 sp-1 an-217 1A0218 sp-1 an-218 1U0218 sp-1 an-218 1C0218 sp-1 an-218 1A0219 sp-1 an-219 1U0219 sp-1 an-219 1C0219 sp-1 an-219 1A0220 sp-1 an-220 1U0220 sp-1 an-220 1C0220 sp-1 an-220 1A0221 sp-1 an-221 1U0221 sp-1 an-221 1C0221 sp-1 an-221 1A0222 sp-1 an-222 1U0222 sp-1 an-222 1C0222 sp-1 an-222 1A0223 sp-1 an-223 1U0223 sp-1 an-223 1C0223 sp-1 an-223 1A0224 sp-1 an-224 1U0224 sp-1 an-224 1C0224 sp-1 an-224 Table 2-5 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A0225 sp-1 an-225 1U0225 sp-1 an-225 1C0225 sp-1 an-225 1A0226 sp-1 an-226 1U0226 sp-1 an-226 1C0226 sp-1 an-226 1A0227 sp-1 an-227 1U0227 sp-1 an-227 1C0227 sp-1 an-227 1A0228 sp-1 an-228 1U0228 sp-1 an-228 1C0228 sp-1 an-228 1A0229 sp-1 an-229 1U0229 sp-1 an-229 1C0229 sp-1 an-229 1A0230 sp-1 an-230 1U0230 sp-1 an-230 1C0230 sp-1 an-230 1A0231 sp-1 an-231 1U0231 sp-1 an-231 1C0231 sp-1 an-231 1A0232 sp-1 an-232 1U0232 sp-1 an-232 1C0232 sp-1 an-232 1A0233 sp-1 an-233 1U0233 sp-1 an-233 1C0233 sp-1 an-233 1A0234 sp-1 an-234 1U0234 sp-1 an-234 1C0234 sp-1 an-234 1A0235 sp-1 an-235 1U0235 sp-1 an-235 1C0235 sp-1 an-235 1A0236 sp-1 an-236 1U0236 sp-1 an-236 1C0236 sp-1 an-236 1A0237 sp-1 an-237 1U0237 sp-1 an-237 1C0237 sp-1 an-237 1A0238 sp-1 an-238 1U0238 sp-1 an-238 1C0238 sp-1 an-238 1A0239 sp-1 an-239 1U0239 sp-1 an-239 1C0239 sp-1 an-239 1A0240 sp-1 an-240 1U0240 sp-1 an-240 1C0240 sp-1 an-240 1A0241 sp-1 an-241 1U0241 sp-1 an-241 1C0241 sp-1 an-241 1A0242 sp-1 an-242 1U0242 sp-1 an-242 1C0242 sp-1 an-242 1A0243 sp-1 an-243 1U0243 sp-1 an-243 1C0243 sp-1 an-243 1A0244 sp-1 an-244 1U0244 sp-1 an-244 1C0244 sp-1 an-244 1A0245 sp-1 an-245 1U0245 sp-1 an-245 1C0245 sp-1 an-245 1A0246 sp-1 an-246 1U0246 sp-1 an-246 1C0246 sp-1 an-246 1A0247 sp-1 an-247 1U0247 sp-1 an-247 1C0247 sp-1 an-247 1A0248 sp-1 an-248 1U0248 sp-1 an-248 1C0248 sp-1 an-248 1A0249 sp-1 an-249 1U0249 sp-1 an-249 1C0249 sp-1 an-249 1A0250 sp-1 an-250 1U0250 sp-1 an-250 1C0250 sp-1 an-250 1A0251 sp-1 an-251 1U0251 sp-1 an-251 1C0251 sp-1 an-251 1A0252 sp-1 an-252 1U0252 sp-1 an-252 1C0252 sp-1 an-252 1A0253 sp-1 an-253 1U0253 sp-1 an-253 1C0253 sp-1 an-253 1A0254 sp-1 an-254 1U0254 sp-1 an-254 1C0254 sp-1 an-254 1A0255 sp-1 an-255 1U0255 sp-1 an-255 1C0255 sp-1 an-255 1A0256 sp-1 an-256 1U0256 sp-1 an-256 1C0256 sp-1 an-256 1A0257 sp-1 an-257 1U0257 sp-1 an-257 1C0257 sp-1 an-257 1A0258 sp-1 an-258 1U0258 sp-1 an-258 1C0258 sp-1 an-258 1A0259 sp-1 an-259 1U0259 sp-1 an-259 1C0259 sp-1 an-259 1A0260 sp-1 an-260 1U0260 sp-1 an-260 1C0260 sp-1 an-260 1A0261 sp-1 an-261 1U0261 sp-1 an-261 1C0261 sp-1 an-261 1A0262 sp-1 an-262 1U0262 sp-1 an-262 1C0262 sp-1 an-262 1A0263 sp-1 an-263 1U0263 sp-1 an-263 1C0263 sp-1 an-263 1A0264 sp-1 an-264 1U0264 sp-1 an-264 1C0264 sp-1 an-264 1A0265 sp-1 an-265 1U0265 sp-1 an-265 1C0265 sp-1 an-265 1A0266 sp-1 an-266 1U0266 sp-1 an-266 1C0266 sp-1 an-266 1A0267 sp-1 an-267 1U0267 sp-1 an-267 1C0267 sp-1 an-267 1A0268 sp-1 an-268 1U0268 sp-1 an-268 1C0268 sp-1 an-268 1A0269 sp-1 an-269 1U0269 sp-1 an-269 1C0269 sp-1 an-269 1A0270 sp-1 an-270 1U0270 sp-1 an-270 1C0270 sp-1 an-270 1A0271 sp-1 an-271 1U0271 sp-1 an-271 1C0271 sp-1 an-271 1A0272 sp-1 an-272 1U0272 sp-1 an-272 1C0272 sp-1 an-272 1A0273 sp-1 an-273 1U0273 sp-1 an-273 1C0273 sp-1 an-273 1A0274 sp-1 an-274 1U0274 sp-1 an-274 1C0274 sp-1 an-274 1A0275 sp-1 an-275 1U0275 sp-1 an-275 1C0275 sp-1 an-275 1A0276 sp-1 an-276 1U0276 sp-1 an-276 1C0276 sp-1 an-276 1A0277 sp-1 an-277 1U0277 sp-1 an-277 1C0277 sp-1 an-277 1A0278 sp-1 an-278 1U0278 sp-1 an-278 1C0278 sp-1 an-278 1A0279 sp-1 an-279 1U0279 sp-1 an-279 1C0279 sp-1 an-279 1A0280 sp-1 an-280 1U0280 sp-1 an-280 1C0280 sp-1 an-280 Table 2-6 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A0281 sp-1 an-281 1U0281 sp-1 an-281 1C0281 sp-1 an-281 1A0282 sp-1 an-282 1U0282 sp-1 an-282 1C0282 sp-1 an-282 1A0283 sp-1 an-283 1U0283 sp-1 an-283 1C0283 sp-1 an-283 1A0284 sp-1 an-284 1U0284 sp-1 an-284 1C0284 sp-1 an-284 1A0285 sp-1 an-285 1U0285 sp-1 an-285 1C0285 sp-1 an-285 1A0286 sp-1 an-286 1U0286 sp-1 an-286 1C0286 sp-1 an-286 1A0287 sp-1 an-287 1U0287 sp-1 an-287 1C0287 sp-1 an-287 1A0288 sp-1 an-288 1U0288 sp-1 an-288 1C0288 sp-1 an-288 1A0289 sp-1 an-289 1U0289 sp-1 an-289 1C0289 sp-1 an-289 1A0290 sp-1 an-290 1U0290 sp-1 an-290 1C0290 sp-1 an-290 1A0291 sp-1 an-291 1U0291 sp-1 an-291 1C0291 sp-1 an-291 1A0292 sp-1 an-292 1U0292 sp-1 an-292 1C0292 sp-1 an-292 1A0293 sp-1 an-293 1U0293 sp-1 an-293 1C0293 sp-1 an-293 1A0294 sp-1 an-294 1U0294 sp-1 an-294 1C0294 sp-1 an-294 1A0295 sp-1 an-295 1U0295 sp-1 an-295 1C0295 sp-1 an-295 1A0296 sp-1 an-296 1U0296 sp-1 an-296 1C0296 sp-1 an-296 1A0297 sp-1 an-297 1U0297 sp-1 an-297 1C0297 sp-1 an-297 1A0298 sp-1 an-298 1U0298 sp-1 an-298 1C0298 sp-1 an-298 1A0299 sp-1 an-299 1U0299 sp-1 an-299 1C0299 sp-1 an-299 1A0300 sp-1 an-300 1U0300 sp-1 an-300 1C0300 sp-1 an-300 1A0301 sp-1 an-301 1U0301 sp-1 an-301 1C0301 sp-1 an-301 1A0302 sp-1 an-302 1U0302 sp-1 an-302 1C0302 sp-1 an-302 1A0303 sp-1 an-303 1U0303 sp-1 an-303 1C0303 sp-1 an-303 1A0304 sp-1 an-304 1U0304 sp-1 an-304 1C0304 sp-1 an-304 1A0305 sp-1 an-305 1U0305 sp-1 an-305 1C0305 sp-1 an-305 1A0306 sp-1 an-306 1U0306 sp-1 an-306 1C0306 sp-1 an-306 1A0307 sp-1 an-307 1U0307 sp-1 an-307 1C0307 sp-1 an-307 1A0308 sp-1 an-308 1U0308 sp-1 an-308 1C0308 sp-1 an-308 1A0309 sp-1 an-309 1U0309 sp-1 an-309 1C0309 sp-1 an-309 1A0310 sp-1 an-310 1U0310 sp-1 an-310 1C0310 sp-1 an-310 1A0311 sp-1 an-311 1U0311 sp-1 an-311 1C0311 sp-1 an-311 1A0312 sp-1 an-312 1U0312 sp-1 an-312 1C0312 sp-1 an-312 1A0313 sp-1 an-313 1U0313 sp-1 an-313 1C0313 sp-1 an-313 1A0314 sp-1 an-314 1U0314 sp-1 an-314 1C0314 sp-1 an-314 1A0315 sp-1 an-315 1U0315 sp-1 an-315 1C0315 sp-1 an-315 1A0316 sp-1 an-316 1U0316 sp-1 an-316 1C0316 sp-1 an-316 1A0317 sp-1 an-317 1U0317 sp-1 an-317 1C0317 sp-1 an-317 1A0318 sp-1 an-318 1U0318 sp-1 an-318 1C0318 sp-1 an-318 1A0319 sp-1 an-319 1U0319 sp-1 an-319 1C0319 sp-1 an-319 1A0320 sp-1 an-320 1U0320 sp-1 an-320 1C0320 sp-1 an-320 1A0321 sp-1 an-321 1U0321 sp-1 an-321 1C0321 sp-1 an-321 1A0322 sp-1 an-322 1U0322 sp-1 an-322 1C0322 sp-1 an-322 1A0323 sp-1 an-323 1U0323 sp-1 an-323 1C0323 sp-1 an-323 1A0324 sp-1 an-324 1U0324 sp-1 an-324 1C0324 sp-1 an-324 1A0325 sp-1 an-325 1U0325 sp-1 an-325 1C0325 sp-1 an-325 1A0326 sp-1 an-326 1U0326 sp-1 an-326 1C0326 sp-1 an-326 1A0327 sp-1 an-327 1U0327 sp-1 an-327 1C0327 sp-1 an-327 1A0328 sp-1 an-328 1U0328 sp-1 an-328 1C0328 sp-1 an-328 1A0329 sp-1 an-329 1U0329 sp-1 an-329 1C0329 sp-1 an-329 1A0330 sp-1 an-330 1U0330 sp-1 an-330 1C0330 sp-1 an-330 1A0331 sp-1 an-331 1U0331 sp-1 an-331 1C0331 sp-1 an-331 1A0332 sp-1 an-332 1U0332 sp-1 an-332 1C0332 sp-1 an-332 1A0333 sp-1 an-333 1U0333 sp-1 an-333 1C0333 sp-1 an-333 1A0334 sp-1 an-334 1U0334 sp-1 an-334 1C0334 sp-1 an-334 1A0335 sp-1 an-335 1U0335 sp-1 an-335 1C0335 sp-1 an-335 1A0336 sp-1 an-336 1U0336 sp-1 an-336 1C0336 sp-1 an-336 Table 2-7 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A0337 sp-1 an-337 1U0337 sp-1 an-337 1C0337 sp-1 an-337 1A0338 sp-1 an-338 1U0338 sp-1 an-338 1C0338 sp-1 an-338 1A0339 sp-1 an-339 1U0339 sp-1 an-339 1C0339 sp-1 an-339 1A0340 sp-1 an-340 1U0340 sp-1 an-340 1C0340 sp-1 an-340 1A0341 sp-1 an-341 1U0341 sp-1 an-341 1C0341 sp-1 an-341 1A0342 sp-1 an-342 1U0342 sp-1 an-342 1C0342 sp-1 an-342 1A0343 sp-1 an-343 1U0343 sp-1 an-343 1C0343 sp-1 an-343 1A0344 sp-1 an-344 1U0344 sp-1 an-344 1C0344 sp-1 an-344 1A0345 sp-1 an-345 1U0345 sp-1 an-345 1C0345 sp-1 an-345 1A0346 sp-1 an-346 1U0346 sp-1 an-346 1C0346 sp-1 an-346 1A0347 sp-1 an-347 1U0347 sp-1 an-347 1C0347 sp-1 an-347 1A0348 sp-1 an-348 1U0348 sp-1 an-348 1C0348 sp-1 an-348 1A0349 sp-1 an-349 1U0349 sp-1 an-349 1C0349 sp-1 an-349 1A0350 sp-1 an-350 1U0350 sp-1 an-350 1C0350 sp-1 an-350 1A0351 sp-1 an-351 1U0351 sp-1 an-351 1C0351 sp-1 an-351 1A0352 sp-1 an-352 1U0352 sp-1 an-352 1C0352 sp-1 an-352 1A0353 sp-1 an-353 1U0353 sp-1 an-353 1C0353 sp-1 an-353 1A0354 sp-1 an-354 1U0354 sp-1 an-354 1C0354 sp-1 an-354 1A0355 sp-1 an-355 1U0355 sp-1 an-355 1C0355 sp-1 an-355 1A0356 sp-1 an-356 1U0356 sp-1 an-356 1C0356 sp-1 an-356 1A0357 sp-1 an-357 1U0357 sp-1 an-357 1C0357 sp-1 an-357 1A0358 sp-1 an-358 1U0358 sp-1 an-358 1C0358 sp-1 an-358 1A0359 sp-1 an-359 1U0359 sp-1 an-359 1C0359 sp-1 an-359 1A0360 sp-1 an-360 1U0360 sp-1 an-360 1C0360 sp-1 an-360 1A0361 sp-1 an-361 1U0361 sp-1 an-361 1C0361 sp-1 an-361 1A0362 sp-1 an-362 1U0362 sp-1 an-362 1C0362 sp-1 an-362 1A0363 sp-1 an-363 1U0363 sp-1 an-363 1C0363 sp-1 an-363 1A0364 sp-1 an-364 1U0364 sp-1 an-364 1C0364 sp-1 an-364 1A0365 sp-1 an-365 1U0365 sp-1 an-365 1C0365 sp-1 an-365 1A0366 sp-1 an-366 1U0366 sp-1 an-366 1C0366 sp-1 an-366 1A0367 sp-1 an-367 1U0367 sp-1 an-367 1C0367 sp-1 an-367 1A0368 sp-1 an-368 1U0368 sp-1 an-368 1C0368 sp-1 an-368 1A0369 sp-1 an-369 1U0369 sp-1 an-369 1C0369 sp-1 an-369 1A0370 sp-1 an-370 1U0370 sp-1 an-370 1C0370 sp-1 an-370 1A0371 sp-1 an-371 1U0371 sp-1 an-371 1C0371 sp-1 an-371 1A0372 sp-1 an-372 1U0372 sp-1 an-372 1C0372 sp-1 an-372 1A0373 sp-1 an-373 1U0373 sp-1 an-373 1C0373 sp-1 an-373 1A0374 sp-1 an-374 1U0374 sp-1 an-374 1C0374 sp-1 an-374 1A0375 sp-1 an-375 1U0375 sp-1 an-375 1C0375 sp-1 an-375 1A0376 sp-1 an-376 1U0376 sp-1 an-376 1C0376 sp-1 an-376 1A0377 sp-1 an-377 1U0377 sp-1 an-377 1C0377 sp-1 an-377 1A0378 sp-2 an-1 1U0378 sp-2 an-1 1C0378 sp-2 an-1 1A0379 sp-2 an-2 1U0379 sp-2 an-2 1C0379 sp-2 an-2 1A0380 sp-2 an-3 1U0380 sp-2 an-3 1C0380 sp-2 an-3 1A0381 sp-2 an-4 1U0381 sp-2 an-4 1C0381 sp-2 an-4 1A0382 sp-2 an-5 1U0382 sp-2 an-5 1C0382 sp-2 an-5 1A0383 sp-2 an-6 1U0383 sp-2 an-6 1C0383 sp-2 an-6 1A0384 sp-2 an-7 1U0384 sp-2 an-7 1C0384 sp-2 an-7 1A0385 sp-2 an-8 1U0385 sp-2 an-8 1C0385 sp-2 an-8 1A0386 sp-2 an-9 1U0386 sp-2 an-9 1C0386 sp-2 an-9 1A0387 sp-2 an-10 1U0387 sp-2 an-10 1C0387 sp-2 an-10 1A0388 sp-2 an-11 1U0388 sp-2 an-11 1C0388 sp-2 an-11 1A0389 sp-2 an-12 1U0389 sp-2 an-12 1C0389 sp-2 an-12 1A0390 sp-2 an-13 1U0390 sp-2 an-13 1C0390 sp-2 an-13 1A0391 sp-2 an-14 1U0391 sp-2 an-14 1C0391 sp-2 an-14 1A0392 sp-2 an-15 1U0392 sp-2 an-15 1C0392 sp-2 an-15 Table 2-8 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A0393 sp-2 an-16 1U0393 sp-2 an-16 1C0393 sp-2 an-16 1A0394 sp-2 an-17 1U0394 sp-2 an-17 1C0394 sp-2 an-17 1A0395 sp-2 an-18 1U0395 sp-2 an-18 1C0395 sp-2 an-18 1A0396 sp-2 an-19 1U0396 sp-2 an-19 1C0396 sp-2 an-19 1A0397 sp-2 an-20 1U0397 sp-2 an-20 1C0397 sp-2 an-20 1A0398 sp-2 an-21 1U0398 sp-2 an-21 1C0398 sp-2 an-21 1A0399 sp-2 an-22 1U0399 sp-2 an-22 1C0399 sp-2 an-22 1A0400 sp-2 an-23 1U0400 sp-2 an-23 1C0400 sp-2 an-23 1A0401 sp-2 an-24 1U0401 sp-2 an-24 1C0401 sp-2 an-24 1A0402 sp-2 an-25 1U0402 sp-2 an-25 1C0402 sp-2 an-25 1A0403 sp-2 an-26 1U0403 sp-2 an-26 1C0403 sp-2 an-26 1A0404 sp-2 an-27 1U0404 sp-2 an-27 1C0404 sp-2 an-27 1A0405 sp-2 an-28 1U0405 sp-2 an-28 1C0405 sp-2 an-28 1A0406 sp-2 an-29 1U0406 sp-2 an-29 1C0406 sp-2 an-29 1A0407 sp-2 an-30 1U0407 sp-2 an-30 1C0407 sp-2 an-30 1A0408 sp-2 an-31 1U0408 sp-2 an-31 1C0408 sp-2 an-31 1A0409 sp-2 an-32 1U0409 sp-2 an-32 1C0409 sp-2 an-32 1A0410 sp-2 an-33 1U0410 sp-2 an-33 1C0410 sp-2 an-33 1A0411 sp-2 an-34 1U0411 sp-2 an-34 1C0411 sp-2 an-34 1A0412 sp-2 an-35 1U0412 sp-2 an-35 1C0412 sp-2 an-35 1A0413 sp-2 an-36 1U0413 sp-2 an-36 1C0413 sp-2 an-36 1A0414 sp-2 an-37 1U0414 sp-2 an-37 1C0414 sp-2 an-37 1A0415 sp-2 an-38 1U0415 sp-2 an-38 1C0415 sp-2 an-38 1A0416 sp-2 an-39 1U0416 sp-2 an-39 1C0416 sp-2 an-39 1A0417 sp-2 an-40 1U0417 sp-2 an-40 1C0417 sp-2 an-40 1A0418 sp-2 an-41 1U0418 sp-2 an-41 1C0418 sp-2 an-41 1A0419 sp-2 an-42 1U0419 sp-2 an-42 1C0419 sp-2 an-42 1A0420 sp-2 an-43 1U0420 sp-2 an-43 1C0420 sp-2 an-43 1A0421 sp-2 an-44 1U0421 sp-2 an-44 1C0421 sp-2 an-44 1A0422 sp-2 an-45 1U0422 sp-2 an-45 1C0422 sp-2 an-45 1A0423 sp-2 an-46 1U0423 sp-2 an-46 1C0423 sp-2 an-46 1A0424 sp-2 an-47 1U0424 sp-2 an-47 1C0424 sp-2 an-47 1A0425 sp-2 an-48 1U0425 sp-2 an-48 1C0425 sp-2 an-48 1A0426 sp-2 an-49 1U0426 sp-2 an-49 1C0426 sp-2 an-49 1A0427 sp-2 an-50 1U0427 sp-2 an-50 1C0427 sp-2 an-50 1A0428 sp-2 an-51 1U0428 sp-2 an-51 1C0428 sp-2 an-51 1A0429 sp-2 an-52 1U0429 sp-2 an-52 1C0429 sp-2 an-52 1A0430 sp-2 an-53 1U0430 sp-2 an-53 1C0430 sp-2 an-53 1A0431 sp-2 an-54 1U0431 sp-2 an-54 1C0431 sp-2 an-54 1A0432 sp-2 an-55 1U0432 sp-2 an-55 1C0432 sp-2 an-55 1A0433 sp-2 an-56 1U0433 sp-2 an-56 1C0433 sp-2 an-56 1A0434 sp-2 an-57 1U0434 sp-2 an-57 1C0434 sp-2 an-57 1A0435 sp-2 an-58 1U0435 sp-2 an-58 1C0435 sp-2 an-58 1A0436 sp-2 an-59 1U0436 sp-2 an-59 1C0436 sp-2 an-59 1A0437 sp-2 an-60 1U0437 sp-2 an-60 1C0437 sp-2 an-60 1A0438 sp-2 an-61 1U0438 sp-2 an-61 1C0438 sp-2 an-61 1A0439 sp-2 an-62 1U0439 sp-2 an-62 1C0439 sp-2 an-62 1A0440 sp-2 an-63 1U0440 sp-2 an-63 1C0440 sp-2 an-63 1A0441 sp-2 an-64 1U0441 sp-2 an-64 1C0441 sp-2 an-64 1A0442 sp-2 an-65 1U0442 sp-2 an-65 1C0442 sp-2 an-65 1A0443 sp-2 an-66 1U0443 sp-2 an-66 1C0443 sp-2 an-66 1A0444 sp-2 an-67 1U0444 sp-2 an-67 1C0444 sp-2 an-67 1A0445 sp-2 an-68 1U0445 sp-2 an-68 1C0445 sp-2 an-68 1A0446 sp-2 an-69 1U0446 sp-2 an-69 1C0446 sp-2 an-69 1A0447 sp-2 an-70 1U0447 sp-2 an-70 1C0447 sp-2 an-70 1A0448 sp-2 an-71 1U0448 sp-2 an-71 1C0448 sp-2 an-71 Table 2-9 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A0449 sp-2 an-72 1U0449 sp-2 an-72 1C0449 sp-2 an-72 1A0450 sp-2 an-73 1U0450 sp-2 an-73 1C0450 sp-2 an-73 1A0451 sp-2 an-74 1U0451 sp-2 an-74 1C0451 sp-2 an-74 1A0452 sp-2 an-75 1U0452 sp-2 an-75 1C0452 sp-2 an-75 1A0453 sp-2 an-76 1U0453 sp-2 an-76 1C0453 sp-2 an-76 1A0454 sp-2 an-77 1U0454 sp-2 an-77 1C0454 sp-2 an-77 1A0455 sp-2 an-78 1U0455 sp-2 an-78 1C0455 sp-2 an-78 1A0456 sp-2 an-79 1U0456 sp-2 an-79 1C0456 sp-2 an-79 1A0457 sp-2 an-80 1U0457 sp-2 an-80 1C0457 sp-2 an-80 1A0458 sp-2 an-81 1U0458 sp-2 an-81 1C0458 sp-2 an-81 1A0459 sp-2 an-82 1U0459 sp-2 an-82 1C0459 sp-2 an-82 1A0460 sp-2 an-83 1U0460 sp-2 an-83 1C0460 sp-2 an-83 1A0461 sp-2 an-84 1U0461 sp-2 an-84 1C0461 sp-2 an-84 1A0462 sp-2 an-85 1U0462 sp-2 an-85 1C0462 sp-2 an-85 1A0463 sp-2 an-86 1U0463 sp-2 an-86 1C0463 sp-2 an-86 1A0464 sp-2 an-87 1U0464 sp-2 an-87 1C0464 sp-2 an-87 1A0465 sp-2 an-88 1U0465 sp-2 an-88 1C0465 sp-2 an-88 1A0466 sp-2 an-89 1U0466 sp-2 an-89 1C0466 sp-2 an-89 1A0467 sp-2 an-90 1U0467 sp-2 an-90 1C0467 sp-2 an-90 1A0468 sp-2 an-91 1U0468 sp-2 an-91 1C0468 sp-2 an-91 1A0469 sp-2 an-92 1U0469 sp-2 an-92 1C0469 sp-2 an-92 1A0470 sp-2 an-93 1U0470 sp-2 an-93 1C0470 sp-2 an-93 1A0471 sp-2 an-94 1U0471 sp-2 an-94 1C0471 sp-2 an-94 1A0472 sp-2 an-95 1U0472 sp-2 an-95 1C0472 sp-2 an-95 1A0473 sp-2 an-96 1U0473 sp-2 an-96 1C0473 sp-2 an-96 1A0474 sp-2 an-97 1U0474 sp-2 an-97 1C0474 sp-2 an-97 1A0475 sp-2 an-98 1U0475 sp-2 an-98 1C0475 sp-2 an-98 1A0476 sp-2 an-99 1U0476 sp-2 an-99 1C0476 sp-2 an-99 1A0477 sp-2 an-100 1U0477 sp-2 an-100 1C0477 sp-2 an-100 1A0478 sp-2 an-101 1U0478 sp-2 an-101 1C0478 sp-2 an-101 1A0479 sp-2 an-102 1U0479 sp-2 an-102 1C0479 sp-2 an-102 1A0480 sp-2 an-103 1U0480 sp-2 an-103 1C0480 sp-2 an-103 1A0481 sp-2 an-104 1U0481 sp-2 an-104 1C0481 sp-2 an-104 1A0482 sp-2 an-105 1U0482 sp-2 an-105 1C0482 sp-2 an-105 1A0483 sp-2 an-106 1U0483 sp-2 an-106 1C0483 sp-2 an-106 1A0484 sp-2 an-107 1U0484 sp-2 an-107 1C0484 sp-2 an-107 1A0485 sp-2 an-108 1U0485 sp-2 an-108 1C0485 sp-2 an-108 1A0486 sp-2 an-109 1U0486 sp-2 an-109 1C0486 sp-2 an-109 1A0487 sp-2 an-110 1U0487 sp-2 an-110 1C0487 sp-2 an-110 1A0488 sp-2 an-111 1U0488 sp-2 an-111 1C0488 sp-2 an-111 1A0489 sp-2 an-112 1U0489 sp-2 an-112 1C0489 sp-2 an-112 1A0490 sp-2 an-113 1U0490 sp-2 an-113 1C0490 sp-2 an-113 1A0491 sp-2 an-114 1U0491 sp-2 an-114 1C0491 sp-2 an-114 1A0492 sp-2 an-115 1U0492 sp-2 an-115 1C0492 sp-2 an-115 1A0493 sp-2 an-116 1U0493 sp-2 an-116 1C0493 sp-2 an-116 1A0494 sp-2 an-117 1U0494 sp-2 an-117 1C0494 sp-2 an-117 1A0495 sp-2 an-118 1U0495 sp-2 an-118 1C0495 sp-2 an-118 1A0496 sp-2 an-119 1U0496 sp-2 an-119 1C0496 sp-2 an-119 1A0497 sp-2 an-120 1U0497 sp-2 an-120 1C0497 sp-2 an-120 1A0498 sp-2 an-121 1U0498 sp-2 an-121 1C0498 sp-2 an-121 1A0499 sp-2 an-122 1U0499 sp-2 an-122 1C0499 sp-2 an-122 1A0500 sp-2 an-123 1U0500 sp-2 an-123 1C0500 sp-2 an-123 1A0501 sp-2 an-124 1U0501 sp-2 an-124 1C0501 sp-2 an-124 1A0502 sp-2 an-125 1U0502 sp-2 an-125 1C0502 sp-2 an-125 1A0503 sp-2 an-126 1U0503 sp-2 an-126 1C0503 sp-2 an-126 1A0504 sp-2 an-127 1U0504 sp-2 an-127 1C0504 sp-2 an-127 Table 2-10 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A0505 sp-2 an-128 1U0505 sp-2 an-128 1C0505 sp-2 an-128 1A0506 sp-2 an-129 1U0506 sp-2 an-129 1C0506 sp-2 an-129 1A0507 sp-2 an-130 1U0507 sp-2 an-130 1C0507 sp-2 an-130 1A0508 sp-2 an-131 1U0508 sp-2 an-131 1C0508 sp-2 an-131 1A0509 sp-2 an-132 1U0509 sp-2 an-132 1C0509 sp-2 an-132 1A0510 sp-2 an-133 1U0510 sp-2 an-133 1C0510 sp-2 an-133 1A0511 sp-2 an-134 1U0511 sp-2 an-134 1C0511 sp-2 an-134 1A0512 sp-2 an-135 1U0512 sp-2 an-135 1C0512 sp-2 an-135 1A0513 sp-2 an-136 1U0513 sp-2 an-136 1C0513 sp-2 an-136 1A0514 sp-2 an-137 1U0514 sp-2 an-137 1C0514 sp-2 an-137 1A0515 sp-2 an-138 1U0515 sp-2 an-138 1C0515 sp-2 an-138 1A0516 sp-2 an-139 1U0516 sp-2 an-139 1C0516 sp-2 an-139 1A0517 sp-2 an-140 1U0517 sp-2 an-140 1C0517 sp-2 an-140 1A0518 sp-2 an-141 1U0518 sp-2 an-141 1C0518 sp-2 an-141 1A0519 sp-2 an-142 1U0519 sp-2 an-142 1C0519 sp-2 an-142 1A0520 sp-2 an-143 1U0520 sp-2 an-143 1C0520 sp-2 an-143 1A0521 sp-2 an-144 1U0521 sp-2 an-144 1C0521 sp-2 an-144 1A0522 sp-2 an-145 1U0522 sp-2 an-145 1C0522 sp-2 an-145 1A0523 sp-2 an-146 1U0523 sp-2 an-146 1C0523 sp-2 an-146 1A0524 sp-2 an-147 1U0524 sp-2 an-147 1C0524 sp-2 an-147 1A0525 sp-2 an-148 1U0525 sp-2 an-148 1C0525 sp-2 an-148 1A0526 sp-2 an-149 1U0526 sp-2 an-149 1C0526 sp-2 an-149 1A0527 sp-2 an-150 1U0527 sp-2 an-150 1C0527 sp-2 an-150 1A0528 sp-2 an-151 1U0528 sp-2 an-151 1C0528 sp-2 an-151 1A0529 sp-2 an-152 1U0529 sp-2 an-152 1C0529 sp-2 an-152 1A0530 sp-2 an-153 1U0530 sp-2 an-153 1C0530 sp-2 an-153 1A0531 sp-2 an-154 1U0531 sp-2 an-154 1C0531 sp-2 an-154 1A0532 sp-2 an-155 1U0532 sp-2 an-155 1C0532 sp-2 an-155 1A0533 sp-2 an-156 1U0533 sp-2 an-156 1C0533 sp-2 an-156 1A0534 sp-2 an-157 1U0534 sp-2 an-157 1C0534 sp-2 an-157 1A0535 sp-2 an-158 1U0535 sp-2 an-158 1C0535 sp-2 an-158 1A0536 sp-2 an-159 1U0536 sp-2 an-159 1C0536 sp-2 an-159 1A0537 sp-2 an-160 1U0537 sp-2 an-160 1C0537 sp-2 an-160 1A0538 sp-2 an-161 1U0538 sp-2 an-161 1C0538 sp-2 an-161 1A0539 sp-2 an-162 1U0539 sp-2 an-162 1C0539 sp-2 an-162 1A0540 sp-2 an-163 1U0540 sp-2 an-163 1C0540 sp-2 an-163 1A0541 sp-2 an-164 1U0541 sp-2 an-164 1C0541 sp-2 an-164 1A0542 sp-2 an-165 1U0542 sp-2 an-165 1C0542 sp-2 an-165 1A0543 sp-2 an-166 1U0543 sp-2 an-166 1C0543 sp-2 an-166 1A0544 sp-2 an-167 1U0544 sp-2 an-167 1C0544 sp-2 an-167 1A0545 sp-2 an-168 1U0545 sp-2 an-168 1C0545 sp-2 an-168 1A0546 sp-2 an-169 1U0546 sp-2 an-169 1C0546 sp-2 an-169 1A0547 sp-2 an-170 1U0547 sp-2 an-170 1C0547 sp-2 an-170 1A0548 sp-2 an-171 1U0548 sp-2 an-171 1C0548 sp-2 an-171 1A0549 sp-2 an-172 1U0549 sp-2 an-172 1C0549 sp-2 an-172 1A0550 sp-2 an-173 1U0550 sp-2 an-173 1C0550 sp-2 an-173 1A0551 sp-2 an-174 1U0551 sp-2 an-174 1C0551 sp-2 an-174 1A0552 sp-2 an-175 1U0552 sp-2 an-175 1C0552 sp-2 an-175 1A0553 sp-2 an-176 1U0553 sp-2 an-176 1C0553 sp-2 an-176 1A0554 sp-2 an-177 1U0554 sp-2 an-177 1C0554 sp-2 an-177 1A0555 sp-2 an-178 1U0555 sp-2 an-178 1C0555 sp-2 an-178 1A0556 sp-2 an-179 1U0556 sp-2 an-179 1C0556 sp-2 an-179 1A0557 sp-2 an-180 1U0557 sp-2 an-180 1C0557 sp-2 an-180 1A0558 sp-2 an-181 1U0558 sp-2 an-181 1C0558 sp-2 an-181 1A0559 sp-2 an-182 1U0559 sp-2 an-182 1C0559 sp-2 an-182 1A0560 sp-2 an-183 1U0560 sp-2 an-183 1C0560 sp-2 an-183 Table 2-11 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A0561 sp-2 an-184 1U0561 sp-2 an-184 1C0561 sp-2 an-184 1A0562 sp-2 an-185 1U0562 sp-2 an-185 1C0562 sp-2 an-185 1A0563 sp-2 an-186 1U0563 sp-2 an-186 1C0563 sp-2 an-186 1A0564 sp-2 an-187 1U0564 sp-2 an-187 1C0564 sp-2 an-187 1A0565 sp-2 an-188 1U0565 sp-2 an-188 1C0565 sp-2 an-188 1A0566 sp-2 an-189 1U0566 sp-2 an-189 1C0566 sp-2 an-189 1A0567 sp-2 an-190 1U0567 sp-2 an-190 1C0567 sp-2 an-190 1A0568 sp-2 an-191 1U0568 sp-2 an-191 1C0568 sp-2 an-191 1A0569 sp-2 an-192 1U0569 sp-2 an-192 1C0569 sp-2 an-192 1A0570 sp-2 an-193 1U0570 sp-2 an-193 1C0570 sp-2 an-193 1A0571 sp-2 an-194 1U0571 sp-2 an-194 1C0571 sp-2 an-194 1A0572 sp-2 an-195 1U0572 sp-2 an-195 1C0572 sp-2 an-195 1A0573 sp-2 an-196 1U0573 sp-2 an-196 1C0573 sp-2 an-196 1A0574 sp-2 an-197 1U0574 sp-2 an-197 1C0574 sp-2 an-197 1A0575 sp-2 an-198 1U0575 sp-2 an-198 1C0575 sp-2 an-198 1A0576 sp-2 an-199 1U0576 sp-2 an-199 1C0576 sp-2 an-199 1A0577 sp-2 an-200 1U0577 sp-2 an-200 1C0577 sp-2 an-200 1A0578 sp-2 an-201 1U0578 sp-2 an-201 1C0578 sp-2 an-201 1A0579 sp-2 an-202 1U0579 sp-2 an-202 1C0579 sp-2 an-202 1A0580 sp-2 an-203 1U0580 sp-2 an-203 1C0580 sp-2 an-203 1A0581 sp-2 an-204 1U0581 sp-2 an-204 1C0581 sp-2 an-204 1A0582 sp-2 an-205 1U0582 sp-2 an-205 1C0582 sp-2 an-205 1A0583 sp-2 an-206 1U0583 sp-2 an-206 1C0583 sp-2 an-206 1A0584 sp-2 an-207 1U0584 sp-2 an-207 1C0584 sp-2 an-207 1A0585 sp-2 an-208 1U0585 sp-2 an-208 1C0585 sp-2 an-208 1A0586 sp-2 an-209 1U0586 sp-2 an-209 1C0586 sp-2 an-209 1A0587 sp-2 an-210 1U0587 sp-2 an-210 1C0587 sp-2 an-210 1A0588 sp-2 an-211 1U0588 sp-2 an-211 1C0588 sp-2 an-211 1A0589 sp-2 an-212 1U0589 sp-2 an-212 1C0589 sp-2 an-212 1A0590 sp-2 an-213 1U0590 sp-2 an-213 1C0590 sp-2 an-213 1A0591 sp-2 an-214 1U0591 sp-2 an-214 1C0591 sp-2 an-214 1A0592 sp-2 an-215 1U0592 sp-2 an-215 1C0592 sp-2 an-215 1A0593 sp-2 an-216 1U0593 sp-2 an-216 1C0593 sp-2 an-216 1A0594 sp-2 an-217 1U0594 sp-2 an-217 1C0594 sp-2 an-217 1A0595 sp-2 an-218 1U0595 sp-2 an-218 1C0595 sp-2 an-218 1A0596 sp-2 an-219 1U0596 sp-2 an-219 1C0596 sp-2 an-219 1A0597 sp-2 an-220 1U0597 sp-2 an-220 1C0597 sp-2 an-220 1A0598 sp-2 an-221 1U0598 sp-2 an-221 1C0598 sp-2 an-221 1A0599 sp-2 an-222 1U0599 sp-2 an-222 1C0599 sp-2 an-222 1A0600 sp-2 an-223 1U0600 sp-2 an-223 1C0600 sp-2 an-223 1A0601 sp-2 an-224 1U0601 sp-2 an-224 1C0601 sp-2 an-224 1A0602 sp-2 an-225 1U0602 sp-2 an-225 1C0602 sp-2 an-225 1A0603 sp-2 an-226 1U0603 sp-2 an-226 1C0603 sp-2 an-226 1A0604 sp-2 an-227 1U0604 sp-2 an-227 1C0604 sp-2 an-227 1A0605 sp-2 an-228 1U0605 sp-2 an-228 1C0605 sp-2 an-228 1A0606 sp-2 an-229 1U0606 sp-2 an-229 1C0606 sp-2 an-229 1A0607 sp-2 an-230 1U0607 sp-2 an-230 1C0607 sp-2 an-230 1A0608 sp-2 an-231 1U0608 sp-2 an-231 1C0608 sp-2 an-231 1A0609 sp-2 an-232 1U0609 sp-2 an-232 1C0609 sp-2 an-232 1A0610 sp-2 an-233 1U0610 sp-2 an-233 1C0610 sp-2 an-233 1A0611 sp-2 an-234 1U0611 sp-2 an-234 1C0611 sp-2 an-234 1A0612 sp-2 an-235 1U0612 sp-2 an-235 1C0612 sp-2 an-235 1A0613 sp-2 an-236 1U0613 sp-2 an-236 1C0613 sp-2 an-236 1A0614 sp-2 an-237 1U0614 sp-2 an-237 1C0614 sp-2 an-237 1A0615 sp-2 an-238 1U0615 sp-2 an-238 1C0615 sp-2 an-238 1A0616 sp-2 an-239 1U0616 sp-2 an-239 1C0616 sp-2 an-239 Table 2-12 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A0617 sp-2 an-240 1U0617 sp-2 an-240 1C0617 sp-2 an-240 1A0618 sp-2 an-241 1U0618 sp-2 an-241 1C0618 sp-2 an-241 1A0619 sp-2 an-242 1U0619 sp-2 an-242 1C0619 sp-2 an-242 1A0620 sp-2 an-243 1U0620 sp-2 an-243 1C0620 sp-2 an-243 1A0621 sp-2 an-244 1U0621 sp-2 an-244 1C0621 sp-2 an-244 1A0622 sp-2 an-245 1U0622 sp-2 an-245 1C0622 sp-2 an-245 1A0623 sp-2 an-246 1U0623 sp-2 an-246 1C0623 sp-2 an-246 1A0624 sp-2 an-247 1U0624 sp-2 an-247 1C0624 sp-2 an-247 1A0625 sp-2 an-248 1U0625 sp-2 an-248 1C0625 sp-2 an-248 1A0626 sp-2 an-249 1U0626 sp-2 an-249 1C0626 sp-2 an-249 1A0627 sp-2 an-250 1U0627 sp-2 an-250 1C0627 sp-2 an-250 1A0628 sp-2 an-251 1U0628 sp-2 an-251 1C0628 sp-2 an-251 1A0629 sp-2 an-252 1U0629 sp-2 an-252 1C0629 sp-2 an-252 1A0630 sp-2 an-253 1U0630 sp-2 an-253 1C0630 sp-2 an-253 1A0631 sp-2 an-254 1U0631 sp-2 an-254 1C0631 sp-2 an-254 1A0632 sp-2 an-255 1U0632 sp-2 an-255 1C0632 sp-2 an-255 1A0633 sp-2 an-256 1U0633 sp-2 an-256 1C0633 sp-2 an-256 1A0634 sp-2 an-257 1U0634 sp-2 an-257 1C0634 sp-2 an-257 1A0635 sp-2 an-258 1U0635 sp-2 an-258 1C0635 sp-2 an-258 1A0636 sp-2 an-259 1U0636 sp-2 an-259 1C0636 sp-2 an-259 1A0637 sp-2 an-260 1U0637 sp-2 an-260 1C0637 sp-2 an-260 1A0638 sp-2 an-261 1U0638 sp-2 an-261 1C0638 sp-2 an-261 1A0639 sp-2 an-262 1U0639 sp-2 an-262 1C0639 sp-2 an-262 1A0640 sp-2 an-263 1U0640 sp-2 an-263 1C0640 sp-2 an-263 1A0641 sp-2 an-264 1U0641 sp-2 an-264 1C0641 sp-2 an-264 1A0642 sp-2 an-265 1U0642 sp-2 an-265 1C0642 sp-2 an-265 1A0643 sp-2 an-266 1U0643 sp-2 an-266 1C0643 sp-2 an-266 1A0644 sp-2 an-267 1U0644 sp-2 an-267 1C0644 sp-2 an-267 1A0645 sp-2 an-268 1U0645 sp-2 an-268 1C0645 sp-2 an-268 1A0646 sp-2 an-269 1U0646 sp-2 an-269 1C0646 sp-2 an-269 1A0647 sp-2 an-270 1U0647 sp-2 an-270 1C0647 sp-2 an-270 1A0648 sp-2 an-271 1U0648 sp-2 an-271 1C0648 sp-2 an-271 1A0649 sp-2 an-272 1U0649 sp-2 an-272 1C0649 sp-2 an-272 1A0650 sp-2 an-273 1U0650 sp-2 an-273 1C0650 sp-2 an-273 1A0651 sp-2 an-274 1U0651 sp-2 an-274 1C0651 sp-2 an-274 1A0652 sp-2 an-275 1U0652 sp-2 an-275 1C0652 sp-2 an-275 1A0653 sp-2 an-276 1U0653 sp-2 an-276 1C0653 sp-2 an-276 1A0654 sp-2 an-277 1U0654 sp-2 an-277 1C0654 sp-2 an-277 1A0655 sp-2 an-278 1U0655 sp-2 an-278 1C0655 sp-2 an-278 1A0656 sp-2 an-279 1U0656 sp-2 an-279 1C0656 sp-2 an-279 1A0657 sp-2 an-280 1U0657 sp-2 an-280 1C0657 sp-2 an-280 1A0658 sp-2 an-281 1U0658 sp-2 an-281 1C0658 sp-2 an-281 1A0659 sp-2 an-282 1U0659 sp-2 an-282 1C0659 sp-2 an-282 1A0660 sp-2 an-283 1U0660 sp-2 an-283 1C0660 sp-2 an-283 1A0661 sp-2 an-284 1U0661 sp-2 an-284 1C0661 sp-2 an-284 1A0662 sp-2 an-285 1U0662 sp-2 an-285 1C0662 sp-2 an-285 1A0663 sp-2 an-286 1U0663 sp-2 an-286 1C0663 sp-2 an-286 1A0664 sp-2 an-287 1U0664 sp-2 an-287 1C0664 sp-2 an-287 1A0665 sp-2 an-288 1U0665 sp-2 an-288 1C0665 sp-2 an-288 1A0666 sp-2 an-289 1U0666 sp-2 an-289 1C0666 sp-2 an-289 1A0667 sp-2 an-290 1U0667 sp-2 an-290 1C0667 sp-2 an-290 1A0668 sp-2 an-291 1U0668 sp-2 an-291 1C0668 sp-2 an-291 1A0669 sp-2 an-292 1U0669 sp-2 an-292 1C0669 sp-2 an-292 1A0670 sp-2 an-293 1U0670 sp-2 an-293 1C0670 sp-2 an-293 1A0671 sp-2 an-294 1U0671 sp-2 an-294 1C0671 sp-2 an-294 1A0672 sp-2 an-295 1U0672 sp-2 an-295 1C0672 sp-2 an-295 Table 2-13 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A0673 sp-2 an-296 1U0673 sp-2 an-296 1C0673 sp-2 an-296 1A0674 sp-2 an-297 1U0674 sp-2 an-297 1C0674 sp-2 an-297 1A0675 sp-2 an-298 1U0675 sp-2 an-298 1C0675 sp-2 an-298 1A0676 sp-2 an-299 1U0676 sp-2 an-299 1C0676 sp-2 an-299 1A0677 sp-2 an-300 1U0677 sp-2 an-300 1C0677 sp-2 an-300 1A0678 sp-2 an-301 1U0678 sp-2 an-301 1C0678 sp-2 an-301 1A0679 sp-2 an-302 1U0679 sp-2 an-302 1C0679 sp-2 an-302 1A0680 sp-2 an-303 1U0680 sp-2 an-303 1C0680 sp-2 an-303 1A0681 sp-2 an-304 1U0681 sp-2 an-304 1C0681 sp-2 an-304 1A0682 sp-2 an-305 1U0682 sp-2 an-305 1C0682 sp-2 an-305 1A0683 sp-2 an-306 1U0683 sp-2 an-306 1C0683 sp-2 an-306 1A0684 sp-2 an-307 1U0684 sp-2 an-307 1C0684 sp-2 an-307 1A0685 sp-2 an-308 1U0685 sp-2 an-308 1C0685 sp-2 an-308 1A0686 sp-2 an-309 1U0686 sp-2 an-309 1C0686 sp-2 an-309 1A0687 sp-2 an-310 1U0687 sp-2 an-310 1C0687 sp-2 an-310 1A0688 sp-2 an-311 1U0688 sp-2 an-311 1C0688 sp-2 an-311 1A0689 sp-2 an-312 1U0689 sp-2 an-312 1C0689 sp-2 an-312 1A0690 sp-2 an-313 1U0690 sp-2 an-313 1C0690 sp-2 an-313 1A0691 sp-2 an-314 1U0691 sp-2 an-314 1C0691 sp-2 an-314 1A0692 sp-2 an-315 1U0692 sp-2 an-315 1C0692 sp-2 an-315 1A0693 sp-2 an-316 1U0693 sp-2 an-316 1C0693 sp-2 an-316 1A0694 sp-2 an-317 1U0694 sp-2 an-317 1C0694 sp-2 an-317 1A0695 sp-2 an-318 1U0695 sp-2 an-318 1C0695 sp-2 an-318 1A0696 sp-2 an-319 1U0696 sp-2 an-319 1C0696 sp-2 an-319 1A0697 sp-2 an-320 1U0697 sp-2 an-320 1C0697 sp-2 an-320 1A0698 sp-2 an-321 1U0698 sp-2 an-321 1C0698 sp-2 an-321 1A0699 sp-2 an-322 1U0699 sp-2 an-322 1C0699 sp-2 an-322 1A0700 sp-2 an-323 1U0700 sp-2 an-323 1C0700 sp-2 an-323 1A0701 sp-2 an-324 1U0701 sp-2 an-324 1C0701 sp-2 an-324 1A0702 sp-2 an-325 1U0702 sp-2 an-325 1C0702 sp-2 an-325 1A0703 sp-2 an-326 1U0703 sp-2 an-326 1C0703 sp-2 an-326 1A0704 sp-2 an-327 1U0704 sp-2 an-327 1C0704 sp-2 an-327 1A0705 sp-2 an-328 1U0705 sp-2 an-328 1C0705 sp-2 an-328 1A0706 sp-2 an-329 1U0706 sp-2 an-329 1C0706 sp-2 an-329 1A0707 sp-2 an-330 1U0707 sp-2 an-330 1C0707 sp-2 an-330 1A0708 sp-2 an-331 1U0708 sp-2 an-331 1C0708 sp-2 an-331 1A0709 sp-2 an-332 1U0709 sp-2 an-332 1C0709 sp-2 an-332 1A0710 sp-2 an-333 1U0710 sp-2 an-333 1C0710 sp-2 an-333 1A0711 sp-2 an-334 1U0711 sp-2 an-334 1C0711 sp-2 an-334 1A0712 sp-2 an-335 1U0712 sp-2 an-335 1C0712 sp-2 an-335 1A0713 sp-2 an-336 1U0713 sp-2 an-336 1C0713 sp-2 an-336 1A0714 sp-2 an-337 1U0714 sp-2 an-337 1C0714 sp-2 an-337 1A0715 sp-2 an-338 1U0715 sp-2 an-338 1C0715 sp-2 an-338 1A0716 sp-2 an-339 1U0716 sp-2 an-339 1C0716 sp-2 an-339 1A0717 sp-2 an-340 1U0717 sp-2 an-340 1C0717 sp-2 an-340 1A0718 sp-2 an-341 1U0718 sp-2 an-341 1C0718 sp-2 an-341 1A0719 sp-2 an-342 1U0719 sp-2 an-342 1C0719 sp-2 an-342 1A0720 sp-2 an-343 1U0720 sp-2 an-343 1C0720 sp-2 an-343 1A0721 sp-2 an-344 1U0721 sp-2 an-344 1C0721 sp-2 an-344 1A0722 sp-2 an-345 1U0722 sp-2 an-345 1C0722 sp-2 an-345 1A0723 sp-2 an-346 1U0723 sp-2 an-346 1C0723 sp-2 an-346 1A0724 sp-2 an-347 1U0724 sp-2 an-347 1C0724 sp-2 an-347 1A0725 sp-2 an-348 1U0725 sp-2 an-348 1C0725 sp-2 an-348 1A0726 sp-2 an-349 1U0726 sp-2 an-349 1C0726 sp-2 an-349 1A0727 sp-2 an-350 1U0727 sp-2 an-350 1C0727 sp-2 an-350 1A0728 sp-2 an-351 1U0728 sp-2 an-351 1C0728 sp-2 an-351 Table 2-14 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A0729 sp-2 an-352 1U0729 sp-2 an-352 1C0729 sp-2 an-352 1A0730 sp-2 an-353 1U0730 sp-2 an-353 1C0730 sp-2 an-353 1A0731 sp-2 an-354 1U0731 sp-2 an-354 1C0731 sp-2 an-354 1A0732 sp-2 an-355 1U0732 sp-2 an-355 1C0732 sp-2 an-355 1A0733 sp-2 an-356 1U0733 sp-2 an-356 1C0733 sp-2 an-356 1A0734 sp-2 an-357 1U0734 sp-2 an-357 1C0734 sp-2 an-357 1A0735 sp-2 an-358 1U0735 sp-2 an-358 1C0735 sp-2 an-358 1A0736 sp-2 an-359 1U0736 sp-2 an-359 1C0736 sp-2 an-359 1A0737 sp-2 an-360 1U0737 sp-2 an-360 1C0737 sp-2 an-360 1A0738 sp-2 an-361 1U0738 sp-2 an-361 1C0738 sp-2 an-361 1A0739 sp-2 an-362 1U0739 sp-2 an-362 1C0739 sp-2 an-362 1A0740 sp-2 an-363 1U0740 sp-2 an-363 1C0740 sp-2 an-363 1A0741 sp-2 an-364 1U0741 sp-2 an-364 1C0741 sp-2 an-364 1A0742 sp-2 an-365 1U0742 sp-2 an-365 1C0742 sp-2 an-365 1A0743 sp-2 an-366 1U0743 sp-2 an-366 1C0743 sp-2 an-366 1A0744 sp-2 an-367 1U0744 sp-2 an-367 1C0744 sp-2 an-367 1A0745 sp-2 an-368 1U0745 sp-2 an-368 1C0745 sp-2 an-368 1A0746 sp-2 an-369 1U0746 sp-2 an-369 1C0746 sp-2 an-369 1A0747 sp-2 an-370 1U0747 sp-2 an-370 1C0747 sp-2 an-370 1A0748 sp-2 an-371 1U0748 sp-2 an-371 1C0748 sp-2 an-371 1A0749 sp-2 an-372 1U0749 sp-2 an-372 1C0749 sp-2 an-372 1A0750 sp-2 an-373 1U0750 sp-2 an-373 1C0750 sp-2 an-373 1A0751 sp-2 an-374 1U0751 sp-2 an-374 1C0751 sp-2 an-374 1A0752 sp-2 an-375 1U0752 sp-2 an-375 1C0752 sp-2 an-375 1A0753 sp-2 an-376 1U0753 sp-2 an-376 1C0753 sp-2 an-376 1A0754 sp-2 an-377 1U0754 sp-2 an-377 1C0754 sp-2 an-377 1A0755 sp-3 an-1 1U0755 sp-3 an-1 1C0755 sp-3 an-1 1A0756 sp-3 an-2 1U0756 sp-3 an-2 1C0756 sp-3 an-2 1A0757 sp-3 an-3 1U0757 sp-3 an-3 1C0757 sp-3 an-3 1A0758 sp-3 an-4 1U0758 sp-3 an-4 1C0758 sp-3 an-4 1A0759 sp-3 an-5 1U0759 sp-3 an-5 1C0759 sp-3 an-5 1A0760 sp-3 an-6 1U0760 sp-3 an-6 1C0760 sp-3 an-6 1A0761 sp-3 an-7 1U0761 sp-3 an-7 1C0761 sp-3 an-7 1A0762 sp-3 an-8 1U0762 sp-3 an-8 1C0762 sp-3 an-8 1A0763 sp-3 an-9 1U0763 sp-3 an-9 1C0763 sp-3 an-9 1A0764 sp-3 an-10 1U0764 sp-3 an-10 1C0764 sp-3 an-10 1A0765 sp-3 an-11 1U0765 sp-3 an-11 1C0765 sp-3 an-11 1A0766 sp-3 an-12 1U0766 sp-3 an-12 1C0766 sp-3 an-12 1A0767 sp-3 an-13 1U0767 sp-3 an-13 1C0767 sp-3 an-13 1A0768 sp-3 an-14 1U0768 sp-3 an-14 1C0768 sp-3 an-14 1A0769 sp-3 an-15 1U0769 sp-3 an-15 1C0769 sp-3 an-15 1A0770 sp-3 an-16 1U0770 sp-3 an-16 1C0770 sp-3 an-16 1A0771 sp-3 an-17 1U0771 sp-3 an-17 1C0771 sp-3 an-17 1A0772 sp-3 an-18 1U0772 sp-3 an-18 1C0772 sp-3 an-18 1A0773 sp-3 an-19 1U0773 sp-3 an-19 1C0773 sp-3 an-19 1A0774 sp-3 an-20 1U0774 sp-3 an-20 1C0774 sp-3 an-20 1A0775 sp-3 an-21 1U0775 sp-3 an-21 1C0775 sp-3 an-21 1A0776 sp-3 an-22 1U0776 sp-3 an-22 1C0776 sp-3 an-22 1A0777 sp-3 an-23 1U0777 sp-3 an-23 1C0777 sp-3 an-23 1A0778 sp-3 an-24 1U0778 sp-3 an-24 1C0778 sp-3 an-24 1A0779 sp-3 an-25 1U0779 sp-3 an-25 1C0779 sp-3 an-25 1A0780 sp-3 an-26 1U0780 sp-3 an-26 1C0780 sp-3 an-26 1A0781 sp-3 an-27 1U0781 sp-3 an-27 1C0781 sp-3 an-27 1A0782 sp-3 an-28 1U0782 sp-3 an-28 1C0782 sp-3 an-28 1A0783 sp-3 an-29 1U0783 sp-3 an-29 1C0783 sp-3 an-29 1A0784 sp-3 an-30 1U0784 sp-3 an-30 1C0784 sp-3 an-30 Table 2-15 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A0785 sp-3 an-31 1U0785 sp-3 an-31 1C0785 sp-3 an-31 1A0786 sp-3 an-32 1U0786 sp-3 an-32 1C0786 sp-3 an-32 1A0787 sp-3 an-33 1U0787 sp-3 an-33 1C0787 sp-3 an-33 1A0788 sp-3 an-34 1U0788 sp-3 an-34 1C0788 sp-3 an-34 1A0789 sp-3 an-35 1U0789 sp-3 an-35 1C0789 sp-3 an-35 1A0790 sp-3 an-36 1U0790 sp-3 an-36 1C0790 sp-3 an-36 1A0791 sp-3 an-37 1U0791 sp-3 an-37 1C0791 sp-3 an-37 1A0792 sp-3 an-38 1U0792 sp-3 an-38 1C0792 sp-3 an-38 1A0793 sp-3 an-39 1U0793 sp-3 an-39 1C0793 sp-3 an-39 1A0794 sp-3 an-40 1U0794 sp-3 an-40 1C0794 sp-3 an-40 1A0795 sp-3 an-41 1U0795 sp-3 an-41 1C0795 sp-3 an-41 1A0796 sp-3 an-42 1U0796 sp-3 an-42 1C0796 sp-3 an-42 1A0797 sp-3 an-43 1U0797 sp-3 an-43 1C0797 sp-3 an-43 1A0798 sp-3 an-44 1U0798 sp-3 an-44 1C0798 sp-3 an-44 1A0799 sp-3 an-45 1U0799 sp-3 an-45 1C0799 sp-3 an-45 1A0800 sp-3 an-46 1U0800 sp-3 an-46 1C0800 sp-3 an-46 1A0801 sp-3 an-47 1U0801 sp-3 an-47 1C0801 sp-3 an-47 1A0802 sp-3 an-48 1U0802 sp-3 an-48 1C0802 sp-3 an-48 1A0803 sp-3 an-49 1U0803 sp-3 an-49 1C0803 sp-3 an-49 1A0804 sp-3 an-50 1U0804 sp-3 an-50 1C0804 sp-3 an-50 1A0805 sp-3 an-51 1U0805 sp-3 an-51 1C0805 sp-3 an-51 1A0806 sp-3 an-52 1U0806 sp-3 an-52 1C0806 sp-3 an-52 1A0807 sp-3 an-53 1U0807 sp-3 an-53 1C0807 sp-3 an-53 1A0808 sp-3 an-54 1U0808 sp-3 an-54 1C0808 sp-3 an-54 1A0809 sp-3 an-55 1U0809 sp-3 an-55 1C0809 sp-3 an-55 1A0810 sp-3 an-56 1U0810 sp-3 an-56 1C0810 sp-3 an-56 1A0811 sp-3 an-57 1U0811 sp-3 an-57 1C0811 sp-3 an-57 1A0812 sp-3 an-58 1U0812 sp-3 an-58 1C0812 sp-3 an-58 1A0813 sp-3 an-59 1U0813 sp-3 an-59 1C0813 sp-3 an-59 1A0814 sp-3 an-60 1U0814 sp-3 an-60 1C0814 sp-3 an-60 1A0815 sp-3 an-61 1U0815 sp-3 an-61 1C0815 sp-3 an-61 1A0816 sp-3 an-62 1U0816 sp-3 an-62 1C0816 sp-3 an-62 1A0817 sp-3 an-63 1U0817 sp-3 an-63 1C0817 sp-3 an-63 1A0818 sp-3 an-64 1U0818 sp-3 an-64 1C0818 sp-3 an-64 1A0819 sp-3 an-65 1U0819 sp-3 an-65 1C0819 sp-3 an-65 1A0820 sp-3 an-66 1U0820 sp-3 an-66 1C0820 sp-3 an-66 1A0821 sp-3 an-67 1U0821 sp-3 an-67 1C0821 sp-3 an-67 1A0822 sp-3 an-68 1U0822 sp-3 an-68 1C0822 sp-3 an-68 1A0823 sp-3 an-69 1U0823 sp-3 an-69 1C0823 sp-3 an-69 1A0824 sp-3 an-70 1U0824 sp-3 an-70 1C0824 sp-3 an-70 1A0825 sp-3 an-71 1U0825 sp-3 an-71 1C0825 sp-3 an-71 1A0826 sp-3 an-72 1U0826 sp-3 an-72 1C0826 sp-3 an-72 1A0827 sp-3 an-73 1U0827 sp-3 an-73 1C0827 sp-3 an-73 1A0828 sp-3 an-74 1U0828 sp-3 an-74 1C0828 sp-3 an-74 1A0829 sp-3 an-75 1U0829 sp-3 an-75 1C0829 sp-3 an-75 1A0830 sp-3 an-76 1U0830 sp-3 an-76 1C0830 sp-3 an-76 1A0831 sp-3 an-77 1U0831 sp-3 an-77 1C0831 sp-3 an-77 1A0832 sp-3 an-78 1U0832 sp-3 an-78 1C0832 sp-3 an-78 1A0833 sp-3 an-79 1U0833 sp-3 an-79 1C0833 sp-3 an-79 1A0834 sp-3 an-80 1U0834 sp-3 an-80 1C0834 sp-3 an-80 1A0835 sp-3 an-81 1U0835 sp-3 an-81 1C0835 sp-3 an-81 1A0836 sp-3 an-82 1U0836 sp-3 an-82 1C0836 sp-3 an-82 1A0837 sp-3 an-83 1U0837 sp-3 an-83 1C0837 sp-3 an-83 1A0838 sp-3 an-84 1U0838 sp-3 an-84 1C0838 sp-3 an-84 1A0839 sp-3 an-85 1U0839 sp-3 an-85 1C0839 sp-3 an-85 1A0840 sp-3 an-86 1U0840 sp-3 an-86 1C0840 sp-3 an-86 Table 2-16 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A0841 sp-3 an-87 1U0841 sp-3 an-87 1C0841 sp-3 an-87 1A0842 sp-3 an-88 1U0842 sp-3 an-88 1C0842 sp-3 an-88 1A0843 sp-3 an-89 1U0843 sp-3 an-89 1C0843 sp-3 an-89 1A0844 sp-3 an-90 1U0844 sp-3 an-90 1C0844 sp-3 an-90 1A0845 sp-3 an-91 1U0845 sp-3 an-91 1C0845 sp-3 an-91 1A0846 sp-3 an-92 1U0846 sp-3 an-92 1C0846 sp-3 an-92 1A0847 sp-3 an-93 1U0847 sp-3 an-93 1C0847 sp-3 an-93 1A0848 sp-3 an-94 1U0848 sp-3 an-94 1C0848 sp-3 an-94 1A0849 sp-3 an-95 1U0849 sp-3 an-95 1C0849 sp-3 an-95 1A0850 sp-3 an-96 1U0850 sp-3 an-96 1C0850 sp-3 an-96 1A0851 sp-3 an-97 1U0851 sp-3 an-97 1C0851 sp-3 an-97 1A0852 sp-3 an-98 1U0852 sp-3 an-98 1C0852 sp-3 an-98 1A0853 sp-3 an-99 1U0853 sp-3 an-99 1C0853 sp-3 an-99 1A0854 sp-3 an-100 1U0854 sp-3 an-100 1C0854 sp-3 an-100 1A0855 sp-3 an-101 1U0855 sp-3 an-101 1C0855 sp-3 an-101 1A0856 sp-3 an-102 1U0856 sp-3 an-102 1C0856 sp-3 an-102 1A0857 sp-3 an-103 1U0857 sp-3 an-103 1C0857 sp-3 an-103 1A0858 sp-3 an-104 1U0858 sp-3 an-104 1C0858 sp-3 an-104 1A0859 sp-3 an-105 1U0859 sp-3 an-105 1C0859 sp-3 an-105 1A0860 sp-3 an-106 1U0860 sp-3 an-106 1C0860 sp-3 an-106 1A0861 sp-3 an-107 1U0861 sp-3 an-107 1C0861 sp-3 an-107 1A0862 sp-3 an-108 1U0862 sp-3 an-108 1C0862 sp-3 an-108 1A0863 sp-3 an-109 1U0863 sp-3 an-109 1C0863 sp-3 an-109 1A0864 sp-3 an-110 1U0864 sp-3 an-110 1C0864 sp-3 an-110 1A0865 sp-3 an-111 1U0865 sp-3 an-111 1C0865 sp-3 an-111 1A0866 sp-3 an-112 1U0866 sp-3 an-112 1C0866 sp-3 an-112 1A0867 sp-3 an-113 1U0867 sp-3 an-113 1C0867 sp-3 an-113 1A0868 sp-3 an-114 1U0868 sp-3 an-114 1C0868 sp-3 an-114 1A0869 sp-3 an-115 1U0869 sp-3 an-115 1C0869 sp-3 an-115 1A0870 sp-3 an-116 1U0870 sp-3 an-116 1C0870 sp-3 an-116 1A0871 sp-3 an-117 1U0871 sp-3 an-117 1C0871 sp-3 an-117 1A0872 sp-3 an-118 1U0872 sp-3 an-118 1C0872 sp-3 an-118 1A0873 sp-3 an-119 1U0873 sp-3 an-119 1C0873 sp-3 an-119 1A0874 sp-3 an-120 1U0874 sp-3 an-120 1C0874 sp-3 an-120 1A0875 sp-3 an-121 1U0875 sp-3 an-121 1C0875 sp-3 an-121 1A0876 sp-3 an-122 1U0876 sp-3 an-122 1C0876 sp-3 an-122 1A0877 sp-3 an-123 1U0877 sp-3 an-123 1C0877 sp-3 an-123 1A0878 sp-3 an-124 1U0878 sp-3 an-124 1C0878 sp-3 an-124 1A0879 sp-3 an-125 1U0879 sp-3 an-125 1C0879 sp-3 an-125 1A0880 sp-3 an-126 1U0880 sp-3 an-126 1C0880 sp-3 an-126 1A0881 sp-3 an-127 1U0881 sp-3 an-127 1C0881 sp-3 an-127 1A0882 sp-3 an-128 1U0882 sp-3 an-128 1C0882 sp-3 an-128 1A0883 sp-3 an-129 1U0883 sp-3 an-129 1C0883 sp-3 an-129 1A0884 sp-3 an-130 1U0884 sp-3 an-130 1C0884 sp-3 an-130 1A0885 sp-3 an-131 1U0885 sp-3 an-131 1C0885 sp-3 an-131 1A0886 sp-3 an-132 1U0886 sp-3 an-132 1C0886 sp-3 an-132 1A0887 sp-3 an-133 1U0887 sp-3 an-133 1C0887 sp-3 an-133 1A0888 sp-3 an-134 1U0888 sp-3 an-134 1C0888 sp-3 an-134 1A0889 sp-3 an-135 1U0889 sp-3 an-135 1C0889 sp-3 an-135 1A0890 sp-3 an-136 1U0890 sp-3 an-136 1C0890 sp-3 an-136 1A0891 sp-3 an-137 1U0891 sp-3 an-137 1C0891 sp-3 an-137 1A0892 sp-3 an-138 1U0892 sp-3 an-138 1C0892 sp-3 an-138 1A0893 sp-3 an-139 1U0893 sp-3 an-139 1C0893 sp-3 an-139 1A0894 sp-3 an-140 1U0894 sp-3 an-140 1C0894 sp-3 an-140 1A0895 sp-3 an-141 1U0895 sp-3 an-141 1C0895 sp-3 an-141 1A0896 sp-3 an-142 1U0896 sp-3 an-142 1C0896 sp-3 an-142 Table 2-17 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A0897 sp-3 an-143 1U0897 sp-3 an-143 1C0897 sp-3 an-143 1A0898 sp-3 an-144 1U0898 sp-3 an-144 1C0898 sp-3 an-144 1A0899 sp-3 an-145 1U0899 sp-3 an-145 1C0899 sp-3 an-145 1A0900 sp-3 an-146 1U0900 sp-3 an-146 1C0900 sp-3 an-146 1A0901 sp-3 an-147 1U0901 sp-3 an-147 1C0901 sp-3 an-147 1A0902 sp-3 an-148 1U0902 sp-3 an-148 1C0902 sp-3 an-148 1A0903 sp-3 an-149 1U0903 sp-3 an-149 1C0903 sp-3 an-149 1A0904 sp-3 an-150 1U0904 sp-3 an-150 1C0904 sp-3 an-150 1A0905 sp-3 an-151 1U0905 sp-3 an-151 1C0905 sp-3 an-151 1A0906 sp-3 an-152 1U0906 sp-3 an-152 1C0906 sp-3 an-152 1A0907 sp-3 an-153 1U0907 sp-3 an-153 1C0907 sp-3 an-153 1A0908 sp-3 an-154 1U0908 sp-3 an-154 1C0908 sp-3 an-154 1A0909 sp-3 an-155 1U0909 sp-3 an-155 1C0909 sp-3 an-155 1A0910 sp-3 an-156 1U0910 sp-3 an-156 1C0910 sp-3 an-156 1A0911 sp-3 an-157 1U0911 sp-3 an-157 1C0911 sp-3 an-157 1A0912 sp-3 an-158 1U0912 sp-3 an-158 1C0912 sp-3 an-158 1A0913 sp-3 an-159 1U0913 sp-3 an-159 1C0913 sp-3 an-159 1A0914 sp-3 an-160 1U0914 sp-3 an-160 1C0914 sp-3 an-160 1A0915 sp-3 an-161 1U0915 sp-3 an-161 1C0915 sp-3 an-161 1A0916 sp-3 an-162 1U0916 sp-3 an-162 1C0916 sp-3 an-162 1A0917 sp-3 an-163 1U0917 sp-3 an-163 1C0917 sp-3 an-163 1A0918 sp-3 an-164 1U0918 sp-3 an-164 1C0918 sp-3 an-164 1A0919 sp-3 an-165 1U0919 sp-3 an-165 1C0919 sp-3 an-165 1A0920 sp-3 an-166 1U0920 sp-3 an-166 1C0920 sp-3 an-166 1A0921 sp-3 an-167 1U0921 sp-3 an-167 1C0921 sp-3 an-167 1A0922 sp-3 an-168 1U0922 sp-3 an-168 1C0922 sp-3 an-168 1A0923 sp-3 an-169 1U0923 sp-3 an-169 1C0923 sp-3 an-169 1A0924 sp-3 an-170 1U0924 sp-3 an-170 1C0924 sp-3 an-170 1A0925 sp-3 an-171 1U0925 sp-3 an-171 1C0925 sp-3 an-171 1A0926 sp-3 an-172 1U0926 sp-3 an-172 1C0926 sp-3 an-172 1A0927 sp-3 an-173 1U0927 sp-3 an-173 1C0927 sp-3 an-173 1A0928 sp-3 an-174 1U0928 sp-3 an-174 1C0928 sp-3 an-174 1A0929 sp-3 an-175 1U0929 sp-3 an-175 1C0929 sp-3 an-175 1A0930 sp-3 an-176 1U0930 sp-3 an-176 1C0930 sp-3 an-176 1A0931 sp-3 an-177 1U0931 sp-3 an-177 1C0931 sp-3 an-177 1A0932 sp-3 an-178 1U0932 sp-3 an-178 1C0932 sp-3 an-178 1A0933 sp-3 an-179 1U0933 sp-3 an-179 1C0933 sp-3 an-179 1A0934 sp-3 an-180 1U0934 sp-3 an-180 1C0934 sp-3 an-180 1A0935 sp-3 an-181 1U0935 sp-3 an-181 1C0935 sp-3 an-181 1A0936 sp-3 an-182 1U0936 sp-3 an-182 1C0936 sp-3 an-182 1A0937 sp-3 an-183 1U0937 sp-3 an-183 1C0937 sp-3 an-183 1A0938 sp-3 an-184 1U0938 sp-3 an-184 1C0938 sp-3 an-184 1A0939 sp-3 an-185 1U0939 sp-3 an-185 1C0939 sp-3 an-185 1A0940 sp-3 an-186 1U0940 sp-3 an-186 1C0940 sp-3 an-186 1A0941 sp-3 an-187 1U0941 sp-3 an-187 1C0941 sp-3 an-187 1A0942 sp-3 an-188 1U0942 sp-3 an-188 1C0942 sp-3 an-188 1A0943 sp-3 an-189 1U0943 sp-3 an-189 1C0943 sp-3 an-189 1A0944 sp-3 an-190 1U0944 sp-3 an-190 1C0944 sp-3 an-190 1A0945 sp-3 an-191 1U0945 sp-3 an-191 1C0945 sp-3 an-191 1A0946 sp-3 an-192 1U0946 sp-3 an-192 1C0946 sp-3 an-192 1A0947 sp-3 an-193 1U0947 sp-3 an-193 1C0947 sp-3 an-193 1A0948 sp-3 an-194 1U0948 sp-3 an-194 1C0948 sp-3 an-194 1A0949 sp-3 an-195 1U0949 sp-3 an-195 1C0949 sp-3 an-195 1A0950 sp-3 an-196 1U0950 sp-3 an-196 1C0950 sp-3 an-196 1A0951 sp-3 an-197 1U0951 sp-3 an-197 1C0951 sp-3 an-197 1A0952 sp-3 an-198 1U0952 sp-3 an-198 1C0952 sp-3 an-198 Table 2-18 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A0953 sp-3 an-199 1U0953 sp-3 an-199 1C0953 sp-3 an-199 1A0954 sp-3 an-200 1U0954 sp-3 an-200 1C0954 sp-3 an-200 1A0955 sp-3 an-201 1U0955 sp-3 an-201 1C0955 sp-3 an-201 1A0956 sp-3 an-202 1U0956 sp-3 an-202 1C0956 sp-3 an-202 1A0957 sp-3 an-203 1U0957 sp-3 an-203 1C0957 sp-3 an-203 1A0958 sp-3 an-204 1U0958 sp-3 an-204 1C0958 sp-3 an-204 1A0959 sp-3 an-205 1U0959 sp-3 an-205 1C0959 sp-3 an-205 1A0960 sp-3 an-206 1U0960 sp-3 an-206 1C0960 sp-3 an-206 1A0961 sp-3 an-207 1U0961 sp-3 an-207 1C0961 sp-3 an-207 1A0962 sp-3 an-208 1U0962 sp-3 an-208 1C0962 sp-3 an-208 1A0963 sp-3 an-209 1U0963 sp-3 an-209 1C0963 sp-3 an-209 1A0964 sp-3 an-210 1U0964 sp-3 an-210 1C0964 sp-3 an-210 1A0965 sp-3 an-211 1U0965 sp-3 an-211 1C0965 sp-3 an-211 1A0966 sp-3 an-212 1U0966 sp-3 an-212 1C0966 sp-3 an-212 1A0967 sp-3 an-213 1U0967 sp-3 an-213 1C0967 sp-3 an-213 1A0968 sp-3 an-214 1U0968 sp-3 an-214 1C0968 sp-3 an-214 1A0969 sp-3 an-215 1U0969 sp-3 an-215 1C0969 sp-3 an-215 1A0970 sp-3 an-216 1U0970 sp-3 an-216 1C0970 sp-3 an-216 1A0971 sp-3 an-217 1U0971 sp-3 an-217 1C0971 sp-3 an-217 1A0972 sp-3 an-218 1U0972 sp-3 an-218 1C0972 sp-3 an-218 1A0973 sp-3 an-219 1U0973 sp-3 an-219 1C0973 sp-3 an-219 1A0974 sp-3 an-220 1U0974 sp-3 an-220 1C0974 sp-3 an-220 1A0975 sp-3 an-221 1U0975 sp-3 an-221 1C0975 sp-3 an-221 1A0976 sp-3 an-222 1U0976 sp-3 an-222 1C0976 sp-3 an-222 1A0977 sp-3 an-223 1U0977 sp-3 an-223 1C0977 sp-3 an-223 1A0978 sp-3 an-224 1U0978 sp-3 an-224 1C0978 sp-3 an-224 1A0979 sp-3 an-225 1U0979 sp-3 an-225 1C0979 sp-3 an-225 1A0980 sp-3 an-226 1U0980 sp-3 an-226 1C0980 sp-3 an-226 1A0981 sp-3 an-227 1U0981 sp-3 an-227 1C0981 sp-3 an-227 1A0982 sp-3 an-228 1U0982 sp-3 an-228 1C0982 sp-3 an-228 1A0983 sp-3 an-229 1U0983 sp-3 an-229 1C0983 sp-3 an-229 1A0984 sp-3 an-230 1U0984 sp-3 an-230 1C0984 sp-3 an-230 1A0985 sp-3 an-231 1U0985 sp-3 an-231 1C0985 sp-3 an-231 1A0986 sp-3 an-232 1U0986 sp-3 an-232 1C0986 sp-3 an-232 1A0987 sp-3 an-233 1U0987 sp-3 an-233 1C0987 sp-3 an-233 1A0988 sp-3 an-234 1U0988 sp-3 an-234 1C0988 sp-3 an-234 1A0989 sp-3 an-235 1U0989 sp-3 an-235 1C0989 sp-3 an-235 1A0990 sp-3 an-236 1U0990 sp-3 an-236 1C0990 sp-3 an-236 1A0991 sp-3 an-237 1U0991 sp-3 an-237 1C0991 sp-3 an-237 1A0992 sp-3 an-238 1U0992 sp-3 an-238 1C0992 sp-3 an-238 1A0993 sp-3 an-239 1U0993 sp-3 an-239 1C0993 sp-3 an-239 1A0994 sp-3 an-240 1U0994 sp-3 an-240 1C0994 sp-3 an-240 1A0995 sp-3 an-241 1U0995 sp-3 an-241 1C0995 sp-3 an-241 1A0996 sp-3 an-242 1U0996 sp-3 an-242 1C0996 sp-3 an-242 1A0997 sp-3 an-243 1U0997 sp-3 an-243 1C0997 sp-3 an-243 1A0998 sp-3 an-244 1U0998 sp-3 an-244 1C0998 sp-3 an-244 1A0999 sp-3 an-245 1U0999 sp-3 an-245 1C0999 sp-3 an-245 1A1000 sp-3 an-246 1U1000 sp-3 an-246 1C1000 sp-3 an-246 1A1001 sp-3 an-247 1U1001 sp-3 an-247 1C1001 sp-3 an-247 1A1002 sp-3 an-248 1U1002 sp-3 an-248 1C1002 sp-3 an-248 1A1003 sp-3 an-249 1U1003 sp-3 an-249 1C1003 sp-3 an-249 1A1004 sp-3 an-250 1U1004 sp-3 an-250 1C1004 sp-3 an-250 1A1005 sp-3 an-251 1U1005 sp-3 an-251 1C1005 sp-3 an-251 1A1006 sp-3 an-252 1U1006 sp-3 an-252 1C1006 sp-3 an-252 1A1007 sp-3 an-253 1U1007 sp-3 an-253 1C1007 sp-3 an-253 1A1008 sp-3 an-254 1U1008 sp-3 an-254 1C1008 sp-3 an-254 Table 2-19 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A1009 sp-3 an-255 1U1009 sp-3 an-255 1C1009 sp-3 an-255 1A1010 sp-3 an-256 1U1010 sp-3 an-256 1C1010 sp-3 an-256 1A1011 sp-3 an-257 1U1011 sp-3 an-257 1C1011 sp-3 an-257 1A1012 sp-3 an-258 1U1012 sp-3 an-258 1C1012 sp-3 an-258 1A1013 sp-3 an-259 1U1013 sp-3 an-259 1C1013 sp-3 an-259 1A1014 sp-3 an-260 1U1014 sp-3 an-260 1C1014 sp-3 an-260 1A1015 sp-3 an-261 1U1015 sp-3 an-261 1C1015 sp-3 an-261 1A1016 sp-3 an-262 1U1016 sp-3 an-262 1C1016 sp-3 an-262 1A1017 sp-3 an-263 1U1017 sp-3 an-263 1C1017 sp-3 an-263 1A1018 sp-3 an-264 1U1018 sp-3 an-264 1C1018 sp-3 an-264 1A1019 sp-3 an-265 1U1019 sp-3 an-265 1C1019 sp-3 an-265 1A1020 sp-3 an-266 1U1020 sp-3 an-266 1C1020 sp-3 an-266 1A1021 sp-3 an-267 1U1021 sp-3 an-267 1C1021 sp-3 an-267 1A1022 sp-3 an-268 1U1022 sp-3 an-268 1C1022 sp-3 an-268 1A1023 sp-3 an-269 1U1023 sp-3 an-269 1C1023 sp-3 an-269 1A1024 sp-3 an-270 1U1024 sp-3 an-270 1C1024 sp-3 an-270 1A1025 sp-3 an-271 1U1025 sp-3 an-271 1C1025 sp-3 an-271 1A1026 sp-3 an-272 1U1026 sp-3 an-272 1C1026 sp-3 an-272 1A1027 sp-3 an-273 1U1027 sp-3 an-273 1C1027 sp-3 an-273 1A1028 sp-3 an-274 1U1028 sp-3 an-274 1C1028 sp-3 an-274 1A1029 sp-3 an-275 1U1029 sp-3 an-275 1C1029 sp-3 an-275 1A1030 sp-3 an-276 1U1030 sp-3 an-276 1C1030 sp-3 an-276 1A1031 sp-3 an-277 1U1031 sp-3 an-277 1C1031 sp-3 an-277 1A1032 sp-3 an-278 1U1032 sp-3 an-278 1C1032 sp-3 an-278 1A1033 sp-3 an-279 1U1033 sp-3 an-279 1C1033 sp-3 an-279 1A1034 sp-3 an-280 1U1034 sp-3 an-280 1C1034 sp-3 an-280 1A1035 sp-3 an-281 1U1035 sp-3 an-281 1C1035 sp-3 an-281 1A1036 sp-3 an-282 1U1036 sp-3 an-282 1C1036 sp-3 an-282 1A1037 sp-3 an-283 1U1037 sp-3 an-283 1C1037 sp-3 an-283 1A1038 sp-3 an-284 1U1038 sp-3 an-284 1C1038 sp-3 an-284 1A1039 sp-3 an-285 1U1039 sp-3 an-285 1C1039 sp-3 an-285 1A1040 sp-3 an-286 1U1040 sp-3 an-286 1C1040 sp-3 an-286 1A1041 sp-3 an-287 1U1041 sp-3 an-287 1C1041 sp-3 an-287 1A1042 sp-3 an-288 1U1042 sp-3 an-288 1C1042 sp-3 an-288 1A1043 sp-3 an-289 1U1043 sp-3 an-289 1C1043 sp-3 an-289 1A1044 sp-3 an-290 1U1044 sp-3 an-290 1C1044 sp-3 an-290 1A1045 sp-3 an-291 1U1045 sp-3 an-291 1C1045 sp-3 an-291 1A1046 sp-3 an-292 1U1046 sp-3 an-292 1C1046 sp-3 an-292 1A1047 sp-3 an-293 1U1047 sp-3 an-293 1C1047 sp-3 an-293 1A1048 sp-3 an-294 1U1048 sp-3 an-294 1C1048 sp-3 an-294 1A1049 sp-3 an-295 1U1049 sp-3 an-295 1C1049 sp-3 an-295 1A1050 sp-3 an-296 1U1050 sp-3 an-296 1C1050 sp-3 an-296 1A1051 sp-3 an-297 1U1051 sp-3 an-297 1C1051 sp-3 an-297 1A1052 sp-3 an-298 1U1052 sp-3 an-298 1C1052 sp-3 an-298 1A1053 sp-3 an-299 1U1053 sp-3 an-299 1C1053 sp-3 an-299 1A1054 sp-3 an-300 1U1054 sp-3 an-300 1C1054 sp-3 an-300 1A1055 sp-3 an-301 1U1055 sp-3 an-301 1C1055 sp-3 an-301 1A1056 sp-3 an-302 1U1056 sp-3 an-302 1C1056 sp-3 an-302 1A1057 sp-3 an-303 1U1057 sp-3 an-303 1C1057 sp-3 an-303 1A1058 sp-3 an-304 1U1058 sp-3 an-304 1C1058 sp-3 an-304 1A1059 sp-3 an-305 1U1059 sp-3 an-305 1C1059 sp-3 an-305 1A1060 sp-3 an-306 1U1060 sp-3 an-306 1C1060 sp-3 an-306 1A1061 sp-3 an-307 1U1061 sp-3 an-307 1C1061 sp-3 an-307 1A1062 sp-3 an-308 1U1062 sp-3 an-308 1C1062 sp-3 an-308 1A1063 sp-3 an-309 1U1063 sp-3 an-309 1C1063 sp-3 an-309 1A1064 sp-3 an-310 1U1064 sp-3 an-310 1C1064 sp-3 an-310 Table 2-20 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A1065 sp-3 an-311 1U1065 sp-3 an-311 1C1065 sp-3 an-311 1A1066 sp-3 an-312 1U1066 sp-3 an-312 1C1066 sp-3 an-312 1A1067 sp-3 an-313 1U1067 sp-3 an-313 1C1067 sp-3 an-313 1A1068 sp-3 an-314 1U1068 sp-3 an-314 1C1068 sp-3 an-314 1A1069 sp-3 an-315 1U1069 sp-3 an-315 1C1069 sp-3 an-315 1A1070 sp-3 an-316 1U1070 sp-3 an-316 1C1070 sp-3 an-316 1A1071 sp-3 an-317 1U1071 sp-3 an-317 1C1071 sp-3 an-317 1A1072 sp-3 an-318 1U1072 sp-3 an-318 1C1072 sp-3 an-318 1A1073 sp-3 an-319 1U1073 sp-3 an-319 1C1073 sp-3 an-319 1A1074 sp-3 an-320 1U1074 sp-3 an-320 1C1074 sp-3 an-320 1A1075 sp-3 an-321 1U1075 sp-3 an-321 1C1075 sp-3 an-321 1A1076 sp-3 an-322 1U1076 sp-3 an-322 1C1076 sp-3 an-322 1A1077 sp-3 an-323 1U1077 sp-3 an-323 1C1077 sp-3 an-323 1A1078 sp-3 an-324 1U1078 sp-3 an-324 1C1078 sp-3 an-324 1A1079 sp-3 an-325 1U1079 sp-3 an-325 1C1079 sp-3 an-325 1A1080 sp-3 an-326 1U1080 sp-3 an-326 1C1080 sp-3 an-326 1A1081 sp-3 an-327 1U1081 sp-3 an-327 1C1081 sp-3 an-327 1A1082 sp-3 an-328 1U1082 sp-3 an-328 1C1082 sp-3 an-328 1A1083 sp-3 an-329 1U1083 sp-3 an-329 1C1083 sp-3 an-329 1A1084 sp-3 an-330 1U1084 sp-3 an-330 1C1084 sp-3 an-330 1A1085 sp-3 an-331 1U1085 sp-3 an-331 1C1085 sp-3 an-331 1A1086 sp-3 an-332 1U1086 sp-3 an-332 1C1086 sp-3 an-332 1A1087 sp-3 an-333 1U1087 sp-3 an-333 1C1087 sp-3 an-333 1A1088 sp-3 an-334 1U1088 sp-3 an-334 1C1088 sp-3 an-334 1A1089 sp-3 an-335 1U1089 sp-3 an-335 1C1089 sp-3 an-335 1A1090 sp-3 an-336 1U1090 sp-3 an-336 1C1090 sp-3 an-336 1A1091 sp-3 an-337 1U1091 sp-3 an-337 1C1091 sp-3 an-337 1A1092 sp-3 an-338 1U1092 sp-3 an-338 1C1092 sp-3 an-338 1A1093 sp-3 an-339 1U1093 sp-3 an-339 1C1093 sp-3 an-339 1A1094 sp-3 an-340 1U1094 sp-3 an-340 1C1094 sp-3 an-340 1A1095 sp-3 an-341 1U1095 sp-3 an-341 1C1095 sp-3 an-341 1A1096 sp-3 an-342 1U1096 sp-3 an-342 1C1096 sp-3 an-342 1A1097 sp-3 an-343 1U1097 sp-3 an-343 1C1097 sp-3 an-343 1A1098 sp-3 an-344 1U1098 sp-3 an-344 1C1098 sp-3 an-344 1A1099 sp-3 an-345 1U1099 sp-3 an-345 1C1099 sp-3 an-345 1A1100 sp-3 an-346 1U1100 sp-3 an-346 1C1100 sp-3 an-346 1A1101 sp-3 an-347 1U1101 sp-3 an-347 1C1101 sp-3 an-347 1A1102 sp-3 an-348 1U1102 sp-3 an-348 1C1102 sp-3 an-348 1A1103 sp-3 an-349 1U1103 sp-3 an-349 1C1103 sp-3 an-349 1A1104 sp-3 an-350 1U1104 sp-3 an-350 1C1104 sp-3 an-350 1A1105 sp-3 an-351 1U1105 sp-3 an-351 1C1105 sp-3 an-351 1A1106 sp-3 an-352 1U1106 sp-3 an-352 1C1106 sp-3 an-352 1A1107 sp-3 an-353 1U1107 sp-3 an-353 1C1107 sp-3 an-353 1A1108 sp-3 an-354 1U1108 sp-3 an-354 1C1108 sp-3 an-354 1A1109 sp-3 an-355 1U1109 sp-3 an-355 1C1109 sp-3 an-355 1A1110 sp-3 an-356 1U1110 sp-3 an-356 1C1110 sp-3 an-356 1A1111 sp-3 an-357 1U1111 sp-3 an-357 1C1111 sp-3 an-357 1A1112 sp-3 an-358 1U1112 sp-3 an-358 1C1112 sp-3 an-358 1A1113 sp-3 an-359 1U1113 sp-3 an-359 1C1113 sp-3 an-359 1A1114 sp-3 an-360 1U1114 sp-3 an-360 1C1114 sp-3 an-360 1A1115 sp-3 an-361 1U1115 sp-3 an-361 1C1115 sp-3 an-361 1A1116 sp-3 an-362 1U1116 sp-3 an-362 1C1116 sp-3 an-362 1A1117 sp-3 an-363 1U1117 sp-3 an-363 1C1117 sp-3 an-363 1A1118 sp-3 an-364 1U1118 sp-3 an-364 1C1118 sp-3 an-364 1A1119 sp-3 an-365 1U1119 sp-3 an-365 1C1119 sp-3 an-365 1A1120 sp-3 an-366 1U1120 sp-3 an-366 1C1120 sp-3 an-366 Table 2-21 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A1121 sp-3 an-367 1U1121 sp-3 an-367 1C1121 sp-3 an-367 1A1122 sp-3 an-368 1U1122 sp-3 an-368 1C1122 sp-3 an-368 1A1123 sp-3 an-369 1U1123 sp-3 an-369 1C1123 sp-3 an-369 1A1124 sp-3 an-370 1U1124 sp-3 an-370 1C1124 sp-3 an-370 1A1125 sp-3 an-371 1U1125 sp-3 an-371 1C1125 sp-3 an-371 1A1126 sp-3 an-372 1U1126 sp-3 an-372 1C1126 sp-3 an-372 1A1127 sp-3 an-373 1U1127 sp-3 an-373 1C1127 sp-3 an-373 1A1128 sp-3 an-374 1U1128 sp-3 an-374 1C1128 sp-3 an-374 1A1129 sp-3 an-375 1U1129 sp-3 an-375 1C1129 sp-3 an-375 1A1130 sp-3 an-376 1U1130 sp-3 an-376 1C1130 sp-3 an-376 1A1131 sp-3 an-377 1U1131 sp-3 an-377 1C1131 sp-3 an-377 1A1132 sp-4 an-1 1U1132 sp-4 an-1 1C1132 sp-4 an-1 1A1133 sp-4 an-2 1U1133 sp-4 an-2 1C1133 sp-4 an-2 1A1134 sp-4 an-3 1U1134 sp-4 an-3 1C1134 sp-4 an-3 1A1135 sp-4 an-4 1U1135 sp-4 an-4 1C1135 sp-4 an-4 1A1136 sp-4 an-5 1U1136 sp-4 an-5 1C1136 sp-4 an-5 1A1137 sp-4 an-6 1U1137 sp-4 an-6 1C1137 sp-4 an-6 1A1138 sp-4 an-7 1U1138 sp-4 an-7 1C1138 sp-4 an-7 1A1139 sp-4 an-8 1U1139 sp-4 an-8 1C1139 sp-4 an-8 1A1140 sp-4 an-9 1U1140 sp-4 an-9 1C1140 sp-4 an-9 1A1141 sp-4 an-10 1U1141 sp-4 an-10 1C1141 sp-4 an-10 1A1142 sp-4 an-11 1U1142 sp-4 an-11 1C1142 sp-4 an-11 1A1143 sp-4 an-12 1U1143 sp-4 an-12 1C1143 sp-4 an-12 1A1144 sp-4 an-13 1U1144 sp-4 an-13 1C1144 sp-4 an-13 1A1145 sp-4 an-14 1U1145 sp-4 an-14 1C1145 sp-4 an-14 1A1146 sp-4 an-15 1U1146 sp-4 an-15 1C1146 sp-4 an-15 1A1147 sp-4 an-16 1U1147 sp-4 an-16 1C1147 sp-4 an-16 1A1148 sp-4 an-17 1U1148 sp-4 an-17 1C1148 sp-4 an-17 1A1149 sp-4 an-18 1U1149 sp-4 an-18 1C1149 sp-4 an-18 1A1150 sp-4 an-19 1U1150 sp-4 an-19 1C1150 sp-4 an-19 1A1151 sp-4 an-20 1U1151 sp-4 an-20 1C1151 sp-4 an-20 1A1152 sp-4 an-21 1U1152 sp-4 an-21 1C1152 sp-4 an-21 1A1153 sp-4 an-22 1U1153 sp-4 an-22 1C1153 sp-4 an-22 1A1154 sp-4 an-23 1U1154 sp-4 an-23 1C1154 sp-4 an-23 1A1155 sp-4 an-24 1U1155 sp-4 an-24 1C1155 sp-4 an-24 1A1156 sp-4 an-25 1U1156 sp-4 an-25 1C1156 sp-4 an-25 1A1157 sp-4 an-26 1U1157 sp-4 an-26 1C1157 sp-4 an-26 1A1158 sp-4 an-27 1U1158 sp-4 an-27 1C1158 sp-4 an-27 1A1159 sp-4 an-28 1U1159 sp-4 an-28 1C1159 sp-4 an-28 1A1160 sp-4 an-29 1U1160 sp-4 an-29 1C1160 sp-4 an-29 1A1161 sp-4 an-30 1U1161 sp-4 an-30 1C1161 sp-4 an-30 1A1162 sp-4 an-31 1U1162 sp-4 an-31 1C1162 sp-4 an-31 1A1163 sp-4 an-32 1U1163 sp-4 an-32 1C1163 sp-4 an-32 1A1164 sp-4 an-33 1U1164 sp-4 an-33 1C1164 sp-4 an-33 1A1165 sp-4 an-34 1U1165 sp-4 an-34 1C1165 sp-4 an-34 1A1166 sp-4 an-35 1U1166 sp-4 an-35 1C1166 sp-4 an-35 1A1167 sp-4 an-36 1U1167 sp-4 an-36 1C1167 sp-4 an-36 1A1168 sp-4 an-37 1U1168 sp-4 an-37 1C1168 sp-4 an-37 1A1169 sp-4 an-38 1U1169 sp-4 an-38 1C1169 sp-4 an-38 1A1170 sp-4 an-39 1U1170 sp-4 an-39 1C1170 sp-4 an-39 1A1171 sp-4 an-40 1U1171 sp-4 an-40 1C1171 sp-4 an-40 1A1172 sp-4 an-41 1U1172 sp-4 an-41 1C1172 sp-4 an-41 1A1173 sp-4 an-42 1U1173 sp-4 an-42 1C1173 sp-4 an-42 1A1174 sp-4 an-43 1U1174 sp-4 an-43 1C1174 sp-4 an-43 1A1175 sp-4 an-44 1U1175 sp-4 an-44 1C1175 sp-4 an-44 1A1176 sp-4 an-45 1U1176 sp-4 an-45 1C1176 sp-4 an-45 Table 2-22 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A1177 sp-4 an-46 1U1177 sp-4 an-46 1C1177 sp-4 an-46 1A1178 sp-4 an-47 1U1178 sp-4 an-47 1C1178 sp-4 an-47 1A1179 sp-4 an-48 1U1179 sp-4 an-48 1C1179 sp-4 an-48 1A1180 sp-4 an-49 1U1180 sp-4 an-49 1C1180 sp-4 an-49 1A1181 sp-4 an-50 1U1181 sp-4 an-50 1C1181 sp-4 an-50 1A1182 sp-4 an-51 1U1182 sp-4 an-51 1C1182 sp-4 an-51 1A1183 sp-4 an-52 1U1183 sp-4 an-52 1C1183 sp-4 an-52 1A1184 sp-4 an-53 1U1184 sp-4 an-53 1C1184 sp-4 an-53 1A1185 sp-4 an-54 1U1185 sp-4 an-54 1C1185 sp-4 an-54 1A1186 sp-4 an-55 1U1186 sp-4 an-55 1C1186 sp-4 an-55 1A1187 sp-4 an-56 1U1187 sp-4 an-56 1C1187 sp-4 an-56 1A1188 sp-4 an-57 1U1188 sp-4 an-57 1C1188 sp-4 an-57 1A1189 sp-4 an-58 1U1189 sp-4 an-58 1C1189 sp-4 an-58 1A1190 sp-4 an-59 1U1190 sp-4 an-59 1C1190 sp-4 an-59 1A1191 sp-4 an-60 1U1191 sp-4 an-60 1C1191 sp-4 an-60 1A1192 sp-4 an-61 1U1192 sp-4 an-61 1C1192 sp-4 an-61 1A1193 sp-4 an-62 1U1193 sp-4 an-62 1C1193 sp-4 an-62 1A1194 sp-4 an-63 1U1194 sp-4 an-63 1C1194 sp-4 an-63 1A1195 sp-4 an-64 1U1195 sp-4 an-64 1C1195 sp-4 an-64 1A1196 sp-4 an-65 1U1196 sp-4 an-65 1C1196 sp-4 an-65 1A1197 sp-4 an-66 1U1197 sp-4 an-66 1C1197 sp-4 an-66 1A1198 sp-4 an-67 1U1198 sp-4 an-67 1C1198 sp-4 an-67 1A1199 sp-4 an-68 1U1199 sp-4 an-68 1C1199 sp-4 an-68 1A1200 sp-4 an-69 1U1200 sp-4 an-69 1C1200 sp-4 an-69 1A1201 sp-4 an-70 1U1201 sp-4 an-70 1C1201 sp-4 an-70 1A1202 sp-4 an-71 1U1202 sp-4 an-71 1C1202 sp-4 an-71 1A1203 sp-4 an-72 1U1203 sp-4 an-72 1C1203 sp-4 an-72 1A1204 sp-4 an-73 1U1204 sp-4 an-73 1C1204 sp-4 an-73 1A1205 sp-4 an-74 1U1205 sp-4 an-74 1C1205 sp-4 an-74 1A1206 sp-4 an-75 1U1206 sp-4 an-75 1C1206 sp-4 an-75 1A1207 sp-4 an-76 1U1207 sp-4 an-76 1C1207 sp-4 an-76 1A1208 sp-4 an-77 1U1208 sp-4 an-77 1C1208 sp-4 an-77 1A1209 sp-4 an-78 1U1209 sp-4 an-78 1C1209 sp-4 an-78 1A1210 sp-4 an-79 1U1210 sp-4 an-79 1C1210 sp-4 an-79 1A1211 sp-4 an-80 1U1211 sp-4 an-80 1C1211 sp-4 an-80 1A1212 sp-4 an-81 1U1212 sp-4 an-81 1C1212 sp-4 an-81 1A1213 sp-4 an-82 1U1213 sp-4 an-82 1C1213 sp-4 an-82 1A1214 sp-4 an-83 1U1214 sp-4 an-83 1C1214 sp-4 an-83 1A1215 sp-4 an-84 1U1215 sp-4 an-84 1C1215 sp-4 an-84 1A1216 sp-4 an-85 1U1216 sp-4 an-85 1C1216 sp-4 an-85 1A1217 sp-4 an-86 1U1217 sp-4 an-86 1C1217 sp-4 an-86 1A1218 sp-4 an-87 1U1218 sp-4 an-87 1C1218 sp-4 an-87 1A1219 sp-4 an-88 1U1219 sp-4 an-88 1C1219 sp-4 an-88 1A1220 sp-4 an-89 1U1220 sp-4 an-89 1C1220 sp-4 an-89 1A1221 sp-4 an-90 1U1221 sp-4 an-90 1C1221 sp-4 an-90 1A1222 sp-4 an-91 1U1222 sp-4 an-91 1C1222 sp-4 an-91 1A1223 sp-4 an-92 1U1223 sp-4 an-92 1C1223 sp-4 an-92 1A1224 sp-4 an-93 1U1224 sp-4 an-93 1C1224 sp-4 an-93 1A1225 sp-4 an-94 1U1225 sp-4 an-94 1C1225 sp-4 an-94 1A1226 sp-4 an-95 1U1226 sp-4 an-95 1C1226 sp-4 an-95 1A1227 sp-4 an-96 1U1227 sp-4 an-96 1C1227 sp-4 an-96 1A1228 sp-4 an-97 1U1228 sp-4 an-97 1C1228 sp-4 an-97 1A1229 sp-4 an-98 1U1229 sp-4 an-98 1C1229 sp-4 an-98 1A1230 sp-4 an-99 1U1230 sp-4 an-99 1C1230 sp-4 an-99 1A1231 sp-4 an-100 1U1231 sp-4 an-100 1C1231 sp-4 an-100 1A1232 sp-4 an-101 1U1232 sp-4 an-101 1C1232 sp-4 an-101 Table 2-23 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A1233 sp-4 an-102 1U1233 sp-4 an-102 1C1233 sp-4 an-102 1A1234 sp-4 an-103 1U1234 sp-4 an-103 1C1234 sp-4 an-103 1A1235 sp-4 an-104 1U1235 sp-4 an-104 1C1235 sp-4 an-104 1A1236 sp-4 an-105 1U1236 sp-4 an-105 1C1236 sp-4 an-105 1A1237 sp-4 an-106 1U1237 sp-4 an-106 1C1237 sp-4 an-106 1A1238 sp-4 an-107 1U1238 sp-4 an-107 1C1238 sp-4 an-107 1A1239 sp-4 an-108 1U1239 sp-4 an-108 1C1239 sp-4 an-108 1A1240 sp-4 an-109 1U1240 sp-4 an-109 1C1240 sp-4 an-109 1A1241 sp-4 an-110 1U1241 sp-4 an-110 1C1241 sp-4 an-110 1A1242 sp-4 an-111 1U1242 sp-4 an-111 1C1242 sp-4 an-111 1A1243 sp-4 an-112 1U1243 sp-4 an-112 1C1243 sp-4 an-112 1A1244 sp-4 an-113 1U1244 sp-4 an-113 1C1244 sp-4 an-113 1A1245 sp-4 an-114 1U1245 sp-4 an-114 1C1245 sp-4 an-114 1A1246 sp-4 an-115 1U1246 sp-4 an-115 1C1246 sp-4 an-115 1A1247 sp-4 an-116 1U1247 sp-4 an-116 1C1247 sp-4 an-116 1A1248 sp-4 an-117 1U1248 sp-4 an-117 1C1248 sp-4 an-117 1A1249 sp-4 an-118 1U1249 sp-4 an-118 1C1249 sp-4 an-118 1A1250 sp-4 an-119 1U1250 sp-4 an-119 1C1250 sp-4 an-119 1A1251 sp-4 an-120 1U1251 sp-4 an-120 1C1251 sp-4 an-120 1A1252 sp-4 an-121 1U1252 sp-4 an-121 1C1252 sp-4 an-121 1A1253 sp-4 an-122 1U1253 sp-4 an-122 1C1253 sp-4 an-122 1A1254 sp-4 an-123 1U1254 sp-4 an-123 1C1254 sp-4 an-123 1A1255 sp-4 an-124 1U1255 sp-4 an-124 1C1255 sp-4 an-124 1A1256 sp-4 an-125 1U1256 sp-4 an-125 1C1256 sp-4 an-125 1A1257 sp-4 an-126 1U1257 sp-4 an-126 1C1257 sp-4 an-126 1A1258 sp-4 an-127 1U1258 sp-4 an-127 1C1258 sp-4 an-127 1A1259 sp-4 an-128 1U1259 sp-4 an-128 1C1259 sp-4 an-128 1A1260 sp-4 an-129 1U1260 sp-4 an-129 1C1260 sp-4 an-129 1A1261 sp-4 an-130 1U1261 sp-4 an-130 1C1261 sp-4 an-130 1A1262 sp-4 an-131 1U1262 sp-4 an-131 1C1262 sp-4 an-131 1A1263 sp-4 an-132 1U1263 sp-4 an-132 1C1263 sp-4 an-132 1A1264 sp-4 an-133 1U1264 sp-4 an-133 1C1264 sp-4 an-133 1A1265 sp-4 an-134 1U1265 sp-4 an-134 1C1265 sp-4 an-134 1A1266 sp-4 an-135 1U1266 sp-4 an-135 1C1266 sp-4 an-135 1A1267 sp-4 an-136 1U1267 sp-4 an-136 1C1267 sp-4 an-136 1A1268 sp-4 an-137 1U1268 sp-4 an-137 1C1268 sp-4 an-137 1A1269 sp-4 an-138 1U1269 sp-4 an-138 1C1269 sp-4 an-138 1A1270 sp-4 an-139 1U1270 sp-4 an-139 1C1270 sp-4 an-139 1A1271 sp-4 an-140 1U1271 sp-4 an-140 1C1271 sp-4 an-140 1A1272 sp-4 an-141 1U1272 sp-4 an-141 1C1272 sp-4 an-141 1A1273 sp-4 an-142 1U1273 sp-4 an-142 1C1273 sp-4 an-142 1A1274 sp-4 an-143 1U1274 sp-4 an-143 1C1274 sp-4 an-143 1A1275 sp-4 an-144 1U1275 sp-4 an-144 1C1275 sp-4 an-144 1A1276 sp-4 an-145 1U1276 sp-4 an-145 1C1276 sp-4 an-145 1A1277 sp-4 an-146 1U1277 sp-4 an-146 1C1277 sp-4 an-146 1A1278 sp-4 an-147 1U1278 sp-4 an-147 1C1278 sp-4 an-147 1A1279 sp-4 an-148 1U1279 sp-4 an-148 1C1279 sp-4 an-148 1A1280 sp-4 an-149 1U1280 sp-4 an-149 1C1280 sp-4 an-149 1A1281 sp-4 an-150 1U1281 sp-4 an-150 1C1281 sp-4 an-150 1A1282 sp-4 an-151 1U1282 sp-4 an-151 1C1282 sp-4 an-151 1A1283 sp-4 an-152 1U1283 sp-4 an-152 1C1283 sp-4 an-152 1A1284 sp-4 an-153 1U1284 sp-4 an-153 1C1284 sp-4 an-153 1A1285 sp-4 an-154 1U1285 sp-4 an-154 1C1285 sp-4 an-154 1A1286 sp-4 an-155 1U1286 sp-4 an-155 1C1286 sp-4 an-155 1A1287 sp-4 an-156 1U1287 sp-4 an-156 1C1287 sp-4 an-156 1A1288 sp-4 an-157 1U1288 sp-4 an-157 1C1288 sp-4 an-157 Table 2-24 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A1289 sp-4 an-158 1U1289 sp-4 an-158 1C1289 sp-4 an-158 1A1290 sp-4 an-159 1U1290 sp-4 an-159 1C1290 sp-4 an-159 1A1291 sp-4 an-160 1U1291 sp-4 an-160 1C1291 sp-4 an-160 1A1292 sp-4 an-161 1U1292 sp-4 an-161 1C1292 sp-4 an-161 1A1293 sp-4 an-162 1U1293 sp-4 an-162 1C1293 sp-4 an-162 1A1294 sp-4 an-163 1U1294 sp-4 an-163 1C1294 sp-4 an-163 1A1295 sp-4 an-164 1U1295 sp-4 an-164 1C1295 sp-4 an-164 1A1296 sp-4 an-165 1U1296 sp-4 an-165 1C1296 sp-4 an-165 1A1297 sp-4 an-166 1U1297 sp-4 an-166 1C1297 sp-4 an-166 1A1298 sp-4 an-167 1U1298 sp-4 an-167 1C1298 sp-4 an-167 1A1299 sp-4 an-168 1U1299 sp-4 an-168 1C1299 sp-4 an-168 1A1300 sp-4 an-169 1U1300 sp-4 an-169 1C1300 sp-4 an-169 1A1301 sp-4 an-170 1U1301 sp-4 an-170 1C1301 sp-4 an-170 1A1302 sp-4 an-171 1U1302 sp-4 an-171 1C1302 sp-4 an-171 1A1303 sp-4 an-172 1U1303 sp-4 an-172 1C1303 sp-4 an-172 1A1304 sp-4 an-173 1U1304 sp-4 an-173 1C1304 sp-4 an-173 1A1305 sp-4 an-174 1U1305 sp-4 an-174 1C1305 sp-4 an-174 1A1306 sp-4 an-175 1U1306 sp-4 an-175 1C1306 sp-4 an-175 1A1307 sp-4 an-176 1U1307 sp-4 an-176 1C1307 sp-4 an-176 1A1308 sp-4 an-177 1U1308 sp-4 an-177 1C1308 sp-4 an-177 1A1309 sp-4 an-178 1U1309 sp-4 an-178 1C1309 sp-4 an-178 1A1310 sp-4 an-179 1U1310 sp-4 an-179 1C1310 sp-4 an-179 1A1311 sp-4 an-180 1U1311 sp-4 an-180 1C1311 sp-4 an-180 1A1312 sp-4 an-181 1U1312 sp-4 an-181 1C1312 sp-4 an-181 1A1313 sp-4 an-182 1U1313 sp-4 an-182 1C1313 sp-4 an-182 1A1314 sp-4 an-183 1U1314 sp-4 an-183 1C1314 sp-4 an-183 1A1315 sp-4 an-184 1U1315 sp-4 an-184 1C1315 sp-4 an-184 1A1316 sp-4 an-185 1U1316 sp-4 an-185 1C1316 sp-4 an-185 1A1317 sp-4 an-186 1U1317 sp-4 an-186 1C1317 sp-4 an-186 1A1318 sp-4 an-187 1U1318 sp-4 an-187 1C1318 sp-4 an-187 1A1319 sp-4 an-188 1U1319 sp-4 an-188 1C1319 sp-4 an-188 1A1320 sp-4 an-189 1U1320 sp-4 an-189 1C1320 sp-4 an-189 1A1321 sp-4 an-190 1U1321 sp-4 an-190 1C1321 sp-4 an-190 1A1322 sp-4 an-191 1U1322 sp-4 an-191 1C1322 sp-4 an-191 1A1323 sp-4 an-192 1U1323 sp-4 an-192 1C1323 sp-4 an-192 1A1324 sp-4 an-193 1U1324 sp-4 an-193 1C1324 sp-4 an-193 1A1325 sp-4 an-194 1U1325 sp-4 an-194 1C1325 sp-4 an-194 1A1326 sp-4 an-195 1U1326 sp-4 an-195 1C1326 sp-4 an-195 1A1327 sp-4 an-196 1U1327 sp-4 an-196 1C1327 sp-4 an-196 1A1328 sp-4 an-197 1U1328 sp-4 an-197 1C1328 sp-4 an-197 1A1329 sp-4 an-198 1U1329 sp-4 an-198 1C1329 sp-4 an-198 1A1330 sp-4 an-199 1U1330 sp-4 an-199 1C1330 sp-4 an-199 1A1331 sp-4 an-200 1U1331 sp-4 an-200 1C1331 sp-4 an-200 1A1332 sp-4 an-201 1U1332 sp-4 an-201 1C1332 sp-4 an-201 1A1333 sp-4 an-202 1U1333 sp-4 an-202 1C1333 sp-4 an-202 1A1334 sp-4 an-203 1U1334 sp-4 an-203 1C1334 sp-4 an-203 1A1335 sp-4 an-204 1U1335 sp-4 an-204 1C1335 sp-4 an-204 1A1336 sp-4 an-205 1U1336 sp-4 an-205 1C1336 sp-4 an-205 1A1337 sp-4 an-206 1U1337 sp-4 an-206 1C1337 sp-4 an-206 1A1338 sp-4 an-207 1U1338 sp-4 an-207 1C1338 sp-4 an-207 1A1339 sp-4 an-208 1U1339 sp-4 an-208 1C1339 sp-4 an-208 1A1340 sp-4 an-209 1U1340 sp-4 an-209 1C1340 sp-4 an-209 1A1341 sp-4 an-210 1U1341 sp-4 an-210 1C1341 sp-4 an-210 1A1342 sp-4 an-211 1U1342 sp-4 an-211 1C1342 sp-4 an-211 1A1343 sp-4 an-212 1U1343 sp-4 an-212 1C1343 sp-4 an-212 1A1344 sp-4 an-213 1U1344 sp-4 an-213 1C1344 sp-4 an-213 Table 2-25 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A1345 sp-4 an-214 1U1345 sp-4 an-214 1C1345 sp-4 an-214 1A1346 sp-4 an-215 1U1346 sp-4 an-215 1C1346 sp-4 an-215 1A1347 sp-4 an-216 1U1347 sp-4 an-216 1C1347 sp-4 an-216 1A1348 sp-4 an-217 1U1348 sp-4 an-217 1C1348 sp-4 an-217 1A1349 sp-4 an-218 1U1349 sp-4 an-218 1C1349 sp-4 an-218 1A1350 sp-4 an-219 1U1350 sp-4 an-219 1C1350 sp-4 an-219 1A1351 sp-4 an-220 1U1351 sp-4 an-220 1C1351 sp-4 an-220 1A1352 sp-4 an-221 1U1352 sp-4 an-221 1C1352 sp-4 an-221 1A1353 sp-4 an-222 1U1353 sp-4 an-222 1C1353 sp-4 an-222 1A1354 sp-4 an-223 1U1354 sp-4 an-223 1C1354 sp-4 an-223 1A1355 sp-4 an-224 1U1355 sp-4 an-224 1C1355 sp-4 an-224 1A1356 sp-4 an-225 1U1356 sp-4 an-225 1C1356 sp-4 an-225 1A1357 sp-4 an-226 1U1357 sp-4 an-226 1C1357 sp-4 an-226 1A1358 sp-4 an-227 1U1358 sp-4 an-227 1C1358 sp-4 an-227 1A1359 sp-4 an-228 1U1359 sp-4 an-228 1C1359 sp-4 an-228 1A1360 sp-4 an-229 1U1360 sp-4 an-229 1C1360 sp-4 an-229 1A1361 sp-4 an-230 1U1361 sp-4 an-230 1C1361 sp-4 an-230 1A1362 sp-4 an-231 1U1362 sp-4 an-231 1C1362 sp-4 an-231 1A1363 sp-4 an-232 1U1363 sp-4 an-232 1C1363 sp-4 an-232 1A1364 sp-4 an-233 1U1364 sp-4 an-233 1C1364 sp-4 an-233 1A1365 sp-4 an-234 1U1365 sp-4 an-234 1C1365 sp-4 an-234 1A1366 sp-4 an-235 1U1366 sp-4 an-235 1C1366 sp-4 an-235 1A1367 sp-4 an-236 1U1367 sp-4 an-236 1C1367 sp-4 an-236 1A1368 sp-4 an-237 1U1368 sp-4 an-237 1C1368 sp-4 an-237 1A1369 sp-4 an-238 1U1369 sp-4 an-238 1C1369 sp-4 an-238 1A1370 sp-4 an-239 1U1370 sp-4 an-239 1C1370 sp-4 an-239 1A1371 sp-4 an-240 1U1371 sp-4 an-240 1C1371 sp-4 an-240 1A1372 sp-4 an-241 1U1372 sp-4 an-241 1C1372 sp-4 an-241 1A1373 sp-4 an-242 1U1373 sp-4 an-242 1C1373 sp-4 an-242 1A1374 sp-4 an-243 1U1374 sp-4 an-243 1C1374 sp-4 an-243 1A1375 sp-4 an-244 1U1375 sp-4 an-244 1C1375 sp-4 an-244 1A1376 sp-4 an-245 1U1376 sp-4 an-245 1C1376 sp-4 an-245 1A1377 sp-4 an-246 1U1377 sp-4 an-246 1C1377 sp-4 an-246 1A1378 sp-4 an-247 1U1378 sp-4 an-247 1C1378 sp-4 an-247 1A1379 sp-4 an-248 1U1379 sp-4 an-248 1C1379 sp-4 an-248 1A1380 sp-4 an-249 1U1380 sp-4 an-249 1C1380 sp-4 an-249 1A1381 sp-4 an-250 1U1381 sp-4 an-250 1C1381 sp-4 an-250 1A1382 sp-4 an-251 1U1382 sp-4 an-251 1C1382 sp-4 an-251 1A1383 sp-4 an-252 1U1383 sp-4 an-252 1C1383 sp-4 an-252 1A1384 sp-4 an-253 1U1384 sp-4 an-253 1C1384 sp-4 an-253 1A1385 sp-4 an-254 1U1385 sp-4 an-254 1C1385 sp-4 an-254 1A1386 sp-4 an-255 1U1386 sp-4 an-255 1C1386 sp-4 an-255 1A1387 sp-4 an-256 1U1387 sp-4 an-256 1C1387 sp-4 an-256 1A1388 sp-4 an-257 1U1388 sp-4 an-257 1C1388 sp-4 an-257 1A1389 sp-4 an-258 1U1389 sp-4 an-258 1C1389 sp-4 an-258 1A1390 sp-4 an-259 1U1390 sp-4 an-259 1C1390 sp-4 an-259 1A1391 sp-4 an-260 1U1391 sp-4 an-260 1C1391 sp-4 an-260 1A1392 sp-4 an-261 1U1392 sp-4 an-261 1C1392 sp-4 an-261 1A1393 sp-4 an-262 1U1393 sp-4 an-262 1C1393 sp-4 an-262 1A1394 sp-4 an-263 1U1394 sp-4 an-263 1C1394 sp-4 an-263 1A1395 sp-4 an-264 1U1395 sp-4 an-264 1C1395 sp-4 an-264 1A1396 sp-4 an-265 1U1396 sp-4 an-265 1C1396 sp-4 an-265 1A1397 sp-4 an-266 1U1397 sp-4 an-266 1C1397 sp-4 an-266 1A1398 sp-4 an-267 1U1398 sp-4 an-267 1C1398 sp-4 an-267 1A1399 sp-4 an-268 1U1399 sp-4 an-268 1C1399 sp-4 an-268 1A1400 sp-4 an-269 1U1400 sp-4 an-269 1C1400 sp-4 an-269 Table 2-26 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A1401 sp-4 an-270 1U1401 sp-4 an-270 1C1401 sp-4 an-270 1A1402 sp-4 an-271 1U1402 sp-4 an-271 1C1402 sp-4 an-271 1A1403 sp-4 an-272 1U1403 sp-4 an-272 1C1403 sp-4 an-272 1A1404 sp-4 an-273 1U1404 sp-4 an-273 1C1404 sp-4 an-273 1A1405 sp-4 an-274 1U1405 sp-4 an-274 1C1405 sp-4 an-274 1A1406 sp-4 an-275 1U1406 sp-4 an-275 1C1406 sp-4 an-275 1A1407 sp-4 an-276 1U1407 sp-4 an-276 1C1407 sp-4 an-276 1A1408 sp-4 an-277 1U1408 sp-4 an-277 1C1408 sp-4 an-277 1A1409 sp-4 an-278 1U1409 sp-4 an-278 1C1409 sp-4 an-278 1A1410 sp-4 an-279 1U1410 sp-4 an-279 1C1410 sp-4 an-279 1A1411 sp-4 an-280 1U1411 sp-4 an-280 1C1411 sp-4 an-280 1A1412 sp-4 an-281 1U1412 sp-4 an-281 1C1412 sp-4 an-281 1A1413 sp-4 an-282 1U1413 sp-4 an-282 1C1413 sp-4 an-282 1A1414 sp-4 an-283 1U1414 sp-4 an-283 1C1414 sp-4 an-283 1A1415 sp-4 an-284 1U1415 sp-4 an-284 1C1415 sp-4 an-284 1A1416 sp-4 an-285 1U1416 sp-4 an-285 1C1416 sp-4 an-285 1A1417 sp-4 an-286 1U1417 sp-4 an-286 1C1417 sp-4 an-286 1A1418 sp-4 an-287 1U1418 sp-4 an-287 1C1418 sp-4 an-287 1A1419 sp-4 an-288 1U1419 sp-4 an-288 1C1419 sp-4 an-288 1A1420 sp-4 an-289 1U1420 sp-4 an-289 1C1420 sp-4 an-289 1A1421 sp-4 an-290 1U1421 sp-4 an-290 1C1421 sp-4 an-290 1A1422 sp-4 an-291 1U1422 sp-4 an-291 1C1422 sp-4 an-291 1A1423 sp-4 an-292 1U1423 sp-4 an-292 1C1423 sp-4 an-292 1A1424 sp-4 an-293 1U1424 sp-4 an-293 1C1424 sp-4 an-293 1A1425 sp-4 an-294 1U1425 sp-4 an-294 1C1425 sp-4 an-294 1A1426 sp-4 an-295 1U1426 sp-4 an-295 1C1426 sp-4 an-295 1A1427 sp-4 an-296 1U1427 sp-4 an-296 1C1427 sp-4 an-296 1A1428 sp-4 an-297 1U1428 sp-4 an-297 1C1428 sp-4 an-297 1A1429 sp-4 an-298 1U1429 sp-4 an-298 1C1429 sp-4 an-298 1A1430 sp-4 an-299 1U1430 sp-4 an-299 1C1430 sp-4 an-299 1A1431 sp-4 an-300 1U1431 sp-4 an-300 1C1431 sp-4 an-300 1A1432 sp-4 an-301 1U1432 sp-4 an-301 1C1432 sp-4 an-301 1A1433 sp-4 an-302 1U1433 sp-4 an-302 1C1433 sp-4 an-302 1A1434 sp-4 an-303 1U1434 sp-4 an-303 1C1434 sp-4 an-303 1A1435 sp-4 an-304 1U1435 sp-4 an-304 1C1435 sp-4 an-304 1A1436 sp-4 an-305 1U1436 sp-4 an-305 1C1436 sp-4 an-305 1A1437 sp-4 an-306 1U1437 sp-4 an-306 1C1437 sp-4 an-306 1A1438 sp-4 an-307 1U1438 sp-4 an-307 1C1438 sp-4 an-307 1A1439 sp-4 an-308 1U1439 sp-4 an-308 1C1439 sp-4 an-308 1A1440 sp-4 an-309 1U1440 sp-4 an-309 1C1440 sp-4 an-309 1A1441 sp-4 an-310 1U1441 sp-4 an-310 1C1441 sp-4 an-310 1A1442 sp-4 an-311 1U1442 sp-4 an-311 1C1442 sp-4 an-311 1A1443 sp-4 an-312 1U1443 sp-4 an-312 1C1443 sp-4 an-312 1A1444 sp-4 an-313 1U1444 sp-4 an-313 1C1444 sp-4 an-313 1A1445 sp-4 an-314 1U1445 sp-4 an-314 1C1445 sp-4 an-314 1A1446 sp-4 an-315 1U1446 sp-4 an-315 1C1446 sp-4 an-315 1A1447 sp-4 an-316 1U1447 sp-4 an-316 1C1447 sp-4 an-316 1A1448 sp-4 an-317 1U1448 sp-4 an-317 1C1448 sp-4 an-317 1A1449 sp-4 an-318 1U1449 sp-4 an-318 1C1449 sp-4 an-318 1A1450 sp-4 an-319 1U1450 sp-4 an-319 1C1450 sp-4 an-319 1A1451 sp-4 an-320 1U1451 sp-4 an-320 1C1451 sp-4 an-320 1A1452 sp-4 an-321 1U1452 sp-4 an-321 1C1452 sp-4 an-321 1A1453 sp-4 an-322 1U1453 sp-4 an-322 1C1453 sp-4 an-322 1A1454 sp-4 an-323 1U1454 sp-4 an-323 1C1454 sp-4 an-323 1A1455 sp-4 an-324 1U1455 sp-4 an-324 1C1455 sp-4 an-324 1A1456 sp-4 an-325 1U1456 sp-4 an-325 1C1456 sp-4 an-325 Table 2-27 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A1457 sp-4 an-326 1U1457 sp-4 an-326 1C1457 sp-4 an-326 1A1458 sp-4 an-327 1U1458 sp-4 an-327 1C1458 sp-4 an-327 1A1459 sp-4 an-328 1U1459 sp-4 an-328 1C1459 sp-4 an-328 1A1460 sp-4 an-329 1U1460 sp-4 an-329 1C1460 sp-4 an-329 1A1461 sp-4 an-330 1U1461 sp-4 an-330 1C1461 sp-4 an-330 1A1462 sp-4 an-331 1U1462 sp-4 an-331 1C1462 sp-4 an-331 1A1463 sp-4 an-332 1U1463 sp-4 an-332 1C1463 sp-4 an-332 1A1464 sp-4 an-333 1U1464 sp-4 an-333 1C1464 sp-4 an-333 1A1465 sp-4 an-334 1U1465 sp-4 an-334 1C1465 sp-4 an-334 1A1466 sp-4 an-335 1U1466 sp-4 an-335 1C1466 sp-4 an-335 1A1467 sp-4 an-336 1U1467 sp-4 an-336 1C1467 sp-4 an-336 1A1468 sp-4 an-337 1U1468 sp-4 an-337 1C1468 sp-4 an-337 1A1469 sp-4 an-338 1U1469 sp-4 an-338 1C1469 sp-4 an-338 1A1470 sp-4 an-339 1U1470 sp-4 an-339 1C1470 sp-4 an-339 1A1471 sp-4 an-340 1U1471 sp-4 an-340 1C1471 sp-4 an-340 1A1472 sp-4 an-341 1U1472 sp-4 an-341 1C1472 sp-4 an-341 1A1473 sp-4 an-342 1U1473 sp-4 an-342 1C1473 sp-4 an-342 1A1474 sp-4 an-343 1U1474 sp-4 an-343 1C1474 sp-4 an-343 1A1475 sp-4 an-344 1U1475 sp-4 an-344 1C1475 sp-4 an-344 1A1476 sp-4 an-345 1U1476 sp-4 an-345 1C1476 sp-4 an-345 1A1477 sp-4 an-346 1U1477 sp-4 an-346 1C1477 sp-4 an-346 1A1478 sp-4 an-347 1U1478 sp-4 an-347 1C1478 sp-4 an-347 1A1479 sp-4 an-348 1U1479 sp-4 an-348 1C1479 sp-4 an-348 1A1480 sp-4 an-349 1U1480 sp-4 an-349 1C1480 sp-4 an-349 1A1481 sp-4 an-350 1U1481 sp-4 an-350 1C1481 sp-4 an-350 1A1482 sp-4 an-351 1U1482 sp-4 an-351 1C1482 sp-4 an-351 1A1483 sp-4 an-352 1U1483 sp-4 an-352 1C1483 sp-4 an-352 1A1484 sp-4 an-353 1U1484 sp-4 an-353 1C1484 sp-4 an-353 1A1485 sp-4 an-354 1U1485 sp-4 an-354 1C1485 sp-4 an-354 1A1486 sp-4 an-355 1U1486 sp-4 an-355 1C1486 sp-4 an-355 1A1487 sp-4 an-356 1U1487 sp-4 an-356 1C1487 sp-4 an-356 1A1488 sp-4 an-357 1U1488 sp-4 an-357 1C1488 sp-4 an-357 1A1489 sp-4 an-358 1U1489 sp-4 an-358 1C1489 sp-4 an-358 1A1490 sp-4 an-359 1U1490 sp-4 an-359 1C1490 sp-4 an-359 1A1491 sp-4 an-360 1U1491 sp-4 an-360 1C1491 sp-4 an-360 1A1492 sp-4 an-361 1U1492 sp-4 an-361 1C1492 sp-4 an-361 1A1493 sp-4 an-362 1U1493 sp-4 an-362 1C1493 sp-4 an-362 1A1494 sp-4 an-363 1U1494 sp-4 an-363 1C1494 sp-4 an-363 1A1495 sp-4 an-364 1U1495 sp-4 an-364 1C1495 sp-4 an-364 1A1496 sp-4 an-365 1U1496 sp-4 an-365 1C1496 sp-4 an-365 1A1497 sp-4 an-366 1U1497 sp-4 an-366 1C1497 sp-4 an-366 1A1498 sp-4 an-367 1U1498 sp-4 an-367 1C1498 sp-4 an-367 1A1499 sp-4 an-368 1U1499 sp-4 an-368 1C1499 sp-4 an-368 1A1500 sp-4 an-369 1U1500 sp-4 an-369 1C1500 sp-4 an-369 1A1501 sp-4 an-370 1U1501 sp-4 an-370 1C1501 sp-4 an-370 1A1502 sp-4 an-371 1U1502 sp-4 an-371 1C1502 sp-4 an-371 1A1503 sp-4 an-372 1U1503 sp-4 an-372 1C1503 sp-4 an-372 1A1504 sp-4 an-373 1U1504 sp-4 an-373 1C1504 sp-4 an-373 1A1505 sp-4 an-374 1U1505 sp-4 an-374 1C1505 sp-4 an-374 1A1506 sp-4 an-375 1U1506 sp-4 an-375 1C1506 sp-4 an-375 1A1507 sp-4 an-376 1U1507 sp-4 an-376 1C1507 sp-4 an-376 1A1508 sp-4 an-377 1U1508 sp-4 an-377 1C1508 sp-4 an-377 1A1509 sp-5 an-1 1U1509 sp-5 an-1 1C1509 sp-5 an-1 1A1510 sp-5 an-2 1U1510 sp-5 an-2 1C1510 sp-5 an-2 1A1511 sp-5 an-3 1U1511 sp-5 an-3 1C1511 sp-5 an-3 1A1512 sp-5 an-4 1U1512 sp-5 an-4 1C1512 sp-5 an-4 Table 2-28 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A1513 sp-5 an-5 1U1513 sp-5 an-5 1C1513 sp-5 an-5 1A1514 sp-5 an-6 1U1514 sp-5 an-6 1C1514 sp-5 an-6 1A1515 sp-5 an-7 1U1515 sp-5 an-7 1C1515 sp-5 an-7 1A1516 sp-5 an-8 1U1516 sp-5 an-8 1C1516 sp-5 an-8 1A1517 sp-5 an-9 1U1517 sp-5 an-9 1C1517 sp-5 an-9 1A1518 sp-5 an-10 1U1518 sp-5 an-10 1C1518 sp-5 an-10 1A1519 sp-5 an-11 1U1519 sp-5 an-11 1C1519 sp-5 an-11 1A1520 sp-5 an-12 1U1520 sp-5 an-12 1C1520 sp-5 an-12 1A1521 sp-5 an-13 1U1521 sp-5 an-13 1C1521 sp-5 an-13 1A1522 sp-5 an-14 1U1522 sp-5 an-14 1C1522 sp-5 an-14 1A1523 sp-5 an-15 1U1523 sp-5 an-15 1C1523 sp-5 an-15 1A1524 sp-5 an-16 1U1524 sp-5 an-16 1C1524 sp-5 an-16 1A1525 sp-5 an-17 1U1525 sp-5 an-17 1C1525 sp-5 an-17 1A1526 sp-5 an-18 1U1526 sp-5 an-18 1C1526 sp-5 an-18 1A1527 sp-5 an-19 1U1527 sp-5 an-19 1C1527 sp-5 an-19 1A1528 sp-5 an-20 1U1528 sp-5 an-20 1C1528 sp-5 an-20 1A1529 sp-5 an-21 1U1529 sp-5 an-21 1C1529 sp-5 an-21 1A1530 sp-5 an-22 1U1530 sp-5 an-22 1C1530 sp-5 an-22 1A1531 sp-5 an-23 1U1531 sp-5 an-23 1C1531 sp-5 an-23 1A1532 sp-5 an-24 1U1532 sp-5 an-24 1C1532 sp-5 an-24 1A1533 sp-5 an-25 1U1533 sp-5 an-25 1C1533 sp-5 an-25 1A1534 sp-5 an-26 1U1534 sp-5 an-26 1C1534 sp-5 an-26 1A1535 sp-5 an-27 1U1535 sp-5 an-27 1C1535 sp-5 an-27 1A1536 sp-5 an-28 1U1536 sp-5 an-28 1C1536 sp-5 an-28 1A1537 sp-5 an-29 1U1537 sp-5 an-29 1C1537 sp-5 an-29 1A1538 sp-5 an-30 1U1538 sp-5 an-30 1C1538 sp-5 an-30 1A1539 sp-5 an-31 1U1539 sp-5 an-31 1C1539 sp-5 an-31 1A1540 sp-5 an-32 1U1540 sp-5 an-32 1C1540 sp-5 an-32 1A1541 sp-5 an-33 1U1541 sp-5 an-33 1C1541 sp-5 an-33 1A1542 sp-5 an-34 1U1542 sp-5 an-34 1C1542 sp-5 an-34 1A1543 sp-5 an-35 1U1543 sp-5 an-35 1C1543 sp-5 an-35 1A1544 sp-5 an-36 1U1544 sp-5 an-36 1C1544 sp-5 an-36 1A1545 sp-5 an-37 1U1545 sp-5 an-37 1C1545 sp-5 an-37 1A1546 sp-5 an-38 1U1546 sp-5 an-38 1C1546 sp-5 an-38 1A1547 sp-5 an-39 1U1547 sp-5 an-39 1C1547 sp-5 an-39 1A1548 sp-5 an-40 1U1548 sp-5 an-40 1C1548 sp-5 an-40 1A1549 sp-5 an-41 1U1549 sp-5 an-41 1C1549 sp-5 an-41 1A1550 sp-5 an-42 1U1550 sp-5 an-42 1C1550 sp-5 an-42 1A1551 sp-5 an-43 1U1551 sp-5 an-43 1C1551 sp-5 an-43 1A1552 sp-5 an-44 1U1552 sp-5 an-44 1C1552 sp-5 an-44 1A1553 sp-5 an-45 1U1553 sp-5 an-45 1C1553 sp-5 an-45 1A1554 sp-5 an-46 1U1554 sp-5 an-46 1C1554 sp-5 an-46 1A1555 sp-5 an-47 1U1555 sp-5 an-47 1C1555 sp-5 an-47 1A1556 sp-5 an-48 1U1556 sp-5 an-48 1C1556 sp-5 an-48 1A1557 sp-5 an-49 1U1557 sp-5 an-49 1C1557 sp-5 an-49 1A1558 sp-5 an-50 1U1558 sp-5 an-50 1C1558 sp-5 an-50 1A1559 sp-5 an-51 1U1559 sp-5 an-51 1C1559 sp-5 an-51 1A1560 sp-5 an-52 1U1560 sp-5 an-52 1C1560 sp-5 an-52 1A1561 sp-5 an-53 1U1561 sp-5 an-53 1C1561 sp-5 an-53 1A1562 sp-5 an-54 1U1562 sp-5 an-54 1C1562 sp-5 an-54 1A1563 sp-5 an-55 1U1563 sp-5 an-55 1C1563 sp-5 an-55 1A1564 sp-5 an-56 1U1564 sp-5 an-56 1C1564 sp-5 an-56 1A1565 sp-5 an-57 1U1565 sp-5 an-57 1C1565 sp-5 an-57 1A1566 sp-5 an-58 1U1566 sp-5 an-58 1C1566 sp-5 an-58 1A1567 sp-5 an-59 1U1567 sp-5 an-59 1C1567 sp-5 an-59 1A1568 sp-5 an-60 1U1568 sp-5 an-60 1C1568 sp-5 an-60 Table 2-29 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A1569 sp-5 an-61 1U1569 sp-5 an-61 1C1569 sp-5 an-61 1A1570 sp-5 an-62 1U1570 sp-5 an-62 1C1570 sp-5 an-62 1A1571 sp-5 an-63 1U1571 sp-5 an-63 1C1571 sp-5 an-63 1A1572 sp-5 an-64 1U1572 sp-5 an-64 1C1572 sp-5 an-64 1A1573 sp-5 an-65 1U1573 sp-5 an-65 1C1573 sp-5 an-65 1A1574 sp-5 an-66 1U1574 sp-5 an-66 1C1574 sp-5 an-66 1A1575 sp-5 an-67 1U1575 sp-5 an-67 1C1575 sp-5 an-67 1A1576 sp-5 an-68 1U1576 sp-5 an-68 1C1576 sp-5 an-68 1A1577 sp-5 an-69 1U1577 sp-5 an-69 1C1577 sp-5 an-69 1A1578 sp-5 an-70 1U1578 sp-5 an-70 1C1578 sp-5 an-70 1A1579 sp-5 an-71 1U1579 sp-5 an-71 1C1579 sp-5 an-71 1A1580 sp-5 an-72 1U1580 sp-5 an-72 1C1580 sp-5 an-72 1A1581 sp-5 an-73 1U1581 sp-5 an-73 1C1581 sp-5 an-73 1A1582 sp-5 an-74 1U1582 sp-5 an-74 1C1582 sp-5 an-74 1A1583 sp-5 an-75 1U1583 sp-5 an-75 1C1583 sp-5 an-75 1A1584 sp-5 an-76 1U1584 sp-5 an-76 1C1584 sp-5 an-76 1A1585 sp-5 an-77 1U1585 sp-5 an-77 1C1585 sp-5 an-77 1A1586 sp-5 an-78 1U1586 sp-5 an-78 1C1586 sp-5 an-78 1A1587 sp-5 an-79 1U1587 sp-5 an-79 1C1587 sp-5 an-79 1A1588 sp-5 an-80 1U1588 sp-5 an-80 1C1588 sp-5 an-80 1A1589 sp-5 an-81 1U1589 sp-5 an-81 1C1589 sp-5 an-81 1A1590 sp-5 an-82 1U1590 sp-5 an-82 1C1590 sp-5 an-82 1A1591 sp-5 an-83 1U1591 sp-5 an-83 1C1591 sp-5 an-83 1A1592 sp-5 an-84 1U1592 sp-5 an-84 1C1592 sp-5 an-84 1A1593 sp-5 an-85 1U1593 sp-5 an-85 1C1593 sp-5 an-85 1A1594 sp-5 an-86 1U1594 sp-5 an-86 1C1594 sp-5 an-86 1A1595 sp-5 an-87 1U1595 sp-5 an-87 1C1595 sp-5 an-87 1A1596 sp-5 an-88 1U1596 sp-5 an-88 1C1596 sp-5 an-88 1A1597 sp-5 an-89 1U1597 sp-5 an-89 1C1597 sp-5 an-89 1A1598 sp-5 an-90 1U1598 sp-5 an-90 1C1598 sp-5 an-90 1A1599 sp-5 an-91 1U1599 sp-5 an-91 1C1599 sp-5 an-91 1A1600 sp-5 an-92 1U1600 sp-5 an-92 1C1600 sp-5 an-92 1A1601 sp-5 an-93 1U1601 sp-5 an-93 1C1601 sp-5 an-93 1A1602 sp-5 an-94 1U1602 sp-5 an-94 1C1602 sp-5 an-94 1A1603 sp-5 an-95 1U1603 sp-5 an-95 1C1603 sp-5 an-95 1A1604 sp-5 an-96 1U1604 sp-5 an-96 1C1604 sp-5 an-96 1A1605 sp-5 an-97 1U1605 sp-5 an-97 1C1605 sp-5 an-97 1A1606 sp-5 an-98 1U1606 sp-5 an-98 1C1606 sp-5 an-98 1A1607 sp-5 an-99 1U1607 sp-5 an-99 1C1607 sp-5 an-99 1A1608 sp-5 an-100 1U1608 sp-5 an-100 1C1608 sp-5 an-100 1A1609 sp-5 an-101 1U1609 sp-5 an-101 1C1609 sp-5 an-101 1A1610 sp-5 an-102 1U1610 sp-5 an-102 1C1610 sp-5 an-102 1A1611 sp-5 an-103 1U1611 sp-5 an-103 1C1611 sp-5 an-103 1A1612 sp-5 an-104 1U1612 sp-5 an-104 1C1612 sp-5 an-104 1A1613 sp-5 an-105 1U1613 sp-5 an-105 1C1613 sp-5 an-105 1A1614 sp-5 an-106 1U1614 sp-5 an-106 1C1614 sp-5 an-106 1A1615 sp-5 an-107 1U1615 sp-5 an-107 1C1615 sp-5 an-107 1A1616 sp-5 an-108 1U1616 sp-5 an-108 1C1616 sp-5 an-108 1A1617 sp-5 an-109 1U1617 sp-5 an-109 1C1617 sp-5 an-109 1A1618 sp-5 an-110 1U1618 sp-5 an-110 1C1618 sp-5 an-110 1A1619 sp-5 an-111 1U1619 sp-5 an-111 1C1619 sp-5 an-111 1A1620 sp-5 an-112 1U1620 sp-5 an-112 1C1620 sp-5 an-112 1A1621 sp-5 an-113 1U1621 sp-5 an-113 1C1621 sp-5 an-113 1A1622 sp-5 an-114 1U1622 sp-5 an-114 1C1622 sp-5 an-114 1A1623 sp-5 an-115 1U1623 sp-5 an-115 1C1623 sp-5 an-115 1A1624 sp-5 an-116 1U1624 sp-5 an-116 1C1624 sp-5 an-116 Table 2-30 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A1625 sp-5 an-117 1U1625 sp-5 an-117 1C1625 sp-5 an-117 1A1626 sp-5 an-118 1U1626 sp-5 an-118 1C1626 sp-5 an-118 1A1627 sp-5 an-119 1U1627 sp-5 an-119 1C1627 sp-5 an-119 1A1628 sp-5 an-120 1U1628 sp-5 an-120 1C1628 sp-5 an-120 1A1629 sp-5 an-121 1U1629 sp-5 an-121 1C1629 sp-5 an-121 1A1630 sp-5 an-122 1U1630 sp-5 an-122 1C1630 sp-5 an-122 1A1631 sp-5 an-123 1U1631 sp-5 an-123 1C1631 sp-5 an-123 1A1632 sp-5 an-124 1U1632 sp-5 an-124 1C1632 sp-5 an-124 1A1633 sp-5 an-125 1U1633 sp-5 an-125 1C1633 sp-5 an-125 1A1634 sp-5 an-126 1U1634 sp-5 an-126 1C1634 sp-5 an-126 1A1635 sp-5 an-127 1U1635 sp-5 an-127 1C1635 sp-5 an-127 1A1636 sp-5 an-128 1U1636 sp-5 an-128 1C1636 sp-5 an-128 1A1637 sp-5 an-129 1U1637 sp-5 an-129 1C1637 sp-5 an-129 1A1638 sp-5 an-130 1U1638 sp-5 an-130 1C1638 sp-5 an-130 1A1639 sp-5 an-131 1U1639 sp-5 an-131 1C1639 sp-5 an-131 1A1640 sp-5 an-132 1U1640 sp-5 an-132 1C1640 sp-5 an-132 1A1641 sp-5 an-133 1U1641 sp-5 an-133 1C1641 sp-5 an-133 1A1642 sp-5 an-134 1U1642 sp-5 an-134 1C1642 sp-5 an-134 1A1643 sp-5 an-135 1U1643 sp-5 an-135 1C1643 sp-5 an-135 1A1644 sp-5 an-136 1U1644 sp-5 an-136 1C1644 sp-5 an-136 1A1645 sp-5 an-137 1U1645 sp-5 an-137 1C1645 sp-5 an-137 1A1646 sp-5 an-138 1U1646 sp-5 an-138 1C1646 sp-5 an-138 1A1647 sp-5 an-139 1U1647 sp-5 an-139 1C1647 sp-5 an-139 1A1648 sp-5 an-140 1U1648 sp-5 an-140 1C1648 sp-5 an-140 1A1649 sp-5 an-141 1U1649 sp-5 an-141 1C1649 sp-5 an-141 1A1650 sp-5 an-142 1U1650 sp-5 an-142 1C1650 sp-5 an-142 1A1651 sp-5 an-143 1U1651 sp-5 an-143 1C1651 sp-5 an-143 1A1652 sp-5 an-144 1U1652 sp-5 an-144 1C1652 sp-5 an-144 1A1653 sp-5 an-145 1U1653 sp-5 an-145 1C1653 sp-5 an-145 1A1654 sp-5 an-146 1U1654 sp-5 an-146 1C1654 sp-5 an-146 1A1655 sp-5 an-147 1U1655 sp-5 an-147 1C1655 sp-5 an-147 1A1656 sp-5 an-148 1U1656 sp-5 an-148 1C1656 sp-5 an-148 1A1657 sp-5 an-149 1U1657 sp-5 an-149 1C1657 sp-5 an-149 1A1658 sp-5 an-150 1U1658 sp-5 an-150 1C1658 sp-5 an-150 1A1659 sp-5 an-151 1U1659 sp-5 an-151 1C1659 sp-5 an-151 1A1660 sp-5 an-152 1U1660 sp-5 an-152 1C1660 sp-5 an-152 1A1661 sp-5 an-153 1U1661 sp-5 an-153 1C1661 sp-5 an-153 1A1662 sp-5 an-154 1U1662 sp-5 an-154 1C1662 sp-5 an-154 1A1663 sp-5 an-155 1U1663 sp-5 an-155 1C1663 sp-5 an-155 1A1664 sp-5 an-156 1U1664 sp-5 an-156 1C1664 sp-5 an-156 1A1665 sp-5 an-157 1U1665 sp-5 an-157 1C1665 sp-5 an-157 1A1666 sp-5 an-158 1U1666 sp-5 an-158 1C1666 sp-5 an-158 1A1667 sp-5 an-159 1U1667 sp-5 an-159 1C1667 sp-5 an-159 1A1668 sp-5 an-160 1U1668 sp-5 an-160 1C1668 sp-5 an-160 1A1669 sp-5 an-161 1U1669 sp-5 an-161 1C1669 sp-5 an-161 1A1670 sp-5 an-162 1U1670 sp-5 an-162 1C1670 sp-5 an-162 1A1671 sp-5 an-163 1U1671 sp-5 an-163 1C1671 sp-5 an-163 1A1672 sp-5 an-164 1U1672 sp-5 an-164 1C1672 sp-5 an-164 1A1673 sp-5 an-165 1U1673 sp-5 an-165 1C1673 sp-5 an-165 1A1674 sp-5 an-166 1U1674 sp-5 an-166 1C1674 sp-5 an-166 1A1675 sp-5 an-167 1U1675 sp-5 an-167 1C1675 sp-5 an-167 1A1676 sp-5 an-168 1U1676 sp-5 an-168 1C1676 sp-5 an-168 1A1677 sp-5 an-169 1U1677 sp-5 an-169 1C1677 sp-5 an-169 1A1678 sp-5 an-170 1U1678 sp-5 an-170 1C1678 sp-5 an-170 1A1679 sp-5 an-171 1U1679 sp-5 an-171 1C1679 sp-5 an-171 1A1680 sp-5 an-172 1U1680 sp-5 an-172 1C1680 sp-5 an-172 Table 2-31 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A1681 sp-5 an-173 1U1681 sp-5 an-173 1C1681 sp-5 an-173 1A1682 sp-5 an-174 1U1682 sp-5 an-174 1C1682 sp-5 an-174 1A1683 sp-5 an-175 1U1683 sp-5 an-175 1C1683 sp-5 an-175 1A1684 sp-5 an-176 1U1684 sp-5 an-176 1C1684 sp-5 an-176 1A1685 sp-5 an-177 1U1685 sp-5 an-177 1C1685 sp-5 an-177 1A1686 sp-5 an-178 1U1686 sp-5 an-178 1C1686 sp-5 an-178 1A1687 sp-5 an-179 1U1687 sp-5 an-179 1C1687 sp-5 an-179 1A1688 sp-5 an-180 1U1688 sp-5 an-180 1C1688 sp-5 an-180 1A1689 sp-5 an-181 1U1689 sp-5 an-181 1C1689 sp-5 an-181 1A1690 sp-5 an-182 1U1690 sp-5 an-182 1C1690 sp-5 an-182 1A1691 sp-5 an-183 1U1691 sp-5 an-183 1C1691 sp-5 an-183 1A1692 sp-5 an-184 1U1692 sp-5 an-184 1C1692 sp-5 an-184 1A1693 sp-5 an-185 1U1693 sp-5 an-185 1C1693 sp-5 an-185 1A1694 sp-5 an-186 1U1694 sp-5 an-186 1C1694 sp-5 an-186 1A1695 sp-5 an-187 1U1695 sp-5 an-187 1C1695 sp-5 an-187 1A1696 sp-5 an-188 1U1696 sp-5 an-188 1C1696 sp-5 an-188 1A1697 sp-5 an-189 1U1697 sp-5 an-189 1C1697 sp-5 an-189 1A1698 sp-5 an-190 1U1698 sp-5 an-190 1C1698 sp-5 an-190 1A1699 sp-5 an-191 1U1699 sp-5 an-191 1C1699 sp-5 an-191 1A1700 sp-5 an-192 1U1700 sp-5 an-192 1C1700 sp-5 an-192 1A1701 sp-5 an-193 1U1701 sp-5 an-193 1C1701 sp-5 an-193 1A1702 sp-5 an-194 1U1702 sp-5 an-194 1C1702 sp-5 an-194 1A1703 sp-5 an-195 1U1703 sp-5 an-195 1C1703 sp-5 an-195 1A1704 sp-5 an-196 1U1704 sp-5 an-196 1C1704 sp-5 an-196 1A1705 sp-5 an-197 1U1705 sp-5 an-197 1C1705 sp-5 an-197 1A1706 sp-5 an-198 1U1706 sp-5 an-198 1C1706 sp-5 an-198 1A1707 sp-5 an-199 1U1707 sp-5 an-199 1C1707 sp-5 an-199 1A1708 sp-5 an-200 1U1708 sp-5 an-200 1C1708 sp-5 an-200 1A1709 sp-5 an-201 1U1709 sp-5 an-201 1C1709 sp-5 an-201 1A1710 sp-5 an-202 1U1710 sp-5 an-202 1C1710 sp-5 an-202 1A1711 sp-5 an-203 1U1711 sp-5 an-203 1C1711 sp-5 an-203 1A1712 sp-5 an-204 1U1712 sp-5 an-204 1C1712 sp-5 an-204 1A1713 sp-5 an-205 1U1713 sp-5 an-205 1C1713 sp-5 an-205 1A1714 sp-5 an-206 1U1714 sp-5 an-206 1C1714 sp-5 an-206 1A1715 sp-5 an-207 1U1715 sp-5 an-207 1C1715 sp-5 an-207 1A1716 sp-5 an-208 1U1716 sp-5 an-208 1C1716 sp-5 an-208 1A1717 sp-5 an-209 1U1717 sp-5 an-209 1C1717 sp-5 an-209 1A1718 sp-5 an-210 1U1718 sp-5 an-210 1C1718 sp-5 an-210 1A1719 sp-5 an-211 1U1719 sp-5 an-211 1C1719 sp-5 an-211 1A1720 sp-5 an-212 1U1720 sp-5 an-212 1C1720 sp-5 an-212 1A1721 sp-5 an-213 1U1721 sp-5 an-213 1C1721 sp-5 an-213 1A1722 sp-5 an-214 1U1722 sp-5 an-214 1C1722 sp-5 an-214 1A1723 sp-5 an-215 1U1723 sp-5 an-215 1C1723 sp-5 an-215 1A1724 sp-5 an-216 1U1724 sp-5 an-216 1C1724 sp-5 an-216 1A1725 sp-5 an-217 1U1725 sp-5 an-217 1C1725 sp-5 an-217 1A1726 sp-5 an-218 1U1726 sp-5 an-218 1C1726 sp-5 an-218 1A1727 sp-5 an-219 1U1727 sp-5 an-219 1C1727 sp-5 an-219 1A1728 sp-5 an-220 1U1728 sp-5 an-220 1C1728 sp-5 an-220 1A1729 sp-5 an-221 1U1729 sp-5 an-221 1C1729 sp-5 an-221 1A1730 sp-5 an-222 1U1730 sp-5 an-222 1C1730 sp-5 an-222 1A1731 sp-5 an-223 1U1731 sp-5 an-223 1C1731 sp-5 an-223 1A1732 sp-5 an-224 1U1732 sp-5 an-224 1C1732 sp-5 an-224 1A1733 sp-5 an-225 1U1733 sp-5 an-225 1C1733 sp-5 an-225 1A1734 sp-5 an-226 1U1734 sp-5 an-226 1C1734 sp-5 an-226 1A1735 sp-5 an-227 1U1735 sp-5 an-227 1C1735 sp-5 an-227 1A1736 sp-5 an-228 1U1736 sp-5 an-228 1C1736 sp-5 an-228 Table 2-32 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A1737 sp-5 an-229 1U1737 sp-5 an-229 1C1737 sp-5 an-229 1A1738 sp-5 an-230 1U1738 sp-5 an-230 1C1738 sp-5 an-230 1A1739 sp-5 an-231 1U1739 sp-5 an-231 1C1739 sp-5 an-231 1A1740 sp-5 an-232 1U1740 sp-5 an-232 1C1740 sp-5 an-232 1A1741 sp-5 an-233 1U1741 sp-5 an-233 1C1741 sp-5 an-233 1A1742 sp-5 an-234 1U1742 sp-5 an-234 1C1742 sp-5 an-234 1A1743 sp-5 an-235 1U1743 sp-5 an-235 1C1743 sp-5 an-235 1A1744 sp-5 an-236 1U1744 sp-5 an-236 1C1744 sp-5 an-236 1A1745 sp-5 an-237 1U1745 sp-5 an-237 1C1745 sp-5 an-237 1A1746 sp-5 an-238 1U1746 sp-5 an-238 1C1746 sp-5 an-238 1A1747 sp-5 an-239 1U1747 sp-5 an-239 1C1747 sp-5 an-239 1A1748 sp-5 an-240 1U1748 sp-5 an-240 1C1748 sp-5 an-240 1A1749 sp-5 an-241 1U1749 sp-5 an-241 1C1749 sp-5 an-241 1A1750 sp-5 an-242 1U1750 sp-5 an-242 1C1750 sp-5 an-242 1A1751 sp-5 an-243 1U1751 sp-5 an-243 1C1751 sp-5 an-243 1A1752 sp-5 an-244 1U1752 sp-5 an-244 1C1752 sp-5 an-244 1A1753 sp-5 an-245 1U1753 sp-5 an-245 1C1753 sp-5 an-245 1A1754 sp-5 an-246 1U1754 sp-5 an-246 1C1754 sp-5 an-246 1A1755 sp-5 an-247 1U1755 sp-5 an-247 1C1755 sp-5 an-247 1A1756 sp-5 an-248 1U1756 sp-5 an-248 1C1756 sp-5 an-248 1A1757 sp-5 an-249 1U1757 sp-5 an-249 1C1757 sp-5 an-249 1A1758 sp-5 an-250 1U1758 sp-5 an-250 1C1758 sp-5 an-250 1A1759 sp-5 an-251 1U1759 sp-5 an-251 1C1759 sp-5 an-251 1A1760 sp-5 an-252 1U1760 sp-5 an-252 1C1760 sp-5 an-252 1A1761 sp-5 an-253 1U1761 sp-5 an-253 1C1761 sp-5 an-253 1A1762 sp-5 an-254 1U1762 sp-5 an-254 1C1762 sp-5 an-254 1A1763 sp-5 an-255 1U1763 sp-5 an-255 1C1763 sp-5 an-255 1A1764 sp-5 an-256 1U1764 sp-5 an-256 1C1764 sp-5 an-256 1A1765 sp-5 an-257 1U1765 sp-5 an-257 1C1765 sp-5 an-257 1A1766 sp-5 an-258 1U1766 sp-5 an-258 1C1766 sp-5 an-258 1A1767 sp-5 an-259 1U1767 sp-5 an-259 1C1767 sp-5 an-259 1A1768 sp-5 an-260 1U1768 sp-5 an-260 1C1768 sp-5 an-260 1A1769 sp-5 an-261 1U1769 sp-5 an-261 1C1769 sp-5 an-261 1A1770 sp-5 an-262 1U1770 sp-5 an-262 1C1770 sp-5 an-262 1A1771 sp-5 an-263 1U1771 sp-5 an-263 1C1771 sp-5 an-263 1A1772 sp-5 an-264 1U1772 sp-5 an-264 1C1772 sp-5 an-264 1A1773 sp-5 an-265 1U1773 sp-5 an-265 1C1773 sp-5 an-265 1A1774 sp-5 an-266 1U1774 sp-5 an-266 1C1774 sp-5 an-266 1A1775 sp-5 an-267 1U1775 sp-5 an-267 1C1775 sp-5 an-267 1A1776 sp-5 an-268 1U1776 sp-5 an-268 1C1776 sp-5 an-268 1A1777 sp-5 an-269 1U1777 sp-5 an-269 1C1777 sp-5 an-269 1A1778 sp-5 an-270 1U1778 sp-5 an-270 1C1778 sp-5 an-270 1A1779 sp-5 an-271 1U1779 sp-5 an-271 1C1779 sp-5 an-271 1A1780 sp-5 an-272 1U1780 sp-5 an-272 1C1780 sp-5 an-272 1A1781 sp-5 an-273 1U1781 sp-5 an-273 1C1781 sp-5 an-273 1A1782 sp-5 an-274 1U1782 sp-5 an-274 1C1782 sp-5 an-274 1A1783 sp-5 an-275 1U1783 sp-5 an-275 1C1783 sp-5 an-275 1A1784 sp-5 an-276 1U1784 sp-5 an-276 1C1784 sp-5 an-276 1A1785 sp-5 an-277 1U1785 sp-5 an-277 1C1785 sp-5 an-277 1A1786 sp-5 an-278 1U1786 sp-5 an-278 1C1786 sp-5 an-278 1A1787 sp-5 an-279 1U1787 sp-5 an-279 1C1787 sp-5 an-279 1A1788 sp-5 an-280 1U1788 sp-5 an-280 1C1788 sp-5 an-280 1A1789 sp-5 an-281 1U1789 sp-5 an-281 1C1789 sp-5 an-281 1A1790 sp-5 an-282 1U1790 sp-5 an-282 1C1790 sp-5 an-282 1A1791 sp-5 an-283 1U1791 sp-5 an-283 1C1791 sp-5 an-283 1A1792 sp-5 an-284 1U1792 sp-5 an-284 1C1792 sp-5 an-284 Table 2-33 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A1793 sp-5 an-285 1U1793 sp-5 an-285 1C1793 sp-5 an-285 1A1794 sp-5 an-286 1U1794 sp-5 an-286 1C1794 sp-5 an-286 1A1795 sp-5 an-287 1U1795 sp-5 an-287 1C1795 sp-5 an-287 1A1796 sp-5 an-288 1U1796 sp-5 an-288 1C1796 sp-5 an-288 1A1797 sp-5 an-289 1U1797 sp-5 an-289 1C1797 sp-5 an-289 1A1798 sp-5 an-290 1U1798 sp-5 an-290 1C1798 sp-5 an-290 1A1799 sp-5 an-291 1U1799 sp-5 an-291 1C1799 sp-5 an-291 1A1800 sp-5 an-292 1U1800 sp-5 an-292 1C1800 sp-5 an-292 1A1801 sp-5 an-293 1U1801 sp-5 an-293 1C1801 sp-5 an-293 1A1802 sp-5 an-294 1U1802 sp-5 an-294 1C1802 sp-5 an-294 1A1803 sp-5 an-295 1U1803 sp-5 an-295 1C1803 sp-5 an-295 1A1804 sp-5 an-296 1U1804 sp-5 an-296 1C1804 sp-5 an-296 1A1805 sp-5 an-297 1U1805 sp-5 an-297 1C1805 sp-5 an-297 1A1806 sp-5 an-298 1U1806 sp-5 an-298 1C1806 sp-5 an-298 1A1807 sp-5 an-299 1U1807 sp-5 an-299 1C1807 sp-5 an-299 1A1808 sp-5 an-300 1U1808 sp-5 an-300 1C1808 sp-5 an-300 1A1809 sp-5 an-301 1U1809 sp-5 an-301 1C1809 sp-5 an-301 1A1810 sp-5 an-302 1U1810 sp-5 an-302 1C1810 sp-5 an-302 1A1811 sp-5 an-303 1U1811 sp-5 an-303 1C1811 sp-5 an-303 1A1812 sp-5 an-304 1U1812 sp-5 an-304 1C1812 sp-5 an-304 1A1813 sp-5 an-305 1U1813 sp-5 an-305 1C1813 sp-5 an-305 1A1814 sp-5 an-306 1U1814 sp-5 an-306 1C1814 sp-5 an-306 1A1815 sp-5 an-307 1U1815 sp-5 an-307 1C1815 sp-5 an-307 1A1816 sp-5 an-308 1U1816 sp-5 an-308 1C1816 sp-5 an-308 1A1817 sp-5 an-309 1U1817 sp-5 an-309 1C1817 sp-5 an-309 1A1818 sp-5 an-310 1U1818 sp-5 an-310 1C1818 sp-5 an-310 1A1819 sp-5 an-311 1U1819 sp-5 an-311 1C1819 sp-5 an-311 1A1820 sp-5 an-312 1U1820 sp-5 an-312 1C1820 sp-5 an-312 1A1821 sp-5 an-313 1U1821 sp-5 an-313 1C1821 sp-5 an-313 1A1822 sp-5 an-314 1U1822 sp-5 an-314 1C1822 sp-5 an-314 1A1823 sp-5 an-315 1U1823 sp-5 an-315 1C1823 sp-5 an-315 1A1824 sp-5 an-316 1U1824 sp-5 an-316 1C1824 sp-5 an-316 1A1825 sp-5 an-317 1U1825 sp-5 an-317 1C1825 sp-5 an-317 1A1826 sp-5 an-318 1U1826 sp-5 an-318 1C1826 sp-5 an-318 1A1827 sp-5 an-319 1U1827 sp-5 an-319 1C1827 sp-5 an-319 1A1828 sp-5 an-320 1U1828 sp-5 an-320 1C1828 sp-5 an-320 1A1829 sp-5 an-321 1U1829 sp-5 an-321 1C1829 sp-5 an-321 1A1830 sp-5 an-322 1U1830 sp-5 an-322 1C1830 sp-5 an-322 1A1831 sp-5 an-323 1U1831 sp-5 an-323 1C1831 sp-5 an-323 1A1832 sp-5 an-324 1U1832 sp-5 an-324 1C1832 sp-5 an-324 1A1833 sp-5 an-325 1U1833 sp-5 an-325 1C1833 sp-5 an-325 1A1834 sp-5 an-326 1U1834 sp-5 an-326 1C1834 sp-5 an-326 1A1835 sp-5 an-327 1U1835 sp-5 an-327 1C1835 sp-5 an-327 1A1836 sp-5 an-328 1U1836 sp-5 an-328 1C1836 sp-5 an-328 1A1837 sp-5 an-329 1U1837 sp-5 an-329 1C1837 sp-5 an-329 1A1838 sp-5 an-330 1U1838 sp-5 an-330 1C1838 sp-5 an-330 1A1839 sp-5 an-331 1U1839 sp-5 an-331 1C1839 sp-5 an-331 1A1840 sp-5 an-332 1U1840 sp-5 an-332 1C1840 sp-5 an-332 1A1841 sp-5 an-333 1U1841 sp-5 an-333 1C1841 sp-5 an-333 1A1842 sp-5 an-334 1U1842 sp-5 an-334 1C1842 sp-5 an-334 1A1843 sp-5 an-335 1U1843 sp-5 an-335 1C1843 sp-5 an-335 1A1844 sp-5 an-336 1U1844 sp-5 an-336 1C1844 sp-5 an-336 1A1845 sp-5 an-337 1U1845 sp-5 an-337 1C1845 sp-5 an-337 1A1846 sp-5 an-338 1U1846 sp-5 an-338 1C1846 sp-5 an-338 1A1847 sp-5 an-339 1U1847 sp-5 an-339 1C1847 sp-5 an-339 1A1848 sp-5 an-340 1U1848 sp-5 an-340 1C1848 sp-5 an-340 Table 2-34 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A1849 sp-5 an-341 1U1849 sp-5 an-341 1C1849 sp-5 an-341 1A1850 sp-5 an-342 1U1850 sp-5 an-342 1C1850 sp-5 an-342 1A1851 sp-5 an-343 1U1851 sp-5 an-343 1C1851 sp-5 an-343 1A1852 sp-5 an-344 1U1852 sp-5 an-344 1C1852 sp-5 an-344 1A1853 sp-5 an-345 1U1853 sp-5 an-345 1C1853 sp-5 an-345 1A1854 sp-5 an-346 1U1854 sp-5 an-346 1C1854 sp-5 an-346 1A1855 sp-5 an-347 1U1855 sp-5 an-347 1C1855 sp-5 an-347 1A1856 sp-5 an-348 1U1856 sp-5 an-348 1C1856 sp-5 an-348 1A1857 sp-5 an-349 1U1857 sp-5 an-349 1C1857 sp-5 an-349 1A1858 sp-5 an-350 1U1858 sp-5 an-350 1C1858 sp-5 an-350 1A1859 sp-5 an-351 1U1859 sp-5 an-351 1C1859 sp-5 an-351 1A1860 sp-5 an-352 1U1860 sp-5 an-352 1C1860 sp-5 an-352 1A1861 sp-5 an-353 1U1861 sp-5 an-353 1C1861 sp-5 an-353 1A1862 sp-5 an-354 1U1862 sp-5 an-354 1C1862 sp-5 an-354 1A1863 sp-5 an-355 1U1863 sp-5 an-355 1C1863 sp-5 an-355 1A1864 sp-5 an-356 1U1864 sp-5 an-356 1C1864 sp-5 an-356 1A1865 sp-5 an-357 1U1865 sp-5 an-357 1C1865 sp-5 an-357 1A1866 sp-5 an-358 1U1866 sp-5 an-358 1C1866 sp-5 an-358 1A1867 sp-5 an-359 1U1867 sp-5 an-359 1C1867 sp-5 an-359 1A1868 sp-5 an-360 1U1868 sp-5 an-360 1C1868 sp-5 an-360 1A1869 sp-5 an-361 1U1869 sp-5 an-361 1C1869 sp-5 an-361 1A1870 sp-5 an-362 1U1870 sp-5 an-362 1C1870 sp-5 an-362 1A1871 sp-5 an-363 1U1871 sp-5 an-363 1C1871 sp-5 an-363 1A1872 sp-5 an-364 1U1872 sp-5 an-364 1C1872 sp-5 an-364 1A1873 sp-5 an-365 1U1873 sp-5 an-365 1C1873 sp-5 an-365 1A1874 sp-5 an-366 1U1874 sp-5 an-366 1C1874 sp-5 an-366 1A1875 sp-5 an-367 1U1875 sp-5 an-367 1C1875 sp-5 an-367 1A1876 sp-5 an-368 1U1876 sp-5 an-368 1C1876 sp-5 an-368 1A1877 sp-5 an-369 1U1877 sp-5 an-369 1C1877 sp-5 an-369 1A1878 sp-5 an-370 1U1878 sp-5 an-370 1C1878 sp-5 an-370 1A1879 sp-5 an-371 1U1879 sp-5 an-371 1C1879 sp-5 an-371 1A1880 sp-5 an-372 1U1880 sp-5 an-372 1C1880 sp-5 an-372 1A1881 sp-5 an-373 1U1881 sp-5 an-373 1C1881 sp-5 an-373 1A1882 sp-5 an-374 1U1882 sp-5 an-374 1C1882 sp-5 an-374 1A1883 sp-5 an-375 1U1883 sp-5 an-375 1C1883 sp-5 an-375 1A1884 sp-5 an-376 1U1884 sp-5 an-376 1C1884 sp-5 an-376 1A1885 sp-5 an-377 1U1885 sp-5 an-377 1C1885 sp-5 an-377 1A1886 sp-6 an-1 1U1886 sp-6 an-1 1C1886 sp-6 an-1 1A1887 sp-6 an-2 1U1887 sp-6 an-2 1C1887 sp-6 an-2 1A1888 sp-6 an-3 1U1888 sp-6 an-3 1C1888 sp-6 an-3 1A1889 sp-6 an-4 1U1889 sp-6 an-4 1C1889 sp-6 an-4 1A1890 sp-6 an-5 1U1890 sp-6 an-5 1C1890 sp-6 an-5 1A1891 sp-6 an-6 1U1891 sp-6 an-6 1C1891 sp-6 an-6 1A1892 sp-6 an-7 1U1892 sp-6 an-7 1C1892 sp-6 an-7 1A1893 sp-6 an-8 1U1893 sp-6 an-8 1C1893 sp-6 an-8 1A1894 sp-6 an-9 1U1894 sp-6 an-9 1C1894 sp-6 an-9 1A1895 sp-6 an-10 1U1895 sp-6 an-10 1C1895 sp-6 an-10 1A1896 sp-6 an-11 1U1896 sp-6 an-11 1C1896 sp-6 an-11 1A1897 sp-6 an-12 1U1897 sp-6 an-12 1C1897 sp-6 an-12 1A1898 sp-6 an-13 1U1898 sp-6 an-13 1C1898 sp-6 an-13 1A1899 sp-6 an-14 1U1899 sp-6 an-14 1C1899 sp-6 an-14 1A1900 sp-6 an-15 1U1900 sp-6 an-15 1C1900 sp-6 an-15 1A1901 sp-6 an-16 1U1901 sp-6 an-16 1C1901 sp-6 an-16 1A1902 sp-6 an-17 1U1902 sp-6 an-17 1C1902 sp-6 an-17 1A1903 sp-6 an-18 1U1903 sp-6 an-18 1C1903 sp-6 an-18 1A1904 sp-6 an-19 1U1904 sp-6 an-19 1C1904 sp-6 an-19 Table 2-35 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A1905 sp-6 an-20 1U1905 sp-6 an-20 1C1905 sp-6 an-20 1A1906 sp-6 an-21 1U1906 sp-6 an-21 1C1906 sp-6 an-21 1A1907 sp-6 an-22 1U1907 sp-6 an-22 1C1907 sp-6 an-22 1A1908 sp-6 an-23 1U1908 sp-6 an-23 1C1908 sp-6 an-23 1A1909 sp-6 an-24 1U1909 sp-6 an-24 1C1909 sp-6 an-24 1A1910 sp-6 an-25 1U1910 sp-6 an-25 1C1910 sp-6 an-25 1A1911 sp-6 an-26 1U1911 sp-6 an-26 1C1911 sp-6 an-26 1A1912 sp-6 an-27 1U1912 sp-6 an-27 1C1912 sp-6 an-27 1A1913 sp-6 an-28 1U1913 sp-6 an-28 1C1913 sp-6 an-28 1A1914 sp-6 an-29 1U1914 sp-6 an-29 1C1914 sp-6 an-29 1A1915 sp-6 an-30 1U1915 sp-6 an-30 1C1915 sp-6 an-30 1A1916 sp-6 an-31 1U1916 sp-6 an-31 1C1916 sp-6 an-31 1A1917 sp-6 an-32 1U1917 sp-6 an-32 1C1917 sp-6 an-32 1A1918 sp-6 an-33 1U1918 sp-6 an-33 1C1918 sp-6 an-33 1A1919 sp-6 an-34 1U1919 sp-6 an-34 1C1919 sp-6 an-34 1A1920 sp-6 an-35 1U1920 sp-6 an-35 1C1920 sp-6 an-35 1A1921 sp-6 an-36 1U1921 sp-6 an-36 1C1921 sp-6 an-36 1A1922 sp-6 an-37 1U1922 sp-6 an-37 1C1922 sp-6 an-37 1A1923 sp-6 an-38 1U1923 sp-6 an-38 1C1923 sp-6 an-38 1A1924 sp-6 an-39 1U1924 sp-6 an-39 1C1924 sp-6 an-39 1A1925 sp-6 an-40 1U1925 sp-6 an-40 1C1925 sp-6 an-40 1A1926 sp-6 an-41 1U1926 sp-6 an-41 1C1926 sp-6 an-41 1A1927 sp-6 an-42 1U1927 sp-6 an-42 1C1927 sp-6 an-42 1A1928 sp-6 an-43 1U1928 sp-6 an-43 1C1928 sp-6 an-43 1A1929 sp-6 an-44 1U1929 sp-6 an-44 1C1929 sp-6 an-44 1A1930 sp-6 an-45 1U1930 sp-6 an-45 1C1930 sp-6 an-45 1A1931 sp-6 an-46 1U1931 sp-6 an-46 1C1931 sp-6 an-46 1A1932 sp-6 an-47 1U1932 sp-6 an-47 1C1932 sp-6 an-47 1A1933 sp-6 an-48 1U1933 sp-6 an-48 1C1933 sp-6 an-48 1A1934 sp-6 an-49 1U1934 sp-6 an-49 1C1934 sp-6 an-49 1A1935 sp-6 an-50 1U1935 sp-6 an-50 1C1935 sp-6 an-50 1A1936 sp-6 an-51 1U1936 sp-6 an-51 1C1936 sp-6 an-51 1A1937 sp-6 an-52 1U1937 sp-6 an-52 1C1937 sp-6 an-52 1A1938 sp-6 an-53 1U1938 sp-6 an-53 1C1938 sp-6 an-53 1A1939 sp-6 an-54 1U1939 sp-6 an-54 1C1939 sp-6 an-54 1A1940 sp-6 an-55 1U1940 sp-6 an-55 1C1940 sp-6 an-55 1A1941 sp-6 an-56 1U1941 sp-6 an-56 1C1941 sp-6 an-56 1A1942 sp-6 an-57 1U1942 sp-6 an-57 1C1942 sp-6 an-57 1A1943 sp-6 an-58 1U1943 sp-6 an-58 1C1943 sp-6 an-58 1A1944 sp-6 an-59 1U1944 sp-6 an-59 1C1944 sp-6 an-59 1A1945 sp-6 an-60 1U1945 sp-6 an-60 1C1945 sp-6 an-60 1A1946 sp-6 an-61 1U1946 sp-6 an-61 1C1946 sp-6 an-61 1A1947 sp-6 an-62 1U1947 sp-6 an-62 1C1947 sp-6 an-62 1A1948 sp-6 an-63 1U1948 sp-6 an-63 1C1948 sp-6 an-63 1A1949 sp-6 an-64 1U1949 sp-6 an-64 1C1949 sp-6 an-64 1A1950 sp-6 an-65 1U1950 sp-6 an-65 1C1950 sp-6 an-65 1A1951 sp-6 an-66 1U1951 sp-6 an-66 1C1951 sp-6 an-66 1A1952 sp-6 an-67 1U1952 sp-6 an-67 1C1952 sp-6 an-67 1A1953 sp-6 an-68 1U1953 sp-6 an-68 1C1953 sp-6 an-68 1A1954 sp-6 an-69 1U1954 sp-6 an-69 1C1954 sp-6 an-69 1A1955 sp-6 an-70 1U1955 sp-6 an-70 1C1955 sp-6 an-70 1A1956 sp-6 an-71 1U1956 sp-6 an-71 1C1956 sp-6 an-71 1A1957 sp-6 an-72 1U1957 sp-6 an-72 1C1957 sp-6 an-72 1A1958 sp-6 an-73 1U1958 sp-6 an-73 1C1958 sp-6 an-73 1A1959 sp-6 an-74 1U1959 sp-6 an-74 1C1959 sp-6 an-74 1A1960 sp-6 an-75 1U1960 sp-6 an-75 1C1960 sp-6 an-75 Table 2-36 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A1961 sp-6 an-76 1U1961 sp-6 an-76 1C1961 sp-6 an-76 1A1962 sp-6 an-77 1U1962 sp-6 an-77 1C1962 sp-6 an-77 1A1963 sp-6 an-78 1U1963 sp-6 an-78 1C1963 sp-6 an-78 1A1964 sp-6 an-79 1U1964 sp-6 an-79 1C1964 sp-6 an-79 1A1965 sp-6 an-80 1U1965 sp-6 an-80 1C1965 sp-6 an-80 1A1966 sp-6 an-81 1U1966 sp-6 an-81 1C1966 sp-6 an-81 1A1967 sp-6 an-82 1U1967 sp-6 an-82 1C1967 sp-6 an-82 1A1968 sp-6 an-83 1U1968 sp-6 an-83 1C1968 sp-6 an-83 1A1969 sp-6 an-84 1U1969 sp-6 an-84 1C1969 sp-6 an-84 1A1970 sp-6 an-85 1U1970 sp-6 an-85 1C1970 sp-6 an-85 1A1971 sp-6 an-86 1U1971 sp-6 an-86 1C1971 sp-6 an-86 1A1972 sp-6 an-87 1U1972 sp-6 an-87 1C1972 sp-6 an-87 1A1973 sp-6 an-88 1U1973 sp-6 an-88 1C1973 sp-6 an-88 1A1974 sp-6 an-89 1U1974 sp-6 an-89 1C1974 sp-6 an-89 1A1975 sp-6 an-90 1U1975 sp-6 an-90 1C1975 sp-6 an-90 1A1976 sp-6 an-91 1U1976 sp-6 an-91 1C1976 sp-6 an-91 1A1977 sp-6 an-92 1U1977 sp-6 an-92 1C1977 sp-6 an-92 1A1978 sp-6 an-93 1U1978 sp-6 an-93 1C1978 sp-6 an-93 1A1979 sp-6 an-94 1U1979 sp-6 an-94 1C1979 sp-6 an-94 1A1980 sp-6 an-95 1U1980 sp-6 an-95 1C1980 sp-6 an-95 1A1981 sp-6 an-96 1U1981 sp-6 an-96 1C1981 sp-6 an-96 1A1982 sp-6 an-97 1U1982 sp-6 an-97 1C1982 sp-6 an-97 1A1983 sp-6 an-98 1U1983 sp-6 an-98 1C1983 sp-6 an-98 1A1984 sp-6 an-99 1U1984 sp-6 an-99 1C1984 sp-6 an-99 1A1985 sp-6 an-100 1U1985 sp-6 an-100 1C1985 sp-6 an-100 1A1986 sp-6 an-101 1U1986 sp-6 an-101 1C1986 sp-6 an-101 1A1987 sp-6 an-102 1U1987 sp-6 an-102 1C1987 sp-6 an-102 1A1988 sp-6 an-103 1U1988 sp-6 an-103 1C1988 sp-6 an-103 1A1989 sp-6 an-104 1U1989 sp-6 an-104 1C1989 sp-6 an-104 1A1990 sp-6 an-105 1U1990 sp-6 an-105 1C1990 sp-6 an-105 1A1991 sp-6 an-106 1U1991 sp-6 an-106 1C1991 sp-6 an-106 1A1992 sp-6 an-107 1U1992 sp-6 an-107 1C1992 sp-6 an-107 1A1993 sp-6 an-108 1U1993 sp-6 an-108 1C1993 sp-6 an-108 1A1994 sp-6 an-109 1U1994 sp-6 an-109 1C1994 sp-6 an-109 1A1995 sp-6 an-110 1U1995 sp-6 an-110 1C1995 sp-6 an-110 1A1996 sp-6 an-111 1U1996 sp-6 an-111 1C1996 sp-6 an-111 1A1997 sp-6 an-112 1U1997 sp-6 an-112 1C1997 sp-6 an-112 1A1998 sp-6 an-113 1U1998 sp-6 an-113 1C1998 sp-6 an-113 1A1999 sp-6 an-114 1U1999 sp-6 an-114 1C1999 sp-6 an-114 1A2000 sp-6 an-115 1U2000 sp-6 an-115 1C2000 sp-6 an-115 1A2001 sp-6 an-116 1U2001 sp-6 an-116 1C2001 sp-6 an-116 1A2002 sp-6 an-117 1U2002 sp-6 an-117 1C2002 sp-6 an-117 1A2003 sp-6 an-118 1U2003 sp-6 an-118 1C2003 sp-6 an-118 1A2004 sp-6 an-119 1U2004 sp-6 an-119 1C2004 sp-6 an-119 1A2005 sp-6 an-120 1U2005 sp-6 an-120 1C2005 sp-6 an-120 1A2006 sp-6 an-121 1U2006 sp-6 an-121 1C2006 sp-6 an-121 1A2007 sp-6 an-122 1U2007 sp-6 an-122 1C2007 sp-6 an-122 1A2008 sp-6 an-123 1U2008 sp-6 an-123 1C2008 sp-6 an-123 1A2009 sp-6 an-124 1U2009 sp-6 an-124 1C2009 sp-6 an-124 1A2010 sp-6 an-125 1U2010 sp-6 an-125 1C2010 sp-6 an-125 1A2011 sp-6 an-126 1U2011 sp-6 an-126 1C2011 sp-6 an-126 1A2012 sp-6 an-127 1U2012 sp-6 an-127 1C2012 sp-6 an-127 1A2013 sp-6 an-128 1U2013 sp-6 an-128 1C2013 sp-6 an-128 1A2014 sp-6 an-129 1U2014 sp-6 an-129 1C2014 sp-6 an-129 1A2015 sp-6 an-130 1U2015 sp-6 an-130 1C2015 sp-6 an-130 1A2016 sp-6 an-131 1U2016 sp-6 an-131 1C2016 sp-6 an-131 Table 2-37 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A2017 sp-6 an-132 1U2017 sp-6 an-132 1C2017 sp-6 an-132 1A2018 sp-6 an-133 1U2018 sp-6 an-133 1C2018 sp-6 an-133 1A2019 sp-6 an-134 1U2019 sp-6 an-134 1C2019 sp-6 an-134 1A2020 sp-6 an-135 1U2020 sp-6 an-135 1C2020 sp-6 an-135 1A2021 sp-6 an-136 1U2021 sp-6 an-136 1C2021 sp-6 an-136 1A2022 sp-6 an-137 1U2022 sp-6 an-137 1C2022 sp-6 an-137 1A2023 sp-6 an-138 1U2023 sp-6 an-138 1C2023 sp-6 an-138 1A2024 sp-6 an-139 1U2024 sp-6 an-139 1C2024 sp-6 an-139 1A2025 sp-6 an-140 1U2025 sp-6 an-140 1C2025 sp-6 an-140 1A2026 sp-6 an-141 1U2026 sp-6 an-141 1C2026 sp-6 an-141 1A2027 sp-6 an-142 1U2027 sp-6 an-142 1C2027 sp-6 an-142 1A2028 sp-6 an-143 1U2028 sp-6 an-143 1C2028 sp-6 an-143 1A2029 sp-6 an-144 1U2029 sp-6 an-144 1C2029 sp-6 an-144 1A2030 sp-6 an-145 1U2030 sp-6 an-145 1C2030 sp-6 an-145 1A2031 sp-6 an-146 1U2031 sp-6 an-146 1C2031 sp-6 an-146 1A2032 sp-6 an-147 1U2032 sp-6 an-147 1C2032 sp-6 an-147 1A2033 sp-6 an-148 1U2033 sp-6 an-148 1C2033 sp-6 an-148 1A2034 sp-6 an-149 1U2034 sp-6 an-149 1C2034 sp-6 an-149 1A2035 sp-6 an-150 1U2035 sp-6 an-150 1C2035 sp-6 an-150 1A2036 sp-6 an-151 1U2036 sp-6 an-151 1C2036 sp-6 an-151 1A2037 sp-6 an-152 1U2037 sp-6 an-152 1C2037 sp-6 an-152 1A2038 sp-6 an-153 1U2038 sp-6 an-153 1C2038 sp-6 an-153 1A2039 sp-6 an-154 1U2039 sp-6 an-154 1C2039 sp-6 an-154 1A2040 sp-6 an-155 1U2040 sp-6 an-155 1C2040 sp-6 an-155 1A2041 sp-6 an-156 1U2041 sp-6 an-156 1C2041 sp-6 an-156 1A2042 sp-6 an-157 1U2042 sp-6 an-157 1C2042 sp-6 an-157 1A2043 sp-6 an-158 1U2043 sp-6 an-158 1C2043 sp-6 an-158 1A2044 sp-6 an-159 1U2044 sp-6 an-159 1C2044 sp-6 an-159 1A2045 sp-6 an-160 1U2045 sp-6 an-160 1C2045 sp-6 an-160 1A2046 sp-6 an-161 1U2046 sp-6 an-161 1C2046 sp-6 an-161 1A2047 sp-6 an-162 1U2047 sp-6 an-162 1C2047 sp-6 an-162 1A2048 sp-6 an-163 1U2048 sp-6 an-163 1C2048 sp-6 an-163 1A2049 sp-6 an-164 1U2049 sp-6 an-164 1C2049 sp-6 an-164 1A2050 sp-6 an-165 1U2050 sp-6 an-165 1C2050 sp-6 an-165 1A2051 sp-6 an-166 1U2051 sp-6 an-166 1C2051 sp-6 an-166 1A2052 sp-6 an-167 1U2052 sp-6 an-167 1C2052 sp-6 an-167 1A2053 sp-6 an-168 1U2053 sp-6 an-168 1C2053 sp-6 an-168 1A2054 sp-6 an-169 1U2054 sp-6 an-169 1C2054 sp-6 an-169 1A2055 sp-6 an-170 1U2055 sp-6 an-170 1C2055 sp-6 an-170 1A2056 sp-6 an-171 1U2056 sp-6 an-171 1C2056 sp-6 an-171 1A2057 sp-6 an-172 1U2057 sp-6 an-172 1C2057 sp-6 an-172 1A2058 sp-6 an-173 1U2058 sp-6 an-173 1C2058 sp-6 an-173 1A2059 sp-6 an-174 1U2059 sp-6 an-174 1C2059 sp-6 an-174 1A2060 sp-6 an-175 1U2060 sp-6 an-175 1C2060 sp-6 an-175 1A2061 sp-6 an-176 1U2061 sp-6 an-176 1C2061 sp-6 an-176 1A2062 sp-6 an-177 1U2062 sp-6 an-177 1C2062 sp-6 an-177 1A2063 sp-6 an-178 1U2063 sp-6 an-178 1C2063 sp-6 an-178 1A2064 sp-6 an-179 1U2064 sp-6 an-179 1C2064 sp-6 an-179 1A2065 sp-6 an-180 1U2065 sp-6 an-180 1C2065 sp-6 an-180 1A2066 sp-6 an-181 1U2066 sp-6 an-181 1C2066 sp-6 an-181 1A2067 sp-6 an-182 1U2067 sp-6 an-182 1C2067 sp-6 an-182 1A2068 sp-6 an-183 1U2068 sp-6 an-183 1C2068 sp-6 an-183 1A2069 sp-6 an-184 1U2069 sp-6 an-184 1C2069 sp-6 an-184 1A2070 sp-6 an-185 1U2070 sp-6 an-185 1C2070 sp-6 an-185 1A2071 sp-6 an-186 1U2071 sp-6 an-186 1C2071 sp-6 an-186 1A2072 sp-6 an-187 1U2072 sp-6 an-187 1C2072 sp-6 an-187 Table 2-38 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A2073 sp-6 an-188 1U2073 sp-6 an-188 1C2073 sp-6 an-188 1A2074 sp-6 an-189 1U2074 sp-6 an-189 1C2074 sp-6 an-189 1A2075 sp-6 an-190 1U2075 sp-6 an-190 1C2075 sp-6 an-190 1A2076 sp-6 an-191 1U2076 sp-6 an-191 1C2076 sp-6 an-191 1A2077 sp-6 an-192 1U2077 sp-6 an-192 1C2077 sp-6 an-192 1A2078 sp-6 an-193 1U2078 sp-6 an-193 1C2078 sp-6 an-193 1A2079 sp-6 an-194 1U2079 sp-6 an-194 1C2079 sp-6 an-194 1A2080 sp-6 an-195 1U2080 sp-6 an-195 1C2080 sp-6 an-195 1A2081 sp-6 an-196 1U2081 sp-6 an-196 1C2081 sp-6 an-196 1A2082 sp-6 an-197 1U2082 sp-6 an-197 1C2082 sp-6 an-197 1A2083 sp-6 an-198 1U2083 sp-6 an-198 1C2083 sp-6 an-198 1A2084 sp-6 an-199 1U2084 sp-6 an-199 1C2084 sp-6 an-199 1A2085 sp-6 an-200 1U2085 sp-6 an-200 1C2085 sp-6 an-200 1A2086 sp-6 an-201 1U2086 sp-6 an-201 1C2086 sp-6 an-201 1A2087 sp-6 an-202 1U2087 sp-6 an-202 1C2087 sp-6 an-202 1A2088 sp-6 an-203 1U2088 sp-6 an-203 1C2088 sp-6 an-203 1A2089 sp-6 an-204 1U2089 sp-6 an-204 1C2089 sp-6 an-204 1A2090 sp-6 an-205 1U2090 sp-6 an-205 1C2090 sp-6 an-205 1A2091 sp-6 an-206 1U2091 sp-6 an-206 1C2091 sp-6 an-206 1A2092 sp-6 an-207 1U2092 sp-6 an-207 1C2092 sp-6 an-207 1A2093 sp-6 an-208 1U2093 sp-6 an-208 1C2093 sp-6 an-208 1A2094 sp-6 an-209 1U2094 sp-6 an-209 1C2094 sp-6 an-209 1A2095 sp-6 an-210 1U2095 sp-6 an-210 1C2095 sp-6 an-210 1A2096 sp-6 an-211 1U2096 sp-6 an-211 1C2096 sp-6 an-211 1A2097 sp-6 an-212 1U2097 sp-6 an-212 1C2097 sp-6 an-212 1A2098 sp-6 an-213 1U2098 sp-6 an-213 1C2098 sp-6 an-213 1A2099 sp-6 an-214 1U2099 sp-6 an-214 1C2099 sp-6 an-214 1A2100 sp-6 an-215 1U2100 sp-6 an-215 1C2100 sp-6 an-215 1A2101 sp-6 an-216 1U2101 sp-6 an-216 1C2101 sp-6 an-216 1A2102 sp-6 an-217 1U2102 sp-6 an-217 1C2102 sp-6 an-217 1A2103 sp-6 an-218 1U2103 sp-6 an-218 1C2103 sp-6 an-218 1A2104 sp-6 an-219 1U2104 sp-6 an-219 1C2104 sp-6 an-219 1A2105 sp-6 an-220 1U2105 sp-6 an-220 1C2105 sp-6 an-220 1A2106 sp-6 an-221 1U2106 sp-6 an-221 1C2106 sp-6 an-221 1A2107 sp-6 an-222 1U2107 sp-6 an-222 1C2107 sp-6 an-222 1A2108 sp-6 an-223 1U2108 sp-6 an-223 1C2108 sp-6 an-223 1A2109 sp-6 an-224 1U2109 sp-6 an-224 1C2109 sp-6 an-224 1A2110 sp-6 an-225 1U2110 sp-6 an-225 1C2110 sp-6 an-225 1A2111 sp-6 an-226 1U2111 sp-6 an-226 1C2111 sp-6 an-226 1A2112 sp-6 an-227 1U2112 sp-6 an-227 1C2112 sp-6 an-227 1A2113 sp-6 an-228 1U2113 sp-6 an-228 1C2113 sp-6 an-228 1A2114 sp-6 an-229 1U2114 sp-6 an-229 1C2114 sp-6 an-229 1A2115 sp-6 an-230 1U2115 sp-6 an-230 1C2115 sp-6 an-230 1A2116 sp-6 an-231 1U2116 sp-6 an-231 1C2116 sp-6 an-231 1A2117 sp-6 an-232 1U2117 sp-6 an-232 1C2117 sp-6 an-232 1A2118 sp-6 an-233 1U2118 sp-6 an-233 1C2118 sp-6 an-233 1A2119 sp-6 an-234 1U2119 sp-6 an-234 1C2119 sp-6 an-234 1A2120 sp-6 an-235 1U2120 sp-6 an-235 1C2120 sp-6 an-235 1A2121 sp-6 an-236 1U2121 sp-6 an-236 1C2121 sp-6 an-236 1A2122 sp-6 an-237 1U2122 sp-6 an-237 1C2122 sp-6 an-237 1A2123 sp-6 an-238 1U2123 sp-6 an-238 1C2123 sp-6 an-238 1A2124 sp-6 an-239 1U2124 sp-6 an-239 1C2124 sp-6 an-239 1A2125 sp-6 an-240 1U2125 sp-6 an-240 1C2125 sp-6 an-240 1A2126 sp-6 an-241 1U2126 sp-6 an-241 1C2126 sp-6 an-241 1A2127 sp-6 an-242 1U2127 sp-6 an-242 1C2127 sp-6 an-242 1A2128 sp-6 an-243 1U2128 sp-6 an-243 1C2128 sp-6 an-243 Table 2-39 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A2129 sp-6 an-244 1U2129 sp-6 an-244 1C2129 sp-6 an-244 1A2130 sp-6 an-245 1U2130 sp-6 an-245 1C2130 sp-6 an-245 1A2131 sp-6 an-246 1U2131 sp-6 an-246 1C2131 sp-6 an-246 1A2132 sp-6 an-247 1U2132 sp-6 an-247 1C2132 sp-6 an-247 1A2133 sp-6 an-248 1U2133 sp-6 an-248 1C2133 sp-6 an-248 1A2134 sp-6 an-249 1U2134 sp-6 an-249 1C2134 sp-6 an-249 1A2135 sp-6 an-250 1U2135 sp-6 an-250 1C2135 sp-6 an-250 1A2136 sp-6 an-251 1U2136 sp-6 an-251 1C2136 sp-6 an-251 1A2137 sp-6 an-252 1U2137 sp-6 an-252 1C2137 sp-6 an-252 1A2138 sp-6 an-253 1U2138 sp-6 an-253 1C2138 sp-6 an-253 1A2139 sp-6 an-254 1U2139 sp-6 an-254 1C2139 sp-6 an-254 1A2140 sp-6 an-255 1U2140 sp-6 an-255 1C2140 sp-6 an-255 1A2141 sp-6 an-256 1U2141 sp-6 an-256 1C2141 sp-6 an-256 1A2142 sp-6 an-257 1U2142 sp-6 an-257 1C2142 sp-6 an-257 1A2143 sp-6 an-258 1U2143 sp-6 an-258 1C2143 sp-6 an-258 1A2144 sp-6 an-259 1U2144 sp-6 an-259 1C2144 sp-6 an-259 1A2145 sp-6 an-260 1U2145 sp-6 an-260 1C2145 sp-6 an-260 1A2146 sp-6 an-261 1U2146 sp-6 an-261 1C2146 sp-6 an-261 1A2147 sp-6 an-262 1U2147 sp-6 an-262 1C2147 sp-6 an-262 1A2148 sp-6 an-263 1U2148 sp-6 an-263 1C2148 sp-6 an-263 1A2149 sp-6 an-264 1U2149 sp-6 an-264 1C2149 sp-6 an-264 1A2150 sp-6 an-265 1U2150 sp-6 an-265 1C2150 sp-6 an-265 1A2151 sp-6 an-266 1U2151 sp-6 an-266 1C2151 sp-6 an-266 1A2152 sp-6 an-267 1U2152 sp-6 an-267 1C2152 sp-6 an-267 1A2153 sp-6 an-268 1U2153 sp-6 an-268 1C2153 sp-6 an-268 1A2154 sp-6 an-269 1U2154 sp-6 an-269 1C2154 sp-6 an-269 1A2155 sp-6 an-270 1U2155 sp-6 an-270 1C2155 sp-6 an-270 1A2156 sp-6 an-271 1U2156 sp-6 an-271 1C2156 sp-6 an-271 1A2157 sp-6 an-272 1U2157 sp-6 an-272 1C2157 sp-6 an-272 1A2158 sp-6 an-273 1U2158 sp-6 an-273 1C2158 sp-6 an-273 1A2159 sp-6 an-274 1U2159 sp-6 an-274 1C2159 sp-6 an-274 1A2160 sp-6 an-275 1U2160 sp-6 an-275 1C2160 sp-6 an-275 1A2161 sp-6 an-276 1U2161 sp-6 an-276 1C2161 sp-6 an-276 1A2162 sp-6 an-277 1U2162 sp-6 an-277 1C2162 sp-6 an-277 1A2163 sp-6 an-278 1U2163 sp-6 an-278 1C2163 sp-6 an-278 1A2164 sp-6 an-279 1U2164 sp-6 an-279 1C2164 sp-6 an-279 1A2165 sp-6 an-280 1U2165 sp-6 an-280 1C2165 sp-6 an-280 1A2166 sp-6 an-281 1U2166 sp-6 an-281 1C2166 sp-6 an-281 1A2167 sp-6 an-282 1U2167 sp-6 an-282 1C2167 sp-6 an-282 1A2168 sp-6 an-283 1U2168 sp-6 an-283 1C2168 sp-6 an-283 1A2169 sp-6 an-284 1U2169 sp-6 an-284 1C2169 sp-6 an-284 1A2170 sp-6 an-285 1U2170 sp-6 an-285 1C2170 sp-6 an-285 1A2171 sp-6 an-286 1U2171 sp-6 an-286 1C2171 sp-6 an-286 1A2172 sp-6 an-287 1U2172 sp-6 an-287 1C2172 sp-6 an-287 1A2173 sp-6 an-288 1U2173 sp-6 an-288 1C2173 sp-6 an-288 1A2174 sp-6 an-289 1U2174 sp-6 an-289 1C2174 sp-6 an-289 1A2175 sp-6 an-290 1U2175 sp-6 an-290 1C2175 sp-6 an-290 1A2176 sp-6 an-291 1U2176 sp-6 an-291 1C2176 sp-6 an-291 1A2177 sp-6 an-292 1U2177 sp-6 an-292 1C2177 sp-6 an-292 1A2178 sp-6 an-293 1U2178 sp-6 an-293 1C2178 sp-6 an-293 1A2179 sp-6 an-294 1U2179 sp-6 an-294 1C2179 sp-6 an-294 1A2180 sp-6 an-295 1U2180 sp-6 an-295 1C2180 sp-6 an-295 1A2181 sp-6 an-296 1U2181 sp-6 an-296 1C2181 sp-6 an-296 1A2182 sp-6 an-297 1U2182 sp-6 an-297 1C2182 sp-6 an-297 1A2183 sp-6 an-298 1U2183 sp-6 an-298 1C2183 sp-6 an-298 1A2184 sp-6 an-299 1U2184 sp-6 an-299 1C2184 sp-6 an-299 Table 2-40 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A2185 sp-6 an-300 1U2185 sp-6 an-300 1C2185 sp-6 an-300 1A2186 sp-6 an-301 1U2186 sp-6 an-301 1C2186 sp-6 an-301 1A2187 sp-6 an-302 1U2187 sp-6 an-302 1C2187 sp-6 an-302 1A2188 sp-6 an-303 1U2188 sp-6 an-303 1C2188 sp-6 an-303 1A2189 sp-6 an-304 1U2189 sp-6 an-304 1C2189 sp-6 an-304 1A2190 sp-6 an-305 1U2190 sp-6 an-305 1C2190 sp-6 an-305 1A2191 sp-6 an-306 1U2191 sp-6 an-306 1C2191 sp-6 an-306 1A2192 sp-6 an-307 1U2192 sp-6 an-307 1C2192 sp-6 an-307 1A2193 sp-6 an-308 1U2193 sp-6 an-308 1C2193 sp-6 an-308 1A2194 sp-6 an-309 1U2194 sp-6 an-309 1C2194 sp-6 an-309 1A2195 sp-6 an-310 1U2195 sp-6 an-310 1C2195 sp-6 an-310 1A2196 sp-6 an-311 1U2196 sp-6 an-311 1C2196 sp-6 an-311 1A2197 sp-6 an-312 1U2197 sp-6 an-312 1C2197 sp-6 an-312 1A2198 sp-6 an-313 1U2198 sp-6 an-313 1C2198 sp-6 an-313 1A2199 sp-6 an-314 1U2199 sp-6 an-314 1C2199 sp-6 an-314 1A2200 sp-6 an-315 1U2200 sp-6 an-315 1C2200 sp-6 an-315 1A2201 sp-6 an-316 1U2201 sp-6 an-316 1C2201 sp-6 an-316 1A2202 sp-6 an-317 1U2202 sp-6 an-317 1C2202 sp-6 an-317 1A2203 sp-6 an-318 1U2203 sp-6 an-318 1C2203 sp-6 an-318 1A2204 sp-6 an-319 1U2204 sp-6 an-319 1C2204 sp-6 an-319 1A2205 sp-6 an-320 1U2205 sp-6 an-320 1C2205 sp-6 an-320 1A2206 sp-6 an-321 1U2206 sp-6 an-321 1C2206 sp-6 an-321 1A2207 sp-6 an-322 1U2207 sp-6 an-322 1C2207 sp-6 an-322 1A2208 sp-6 an-323 1U2208 sp-6 an-323 1C2208 sp-6 an-323 1A2209 sp-6 an-324 1U2209 sp-6 an-324 1C2209 sp-6 an-324 1A2210 sp-6 an-325 1U2210 sp-6 an-325 1C2210 sp-6 an-325 1A2211 sp-6 an-326 1U2211 sp-6 an-326 1C2211 sp-6 an-326 1A2212 sp-6 an-327 1U2212 sp-6 an-327 1C2212 sp-6 an-327 1A2213 sp-6 an-328 1U2213 sp-6 an-328 1C2213 sp-6 an-328 1A2214 sp-6 an-329 1U2214 sp-6 an-329 1C2214 sp-6 an-329 1A2215 sp-6 an-330 1U2215 sp-6 an-330 1C2215 sp-6 an-330 1A2216 sp-6 an-331 1U2216 sp-6 an-331 1C2216 sp-6 an-331 1A2217 sp-6 an-332 1U2217 sp-6 an-332 1C2217 sp-6 an-332 1A2218 sp-6 an-333 1U2218 sp-6 an-333 1C2218 sp-6 an-333 1A2219 sp-6 an-334 1U2219 sp-6 an-334 1C2219 sp-6 an-334 1A2220 sp-6 an-335 1U2220 sp-6 an-335 1C2220 sp-6 an-335 1A2221 sp-6 an-336 1U2221 sp-6 an-336 1C2221 sp-6 an-336 1A2222 sp-6 an-337 1U2222 sp-6 an-337 1C2222 sp-6 an-337 1A2223 sp-6 an-338 1U2223 sp-6 an-338 1C2223 sp-6 an-338 1A2224 sp-6 an-339 1U2224 sp-6 an-339 1C2224 sp-6 an-339 1A2225 sp-6 an-340 1U2225 sp-6 an-340 1C2225 sp-6 an-340 1A2226 sp-6 an-341 1U2226 sp-6 an-341 1C2226 sp-6 an-341 1A2227 sp-6 an-342 1U2227 sp-6 an-342 1C2227 sp-6 an-342 1A2228 sp-6 an-343 1U2228 sp-6 an-343 1C2228 sp-6 an-343 1A2229 sp-6 an-344 1U2229 sp-6 an-344 1C2229 sp-6 an-344 1A2230 sp-6 an-345 1U2230 sp-6 an-345 1C2230 sp-6 an-345 1A2231 sp-6 an-346 1U2231 sp-6 an-346 1C2231 sp-6 an-346 1A2232 sp-6 an-347 1U2232 sp-6 an-347 1C2232 sp-6 an-347 1A2233 sp-6 an-348 1U2233 sp-6 an-348 1C2233 sp-6 an-348 1A2234 sp-6 an-349 1U2234 sp-6 an-349 1C2234 sp-6 an-349 1A2235 sp-6 an-350 1U2235 sp-6 an-350 1C2235 sp-6 an-350 1A2236 sp-6 an-351 1U2236 sp-6 an-351 1C2236 sp-6 an-351 1A2237 sp-6 an-352 1U2237 sp-6 an-352 1C2237 sp-6 an-352 1A2238 sp-6 an-353 1U2238 sp-6 an-353 1C2238 sp-6 an-353 1A2239 sp-6 an-354 1U2239 sp-6 an-354 1C2239 sp-6 an-354 1A2240 sp-6 an-355 1U2240 sp-6 an-355 1C2240 sp-6 an-355 Table 2-41 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A2241 sp-6 an-356 1U2241 sp-6 an-356 1C2241 sp-6 an-356 1A2242 sp-6 an-357 1U2242 sp-6 an-357 1C2242 sp-6 an-357 1A2243 sp-6 an-358 1U2243 sp-6 an-358 1C2243 sp-6 an-358 1A2244 sp-6 an-359 1U2244 sp-6 an-359 1C2244 sp-6 an-359 1A2245 sp-6 an-360 1U2245 sp-6 an-360 1C2245 sp-6 an-360 1A2246 sp-6 an-361 1U2246 sp-6 an-361 1C2246 sp-6 an-361 1A2247 sp-6 an-362 1U2247 sp-6 an-362 1C2247 sp-6 an-362 1A2248 sp-6 an-363 1U2248 sp-6 an-363 1C2248 sp-6 an-363 1A2249 sp-6 an-364 1U2249 sp-6 an-364 1C2249 sp-6 an-364 1A2250 sp-6 an-365 1U2250 sp-6 an-365 1C2250 sp-6 an-365 1A2251 sp-6 an-366 1U2251 sp-6 an-366 1C2251 sp-6 an-366 1A2252 sp-6 an-367 1U2252 sp-6 an-367 1C2252 sp-6 an-367 1A2253 sp-6 an-368 1U2253 sp-6 an-368 1C2253 sp-6 an-368 1A2254 sp-6 an-369 1U2254 sp-6 an-369 1C2254 sp-6 an-369 1A2255 sp-6 an-370 1U2255 sp-6 an-370 1C2255 sp-6 an-370 1A2256 sp-6 an-371 1U2256 sp-6 an-371 1C2256 sp-6 an-371 1A2257 sp-6 an-372 1U2257 sp-6 an-372 1C2257 sp-6 an-372 1A2258 sp-6 an-373 1U2258 sp-6 an-373 1C2258 sp-6 an-373 1A2259 sp-6 an-374 1U2259 sp-6 an-374 1C2259 sp-6 an-374 1A2260 sp-6 an-375 1U2260 sp-6 an-375 1C2260 sp-6 an-375 1A2261 sp-6 an-376 1U2261 sp-6 an-376 1C2261 sp-6 an-376 1A2262 sp-6 an-377 1U2262 sp-6 an-377 1C2262 sp-6 an-377 1A2263 sp-7 an-1 1U2263 sp-7 an-1 1C2263 sp-7 an-1 1A2264 sp-7 an-2 1U2264 sp-7 an-2 1C2264 sp-7 an-2 1A2265 sp-7 an-3 1U2265 sp-7 an-3 1C2265 sp-7 an-3 1A2266 sp-7 an-4 1U2266 sp-7 an-4 1C2266 sp-7 an-4 1A2267 sp-7 an-5 1U2267 sp-7 an-5 1C2267 sp-7 an-5 1A2268 sp-7 an-6 1U2268 sp-7 an-6 1C2268 sp-7 an-6 1A2269 sp-7 an-7 1U2269 sp-7 an-7 1C2269 sp-7 an-7 1A2270 sp-7 an-8 1U2270 sp-7 an-8 1C2270 sp-7 an-8 1A2271 sp-7 an-9 1U2271 sp-7 an-9 1C2271 sp-7 an-9 1A2272 sp-7 an-10 1U2272 sp-7 an-10 1C2272 sp-7 an-10 1A2273 sp-7 an-11 1U2273 sp-7 an-11 1C2273 sp-7 an-11 1A2274 sp-7 an-12 1U2274 sp-7 an-12 1C2274 sp-7 an-12 1A2275 sp-7 an-13 1U2275 sp-7 an-13 1C2275 sp-7 an-13 1A2276 sp-7 an-14 1U2276 sp-7 an-14 1C2276 sp-7 an-14 1A2277 sp-7 an-15 1U2277 sp-7 an-15 1C2277 sp-7 an-15 1A2278 sp-7 an-16 1U2278 sp-7 an-16 1C2278 sp-7 an-16 1A2279 sp-7 an-17 1U2279 sp-7 an-17 1C2279 sp-7 an-17 1A2280 sp-7 an-18 1U2280 sp-7 an-18 1C2280 sp-7 an-18 1A2281 sp-7 an-19 1U2281 sp-7 an-19 1C2281 sp-7 an-19 1A2282 sp-7 an-20 1U2282 sp-7 an-20 1C2282 sp-7 an-20 1A2283 sp-7 an-21 1U2283 sp-7 an-21 1C2283 sp-7 an-21 1A2284 sp-7 an-22 1U2284 sp-7 an-22 1C2284 sp-7 an-22 1A2285 sp-7 an-23 1U2285 sp-7 an-23 1C2285 sp-7 an-23 1A2286 sp-7 an-24 1U2286 sp-7 an-24 1C2286 sp-7 an-24 1A2287 sp-7 an-25 1U2287 sp-7 an-25 1C2287 sp-7 an-25 1A2288 sp-7 an-26 1U2288 sp-7 an-26 1C2288 sp-7 an-26 1A2289 sp-7 an-27 1U2289 sp-7 an-27 1C2289 sp-7 an-27 1A2290 sp-7 an-28 1U2290 sp-7 an-28 1C2290 sp-7 an-28 1A2291 sp-7 an-29 1U2291 sp-7 an-29 1C2291 sp-7 an-29 1A2292 sp-7 an-30 1U2292 sp-7 an-30 1C2292 sp-7 an-30 1A2293 sp-7 an-31 1U2293 sp-7 an-31 1C2293 sp-7 an-31 1A2294 sp-7 an-32 1U2294 sp-7 an-32 1C2294 sp-7 an-32 1A2295 sp-7 an-33 1U2295 sp-7 an-33 1C2295 sp-7 an-33 1A2296 sp-7 an-34 1U2296 sp-7 an-34 1C2296 sp-7 an-34 Table 2-42 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A2297 sp-7 an-35 1U2297 sp-7 an-35 1C2297 sp-7 an-35 1A2298 sp-7 an-36 1U2298 sp-7 an-36 1C2298 sp-7 an-36 1A2299 sp-7 an-37 1U2299 sp-7 an-37 1C2299 sp-7 an-37 1A2300 sp-7 an-38 1U2300 sp-7 an-38 1C2300 sp-7 an-38 1A2301 sp-7 an-39 1U2301 sp-7 an-39 1C2301 sp-7 an-39 1A2302 sp-7 an-40 1U2302 sp-7 an-40 1C2302 sp-7 an-40 1A2303 sp-7 an-41 1U2303 sp-7 an-41 1C2303 sp-7 an-41 1A2304 sp-7 an-42 1U2304 sp-7 an-42 1C2304 sp-7 an-42 1A2305 sp-7 an-43 1U2305 sp-7 an-43 1C2305 sp-7 an-43 1A2306 sp-7 an-44 1U2306 sp-7 an-44 1C2306 sp-7 an-44 1A2307 sp-7 an-45 1U2307 sp-7 an-45 1C2307 sp-7 an-45 1A2308 sp-7 an-46 1U2308 sp-7 an-46 1C2308 sp-7 an-46 1A2309 sp-7 an-47 1U2309 sp-7 an-47 1C2309 sp-7 an-47 1A2310 sp-7 an-48 1U2310 sp-7 an-48 1C2310 sp-7 an-48 1A2311 sp-7 an-49 1U2311 sp-7 an-49 1C2311 sp-7 an-49 1A2312 sp-7 an-50 1U2312 sp-7 an-50 1C2312 sp-7 an-50 1A2313 sp-7 an-51 1U2313 sp-7 an-51 1C2313 sp-7 an-51 1A2314 sp-7 an-52 1U2314 sp-7 an-52 1C2314 sp-7 an-52 1A2315 sp-7 an-53 1U2315 sp-7 an-53 1C2315 sp-7 an-53 1A2316 sp-7 an-54 1U2316 sp-7 an-54 1C2316 sp-7 an-54 1A2317 sp-7 an-55 1U2317 sp-7 an-55 1C2317 sp-7 an-55 1A2318 sp-7 an-56 1U2318 sp-7 an-56 1C2318 sp-7 an-56 1A2319 sp-7 an-57 1U2319 sp-7 an-57 1C2319 sp-7 an-57 1A2320 sp-7 an-58 1U2320 sp-7 an-58 1C2320 sp-7 an-58 1A2321 sp-7 an-59 1U2321 sp-7 an-59 1C2321 sp-7 an-59 1A2322 sp-7 an-60 1U2322 sp-7 an-60 1C2322 sp-7 an-60 1A2323 sp-7 an-61 1U2323 sp-7 an-61 1C2323 sp-7 an-61 1A2324 sp-7 an-62 1U2324 sp-7 an-62 1C2324 sp-7 an-62 1A2325 sp-7 an-63 1U2325 sp-7 an-63 1C2325 sp-7 an-63 1A2326 sp-7 an-64 1U2326 sp-7 an-64 1C2326 sp-7 an-64 1A2327 sp-7 an-65 1U2327 sp-7 an-65 1C2327 sp-7 an-65 1A2328 sp-7 an-66 1U2328 sp-7 an-66 1C2328 sp-7 an-66 1A2329 sp-7 an-67 1U2329 sp-7 an-67 1C2329 sp-7 an-67 1A2330 sp-7 an-68 1U2330 sp-7 an-68 1C2330 sp-7 an-68 1A2331 sp-7 an-69 1U2331 sp-7 an-69 1C2331 sp-7 an-69 1A2332 sp-7 an-70 1U2332 sp-7 an-70 1C2332 sp-7 an-70 1A2333 sp-7 an-71 1U2333 sp-7 an-71 1C2333 sp-7 an-71 1A2334 sp-7 an-72 1U2334 sp-7 an-72 1C2334 sp-7 an-72 1A2335 sp-7 an-73 1U2335 sp-7 an-73 1C2335 sp-7 an-73 1A2336 sp-7 an-74 1U2336 sp-7 an-74 1C2336 sp-7 an-74 1A2337 sp-7 an-75 1U2337 sp-7 an-75 1C2337 sp-7 an-75 1A2338 sp-7 an-76 1U2338 sp-7 an-76 1C2338 sp-7 an-76 1A2339 sp-7 an-77 1U2339 sp-7 an-77 1C2339 sp-7 an-77 1A2340 sp-7 an-78 1U2340 sp-7 an-78 1C2340 sp-7 an-78 1A2341 sp-7 an-79 1U2341 sp-7 an-79 1C2341 sp-7 an-79 1A2342 sp-7 an-80 1U2342 sp-7 an-80 1C2342 sp-7 an-80 1A2343 sp-7 an-81 1U2343 sp-7 an-81 1C2343 sp-7 an-81 1A2344 sp-7 an-82 1U2344 sp-7 an-82 1C2344 sp-7 an-82 1A2345 sp-7 an-83 1U2345 sp-7 an-83 1C2345 sp-7 an-83 1A2346 sp-7 an-84 1U2346 sp-7 an-84 1C2346 sp-7 an-84 1A2347 sp-7 an-85 1U2347 sp-7 an-85 1C2347 sp-7 an-85 1A2348 sp-7 an-86 1U2348 sp-7 an-86 1C2348 sp-7 an-86 1A2349 sp-7 an-87 1U2349 sp-7 an-87 1C2349 sp-7 an-87 1A2350 sp-7 an-88 1U2350 sp-7 an-88 1C2350 sp-7 an-88 1A2351 sp-7 an-89 1U2351 sp-7 an-89 1C2351 sp-7 an-89 1A2352 sp-7 an-90 1U2352 sp-7 an-90 1C2352 sp-7 an-90 Table 2-43 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A2353 sp-7 an-91 1U2353 sp-7 an-91 1C2353 sp-7 an-91 1A2354 sp-7 an-92 1U2354 sp-7 an-92 1C2354 sp-7 an-92 1A2355 sp-7 an-93 1U2355 sp-7 an-93 1C2355 sp-7 an-93 1A2356 sp-7 an-94 1U2356 sp-7 an-94 1C2356 sp-7 an-94 1A2357 sp-7 an-95 1U2357 sp-7 an-95 1C2357 sp-7 an-95 1A2358 sp-7 an-96 1U2358 sp-7 an-96 1C2358 sp-7 an-96 1A2359 sp-7 an-97 1U2359 sp-7 an-97 1C2359 sp-7 an-97 1A2360 sp-7 an-98 1U2360 sp-7 an-98 1C2360 sp-7 an-98 1A2361 sp-7 an-99 1U2361 sp-7 an-99 1C2361 sp-7 an-99 1A2362 sp-7 an-100 1U2362 sp-7 an-100 1C2362 sp-7 an-100 1A2363 sp-7 an-101 1U2363 sp-7 an-101 1C2363 sp-7 an-101 1A2364 sp-7 an-102 1U2364 sp-7 an-102 1C2364 sp-7 an-102 1A2365 sp-7 an-103 1U2365 sp-7 an-103 1C2365 sp-7 an-103 1A2366 sp-7 an-104 1U2366 sp-7 an-104 1C2366 sp-7 an-104 1A2367 sp-7 an-105 1U2367 sp-7 an-105 1C2367 sp-7 an-105 1A2368 sp-7 an-106 1U2368 sp-7 an-106 1C2368 sp-7 an-106 1A2369 sp-7 an-107 1U2369 sp-7 an-107 1C2369 sp-7 an-107 1A2370 sp-7 an-108 1U2370 sp-7 an-108 1C2370 sp-7 an-108 1A2371 sp-7 an-109 1U2371 sp-7 an-109 1C2371 sp-7 an-109 1A2372 sp-7 an-110 1U2372 sp-7 an-110 1C2372 sp-7 an-110 1A2373 sp-7 an-111 1U2373 sp-7 an-111 1C2373 sp-7 an-111 1A2374 sp-7 an-112 1U2374 sp-7 an-112 1C2374 sp-7 an-112 1A2375 sp-7 an-113 1U2375 sp-7 an-113 1C2375 sp-7 an-113 1A2376 sp-7 an-114 1U2376 sp-7 an-114 1C2376 sp-7 an-114 1A2377 sp-7 an-115 1U2377 sp-7 an-115 1C2377 sp-7 an-115 1A2378 sp-7 an-116 1U2378 sp-7 an-116 1C2378 sp-7 an-116 1A2379 sp-7 an-117 1U2379 sp-7 an-117 1C2379 sp-7 an-117 1A2380 sp-7 an-118 1U2380 sp-7 an-118 1C2380 sp-7 an-118 1A2381 sp-7 an-119 1U2381 sp-7 an-119 1C2381 sp-7 an-119 1A2382 sp-7 an-120 1U2382 sp-7 an-120 1C2382 sp-7 an-120 1A2383 sp-7 an-121 1U2383 sp-7 an-121 1C2383 sp-7 an-121 1A2384 sp-7 an-122 1U2384 sp-7 an-122 1C2384 sp-7 an-122 1A2385 sp-7 an-123 1U2385 sp-7 an-123 1C2385 sp-7 an-123 1A2386 sp-7 an-124 1U2386 sp-7 an-124 1C2386 sp-7 an-124 1A2387 sp-7 an-125 1U2387 sp-7 an-125 1C2387 sp-7 an-125 1A2388 sp-7 an-126 1U2388 sp-7 an-126 1C2388 sp-7 an-126 1A2389 sp-7 an-127 1U2389 sp-7 an-127 1C2389 sp-7 an-127 1A2390 sp-7 an-128 1U2390 sp-7 an-128 1C2390 sp-7 an-128 1A2391 sp-7 an-129 1U2391 sp-7 an-129 1C2391 sp-7 an-129 1A2392 sp-7 an-130 1U2392 sp-7 an-130 1C2392 sp-7 an-130 1A2393 sp-7 an-131 1U2393 sp-7 an-131 1C2393 sp-7 an-131 1A2394 sp-7 an-132 1U2394 sp-7 an-132 1C2394 sp-7 an-132 1A2395 sp-7 an-133 1U2395 sp-7 an-133 1C2395 sp-7 an-133 1A2396 sp-7 an-134 1U2396 sp-7 an-134 1C2396 sp-7 an-134 1A2397 sp-7 an-135 1U2397 sp-7 an-135 1C2397 sp-7 an-135 1A2398 sp-7 an-136 1U2398 sp-7 an-136 1C2398 sp-7 an-136 1A2399 sp-7 an-137 1U2399 sp-7 an-137 1C2399 sp-7 an-137 1A2400 sp-7 an-138 1U2400 sp-7 an-138 1C2400 sp-7 an-138 1A2401 sp-7 an-139 1U2401 sp-7 an-139 1C2401 sp-7 an-139 1A2402 sp-7 an-140 1U2402 sp-7 an-140 1C2402 sp-7 an-140 1A2403 sp-7 an-141 1U2403 sp-7 an-141 1C2403 sp-7 an-141 1A2404 sp-7 an-142 1U2404 sp-7 an-142 1C2404 sp-7 an-142 1A2405 sp-7 an-143 1U2405 sp-7 an-143 1C2405 sp-7 an-143 1A2406 sp-7 an-144 1U2406 sp-7 an-144 1C2406 sp-7 an-144 1A2407 sp-7 an-145 1U2407 sp-7 an-145 1C2407 sp-7 an-145 1A2408 sp-7 an-146 1U2408 sp-7 an-146 1C2408 sp-7 an-146 Table 2-44 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A2409 sp-7 an-147 1U2409 sp-7 an-147 1C2409 sp-7 an-147 1A2410 sp-7 an-148 1U2410 sp-7 an-148 1C2410 sp-7 an-148 1A2411 sp-7 an-149 1U2411 sp-7 an-149 1C2411 sp-7 an-149 1A2412 sp-7 an-150 1U2412 sp-7 an-150 1C2412 sp-7 an-150 1A2413 sp-7 an-151 1U2413 sp-7 an-151 1C2413 sp-7 an-151 1A2414 sp-7 an-152 1U2414 sp-7 an-152 1C2414 sp-7 an-152 1A2415 sp-7 an-153 1U2415 sp-7 an-153 1C2415 sp-7 an-153 1A2416 sp-7 an-154 1U2416 sp-7 an-154 1C2416 sp-7 an-154 1A2417 sp-7 an-155 1U2417 sp-7 an-155 1C2417 sp-7 an-155 1A2418 sp-7 an-156 1U2418 sp-7 an-156 1C2418 sp-7 an-156 1A2419 sp-7 an-157 1U2419 sp-7 an-157 1C2419 sp-7 an-157 1A2420 sp-7 an-158 1U2420 sp-7 an-158 1C2420 sp-7 an-158 1A2421 sp-7 an-159 1U2421 sp-7 an-159 1C2421 sp-7 an-159 1A2422 sp-7 an-160 1U2422 sp-7 an-160 1C2422 sp-7 an-160 1A2423 sp-7 an-161 1U2423 sp-7 an-161 1C2423 sp-7 an-161 1A2424 sp-7 an-162 1U2424 sp-7 an-162 1C2424 sp-7 an-162 1A2425 sp-7 an-163 1U2425 sp-7 an-163 1C2425 sp-7 an-163 1A2426 sp-7 an-164 1U2426 sp-7 an-164 1C2426 sp-7 an-164 1A2427 sp-7 an-165 1U2427 sp-7 an-165 1C2427 sp-7 an-165 1A2428 sp-7 an-166 1U2428 sp-7 an-166 1C2428 sp-7 an-166 1A2429 sp-7 an-167 1U2429 sp-7 an-167 1C2429 sp-7 an-167 1A2430 sp-7 an-168 1U2430 sp-7 an-168 1C2430 sp-7 an-168 1A2431 sp-7 an-169 1U2431 sp-7 an-169 1C2431 sp-7 an-169 1A2432 sp-7 an-170 1U2432 sp-7 an-170 1C2432 sp-7 an-170 1A2433 sp-7 an-171 1U2433 sp-7 an-171 1C2433 sp-7 an-171 1A2434 sp-7 an-172 1U2434 sp-7 an-172 1C2434 sp-7 an-172 1A2435 sp-7 an-173 1U2435 sp-7 an-173 1C2435 sp-7 an-173 1A2436 sp-7 an-174 1U2436 sp-7 an-174 1C2436 sp-7 an-174 1A2437 sp-7 an-175 1U2437 sp-7 an-175 1C2437 sp-7 an-175 1A2438 sp-7 an-176 1U2438 sp-7 an-176 1C2438 sp-7 an-176 1A2439 sp-7 an-177 1U2439 sp-7 an-177 1C2439 sp-7 an-177 1A2440 sp-7 an-178 1U2440 sp-7 an-178 1C2440 sp-7 an-178 1A2441 sp-7 an-179 1U2441 sp-7 an-179 1C2441 sp-7 an-179 1A2442 sp-7 an-180 1U2442 sp-7 an-180 1C2442 sp-7 an-180 1A2443 sp-7 an-181 1U2443 sp-7 an-181 1C2443 sp-7 an-181 1A2444 sp-7 an-182 1U2444 sp-7 an-182 1C2444 sp-7 an-182 1A2445 sp-7 an-183 1U2445 sp-7 an-183 1C2445 sp-7 an-183 1A2446 sp-7 an-184 1U2446 sp-7 an-184 1C2446 sp-7 an-184 1A2447 sp-7 an-185 1U2447 sp-7 an-185 1C2447 sp-7 an-185 1A2448 sp-7 an-186 1U2448 sp-7 an-186 1C2448 sp-7 an-186 1A2449 sp-7 an-187 1U2449 sp-7 an-187 1C2449 sp-7 an-187 1A2450 sp-7 an-188 1U2450 sp-7 an-188 1C2450 sp-7 an-188 1A2451 sp-7 an-189 1U2451 sp-7 an-189 1C2451 sp-7 an-189 1A2452 sp-7 an-190 1U2452 sp-7 an-190 1C2452 sp-7 an-190 1A2453 sp-7 an-191 1U2453 sp-7 an-191 1C2453 sp-7 an-191 1A2454 sp-7 an-192 1U2454 sp-7 an-192 1C2454 sp-7 an-192 1A2455 sp-7 an-193 1U2455 sp-7 an-193 1C2455 sp-7 an-193 1A2456 sp-7 an-194 1U2456 sp-7 an-194 1C2456 sp-7 an-194 1A2457 sp-7 an-195 1U2457 sp-7 an-195 1C2457 sp-7 an-195 1A2458 sp-7 an-196 1U2458 sp-7 an-196 1C2458 sp-7 an-196 1A2459 sp-7 an-197 1U2459 sp-7 an-197 1C2459 sp-7 an-197 1A2460 sp-7 an-198 1U2460 sp-7 an-198 1C2460 sp-7 an-198 1A2461 sp-7 an-199 1U2461 sp-7 an-199 1C2461 sp-7 an-199 1A2462 sp-7 an-200 1U2462 sp-7 an-200 1C2462 sp-7 an-200 1A2463 sp-7 an-201 1U2463 sp-7 an-201 1C2463 sp-7 an-201 1A2464 sp-7 an-202 1U2464 sp-7 an-202 1C2464 sp-7 an-202 Table 2-45 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A2465 sp-7 an-203 1U2465 sp-7 an-203 1C2465 sp-7 an-203 1A2466 sp-7 an-204 1U2466 sp-7 an-204 1C2466 sp-7 an-204 1A2467 sp-7 an-205 1U2467 sp-7 an-205 1C2467 sp-7 an-205 1A2468 sp-7 an-206 1U2468 sp-7 an-206 1C2468 sp-7 an-206 1A2469 sp-7 an-207 1U2469 sp-7 an-207 1C2469 sp-7 an-207 1A2470 sp-7 an-208 1U2470 sp-7 an-208 1C2470 sp-7 an-208 1A2471 sp-7 an-209 1U2471 sp-7 an-209 1C2471 sp-7 an-209 1A2472 sp-7 an-210 1U2472 sp-7 an-210 1C2472 sp-7 an-210 1A2473 sp-7 an-211 1U2473 sp-7 an-211 1C2473 sp-7 an-211 1A2474 sp-7 an-212 1U2474 sp-7 an-212 1C2474 sp-7 an-212 1A2475 sp-7 an-213 1U2475 sp-7 an-213 1C2475 sp-7 an-213 1A2476 sp-7 an-214 1U2476 sp-7 an-214 1C2476 sp-7 an-214 1A2477 sp-7 an-215 1U2477 sp-7 an-215 1C2477 sp-7 an-215 1A2478 sp-7 an-216 1U2478 sp-7 an-216 1C2478 sp-7 an-216 1A2479 sp-7 an-217 1U2479 sp-7 an-217 1C2479 sp-7 an-217 1A2480 sp-7 an-218 1U2480 sp-7 an-218 1C2480 sp-7 an-218 1A2481 sp-7 an-219 1U2481 sp-7 an-219 1C2481 sp-7 an-219 1A2482 sp-7 an-220 1U2482 sp-7 an-220 1C2482 sp-7 an-220 1A2483 sp-7 an-221 1U2483 sp-7 an-221 1C2483 sp-7 an-221 1A2484 sp-7 an-222 1U2484 sp-7 an-222 1C2484 sp-7 an-222 1A2485 sp-7 an-223 1U2485 sp-7 an-223 1C2485 sp-7 an-223 1A2486 sp-7 an-224 1U2486 sp-7 an-224 1C2486 sp-7 an-224 1A2487 sp-7 an-225 1U2487 sp-7 an-225 1C2487 sp-7 an-225 1A2488 sp-7 an-226 1U2488 sp-7 an-226 1C2488 sp-7 an-226 1A2489 sp-7 an-227 1U2489 sp-7 an-227 1C2489 sp-7 an-227 1A2490 sp-7 an-228 1U2490 sp-7 an-228 1C2490 sp-7 an-228 1A2491 sp-7 an-229 1U2491 sp-7 an-229 1C2491 sp-7 an-229 1A2492 sp-7 an-230 1U2492 sp-7 an-230 1C2492 sp-7 an-230 1A2493 sp-7 an-231 1U2493 sp-7 an-231 1C2493 sp-7 an-231 1A2494 sp-7 an-232 1U2494 sp-7 an-232 1C2494 sp-7 an-232 1A2495 sp-7 an-233 1U2495 sp-7 an-233 1C2495 sp-7 an-233 1A2496 sp-7 an-234 1U2496 sp-7 an-234 1C2496 sp-7 an-234 1A2497 sp-7 an-235 1U2497 sp-7 an-235 1C2497 sp-7 an-235 1A2498 sp-7 an-236 1U2498 sp-7 an-236 1C2498 sp-7 an-236 1A2499 sp-7 an-237 1U2499 sp-7 an-237 1C2499 sp-7 an-237 1A2500 sp-7 an-238 1U2500 sp-7 an-238 1C2500 sp-7 an-238 1A2501 sp-7 an-239 1U2501 sp-7 an-239 1C2501 sp-7 an-239 1A2502 sp-7 an-240 1U2502 sp-7 an-240 1C2502 sp-7 an-240 1A2503 sp-7 an-241 1U2503 sp-7 an-241 1C2503 sp-7 an-241 1A2504 sp-7 an-242 1U2504 sp-7 an-242 1C2504 sp-7 an-242 1A2505 sp-7 an-243 1U2505 sp-7 an-243 1C2505 sp-7 an-243 1A2506 sp-7 an-244 1U2506 sp-7 an-244 1C2506 sp-7 an-244 1A2507 sp-7 an-245 1U2507 sp-7 an-245 1C2507 sp-7 an-245 1A2508 sp-7 an-246 1U2508 sp-7 an-246 1C2508 sp-7 an-246 1A2509 sp-7 an-247 1U2509 sp-7 an-247 1C2509 sp-7 an-247 1A2510 sp-7 an-248 1U2510 sp-7 an-248 1C2510 sp-7 an-248 1A2511 sp-7 an-249 1U2511 sp-7 an-249 1C2511 sp-7 an-249 1A2512 sp-7 an-250 1U2512 sp-7 an-250 1C2512 sp-7 an-250 1A2513 sp-7 an-251 1U2513 sp-7 an-251 1C2513 sp-7 an-251 1A2514 sp-7 an-252 1U2514 sp-7 an-252 1C2514 sp-7 an-252 1A2515 sp-7 an-253 1U2515 sp-7 an-253 1C2515 sp-7 an-253 1A2516 sp-7 an-254 1U2516 sp-7 an-254 1C2516 sp-7 an-254 1A2517 sp-7 an-255 1U2517 sp-7 an-255 1C2517 sp-7 an-255 1A2518 sp-7 an-256 1U2518 sp-7 an-256 1C2518 sp-7 an-256 1A2519 sp-7 an-257 1U2519 sp-7 an-257 1C2519 sp-7 an-257 1A2520 sp-7 an-258 1U2520 sp-7 an-258 1C2520 sp-7 an-258 Table 2-46 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A2521 sp-7 an-259 1U2521 sp-7 an-259 1C2521 sp-7 an-259 1A2522 sp-7 an-260 1U2522 sp-7 an-260 1C2522 sp-7 an-260 1A2523 sp-7 an-261 1U2523 sp-7 an-261 1C2523 sp-7 an-261 1A2524 sp-7 an-262 1U2524 sp-7 an-262 1C2524 sp-7 an-262 1A2525 sp-7 an-263 1U2525 sp-7 an-263 1C2525 sp-7 an-263 1A2526 sp-7 an-264 1U2526 sp-7 an-264 1C2526 sp-7 an-264 1A2527 sp-7 an-265 1U2527 sp-7 an-265 1C2527 sp-7 an-265 1A2528 sp-7 an-266 1U2528 sp-7 an-266 1C2528 sp-7 an-266 1A2529 sp-7 an-267 1U2529 sp-7 an-267 1C2529 sp-7 an-267 1A2530 sp-7 an-268 1U2530 sp-7 an-268 1C2530 sp-7 an-268 1A2531 sp-7 an-269 1U2531 sp-7 an-269 1C2531 sp-7 an-269 1A2532 sp-7 an-270 1U2532 sp-7 an-270 1C2532 sp-7 an-270 1A2533 sp-7 an-271 1U2533 sp-7 an-271 1C2533 sp-7 an-271 1A2534 sp-7 an-272 1U2534 sp-7 an-272 1C2534 sp-7 an-272 1A2535 sp-7 an-273 1U2535 sp-7 an-273 1C2535 sp-7 an-273 1A2536 sp-7 an-274 1U2536 sp-7 an-274 1C2536 sp-7 an-274 1A2537 sp-7 an-275 1U2537 sp-7 an-275 1C2537 sp-7 an-275 1A2538 sp-7 an-276 1U2538 sp-7 an-276 1C2538 sp-7 an-276 1A2539 sp-7 an-277 1U2539 sp-7 an-277 1C2539 sp-7 an-277 1A2540 sp-7 an-278 1U2540 sp-7 an-278 1C2540 sp-7 an-278 1A2541 sp-7 an-279 1U2541 sp-7 an-279 1C2541 sp-7 an-279 1A2542 sp-7 an-280 1U2542 sp-7 an-280 1C2542 sp-7 an-280 1A2543 sp-7 an-281 1U2543 sp-7 an-281 1C2543 sp-7 an-281 1A2544 sp-7 an-282 1U2544 sp-7 an-282 1C2544 sp-7 an-282 1A2545 sp-7 an-283 1U2545 sp-7 an-283 1C2545 sp-7 an-283 1A2546 sp-7 an-284 1U2546 sp-7 an-284 1C2546 sp-7 an-284 1A2547 sp-7 an-285 1U2547 sp-7 an-285 1C2547 sp-7 an-285 1A2548 sp-7 an-286 1U2548 sp-7 an-286 1C2548 sp-7 an-286 1A2549 sp-7 an-287 1U2549 sp-7 an-287 1C2549 sp-7 an-287 1A2550 sp-7 an-288 1U2550 sp-7 an-288 1C2550 sp-7 an-288 1A2551 sp-7 an-289 1U2551 sp-7 an-289 1C2551 sp-7 an-289 1A2552 sp-7 an-290 1U2552 sp-7 an-290 1C2552 sp-7 an-290 1A2553 sp-7 an-291 1U2553 sp-7 an-291 1C2553 sp-7 an-291 1A2554 sp-7 an-292 1U2554 sp-7 an-292 1C2554 sp-7 an-292 1A2555 sp-7 an-293 1U2555 sp-7 an-293 1C2555 sp-7 an-293 1A2556 sp-7 an-294 1U2556 sp-7 an-294 1C2556 sp-7 an-294 1A2557 sp-7 an-295 1U2557 sp-7 an-295 1C2557 sp-7 an-295 1A2558 sp-7 an-296 1U2558 sp-7 an-296 1C2558 sp-7 an-296 1A2559 sp-7 an-297 1U2559 sp-7 an-297 1C2559 sp-7 an-297 1A2560 sp-7 an-298 1U2560 sp-7 an-298 1C2560 sp-7 an-298 1A2561 sp-7 an-299 1U2561 sp-7 an-299 1C2561 sp-7 an-299 1A2562 sp-7 an-300 1U2562 sp-7 an-300 1C2562 sp-7 an-300 1A2563 sp-7 an-301 1U2563 sp-7 an-301 1C2563 sp-7 an-301 1A2564 sp-7 an-302 1U2564 sp-7 an-302 1C2564 sp-7 an-302 1A2565 sp-7 an-303 1U2565 sp-7 an-303 1C2565 sp-7 an-303 1A2566 sp-7 an-304 1U2566 sp-7 an-304 1C2566 sp-7 an-304 1A2567 sp-7 an-305 1U2567 sp-7 an-305 1C2567 sp-7 an-305 1A2568 sp-7 an-306 1U2568 sp-7 an-306 1C2568 sp-7 an-306 1A2569 sp-7 an-307 1U2569 sp-7 an-307 1C2569 sp-7 an-307 1A2570 sp-7 an-308 1U2570 sp-7 an-308 1C2570 sp-7 an-308 1A2571 sp-7 an-309 1U2571 sp-7 an-309 1C2571 sp-7 an-309 1A2572 sp-7 an-310 1U2572 sp-7 an-310 1C2572 sp-7 an-310 1A2573 sp-7 an-311 1U2573 sp-7 an-311 1C2573 sp-7 an-311 1A2574 sp-7 an-312 1U2574 sp-7 an-312 1C2574 sp-7 an-312 1A2575 sp-7 an-313 1U2575 sp-7 an-313 1C2575 sp-7 an-313 1A2576 sp-7 an-314 1U2576 sp-7 an-314 1C2576 sp-7 an-314 Table 2-47 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A2577 sp-7 an-315 1U2577 sp-7 an-315 1C2577 sp-7 an-315 1A2578 sp-7 an-316 1U2578 sp-7 an-316 1C2578 sp-7 an-316 1A2579 sp-7 an-317 1U2579 sp-7 an-317 1C2579 sp-7 an-317 1A2580 sp-7 an-318 1U2580 sp-7 an-318 1C2580 sp-7 an-318 1A2581 sp-7 an-319 1U2581 sp-7 an-319 1C2581 sp-7 an-319 1A2582 sp-7 an-320 1U2582 sp-7 an-320 1C2582 sp-7 an-320 1A2583 sp-7 an-321 1U2583 sp-7 an-321 1C2583 sp-7 an-321 1A2584 sp-7 an-322 1U2584 sp-7 an-322 1C2584 sp-7 an-322 1A2585 sp-7 an-323 1U2585 sp-7 an-323 1C2585 sp-7 an-323 1A2586 sp-7 an-324 1U2586 sp-7 an-324 1C2586 sp-7 an-324 1A2587 sp-7 an-325 1U2587 sp-7 an-325 1C2587 sp-7 an-325 1A2588 sp-7 an-326 1U2588 sp-7 an-326 1C2588 sp-7 an-326 1A2589 sp-7 an-327 1U2589 sp-7 an-327 1C2589 sp-7 an-327 1A2590 sp-7 an-328 1U2590 sp-7 an-328 1C2590 sp-7 an-328 1A2591 sp-7 an-329 1U2591 sp-7 an-329 1C2591 sp-7 an-329 1A2592 sp-7 an-330 1U2592 sp-7 an-330 1C2592 sp-7 an-330 1A2593 sp-7 an-331 1U2593 sp-7 an-331 1C2593 sp-7 an-331 1A2594 sp-7 an-332 1U2594 sp-7 an-332 1C2594 sp-7 an-332 1A2595 sp-7 an-333 1U2595 sp-7 an-333 1C2595 sp-7 an-333 1A2596 sp-7 an-334 1U2596 sp-7 an-334 1C2596 sp-7 an-334 1A2597 sp-7 an-335 1U2597 sp-7 an-335 1C2597 sp-7 an-335 1A2598 sp-7 an-336 1U2598 sp-7 an-336 1C2598 sp-7 an-336 1A2599 sp-7 an-337 1U2599 sp-7 an-337 1C2599 sp-7 an-337 1A2600 sp-7 an-338 1U2600 sp-7 an-338 1C2600 sp-7 an-338 1A2601 sp-7 an-339 1U2601 sp-7 an-339 1C2601 sp-7 an-339 1A2602 sp-7 an-340 1U2602 sp-7 an-340 1C2602 sp-7 an-340 1A2603 sp-7 an-341 1U2603 sp-7 an-341 1C2603 sp-7 an-341 1A2604 sp-7 an-342 1U2604 sp-7 an-342 1C2604 sp-7 an-342 1A2605 sp-7 an-343 1U2605 sp-7 an-343 1C2605 sp-7 an-343 1A2606 sp-7 an-344 1U2606 sp-7 an-344 1C2606 sp-7 an-344 1A2607 sp-7 an-345 1U2607 sp-7 an-345 1C2607 sp-7 an-345 1A2608 sp-7 an-346 1U2608 sp-7 an-346 1C2608 sp-7 an-346 1A2609 sp-7 an-347 1U2609 sp-7 an-347 1C2609 sp-7 an-347 1A2610 sp-7 an-348 1U2610 sp-7 an-348 1C2610 sp-7 an-348 1A2611 sp-7 an-349 1U2611 sp-7 an-349 1C2611 sp-7 an-349 1A2612 sp-7 an-350 1U2612 sp-7 an-350 1C2612 sp-7 an-350 1A2613 sp-7 an-351 1U2613 sp-7 an-351 1C2613 sp-7 an-351 1A2614 sp-7 an-352 1U2614 sp-7 an-352 1C2614 sp-7 an-352 1A2615 sp-7 an-353 1U2615 sp-7 an-353 1C2615 sp-7 an-353 1A2616 sp-7 an-354 1U2616 sp-7 an-354 1C2616 sp-7 an-354 1A2617 sp-7 an-355 1U2617 sp-7 an-355 1C2617 sp-7 an-355 1A2618 sp-7 an-356 1U2618 sp-7 an-356 1C2618 sp-7 an-356 1A2619 sp-7 an-357 1U2619 sp-7 an-357 1C2619 sp-7 an-357 1A2620 sp-7 an-358 1U2620 sp-7 an-358 1C2620 sp-7 an-358 1A2621 sp-7 an-359 1U2621 sp-7 an-359 1C2621 sp-7 an-359 1A2622 sp-7 an-360 1U2622 sp-7 an-360 1C2622 sp-7 an-360 1A2623 sp-7 an-361 1U2623 sp-7 an-361 1C2623 sp-7 an-361 1A2624 sp-7 an-362 1U2624 sp-7 an-362 1C2624 sp-7 an-362 1A2625 sp-7 an-363 1U2625 sp-7 an-363 1C2625 sp-7 an-363 1A2626 sp-7 an-364 1U2626 sp-7 an-364 1C2626 sp-7 an-364 1A2627 sp-7 an-365 1U2627 sp-7 an-365 1C2627 sp-7 an-365 1A2628 sp-7 an-366 1U2628 sp-7 an-366 1C2628 sp-7 an-366 1A2629 sp-7 an-367 1U2629 sp-7 an-367 1C2629 sp-7 an-367 1A2630 sp-7 an-368 1U2630 sp-7 an-368 1C2630 sp-7 an-368 1A2631 sp-7 an-369 1U2631 sp-7 an-369 1C2631 sp-7 an-369 1A2632 sp-7 an-370 1U2632 sp-7 an-370 1C2632 sp-7 an-370 Table 2-48 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A2633 sp-7 an-371 1U2633 sp-7 an-371 1C2633 sp-7 an-371 1A2634 sp-7 an-372 1U2634 sp-7 an-372 1C2634 sp-7 an-372 1A2635 sp-7 an-373 1U2635 sp-7 an-373 1C2635 sp-7 an-373 1A2636 sp-7 an-374 1U2636 sp-7 an-374 1C2636 sp-7 an-374 1A2637 sp-7 an-375 1U2637 sp-7 an-375 1C2637 sp-7 an-375 1A2638 sp-7 an-376 1U2638 sp-7 an-376 1C2638 sp-7 an-376 1A2639 sp-7 an-377 1U2639 sp-7 an-377 1C2639 sp-7 an-377 1A2640 sp-8 an-1 1U2640 sp-8 an-1 1C2640 sp-8 an-1 1A2641 sp-8 an-2 1U2641 sp-8 an-2 1C2641 sp-8 an-2 1A2642 sp-8 an-3 1U2642 sp-8 an-3 1C2642 sp-8 an-3 1A2643 sp-8 an-4 1U2643 sp-8 an-4 1C2643 sp-8 an-4 1A2644 sp-8 an-5 1U2644 sp-8 an-5 1C2644 sp-8 an-5 1A2645 sp-8 an-6 1U2645 sp-8 an-6 1C2645 sp-8 an-6 1A2646 sp-8 an-7 1U2646 sp-8 an-7 1C2646 sp-8 an-7 1A2647 sp-8 an-8 1U2647 sp-8 an-8 1C2647 sp-8 an-8 1A2648 sp-8 an-9 1U2648 sp-8 an-9 1C2648 sp-8 an-9 1A2649 sp-8 an-10 1U2649 sp-8 an-10 1C2649 sp-8 an-10 1A2650 sp-8 an-11 1U2650 sp-8 an-11 1C2650 sp-8 an-11 1A2651 sp-8 an-12 1U2651 sp-8 an-12 1C2651 sp-8 an-12 1A2652 sp-8 an-13 1U2652 sp-8 an-13 1C2652 sp-8 an-13 1A2653 sp-8 an-14 1U2653 sp-8 an-14 1C2653 sp-8 an-14 1A2654 sp-8 an-15 1U2654 sp-8 an-15 1C2654 sp-8 an-15 1A2655 sp-8 an-16 1U2655 sp-8 an-16 1C2655 sp-8 an-16 1A2656 sp-8 an-17 1U2656 sp-8 an-17 1C2656 sp-8 an-17 1A2657 sp-8 an-18 1U2657 sp-8 an-18 1C2657 sp-8 an-18 1A2658 sp-8 an-19 1U2658 sp-8 an-19 1C2658 sp-8 an-19 1A2659 sp-8 an-20 1U2659 sp-8 an-20 1C2659 sp-8 an-20 1A2660 sp-8 an-21 1U2660 sp-8 an-21 1C2660 sp-8 an-21 1A2661 sp-8 an-22 1U2661 sp-8 an-22 1C2661 sp-8 an-22 1A2662 sp-8 an-23 1U2662 sp-8 an-23 1C2662 sp-8 an-23 1A2663 sp-8 an-24 1U2663 sp-8 an-24 1C2663 sp-8 an-24 1A2664 sp-8 an-25 1U2664 sp-8 an-25 1C2664 sp-8 an-25 1A2665 sp-8 an-26 1U2665 sp-8 an-26 1C2665 sp-8 an-26 1A2666 sp-8 an-27 1U2666 sp-8 an-27 1C2666 sp-8 an-27 1A2667 sp-8 an-28 1U2667 sp-8 an-28 1C2667 sp-8 an-28 1A2668 sp-8 an-29 1U2668 sp-8 an-29 1C2668 sp-8 an-29 1A2669 sp-8 an-30 1U2669 sp-8 an-30 1C2669 sp-8 an-30 1A2670 sp-8 an-31 1U2670 sp-8 an-31 1C2670 sp-8 an-31 1A2671 sp-8 an-32 1U2671 sp-8 an-32 1C2671 sp-8 an-32 1A2672 sp-8 an-33 1U2672 sp-8 an-33 1C2672 sp-8 an-33 1A2673 sp-8 an-34 1U2673 sp-8 an-34 1C2673 sp-8 an-34 1A2674 sp-8 an-35 1U2674 sp-8 an-35 1C2674 sp-8 an-35 1A2675 sp-8 an-36 1U2675 sp-8 an-36 1C2675 sp-8 an-36 1A2676 sp-8 an-37 1U2676 sp-8 an-37 1C2676 sp-8 an-37 1A2677 sp-8 an-38 1U2677 sp-8 an-38 1C2677 sp-8 an-38 1A2678 sp-8 an-39 1U2678 sp-8 an-39 1C2678 sp-8 an-39 1A2679 sp-8 an-40 1U2679 sp-8 an-40 1C2679 sp-8 an-40 1A2680 sp-8 an-41 1U2680 sp-8 an-41 1C2680 sp-8 an-41 1A2681 sp-8 an-42 1U2681 sp-8 an-42 1C2681 sp-8 an-42 1A2682 sp-8 an-43 1U2682 sp-8 an-43 1C2682 sp-8 an-43 1A2683 sp-8 an-44 1U2683 sp-8 an-44 1C2683 sp-8 an-44 1A2684 sp-8 an-45 1U2684 sp-8 an-45 1C2684 sp-8 an-45 1A2685 sp-8 an-46 1U2685 sp-8 an-46 1C2685 sp-8 an-46 1A2686 sp-8 an-47 1U2686 sp-8 an-47 1C2686 sp-8 an-47 1A2687 sp-8 an-48 1U2687 sp-8 an-48 1C2687 sp-8 an-48 1A2688 sp-8 an-49 1U2688 sp-8 an-49 1C2688 sp-8 an-49 Table 2-49 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A2689 sp-8 an-50 1U2689 sp-8 an-50 1C2689 sp-8 an-50 1A2690 sp-8 an-51 1U2690 sp-8 an-51 1C2690 sp-8 an-51 1A2691 sp-8 an-52 1U2691 sp-8 an-52 1C2691 sp-8 an-52 1A2692 sp-8 an-53 1U2692 sp-8 an-53 1C2692 sp-8 an-53 1A2693 sp-8 an-54 1U2693 sp-8 an-54 1C2693 sp-8 an-54 1A2694 sp-8 an-55 1U2694 sp-8 an-55 1C2694 sp-8 an-55 1A2695 sp-8 an-56 1U2695 sp-8 an-56 1C2695 sp-8 an-56 1A2696 sp-8 an-57 1U2696 sp-8 an-57 1C2696 sp-8 an-57 1A2697 sp-8 an-58 1U2697 sp-8 an-58 1C2697 sp-8 an-58 1A2698 sp-8 an-59 1U2698 sp-8 an-59 1C2698 sp-8 an-59 1A2699 sp-8 an-60 1U2699 sp-8 an-60 1C2699 sp-8 an-60 1A2700 sp-8 an-61 1U2700 sp-8 an-61 1C2700 sp-8 an-61 1A2701 sp-8 an-62 1U2701 sp-8 an-62 1C2701 sp-8 an-62 1A2702 sp-8 an-63 1U2702 sp-8 an-63 1C2702 sp-8 an-63 1A2703 sp-8 an-64 1U2703 sp-8 an-64 1C2703 sp-8 an-64 1A2704 sp-8 an-65 1U2704 sp-8 an-65 1C2704 sp-8 an-65 1A2705 sp-8 an-66 1U2705 sp-8 an-66 1C2705 sp-8 an-66 1A2706 sp-8 an-67 1U2706 sp-8 an-67 1C2706 sp-8 an-67 1A2707 sp-8 an-68 1U2707 sp-8 an-68 1C2707 sp-8 an-68 1A2708 sp-8 an-69 1U2708 sp-8 an-69 1C2708 sp-8 an-69 1A2709 sp-8 an-70 1U2709 sp-8 an-70 1C2709 sp-8 an-70 1A2710 sp-8 an-71 1U2710 sp-8 an-71 1C2710 sp-8 an-71 1A2711 sp-8 an-72 1U2711 sp-8 an-72 1C2711 sp-8 an-72 1A2712 sp-8 an-73 1U2712 sp-8 an-73 1C2712 sp-8 an-73 1A2713 sp-8 an-74 1U2713 sp-8 an-74 1C2713 sp-8 an-74 1A2714 sp-8 an-75 1U2714 sp-8 an-75 1C2714 sp-8 an-75 1A2715 sp-8 an-76 1U2715 sp-8 an-76 1C2715 sp-8 an-76 1A2716 sp-8 an-77 1U2716 sp-8 an-77 1C2716 sp-8 an-77 1A2717 sp-8 an-78 1U2717 sp-8 an-78 1C2717 sp-8 an-78 1A2718 sp-8 an-79 1U2718 sp-8 an-79 1C2718 sp-8 an-79 1A2719 sp-8 an-80 1U2719 sp-8 an-80 1C2719 sp-8 an-80 1A2720 sp-8 an-81 1U2720 sp-8 an-81 1C2720 sp-8 an-81 1A2721 sp-8 an-82 1U2721 sp-8 an-82 1C2721 sp-8 an-82 1A2722 sp-8 an-83 1U2722 sp-8 an-83 1C2722 sp-8 an-83 1A2723 sp-8 an-84 1U2723 sp-8 an-84 1C2723 sp-8 an-84 1A2724 sp-8 an-85 1U2724 sp-8 an-85 1C2724 sp-8 an-85 1A2725 sp-8 an-86 1U2725 sp-8 an-86 1C2725 sp-8 an-86 1A2726 sp-8 an-87 1U2726 sp-8 an-87 1C2726 sp-8 an-87 1A2727 sp-8 an-88 1U2727 sp-8 an-88 1C2727 sp-8 an-88 1A2728 sp-8 an-89 1U2728 sp-8 an-89 1C2728 sp-8 an-89 1A2729 sp-8 an-90 1U2729 sp-8 an-90 1C2729 sp-8 an-90 1A2730 sp-8 an-91 1U2730 sp-8 an-91 1C2730 sp-8 an-91 1A2731 sp-8 an-92 1U2731 sp-8 an-92 1C2731 sp-8 an-92 1A2732 sp-8 an-93 1U2732 sp-8 an-93 1C2732 sp-8 an-93 1A2733 sp-8 an-94 1U2733 sp-8 an-94 1C2733 sp-8 an-94 1A2734 sp-8 an-95 1U2734 sp-8 an-95 1C2734 sp-8 an-95 1A2735 sp-8 an-96 1U2735 sp-8 an-96 1C2735 sp-8 an-96 1A2736 sp-8 an-97 1U2736 sp-8 an-97 1C2736 sp-8 an-97 1A2737 sp-8 an-98 1U2737 sp-8 an-98 1C2737 sp-8 an-98 1A2738 sp-8 an-99 1U2738 sp-8 an-99 1C2738 sp-8 an-99 1A2739 sp-8 an-100 1U2739 sp-8 an-100 1C2739 sp-8 an-100 1A2740 sp-8 an-101 1U2740 sp-8 an-101 1C2740 sp-8 an-101 1A2741 sp-8 an-102 1U2741 sp-8 an-102 1C2741 sp-8 an-102 1A2742 sp-8 an-103 1U2742 sp-8 an-103 1C2742 sp-8 an-103 1A2743 sp-8 an-104 1U2743 sp-8 an-104 1C2743 sp-8 an-104 1A2744 sp-8 an-105 1U2744 sp-8 an-105 1C2744 sp-8 an-105 Table 2-50 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A2745 sp-8 an-106 1U2745 sp-8 an-106 1C2745 sp-8 an-106 1A2746 sp-8 an-107 1U2746 sp-8 an-107 1C2746 sp-8 an-107 1A2747 sp-8 an-108 1U2747 sp-8 an-108 1C2747 sp-8 an-108 1A2748 sp-8 an-109 1U2748 sp-8 an-109 1C2748 sp-8 an-109 1A2749 sp-8 an-110 1U2749 sp-8 an-110 1C2749 sp-8 an-110 1A2750 sp-8 an-111 1U2750 sp-8 an-111 1C2750 sp-8 an-111 1A2751 sp-8 an-112 1U2751 sp-8 an-112 1C2751 sp-8 an-112 1A2752 sp-8 an-113 1U2752 sp-8 an-113 1C2752 sp-8 an-113 1A2753 sp-8 an-114 1U2753 sp-8 an-114 1C2753 sp-8 an-114 1A2754 sp-8 an-115 1U2754 sp-8 an-115 1C2754 sp-8 an-115 1A2755 sp-8 an-116 1U2755 sp-8 an-116 1C2755 sp-8 an-116 1A2756 sp-8 an-117 1U2756 sp-8 an-117 1C2756 sp-8 an-117 1A2757 sp-8 an-118 1U2757 sp-8 an-118 1C2757 sp-8 an-118 1A2758 sp-8 an-119 1U2758 sp-8 an-119 1C2758 sp-8 an-119 1A2759 sp-8 an-120 1U2759 sp-8 an-120 1C2759 sp-8 an-120 1A2760 sp-8 an-121 1U2760 sp-8 an-121 1C2760 sp-8 an-121 1A2761 sp-8 an-122 1U2761 sp-8 an-122 1C2761 sp-8 an-122 1A2762 sp-8 an-123 1U2762 sp-8 an-123 1C2762 sp-8 an-123 1A2763 sp-8 an-124 1U2763 sp-8 an-124 1C2763 sp-8 an-124 1A2764 sp-8 an-125 1U2764 sp-8 an-125 1C2764 sp-8 an-125 1A2765 sp-8 an-126 1U2765 sp-8 an-126 1C2765 sp-8 an-126 1A2766 sp-8 an-127 1U2766 sp-8 an-127 1C2766 sp-8 an-127 1A2767 sp-8 an-128 1U2767 sp-8 an-128 1C2767 sp-8 an-128 1A2768 sp-8 an-129 1U2768 sp-8 an-129 1C2768 sp-8 an-129 1A2769 sp-8 an-130 1U2769 sp-8 an-130 1C2769 sp-8 an-130 1A2770 sp-8 an-131 1U2770 sp-8 an-131 1C2770 sp-8 an-131 1A2771 sp-8 an-132 1U2771 sp-8 an-132 1C2771 sp-8 an-132 1A2772 sp-8 an-133 1U2772 sp-8 an-133 1C2772 sp-8 an-133 1A2773 sp-8 an-134 1U2773 sp-8 an-134 1C2773 sp-8 an-134 1A2774 sp-8 an-135 1U2774 sp-8 an-135 1C2774 sp-8 an-135 1A2775 sp-8 an-136 1U2775 sp-8 an-136 1C2775 sp-8 an-136 1A2776 sp-8 an-137 1U2776 sp-8 an-137 1C2776 sp-8 an-137 1A2777 sp-8 an-138 1U2777 sp-8 an-138 1C2777 sp-8 an-138 1A2778 sp-8 an-139 1U2778 sp-8 an-139 1C2778 sp-8 an-139 1A2779 sp-8 an-140 1U2779 sp-8 an-140 1C2779 sp-8 an-140 1A2780 sp-8 an-141 1U2780 sp-8 an-141 1C2780 sp-8 an-141 1A2781 sp-8 an-142 1U2781 sp-8 an-142 1C2781 sp-8 an-142 1A2782 sp-8 an-143 1U2782 sp-8 an-143 1C2782 sp-8 an-143 1A2783 sp-8 an-144 1U2783 sp-8 an-144 1C2783 sp-8 an-144 1A2784 sp-8 an-145 1U2784 sp-8 an-145 1C2784 sp-8 an-145 1A2785 sp-8 an-146 1U2785 sp-8 an-146 1C2785 sp-8 an-146 1A2786 sp-8 an-147 1U2786 sp-8 an-147 1C2786 sp-8 an-147 1A2787 sp-8 an-148 1U2787 sp-8 an-148 1C2787 sp-8 an-148 1A2788 sp-8 an-149 1U2788 sp-8 an-149 1C2788 sp-8 an-149 1A2789 sp-8 an-150 1U2789 sp-8 an-150 1C2789 sp-8 an-150 1A2790 sp-8 an-151 1U2790 sp-8 an-151 1C2790 sp-8 an-151 1A2791 sp-8 an-152 1U2791 sp-8 an-152 1C2791 sp-8 an-152 1A2792 sp-8 an-153 1U2792 sp-8 an-153 1C2792 sp-8 an-153 1A2793 sp-8 an-154 1U2793 sp-8 an-154 1C2793 sp-8 an-154 1A2794 sp-8 an-155 1U2794 sp-8 an-155 1C2794 sp-8 an-155 1A2795 sp-8 an-156 1U2795 sp-8 an-156 1C2795 sp-8 an-156 1A2796 sp-8 an-157 1U2796 sp-8 an-157 1C2796 sp-8 an-157 1A2797 sp-8 an-158 1U2797 sp-8 an-158 1C2797 sp-8 an-158 1A2798 sp-8 an-159 1U2798 sp-8 an-159 1C2798 sp-8 an-159 1A2799 sp-8 an-160 1U2799 sp-8 an-160 1C2799 sp-8 an-160 1A2800 sp-8 an-161 1U2800 sp-8 an-161 1C2800 sp-8 an-161 Table 2-51 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A2801 sp-8 an-162 1U2801 sp-8 an-162 1C2801 sp-8 an-162 1A2802 sp-8 an-163 1U2802 sp-8 an-163 1C2802 sp-8 an-163 1A2803 sp-8 an-164 1U2803 sp-8 an-164 1C2803 sp-8 an-164 1A2804 sp-8 an-165 1U2804 sp-8 an-165 1C2804 sp-8 an-165 1A2805 sp-8 an-166 1U2805 sp-8 an-166 1C2805 sp-8 an-166 1A2806 sp-8 an-167 1U2806 sp-8 an-167 1C2806 sp-8 an-167 1A2807 sp-8 an-168 1U2807 sp-8 an-168 1C2807 sp-8 an-168 1A2808 sp-8 an-169 1U2808 sp-8 an-169 1C2808 sp-8 an-169 1A2809 sp-8 an-170 1U2809 sp-8 an-170 1C2809 sp-8 an-170 1A2810 sp-8 an-171 1U2810 sp-8 an-171 1C2810 sp-8 an-171 1A2811 sp-8 an-172 1U2811 sp-8 an-172 1C2811 sp-8 an-172 1A2812 sp-8 an-173 1U2812 sp-8 an-173 1C2812 sp-8 an-173 1A2813 sp-8 an-174 1U2813 sp-8 an-174 1C2813 sp-8 an-174 1A2814 sp-8 an-175 1U2814 sp-8 an-175 1C2814 sp-8 an-175 1A2815 sp-8 an-176 1U2815 sp-8 an-176 1C2815 sp-8 an-176 1A2816 sp-8 an-177 1U2816 sp-8 an-177 1C2816 sp-8 an-177 1A2817 sp-8 an-178 1U2817 sp-8 an-178 1C2817 sp-8 an-178 1A2818 sp-8 an-179 1U2818 sp-8 an-179 1C2818 sp-8 an-179 1A2819 sp-8 an-180 1U2819 sp-8 an-180 1C2819 sp-8 an-180 1A2820 sp-8 an-181 1U2820 sp-8 an-181 1C2820 sp-8 an-181 1A2821 sp-8 an-182 1U2821 sp-8 an-182 1C2821 sp-8 an-182 1A2822 sp-8 an-183 1U2822 sp-8 an-183 1C2822 sp-8 an-183 1A2823 sp-8 an-184 1U2823 sp-8 an-184 1C2823 sp-8 an-184 1A2824 sp-8 an-185 1U2824 sp-8 an-185 1C2824 sp-8 an-185 1A2825 sp-8 an-186 1U2825 sp-8 an-186 1C2825 sp-8 an-186 1A2826 sp-8 an-187 1U2826 sp-8 an-187 1C2826 sp-8 an-187 1A2827 sp-8 an-188 1U2827 sp-8 an-188 1C2827 sp-8 an-188 1A2828 sp-8 an-189 1U2828 sp-8 an-189 1C2828 sp-8 an-189 1A2829 sp-8 an-190 1U2829 sp-8 an-190 1C2829 sp-8 an-190 1A2830 sp-8 an-191 1U2830 sp-8 an-191 1C2830 sp-8 an-191 1A2831 sp-8 an-192 1U2831 sp-8 an-192 1C2831 sp-8 an-192 1A2832 sp-8 an-193 1U2832 sp-8 an-193 1C2832 sp-8 an-193 1A2833 sp-8 an-194 1U2833 sp-8 an-194 1C2833 sp-8 an-194 1A2834 sp-8 an-195 1U2834 sp-8 an-195 1C2834 sp-8 an-195 1A2835 sp-8 an-196 1U2835 sp-8 an-196 1C2835 sp-8 an-196 1A2836 sp-8 an-197 1U2836 sp-8 an-197 1C2836 sp-8 an-197 1A2837 sp-8 an-198 1U2837 sp-8 an-198 1C2837 sp-8 an-198 1A2838 sp-8 an-199 1U2838 sp-8 an-199 1C2838 sp-8 an-199 1A2839 sp-8 an-200 1U2839 sp-8 an-200 1C2839 sp-8 an-200 1A2840 sp-8 an-201 1U2840 sp-8 an-201 1C2840 sp-8 an-201 1A2841 sp-8 an-202 1U2841 sp-8 an-202 1C2841 sp-8 an-202 1A2842 sp-8 an-203 1U2842 sp-8 an-203 1C2842 sp-8 an-203 1A2843 sp-8 an-204 1U2843 sp-8 an-204 1C2843 sp-8 an-204 1A2844 sp-8 an-205 1U2844 sp-8 an-205 1C2844 sp-8 an-205 1A2845 sp-8 an-206 1U2845 sp-8 an-206 1C2845 sp-8 an-206 1A2846 sp-8 an-207 1U2846 sp-8 an-207 1C2846 sp-8 an-207 1A2847 sp-8 an-208 1U2847 sp-8 an-208 1C2847 sp-8 an-208 1A2848 sp-8 an-209 1U2848 sp-8 an-209 1C2848 sp-8 an-209 1A2849 sp-8 an-210 1U2849 sp-8 an-210 1C2849 sp-8 an-210 1A2850 sp-8 an-211 1U2850 sp-8 an-211 1C2850 sp-8 an-211 1A2851 sp-8 an-212 1U2851 sp-8 an-212 1C2851 sp-8 an-212 1A2852 sp-8 an-213 1U2852 sp-8 an-213 1C2852 sp-8 an-213 1A2853 sp-8 an-214 1U2853 sp-8 an-214 1C2853 sp-8 an-214 1A2854 sp-8 an-215 1U2854 sp-8 an-215 1C2854 sp-8 an-215 1A2855 sp-8 an-216 1U2855 sp-8 an-216 1C2855 sp-8 an-216 1A2856 sp-8 an-217 1U2856 sp-8 an-217 1C2856 sp-8 an-217 Table 2-52 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A2857 sp-8 an-218 1U2857 sp-8 an-218 1C2857 sp-8 an-218 1A2858 sp-8 an-219 1U2858 sp-8 an-219 1C2858 sp-8 an-219 1A2859 sp-8 an-220 1U2859 sp-8 an-220 1C2859 sp-8 an-220 1A2860 sp-8 an-221 1U2860 sp-8 an-221 1C2860 sp-8 an-221 1A2861 sp-8 an-222 1U2861 sp-8 an-222 1C2861 sp-8 an-222 1A2862 sp-8 an-223 1U2862 sp-8 an-223 1C2862 sp-8 an-223 1A2863 sp-8 an-224 1U2863 sp-8 an-224 1C2863 sp-8 an-224 1A2864 sp-8 an-225 1U2864 sp-8 an-225 1C2864 sp-8 an-225 1A2865 sp-8 an-226 1U2865 sp-8 an-226 1C2865 sp-8 an-226 1A2866 sp-8 an-227 1U2866 sp-8 an-227 1C2866 sp-8 an-227 1A2867 sp-8 an-228 1U2867 sp-8 an-228 1C2867 sp-8 an-228 1A2868 sp-8 an-229 1U2868 sp-8 an-229 1C2868 sp-8 an-229 1A2869 sp-8 an-230 1U2869 sp-8 an-230 1C2869 sp-8 an-230 1A2870 sp-8 an-231 1U2870 sp-8 an-231 1C2870 sp-8 an-231 1A2871 sp-8 an-232 1U2871 sp-8 an-232 1C2871 sp-8 an-232 1A2872 sp-8 an-233 1U2872 sp-8 an-233 1C2872 sp-8 an-233 1A2873 sp-8 an-234 1U2873 sp-8 an-234 1C2873 sp-8 an-234 1A2874 sp-8 an-235 1U2874 sp-8 an-235 1C2874 sp-8 an-235 1A2875 sp-8 an-236 1U2875 sp-8 an-236 1C2875 sp-8 an-236 1A2876 sp-8 an-237 1U2876 sp-8 an-237 1C2876 sp-8 an-237 1A2877 sp-8 an-238 1U2877 sp-8 an-238 1C2877 sp-8 an-238 1A2878 sp-8 an-239 1U2878 sp-8 an-239 1C2878 sp-8 an-239 1A2879 sp-8 an-240 1U2879 sp-8 an-240 1C2879 sp-8 an-240 1A2880 sp-8 an-241 1U2880 sp-8 an-241 1C2880 sp-8 an-241 1A2881 sp-8 an-242 1U2881 sp-8 an-242 1C2881 sp-8 an-242 1A2882 sp-8 an-243 1U2882 sp-8 an-243 1C2882 sp-8 an-243 1A2883 sp-8 an-244 1U2883 sp-8 an-244 1C2883 sp-8 an-244 1A2884 sp-8 an-245 1U2884 sp-8 an-245 1C2884 sp-8 an-245 1A2885 sp-8 an-246 1U2885 sp-8 an-246 1C2885 sp-8 an-246 1A2886 sp-8 an-247 1U2886 sp-8 an-247 1C2886 sp-8 an-247 1A2887 sp-8 an-248 1U2887 sp-8 an-248 1C2887 sp-8 an-248 1A2888 sp-8 an-249 1U2888 sp-8 an-249 1C2888 sp-8 an-249 1A2889 sp-8 an-250 1U2889 sp-8 an-250 1C2889 sp-8 an-250 1A2890 sp-8 an-251 1U2890 sp-8 an-251 1C2890 sp-8 an-251 1A2891 sp-8 an-252 1U2891 sp-8 an-252 1C2891 sp-8 an-252 1A2892 sp-8 an-253 1U2892 sp-8 an-253 1C2892 sp-8 an-253 1A2893 sp-8 an-254 1U2893 sp-8 an-254 1C2893 sp-8 an-254 1A2894 sp-8 an-255 1U2894 sp-8 an-255 1C2894 sp-8 an-255 1A2895 sp-8 an-256 1U2895 sp-8 an-256 1C2895 sp-8 an-256 1A2896 sp-8 an-257 1U2896 sp-8 an-257 1C2896 sp-8 an-257 1A2897 sp-8 an-258 1U2897 sp-8 an-258 1C2897 sp-8 an-258 1A2898 sp-8 an-259 1U2898 sp-8 an-259 1C2898 sp-8 an-259 1A2899 sp-8 an-260 1U2899 sp-8 an-260 1C2899 sp-8 an-260 1A2900 sp-8 an-261 1U2900 sp-8 an-261 1C2900 sp-8 an-261 1A2901 sp-8 an-262 1U2901 sp-8 an-262 1C2901 sp-8 an-262 1A2902 sp-8 an-263 1U2902 sp-8 an-263 1C2902 sp-8 an-263 1A2903 sp-8 an-264 1U2903 sp-8 an-264 1C2903 sp-8 an-264 1A2904 sp-8 an-265 1U2904 sp-8 an-265 1C2904 sp-8 an-265 1A2905 sp-8 an-266 1U2905 sp-8 an-266 1C2905 sp-8 an-266 1A2906 sp-8 an-267 1U2906 sp-8 an-267 1C2906 sp-8 an-267 1A2907 sp-8 an-268 1U2907 sp-8 an-268 1C2907 sp-8 an-268 1A2908 sp-8 an-269 1U2908 sp-8 an-269 1C2908 sp-8 an-269 1A2909 sp-8 an-270 1U2909 sp-8 an-270 1C2909 sp-8 an-270 1A2910 sp-8 an-271 1U2910 sp-8 an-271 1C2910 sp-8 an-271 1A2911 sp-8 an-272 1U2911 sp-8 an-272 1C2911 sp-8 an-272 1A2912 sp-8 an-273 1U2912 sp-8 an-273 1C2912 sp-8 an-273 Table 2-53 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A2913 sp-8 an-274 1U2913 sp-8 an-274 1C2913 sp-8 an-274 1A2914 sp-8 an-275 1U2914 sp-8 an-275 1C2914 sp-8 an-275 1A2915 sp-8 an-276 1U2915 sp-8 an-276 1C2915 sp-8 an-276 1A2916 sp-8 an-277 1U2916 sp-8 an-277 1C2916 sp-8 an-277 1A2917 sp-8 an-278 1U2917 sp-8 an-278 1C2917 sp-8 an-278 1A2918 sp-8 an-279 1U2918 sp-8 an-279 1C2918 sp-8 an-279 1A2919 sp-8 an-280 1U2919 sp-8 an-280 1C2919 sp-8 an-280 1A2920 sp-8 an-281 1U2920 sp-8 an-281 1C2920 sp-8 an-281 1A2921 sp-8 an-282 1U2921 sp-8 an-282 1C2921 sp-8 an-282 1A2922 sp-8 an-283 1U2922 sp-8 an-283 1C2922 sp-8 an-283 1A2923 sp-8 an-284 1U2923 sp-8 an-284 1C2923 sp-8 an-284 1A2924 sp-8 an-285 1U2924 sp-8 an-285 1C2924 sp-8 an-285 1A2925 sp-8 an-286 1U2925 sp-8 an-286 1C2925 sp-8 an-286 1A2926 sp-8 an-287 1U2926 sp-8 an-287 1C2926 sp-8 an-287 1A2927 sp-8 an-288 1U2927 sp-8 an-288 1C2927 sp-8 an-288 1A2928 sp-8 an-289 1U2928 sp-8 an-289 1C2928 sp-8 an-289 1A2929 sp-8 an-290 1U2929 sp-8 an-290 1C2929 sp-8 an-290 1A2930 sp-8 an-291 1U2930 sp-8 an-291 1C2930 sp-8 an-291 1A2931 sp-8 an-292 1U2931 sp-8 an-292 1C2931 sp-8 an-292 1A2932 sp-8 an-293 1U2932 sp-8 an-293 1C2932 sp-8 an-293 1A2933 sp-8 an-294 1U2933 sp-8 an-294 1C2933 sp-8 an-294 1A2934 sp-8 an-295 1U2934 sp-8 an-295 1C2934 sp-8 an-295 1A2935 sp-8 an-296 1U2935 sp-8 an-296 1C2935 sp-8 an-296 1A2936 sp-8 an-297 1U2936 sp-8 an-297 1C2936 sp-8 an-297 1A2937 sp-8 an-298 1U2937 sp-8 an-298 1C2937 sp-8 an-298 1A2938 sp-8 an-299 1U2938 sp-8 an-299 1C2938 sp-8 an-299 1A2939 sp-8 an-300 1U2939 sp-8 an-300 1C2939 sp-8 an-300 1A2940 sp-8 an-301 1U2940 sp-8 an-301 1C2940 sp-8 an-301 1A2941 sp-8 an-302 1U2941 sp-8 an-302 1C2941 sp-8 an-302 1A2942 sp-8 an-303 1U2942 sp-8 an-303 1C2942 sp-8 an-303 1A2943 sp-8 an-304 1U2943 sp-8 an-304 1C2943 sp-8 an-304 1A2944 sp-8 an-305 1U2944 sp-8 an-305 1C2944 sp-8 an-305 1A2945 sp-8 an-306 1U2945 sp-8 an-306 1C2945 sp-8 an-306 1A2946 sp-8 an-307 1U2946 sp-8 an-307 1C2946 sp-8 an-307 1A2947 sp-8 an-308 1U2947 sp-8 an-308 1C2947 sp-8 an-308 1A2948 sp-8 an-309 1U2948 sp-8 an-309 1C2948 sp-8 an-309 1A2949 sp-8 an-310 1U2949 sp-8 an-310 1C2949 sp-8 an-310 1A2950 sp-8 an-311 1U2950 sp-8 an-311 1C2950 sp-8 an-311 1A2951 sp-8 an-312 1U2951 sp-8 an-312 1C2951 sp-8 an-312 1A2952 sp-8 an-313 1U2952 sp-8 an-313 1C2952 sp-8 an-313 1A2953 sp-8 an-314 1U2953 sp-8 an-314 1C2953 sp-8 an-314 1A2954 sp-8 an-315 1U2954 sp-8 an-315 1C2954 sp-8 an-315 1A2955 sp-8 an-316 1U2955 sp-8 an-316 1C2955 sp-8 an-316 1A2956 sp-8 an-317 1U2956 sp-8 an-317 1C2956 sp-8 an-317 1A2957 sp-8 an-318 1U2957 sp-8 an-318 1C2957 sp-8 an-318 1A2958 sp-8 an-319 1U2958 sp-8 an-319 1C2958 sp-8 an-319 1A2959 sp-8 an-320 1U2959 sp-8 an-320 1C2959 sp-8 an-320 1A2960 sp-8 an-321 1U2960 sp-8 an-321 1C2960 sp-8 an-321 1A2961 sp-8 an-322 1U2961 sp-8 an-322 1C2961 sp-8 an-322 1A2962 sp-8 an-323 1U2962 sp-8 an-323 1C2962 sp-8 an-323 1A2963 sp-8 an-324 1U2963 sp-8 an-324 1C2963 sp-8 an-324 1A2964 sp-8 an-325 1U2964 sp-8 an-325 1C2964 sp-8 an-325 1A2965 sp-8 an-326 1U2965 sp-8 an-326 1C2965 sp-8 an-326 1A2966 sp-8 an-327 1U2966 sp-8 an-327 1C2966 sp-8 an-327 1A2967 sp-8 an-328 1U2967 sp-8 an-328 1C2967 sp-8 an-328 1A2968 sp-8 an-329 1U2968 sp-8 an-329 1C2968 sp-8 an-329 Table 2-54 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A2969 sp-8 an-330 1U2969 sp-8 an-330 1C2969 sp-8 an-330 1A2970 sp-8 an-331 1U2970 sp-8 an-331 1C2970 sp-8 an-331 1A2971 sp-8 an-332 1U2971 sp-8 an-332 1C2971 sp-8 an-332 1A2972 sp-8 an-333 1U2972 sp-8 an-333 1C2972 sp-8 an-333 1A2973 sp-8 an-334 1U2973 sp-8 an-334 1C2973 sp-8 an-334 1A2974 sp-8 an-335 1U2974 sp-8 an-335 1C2974 sp-8 an-335 1A2975 sp-8 an-336 1U2975 sp-8 an-336 1C2975 sp-8 an-336 1A2976 sp-8 an-337 1U2976 sp-8 an-337 1C2976 sp-8 an-337 1A2977 sp-8 an-338 1U2977 sp-8 an-338 1C2977 sp-8 an-338 1A2978 sp-8 an-339 1U2978 sp-8 an-339 1C2978 sp-8 an-339 1A2979 sp-8 an-340 1U2979 sp-8 an-340 1C2979 sp-8 an-340 1A2980 sp-8 an-341 1U2980 sp-8 an-341 1C2980 sp-8 an-341 1A2981 sp-8 an-342 1U2981 sp-8 an-342 1C2981 sp-8 an-342 1A2982 sp-8 an-343 1U2982 sp-8 an-343 1C2982 sp-8 an-343 1A2983 sp-8 an-344 1U2983 sp-8 an-344 1C2983 sp-8 an-344 1A2984 sp-8 an-345 1U2984 sp-8 an-345 1C2984 sp-8 an-345 1A2985 sp-8 an-346 1U2985 sp-8 an-346 1C2985 sp-8 an-346 1A2986 sp-8 an-347 1U2986 sp-8 an-347 1C2986 sp-8 an-347 1A2987 sp-8 an-348 1U2987 sp-8 an-348 1C2987 sp-8 an-348 1A2988 sp-8 an-349 1U2988 sp-8 an-349 1C2988 sp-8 an-349 1A2989 sp-8 an-350 1U2989 sp-8 an-350 1C2989 sp-8 an-350 1A2990 sp-8 an-351 1U2990 sp-8 an-351 1C2990 sp-8 an-351 1A2991 sp-8 an-352 1U2991 sp-8 an-352 1C2991 sp-8 an-352 1A2992 sp-8 an-353 1U2992 sp-8 an-353 1C2992 sp-8 an-353 1A2993 sp-8 an-354 1U2993 sp-8 an-354 1C2993 sp-8 an-354 1A2994 sp-8 an-355 1U2994 sp-8 an-355 1C2994 sp-8 an-355 1A2995 sp-8 an-356 1U2995 sp-8 an-356 1C2995 sp-8 an-356 1A2996 sp-8 an-357 1U2996 sp-8 an-357 1C2996 sp-8 an-357 1A2997 sp-8 an-358 1U2997 sp-8 an-358 1C2997 sp-8 an-358 1A2998 sp-8 an-359 1U2998 sp-8 an-359 1C2998 sp-8 an-359 1A2999 sp-8 an-360 1U2999 sp-8 an-360 1C2999 sp-8 an-360 1A3000 sp-8 an-361 1U3000 sp-8 an-361 1C3000 sp-8 an-361 1A3001 sp-8 an-362 1U3001 sp-8 an-362 1C3001 sp-8 an-362 1A3002 sp-8 an-363 1U3002 sp-8 an-363 1C3002 sp-8 an-363 1A3003 sp-8 an-364 1U3003 sp-8 an-364 1C3003 sp-8 an-364 1A3004 sp-8 an-365 1U3004 sp-8 an-365 1C3004 sp-8 an-365 1A3005 sp-8 an-366 1U3005 sp-8 an-366 1C3005 sp-8 an-366 1A3006 sp-8 an-367 1U3006 sp-8 an-367 1C3006 sp-8 an-367 1A3007 sp-8 an-368 1U3007 sp-8 an-368 1C3007 sp-8 an-368 1A3008 sp-8 an-369 1U3008 sp-8 an-369 1C3008 sp-8 an-369 1A3009 sp-8 an-370 1U3009 sp-8 an-370 1C3009 sp-8 an-370 1A3010 sp-8 an-371 1U3010 sp-8 an-371 1C3010 sp-8 an-371 1A3011 sp-8 an-372 1U3011 sp-8 an-372 1C3011 sp-8 an-372 1A3012 sp-8 an-373 1U3012 sp-8 an-373 1C3012 sp-8 an-373 1A3013 sp-8 an-374 1U3013 sp-8 an-374 1C3013 sp-8 an-374 1A3014 sp-8 an-375 1U3014 sp-8 an-375 1C3014 sp-8 an-375 1A3015 sp-8 an-376 1U3015 sp-8 an-376 1C3015 sp-8 an-376 1A3016 sp-8 an-377 1U3016 sp-8 an-377 1C3016 sp-8 an-377 1A3017 sp-9 an-1 1U3017 sp-9 an-1 1C3017 sp-9 an-1 1A3018 sp-9 an-2 1U3018 sp-9 an-2 1C3018 sp-9 an-2 1A3019 sp-9 an-3 1U3019 sp-9 an-3 1C3019 sp-9 an-3 1A3020 sp-9 an-4 1U3020 sp-9 an-4 1C3020 sp-9 an-4 1A3021 sp-9 an-5 1U3021 sp-9 an-5 1C3021 sp-9 an-5 1A3022 sp-9 an-6 1U3022 sp-9 an-6 1C3022 sp-9 an-6 1A3023 sp-9 an-7 1U3023 sp-9 an-7 1C3023 sp-9 an-7 1A3024 sp-9 an-8 1U3024 sp-9 an-8 1C3024 sp-9 an-8 Table 2-55 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A3025 sp-9 an-9 1U3025 sp-9 an-9 1C3025 sp-9 an-9 1A3026 sp-9 an-10 1U3026 sp-9 an-10 1C3026 sp-9 an-10 1A3027 sp-9 an-11 1U3027 sp-9 an-11 1C3027 sp-9 an-11 1A3028 sp-9 an-12 1U3028 sp-9 an-12 1C3028 sp-9 an-12 1A3029 sp-9 an-13 1U3029 sp-9 an-13 1C3029 sp-9 an-13 1A3030 sp-9 an-14 1U3030 sp-9 an-14 1C3030 sp-9 an-14 1A3031 sp-9 an-15 1U3031 sp-9 an-15 1C3031 sp-9 an-15 1A3032 sp-9 an-16 1U3032 sp-9 an-16 1C3032 sp-9 an-16 1A3033 sp-9 an-17 1U3033 sp-9 an-17 1C3033 sp-9 an-17 1A3034 sp-9 an-18 1U3034 sp-9 an-18 1C3034 sp-9 an-18 1A3035 sp-9 an-19 1U3035 sp-9 an-19 1C3035 sp-9 an-19 1A3036 sp-9 an-20 1U3036 sp-9 an-20 1C3036 sp-9 an-20 1A3037 sp-9 an-21 1U3037 sp-9 an-21 1C3037 sp-9 an-21 1A3038 sp-9 an-22 1U3038 sp-9 an-22 1C3038 sp-9 an-22 1A3039 sp-9 an-23 1U3039 sp-9 an-23 1C3039 sp-9 an-23 1A3040 sp-9 an-24 1U3040 sp-9 an-24 1C3040 sp-9 an-24 1A3041 sp-9 an-25 1U3041 sp-9 an-25 1C3041 sp-9 an-25 1A3042 sp-9 an-26 1U3042 sp-9 an-26 1C3042 sp-9 an-26 1A3043 sp-9 an-27 1U3043 sp-9 an-27 1C3043 sp-9 an-27 1A3044 sp-9 an-28 1U3044 sp-9 an-28 1C3044 sp-9 an-28 1A3045 sp-9 an-29 1U3045 sp-9 an-29 1C3045 sp-9 an-29 1A3046 sp-9 an-30 1U3046 sp-9 an-30 1C3046 sp-9 an-30 1A3047 sp-9 an-31 1U3047 sp-9 an-31 1C3047 sp-9 an-31 1A3048 sp-9 an-32 1U3048 sp-9 an-32 1C3048 sp-9 an-32 1A3049 sp-9 an-33 1U3049 sp-9 an-33 1C3049 sp-9 an-33 1A3050 sp-9 an-34 1U3050 sp-9 an-34 1C3050 sp-9 an-34 1A3051 sp-9 an-35 1U3051 sp-9 an-35 1C3051 sp-9 an-35 1A3052 sp-9 an-36 1U3052 sp-9 an-36 1C3052 sp-9 an-36 1A3053 sp-9 an-37 1U3053 sp-9 an-37 1C3053 sp-9 an-37 1A3054 sp-9 an-38 1U3054 sp-9 an-38 1C3054 sp-9 an-38 1A3055 sp-9 an-39 1U3055 sp-9 an-39 1C3055 sp-9 an-39 1A3056 sp-9 an-40 1U3056 sp-9 an-40 1C3056 sp-9 an-40 1A3057 sp-9 an-41 1U3057 sp-9 an-41 1C3057 sp-9 an-41 1A3058 sp-9 an-42 1U3058 sp-9 an-42 1C3058 sp-9 an-42 1A3059 sp-9 an-43 1U3059 sp-9 an-43 1C3059 sp-9 an-43 1A3060 sp-9 an-44 1U3060 sp-9 an-44 1C3060 sp-9 an-44 1A3061 sp-9 an-45 1U3061 sp-9 an-45 1C3061 sp-9 an-45 1A3062 sp-9 an-46 1U3062 sp-9 an-46 1C3062 sp-9 an-46 1A3063 sp-9 an-47 1U3063 sp-9 an-47 1C3063 sp-9 an-47 1A3064 sp-9 an-48 1U3064 sp-9 an-48 1C3064 sp-9 an-48 1A3065 sp-9 an-49 1U3065 sp-9 an-49 1C3065 sp-9 an-49 1A3066 sp-9 an-50 1U3066 sp-9 an-50 1C3066 sp-9 an-50 1A3067 sp-9 an-51 1U3067 sp-9 an-51 1C3067 sp-9 an-51 1A3068 sp-9 an-52 1U3068 sp-9 an-52 1C3068 sp-9 an-52 1A3069 sp-9 an-53 1U3069 sp-9 an-53 1C3069 sp-9 an-53 1A3070 sp-9 an-54 1U3070 sp-9 an-54 1C3070 sp-9 an-54 1A3071 sp-9 an-55 1U3071 sp-9 an-55 1C3071 sp-9 an-55 1A3072 sp-9 an-56 1U3072 sp-9 an-56 1C3072 sp-9 an-56 1A3073 sp-9 an-57 1U3073 sp-9 an-57 1C3073 sp-9 an-57 1A3074 sp-9 an-58 1U3074 sp-9 an-58 1C3074 sp-9 an-58 1A3075 sp-9 an-59 1U3075 sp-9 an-59 1C3075 sp-9 an-59 1A3076 sp-9 an-60 1U3076 sp-9 an-60 1C3076 sp-9 an-60 1A3077 sp-9 an-61 1U3077 sp-9 an-61 1C3077 sp-9 an-61 1A3078 sp-9 an-62 1U3078 sp-9 an-62 1C3078 sp-9 an-62 1A3079 sp-9 an-63 1U3079 sp-9 an-63 1C3079 sp-9 an-63 1A3080 sp-9 an-64 1U3080 sp-9 an-64 1C3080 sp-9 an-64 Table 2-56 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A3081 sp-9 an-65 1U3081 sp-9 an-65 1C3081 sp-9 an-65 1A3082 sp-9 an-66 1U3082 sp-9 an-66 1C3082 sp-9 an-66 1A3083 sp-9 an-67 1U3083 sp-9 an-67 1C3083 sp-9 an-67 1A3084 sp-9 an-68 1U3084 sp-9 an-68 1C3084 sp-9 an-68 1A3085 sp-9 an-69 1U3085 sp-9 an-69 1C3085 sp-9 an-69 1A3086 sp-9 an-70 1U3086 sp-9 an-70 1C3086 sp-9 an-70 1A3087 sp-9 an-71 1U3087 sp-9 an-71 1C3087 sp-9 an-71 1A3088 sp-9 an-72 1U3088 sp-9 an-72 1C3088 sp-9 an-72 1A3089 sp-9 an-73 1U3089 sp-9 an-73 1C3089 sp-9 an-73 1A3090 sp-9 an-74 1U3090 sp-9 an-74 1C3090 sp-9 an-74 1A3091 sp-9 an-75 1U3091 sp-9 an-75 1C3091 sp-9 an-75 1A3092 sp-9 an-76 1U3092 sp-9 an-76 1C3092 sp-9 an-76 1A3093 sp-9 an-77 1U3093 sp-9 an-77 1C3093 sp-9 an-77 1A3094 sp-9 an-78 1U3094 sp-9 an-78 1C3094 sp-9 an-78 1A3095 sp-9 an-79 1U3095 sp-9 an-79 1C3095 sp-9 an-79 1A3096 sp-9 an-80 1U3096 sp-9 an-80 1C3096 sp-9 an-80 1A3097 sp-9 an-81 1U3097 sp-9 an-81 1C3097 sp-9 an-81 1A3098 sp-9 an-82 1U3098 sp-9 an-82 1C3098 sp-9 an-82 1A3099 sp-9 an-83 1U3099 sp-9 an-83 1C3099 sp-9 an-83 1A3100 sp-9 an-84 1U3100 sp-9 an-84 1C3100 sp-9 an-84 1A3101 sp-9 an-85 1U3101 sp-9 an-85 1C3101 sp-9 an-85 1A3102 sp-9 an-86 1U3102 sp-9 an-86 1C3102 sp-9 an-86 1A3103 sp-9 an-87 1U3103 sp-9 an-87 1C3103 sp-9 an-87 1A3104 sp-9 an-88 1U3104 sp-9 an-88 1C3104 sp-9 an-88 1A3105 sp-9 an-89 1U3105 sp-9 an-89 1C3105 sp-9 an-89 1A3106 sp-9 an-90 1U3106 sp-9 an-90 1C3106 sp-9 an-90 1A3107 sp-9 an-91 1U3107 sp-9 an-91 1C3107 sp-9 an-91 1A3108 sp-9 an-92 1U3108 sp-9 an-92 1C3108 sp-9 an-92 1A3109 sp-9 an-93 1U3109 sp-9 an-93 1C3109 sp-9 an-93 1A3110 sp-9 an-94 1U3110 sp-9 an-94 1C3110 sp-9 an-94 1A3111 sp-9 an-95 1U3111 sp-9 an-95 1C3111 sp-9 an-95 1A3112 sp-9 an-96 1U3112 sp-9 an-96 1C3112 sp-9 an-96 1A3113 sp-9 an-97 1U3113 sp-9 an-97 1C3113 sp-9 an-97 1A3114 sp-9 an-98 1U3114 sp-9 an-98 1C3114 sp-9 an-98 1A3115 sp-9 an-99 1U3115 sp-9 an-99 1C3115 sp-9 an-99 1A3116 sp-9 an-100 1U3116 sp-9 an-100 1C3116 sp-9 an-100 1A3117 sp-9 an-101 1U3117 sp-9 an-101 1C3117 sp-9 an-101 1A3118 sp-9 an-102 1U3118 sp-9 an-102 1C3118 sp-9 an-102 1A3119 sp-9 an-103 1U3119 sp-9 an-103 1C3119 sp-9 an-103 1A3120 sp-9 an-104 1U3120 sp-9 an-104 1C3120 sp-9 an-104 1A3121 sp-9 an-105 1U3121 sp-9 an-105 1C3121 sp-9 an-105 1A3122 sp-9 an-106 1U3122 sp-9 an-106 1C3122 sp-9 an-106 1A3123 sp-9 an-107 1U3123 sp-9 an-107 1C3123 sp-9 an-107 1A3124 sp-9 an-108 1U3124 sp-9 an-108 1C3124 sp-9 an-108 1A3125 sp-9 an-109 1U3125 sp-9 an-109 1C3125 sp-9 an-109 1A3126 sp-9 an-110 1U3126 sp-9 an-110 1C3126 sp-9 an-110 1A3127 sp-9 an-111 1U3127 sp-9 an-111 1C3127 sp-9 an-111 1A3128 sp-9 an-112 1U3128 sp-9 an-112 1C3128 sp-9 an-112 1A3129 sp-9 an-113 1U3129 sp-9 an-113 1C3129 sp-9 an-113 1A3130 sp-9 an-114 1U3130 sp-9 an-114 1C3130 sp-9 an-114 1A3131 sp-9 an-115 1U3131 sp-9 an-115 1C3131 sp-9 an-115 1A3132 sp-9 an-116 1U3132 sp-9 an-116 1C3132 sp-9 an-116 1A3133 sp-9 an-117 1U3133 sp-9 an-117 1C3133 sp-9 an-117 1A3134 sp-9 an-118 1U3134 sp-9 an-118 1C3134 sp-9 an-118 1A3135 sp-9 an-119 1U3135 sp-9 an-119 1C3135 sp-9 an-119 1A3136 sp-9 an-120 1U3136 sp-9 an-120 1C3136 sp-9 an-120 Table 2-57 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A3137 sp-9 an-121 1U3137 sp-9 an-121 1C3137 sp-9 an-121 1A3138 sp-9 an-122 1U3138 sp-9 an-122 1C3138 sp-9 an-122 1A3139 sp-9 an-123 1U3139 sp-9 an-123 1C3139 sp-9 an-123 1A3140 sp-9 an-124 1U3140 sp-9 an-124 1C3140 sp-9 an-124 1A3141 sp-9 an-125 1U3141 sp-9 an-125 1C3141 sp-9 an-125 1A3142 sp-9 an-126 1U3142 sp-9 an-126 1C3142 sp-9 an-126 1A3143 sp-9 an-127 1U3143 sp-9 an-127 1C3143 sp-9 an-127 1A3144 sp-9 an-128 1U3144 sp-9 an-128 1C3144 sp-9 an-128 1A3145 sp-9 an-129 1U3145 sp-9 an-129 1C3145 sp-9 an-129 1A3146 sp-9 an-130 1U3146 sp-9 an-130 1C3146 sp-9 an-130 1A3147 sp-9 an-131 1U3147 sp-9 an-131 1C3147 sp-9 an-131 1A3148 sp-9 an-132 1U3148 sp-9 an-132 1C3148 sp-9 an-132 1A3149 sp-9 an-133 1U3149 sp-9 an-133 1C3149 sp-9 an-133 1A3150 sp-9 an-134 1U3150 sp-9 an-134 1C3150 sp-9 an-134 1A3151 sp-9 an-135 1U3151 sp-9 an-135 1C3151 sp-9 an-135 1A3152 sp-9 an-136 1U3152 sp-9 an-136 1C3152 sp-9 an-136 1A3153 sp-9 an-137 1U3153 sp-9 an-137 1C3153 sp-9 an-137 1A3154 sp-9 an-138 1U3154 sp-9 an-138 1C3154 sp-9 an-138 1A3155 sp-9 an-139 1U3155 sp-9 an-139 1C3155 sp-9 an-139 1A3156 sp-9 an-140 1U3156 sp-9 an-140 1C3156 sp-9 an-140 1A3157 sp-9 an-141 1U3157 sp-9 an-141 1C3157 sp-9 an-141 1A3158 sp-9 an-142 1U3158 sp-9 an-142 1C3158 sp-9 an-142 1A3159 sp-9 an-143 1U3159 sp-9 an-143 1C3159 sp-9 an-143 1A3160 sp-9 an-144 1U3160 sp-9 an-144 1C3160 sp-9 an-144 1A3161 sp-9 an-145 1U3161 sp-9 an-145 1C3161 sp-9 an-145 1A3162 sp-9 an-146 1U3162 sp-9 an-146 1C3162 sp-9 an-146 1A3163 sp-9 an-147 1U3163 sp-9 an-147 1C3163 sp-9 an-147 1A3164 sp-9 an-148 1U3164 sp-9 an-148 1C3164 sp-9 an-148 1A3165 sp-9 an-149 1U3165 sp-9 an-149 1C3165 sp-9 an-149 1A3166 sp-9 an-150 1U3166 sp-9 an-150 1C3166 sp-9 an-150 1A3167 sp-9 an-151 1U3167 sp-9 an-151 1C3167 sp-9 an-151 1A3168 sp-9 an-152 1U3168 sp-9 an-152 1C3168 sp-9 an-152 1A3169 sp-9 an-153 1U3169 sp-9 an-153 1C3169 sp-9 an-153 1A3170 sp-9 an-154 1U3170 sp-9 an-154 1C3170 sp-9 an-154 1A3171 sp-9 an-155 1U3171 sp-9 an-155 1C3171 sp-9 an-155 1A3172 sp-9 an-156 1U3172 sp-9 an-156 1C3172 sp-9 an-156 1A3173 sp-9 an-157 1U3173 sp-9 an-157 1C3173 sp-9 an-157 1A3174 sp-9 an-158 1U3174 sp-9 an-158 1C3174 sp-9 an-158 1A3175 sp-9 an-159 1U3175 sp-9 an-159 1C3175 sp-9 an-159 1A3176 sp-9 an-160 1U3176 sp-9 an-160 1C3176 sp-9 an-160 1A3177 sp-9 an-161 1U3177 sp-9 an-161 1C3177 sp-9 an-161 1A3178 sp-9 an-162 1U3178 sp-9 an-162 1C3178 sp-9 an-162 1A3179 sp-9 an-163 1U3179 sp-9 an-163 1C3179 sp-9 an-163 1A3180 sp-9 an-164 1U3180 sp-9 an-164 1C3180 sp-9 an-164 1A3181 sp-9 an-165 1U3181 sp-9 an-165 1C3181 sp-9 an-165 1A3182 sp-9 an-166 1U3182 sp-9 an-166 1C3182 sp-9 an-166 1A3183 sp-9 an-167 1U3183 sp-9 an-167 1C3183 sp-9 an-167 1A3184 sp-9 an-168 1U3184 sp-9 an-168 1C3184 sp-9 an-168 1A3185 sp-9 an-169 1U3185 sp-9 an-169 1C3185 sp-9 an-169 1A3186 sp-9 an-170 1U3186 sp-9 an-170 1C3186 sp-9 an-170 1A3187 sp-9 an-171 1U3187 sp-9 an-171 1C3187 sp-9 an-171 1A3188 sp-9 an-172 1U3188 sp-9 an-172 1C3188 sp-9 an-172 1A3189 sp-9 an-173 1U3189 sp-9 an-173 1C3189 sp-9 an-173 1A3190 sp-9 an-174 1U3190 sp-9 an-174 1C3190 sp-9 an-174 1A3191 sp-9 an-175 1U3191 sp-9 an-175 1C3191 sp-9 an-175 1A3192 sp-9 an-176 1U3192 sp-9 an-176 1C3192 sp-9 an-176 Table 2-58 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A3193 sp-9 an-177 1U3193 sp-9 an-177 1C3193 sp-9 an-177 1A3194 sp-9 an-178 1U3194 sp-9 an-178 1C3194 sp-9 an-178 1A3195 sp-9 an-179 1U3195 sp-9 an-179 1C3195 sp-9 an-179 1A3196 sp-9 an-180 1U3196 sp-9 an-180 1C3196 sp-9 an-180 1A3197 sp-9 an-181 1U3197 sp-9 an-181 1C3197 sp-9 an-181 1A3198 sp-9 an-182 1U3198 sp-9 an-182 1C3198 sp-9 an-182 1A3199 sp-9 an-183 1U3199 sp-9 an-183 1C3199 sp-9 an-183 1A3200 sp-9 an-184 1U3200 sp-9 an-184 1C3200 sp-9 an-184 1A3201 sp-9 an-185 1U3201 sp-9 an-185 1C3201 sp-9 an-185 1A3202 sp-9 an-186 1U3202 sp-9 an-186 1C3202 sp-9 an-186 1A3203 sp-9 an-187 1U3203 sp-9 an-187 1C3203 sp-9 an-187 1A3204 sp-9 an-188 1U3204 sp-9 an-188 1C3204 sp-9 an-188 1A3205 sp-9 an-189 1U3205 sp-9 an-189 1C3205 sp-9 an-189 1A3206 sp-9 an-190 1U3206 sp-9 an-190 1C3206 sp-9 an-190 1A3207 sp-9 an-191 1U3207 sp-9 an-191 1C3207 sp-9 an-191 1A3208 sp-9 an-192 1U3208 sp-9 an-192 1C3208 sp-9 an-192 1A3209 sp-9 an-193 1U3209 sp-9 an-193 1C3209 sp-9 an-193 1A3210 sp-9 an-194 1U3210 sp-9 an-194 1C3210 sp-9 an-194 1A3211 sp-9 an-195 1U3211 sp-9 an-195 1C3211 sp-9 an-195 1A3212 sp-9 an-196 1U3212 sp-9 an-196 1C3212 sp-9 an-196 1A3213 sp-9 an-197 1U3213 sp-9 an-197 1C3213 sp-9 an-197 1A3214 sp-9 an-198 1U3214 sp-9 an-198 1C3214 sp-9 an-198 1A3215 sp-9 an-199 1U3215 sp-9 an-199 1C3215 sp-9 an-199 1A3216 sp-9 an-200 1U3216 sp-9 an-200 1C3216 sp-9 an-200 1A3217 sp-9 an-201 1U3217 sp-9 an-201 1C3217 sp-9 an-201 1A3218 sp-9 an-202 1U3218 sp-9 an-202 1C3218 sp-9 an-202 1A3219 sp-9 an-203 1U3219 sp-9 an-203 1C3219 sp-9 an-203 1A3220 sp-9 an-204 1U3220 sp-9 an-204 1C3220 sp-9 an-204 1A3221 sp-9 an-205 1U3221 sp-9 an-205 1C3221 sp-9 an-205 1A3222 sp-9 an-206 1U3222 sp-9 an-206 1C3222 sp-9 an-206 1A3223 sp-9 an-207 1U3223 sp-9 an-207 1C3223 sp-9 an-207 1A3224 sp-9 an-208 1U3224 sp-9 an-208 1C3224 sp-9 an-208 1A3225 sp-9 an-209 1U3225 sp-9 an-209 1C3225 sp-9 an-209 1A3226 sp-9 an-210 1U3226 sp-9 an-210 1C3226 sp-9 an-210 1A3227 sp-9 an-211 1U3227 sp-9 an-211 1C3227 sp-9 an-211 1A3228 sp-9 an-212 1U3228 sp-9 an-212 1C3228 sp-9 an-212 1A3229 sp-9 an-213 1U3229 sp-9 an-213 1C3229 sp-9 an-213 1A3230 sp-9 an-214 1U3230 sp-9 an-214 1C3230 sp-9 an-214 1A3231 sp-9 an-215 1U3231 sp-9 an-215 1C3231 sp-9 an-215 1A3232 sp-9 an-216 1U3232 sp-9 an-216 1C3232 sp-9 an-216 1A3233 sp-9 an-217 1U3233 sp-9 an-217 1C3233 sp-9 an-217 1A3234 sp-9 an-218 1U3234 sp-9 an-218 1C3234 sp-9 an-218 1A3235 sp-9 an-219 1U3235 sp-9 an-219 1C3235 sp-9 an-219 1A3236 sp-9 an-220 1U3236 sp-9 an-220 1C3236 sp-9 an-220 1A3237 sp-9 an-221 1U3237 sp-9 an-221 1C3237 sp-9 an-221 1A3238 sp-9 an-222 1U3238 sp-9 an-222 1C3238 sp-9 an-222 1A3239 sp-9 an-223 1U3239 sp-9 an-223 1C3239 sp-9 an-223 1A3240 sp-9 an-224 1U3240 sp-9 an-224 1C3240 sp-9 an-224 1A3241 sp-9 an-225 1U3241 sp-9 an-225 1C3241 sp-9 an-225 1A3242 sp-9 an-226 1U3242 sp-9 an-226 1C3242 sp-9 an-226 1A3243 sp-9 an-227 1U3243 sp-9 an-227 1C3243 sp-9 an-227 1A3244 sp-9 an-228 1U3244 sp-9 an-228 1C3244 sp-9 an-228 1A3245 sp-9 an-229 1U3245 sp-9 an-229 1C3245 sp-9 an-229 1A3246 sp-9 an-230 1U3246 sp-9 an-230 1C3246 sp-9 an-230 1A3247 sp-9 an-231 1U3247 sp-9 an-231 1C3247 sp-9 an-231 1A3248 sp-9 an-232 1U3248 sp-9 an-232 1C3248 sp-9 an-232 Table 2-59 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A3249 sp-9 an-233 1U3249 sp-9 an-233 1C3249 sp-9 an-233 1A3250 sp-9 an-234 1U3250 sp-9 an-234 1C3250 sp-9 an-234 1A3251 sp-9 an-235 1U3251 sp-9 an-235 1C3251 sp-9 an-235 1A3252 sp-9 an-236 1U3252 sp-9 an-236 1C3252 sp-9 an-236 1A3253 sp-9 an-237 1U3253 sp-9 an-237 1C3253 sp-9 an-237 1A3254 sp-9 an-238 1U3254 sp-9 an-238 1C3254 sp-9 an-238 1A3255 sp-9 an-239 1U3255 sp-9 an-239 1C3255 sp-9 an-239 1A3256 sp-9 an-240 1U3256 sp-9 an-240 1C3256 sp-9 an-240 1A3257 sp-9 an-241 1U3257 sp-9 an-241 1C3257 sp-9 an-241 1A3258 sp-9 an-242 1U3258 sp-9 an-242 1C3258 sp-9 an-242 1A3259 sp-9 an-243 1U3259 sp-9 an-243 1C3259 sp-9 an-243 1A3260 sp-9 an-244 1U3260 sp-9 an-244 1C3260 sp-9 an-244 1A3261 sp-9 an-245 1U3261 sp-9 an-245 1C3261 sp-9 an-245 1A3262 sp-9 an-246 1U3262 sp-9 an-246 1C3262 sp-9 an-246 1A3263 sp-9 an-247 1U3263 sp-9 an-247 1C3263 sp-9 an-247 1A3264 sp-9 an-248 1U3264 sp-9 an-248 1C3264 sp-9 an-248 1A3265 sp-9 an-249 1U3265 sp-9 an-249 1C3265 sp-9 an-249 1A3266 sp-9 an-250 1U3266 sp-9 an-250 1C3266 sp-9 an-250 1A3267 sp-9 an-251 1U3267 sp-9 an-251 1C3267 sp-9 an-251 1A3268 sp-9 an-252 1U3268 sp-9 an-252 1C3268 sp-9 an-252 1A3269 sp-9 an-253 1U3269 sp-9 an-253 1C3269 sp-9 an-253 1A3270 sp-9 an-254 1U3270 sp-9 an-254 1C3270 sp-9 an-254 1A3271 sp-9 an-255 1U3271 sp-9 an-255 1C3271 sp-9 an-255 1A3272 sp-9 an-256 1U3272 sp-9 an-256 1C3272 sp-9 an-256 1A3273 sp-9 an-257 1U3273 sp-9 an-257 1C3273 sp-9 an-257 1A3274 sp-9 an-258 1U3274 sp-9 an-258 1C3274 sp-9 an-258 1A3275 sp-9 an-259 1U3275 sp-9 an-259 1C3275 sp-9 an-259 1A3276 sp-9 an-260 1U3276 sp-9 an-260 1C3276 sp-9 an-260 1A3277 sp-9 an-261 1U3277 sp-9 an-261 1C3277 sp-9 an-261 1A3278 sp-9 an-262 1U3278 sp-9 an-262 1C3278 sp-9 an-262 1A3279 sp-9 an-263 1U3279 sp-9 an-263 1C3279 sp-9 an-263 1A3280 sp-9 an-264 1U3280 sp-9 an-264 1C3280 sp-9 an-264 1A3281 sp-9 an-265 1U3281 sp-9 an-265 1C3281 sp-9 an-265 1A3282 sp-9 an-266 1U3282 sp-9 an-266 1C3282 sp-9 an-266 1A3283 sp-9 an-267 1U3283 sp-9 an-267 1C3283 sp-9 an-267 1A3284 sp-9 an-268 1U3284 sp-9 an-268 1C3284 sp-9 an-268 1A3285 sp-9 an-269 1U3285 sp-9 an-269 1C3285 sp-9 an-269 1A3286 sp-9 an-270 1U3286 sp-9 an-270 1C3286 sp-9 an-270 1A3287 sp-9 an-271 1U3287 sp-9 an-271 1C3287 sp-9 an-271 1A3288 sp-9 an-272 1U3288 sp-9 an-272 1C3288 sp-9 an-272 1A3289 sp-9 an-273 1U3289 sp-9 an-273 1C3289 sp-9 an-273 1A3290 sp-9 an-274 1U3290 sp-9 an-274 1C3290 sp-9 an-274 1A3291 sp-9 an-275 1U3291 sp-9 an-275 1C3291 sp-9 an-275 1A3292 sp-9 an-276 1U3292 sp-9 an-276 1C3292 sp-9 an-276 1A3293 sp-9 an-277 1U3293 sp-9 an-277 1C3293 sp-9 an-277 1A3294 sp-9 an-278 1U3294 sp-9 an-278 1C3294 sp-9 an-278 1A3295 sp-9 an-279 1U3295 sp-9 an-279 1C3295 sp-9 an-279 1A3296 sp-9 an-280 1U3296 sp-9 an-280 1C3296 sp-9 an-280 1A3297 sp-9 an-281 1U3297 sp-9 an-281 1C3297 sp-9 an-281 1A3298 sp-9 an-282 1U3298 sp-9 an-282 1C3298 sp-9 an-282 1A3299 sp-9 an-283 1U3299 sp-9 an-283 1C3299 sp-9 an-283 1A3300 sp-9 an-284 1U3300 sp-9 an-284 1C3300 sp-9 an-284 1A3301 sp-9 an-285 1U3301 sp-9 an-285 1C3301 sp-9 an-285 1A3302 sp-9 an-286 1U3302 sp-9 an-286 1C3302 sp-9 an-286 1A3303 sp-9 an-287 1U3303 sp-9 an-287 1C3303 sp-9 an-287 1A3304 sp-9 an-288 1U3304 sp-9 an-288 1C3304 sp-9 an-288 Table 2-60 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A3305 sp-9 an-289 1U3305 sp-9 an-289 1C3305 sp-9 an-289 1A3306 sp-9 an-290 1U3306 sp-9 an-290 1C3306 sp-9 an-290 1A3307 sp-9 an-291 1U3307 sp-9 an-291 1C3307 sp-9 an-291 1A3308 sp-9 an-292 1U3308 sp-9 an-292 1C3308 sp-9 an-292 1A3309 sp-9 an-293 1U3309 sp-9 an-293 1C3309 sp-9 an-293 1A3310 sp-9 an-294 1U3310 sp-9 an-294 1C3310 sp-9 an-294 1A3311 sp-9 an-295 1U3311 sp-9 an-295 1C3311 sp-9 an-295 1A3312 sp-9 an-296 1U3312 sp-9 an-296 1C3312 sp-9 an-296 1A3313 sp-9 an-297 1U3313 sp-9 an-297 1C3313 sp-9 an-297 1A3314 sp-9 an-298 1U3314 sp-9 an-298 1C3314 sp-9 an-298 1A3315 sp-9 an-299 1U3315 sp-9 an-299 1C3315 sp-9 an-299 1A3316 sp-9 an-300 1U3316 sp-9 an-300 1C3316 sp-9 an-300 1A3317 sp-9 an-301 1U3317 sp-9 an-301 1C3317 sp-9 an-301 1A3318 sp-9 an-302 1U3318 sp-9 an-302 1C3318 sp-9 an-302 1A3319 sp-9 an-303 1U3319 sp-9 an-303 1C3319 sp-9 an-303 1A3320 sp-9 an-304 1U3320 sp-9 an-304 1C3320 sp-9 an-304 1A3321 sp-9 an-305 1U3321 sp-9 an-305 1C3321 sp-9 an-305 1A3322 sp-9 an-306 1U3322 sp-9 an-306 1C3322 sp-9 an-306 1A3323 sp-9 an-307 1U3323 sp-9 an-307 1C3323 sp-9 an-307 1A3324 sp-9 an-308 1U3324 sp-9 an-308 1C3324 sp-9 an-308 1A3325 sp-9 an-309 1U3325 sp-9 an-309 1C3325 sp-9 an-309 1A3326 sp-9 an-310 1U3326 sp-9 an-310 1C3326 sp-9 an-310 1A3327 sp-9 an-311 1U3327 sp-9 an-311 1C3327 sp-9 an-311 1A3328 sp-9 an-312 1U3328 sp-9 an-312 1C3328 sp-9 an-312 1A3329 sp-9 an-313 1U3329 sp-9 an-313 1C3329 sp-9 an-313 1A3330 sp-9 an-314 1U3330 sp-9 an-314 1C3330 sp-9 an-314 1A3331 sp-9 an-315 1U3331 sp-9 an-315 1C3331 sp-9 an-315 1A3332 sp-9 an-316 1U3332 sp-9 an-316 1C3332 sp-9 an-316 1A3333 sp-9 an-317 1U3333 sp-9 an-317 1C3333 sp-9 an-317 1A3334 sp-9 an-318 1U3334 sp-9 an-318 1C3334 sp-9 an-318 1A3335 sp-9 an-319 1U3335 sp-9 an-319 1C3335 sp-9 an-319 1A3336 sp-9 an-320 1U3336 sp-9 an-320 1C3336 sp-9 an-320 1A3337 sp-9 an-321 1U3337 sp-9 an-321 1C3337 sp-9 an-321 1A3338 sp-9 an-322 1U3338 sp-9 an-322 1C3338 sp-9 an-322 1A3339 sp-9 an-323 1U3339 sp-9 an-323 1C3339 sp-9 an-323 1A3340 sp-9 an-324 1U3340 sp-9 an-324 1C3340 sp-9 an-324 1A3341 sp-9 an-325 1U3341 sp-9 an-325 1C3341 sp-9 an-325 1A3342 sp-9 an-326 1U3342 sp-9 an-326 1C3342 sp-9 an-326 1A3343 sp-9 an-327 1U3343 sp-9 an-327 1C3343 sp-9 an-327 1A3344 sp-9 an-328 1U3344 sp-9 an-328 1C3344 sp-9 an-328 1A3345 sp-9 an-329 1U3345 sp-9 an-329 1C3345 sp-9 an-329 1A3346 sp-9 an-330 1U3346 sp-9 an-330 1C3346 sp-9 an-330 1A3347 sp-9 an-331 1U3347 sp-9 an-331 1C3347 sp-9 an-331 1A3348 sp-9 an-332 1U3348 sp-9 an-332 1C3348 sp-9 an-332 1A3349 sp-9 an-333 1U3349 sp-9 an-333 1C3349 sp-9 an-333 1A3350 sp-9 an-334 1U3350 sp-9 an-334 1C3350 sp-9 an-334 1A3351 sp-9 an-335 1U3351 sp-9 an-335 1C3351 sp-9 an-335 1A3352 sp-9 an-336 1U3352 sp-9 an-336 1C3352 sp-9 an-336 1A3353 sp-9 an-337 1U3353 sp-9 an-337 1C3353 sp-9 an-337 1A3354 sp-9 an-338 1U3354 sp-9 an-338 1C3354 sp-9 an-338 1A3355 sp-9 an-339 1U3355 sp-9 an-339 1C3355 sp-9 an-339 1A3356 sp-9 an-340 1U3356 sp-9 an-340 1C3356 sp-9 an-340 1A3357 sp-9 an-341 1U3357 sp-9 an-341 1C3357 sp-9 an-341 1A3358 sp-9 an-342 1U3358 sp-9 an-342 1C3358 sp-9 an-342 1A3359 sp-9 an-343 1U3359 sp-9 an-343 1C3359 sp-9 an-343 1A3360 sp-9 an-344 1U3360 sp-9 an-344 1C3360 sp-9 an-344 Table 2-61 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A3361 sp-9 an-345 1U3361 sp-9 an-345 1C3361 sp-9 an-345 1A3362 sp-9 an-346 1U3362 sp-9 an-346 1C3362 sp-9 an-346 1A3363 sp-9 an-347 1U3363 sp-9 an-347 1C3363 sp-9 an-347 1A3364 sp-9 an-348 1U3364 sp-9 an-348 1C3364 sp-9 an-348 1A3365 sp-9 an-349 1U3365 sp-9 an-349 1C3365 sp-9 an-349 1A3366 sp-9 an-350 1U3366 sp-9 an-350 1C3366 sp-9 an-350 1A3367 sp-9 an-351 1U3367 sp-9 an-351 1C3367 sp-9 an-351 1A3368 sp-9 an-352 1U3368 sp-9 an-352 1C3368 sp-9 an-352 1A3369 sp-9 an-353 1U3369 sp-9 an-353 1C3369 sp-9 an-353 1A3370 sp-9 an-354 1U3370 sp-9 an-354 1C3370 sp-9 an-354 1A3371 sp-9 an-355 1U3371 sp-9 an-355 1C3371 sp-9 an-355 1A3372 sp-9 an-356 1U3372 sp-9 an-356 1C3372 sp-9 an-356 1A3373 sp-9 an-357 1U3373 sp-9 an-357 1C3373 sp-9 an-357 1A3374 sp-9 an-358 1U3374 sp-9 an-358 1C3374 sp-9 an-358 1A3375 sp-9 an-359 1U3375 sp-9 an-359 1C3375 sp-9 an-359 1A3376 sp-9 an-360 1U3376 sp-9 an-360 1C3376 sp-9 an-360 1A3377 sp-9 an-361 1U3377 sp-9 an-361 1C3377 sp-9 an-361 1A3378 sp-9 an-362 1U3378 sp-9 an-362 1C3378 sp-9 an-362 1A3379 sp-9 an-363 1U3379 sp-9 an-363 1C3379 sp-9 an-363 1A3380 sp-9 an-364 1U3380 sp-9 an-364 1C3380 sp-9 an-364 1A3381 sp-9 an-365 1U3381 sp-9 an-365 1C3381 sp-9 an-365 1A3382 sp-9 an-366 1U3382 sp-9 an-366 1C3382 sp-9 an-366 1A3383 sp-9 an-367 1U3383 sp-9 an-367 1C3383 sp-9 an-367 1A3384 sp-9 an-368 1U3384 sp-9 an-368 1C3384 sp-9 an-368 1A3385 sp-9 an-369 1U3385 sp-9 an-369 1C3385 sp-9 an-369 1A3386 sp-9 an-370 1U3386 sp-9 an-370 1C3386 sp-9 an-370 1A3387 sp-9 an-371 1U3387 sp-9 an-371 1C3387 sp-9 an-371 1A3388 sp-9 an-372 1U3388 sp-9 an-372 1C3388 sp-9 an-372 1A3389 sp-9 an-373 1U3389 sp-9 an-373 1C3389 sp-9 an-373 1A3390 sp-9 an-374 1U3390 sp-9 an-374 1C3390 sp-9 an-374 1A3391 sp-9 an-375 1U3391 sp-9 an-375 1C3391 sp-9 an-375 1A3392 sp-9 an-376 1U3392 sp-9 an-376 1C3392 sp-9 an-376 1A3393 sp-9 an-377 1U3393 sp-9 an-377 1C3393 sp-9 an-377 1A3394 sp-10 an-1 1U3394 sp-12 an-1 1C3394 sp-11 an-1 1A3395 sp-10 an-2 1U3395 sp-12 an-2 1C3395 sp-11 an-2 1A3396 sp-10 an-3 1U3396 sp-12 an-3 1C3396 sp-11 an-3 1A3397 sp-10 an-4 1U3397 sp-12 an-4 1C3397 sp-11 an-4 1A3398 sp-10 an-5 1U3398 sp-12 an-5 1C3398 sp-11 an-5 1A3399 sp-10 an-6 1U3399 sp-12 an-6 1C3399 sp-11 an-6 1A3400 sp-10 an-7 1U3400 sp-12 an-7 1C3400 sp-11 an-7 1A3401 sp-10 an-8 1U3401 sp-12 an-8 1C3401 sp-11 an-8 1A3402 sp-10 an-9 1U3402 sp-12 an-9 1C3402 sp-11 an-9 1A3403 sp-10 an-10 1U3403 sp-12 an-10 1C3403 sp-11 an-10 1A3404 sp-10 an-11 1U3404 sp-12 an-11 1C3404 sp-11 an-11 1A3405 sp-10 an-12 1U3405 sp-12 an-12 1C3405 sp-11 an-12 1A3406 sp-10 an-13 1U3406 sp-12 an-13 1C3406 sp-11 an-13 1A3407 sp-10 an-14 1U3407 sp-12 an-14 1C3407 sp-11 an-14 1A3408 sp-10 an-15 1U3408 sp-12 an-15 1C3408 sp-11 an-15 1A3409 sp-10 an-16 1U3409 sp-12 an-16 1C3409 sp-11 an-16 1A3410 sp-10 an-17 1U3410 sp-12 an-17 1C3410 sp-11 an-17 1A3411 sp-10 an-18 1U3411 sp-12 an-18 1C3411 sp-11 an-18 1A3412 sp-10 an-19 1U3412 sp-12 an-19 1C3412 sp-11 an-19 1A3413 sp-10 an-20 1U3413 sp-12 an-20 1C3413 sp-11 an-20 1A3414 sp-10 an-21 1U3414 sp-12 an-21 1C3414 sp-11 an-21 1A3415 sp-10 an-22 1U3415 sp-12 an-22 1C3415 sp-11 an-22 1A3416 sp-10 an-23 1U3416 sp-12 an-23 1C3416 sp-11 an-23 Table 2-62 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A3417 sp-10 an-24 1U3417 sp-12 an-24 1C3417 sp-11 an-24 1A3418 sp-10 an-25 1U3418 sp-12 an-25 1C3418 sp-11 an-25 1A3419 sp-10 an-26 1U3419 sp-12 an-26 1C3419 sp-11 an-26 1A3420 sp-10 an-27 1U3420 sp-12 an-27 1C3420 sp-11 an-27 1A3421 sp-10 an-28 1U3421 sp-12 an-28 1C3421 sp-11 an-28 1A3422 sp-10 an-29 1U3422 sp-12 an-29 1C3422 sp-11 an-29 1A3423 sp-10 an-30 1U3423 sp-12 an-30 1C3423 sp-11 an-30 1A3424 sp-10 an-31 1U3424 sp-12 an-31 1C3424 sp-11 an-31 1A3425 sp-10 an-32 1U3425 sp-12 an-32 1C3425 sp-11 an-32 1A3426 sp-10 an-33 1U3426 sp-12 an-33 1C3426 sp-11 an-33 1A3427 sp-10 an-34 1U3427 sp-12 an-34 1C3427 sp-11 an-34 1A3428 sp-10 an-35 1U3428 sp-12 an-35 1C3428 sp-11 an-35 1A3429 sp-10 an-36 1U3429 sp-12 an-36 1C3429 sp-11 an-36 1A3430 sp-10 an-37 1U3430 sp-12 an-37 1C3430 sp-11 an-37 1A3431 sp-10 an-38 1U3431 sp-12 an-38 1C3431 sp-11 an-38 1A3432 sp-10 an-39 1U3432 sp-12 an-39 1C3432 sp-11 an-39 1A3433 sp-10 an-40 1U3433 sp-12 an-40 1C3433 sp-11 an-40 1A3434 sp-10 an-41 1U3434 sp-12 an-41 1C3434 sp-11 an-41 1A3435 sp-10 an-42 1U3435 sp-12 an-42 1C3435 sp-11 an-42 1A3436 sp-10 an-43 1U3436 sp-12 an-43 1C3436 sp-11 an-43 1A3437 sp-10 an-44 1U3437 sp-12 an-44 1C3437 sp-11 an-44 1A3438 sp-10 an-45 1U3438 sp-12 an-45 1C3438 sp-11 an-45 1A3439 sp-10 an-46 1U3439 sp-12 an-46 1C3439 sp-11 an-46 1A3440 sp-10 an-47 1U3440 sp-12 an-47 1C3440 sp-11 an-47 1A3441 sp-10 an-48 1U3441 sp-12 an-48 1C3441 sp-11 an-48 1A3442 sp-10 an-49 1U3442 sp-12 an-49 1C3442 sp-11 an-49 1A3443 sp-10 an-50 1U3443 sp-12 an-50 1C3443 sp-11 an-50 1A3444 sp-10 an-51 1U3444 sp-12 an-51 1C3444 sp-11 an-51 1A3445 sp-10 an-52 1U3445 sp-12 an-52 1C3445 sp-11 an-52 1A3446 sp-10 an-53 1U3446 sp-12 an-53 1C3446 sp-11 an-53 1A3447 sp-10 an-54 1U3447 sp-12 an-54 1C3447 sp-11 an-54 1A3448 sp-10 an-55 1U3448 sp-12 an-55 1C3448 sp-11 an-55 1A3449 sp-10 an-56 1U3449 sp-12 an-56 1C3449 sp-11 an-56 1A3450 sp-10 an-57 1U3450 sp-12 an-57 1C3450 sp-11 an-57 1A3451 sp-10 an-58 1U3451 sp-12 an-58 1C3451 sp-11 an-58 1A3452 sp-10 an-59 1U3452 sp-12 an-59 1C3452 sp-11 an-59 1A3453 sp-10 an-60 1U3453 sp-12 an-60 1C3453 sp-11 an-60 1A3454 sp-10 an-61 1U3454 sp-12 an-61 1C3454 sp-11 an-61 1A3455 sp-10 an-62 1U3455 sp-12 an-62 1C3455 sp-11 an-62 1A3456 sp-10 an-63 1U3456 sp-12 an-63 1C3456 sp-11 an-63 1A3457 sp-10 an-64 1U3457 sp-12 an-64 1C3457 sp-11 an-64 1A3458 sp-10 an-65 1U3458 sp-12 an-65 1C3458 sp-11 an-65 1A3459 sp-10 an-66 1U3459 sp-12 an-66 1C3459 sp-11 an-66 1A3460 sp-10 an-67 1U3460 sp-12 an-67 1C3460 sp-11 an-67 1A3461 sp-10 an-68 1U3461 sp-12 an-68 1C3461 sp-11 an-68 1A3462 sp-10 an-69 1U3462 sp-12 an-69 1C3462 sp-11 an-69 1A3463 sp-10 an-70 1U3463 sp-12 an-70 1C3463 sp-11 an-70 1A3464 sp-10 an-71 1U3464 sp-12 an-71 1C3464 sp-11 an-71 1A3465 sp-10 an-72 1U3465 sp-12 an-72 1C3465 sp-11 an-72 1A3466 sp-10 an-73 1U3466 sp-12 an-73 1C3466 sp-11 an-73 1A3467 sp-10 an-74 1U3467 sp-12 an-74 1C3467 sp-11 an-74 1A3468 sp-10 an-75 1U3468 sp-12 an-75 1C3468 sp-11 an-75 1A3469 sp-10 an-76 1U3469 sp-12 an-76 1C3469 sp-11 an-76 1A3470 sp-10 an-77 1U3470 sp-12 an-77 1C3470 sp-11 an-77 1A3471 sp-10 an-78 1U3471 sp-12 an-78 1C3471 sp-11 an-78 1A3472 sp-10 an-79 1U3472 sp-12 an-79 1C3472 sp-11 an-79 Table 2-63 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A3473 sp-10 an-80 1U3473 sp-12 an-80 1C3473 sp-11 an-80 1A3474 sp-10 an-81 1U3474 sp-12 an-81 1C3474 sp-11 an-81 1A3475 sp-10 an-82 1U3475 sp-12 an-82 1C3475 sp-11 an-82 1A3476 sp-10 an-83 1U3476 sp-12 an-83 1C3476 sp-11 an-83 1A3477 sp-10 an-84 1U3477 sp-12 an-84 1C3477 sp-11 an-84 1A3478 sp-10 an-85 1U3478 sp-12 an-85 1C3478 sp-11 an-85 1A3479 sp-10 an-86 1U3479 sp-12 an-86 1C3479 sp-11 an-86 1A3480 sp-10 an-87 1U3480 sp-12 an-87 1C3480 sp-11 an-87 1A3481 sp-10 an-88 1U3481 sp-12 an-88 1C3481 sp-11 an-88 1A3482 sp-10 an-89 1U3482 sp-12 an-89 1C3482 sp-11 an-89 1A3483 sp-10 an-90 1U3483 sp-12 an-90 1C3483 sp-11 an-90 1A3484 sp-10 an-91 1U3484 sp-12 an-91 1C3484 sp-11 an-91 1A3485 sp-10 an-92 1U3485 sp-12 an-92 1C3485 sp-11 an-92 1A3486 sp-10 an-93 1U3486 sp-12 an-93 1C3486 sp-11 an-93 1A3487 sp-10 an-94 1U3487 sp-12 an-94 1C3487 sp-11 an-94 1A3488 sp-10 an-95 1U3488 sp-12 an-95 1C3488 sp-11 an-95 1A3489 sp-10 an-96 1U3489 sp-12 an-96 1C3489 sp-11 an-96 1A3490 sp-10 an-97 1U3490 sp-12 an-97 1C3490 sp-11 an-97 1A3491 sp-10 an-98 1U3491 sp-12 an-98 1C3491 sp-11 an-98 1A3492 sp-10 an-99 1U3492 sp-12 an-99 1C3492 sp-11 an-99 1A3493 sp-10 an-100 1U3493 sp-12 an-100 1C3493 sp-11 an-100 1A3494 sp-10 an-101 1U3494 sp-12 an-101 1C3494 sp-11 an-101 1A3495 sp-10 an-102 1U3495 sp-12 an-102 1C3495 sp-11 an-102 1A3496 sp-10 an-103 1U3496 sp-12 an-103 1C3496 sp-11 an-103 1A3497 sp-10 an-104 1U3497 sp-12 an-104 1C3497 sp-11 an-104 1A3498 sp-10 an-105 1U3498 sp-12 an-105 1C3498 sp-11 an-105 1A3499 sp-10 an-106 1U3499 sp-12 an-106 1C3499 sp-11 an-106 1A3500 sp-10 an-107 1U3500 sp-12 an-107 1C3500 sp-11 an-107 1A3501 sp-10 an-108 1U3501 sp-12 an-108 1C3501 sp-11 an-108 1A3502 sp-10 an-109 1U3502 sp-12 an-109 1C3502 sp-11 an-109 1A3503 sp-10 an-110 1U3503 sp-12 an-110 1C3503 sp-11 an-110 1A3504 sp-10 an-111 1U3504 sp-12 an-111 1C3504 sp-11 an-111 1A3505 sp-10 an-112 1U3505 sp-12 an-112 1C3505 sp-11 an-112 1A3506 sp-10 an-113 1U3506 sp-12 an-113 1C3506 sp-11 an-113 1A3507 sp-10 an-114 1U3507 sp-12 an-114 1C3507 sp-11 an-114 1A3508 sp-10 an-115 1U3508 sp-12 an-115 1C3508 sp-11 an-115 1A3509 sp-10 an-116 1U3509 sp-12 an-116 1C3509 sp-11 an-116 1A3510 sp-10 an-117 1U3510 sp-12 an-117 1C3510 sp-11 an-117 1A3511 sp-10 an-118 1U3511 sp-12 an-118 1C3511 sp-11 an-118 1A3512 sp-10 an-119 1U3512 sp-12 an-119 1C3512 sp-11 an-119 1A3513 sp-10 an-120 1U3513 sp-12 an-120 1C3513 sp-11 an-120 1A3514 sp-10 an-121 1U3514 sp-12 an-121 1C3514 sp-11 an-121 1A3515 sp-10 an-122 1U3515 sp-12 an-122 1C3515 sp-11 an-122 1A3516 sp-10 an-123 1U3516 sp-12 an-123 1C3516 sp-11 an-123 1A3517 sp-10 an-124 1U3517 sp-12 an-124 1C3517 sp-11 an-124 1A3518 sp-10 an-125 1U3518 sp-12 an-125 1C3518 sp-11 an-125 1A3519 sp-10 an-126 1U3519 sp-12 an-126 1C3519 sp-11 an-126 1A3520 sp-10 an-127 1U3520 sp-12 an-127 1C3520 sp-11 an-127 1A3521 sp-10 an-128 1U3521 sp-12 an-128 1C3521 sp-11 an-128 1A3522 sp-10 an-129 1U3522 sp-12 an-129 1C3522 sp-11 an-129 1A3523 sp-10 an-130 1U3523 sp-12 an-130 1C3523 sp-11 an-130 1A3524 sp-10 an-131 1U3524 sp-12 an-131 1C3524 sp-11 an-131 1A3525 sp-10 an-132 1U3525 sp-12 an-132 1C3525 sp-11 an-132 1A3526 sp-10 an-133 1U3526 sp-12 an-133 1C3526 sp-11 an-133 1A3527 sp-10 an-134 1U3527 sp-12 an-134 1C3527 sp-11 an-134 1A3528 sp-10 an-135 1U3528 sp-12 an-135 1C3528 sp-11 an-135 Table 2-64 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A3529 sp-10 an-136 1U3529 sp-12 an-136 1C3529 sp-11 an-136 1A3530 sp-10 an-137 1U3530 sp-12 an-137 1C3530 sp-11 an-137 1A3531 sp-10 an-138 1U3531 sp-12 an-138 1C3531 sp-11 an-138 1A3532 sp-10 an-139 1U3532 sp-12 an-139 1C3532 sp-11 an-139 1A3533 sp-10 an-140 1U3533 sp-12 an-140 1C3533 sp-11 an-140 1A3534 sp-10 an-141 1U3534 sp-12 an-141 1C3534 sp-11 an-141 1A3535 sp-10 an-142 1U3535 sp-12 an-142 1C3535 sp-11 an-142 1A3536 sp-10 an-143 1U3536 sp-12 an-143 1C3536 sp-11 an-143 1A3537 sp-10 an-144 1U3537 sp-12 an-144 1C3537 sp-11 an-144 1A3538 sp-10 an-145 1U3538 sp-12 an-145 1C3538 sp-11 an-145 1A3539 sp-10 an-146 1U3539 sp-12 an-146 1C3539 sp-11 an-146 1A3540 sp-10 an-147 1U3540 sp-12 an-147 1C3540 sp-11 an-147 1A3541 sp-10 an-148 1U3541 sp-12 an-148 1C3541 sp-11 an-148 1A3542 sp-10 an-149 1U3542 sp-12 an-149 1C3542 sp-11 an-149 1A3543 sp-10 an-150 1U3543 sp-12 an-150 1C3543 sp-11 an-150 1A3544 sp-10 an-151 1U3544 sp-12 an-151 1C3544 sp-11 an-151 1A3545 sp-10 an-152 1U3545 sp-12 an-152 1C3545 sp-11 an-152 1A3546 sp-10 an-153 1U3546 sp-12 an-153 1C3546 sp-11 an-153 1A3547 sp-10 an-154 1U3547 sp-12 an-154 1C3547 sp-11 an-154 1A3548 sp-10 an-155 1U3548 sp-12 an-155 1C3548 sp-11 an-155 1A3549 sp-10 an-156 1U3549 sp-12 an-156 1C3549 sp-11 an-156 1A3550 sp-10 an-157 1U3550 sp-12 an-157 1C3550 sp-11 an-157 1A3551 sp-10 an-158 1U3551 sp-12 an-158 1C3551 sp-11 an-158 1A3552 sp-10 an-159 1U3552 sp-12 an-159 1C3552 sp-11 an-159 1A3553 sp-10 an-160 1U3553 sp-12 an-160 1C3553 sp-11 an-160 1A3554 sp-10 an-161 1U3554 sp-12 an-161 1C3554 sp-11 an-161 1A3555 sp-10 an-162 1U3555 sp-12 an-162 1C3555 sp-11 an-162 1A3556 sp-10 an-163 1U3556 sp-12 an-163 1C3556 sp-11 an-163 1A3557 sp-10 an-164 1U3557 sp-12 an-164 1C3557 sp-11 an-164 1A3558 sp-10 an-165 1U3558 sp-12 an-165 1C3558 sp-11 an-165 1A3559 sp-10 an-166 1U3559 sp-12 an-166 1C3559 sp-11 an-166 1A3560 sp-10 an-167 1U3560 sp-12 an-167 1C3560 sp-11 an-167 1A3561 sp-10 an-168 1U3561 sp-12 an-168 1C3561 sp-11 an-168 1A3562 sp-10 an-169 1U3562 sp-12 an-169 1C3562 sp-11 an-169 1A3563 sp-10 an-170 1U3563 sp-12 an-170 1C3563 sp-11 an-170 1A3564 sp-10 an-171 1U3564 sp-12 an-171 1C3564 sp-11 an-171 1A3565 sp-10 an-172 1U3565 sp-12 an-172 1C3565 sp-11 an-172 1A3566 sp-10 an-173 1U3566 sp-12 an-173 1C3566 sp-11 an-173 1A3567 sp-10 an-174 1U3567 sp-12 an-174 1C3567 sp-11 an-174 1A3568 sp-10 an-175 1U3568 sp-12 an-175 1C3568 sp-11 an-175 1A3569 sp-10 an-176 1U3569 sp-12 an-176 1C3569 sp-11 an-176 1A3570 sp-10 an-177 1U3570 sp-12 an-177 1C3570 sp-11 an-177 1A3571 sp-10 an-178 1U3571 sp-12 an-178 1C3571 sp-11 an-178 1A3572 sp-10 an-179 1U3572 sp-12 an-179 1C3572 sp-11 an-179 1A3573 sp-10 an-180 1U3573 sp-12 an-180 1C3573 sp-11 an-180 1A3574 sp-10 an-181 1U3574 sp-12 an-181 1C3574 sp-11 an-181 1A3575 sp-10 an-182 1U3575 sp-12 an-182 1C3575 sp-11 an-182 1A3576 sp-10 an-183 1U3576 sp-12 an-183 1C3576 sp-11 an-183 1A3577 sp-10 an-184 1U3577 sp-12 an-184 1C3577 sp-11 an-184 1A3578 sp-10 an-185 1U3578 sp-12 an-185 1C3578 sp-11 an-185 1A3579 sp-10 an-186 1U3579 sp-12 an-186 1C3579 sp-11 an-186 1A3580 sp-10 an-187 1U3580 sp-12 an-187 1C3580 sp-11 an-187 1A3581 sp-10 an-188 1U3581 sp-12 an-188 1C3581 sp-11 an-188 1A3582 sp-10 an-189 1U3582 sp-12 an-189 1C3582 sp-11 an-189 1A3583 sp-10 an-190 1U3583 sp-12 an-190 1C3583 sp-11 an-190 1A3584 sp-10 an-191 1U3584 sp-12 an-191 1C3584 sp-11 an-191 Table 2-65 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A3585 sp-10 an-192 1U3585 sp-12 an-192 1C3585 sp-11 an-192 1A3586 sp-10 an-193 1U3586 sp-12 an-193 1C3586 sp-11 an-193 1A3587 sp-10 an-194 1U3587 sp-12 an-194 1C3587 sp-11 an-194 1A3588 sp-10 an-195 1U3588 sp-12 an-195 1C3588 sp-11 an-195 1A3589 sp-10 an-196 1U3589 sp-12 an-196 1C3589 sp-11 an-196 1A3590 sp-10 an-197 1U3590 sp-12 an-197 1C3590 sp-11 an-197 1A3591 sp-10 an-198 1U3591 sp-12 an-198 1C3591 sp-11 an-198 1A3592 sp-10 an-199 1U3592 sp-12 an-199 1C3592 sp-11 an-199 1A3593 sp-10 an-200 1U3593 sp-12 an-200 1C3593 sp-11 an-200 1A3594 sp-10 an-201 1U3594 sp-12 an-201 1C3594 sp-11 an-201 1A3595 sp-10 an-202 1U3595 sp-12 an-202 1C3595 sp-11 an-202 1A3596 sp-10 an-203 1U3596 sp-12 an-203 1C3596 sp-11 an-203 1A3597 sp-10 an-204 1U3597 sp-12 an-204 1C3597 sp-11 an-204 1A3598 sp-10 an-205 1U3598 sp-12 an-205 1C3598 sp-11 an-205 1A3599 sp-10 an-206 1U3599 sp-12 an-206 1C3599 sp-11 an-206 1A3600 sp-10 an-207 1U3600 sp-12 an-207 1C3600 sp-11 an-207 1A3601 sp-10 an-208 1U3601 sp-12 an-208 1C3601 sp-11 an-208 1A3602 sp-10 an-209 1U3602 sp-12 an-209 1C3602 sp-11 an-209 1A3603 sp-10 an-210 1U3603 sp-12 an-210 1C3603 sp-11 an-210 1A3604 sp-10 an-211 1U3604 sp-12 an-211 1C3604 sp-11 an-211 1A3605 sp-10 an-212 1U3605 sp-12 an-212 1C3605 sp-11 an-212 1A3606 sp-10 an-213 1U3606 sp-12 an-213 1C3606 sp-11 an-213 1A3607 sp-10 an-214 1U3607 sp-12 an-214 1C3607 sp-11 an-214 1A3608 sp-10 an-215 1U3608 sp-12 an-215 1C3608 sp-11 an-215 1A3609 sp-10 an-216 1U3609 sp-12 an-216 1C3609 sp-11 an-216 1A3610 sp-10 an-217 1U3610 sp-12 an-217 1C3610 sp-11 an-217 1A3611 sp-10 an-218 1U3611 sp-12 an-218 1C3611 sp-11 an-218 1A3612 sp-10 an-219 1U3612 sp-12 an-219 1C3612 sp-11 an-219 1A3613 sp-10 an-220 1U3613 sp-12 an-220 1C3613 sp-11 an-220 1A3614 sp-10 an-221 1U3614 sp-12 an-221 1C3614 sp-11 an-221 1A3615 sp-10 an-222 1U3615 sp-12 an-222 1C3615 sp-11 an-222 1A3616 sp-10 an-223 1U3616 sp-12 an-223 1C3616 sp-11 an-223 1A3617 sp-10 an-224 1U3617 sp-12 an-224 1C3617 sp-11 an-224 1A3618 sp-10 an-225 1U3618 sp-12 an-225 1C3618 sp-11 an-225 1A3619 sp-10 an-226 1U3619 sp-12 an-226 1C3619 sp-11 an-226 1A3620 sp-10 an-227 1U3620 sp-12 an-227 1C3620 sp-11 an-227 1A3621 sp-10 an-228 1U3621 sp-12 an-228 1C3621 sp-11 an-228 1A3622 sp-10 an-229 1U3622 sp-12 an-229 1C3622 sp-11 an-229 1A3623 sp-10 an-230 1U3623 sp-12 an-230 1C3623 sp-11 an-230 1A3624 sp-10 an-231 1U3624 sp-12 an-231 1C3624 sp-11 an-231 1A3625 sp-10 an-232 1U3625 sp-12 an-232 1C3625 sp-11 an-232 1A3626 sp-10 an-233 1U3626 sp-12 an-233 1C3626 sp-11 an-233 1A3627 sp-10 an-234 1U3627 sp-12 an-234 1C3627 sp-11 an-234 1A3628 sp-10 an-235 1U3628 sp-12 an-235 1C3628 sp-11 an-235 1A3629 sp-10 an-236 1U3629 sp-12 an-236 1C3629 sp-11 an-236 1A3630 sp-10 an-237 1U3630 sp-12 an-237 1C3630 sp-11 an-237 1A3631 sp-10 an-238 1U3631 sp-12 an-238 1C3631 sp-11 an-238 1A3632 sp-10 an-239 1U3632 sp-12 an-239 1C3632 sp-11 an-239 1A3633 sp-10 an-240 1U3633 sp-12 an-240 1C3633 sp-11 an-240 1A3634 sp-10 an-241 1U3634 sp-12 an-241 1C3634 sp-11 an-241 1A3635 sp-10 an-242 1U3635 sp-12 an-242 1C3635 sp-11 an-242 1A3636 sp-10 an-243 1U3636 sp-12 an-243 1C3636 sp-11 an-243 1A3637 sp-10 an-244 1U3637 sp-12 an-244 1C3637 sp-11 an-244 1A3638 sp-10 an-245 1U3638 sp-12 an-245 1C3638 sp-11 an-245 1A3639 sp-10 an-246 1U3639 sp-12 an-246 1C3639 sp-11 an-246 1A3640 sp-10 an-247 1U3640 sp-12 an-247 1C3640 sp-11 an-247 Table 2-66 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A3641 sp-10 an-248 1U3641 sp-12 an-248 1C3641 sp-11 an-248 1A3642 sp-10 an-249 1U3642 sp-12 an-249 1C3642 sp-11 an-249 1A3643 sp-10 an-250 1U3643 sp-12 an-250 1C3643 sp-11 an-250 1A3644 sp-10 an-251 1U3644 sp-12 an-251 1C3644 sp-11 an-251 1A3645 sp-10 an-252 1U3645 sp-12 an-252 1C3645 sp-11 an-252 1A3646 sp-10 an-253 1U3646 sp-12 an-253 1C3646 sp-11 an-253 1A3647 sp-10 an-254 1U3647 sp-12 an-254 1C3647 sp-11 an-254 1A3648 sp-10 an-255 1U3648 sp-12 an-255 1C3648 sp-11 an-255 1A3649 sp-10 an-256 1U3649 sp-12 an-256 1C3649 sp-11 an-256 1A3650 sp-10 an-257 1U3650 sp-12 an-257 1C3650 sp-11 an-257 1A3651 sp-10 an-258 1U3651 sp-12 an-258 1C3651 sp-11 an-258 1A3652 sp-10 an-259 1U3652 sp-12 an-259 1C3652 sp-11 an-259 1A3653 sp-10 an-260 1U3653 sp-12 an-260 1C3653 sp-11 an-260 1A3654 sp-10 an-261 1U3654 sp-12 an-261 1C3654 sp-11 an-261 1A3655 sp-10 an-262 1U3655 sp-12 an-262 1C3655 sp-11 an-262 1A3656 sp-10 an-263 1U3656 sp-12 an-263 1C3656 sp-11 an-263 1A3657 sp-10 an-264 1U3657 sp-12 an-264 1C3657 sp-11 an-264 1A3658 sp-10 an-265 1U3658 sp-12 an-265 1C3658 sp-11 an-265 1A3659 sp-10 an-266 1U3659 sp-12 an-266 1C3659 sp-11 an-266 1A3660 sp-10 an-267 1U3660 sp-12 an-267 1C3660 sp-11 an-267 1A3661 sp-10 an-268 1U3661 sp-12 an-268 1C3661 sp-11 an-268 1A3662 sp-10 an-269 1U3662 sp-12 an-269 1C3662 sp-11 an-269 1A3663 sp-10 an-270 1U3663 sp-12 an-270 1C3663 sp-11 an-270 1A3664 sp-10 an-271 1U3664 sp-12 an-271 1C3664 sp-11 an-271 1A3665 sp-10 an-272 1U3665 sp-12 an-272 1C3665 sp-11 an-272 1A3666 sp-10 an-273 1U3666 sp-12 an-273 1C3666 sp-11 an-273 1A3667 sp-10 an-274 1U3667 sp-12 an-274 1C3667 sp-11 an-274 1A3668 sp-10 an-275 1U3668 sp-12 an-275 1C3668 sp-11 an-275 1A3669 sp-10 an-276 1U3669 sp-12 an-276 1C3669 sp-11 an-276 1A3670 sp-10 an-277 1U3670 sp-12 an-277 1C3670 sp-11 an-277 1A3671 sp-10 an-278 1U3671 sp-12 an-278 1C3671 sp-11 an-278 1A3672 sp-10 an-279 1U3672 sp-12 an-279 1C3672 sp-11 an-279 1A3673 sp-10 an-280 1U3673 sp-12 an-280 1C3673 sp-11 an-280 1A3674 sp-10 an-281 1U3674 sp-12 an-281 1C3674 sp-11 an-281 1A3675 sp-10 an-282 1U3675 sp-12 an-282 1C3675 sp-11 an-282 1A3676 sp-10 an-283 1U3676 sp-12 an-283 1C3676 sp-11 an-283 1A3677 sp-10 an-284 1U3677 sp-12 an-284 1C3677 sp-11 an-284 1A3678 sp-10 an-285 1U3678 sp-12 an-285 1C3678 sp-11 an-285 1A3679 sp-10 an-286 1U3679 sp-12 an-286 1C3679 sp-11 an-286 1A3680 sp-10 an-287 1U3680 sp-12 an-287 1C3680 sp-11 an-287 1A3681 sp-10 an-288 1U3681 sp-12 an-288 1C3681 sp-11 an-288 1A3682 sp-10 an-289 1U3682 sp-12 an-289 1C3682 sp-11 an-289 1A3683 sp-10 an-290 1U3683 sp-12 an-290 1C3683 sp-11 an-290 1A3684 sp-10 an-291 1U3684 sp-12 an-291 1C3684 sp-11 an-291 1A3685 sp-10 an-292 1U3685 sp-12 an-292 1C3685 sp-11 an-292 1A3686 sp-10 an-293 1U3686 sp-12 an-293 1C3686 sp-11 an-293 1A3687 sp-10 an-294 1U3687 sp-12 an-294 1C3687 sp-11 an-294 1A3688 sp-10 an-295 1U3688 sp-12 an-295 1C3688 sp-11 an-295 1A3689 sp-10 an-296 1U3689 sp-12 an-296 1C3689 sp-11 an-296 1A3690 sp-10 an-297 1U3690 sp-12 an-297 1C3690 sp-11 an-297 1A3691 sp-10 an-298 1U3691 sp-12 an-298 1C3691 sp-11 an-298 1A3692 sp-10 an-299 1U3692 sp-12 an-299 1C3692 sp-11 an-299 1A3693 sp-10 an-300 1U3693 sp-12 an-300 1C3693 sp-11 an-300 1A3694 sp-10 an-301 1U3694 sp-12 an-301 1C3694 sp-11 an-301 1A3695 sp-10 an-302 1U3695 sp-12 an-302 1C3695 sp-11 an-302 1A3696 sp-10 an-303 1U3696 sp-12 an-303 1C3696 sp-11 an-303 Table 2-67 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A3697 sp-10 an-304 1U3697 sp-12 an-304 1C3697 sp-11 an-304 1A3698 sp-10 an-305 1U3698 sp-12 an-305 1C3698 sp-11 an-305 1A3699 sp-10 an-306 1U3699 sp-12 an-306 1C3699 sp-11 an-306 1A3700 sp-10 an-307 1U3700 sp-12 an-307 1C3700 sp-11 an-307 1A3701 sp-10 an-308 1U3701 sp-12 an-308 1C3701 sp-11 an-308 1A3702 sp-10 an-309 1U3702 sp-12 an-309 1C3702 sp-11 an-309 1A3703 sp-10 an-310 1U3703 sp-12 an-310 1C3703 sp-11 an-310 1A3704 sp-10 an-311 1U3704 sp-12 an-311 1C3704 sp-11 an-311 1A3705 sp-10 an-312 1U3705 sp-12 an-312 1C3705 sp-11 an-312 1A3706 sp-10 an-313 1U3706 sp-12 an-313 1C3706 sp-11 an-313 1A3707 sp-10 an-314 1U3707 sp-12 an-314 1C3707 sp-11 an-314 1A3708 sp-10 an-315 1U3708 sp-12 an-315 1C3708 sp-11 an-315 1A3709 sp-10 an-316 1U3709 sp-12 an-316 1C3709 sp-11 an-316 1A3710 sp-10 an-317 1U3710 sp-12 an-317 1C3710 sp-11 an-317 1A3711 sp-10 an-318 1U3711 sp-12 an-318 1C3711 sp-11 an-318 1A3712 sp-10 an-319 1U3712 sp-12 an-319 1C3712 sp-11 an-319 1A3713 sp-10 an-320 1U3713 sp-12 an-320 1C3713 sp-11 an-320 1A3714 sp-10 an-321 1U3714 sp-12 an-321 1C3714 sp-11 an-321 1A3715 sp-10 an-322 1U3715 sp-12 an-322 1C3715 sp-11 an-322 1A3716 sp-10 an-323 1U3716 sp-12 an-323 1C3716 sp-11 an-323 1A3717 sp-10 an-324 1U3717 sp-12 an-324 1C3717 sp-11 an-324 1A3718 sp-10 an-325 1U3718 sp-12 an-325 1C3718 sp-11 an-325 1A3719 sp-10 an-326 1U3719 sp-12 an-326 1C3719 sp-11 an-326 1A3720 sp-10 an-327 1U3720 sp-12 an-327 1C3720 sp-11 an-327 1A3721 sp-10 an-328 1U3721 sp-12 an-328 1C3721 sp-11 an-328 1A3722 sp-10 an-329 1U3722 sp-12 an-329 1C3722 sp-11 an-329 1A3723 sp-10 an-330 1U3723 sp-12 an-330 1C3723 sp-11 an-330 1A3724 sp-10 an-331 1U3724 sp-12 an-331 1C3724 sp-11 an-331 1A3725 sp-10 an-332 1U3725 sp-12 an-332 1C3725 sp-11 an-332 1A3726 sp-10 an-333 1U3726 sp-12 an-333 1C3726 sp-11 an-333 1A3727 sp-10 an-334 1U3727 sp-12 an-334 1C3727 sp-11 an-334 1A3728 sp-10 an-335 1U3728 sp-12 an-335 1C3728 sp-11 an-335 1A3729 sp-10 an-336 1U3729 sp-12 an-336 1C3729 sp-11 an-336 1A3730 sp-10 an-337 1U3730 sp-12 an-337 1C3730 sp-11 an-337 1A3731 sp-10 an-338 1U3731 sp-12 an-338 1C3731 sp-11 an-338 1A3732 sp-10 an-339 1U3732 sp-12 an-339 1C3732 sp-11 an-339 1A3733 sp-10 an-340 1U3733 sp-12 an-340 1C3733 sp-11 an-340 1A3734 sp-10 an-341 1U3734 sp-12 an-341 1C3734 sp-11 an-341 1A3735 sp-10 an-342 1U3735 sp-12 an-342 1C3735 sp-11 an-342 1A3736 sp-10 an-343 1U3736 sp-12 an-343 1C3736 sp-11 an-343 1A3737 sp-10 an-344 1U3737 sp-12 an-344 1C3737 sp-11 an-344 1A3738 sp-10 an-345 1U3738 sp-12 an-345 1C3738 sp-11 an-345 1A3739 sp-10 an-346 1U3739 sp-12 an-346 1C3739 sp-11 an-346 1A3740 sp-10 an-347 1U3740 sp-12 an-347 1C3740 sp-11 an-347 1A3741 sp-10 an-348 1U3741 sp-12 an-348 1C3741 sp-11 an-348 1A3742 sp-10 an-349 1U3742 sp-12 an-349 1C3742 sp-11 an-349 1A3743 sp-10 an-350 1U3743 sp-12 an-350 1C3743 sp-11 an-350 1A3744 sp-10 an-351 1U3744 sp-12 an-351 1C3744 sp-11 an-351 1A3745 sp-10 an-352 1U3745 sp-12 an-352 1C3745 sp-11 an-352 1A3746 sp-10 an-353 1U3746 sp-12 an-353 1C3746 sp-11 an-353 1A3747 sp-10 an-354 1U3747 sp-12 an-354 1C3747 sp-11 an-354 1A3748 sp-10 an-355 1U3748 sp-12 an-355 1C3748 sp-11 an-355 1A3749 sp-10 an-356 1U3749 sp-12 an-356 1C3749 sp-11 an-356 1A3750 sp-10 an-357 1U3750 sp-12 an-357 1C3750 sp-11 an-357 1A3751 sp-10 an-358 1U3751 sp-12 an-358 1C3751 sp-11 an-358 1A3752 sp-10 an-359 1U3752 sp-12 an-359 1C3752 sp-11 an-359 Table 2-68 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A3753 sp-10 an-360 1U3753 sp-12 an-360 1C3753 sp-11 an-360 1A3754 sp-10 an-361 1U3754 sp-12 an-361 1C3754 sp-11 an-361 1A3755 sp-10 an-362 1U3755 sp-12 an-362 1C3755 sp-11 an-362 1A3756 sp-10 an-363 1U3756 sp-12 an-363 1C3756 sp-11 an-363 1A3757 sp-10 an-364 1U3757 sp-12 an-364 1C3757 sp-11 an-364 1A3758 sp-10 an-365 1U3758 sp-12 an-365 1C3758 sp-11 an-365 1A3759 sp-10 an-366 1U3759 sp-12 an-366 1C3759 sp-11 an-366 1A3760 sp-10 an-367 1U3760 sp-12 an-367 1C3760 sp-11 an-367 1A3761 sp-10 an-368 1U3761 sp-12 an-368 1C3761 sp-11 an-368 1A3762 sp-10 an-369 1U3762 sp-12 an-369 1C3762 sp-11 an-369 1A3763 sp-10 an-370 1U3763 sp-12 an-370 1C3763 sp-11 an-370 1A3764 sp-10 an-371 1U3764 sp-12 an-371 1C3764 sp-11 an-371 1A3765 sp-10 an-372 1U3765 sp-12 an-372 1C3765 sp-11 an-372 1A3766 sp-10 an-373 1U3766 sp-12 an-373 1C3766 sp-11 an-373 1A3767 sp-10 an-374 1U3767 sp-12 an-374 1C3767 sp-11 an-374 1A3768 sp-10 an-375 1U3768 sp-12 an-375 1C3768 sp-11 an-375 1A3769 sp-10 an-376 1U3769 sp-12 an-376 1C3769 sp-11 an-376 1A3770 sp-10 an-377 1U3770 sp-12 an-377 1C3770 sp-11 an-377 1A3771 sp-14 an-1 1U3771 sp-13 an-1 1A3772 sp-14 an-2 1U3772 sp-13 an-2 1A3773 sp-14 an-3 1U3773 sp-13 an-3 1A3774 sp-14 an-4 1U3774 sp-13 an-4 1A3775 sp-14 an-5 1U3775 sp-13 an-5 1A3776 sp-14 an-6 1U3776 sp-13 an-6 1A3777 sp-14 an-7 1U3777 sp-13 an-7 1A3778 sp-14 an-8 1U3778 sp-13 an-8 1A3779 sp-14 an-9 1U3779 sp-13 an-9 1A3780 sp-14 an-10 1U3780 sp-13 an-10 1A3781 sp-14 an-11 1U3781 sp-13 an-11 1A3782 sp-14 an-12 1U3782 sp-13 an-12 1A3783 sp-14 an-13 1U3783 sp-13 an-13 1A3784 sp-14 an-14 1U3784 sp-13 an-14 1A3785 sp-14 an-15 1U3785 sp-13 an-15 1A3786 sp-14 an-16 1U3786 sp-13 an-16 1A3787 sp-14 an-17 1U3787 sp-13 an-17 1A3788 sp-14 an-18 1U3788 sp-13 an-18 1A3789 sp-14 an-19 1U3789 sp-13 an-19 1A3790 sp-14 an-20 1U3790 sp-13 an-20 1A3791 sp-14 an-21 1U3791 sp-13 an-21 1A3792 sp-14 an-22 1U3792 sp-13 an-22 1A3793 sp-14 an-23 1U3793 sp-13 an-23 1A3794 sp-14 an-24 1U3794 sp-13 an-24 1A3795 sp-14 an-25 1U3795 sp-13 an-25 1A3796 sp-14 an-26 1U3796 sp-13 an-26 1A3797 sp-14 an-27 1U3797 sp-13 an-27 1A3798 sp-14 an-28 1U3798 sp-13 an-28 1A3799 sp-14 an-29 1U3799 sp-13 an-29 1A3800 sp-14 an-30 1U3800 sp-13 an-30 1A3801 sp-14 an-31 1U3801 sp-13 an-31 1A3802 sp-14 an-32 1U3802 sp-13 an-32 1A3803 sp-14 an-33 1U3803 sp-13 an-33 1A3804 sp-14 an-34 1U3804 sp-13 an-34 1A3805 sp-14 an-35 1U3805 sp-13 an-35 1A3806 sp-14 an-36 1U3806 sp-13 an-36 1A3807 sp-14 an-37 1U3807 sp-13 an-37 Table 2-69 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A3808 sp-14 an-38 1U3808 sp-13 an-38 1A3809 sp-14 an-39 1U3809 sp-13 an-39 1A3810 sp-14 an-40 1U3810 sp-13 an-40 1A3811 sp-14 an-41 1U3811 sp-13 an-41 1A3812 sp-14 an-42 1U3812 sp-13 an-42 1A3813 sp-14 an-43 1U3813 sp-13 an-43 1A3814 sp-14 an-44 1U3814 sp-13 an-44 1A3815 sp-14 an-45 1U3815 sp-13 an-45 1A3816 sp-14 an-46 1U3816 sp-13 an-46 1A3817 sp-14 an-47 1U3817 sp-13 an-47 1A3818 sp-14 an-48 1U3818 sp-13 an-48 1A3819 sp-14 an-49 1U3819 sp-13 an-49 1A3820 sp-14 an-50 1U3820 sp-13 an-50 1A3821 sp-14 an-51 1U3821 sp-13 an-51 1A3822 sp-14 an-52 1U3822 sp-13 an-52 1A3823 sp-14 an-53 1U3823 sp-13 an-53 1A3824 sp-14 an-54 1U3824 sp-13 an-54 1A3825 sp-14 an-55 1U3825 sp-13 an-55 1A3826 sp-14 an-56 1U3826 sp-13 an-56 1A3827 sp-14 an-57 1U3827 sp-13 an-57 1A3828 sp-14 an-58 1U3828 sp-13 an-58 1A3829 sp-14 an-59 1U3829 sp-13 an-59 1A3830 sp-14 an-60 1U3830 sp-13 an-60 1A3831 sp-14 an-61 1U3831 sp-13 an-61 1A3832 sp-14 an-62 1U3832 sp-13 an-62 1A3833 sp-14 an-63 1U3833 sp-13 an-63 1A3834 sp-14 an-64 1U3834 sp-13 an-64 1A3835 sp-14 an-65 1U3835 sp-13 an-65 1A3836 sp-14 an-66 1U3836 sp-13 an-66 1A3837 sp-14 an-67 1U3837 sp-13 an-67 1A3838 sp-14 an-68 1U3838 sp-13 an-68 1A3839 sp-14 an-69 1U3839 sp-13 an-69 1A3840 sp-14 an-70 1U3840 sp-13 an-70 1A3841 sp-14 an-71 1U3841 sp-13 an-71 1A3842 sp-14 an-72 1U3842 sp-13 an-72 1A3843 sp-14 an-73 1U3843 sp-13 an-73 1A3844 sp-14 an-74 1U3844 sp-13 an-74 1A3845 sp-14 an-75 1U3845 sp-13 an-75 1A3846 sp-14 an-76 1U3846 sp-13 an-76 1A3847 sp-14 an-77 1U3847 sp-13 an-77 1A3848 sp-14 an-78 1U3848 sp-13 an-78 1A3849 sp-14 an-79 1U3849 sp-13 an-79 1A3850 sp-14 an-80 1U3850 sp-13 an-80 1A3851 sp-14 an-81 1U3851 sp-13 an-81 1A3852 sp-14 an-82 1U3852 sp-13 an-82 1A3853 sp-14 an-83 1U3853 sp-13 an-83 1A3854 sp-14 an-84 1U3854 sp-13 an-84 1A3855 sp-14 an-85 1U3855 sp-13 an-85 1A3856 sp-14 an-86 1U3856 sp-13 an-86 1A3857 sp-14 an-87 1U3857 sp-13 an-87 1A3858 sp-14 an-88 1U3858 sp-13 an-88 1A3859 sp-14 an-89 1U3859 sp-13 an-89 1A3860 sp-14 an-90 1U3860 sp-13 an-90 1A3861 sp-14 an-91 1U3861 sp-13 an-91 1A3862 sp-14 an-92 1U3862 sp-13 an-92 1A3863 sp-14 an-93 1U3863 sp-13 an-93 Table 2-70 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A3864 sp-14 an-94 1U3864 sp-13 an-94 1A3865 sp-14 an-95 1U3865 sp-13 an-95 1A3866 sp-14 an-96 1U3866 sp-13 an-96 1A3867 sp-14 an-97 1U3867 sp-13 an-97 1A3868 sp-14 an-98 1U3868 sp-13 an-98 1A3869 sp-14 an-99 1U3869 sp-13 an-99 1A3870 sp-14 an-100 1U3870 sp-13 an-100 1A3871 sp-14 an-101 1U3871 sp-13 an-101 1A3872 sp-14 an-102 1U3872 sp-13 an-102 1A3873 sp-14 an-103 1U3873 sp-13 an-103 1A3874 sp-14 an-104 1U3874 sp-13 an-104 1A3875 sp-14 an-105 1U3875 sp-13 an-105 1A3876 sp-14 an-106 1U3876 sp-13 an-106 1A3877 sp-14 an-107 1U3877 sp-13 an-107 1A3878 sp-14 an-108 1U3878 sp-13 an-108 1A3879 sp-14 an-109 1U3879 sp-13 an-109 1A3880 sp-14 an-110 1U3880 sp-13 an-110 1A3881 sp-14 an-111 1U3881 sp-13 an-111 1A3882 sp-14 an-112 1U3882 sp-13 an-112 1A3883 sp-14 an-113 1U3883 sp-13 an-113 1A3884 sp-14 an-114 1U3884 sp-13 an-114 1A3885 sp-14 an-115 1U3885 sp-13 an-115 1A3886 sp-14 an-116 1U3886 sp-13 an-116 1A3887 sp-14 an-117 1U3887 sp-13 an-117 1A3888 sp-14 an-118 1U3888 sp-13 an-118 1A3889 sp-14 an-119 1U3889 sp-13 an-119 1A3890 sp-14 an-120 1U3890 sp-13 an-120 1A3891 sp-14 an-121 1U3891 sp-13 an-121 1A3892 sp-14 an-122 1U3892 sp-13 an-122 1A3893 sp-14 an-123 1U3893 sp-13 an-123 1A3894 sp-14 an-124 1U3894 sp-13 an-124 1A3895 sp-14 an-125 1U3895 sp-13 an-125 1A3896 sp-14 an-126 1U3896 sp-13 an-126 1A3897 sp-14 an-127 1U3897 sp-13 an-127 1A3898 sp-14 an-128 1U3898 sp-13 an-128 1A3899 sp-14 an-129 1U3899 sp-13 an-129 1A3900 sp-14 an-130 1U3900 sp-13 an-130 1A3901 sp-14 an-131 1U3901 sp-13 an-131 1A3902 sp-14 an-132 1U3902 sp-13 an-132 1A3903 sp-14 an-133 1U3903 sp-13 an-133 1A3904 sp-14 an-134 1U3904 sp-13 an-134 1A3905 sp-14 an-135 1U3905 sp-13 an-135 1A3906 sp-14 an-136 1U3906 sp-13 an-136 1A3907 sp-14 an-137 1U3907 sp-13 an-137 1A3908 sp-14 an-138 1U3908 sp-13 an-138 1A3909 sp-14 an-139 1U3909 sp-13 an-139 1A3910 sp-14 an-140 1U3910 sp-13 an-140 1A3911 sp-14 an-141 1U3911 sp-13 an-141 1A3912 sp-14 an-142 1U3912 sp-13 an-142 1A3913 sp-14 an-143 1U3913 sp-13 an-143 1A3914 sp-14 an-144 1U3914 sp-13 an-144 1A3915 sp-14 an-145 1U3915 sp-13 an-145 1A3916 sp-14 an-146 1U3916 sp-13 an-146 1A3917 sp-14 an-147 1U3917 sp-13 an-147 1A3918 sp-14 an-148 1U3918 sp-13 an-148 1A3919 sp-14 an-149 1U3919 sp-13 an-149 Table 2-71 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A3920 sp-14 an-150 1U3920 sp-13 an-150 1A3921 sp-14 an-151 1U3921 sp-13 an-151 1A3922 sp-14 an-152 1U3922 sp-13 an-152 1A3923 sp-14 an-153 1U3923 sp-13 an-153 1A3924 sp-14 an-154 1U3924 sp-13 an-154 1A3925 sp-14 an-155 1U3925 sp-13 an-155 1A3926 sp-14 an-156 1U3926 sp-13 an-156 1A3927 sp-14 an-157 1U3927 sp-13 an-157 1A3928 sp-14 an-158 1U3928 sp-13 an-158 1A3929 sp-14 an-159 1U3929 sp-13 an-159 1A3930 sp-14 an-160 1U3930 sp-13 an-160 1A3931 sp-14 an-161 1U3931 sp-13 an-161 1A3932 sp-14 an-162 1U3932 sp-13 an-162 1A3933 sp-14 an-163 1U3933 sp-13 an-163 1A3934 sp-14 an-164 1U3934 sp-13 an-164 1A3935 sp-14 an-165 1U3935 sp-13 an-165 1A3936 sp-14 an-166 1U3936 sp-13 an-166 1A3937 sp-14 an-167 1U3937 sp-13 an-167 1A3938 sp-14 an-168 1U3938 sp-13 an-168 1A3939 sp-14 an-169 1U3939 sp-13 an-169 1A3940 sp-14 an-170 1U3940 sp-13 an-170 1A3941 sp-14 an-171 1U3941 sp-13 an-171 1A3942 sp-14 an-172 1U3942 sp-13 an-172 1A3943 sp-14 an-173 1U3943 sp-13 an-173 1A3944 sp-14 an-174 1U3944 sp-13 an-174 1A3945 sp-14 an-175 1U3945 sp-13 an-175 1A3946 sp-14 an-176 1U3946 sp-13 an-176 1A3947 sp-14 an-177 1U3947 sp-13 an-177 1A3948 sp-14 an-178 1U3948 sp-13 an-178 1A3949 sp-14 an-179 1U3949 sp-13 an-179 1A3950 sp-14 an-180 1U3950 sp-13 an-180 1A3951 sp-14 an-181 1U3951 sp-13 an-181 1A3952 sp-14 an-182 1U3952 sp-13 an-182 1A3953 sp-14 an-183 1U3953 sp-13 an-183 1A3954 sp-14 an-184 1U3954 sp-13 an-184 1A3955 sp-14 an-185 1U3955 sp-13 an-185 1A3956 sp-14 an-186 1U3956 sp-13 an-186 1A3957 sp-14 an-187 1U3957 sp-13 an-187 1A3958 sp-14 an-188 1U3958 sp-13 an-188 1A3959 sp-14 an-189 1U3959 sp-13 an-189 1A3960 sp-14 an-190 1U3960 sp-13 an-190 1A3961 sp-14 an-191 1U3961 sp-13 an-191 1A3962 sp-14 an-192 1U3962 sp-13 an-192 1A3963 sp-14 an-193 1U3963 sp-13 an-193 1A3964 sp-14 an-194 1U3964 sp-13 an-194 1A3965 sp-14 an-195 1U3965 sp-13 an-195 1A3966 sp-14 an-196 1U3966 sp-13 an-196 1A3967 sp-14 an-197 1U3967 sp-13 an-197 1A3968 sp-14 an-198 1U3968 sp-13 an-198 1A3969 sp-14 an-199 1U3969 sp-13 an-199 1A3970 sp-14 an-200 1U3970 sp-13 an-200 1A3971 sp-14 an-201 1U3971 sp-13 an-201 1A3972 sp-14 an-202 1U3972 sp-13 an-202 1A3973 sp-14 an-203 1U3973 sp-13 an-203 1A3974 sp-14 an-204 1U3974 sp-13 an-204 1A3975 sp-14 an-205 1U3975 sp-13 an-205 Table 2-72 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A3976 sp-14 an-206 1U3976 sp-13 an-206 1A3977 sp-14 an-207 1U3977 sp-13 an-207 1A3978 sp-14 an-208 1U3978 sp-13 an-208 1A3979 sp-14 an-209 1U3979 sp-13 an-209 1A3980 sp-14 an-210 1U3980 sp-13 an-210 1A3981 sp-14 an-211 1U3981 sp-13 an-211 1A3982 sp-14 an-212 1U3982 sp-13 an-212 1A3983 sp-14 an-213 1U3983 sp-13 an-213 1A3984 sp-14 an-214 1U3984 sp-13 an-214 1A3985 sp-14 an-215 1U3985 sp-13 an-215 1A3986 sp-14 an-216 1U3986 sp-13 an-216 1A3987 sp-14 an-217 1U3987 sp-13 an-217 1A3988 sp-14 an-218 1U3988 sp-13 an-218 1A3989 sp-14 an-219 1U3989 sp-13 an-219 1A3990 sp-14 an-220 1U3990 sp-13 an-220 1A3991 sp-14 an-221 1U3991 sp-13 an-221 1A3992 sp-14 an-222 1U3992 sp-13 an-222 1A3993 sp-14 an-223 1U3993 sp-13 an-223 1A3994 sp-14 an-224 1U3994 sp-13 an-224 1A3995 sp-14 an-225 1U3995 sp-13 an-225 1A3996 sp-14 an-226 1U3996 sp-13 an-226 1A3997 sp-14 an-227 1U3997 sp-13 an-227 1A3998 sp-14 an-228 1U3998 sp-13 an-228 1A3999 sp-14 an-229 1U3999 sp-13 an-229 1A4000 sp-14 an-230 1U4000 sp-13 an-230 1A4001 sp-14 an-231 1U4001 sp-13 an-231 1A4002 sp-14 an-232 1U4002 sp-13 an-232 1A4003 sp-14 an-233 1U4003 sp-13 an-233 1A4004 sp-14 an-234 1U4004 sp-13 an-234 1A4005 sp-14 an-235 1U4005 sp-13 an-235 1A4006 sp-14 an-236 1U4006 sp-13 an-236 1A4007 sp-14 an-237 1U4007 sp-13 an-237 1A4008 sp-14 an-238 1U4008 sp-13 an-238 1A4009 sp-14 an-239 1U4009 sp-13 an-239 1A4010 sp-14 an-240 1U4010 sp-13 an-240 1A4011 sp-14 an-241 1U4011 sp-13 an-241 1A4012 sp-14 an-242 1U4012 sp-13 an-242 1A4013 sp-14 an-243 1U4013 sp-13 an-243 1A4014 sp-14 an-244 1U4014 sp-13 an-244 1A4015 sp-14 an-245 1U4015 sp-13 an-245 1A4016 sp-14 an-246 1U4016 sp-13 an-246 1A4017 sp-14 an-247 1U4017 sp-13 an-247 1A4018 sp-14 an-248 1U4018 sp-13 an-248 1A4019 sp-14 an-249 1U4019 sp-13 an-249 1A4020 sp-14 an-250 1U4020 sp-13 an-250 1A4021 sp-14 an-251 1U4021 sp-13 an-251 1A4022 sp-14 an-252 1U4022 sp-13 an-252 1A4023 sp-14 an-253 1U4023 sp-13 an-253 1A4024 sp-14 an-254 1U4024 sp-13 an-254 1A4025 sp-14 an-255 1U4025 sp-13 an-255 1A4026 sp-14 an-256 1U4026 sp-13 an-256 1A4027 sp-14 an-257 1U4027 sp-13 an-257 1A4028 sp-14 an-258 1U4028 sp-13 an-258 1A4029 sp-14 an-259 1U4029 sp-13 an-259 1A4030 sp-14 an-260 1U4030 sp-13 an-260 1A4031 sp-14 an-261 1U4031 sp-13 an-261 Table 2-73 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A4032 sp-14 an-262 1U4032 sp-13 an-262 1A4033 sp-14 an-263 1U4033 sp-13 an-263 1A4034 sp-14 an-264 1U4034 sp-13 an-264 1A4035 sp-14 an-265 1U4035 sp-13 an-265 1A4036 sp-14 an-266 1U4036 sp-13 an-266 1A4037 sp-14 an-267 1U4037 sp-13 an-267 1A4038 sp-14 an-268 1U4038 sp-13 an-268 1A4039 sp-14 an-269 1U4039 sp-13 an-269 1A4040 sp-14 an-270 1U4040 sp-13 an-270 1A4041 sp-14 an-271 1U4041 sp-13 an-271 1A4042 sp-14 an-272 1U4042 sp-13 an-272 1A4043 sp-14 an-273 1U4043 sp-13 an-273 1A4044 sp-14 an-274 1U4044 sp-13 an-274 1A4045 sp-14 an-275 1U4045 sp-13 an-275 1A4046 sp-14 an-276 1U4046 sp-13 an-276 1A4047 sp-14 an-277 1U4047 sp-13 an-277 1A4048 sp-14 an-278 1U4048 sp-13 an-278 1A4049 sp-14 an-279 1U4049 sp-13 an-279 1A4050 sp-14 an-280 1U4050 sp-13 an-280 1A4051 sp-14 an-281 1U4051 sp-13 an-281 1A4052 sp-14 an-282 1U4052 sp-13 an-282 1A4053 sp-14 an-283 1U4053 sp-13 an-283 1A4054 sp-14 an-284 1U4054 sp-13 an-284 1A4055 sp-14 an-285 1U4055 sp-13 an-285 1A4056 sp-14 an-286 1U4056 sp-13 an-286 1A4057 sp-14 an-287 1U4057 sp-13 an-287 1A4058 sp-14 an-288 1U4058 sp-13 an-288 1A4059 sp-14 an-289 1U4059 sp-13 an-289 1A4060 sp-14 an-290 1U4060 sp-13 an-290 1A4061 sp-14 an-291 1U4061 sp-13 an-291 1A4062 sp-14 an-292 1U4062 sp-13 an-292 1A4063 sp-14 an-293 1U4063 sp-13 an-293 1A4064 sp-14 an-294 1U4064 sp-13 an-294 1A4065 sp-14 an-295 1U4065 sp-13 an-295 1A4066 sp-14 an-296 1U4066 sp-13 an-296 1A4067 sp-14 an-297 1U4067 sp-13 an-297 1A4068 sp-14 an-298 1U4068 sp-13 an-298 1A4069 sp-14 an-299 1U4069 sp-13 an-299 1A4070 sp-14 an-300 1U4070 sp-13 an-300 1A4071 sp-14 an-301 1U4071 sp-13 an-301 1A4072 sp-14 an-302 1U4072 sp-13 an-302 1A4073 sp-14 an-303 1U4073 sp-13 an-303 1A4074 sp-14 an-304 1U4074 sp-13 an-304 1A4075 sp-14 an-305 1U4075 sp-13 an-305 1A4076 sp-14 an-306 1U4076 sp-13 an-306 1A4077 sp-14 an-307 1U4077 sp-13 an-307 1A4078 sp-14 an-308 1U4078 sp-13 an-308 1A4079 sp-14 an-309 1U4079 sp-13 an-309 1A4080 sp-14 an-310 1U4080 sp-13 an-310 1A4081 sp-14 an-311 1U4081 sp-13 an-311 1A4082 sp-14 an-312 1U4082 sp-13 an-312 1A4083 sp-14 an-313 1U4083 sp-13 an-313 1A4084 sp-14 an-314 1U4084 sp-13 an-314 1A4085 sp-14 an-315 1U4085 sp-13 an-315 1A4086 sp-14 an-316 1U4086 sp-13 an-316 1A4087 sp-14 an-317 1U4087 sp-13 an-317 Table 2-74 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A4088 sp-14 an-318 1U4088 sp-13 an-318 1A4089 sp-14 an-319 1U4089 sp-13 an-319 1A4090 sp-14 an-320 1U4090 sp-13 an-320 1A4091 sp-14 an-321 1U4091 sp-13 an-321 1A4092 sp-14 an-322 1U4092 sp-13 an-322 1A4093 sp-14 an-323 1U4093 sp-13 an-323 1A4094 sp-14 an-324 1U4094 sp-13 an-324 1A4095 sp-14 an-325 1U4095 sp-13 an-325 1A4096 sp-14 an-326 1U4096 sp-13 an-326 1A4097 sp-14 an-327 1U4097 sp-13 an-327 1A4098 sp-14 an-328 1U4098 sp-13 an-328 1A4099 sp-14 an-329 1U4099 sp-13 an-329 1A4100 sp-14 an-330 1U4100 sp-13 an-330 1A4101 sp-14 an-331 1U4101 sp-13 an-331 1A4102 sp-14 an-332 1U4102 sp-13 an-332 1A4103 sp-14 an-333 1U4103 sp-13 an-333 1A4104 sp-14 an-334 1U4104 sp-13 an-334 1A4105 sp-14 an-335 1U4105 sp-13 an-335 1A4106 sp-14 an-336 1U4106 sp-13 an-336 1A4107 sp-14 an-337 1U4107 sp-13 an-337 1A4108 sp-14 an-338 1U4108 sp-13 an-338 1A4109 sp-14 an-339 1U4109 sp-13 an-339 1A4110 sp-14 an-340 1U4110 sp-13 an-340 1A4111 sp-14 an-341 1U4111 sp-13 an-341 1A4112 sp-14 an-342 1U4112 sp-13 an-342 1A4113 sp-14 an-343 1U4113 sp-13 an-343 1A4114 sp-14 an-344 1U4114 sp-13 an-344 1A4115 sp-14 an-345 1U4115 sp-13 an-345 1A4116 sp-14 an-346 1U4116 sp-13 an-346 1A4117 sp-14 an-347 1U4117 sp-13 an-347 1A4118 sp-14 an-348 1U4118 sp-13 an-348 1A4119 sp-14 an-349 1U4119 sp-13 an-349 1A4120 sp-14 an-350 1U4120 sp-13 an-350 1A4121 sp-14 an-351 1U4121 sp-13 an-351 1A4122 sp-14 an-352 1U4122 sp-13 an-352 1A4123 sp-14 an-353 1U4123 sp-13 an-353 1A4124 sp-14 an-354 1U4124 sp-13 an-354 1A4125 sp-14 an-355 1U4125 sp-13 an-355 1A4126 sp-14 an-356 1U4126 sp-13 an-356 1A4127 sp-14 an-357 1U4127 sp-13 an-357 1A4128 sp-14 an-358 1U4128 sp-13 an-358 1A4129 sp-14 an-359 1U4129 sp-13 an-359 1A4130 sp-14 an-360 1U4130 sp-13 an-360 1A4131 sp-14 an-361 1U4131 sp-13 an-361 1A4132 sp-14 an-362 1U4132 sp-13 an-362 1A4133 sp-14 an-363 1U4133 sp-13 an-363 1A4134 sp-14 an-364 1U4134 sp-13 an-364 1A4135 sp-14 an-365 1U4135 sp-13 an-365 1A4136 sp-14 an-366 1U4136 sp-13 an-366 1A4137 sp-14 an-367 1U4137 sp-13 an-367 1A4138 sp-14 an-368 1U4138 sp-13 an-368 1A4139 sp-14 an-369 1U4139 sp-13 an-369 1A4140 sp-14 an-370 1U4140 sp-13 an-370 1A4141 sp-14 an-371 1U4141 sp-13 an-371 1A4142 sp-14 an-372 1U4142 sp-13 an-372 1A4143 sp-14 an-373 1U4143 sp-13 an-373 Table 2-75 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A4144 sp-14 an-374 1U4144 sp-13 an-374 1A4145 sp-14 an-375 1U4145 sp-13 an-375 1A4146 sp-14 an-376 1U4146 sp-13 an-376 1A4147 sp-14 an-377 1U4147 sp-13 an-377 Y = NHCS 1A4148 sp-15 an-1 1U4148 sp-14 an-1 1A5279 sp-19 an-1 1A4149 sp-15 an-2 1U4149 sp-14 an-2 1A5280 sp-19 an-2 1A4150 sp-15 an-3 1U4150 sp-14 an-3 1A5281 sp-19 an-3 1A4151 sp-15 an-4 1U4151 sp-14 an-4 1A5282 sp-19 an-4 1A4152 sp-15 an-5 1U4152 sp-14 an-5 1A5283 sp-19 an-5 1A4153 sp-15 an-6 1U4153 sp-14 an-6 1A5284 sp-19 an-6 1A4154 sp-15 an-7 1U4154 sp-14 an-7 1A5285 sp-19 an-7 1A4155 sp-15 an-8 1U4155 sp-14 an-8 1A5286 sp-19 an-8 1A4156 sp-15 an-9 1U4156 sp-14 an-9 1A5287 sp-19 an-9 1A4157 sp-15 an-10 1U4157 sp-14 an-10 1A5288 sp-19 an-10 1A4158 sp-15 an-11 1U4158 sp-14 an-11 1A5289 sp-19 an-11 1A4159 sp-15 an-12 1U4159 sp-14 an-12 1A5290 sp-19 an-12 1A4160 sp-15 an-13 1U4160 sp-14 an-13 1A5291 sp-19 an-13 1A4161 sp-15 an-14 1U4161 sp-14 an-14 1A5292 sp-19 an-14 1A4162 sp-15 an-15 1U4162 sp-14 an-15 1A5293 sp-19 an-15 1A4163 sp-15 an-16 1U4163 sp-14 an-16 1A5294 sp-19 an-16 1A4164 sp-15 an-17 1U4164 sp-14 an-17 1A5295 sp-19 an-17 1A4165 sp-15 an-18 1U4165 sp-14 an-18 1A5296 sp-19 an-18 1A4166 sp-15 an-19 1U4166 sp-14 an-19 1A5297 sp-19 an-19 1A4167 sp-15 an-20 1U4167 sp-14 an-20 1A5298 sp-19 an-20 1A4168 sp-15 an-21 1U4168 sp-14 an-21 1A5299 sp-19 an-21 1A4169 sp-15 an-22 1U4169 sp-14 an-22 1A5300 sp-19 an-22 1A4170 sp-15 an-23 1U4170 sp-14 an-23 1A5301 sp-19 an-23 1A4171 sp-15 an-24 1U4171 sp-14 an-24 1A5302 sp-19 an-24 1A4172 sp-15 an-25 1U4172 sp-14 an-25 1A5303 sp-19 an-25 1A4173 sp-15 an-26 1U4173 sp-14 an-26 1A5304 sp-19 an-26 1A4174 sp-15 an-27 1U4174 sp-14 an-27 1A5305 sp-19 an-27 1A4175 sp-15 an-28 1U4175 sp-14 an-28 1A5306 sp-19 an-28 1A4176 sp-15 an-29 1U4176 sp-14 an-29 1A5307 sp-19 an-29 1A4177 sp-15 an-30 1U4177 sp-14 an-30 1A5308 sp-19 an-30 1A4178 sp-15 an-31 1U4178 sp-14 an-31 1A5309 sp-19 an-31 1A4179 sp-15 an-32 1U4179 sp-14 an-32 1A5310 sp-19 an-32 1A4180 sp-15 an-33 1U4180 sp-14 an-33 1A5311 sp-19 an-33 1A4181 sp-15 an-34 1U4181 sp-14 an-34 1A5312 sp-19 an-34 1A4182 sp-15 an-35 1U4182 sp-14 an-35 1A5313 sp-19 an-35 1A4183 sp-15 an-36 1U4183 sp-14 an-36 1A5314 sp-19 an-36 1A4184 sp-15 an-37 1U4184 sp-14 an-37 1A5315 sp-19 an-37 1A4185 sp-15 an-38 1U4185 sp-14 an-38 1A5316 sp-19 an-38 1A4186 sp-15 an-39 1U4186 sp-14 an-39 1A5317 sp-19 an-39 1A4187 sp-15 an-40 1U4187 sp-14 an-40 1A5318 sp-19 an-40 1A4188 sp-15 an-41 1U4188 sp-14 an-41 1A5319 sp-19 an-41 1A4189 sp-15 an-42 1U4189 sp-14 an-42 1A5320 sp-19 an-42 1A4190 sp-15 an-43 1U4190 sp-14 an-43 1A5321 sp-19 an-43 1A4191 sp-15 an-44 1U4191 sp-14 an-44 1A5322 sp-19 an-44 1A4192 sp-15 an-45 1U4192 sp-14 an-45 1A5323 sp-19 an-45 1A4193 sp-15 an-46 1U4193 sp-14 an-46 1A5324 sp-19 an-46 1A4194 sp-15 an-47 1U4194 sp-14 an-47 1A5325 sp-19 an-47 1A4195 sp-15 an-48 1U4195 sp-14 an-48 1A5326 sp-19 an-48 1A4196 sp-15 an-49 1U4196 sp-14 an-49 1A5327 sp-19 an-49 1A4197 sp-15 an-50 1U4197 sp-14 an-50 1A5328 sp-19 an-50 1A4198 sp-15 an-51 1U4198 sp-14 an-51 1A5329 sp-19 an-51 Table 2-76 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A4199 sp-15 an-52 1U4199 sp-14 an-52 1A5330 sp-19 an-52 1A4200 sp-15 an-53 1U4200 sp-14 an-53 1A5331 sp-19 an-53 1A4201 sp-15 an-54 1U4201 sp-14 an-54 1A5332 sp-19 an-54 1A4202 sp-15 an-55 1U4202 sp-14 an-55 1A5333 sp-19 an-55 1A4203 sp-15 an-56 1U4203 sp-14 an-56 1A5334 sp-19 an-56 1A4204 sp-15 an-57 1U4204 sp-14 an-57 1A5335 sp-19 an-57 1A4205 sp-15 an-58 1U4205 sp-14 an-58 1A5336 sp-19 an-58 1A4206 sp-15 an-59 1U4206 sp-14 an-59 1A5337 sp-19 an-59 1A4207 sp-15 an-60 1U4207 sp-14 an-60 1A5338 sp-19 an-60 1A4208 sp-15 an-61 1U4208 sp-14 an-61 1A5339 sp-19 an-61 1A4209 sp-15 an-62 1U4209 sp-14 an-62 1A5340 sp-19 an-62 1A4210 sp-15 an-63 1U4210 sp-14 an-63 1A5341 sp-19 an-63 1A4211 sp-15 an-64 1U4211 sp-14 an-64 1A5342 sp-19 an-64 1A4212 sp-15 an-65 1U4212 sp-14 an-65 1A5343 sp-19 an-65 1A4213 sp-15 an-66 1U4213 sp-14 an-66 1A5344 sp-19 an-66 1A4214 sp-15 an-67 1U4214 sp-14 an-67 1A5345 sp-19 an-67 1A4215 sp-15 an-68 1U4215 sp-14 an-68 1A5346 sp-19 an-68 1A4216 sp-15 an-69 1U4216 sp-14 an-69 1A5347 sp-19 an-69 1A4217 sp-15 an-70 1U4217 sp-14 an-70 1A5348 sp-19 an-70 1A4218 sp-15 an-71 1U4218 sp-14 an-71 1A5349 sp-19 an-71 1A4219 sp-15 an-72 1U4219 sp-14 an-72 1A5350 sp-19 an-72 1A4220 sp-15 an-73 1U4220 sp-14 an-73 1A5351 sp-19 an-73 1A4221 sp-15 an-74 1U4221 sp-14 an-74 1A5352 sp-19 an-74 1A4222 sp-15 an-75 1U4222 sp-14 an-75 1A5353 sp-19 an-75 1A4223 sp-15 an-76 1U4223 sp-14 an-76 1A5354 sp-19 an-76 1A4224 sp-15 an-77 1U4224 sp-14 an-77 1A5355 sp-19 an-77 1A4225 sp-15 an-78 1U4225 sp-14 an-78 1A5356 sp-19 an-78 1A4226 sp-15 an-79 1U4226 sp-14 an-79 1A5357 sp-19 an-79 1A4227 sp-15 an-80 1U4227 sp-14 an-80 1A5358 sp-19 an-80 1A4228 sp-15 an-81 1U4228 sp-14 an-81 1A5359 sp-19 an-81 1A4229 sp-15 an-82 1U4229 sp-14 an-82 1A5360 sp-19 an-82 1A4230 sp-15 an-83 1U4230 sp-14 an-83 1A5361 sp-19 an-83 1A4231 sp-15 an-84 1U4231 sp-14 an-84 1A5362 sp-19 an-84 1A4232 sp-15 an-85 1U4232 sp-14 an-85 1A5363 sp-19 an-85 1A4233 sp-15 an-86 1U4233 sp-14 an-86 1A5364 sp-19 an-86 1A4234 sp-15 an-87 1U4234 sp-14 an-87 1A5365 sp-19 an-87 1A4235 sp-15 an-88 1U4235 sp-14 an-88 1A5366 sp-19 an-88 1A4236 sp-15 an-89 1U4236 sp-14 an-89 1A5367 sp-19 an-89 1A4237 sp-15 an-90 1U4237 sp-14 an-90 1A5368 sp-19 an-90 1A4238 sp-15 an-91 1U4238 sp-14 an-91 1A5369 sp-19 an-91 1A4239 sp-15 an-92 1U4239 sp-14 an-92 1A5370 sp-19 an-92 1A4240 sp-15 an-93 1U4240 sp-14 an-93 1A5371 sp-19 an-93 1A4241 sp-15 an-94 1U4241 sp-14 an-94 1A5372 sp-19 an-94 1A4242 sp-15 an-95 1U4242 sp-14 an-95 1A5373 sp-19 an-95 1A4243 sp-15 an-96 1U4243 sp-14 an-96 1A5374 sp-19 an-96 1A4244 sp-15 an-97 1U4244 sp-14 an-97 1A5375 sp-19 an-97 1A4245 sp-15 an-98 1U4245 sp-14 an-98 1A5376 sp-19 an-98 1A4246 sp-15 an-99 1U4246 sp-14 an-99 1A5377 sp-19 an-99 1A4247 sp-15 an-100 1U4247 sp-14 an-100 1A5378 sp-19 an-100 1A4248 sp-15 an-101 1U4248 sp-14 an-101 1A5379 sp-19 an-101 1A4249 sp-15 an-102 1U4249 sp-14 an-102 1A5380 sp-19 an-102 1A4250 sp-15 an-103 1U4250 sp-14 an-103 1A5381 sp-19 an-103 1A4251 sp-15 an-104 1U4251 sp-14 an-104 1A5382 sp-19 an-104 1A4252 sp-15 an-105 1U4252 sp-14 an-105 1A5383 sp-19 an-105 1A4253 sp-15 an-106 1U4253 sp-14 an-106 1A5384 sp-19 an-106 1A4254 sp-15 an-107 1U4254 sp-14 an-107 1A5385 sp-19 an-107 Table 2-77 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A4255 sp-15 an-108 1U4255 sp-14 an-108 1A5386 sp-19 an-108 1A4256 sp-15 an-109 1U4256 sp-14 an-109 1A5387 sp-19 an-109 1A4257 sp-15 an-110 1U4257 sp-14 an-110 1A5388 sp-19 an-110 1A4258 sp-15 an-111 1U4258 sp-14 an-111 1A5389 sp-19 an-111 1A4259 sp-15 an-112 1U4259 sp-14 an-112 1A5390 sp-19 an-112 1A4260 sp-15 an-113 1U4260 sp-14 an-113 1A5391 sp-19 an-113 1A4261 sp-15 an-114 1U4261 sp-14 an-114 1A5392 sp-19 an-114 1A4262 sp-15 an-115 1U4262 sp-14 an-115 1A5393 sp-19 an-115 1A4263 sp-15 an-116 1U4263 sp-14 an-116 1A5394 sp-19 an-116 1A4264 sp-15 an-117 1U4264 sp-14 an-117 1A5395 sp-19 an-117 1A4265 sp-15 an-118 1U4265 sp-14 an-118 1A5396 sp-19 an-118 1A4266 sp-15 an-119 1U4266 sp-14 an-119 1A5397 sp-19 an-119 1A4267 sp-15 an-120 1U4267 sp-14 an-120 1A5398 sp-19 an-120 1A4268 sp-15 an-121 1U4268 sp-14 an-121 1A5399 sp-19 an-121 1A4269 sp-15 an-122 1U4269 sp-14 an-122 1A5400 sp-19 an-122 1A4270 sp-15 an-123 1U4270 sp-14 an-123 1A5401 sp-19 an-123 1A4271 sp-15 an-124 1U4271 sp-14 an-124 1A5402 sp-19 an-124 1A4272 sp-15 an-125 1U4272 sp-14 an-125 1A5403 sp-19 an-125 1A4273 sp-15 an-126 1U4273 sp-14 an-126 1A5404 sp-19 an-126 1A4274 sp-15 an-127 1U4274 sp-14 an-127 1A5405 sp-19 an-127 1A4275 sp-15 an-128 1U4275 sp-14 an-128 1A5406 sp-19 an-128 1A4276 sp-15 an-129 1U4276 sp-14 an-129 1A5407 sp-19 an-129 1A4277 sp-15 an-130 1U4277 sp-14 an-130 1A5408 sp-19 an-130 1A4278 sp-15 an-131 1U4278 sp-14 an-131 1A5409 sp-19 an-131 1A4279 sp-15 an-132 1U4279 sp-14 an-132 1A5410 sp-19 an-132 1A4280 sp-15 an-133 1U4280 sp-14 an-133 1A5411 sp-19 an-133 1A4281 sp-15 an-134 1U4281 sp-14 an-134 1A5412 sp-19 an-134 1A4282 sp-15 an-135 1U4282 sp-14 an-135 1A5413 sp-19 an-135 1A4283 sp-15 an-136 1U4283 sp-14 an-136 1A5414 sp-19 an-136 1A4284 sp-15 an-137 1U4284 sp-14 an-137 1A5415 sp-19 an-137 1A4285 sp-15 an-138 1U4285 sp-14 an-138 1A5416 sp-19 an-138 1A4286 sp-15 an-139 1U4286 sp-14 an-139 1A5417 sp-19 an-139 1A4287 sp-15 an-140 1U4287 sp-14 an-140 1A5418 sp-19 an-140 1A4288 sp-15 an-141 1U4288 sp-14 an-141 1A5419 sp-19 an-141 1A4289 sp-15 an-142 1U4289 sp-14 an-142 1A5420 sp-19 an-142 1A4290 sp-15 an-143 1U4290 sp-14 an-143 1A5421 sp-19 an-143 1A4291 sp-15 an-144 1U4291 sp-14 an-144 1A5422 sp-19 an-144 1A4292 sp-15 an-145 1U4292 sp-14 an-145 1A5423 sp-19 an-145 1A4293 sp-15 an-146 1U4293 sp-14 an-146 1A5424 sp-19 an-146 1A4294 sp-15 an-147 1U4294 sp-14 an-147 1A5425 sp-19 an-147 1A4295 sp-15 an-148 1U4295 sp-14 an-148 1A5426 sp-19 an-148 1A4296 sp-15 an-149 1U4296 sp-14 an-149 1A5427 sp-19 an-149 1A4297 sp-15 an-150 1U4297 sp-14 an-150 1A5428 sp-19 an-150 1A4298 sp-15 an-151 1U4298 sp-14 an-151 1A5429 sp-19 an-151 1A4299 sp-15 an-152 1U4299 sp-14 an-152 1A5430 sp-19 an-152 1A4300 sp-15 an-153 1U4300 sp-14 an-153 1A5431 sp-19 an-153 1A4301 sp-15 an-154 1U4301 sp-14 an-154 1A5432 sp-19 an-154 1A4302 sp-15 an-155 1U4302 sp-14 an-155 1A5433 sp-19 an-155 1A4303 sp-15 an-156 1U4303 sp-14 an-156 1A5434 sp-19 an-156 1A4304 sp-15 an-157 1U4304 sp-14 an-157 1A5435 sp-19 an-157 1A4305 sp-15 an-158 1U4305 sp-14 an-158 1A5436 sp-19 an-158 1A4306 sp-15 an-159 1U4306 sp-14 an-159 1A5437 sp-19 an-159 1A4307 sp-15 an-160 1U4307 sp-14 an-160 1A5438 sp-19 an-160 1A4308 sp-15 an-161 1U4308 sp-14 an-161 1A5439 sp-19 an-161 1A4309 sp-15 an-162 1U4309 sp-14 an-162 1A5440 sp-19 an-162 1A4310 sp-15 an-163 1U4310 sp-14 an-163 1A5441 sp-19 an-163 Table 2-78 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A4311 sp-15 an-164 1U4311 sp-14 an-164 1A5442 sp-19 an-164 1A4312 sp-15 an-165 1U4312 sp-14 an-165 1A5443 sp-19 an-165 1A4313 sp-15 an-166 1U4313 sp-14 an-166 1A5444 sp-19 an-166 1A4314 sp-15 an-167 1U4314 sp-14 an-167 1A5445 sp-19 an-167 1A4315 sp-15 an-168 1U4315 sp-14 an-168 1A5446 sp-19 an-168 1A4316 sp-15 an-169 1U4316 sp-14 an-169 1A5447 sp-19 an-169 1A4317 sp-15 an-170 1U4317 sp-14 an-170 1A5448 sp-19 an-170 1A4318 sp-15 an-171 1U4318 sp-14 an-171 1A5449 sp-19 an-171 1A4319 sp-15 an-172 1U4319 sp-14 an-172 1A5450 sp-19 an-172 1A4320 sp-15 an-173 1U4320 sp-14 an-173 1A5451 sp-19 an-173 1A4321 sp-15 an-174 1U4321 sp-14 an-174 1A5452 sp-19 an-174 1A4322 sp-15 an-175 1U4322 sp-14 an-175 1A5453 sp-19 an-175 1A4323 sp-15 an-176 1U4323 sp-14 an-176 1A5454 sp-19 an-176 1A4324 sp-15 an-177 1U4324 sp-14 an-177 1A5455 sp-19 an-177 1A4325 sp-15 an-178 1U4325 sp-14 an-178 1A5456 sp-19 an-178 1A4326 sp-15 an-179 1U4326 sp-14 an-179 1A5457 sp-19 an-179 1A4327 sp-15 an-180 1U4327 sp-14 an-180 1A5458 sp-19 an-180 1A4328 sp-15 an-181 1U4328 sp-14 an-181 1A5459 sp-19 an-181 1A4329 sp-15 an-182 1U4329 sp-14 an-182 1A5460 sp-19 an-182 1A4330 sp-15 an-183 1U4330 sp-14 an-183 1A5461 sp-19 an-183 1A4331 sp-15 an-184 1U4331 sp-14 an-184 1A5462 sp-19 an-184 1A4332 sp-15 an-185 1U4332 sp-14 an-185 1A5463 sp-19 an-185 1A4333 sp-15 an-186 1U4333 sp-14 an-186 1A5464 sp-19 an-186 1A4334 sp-15 an-187 1U4334 sp-14 an-187 1A5465 sp-19 an-187 1A4335 sp-15 an-188 1U4335 sp-14 an-188 1A5466 sp-19 an-188 1A4336 sp-15 an-189 1U4336 sp-14 an-189 1A5467 sp-19 an-189 1A4337 sp-15 an-190 1U4337 sp-14 an-190 1A5468 sp-19 an-190 1A4338 sp-15 an-191 1U4338 sp-14 an-191 1A5469 sp-19 an-191 1A4339 sp-15 an-192 1U4339 sp-14 an-192 1A5470 sp-19 an-192 1A4340 sp-15 an-193 1U4340 sp-14 an-193 1A5471 sp-19 an-193 1A4341 sp-15 an-194 1U4341 sp-14 an-194 1A5472 sp-19 an-194 1A4342 sp-15 an-195 1U4342 sp-14 an-195 1A5473 sp-19 an-195 1A4343 sp-15 an-196 1U4343 sp-14 an-196 1A5474 sp-19 an-196 1A4344 sp-15 an-197 1U4344 sp-14 an-197 1A5475 sp-19 an-197 1A4345 sp-15 an-198 1U4345 sp-14 an-198 1A5476 sp-19 an-198 1A4346 sp-15 an-199 1U4346 sp-14 an-199 1A5477 sp-19 an-199 1A4347 sp-15 an-200 1U4347 sp-14 an-200 1A5478 sp-19 an-200 1A4348 sp-15 an-201 1U4348 sp-14 an-201 1A5479 sp-19 an-201 1A4349 sp-15 an-202 1U4349 sp-14 an-202 1A5480 sp-19 an-202 1A4350 sp-15 an-203 1U4350 sp-14 an-203 1A5481 sp-19 an-203 1A4351 sp-15 an-204 1U4351 sp-14 an-204 1A5482 sp-19 an-204 1A4352 sp-15 an-205 1U4352 sp-14 an-205 1A5483 sp-19 an-205 1A4353 sp-15 an-206 1U4353 sp-14 an-206 1A5484 sp-19 an-206 1A4354 sp-15 an-207 1U4354 sp-14 an-207 1A5485 sp-19 an-207 1A4355 sp-15 an-208 1U4355 sp-14 an-208 1A5486 sp-19 an-208 1A4356 sp-15 an-209 1U4356 sp-14 an-209 1A5487 sp-19 an-209 1A4357 sp-15 an-210 1U4357 sp-14 an-210 1A5488 sp-19 an-210 1A4358 sp-15 an-211 1U4358 sp-14 an-211 1A5489 sp-19 an-211 1A4359 sp-15 an-212 1U4359 sp-14 an-212 1A5490 sp-19 an-212 1A4360 sp-15 an-213 1U4360 sp-14 an-213 1A5491 sp-19 an-213 1A4361 sp-15 an-214 1U4361 sp-14 an-214 1A5492 sp-19 an-214 1A4362 sp-15 an-215 1U4362 sp-14 an-215 1A5493 sp-19 an-215 1A4363 sp-15 an-216 1U4363 sp-14 an-216 1A5494 sp-19 an-216 1A4364 sp-15 an-217 1U4364 sp-14 an-217 1A5495 sp-19 an-217 1A4365 sp-15 an-218 1U4365 sp-14 an-218 1A5496 sp-19 an-218 1A4366 sp-15 an-219 1U4366 sp-14 an-219 1A5497 sp-19 an-219 Table 2-79 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A4367 sp-15 an-220 1U4367 sp-14 an-220 1A5498 sp-19 an-220 1A4368 sp-15 an-221 1U4368 sp-14 an-221 1A5499 sp-19 an-221 1A4369 sp-15 an-222 1U4369 sp-14 an-222 1A5500 sp-19 an-222 1A4370 sp-15 an-223 1U4370 sp-14 an-223 1A5501 sp-19 an-223 1A4371 sp-15 an-224 1U4371 sp-14 an-224 1A5502 sp-19 an-224 1A4372 sp-15 an-225 1U4372 sp-14 an-225 1A5503 sp-19 an-225 1A4373 sp-15 an-226 1U4373 sp-14 an-226 1A5504 sp-19 an-226 1A4374 sp-15 an-227 1U4374 sp-14 an-227 1A5505 sp-19 an-227 1A4375 sp-15 an-228 1U4375 sp-14 an-228 1A5506 sp-19 an-228 1A4376 sp-15 an-229 1U4376 sp-14 an-229 1A5507 sp-19 an-229 1A4377 sp-15 an-230 1U4377 sp-14 an-230 1A5508 sp-19 an-230 1A4378 sp-15 an-231 1U4378 sp-14 an-231 1A5509 sp-19 an-231 1A4379 sp-15 an-232 1U4379 sp-14 an-232 1A5510 sp-19 an-232 1A4380 sp-15 an-233 1U4380 sp-14 an-233 1A5511 sp-19 an-233 1A4381 sp-15 an-234 1U4381 sp-14 an-234 1A5512 sp-19 an-234 1A4382 sp-15 an-235 1U4382 sp-14 an-235 1A5513 sp-19 an-235 1A4383 sp-15 an-236 1U4383 sp-14 an-236 1A5514 sp-19 an-236 1A4384 sp-15 an-237 1U4384 sp-14 an-237 1A5515 sp-19 an-237 1A4385 sp-15 an-238 1U4385 sp-14 an-238 1A5516 sp-19 an-238 1A4386 sp-15 an-239 1U4386 sp-14 an-239 1A5517 sp-19 an-239 1A4387 sp-15 an-240 1U4387 sp-14 an-240 1A5518 sp-19 an-240 1A4388 sp-15 an-241 1U4388 sp-14 an-241 1A5519 sp-19 an-241 1A4389 sp-15 an-242 1U4389 sp-14 an-242 1A5520 sp-19 an-242 1A4390 sp-15 an-243 1U4390 sp-14 an-243 1A5521 sp-19 an-243 1A4391 sp-15 an-244 1U4391 sp-14 an-244 1A5522 sp-19 an-244 1A4392 sp-15 an-245 1U4392 sp-14 an-245 1A5523 sp-19 an-245 1A4393 sp-15 an-246 1U4393 sp-14 an-246 1A5524 sp-19 an-246 1A4394 sp-15 an-247 1U4394 sp-14 an-247 1A5525 sp-19 an-247 1A4395 sp-15 an-248 1U4395 sp-14 an-248 1A5526 sp-19 an-248 1A4396 sp-15 an-249 1U4396 sp-14 an-249 1A5527 sp-19 an-249 1A4397 sp-15 an-250 1U4397 sp-14 an-250 1A5528 sp-19 an-250 1A4398 sp-15 an-251 1U4398 sp-14 an-251 1A5529 sp-19 an-251 1A4399 sp-15 an-252 1U4399 sp-14 an-252 1A5530 sp-19 an-252 1A4400 sp-15 an-253 1U4400 sp-14 an-253 1A5531 sp-19 an-253 1A4401 sp-15 an-254 1U4401 sp-14 an-254 1A5532 sp-19 an-254 1A4402 sp-15 an-255 1U4402 sp-14 an-255 1A5533 sp-19 an-255 1A4403 sp-15 an-256 1U4403 sp-14 an-256 1A5534 sp-19 an-256 1A4404 sp-15 an-257 1U4404 sp-14 an-257 1A5535 sp-19 an-257 1A4405 sp-15 an-258 1U4405 sp-14 an-258 1A5536 sp-19 an-258 1A4406 sp-15 an-259 1U4406 sp-14 an-259 1A5537 sp-19 an-259 1A4407 sp-15 an-260 1U4407 sp-14 an-260 1A5538 sp-19 an-260 1A4408 sp-15 an-261 1U4408 sp-14 an-261 1A5539 sp-19 an-261 1A4409 sp-15 an-262 1U4409 sp-14 an-262 1A5540 sp-19 an-262 1A4410 sp-15 an-263 1U4410 sp-14 an-263 1A5541 sp-19 an-263 1A4411 sp-15 an-264 1U4411 sp-14 an-264 1A5542 sp-19 an-264 1A4412 sp-15 an-265 1U4412 sp-14 an-265 1A5543 sp-19 an-265 1A4413 sp-15 an-266 1U4413 sp-14 an-266 1A5544 sp-19 an-266 1A4414 sp-15 an-267 1U4414 sp-14 an-267 1A5545 sp-19 an-267 1A4415 sp-15 an-268 1U4415 sp-14 an-268 1A5546 sp-19 an-268 1A4416 sp-15 an-269 1U4416 sp-14 an-269 1A5547 sp-19 an-269 1A4417 sp-15 an-270 1U4417 sp-14 an-270 1A5548 sp-19 an-270 1A4418 sp-15 an-271 1U4418 sp-14 an-271 1A5549 sp-19 an-271 1A4419 sp-15 an-272 1U4419 sp-14 an-272 1A5550 sp-19 an-272 1A4420 sp-15 an-273 1U4420 sp-14 an-273 1A5551 sp-19 an-273 1A4421 sp-15 an-274 1U4421 sp-14 an-274 1A5552 sp-19 an-274 1A4422 sp-15 an-275 1U4422 sp-14 an-275 1A5553 sp-19 an-275 Table 2-80 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A4423 sp-15 an-276 1U4423 sp-14 an-276 1A5554 sp-19 an-276 1A4424 sp-15 an-277 1U4424 sp-14 an-277 1A5555 sp-19 an-277 1A4425 sp-15 an-278 1U4425 sp-14 an-278 1A5556 sp-19 an-278 1A4426 sp-15 an-279 1U4426 sp-14 an-279 1A5557 sp-19 an-279 1A4427 sp-15 an-280 1U4427 sp-14 an-280 1A5558 sp-19 an-280 1A4428 sp-15 an-281 1U4428 sp-14 an-281 1A5559 sp-19 an-281 1A4429 sp-15 an-282 1U4429 sp-14 an-282 1A5560 sp-19 an-282 1A4430 sp-15 an-283 1U4430 sp-14 an-283 1A5561 sp-19 an-283 1A4431 sp-15 an-284 1U4431 sp-14 an-284 1A5562 sp-19 an-284 1A4432 sp-15 an-285 1U4432 sp-14 an-285 1A5563 sp-19 an-285 1A4433 sp-15 an-286 1U4433 sp-14 an-286 1A5564 sp-19 an-286 1A4434 sp-15 an-287 1U4434 sp-14 an-287 1A5565 sp-19 an-287 1A4435 sp-15 an-288 1U4435 sp-14 an-288 1A5566 sp-19 an-288 1A4436 sp-15 an-289 1U4436 sp-14 an-289 1A5567 sp-19 an-289 1A4437 sp-15 an-290 1U4437 sp-14 an-290 1A5568 sp-19 an-290 1A4438 sp-15 an-291 1U4438 sp-14 an-291 1A5569 sp-19 an-291 1A4439 sp-15 an-292 1U4439 sp-14 an-292 1A5570 sp-19 an-292 1A4440 sp-15 an-293 1U4440 sp-14 an-293 1A5571 sp-19 an-293 1A4441 sp-15 an-294 1U4441 sp-14 an-294 1A5572 sp-19 an-294 1A4442 sp-15 an-295 1U4442 sp-14 an-295 1A5573 sp-19 an-295 1A4443 sp-15 an-296 1U4443 sp-14 an-296 1A5574 sp-19 an-296 1A4444 sp-15 an-297 1U4444 sp-14 an-297 1A5575 sp-19 an-297 1A4445 sp-15 an-298 1U4445 sp-14 an-298 1A5576 sp-19 an-298 1A4446 sp-15 an-299 1U4446 sp-14 an-299 1A5577 sp-19 an-299 1A4447 sp-15 an-300 1U4447 sp-14 an-300 1A5578 sp-19 an-300 1A4448 sp-15 an-301 1U4448 sp-14 an-301 1A5579 sp-19 an-301 1A4449 sp-15 an-302 1U4449 sp-14 an-302 1A5580 sp-19 an-302 1A4450 sp-15 an-303 1U4450 sp-14 an-303 1A5581 sp-19 an-303 1A4451 sp-15 an-304 1U4451 sp-14 an-304 1A5582 sp-19 an-304 1A4452 sp-15 an-305 1U4452 sp-14 an-305 1A5583 sp-19 an-305 1A4453 sp-15 an-306 1U4453 sp-14 an-306 1A5584 sp-19 an-306 1A4454 sp-15 an-307 1U4454 sp-14 an-307 1A5585 sp-19 an-307 1A4455 sp-15 an-308 1U4455 sp-14 an-308 1A5586 sp-19 an-308 1A4456 sp-15 an-309 1U4456 sp-14 an-309 1A5587 sp-19 an-309 1A4457 sp-15 an-310 1U4457 sp-14 an-310 1A5588 sp-19 an-310 1A4458 sp-15 an-311 1U4458 sp-14 an-311 1A5589 sp-19 an-311 1A4459 sp-15 an-312 1U4459 sp-14 an-312 1A5590 sp-19 an-312 1A4460 sp-15 an-313 1U4460 sp-14 an-313 1A5591 sp-19 an-313 1A4461 sp-15 an-314 1U4461 sp-14 an-314 1A5592 sp-19 an-314 1A4462 sp-15 an-315 1U4462 sp-14 an-315 1A5593 sp-19 an-315 1A4463 sp-15 an-316 1U4463 sp-14 an-316 1A5594 sp-19 an-316 1A4464 sp-15 an-317 1U4464 sp-14 an-317 1A5595 sp-19 an-317 1A4465 sp-15 an-318 1U4465 sp-14 an-318 1A5596 sp-19 an-318 1A4466 sp-15 an-319 1U4466 sp-14 an-319 1A5597 sp-19 an-319 1A4467 sp-15 an-320 1U4467 sp-14 an-320 1A5598 sp-19 an-320 1A4468 sp-15 an-321 1U4468 sp-14 an-321 1A5599 sp-19 an-321 1A4469 sp-15 an-322 1U4469 sp-14 an-322 1A5600 sp-19 an-322 1A4470 sp-15 an-323 1U4470 sp-14 an-323 1A5601 sp-19 an-323 1A4471 sp-15 an-324 1U4471 sp-14 an-324 1A5602 sp-19 an-324 1A4472 sp-15 an-325 1U4472 sp-14 an-325 1A5603 sp-19 an-325 1A4473 sp-15 an-326 1U4473 sp-14 an-326 1A5604 sp-19 an-326 1A4474 sp-15 an-327 1U4474 sp-14 an-327 1A5605 sp-19 an-327 1A4475 sp-15 an-328 1U4475 sp-14 an-328 1A5606 sp-19 an-328 1A4476 sp-15 an-329 1U4476 sp-14 an-329 1A5607 sp-19 an-329 1A4477 sp-15 an-330 1U4477 sp-14 an-330 1A5608 sp-19 an-330 1A4478 sp-15 an-331 1U4478 sp-14 an-331 1A5609 sp-19 an-331 Table 2-81 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A4479 sp-15 an-332 1U4479 sp-14 an-332 1A5610 sp-19 an-332 1A4480 sp-15 an-333 1U4480 sp-14 an-333 1A5611 sp-19 an-333 1A4481 sp-15 an-334 1U4481 sp-14 an-334 1A5612 sp-19 an-334 1A4482 sp-15 an-335 1U4482 sp-14 an-335 1A5613 sp-19 an-335 1A4483 sp-15 an-336 1U4483 sp-14 an-336 1A5614 sp-19 an-336 1A4484 sp-15 an-337 1U4484 sp-14 an-337 1A5615 sp-19 an-337 1A4485 sp-15 an-338 1U4485 sp-14 an-338 1A5616 sp-19 an-338 1A4486 sp-15 an-339 1U4486 sp-14 an-339 1A5617 sp-19 an-339 1A4487 sp-15 an-340 1U4487 sp-14 an-340 1A5618 sp-19 an-340 1A4488 sp-15 an-341 1U4488 sp-14 an-341 1A5619 sp-19 an-341 1A4489 sp-15 an-342 1U4489 sp-14 an-342 1A5620 sp-19 an-342 1A4490 sp-15 an-343 1U4490 sp-14 an-343 1A5621 sp-19 an-343 1A4491 sp-15 an-344 1U4491 sp-14 an-344 1A5622 sp-19 an-344 1A4492 sp-15 an-345 1U4492 sp-14 an-345 1A5623 sp-19 an-345 1A4493 sp-15 an-346 1U4493 sp-14 an-346 1A5624 sp-19 an-346 1A4494 sp-15 an-347 1U4494 sp-14 an-347 1A5625 sp-19 an-347 1A4495 sp-15 an-348 1U4495 sp-14 an-348 1A5626 sp-19 an-348 1A4496 sp-15 an-349 1U4496 sp-14 an-349 1A5627 sp-19 an-349 1A4497 sp-15 an-350 1U4497 sp-14 an-350 1A5628 sp-19 an-350 1A4498 sp-15 an-351 1U4498 sp-14 an-351 1A5629 sp-19 an-351 1A4499 sp-15 an-352 1U4499 sp-14 an-352 1A5630 sp-19 an-352 1A4500 sp-15 an-353 1U4500 sp-14 an-353 1A5631 sp-19 an-353 1A4501 sp-15 an-354 1U4501 sp-14 an-354 1A5632 sp-19 an-354 1A4502 sp-15 an-355 1U4502 sp-14 an-355 1A5633 sp-19 an-355 1A4503 sp-15 an-356 1U4503 sp-14 an-356 1A5634 sp-19 an-356 1A4504 sp-15 an-357 1U4504 sp-14 an-357 1A5635 sp-19 an-357 1A4505 sp-15 an-358 1U4505 sp-14 an-358 1A5636 sp-19 an-358 1A4506 sp-15 an-359 1U4506 sp-14 an-359 1A5637 sp-19 an-359 1A4507 sp-15 an-360 1U4507 sp-14 an-360 1A5638 sp-19 an-360 1A4508 sp-15 an-361 1U4508 sp-14 an-361 1A5639 sp-19 an-361 1A4509 sp-15 an-362 1U4509 sp-14 an-362 1A5640 sp-19 an-362 1A4510 sp-15 an-363 1U4510 sp-14 an-363 1A5641 sp-19 an-363 1A4511 sp-15 an-364 1U4511 sp-14 an-364 1A5642 sp-19 an-364 1A4512 sp-15 an-365 1U4512 sp-14 an-365 1A5643 sp-19 an-365 1A4513 sp-15 an-366 1U4513 sp-14 an-366 1A5644 sp-19 an-366 1A4514 sp-15 an-367 1U4514 sp-14 an-367 1A5645 sp-19 an-367 1A4515 sp-15 an-368 1U4515 sp-14 an-368 1A5646 sp-19 an-368 1A4516 sp-15 an-369 1U4516 sp-14 an-369 1A5647 sp-19 an-369 1A4517 sp-15 an-370 1U4517 sp-14 an-370 1A5648 sp-19 an-370 1A4518 sp-15 an-371 1U4518 sp-14 an-371 1A5649 sp-19 an-371 1A4519 sp-15 an-372 1U4519 sp-14 an-372 1A5650 sp-19 an-372 1A4520 sp-15 an-373 1U4520 sp-14 an-373 1A5651 sp-19 an-373 1A4521 sp-15 an-374 1U4521 sp-14 an-374 1A5652 sp-19 an-374 1A4522 sp-15 an-375 1U4522 sp-14 an-375 1A5653 sp-19 an-375 1A4523 sp-15 an-376 1U4523 sp-14 an-376 1A5654 sp-19 an-376 1A4524 sp-15 an-377 1U4524 sp-14 an-377 1A5655 sp-19 an-377 1A4525 sp-16 an-1 1U4525 sp-17 an-1 1A5656 sp-21 an-1 1A4526 sp-16 an-2 1U4526 sp-17 an-2 1A5657 sp-21 an-2 1A4527 sp-16 an-3 1U4527 sp-17 an-3 1A5658 sp-21 an-3 1A4528 sp-16 an-4 1U4528 sp-17 an-4 1A5659 sp-21 an-4 1A4529 sp-16 an-5 1U4529 sp-17 an-5 1A5660 sp-21 an-5 1A4530 sp-16 an-6 1U4530 sp-17 an-6 1A5661 sp-21 an-6 1A4531 sp-16 an-7 1U4531 sp-17 an-7 1A5662 sp-21 an-7 1A4532 sp-16 an-8 1U4532 sp-17 an-8 1A5663 sp-21 an-8 1A4533 sp-16 an-9 1U4533 sp-17 an-9 1A5664 sp-21 an-9 1A4534 sp-16 an-10 1U4534 sp-17 an-10 1A5665 sp-21 an-10 Table 2-82 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A4535 sp-16 an-11 1U4535 sp-17 an-11 1A5666 sp-21 an-11 1A4536 sp-16 an-12 1U4536 sp-17 an-12 1A5667 sp-21 an-12 1A4537 sp-16 an-13 1U4537 sp-17 an-13 1A5668 sp-21 an-13 1A4538 sp-16 an-14 1U4538 sp-17 an-14 1A5669 sp-21 an-14 1A4539 sp-16 an-15 1U4539 sp-17 an-15 1A5670 sp-21 an-15 1A4540 sp-16 an-16 1U4540 sp-17 an-16 1A5671 sp-21 an-16 1A4541 sp-16 an-17 1U4541 sp-17 an-17 1A5672 sp-21 an-17 1A4542 sp-16 an-18 1U4542 sp-17 an-18 1A5673 sp-21 an-18 1A4543 sp-16 an-19 1U4543 sp-17 an-19 1A5674 sp-21 an-19 1A4544 sp-16 an-20 1U4544 sp-17 an-20 1A5675 sp-21 an-20 1A4545 sp-16 an-21 1U4545 sp-17 an-21 1A5676 sp-21 an-21 1A4546 sp-16 an-22 1U4546 sp-17 an-22 1A5677 sp-21 an-22 1A4547 sp-16 an-23 1U4547 sp-17 an-23 1A5678 sp-21 an-23 1A4548 sp-16 an-24 1U4548 sp-17 an-24 1A5679 sp-21 an-24 1A4549 sp-16 an-25 1U4549 sp-17 an-25 1A5680 sp-21 an-25 1A4550 sp-16 an-26 1U4550 sp-17 an-26 1A5681 sp-21 an-26 1A4551 sp-16 an-27 1U4551 sp-17 an-27 1A5682 sp-21 an-27 1A4552 sp-16 an-28 1U4552 sp-17 an-28 1A5683 sp-21 an-28 1A4553 sp-16 an-29 1U4553 sp-17 an-29 1A5684 sp-21 an-29 1A4554 sp-16 an-30 1U4554 sp-17 an-30 1A5685 sp-21 an-30 1A4555 sp-16 an-31 1U4555 sp-17 an-31 1A5686 sp-21 an-31 1A4556 sp-16 an-32 1U4556 sp-17 an-32 1A5687 sp-21 an-32 1A4557 sp-16 an-33 1U4557 sp-17 an-33 1A5688 sp-21 an-33 1A4558 sp-16 an-34 1U4558 sp-17 an-34 1A5689 sp-21 an-34 1A4559 sp-16 an-35 1U4559 sp-17 an-35 1A5690 sp-21 an-35 1A4560 sp-16 an-36 1U4560 sp-17 an-36 1A5691 sp-21 an-36 1A4561 sp-16 an-37 1U4561 sp-17 an-37 1A5692 sp-21 an-37 1A4562 sp-16 an-38 1U4562 sp-17 an-38 1A5693 sp-21 an-38 1A4563 sp-16 an-39 1U4563 sp-17 an-39 1A5694 sp-21 an-39 1A4564 sp-16 an-40 1U4564 sp-17 an-40 1A5695 sp-21 an-40 1A4565 sp-16 an-41 1U4565 sp-17 an-41 1A5696 sp-21 an-41 1A4566 sp-16 an-42 1U4566 sp-17 an-42 1A5697 sp-21 an-42 1A4567 sp-16 an-43 1U4567 sp-17 an-43 1A5698 sp-21 an-43 1A4568 sp-16 an-44 1U4568 sp-17 an-44 1A5699 sp-21 an-44 1A4569 sp-16 an-45 1U4569 sp-17 an-45 1A5700 sp-21 an-45 1A4570 sp-16 an-46 1U4570 sp-17 an-46 1A5701 sp-21 an-46 1A4571 sp-16 an-47 1U4571 sp-17 an-47 1A5702 sp-21 an-47 1A4572 sp-16 an-48 1U4572 sp-17 an-48 1A5703 sp-21 an-48 1A4573 sp-16 an-49 1U4573 sp-17 an-49 1A5704 sp-21 an-49 1A4574 sp-16 an-50 1U4574 sp-17 an-50 1A5705 sp-21 an-50 1A4575 sp-16 an-51 1U4575 sp-17 an-51 1A5706 sp-21 an-51 1A4576 sp-16 an-52 1U4576 sp-17 an-52 1A5707 sp-21 an-52 1A4577 sp-16 an-53 1U4577 sp-17 an-53 1A5708 sp-21 an-53 1A4578 sp-16 an-54 1U4578 sp-17 an-54 1A5709 sp-21 an-54 1A4579 sp-16 an-55 1U4579 sp-17 an-55 1A5710 sp-21 an-55 1A4580 sp-16 an-56 1U4580 sp-17 an-56 1A5711 sp-21 an-56 1A4581 sp-16 an-57 1U4581 sp-17 an-57 1A5712 sp-21 an-57 1A4582 sp-16 an-58 1U4582 sp-17 an-58 1A5713 sp-21 an-58 1A4583 sp-16 an-59 1U4583 sp-17 an-59 1A5714 sp-21 an-59 1A4584 sp-16 an-60 1U4584 sp-17 an-60 1A5715 sp-21 an-60 1A4585 sp-16 an-61 1U4585 sp-17 an-61 1A5716 sp-21 an-61 1A4586 sp-16 an-62 1U4586 sp-17 an-62 1A5717 sp-21 an-62 1A4587 sp-16 an-63 1U4587 sp-17 an-63 1A5718 sp-21 an-63 1A4588 sp-16 an-64 1U4588 sp-17 an-64 1A5719 sp-21 an-64 1A4589 sp-16 an-65 1U4589 sp-17 an-65 1A5720 sp-21 an-65 1A4590 sp-16 an-66 1U4590 sp-17 an-66 1A5721 sp-21 an-66 Table 2-83 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A4591 sp-16 an-67 1U4591 sp-17 an-67 1A5722 sp-21 an-67 1A4592 sp-16 an-68 1U4592 sp-17 an-68 1A5723 sp-21 an-68 1A4593 sp-16 an-69 1U4593 sp-17 an-69 1A5724 sp-21 an-69 1A4594 sp-16 an-70 1U4594 sp-17 an-70 1A5725 sp-21 an-70 1A4595 sp-16 an-71 1U4595 sp-17 an-71 1A5726 sp-21 an-71 1A4596 sp-16 an-72 1U4596 sp-17 an-72 1A5727 sp-21 an-72 1A4597 sp-16 an-73 1U4597 sp-17 an-73 1A5728 sp-21 an-73 1A4598 sp-16 an-74 1U4598 sp-17 an-74 1A5729 sp-21 an-74 1A4599 sp-16 an-75 1U4599 sp-17 an-75 1A5730 sp-21 an-75 1A4600 sp-16 an-76 1U4600 sp-17 an-76 1A5731 sp-21 an-76 1A4601 sp-16 an-77 1U4601 sp-17 an-77 1A5732 sp-21 an-77 1A4602 sp-16 an-78 1U4602 sp-17 an-78 1A5733 sp-21 an-78 1A4603 sp-16 an-79 1U4603 sp-17 an-79 1A5734 sp-21 an-79 1A4604 sp-16 an-80 1U4604 sp-17 an-80 1A5735 sp-21 an-80 1A4605 sp-16 an-81 1U4605 sp-17 an-81 1A5736 sp-21 an-81 1A4606 sp-16 an-82 1U4606 sp-17 an-82 1A5737 sp-21 an-82 1A4607 sp-16 an-83 1U4607 sp-17 an-83 1A5738 sp-21 an-83 1A4608 sp-16 an-84 1U4608 sp-17 an-84 1A5739 sp-21 an-84 1A4609 sp-16 an-85 1U4609 sp-17 an-85 1A5740 sp-21 an-85 1A4610 sp-16 an-86 1U4610 sp-17 an-86 1A5741 sp-21 an-86 1A4611 sp-16 an-87 1U4611 sp-17 an-87 1A5742 sp-21 an-87 1A4612 sp-16 an-88 1U4612 sp-17 an-88 1A5743 sp-21 an-88 1A4613 sp-16 an-89 1U4613 sp-17 an-89 1A5744 sp-21 an-89 1A4614 sp-16 an-90 1U4614 sp-17 an-90 1A5745 sp-21 an-90 1A4615 sp-16 an-91 1U4615 sp-17 an-91 1A5746 sp-21 an-91 1A4616 sp-16 an-92 1U4616 sp-17 an-92 1A5747 sp-21 an-92 1A4617 sp-16 an-93 1U4617 sp-17 an-93 1A5748 sp-21 an-93 1A4618 sp-16 an-94 1U4618 sp-17 an-94 1A5749 sp-21 an-94 1A4619 sp-16 an-95 1U4619 sp-17 an-95 1A5750 sp-21 an-95 1A4620 sp-16 an-96 1U4620 sp-17 an-96 1A5751 sp-21 an-96 1A4621 sp-16 an-97 1U4621 sp-17 an-97 1A5752 sp-21 an-97 1A4622 sp-16 an-98 1U4622 sp-17 an-98 1A5753 sp-21 an-98 1A4623 sp-16 an-99 1U4623 sp-17 an-99 1A5754 sp-21 an-99 1A4624 sp-16 an-100 1U4624 sp-17 an-100 1A5755 sp-21 an-100 1A4625 sp-16 an-101 1U4625 sp-17 an-101 1A5756 sp-21 an-101 1A4626 sp-16 an-102 1U4626 sp-17 an-102 1A5757 sp-21 an-102 1A4627 sp-16 an-103 1U4627 sp-17 an-103 1A5758 sp-21 an-103 1A4628 sp-16 an-104 1U4628 sp-17 an-104 1A5759 sp-21 an-104 1A4629 sp-16 an-105 1U4629 sp-17 an-105 1A5760 sp-21 an-105 1A4630 sp-16 an-106 1U4630 sp-17 an-106 1A5761 sp-21 an-106 1A4631 sp-16 an-107 1U4631 sp-17 an-107 1A5762 sp-21 an-107 1A4632 sp-16 an-108 1U4632 sp-17 an-108 1A5763 sp-21 an-108 1A4633 sp-16 an-109 1U4633 sp-17 an-109 1A5764 sp-21 an-109 1A4634 sp-16 an-110 1U4634 sp-17 an-110 1A5765 sp-21 an-110 1A4635 sp-16 an-111 1U4635 sp-17 an-111 1A5766 sp-21 an-111 1A4636 sp-16 an-112 1U4636 sp-17 an-112 1A5767 sp-21 an-112 1A4637 sp-16 an-113 1U4637 sp-17 an-113 1A5768 sp-21 an-113 1A4638 sp-16 an-114 1U4638 sp-17 an-114 1A5769 sp-21 an-114 1A4639 sp-16 an-115 1U4639 sp-17 an-115 1A5770 sp-21 an-115 1A4640 sp-16 an-116 1U4640 sp-17 an-116 1A5771 sp-21 an-116 1A4641 sp-16 an-117 1U4641 sp-17 an-117 1A5772 sp-21 an-117 1A4642 sp-16 an-118 1U4642 sp-17 an-118 1A5773 sp-21 an-118 1A4643 sp-16 an-119 1U4643 sp-17 an-119 1A5774 sp-21 an-119 1A4644 sp-16 an-120 1U4644 sp-17 an-120 1A5775 sp-21 an-120 1A4645 sp-16 an-121 1U4645 sp-17 an-121 1A5776 sp-21 an-121 1A4646 sp-16 an-122 1U4646 sp-17 an-122 1A5777 sp-21 an-122 Table 2-84 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A4647 sp-16 an-123 1U4647 sp-17 an-123 1A5778 sp-21 an-123 1A4648 sp-16 an-124 1U4648 sp-17 an-124 1A5779 sp-21 an-124 1A4649 sp-16 an-125 1U4649 sp-17 an-125 1A5780 sp-21 an-125 1A4650 sp-16 an-126 1U4650 sp-17 an-126 1A5781 sp-21 an-126 1A4651 sp-16 an-127 1U4651 sp-17 an-127 1A5782 sp-21 an-127 1A4652 sp-16 an-128 1U4652 sp-17 an-128 1A5783 sp-21 an-128 1A4653 sp-16 an-129 1U4653 sp-17 an-129 1A5784 sp-21 an-129 1A4654 sp-16 an-130 1U4654 sp-17 an-130 1A5785 sp-21 an-130 1A4655 sp-16 an-131 1U4655 sp-17 an-131 1A5786 sp-21 an-131 1A4656 sp-16 an-132 1U4656 sp-17 an-132 1A5787 sp-21 an-132 1A4657 sp-16 an-133 1U4657 sp-17 an-133 1A5788 sp-21 an-133 1A4658 sp-16 an-134 1U4658 sp-17 an-134 1A5789 sp-21 an-134 1A4659 sp-16 an-135 1U4659 sp-17 an-135 1A5790 sp-21 an-135 1A4660 sp-16 an-136 1U4660 sp-17 an-136 1A5791 sp-21 an-136 1A4661 sp-16 an-137 1U4661 sp-17 an-137 1A5792 sp-21 an-137 1A4662 sp-16 an-138 1U4662 sp-17 an-138 1A5793 sp-21 an-138 1A4663 sp-16 an-139 1U4663 sp-17 an-139 1A5794 sp-21 an-139 1A4664 sp-16 an-140 1U4664 sp-17 an-140 1A5795 sp-21 an-140 1A4665 sp-16 an-141 1U4665 sp-17 an-141 1A5796 sp-21 an-141 1A4666 sp-16 an-142 1U4666 sp-17 an-142 1A5797 sp-21 an-142 1A4667 sp-16 an-143 1U4667 sp-17 an-143 1A5798 sp-21 an-143 1A4668 sp-16 an-144 1U4668 sp-17 an-144 1A5799 sp-21 an-144 1A4669 sp-16 an-145 1U4669 sp-17 an-145 1A5800 sp-21 an-145 1A4670 sp-16 an-146 1U4670 sp-17 an-146 1A5801 sp-21 an-146 1A4671 sp-16 an-147 1U4671 sp-17 an-147 1A5802 sp-21 an-147 1A4672 sp-16 an-148 1U4672 sp-17 an-148 1A5803 sp-21 an-148 1A4673 sp-16 an-149 1U4673 sp-17 an-149 1A5804 sp-21 an-149 1A4674 sp-16 an-150 1U4674 sp-17 an-150 1A5805 sp-21 an-150 1A4675 sp-16 an-151 1U4675 sp-17 an-151 1A5806 sp-21 an-151 1A4676 sp-16 an-152 1U4676 sp-17 an-152 1A5807 sp-21 an-152 1A4677 sp-16 an-153 1U4677 sp-17 an-153 1A5808 sp-21 an-153 1A4678 sp-16 an-154 1U4678 sp-17 an-154 1A5809 sp-21 an-154 1A4679 sp-16 an-155 1U4679 sp-17 an-155 1A5810 sp-21 an-155 1A4680 sp-16 an-156 1U4680 sp-17 an-156 1A5811 sp-21 an-156 1A4681 sp-16 an-157 1U4681 sp-17 an-157 1A5812 sp-21 an-157 1A4682 sp-16 an-158 1U4682 sp-17 an-158 1A5813 sp-21 an-158 1A4683 sp-16 an-159 1U4683 sp-17 an-159 1A5814 sp-21 an-159 1A4684 sp-16 an-160 1U4684 sp-17 an-160 1A5815 sp-21 an-160 1A4685 sp-16 an-161 1U4685 sp-17 an-161 1A5816 sp-21 an-161 1A4686 sp-16 an-162 1U4686 sp-17 an-162 1A5817 sp-21 an-162 1A4687 sp-16 an-163 1U4687 sp-17 an-163 1A5818 sp-21 an-163 1A4688 sp-16 an-164 1U4688 sp-17 an-164 1A5819 sp-21 an-164 1A4689 sp-16 an-165 1U4689 sp-17 an-165 1A5820 sp-21 an-165 1A4690 sp-16 an-166 1U4690 sp-17 an-166 1A5821 sp-21 an-166 1A4691 sp-16 an-167 1U4691 sp-17 an-167 1A5822 sp-21 an-167 1A4692 sp-16 an-168 1U4692 sp-17 an-168 1A5823 sp-21 an-168 1A4693 sp-16 an-169 1U4693 sp-17 an-169 1A5824 sp-21 an-169 1A4694 sp-16 an-170 1U4694 sp-17 an-170 1A5825 sp-21 an-170 1A4695 sp-16 an-171 1U4695 sp-17 an-171 1A5826 sp-21 an-171 1A4696 sp-16 an-172 1U4696 sp-17 an-172 1A5827 sp-21 an-172 1A4697 sp-16 an-173 1U4697 sp-17 an-173 1A5828 sp-21 an-173 1A4698 sp-16 an-174 1U4698 sp-17 an-174 1A5829 sp-21 an-174 1A4699 sp-16 an-175 1U4699 sp-17 an-175 1A5830 sp-21 an-175 1A4700 sp-16 an-176 1U4700 sp-17 an-176 1A5831 sp-21 an-176 1A4701 sp-16 an-177 1U4701 sp-17 an-177 1A5832 sp-21 an-177 1A4702 sp-16 an-178 1U4702 sp-17 an-178 1A5833 sp-21 an-178 Table 2-85 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A4703 sp-16 an-179 1U4703 sp-17 an-179 1A5834 sp-21 an-179 1A4704 sp-16 an-180 1U4704 sp-17 an-180 1A5835 sp-21 an-180 1A4705 sp-16 an-181 1U4705 sp-17 an-181 1A5836 sp-21 an-181 1A4706 sp-16 an-182 1U4706 sp-17 an-182 1A5837 sp-21 an-182 1A4707 sp-16 an-183 1U4707 sp-17 an-183 1A5838 sp-21 an-183 1A4708 sp-16 an-184 1U4708 sp-17 an-184 1A5839 sp-21 an-184 1A4709 sp-16 an-185 1U4709 sp-17 an-185 1A5840 sp-21 an-185 1A4710 sp-16 an-186 1U4710 sp-17 an-186 1A5841 sp-21 an-186 1A4711 sp-16 an-187 1U4711 sp-17 an-187 1A5842 sp-21 an-187 1A4712 sp-16 an-188 1U4712 sp-17 an-188 1A5843 sp-21 an-188 1A4713 sp-16 an-189 1U4713 sp-17 an-189 1A5844 sp-21 an-189 1A4714 sp-16 an-190 1U4714 sp-17 an-190 1A5845 sp-21 an-190 1A4715 sp-16 an-191 1U4715 sp-17 an-191 1A5846 sp-21 an-191 1A4716 sp-16 an-192 1U4716 sp-17 an-192 1A5847 sp-21 an-192 1A4717 sp-16 an-193 1U4717 sp-17 an-193 1A5848 sp-21 an-193 1A4718 sp-16 an-194 1U4718 sp-17 an-194 1A5849 sp-21 an-194 1A4719 sp-16 an-195 1U4719 sp-17 an-195 1A5850 sp-21 an-195 1A4720 sp-16 an-196 1U4720 sp-17 an-196 1A5851 sp-21 an-196 1A4721 sp-16 an-197 1U4721 sp-17 an-197 1A5852 sp-21 an-197 1A4722 sp-16 an-198 1U4722 sp-17 an-198 1A5853 sp-21 an-198 1A4723 sp-16 an-199 1U4723 sp-17 an-199 1A5854 sp-21 an-199 1A4724 sp-16 an-200 1U4724 sp-17 an-200 1A5855 sp-21 an-200 1A4725 sp-16 an-201 1U4725 sp-17 an-201 1A5856 sp-21 an-201 1A4726 sp-16 an-202 1U4726 sp-17 an-202 1A5857 sp-21 an-202 1A4727 sp-16 an-203 1U4727 sp-17 an-203 1A5858 sp-21 an-203 1A4728 sp-16 an-204 1U4728 sp-17 an-204 1A5859 sp-21 an-204 1A4729 sp-16 an-205 1U4729 sp-17 an-205 1A5860 sp-21 an-205 1A4730 sp-16 an-206 1U4730 sp-17 an-206 1A5861 sp-21 an-206 1A4731 sp-16 an-207 1U4731 sp-17 an-207 1A5862 sp-21 an-207 1A4732 sp-16 an-208 1U4732 sp-17 an-208 1A5863 sp-21 an-208 1A4733 sp-16 an-209 1U4733 sp-17 an-209 1A5864 sp-21 an-209 1A4734 sp-16 an-210 1U4734 sp-17 an-210 1A5865 sp-21 an-210 1A4735 sp-16 an-211 1U4735 sp-17 an-211 1A5866 sp-21 an-211 1A4736 sp-16 an-212 1U4736 sp-17 an-212 1A5867 sp-21 an-212 1A4737 sp-16 an-213 1U4737 sp-17 an-213 1A5868 sp-21 an-213 1A4738 sp-16 an-214 1U4738 sp-17 an-214 1A5869 sp-21 an-214 1A4739 sp-16 an-215 1U4739 sp-17 an-215 1A5870 sp-21 an-215 1A4740 sp-16 an-216 1U4740 sp-17 an-216 1A5871 sp-21 an-216 1A4741 sp-16 an-217 1U4741 sp-17 an-217 1A5872 sp-21 an-217 1A4742 sp-16 an-218 1U4742 sp-17 an-218 1A5873 sp-21 an-218 1A4743 sp-16 an-219 1U4743 sp-17 an-219 1A5874 sp-21 an-219 1A4744 sp-16 an-220 1U4744 sp-17 an-220 1A5875 sp-21 an-220 1A4745 sp-16 an-221 1U4745 sp-17 an-221 1A5876 sp-21 an-221 1A4746 sp-16 an-222 1U4746 sp-17 an-222 1A5877 sp-21 an-222 1A4747 sp-16 an-223 1U4747 sp-17 an-223 1A5878 sp-21 an-223 1A4748 sp-16 an-224 1U4748 sp-17 an-224 1A5879 sp-21 an-224 1A4749 sp-16 an-225 1U4749 sp-17 an-225 1A5880 sp-21 an-225 1A4750 sp-16 an-226 1U4750 sp-17 an-226 1A5881 sp-21 an-226 1A4751 sp-16 an-227 1U4751 sp-17 an-227 1A5882 sp-21 an-227 1A4752 sp-16 an-228 1U4752 sp-17 an-228 1A5883 sp-21 an-228 1A4753 sp-16 an-229 1U4753 sp-17 an-229 1A5884 sp-21 an-229 1A4754 sp-16 an-230 1U4754 sp-17 an-230 1A5885 sp-21 an-230 1A4755 sp-16 an-231 1U4755 sp-17 an-231 1A5886 sp-21 an-231 1A4756 sp-16 an-232 1U4756 sp-17 an-232 1A5887 sp-21 an-232 1A4757 sp-16 an-233 1U4757 sp-17 an-233 1A5888 sp-21 an-233 1A4758 sp-16 an-234 1U4758 sp-17 an-234 1A5889 sp-21 an-234 Table 2-86 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A4759 sp-16 an-235 1U4759 sp-17 an-235 1A5890 sp-21 an-235 1A4760 sp-16 an-236 1U4760 sp-17 an-236 1A5891 sp-21 an-236 1A4761 sp-16 an-237 1U4761 sp-17 an-237 1A5892 sp-21 an-237 1A4762 sp-16 an-238 1U4762 sp-17 an-238 1A5893 sp-21 an-238 1A4763 sp-16 an-239 1U4763 sp-17 an-239 1A5894 sp-21 an-239 1A4764 sp-16 an-240 1U4764 sp-17 an-240 1A5895 sp-21 an-240 1A4765 sp-16 an-241 1U4765 sp-17 an-241 1A5896 sp-21 an-241 1A4766 sp-16 an-242 1U4766 sp-17 an-242 1A5897 sp-21 an-242 1A4767 sp-16 an-243 1U4767 sp-17 an-243 1A5898 sp-21 an-243 1A4768 sp-16 an-244 1U4768 sp-17 an-244 1A5899 sp-21 an-244 1A4769 sp-16 an-245 1U4769 sp-17 an-245 1A5900 sp-21 an-245 1A4770 sp-16 an-246 1U4770 sp-17 an-246 1A5901 sp-21 an-246 1A4771 sp-16 an-247 1U4771 sp-17 an-247 1A5902 sp-21 an-247 1A4772 sp-16 an-248 1U4772 sp-17 an-248 1A5903 sp-21 an-248 1A4773 sp-16 an-249 1U4773 sp-17 an-249 1A5904 sp-21 an-249 1A4774 sp-16 an-250 1U4774 sp-17 an-250 1A5905 sp-21 an-250 1A4775 sp-16 an-251 1U4775 sp-17 an-251 1A5906 sp-21 an-251 1A4776 sp-16 an-252 1U4776 sp-17 an-252 1A5907 sp-21 an-252 1A4777 sp-16 an-253 1U4777 sp-17 an-253 1A5908 sp-21 an-253 1A4778 sp-16 an-254 1U4778 sp-17 an-254 1A5909 sp-21 an-254 1A4779 sp-16 an-255 1U4779 sp-17 an-255 1A5910 sp-21 an-255 1A4780 sp-16 an-256 1U4780 sp-17 an-256 1A5911 sp-21 an-256 1A4781 sp-16 an-257 1U4781 sp-17 an-257 1A5912 sp-21 an-257 1A4782 sp-16 an-258 1U4782 sp-17 an-258 1A5913 sp-21 an-258 1A4783 sp-16 an-259 1U4783 sp-17 an-259 1A5914 sp-21 an-259 1A4784 sp-16 an-260 1U4784 sp-17 an-260 1A5915 sp-21 an-260 1A4785 sp-16 an-261 1U4785 sp-17 an-261 1A5916 sp-21 an-261 1A4786 sp-16 an-262 1U4786 sp-17 an-262 1A5917 sp-21 an-262 1A4787 sp-16 an-263 1U4787 sp-17 an-263 1A5918 sp-21 an-263 1A4788 sp-16 an-264 1U4788 sp-17 an-264 1A5919 sp-21 an-264 1A4789 sp-16 an-265 1U4789 sp-17 an-265 1A5920 sp-21 an-265 1A4790 sp-16 an-266 1U4790 sp-17 an-266 1A5921 sp-21 an-266 1A4791 sp-16 an-267 1U4791 sp-17 an-267 1A5922 sp-21 an-267 1A4792 sp-16 an-268 1U4792 sp-17 an-268 1A5923 sp-21 an-268 1A4793 sp-16 an-269 1U4793 sp-17 an-269 1A5924 sp-21 an-269 1A4794 sp-16 an-270 1U4794 sp-17 an-270 1A5925 sp-21 an-270 1A4795 sp-16 an-271 1U4795 sp-17 an-271 1A5926 sp-21 an-271 1A4796 sp-16 an-272 1U4796 sp-17 an-272 1A5927 sp-21 an-272 1A4797 sp-16 an-273 1U4797 sp-17 an-273 1A5928 sp-21 an-273 1A4798 sp-16 an-274 1U4798 sp-17 an-274 1A5929 sp-21 an-274 1A4799 sp-16 an-275 1U4799 sp-17 an-275 1A5930 sp-21 an-275 1A4800 sp-16 an-276 1U4800 sp-17 an-276 1A5931 sp-21 an-276 1A4801 sp-16 an-277 1U4801 sp-17 an-277 1A5932 sp-21 an-277 1A4802 sp-16 an-278 1U4802 sp-17 an-278 1A5933 sp-21 an-278 1A4803 sp-16 an-279 1U4803 sp-17 an-279 1A5934 sp-21 an-279 1A4804 sp-16 an-280 1U4804 sp-17 an-280 1A5935 sp-21 an-280 1A4805 sp-16 an-281 1U4805 sp-17 an-281 1A5936 sp-21 an-281 1A4806 sp-16 an-282 1U4806 sp-17 an-282 1A5937 sp-21 an-282 1A4807 sp-16 an-283 1U4807 sp-17 an-283 1A5938 sp-21 an-283 1A4808 sp-16 an-284 1U4808 sp-17 an-284 1A5939 sp-21 an-284 1A4809 sp-16 an-285 1U4809 sp-17 an-285 1A5940 sp-21 an-285 1A4810 sp-16 an-286 1U4810 sp-17 an-286 1A5941 sp-21 an-286 1A4811 sp-16 an-287 1U4811 sp-17 an-287 1A5942 sp-21 an-287 1A4812 sp-16 an-288 1U4812 sp-17 an-288 1A5943 sp-21 an-288 1A4813 sp-16 an-289 1U4813 sp-17 an-289 1A5944 sp-21 an-289 1A4814 sp-16 an-290 1U4814 sp-17 an-290 1A5945 sp-21 an-290 Table 2-87 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A4815 sp-16 an-291 1U4815 sp-17 an-291 1A5946 sp-21 an-291 1A4816 sp-16 an-292 1U4816 sp-17 an-292 1A5947 sp-21 an-292 1A4817 sp-16 an-293 1U4817 sp-17 an-293 1A5948 sp-21 an-293 1A4818 sp-16 an-294 1U4818 sp-17 an-294 1A5949 sp-21 an-294 1A4819 sp-16 an-295 1U4819 sp-17 an-295 1A5950 sp-21 an-295 1A4820 sp-16 an-296 1U4820 sp-17 an-296 1A5951 sp-21 an-296 1A4821 sp-16 an-297 1U4821 sp-17 an-297 1A5952 sp-21 an-297 1A4822 sp-16 an-298 1U4822 sp-17 an-298 1A5953 sp-21 an-298 1A4823 sp-16 an-299 1U4823 sp-17 an-299 1A5954 sp-21 an-299 1A4824 sp-16 an-300 1U4824 sp-17 an-300 1A5955 sp-21 an-300 1A4825 sp-16 an-301 1U4825 sp-17 an-301 1A5956 sp-21 an-301 1A4826 sp-16 an-302 1U4826 sp-17 an-302 1A5957 sp-21 an-302 1A4827 sp-16 an-303 1U4827 sp-17 an-303 1A5958 sp-21 an-303 1A4828 sp-16 an-304 1U4828 sp-17 an-304 1A5959 sp-21 an-304 1A4829 sp-16 an-305 1U4829 sp-17 an-305 1A5960 sp-21 an-305 1A4830 sp-16 an-306 1U4830 sp-17 an-306 1A5961 sp-21 an-306 1A4831 sp-16 an-307 1U4831 sp-17 an-307 1A5962 sp-21 an-307 1A4832 sp-16 an-308 1U4832 sp-17 an-308 1A5963 sp-21 an-308 1A4833 sp-16 an-309 1U4833 sp-17 an-309 1A5964 sp-21 an-309 1A4834 sp-16 an-310 1U4834 sp-17 an-310 1A5965 sp-21 an-310 1A4835 sp-16 an-311 1U4835 sp-17 an-311 1A5966 sp-21 an-311 1A4836 sp-16 an-312 1U4836 sp-17 an-312 1A5967 sp-21 an-312 1A4837 sp-16 an-313 1U4837 sp-17 an-313 1A5968 sp-21 an-313 1A4838 sp-16 an-314 1U4838 sp-17 an-314 1A5969 sp-21 an-314 1A4839 sp-16 an-315 1U4839 sp-17 an-315 1A5970 sp-21 an-315 1A4840 sp-16 an-316 1U4840 sp-17 an-316 1A5971 sp-21 an-316 1A4841 sp-16 an-317 1U4841 sp-17 an-317 1A5972 sp-21 an-317 1A4842 sp-16 an-318 1U4842 sp-17 an-318 1A5973 sp-21 an-318 1A4843 sp-16 an-319 1U4843 sp-17 an-319 1A5974 sp-21 an-319 1A4844 sp-16 an-320 1U4844 sp-17 an-320 1A5975 sp-21 an-320 1A4845 sp-16 an-321 1U4845 sp-17 an-321 1A5976 sp-21 an-321 1A4846 sp-16 an-322 1U4846 sp-17 an-322 1A5977 sp-21 an-322 1A4847 sp-16 an-323 1U4847 sp-17 an-323 1A5978 sp-21 an-323 1A4848 sp-16 an-324 1U4848 sp-17 an-324 1A5979 sp-21 an-324 1A4849 sp-16 an-325 1U4849 sp-17 an-325 1A5980 sp-21 an-325 1A4850 sp-16 an-326 1U4850 sp-17 an-326 1A5981 sp-21 an-326 1A4851 sp-16 an-327 1U4851 sp-17 an-327 1A5982 sp-21 an-327 1A4852 sp-16 an-328 1U4852 sp-17 an-328 1A5983 sp-21 an-328 1A4853 sp-16 an-329 1U4853 sp-17 an-329 1A5984 sp-21 an-329 1A4854 sp-16 an-330 1U4854 sp-17 an-330 1A5985 sp-21 an-330 1A4855 sp-16 an-331 1U4855 sp-17 an-331 1A5986 sp-21 an-331 1A4856 sp-16 an-332 1U4856 sp-17 an-332 1A5987 sp-21 an-332 1A4857 sp-16 an-333 1U4857 sp-17 an-333 1A5988 sp-21 an-333 1A4858 sp-16 an-334 1U4858 sp-17 an-334 1A5989 sp-21 an-334 1A4859 sp-16 an-335 1U4859 sp-17 an-335 1A5990 sp-21 an-335 1A4860 sp-16 an-336 1U4860 sp-17 an-336 1A5991 sp-21 an-336 1A4861 sp-16 an-337 1U4861 sp-17 an-337 1A5992 sp-21 an-337 1A4862 sp-16 an-338 1U4862 sp-17 an-338 1A5993 sp-21 an-338 1A4863 sp-16 an-339 1U4863 sp-17 an-339 1A5994 sp-21 an-339 1A4864 sp-16 an-340 1U4864 sp-17 an-340 1A5995 sp-21 an-340 1A4865 sp-16 an-341 1U4865 sp-17 an-341 1A5996 sp-21 an-341 1A4866 sp-16 an-342 1U4866 sp-17 an-342 1A5997 sp-21 an-342 1A4867 sp-16 an-343 1U4867 sp-17 an-343 1A5998 sp-21 an-343 1A4868 sp-16 an-344 1U4868 sp-17 an-344 1A5999 sp-21 an-344 1A4869 sp-16 an-345 1U4869 sp-17 an-345 1A6000 sp-21 an-345 1A4870 sp-16 an-346 1U4870 sp-17 an-346 1A6001 sp-21 an-346 Table 2-88 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A4871 sp-16 an-347 1U4871 sp-17 an-347 1A6002 sp-21 an-347 1A4872 sp-16 an-348 1U4872 sp-17 an-348 1A6003 sp-21 an-348 1A4873 sp-16 an-349 1U4873 sp-17 an-349 1A6004 sp-21 an-349 1A4874 sp-16 an-350 1U4874 sp-17 an-350 1A6005 sp-21 an-350 1A4875 sp-16 an-351 1U4875 sp-17 an-351 1A6006 sp-21 an-351 1A4876 sp-16 an-352 1U4876 sp-17 an-352 1A6007 sp-21 an-352 1A4877 sp-16 an-353 1U4877 sp-17 an-353 1A6008 sp-21 an-353 1A4878 sp-16 an-354 1U4878 sp-17 an-354 1A6009 sp-21 an-354 1A4879 sp-16 an-355 1U4879 sp-17 an-355 1A6010 sp-21 an-355 1A4880 sp-16 an-356 1U4880 sp-17 an-356 1A6011 sp-21 an-356 1A4881 sp-16 an-357 1U4881 sp-17 an-357 1A6012 sp-21 an-357 1A4882 sp-16 an-358 1U4882 sp-17 an-358 1A6013 sp-21 an-358 1A4883 sp-16 an-359 1U4883 sp-17 an-359 1A6014 sp-21 an-359 1A4884 sp-16 an-360 1U4884 sp-17 an-360 1A6015 sp-21 an-360 1A4885 sp-16 an-361 1U4885 sp-17 an-361 1A6016 sp-21 an-361 1A4886 sp-16 an-362 1U4886 sp-17 an-362 1A6017 sp-21 an-362 1A4887 sp-16 an-363 1U4887 sp-17 an-363 1A6018 sp-21 an-363 1A4888 sp-16 an-364 1U4888 sp-17 an-364 1A6019 sp-21 an-364 1A4889 sp-16 an-365 1U4889 sp-17 an-365 1A6020 sp-21 an-365 1A4890 sp-16 an-366 1U4890 sp-17 an-366 1A6021 sp-21 an-366 1A4891 sp-16 an-367 1U4891 sp-17 an-367 1A6022 sp-21 an-367 1A4892 sp-16 an-368 1U4892 sp-17 an-368 1A6023 sp-21 an-368 1A4893 sp-16 an-369 1U4893 sp-17 an-369 1A6024 sp-21 an-369 1A4894 sp-16 an-370 1U4894 sp-17 an-370 1A6025 sp-21 an-370 1A4895 sp-16 an-371 1U4895 sp-17 an-371 1A6026 sp-21 an-371 1A4896 sp-16 an-372 1U4896 sp-17 an-372 1A6027 sp-21 an-372 1A4897 sp-16 an-373 1U4897 sp-17 an-373 1A6028 sp-21 an-373 1A4898 sp-16 an-374 1U4898 sp-17 an-374 1A6029 sp-21 an-374 1A4899 sp-16 an-375 1U4899 sp-17 an-375 1A6030 sp-21 an-375 1A4900 sp-16 an-376 1U4900 sp-17 an-376 1A6031 sp-21 an-376 1A4901 sp-16 an-377 1U4901 sp-17 an-377 1A6032 sp-21 an-377 1A4902 sp-18 an-1 1U4902 sp-20 an-1 1A6033 sp-22 an-1 1A4903 sp-18 an-2 1U4903 sp-20 an-2 1A6034 sp-22 an-2 1A4904 sp-18 an-3 1U4904 sp-20 an-3 1A6035 sp-22 an-3 1A4905 sp-18 an-4 1U4905 sp-20 an-4 1A6036 sp-22 an-4 1A4906 sp-18 an-5 1U4906 sp-20 an-5 1A6037 sp-22 an-5 1A4907 sp-18 an-6 1U4907 sp-20 an-6 1A6038 sp-22 an-6 1A4908 sp-18 an-7 1U4908 sp-20 an-7 1A6039 sp-22 an-7 1A4909 sp-18 an-8 1U4909 sp-20 an-8 1A6040 sp-22 an-8 1A4910 sp-18 an-9 1U4910 sp-20 an-9 1A6041 sp-22 an-9 1A4911 sp-18 an-10 1U4911 sp-20 an-10 1A6042 sp-22 an-10 1A4912 sp-18 an-11 1U4912 sp-20 an-11 1A6043 sp-22 an-11 1A4913 sp-18 an-12 1U4913 sp-20 an-12 1A6044 sp-22 an-12 1A4914 sp-18 an-13 1U4914 sp-20 an-13 1A6045 sp-22 an-13 1A4915 sp-18 an-14 1U4915 sp-20 an-14 1A6046 sp-22 an-14 1A4916 sp-18 an-15 1U4916 sp-20 an-15 1A6047 sp-22 an-15 1A4917 sp-18 an-16 1U4917 sp-20 an-16 1A6048 sp-22 an-16 1A4918 sp-18 an-17 1U4918 sp-20 an-17 1A6049 sp-22 an-17 1A4919 sp-18 an-18 1U4919 sp-20 an-18 1A6050 sp-22 an-18 1A4920 sp-18 an-19 1U4920 sp-20 an-19 1A6051 sp-22 an-19 1A4921 sp-18 an-20 1U4921 sp-20 an-20 1A6052 sp-22 an-20 1A4922 sp-18 an-21 1U4922 sp-20 an-21 1A6053 sp-22 an-21 1A4923 sp-18 an-22 1U4923 sp-20 an-22 1A6054 sp-22 an-22 1A4924 sp-18 an-23 1U4924 sp-20 an-23 1A6055 sp-22 an-23 1A4925 sp-18 an-24 1U4925 sp-20 an-24 1A6056 sp-22 an-24 1A4926 sp-18 an-25 1U4926 sp-20 an-25 1A6057 sp-22 an-25 Table 2-89 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A4927 sp-18 an-26 1U4927 sp-20 an-26 1A6058 sp-22 an-26 1A4928 sp-18 an-27 1U4928 sp-20 an-27 1A6059 sp-22 an-27 1A4929 sp-18 an-28 1U4929 sp-20 an-28 1A6060 sp-22 an-28 1A4930 sp-18 an-29 1U4930 sp-20 an-29 1A6061 sp-22 an-29 1A4931 sp-18 an-30 1U4931 sp-20 an-30 1A6062 sp-22 an-30 1A4932 sp-18 an-31 1U4932 sp-20 an-31 1A6063 sp-22 an-31 1A4933 sp-18 an-32 1U4933 sp-20 an-32 1A6064 sp-22 an-32 1A4934 sp-18 an-33 1U4934 sp-20 an-33 1A6065 sp-22 an-33 1A4935 sp-18 an-34 1U4935 sp-20 an-34 1A6066 sp-22 an-34 1A4936 sp-18 an-35 1U4936 sp-20 an-35 1A6067 sp-22 an-35 1A4937 sp-18 an-36 1U4937 sp-20 an-36 1A6068 sp-22 an-36 1A4938 sp-18 an-37 1U4938 sp-20 an-37 1A6069 sp-22 an-37 1A4939 sp-18 an-38 1U4939 sp-20 an-38 1A6070 sp-22 an-38 1A4940 sp-18 an-39 1U4940 sp-20 an-39 1A6071 sp-22 an-39 1A4941 sp-18 an-40 1U4941 sp-20 an-40 1A6072 sp-22 an-40 1A4942 sp-18 an-41 1U4942 sp-20 an-41 1A6073 sp-22 an-41 1A4943 sp-18 an-42 1U4943 sp-20 an-42 1A6074 sp-22 an-42 1A4944 sp-18 an-43 1U4944 sp-20 an-43 1A6075 sp-22 an-43 1A4945 sp-18 an-44 1U4945 sp-20 an-44 1A6076 sp-22 an-44 1A4946 sp-18 an-45 1U4946 sp-20 an-45 1A6077 sp-22 an-45 1A4947 sp-18 an-46 1U4947 sp-20 an-46 1A6078 sp-22 an-46 1A4948 sp-18 an-47 1U4948 sp-20 an-47 1A6079 sp-22 an-47 1A4949 sp-18 an-48 1U4949 sp-20 an-48 1A6080 sp-22 an-48 1A4950 sp-18 an-49 1U4950 sp-20 an-49 1A6081 sp-22 an-49 1A4951 sp-18 an-50 1U4951 sp-20 an-50 1A6082 sp-22 an-50 1A4952 sp-18 an-51 1U4952 sp-20 an-51 1A6083 sp-22 an-51 1A4953 sp-18 an-52 1U4953 sp-20 an-52 1A6084 sp-22 an-52 1A4954 sp-18 an-53 1U4954 sp-20 an-53 1A6085 sp-22 an-53 1A4955 sp-18 an-54 1U4955 sp-20 an-54 1A6086 sp-22 an-54 1A4956 sp-18 an-55 1U4956 sp-20 an-55 1A6087 sp-22 an-55 1A4957 sp-18 an-56 1U4957 sp-20 an-56 1A6088 sp-22 an-56 1A4958 sp-18 an-57 1U4958 sp-20 an-57 1A6089 sp-22 an-57 1A4959 sp-18 an-58 1U4959 sp-20 an-58 1A6090 sp-22 an-58 1A4960 sp-18 an-59 1U4960 sp-20 an-59 1A6091 sp-22 an-59 1A4961 sp-18 an-60 1U4961 sp-20 an-60 1A6092 sp-22 an-60 1A4962 sp-18 an-61 1U4962 sp-20 an-61 1A6093 sp-22 an-61 1A4963 sp-18 an-62 1U4963 sp-20 an-62 1A6094 sp-22 an-62 1A4964 sp-18 an-63 1U4964 sp-20 an-63 1A6095 sp-22 an-63 1A4965 sp-18 an-64 1U4965 sp-20 an-64 1A6096 sp-22 an-64 1A4966 sp-18 an-65 1U4966 sp-20 an-65 1A6097 sp-22 an-65 1A4967 sp-18 an-66 1U4967 sp-20 an-66 1A6098 sp-22 an-66 1A4968 sp-18 an-67 1U4968 sp-20 an-67 1A6099 sp-22 an-67 1A4969 sp-18 an-68 1U4969 sp-20 an-68 1A6100 sp-22 an-68 1A4970 sp-18 an-69 1U4970 sp-20 an-69 1A6101 sp-22 an-69 1A4971 sp-18 an-70 1U4971 sp-20 an-70 1A6102 sp-22 an-70 1A4972 sp-18 an-71 1U4972 sp-20 an-71 1A6103 sp-22 an-71 1A4973 sp-18 an-72 1U4973 sp-20 an-72 1A6104 sp-22 an-72 1A4974 sp-18 an-73 1U4974 sp-20 an-73 1A6105 sp-22 an-73 1A4975 sp-18 an-74 1U4975 sp-20 an-74 1A6106 sp-22 an-74 1A4976 sp-18 an-75 1U4976 sp-20 an-75 1A6107 sp-22 an-75 1A4977 sp-18 an-76 1U4977 sp-20 an-76 1A6108 sp-22 an-76 1A4978 sp-18 an-77 1U4978 sp-20 an-77 1A6109 sp-22 an-77 1A4979 sp-18 an-78 1U4979 sp-20 an-78 1A6110 sp-22 an-78 1A4980 sp-18 an-79 1U4980 sp-20 an-79 1A6111 sp-22 an-79 1A4981 sp-18 an-80 1U4981 sp-20 an-80 1A6112 sp-22 an-80 1A4982 sp-18 an-81 1U4982 sp-20 an-81 1A6113 sp-22 an-81 Table 2-90 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A4983 sp-18 an-82 1U4983 sp-20 an-82 1A6114 sp-22 an-82 1A4984 sp-18 an-83 1U4984 sp-20 an-83 1A6115 sp-22 an-83 1A4985 sp-18 an-84 1U4985 sp-20 an-84 1A6116 sp-22 an-84 1A4986 sp-18 an-85 1U4986 sp-20 an-85 1A6117 sp-22 an-85 1A4987 sp-18 an-86 1U4987 sp-20 an-86 1A6118 sp-22 an-86 1A4988 sp-18 an-87 1U4988 sp-20 an-87 1A6119 sp-22 an-87 1A4989 sp-18 an-88 1U4989 sp-20 an-88 1A6120 sp-22 an-88 1A4990 sp-18 an-89 1U4990 sp-20 an-89 1A6121 sp-22 an-89 1A4991 sp-18 an-90 1U4991 sp-20 an-90 1A6122 sp-22 an-90 1A4992 sp-18 an-91 1U4992 sp-20 an-91 1A6123 sp-22 an-91 1A4993 sp-18 an-92 1U4993 sp-20 an-92 1A6124 sp-22 an-92 1A4994 sp-18 an-93 1U4994 sp-20 an-93 1A6125 sp-22 an-93 1A4995 sp-18 an-94 1U4995 sp-20 an-94 1A6126 sp-22 an-94 1A4996 sp-18 an-95 1U4996 sp-20 an-95 1A6127 sp-22 an-95 1A4997 sp-18 an-96 1U4997 sp-20 an-96 1A6128 sp-22 an-96 1A4998 sp-18 an-97 1U4998 sp-20 an-97 1A6129 sp-22 an-97 1A4999 sp-18 an-98 1U4999 sp-20 an-98 1A6130 sp-22 an-98 1A5000 sp-18 an-99 1U5000 sp-20 an-99 1A6131 sp-22 an-99 1A5001 sp-18 an-100 1U5001 sp-20 an-100 1A6132 sp-22 an-100 1A5002 sp-18 an-101 1U5002 sp-20 an-101 1A6133 sp-22 an-101 1A5003 sp-18 an-102 1U5003 sp-20 an-102 1A6134 sp-22 an-102 1A5004 sp-18 an-103 1U5004 sp-20 an-103 1A6135 sp-22 an-103 1A5005 sp-18 an-104 1U5005 sp-20 an-104 1A6136 sp-22 an-104 1A5006 sp-18 an-105 1U5006 sp-20 an-105 1A6137 sp-22 an-105 1A5007 sp-18 an-106 1U5007 sp-20 an-106 1A6138 sp-22 an-106 1A5008 sp-18 an-107 1U5008 sp-20 an-107 1A6139 sp-22 an-107 1A5009 sp-18 an-108 1U5009 sp-20 an-108 1A6140 sp-22 an-108 1A5010 sp-18 an-109 1U5010 sp-20 an-109 1A6141 sp-22 an-109 1A5011 sp-18 an-110 1U5011 sp-20 an-110 1A6142 sp-22 an-110 1A5012 sp-18 an-111 1U5012 sp-20 an-111 1A6143 sp-22 an-111 1A5013 sp-18 an-112 1U5013 sp-20 an-112 1A6144 sp-22 an-112 1A5014 sp-18 an-113 1U5014 sp-20 an-113 1A6145 sp-22 an-113 1A5015 sp-18 an-114 1U5015 sp-20 an-114 1A6146 sp-22 an-114 1A5016 sp-18 an-115 1U5016 sp-20 an-115 1A6147 sp-22 an-115 1A5017 sp-18 an-116 1U5017 sp-20 an-116 1A6148 sp-22 an-116 1A5018 sp-18 an-117 1U5018 sp-20 an-117 1A6149 sp-22 an-117 1A5019 sp-18 an-118 1U5019 sp-20 an-118 1A6150 sp-22 an-118 1A5020 sp-18 an-119 1U5020 sp-20 an-119 1A6151 sp-22 an-119 1A5021 sp-18 an-120 1U5021 sp-20 an-120 1A6152 sp-22 an-120 1A5022 sp-18 an-121 1U5022 sp-20 an-121 1A6153 sp-22 an-121 1A5023 sp-18 an-122 1U5023 sp-20 an-122 1A6154 sp-22 an-122 1A5024 sp-18 an-123 1U5024 sp-20 an-123 1A6155 sp-22 an-123 1A5025 sp-18 an-124 1U5025 sp-20 an-124 1A6156 sp-22 an-124 1A5026 sp-18 an-125 1U5026 sp-20 an-125 1A6157 sp-22 an-125 1A5027 sp-18 an-126 1U5027 sp-20 an-126 1A6158 sp-22 an-126 1A5028 sp-18 an-127 1U5028 sp-20 an-127 1A6159 sp-22 an-127 1A5029 sp-18 an-128 1U5029 sp-20 an-128 1A6160 sp-22 an-128 1A5030 sp-18 an-129 1U5030 sp-20 an-129 1A6161 sp-22 an-129 1A5031 sp-18 an-130 1U5031 sp-20 an-130 1A6162 sp-22 an-130 1A5032 sp-18 an-131 1U5032 sp-20 an-131 1A6163 sp-22 an-131 1A5033 sp-18 an-132 1U5033 sp-20 an-132 1A6164 sp-22 an-132 1A5034 sp-18 an-133 1U5034 sp-20 an-133 1A6165 sp-22 an-133 1A5035 sp-18 an-134 1U5035 sp-20 an-134 1A6166 sp-22 an-134 1A5036 sp-18 an-135 1U5036 sp-20 an-135 1A6167 sp-22 an-135 1A5037 sp-18 an-136 1U5037 sp-20 an-136 1A6168 sp-22 an-136 1A5038 sp-18 an-137 1U5038 sp-20 an-137 1A6169 sp-22 an-137 Table 2-91 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A5039 sp-18 an-138 1U5039 sp-20 an-138 1A6170 sp-22 an-138 1A5040 sp-18 an-139 1U5040 sp-20 an-139 1A6171 sp-22 an-139 1A5041 sp-18 an-140 1U5041 sp-20 an-140 1A6172 sp-22 an-140 1A5042 sp-18 an-141 1U5042 sp-20 an-141 1A6173 sp-22 an-141 1A5043 sp-18 an-142 1U5043 sp-20 an-142 1A6174 sp-22 an-142 1A5044 sp-18 an-143 1U5044 sp-20 an-143 1A6175 sp-22 an-143 1A5045 sp-18 an-144 1U5045 sp-20 an-144 1A6176 sp-22 an-144 1A5046 sp-18 an-145 1U5046 sp-20 an-145 1A6177 sp-22 an-145 1A5047 sp-18 an-146 1U5047 sp-20 an-146 1A6178 sp-22 an-146 1A5048 sp-18 an-147 1U5048 sp-20 an-147 1A6179 sp-22 an-147 1A5049 sp-18 an-148 1U5049 sp-20 an-148 1A6180 sp-22 an-148 1A5050 sp-18 an-149 1U5050 sp-20 an-149 1A6181 sp-22 an-149 1A5051 sp-18 an-150 1U5051 sp-20 an-150 1A6182 sp-22 an-150 1A5052 sp-18 an-151 1U5052 sp-20 an-151 1A6183 sp-22 an-151 1A5053 sp-18 an-152 1U5053 sp-20 an-152 1A6184 sp-22 an-152 1A5054 sp-18 an-153 1U5054 sp-20 an-153 1A6185 sp-22 an-153 1A5055 sp-18 an-154 1U5055 sp-20 an-154 1A6186 sp-22 an-154 1A5056 sp-18 an-155 1U5056 sp-20 an-155 1A6187 sp-22 an-155 1A5057 sp-18 an-156 1U5057 sp-20 an-156 1A6188 sp-22 an-156 1A5058 sp-18 an-157 1U5058 sp-20 an-157 1A6189 sp-22 an-157 1A5059 sp-18 an-158 1U5059 sp-20 an-158 1A6190 sp-22 an-158 1A5060 sp-18 an-159 1U5060 sp-20 an-159 1A6191 sp-22 an-159 1A5061 sp-18 an-160 1U5061 sp-20 an-160 1A6192 sp-22 an-160 1A5062 sp-18 an-161 1U5062 sp-20 an-161 1A6193 sp-22 an-161 1A5063 sp-18 an-162 1U5063 sp-20 an-162 1A6194 sp-22 an-162 1A5064 sp-18 an-163 1U5064 sp-20 an-163 1A6195 sp-22 an-163 1A5065 sp-18 an-164 1U5065 sp-20 an-164 1A6196 sp-22 an-164 1A5066 sp-18 an-165 1U5066 sp-20 an-165 1A6197 sp-22 an-165 1A5067 sp-18 an-166 1U5067 sp-20 an-166 1A6198 sp-22 an-166 1A5068 sp-18 an-167 1U5068 sp-20 an-167 1A6199 sp-22 an-167 1A5069 sp-18 an-168 1U5069 sp-20 an-168 1A6200 sp-22 an-168 1A5070 sp-18 an-169 1U5070 sp-20 an-169 1A6201 sp-22 an-169 1A5071 sp-18 an-170 1U5071 sp-20 an-170 1A6202 sp-22 an-170 1A5072 sp-18 an-171 1U5072 sp-20 an-171 1A6203 sp-22 an-171 1A5073 sp-18 an-172 1U5073 sp-20 an-172 1A6204 sp-22 an-172 1A5074 sp-18 an-173 1U5074 sp-20 an-173 1A6205 sp-22 an-173 1A5075 sp-18 an-174 1U5075 sp-20 an-174 1A6206 sp-22 an-174 1A5076 sp-18 an-175 1U5076 sp-20 an-175 1A6207 sp-22 an-175 1A5077 sp-18 an-176 1U5077 sp-20 an-176 1A6208 sp-22 an-176 1A5078 sp-18 an-177 1U5078 sp-20 an-177 1A6209 sp-22 an-177 1A5079 sp-18 an-178 1U5079 sp-20 an-178 1A6210 sp-22 an-178 1A5080 sp-18 an-179 1U5080 sp-20 an-179 1A6211 sp-22 an-179 1A5081 sp-18 an-180 1U5081 sp-20 an-180 1A6212 sp-22 an-180 1A5082 sp-18 an-181 1U5082 sp-20 an-181 1A6213 sp-22 an-181 1A5083 sp-18 an-182 1U5083 sp-20 an-182 1A6214 sp-22 an-182 1A5084 sp-18 an-183 1U5084 sp-20 an-183 1A6215 sp-22 an-183 1A5085 sp-18 an-184 1U5085 sp-20 an-184 1A6216 sp-22 an-184 1A5086 sp-18 an-185 1U5086 sp-20 an-185 1A6217 sp-22 an-185 1A5087 sp-18 an-186 1U5087 sp-20 an-186 1A6218 sp-22 an-186 1A5088 sp-18 an-187 1U5088 sp-20 an-187 1A6219 sp-22 an-187 1A5089 sp-18 an-188 1U5089 sp-20 an-188 1A6220 sp-22 an-188 1A5090 sp-18 an-189 1U5090 sp-20 an-189 1A6221 sp-22 an-189 1A5091 sp-18 an-190 1U5091 sp-20 an-190 1A6222 sp-22 an-190 1A5092 sp-18 an-191 1U5092 sp-20 an-191 1A6223 sp-22 an-191 1A5093 sp-18 an-192 1U5093 sp-20 an-192 1A6224 sp-22 an-192 1A5094 sp-18 an-193 1U5094 sp-20 an-193 1A6225 sp-22 an-193 Table 2-92 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A5095 sp-18 an-194 1U5095 sp-20 an-194 1A6226 sp-22 an-194 1A5096 sp-18 an-195 1U5096 sp-20 an-195 1A6227 sp-22 an-195 1A5097 sp-18 an-196 1U5097 sp-20 an-196 1A6228 sp-22 an-196 1A5098 sp-18 an-197 1U5098 sp-20 an-197 1A6229 sp-22 an-197 1A5099 sp-18 an-198 1U5099 sp-20 an-198 1A6230 sp-22 an-198 1A5100 sp-18 an-199 1U5100 sp-20 an-199 1A6231 sp-22 an-199 1A5101 sp-18 an-200 1U5101 sp-20 an-200 1A6232 sp-22 an-200 1A5102 sp-18 an-201 1U5102 sp-20 an-201 1A6233 sp-22 an-201 1A5103 sp-18 an-202 1U5103 sp-20 an-202 1A6234 sp-22 an-202 1A5104 sp-18 an-203 1U5104 sp-20 an-203 1A6235 sp-22 an-203 1A5105 sp-18 an-204 1U5105 sp-20 an-204 1A6236 sp-22 an-204 1A5106 sp-18 an-205 1U5106 sp-20 an-205 1A6237 sp-22 an-205 1A5107 sp-18 an-206 1U5107 sp-20 an-206 1A6238 sp-22 an-206 1A5108 sp-18 an-207 1U5108 sp-20 an-207 1A6239 sp-22 an-207 1A5109 sp-18 an-208 1U5109 sp-20 an-208 1A6240 sp-22 an-208 1A5110 sp-18 an-209 1U5110 sp-20 an-209 1A6241 sp-22 an-209 1A5111 sp-18 an-210 1U5111 sp-20 an-210 1A6242 sp-22 an-210 1A5112 sp-18 an-211 1U5112 sp-20 an-211 1A6243 sp-22 an-211 1A5113 sp-18 an-212 1U5113 sp-20 an-212 1A6244 sp-22 an-212 1A5114 sp-18 an-213 1U5114 sp-20 an-213 1A6245 sp-22 an-213 1A5115 sp-18 an-214 1U5115 sp-20 an-214 1A6246 sp-22 an-214 1A5116 sp-18 an-215 1U5116 sp-20 an-215 1A6247 sp-22 an-215 1A5117 sp-18 an-216 1U5117 sp-20 an-216 1A6248 sp-22 an-216 1A5118 sp-18 an-217 1U5118 sp-20 an-217 1A6249 sp-22 an-217 1A5119 sp-18 an-218 1U5119 sp-20 an-218 1A6250 sp-22 an-218 1A5120 sp-18 an-219 1U5120 sp-20 an-219 1A6251 sp-22 an-219 1A5121 sp-18 an-220 1U5121 sp-20 an-220 1A6252 sp-22 an-220 1A5122 sp-18 an-221 1U5122 sp-20 an-221 1A6253 sp-22 an-221 1A5123 sp-18 an-222 1U5123 sp-20 an-222 1A6254 sp-22 an-222 1A5124 sp-18 an-223 1U5124 sp-20 an-223 1A6255 sp-22 an-223 1A5125 sp-18 an-224 1U5125 sp-20 an-224 1A6256 sp-22 an-224 1A5126 sp-18 an-225 1U5126 sp-20 an-225 1A6257 sp-22 an-225 1A5127 sp-18 an-226 1U5127 sp-20 an-226 1A6258 sp-22 an-226 1A5128 sp-18 an-227 1U5128 sp-20 an-227 1A6259 sp-22 an-227 1A5129 sp-18 an-228 1U5129 sp-20 an-228 1A6260 sp-22 an-228 1A5130 sp-18 an-229 1U5130 sp-20 an-229 1A6261 sp-22 an-229 1A5131 sp-18 an-230 1U5131 sp-20 an-230 1A6262 sp-22 an-230 1A5132 sp-18 an-231 1U5132 sp-20 an-231 1A6263 sp-22 an-231 1A5133 sp-18 an-232 1U5133 sp-20 an-232 1A6264 sp-22 an-232 1A5134 sp-18 an-233 1U5134 sp-20 an-233 1A6265 sp-22 an-233 1A5135 sp-18 an-234 1U5135 sp-20 an-234 1A6266 sp-22 an-234 1A5136 sp-18 an-235 1U5136 sp-20 an-235 1A6267 sp-22 an-235 1A5137 sp-18 an-236 1U5137 sp-20 an-236 1A6268 sp-22 an-236 1A5138 sp-18 an-237 1U5138 sp-20 an-237 1A6269 sp-22 an-237 1A5139 sp-18 an-238 1U5139 sp-20 an-238 1A6270 sp-22 an-238 1A5140 sp-18 an-239 1U5140 sp-20 an-239 1A6271 sp-22 an-239 1A5141 sp-18 an-240 1U5141 sp-20 an-240 1A6272 sp-22 an-240 1A5142 sp-18 an-241 1U5142 sp-20 an-241 1A6273 sp-22 an-241 1A5143 sp-18 an-242 1U5143 sp-20 an-242 1A6274 sp-22 an-242 1A5144 sp-18 an-243 1U5144 sp-20 an-243 1A6275 sp-22 an-243 1A5145 sp-18 an-244 1U5145 sp-20 an-244 1A6276 sp-22 an-244 1A5146 sp-18 an-245 1U5146 sp-20 an-245 1A6277 sp-22 an-245 1A5147 sp-18 an-246 1U5147 sp-20 an-246 1A6278 sp-22 an-246 1A5148 sp-18 an-247 1U5148 sp-20 an-247 1A6279 sp-22 an-247 1A5149 sp-18 an-248 1U5149 sp-20 an-248 1A6280 sp-22 an-248 1A5150 sp-18 an-249 1U5150 sp-20 an-249 1A6281 sp-22 an-249 Table 2-93 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A5151 sp-18 an-250 1U5151 sp-20 an-250 1A6282 sp-22 an-250 1A5152 sp-18 an-251 1U5152 sp-20 an-251 1A6283 sp-22 an-251 1A5153 sp-18 an-252 1U5153 sp-20 an-252 1A6284 sp-22 an-252 1A5154 sp-18 an-253 1U5154 sp-20 an-253 1A6285 sp-22 an-253 1A5155 sp-18 an-254 1U5155 sp-20 an-254 1A6286 sp-22 an-254 1A5156 sp-18 an-255 1U5156 sp-20 an-255 1A6287 sp-22 an-255 1A5157 sp-18 an-256 1U5157 sp-20 an-256 1A6288 sp-22 an-256 1A5158 sp-18 an-257 1U5158 sp-20 an-257 1A6289 sp-22 an-257 1A5159 sp-18 an-258 1U5159 sp-20 an-258 1A6290 sp-22 an-258 1A5160 sp-18 an-259 1U5160 sp-20 an-259 1A6291 sp-22 an-259 1A5161 sp-18 an-260 1U5161 sp-20 an-260 1A6292 sp-22 an-260 1A5162 sp-18 an-261 1U5162 sp-20 an-261 1A6293 sp-22 an-261 1A5163 sp-18 an-262 1U5163 sp-20 an-262 1A6294 sp-22 an-262 1A5164 sp-18 an-263 1U5164 sp-20 an-263 1A6295 sp-22 an-263 1A5165 sp-18 an-264 1U5165 sp-20 an-264 1A6296 sp-22 an-264 1A5166 sp-18 an-265 1U5166 sp-20 an-265 1A6297 sp-22 an-265 1A5167 sp-18 an-266 1U5167 sp-20 an-266 1A6298 sp-22 an-266 1A5168 sp-18 an-267 1U5168 sp-20 an-267 1A6299 sp-22 an-267 1A5169 sp-18 an-268 1U5169 sp-20 an-268 1A6300 sp-22 an-268 1A5170 sp-18 an-269 1U5170 sp-20 an-269 1A6301 sp-22 an-269 1A5171 sp-18 an-270 1U5171 sp-20 an-270 1A6302 sp-22 an-270 1A5172 sp-18 an-271 1U5172 sp-20 an-271 1A6303 sp-22 an-271 1A5173 sp-18 an-272 1U5173 sp-20 an-272 1A6304 sp-22 an-272 1A5174 sp-18 an-273 1U5174 sp-20 an-273 1A6305 sp-22 an-273 1A5175 sp-18 an-274 1U5175 sp-20 an-274 1A6306 sp-22 an-274 1A5176 sp-18 an-275 1U5176 sp-20 an-275 1A6307 sp-22 an-275 1A5177 sp-18 an-276 1U5177 sp-20 an-276 1A6308 sp-22 an-276 1A5178 sp-18 an-277 1U5178 sp-20 an-277 1A6309 sp-22 an-277 1A5179 sp-18 an-278 1U5179 sp-20 an-278 1A6310 sp-22 an-278 1A5180 sp-18 an-279 1U5180 sp-20 an-279 1A6311 sp-22 an-279 1A5181 sp-18 an-280 1U5181 sp-20 an-280 1A6312 sp-22 an-280 1A5182 sp-18 an-281 1U5182 sp-20 an-281 1A6313 sp-22 an-281 1A5183 sp-18 an-282 1U5183 sp-20 an-282 1A6314 sp-22 an-282 1A5184 sp-18 an-283 1U5184 sp-20 an-283 1A6315 sp-22 an-283 1A5185 sp-18 an-284 1U5185 sp-20 an-284 1A6316 sp-22 an-284 1A5186 sp-18 an-285 1U5186 sp-20 an-285 1A6317 sp-22 an-285 1A5187 sp-18 an-286 1U5187 sp-20 an-286 1A6318 sp-22 an-286 1A5188 sp-18 an-287 1U5188 sp-20 an-287 1A6319 sp-22 an-287 1A5189 sp-18 an-288 1U5189 sp-20 an-288 1A6320 sp-22 an-288 1A5190 sp-18 an-289 1U5190 sp-20 an-289 1A6321 sp-22 an-289 1A5191 sp-18 an-290 1U5191 sp-20 an-290 1A6322 sp-22 an-290 1A5192 sp-18 an-291 1U5192 sp-20 an-291 1A6323 sp-22 an-291 1A5193 sp-18 an-292 1U5193 sp-20 an-292 1A6324 sp-22 an-292 1A5194 sp-18 an-293 1U5194 sp-20 an-293 1A6325 sp-22 an-293 1A5195 sp-18 an-294 1U5195 sp-20 an-294 1A6326 sp-22 an-294 1A5196 sp-18 an-295 1U5196 sp-20 an-295 1A6327 sp-22 an-295 1A5197 sp-18 an-296 1U5197 sp-20 an-296 1A6328 sp-22 an-296 1A5198 sp-18 an-297 1U5198 sp-20 an-297 1A6329 sp-22 an-297 1A5199 sp-18 an-298 1U5199 sp-20 an-298 1A6330 sp-22 an-298 1A5200 sp-18 an-299 1U5200 sp-20 an-299 1A6331 sp-22 an-299 1A5201 sp-18 an-300 1U5201 sp-20 an-300 1A6332 sp-22 an-300 1A5202 sp-18 an-301 1U5202 sp-20 an-301 1A6333 sp-22 an-301 1A5203 sp-18 an-302 1U5203 sp-20 an-302 1A6334 sp-22 an-302 1A5204 sp-18 an-303 1U5204 sp-20 an-303 1A6335 sp-22 an-303 1A5205 sp-18 an-304 1U5205 sp-20 an-304 1A6336 sp-22 an-304 1A5206 sp-18 an-305 1U5206 sp-20 an-305 1A6337 sp-22 an-305 Table 2-94 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A5207 sp-18 an-306 1U5207 sp-20 an-306 1A6338 sp-22 an-306 1A5208 sp-18 an-307 1U5208 sp-20 an-307 1A6339 sp-22 an-307 1A5209 sp-18 an-308 1U5209 sp-20 an-308 1A6340 sp-22 an-308 1A5210 sp-18 an-309 1U5210 sp-20 an-309 1A6341 sp-22 an-309 1A5211 sp-18 an-310 1U5211 sp-20 an-310 1A6342 sp-22 an-310 1A5212 sp-18 an-311 1U5212 sp-20 an-311 1A6343 sp-22 an-311 1A5213 sp-18 an-312 1U5213 sp-20 an-312 1A6344 sp-22 an-312 1A5214 sp-18 an-313 1U5214 sp-20 an-313 1A6345 sp-22 an-313 1A5215 sp-18 an-314 1U5215 sp-20 an-314 1A6346 sp-22 an-314 1A5216 sp-18 an-315 1U5216 sp-20 an-315 1A6347 sp-22 an-315 1A5217 sp-18 an-316 1U5217 sp-20 an-316 1A6348 sp-22 an-316 1A5218 sp-18 an-317 1U5218 sp-20 an-317 1A6349 sp-22 an-317 1A5219 sp-18 an-318 1U5219 sp-20 an-318 1A6350 sp-22 an-318 1A5220 sp-18 an-319 1U5220 sp-20 an-319 1A6351 sp-22 an-319 1A5221 sp-18 an-320 1U5221 sp-20 an-320 1A6352 sp-22 an-320 1A5222 sp-18 an-321 1U5222 sp-20 an-321 1A6353 sp-22 an-321 1A5223 sp-18 an-322 1U5223 sp-20 an-322 1A6354 sp-22 an-322 1A5224 sp-18 an-323 1U5224 sp-20 an-323 1A6355 sp-22 an-323 1A5225 sp-18 an-324 1U5225 sp-20 an-324 1A6356 sp-22 an-324 1A5226 sp-18 an-325 1U5226 sp-20 an-325 1A6357 sp-22 an-325 1A5227 sp-18 an-326 1U5227 sp-20 an-326 1A6358 sp-22 an-326 1A5228 sp-18 an-327 1U5228 sp-20 an-327 1A6359 sp-22 an-327 1A5229 sp-18 an-328 1U5229 sp-20 an-328 1A6360 sp-22 an-328 1A5230 sp-18 an-329 1U5230 sp-20 an-329 1A6361 sp-22 an-329 1A5231 sp-18 an-330 1U5231 sp-20 an-330 1A6362 sp-22 an-330 1A5232 sp-18 an-331 1U5232 sp-20 an-331 1A6363 sp-22 an-331 1A5233 sp-18 an-332 1U5233 sp-20 an-332 1A6364 sp-22 an-332 1A5234 sp-18 an-333 1U5234 sp-20 an-333 1A6365 sp-22 an-333 1A5235 sp-18 an-334 1U5235 sp-20 an-334 1A6366 sp-22 an-334 1A5236 sp-18 an-335 1U5236 sp-20 an-335 1A6367 sp-22 an-335 1A5237 sp-18 an-336 1U5237 sp-20 an-336 1A6368 sp-22 an-336 1A5238 sp-18 an-337 1U5238 sp-20 an-337 1A6369 sp-22 an-337 1A5239 sp-18 an-338 1U5239 sp-20 an-338 1A6370 sp-22 an-338 1A5240 sp-18 an-339 1U5240 sp-20 an-339 1A6371 sp-22 an-339 1A5241 sp-18 an-340 1U5241 sp-20 an-340 1A6372 sp-22 an-340 1A5242 sp-18 an-341 1U5242 sp-20 an-341 1A6373 sp-22 an-341 1A5243 sp-18 an-342 1U5243 sp-20 an-342 1A6374 sp-22 an-342 1A5244 sp-18 an-343 1U5244 sp-20 an-343 1A6375 sp-22 an-343 1A5245 sp-18 an-344 1U5245 sp-20 an-344 1A6376 sp-22 an-344 1A5246 sp-18 an-345 1U5246 sp-20 an-345 1A6377 sp-22 an-345 1A5247 sp-18 an-346 1U5247 sp-20 an-346 1A6378 sp-22 an-346 1A5248 sp-18 an-347 1U5248 sp-20 an-347 1A6379 sp-22 an-347 1A5249 sp-18 an-348 1U5249 sp-20 an-348 1A6380 sp-22 an-348 1A5250 sp-18 an-349 1U5250 sp-20 an-349 1A6381 sp-22 an-349 1A5251 sp-18 an-350 1U5251 sp-20 an-350 1A6382 sp-22 an-350 1A5252 sp-18 an-351 1U5252 sp-20 an-351 1A6383 sp-22 an-351 1A5253 sp-18 an-352 1U5253 sp-20 an-352 1A6384 sp-22 an-352 1A5254 sp-18 an-353 1U5254 sp-20 an-353 1A6385 sp-22 an-353 1A5255 sp-18 an-354 1U5255 sp-20 an-354 1A6386 sp-22 an-354 1A5256 sp-18 an-355 1U5256 sp-20 an-355 1A6387 sp-22 an-355 1A5257 sp-18 an-356 1U5257 sp-20 an-356 1A6388 sp-22 an-356 1A5258 sp-18 an-357 1U5258 sp-20 an-357 1A6389 sp-22 an-357 1A5259 sp-18 an-358 1U5259 sp-20 an-358 1A6390 sp-22 an-358 1A5260 sp-18 an-359 1U5260 sp-20 an-359 1A6391 sp-22 an-359 1A5261 sp-18 an-360 1U5261 sp-20 an-360 1A6392 sp-22 an-360 1A5262 sp-18 an-361 1U5262 sp-20 an-361 1A6393 sp-22 an-361 Table 2-95 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A5263 sp-18 an-362 1U5263 sp-20 an-362 1A6394 sp-22 an-362 1A5264 sp-18 an-363 1U5264 sp-20 an-363 1A6395 sp-22 an-363 1A5265 sp-18 an-364 1U5265 sp-20 an-364 1A6396 sp-22 an-364 1A5266 sp-18 an-365 1U5266 sp-20 an-365 1A6397 sp-22 an-365 1A5267 sp-18 an-366 1U5267 sp-20 an-366 1A6398 sp-22 an-366 1A5268 sp-18 an-367 1U5268 sp-20 an-367 1A6399 sp-22 an-367 1A5269 sp-18 an-368 1U5269 sp-20 an-368 1A6400 sp-22 an-368 1A5270 sp-18 an-369 1U5270 sp-20 an-369 1A6401 sp-22 an-369 1A5271 sp-18 an-370 1U5271 sp-20 an-370 1A6402 sp-22 an-370 1A5272 sp-18 an-371 1U5272 sp-20 an-371 1A6403 sp-22 an-371 1A5273 sp-18 an-372 1U5273 sp-20 an-372 1A6404 sp-22 an-372 1A5274 sp-18 an-373 1U5274 sp-20 an-373 1A6405 sp-22 an-373 1A5275 sp-18 an-374 1U5275 sp-20 an-374 1A6406 sp-22 an-374 1A5276 sp-18 an-375 1U5276 sp-20 an-375 1A6407 sp-22 an-375 1A5277 sp-18 an-376 1U5277 sp-20 an-376 1A6408 sp-22 an-376 1A5278 sp-18 an-377 1U5278 sp-20 an-377 1A6409 sp-22 an-377 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A6410 sp-1 an-378 1U5279 sp-1 an-378 1C3771 sp-1 an-378 1A6411 sp-1 an-379 1U5280 sp-1 an-379 1C3772 sp-1 an-379 1A6412 sp-1 an-380 1U5281 sp-1 an-380 1C3773 sp-1 an-380 1A6413 sp-1 an-381 1U5282 sp-1 an-381 1C3774 sp-1 an-381 1A6414 sp-1 an-382 1U5283 sp-1 an-382 1C3775 sp-1 an-382 1A6415 sp-1 an-383 1U5284 sp-1 an-383 1C3776 sp-1 an-383 1A6416 sp-1 an-384 1U5285 sp-1 an-384 1C3777 sp-1 an-384 1A6417 sp-1 an-385 1U5286 sp-1 an-385 1C3778 sp-1 an-385 1A6418 sp-1 an-386 1U5287 sp-1 an-386 1C3779 sp-1 an-386 1A6419 sp-1 an-387 1U5288 sp-1 an-387 1C3780 sp-1 an-387 1A6420 sp-1 an-388 1U5289 sp-1 an-388 1C3781 sp-1 an-388 1A6421 sp-1 an-389 1U5290 sp-1 an-389 1C3782 sp-1 an-389 1A6422 sp-1 an-390 1U5291 sp-1 an-390 1C3783 sp-1 an-390 1A6423 sp-1 an-391 1U5292 sp-1 an-391 1C3784 sp-1 an-391 1A6424 sp-1 an-392 1U5293 sp-1 an-392 1C3785 sp-1 an-392 1A6425 sp-1 an-393 1U5294 sp-1 an-393 1C3786 sp-1 an-393 1A6426 sp-2 an-378 1U5295 sp-2 an-378 1C3787 sp-2 an-378 1A6427 sp-2 an-379 1U5296 sp-2 an-379 1C3788 sp-2 an-379 1A6428 sp-2 an-380 1U5297 sp-2 an-380 1C3789 sp-2 an-380 1A6429 sp-2 an-381 1U5298 sp-2 an-381 1C3790 sp-2 an-381 1A6430 sp-2 an-382 1U5299 sp-2 an-382 1C3791 sp-2 an-382 1A6431 sp-2 an-383 1U5300 sp-2 an-383 1C3792 sp-2 an-383 1A6432 sp-2 an-384 1U5301 sp-2 an-384 1C3793 sp-2 an-384 1A6433 sp-2 an-385 1U5302 sp-2 an-385 1C3794 sp-2 an-385 1A6434 sp-2 an-386 1U5303 sp-2 an-386 1C3795 sp-2 an-386 1A6435 sp-2 an-387 1U5304 sp-2 an-387 1C3796 sp-2 an-387 1A6436 sp-2 an-388 1U5305 sp-2 an-388 1C3797 sp-2 an-388 1A6437 sp-2 an-389 1U5306 sp-2 an-389 1C3798 sp-2 an-389 1A6438 sp-2 an-390 1U5307 sp-2 an-390 1C3799 sp-2 an-390 1A6439 sp-2 an-391 1U5308 sp-2 an-391 1C3800 sp-2 an-391 1A6440 sp-2 an-392 1U5309 sp-2 an-392 1C3801 sp-2 an-392 1A6441 sp-2 an-393 1U5310 sp-2 an-393 1C3802 sp-2 an-393 1A6442 sp-3 an-378 1U5311 sp-3 an-378 1C3803 sp-3 an-378 1A6443 sp-3 an-379 1U5312 sp-3 an-379 1C3804 sp-3 an-379 1A6444 sp-3 an-380 1U5313 sp-3 an-380 1C3805 sp-3 an-380 1A6445 sp-3 an-381 1U5314 sp-3 an-381 1C3806 sp-3 an-381 1A6446 sp-3 an-382 1U5315 sp-3 an-382 1C3807 sp-3 an-382 Table 2-96 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A6447 sp-3 an-383 1U5316 sp-3 an-383 1C3808 sp-3 an-383 1A6448 sp-3 an-384 1U5317 sp-3 an-384 1C3809 sp-3 an-384 1A6449 sp-3 an-385 1U5318 sp-3 an-385 1C3810 sp-3 an-385 1A6450 sp-3 an-386 1U5319 sp-3 an-386 1C3811 sp-3 an-386 1A6451 sp-3 an-387 1U5320 sp-3 an-387 1C3812 sp-3 an-387 1A6452 sp-3 an-388 1U5321 sp-3 an-388 1C3813 sp-3 an-388 1A6453 sp-3 an-389 1U5322 sp-3 an-389 1C3814 sp-3 an-389 1A6454 sp-3 an-390 1U5323 sp-3 an-390 1C3815 sp-3 an-390 1A6455 sp-3 an-391 1U5324 sp-3 an-391 1C3816 sp-3 an-391 1A6456 sp-3 an-392 1U5325 sp-3 an-392 1C3817 sp-3 an-392 1A6457 sp-3 an-393 1U5326 sp-3 an-393 1C3818 sp-3 an-393 1A6458 sp-4 an-378 1U5327 sp-4 an-378 1C3819 sp-4 an-378 1A6459 sp-4 an-379 1U5328 sp-4 an-379 1C3820 sp-4 an-379 1A6460 sp-4 an-380 1U5329 sp-4 an-380 1C3821 sp-4 an-380 1A6461 sp-4 an-381 1U5330 sp-4 an-381 1C3822 sp-4 an-381 1A6462 sp-4 an-382 1U5331 sp-4 an-382 1C3823 sp-4 an-382 1A6463 sp-4 an-383 1U5332 sp-4 an-383 1C3824 sp-4 an-383 1A6464 sp-4 an-384 1U5333 sp-4 an-384 1C3825 sp-4 an-384 1A6465 sp-4 an-385 1U5334 sp-4 an-385 1C3826 sp-4 an-385 1A6466 sp-4 an-386 1U5335 sp-4 an-386 1C3827 sp-4 an-386 1A6467 sp-4 an-387 1U5336 sp-4 an-387 1C3828 sp-4 an-387 1A6468 sp-4 an-388 1U5337 sp-4 an-388 1C3829 sp-4 an-388 1A6469 sp-4 an-389 1U5338 sp-4 an-389 1C3830 sp-4 an-389 1A6470 sp-4 an-390 1U5339 sp-4 an-390 1C3831 sp-4 an-390 1A6471 sp-4 an-391 1U5340 sp-4 an-391 1C3832 sp-4 an-391 1A6472 sp-4 an-392 1U5341 sp-4 an-392 1C3833 sp-4 an-392 1A6473 sp-4 an-393 1U5342 sp-4 an-393 1C3834 sp-4 an-393 1A6474 sp-5 an-378 1U5343 sp-5 an-378 1C3835 sp-5 an-378 1A6475 sp-5 an-379 1U5344 sp-5 an-379 1C3836 sp-5 an-379 1A6476 sp-5 an-380 1U5345 sp-5 an-380 1C3837 sp-5 an-380 1A6477 sp-5 an-381 1U5346 sp-5 an-381 1C3838 sp-5 an-381 1A6478 sp-5 an-382 1U5347 sp-5 an-382 1C3839 sp-5 an-382 1A6479 sp-5 an-383 1U5348 sp-5 an-383 1C3840 sp-5 an-383 1A6480 sp-5 an-384 1U5349 sp-5 an-384 1C3841 sp-5 an-384 1A6481 sp-5 an-385 1U5350 sp-5 an-385 1C3842 sp-5 an-385 1A6482 sp-5 an-386 1U5351 sp-5 an-386 1C3843 sp-5 an-386 1A6483 sp-5 an-387 1U5352 sp-5 an-387 1C3844 sp-5 an-387 1A6484 sp-5 an-388 1U5353 sp-5 an-388 1C3845 sp-5 an-388 1A6485 sp-5 an-389 1U5354 sp-5 an-389 1C3846 sp-5 an-389 1A6486 sp-5 an-390 1U5355 sp-5 an-390 1C3847 sp-5 an-390 1A6487 sp-5 an-391 1U5356 sp-5 an-391 1C3848 sp-5 an-391 1A6488 sp-5 an-392 1U5357 sp-5 an-392 1C3849 sp-5 an-392 1A6489 sp-5 an-393 1U5358 sp-5 an-393 1C3850 sp-5 an-393 1A6490 sp-6 an-378 1U5359 sp-6 an-378 1C3851 sp-6 an-378 1A6491 sp-6 an-379 1U5360 sp-6 an-379 1C3852 sp-6 an-379 1A6492 sp-6 an-380 1U5361 sp-6 an-380 1C3853 sp-6 an-380 1A6493 sp-6 an-381 1U5362 sp-6 an-381 1C3854 sp-6 an-381 1A6494 sp-6 an-382 1U5363 sp-6 an-382 1C3855 sp-6 an-382 1A6495 sp-6 an-383 1U5364 sp-6 an-383 1C3856 sp-6 an-383 1A6496 sp-6 an-384 1U5365 sp-6 an-384 1C3857 sp-6 an-384 1A6497 sp-6 an-385 1U5366 sp-6 an-385 1C3858 sp-6 an-385 1A6498 sp-6 an-386 1U5367 sp-6 an-386 1C3859 sp-6 an-386 1A6499 sp-6 an-387 1U5368 sp-6 an-387 1C3860 sp-6 an-387 1A6500 sp-6 an-388 1U5369 sp-6 an-388 1C3861 sp-6 an-388 1A6501 sp-6 an-389 1U5370 sp-6 an-389 1C3862 sp-6 an-389 1A6502 sp-6 an-390 1U5371 sp-6 an-390 1C3863 sp-6 an-390 Table 2-97 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A6503 sp-6 an-391 1U5372 sp-6 an-391 1C3864 sp-6 an-391 1A6504 sp-6 an-392 1U5373 sp-6 an-392 1C3865 sp-6 an-392 1A6505 sp-6 an-393 1U5374 sp-6 an-393 1C3866 sp-6 an-393 1A6506 sp-7 an-378 1U5375 sp-7 an-378 1C3867 sp-7 an-378 1A6507 sp-7 an-379 1U5376 sp-7 an-379 1C3868 sp-7 an-379 1A6508 sp-7 an-380 1U5377 sp-7 an-380 1C3869 sp-7 an-380 1A6509 sp-7 an-381 1U5378 sp-7 an-381 1C3870 sp-7 an-381 1A6510 sp-7 an-382 1U5379 sp-7 an-382 1C3871 sp-7 an-382 1A6511 sp-7 an-383 1U5380 sp-7 an-383 1C3872 sp-7 an-383 1A6512 sp-7 an-384 1U5381 sp-7 an-384 1C3873 sp-7 an-384 1A6513 sp-7 an-385 1U5382 sp-7 an-385 1C3874 sp-7 an-385 1A6514 sp-7 an-386 1U5383 sp-7 an-386 1C3875 sp-7 an-386 1A6515 sp-7 an-387 1U5384 sp-7 an-387 1C3876 sp-7 an-387 1A6516 sp-7 an-388 1U5385 sp-7 an-388 1C3877 sp-7 an-388 1A6517 sp-7 an-389 1U5386 sp-7 an-389 1C3878 sp-7 an-389 1A6518 sp-7 an-390 1U5387 sp-7 an-390 1C3879 sp-7 an-390 1A6519 sp-7 an-391 1U5388 sp-7 an-391 1C3880 sp-7 an-391 1A6520 sp-7 an-392 1U5389 sp-7 an-392 1C3881 sp-7 an-392 1A6521 sp-7 an-393 1U5390 sp-7 an-393 1C3882 sp-7 an-393 1A6522 sp-8 an-378 1U5391 sp-8 an-378 1C3883 sp-8 an-378 1A6523 sp-8 an-379 1U5392 sp-8 an-379 1C3884 sp-8 an-379 1A6524 sp-8 an-380 1U5393 sp-8 an-380 1C3885 sp-8 an-380 1A6525 sp-8 an-381 1U5394 sp-8 an-381 1C3886 sp-8 an-381 1A6526 sp-8 an-382 1U5395 sp-8 an-382 1C3887 sp-8 an-382 1A6527 sp-8 an-383 1U5396 sp-8 an-383 1C3888 sp-8 an-383 1A6528 sp-8 an-384 1U5397 sp-8 an-384 1C3889 sp-8 an-384 1A6529 sp-8 an-385 1U5398 sp-8 an-385 1C3890 sp-8 an-385 1A6530 sp-8 an-386 1U5399 sp-8 an-386 1C3891 sp-8 an-386 1A6531 sp-8 an-387 1U5400 sp-8 an-387 1C3892 sp-8 an-387 1A6532 sp-8 an-388 1U5401 sp-8 an-388 1C3893 sp-8 an-388 1A6533 sp-8 an-389 1U5402 sp-8 an-389 1C3894 sp-8 an-389 1A6534 sp-8 an-390 1U5403 sp-8 an-390 1C3895 sp-8 an-390 1A6535 sp-8 an-391 1U5404 sp-8 an-391 1C3896 sp-8 an-391 1A6536 sp-8 an-392 1U5405 sp-8 an-392 1C3897 sp-8 an-392 1A6537 sp-8 an-393 1U5406 sp-8 an-393 1C3898 sp-8 an-393 1A6538 sp-9 an-378 1U5407 sp-9 an-378 1C3899 sp-9 an-378 1A6539 sp-9 an-379 1U5408 sp-9 an-379 1C3900 sp-9 an-379 1A6540 sp-9 an-380 1U5409 sp-9 an-380 1C3901 sp-9 an-380 1A6541 sp-9 an-381 1U5410 sp-9 an-381 1C3902 sp-9 an-381 1A6542 sp-9 an-382 1U5411 sp-9 an-382 1C3903 sp-9 an-382 1A6543 sp-9 an-383 1U5412 sp-9 an-383 1C3904 sp-9 an-383 1A6544 sp-9 an-384 1U5413 sp-9 an-384 1C3905 sp-9 an-384 1A6545 sp-9 an-385 1U5414 sp-9 an-385 1C3906 sp-9 an-385 1A6546 sp-9 an-386 1U5415 sp-9 an-386 1C3907 sp-9 an-386 1A6547 sp-9 an-387 1U5416 sp-9 an-387 1C3908 sp-9 an-387 1A6548 sp-9 an-388 1U5417 sp-9 an-388 1C3909 sp-9 an-388 1A6549 sp-9 an-389 1U5418 sp-9 an-389 1C3910 sp-9 an-389 1A6550 sp-9 an-390 1U5419 sp-9 an-390 1C3911 sp-9 an-390 1A6551 sp-9 an-391 1U5420 sp-9 an-391 1C3912 sp-9 an-391 1A6552 sp-9 an-392 1U5421 sp-9 an-392 1C3913 sp-9 an-392 1A6553 sp-9 an-393 1U5422 sp-9 an-393 1C3914 sp-9 an-393 1A6554 sp-10 an-378 1U5423 sp-12 an-378 1C3915 sp-11 an-378 1A6555 sp-10 an-379 1U5424 sp-12 an-379 1C3916 sp-11 an-379 1A6556 sp-10 an-380 1U5425 sp-12 an-380 1C3917 sp-11 an-380 1A6557 sp-10 an-381 1U5426 sp-12 an-381 1C3918 sp-11 an-381 1A6558 sp-10 an-382 1U5427 sp-12 an-382 1C3919 sp-11 an-382 Table 2-98 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSO 1A6559 sp-10 an-383 1U5428 sp-12 an-383 1C3920 sp-11 an-383 1A6560 sp-10 an-384 1U5429 sp-12 an-384 1C3921 sp-11 an-384 1A6561 sp-10 an-385 1U5430 sp-12 an-385 1C3922 sp-11 an-385 1A6562 sp-10 an-386 1U5431 sp-12 an-386 1C3923 sp-11 an-386 1A6563 sp-10 an-387 1U5432 sp-12 an-387 1C3924 sp-11 an-387 1A6564 sp-10 an-388 1U5433 sp-12 an-388 1C3925 sp-11 an-388 1A6565 sp-10 an-389 1U5434 sp-12 an-389 1C3926 sp-11 an-389 1A6566 sp-10 an-390 1U5435 sp-12 an-390 1C3927 sp-11 an-390 1A6567 sp-10 an-391 1U5436 sp-12 an-391 1C3928 sp-11 an-391 1A6568 sp-10 an-392 1U5437 sp-12 an-392 1C3929 sp-11 an-392 1A6569 sp-10 an-393 1U5438 sp-12 an-393 1C3930 sp-11 an-393 1A6570 sp-14 an-378 1U5439 sp-13 an-378 1A6571 sp-14 an-379 1U5440 sp-13 an-379 1A6572 sp-14 an-380 1U5441 sp-13 an-380 1A6573 sp-14 an-381 1U5442 sp-13 an-381 1A6574 sp-14 an-382 1U5443 sp-13 an-382 1A6575 sp-14 an-383 1U5444 sp-13 an-383 1A6576 sp-14 an-384 1U5445 sp-13 an-384 1A6577 sp-14 an-385 1U5446 sp-13 an-385 1A6578 sp-14 an-386 1U5447 sp-13 an-386 1A6579 sp-14 an-387 1U5448 sp-13 an-387 1A6580 sp-14 an-388 1U5449 sp-13 an-388 1A6581 sp-14 an-389 1U5450 sp-13 an-389 1A6582 sp-14 an-390 1U5451 sp-13 an-390 1A6583 sp-14 an-391 1U5452 sp-13 an-391 1A6584 sp-14 an-392 1U5453 sp-13 an-392 1A6585 sp-14 an-393 1U5454 sp-13 an-393 Y = NHCS 1A6586 sp-15 an-378 1U5455 sp-14 an-378 1A6634 sp-19 an-378 1A6587 sp-15 an-379 1U5456 sp-14 an-379 1A6635 sp-19 an-379 1A6588 sp-15 an-380 1U5457 sp-14 an-380 1A6636 sp-19 an-380 1A6589 sp-15 an-381 1U5458 sp-14 an-381 1A6637 sp-19 an-381 1A6590 sp-15 an-382 1U5459 sp-14 an-382 1A6638 sp-19 an-382 1A6591 sp-15 an-383 1U5460 sp-14 an-383 1A6639 sp-19 an-383 1A6592 sp-15 an-384 1U5461 sp-14 an-384 1A6640 sp-19 an-384 1A6593 sp-15 an-385 1U5462 sp-14 an-385 1A6641 sp-19 an-385 1A6594 sp-15 an-386 1U5463 sp-14 an-386 1A6642 sp-19 an-386 1A6595 sp-15 an-387 1U5464 sp-14 an-387 1A6643 sp-19 an-387 1A6596 sp-15 an-388 1U5465 sp-14 an-388 1A6644 sp-19 an-388 1A6597 sp-15 an-389 1U5466 sp-14 an-389 1A6645 sp-19 an-389 1A6598 sp-15 an-390 1U5467 sp-14 an-390 1A6646 sp-19 an-390 1A6599 sp-15 an-391 1U5468 sp-14 an-391 1A6647 sp-19 an-391 1A6600 sp-15 an-392 1U5469 sp-14 an-392 1A6648 sp-19 an-392 1A6601 sp-15 an-393 1U5470 sp-14 an-393 1A6649 sp-19 an-393 1A6602 sp-16 an-378 1U5471 sp-17 an-378 1A6650 sp-21 an-378 1A6603 sp-16 an-379 1U5472 sp-17 an-379 1A6651 sp-21 an-379 1A6604 sp-16 an-380 1U5473 sp-17 an-380 1A6652 sp-21 an-380 1A6605 sp-16 an-381 1U5474 sp-17 an-381 1A6653 sp-21 an-381 1A6606 sp-16 an-382 1U5475 sp-17 an-382 1A6654 sp-21 an-382 1A6607 sp-16 an-383 1U5476 sp-17 an-383 1A6655 sp-21 an-383 1A6608 sp-16 an-384 1U5477 sp-17 an-384 1A6656 sp-21 an-384 1A6609 sp-16 an-385 1U5478 sp-17 an-385 1A6657 sp-21 an-385 1A6610 sp-16 an-386 1U5479 sp-17 an-386 1A6658 sp-21 an-386 1A6611 sp-16 an-387 1U5480 sp-17 an-387 1A6659 sp-21 an-387 1A6612 sp-16 an-388 1U5481 sp-17 an-388 1A6660 sp-21 an-388 1A6613 sp-16 an-389 1U5482 sp-17 an-389 1A6661 sp-21 an-389 Table 2-99 Y = NHCS Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCS 1A6614 sp-16 an-390 1U5483 sp-17 an-390 1A6662 sp-21 an-390 1A6615 sp-16 an-391 1U5484 sp-17 an-391 1A6663 sp-21 an-391 1A6616 sp-16 an-392 1U5485 sp-17 an-392 1A6664 sp-21 an-392 1A6617 sp-16 an-393 1U5486 sp-17 an-393 1A6665 sp-21 an-393 1A6618 sp-18 an-378 1U5487 sp-20 an-378 1A6666 sp-22 an-378 1A6619 sp-18 an-379 1U5488 sp-20 an-379 1A6667 sp-22 an-379 1A6620 sp-18 an-380 1U5489 sp-20 an-380 1A6668 sp-22 an-380 1A6621 sp-18 an-381 1U5490 sp-20 an-381 1A6669 sp-22 an-381 1A6622 sp-18 an-382 1U5491 sp-20 an-382 1A6670 sp-22 an-382 1A6623 sp-18 an-383 1U5492 sp-20 an-383 1A6671 sp-22 an-383 1A6624 sp-18 an-384 1U5493 sp-20 an-384 1A6672 sp-22 an-384 1A6625 sp-18 an-385 1U5494 sp-20 an-385 1A6673 sp-22 an-385 1A6626 sp-18 an-386 1U5495 sp-20 an-386 1A6674 sp-22 an-386 1A6627 sp-18 an-387 1U5496 sp-20 an-387 1A6675 sp-22 an-387 1A6628 sp-18 an-388 1U5497 sp-20 an-388 1A6676 sp-22 an-388 1A6629 sp-18 an-389 1U5498 sp-20 an-389 1A6677 sp-22 an-389 1A6630 sp-18 an-390 1U5499 sp-20 an-390 1A6678 sp-22 an-390 1A6631 sp-18 an-391 1U5500 sp-20 an-391 1A6679 sp-22 an-391 1A6632 sp-18 an-392 1U5501 sp-20 an-392 1A6680 sp-22 an-392 1A6633 sp-18 an-393 1U5502 sp-20 an-393 1A6681 sp-22 an-393 Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH 1U5503 sp-23 an-1 1U5896 sp-24 an-1 1U6289 sp-25 an-1 1U5504 sp-23 an-2 1U5897 sp-24 an-2 1U6290 sp-25 an-2 1U5505 sp-23 an-3 1U5898 sp-24 an-3 1U6291 sp-25 an-3 1U5506 sp-23 an-4 1U5899 sp-24 an-4 1U6292 sp-25 an-4 1U5507 sp-23 an-5 1U5900 sp-24 an-5 1U6293 sp-25 an-5 1U5508 sp-23 an-6 1U5901 sp-24 an-6 1U6294 sp-25 an-6 1U5509 sp-23 an-7 1U5902 sp-24 an-7 1U6295 sp-25 an-7 1U5510 sp-23 an-8 1U5903 sp-24 an-8 1U6296 sp-25 an-8 1U5511 sp-23 an-9 1U5904 sp-24 an-9 1U6297 sp-25 an-9 1U5512 sp-23 an-10 1U5905 sp-24 an-10 1U6298 sp-25 an-10 1U5513 sp-23 an-11 1U5906 sp-24 an-11 1U6299 sp-25 an-11 1U5514 sp-23 an-12 1U5907 sp-24 an-12 1U6300 sp-25 an-12 1U5515 sp-23 an-13 1U5908 sp-24 an-13 1U6301 sp-25 an-13 1U5516 sp-23 an-14 1U5909 sp-24 an-14 1U6302 sp-25 an-14 1U5517 sp-23 an-15 1U5910 sp-24 an-15 1U6303 sp-25 an-15 1U5518 sp-23 an-16 1U5911 sp-24 an-16 1U6304 sp-25 an-16 1U5519 sp-23 an-17 1U5912 sp-24 an-17 1U6305 sp-25 an-17 1U5520 sp-23 an-18 1U5913 sp-24 an-18 1U6306 sp-25 an-18 1U5521 sp-23 an-19 1U5914 sp-24 an-19 1U6307 sp-25 an-19 1U5522 sp-23 an-20 1U5915 sp-24 an-20 1U6308 sp-25 an-20 1U5523 sp-23 an-21 1U5916 sp-24 an-21 1U6309 sp-25 an-21 1U5524 sp-23 an-22 1U5917 sp-24 an-22 1U6310 sp-25 an-22 1U5525 sp-23 an-23 1U5918 sp-24 an-23 1U6311 sp-25 an-23 1U5526 sp-23 an-24 1U5919 sp-24 an-24 1U6312 sp-25 an-24 1U5527 sp-23 an-25 1U5920 sp-24 an-25 1U6313 sp-25 an-25 1U5528 sp-23 an-26 1U5921 sp-24 an-26 1U6314 sp-25 an-26 1U5529 sp-23 an-27 1U5922 sp-24 an-27 1U6315 sp-25 an-27 1U5530 sp-23 an-28 1U5923 sp-24 an-28 1U6316 sp-25 an-28 1U5531 sp-23 an-29 1U5924 sp-24 an-29 1U6317 sp-25 an-29 1U5532 sp-23 an-30 1U5925 sp-24 an-30 1U6318 sp-25 an-30 1U5533 sp-23 an-31 1U5926 sp-24 an-31 1U6319 sp-25 an-31 1U5534 sp-23 an-32 1U5927 sp-24 an-32 1U6320 sp-25 an-32 1U5535 sp-23 an-33 1U5928 sp-24 an-33 1U6321 sp-25 an-33 Table 2-100 Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH 1U5536 sp-23 an-34 1U5929 sp-24 an-34 1U6322 sp-25 an-34 1U5537 sp-23 an-35 1U5930 sp-24 an-35 1U6323 sp-25 an-35 1U5538 sp-23 an-36 1U5931 sp-24 an-36 1U6324 sp-25 an-36 1U5539 sp-23 an-37 1U5932 sp-24 an-37 1U6325 sp-25 an-37 1U5540 sp-23 an-38 1U5933 sp-24 an-38 1U6326 sp-25 an-38 1U5541 sp-23 an-39 1U5934 sp-24 an-39 1U6327 sp-25 an-39 1U5542 sp-23 an-40 1U5935 sp-24 an-40 1U6328 sp-25 an-40 1U5543 sp-23 an-41 1U5936 sp-24 an-41 1U6329 sp-25 an-41 1U5544 sp-23 an-42 1U5937 sp-24 an-42 1U6330 sp-25 an-42 1U5545 sp-23 an-43 1U5938 sp-24 an-43 1U6331 sp-25 an-43 1U5546 sp-23 an-44 1U5939 sp-24 an-44 1U6332 sp-25 an-44 1U5547 sp-23 an-45 1U5940 sp-24 an-45 1U6333 sp-25 an-45 1U5548 sp-23 an-46 1U5941 sp-24 an-46 1U6334 sp-25 an-46 1U5549 sp-23 an-47 1U5942 sp-24 an-47 1U6335 sp-25 an-47 1U5550 sp-23 an-48 1U5943 sp-24 an-48 1U6336 sp-25 an-48 1U5551 sp-23 an-49 1U5944 sp-24 an-49 1U6337 sp-25 an-49 1U5552 sp-23 an-50 1U5945 sp-24 an-50 1U6338 sp-25 an-50 1U5553 sp-23 an-51 1U5946 sp-24 an-51 1U6339 sp-25 an-51 1U5554 sp-23 an-52 1U5947 sp-24 an-52 1U6340 sp-25 an-52 1U5555 sp-23 an-53 1U5948 sp-24 an-53 1U6341 sp-25 an-53 1U5556 sp-23 an-54 1U5949 sp-24 an-54 1U6342 sp-25 an-54 1U5557 sp-23 an-55 1U5950 sp-24 an-55 1U6343 sp-25 an-55 1U5558 sp-23 an-56 1U5951 sp-24 an-56 1U6344 sp-25 an-56 1U5559 sp-23 an-57 1U5952 sp-24 an-57 1U6345 sp-25 an-57 1U5560 sp-23 an-58 1U5953 sp-24 an-58 1U6346 sp-25 an-58 1U5561 sp-23 an-59 1U5954 sp-24 an-59 1U6347 sp-25 an-59 1U5562 sp-23 an-60 1U5955 sp-24 an-60 1U6348 sp-25 an-60 1U5563 sp-23 an-61 1U5956 sp-24 an-61 1U6349 sp-25 an-61 1U5564 sp-23 an-62 1U5957 sp-24 an-62 1U6350 sp-25 an-62 1U5565 sp-23 an-63 1U5958 sp-24 an-63 1U6351 sp-25 an-63 1U5566 sp-23 an-64 1U5959 sp-24 an-64 1U6352 sp-25 an-64 1U5567 sp-23 an-65 1U5960 sp-24 an-65 1U6353 sp-25 an-65 1U5568 sp-23 an-66 1U5961 sp-24 an-66 1U6354 sp-25 an-66 1U5569 sp-23 an-67 1U5962 sp-24 an-67 1U6355 sp-25 an-67 1U5570 sp-23 an-68 1U5963 sp-24 an-68 1U6356 sp-25 an-68 1U5571 sp-23 an-69 1U5964 sp-24 an-69 1U6357 sp-25 an-69 1U5572 sp-23 an-70 1U5965 sp-24 an-70 1U6358 sp-25 an-70 1U5573 sp-23 an-71 1U5966 sp-24 an-71 1U6359 sp-25 an-71 1U5574 sp-23 an-72 1U5967 sp-24 an-72 1U6360 sp-25 an-72 1U5575 sp-23 an-73 1U5968 sp-24 an-73 1U6361 sp-25 an-73 1U5576 sp-23 an-74 1U5969 sp-24 an-74 1U6362 sp-25 an-74 1U5577 sp-23 an-75 1U5970 sp-24 an-75 1U6363 sp-25 an-75 1U5578 sp-23 an-76 1U5971 sp-24 an-76 1U6364 sp-25 an-76 1U5579 sp-23 an-77 1U5972 sp-24 an-77 1U6365 sp-25 an-77 1U5580 sp-23 an-78 1U5973 sp-24 an-78 1U6366 sp-25 an-78 1U5581 sp-23 an-79 1U5974 sp-24 an-79 1U6367 sp-25 an-79 1U5582 sp-23 an-80 1U5975 sp-24 an-80 1U6368 sp-25 an-80 1U5583 sp-23 an-81 1U5976 sp-24 an-81 1U6369 sp-25 an-81 1U5584 sp-23 an-82 1U5977 sp-24 an-82 1U6370 sp-25 an-82 1U5585 sp-23 an-83 1U5978 sp-24 an-83 1U6371 sp-25 an-83 1U5586 sp-23 an-84 1U5979 sp-24 an-84 1U6372 sp-25 an-84 1U5587 sp-23 an-85 1U5980 sp-24 an-85 1U6373 sp-25 an-85 1U5588 sp-23 an-86 1U5981 sp-24 an-86 1U6374 sp-25 an-86 1U5589 sp-23 an-87 1U5982 sp-24 an-87 1U6375 sp-25 an-87 1U5590 sp-23 an-88 1U5983 sp-24 an-88 1U6376 sp-25 an-88 1U5591 sp-23 an-89 1U5984 sp-24 an-89 1U6377 sp-25 an-89 Table 2-101 Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH 1U5592 sp-23 an-90 1U5985 sp-24 an-90 1U6378 sp-25 an-90 1U5593 sp-23 an-91 1U5986 sp-24 an-91 1U6379 sp-25 an-91 1U5594 sp-23 an-92 1U5987 sp-24 an-92 1U6380 sp-25 an-92 1U5595 sp-23 an-93 1U5988 sp-24 an-93 1U6381 sp-25 an-93 1U5596 sp-23 an-94 1U5989 sp-24 an-94 1U6382 sp-25 an-94 1U5597 sp-23 an-95 1U5990 sp-24 an-95 1U6383 sp-25 an-95 1U5598 sp-23 an-96 1U5991 sp-24 an-96 1U6384 sp-25 an-96 1U5599 sp-23 an-97 1U5992 sp-24 an-97 1U6385 sp-25 an-97 1U5600 sp-23 an-98 1U5993 sp-24 an-98 1U6386 sp-25 an-98 1U5601 sp-23 an-99 1U5994 sp-24 an-99 1U6387 sp-25 an-99 1U5602 sp-23 an-100 1U5995 sp-24 an-100 1U6388 sp-25 an-100 1U5603 sp-23 an-101 1U5996 sp-24 an-101 1U6389 sp-25 an-101 1U5604 sp-23 an-102 1U5997 sp-24 an-102 1U6390 sp-25 an-102 1U5605 sp-23 an-103 1U5998 sp-24 an-103 1U6391 sp-25 an-103 1U5606 sp-23 an-104 1U5999 sp-24 an-104 1U6392 sp-25 an-104 1U5607 sp-23 an-105 1U6000 sp-24 an-105 1U6393 sp-25 an-105 1U5608 sp-23 an-106 1U6001 sp-24 an-106 1U6394 sp-25 an-106 1U5609 sp-23 an-107 1U6002 sp-24 an-107 1U6395 sp-25 an-107 1U5610 sp-23 an-108 1U6003 sp-24 an-108 1U6396 sp-25 an-108 1U5611 sp-23 an-109 1U6004 sp-24 an-109 1U6397 sp-25 an-109 1U5612 sp-23 an-110 1U6005 sp-24 an-110 1U6398 sp-25 an-110 1U5613 sp-23 an-111 1U6006 sp-24 an-111 1U6399 sp-25 an-111 1U5614 sp-23 an-112 1U6007 sp-24 an-112 1U6400 sp-25 an-112 1U5615 sp-23 an-113 1U6008 sp-24 an-113 1U6401 sp-25 an-113 1U5616 sp-23 an-114 1U6009 sp-24 an-114 1U6402 sp-25 an-114 1U5617 sp-23 an-115 1U6010 sp-24 an-115 1U6403 sp-25 an-115 1U5618 sp-23 an-116 1U6011 sp-24 an-116 1U6404 sp-25 an-116 1U5619 sp-23 an-117 1U6012 sp-24 an-117 1U6405 sp-25 an-117 1U5620 sp-23 an-118 1U6013 sp-24 an-118 1U6406 sp-25 an-118 1U5621 sp-23 an-119 1U6014 sp-24 an-119 1U6407 sp-25 an-119 1U5622 sp-23 an-120 1U6015 sp-24 an-120 1U6408 sp-25 an-120 1U5623 sp-23 an-121 1U6016 sp-24 an-121 1U6409 sp-25 an-121 1U5624 sp-23 an-122 1U6017 sp-24 an-122 1U6410 sp-25 an-122 1U5625 sp-23 an-123 1U6018 sp-24 an-123 1U6411 sp-25 an-123 1U5626 sp-23 an-124 1U6019 sp-24 an-124 1U6412 sp-25 an-124 1U5627 sp-23 an-125 1U6020 sp-24 an-125 1U6413 sp-25 an-125 1U5628 sp-23 an-126 1U6021 sp-24 an-126 1U6414 sp-25 an-126 1U5629 sp-23 an-127 1U6022 sp-24 an-127 1U6415 sp-25 an-127 1U5630 sp-23 an-128 1U6023 sp-24 an-128 1U6416 sp-25 an-128 1U5631 sp-23 an-129 1U6024 sp-24 an-129 1U6417 sp-25 an-129 1U5632 sp-23 an-130 1U6025 sp-24 an-130 1U6418 sp-25 an-130 1U5633 sp-23 an-131 1U6026 sp-24 an-131 1U6419 sp-25 an-131 1U5634 sp-23 an-132 1U6027 sp-24 an-132 1U6420 sp-25 an-132 1U5635 sp-23 an-133 1U6028 sp-24 an-133 1U6421 sp-25 an-133 1U5636 sp-23 an-134 1U6029 sp-24 an-134 1U6422 sp-25 an-134 1U5637 sp-23 an-135 1U6030 sp-24 an-135 1U6423 sp-25 an-135 1U5638 sp-23 an-136 1U6031 sp-24 an-136 1U6424 sp-25 an-136 1U5639 sp-23 an-137 1U6032 sp-24 an-137 1U6425 sp-25 an-137 1U5640 sp-23 an-138 1U6033 sp-24 an-138 1U6426 sp-25 an-138 1U5641 sp-23 an-139 1U6034 sp-24 an-139 1U6427 sp-25 an-139 1U5642 sp-23 an-140 1U6035 sp-24 an-140 1U6428 sp-25 an-140 1U5643 sp-23 an-141 1U6036 sp-24 an-141 1U6429 sp-25 an-141 1U5644 sp-23 an-142 1U6037 sp-24 an-142 1U6430 sp-25 an-142 1U5645 sp-23 an-143 1U6038 sp-24 an-143 1U6431 sp-25 an-143 1U5646 sp-23 an-144 1U6039 sp-24 an-144 1U6432 sp-25 an-144 1U5647 sp-23 an-145 1U6040 sp-24 an-145 1U6433 sp-25 an-145 Table 2-102 Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH 1U5648 sp-23 an-146 1U6041 sp-24 an-146 1U6434 sp-25 an-146 1U5649 sp-23 an-147 1U6042 sp-24 an-147 1U6435 sp-25 an-147 1U5650 sp-23 an-148 1U6043 sp-24 an-148 1U6436 sp-25 an-148 1U5651 sp-23 an-149 1U6044 sp-24 an-149 1U6437 sp-25 an-149 1U5652 sp-23 an-150 1U6045 sp-24 an-150 1U6438 sp-25 an-150 1U5653 sp-23 an-151 1U6046 sp-24 an-151 1U6439 sp-25 an-151 1U5654 sp-23 an-152 1U6047 sp-24 an-152 1U6440 sp-25 an-152 1U5655 sp-23 an-153 1U6048 sp-24 an-153 1U6441 sp-25 an-153 1U5656 sp-23 an-154 1U6049 sp-24 an-154 1U6442 sp-25 an-154 1U5657 sp-23 an-155 1U6050 sp-24 an-155 1U6443 sp-25 an-155 1U5658 sp-23 an-156 1U6051 sp-24 an-156 1U6444 sp-25 an-156 1U5659 sp-23 an-157 1U6052 sp-24 an-157 1U6445 sp-25 an-157 1U5660 sp-23 an-158 1U6053 sp-24 an-158 1U6446 sp-25 an-158 1U5661 sp-23 an-159 1U6054 sp-24 an-159 1U6447 sp-25 an-159 1U5662 sp-23 an-160 1U6055 sp-24 an-160 1U6448 sp-25 an-160 1U5663 sp-23 an-161 1U6056 sp-24 an-161 1U6449 sp-25 an-161 1U5664 sp-23 an-162 1U6057 sp-24 an-162 1U6450 sp-25 an-162 1U5665 sp-23 an-163 1U6058 sp-24 an-163 1U6451 sp-25 an-163 1U5666 sp-23 an-164 1U6059 sp-24 an-164 1U6452 sp-25 an-164 1U5667 sp-23 an-165 1U6060 sp-24 an-165 1U6453 sp-25 an-165 1U5668 sp-23 an-166 1U6061 sp-24 an-166 1U6454 sp-25 an-166 1U5669 sp-23 an-167 1U6062 sp-24 an-167 1U6455 sp-25 an-167 1U5670 sp-23 an-168 1U6063 sp-24 an-168 1U6456 sp-25 an-168 1U5671 sp-23 an-169 1U6064 sp-24 an-169 1U6457 sp-25 an-169 1U5672 sp-23 an-170 1U6065 sp-24 an-170 1U6458 sp-25 an-170 1U5673 sp-23 an-171 1U6066 sp-24 an-171 1U6459 sp-25 an-171 1U5674 sp-23 an-172 1U6067 sp-24 an-172 1U6460 sp-25 an-172 1U5675 sp-23 an-173 1U6068 sp-24 an-173 1U6461 sp-25 an-173 1U5676 sp-23 an-174 1U6069 sp-24 an-174 1U6462 sp-25 an-174 1U5677 sp-23 an-175 1U6070 sp-24 an-175 1U6463 sp-25 an-175 1U5678 sp-23 an-176 1U6071 sp-24 an-176 1U6464 sp-25 an-176 1U5679 sp-23 an-177 1U6072 sp-24 an-177 1U6465 sp-25 an-177 1U5680 sp-23 an-178 1U6073 sp-24 an-178 1U6466 sp-25 an-178 1U5681 sp-23 an-179 1U6074 sp-24 an-179 1U6467 sp-25 an-179 1U5682 sp-23 an-180 1U6075 sp-24 an-180 1U6468 sp-25 an-180 1U5683 sp-23 an-181 1U6076 sp-24 an-181 1U6469 sp-25 an-181 1U5684 sp-23 an-182 1U6077 sp-24 an-182 1U6470 sp-25 an-182 1U5685 sp-23 an-183 1U6078 sp-24 an-183 1U6471 sp-25 an-183 1U5686 sp-23 an-184 1U6079 sp-24 an-184 1U6472 sp-25 an-184 1U5687 sp-23 an-185 1U6080 sp-24 an-185 1U6473 sp-25 an-185 1U5688 sp-23 an-186 1U6081 sp-24 an-186 1U6474 sp-25 an-186 1U5689 sp-23 an-187 1U6082 sp-24 an-187 1U6475 sp-25 an-187 1U5690 sp-23 an-188 1U6083 sp-24 an-188 1U6476 sp-25 an-188 1U5691 sp-23 an-189 1U6084 sp-24 an-189 1U6477 sp-25 an-189 1U5692 sp-23 an-190 1U6085 sp-24 an-190 1U6478 sp-25 an-190 1U5693 sp-23 an-191 1U6086 sp-24 an-191 1U6479 sp-25 an-191 1U5694 sp-23 an-192 1U6087 sp-24 an-192 1U6480 sp-25 an-192 1U5695 sp-23 an-193 1U6088 sp-24 an-193 1U6481 sp-25 an-193 1U5696 sp-23 an-194 1U6089 sp-24 an-194 1U6482 sp-25 an-194 1U5697 sp-23 an-195 1U6090 sp-24 an-195 1U6483 sp-25 an-195 1U5698 sp-23 an-196 1U6091 sp-24 an-196 1U6484 sp-25 an-196 1U5699 sp-23 an-197 1U6092 sp-24 an-197 1U6485 sp-25 an-197 1U5700 sp-23 an-198 1U6093 sp-24 an-198 1U6486 sp-25 an-198 1U5701 sp-23 an-199 1U6094 sp-24 an-199 1U6487 sp-25 an-199 1U5702 sp-23 an-200 1U6095 sp-24 an-200 1U6488 sp-25 an-200 1U5703 sp-23 an-201 1U6096 sp-24 an-201 1U6489 sp-25 an-201 Table 2-103 Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH 1U5704 sp-23 an-202 1U6097 sp-24 an-202 1U6490 sp-25 an-202 1U5705 sp-23 an-203 1U6098 sp-24 an-203 1U6491 sp-25 an-203 1U5706 sp-23 an-204 1U6099 sp-24 an-204 1U6492 sp-25 an-204 1U5707 sp-23 an-205 1U6100 sp-24 an-205 1U6493 sp-25 an-205 1U5708 sp-23 an-206 1U6101 sp-24 an-206 1U6494 sp-25 an-206 1U5709 sp-23 an-207 1U6102 sp-24 an-207 1U6495 sp-25 an-207 1U5710 sp-23 an-208 1U6103 sp-24 an-208 1U6496 sp-25 an-208 1U5711 sp-23 an-209 1U6104 sp-24 an-209 1U6497 sp-25 an-209 1U5712 sp-23 an-210 1U6105 sp-24 an-210 1U6498 sp-25 an-210 1U5713 sp-23 an-211 1U6106 sp-24 an-211 1U6499 sp-25 an-211 1U5714 sp-23 an-212 1U6107 sp-24 an-212 1U6500 sp-25 an-212 1U5715 sp-23 an-213 1U6108 sp-24 an-213 1U6501 sp-25 an-213 1U5716 sp-23 an-214 1U6109 sp-24 an-214 1U6502 sp-25 an-214 1U5717 sp-23 an-215 1U6110 sp-24 an-215 1U6503 sp-25 an-215 1U5718 sp-23 an-216 1U6111 sp-24 an-216 1U6504 sp-25 an-216 1U5719 sp-23 an-217 1U6112 sp-24 an-217 1U6505 sp-25 an-217 1U5720 sp-23 an-218 1U6113 sp-24 an-218 1U6506 sp-25 an-218 1U5721 sp-23 an-219 1U6114 sp-24 an-219 1U6507 sp-25 an-219 1U5722 sp-23 an-220 1U6115 sp-24 an-220 1U6508 sp-25 an-220 1U5723 sp-23 an-221 1U6116 sp-24 an-221 1U6509 sp-25 an-221 1U5724 sp-23 an-222 1U6117 sp-24 an-222 1U6510 sp-25 an-222 1U5725 sp-23 an-223 1U6118 sp-24 an-223 1U6511 sp-25 an-223 1U5726 sp-23 an-224 1U6119 sp-24 an-224 1U6512 sp-25 an-224 1U5727 sp-23 an-225 1U6120 sp-24 an-225 1U6513 sp-25 an-225 1U5728 sp-23 an-226 1U6121 sp-24 an-226 1U6514 sp-25 an-226 1U5729 sp-23 an-227 1U6122 sp-24 an-227 1U6515 sp-25 an-227 1U5730 sp-23 an-228 1U6123 sp-24 an-228 1U6516 sp-25 an-228 1U5731 sp-23 an-229 1U6124 sp-24 an-229 1U6517 sp-25 an-229 1U5732 sp-23 an-230 1U6125 sp-24 an-230 1U6518 sp-25 an-230 1U5733 sp-23 an-231 1U6126 sp-24 an-231 1U6519 sp-25 an-231 1U5734 sp-23 an-232 1U6127 sp-24 an-232 1U6520 sp-25 an-232 1U5735 sp-23 an-233 1U6128 sp-24 an-233 1U6521 sp-25 an-233 1U5736 sp-23 an-234 1U6129 sp-24 an-234 1U6522 sp-25 an-234 1U5737 sp-23 an-235 1U6130 sp-24 an-235 1U6523 sp-25 an-235 1U5738 sp-23 an-236 1U6131 sp-24 an-236 1U6524 sp-25 an-236 1U5739 sp-23 an-237 1U6132 sp-24 an-237 1U6525 sp-25 an-237 1U5740 sp-23 an-238 1U6133 sp-24 an-238 1U6526 sp-25 an-238 1U5741 sp-23 an-239 1U6134 sp-24 an-239 1U6527 sp-25 an-239 1U5742 sp-23 an-240 1U6135 sp-24 an-240 1U6528 sp-25 an-240 1U5743 sp-23 an-241 1U6136 sp-24 an-241 1U6529 sp-25 an-241 1U5744 sp-23 an-242 1U6137 sp-24 an-242 1U6530 sp-25 an-242 1U5745 sp-23 an-243 1U6138 sp-24 an-243 1U6531 sp-25 an-243 1U5746 sp-23 an-244 1U6139 sp-24 an-244 1U6532 sp-25 an-244 1U5747 sp-23 an-245 1U6140 sp-24 an-245 1U6533 sp-25 an-245 1U5748 sp-23 an-246 1U6141 sp-24 an-246 1U6534 sp-25 an-246 1U5749 sp-23 an-247 1U6142 sp-24 an-247 1U6535 sp-25 an-247 1U5750 sp-23 an-248 1U6143 sp-24 an-248 1U6536 sp-25 an-248 1U5751 sp-23 an-249 1U6144 sp-24 an-249 1U6537 sp-25 an-249 1U5752 sp-23 an-250 1U6145 sp-24 an-250 1U6538 sp-25 an-250 1U5753 sp-23 an-251 1U6146 sp-24 an-251 1U6539 sp-25 an-251 1U5754 sp-23 an-252 1U6147 sp-24 an-252 1U6540 sp-25 an-252 1U5755 sp-23 an-253 1U6148 sp-24 an-253 1U6541 sp-25 an-253 1U5756 sp-23 an-254 1U6149 sp-24 an-254 1U6542 sp-25 an-254 1U5757 sp-23 an-255 1U6150 sp-24 an-255 1U6543 sp-25 an-255 1U5758 sp-23 an-256 1U6151 sp-24 an-256 1U6544 sp-25 an-256 1U5759 sp-23 an-257 1U6152 sp-24 an-257 1U6545 sp-25 an-257 Table 2-104 Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH 1U5760 sp-23 an-258 1U6153 sp-24 an-258 1U6546 sp-25 an-258 1U5761 sp-23 an-259 1U6154 sp-24 an-259 1U6547 sp-25 an-259 1U5762 sp-23 an-260 1U6155 sp-24 an-260 1U6548 sp-25 an-260 1U5763 sp-23 an-261 1U6156 sp-24 an-261 1U6549 sp-25 an-261 1U5764 sp-23 an-262 1U6157 sp-24 an-262 1U6550 sp-25 an-262 1U5765 sp-23 an-263 1U6158 sp-24 an-263 1U6551 sp-25 an-263 1U5766 sp-23 an-264 1U6159 sp-24 an-264 1U6552 sp-25 an-264 1U5767 sp-23 an-265 1U6160 sp-24 an-265 1U6553 sp-25 an-265 1U5768 sp-23 an-266 1U6161 sp-24 an-266 1U6554 sp-25 an-266 1U5769 sp-23 an-267 1U6162 sp-24 an-267 1U6555 sp-25 an-267 1U5770 sp-23 an-268 1U6163 sp-24 an-268 1U6556 sp-25 an-268 1U5771 sp-23 an-269 1U6164 sp-24 an-269 1U6557 sp-25 an-269 1U5772 sp-23 an-270 1U6165 sp-24 an-270 1U6558 sp-25 an-270 1U5773 sp-23 an-271 1U6166 sp-24 an-271 1U6559 sp-25 an-271 1U5774 sp-23 an-272 1U6167 sp-24 an-272 1U6560 sp-25 an-272 1U5775 sp-23 an-273 1U6168 sp-24 an-273 1U6561 sp-25 an-273 1U5776 sp-23 an-274 1U6169 sp-24 an-274 1U6562 sp-25 an-274 1U5777 sp-23 an-275 1U6170 sp-24 an-275 1U6563 sp-25 an-275 1U5778 sp-23 an-276 1U6171 sp-24 an-276 1U6564 sp-25 an-276 1U5779 sp-23 an-277 1U6172 sp-24 an-277 1U6565 sp-25 an-277 1U5780 sp-23 an-278 1U6173 sp-24 an-278 1U6566 sp-25 an-278 1U5781 sp-23 an-279 1U6174 sp-24 an-279 1U6567 sp-25 an-279 1U5782 sp-23 an-280 1U6175 sp-24 an-280 1U6568 sp-25 an-280 1U5783 sp-23 an-281 1U6176 sp-24 an-281 1U6569 sp-25 an-281 1U5784 sp-23 an-282 1U6177 sp-24 an-282 1U6570 sp-25 an-282 1U5785 sp-23 an-283 1U6178 sp-24 an-283 1U6571 sp-25 an-283 1U5786 sp-23 an-284 1U6179 sp-24 an-284 1U6572 sp-25 an-284 1U5787 sp-23 an-285 1U6180 sp-24 an-285 1U6573 sp-25 an-285 1U5788 sp-23 an-286 1U6181 sp-24 an-286 1U6574 sp-25 an-286 1U5789 sp-23 an-287 1U6182 sp-24 an-287 1U6575 sp-25 an-287 1U5790 sp-23 an-288 1U6183 sp-24 an-288 1U6576 sp-25 an-288 1U5791 sp-23 an-289 1U6184 sp-24 an-289 1U6577 sp-25 an-289 1U5792 sp-23 an-290 1U6185 sp-24 an-290 1U6578 sp-25 an-290 1U5793 sp-23 an-291 1U6186 sp-24 an-291 1U6579 sp-25 an-291 1U5794 sp-23 an-292 1U6187 sp-24 an-292 1U6580 sp-25 an-292 1U5795 sp-23 an-293 1U6188 sp-24 an-293 1U6581 sp-25 an-293 1U5796 sp-23 an-294 1U6189 sp-24 an-294 1U6582 sp-25 an-294 1U5797 sp-23 an-295 1U6190 sp-24 an-295 1U6583 sp-25 an-295 1U5798 sp-23 an-296 1U6191 sp-24 an-296 1U6584 sp-25 an-296 1U5799 sp-23 an-297 1U6192 sp-24 an-297 1U6585 sp-25 an-297 1U5800 sp-23 an-298 1U6193 sp-24 an-298 1U6586 sp-25 an-298 1U5801 sp-23 an-299 1U6194 sp-24 an-299 1U6587 sp-25 an-299 1U5802 sp-23 an-300 1U6195 sp-24 an-300 1U6588 sp-25 an-300 1U5803 sp-23 an-301 1U6196 sp-24 an-301 1U6589 sp-25 an-301 1U5804 sp-23 an-302 1U6197 sp-24 an-302 1U6590 sp-25 an-302 1U5805 sp-23 an-303 1U6198 sp-24 an-303 1U6591 sp-25 an-303 1U5806 sp-23 an-304 1U6199 sp-24 an-304 1U6592 sp-25 an-304 1U5807 sp-23 an-305 1U6200 sp-24 an-305 1U6593 sp-25 an-305 1U5808 sp-23 an-306 1U6201 sp-24 an-306 1U6594 sp-25 an-306 1U5809 sp-23 an-307 1U6202 sp-24 an-307 1U6595 sp-25 an-307 1U5810 sp-23 an-308 1U6203 sp-24 an-308 1U6596 sp-25 an-308 1U5811 sp-23 an-309 1U6204 sp-24 an-309 1U6597 sp-25 an-309 1U5812 sp-23 an-310 1U6205 sp-24 an-310 1U6598 sp-25 an-310 1U5813 sp-23 an-311 1U6206 sp-24 an-311 1U6599 sp-25 an-311 1U5814 sp-23 an-312 1U6207 sp-24 an-312 1U6600 sp-25 an-312 1U5815 sp-23 an-313 1U6208 sp-24 an-313 1U6601 sp-25 an-313 Table 2-105 Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH 1U5816 sp-23 an-314 1U6209 sp-24 an-314 1U6602 sp-25 an-314 1U5817 sp-23 an-315 1U6210 sp-24 an-315 1U6603 sp-25 an-315 1U5818 sp-23 an-316 1U6211 sp-24 an-316 1U6604 sp-25 an-316 1U5819 sp-23 an-317 1U6212 sp-24 an-317 1U6605 sp-25 an-317 1U5820 sp-23 an-318 1U6213 sp-24 an-318 1U6606 sp-25 an-318 1U5821 sp-23 an-319 1U6214 sp-24 an-319 1U6607 sp-25 an-319 1U5822 sp-23 an-320 1U6215 sp-24 an-320 1U6608 sp-25 an-320 1U5823 sp-23 an-321 1U6216 sp-24 an-321 1U6609 sp-25 an-321 1U5824 sp-23 an-322 1U6217 sp-24 an-322 1U6610 sp-25 an-322 1U5825 sp-23 an-323 1U6218 sp-24 an-323 1U6611 sp-25 an-323 1U5826 sp-23 an-324 1U6219 sp-24 an-324 1U6612 sp-25 an-324 1U5827 sp-23 an-325 1U6220 sp-24 an-325 1U6613 sp-25 an-325 1U5828 sp-23 an-326 1U6221 sp-24 an-326 1U6614 sp-25 an-326 1U5829 sp-23 an-327 1U6222 sp-24 an-327 1U6615 sp-25 an-327 1U5830 sp-23 an-328 1U6223 sp-24 an-328 1U6616 sp-25 an-328 1U5831 sp-23 an-329 1U6224 sp-24 an-329 1U6617 sp-25 an-329 1U5832 sp-23 an-330 1U6225 sp-24 an-330 1U6618 sp-25 an-330 1U5833 sp-23 an-331 1U6226 sp-24 an-331 1U6619 sp-25 an-331 1U5834 sp-23 an-332 1U6227 sp-24 an-332 1U6620 sp-25 an-332 1U5835 sp-23 an-333 1U6228 sp-24 an-333 1U6621 sp-25 an-333 1U5836 sp-23 an-334 1U6229 sp-24 an-334 1U6622 sp-25 an-334 1U5837 sp-23 an-335 1U6230 sp-24 an-335 1U6623 sp-25 an-335 1U5838 sp-23 an-336 1U6231 sp-24 an-336 1U6624 sp-25 an-336 1U5839 sp-23 an-337 1U6232 sp-24 an-337 1U6625 sp-25 an-337 1U5840 sp-23 an-338 1U6233 sp-24 an-338 1U6626 sp-25 an-338 1U5841 sp-23 an-339 1U6234 sp-24 an-339 1U6627 sp-25 an-339 1U5842 sp-23 an-340 1U6235 sp-24 an-340 1U6628 sp-25 an-340 1U5843 sp-23 an-341 1U6236 sp-24 an-341 1U6629 sp-25 an-341 1U5844 sp-23 an-342 1U6237 sp-24 an-342 1U6630 sp-25 an-342 1U5845 sp-23 an-343 1U6238 sp-24 an-343 1U6631 sp-25 an-343 1U5846 sp-23 an-344 1U6239 sp-24 an-344 1U6632 sp-25 an-344 1U5847 sp-23 an-345 1U6240 sp-24 an-345 1U6633 sp-25 an-345 1U5848 sp-23 an-346 1U6241 sp-24 an-346 1U6634 sp-25 an-346 1U5849 sp-23 an-347 1U6242 sp-24 an-347 1U6635 sp-25 an-347 1U5850 sp-23 an-348 1U6243 sp-24 an-348 1U6636 sp-25 an-348 1U5851 sp-23 an-349 1U6244 sp-24 an-349 1U6637 sp-25 an-349 1U5852 sp-23 an-350 1U6245 sp-24 an-350 1U6638 sp-25 an-350 1U5853 sp-23 an-351 1U6246 sp-24 an-351 1U6639 sp-25 an-351 1U5854 sp-23 an-352 1U6247 sp-24 an-352 1U6640 sp-25 an-352 1U5855 sp-23 an-353 1U6248 sp-24 an-353 1U6641 sp-25 an-353 1U5856 sp-23 an-354 1U6249 sp-24 an-354 1U6642 sp-25 an-354 1U5857 sp-23 an-355 1U6250 sp-24 an-355 1U6643 sp-25 an-355 1U5858 sp-23 an-356 1U6251 sp-24 an-356 1U6644 sp-25 an-356 1U5859 sp-23 an-357 1U6252 sp-24 an-357 1U6645 sp-25 an-357 1U5860 sp-23 an-358 1U6253 sp-24 an-358 1U6646 sp-25 an-358 1U5861 sp-23 an-359 1U6254 sp-24 an-359 1U6647 sp-25 an-359 1U5862 sp-23 an-360 1U6255 sp-24 an-360 1U6648 sp-25 an-360 1U5863 sp-23 an-361 1U6256 sp-24 an-361 1U6649 sp-25 an-361 1U5864 sp-23 an-362 1U6257 sp-24 an-362 1U6650 sp-25 an-362 1U5865 sp-23 an-363 1U6258 sp-24 an-363 1U6651 sp-25 an-363 1U5866 sp-23 an-364 1U6259 sp-24 an-364 1U6652 sp-25 an-364 1U5867 sp-23 an-365 1U6260 sp-24 an-365 1U6653 sp-25 an-365 1U5868 sp-23 an-366 1U6261 sp-24 an-366 1U6654 sp-25 an-366 1U5869 sp-23 an-367 1U6262 sp-24 an-367 1U6655 sp-25 an-367 1U5870 sp-23 an-368 1U6263 sp-24 an-368 1U6656 sp-25 an-368 1U5871 sp-23 an-369 1U6264 sp-24 an-369 1U6657 sp-25 an-369 Table 2-106 Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH Y = NHCSNH 1U5872 sp-23 an-370 1U6265 sp-24 an-370 1U6658 sp-25 an-370 1U5873 sp-23 an-371 1U6266 sp-24 an-371 1U6659 sp-25 an-371 1U5874 sp-23 an-372 1U6267 sp-24 an-372 1U6660 sp-25 an-372 1U5875 sp-23 an-373 1U6268 sp-24 an-373 1U6661 sp-25 an-373 1U5876 sp-23 an-374 1U6269 sp-24 an-374 1U6662 sp-25 an-374 1U5877 sp-23 an-375 1U6270 sp-24 an-375 1U6663 sp-25 an-375 1U5878 sp-23 an-376 1U6271 sp-24 an-376 1U6664 sp-25 an-376 1U5879 sp-23 an-377 1U6272 sp-24 an-377 1U6665 sp-25 an-377 1U5880 sp-23 an-378 1U6273 sp-24 an-378 1U6666 sp-25 an-378 1U5881 sp-23 an-379 1U6274 sp-24 an-379 1U6667 sp-25 an-379 1U5882 sp-23 an-380 1U6275 sp-24 an-380 1U6668 sp-25 an-380 1U5883 sp-23 an-381 1U6276 sp-24 an-381 1U6669 sp-25 an-381 1U5884 sp-23 an-382 1U6277 sp-24 an-382 1U6670 sp-25 an-382 1U5885 sp-23 an-383 1U6278 sp-24 an-383 1U6671 sp-25 an-383 1U5886 sp-23 an-384 1U6279 sp-24 an-384 1U6672 sp-25 an-384 1U5887 sp-23 an-385 1U6280 sp-24 an-385 1U6673 sp-25 an-385 1U5888 sp-23 an-386 1U6281 sp-24 an-386 1U6674 sp-25 an-386 1U5889 sp-23 an-387 1U6282 sp-24 an-387 1U6675 sp-25 an-387 1U5890 sp-23 an-388 1U6283 sp-24 an-388 1U6676 sp-25 an-388 1U5891 sp-23 an-389 1U6284 sp-24 an-389 1U6677 sp-25 an-389 1U5892 sp-23 an-390 1U6285 sp-24 an-390 1U6678 sp-25 an-390 1U5893 sp-23 an-391 1U6286 sp-24 an-391 1U6679 sp-25 an-391 1U5894 sp-23 an-392 1U6287 sp-24 an-392 1U6680 sp-25 an-392 1U5895 sp-23 an-393 1U6288 sp-24 an-393 1U6681 sp-25 an-393 Further examples are the compounds (2A0001 to 2A6681, 2U0001 to 2U16681, 2C0001 to 2C3930) in which the binding position of Y has been changed to the para position in the compounds (1A0001 to 1A6681, 1U0001 to E1U6681, 1C0001 to E1C3930) described in Table 2 (Table 2-1 to Table 2-106). For example, it is meant herein that the compound 1A0001 has been changed to the compound 2A0001, and the same meaning is also applied to the subsequent compounds. Further examples are the compounds (3A0001 to 3A6681, 3U0001 to 3U6681, 3C0001 to 3C3930) in which (R3R4N)m has been changed to 7-diethylamino group in the compounds (1A0001 to 1A6681, 1U0001 to 1U6681, 1C0001 to 1C3930) described in Table 2. Further examples are the compounds (4A0001 to 4A6681, 4U0001 to 4U6681, 4C0001 to 4C3930) in which (R3R4N)m has been changed to 7-ethylmethylamino group in the compounds (1A0001 to 1A6681, 1U0001 to 1U6681, 1C0001 to 1C3930) described in Table 2. Further examples are the compounds (5A0001 to 5A6681, 5U0001 to 5U6681, 5C0001 to 5C3930) in which (R3R4N)m has been changed to 9-dimethylamino group in the compounds (1A0001 to 1A6681, 1U0001 to 1U6681, 1C0001 to 1C3930) described in Table 2. Further examples are the compounds (6A0001 to 6A6681, 6U0001 to 6U6681, 6C0001 to 6C3930) in which (R3R4N)m has been changed to 7,9-bis(dimethylamino) group in the compounds (1A0001 to 1A6681, 1U0001 to 1U6681, 1C0001 to 1C3930) described in Table 2. Further examples are the compounds (7A0001 to 7A6681, 7U0001 to 7U6681, 7C0001 to 7C3930) in which both R1 and R2 have been changed to propyl groups in the compounds (1A0001 to 1A6681, 1U0001 to 1U6681, 1C0001 to 1C3930) described in Table 2. Further examples are the compounds (8A0001 to 8A6681, 8U0001 to 8U6681, 8C0001 to 8C3930) in which both R1 and R2 have been changed to pentyl groups in the compounds (1A0001 to 1A6681, 1U0001 to 1U6681, 1C0001 to 1C3930) described in Table 2. Further examples are the compounds (9A0001 to 9A6681, 9U0001 to 9U6681, 9C0001 to 9C3930) in which both R1 and R2 have been changed to hexyl groups in the compounds (1A0001 to 1A6681, 1U0001 to 1U6681, 1C0001 to 1C3930) described in Table 2. Further examples are the compounds (10A0001 to 10A6681, 10U0001 to 10U6681, 10C0001 to 10C3930) in which R1 has been changed to ethyl groups in the compounds (1A0001 to 1A6681, 1U0001 to 1U6681, 1C0001 to 1C3930) described in Table 2. The compounds represented by the formulae (1A) and (1B) of the present invention may be produced by the following production methods. The compound represented by the formula (1) may also be produced by the same methods. (Production Methods) Among the compounds represented by the formula (1A), the compound in which Y is —NHCS— may be obtained by reacting a compound represented by the following formula (2A): (wherein R5a, R6a and R7a are the same as the above; replacement of the above quaternary ammonium structure with a tertiary amine structure will result in this compound) with a compound represented by the following formula (3A): (wherein A1, A2, A3, RxR1a, R2a, ma, n and Za are the same as the above; Y represents —NHCS— and X represents a group capable of forming an anion). The reaction may be performed by reacting the compound represented by the formula (3A) with an equivalent or more amount of, preferably with 1 to 5 fold molar excess of the compound represented by the formula (2A) in, if necessary, a solvent such as acetonitrile or N,N-dimethylformamide (abbreviated hereinbelow as DMF) at room temperature or at 40 to 100° C. for 1 to 48 hours. X in the formula (3A) is a group which undergoes nucleophilic substitution by the compound represented by the formula (2A) to become an anion and leave, preferably to become a pharmaceutically acceptable anion and leave. Preferable examples of X may include F, Cl, Br, I, mesylate and tosylate, and more preferable are Cl, Br and I. Examples of the compounds represented by the formula (2A) may include the compounds represented by the formulae (ta-1) to (ta-407). Abbreviation following each formula number means manufacturers thereof in accordance with the following. “AC” means Acros, “AL” means Aldrich, “BO” means Bio Net, “FL” means Fluka, “IC” means ICN-RF, “LN” means Lancaster, “MY” means Maybridge, “NC” means Nacalai, “PF” means Pfalzbauer, “SG” means Sigma, “SL” means Seiler, “TK” means Tokyo Chemical Industry, “WK” means Wako Pure Chemical Industries and “WT” means Watanabe Chemical Industries. The compound ta-37 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry with dipropylamine supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-56 may be prepared by reacting 3-bromopropanol supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry with dibutylamine supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-57 may be prepared by reacting 4-bromobutanol supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry with dibutylamine in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-117 may be prepared by neutralizing hydrochloride salt supplied from Seiler. The compound ta-137 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide with N-ethyl ethanolamine supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-138 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide with N-propyl ethanolamine supplied from Aldrich in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-139 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide with N-butyl ethanolamine supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-145 may be prepared by neutralizing hydrochloride salt supplied from Aldrich. The compound ta-148 may be prepared by neutralizing hydrochloride salt supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry. The compound ta-152 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide with the compound ta-99. The compound ta-153 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide with the compound ta-100. The compound ta-154 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide with the compound ta-101. The compound ta-155 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide with the compound ta-105. The compound ta-156 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide with the compound ta-106. The compound ta-157 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide with the compound ta-108. The compound ta-158 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide with the compound ta-112. The compound ta-162 may be prepared by reacting pentyl iodide supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry with pyrrolidine supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-172 may be prepared by neutralizing hydrochloride salt supplied from Maybridge. The compound ta-178 may be prepared by neutralizing hydrochloride salt supplied from Nacalai. The compound ta-181 may be prepared by reacting butyl iodide supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry with piperidine supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-182 may be prepared by reacting pentyl iodide with piperidine in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-185 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide with piperidine in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-193 may be prepared by reacting sodium borohydride with the compound ta-207. The compound ta-212 may be prepared by neutralizing hydrochloride salt supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry. The compound ta-234 may be prepared by reacting pentyl iodide with morpholine supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-237 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide with morpholine in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-255 may be prepared by reacting ethyl iodide supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry with piperazine supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-256 may be prepared by reacting butyl iodide with piperazine in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-257 may be prepared by reacting pentyl iodide with piperazine in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-259 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide with piperazine in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-264 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide with the compound ta-254. The compound ta-265 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide with the compound ta-256. The compound ta-266 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide with the compound ta-260. The compound ta-279 may be prepared by reacting butyl iodide with azepan supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-280 may be prepared by reacting pentyl iodide with azepan in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-281 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide with azepan in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-290 may be prepared by neutralizing hydrochloride salt supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry. The compound ta-294 may be prepared by reacting phenylacetyl chloride supplied from Aldrich with 3-aminoquinuclidine hydrochloride salt supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-295 may be prepared by reacting butyl chloride supplied from Aldrich with 3-aminoquinuclidine hydrochloride salt in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-296 may be prepared by reacting valeryl chloride supplied from Aldrich with 3-aminoquinuclidine hydrochloride salt in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compound ta-298 may be prepared by reacting butyl bromide supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry with the compound ta-297. The compound ta-299 may be prepared by reacting benzyl bromide with the compound ta-297. The compounds (ta-1) to (ta-407) correspond to the above (an-1) to (an-407), respectively. Likewise, among the compounds represented by the formula (1B), the compound in which Y is —NHCS— may be synthesized from a compound represented by the following formula (3B): (wherein A1, A2, A3, R1, R2, R3, R4, m, n and Za are the same as the above; Y represents —NHCS—; and X represents a group capable of forming an anion). Likewise, among the compounds represented by the formula (1), the compound in which Y is —NHCS— may be obtained by reacting a compound represented by the following formula (2): (wherein R5, R6 and R7 are the same as the above; replacement of the above quaternary ammonium structure with a tertiary amine structure will result in this compound) with a compound represented by the following formula (3): (wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, m, n and Z are the same as the above; Y represents —NHCS—; and X represents a group capable of forming an anion). The compound represented by the formula (3A) may be obtained by reacting various sulfurizing agents with a compound represented by the following formula (4A-1): (wherein A1, A2, A3, Rx, R1a, R2a, ma, n, Za and X are the same as the above; Y′ represents —NHCO—, with a proviso that —NH and CO— in —NHCO— represent a bond which binds to the adjacent benzene ring and a bond which binds to the adjacent Za, respectively). The reaction may be performed by reacting the compound represented by the formula (4A-1) with an equivalent amount of, preferably with 1 to 10 fold molar excess of the sulfurizing agent in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,4-dioxane or toluene at room temperature or at 50 to 100° C. for 1 to 48 hours. Preferable examples of the sulfurizing agent may include Lawesson reagent (supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry) and diphosphorus pentasulfide (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries). The position for the substitution of Y′ in the formula (4A-1) may be any of ortho, meta or para position. The position is preferably the meta or para position, and most preferably the meta position. Likewise, the compound represented by the formula (3B) may be synthesized from a compound represented by the following formula (4B-1): (wherein A1, A2, A3, R1, R2, R3, R4, m, n, Za and X are the same as the above; Y′ represents —NHCO—, with a proviso that —NH and CO— in —NHCO— represent a bond which binds to the adjacent benzene ring and a bond which binds to the adjacent Za, respectively). Likewise, the compound represented by the formula (3) may be synthesized from a compound represented by the following formula (4-1): (wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, m, n, Z and X are the same as the above; Y′ represents —NHCO—, with a proviso that —NH and CO— in —NHCO— represent a bond which binds to the adjacent benzene ring and a bond which binds to the adjacent Z, respectively). The compound represented by the formula (4A-1) may be obtained by reacting a compound represented by the formula (5A-1): (wherein n, Za and X are the same as the above, and L1 represents a leaving group) with a compound represented by the following formula (6A-1): (wherein A1, A3, A3, Rx, R1a, R2a, and ma are the same as the above). The reaction may be performed by reacting the compound represented by the formula (6A-1) with an equivalent or more amount of, preferably with 1 to 1.2 fold molar excess of the compound represented by the above formula (5A-1) in the presence of an excess amount of, preferably 1.5 to 3 fold molar excess of a base, preferably an organic base such as triethylamine or an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate, in a solvent such as dichloroethane or THF at room temperature to 60° C. for 1 to 24 hours. L1 in the formula (5A-1) is a group which undergoes nucleophilic substitution by the compound represented by the formula (6A-1) to leave. Preferable examples thereof may include F, Cl, Br, I, mesylate or tosylate, and more preferable are Cl and Br. L1 may be different from X, but it is preferable that L1 and X are the same. Examples of the preferable compounds represented by the formula (5A-1) may include 3-bromopropionyl chloride (ac-1), 4-bromobutyryl chloride (ac-2), 5-bromovaleryl chloride (ac-3), 6-bromo-n-caproyl chloride (ac-4) (ac-1 to ac-4 are supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry), 7-bromo-n-heptanoyl chloride (ac-5) (prepared by oxidizing 7-bromo-1-heptanol supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry with chromium oxide VI in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid and subsequently reacting thionyl chloride), 8-bromo-n-octanoyl chloride (ac-6) (prepared by reacting thionyl chloride with 8-bromooctanoic acid supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry), 9-bromo-n-nonanoyl chloride (ac-7) (prepared by oxidizing 9-bromo-1-nonanol supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry with chromium oxide VI in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid and subsequently reacting thionyl chloride), 10-bromo-n-decanoyl chloride (ac-8) (prepared by reacting thionyl chloride with 10-bromodecanoic acid supplied from Pfalzbauer), 11-bromo-n-undecanoyl chloride (ac-9) (prepared by reacting thionyl chloride with 11-bromoundecanoic acid supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry), 3-bromo-2-methylpropionyl chloride (ac-10) (prepared by reacting thionyl chloride with 3-bromo-2-methylpropionic acid supplied from Fluka), 4-(chloromethyl)benzoyl chloride (ac-11) (supplied from Aldrich), 4-(bromomethyl)phenylacetyl chloride (ac-12) (prepared by reacting thionyl chloride with 4-(bromomethyl)phenylacetic acid supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry), 2-[4-(bromomethyl)phenyl]propionyl chloride (ac-13) (prepared by reacting thionyl chloride with 2-[4-(bromomethyl)phenyl] propionic acid supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry), 3-(bromomethyl)phenoxyacetyl chloride (ac-14) (prepared by reacting thionyl chloride with 3-(bromomethyl)phenoxyacetic acid supplied from Lancaster), 3-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)propionyl chloride (ac-15) (prepared by reacting thionyl chloride with 3-bromo-2-(bromomethyl) propionic acid supplied from Aldrich), 3-bromoacryloyl chloride (ac-16) (prepared by reacting thionyl chloride with 3-bromoacrylic acid supplied from Maybridge) or 3-(bromomethyl) crotonyl chloride (ac-17) (prepared by reacting thionyl chloride with 3-(bromomethyl) crotonic acid supplied from Seiler). The position for the substitution of the primary amino group in the formula (6A-1) may be any of ortho, meta or para position. The position is preferably meta or para position, and most preferably meta position. Likewise, the compound represented by the formula (4B-1) may be synthesized from a compound represented by the following formula (6B-1): wherein A1, A2, A3, R1, R2, R3, R4 and m are the same as the above. Likewise, the compound represented by the formula (4-1) may be obtained by reacting a compound represented by the following formula (5-1): (wherein n, Z and X are the same as the above and L1 represents a leaving group) with a compound represented by the following formula (6-1): (wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and m are the same as the above). Among the compounds represented by the formula (1A), the compound in which Y is —NHCS— may also be obtained by reacting various sulfurizing agents with a compound represented by the following formula (4A-2): wherein A1, A2, A3, Rx, R1a, R2a, ma, n, R5a, R6a, R7a, Y′, Za and X− are the same as the above. The reaction may be performed by reacting the compound represented by the formula (4A-2) with an equivalent or more amount of, preferably with 1 to 10 fold molar excess of the sulfurizing agent in a solvent such as ethanol, 1,4-dioxane, chloroform or 1,2-dichloroethane at room temperature or at 50 to 100° C. for 1 to 48 hours. Preferable examples of the sulfurizing agent may include Lawesson reagent and diphosphorus pentasulfide. Likewise, among the compounds represented by the formula (1B), the compound in which Y is —NHCS— may be synthesized from a compound represented by the following formula (4B-2): wherein A1, A2, A3, R1, R2, R3, R4, m, n, R5a, R6a, R7a, Y′, Za and X− are the same as the above. Likewise, among the compounds represented by the formula (1), the compound in which Y is —NHCS— may be synthesized from a compound represented by the following formula (4-2): wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, m, n, R5, R6, R7, Y′, Z and X− are the same as the above. The compound represented by the formula (4A-2) may be obtained by reacting the compound represented by the formula (2A) with the compound represented by the formula (4A-1) The reaction may be performed by reacting the compound represented by the formula (4A-1) with an equivalent or more of, preferably with 1 to 5 fold molar excess of the compound represented by the formula (2A) in, if necessary, a solvent such as acetonitrile or DMF at room temperature or at 40 to 100° C. for 1 to 48 hours. Likewise, the compound represented by the formula (4B-2) may be synthesized from the compound represented by the formula (4B-1) Likewise, the compound represented by the formula (4-2) may be obtained by reacting the compound represented by the formula (2) with the compound represented by the formula (4-1). Among the compounds represented by the formula (1A), the compound in which Y is —NHCSNH— may be obtained by reacting a compound represented by the following formula (5A-2a): (wherein n, R5a, R6a, R7a, Za and X− are the same as the above) with the compound represented by the formula (6A-1). The reaction may be performed by reacting the compound represented by the formula (6A-1) with an equivalent amount of the compound represented by the formula (5A-2a) in a solvent such as chloroform, acetonitrile or DMF at room temperature or at 40 to 100° C. for 1 to 48 hours. The compound represented by the formula (5A-2a) may be obtained by reacting the compound represented by the formula (2A) with the compound represented by the following formula (5A-2b): wherein n, Za and X are the same as the above. The reaction may be performed by reacting the compound represented by the formula (5A-2b) with an equivalent or more amount of, preferably with 1 to 5 fold molar excess of the compound represented by the formula (2A) in, if necessary, a solvent such as acetonitrile or DMF at room temperature or at 40 to 100° C. for 1 to 48 hours. Examples of the compounds represented by the formula (5A-2b) may include 2-bromoethyl isothiocyanate (is-1), 3-bromopropyl isothiocyanate (is-2) (is-1 and is-2 are supplied from Trans World Chemicals), 4-bromobutyl isothiocyanate (is-3) (prepared by brominating 4-aminobutanol supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry with hydrobromic acid and subsequently reacting thiophosgen according to the method described in Canadian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 49, 971-974, 1971), 5-bromopentyl isothiocyanate (is-4) (similarly prepared from 5-aminopentanol supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry), 6-bromohexyl isothiocyanate (is-5) (similarly prepared from 6-aminohexanol supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry), 7-bromoheptyl isothiocyanate (is-6) (similarly prepared from 7-aminoheptanol supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry), 8-bromooctyl isothiocyanate (is-7) (similarly prepared from 8-aminooctanol supplied from Watanabe Chemical Industries), 9-bromononyl isothiocyanate (is-8) (similarly prepared from 9-aminononanol supplied from Watanabe Chemical Industries), 10-bromodecyl isothiocyanate (is-9) (similarly prepared from 10-aminodecanol supplied from Watanabe Chemical Industries), 3-bromo-2,2-dimethylpropyl isothiocyanate (is-10) (similarly prepared from 3-amino-2,2-dimethyl propanol supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry), 5-bromo-4,4-dimethylpentyl isothiocyanate (is-11) (similarly prepared from 5-amino-2,2-dimethyl pentanol supplied from ICN-RF), 2-(2-bromoethoxy)ethyl isothiocyanate (is-12) (similarly prepared from 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry), 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)butyl isothiocyanate (is-13) (similarly prepared from 2-(aminoethyl)-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol supplied from Seiler), 4-(bromomethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate (is-14) (prepared from p-tolyl isothiocyanate supplied from Aldrich according to the method described in Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Vol. 31, 457-480, 1994), 3-(bromomethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate (is-15) (prepared from m-tolyl isothiocyanate supplied from Aldrich according to the method described in the same reference), 2-(bromomethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate (is-16) (prepared from o-tolyl isothiocyanate supplied from Aldrich according to the method described in the same reference), 4-(2-bromoethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate (is-17) (prepared by brominating 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethanol supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry with hydrobromic acid and subsequently reacting thiophosgen according to the method described in Canadian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 49, 971-974, 1971), 4-(bromomethyl)-2-methylphenyl isothiocyanate (is-18) (prepared by reacting thiophosgen with 2,4-dimethylaniline supplied from Aldrich and subsequently preparing according to the method described in Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Vol. 31, 457-480, 1994), 4-(bromomethyl)-3-methylphenyl isothiocyanate (is-19) (prepared from 3,4-dimethylaniline supplied from Aldrich by the same way as in is-18), 4-(bromomethyl)-2-fluorophenyl isothiocyanate (is-20) (prepared from 2-fluoro-4-methylaniline supplied from Aldrich by the same way as in is-18), 4-(bromomethyl)-3-fluorophenyl isothiocyanate (is-21) (prepared from 3-fluoro-4-methylaniline supplied from Aldrich by the same way as in is-18), 4-(bromomethyl)-2-chlorophenyl isothiocyanate (is-22) (prepared from 2-chloro-4-methylaniline supplied from Aldrich by the same way as in is-18), 4-(bromomethyl)-3-chlorophenyl isothiocyanate (is-23) (prepared from 3-chloro-4-methylaniline supplied from Aldrich by the same way as in is-18), 4-(bromomethyl)-2-bromophenyl isothiocyanate (is-24) (prepared from 2-bromo-4-methylaniline supplied from Aldrich by the same way as in is-18), 4-(bromomethyl)-3-boromophenyl isothiocyanate (is-25) (prepared from 3-bromo-4-methylaniline supplied from Aldrich by the same way as in is-18), 4-(bromomethyl)-2-trifluoromethylphenyl isothiocyanate (is-26) (prepared from 2-trifluoromethyl-4-methylaniline supplied from JRD-Fluorochemical by the same way as in is-18), 4-(bromomethyl)-3-trifluoromethylphenyl isothiocyanate (is-27) (prepared from 3-trifluoromethyl-4-methylaniline supplied from Lancaster by the same way as in is-18), 4-(bromomethyl)-2-nitrophenyl isothiocyanate (is-28) (prepared from 2-nitro-4-methylaniline supplied from Aldrich by the same way as in is-18), 4-(bromomethyl)-3-nitrophenyl isothiocyanate (is-29) (prepared from 3-nitro-4-methylaniline supplied from Aldrich by the same way as in is-18), 4-(bromomethyl)-3-methoxyphenyl isothiocyanate (is-30) (prepared from 3-methoxy-4-methylaniline supplied from Kanto Chemical by the same way as in is-18), 4-(bromomethyl)-2,6-dibromophenyl isothiocyanate (is-31) (prepared from 2,6-dibromo-4-methylaniline supplied from Aldrich by the same way as in is-18), 4-(bromomethyl)-2-methyl-6-nitrophenyl isothiocyanate (is-32) (prepared from 2-nitro-4,6-dimethylaniline supplied from Aldrich by the same way as in is-18), 4-(bromomethyl)-5-methyl-2-nitrophenyl isothiocyanate (is-33) (prepared from 2-nitro-4,5-dimethylaniline supplied from Aldrich by the same way as in is-18), 4-(bromomethyl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl isothiocyanate (is-34) (prepared from 2,4,6-trimethylaniline supplied from Aldrich by the same way as in is-18), 3,4-bis(bromomethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate (is-35) (simultaneously prepared when is-19 is prepared) and 2,4-bis(bromomethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate (is-36) (simultaneously prepared when is-18 is prepared). Likewise, among the compounds represented by the formula (1B), the compound in which Y is —NHCSNH— may be synthesized from the compound represented by the formula (6B-1). Likewise, among the compounds represented by the formula (1), the compound in which Y is —NHCSNH— is obtained by reacting a compound represented by the following formula (5-2a): (wherein n, R5, R6, R7, Z and X− are the same as the above) with the compound represented by the formula (6-1). The compound represented by the formula (5-2a) may be obtained by reacting the compound represented by the formula (2) with the compound represented by the following formula (5-2b): wherein n, Z and X are the same as the above. Among the compounds represented by the formula (1A), the compound in which Y is —NHCSO— may be obtained by reacting a compound represented by the following formula (5A-3a): (wherein n, R5a, R6a, R7a, Za and X− are the same as the above) with a compound represented by the following formula (6A-2): (wherein A1, A2 A3, Rx, R1a, R2a and ma are the same as the above). The reaction may be performed by reacting the compound represented by the formula (6A-2) with an equivalent amount of the compound represented by the formula (5A-3a) in the presence of an equivalent or more amount of, preferably 1 to 5 fold molar excess of a base, preferably an inorganic base such as hydrogenated sodium or metal sodium in a solvent such as THF, 1,4-dioxane or 2-ethoxyethyl ether at 50 to 150° C. for 1 to 48 hours. The position for the substitution of —NCS in the formula (6A-2) may be any of ortho, meta or para position. The position is preferably the meta or para position, and most preferably the meta position. The compound represented by the formula (5A-3a) may be obtained by reacting the compound represented by the formula (2A) with a compound represented by the following formula (5A-3b): HO-Za-(X)n (5A-3b) wherein n, Za and X are the same as the above. The reaction may be performed by reacting the compound represented by the formula (5A-3b) with an equivalent or more amount of, preferably 1 to 5 fold molar excess of the compound represented by the formula (2A) in, if necessary, a solvent such as acetonitrile or DMF at room temperature or at 40 to 100° C. for 1 to 48 hours. Examples of the compounds represented by the formula (5A-3b) may include 2-bromoethanol (al-1), 3-bromopropanol (al-2), 4-bromobutanol (al-3), 5-bromopentanol (al-4), 6-bromohexanol (al-5), 7-bromoheptanol (al-6), 8-bromooctanol (al-7), 9-bromononanol (al-8), 10-bromodecanol (al-9) (all, of (al-1) to (al-9) are supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry), 3-bromo-2-methylpropanol (al-10) and 3-bromo-2,2-dimethylpropanol (al-11) (al-10 and al-11 are supplied from Aldrich). Likewise, among the compounds represented by the formula (1B), the compound in which Y is —NHCSO— may be synthesized from the compound represented by the following formula (6B-2): wherein A1, A2, A3, R1, R2, R3, R4 and m are the same as the above. Likewise, among the compounds represented by the formula (1), the compound in which Y is —NHCSO— may be obtained by reacting a compound represented by the following formula (5-3a): (wherein n, R5, R6, R7, Z and X− are the same as the above) with a compound represented by the following formula (6-2): (wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and m are the same as the above) The compounds represented by the formula (5-3a) may be obtained by reacting the compounds represented by the formula (2) with a compound represented by the following formula (5-3b): HO-Z-(X)n (5-3b) wherein n, Z and X are the same as the above. The compounds represented by the formula (6A-2) may be obtained by reacting thiophosgen with the compounds represented by the formula (6A-1). The reaction may be performed by reacting the compound represented by the formula (6A-1) with an equivalent amount of thiophosgen (supplied from Aldrich) in the presence of an equivalent amount of, preferably 1 to 5 fold molar excess of a base, preferably an organic base such as triethylamine in, if necessary, a solvent such as THF or dichloromethane at room temperature or at 0 to 10° C. for 1 to 24 hours. Likewise, the compound represented by the formula (6B-2) may be synthesized from the compound represented by the formula (6B-1). Likewise, the compound represented by the formula (6-2) may be synthesized from the compound represented by the formula (6-1). Among the compounds represented by the formula (6B-1), the compound in which the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, NH, CH) may be synthesized according to the methods described in the references (WO02/08211, WO93/16055). Among the compounds represented by the formula (6B-1), the compound in which the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, CH(OH), CH) may be synthesized according to the methods described in the reference (WO97/33882). Among the compounds represented by the formula (6B-1), the compound in which the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (NH, CH(OH), CH) may be synthesized according to the methods described in the reference (WO00/47568). Among the compounds represented by the formula (6B-1), the compound in which the combination of (A1, A2, A3) is (CH2, CH2, N) may be prepared by synthesizing a compound represented by the following formula (7B): (wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and m are the same as the above), and subsequently applying Buchwald reaction according to the method described in the reference (WO02/08211). In the compounds represented by the formulae (1A), (1B) and (1), a plurality of stereoisomers can be present depending on the number of asymmetrical centers. Isomers in diastereomer relationship can be separated by silica gel column chromatography or fractional crystallization at any synthetic stage of the compounds represented by the formulae (1A), (1B), (1), (3A), (3B), (3), (4A-1), (4B-1), (4-1), (4A-2), (4B-2), (4-2), (6A-1), (6B-1), (6-1), (6A-2), (6B-2) and (6-2) or any preceding synthetic stage of their material compounds. Isomers in enantiomer relationship can be separated by column chromatography using an optically active carrier, or by silica gel column chromatography or fractional crystallization after derivatizing the isomers into the diastereomer relation, at any synthetic stage of the compounds represented by the formulae (1A), (1B), (1), (3A), (3B), (3), (4A-1), (4B-1), (4-1), (4A-2), (4B-2), (4-2), (6A-1), (6B-1), (6-1), (6A-2), (6B-2) and (6-2) or any preceding synthetic stage of their material compounds. Meanwhile, geometrical isomers can be separated by silica gel column chromatography or fractional crystallization at any synthetic stage of the compounds represented by the formulae (1A), (1B), (1), (3A), (3B), (3), (4A-1), (4B-1), (4-1), (4A-2), (4B-2) and (4-2). The compounds represented by the formulae (1A), (1B) and (1) of the present invention include acid addition salts. The acid addition salts are preferably the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and examples thereof may include various publicly known salts, such as hydrochloride salts, hydrobromide salts, sulfate salts, hydrogen sulfate salts, dihydrogen phosphate salts, citrate salts, maleate salts, tartrate salts, fumarate salts, gluconate salts and methanesulfonate salts. For preparing the acid addition salt, the compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) may be admixed with an equivalent amount or a several times amount of an acid component, to thereby obtain the acid addition salt thereof. Examples of the acid component for use may include pharmaceutically acceptable mineral acids or organic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfuric acid, dihydrogen phosphoric acid, citric acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid and methanesulfonic acid. The compound of the present invention exhibited the inhibitory activity against ileal bile acid transportation, the blood cholesterol lowering effect and the improvement effect on the hepatic disorders associated with cholestasis. Therefore, it has been confirmed that the compound of the present invention can be utilized as the cholesterol lowering agent or the improver of the hepatic disorders associated with cholestasis. When 3 mg per kg body weight per day of the compound of the present invention was orally administered to rats twice a day for 3.5 days, no death case was observed, and further no mutagenicity in microorganisms was observed. Thus, it has been confirmed that the compound of the present invention can be safely used. The cholesterol lowering agent may specifically include pharmaceutical compositions for treatment and prevention of hyperlipemia, arteriosclerosis or syndrome X. These diseases will be described more specifically hereinbelow. That is, hyperlipemia may include hyperchylomicronemia, hyper low density lipoproteinemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, very low density lipoproteinemia and hypertriglyceridemia, as well as complication diseases thereof. A preferred example of the arteriosclerosis to be treated or prevented by the present invention may include atherosclerosis. As described above, hyperlipemia is one of the factors for syndrome X, and syndrome X may cause arteriosclerosis. The compound and the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention are also useful as the pharmaceuticals for the purpose of the treatment and the prevention of the hepatic disorders associated with cholestasis, and are particularly useful as the therapeutic agent and the preventive agent for primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Cholestasis refers to a state where the bile is not excreted from liver to duodenum as a result of some reason. Cholestasis may cause a disorder in liver, which is referred to as the hepatic disorder associated with cholestasis. Specific diseases of the hepatic disorder associated with cholestasis may include primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholestasis hepatitis (cholangiolitic hepatitis) (Igaku Daijiten (Nanzando's Medical Dictionary), Nanzando, 1333-1334). Direct causes of cholestasis may also include gallstones appearing in bile duct and gall bladder. The primary biliary cirrhosis and the primary sclerosing cholangitis are not directly caused by the gallstone. The compound or the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is also useful as the pharmaceutical for the purpose of the treatment and the prevention of obesity or fatty liver. The obesity is a state where fat is excessively accumulated in the body, and specifically refers to the state in which BMI (body mass index) exceeds 26 (Yoshio Ikeda et al., Nippon Rinsho (Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine) 53:229-236, 1995). The fatty liver usually refers to a state where neutral fat is abundantly accumulated in the liver. In general, the liver in which lipid droplets are accumulated in 30% or more of hepatic lobule is diagnosed as the fatty liver (Kyoichiro Toshima et al., Nippon Rinsho (Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine) 53:354-358, 1995). The compound or the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is also useful as the pharmaceutical for the purpose of the treatment and the prevention of steatohepatitis. Steatohepatitis is the disease in which fat deposition, and inflammation and fibrosis of hepatic parenchyma are observed. Steatohepatitis is quite different from the fatty liver in being associated with inflammatory feature (Toshifumi Azuma et al., Kan Tan Sui (Liver, gall bladder and pancreas) 44:429-433, 2002). Among the steatohepatitis, those in which causal relationship with alcohol ingestion is not observed are referred to as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Upon producing the pharmaceutical of the present invention, it is preferable to, if necessary, add the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to the effective amount of the compound represented by the formula (1A), (1B) or (1) or the salt thereof, to formulate the pharmaceutical composition. As the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipients, binders such as carboxymethylcellulose, disintegrants, lubricants and additives are exemplified. For administering the compound of the present invention to human, it is possible to orally administer the compound in a variety of forms such as tablets, powers, granules, capsules, sugar-coated tablets, liquids and syrups. A dosage may vary depending on age, body weight and condition of patients. In general, 0.1 to 500 mg per adult person per day is administered as a single dose or several divided doses. The administration time period may be generally consecutive several weeks to several months. Both the dosage per day and the administration time period may be increased and decreased depending on the condition of the patient. EXAMPLES The present invention will be further described by the following Examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto. Precoated silicagel 60 F254 (supplied from Merck) was used for thin layer chromatography (TLC), and spots were detected by irradiating UV (254 nm). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were measured using AL-300 (FT-NMR, supplied from JEOL). Chemical shifts were represented in terms of δ (ppm) using tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal standard. Mass spectra were measured by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) using JMS-SX102 (supplied from JEOL). Silica gel 60 (230 to 400 meshes) (supplied from Merck) was used as a filler of a silica gel column. In the manipulation in Examples, “filtration” means the filtration using Kiriyama funnel and filter paper for the funnel (both are supplied from Tokyo Rikakikai), and “concentration” means distilling off the solvent or the excessive reagent under reduced pressure using an evaporator (supplied from Tokyo Rikakikai) Example P1 1-(4-{3-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamono-1,1-dioxo-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-benzothiepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}benzyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (Step a) Synthesis of 2-butyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)hexanal An aqueous solution of 1 N sodium hydroxide (150 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of 209 g of dibutylacetaldehyde (supplied from Aldrich) and 127 g of an aqueous solution of 35% formalin (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) in 1500 mL of methanol under ice cooling, and stirred at room temperature overnight. Then 2 L of ether and 2 L of water were added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and concentrated, to yield 248 g of the title compound. (Step b) Synthesis of 2-butyl-2-formylhexyl methanesulfonate Trimethylamine (146 mL) (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) was added dropwise to a solution of 140 g of the compound obtained at the step a in 600 mL of chloroform under ice cooling. Subsequently, keeping the mixture under ice cooling, 70 mL of mesyl chloride (supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry) was added dropwise thereto, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 hours. Then 300 mL of chloroform and 500 mL of 1 N hydrochloric acid were added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 300 mL of water, dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated, to yield 212 g of the crudely purified title compound. (Step c) Synthesis of 2-(2-butyl-2-formylhexylthio)-5-fluoro-benzaldehyde Lithium sulfide (11.5 g) (supplied from Aldrich) was added to a solution of 32 g of 2,5-difluorobenzaldehyde (supplied from Aldrich) in 1200 mL of dimethylsulfoxide, and stirred at 75° C. for 2 hours. Then 106 g of the compound obtained at the step b was added thereto at the same temperature and stirred for 4 hours. After air cooling at room temperature, 2 L of ethyl acetate and 5 L of saturated brine were added thereto, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 2 L of water, dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (30:1), to yield 28.8 g of the title compound. (Step d) Synthesis of 2-(2-butyl-2-formylhexylthio)-5-fluoro-benzylalcohol 1200 mL of solution of hydrogenated diisobutyl aluminium (1 mol/L) in THF was added dropwise to a solution of 41.5 g of the compound obtained at the step c in 1200 mL of THF at −60° C., and stirred at the same temperature for 3 hours. A small amount of water was added dropwise to the reaction solution at the same temperature until bubbling stopped. Then 1 L of ethyl acetate and 1 L of 1 N hydrochloric acid were added thereto at room temperature, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 1 L of water, dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (5:1), to yield 18.2 g of the title compound. (Step e) Synthesis of 2-(2-butyl-2-formylhexylthio)-5-fluoro-benzyl bromide Triphenylphonsphine dibromide (46.8 g) (supplied from Aldrich) was added to a solution of 18.1 g of the compound obtained at the step d in 250 mL of DMF at −40° C., and stirred at the same temperature for one hour. Then 400 mL of an aqueous solution of 10% sodium sulfite and 300 mL of ethyl acetate were added to the reaction solution at room temperature, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 300 mL of water, dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (5:1), to yield 21.6 g of the title compound. (Step f) 2-(2-butyl-2-formylhexylsulfonyl)-5-fluoro-benzyl bromide Metachloroperbenzoic acid (35.2 g) (supplied from Aldrich) was added to a solution of 21.5 g of the compound obtained at the step e in 450 mL of dichloromethane under ice cooling, stirred at the same temperature for 30 minutes, and further stirred at room temperature for one hour. Then 500 mL of an aqueous solution of 10% sodium sulfite and 300 mL of ethyl acetate were added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 100 mL of the aqueous solution of 10% sodium sulfite, and further washed with 100 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate water, dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated, to yield 22.8 g of the title compound. (Step g) Synthesis of 2-butyl-2-[4-fluoro-2-(3-nitrobenzyl)benzenesulfonylmethyl]hexanal Ethanol (200 mL), 18.0 g of 3-nitrophenylboronic acid (supplied from Aldrich), 3.1 g of tetraxis (triphenylphosphine)palladium (supplied from Aldrich) and 175 mL of an aqueous solution of 2 mol/L sodium carbonate were sequentially added to a solution of 22.7 g of the compound obtained at the step f in 270 mL of toluene, and stirred with heating reflux for 3.5 hours. Then, 1000 mL of ethyl acetate and 600 mL of saturated brine were added to the reaction suspension at room temperature, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (5:1), to yield 21.4 g of the title compound. (Step h) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-7-fluoro-4-hydroxy-5-(3-nitrophenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-benzothiepine-1,1-dioxide A solution of 1 mol/L potassium t-butoxide in THF (92 mL) (supplied from Aldrich) was added dropwise to a solution of 21.3 g of the compound obtained at the step g in 2000 mL of THF under ice cooling, and stirred at the same temperature for one hour. Under ice cooling, 400 mL of an aqueous solution of saturated ammonium chloride was added dropwise to the reaction solution, and stirred at room temperature for one hour. Then, 800 mL of ethyl acetate and 800 mL of water were added thereto, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 800 mL of saturated brine, dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with chloroform, to yield 17.2 g of the title compound having cis configuration. (Step i) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-4-hydroxy-5-(3-nitrophenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-benzothiepine-1,1-dioxide A solution of dimethylamine (2 mol/L) in THF (370 mL) (supplied from Aldrich) was added to a solution of 17.1 g of the compound obtained at the step h in 50 mL of THF. Then, the teat tube was sealed, and heated at 110° C. for 24 hours. The reaction solution was concentrated, and the residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (2:1), to yield 13.3 of the title compound. (Step j) Synthesis of 5-(3-aminophenyl)-3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-benzothiepine-1,1-dioxide 10% Palladium-carbon (3.0 g) (supplied from Merck) was added to a solution of 13.2 g of the compound obtained at the step i in 600 mL of ethanol, and stirred at 45° C. under a hydrogen atmosphere at 7 kg.f/cm2 for 20 hours. The reaction suspension was filtrated and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was applied onto an alumina column and eluted with chloroform-methanol (10:1), to yield 11.9 g of the title compound. (Step k) Synthesis of 4-(bromomethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate (is-14) N-bromosuccinimide (6.26 g) (supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry) and 1.13 g of 70% benzoyl peroxide (supplied from Aldrich) were added to a solution of 5.02 g of p-tolyl isothiocyanate (supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry) in 100 mL of carbon tetrachloride, and stirred with heating reflux for 19 hours. The reaction suspension was filtrated and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane, to yield 4.85 g of the title compound. (Step l) Synthesis of 1-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide Quinuclidine (316 mg) (supplied from Aldrich) was added to a solution of 600 mg of the compound obtained at the step k in 19 mL of acetone, and stirred at 40° C. for 2 hours. The precipitate therein was collected by filtration, and washed with 10 mL of acetone, to yield 594 mg of the title compound. (Step m) Synthesis of 1-(4-{3-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamono-1,1-dioxo-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-benzothiepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}benzyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The compound (95 mg) obtained at the step l was added to a solution of 116 mg of the compound obtained at the step j in 3 mL of chloroform, and stirred at 50° C. for 2 hours. The reaction solution was concentrated. The residue was then dissolved in 0.5 mL of chloroform, and 4 mL of ether was added thereto. The precipitate therein was collected by filtration, and washed with 2 mL of ether, to yield 190 mg of the title compound. MS (m/z): 717 (M+). Example P2 1-(4-{3-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamono-1,1-dioxo-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-benzothiepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}-3-fluorobenzyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (Step a) Synthesis of 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl isothiocyanate Thiophosgen (4.0 mL) (supplied from Aldrich) was added dropwise to a solution of 2-fluoro-4-methylaniline (6.31 g) (supplied from Aldrich) in 70 mL of chloroform under ice cooling, and subsequently 15 mL of triethylamine was added dropwise thereto at the same temperature. The reaction solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then 70 mL of 1 N hydrochloric acid was added thereto, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 70 mL of water, dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane, to yield 7.72 g of the title compound. (Step b) Synthesis of 2-fluoro-4-(bromomethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate (is-20) The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained at the step a in the present Example according to the procedure in the step k in Example P1. (Step c) Synthesis of 1-(3-fluoro-4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained at the step b in the present Example according to the procedure in the step l in Example P1. (Step d) Synthesis of 1-(4-{3-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamono-1, 1-dioxo-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-benzothiepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}-3-fluorobenzyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained at the step c in the present Example according to the procedure in the step m in Example P1. Examples P3 to P315 According to the procedures in the steps l to m in Example P1, as shown in the following figure: the compounds of Examples P3 to P315 described in Table 3 (Tables 3-1 to 3-3) represented by the formula (I) were obtained using any one of various isothiocyanate (is-1) to (is-36) represented by the above formula (5A-2b), and any one of various tertiary amine (ta-1) to (ta-407) represented by the above formula (2A) and the compound obtained at the step j in Example P1. In the formula (I), -sp- represents any of the above (sp-1) to (sp-44) and -an represents any of the above (an-1) to (an-407). EXAMPLE REAGENT PRODUCT EXAMPLE REAGENT PRODUCT No. is ta sp an No. is ta sp an Table 3-1 P3 is-14 ta-1 sp-14 an-1 P157 is-1 ta-287 sp-1 an-287 P4 is-14 ta-2 sp-14 an-2 P158 is-2 ta-287 sp-2 an-287 P5 is-14 ta-4 sp-14 an-4 P159 is-3 ta-287 sp-3 an-287 P6 is-14 ta-5 sp-14 an-5 P160 is-4 ta-287 sp-4 an-287 P7 is-14 ta-6 sp-14 an-6 P161 is-5 ta-287 sp-5 an-287 P8 is-14 ta-7 sp-14 an-7 P162 is-15 ta-287 sp-23 an-287 P9 is-14 ta-8 sp-14 an-8 P163 is-16 ta-287 sp-24 an-287 P10 is-14 ta-9 sp-14 an-9 P164 is-17 ta-287 sp-25 an-287 P11 is-14 ta-10 sp-14 an-10 P165 is-18 ta-287 sp-26 an-287 P12 is-14 ta-11 sp-14 an-11 P166 is-19 ta-287 sp-27 an-287 P13 is-14 ta-12 sp-14 an-12 P2 is-20 ta-287 sp-28 an-287 P14 is-14 ta-13 sp-14 an-13 P167 is-21 ta-287 sp-29 an-287 P15 is-14 ta-14 sp-14 an-14 P168 is-22 ta-287 sp-30 an-287 P16 is-14 ta-16 sp-14 an-16 P169 is-23 ta-287 sp-31 an-287 P17 is-14 ta-18 sp-14 an-18 P170 is-24 ta-287 sp-32 an-287 P18 is-14 ta-19 sp-14 an-19 P171 is-25 ta-287 sp-33 an-287 P19 is-14 ta-20 sp-14 an-20 P172 is-27 ta-287 sp-35 an-287 P20 is-14 ta-21 sp-14 an-21 P173 is-29 ta-287 sp-37 an-287 P21 is-14 ta-22 sp-14 an-22 P174 is-34 ta-287 sp-42 an-287 P22 is-14 ta-23 sp-14 an-23 P175 is-35 ta-287 sp-43 an-287 P23 is-14 ta-25 sp-14 an-25 P176 is-1 ta-32 sp-1 an-32 P24 is-14 ta-26 sp-14 an-26 P177 is-2 ta-32 sp-2 an-32 P25 is-14 ta-32 sp-14 an-32 P178 is-3 ta-32 sp-3 an-32 P26 is-14 ta-33 sp-14 an-33 P179 is-4 ta-32 sp-4 an-32 P27 is-14 ta-34 sp-14 an-34 P180 is-5 ta-32 sp-5 an-32 P28 is-14 ta-35 sp-14 an-35 P181 is-15 ta-32 sp-23 an-32 P29 is-14 ta-36 sp-14 an-36 P182 is-16 ta-32 sp-24 an-32 P30 is-14 ta-38 sp-14 an-38 P183 is-17 ta-32 sp-25 an-32 P31 is-14 ta-40 sp-14 an-40 P184 is-18 ta-32 sp-26 an-32 P32 is-14 ta-41 sp-14 an-41 P185 is-19 ta-32 sp-27 an-32 P33 is-14 ta-42 sp-14 an-42 P186 is-20 ta-32 sp-28 an-32 P34 is-14 ta-43 sp-14 an-43 P187 is-21 ta-32 sp-29 an-32 P35 is-14 ta-46 sp-14 an-46 P188 is-22 ta-32 sp-30 an-32 P36 is-14 ta-67 sp-14 an-67 P189 is-23 ta-32 sp-31 an-32 P37 is-14 ta-98 sp-14 an-98 P190 is-24 ta-32 sp-32 an-32 P38 is-14 ta-99 sp-14 an-99 P191 is-25 ta-32 sp-33 an-32 P39 is-14 ta-101 sp-14 an-101 P192 is-27 ta-32 sp-35 an-32 P40 is-14 ta-102 sp-14 an-102 P193 is-29 ta-32 sp-37 an-32 P41 is-14 ta-103 sp-14 an-103 P194 is-34 ta-32 sp-42 an-32 P42 is-14 ta-105 sp-14 an-105 P195 is-35 ta-32 sp-43 an-32 P43 is-14 ta-107 sp-14 an-107 P196 is-1 ta-288 sp-1 an-288 P44 is-14 ta-108 sp-14 an-108 P197 is-2 ta-288 sp-2 an-288 P45 is-14 ta-114 sp-14 an-114 P198 is-3 ta-288 sp-3 an-288 P46 is-14 ta-115 sp-14 an-115 P199 is-4 ta-288 sp-4 an-288 P47 is-14 ta-136 sp-14 an-136 P200 is-5 ta-288 sp-5 an-288 P48 is-14 ta-146 sp-14 an-146 P201 is-15 ta-288 sp-23 an-288 P49 is-14 ta-150 sp-14 an-150 P202 is-16 ta-288 sp-24 an-288 P50 is-14 ta-159 sp-14 an-159 P203 is-17 ta-288 sp-25 an-288 P51 is-14 ta-160 sp-14 an-160 P204 is-18 ta-288 sp-26 an-288 P52 is-14 ta-164 sp-14 an-164 P205 is-19 ta-288 sp-27 an-288 P53 is-14 ta-165 sp-14 an-165 P206 is-20 ta-288 sp-28 an-288 P54 is-14 ta-166 sp-14 an-166 P207 is-21 ta-288 sp-29 an-288 P55 is-14 ta-168 sp-14 an-168 P208 is-22 ta-288 sp-30 an-288 P56 is-14 ta-169 sp-14 an-169 P209 is-23 ta-288 sp-31 an-288 Table 3-2 P57 is-14 ta-176 sp-14 an-176 P210 is-24 ta-288 sp-32 an-288 P58 is-14 ta-177 sp-14 an-177 P211 is-25 ta-288 sp-33 an-288 P59 is-14 ta-179 sp-14 an-179 P212 is-27 ta-288 sp-35 an-288 P60 is-14 ta-180 sp-14 an-180 P213 is-29 ta-288 sp-37 an-288 P61 is-14 ta-183 sp-14 an-183 P214 is-34 te-288 sp-42 an-288 P62 is-14 ta-185 sp-14 an-185 P215 is-35 ta-288 sp-43 an-288 P63 is-14 ta-187 sp-14 an-187 P216 is-1 ta-297 sp-1 an-297 P64 is-14 ta-188 sp-14 an-188 P217 is-2 ta-297 sp-2 an-297 P65 is-14 ta-191 sp-14 an-191 P218 is-3 ta-297 sp-3 an-297 P66 is-14 ta-196 sp-14 an-196 P219 is-4 ta-297 sp-4 an-297 P67 is-14 ta-197 sp-14 an-197 P220 is-5 ta-297 sp-5 an-297 P68 is-14 ta-199 sp-14 an-199 P221 is-15 ta-297 sp-23 an-297 P69 is-14 ta-200 sp-14 an-200 P222 is-16 ta-297 sp-24 an-297 P70 is-14 ta-203 sp-14 an-203 P223 is-17 ta-297 sp-25 an-297 P71 is-14 ta-221 sp-14 an-221 P224 is-18 ta-297 sp-26 an-297 P72 is-14 ta-223 sp-14 an-223 P225 is-19 ta-297 sp-27 an-297 P73 is-14 ta-230 sp-14 an-230 P226 is-20 ta-297 sp-28 an-297 P74 is-14 ta-231 sp-14 an-231 P227 is-21 ta-297 sp-29 an-297 P75 is-14 ta-233 sp-14 an-233 P228 is-22 ta-297 sp-30 an-297 P76 is-14 ta-235 sp-14 an-235 P229 is-23 ta-297 sp-31 an-297 P77 is-14 ta-253 sp-14 an-253 P230 is-24 ta-297 sp-32 an-297 P78 is-14 ta-254 sp-14 an-254 P231 is-25 ta-297 sp-33 an-297 P79 is-14 ta-267 sp-14 an-267 P232 is-27 ta-297 sp-35 an-297 P80 is-14 ta-270 sp-14 an-270 P233 is-29 ta-297 sp-37 an-297 P81 is-14 ta-272 sp-14 an-272 P234 is-34 ta-297 sp-42 an-297 P82 is-14 ta-274 sp-14 an-274 P235 is-35 ta-297 sp-43 an-297 P83 is-14 ta-275 sp-14 an-275 P236 is-1 ta-305 sp-1 an-305 P1 is-14 ta-287 sp-14 an-287 P237 is-2 ta-305 sp-2 an-305 P84 is-14 ta-288 sp-14 an-288 P238 is-3 ta-305 sp-3 an-305 P85 is-14 ta-289 sp-14 an-289 P239 is-4 ta-305 sp-4 an-305 P86 is-14 ta-290 sp-14 an-290 P240 is-5 ta-305 sp-5 an-305 P87 is-14 ta-297 sp-14 an-297 P241 is-15 ta-305 sp-23 an-305 P88 is-14 ta-299 sp-14 an-299 P242 is-16 ta-305 sp-24 an-305 P89 is-14 ta-300 sp-14 an-300 P243 is-17 ta-305 sp-25 an-305 P90 is-14 ta-301 sp-14 an-301 P244 is-18 ta-305 sp-26 an-305 P91 is-14 ta-302 sp-14 an-302 P245 is-19 ta-305 sp-27 an-305 P92 is-14 ta-303 sp-14 an-303 P246 is-20 ta-305 sp-28 an-305 P93 is-14 ta-305 sp-14 an-305 P247 is-21 ta-305 sp-29 an-305 P94 is-14 ta-306 sp-14 an-306 P248 is-22 ta-305 sp-30 an-305 P95 is-14 ta-307 sp-14 an-307 P249 is-23 ta-305 sp-31 an-305 P96 is-14 ta-308 sp-14 an-308 P250 is-24 ta-305 sp-32 an-305 P97 is-14 ta-309 sp-14 an-309 P251 is-25 ta-305 sp-33 an-305 P98 is-14 ta-310 sp-14 an-310 P252 is-27 ta-305 sp-35 an-305 P99 is-14 ta-311 sp-14 an-311 P253 is-29 ta-305 sp-37 an-305 P100 is-14 ta-313 sp-14 an-313 P254 is-34 ta-305 sp-42 an-305 P101 is-14 ta-314 sp-14 an-314 P255 is-35 ta-305 sp-43 an-305 P102 is-14 ta-315 sp-14 an-315 P256 is-1 ta-339 sp-1 an-339 P103 is-14 ta-316 sp-14 an-316 P257 is-2 ta-339 sp-2 an-339 P104 is-14 ta-317 sp-14 an-317 P258 is-3 ta-339 sp-3 an-339 P105 is-14 ta-318 sp-14 an-318 P259 is-4 ta-339 sp-4 an-339 P106 is-14 ta-319 sp-14 an-319 P260 is-5 ta-339 sp-5 an-339 P107 is-14 ta-321 sp-14 an-321 P261 is-15 ta-339 sp-23 an-339 P108 is-14 ta-322 sp-14 an-322 P262 is-16 ta-339 sp-24 an-339 P109 is-14 ta-325 sp-14 an-325 P263 is-17 ta-339 sp-25 an-339 Table 3-3 P110 is-14 ta-326 sp-14 an-326 P264 is-18 ta-339 sp-26 an-339 P111 is-14 ta-328 sp-14 an-328 P265 is-19 ta-339 sp-27 an-339 P112 is-14 ta-330 sp-14 an-330 P266 is-20 ta-339 sp-28 an-339 P113 is-14 ta-331 sp-14 an-331 P267 is-21 ta-339 sp-29 an-339 P114 is-14 ta-332 sp-14 an-332 P268 is-22 ta-339 sp-30 an-339 P115 is-14 ta-333 sp-14 an-333 P269 is-23 ta-339 sp-31 an-339 P116 is-14 ta-334 sp-14 an-334 P270 is-24 ta-339 sp-32 an-339 P117 is-14 ta-335 sp-14 an-335 P271 is-25 ta-339 sp-33 an-339 P118 is-14 ta-339 sp-14 an-339 P272 is-27 ta-339 sp-35 an-339 P119 is-14 ta-340 sp-14 an-340 P273 is-29 ta-339 sp-37 an-339 P120 is-14 ta-341 sp-14 an-341 P274 is-34 ta-339 sp-42 an-339 P121 is-14 ta-342 sp-14 an-342 P275 is-35 ta-339 sp-43 an-339 P122 is-14 ta-344 sp-14 an-344 P276 is-1 ta-344 sp-1 an-344 P123 is-14 ta-345 sp-14 an-345 P277 is-2 ta-344 sp-2 an-344 P124 is-14 ta-346 sp-14 an-346 P278 is-3 ta-344 sp-3 an-344 P125 is-14 ta-351 sp-14 an-351 P279 is-4 ta-344 sp-4 an-344 P126 is-14 ta-355 sp-14 an-355 P280 is-5 ta-344 sp-5 an-344 P127 is-14 ta-356 sp-14 an-356 P281 is-15 ta-344 sp-23 an-344 P128 is-14 ta-357 sp-14 an-357 P282 is-16 ta-344 sp-24 an-344 P129 is-14 ta-358 sp-14 an-358 P283 is-17 ta-344 sp-25 an-344 P130 is-14 ta-360 sp-14 an-360 P284 is-18 ta-344 sp-26 an-344 P131 is-14 ta-361 sp-14 an-361 P285 is-19 ta-344 sp-27 an-344 P132 is-14 ta-362 sp-14 an-362 P286 is-20 ta-344 sp-28 an-344 P133 is-14 ta-363 sp-14 an-363 P287 is-21 ta-344 sp-29 an-344 P134 is-14 ta-364 sp-14 an-364 P288 is-22 ta-344 sp-30 an-344 P135 is-14 ta-366 sp-14 an-366 P289 is-23 ta-344 sp-31 an-344 P136 is-14 ta-367 sp-14 an-367 P290 is-24 ta-344 sp-32 an-344 P137 is-14 ta-375 sp-14 an-375 P291 is-25 ta-344 sp-33 an-344 P138 is-14 ta-378 sp-14 an-378 P292 is-27 ta-344 sp-35 an-344 P139 is-14 ta-380 sp-14 an-380 P293 is-29 ta-344 sp-37 an-344 P140 is-14 ta-388 sp-14 an-388 P294 is-34 ta-344 sp-42 an-344 P141 is-14 ta-389 sp-14 an-389 P295 is-35 ta-344 sp-43 an-344 P142 is-14 ta-391 sp-14 an-391 P296 is-1 ta-395 sp-1 an-395 P143 is-14 ta-394 sp-14 an-394 P297 is-2 ta-395 sp-2 an-395 P144 is-14 ta-395 sp-14 an-395 P298 is-3 ta-395 sp-3 an-395 P145 is-14 ta-396 sp-14 an-396 P299 is-4 ta-395 sp-4 an-395 P146 is-14 ta-397 sp-14 an-397 P300 is-5 ta-395 sp-5 an-395 P147 is-14 ta-398 sp-14 an-398 P301 is-15 ta-395 sp-23 an-395 P148 is-14 ta-399 sp-14 an-399 P302 is-16 ta-395 sp-24 an-395 P149 is-14 ta-400 sp-14 an-400 P303 is-17 ta-395 sp-25 an-395 P150 is-14 ta-401 sp-14 an-401 P304 is-18 ta-395 sp-26 an-395 P151 is-14 ta-402 sp-14 an-402 P305 is-19 ta-395 sp-27 an-395 P152 is-14 ta-403 sp-14 an-403 P306 is-20 ta-395 sp-28 an-395 P153 is-14 ta-404 sp-14 an-404 P307 is-21 ta-395 sp-29 an-395 P154 is-14 ta-405 sp-14 an-405 P308 is-22 ta-395 sp-30 an-395 P155 is-14 ta-406 sp-14 an-406 P309 is-23 ta-395 sp-31 an-395 P156 is-14 ta-407 sp-14 an-407 P310 is-24 ta-395 sp-32 an-395 P311 is-25 ta-395 sp-33 an-395 P312 is-27 ta-395 sp-35 an-395 P313 is-29 ta-395 sp-37 an-395 P314 is-34 ta-395 sp-42 an-395 P315 is-35 ta-395 sp-43 an-395 Example P316 1-(4-{3-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamono-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}-3-fluorobenzyl)-4-phenyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (Step a) Synthesis of methyl 2-benzylideneaminohexanoate Triethylamine (8.67 g) (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries), 7.74 g of magnesium sulfate anhydrate and 4.55 g of benzaldehyde (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) were added to a suspension of 7.79 g of methyl 2-aminohexanoate hydrochloride (supplied from BACHEM) in 70 mL of dichloromethane, and stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction suspension was filtrated and the filtrate was concentrated. Then 280 mL of ether was added to the residue. The resulting suspension was filtrated and the filtrate was concentrated. Again 280 mL of ether was added to the residue, and the filtration and the concentration were repeated in the same manner, to yield 10.0 g of the title compound. (Step b) Synthesis of methyl 2-benzylideneamino-2-butylhexanoate Hydrogenated sodium (1.66 g) (60% dispersion in oil) (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) was added to a solution of 8.06 g of the compound obtained at the step a in 25 mL of DMF in an argon atmosphere under ice cooling, and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Then, a solution of 8.90 g of 1-iodobutane (supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry) in 15 mL of DMF was added dropwise to the reaction suspension in the argon atmosphere under ice cooling, and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Under ice cooling, a solution of 5.5 g of ammonium chloride in 50 mL of water was added dropwise to the reaction suspension. 80 mL of ether and 30 mL of water were then added thereto, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated, to yield 10.0 g of the title compound. (Step c) Synthesis of methyl 2-amino-2-butylhexanoate Hydrochloric acid (1 N, 30 mL) was added to a solution of 15.46 g of the compound obtained at the step b in 70 mL of petroleum ether, and stirred at room temperature for one hour. Then 60 mL of water was added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The aqueous layer was washed twice with 80 mL of ether, and an aqueous solution of 5 N sodium hydroxide was added thereto, to adjust to pH 9 to 10. Subsequently, 160 mL of ethyl acetate was added to the aqueous layer, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 160 mL of saturated brine. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated, to yield 10.0 g of the title compound. (Step d) Synthesis of 2-amino-2-butylhexanol A solution of the compound (17.34 g) obtained at the step c in 120 mL of THF was added dropwise to a suspension of 7.52 g of hydrogenated lithium aluminium (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) in 50 mL of THF under ice cooling, and stirred at 60° C. for one hour. Under ice cooling, 25 mL of water was added dropwise to the reaction suspension, and 600 mL of ethyl acetate was added thereto at room temperature. The mixture was filtrated with celite, and washed with 900 mL of ethyl acetate. The filtrate was concentrated, to yield 10.0 g of the title compound. (Step e) Synthesis of 2-amino-2-butylhexyl hydrogen sulfate Chlorosulfonic acid (8.04 g) was added dropwise to a solution of 7.97 g of the compound obtained at the step d in 90 mL of dichloromethane under ice cooling, and stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction solution was concentrated, and 90 mL of acetone-ether (1:1) was added to the residue, which was then left stand at −20° C. for 3 hours. The produced precipitate was collected by filtration, and washed with 300 mL of acetone-ether (1:1), to yield 10.0 g of the title compound. (Step f) Synthesis of 4-fluoro-2-benzoylthiophenol Lithium sulfide (3.5 g) (supplied from Aldrich) was added to a solution of 10.1 g of 2,5-difluorobenzophenone in 200 mL of DMSO, and stirred at 120° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for 3 hours. Under ice cooling, 200 mL of 1 N hydrochloric acid was added to the reaction solution. Further 400 mL of ethyl acetate and 200 mL of water were added thereto, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 400 mL of water, and then washed with 200 mL of saturated brine. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated, to yield 10.54 g of the title compound. (Step g) Synthesis of 2-(2-amino-2-butylhexylthio)-5-fluoro-benzophenone A solution of 11.50 g of the compound obtained at the step e and 7.25 g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL of water were added to a solution of 10.54 g of the compound obtained at the step f in 100 mL of butyl acetate, and stirred at 90° C. for one hour. Then 300 mL of ethyl acetate and 300 mL of water were added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with chloroform-methanol-28% ammonia water (50:1:0.1), to yield 10.09 g of the title compound. (Step h) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3-dihydro-7-fluoro-5-phenyl-1,4-benzothiazepine p-Toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (0.60 g) (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) was added to a solution of 10.08 g of the compound obtained at the step g in 40 mL of 2,6-lutidine (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries), and stirred at 130° C. for 34 hours. Then 400 mL of ethyl acetate and 400 mL of water were added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (30:1), to yield 7.87 g of the title compound. (Step i) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3-dihydro-7-fluoro-5-phenyl-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide Acetonitrile (150 mL), a solution of 13.3 g of sodium periodate (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) in 70 mL of water and 0.42 g of ruthenium trichloride (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) were added to a solution of 7.86 g of the compound obtained at the step h in 50 mL dichloromethane, and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Then 300 mL of dichloromethane and 300 mL of water were added to the reaction suspension, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (6:1), to yield 5.72 g of the title compound. (Step j) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3-dihydro-7-fluoro-5-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide A mixed solution of 20 mL of smoking nitric acid and 15 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid was added to 5.32 g of the compound obtained at the step i under ice cooling, and stirred at room temperature for one hour. The reaction solution was added dropwise to 5N sodium hydroxide solution under ice cooling. Further 150 mL of dichloromethane and 50 mL of water were added thereto at room temperature, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 150 mL of saturated brine, dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (5:1), to yield 5.48 g of the title compound. (Step k) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3-dihydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide 200 mL of a solution of dimethylamine (2 mol/L) in THF (supplied from Aldrich) was added to 5.48 g of the compound obtained at the step j, and heated at 55° C. for 14 hours. The reaction solution was concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (2:1). The eluate was washed with 50 mL of ether, to yield 5.69 g of the title compound. (Step L) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3-dihydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(3-aminophenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide Methanol (100 mL) and 1.2 g of 10% palladium-carbon (supplied from Merck) were added to a solution of 5.9 g of the compound obtained at the step k in 100 mL of chloroform, and stirred at room temperature under a hydrogen atmosphere for 4 hours. The catalyst in the reaction suspension was filtrated off, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with chloroform-methanol (30:1), to yield 4.38 g of the title compound. (Step m) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(3-aminophenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide 150 mL of a solution of borane THF complex (1 mol/L) in THF (supplied from Kanto Chemical) was added to 4.38 g of the compound obtained at the step l, and stirred at room temperature for one hour. Then 10 mL of water was added dropwise to the reaction solution until bubbling stopped, and stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours. Further, 150 mL of ethyl acetate, 50 mL of water and 100 mL of an aqueous solution of 1 N sodium hydroxide were added thereto at room temperature, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 150 mL of water, and left stand at room temperature for 1.5 hours. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (1:1), to yield 3.83 g of the title compound. (Step n) Synthesis of 1-(4-{3-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamono-1, 1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}-3-fluorobenzyl)-4-phenyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained at the step m in the present Example and the compound obtained at the step c in the Example P2 according to the procedure in the step m in Example P1. Examples P317 to P423 As shown in the following figure: the compounds of Examples P317 to P423 described in Table 4 (Tables 4-1 to 4-2) represented by the formula (II) are obtained using any one of various isothiocyanate (is-18) to (is-36) represented by the above formula (5A-2b), and any one of various tertiary amine (ta-1) to (ta-407) represented by the above formula (2A) and the compound obtained at the step m in Example P316. In the formula (II), -sp- represents any of the above (sp-26) to (sp-44) and -an represents any of the above (an-1) to (an-407). EXAMPLE REAGENT PRODUCT No. is ta sp an Table 4-1 P317 is-18 ta-287 sp-26 an-287 P318 is-19 ta-287 sp-27 an-287 P316 is-20 ta-287 sp-28 an-287 P319 is-21 ta-287 sp-29 an-287 P320 is-22 ta-287 sp-30 an-287 P321 is-23 ta-287 sp-31 an-287 P322 is-24 ta-287 sp-32 an-287 P323 is-25 ta-287 sp-33 an-287 P324 is-27 ta-287 sp-35 an-287 P325 is-29 ta-287 sp-37 an-287 P326 is-34 ta-287 sp-42 an-287 P327 is-35 ta-287 sp-43 an-287 P328 is-18 ta-32 sp-26 an-32 P329 is-19 ta-32 sp-27 an-32 P330 is-20 ta-32 sp-28 an-32 P331 is-21 ta-32 sp-29 an-32 P332 is-22 ta-32 sp-30 an-32 P333 is-23 ta-32 sp-31 an-32 P334 is-24 ta-32 sp-32 an-32 P335 is-25 ta-32 sp-33 an-32 P336 is-27 ta-32 sp-35 an-32 P337 is-29 ta-32 sp-37 an-32 P338 is-34 ta-32 sp-42 an-32 P339 is-35 ta-32 sp-43 an-32 P340 is-18 ta-288 sp-26 an-288 P341 is-19 ta-288 sp-27 an-288 P342 is-20 ta-288 sp-28 an-288 P343 is-21 ta-288 sp-29 an-288 P344 is-22 ta-288 sp-30 an-288 P345 is-23 ta-288 sp-31 an-288 P346 is-24 ta-288 sp-32 an-288 P347 is-25 ta-288 sp-33 an-288 P348 is-27 ta-288 sp-35 an-288 P349 is-29 ta-288 sp-37 an-288 P350 is-34 ta-288 sp-42 an-288 P351 is-35 ta-288 sp-43 an-288 P352 is-18 ta-297 sp-26 an-297 P353 is-19 ta-297 sp-27 an-297 P354 is-20 ta-297 sp-28 an-297 P355 is-21 ta-297 sp-29 an-297 P356 is-22 ta-297 sp-30 an-297 P357 is-23 ta-297 sp-31 an-297 P358 is-24 ta-297 sp-32 an-297 P359 is-25 ta-297 sp-33 an-297 P360 is-27 ta-297 sp-35 an-297 P361 is-29 ta-297 sp-37 an-297 P362 is-34 ta-297 sp-42 an-297 P363 is-35 ta-297 sp-43 an-297 P364 is-18 ta-305 sp-26 an-305 P365 is-19 ta-305 sp-27 an-305 P366 is-20 ta-305 sp-28 an-305 P367 is-21 ta-305 sp-29 an-305 P368 is-22 ta-305 sp-30 an-305 P369 is-23 ta-305 sp-31 an-305 Table 4-2 P370 is-24 ta-305 sp-32 an-305 P371 is-25 ta-305 sp-33 an-305 P372 is-27 ta-305 sp-35 an-305 P373 is-29 ta-305 sp-37 an-305 P374 is-34 ta-305 sp-42 an-305 P375 is-35 ta-305 sp-43 an-305 P376 is-18 ta-309 sp-26 an-309 P377 is-19 ta-309 sp-27 an-309 P378 is-20 ta-309 sp-28 an-309 P379 is-21 ta-309 sp-29 an-309 P380 is-22 ta-309 sp-30 an-309 P381 is-23 ta-309 sp-31 an-309 P382 is-24 ta-309 sp-32 an-309 P383 is-25 ta-309 sp-33 an-309 P384 is-27 ta-309 sp-35 an-309 P385 is-29 ta-309 sp-37 an-309 P386 is-34 ta-309 sp-42 an-309 P387 is-35 ta-309 sp-43 an-309 P388 is-18 ta-339 sp-26 an-339 P389 is-19 ta-339 sp-27 an-339 P390 is-20 ta-339 sp-28 an-339 P391 is-21 ta-339 sp-29 an-339 P392 is-22 ta-339 sp-30 an-339 P393 is-23 ta-339 sp-31 an-339 P394 is-24 ta-339 sp-32 an-339 P395 is-25 ta-339 sp-33 an-339 P396 is-27 ta-339 sp-35 an-339 P397 is-29 ta-339 sp-37 an-339 P398 is-34 ta-339 sp-42 an-339 P399 is-35 ta-339 sp-43 an-339 P400 is-18 ta-344 sp-26 an-344 P401 is-19 ta-344 sp-27 an-344 P402 is-20 ta-344 sp-28 an-344 P403 is-21 ta-344 sp-29 an-344 P404 is-22 ta-344 sp-30 an-344 P405 is-23 ta-344 sp-31 an-344 P406 is-24 ta-344 sp-32 an-344 P407 is-25 ta-344 sp-33 an-344 P408 is-27 ta-344 sp-35 an-344 P409 is-29 ta-344 sp-37 an-344 P410 is-34 ta-344 sp-42 an-344 P411 is-35 ta-344 sp-43 an-344 P412 is-18 ta-395 sp-26 an-395 P413 is-19 ta-395 sp-27 an-395 P414 is-20 ta-395 sp-28 an-395 P415 is-21 ta-395 sp-29 an-395 P416 is-22 ta-395 sp-30 an-395 P417 is-23 ta-395 sp-31 an-395 P418 is-24 ta-395 sp-32 an-395 P419 is-25 ta-395 sp-33 an-395 P420 is-27 ta-395 sp-35 an-395 P421 is-29 ta-395 sp-37 an-395 P422 is-34 ta-395 sp-42 an-395 P423 is-35 ta-395 sp-43 an-395 Example P424 1-(4-{3-[4-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamono-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}-3-fluorobenzyl)-4-phenyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (Step a) Synthesis of 4-fluorophenyl 4-methoxybenzoate Triethylamine (6 mL) and a solution of 4.0 g of 4-methoxybenzoyl chloride (supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry) in 40 mL of chloroform were added to a solution of 6.0 g of 4-fluorophenol (supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry) in 60 mL of chloroform, and stirred at 55° C. for one hour. Then 100 mL of dichloromethane, 200 mL of water and 25 mL of an aqueous solution of 1 N sodium hydroxide were added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated, to yield 8.1 g of the title compound. (Step b) Synthesis of 4-fluoro-2-(4-methoxybenzoyl)phenol Titanium tetrachloride (10 mL) (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) was added to 6.55 g of the compound obtained at the step a, and heated at 160° C. for 4 hours. Under ice cooling, 10 mL of water was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. Further 400 mL of ether and 400 mL of water were added thereto at room temperature, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (8:1), to yield 3.44 g of the title compound. (Step c) Synthesis of O-[4-fluoro-2-(4-methoxybenzoyl)phenyl] N,N-dimethylthiocarbamate Triethylamine (4.24 g), 0.34 g of dimethylaminopyridine (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) and 2.10 g of N,N-dimethylthiocarbamoyl chloride (supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry) were added to a solution of 3.44 g of the compound obtained at the step b in 70 mL of dioxane, and stirred at 100° C. for 24 hours. Then, 200 mL of ethyl acetate and 200 mL of water were added to the reaction suspension, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (3:1), to yield 4.65 g of the title compound. (Step d) Synthesis of S-[4-fluoro-2-(4-methoxybenzoyl)phenyl] N,N-dimethylthiocarbamate A suspension of the compound (4.65 g) obtained at the step c in 30 mL of tetradecane (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) was heated at 250° C. for 5 hours. Then 12 mL of chloroform was added to the reaction suspension at room temperature to dissolve the reaction product. This solution was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (2:1), to yield 2.10 g of the title compound. (Step e) Synthesis of 4-fluoro-2-(4-methoxybenzoyl)thiophenol Methanol (20 mL) and 1.88 g of potassium hydroxide were added to a solution of 2.10 g of the compound obtained at the step d in 20 mL of THF, and stirred at 60° C. for 2 hours. Then, 30 mL of 1 N hydrochloric acid was added to the reaction suspension under ice cooling. Further 100 mL of ethyl acetate and 100 mL of water were added thereto at room temperature, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 150 mL of saturated brine, dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated, to yield 1.63 g of the title compound. (Step f) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3-dihydro-7-fluoro-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained at the step e in the present Example according to the procedures in the steps g to i in Example 1. (Step g) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3-dihydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained at the step f in the present Example according to the procedures in the step k in Example 1. (Step h) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained at the step g in the present Example according to the procedures in the step m in Example 1. (Step i) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide 9 mL of a solution of boron tribromide (1 mol/L) in dichloromethane (supplied from Aldrich) was added dropwise to a solution of 1.15 g of the compound obtained at the step h in 10 mL of dichloromethane at −20° C., and stirred under ice cooling for one hour. The reaction solution was added dropwise to 200 mL of 5% sodium bicarbonate water under ice cooling. Further 100 mL of dichloromethane was added thereto at room temperature, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (2:1), to yield 1.00 g of the title compound. (Step j) 4-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anhydride (388 μL) (supplied from Aldrich) was added dropwise to a solution of 735 mg of the compound obtained at the step i in 3.3 mL of pyridine at 0° C., and stirred at room temperature for one hour. Then 10 mL of ethyl acetate and 10 mL of water were added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 10 mL of an aqueous solution of saturated copper sulfate, further washed with 10 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate water and further washed with 10 mL of saturated brine. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated, to yield 916 mg of the title compound. (Step k) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-5-(4-aminophenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide Palladium acetate II (303 mg) (supplied from Aldrich), 986 mg of 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphenyl)-1,1′-binaphthyl (supplied from Aldrich) and 4.42 g of cesium carbonate (supplied from Wako Pure chemical Industries) were added to a solution of 3.77 g of the compound obtained at the step j in 38 mL of THF, and 2.2 mL of benzophenone imine (supplied from Aldrich) was further added thereto. The mixture was refluxed under heating with stirring for 2 hours. Insoluble matters in the reaction suspension were filtrated off, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in 65 mL of methanol, and 2.15 g of sodium acetate (supplied from Wako Pure chemical Industries) and 1.38 g of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry) were added and stirred at room temperature for one hour. Then, 70 mL of dichloromethane and 70 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate water were added to the reaction suspension, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 70 mL of saturated brine, dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (2:1), to yield 2.48 g of the title compound. (Step l) Synthesis of 1-(4-{3-[4-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamono-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}-3-fluorobenzyl)-4-phenyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained at the step k in the present Example and the compound obtained at the step c in Example P2 according to the procedure in the step m in Example P1. Example 1 1-{5-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamono-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenylthiocarbamoyl]pentyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (Step a) Synthesis of methyl 2-benzylideneaminohexanoate Triethylamine (8.67 g) (supplied from Wako Pure chemical Industries), 7.74 g of magnesium sulfate anhydrate and 4.55 g of benzaldehyde were added to a suspension of 7.79 g of methyl 2-aminohexanoate hydrochloride in 70 mL of dichloromethane, and stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction suspension was filtrated, and the filtrate was concentrated. Then 280 mL of ether was added to the residue. The resulting suspension was filtrated and the filtrate was concentrated. Again 280 mL of ether was added to the residue, and the filtration and the concentration were repeated in the same manner, to yield 10.0 g of the title compound. (Step b) Synthesis of methyl 2-benzylideneamino-2-butylhexanoate Hydrogenated sodium (60% dispersion in oil) (1.66 g) (supplied from Wako Pure chemical Industries) was added to a solution of 8.06 g of the compound obtained at the step a in 25 mL DMF under ice cooling in the argon atmosphere, and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Under ice cooling in the argon atmosphere, a solution of 8.90 g of 1-iodobutane in 15 mL of DMF was added dropwise to the reaction suspension, and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Under ice cooling, a solution of 5.5 g of ammonium chloride in 50 mL of water was added dropwise to the reaction suspension. Further 80 mL of ether and 30 mL of water were added thereto, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated, to yield 10.0 g of the title compound. (Step c) Synthesis of methyl 2-amino-2-butylhexanoate 1 N hydrochloric acid (30 mL) was added to a solution of 15.46 g of the compound obtained at the step b in 70 mL of petroleum ether, and stirred at room temperature for one hour. Then, 60 mL of water was added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The aqueous layer was washed twice with 80 mL of ether, and an aqueous solution of 5 N sodium hydroxide was added thereto for adjusting pH to 9 to 10. Subsequently, 160 mL of ethyl acetate was added to the aqueous layer, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 160 mL of saturated brine. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated, to yield 10.0 g of the title compound. (Step d) Synthesis of 2-amino-2-butylhexanol A solution of the compound (17.34 g) obtained at the step c in 120 mL of THF was added dropwise to a suspension of 7.52 g of hydrogenated lithium aluminium (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) in 50 mL of THF under ice cooling, and stirred at 60° C. for one hour. Under ice cooling, 25 mL of water was added dropwise to the reaction suspension, and 600 mL of ethyl acetate was added thereto at room temperature. The mixture was filtrated with celite, and washed with 900 mL of ethyl acetate. The filtrate was concentrated, to yield 10.0 g of the title compound. (Step e) Synthesis of 2-amino-2-butylhexyl hydrogen sulfate Chlorosulfonic acid (8.04 g) was added dropwise to a solution of 7.97 g of the compound obtained at the step d in 90 mL of dichloromethane under ice cooling, and stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction solution was concentrated, and 90 mL of acetone-ether (1:1) was added to the residue, which was then left stand at −20° C. for 3 hours. The produced precipitate was collected by filtration, and washed with 300 mL of acetone-ether (1:1), to yield 10.0 g of the title compound. (Step f) Synthesis of 4-fluoro-2-benzoylthiophenol Lithium sulfide (3.5 g) (supplied from Aldrich) was added to a solution of 10.1 g of 2,5-difluorobenzophenone in 200 mL of DMSO, and stirred at 120° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for 3 hours. Under ice cooling, 200 mL of 1 N hydrochloric acid was added to the reaction solution. Further 400 mL of ethyl acetate and 200 mL of water were added thereto, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 400 mL of water, and then washed with 200 mL of saturated brine. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated, to yield 10.54 g of the title compound. (Step g) Synthesis of 2-(2-amino-2-butylhexylthio)-5-fluoro-benzophenone The compound (11.50 g) obtained at the step e and a solution of 7.25 g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL of water were added to a solution of 10.54 g of the compound obtained at the step f in 100 mL of butyl acetate, and stirred at 90° C. for one hour. Then 300 mL of ethyl acetate and 300 mL of water were added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with chloroform-methanol-28% ammonia water (50:1:0.1), to yield 10.09 g of the title compound. (Step h) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3-dihydro-7-fluoro-5-phenyl-1,4-benzothiazepine p-Toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (0.60 g) (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) was added to a solution of 10.08 g of the compound obtained at the step g in 40 mL of 2,6-lutidine (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries), and stirred at 130° C. for 34 hours. Then 400 mL of ethyl acetate and 400 mL of water were added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (30:1), to yield 7.87 g of the title compound. (Step i) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3-dihydro-7-fluoro-5-phenyl-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide Acetonitrile (150 mL), a solution of 13.3 g of sodium periodate (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) in 70 mL of water and 0.42 g of ruthenium trichloride (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) were added to a solution of 7.86 g of the compound obtained at the step h in 50 mL dichloromethane, and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Then 300 mL of dichloromethane and 300 mL of water were added to the reaction suspension, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (6:1), to yield 5.72 g of the title compound. (Step j) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3-dihydro-7-fluoro-5-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide A mixed solution of 20 mL of smoking nitric acid and 15 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid was added to 5.32 g of the compound obtained at the step i under ice cooling, and stirred at room temperature for one hour. The reaction solution was added dropwise to 5N sodium hydroxide solution under ice cooling. Further 150 mL of dichloromethane and 50 mL of water were added thereto at room temperature, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 150 mL of saturated brine, dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (5:1), to yield 5.48 g of the title compound. (Step k) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3-dihydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide 200 mL of a solution of dimethylamine (2 mol/L) in THF (supplied from Aldrich) was added to 5.48 g of the compound obtained at the step j, and heated at 55° C. for 14 hours. The reaction solution was concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (2:1). The eluate was washed with 50 mL of ether, to yield 5.69 g of the title compound. (Step l) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3-dihydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(3-aminophenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide Methanol (100 mL) and 1.2 g of 10% palladium-carbon (supplied from Merck) were added to a solution of 5.9 g of the compound obtained at the step k in 100 mL of chloroform, and stirred at room temperature under a hydrogen atmosphere for 4 hours. The catalyst in the reaction suspension was filtrated off, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with chloroform-methanol (30:1), to yield 4.38 g of the title compound. (Step m) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(3-aminophenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide 150 mL of a solution of borane THF complex (1 mol/L) in THF (supplied from Kanto Chemical) was added to 4.38 g of the compound obtained at the step l, and stirred at room temperature for one hour. Then 10 mL of water was added dropwise to the reaction solution until bubbling stopped, and stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours. Further, 150 mL of ethyl acetate, 50 mL of water and 100 mL of an aqueous solution of 1 N sodium hydroxide were added thereto at room temperature, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 150 mL of water, and left stand at room temperature for 1.5 hours. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (1:1), to yield 3.83 g of the title compound. (Step n) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-[3-(6-bromohexanoyl)aminophenyl]-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide Potassium carbonate (0.27 g) was added to a solution of 0.73 g of the compound obtained at the step m in 15 mL of dichloromethane. Subsequently 0.37 g of 6-bromo-n-caproyl chloride was added thereto, and stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes. Then 35 mL of dichloromethane and 50 mL of water were added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (1:1), to yield 1.00 g of the title compound. (Step o) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-[3-(6-bromothiohexanoyl)aminophenyl]-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide Lawesson reagent (90 mg) was added to a solution of 50 mg of the compound obtained at the step n in 1.5 mL of THF, and stirred at room temperature for 40 hours. Then 6 mL of ethyl acetate and 8 mL of water were added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (2:1), to yield 37 mg of the title compound. Rf value 0.41 (developed in hexane:ethyl acetate=3:1) (Step p) Synthesis of 1-{5-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamono-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenylthiocarbamoyl]pentyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide Quinuclidine (7 mg, aforementioned ta-287) was added to a solution of 36 mg of the compound obtained at the step o in 1 mL of acetonitrile, and heated at 50° C. for 22 hours. The reaction solution was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in 0.2 mL of dichloromethane, and 2 mL of ether was added thereto. The produced precipitate was washed with 2 mL of ether, to yield 32 mg of the title compound. 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 0.84(3H, t); 0.90(3H, t); 1.18-1.51(8H, m); 1.60-2.23(17H, m); 2.84(6H, s); 2.95-3.12(3H, m); 3.26-3.43(3H, m); 3.58(6H, t); 6.03-6.07(2H, m); 6.47(1H, dd); 7.34-7.39(2H, m); 7.72-7.76(1H, m); 7.84(1H, d); 7.98(1H, s); 11.56(1H, s). MS (m/z): 667(M+). Example 2 1-{5-[3-(3-butyl-3-ethyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenylthiocarbamoyl]pentyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (Step a) Synthesis of 3-butyl-3-ethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(3-aminophenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide The title compound was obtained according to the procedures in the steps a to m in Example 1, except for using methyl 2-aminobutylate hydrochloride in place of methyl 2-aminohexanoate hydrochloride used in the step a in Example 1. (Step b) Synthesis of 1-{5-[3-(3-butyl-3-ethyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenylthiocarbamoyl]pentyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained at the step a in the present Example according to the procedures in the steps n to p in Example 1. Example 3 1-{5-[3-(3,3-dipropyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenylthiocarbamoyl]pentyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (Step a) Synthesis of 3,3-dipropyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(3-aminophenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide The title compound was obtained according to the procedures in the steps d to m in Example 1, except for using 2-amino-2-propyl pentanoic acid (supplied from Advanced ChemTech) in place of the compound obtained at the step c in Example 1. (Step b) Synthesis of 1-{5-[3-(3,3-dipropyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenylthiocarbamoyl]pentyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained at the step a in the present Example according to the procedures in the steps n to p in Example 1. Example 4 1-{5-[3-(3,3-dipentyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenylthiocarbamoyl]pentyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (Step a) Synthesis of methyl 2-aminoheptanoate hydrochloride Thionyl chloride (2.19 g) (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) was added dropwise to a suspension of 2.18 g of 2-aminoheptanoic acid in 50 mL of methanol, and stirred at 60° C. overnight. Methanol and thionyl chloride were distilled off, and the residue was washed with 20 mL of ether, to yield 2.84 g of the title compound. (Step b) Synthesis of 3,3-dipentyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(3-aminophenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained at the step a in the present Example according to the procedures in the steps a to m in Example 1 although 1-iodopentane was reacted in place of 1-iodobutane at the step b. (Step c) Synthesis of 1-{5-[3-(3,3-dipentyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenylthiocarbamoyl]pentyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained at the step b in the present Example according to the procedures in the steps n to p in Example 1. Example 5 1-{5-[3-(3,3-dihexyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenylthiocarbamoyl]pentyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (Step a) Synthesis of methyl 2-aminooctanoate hydrochloride The title compound was obtained except for using 2-aminocaprylic acid in place of 2-aminoheptanoic acid used in the step a in Example 4. (Step b) Synthesis of 3,3-dihexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(3-aminophenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained at the step a in the present Example according to the procedures in the steps a to m in Example 1 although 1-iodohexane was reacted in place of 1-iodobutane at the step b. (Step c) Synthesis of 1-{5-[3-(3,3-dihexyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenylthiocarbamoyl]pentyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained at the step b in the present Example according to the procedures in the steps n to p in Example 1. Example 6 1-{5-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-diethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenylthiocarbamoyl]pentyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (Step a) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-diethylamino-5-(3-aminophenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide The title compound was obtained according to the procedures in the steps a to m in Example 1 except for reacting diethylamine in place of dimethylamine in the step k. (Step b) Synthesis of 1-{5-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-diethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenylthiocarbamoyl]pentyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained at the step a in the present Example according to the procedures in the steps n to p in Example 1. Example 7 1-{5-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-ethylmethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenylthiocarbamoyl]pentyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (Step a) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-ethylmethylamino-5-(3-aminophenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide The title compound was obtained according to the procedures in the steps a to m in Example 1 except for reacting ethylmethylamine in place of dimethylamine in the step k. (Step b) Synthesis of 1-{5-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-ethylmethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenylthiocarbamoyl]pentyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained at the step a in the present Example according to the procedures in the steps n to p in Example 1. Example 8 1-{5-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenylthiocarbamoyl]pentyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (optically active isomers) (Step a) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(3-aminophenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide (optically active isomer) The compound obtained at the step m in Example 1 was applied onto a column for optical isolation CHIRALCEL-OJ (particle diameter: 10 μm, diameter: 2 cm, length: 25 cm, supplied from Daicel Chemical Industries), and eluted with methanol at a flow rate of 18.9 mL/min, and an S-type isomer and an R-type isomer are separated. Retention times of the resulting isomers in an analytical optical column were 7 and 14 minutes, respectively. Column: CHIRALPAK-OJ (particle diameter: 10 μm, diameter: 0.46 cm, length: 25 cm, supplied from Daicel Chemical Industries), mobile phase: methanol, flow rate: 0.5 mL/min and detection UV wavelength: 288 nm. (Step b) Synthesis of 1-{5-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1, 1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenylthiocarbamoyl]pentyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (optically active isomers) The title compound was obtained using the optically active synthetic intermediates obtained at the step a in the present Example according to the procedures in the steps n to p in Example 1. Example 9 1-(3-{3-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}propyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (Step a) Synthesis of 1-(3-isothiocyanatopropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide Quinuclidine (33 mg) was added to a solution of 55 mg of 3-bromopropyl isothiocyanate in 1 mL of acetonitrile, and heated at 50° C. for 19 hours. The reaction solution was concentrated and then a residue was washed three times with 1 mL of ether, to yield the title compound. (Step b) Synthesis of 1-(3-{3-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}propyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide A solution of 43 mg of the compound obtained at the step a in the present Example in 0.5 mL of acetonitrile was added to a solution of 60 mg of the compound obtained at the step m in Example 1 in 1.5 mL of chloroform, and heated at 55° C. overnight. The reaction solution was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in 0.3 mL of dichloromethane, and 1.5 mL of ether was added thereto. The resulting precipitate was washed with 2 mL of ether, to yield 77 mg of the title compound. 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 0.84(3H, t); 0.90(3H, t); 1.13-1.49(8H, m); 1.68-2.23(13H, m); 2.84(6H, s); 2.99(1H, d); 3.40(1H, d); 3.52(6H, t); 3.59-3.75(4H, m); 6.00(1H, s); 6.02(1H, d); 6.48(1H, dd); 7.24-7.34(2H, m); 7.46(1H, d); 7.62(1H, s); 7.85(1H, d); 8.58(1H, s); 9.40(1H, s). MS(m/z):654(M+). Example 10 1-(3-{3-[3-(3-butyl-3-ethyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}propyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained according to the procedure in the step b in Example 9 except for using the compound obtained at the step a in Example 2 in place of the compound obtained at the step m in Example 1. Example 11 1-(3-{3-[3-(3,3-dipropyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}propyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained according to the procedure in the step b in Example 9 except for using the compound obtained at the step a in Example 3 in place of the compound obtained at the step m in Example 1. Example 12 1-(3-{3-[3-(3,3-dipentyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}propyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained according to the procedure in the step b in Example 9 except for using the compound obtained at the step b in Example 4 in place of the compound obtained at the step m in Example 1. Example 13 1-(3-{3-[3-(3,3-dihexyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}propyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained according to the procedure in the step b in Example 9 except for using the compound obtained at the step b in Example 5 in place of the compound obtained at the step m in Example 1. Example 14 1-(3-{3-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-diethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}propyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained according to the procedure in the step b in Example 9 except for using the compound obtained at the step a in Example 6 in place of the compound obtained at the step m in Example 1. Example 15 1-(3-{3-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-ethylmethylamino-1, 1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}propyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained according to the procedure in the step b in Example 9 except for using the compound obtained at the step a in Example 7 in place of the compound obtained at the step m in Example 1. Example 16 1-(3-{3-[3-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}propyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (optically active isomers) The title compound was obtained according to the procedure in the step b in Example 9 except for using the compound obtained at the step a in Example 8 in place of the compound obtained at the step m in Example 1. Examples 17 to 3785, 4067 to 5404, 5407 to 5448 According to the procedures in the steps a to b in Example 9, as shown in the following formula: the compounds of Examples 17 to 3785, 4067 to 5404, and 5407 to 5448 described in Table 5 (Tables 5-1 to 5-52) represented by the formula (III) are obtained using any of isothiocyanate (is-1) to (is-17) represented by the aforementioned formula (5-2b), any of tertiary amine (ta-1) to (ta-407) represented by the aforementioned formula (2) and the compound obtained in the step m in Example 1. In the formula (III), -sp- represents any of (sp-1) to (sp-25) and -an represents any of (an-1) to (an-407). EXAMPLE REAGENT PRODUCT EXAMPLE REAGENT PRODUCT No. is ta sp an No. is ta sp an Table 5-1 17 is-1 ta-1 sp-1 an-1 1901 is-6 ta-1 sp-6 an-1 18 is-1 ta-2 sp-1 an-2 1902 is-6 ta-2 sp-6 an-2 19 is-1 ta-3 sp-1 an-3 1903 is-6 ta-3 sp-6 an-3 20 is-1 ta-4 sp-1 an-4 1904 is-6 ta-4 sp-6 an-4 21 is-1 ta-5 sp-1 an-5 1905 is-6 ta-5 sp-6 an-5 22 is-1 ta-6 sp-1 an-6 1906 is-6 ta-6 sp-6 an-6 23 is-1 ta-7 sp-1 an-7 1907 is-6 ta-7 sp-6 an-7 24 is-1 ta-8 sp-1 an-8 1908 is-6 ta-8 sp-6 an-8 25 is-1 ta-9 sp-1 an-9 1909 is-6 ta-9 sp-6 an-9 26 is-1 ta-10 sp-1 an-10 1910 is-6 ta-10 sp-6 an-10 27 is-1 ta-11 sp-1 an-11 1911 is-6 ta-11 sp-6 an-11 28 is-1 ta-12 sp-1 an-12 1912 is-6 ta-12 sp-6 an-12 29 is-1 ta-13 sp-1 an-13 1913 is-6 ta-13 sp-6 an-13 30 is-1 ta-14 sp-1 an-14 1914 is-6 ta-14 sp-6 an-14 31 is-1 ta-15 sp-1 an-15 1915 is-6 ta-15 sp-6 an-15 32 is-1 ta-16 sp-1 an-16 1916 is-6 ta-16 sp-6 an-16 33 is-1 ta-17 sp-1 an-17 1917 is-6 ta-17 sp-6 an-17 34 is-1 ta-18 sp-1 an-18 1918 is-6 ta-18 sp-6 an-18 35 is-1 ta-19 sp-1 an-19 1919 is-6 ta-19 sp-6 an-19 36 is-1 ta-20 sp-1 an-20 1920 is-6 ta-20 sp-6 an-20 37 is-1 ta-21 sp-1 an-21 1921 is-6 ta-21 sp-6 an-21 38 is-1 ta-22 sp-1 an-22 1922 is-6 ta-22 sp-6 an-22 39 is-1 ta-23 sp-1 an-23 1923 is-6 ta-23 sp-6 an-23 40 is-1 ta-24 sp-1 an-24 1924 is-6 ta-24 sp-6 an-24 41 is-1 ta-25 sp-1 an-25 1925 is-6 ta-25 sp-6 an-25 42 is-1 ta-26 sp-1 an-26 1926 is-6 ta-26 sp-6 an-26 43 is-1 ta-27 sp-1 an-27 1927 is-6 ta-27 sp-6 an-27 44 is-1 ta-28 sp-1 an-28 1928 is-6 ta-28 sp-6 an-28 45 is-1 ta-29 sp-1 an-29 1929 is-6 ta-29 sp-6 an-29 46 is-1 ta-30 sp-1 an-30 1930 is-6 ta-30 sp-6 an-30 47 is-1 ta-31 sp-1 an-31 1931 is-6 ta-31 sp-6 an-31 48 is-1 ta-32 sp-1 an-32 1932 is-6 ta-32 sp-6 an-32 49 is-1 ta-33 sp-1 an-33 1933 is-6 ta-33 sp-6 an-33 50 is-1 ta-34 sp-1 an-34 1934 is-6 ta-34 sp-6 an-34 51 is-1 ta-35 sp-1 an-35 1935 is-6 ta-35 sp-6 an-35 52 is-1 ta-36 sp-1 an-36 1936 is-6 ta-36 sp-6 an-36 53 is-1 ta-37 sp-1 an-37 1937 is-6 ta-37 sp-6 an-37 54 is-1 ta-38 sp-1 an-38 1938 is-6 ta-38 sp-6 an-38 55 is-1 ta-39 sp-1 an-39 1939 is-6 ta-39 sp-6 an-39 56 is-1 ta-40 sp-1 an-40 1940 is-6 ta-40 sp-6 an-40 57 is-1 ta-41 sp-1 an-41 1941 is-6 ta-41 sp-6 an-41 58 is-1 ta-42 sp-1 an-42 1942 is-6 ta-42 sp-6 an-42 59 is-1 ta-43 sp-1 an-43 1943 is-6 ta-43 sp-6 an-43 60 is-1 ta-44 sp-1 an-44 1944 is-6 ta-44 sp-6 an-44 61 is-1 ta-45 sp-1 an-45 1945 is-6 ta-45 sp-6 an-45 62 is-1 ta-46 sp-1 an-46 1946 is-6 ta-46 sp-6 an-46 63 is-1 ta-47 sp-1 an-47 1947 is-6 ta-47 sp-6 an-47 64 is-1 ta-48 sp-1 an-48 1948 is-6 ta-48 sp-6 an-48 65 is-1 ta-49 sp-1 an-49 1949 is-6 ta-49 sp-6 an-49 66 is-1 ta-50 sp-1 an-50 1950 is-6 ta-50 sp-6 an-50 67 is-1 ta-51 sp-1 an-51 1951 is-6 ta-51 sp-6 an-51 68 is-1 ta-52 sp-1 an-52 1952 is-6 ta-52 sp-6 an-52 69 is-1 ta-53 sp-1 an-53 1953 is-6 ta-53 sp-6 an-53 Table 5-2 70 is-1 ta-54 sp-1 an-54 1954 is-6 ta-54 sp-6 an-54 71 is-1 ta-55 sp-1 an-55 1955 is-6 ta-55 sp-6 an-55 72 is-1 ta-56 sp-1 an-56 1956 is-6 ta-56 sp-6 an-56 73 is-1 ta-57 sp-1 an-57 1957 is-6 ta-57 sp-6 an-57 74 is-1 ta-58 sp-1 an-58 1958 is-6 ta-58 sp-6 an-58 75 is-1 ta-59 sp-1 an-59 1959 is-6 ta-59 sp-6 an-59 76 is-1 ta-60 sp-1 an-60 1960 is-6 ta-60 sp-6 an-60 77 is-1 ta-61 sp-1 an-61 1961 is-6 ta-61 sp-6 an-61 78 is-1 ta-62 sp-1 an-62 1962 is-6 ta-62 sp-6 an-62 79 is-1 ta-63 sp-1 an-63 1963 is-6 ta-63 sp-6 an-63 80 is-1 ta-64 sp-1 an-64 1964 is-6 ta-64 sp-6 an-64 81 is-1 ta-65 sp-1 an-65 1965 is-6 ta-65 sp-6 an-65 82 is-1 ta-66 sp-1 an-66 1966 is-6 ta-66 sp-6 an-66 83 is-1 ta-67 sp-1 an-67 1967 is-6 ta-67 sp-6 an-67 84 is-1 ta-68 sp-1 an-68 1968 is-6 ta-68 sp-6 an-68 85 is-1 ta-69 sp-1 an-69 1969 is-6 ta-69 sp-6 an-69 86 is-1 ta-70 sp-1 an-70 1970 is-6 ta-70 sp-6 an-70 87 is-1 ta-71 sp-1 an-71 1971 is-6 ta-71 sp-6 an-71 88 is-1 ta-72 sp-1 an-72 1972 is-6 ta-72 sp-6 an-72 89 is-1 ta-73 sp-1 an-73 1973 is-6 ta-73 sp-6 an-73 90 is-1 ta-74 sp-1 an-74 1974 is-6 ta-74 sp-6 an-74 91 is-1 ta-75 sp-1 an-75 1975 is-6 ta-75 sp-6 an-75 92 is-1 ta-76 sp-1 an-76 1976 is-6 ta-76 sp-6 an-76 93 is-1 ta-77 sp-1 an-77 1977 is-6 ta-77 sp-6 an-77 94 is-1 ta-78 sp-1 an-78 1978 is-6 ta-78 sp-6 an-78 95 is-1 ta-79 sp-1 an-79 1979 is-6 ta-79 sp-6 an-79 96 is-1 ta-80 sp-1 an-80 1980 is-6 ta-80 sp-6 an-80 97 is-1 ta-81 sp-1 an-81 1981 is-6 ta-81 sp-6 an-81 98 is-1 ta-82 sp-1 an-82 1982 is-6 ta-82 sp-6 an-82 99 is-1 ta-83 sp-1 an-83 1983 is-6 ta-83 sp-6 an-83 100 is-1 ta-84 sp-1 an-84 1984 is-6 ta-84 sp-6 an-84 101 is-1 ta-85 sp-1 an-85 1985 is-6 ta-85 sp-6 an-85 102 is-1 ta-86 sp-1 an-86 1986 is-6 ta-86 sp-6 an-86 103 is-1 ta-87 sp-1 an-87 1987 is-6 ta-87 sp-6 an-87 104 is-1 ta-88 sp-1 an-88 1988 is-6 ta-88 sp-6 an-88 105 is-1 ta-89 sp-1 an-89 1989 is-6 ta-89 sp-6 an-89 106 is-1 ta-90 sp-1 an-90 1990 is-6 ta-90 sp-6 an-90 107 is-1 ta-91 sp-1 an-91 1991 is-6 ta-91 sp-6 an-91 108 is-1 ta-92 sp-1 an-92 1992 is-6 ta-92 sp-6 an-92 109 is-1 ta-93 sp-1 an-93 1993 is-6 ta-93 sp-6 an-93 110 is-1 ta-94 sp-1 an-94 1994 is-6 ta-94 sp-6 an-94 111 is-1 ta-95 sp-1 an-95 1995 is-6 ta-95 sp-6 an-95 112 is-1 ta-96 sp-1 an-96 1996 is-6 ta-96 sp-6 an-96 113 is-1 ta-97 sp-1 an-97 1997 is-6 ta-97 sp-6 an-97 114 is-1 ta-98 sp-1 an-98 1998 is-6 ta-98 sp-6 an-98 115 is-1 ta-99 sp-1 an-99 1999 is-6 ta-99 sp-6 an-99 116 is-1 ta-100 sp-1 an-100 2000 is-6 ta-100 sp-6 an-100 117 is-1 ta-101 sp-1 an-101 2001 is-6 ta-101 sp-6 an-101 118 is-1 ta-102 sp-1 an-102 2002 is-6 ta-102 sp-6 an-102 119 is-1 ta-103 sp-1 an-103 2003 is-6 ta-103 sp-6 an-103 120 is-1 ta-104 sp-1 an-104 2004 is-6 ta-104 sp-6 an-104 121 is-1 ta-105 sp-1 an-105 2005 is-6 ta-105 sp-6 an-105 122 is-1 ta-106 sp-1 an-106 2006 is-6 ta-106 sp-6 an-106 Table 5-3 123 is-1 ta-107 sp-1 an-107 2007 is-6 ta-107 sp-6 an-107 124 is-1 ta-108 sp-1 an-108 2008 is-6 ta-108 sp-6 an-108 125 is-1 ta-109 sp-1 an-109 2009 is-6 ta-109 sp-6 an-109 126 is-1 ta-110 sp-1 an-110 2010 is-6 ta-110 sp-6 an-110 127 is-1 ta-111 sp-1 an-111 2011 is-6 ta-111 sp-6 an-111 128 is-1 ta-112 sp-1 an-112 2012 is-6 ta-112 sp-6 an-112 129 is-1 ta-113 sp-1 an-113 2013 is-6 ta-113 sp-6 an-113 130 is-1 ta-114 sp-1 an-114 2014 is-6 ta-114 sp-6 an-114 131 is-1 ta-115 sp-1 an-115 2015 is-6 ta-115 sp-6 an-115 132 is-1 ta-116 sp-1 an-116 2016 is-6 ta-116 sp-6 an-116 133 is-1 ta-117 sp-1 an-117 2017 is-6 ta-117 sp-6 an-117 134 is-1 ta-118 sp-1 an-118 2018 is-6 ta-118 sp-6 an-118 135 is-1 ta-119 sp-1 an-119 2019 is-6 ta-119 sp-6 an-119 136 is-1 ta-120 sp-1 an-120 2020 is-6 ta-120 sp-6 an-120 137 is-1 ta-121 sp-1 an-121 2021 is-6 ta-121 sp-6 an-121 138 is-1 ta-122 sp-1 an-122 2022 is-6 ta-122 sp-6 an-122 139 is-1 ta-123 sp-1 an-123 2023 is-6 ta-123 sp-6 an-123 140 is-1 ta-124 sp-1 an-124 2024 is-6 ta-124 sp-6 an-124 141 is-1 ta-125 sp-1 an-125 2025 is-6 ta-125 sp-6 an-125 142 is-1 ta-126 sp-1 an-126 2026 is-6 ta-126 sp-6 an-126 143 is-1 ta-127 sp-1 an-127 2027 is-6 ta-127 sp-6 an-127 144 is-1 ta-128 sp-1 an-128 2028 is-6 ta-128 sp-6 an-128 145 is-1 ta-129 sp-1 an-129 2029 is-6 ta-129 sp-6 an-129 146 is-1 ta-130 sp-1 an-130 2030 is-6 ta-130 sp-6 an-130 147 is-1 ta-131 sp-1 an-131 2031 is-6 ta-131 sp-6 an-131 148 is-1 ta-132 sp-1 an-132 2032 is-6 ta-132 sp-6 an-132 149 is-1 ta-133 sp-1 an-133 2033 is-6 ta-133 sp-6 an-133 150 is-1 ta-134 sp-1 an-134 2034 is-6 ta-134 sp-6 an-134 151 is-1 ta-135 sp-1 an-135 2035 is-6 ta-135 sp-6 an-135 152 is-1 ta-136 sp-1 an-136 2036 is-6 ta-136 sp-6 an-136 153 is-1 ta-137 sp-1 an-137 2037 is-6 ta-137 sp-6 an-137 154 is-1 ta-138 sp-1 an-138 2038 is-6 ta-138 sp-6 an-138 155 is-1 ta-139 sp-1 an-139 2039 is-6 ta-139 sp-6 an-139 156 is-1 ta-140 sp-1 an-140 2040 is-6 ta-140 sp-6 an-140 157 is-1 ta-141 sp-1 an-141 2041 is-6 ta-141 sp-6 an-141 158 is-1 ta-142 sp-1 an-142 2042 is-6 ta-142 sp-6 an-142 159 is-1 ta-143 sp-1 an-143 2043 is-6 ta-143 sp-6 an-143 160 is-1 ta-144 sp-1 an-144 2044 is-6 ta-144 sp-6 an-144 161 is-1 ta-145 sp-1 an-145 2045 is-6 ta-145 sp-6 an-145 162 is-1 ta-146 sp-1 an-146 2046 is-6 ta-146 sp-6 an-146 163 is-1 ta-147 sp-1 an-147 2047 is-6 ta-147 sp-6 an-147 164 is-1 ta-148 sp-1 an-148 2048 is-6 ta-148 sp-6 an-148 165 is-1 ta-149 sp-1 an-149 2049 is-6 ta-149 sp-6 an-149 166 is-1 ta-150 sp-1 an-150 2050 is-6 ta-150 sp-6 an-150 167 is-1 ta-151 sp-1 an-151 2051 is-6 ta-151 sp-6 an-151 168 is-1 ta-152 sp-1 an-152 2052 is-6 ta-152 sp-6 an-152 169 is-1 ta-153 sp-1 an-153 2053 is-6 ta-153 sp-6 an-153 170 is-1 ta-154 sp-1 an-154 2054 is-6 ta-154 sp-6 an-154 171 is-1 ta-155 sp-1 an-155 2055 is-6 ta-155 sp-6 an-155 172 is-1 ta-156 sp-1 an-156 2056 is-6 ta-156 sp-6 an-156 173 is-1 ta-157 sp-1 an-157 2057 is-6 ta-157 sp-6 an-157 174 is-1 ta-158 sp-1 an-158 2058 is-6 ta-158 sp-6 an-158 175 is-1 ta-159 sp-1 an-159 2059 is-6 ta-159 sp-6 an-159 Table 5-4 176 is-1 ta-160 sp-1 an-160 2060 is-6 ta-160 sp-6 an-160 177 is-1 ta-161 sp-1 an-161 2061 is-6 ta-161 sp-6 an-161 178 is-1 ta-162 sp-1 an-162 2062 is-6 ta-162 sp-6 an-162 179 is-1 ta-163 sp-1 an-163 2063 is-6 ta-163 sp-6 an-163 180 is-1 ta-164 sp-1 an-164 2064 is-6 ta-164 sp-6 an-164 181 is-1 ta-165 sp-1 an-165 2065 is-6 ta-165 sp-6 an-165 182 is-1 ta-166 sp-1 an-166 2066 is-6 ta-166 sp-6 an-166 183 is-1 ta-167 sp-1 an-167 2067 is-6 ta-167 sp-6 an-167 184 is-1 ta-168 sp-1 an-168 2068 is-6 ta-168 sp-6 an-168 185 is-1 ta-169 sp-1 an-169 2069 is-6 ta-169 sp-6 an-169 186 is-1 ta-170 sp-1 an-170 2070 is-6 ta-170 sp-6 an-170 187 is-1 ta-171 sp-1 an-171 2071 is-6 ta-171 sp-6 an-171 188 is-1 ta-172 sp-1 an-172 2072 is-6 ta-172 sp-6 an-172 189 is-1 ta-173 sp-1 an-173 2073 is-6 ta-173 sp-6 an-173 190 is-1 ta-174 sp-1 an-174 2074 is-6 ta-174 sp-6 an-174 191 is-1 ta-175 sp-1 an-175 2075 is-6 ta-175 sp-6 an-175 192 is-1 ta-176 sp-1 an-176 2076 is-6 ta-176 sp-6 an-176 193 is-1 ta-177 sp-1 an-177 2077 is-6 ta-177 sp-6 an-177 194 is-1 ta-178 sp-1 an-178 2078 is-6 ta-178 sp-6 an-178 195 is-1 ta-179 sp-1 an-179 2079 is-6 ta-179 sp-6 an-179 196 is-1 ta-180 sp-1 an-180 2080 is-6 ta-180 sp-6 an-180 197 is-1 ta-181 sp-1 an-181 2081 is-6 ta-181 sp-6 an-181 198 is-1 ta-182 sp-1 an-182 2082 is-6 ta-182 sp-6 an-182 199 is-1 ta-183 sp-1 an-183 2083 is-6 ta-183 sp-6 an-183 200 is-1 ta-184 sp-1 an-184 2084 is-6 ta-184 sp-6 an-184 201 is-1 ta-185 sp-1 an-185 2085 is-6 ta-185 sp-6 an-185 202 is-1 ta-186 sp-1 an-186 2086 is-6 ta-186 sp-6 an-186 203 is-1 ta-187 sp-1 an-187 2087 is-6 ta-187 sp-6 an-187 204 is-1 ta-188 sp-1 an-188 2088 is-6 ta-188 sp-6 an-188 205 is-1 ta-189 sp-1 an-189 2089 is-6 ta-189 sp-6 an-189 206 is-1 ta-190 sp-1 an-190 2090 is-6 ta-190 sp-6 an-190 207 is-1 ta-191 sp-1 an-191 2091 is-6 ta-191 sp-6 an-191 208 is-1 ta-192 sp-1 an-192 2092 is-6 ta-192 sp-6 an-192 209 is-1 ta-193 sp-1 an-193 2093 is-6 ta-193 sp-6 an-193 210 is-1 ta-194 sp-1 an-194 2094 is-6 ta-194 sp-6 an-194 211 is-1 ta-195 sp-1 an-195 2095 is-6 ta-195 sp-6 an-195 212 is-1 ta-196 sp-1 an-196 2096 is-6 ta-196 sp-6 an-196 213 is-1 ta-197 sp-1 an-197 2097 is-6 ta-197 sp-6 an-197 214 is-1 ta-198 sp-1 an-198 2098 is-6 ta-198 sp-6 an-198 215 is-1 ta-199 sp-1 an-199 2099 is-6 ta-199 sp-6 an-199 216 is-1 ta-200 sp-1 an-200 2100 is-6 ta-200 sp-6 an-200 217 is-1 ta-201 sp-1 an-201 2101 is-6 ta-201 sp-6 an-201 218 is-1 ta-202 sp-1 an-202 2102 is-6 ta-202 sp-6 an-202 219 is-1 ta-203 sp-1 an-203 2103 is-6 ta-203 sp-6 an-203 220 is-1 ta-204 sp-1 an-204 2104 is-6 ta-204 sp-6 an-204 221 is-1 ta-205 sp-1 an-205 2105 is-6 ta-205 sp-6 an-205 222 is-1 ta-206 sp-1 an-206 2106 is-6 ta-206 sp-6 an-206 223 is-1 ta-207 sp-1 an-207 2107 is-6 ta-207 sp-6 an-207 224 is-1 ta-208 sp-1 an-208 2108 is-6 ta-208 sp-6 an-208 225 is-1 ta-209 sp-1 an-209 2109 is-6 ta-209 sp-6 an-209 226 is-1 ta-210 sp-1 an-210 2110 is-6 ta-210 sp-6 an-210 227 is-1 ta-211 sp-1 an-211 2111 is-6 ta-211 sp-6 an-211 228 is-1 ta-212 sp-1 an-212 2112 is-6 ta-212 sp-6 an-212 Table 5-5 229 is-1 ta-213 sp-1 an-213 2113 is-6 ta-213 sp-6 an-213 230 is-1 ta-214 sp-1 an-214 2114 is-6 ta-214 sp-6 an-214 231 is-1 ta-215 sp-1 an-215 2115 is-6 ta-215 sp-6 an-215 232 is-1 ta-216 sp-1 an-216 2116 is-6 ta-216 sp-6 an-216 233 is-1 ta-217 sp-1 an-217 2117 is-6 ta-217 sp-6 an-217 234 is-1 ta-218 sp-1 an-218 2118 is-6 ta-218 sp-6 an-218 235 is-1 ta-219 sp-1 an-219 2119 is-6 ta-219 sp-6 an-219 236 is-1 ta-220 sp-1 an-220 2120 is-6 ta-220 sp-6 an-220 237 is-1 ta-221 sp-1 an-221 2121 is-6 ta-221 sp-6 an-221 238 is-1 ta-222 sp-1 an-222 2122 is-6 ta-222 sp-6 an-222 239 is-1 ta-223 sp-1 an-223 2123 is-6 ta-223 sp-6 an-223 240 is-1 ta-224 sp-1 an-224 2124 is-6 ta-224 sp-6 an-224 241 is-1 ta-225 sp-1 an-225 2125 is-6 ta-225 sp-6 an-225 242 is-1 ta-226 sp-1 an-226 2126 is-6 ta-226 sp-6 an-226 243 is-1 ta-227 sp-1 an-227 2127 is-6 ta-227 sp-6 an-227 244 is-1 ta-228 sp-1 an-228 2128 is-6 ta-228 sp-6 an-228 245 is-1 ta-229 sp-1 an-229 2129 is-6 ta-229 sp-6 an-229 246 is-1 ta-230 sp-1 an-230 2130 is-6 ta-230 sp-6 an-230 247 is-1 ta-231 sp-1 an-231 2131 is-6 ta-231 sp-6 an-231 248 is-1 ta-232 sp-1 an-232 2132 is-6 ta-232 sp-6 an-232 249 is-1 ta-233 sp-1 an-233 2133 is-6 ta-233 sp-6 an-233 250 is-1 ta-234 sp-1 an-234 2134 is-6 ta-234 sp-6 an-234 251 is-1 ta-235 sp-1 an-235 2135 is-6 ta-235 sp-6 an-235 252 is-1 ta-236 sp-1 an-236 2136 is-6 ta-236 sp-6 an-236 253 is-1 ta-237 sp-1 an-237 2137 is-6 ta-237 sp-6 an-237 254 is-1 ta-238 sp-1 an-238 2138 is-6 ta-238 sp-6 an-238 255 is-1 ta-239 sp-1 an-239 2139 is-6 ta-239 sp-6 an-239 256 is-1 ta-240 sp-1 an-240 2140 is-6 ta-240 sp-6 an-240 257 is-1 ta-241 sp-1 an-241 2141 is-6 ta-241 sp-6 an-241 258 is-1 ta-242 sp-1 an-242 2142 is-6 ta-242 sp-6 an-242 259 is-1 ta-243 sp-1 an-243 2143 is-6 ta-243 sp-6 an-243 260 is-1 ta-244 sp-1 an-244 2144 is-6 ta-244 sp-6 an-244 261 is-1 ta-245 sp-1 an-245 2145 is-6 ta-245 sp-6 an-245 262 is-1 ta-246 sp-1 an-246 2146 is-6 ta-246 sp-6 an-246 263 is-1 ta-247 sp-1 an-247 2147 is-6 ta-247 sp-6 an-247 264 is-1 ta-248 sp-1 an-248 2148 is-6 ta-248 sp-6 an-248 265 is-1 ta-249 sp-1 an-249 2149 is-6 ta-249 sp-6 an-249 266 is-1 ta-250 sp-1 an-250 2150 is-6 ta-250 sp-6 an-250 267 is-1 ta-251 sp-1 an-251 2151 is-6 ta-251 sp-6 an-251 268 is-1 ta-252 sp-1 an-252 2152 is-6 ta-252 sp-6 an-252 269 is-1 ta-253 sp-1 an-253 2153 is-6 ta-253 sp-6 an-253 270 is-1 ta-254 sp-1 an-254 2154 is-6 ta-254 sp-6 an-254 271 is-1 ta-255 sp-1 an-255 2155 is-6 ta-255 sp-6 an-255 272 is-1 ta-256 sp-1 an-256 2156 is-6 ta-256 sp-6 an-256 273 is-1 ta-257 sp-1 an-257 2157 is-6 ta-257 sp-6 an-257 274 is-1 ta-258 sp-1 an-258 2158 is-6 ta-258 sp-6 an-258 275 is-1 ta-259 sp-1 an-259 2159 is-6 ta-259 sp-6 an-259 276 is-1 ta-260 sp-1 an-260 2160 is-6 ta-260 sp-6 an-260 277 is-1 ta-261 sp-1 an-261 2161 is-6 ta-261 sp-6 an-261 278 is-1 ta-262 sp-1 an-262 2162 is-6 ta-262 sp-6 an-262 279 is-1 ta-263 sp-1 an-263 2163 is-6 ta-263 sp-6 an-263 280 is-1 ta-264 sp-1 an-264 2164 is-6 ta-264 sp-6 an-264 281 is-1 ta-265 sp-1 an-265 2165 is-6 ta-265 sp-6 an-265 Table 5-6 282 is-1 ta-266 sp-1 an-266 2166 is-6 ta-266 sp-6 an-266 283 is-1 ta-267 sp-1 an-267 2167 is-6 ta-267 sp-6 an-267 284 is-1 ta-268 sp-1 an-268 2168 is-6 ta-268 sp-6 an-268 285 is-1 ta-269 sp-1 an-269 2169 is-6 ta-269 sp-6 an-269 286 is-1 ta-270 sp-1 an-270 2170 is-6 ta-270 sp-6 an-270 287 is-1 ta-271 sp-1 an-271 2171 is-6 ta-271 sp-6 an-271 288 is-1 ta-272 sp-1 an-272 2172 is-6 ta-272 sp-6 an-272 289 is-1 ta-273 sp-1 an-273 2173 is-6 ta-273 sp-6 an-273 290 is-1 ta-274 sp-1 an-274 2174 is-6 ta-274 sp-6 an-274 291 is-1 ta-275 sp-1 an-275 2175 is-6 ta-275 sp-6 an-275 292 is-1 ta-276 sp-1 an-276 2176 is-6 ta-276 sp-6 an-276 293 is-1 ta-277 sp-1 an-277 2177 is-6 ta-277 sp-6 an-277 294 is-1 ta-278 sp-1 an-278 2178 is-6 ta-278 sp-6 an-278 295 is-1 ta-279 sp-1 an-279 2179 is-6 ta-279 sp-6 an-279 296 is-1 ta-280 sp-1 an-280 2180 is-6 ta-280 sp-6 an-280 297 is-1 ta-281 sp-1 an-281 2181 is-6 ta-281 sp-6 an-281 298 is-1 ta-282 sp-1 an-282 2182 is-6 ta-282 sp-6 an-282 299 is-1 ta-283 sp-1 an-283 2183 is-6 ta-283 sp-6 an-283 300 is-1 ta-284 sp-1 an-284 2184 is-6 ta-284 sp-6 an-284 301 is-1 ta-285 sp-1 an-285 2185 is-6 ta-285 sp-6 an-285 302 is-1 ta-286 sp-1 an-286 2186 is-6 ta-286 sp-6 an-286 303 is-1 ta-287 sp-1 an-287 2187 is-6 ta-287 sp-6 an-287 304 is-1 ta-288 sp-1 an-288 2188 is-6 ta-288 sp-6 an-288 305 is-1 ta-289 sp-1 an-289 2189 is-6 ta-289 sp-6 an-289 306 is-1 ta-290 sp-1 an-290 2190 is-6 ta-290 sp-6 an-290 307 is-1 ta-291 sp-1 an-291 2191 is-6 ta-291 sp-6 an-291 308 is-1 ta-292 sp-1 an-292 2192 is-6 ta-292 sp-6 an-292 309 is-1 ta-293 sp-1 an-293 2193 is-6 ta-293 sp-6 an-293 310 is-1 ta-294 sp-1 an-294 2194 is-6 ta-294 sp-6 an-294 311 is-1 ta-295 sp-1 an-295 2195 is-6 ta-295 sp-6 an-295 312 is-1 ta-296 sp-1 an-296 2196 is-6 ta-296 sp-6 an-296 313 is-1 ta-297 sp-1 an-297 2197 is-6 ta-297 sp-6 an-297 314 is-1 ta-298 sp-1 an-298 2198 is-6 ta-298 sp-6 an-298 315 is-1 ta-299 sp-1 an-299 2199 is-6 ta-299 sp-6 an-299 316 is-1 ta-300 sp-1 an-300 2200 is-6 ta-300 sp-6 an-300 317 is-1 ta-301 sp-1 an-301 2201 is-6 ta-301 sp-6 an-301 318 is-1 ta-302 sp-1 an-302 2202 is-6 ta-302 sp-6 an-302 319 is-1 ta-303 sp-1 an-303 2203 is-6 ta-303 sp-6 an-303 320 is-1 ta-304 sp-1 an-304 2204 is-6 ta-304 sp-6 an-304 321 is-1 ta-305 sp-1 an-305 2205 is-6 ta-305 sp-6 an-305 322 is-1 ta-306 sp-1 an-306 2206 is-6 ta-306 sp-6 an-306 323 is-1 ta-307 sp-1 an-307 2207 is-6 ta-307 sp-6 an-307 324 is-1 ta-308 sp-1 an-308 2208 is-6 ta-308 sp-6 an-308 325 is-1 ta-309 sp-1 an-309 2209 is-6 ta-309 sp-6 an-309 326 is-1 ta-310 sp-1 an-310 2210 is-6 ta-310 sp-6 an-310 327 is-1 ta-311 sp-1 an-311 2211 is-6 ta-311 sp-6 an-311 328 is-1 ta-312 sp-1 an-312 2212 is-6 ta-312 sp-6 an-312 329 is-1 ta-313 sp-1 an-313 2213 is-6 ta-313 sp-6 an-313 330 is-1 ta-314 sp-1 an-314 2214 is-6 ta-314 sp-6 an-314 331 is-1 ta-315 sp-1 an-315 2215 is-6 ta-315 sp-6 an-315 332 is-1 ta-316 sp-1 an-316 2216 is-6 ta-316 sp-6 an-316 333 is-1 ta-317 sp-1 an-317 2217 is-6 ta-317 sp-6 an-317 334 is-1 ta-318 sp-1 an-318 2218 is-6 ta-318 sp-6 an-318 Table 5-7 335 is-1 ta-319 sp-1 an-319 2219 is-6 ta-319 sp-6 an-319 336 is-1 ta-320 sp-1 an-320 2220 is-6 ta-320 sp-6 an-320 337 is-1 ta-321 sp-1 an-321 2221 is-6 ta-321 sp-6 an-321 338 is-1 ta-322 sp-1 an-322 2222 is-6 ta-322 sp-6 an-322 339 is-1 ta-323 sp-1 an-323 2223 is-6 ta-323 sp-6 an-323 340 is-1 ta-324 sp-1 an-324 2224 is-6 ta-324 sp-6 an-324 341 is-1 ta-325 sp-1 an-325 2225 is-6 ta-325 sp-6 an-325 342 is-1 ta-326 sp-1 an-326 2226 is-6 ta-326 sp-6 an-326 343 is-1 ta-327 sp-1 an-327 2227 is-6 ta-327 sp-6 an-327 344 is-1 ta-328 sp-1 an-328 2228 is-6 ta-328 sp-6 an-328 345 is-1 ta-329 sp-1 an-329 2229 is-6 ta-329 sp-6 an-329 346 is-1 ta-330 sp-1 an-330 2230 is-6 ta-330 sp-6 an-330 347 is-1 ta-331 sp-1 an-331 2231 is-6 ta-331 sp-6 an-331 348 is-1 ta-332 sp-1 an-332 2232 is-6 ta-332 sp-6 an-332 349 is-1 ta-333 sp-1 an-333 2233 is-6 ta-333 sp-6 an-333 350 is-1 ta-334 sp-1 an-334 2234 is-6 ta-334 sp-6 an-334 351 is-1 ta-335 sp-1 an-335 2235 is-6 ta-335 sp-6 an-335 352 is-1 ta-336 sp-1 an-336 2236 is-6 ta-336 sp-6 an-336 353 is-1 ta-337 sp-1 an-337 2237 is-6 ta-337 sp-6 an-337 354 is-1 ta-338 sp-1 an-338 2238 is-6 ta-338 sp-6 an-338 355 is-1 ta-339 sp-1 an-339 2239 is-6 ta-339 sp-6 an-339 356 is-1 ta-340 sp-1 an-340 2240 is-6 ta-340 sp-6 an-340 357 is-1 ta-341 sp-1 an-341 2241 is-6 ta-341 sp-6 an-341 358 is-1 ta-342 sp-1 an-342 2242 is-6 ta-342 sp-6 an-342 359 is-1 ta-343 sp-1 an-343 2243 is-6 ta-343 sp-6 an-343 360 is-1 ta-344 sp-1 an-344 2244 is-6 ta-344 sp-6 an-344 361 is-1 ta-345 sp-1 an-345 2245 is-6 ta-345 sp-6 an-345 362 is-1 ta-346 sp-1 an-346 2246 is-6 ta-346 sp-6 an-346 363 is-1 ta-347 sp-1 an-347 2247 is-6 ta-347 sp-6 an-347 364 is-1 ta-348 sp-1 an-348 2248 is-6 ta-348 sp-6 an-348 365 is-1 ta-349 sp-1 an-349 2249 is-6 ta-349 sp-6 an-349 366 is-1 ta-350 sp-1 an-350 2250 is-6 ta-350 sp-6 an-350 367 is-1 ta-351 sp-1 an-351 2251 is-6 ta-351 sp-6 an-351 368 is-1 ta-352 sp-1 an-352 2252 is-6 ta-352 sp-6 an-352 369 is-1 ta-353 sp-1 an-353 2253 is-6 ta-353 sp-6 an-353 370 is-1 ta-354 sp-1 an-354 2254 is-6 ta-354 sp-6 an-354 371 is-1 ta-355 sp-1 an-355 2255 is-6 ta-355 sp-6 an-355 372 is-1 ta-356 sp-1 an-356 2256 is-6 ta-356 sp-6 an-356 373 is-1 ta-357 sp-1 an-357 2257 is-6 ta-357 sp-6 an-357 374 is-1 ta-358 sp-1 an-358 2258 is-6 ta-358 sp-6 an-358 375 is-1 ta-359 sp-1 an-359 2259 is-6 ta-359 sp-6 an-359 376 is-1 ta-360 sp-1 an-360 2260 is-6 ta-360 sp-6 an-360 377 is-1 ta-361 sp-1 an-361 2261 is-6 ta-361 sp-6 an-361 378 is-1 ta-362 sp-1 an-362 2262 is-6 ta-362 sp-6 an-362 379 is-1 ta-363 sp-1 an-363 2263 is-6 ta-363 sp-6 an-363 380 is-1 ta-364 sp-1 an-364 2264 is-6 ta-364 sp-6 an-364 381 is-1 ta-365 sp-1 an-365 2265 is-6 ta-365 sp-6 an-365 382 is-1 ta-366 sp-1 an-366 2266 is-6 ta-366 sp-6 an-366 383 is-1 ta-367 sp-1 an-367 2267 is-6 ta-367 sp-6 an-367 384 is-1 ta-368 sp-1 an-368 2268 is-6 ta-388 sp-6 an-368 385 is-1 ta-369 sp-1 an-369 2269 is-6 ta-369 sp-6 an-369 386 is-1 ta-370 sp-1 an-370 2270 is-6 ta-370 sp-6 an-370 387 is-1 ta-371 sp-1 an-371 2271 is-6 ta-371 sp-6 an-371 Table 5-8 388 is-1 ta-372 sp-1 an-372 2272 is-6 ta-372 sp-6 an-372 389 is-1 ta-373 sp-1 an-373 2273 is-6 ta-373 sp-6 an-373 390 is-1 ta-374 sp-1 an-374 2274 is-6 ta-374 sp-6 an-374 391 is-1 ta-375 sp-1 an-375 2275 is-6 ta-375 sp-6 an-375 392 is-1 ta-376 sp-1 an-376 2276 is-6 ta-376 sp-6 an-376 393 is-1 ta-377 sp-1 an-377 2277 is-6 ta-377 sp-6 an-377 394 is-2 ta-1 sp-2 an-1 2278 is-7 ta-1 sp-7 an-1 395 is-2 ta-2 sp-2 an-2 2279 is-7 ta-2 sp-7 an-2 396 is-2 ta-3 sp-2 an-3 2280 is-7 ta-3 sp-7 an-3 397 is-2 ta-4 sp-2 an-4 2281 is-7 ta-4 sp-7 an-4 398 is-2 ta-5 sp-2 an-5 2282 is-7 ta-5 sp-7 an-5 399 is-2 ta-6 sp-2 an-6 2283 is-7 ta-6 sp-7 an-6 400 is-2 ta-7 sp-2 an-7 2284 is-7 ta-7 sp-7 an-7 401 is-2 ta-8 sp-2 an-8 2285 is-7 ta-8 sp-7 an-8 402 is-2 ta-9 sp-2 an-9 2286 is-7 ta-9 sp-7 an-9 403 is-2 ta-10 sp-2 an-10 2287 is-7 ta-10 sp-7 an-10 404 is-2 ta-11 sp-2 an-11 2288 is-7 ta-11 sp-7 an-11 405 is-2 ta-12 sp-2 an-12 2289 is-7 ta-12 sp-7 an-12 406 is-2 ta-13 sp-2 an-13 2290 is-7 ta-13 sp-7 an-13 407 is-2 ta-14 sp-2 an-14 2291 is-7 ta-14 sp-7 an-14 408 is-2 ta-15 sp-2 an-15 2292 is-7 ta-15 sp-7 an-15 409 is-2 ta-16 sp-2 an-16 2293 is-7 ta-16 sp-7 an-16 410 is-2 ta-17 sp-2 an-17 2294 is-7 ta-17 sp-7 an-17 411 is-2 ta-18 sp-2 an-18 2295 is-7 ta-18 sp-7 an-18 412 is-2 ta-19 sp-2 an-19 2296 is-7 ta-19 sp-7 an-19 413 is-2 ta-20 sp-2 an-20 2297 is-7 ta-20 sp-7 an-20 414 is-2 ta-21 sp-2 an-21 2298 is-7 ta-21 sp-7 an-21 415 is-2 ta-22 sp-2 an-22 2299 is-7 ta-22 sp-7 an-22 416 is-2 ta-23 sp-2 an-23 2300 is-7 ta-23 sp-7 an-23 417 is-2 ta-24 sp-2 an-24 2301 is-7 ta-24 sp-7 an-24 418 is-2 ta-25 sp-2 an-25 2302 is-7 ta-25 sp-7 an-25 419 is-2 ta-26 sp-2 an-26 2303 is-7 ta-26 sp-7 an-26 420 is-2 ta-27 sp-2 an-27 2304 is-7 ta-27 sp-7 an-27 421 is-2 ta-28 sp-2 an-28 2305 is-7 ta-28 sp-7 an-28 422 is-2 ta-29 sp-2 an-29 2306 is-7 ta-29 sp-7 an-29 423 is-2 ta-30 sp-2 an-30 2307 is-7 ta-30 sp-7 an-30 424 is-2 ta-31 sp-2 an-31 2308 is-7 ta-31 sp-7 an-31 425 is-2 ta-32 sp-2 an-32 2309 is-7 ta-32 sp-7 an-32 426 is-2 ta-33 sp-2 an-33 2310 is-7 ta-33 sp-7 an-33 427 is-2 ta-34 sp-2 an-34 2311 is-7 ta-34 sp-7 an-34 428 is-2 ta-35 sp-2 an-35 2312 is-7 ta-35 sp-7 an-35 429 is-2 ta-36 sp-2 an-36 2313 is-7 ta-36 sp-7 an-36 430 is-2 ta-37 sp-2 an-37 2314 is-7 ta-37 sp-7 an-37 431 is-2 ta-38 sp-2 an-38 2315 is-7 ta-38 sp-7 an-38 432 is-2 ta-39 sp-2 an-39 2316 is-7 ta-39 sp-7 an-39 433 is-2 ta-40 sp-2 an-40 2317 is-7 ta-40 sp-7 an-40 434 is-2 ta-41 sp-2 an-41 2318 is-7 ta-41 sp-7 an-41 435 is-2 ta-42 sp-2 an-42 2319 is-7 ta-42 sp-7 an-42 436 is-2 ta-43 sp-2 an-43 2320 is-7 ta-43 sp-7 an-43 437 is-2 ta-44 sp-2 an-44 2321 is-7 ta-44 sp-7 an-44 438 is-2 ta-45 sp-2 an-45 2322 is-7 ta-45 sp-7 an-45 439 is-2 ta-46 sp-2 an-46 2323 is-7 ta-46 sp-7 an-46 440 is-2 ta-47 sp-2 an-47 2324 is-7 ta-47 sp-7 an-47 Table 5-9 441 is-2 ta-48 sp-2 an-48 2325 is-7 ta-48 sp-7 an-48 442 is-2 ta-49 sp-2 an-49 2326 is-7 ta-49 sp-7 an-49 443 is-2 ta-50 sp-2 an-50 2327 is-7 ta-50 sp-7 an-50 444 is-2 ta-51 sp-2 an-51 2328 is-7 ta-51 sp-7 an-51 445 is-2 ta-52 sp-2 an-52 2329 is-7 ta-52 sp-7 an-52 446 is-2 ta-53 sp-2 an-53 2330 is-7 ta-53 sp-7 an-53 447 is-2 ta-54 sp-2 an-54 2331 is-7 ta-54 sp-7 an-54 448 is-2 ta-55 sp-2 an-55 2332 is-7 ta-55 sp-7 an-55 449 is-2 ta-56 sp-2 an-56 2333 is-7 ta-56 sp-7 an-56 450 is-2 ta-57 sp-2 an-57 2334 is-7 ta-57 sp-7 an-57 451 is-2 ta-58 sp-2 an-58 2335 is-7 ta-58 sp-7 an-58 452 is-2 ta-59 sp-2 an-59 2336 is-7 ta-59 sp-7 an-59 453 is-2 ta-60 sp-2 an-60 2337 is-7 ta-60 sp-7 an-60 454 is-2 ta-61 sp-2 an-61 2338 is-7 ta-61 sp-7 an-61 455 is-2 ta-62 sp-2 an-62 2339 is-7 ta-62 sp-7 an-62 456 is-2 ta-63 sp-2 an-63 2340 is-7 ta-63 sp-7 an-63 457 is-2 ta-64 sp-2 an-64 2341 is-7 ta-64 sp-7 an-64 458 is-2 ta-65 sp-2 an-65 2342 is-7 ta-65 sp-7 an-65 459 is-2 ta-66 sp-2 an-66 2343 is-7 ta-66 sp-7 an-66 460 is-2 ta-67 sp-2 an-67 2344 is-7 ta-67 sp-7 an-67 461 is-2 ta-68 sp-2 an-68 2345 is-7 ta-68 sp-7 an-68 462 is-2 ta-69 sp-2 an-69 2346 is-7 ta-69 sp-7 an-69 463 is-2 ta-70 sp-2 an-70 2347 is-7 ta-70 sp-7 an-70 464 is-2 ta-71 sp-2 an-71 2348 is-7 ta-71 sp-7 an-71 465 is-2 ta-72 sp-2 an-72 2349 is-7 ta-72 sp-7 an-72 466 is-2 ta-73 sp-2 an-73 2350 is-7 ta-73 sp-7 an-73 467 is-2 ta-74 sp-2 an-74 2351 is-7 ta-74 sp-7 an-74 468 is-2 ta-75 sp-2 an-75 2352 is-7 ta-75 sp-7 an-75 469 is-2 ta-76 sp-2 an-76 2353 is-7 ta-76 sp-7 an-76 470 is-2 ta-77 sp-2 an-77 2354 is-7 ta-77 sp-7 an-77 471 is-2 ta-78 sp-2 an-78 2355 is-7 ta-78 sp-7 an-78 472 is-2 ta-79 sp-2 an-79 2356 is-7 ta-79 sp-7 an-79 473 is-2 ta-80 sp-2 an-80 2357 is-7 ta-80 sp-7 an-80 474 is-2 ta-81 sp-2 an-81 2358 is-7 ta-81 sp-7 an-81 475 is-2 ta-82 sp-2 an-82 2359 is-7 ta-82 sp-7 an-82 476 is-2 ta-83 sp-2 an-83 2360 is-7 ta-83 sp-7 an-83 477 is-2 ta-84 sp-2 an-84 2361 is-7 ta-84 sp-7 an-84 478 is-2 ta-85 sp-2 an-85 2362 is-7 ta-85 sp-7 an-85 479 is-2 ta-86 sp-2 an-86 2363 is-7 ta-86 sp-7 an-86 480 is-2 ta-87 sp-2 an-87 2364 is-7 ta-87 sp-7 an-87 481 is-2 ta-88 sp-2 an-88 2365 is-7 ta-88 sp-7 an-88 482 is-2 ta-89 sp-2 an-89 2366 is-7 ta-89 sp-7 an-89 483 is-2 ta-90 sp-2 an-90 2367 is-7 ta-90 sp-7 an-90 484 is-2 ta-91 sp-2 an-91 2368 is-7 ta-91 sp-7 an-91 485 is-2 ta-92 sp-2 an-92 2369 is-7 ta-92 sp-7 an-92 486 is-2 ta-93 sp-2 an-93 2370 is-7 ta-93 sp-7 an-93 487 is-2 ta-94 sp-2 an-94 2371 is-7 ta-94 sp-7 an-94 488 is-2 ta-95 sp-2 an-95 2372 is-7 ta-95 sp-7 an-95 489 is-2 ta-96 sp-2 an-96 2373 is-7 ta-96 sp-7 an-96 490 is-2 ta-97 sp-2 an-97 2374 is-7 ta-97 sp-7 an-97 491 is-2 ta-98 sp-2 an-98 2375 is-7 ta-98 sp-7 an-98 492 is-2 ta-99 sp-2 an-99 2376 is-7 ta-99 sp-7 an-99 493 is-2 ta-100 sp-2 an-100 2377 is-7 ta-100 sp-7 an-100 Table 5-10 494 is-2 ta-101 sp-2 an-101 2378 is-7 ta-101 sp-7 an-101 495 is-2 ta-102 sp-2 an-102 2379 is-7 ta-102 sp-7 an-102 496 is-2 ta-103 sp-2 an-103 2380 is-7 ta-103 sp-7 an-103 497 is-2 ta-104 sp-2 an-104 2381 is-7 ta-104 sp-7 an-104 498 is-2 ta-105 sp-2 an-105 2382 is-7 ta-105 sp-7 an-105 499 is-2 ta-106 sp-2 an-106 2383 is-7 ta-106 sp-7 an-106 500 is-2 ta-107 sp-2 an-107 2384 is-7 ta-107 sp-7 an-107 501 is-2 ta-108 sp-2 an-108 2385 is-7 ta-108 sp-7 an-108 502 is-2 ta-109 sp-2 an-109 2386 is-7 ta-109 sp-7 an-109 503 is-2 ta-110 sp-2 an-110 2387 is-7 ta-110 sp-7 an-110 504 is-2 ta-111 sp-2 an-111 2388 is-7 ta-111 sp-7 an-111 505 is-2 ta-112 sp-2 an-112 2389 is-7 ta-112 sp-7 an-112 506 is-2 ta-113 sp-2 an-113 2390 is-7 ta-113 sp-7 an-113 507 is-2 ta-114 sp-2 an-114 2391 is-7 ta-114 sp-7 an-114 508 is-2 ta-115 sp-2 an-115 2392 is-7 ta-115 sp-7 an-115 509 is-2 ta-116 sp-2 an-116 2393 is-7 ta-116 sp-7 an-116 510 is-2 ta-117 sp-2 an-117 2394 is-7 ta-117 sp-7 an-117 511 is-2 ta-118 sp-2 an-118 2395 is-7 ta-118 sp-7 an-118 512 is-2 ta-119 sp-2 an-119 2396 is-7 ta-119 sp-7 an-119 513 is-2 ta-120 sp-2 an-120 2397 is-7 ta-120 sp-7 an-120 514 is-2 ta-121 sp-2 an-121 2398 is-7 ta-121 sp-7 an-121 515 is-2 ta-122 sp-2 an-122 2399 is-7 ta-122 sp-7 an-122 516 is-2 ta-123 sp-2 an-123 2400 is-7 ta-123 sp-7 an-123 517 is-2 ta-124 sp-2 an-124 2401 is-7 ta-124 sp-7 an-124 518 is-2 ta-125 sp-2 an-125 2402 is-7 ta-125 sp-7 an-125 519 is-2 ta-126 sp-2 an-126 2403 is-7 ta-126 sp-7 an-126 520 is-2 ta-127 sp-2 an-127 2404 is-7 ta-127 sp-7 an-127 521 is-2 ta-128 sp-2 an-128 2405 is-7 ta-128 sp-7 an-128 522 is-2 ta-129 sp-2 an-129 2406 is-7 ta-129 sp-7 an-129 523 is-2 ta-130 sp-2 an-130 2407 is-7 ta-130 sp-7 an-130 524 is-2 ta-131 sp-2 an-131 2408 is-7 ta-131 sp-7 an-131 525 is-2 ta-132 sp-2 an-132 2409 is-7 ta-132 sp-7 an-132 526 is-2 ta-133 sp-2 an-133 2410 is-7 ta-133 sp-7 an-133 527 is-2 ta-134 sp-2 an-134 2411 is-7 ta-134 sp-7 an-134 528 is-2 ta-135 sp-2 an-135 2412 is-7 ta-135 sp-7 an-135 529 is-2 ta-136 sp-2 an-136 2413 is-7 ta-136 sp-7 an-136 530 is-2 ta-137 sp-2 an-137 2414 is-7 ta-137 sp-7 an-137 531 is-2 ta-138 sp-2 an-138 2415 is-7 ta-138 sp-7 an-138 532 is-2 ta-139 sp-2 an-139 2416 is-7 ta-139 sp-7 an-139 533 is-2 ta-140 sp-2 an-140 2417 is-7 ta-140 sp-7 an-140 534 is-2 ta-141 sp-2 an-141 2418 is-7 ta-141 sp-7 an-141 535 is-2 ta-142 sp-2 an-142 2419 is-7 ta-142 sp-7 an-142 536 is-2 ta-143 sp-2 an-143 2420 is-7 ta-143 sp-7 an-143 537 is-2 ta-144 sp-2 an-144 2421 is-7 ta-144 sp-7 an-144 538 is-2 ta-145 sp-2 an-145 2422 is-7 ta-145 sp-7 an-145 539 is-2 ta-146 sp-2 an-146 2423 is-7 ta-146 sp-7 an-146 540 is-2 ta-147 sp-2 an-147 2424 is-7 ta-147 sp-7 an-147 541 is-2 ta-148 sp-2 an-148 2425 is-7 ta-148 sp-7 an-148 542 is-2 ta-149 sp-2 an-149 2426 is-7 ta-149 sp-7 an-149 543 is-2 ta-150 sp-2 an-150 2427 is-7 ta-150 sp-7 an-150 544 is-2 ta-151 sp-2 an-151 2428 is-7 ta-151 sp-7 an-151 545 is-2 ta-152 sp-2 an-152 2429 is-7 ta-152 sp-7 an-152 546 is-2 ta-153 sp-2 an-153 2430 is-7 ta-153 sp-7 an-153 Table 5-11 547 is-2 ta-154 sp-2 an-154 2431 is-7 ta-154 sp-7 an-154 548 is-2 ta-155 sp-2 an-155 2432 is-7 ta-155 sp-7 an-155 549 is-2 ta-156 sp-2 an-156 2433 is-7 ta-156 sp-7 an-156 550 is-2 ta-157 sp-2 an-157 2434 is-7 ta-157 sp-7 an-157 551 is-2 ta-158 sp-2 an-158 2435 is-7 ta-158 sp-7 an-158 552 is-2 ta-159 sp-2 an-159 2436 is-7 ta-159 sp-7 an-159 553 is-2 ta-160 sp-2 an-160 2437 is-7 ta-160 sp-7 an-160 554 is-2 ta-161 sp-2 an-161 2438 is-7 ta-161 sp-7 an-161 555 is-2 ta-162 sp-2 an-162 2439 is-7 ta-162 sp-7 an-162 556 is-2 ta-163 sp-2 an-163 2440 is-7 ta-163 sp-7 an-163 557 is-2 ta-164 sp-2 an-164 2441 is-7 ta-164 sp-7 an-164 558 is-2 ta-165 sp-2 an-165 2442 is-7 ta-165 sp-7 an-165 559 is-2 ta-166 sp-2 an-166 2443 is-7 ta-166 sp-7 an-166 560 is-2 ta-167 sp-2 an-167 2444 is-7 ta-167 sp-7 an-167 561 is-2 ta-168 sp-2 an-168 2445 is-7 ta-168 sp-7 an-168 562 is-2 ta-169 sp-2 an-169 2446 is-7 ta-169 sp-7 an-169 563 is-2 ta-170 sp-2 an-170 2447 is-7 ta-170 sp-7 an-170 564 is-2 ta-171 sp-2 an-171 2448 is-7 ta-171 sp-7 an-171 565 is-2 ta-172 sp-2 an-172 2449 is-7 ta-172 sp-7 an-172 566 is-2 ta-173 sp-2 an-173 2450 is-7 ta-173 sp-7 an-173 567 is-2 ta-174 sp-2 an-174 2451 is-7 ta-174 sp-7 an-174 568 is-2 ta-175 sp-2 an-175 2452 is-7 ta-175 sp-7 an-175 569 is-2 ta-176 sp-2 an-176 2453 is-7 ta-176 sp-7 an-176 570 is-2 ta-177 sp-2 an-177 2454 is-7 ta-177 sp-7 an-177 571 is-2 ta-178 sp-2 an-178 2455 is-7 ta-178 sp-7 an-178 572 is-2 ta-179 sp-2 an-179 2456 is-7 ta-179 sp-7 an-179 573 is-2 ta-180 sp-2 an-180 2457 is-7 ta-180 sp-7 an-180 574 is-2 ta-181 sp-2 an-181 2458 is-7 ta-181 sp-7 an-181 575 is-2 ta-182 sp-2 an-182 2459 is-7 ta-182 sp-7 an-182 576 is-2 ta-183 sp-2 an-183 2460 is-7 ta-183 sp-7 an-183 577 is-2 ta-184 sp-2 an-184 2461 is-7 ta-184 sp-7 an-184 578 is-2 ta-185 sp-2 an-185 2462 is-7 ta-185 sp-7 an-185 579 is-2 ta-186 sp-2 an-186 2463 is-7 ta-186 sp-7 an-186 580 is-2 ta-187 sp-2 an-187 2464 is-7 ta-187 sp-7 an-187 581 is-2 ta-188 sp-2 an-188 2465 is-7 ta-188 sp-7 an-188 582 is-2 ta-189 sp-2 an-189 2466 is-7 ta-189 sp-7 an-189 583 is-2 ta-190 sp-2 an-190 2467 is-7 ta-190 sp-7 an-190 584 is-2 ta-191 sp-2 an-191 2468 is-7 ta-191 sp-7 an-191 585 is-2 ta-192 sp-2 an-192 2469 is-7 ta-192 sp-7 an-192 586 is-2 ta-193 sp-2 an-193 2470 is-7 ta-193 sp-7 an-193 587 is-2 ta-194 sp-2 an-194 2471 is-7 ta-194 sp-7 an-194 588 is-2 ta-195 sp-2 an-195 2472 is-7 ta-195 sp-7 an-195 589 is-2 ta-196 sp-2 an-196 2473 is-7 ta-196 sp-7 an-196 590 is-2 ta-197 sp-2 an-197 2474 is-7 ta-197 sp-7 an-197 591 is-2 ta-198 sp-2 an-198 2475 is-7 ta-198 sp-7 an-198 592 is-2 ta-199 sp-2 an-199 2476 is-7 ta-199 sp-7 an-199 593 is-2 ta-200 sp-2 an-200 2477 is-7 ta-200 sp-7 an-200 594 is-2 ta-201 sp-2 an-201 2478 is-7 ta-201 sp-7 an-201 595 is-2 ta-202 sp-2 an-202 2479 is-7 ta-202 sp-7 an-202 596 is-2 ta-203 sp-2 an-203 2480 is-7 ta-203 sp-7 an-203 597 is-2 ta-204 sp-2 an-204 2481 is-7 ta-204 sp-7 an-204 598 is-2 ta-205 sp-2 an-205 2482 is-7 ta-205 sp-7 an-205 599 is-2 ta-206 sp-2 an-206 2483 is-7 ta-206 sp-7 an-206 Table 5-12 600 is-2 ta-207 sp-2 an-207 2484 is-7 ta-207 sp-7 an-207 601 is-2 ta-208 sp-2 an-208 2485 is-7 ta-208 sp-7 an-208 602 is-2 ta-209 sp-2 an-209 2486 is-7 ta-209 sp-7 an-209 603 is-2 ta-210 sp-2 an-210 2487 is-7 ta-210 sp-7 an-210 604 is-2 ta-211 sp-2 an-211 2488 is-7 ta-211 sp-7 an-211 605 is-2 ta-212 sp-2 an-212 2489 is-7 ta-212 sp-7 an-212 606 is-2 ta-213 sp-2 an-213 2490 is-7 ta-213 sp-7 an-213 607 is-2 ta-214 sp-2 an-214 2491 is-7 ta-214 sp-7 an-214 608 is-2 ta-215 sp-2 an-215 2492 is-7 ta-215 sp-7 an-215 609 is-2 ta-216 sp-2 an-216 2493 is-7 ta-216 sp-7 an-216 610 is-2 ta-217 sp-2 an-217 2494 is-7 ta-217 sp-7 an-217 611 is-2 ta-218 sp-2 an-218 2495 is-7 ta-218 sp-7 an-218 612 is-2 ta-219 sp-2 an-219 2496 is-7 ta-219 sp-7 an-219 613 is-2 ta-220 sp-2 an-220 2497 is-7 ta-220 sp-7 an-220 614 is-2 ta-221 sp-2 an-221 2498 is-7 ta-221 sp-7 an-221 615 is-2 ta-222 sp-2 an-222 2499 is-7 ta-222 sp-7 an-222 616 is-2 ta-223 sp-2 an-223 2500 is-7 ta-223 sp-7 an-223 617 is-2 ta-224 sp-2 an-224 2501 is-7 ta-224 sp-7 an-224 618 is-2 ta-225 sp-2 an-225 2502 is-7 ta-225 sp-7 an-225 619 is-2 ta-226 sp-2 an-226 2503 is-7 ta-226 sp-7 an-226 620 is-2 ta-227 sp-2 an-227 2504 is-7 ta-227 sp-7 an-227 621 is-2 ta-228 sp-2 an-228 2505 is-7 ta-228 sp-7 an-228 622 is-2 ta-229 sp-2 an-229 2506 is-7 ta-229 sp-7 an-229 623 is-2 ta-230 sp-2 an-230 2507 is-7 ta-230 sp-7 an-230 624 is-2 ta-231 sp-2 an-231 2508 is-7 ta-231 sp-7 an-231 625 is-2 ta-232 sp-2 an-232 2509 is-7 ta-232 sp-7 an-232 626 is-2 ta-233 sp-2 an-233 2510 is-7 ta-233 sp-7 an-233 627 is-2 ta-234 sp-2 an-234 2511 is-7 ta-234 sp-7 an-234 628 is-2 ta-235 sp-2 an-235 2512 is-7 ta-235 sp-7 an-235 629 is-2 ta-236 sp-2 an-236 2513 is-7 ta-236 sp-7 an-236 630 is-2 ta-237 sp-2 an-237 2514 is-7 ta-237 sp-7 an-237 631 is-2 ta-238 sp-2 an-238 2515 is-7 ta-238 sp-7 an-238 632 is-2 ta-239 sp-2 an-239 2516 is-7 ta-239 sp-7 an-239 633 is-2 ta-240 sp-2 an-240 2517 is-7 ta-240 sp-7 an-240 634 is-2 ta-241 sp-2 an-241 2518 is-7 ta-241 sp-7 an-241 635 is-2 ta-242 sp-2 an-242 2519 is-7 ta-242 sp-7 an-242 636 is-2 ta-243 sp-2 an-243 2520 is-7 ta-243 sp-7 an-243 637 is-2 ta-244 sp-2 an-244 2521 is-7 ta-244 sp-7 an-244 638 is-2 ta-245 sp-2 an-245 2522 is-7 ta-245 sp-7 an-245 639 is-2 ta-246 sp-2 an-246 2523 is-7 ta-246 sp-7 an-246 640 is-2 ta-247 sp-2 an-247 2524 is-7 ta-247 sp-7 an-247 641 is-2 ta-248 sp-2 an-248 2525 is-7 ta-248 sp-7 an-248 642 is-2 ta-249 sp-2 an-249 2526 is-7 ta-249 sp-7 an-249 643 is-2 ta-250 sp-2 an-250 2527 is-7 ta-250 sp-7 an-250 644 is-2 ta-251 sp-2 an-251 2528 is-7 ta-251 sp-7 an-251 645 is-2 ta-252 sp-2 an-252 2529 is-7 ta-252 sp-7 an-252 646 is-2 ta-253 sp-2 an-253 2530 is-7 ta-253 sp-7 an-253 647 is-2 ta-254 sp-2 an-254 2531 is-7 ta-254 sp-7 an-254 648 is-2 ta-255 sp-2 an-255 2532 is-7 ta-255 sp-7 an-255 649 is-2 ta-256 sp-2 an-256 2533 is-7 ta-256 sp-7 an-256 650 is-2 ta-257 sp-2 an-257 2534 is-7 ta-257 sp-7 an-257 651 is-2 ta-258 sp-2 an-258 2535 is-7 ta-258 sp-7 an-258 652 is-2 ta-259 sp-2 an-259 2536 is-7 ta-259 sp-7 an-259 Table 5-13 653 is-2 ta-260 sp-2 an-260 2537 is-7 ta-260 sp-7 an-260 654 is-2 ta-261 sp-2 an-261 2538 is-7 ta-261 sp-7 an-261 655 is-2 ta-262 sp-2 an-262 2539 is-7 ta-262 sp-7 an-262 656 is-2 ta-263 sp-2 an-263 2540 is-7 ta-263 sp-7 an-263 657 is-2 ta-264 sp-2 an-264 2541 is-7 ta-264 sp-7 an-264 658 is-2 ta-265 sp-2 an-265 2542 is-7 ta-265 sp-7 an-265 659 is-2 ta-266 sp-2 an-266 2543 is-7 ta-266 sp-7 an-266 660 is-2 ta-267 sp-2 an-267 2544 is-7 ta-267 sp-7 an-267 661 is-2 ta-268 sp-2 an-268 2545 is-7 ta-268 sp-7 an-268 662 is-2 ta-269 sp-2 an-269 2546 is-7 ta-269 sp-7 an-269 663 is-2 ta-270 sp-2 an-270 2547 is-7 ta-270 sp-7 an-270 664 is-2 ta-271 sp-2 an-271 2548 is-7 ta-271 sp-7 an-271 665 is-2 ta-272 sp-2 an-272 2549 is-7 ta-272 sp-7 an-272 666 is-2 ta-273 sp-2 an-273 2550 is-7 ta-273 sp-7 an-273 667 is-2 ta-274 sp-2 an-274 2551 is-7 ta-274 sp-7 an-274 668 is-2 ta-275 sp-2 an-275 2552 is-7 ta-275 sp-7 an-275 669 is-2 ta-276 sp-2 an-276 2553 is-7 ta-276 sp-7 an-276 670 is-2 ta-277 sp-2 an-277 2554 is-7 ta-277 sp-7 an-277 671 is-2 ta-278 sp-2 an-278 2555 is-7 ta-278 sp-7 an-278 672 is-2 ta-279 sp-2 an-279 2556 is-7 ta-279 sp-7 an-279 673 is-2 ta-280 sp-2 an-280 2557 is-7 ta-280 sp-7 an-280 674 is-2 ta-281 sp-2 an-281 2558 is-7 ta-281 sp-7 an-281 675 is-2 ta-282 sp-2 an-282 2559 is-7 ta-282 sp-7 an-282 676 is-2 ta-283 sp-2 an-283 2560 is-7 ta-283 sp-7 an-283 677 is-2 ta-284 sp-2 an-284 2561 is-7 ta-284 sp-7 an-284 678 is-2 ta-285 sp-2 an-285 2562 is-7 ta-285 sp-7 an-285 679 is-2 ta-286 sp-2 an-286 2563 is-7 ta-286 sp-7 an-286 9 is-2 ta-287 sp-2 an-287 2564 is-7 ta-287 sp-7 an-287 680 is-2 ta-288 sp-2 an-288 2565 is-7 ta-288 sp-7 an-288 681 is-2 ta-289 sp-2 an-289 2566 is-7 ta-289 sp-7 an-289 682 is-2 ta-290 sp-2 an-290 2567 is-7 ta-290 sp-7 an-290 683 is-2 ta-291 sp-2 an-291 2568 is-7 ta-291 sp-7 an-291 684 is-2 ta-292 sp-2 an-292 2569 is-7 ta-292 sp-7 an-292 685 is-2 ta-293 sp-2 an-293 2570 is-7 ta-293 sp-7 an-293 686 is-2 ta-294 sp-2 an-294 2571 is-7 ta-294 sp-7 an-294 687 is-2 ta-295 sp-2 an-295 2572 is-7 ta-295 sp-7 an-295 688 is-2 ta-296 sp-2 an-296 2573 is-7 ta-296 sp-7 an-296 689 is-2 ta-297 sp-2 an-297 2574 is-7 ta-297 sp-7 an-297 690 is-2 ta-298 sp-2 an-298 2575 is-7 ta-298 sp-7 an-298 691 is-2 ta-299 sp-2 an-299 2576 is-7 ta-299 sp-7 an-299 692 is-2 ta-300 sp-2 an-300 2577 is-7 ta-300 sp-7 an-300 693 is-2 ta-301 sp-2 an-301 2578 is-7 ta-301 sp-7 an-301 694 is-2 ta-302 sp-2 an-302 2579 is-7 ta-302 sp-7 an-302 695 is-2 ta-303 sp-2 an-303 2580 is-7 ta-303 sp-7 an-303 696 is-2 ta-304 sp-2 an-304 2581 is-7 ta-304 sp-7 an-304 697 is-2 ta-305 sp-2 an-305 2582 is-7 ta-305 sp-7 an-305 698 is-2 ta-306 sp-2 an-306 2583 is-7 ta-306 sp-7 an-306 699 is-2 ta-307 sp-2 an-307 2584 is-7 ta-307 sp-7 an-307 700 is-2 ta-308 sp-2 an-308 2585 is-7 ta-308 sp-7 an-308 701 is-2 ta-309 sp-2 an-309 2586 is-7 ta-309 sp-7 an-309 702 is-2 ta-310 sp-2 an-310 2587 is-7 ta-310 sp-7 an-310 703 is-2 ta-311 sp-2 an-311 2588 is-7 ta-311 sp-7 an-311 704 is-2 ta-312 sp-2 an-312 2589 is-7 ta-312 sp-7 an-312 Table 5-14 705 is-2 ta-313 sp-2 an-313 2590 is-7 ta-313 sp-7 an-313 706 is-2 ta-314 sp-2 an-314 2591 is-7 ta-314 sp-7 an-314 707 is-2 ta-315 sp-2 an-315 2592 is-7 ta-315 sp-7 an-315 708 is-2 ta-316 sp-2 an-316 2593 is-7 ta-316 sp-7 an-316 709 is-2 ta-317 sp-2 an-317 2594 is-7 ta-317 sp-7 an-317 710 is-2 ta-318 sp-2 an-318 2595 is-7 ta-318 sp-7 an-318 711 is-2 ta-319 sp-2 an-319 2596 is-7 ta-319 sp-7 an-319 712 is-2 ta-320 sp-2 an-320 2597 is-7 ta-320 sp-7 an-320 713 is-2 ta-321 sp-2 an-321 2598 is-7 ta-321 sp-7 an-321 714 is-2 ta-322 sp-2 an-322 2599 is-7 ta-322 sp-7 an-322 715 is-2 ta-323 sp-2 an-323 2600 is-7 ta-323 sp-7 an-323 716 is-2 ta-324 sp-2 an-324 2601 is-7 ta-324 sp-7 an-324 717 is-2 ta-325 sp-2 an-325 2602 is-7 ta-325 sp-7 an-325 718 is-2 ta-326 sp-2 an-326 2603 is-7 ta-326 sp-7 an-326 719 is-2 ta-327 sp-2 an-327 2604 is-7 ta-327 sp-7 an-327 720 is-2 ta-328 sp-2 an-328 2605 is-7 ta-328 sp-7 an-328 721 is-2 ta-329 sp-2 an-329 2606 is-7 ta-329 sp-7 an-329 722 is-2 ta-330 sp-2 an-330 2607 is-7 ta-330 sp-7 an-330 723 is-2 ta-331 sp-2 an-331 2608 is-7 ta-331 sp-7 an-331 724 is-2 ta-332 sp-2 an-332 2609 is-7 ta-332 sp-7 an-332 725 is-2 ta-333 sp-2 an-333 2610 is-7 ta-333 sp-7 an-333 726 is-2 ta-334 sp-2 an-334 2611 is-7 ta-334 sp-7 an-334 727 is-2 ta-335 sp-2 an-335 2612 is-7 ta-335 sp-7 an-335 728 is-2 ta-336 sp-2 an-336 2613 is-7 ta-336 sp-7 an-336 729 is-2 ta-337 sp-2 an-337 2614 is-7 ta-337 sp-7 an-337 730 is-2 ta-338 sp-2 an-338 2615 is-7 ta-338 sp-7 an-338 731 is-2 ta-339 sp-2 an-339 2616 is-7 ta-339 sp-7 an-339 732 is-2 ta-340 sp-2 an-340 2617 is-7 ta-340 sp-7 an-340 733 is-2 ta-341 sp-2 an-341 2618 is-7 ta-341 sp-7 an-341 734 is-2 ta-342 sp-2 an-342 2619 is-7 ta-342 sp-7 an-342 735 is-2 ta-343 sp-2 an-343 2620 is-7 ta-343 sp-7 an-343 736 is-2 ta-344 sp-2 an-344 2621 is-7 ta-344 sp-7 an-344 737 is-2 ta-345 sp-2 an-345 2622 is-7 ta-345 sp-7 an-345 738 is-2 ta-346 sp-2 an-346 2623 is-7 ta-346 sp-7 an-346 739 is-2 ta-347 sp-2 an-347 2624 is-7 ta-347 sp-7 an-347 740 is-2 ta-348 sp-2 an-348 2625 is-7 ta-348 sp-7 an-348 741 is-2 ta-349 sp-2 an-349 2626 is-7 ta-349 sp-7 an-349 742 is-2 ta-350 sp-2 an-350 2627 is-7 ta-350 sp-7 an-350 743 is-2 ta-351 sp-2 an-351 2628 is-7 ta-351 sp-7 an-351 744 is-2 ta-352 sp-2 an-352 2629 is-7 ta-352 sp-7 an-352 745 is-2 ta-353 sp-2 an-353 2630 is-7 ta-353 sp-7 an-353 746 is-2 ta-354 sp-2 an-354 2631 is-7 ta-354 sp-7 an-354 747 is-2 ta-355 sp-2 an-355 2632 is-7 ta-355 sp-7 an-355 748 is-2 ta-356 sp-2 an-356 2633 is-7 ta-356 sp-7 an-356 749 is-2 ta-357 sp-2 an-357 2634 is-7 ta-357 sp-7 an-357 750 is-2 ta-358 sp-2 an-358 2635 is-7 ta-358 sp-7 an-358 751 is-2 ta-359 sp-2 an-359 2636 is-7 ta-359 sp-7 an-359 752 is-2 ta-360 sp-2 an-360 2637 is-7 ta-360 sp-7 an-360 753 is-2 ta-361 sp-2 an-361 2638 is-7 ta-361 sp-7 an-361 754 is-2 ta-362 sp-2 an-362 2639 is-7 ta-362 sp-7 an-362 755 is-2 ta-363 sp-2 an-363 2640 is-7 ta-363 sp-7 an-363 756 is-2 ta-364 sp-2 an-364 2641 is-7 ta-364 sp-7 an-364 757 is-2 ta-365 sp-2 an-365 2642 is-7 ta-365 sp-7 an-365 Table 5-15 758 is-2 ta-366 sp-2 an-366 2643 is-7 ta-366 sp-7 an-366 759 is-2 ta-367 sp-2 an-367 2644 is-7 ta-367 sp-7 an-367 760 is-2 ta-368 sp-2 an-368 2645 is-7 ta-368 sp-7 an-368 761 is-2 ta-369 sp-2 an-369 2646 is-7 ta-369 sp-7 an-369 762 is-2 ta-370 sp-2 an-370 2647 is-7 ta-370 sp-7 an-370 763 is-2 ta-371 sp-2 an-371 2648 is-7 ta-371 sp-7 an-371 764 is-2 ta-372 sp-2 an-372 2649 is-7 ta-372 sp-7 an-372 765 is-2 ta-373 sp-2 an-373 2650 is-7 ta-373 sp-7 an-373 766 is-2 ta-374 sp-2 an-374 2651 is-7 ta-374 sp-7 an-374 767 is-2 ta-375 sp-2 an-375 2652 is-7 ta-375 sp-7 an-375 768 is-2 ta-376 sp-2 an-376 2653 is-7 ta-376 sp-7 an-376 769 is-2 ta-377 sp-2 an-377 2654 is-7 ta-377 sp-7 an-377 770 is-3 ta-1 sp-3 an-1 2655 is-8 ta-1 sp-8 an-1 771 is-3 ta-2 sp-3 an-2 2656 is-8 ta-2 sp-8 an-2 772 is-3 ta-3 sp-3 an-3 2657 is-8 ta-3 sp-8 an-3 773 is-3 ta-4 sp-3 an-4 2658 is-8 ta-4 sp-8 an-4 774 is-3 ta-5 sp-3 an-5 2659 is-8 ta-5 sp-8 an-5 775 is-3 ta-6 sp-3 an-6 2660 is-8 ta-6 sp-8 an-6 776 is-3 ta-7 sp-3 an-7 2661 is-8 ta-7 sp-8 an-7 777 is-3 ta-8 sp-3 an-8 2662 is-8 ta-8 sp-8 an-8 778 is-3 ta-9 sp-3 an-9 2663 is-8 ta-9 sp-8 an-9 779 is-3 ta-10 sp-3 an-10 2664 is-8 ta-10 sp-8 an-10 780 is-3 ta-11 sp-3 an-11 2665 is-8 ta-11 sp-8 an-11 781 is-3 ta-12 sp-3 an-12 2666 is-8 ta-12 sp-8 an-12 782 is-3 ta-13 sp-3 an-13 2667 is-8 ta-13 sp-8 an-13 783 is-3 ta-14 sp-3 an-14 2668 is-8 ta-14 sp-8 an-14 784 is-3 ta-15 sp-3 an-15 2669 is-8 ta-15 sp-8 an-15 785 is-3 ta-16 sp-3 an-16 2670 is-8 ta-16 sp-8 an-16 786 is-3 ta-17 sp-3 an-17 2671 is-8 ta-17 sp-8 an-17 787 is-3 ta-18 sp-3 an-18 2672 is-8 ta-18 sp-8 an-18 788 is-3 ta-19 sp-3 an-19 2673 is-8 ta-19 sp-8 an-19 789 is-3 ta-20 sp-3 an-20 2674 is-8 ta-20 sp-8 an-20 790 is-3 ta-21 sp-3 an-21 2675 is-8 ta-21 sp-8 an-21 791 is-3 ta-22 sp-3 an-22 2676 is-8 ta-22 sp-8 an-22 792 is-3 ta-23 sp-3 an-23 2677 is-8 ta-23 sp-8 an-23 793 is-3 ta-24 sp-3 an-24 2678 is-8 ta-24 sp-8 an-24 794 is-3 ta-25 sp-3 an-25 2679 is-8 ta-25 sp-8 an-25 795 is-3 ta-26 sp-3 an-26 2680 is-8 ta-26 sp-8 an-26 796 is-3 ta-27 sp-3 an-27 2681 is-8 ta-27 sp-8 an-27 797 is-3 ta-28 sp-3 an-28 2682 is-8 ta-28 sp-8 an-28 798 is-3 ta-29 sp-3 an-29 2683 is-8 ta-29 sp-8 an-29 799 is-3 ta-30 sp-3 an-30 2684 is-8 ta-30 sp-8 an-30 800 is-3 ta-31 sp-3 an-31 2685 is-8 ta-31 sp-8 an-31 801 is-3 ta-32 sp-3 an-32 2686 is-8 ta-32 sp-8 an-32 802 is-3 ta-33 sp-3 an-33 2687 is-8 ta-33 sp-8 an-33 803 is-3 ta-34 sp-3 an-34 2688 is-8 ta-34 sp-8 an-34 804 is-3 ta-35 sp-3 an-35 2689 is-8 ta-35 sp-8 an-35 805 is-3 ta-36 sp-3 an-36 2690 is-8 ta-36 sp-8 an-36 806 is-3 ta-37 sp-3 an-37 2691 is-8 ta-37 sp-8 an-37 807 is-3 ta-38 sp-3 an-38 2692 is-8 ta-38 sp-8 an-38 808 is-3 ta-39 sp-3 an-39 2693 is-8 ta-39 sp-8 an-39 809 is-3 ta-40 sp-3 an-40 2694 is-8 ta-40 sp-8 an-40 810 is-3 ta-41 sp-3 an-41 2695 is-8 ta-41 sp-8 an-41 Table 5-16 811 is-3 ta-42 sp-3 an-42 2696 is-8 ta-42 sp-8 an-42 812 is-3 ta-43 sp-3 an-43 2697 is-8 ta-43 sp-8 an-43 813 is-3 ta-44 sp-3 an-44 2698 is-8 ta-44 sp-8 an-44 814 is-3 ta-45 sp-3 an-45 2699 is-8 ta-45 sp-8 an-45 815 is-3 ta-46 sp-3 an-46 2700 is-8 ta-46 sp-8 an-46 816 is-3 ta-47 sp-3 an-47 2701 is-8 ta-47 sp-8 an-47 817 is-3 ta-48 sp-3 an-48 2702 is-8 ta-48 sp-8 an-48 818 is-3 ta-49 sp-3 an-49 2703 is-8 ta-49 sp-8 an-49 819 is-3 ta-50 sp-3 an-50 2704 is-8 ta-50 sp-8 an-50 820 is-3 ta-51 sp-3 an-51 2705 is-8 ta-51 sp-8 an-51 821 is-3 ta-52 sp-3 an-52 2706 is-8 ta-52 sp-8 an-52 822 is-3 ta-53 sp-3 an-53 2707 is-8 ta-53 sp-8 an-53 823 is-3 ta-54 sp-3 an-54 2708 is-8 ta-54 sp-8 an-54 824 is-3 ta-55 sp-3 an-55 2709 is-8 ta-55 sp-8 an-55 825 is-3 ta-56 sp-3 an-56 2710 is-8 ta-56 sp-8 an-56 826 is-3 ta-57 sp-3 an-57 2711 is-8 ta-57 sp-8 an-57 827 is-3 ta-58 sp-3 an-58 2712 is-8 ta-58 sp-8 an-58 828 is-3 ta-59 sp-3 an-59 2713 is-8 ta-59 sp-8 an-59 829 is-3 ta-60 sp-3 an-60 2714 is-8 ta-60 sp-8 an-60 830 is-3 ta-61 sp-3 an-61 2715 is-8 ta-61 sp-8 an-61 831 is-3 ta-62 sp-3 an-62 2716 is-8 ta-62 sp-8 an-62 832 is-3 ta-63 sp-3 an-63 2717 is-8 ta-63 sp-8 an-63 833 is-3 ta-64 sp-3 an-64 2718 is-8 ta-64 sp-8 an-64 834 is-3 ta-65 sp-3 an-65 2719 is-8 ta-65 sp-8 an-65 835 is-3 ta-66 sp-3 an-66 2720 is-8 ta-66 sp-8 an-66 836 is-3 ta-67 sp-3 an-67 2721 is-8 ta-67 sp-8 an-67 837 is-3 ta-68 sp-3 an-68 2722 is-8 ta-68 sp-8 an-68 838 is-3 ta-69 sp-3 an-69 2723 is-8 ta-69 sp-8 an-69 839 is-3 ta-70 sp-3 an-70 2724 is-8 ta-70 sp-8 an-70 840 is-3 ta-71 sp-3 an-71 2725 is-8 ta-71 sp-8 an-71 841 is-3 ta-72 sp-3 an-72 2726 is-8 ta-72 sp-8 an-72 842 is-3 ta-73 sp-3 an-73 2727 is-8 ta-73 sp-8 an-73 843 is-3 ta-74 sp-3 an-74 2728 is-8 ta-74 sp-8 an-74 844 is-3 ta-75 sp-3 an-75 2729 is-8 ta-75 sp-8 an-75 845 is-3 ta-76 sp-3 an-76 2730 is-8 ta-76 sp-8 an-76 846 is-3 ta-77 sp-3 an-77 2731 is-8 ta-77 sp-8 an-77 847 is-3 ta-78 sp-3 an-78 2732 is-8 ta-78 sp-8 an-78 848 is-3 ta-79 sp-3 an-79 2733 is-8 ta-79 sp-8 an-79 849 is-3 ta-80 sp-3 an-80 2734 is-8 ta-80 sp-8 an-80 850 is-3 ta-81 sp-3 an-81 2735 is-8 ta-81 sp-8 an-81 851 is-3 ta-82 sp-3 an-82 2736 is-8 ta-82 sp-8 an-82 852 is-3 ta-83 sp-3 an-83 2737 is-8 ta-83 sp-8 an-83 853 is-3 ta-84 sp-3 an-84 2738 is-8 ta-84 sp-8 an-84 854 is-3 ta-85 sp-3 an-85 2739 is-8 ta-85 sp-8 an-85 855 is-3 ta-86 sp-3 an-86 2740 is-8 ta-86 sp-8 an-86 856 is-3 ta-87 sp-3 an-87 2741 is-8 ta-87 sp-8 an-87 857 is-3 ta-88 sp-3 an-88 2742 is-8 ta-88 sp-8 an-88 858 is-3 ta-89 sp-3 an-89 2743 is-8 ta-89 sp-8 an-89 859 is-3 ta-90 sp-3 an-90 2744 is-8 ta-90 sp-8 an-90 860 is-3 ta-91 sp-3 an-91 2745 is-8 ta-91 sp-8 an-91 861 is-3 ta-92 sp-3 an-92 2746 is-8 ta-92 sp-8 an-92 862 is-3 ta-93 sp-3 an-93 2747 is-8 ta-93 sp-8 an-93 863 is-3 ta-94 sp-3 an-94 2748 is-8 ta-94 sp-8 an-94 Table 5-17 864 is-3 ta-95 sp-3 an-95 2749 is-8 ta-95 sp-8 an-95 865 is-3 ta-96 sp-3 an-96 2750 is-8 ta-96 sp-8 an-96 866 is-3 ta-97 sp-3 an-97 2751 is-8 ta-97 sp-8 an-97 867 is-3 ta-98 sp-3 an-98 2752 is-8 ta-98 sp-8 an-98 868 is-3 ta-99 sp-3 an-99 2753 is-8 ta-99 sp-8 an-99 869 is-3 ta-100 sp-3 an-100 2754 is-8 ta-100 sp-8 an-100 870 is-3 ta-101 sp-3 an-101 2755 is-8 ta-101 sp-8 an-101 871 is-3 ta-102 sp-3 an-102 2756 is-8 ta-102 sp-8 an-102 872 is-3 ta-103 sp-3 an-103 2757 is-8 ta-103 sp-8 an-103 873 is-3 ta-104 sp-3 an-104 2758 is-8 ta-104 sp-8 an-104 874 is-3 ta-105 sp-3 an-105 2759 is-8 ta-105 sp-8 an-105 875 is-3 ta-106 sp-3 an-106 2760 is-8 ta-106 sp-8 an-106 876 is-3 ta-107 sp-3 an-107 2761 is-8 ta-107 sp-8 an-107 877 is-3 ta-108 sp-3 an-108 2762 is-8 ta-108 sp-8 an-108 878 is-3 ta-109 sp-3 an-109 2763 is-8 ta-109 sp-8 an-109 879 is-3 ta-110 sp-3 an-110 2764 is-8 ta-110 sp-8 an-110 880 is-3 ta-111 sp-3 an-111 2765 is-8 ta-111 sp-8 an-111 881 is-3 ta-112 sp-3 an-112 2766 is-8 ta-112 sp-8 an-112 882 is-3 ta-113 sp-3 an-113 2767 is-8 ta-113 sp-8 an-113 883 is-3 ta-114 sp-3 an-114 2768 is-8 ta-114 sp-8 an-114 884 is-3 ta-115 sp-3 an-115 2769 is-8 ta-115 sp-8 an-115 885 is-3 ta-116 sp-3 an-116 2770 is-8 ta-116 sp-8 an-116 886 is-3 ta-117 sp-3 an-117 2771 is-8 ta-117 sp-8 an-117 887 is-3 ta-118 sp-3 an-118 2772 is-8 ta-118 sp-8 an-118 888 is-3 ta-119 sp-3 an-119 2773 is-8 ta-119 sp-8 an-119 889 is-3 ta-120 sp-3 an-120 2774 is-8 ta-120 sp-8 an-120 890 is-3 ta-121 sp-3 an-121 2775 is-8 ta-121 sp-8 an-121 891 is-3 ta-122 sp-3 an-122 2776 is-8 ta-122 sp-8 an-122 892 is-3 ta-123 sp-3 an-123 2777 is-8 ta-123 sp-8 an-123 893 is-3 ta-124 sp-3 an-124 2778 is-8 ta-124 sp-8 an-124 894 is-3 ta-125 sp-3 an-125 2779 is-8 ta-125 sp-8 an-125 895 is-3 ta-126 sp-3 an-126 2780 is-8 ta-126 sp-8 an-126 896 is-3 ta-127 sp-3 an-127 2781 is-8 ta-127 sp-8 an-127 897 is-3 ta-128 sp-3 an-128 2782 is-8 ta-128 sp-8 an-128 898 is-3 ta-129 sp-3 an-129 2783 is-8 ta-129 sp-8 an-129 899 is-3 ta-130 sp-3 an-130 2784 is-8 ta-130 sp-8 an-130 900 is-3 ta-131 sp-3 an-131 2785 is-8 ta-131 sp-8 an-131 901 is-3 ta-132 sp-3 an-132 2786 is-8 ta-132 sp-8 an-132 902 is-3 ta-133 sp-3 an-133 2787 is-8 ta-133 sp-8 an-133 903 is-3 ta-134 sp-3 an-134 2788 is-8 ta-134 sp-8 an-134 904 is-3 ta-135 sp-3 an-135 2789 is-8 ta-135 sp-8 an-135 905 is-3 ta-136 sp-3 an-136 2790 is-8 ta-136 sp-8 an-136 906 is-3 ta-137 sp-3 an-137 2791 is-8 ta-137 sp-8 an-137 907 is-3 ta-138 sp-3 an-138 2792 is-8 ta-138 sp-8 an-138 908 is-3 ta-139 sp-3 an-139 2793 is-8 ta-139 sp-8 an-139 909 is-3 ta-140 sp-3 an-140 2794 is-8 ta-140 sp-8 an-140 910 is-3 ta-141 sp-3 an-141 2795 is-8 ta-141 sp-8 an-141 911 is-3 ta-142 sp-3 an-142 2796 is-8 ta-142 sp-8 an-142 912 is-3 ta-143 sp-3 an-143 2797 is-8 ta-143 sp-8 an-143 913 is-3 ta-144 sp-3 an-144 2798 is-8 ta-144 sp-8 an-144 914 is-3 ta-145 sp-3 an-145 2799 is-8 ta-145 sp-8 an-145 915 is-3 ta-146 sp-3 an-146 2800 is-8 ta-146 sp-8 an-146 916 is-3 ta-147 sp-3 an-147 2801 is-8 ta-147 sp-8 an-147 Table 5-18 917 is-3 ta-148 sp-3 an-148 2802 is-8 ta-148 sp-8 an-148 918 is-3 ta-149 sp-3 an-149 2803 is-8 ta-149 sp-8 an-149 919 is-3 ta-150 sp-3 an-150 2804 is-8 ta-150 sp-8 an-150 920 is-3 ta-151 sp-3 an-151 2805 is-8 ta-151 sp-8 an-151 921 is-3 ta-152 sp-3 an-152 2806 is-8 ta-152 sp-8 an-152 922 is-3 ta-153 sp-3 an-153 2807 is-8 ta-153 sp-8 an-153 923 is-3 ta-154 sp-3 an-154 2808 is-8 ta-154 sp-8 an-154 924 is-3 ta-155 sp-3 an-155 2809 is-8 ta-155 sp-8 an-155 925 is-3 ta-156 sp-3 an-156 2810 is-8 ta-156 sp-8 an-156 926 is-3 ta-157 sp-3 an-157 2811 is-8 ta-157 sp-8 an-157 927 is-3 ta-158 sp-3 an-158 2812 is-8 ta-158 sp-8 an-158 928 is-3 ta-159 sp-3 an-159 2813 is-8 ta-159 sp-8 an-159 929 is-3 ta-160 sp-3 an-160 2814 is-8 ta-160 sp-8 an-160 930 is-3 ta-161 sp-3 an-161 2815 is-8 ta-161 sp-8 an-161 931 is-3 ta-162 sp-3 an-162 2816 is-8 ta-162 sp-8 an-162 932 is-3 ta-163 sp-3 an-163 2817 is-8 ta-163 sp-8 an-163 933 is-3 ta-164 sp-3 an-164 2818 is-8 ta-164 sp-8 an-164 934 is-3 ta-165 sp-3 an-165 2819 is-8 ta-165 sp-8 an-165 935 is-3 ta-166 sp-3 an-166 2820 is-8 ta-166 sp-8 an-166 936 is-3 ta-167 sp-3 an-167 2821 is-8 ta-167 sp-8 an-167 937 is-3 ta-168 sp-3 an-168 2822 is-8 ta-168 sp-8 an-168 938 is-3 ta-169 sp-3 an-169 2823 is-8 ta-169 sp-8 an-169 939 is-3 ta-170 sp-3 an-170 2824 is-8 ta-170 sp-8 an-170 940 is-3 ta-171 sp-3 an-171 2825 is-8 ta-171 sp-8 an-171 941 is-3 ta-172 sp-3 an-172 2826 is-8 ta-172 sp-8 an-172 942 is-3 ta-173 sp-3 an-173 2827 is-8 ta-173 sp-8 an-173 943 is-3 ta-174 sp-3 an-174 2828 is-8 ta-174 sp-8 an-174 944 is-3 ta-175 sp-3 an-175 2829 is-8 ta-175 sp-8 an-175 945 is-3 ta-176 sp-3 an-176 2830 is-8 ta-176 sp-8 an-176 946 is-3 ta-177 sp-3 an-177 2831 is-8 ta-177 sp-8 an-177 947 is-3 ta-178 sp-3 an-178 2832 is-8 ta-178 sp-8 an-178 948 is-3 ta-179 sp-3 an-179 2833 is-8 ta-179 sp-8 an-179 949 is-3 ta-180 sp-3 an-180 2834 is-8 ta-180 sp-8 an-180 950 is-3 ta-181 sp-3 an-181 2835 is-8 ta-181 sp-8 an-181 951 is-3 ta-182 sp-3 an-182 2836 is-8 ta-182 sp-8 an-182 952 is-3 ta-183 sp-3 an-183 2837 is-8 ta-183 sp-8 an-183 953 is-3 ta-184 sp-3 an-184 2838 is-8 ta-184 sp-8 an-184 954 is-3 ta-185 sp-3 an-185 2839 is-8 ta-185 sp-8 an-185 955 is-3 ta-186 sp-3 an-186 2840 is-8 ta-186 sp-8 an-186 956 is-3 ta-187 sp-3 an-187 2841 is-8 ta-187 sp-8 an-187 957 is-3 ta-188 sp-3 an-188 2842 is-8 ta-188 sp-8 an-188 958 is-3 ta-189 sp-3 an-189 2843 is-8 ta-189 sp-8 an-189 959 is-3 ta-190 sp-3 an-190 2844 is-8 ta-190 sp-8 an-190 960 is-3 ta-191 sp-3 an-191 2845 is-8 ta-191 sp-8 an-191 961 is-3 ta-192 sp-3 an-192 2846 is-8 ta-192 sp-8 an-192 962 is-3 ta-193 sp-3 an-193 2847 is-8 ta-193 sp-8 an-193 963 is-3 ta-194 sp-3 an-194 2848 is-8 ta-194 sp-8 an-194 964 is-3 ta-195 sp-3 an-195 2849 is-8 ta-195 sp-8 an-195 965 is-3 ta-196 sp-3 an-196 2850 is-8 ta-196 sp-8 an-196 966 is-3 ta-197 sp-3 an-197 2851 is-8 ta-197 sp-8 an-197 967 is-3 ta-198 sp-3 an-198 2852 is-8 ta-198 sp-8 an-198 968 is-3 ta-199 sp-3 an-199 2853 is-8 ta-199 sp-8 an-199 969 is-3 ta-200 sp-3 an-200 2854 is-8 ta-200 sp-8 an-200 Table 5-19 970 is-3 ta-201 sp-3 an-201 2855 is-8 ta-201 sp-8 an-201 971 is-3 ta-202 sp-3 an-202 2856 is-8 ta-202 sp-8 an-202 972 is-3 ta-203 sp-3 an-203 2857 is-8 ta-203 sp-8 an-203 973 is-3 ta-204 sp-3 an-204 2858 is-8 ta-204 sp-8 an-204 974 is-3 ta-205 sp-3 an-205 2859 is-8 ta-205 sp-8 an-205 975 is-3 ta-206 sp-3 an-206 2860 is-8 ta-206 sp-8 an-206 976 is-3 ta-207 sp-3 an-207 2861 is-8 ta-207 sp-8 an-207 977 is-3 ta-208 sp-3 an-208 2862 is-8 ta-208 sp-8 an-208 978 is-3 ta-209 sp-3 an-209 2863 is-8 ta-209 sp-8 an-209 979 is-3 ta-210 sp-3 an-210 2864 is-8 ta-210 sp-8 an-210 980 is-3 ta-211 sp-3 an-211 2865 is-8 ta-211 sp-8 an-211 981 is-3 ta-212 sp-3 an-212 2866 is-8 ta-212 sp-8 an-212 982 is-3 ta-213 sp-3 an-213 2867 is-8 ta-213 sp-8 an-213 983 is-3 ta-214 sp-3 an-214 2868 is-8 ta-214 sp-8 an-214 984 is-3 ta-215 sp-3 an-215 2869 is-8 ta-215 sp-8 an-215 985 is-3 ta-216 sp-3 an-216 2870 is-8 ta-216 sp-8 an-216 986 is-3 ta-217 sp-3 an-217 2871 is-8 ta-217 sp-8 an-217 987 is-3 ta-218 sp-3 an-218 2872 is-8 ta-218 sp-8 an-218 988 is-3 ta-219 sp-3 an-219 2873 is-8 ta-219 sp-8 an-219 989 is-3 ta-220 sp-3 an-220 2874 is-8 ta-220 sp-8 an-220 990 is-3 ta-221 sp-3 an-221 2875 is-8 ta-221 sp-8 an-221 991 is-3 ta-222 sp-3 an-222 2876 is-8 ta-222 sp-8 an-222 992 is-3 ta-223 sp-3 an-223 2877 is-8 ta-223 sp-8 an-223 993 is-3 ta-224 sp-3 an-224 2878 is-8 ta-224 sp-8 an-224 994 is-3 ta-225 sp-3 an-225 2879 is-8 ta-225 sp-8 an-225 995 is-3 ta-228 sp-3 an-226 2880 is-8 ta-226 sp-8 an-226 996 is-3 ta-227 sp-3 an-227 2881 is-8 ta-227 sp-8 an-227 997 is-3 ta-228 sp-3 an-228 2882 is-8 ta-228 sp-8 an-228 998 is-3 ta-229 sp-3 an-229 2883 is-8 ta-229 sp-8 an-229 999 is-3 ta-230 sp-3 an-230 2884 is-8 ta-230 sp-8 an-230 1000 is-3 ta-231 sp-3 an-231 2885 is-8 ta-231 sp-8 an-231 1001 is-3 ta-232 sp-3 an-232 2886 is-8 ta-232 sp-8 an-232 1002 is-3 ta-233 sp-3 an-233 2887 is-8 ta-233 sp-8 an-233 1003 is-3 ta-234 sp-3 an-234 2888 is-8 ta-234 sp-8 an-234 1004 is-3 ta-235 sp-3 an-235 2889 is-8 ta-235 sp-8 an-235 1005 is-3 ta-236 sp-3 an-236 2890 is-8 ta-236 sp-8 an-236 1006 is-3 ta-237 sp-3 an-237 2891 is-8 ta-237 sp-8 an-237 1007 is-3 ta-238 sp-3 an-238 2892 is-8 ta-238 sp-8 an-238 1008 is-3 ta-239 sp-3 an-239 2893 is-8 ta-239 sp-8 an-239 1009 is-3 ta-240 sp-3 an-240 2894 is-8 ta-240 sp-8 an-240 1010 is-3 ta-241 sp-3 an-241 2895 is-8 ta-241 sp-8 an-241 1011 is-3 ta-242 sp-3 an-242 2896 is-8 ta-242 sp-8 an-242 1012 is-3 ta-243 sp-3 an-243 2897 is-8 ta-243 sp-8 an-243 1013 is-3 ta-244 sp-3 an-244 2898 is-8 ta-244 sp-8 an-244 1014 is-3 ta-245 sp-3 an-245 2899 is-8 ta-245 sp-8 an-245 1015 is-3 ta-246 sp-3 an-246 2900 is-8 ta-246 sp-8 an-246 1016 is-3 ta-247 sp-3 an-247 2901 is-8 ta-247 sp-8 an-247 1017 is-3 ta-248 sp-3 an-248 2902 is-8 ta-248 sp-8 an-248 1018 is-3 ta-249 sp-3 an-249 2903 is-8 ta-249 sp-8 an-249 1019 is-3 ta-250 sp-3 an-250 2904 is-8 ta-250 sp-8 an-250 1020 is-3 ta-251 sp-3 an-251 2905 is-8 ta-251 sp-8 an-251 1021 is-3 ta-252 sp-3 an-252 2906 is-8 ta-252 sp-8 an-252 1022 is-3 ta-253 sp-3 an-253 2907 is-8 ta-253 sp-8 an-253 Table 5-20 1023 is-3 ta-254 sp-3 an-254 2908 is-8 ta-254 sp-8 an-254 1024 is-3 ta-255 sp-3 an-255 2909 is-8 ta-255 sp-8 an-255 1025 is-3 ta-256 sp-3 an-256 2910 is-8 ta-256 sp-8 an-256 1026 is-3 ta-257 sp-3 an-257 2911 is-8 ta-257 sp-8 an-257 1027 is-3 ta-258 sp-3 an-258 2912 is-8 ta-258 sp-8 an-258 1028 is-3 ta-259 sp-3 an-259 2913 is-8 ta-259 sp-8 an-259 1029 is-3 ta-260 sp-3 an-260 2914 is-8 ta-260 sp-8 an-260 1030 is-3 ta-261 sp-3 an-261 2915 is-8 ta-261 sp-8 an-261 1031 is-3 ta-262 sp-3 an-262 2916 is-8 ta-262 sp-8 an-262 1032 is-3 ta-263 sp-3 an-263 2917 is-8 ta-263 sp-8 an-263 1033 is-3 ta-264 sp-3 an-264 2918 is-8 ta-264 sp-8 an-264 1034 is-3 ta-265 sp-3 an-265 2919 is-8 ta-265 sp-8 an-265 1035 is-3 ta-266 sp-3 an-266 2920 is-8 ta-266 sp-8 an-266 1036 is-3 ta-267 sp-3 an-267 2921 is-8 ta-267 sp-8 an-267 1037 is-3 ta-268 sp-3 an-268 2922 is-8 ta-268 sp-8 an-268 1038 is-3 ta-269 sp-3 an-269 2923 is-8 ta-269 sp-8 an-269 1039 is-3 ta-270 sp-3 an-270 2924 is-8 ta-270 sp-8 an-270 1040 is-3 ta-271 sp-3 an-271 2925 is-8 ta-271 sp-8 an-271 1041 is-3 ta-272 sp-3 an-272 2926 is-8 ta-272 sp-8 an-272 1042 is-3 ta-273 sp-3 an-273 2927 is-8 ta-273 sp-8 an-273 1043 is-3 ta-274 sp-3 an-274 2928 is-8 ta-274 sp-8 an-274 1044 is-3 ta-275 sp-3 an-275 2929 is-8 ta-275 sp-8 an-275 1045 is-3 ta-276 sp-3 an-276 2930 is-8 ta-276 sp-8 an-276 1046 is-3 ta-277 sp-3 an-277 2931 is-8 ta-277 sp-8 an-277 1047 is-3 ta-278 sp-3 an-278 2932 is-8 ta-278 sp-8 an-278 1048 is-3 ta-279 sp-3 an-279 2933 is-8 ta-279 sp-8 an-279 1049 is-3 ta-280 sp-3 an-280 2934 is-8 ta-280 sp-8 an-280 1050 is-3 ta-281 sp-3 an-281 2935 is-8 ta-281 sp-8 an-281 1051 is-3 ta-282 sp-3 an-282 2936 is-8 ta-282 sp-8 an-282 1052 is-3 ta-283 sp-3 an-283 2937 is-8 ta-283 sp-8 an-283 1053 is-3 ta-284 sp-3 an-284 2938 is-8 ta-284 sp-8 an-284 1054 is-3 ta-285 sp-3 an-285 2939 is-8 ta-285 sp-8 an-285 1055 is-3 ta-286 sp-3 an-286 2940 is-8 ta-286 sp-8 an-286 1056 is-3 ta-287 sp-3 an-287 2941 is-8 ta-287 sp-8 an-287 1057 is-3 ta-288 sp-3 an-288 2942 is-8 ta-288 sp-8 an-288 1058 is-3 ta-289 sp-3 an-289 2943 is-8 ta-289 sp-8 an-289 1059 is-3 ta-290 sp-3 an-290 2944 is-8 ta-290 sp-8 an-290 1060 is-3 ta-291 sp-3 an-291 2945 is-8 ta-291 sp-8 an-291 1061 is-3 ta-292 sp-3 an-292 2946 is-8 ta-292 sp-8 an-292 1062 is-3 ta-293 sp-3 an-293 2947 is-8 ta-293 sp-8 an-293 1063 is-3 ta-294 sp-3 an-294 2948 is-8 ta-294 sp-8 an-294 1064 is-3 ta-295 sp-3 an-295 2949 is-8 ta-295 sp-8 an-295 1065 is-3 ta-296 sp-3 an-296 2950 is-8 ta-296 sp-8 an-296 1066 is-3 ta-297 sp-3 an-297 2951 is-8 ta-297 sp-8 an-297 1067 is-3 ta-298 sp-3 an-298 2952 is-8 ta-298 sp-8 an-298 1068 is-3 ta-299 sp-3 an-299 2953 is-8 ta-299 sp-8 an-299 1069 is-3 ta-300 sp-3 an-300 2954 is-8 ta-300 sp-8 an-300 1070 is-3 ta-301 sp-3 an-301 2955 is-8 ta-301 sp-8 an-301 1071 is-3 ta-302 sp-3 an-302 2956 is-8 ta-302 sp-8 an-302 1072 is-3 ta-303 sp-3 an-303 2957 is-8 ta-303 sp-8 an-303 1073 is-3 ta-304 sp-3 an-304 2958 is-8 ta-304 sp-8 an-304 1074 is-3 ta-305 sp-3 an-305 2959 is-8 ta-305 sp-8 an-305 1075 is-3 ta-306 sp-3 an-306 2960 is-8 ta-306 sp-8 an-306 Table 5-21 1076 is-3 ta-307 sp-3 an-307 2961 is-8 ta-307 sp-8 an-307 1077 is-3 ta-308 sp-3 an-308 2962 is-8 ta-308 sp-8 an-308 1078 is-3 ta-309 sp-3 an-309 2963 is-8 ta-309 sp-8 an-309 1079 is-3 ta-310 sp-3 an-310 2964 is-8 ta-310 sp-8 an-310 1080 is-3 ta-311 sp-3 an-311 2965 is-8 ta-311 sp-8 an-311 1081 is-3 ta-312 sp-3 an-312 2966 is-8 ta-312 sp-8 an-312 1082 is-3 ta-313 sp-3 an-313 2967 is-8 ta-313 sp-8 an-313 1083 is-3 ta-314 sp-3 an-314 2968 is-8 ta-314 sp-8 an-314 1084 is-3 ta-315 sp-3 an-315 2969 is-8 ta-315 sp-8 an-315 1085 is-3 ta-316 sp-3 an-316 2970 is-8 ta-316 sp-8 an-316 1086 is-3 ta-317 sp-3 an-317 2971 is-8 ta-317 sp-8 an-317 1087 is-3 ta-318 sp-3 an-318 2972 is-8 ta-318 sp-8 an-318 1088 is-3 ta-319 sp-3 an-319 2973 is-8 ta-319 sp-8 an-319 1089 is-3 ta-320 sp-3 an-320 2974 is-8 ta-320 sp-8 an-320 1090 is-3 ta-321 sp-3 an-321 2975 is-8 ta-321 sp-8 an-321 1091 is-3 ta-322 sp-3 an-322 2976 is-8 ta-322 sp-8 an-322 1092 is-3 ta-323 sp-3 an-323 2977 is-8 ta-323 sp-8 an-323 1093 is-3 ta-324 sp-3 an-324 2978 is-8 ta-324 sp-8 an-324 1094 is-3 ta-325 sp-3 an-325 2979 is-8 ta-325 sp-8 an-325 1095 is-3 ta-326 sp-3 an-326 2980 is-8 ta-326 sp-8 an-326 1096 is-3 ta-327 sp-3 an-327 2981 is-8 ta-327 sp-8 an-327 1097 is-3 ta-328 sp-3 an-328 2982 is-8 ta-328 sp-8 an-328 1098 is-3 ta-329 sp-3 an-329 2983 is-8 ta-329 sp-8 an-329 1099 is-3 ta-330 sp-3 an-330 2984 is-8 ta-330 sp-8 an-330 1100 is-3 ta-331 sp-3 an-331 2985 is-8 ta-331 sp-8 an-331 1101 is-3 ta-332 sp-3 an-332 2986 is-8 ta-332 sp-8 an-332 1102 is-3 ta-333 sp-3 an-333 2987 is-8 ta-333 sp-8 an-333 1103 is-3 ta-334 sp-3 an-334 2988 is-8 ta-334 sp-8 an-334 1104 is-3 ta-335 sp-3 an-335 2989 is-8 ta-335 sp-8 an-335 1105 is-3 ta-336 sp-3 an-336 2990 is-8 ta-336 sp-8 an-336 1106 is-3 ta-337 sp-3 an-337 2991 is-8 ta-337 sp-8 an-337 1107 is-3 ta-338 sp-3 an-338 2992 is-8 ta-338 sp-8 an-338 1108 is-3 ta-339 sp-3 an-339 2993 is-8 ta-339 sp-8 an-339 1109 is-3 ta-340 sp-3 an-340 2994 is-8 ta-340 sp-8 an-340 1110 is-3 ta-341 sp-3 an-341 2995 is-8 ta-341 sp-8 an-341 1111 is-3 ta-342 sp-3 an-342 2996 is-8 ta-342 sp-8 an-342 1112 is-3 ta-343 sp-3 an-343 2997 is-8 ta-343 sp-8 an-343 1113 is-3 ta-344 sp-3 an-344 2998 is-8 ta-344 sp-8 an-344 1114 is-3 ta-345 sp-3 an-345 2999 is-8 ta-345 sp-8 an-345 1115 is-3 ta-346 sp-3 an-346 3000 is-8 ta-346 sp-8 an-346 1116 is-3 ta-347 sp-3 an-347 3001 is-8 ta-347 sp-8 an-347 1117 is-3 ta-348 sp-3 an-348 3002 is-8 ta-348 sp-8 an-348 1118 is-3 ta-349 sp-3 an-349 3003 is-8 ta-349 sp-8 an-349 1119 is-3 ta-350 sp-3 an-350 3004 is-8 ta-350 sp-8 an-350 1120 is-3 ta-351 sp-3 an-351 3005 is-8 ta-351 sp-8 an-351 1121 is-3 ta-352 sp-3 an-352 3006 is-8 ta-352 sp-8 an-352 1122 is-3 ta-353 sp-3 an-353 3007 is-8 ta-353 sp-8 an-353 1123 is-3 ta-354 sp-3 an-354 3008 is-8 ta-354 sp-8 an-354 1124 is-3 ta-355 sp-3 an-355 3009 is-8 ta-355 sp-8 an-355 1125 is-3 ta-356 sp-3 an-356 3010 is-8 ta-356 sp-8 an-356 1126 is-3 ta-357 sp-3 an-357 3011 is-8 ta-357 sp-8 an-357 1127 is-3 ta-358 sp-3 an-358 3012 is-8 ta-358 sp-8 an-358 1128 is-3 ta-359 sp-3 an-359 3013 is-8 ta-359 sp-8 an-359 Table 5-22 1129 is-3 ta-360 sp-3 an-360 3014 is-8 ta-360 sp-8 an-360 1130 is-3 ta-361 sp-3 an-361 3015 is-8 ta-361 sp-8 an-361 1131 is-3 ta-362 sp-3 an-362 3016 is-8 ta-362 sp-8 an-362 1132 is-3 ta-363 sp-3 an-363 3017 is-8 ta-363 sp-8 an-363 1133 is-3 ta-364 sp-3 an-364 3018 is-8 ta-364 sp-8 an-364 1134 is-3 ta-365 sp-3 an-365 3019 is-8 ta-365 sp-8 an-365 1135 is-3 ta-366 sp-3 an-366 3020 is-8 ta-366 sp-8 an-366 1136 is-3 ta-367 sp-3 an-367 3021 is-8 ta-367 sp-8 an-367 1137 is-3 ta-368 sp-3 an-368 3022 is-8 ta-368 sp-8 an-368 1138 is-3 ta-369 sp-3 an-369 3023 is-8 ta-369 sp-8 an-369 1139 is-3 ta-370 sp-3 an-370 3024 is-8 ta-370 sp-8 an-370 1140 is-3 ta-371 sp-3 an-371 3025 is-8 ta-371 sp-8 an-371 1141 is-3 ta-372 sp-3 an-372 3026 is-8 ta-372 sp-8 an-372 1142 is-3 ta-373 sp-3 an-373 3027 is-8 ta-373 sp-8 an-373 1143 is-3 ta-374 sp-3 an-374 3028 is-8 ta-374 sp-8 an-374 1144 is-3 ta-375 sp-3 an-375 3029 is-8 ta-375 sp-8 an-375 1145 is-3 ta-376 sp-3 an-376 3030 is-8 ta-376 sp-8 an-376 1146 is-3 ta-377 sp-3 an-377 3031 is-8 ta-377 sp-8 an-377 1147 is-4 ta-1 sp-4 an-1 3032 is-9 ta-1 sp-9 an-1 1148 is-4 ta-2 sp-4 an-2 3033 is-9 ta-2 sp-9 an-2 1149 is-4 ta-3 sp-4 an-3 3034 is-9 ta-3 sp-9 an-3 1150 is-4 ta-4 sp-4 an-4 3035 is-9 ta-4 sp-9 an-4 1151 is-4 ta-5 sp-4 an-5 3036 is-9 ta-5 sp-9 an-5 1152 is-4 ta-6 sp-4 an-6 3037 is-9 ta-6 sp-9 an-6 1153 is-4 ta-7 sp-4 an-7 3038 is-9 ta-7 sp-9 an-7 1154 is-4 ta-8 sp-4 an-8 3039 is-9 ta-8 sp-9 an-8 1155 is-4 ta-9 sp-4 an-9 3040 is-9 ta-9 sp-9 an-9 1156 is-4 ta-10 sp-4 an-10 3041 is-9 ta-10 sp-9 an-10 1157 is-4 ta-11 sp-4 an-11 3042 is-9 ta-11 sp-9 an-11 1158 is-4 ta-12 sp-4 an-12 3043 is-9 ta-12 sp-9 an-12 1159 is-4 ta-13 sp-4 an-13 3044 is-9 ta-13 sp-9 an-13 1160 is-4 ta-14 sp-4 an-14 3045 is-9 ta-14 sp-9 an-14 1161 is-4 ta-15 sp-4 an-15 3046 is-9 ta-15 sp-9 an-15 1162 is-4 ta-16 sp-4 an-16 3047 is-9 ta-16 sp-9 an-16 1163 is-4 ta-17 sp-4 an-17 3048 is-9 ta-17 sp-9 an-17 1164 is-4 ta-18 sp-4 an-18 3049 is-9 ta-18 sp-9 an-18 1165 is-4 ta-19 sp-4 an-19 3050 is-9 ta-19 sp-9 an-19 1166 is-4 ta-20 sp-4 an-20 3051 is-9 ta-20 sp-9 an-20 1167 is-4 ta-21 sp-4 an-21 3052 is-9 ta-21 sp-9 an-21 1168 is-4 ta-22 sp-4 an-22 3053 is-9 ta-22 sp-9 an-22 1169 is-4 ta-23 sp-4 an-23 3054 is-9 ta-23 sp-9 an-23 1170 is-4 ta-24 sp-4 an-24 3055 is-9 ta-24 sp-9 an-24 1171 is-4 ta-25 sp-4 an-25 3056 is-9 ta-25 sp-9 an-25 1172 is-4 ta-26 sp-4 an-26 3057 is-9 ta-26 sp-9 an-26 1173 is-4 ta-27 sp-4 an-27 3058 is-9 ta-27 sp-9 an-27 1174 is-4 ta-28 sp-4 an-28 3059 is-9 ta-28 sp-9 an-28 1175 is-4 ta-29 sp-4 an-29 3060 is-9 ta-29 sp-9 an-29 1176 is-4 ta-30 sp-4 an-30 3061 is-9 ta-30 sp-9 an-30 1177 is-4 ta-31 sp-4 an-31 3062 is-9 ta-31 sp-9 an-31 1178 is-4 ta-32 sp-4 an-32 3063 is-9 ta-32 sp-9 an-32 1179 is-4 ta-33 sp-4 an-33 3064 is-9 ta-33 sp-9 an-33 1180 is-4 ta-34 sp-4 an-34 3065 is-9 ta-34 sp-9 an-34 1181 is-4 ta-35 sp-4 an-35 3066 is-9 ta-35 sp-9 an-35 Table 5-23 1182 is-4 ta-36 sp-4 an-36 3067 is-9 ta-36 sp-9 an-36 1183 is-4 ta-37 sp-4 an-37 3068 is-9 ta-37 sp-9 an-37 1184 is-4 ta-38 sp-4 an-38 3069 is-9 ta-38 sp-9 an-38 1185 is-4 ta-39 sp-4 an-39 3070 is-9 ta-39 sp-9 an-39 1186 is-4 ta-40 sp-4 an-40 3071 is-9 ta-40 sp-9 an-40 1187 is-4 ta-41 sp-4 an-41 3072 is-9 ta-41 sp-9 an-41 1188 is-4 ta-42 sp-4 an-42 3073 is-9 ta-42 sp-9 an-42 1189 is-4 ta-43 sp-4 an-43 3074 is-9 ta-43 sp-9 an-43 1190 is-4 ta-44 sp-4 an-44 3075 is-9 ta-44 sp-9 an-44 1191 is-4 ta-45 sp-4 an-45 3076 is-9 ta-45 sp-9 an-45 1192 is-4 ta-46 sp-4 an-46 3077 is-9 ta-46 sp-9 an-46 1193 is-4 ta-47 sp-4 an-47 3078 is-9 ta-47 sp-9 an-47 1194 is-4 ta-48 sp-4 an-48 3079 is-9 ta-48 sp-9 an-48 1195 is-4 ta-49 sp-4 an-49 3080 is-9 ta-49 sp-9 an-49 1196 is-4 ta-50 sp-4 an-50 3081 is-9 ta-50 sp-9 an-50 1197 is-4 ta-51 sp-4 an-51 3082 is-9 ta-51 sp-9 an-51 1198 is-4 ta-52 sp-4 an-52 3083 is-9 ta-52 sp-9 an-52 1199 is-4 ta-53 sp-4 an-53 3084 is-9 ta-53 sp-9 an-53 1200 is-4 ta-54 sp-4 an-54 3085 is-9 ta-54 sp-9 an-54 1201 is-4 ta-55 sp-4 an-55 3086 is-9 ta-55 sp-9 an-55 1202 is-4 ta-56 sp-4 an-56 3087 is-9 ta-56 sp-9 an-56 1203 is-4 ta-57 sp-4 an-57 3088 is-9 ta-57 sp-9 an-57 1204 is-4 ta-58 sp-4 an-58 3089 is-9 ta-58 sp-9 an-58 1205 is-4 ta-59 sp-4 an-59 3090 is-9 ta-59 sp-9 an-59 1206 is-4 ta-60 sp-4 an-60 3091 is-9 ta-60 sp-9 an-60 1207 is-4 ta-61 sp-4 an-61 3092 is-9 ta-61 sp-9 an-61 1208 is-4 ta-62 sp-4 an-62 3093 is-9 ta-62 sp-9 an-62 1209 is-4 ta-63 sp-4 an-63 3094 is-9 ta-63 sp-9 an-63 1210 is-4 ta-64 sp-4 an-64 3095 is-9 ta-64 sp-9 an-64 1211 is-4 ta-65 sp-4 an-65 3096 is-9 ta-65 sp-9 an-65 1212 is-4 ta-66 sp-4 an-66 3097 is-9 ta-66 sp-9 an-66 1213 is-4 ta-67 sp-4 an-67 3098 is-9 ta-67 sp-9 an-67 1214 is-4 ta-68 sp-4 an-68 3099 is-9 ta-68 sp-9 an-68 1215 is-4 ta-69 sp-4 an-69 3100 is-9 ta-69 sp-9 an-69 1216 is-4 ta-70 sp-4 an-70 3101 is-9 ta-70 sp-9 an-70 1217 is-4 ta-71 sp-4 an-71 3102 is-9 ta-71 sp-9 an-71 1218 is-4 ta-72 sp-4 an-72 3103 is-9 ta-72 sp-9 an-72 1219 is-4 ta-73 sp-4 an-73 3104 is-9 ta-73 sp-9 an-73 1220 is-4 ta-74 sp-4 an-74 3105 is-9 ta-74 sp-9 an-74 1221 is-4 ta-75 sp-4 an-75 3106 is-9 ta-75 sp-9 an-75 1222 is-4 ta-76 sp-4 an-76 3107 is-9 ta-76 sp-9 an-76 1223 is-4 ta-77 sp-4 an-77 3108 is-9 ta-77 sp-9 an-77 1224 is-4 ta-78 sp-4 an-78 3109 is-9 ta-78 sp-9 an-78 1225 is-4 ta-79 sp-4 an-79 3110 is-9 ta-79 sp-9 an-79 1226 is-4 ta-80 sp-4 an-80 3111 is-9 ta-80 sp-9 an-80 1227 is-4 ta-81 sp-4 an-81 3112 is-9 ta-81 sp-9 an-81 1228 is-4 ta-82 sp-4 an-82 3113 is-9 ta-82 sp-9 an-82 1229 is-4 ta-83 sp-4 an-83 3114 is-9 ta-83 sp-9 an-83 1230 is-4 ta-84 sp-4 an-84 3115 is-9 ta-84 sp-9 an-84 1231 is-4 ta-85 sp-4 an-85 3116 is-9 ta-85 sp-9 an-85 1232 is-4 ta-86 sp-4 an-86 3117 is-9 ta-86 sp-9 an-86 1233 is-4 ta-87 sp-4 an-87 3118 is-9 ta-87 sp-9 an-87 1234 is-4 ta-88 sp-4 an-88 3119 is-9 ta-88 sp-9 an-88 Table 5-24 1235 is-4 ta-89 sp-4 an-89 3120 is-9 ta-89 sp-9 an-89 1236 is-4 ta-90 sp-4 an-90 3121 is-9 ta-90 sp-9 an-90 1237 is-4 ta-91 sp-4 an-91 3122 is-9 ta-91 sp-9 an-91 1238 is-4 ta-92 sp-4 an-92 3123 is-9 ta-92 sp-9 an-92 1239 is-4 ta-93 sp-4 an-93 3124 is-9 ta-93 sp-9 an-93 1240 is-4 ta-94 sp-4 an-94 3125 is-9 ta-94 sp-9 an-94 1241 is-4 ta-95 sp-4 an-95 3126 is-9 ta-95 sp-9 an-95 1242 is-4 ta-96 sp-4 an-96 3127 is-9 ta-96 sp-9 an-96 1243 is-4 ta-97 sp-4 an-97 3128 is-9 ta-97 sp-9 an-97 1244 is-4 ta-98 sp-4 an-98 3129 is-9 ta-98 sp-9 an-98 1245 is-4 ta-99 sp-4 an-99 3130 is-9 ta-99 sp-9 an-99 1246 is-4 ta-100 sp-4 an-100 3131 is-9 ta-100 sp-9 an-100 1247 is-4 ta-101 sp-4 an-101 3132 is-9 ta-101 sp-9 an-101 1248 is-4 ta-102 sp-4 an-102 3133 is-9 ta-102 sp-9 an-102 1249 is-4 ta-103 sp-4 an-103 3134 is-9 ta-103 sp-9 an-103 1250 is-4 ta-104 sp-4 an-104 3135 is-9 ta-104 sp-9 an-104 1251 is-4 ta-105 sp-4 an-105 3136 is-9 ta-105 sp-9 an-105 1252 is-4 ta-106 sp-4 an-106 3137 is-9 ta-106 sp-9 an-106 1253 is-4 ta-107 sp-4 an-107 3138 is-9 ta-107 sp-9 an-107 1254 is-4 ta-108 sp-4 an-108 3139 is-9 ta-108 sp-9 an-108 1255 is-4 ta-109 sp-4 an-109 3140 is-9 ta-109 sp-9 an-109 1256 is-4 ta-110 sp-4 an-110 3141 is-9 ta-110 sp-9 an-110 1257 is-4 ta-111 sp-4 an-111 3142 is-9 ta-111 sp-9 an-111 1258 is-4 ta-112 sp-4 an-112 3143 is-9 ta-112 sp-9 an-112 1259 is-4 ta-113 sp-4 an-113 3144 is-9 ta-113 sp-9 an-113 1260 is-4 ta-114 sp-4 an-114 3145 is-9 ta-114 sp-9 an-114 1261 is-4 ta-115 sp-4 an-115 3146 is-9 ta-115 sp-9 an-115 1262 is-4 ta-116 sp-4 an-116 3147 is-9 ta-116 sp-9 an-116 1263 is-4 ta-117 sp-4 an-117 3148 is-9 ta-117 sp-9 an-117 1264 is-4 ta-118 sp-4 an-118 3149 is-9 ta-118 sp-9 an-118 1265 is-4 ta-119 sp-4 an-119 3150 is-9 ta-119 sp-9 an-119 1266 is-4 ta-120 sp-4 an-120 3151 is-9 ta-120 sp-9 an-120 1267 is-4 ta-121 sp-4 an-121 3152 is-9 ta-121 sp-9 an-121 1268 is-4 ta-122 sp-4 an-122 3153 is-9 ta-122 sp-9 an-122 1269 is-4 ta-123 sp-4 an-123 3154 is-9 ta-123 sp-9 an-123 1270 is-4 ta-124 sp-4 an-124 3155 is-9 ta-124 sp-9 an-124 1271 is-4 ta-125 sp-4 an-125 3156 is-9 ta-125 sp-9 an-125 1272 is-4 ta-126 sp-4 an-126 3157 is-9 ta-126 sp-9 an-126 1273 is-4 ta-127 sp-4 an-127 3158 is-9 ta-127 sp-9 an-127 1274 is-4 ta-128 sp-4 an-128 3159 is-9 ta-128 sp-9 an-128 1275 is-4 ta-129 sp-4 an-129 3160 is-9 ta-129 sp-9 an-129 1276 is-4 ta-130 sp-4 an-130 3161 is-9 ta-130 sp-9 an-130 1277 is-4 ta-131 sp-4 an-131 3162 is-9 ta-131 sp-9 an-131 1278 is-4 ta-132 sp-4 an-132 3163 is-9 ta-132 sp-9 an-132 1279 is-4 ta-133 sp-4 an-133 3164 is-9 ta-133 sp-9 an-133 1280 is-4 ta-134 sp-4 an-134 3165 is-9 ta-134 sp-9 an-134 1281 is-4 ta-135 sp-4 an-135 3166 is-9 ta-135 sp-9 an-135 1282 is-4 ta-136 sp-4 an-136 3167 is-9 ta-136 sp-9 an-136 1283 is-4 ta-137 sp-4 an-137 3168 is-9 ta-137 sp-9 an-137 1284 is-4 ta-138 sp-4 an-138 3169 is-9 ta-138 sp-9 an-138 1285 is-4 ta-139 sp-4 an-139 3170 is-9 ta-139 sp-9 an-139 1286 is-4 ta-140 sp-4 an-140 3171 is-9 ta-140 sp-9 an-140 1287 is-4 ta-141 sp-4 an-141 3172 is-9 ta-141 sp-9 an-141 Table 5-25 1288 is-4 ta-142 sp-4 an-142 3173 is-9 ta-142 sp-9 an-142 1289 is-4 ta-143 sp-4 an-143 3174 is-9 ta-143 sp-9 an-143 1290 is-4 ta-144 sp-4 an-144 3175 is-9 ta-144 sp-9 an-144 1291 is-4 ta-145 sp-4 an-145 3176 is-9 ta-145 sp-9 an-145 1292 is-4 ta-146 sp-4 an-146 3177 is-9 ta-146 sp-9 an-146 1293 is-4 ta-147 sp-4 an-147 3178 is-9 ta-147 sp-9 an-147 1294 is-4 ta-148 sp-4 an-148 3179 is-9 ta-148 sp-9 an-148 1295 is-4 ta-149 sp-4 an-149 3180 is-9 ta-149 sp-9 an-149 1296 is-4 ta-150 sp-4 an-150 3181 is-9 ta-150 sp-9 an-150 1297 is-4 ta-151 sp-4 an-151 3182 is-9 ta-151 sp-9 an-151 1298 is-4 ta-152 sp-4 an-152 3183 is-9 ta-152 sp-9 an-152 1299 is-4 ta-153 sp-4 an-153 3184 is-9 ta-153 sp-9 an-153 1300 is-4 ta-154 sp-4 an-154 3185 is-9 ta-154 sp-9 an-154 1301 is-4 ta-155 sp-4 an-155 3186 is-9 ta-155 sp-9 an-155 1302 is-4 ta-156 sp-4 an-156 3187 is-9 ta-156 sp-9 an-156 1303 is-4 ta-157 sp-4 an-157 3188 is-9 ta-157 sp-9 an-157 1304 is-4 ta-158 sp-4 an-158 3189 is-9 ta-158 sp-9 an-158 1305 is-4 ta-159 sp-4 an-159 3190 is-9 ta-159 sp-9 an-159 1306 is-4 ta-160 sp-4 an-160 3191 is-9 ta-160 sp-9 an-160 1307 is-4 ta-161 sp-4 an-161 3192 is-9 ta-161 sp-9 an-161 1308 is-4 ta-162 sp-4 an-162 3193 is-9 ta-162 sp-9 an-162 1309 is-4 ta-163 sp-4 an-163 3194 is-9 ta-163 sp-9 an-163 1310 is-4 ta-164 sp-4 an-164 3195 is-9 ta-164 sp-9 an-164 1311 is-4 ta-165 sp-4 an-165 3196 is-9 ta-165 sp-9 an-165 1312 is-4 ta-166 sp-4 an-166 3197 is-9 ta-166 sp-9 an-166 1313 is-4 ta-167 sp-4 an-167 3198 is-9 ta-167 sp-9 an-167 1314 is-4 ta-168 sp-4 an-168 3199 is-9 ta-168 sp-9 an-168 1315 is-4 ta-169 sp-4 an-169 3200 is-9 ta-169 sp-9 an-169 1316 is-4 ta-170 sp-4 an-170 3201 is-9 ta-170 sp-9 an-170 1317 is-4 ta-171 sp-4 an-171 3202 is-9 ta-171 sp-9 an-171 1318 is-4 ta-172 sp-4 an-172 3203 is-9 ta-172 sp-9 an-172 1319 is-4 ta-173 sp-4 an-173 3204 is-9 ta-173 sp-9 an-173 1320 is-4 ta-174 sp-4 an-174 3205 is-9 ta-174 sp-9 an-174 1321 is-4 ta-175 sp-4 an-175 3206 is-9 ta-175 sp-9 an-175 1322 is-4 ta-176 sp-4 an-176 3207 is-9 ta-176 sp-9 an-176 1323 is-4 ta-177 sp-4 an-177 3208 is-9 ta-177 sp-9 an-177 1324 is-4 ta-178 sp-4 an-178 3209 is-9 ta-178 sp-9 an-178 1325 is-4 ta-179 sp-4 an-179 3210 is-9 ta-179 sp-9 an-179 1326 is-4 ta-180 sp-4 an-180 3211 is-9 ta-180 sp-9 an-180 1327 is-4 ta-181 sp-4 an-181 3212 is-9 ta-181 sp-9 an-181 1328 is-4 ta-182 sp-4 an-182 3213 is-9 ta-182 sp-9 an-182 1329 is-4 ta-183 sp-4 an-183 3214 is-9 ta-183 sp-9 an-183 1330 is-4 ta-184 sp-4 an-184 3215 is-9 ta-184 sp-9 an-184 1331 is-4 ta-185 sp-4 an-185 3216 is-9 ta-185 sp-9 an-185 1332 is-4 ta-186 sp-4 an-186 3217 is-9 ta-186 sp-9 an-186 1333 is-4 ta-187 sp-4 an-187 3218 is-9 ta-187 sp-9 an-187 1334 is-4 ta-188 sp-4 an-188 3219 is-9 ta-188 sp-9 an-188 1335 is-4 ta-189 sp-4 an-189 3220 is-9 ta-189 sp-9 an-189 1336 is-4 ta-190 sp-4 an-190 3221 is-9 ta-190 sp-9 an-190 1337 is-4 ta-191 sp-4 an-191 3222 is-9 ta-191 sp-9 an-191 1338 is-4 ta-192 sp-4 an-192 3223 is-9 ta-192 sp-9 an-192 1339 is-4 ta-193 sp-4 an-193 3224 is-9 ta-193 sp-9 an-193 1340 is-4 ta-194 sp-4 an-194 3225 is-9 ta-194 sp-9 an-194 Table 5-26 1341 is-4 ta-195 sp-4 an-195 3226 is-9 ta-195 sp-9 an-195 1342 is-4 ta-196 sp-4 an-196 3227 is-9 ta-196 sp-9 an-196 1343 is-4 ta-197 sp-4 an-197 3228 is-9 ta-197 sp-9 an-197 1344 is-4 ta-198 sp-4 an-198 3229 is-9 ta-198 sp-9 an-198 1345 is-4 ta-199 sp-4 an-199 3230 is-9 ta-199 sp-9 an-199 1346 is-4 ta-200 sp-4 an-200 3231 is-9 ta-200 sp-9 an-200 1347 is-4 ta-201 sp-4 an-201 3232 is-9 ta-201 sp-9 an-201 1348 is-4 ta-202 sp-4 an-202 3233 is-9 ta-202 sp-9 an-202 1349 is-4 ta-203 sp-4 an-203 3234 is-9 ta-203 sp-9 an-203 1350 is-4 ta-204 sp-4 an-204 3235 is-9 ta-204 sp-9 an-204 1351 is-4 ta-205 sp-4 an-205 3236 is-9 ta-205 sp-9 an-205 1352 is-4 ta-206 sp-4 an-206 3237 is-9 ta-206 sp-9 an-206 1353 is-4 ta-207 sp-4 an-207 3238 is-9 ta-207 sp-9 an-207 1354 is-4 ta-208 sp-4 an-208 3239 is-9 ta-208 sp-9 an-208 1355 is-4 ta-209 sp-4 an-209 3240 is-9 ta-209 sp-9 an-209 1356 is-4 ta-210 sp-4 an-210 3241 is-9 ta-210 sp-9 an-210 1357 is-4 ta-211 sp-4 an-211 3242 is-9 ta-211 sp-9 an-211 1358 is-4 ta-212 sp-4 an-212 3243 is-9 ta-212 sp-9 an-212 1359 is-4 ta-213 sp-4 an-213 3244 is-9 ta-213 sp-9 an-213 1360 is-4 ta-214 sp-4 an-214 3245 is-9 ta-214 sp-9 an-214 1361 is-4 ta-215 sp-4 an-215 3246 is-9 ta-215 sp-9 an-215 1362 is-4 ta-216 sp-4 an-216 3247 is-9 ta-216 sp-9 an-216 1363 is-4 ta-217 sp-4 an-217 3248 is-9 ta-217 sp-9 an-217 1364 is-4 ta-218 sp-4 an-218 3249 is-9 ta-218 sp-9 an-218 1365 is-4 ta-219 sp-4 an-219 3250 is-9 ta-219 sp-9 an-219 1366 is-4 ta-220 sp-4 an-220 3251 is-9 ta-220 sp-9 an-220 1367 is-4 ta-221 sp-4 an-221 3252 is-9 ta-221 sp-9 an-221 1368 is-4 ta-222 sp-4 an-222 3253 is-9 ta-222 sp-9 an-222 1369 is-4 ta-223 sp-4 an-223 3254 is-9 ta-223 sp-9 an-223 1370 is-4 ta-224 sp-4 an-224 3255 is-9 ta-224 sp-9 an-224 1371 is-4 ta-225 sp-4 an-225 3256 is-9 ta-225 sp-9 an-225 1372 is-4 ta-226 sp-4 an-226 3257 is-9 ta-226 sp-9 an-226 1373 is-4 ta-227 sp-4 an-227 3258 is-9 ta-227 sp-9 an-227 1374 is-4 ta-228 sp-4 an-228 3259 is-9 ta-228 sp-9 an-228 1375 is-4 ta-229 sp-4 an-229 3260 is-9 ta-229 sp-9 an-229 1376 is-4 ta-230 sp-4 an-230 3261 is-9 ta-230 sp-9 an-230 1377 is-4 ta-231 sp-4 an-231 3262 is-9 ta-231 sp-9 an-231 1378 is-4 ta-232 sp-4 an-232 3263 is-9 ta-232 sp-9 an-232 1379 is-4 ta-233 sp-4 an-233 3264 is-9 ta-233 sp-9 an-233 1380 is-4 ta-234 sp-4 an-234 3265 is-9 ta-234 sp-9 an-234 1381 is-4 ta-235 sp-4 an-235 3266 is-9 ta-235 sp-9 an-235 1382 is-4 ta-236 sp-4 an-236 3267 is-9 ta-236 sp-9 an-236 1383 is-4 ta-237 sp-4 an-237 3268 is-9 ta-237 sp-9 an-237 1384 is-4 ta-238 sp-4 an-238 3269 is-9 ta-238 sp-9 an-238 1385 is-4 ta-239 sp-4 an-239 3270 is-9 ta-239 sp-9 an-239 1386 is-4 ta-240 sp-4 an-240 3271 is-9 ta-240 sp-9 an-240 1387 is-4 ta-241 sp-4 an-241 3272 is-9 ta-241 sp-9 an-241 1388 is-4 ta-242 sp-4 an-242 3273 is-9 ta-242 sp-9 an-242 1389 is-4 ta-243 sp-4 an-243 3274 is-9 ta-243 sp-9 an-243 1390 is-4 ta-244 sp-4 an-244 3275 is-9 ta-244 sp-9 an-244 1391 is-4 ta-245 sp-4 an-245 3276 is-9 ta-245 sp-9 an-245 1392 is-4 ta-246 sp-4 an-246 3277 is-9 ta-246 sp-9 an-246 1393 is-4 ta-247 sp-4 an-247 3278 is-9 ta-247 sp-9 an-247 Table 5-27 1394 is-4 ta-248 sp-4 an-248 3279 is-9 ta-248 sp-9 an-248 1395 is-4 ta-249 sp-4 an-249 3280 is-9 ta-249 sp-9 an-249 1396 is-4 ta-250 sp-4 an-250 3281 is-9 ta-250 sp-9 an-250 1397 is-4 ta-251 sp-4 an-251 3282 is-9 ta-251 sp-9 an-251 1398 is-4 ta-252 sp-4 an-252 3283 is-9 ta-252 sp-9 an-252 1399 is-4 ta-253 sp-4 an-253 3284 is-9 ta-253 sp-9 an-253 1400 is-4 ta-254 sp-4 an-254 3285 is-9 ta-254 sp-9 an-254 1401 is-4 ta-255 sp-4 an-255 3286 is-9 ta-255 sp-9 an-255 1402 is-4 ta-256 sp-4 an-256 3287 is-9 ta-256 sp-9 an-256 1403 is-4 ta-257 sp-4 an-257 3288 is-9 ta-257 sp-9 an-257 1404 is-4 ta-258 sp-4 an-258 3289 is-9 ta-258 sp-9 an-258 1405 is-4 ta-259 sp-4 an-259 3290 is-9 ta-259 sp-9 an-259 1406 is-4 ta-260 sp-4 an-260 3291 is-9 ta-260 sp-9 an-260 1407 is-4 ta-261 sp-4 an-261 3292 is-9 ta-261 sp-9 an-261 1408 is-4 ta-262 sp-4 an-262 3293 is-9 ta-262 sp-9 an-262 1409 is-4 ta-263 sp-4 an-263 3294 is-9 ta-263 sp-9 an-263 1410 is-4 ta-264 sp-4 an-264 3295 is-9 ta-264 sp-9 an-264 1411 is-4 ta-265 sp-4 an-265 3296 is-9 ta-265 sp-9 an-265 1412 is-4 ta-266 sp-4 an-266 3297 is-9 ta-266 sp-9 an-266 1413 is-4 ta-267 sp-4 an-267 3298 is-9 ta-267 sp-9 an-267 1414 is-4 ta-268 sp-4 an-268 3299 is-9 ta-268 sp-9 an-268 1415 is-4 ta-269 sp-4 an-269 3300 is-9 ta-269 sp-9 an-269 1416 is-4 ta-270 sp-4 an-270 3301 is-9 ta-270 sp-9 an-270 1417 is-4 ta-271 sp-4 an-271 3302 is-9 ta-271 sp-9 an-271 1418 is-4 ta-272 sp-4 an-272 3303 is-9 ta-272 sp-9 an-272 1419 is-4 ta-273 sp-4 an-273 3304 is-9 ta-273 sp-9 an-273 1420 is-4 ta-274 sp-4 an-274 3305 is-9 ta-274 sp-9 an-274 1421 is-4 ta-275 sp-4 an-275 3306 is-9 ta-275 sp-9 an-275 1422 is-4 ta-276 sp-4 an-276 3307 is-9 ta-276 sp-9 an-276 1423 is-4 ta-277 sp-4 an-277 3308 is-9 ta-277 sp-9 an-277 1424 is-4 ta-278 sp-4 an-278 3309 is-9 ta-278 sp-9 an-278 1425 is-4 ta-279 sp-4 an-279 3310 is-9 ta-279 sp-9 an-279 1426 is-4 ta-280 sp-4 an-280 3311 is-9 ta-280 sp-9 an-280 1427 is-4 ta-281 sp-4 an-281 3312 is-9 ta-281 sp-9 an-281 1428 is-4 ta-282 sp-4 an-282 3313 is-9 ta-282 sp-9 an-282 1429 is-4 ta-283 sp-4 an-283 3314 is-9 ta-283 sp-9 an-283 1430 is-4 ta-284 sp-4 an-284 3315 is-9 ta-284 sp-9 an-284 1431 is-4 ta-285 sp-4 an-285 3316 is-9 ta-285 sp-9 an-285 1432 is-4 ta-286 sp-4 an-286 3317 is-9 ta-286 sp-9 an-286 1433 is-4 ta-287 sp-4 an-287 3318 is-9 ta-287 sp-9 an-287 1434 is-4 ta-288 sp-4 an-288 3319 is-9 ta-288 sp-9 an-288 1435 is-4 ta-289 sp-4 an-289 3320 is-9 ta-289 sp-9 an-289 1436 is-4 ta-290 sp-4 an-290 3321 is-9 ta-290 sp-9 an-290 1437 is-4 ta-291 sp-4 an-291 3322 is-9 ta-291 sp-9 an-291 1438 is-4 ta-292 sp-4 an-292 3323 is-9 ta-292 sp-9 an-292 1439 is-4 ta-293 sp-4 an-293 3324 is-9 ta-293 sp-9 an-293 1440 is-4 ta-294 sp-4 an-294 3325 is-9 ta-294 sp-9 an-294 1441 is-4 ta-295 sp-4 an-295 3326 is-9 ta-295 sp-9 an-295 1442 is-4 ta-296 sp-4 an-296 3327 is-9 ta-296 sp-9 an-296 1443 is-4 ta-297 sp-4 an-297 3328 is-9 ta-297 sp-9 an-297 1444 is-4 ta-298 sp-4 an-298 3329 is-9 ta-298 sp-9 an-298 1445 is-4 ta-299 sp-4 an-299 3330 is-9 ta-299 sp-9 an-299 1446 is-4 ta-300 sp-4 an-300 3331 is-9 ta-300 sp-9 an-300 Table 5-28 1447 is-4 ta-301 sp-4 an-301 3332 is-9 ta-301 sp-9 an-301 1448 is-4 ta-302 sp-4 an-302 3333 is-9 ta-302 sp-9 an-302 1449 is-4 ta-303 sp-4 an-303 3334 is-9 ta-303 sp-9 an-303 1450 is-4 ta-304 sp-4 an-304 3335 is-9 ta-304 sp-9 an-304 1451 is-4 ta-305 sp-4 an-305 3336 is-9 ta-305 sp-9 an-305 1452 is-4 ta-306 sp-4 an-306 3337 is-9 ta-306 sp-9 an-306 1453 is-4 ta-307 sp-4 an-307 3338 is-9 ta-307 sp-9 an-307 1454 is-4 ta-308 sp-4 an-308 3339 is-9 ta-308 sp-9 an-308 1455 is-4 ta-309 sp-4 an-309 3340 is-9 ta-309 sp-9 an-309 1456 is-4 ta-310 sp-4 an-310 3341 is-9 ta-310 sp-9 an-310 1457 is-4 ta-311 sp-4 an-311 3342 is-9 ta-311 sp-9 an-311 1458 is-4 ta-312 sp-4 an-312 3343 is-9 ta-312 sp-9 an-312 1459 is-4 ta-313 sp-4 an-313 3344 is-9 ta-313 sp-9 an-313 1460 is-4 ta-314 sp-4 an-314 3345 is-9 ta-314 sp-9 an-314 1461 is-4 ta-315 sp-4 an-315 3346 is-9 ta-315 sp-9 an-315 1462 is-4 ta-316 sp-4 an-316 3347 is-9 ta-316 sp-9 an-316 1463 is-4 ta-317 sp-4 an-317 3348 is-9 ta-317 sp-9 an-317 1464 is-4 ta-318 sp-4 an-318 3349 is-9 ta-318 sp-9 an-318 1465 is-4 ta-319 sp-4 an-319 3350 is-9 ta-319 sp-9 an-319 1466 is-4 ta-320 sp-4 an-320 3351 is-9 ta-320 sp-9 an-320 1467 is-4 ta-321 sp-4 an-321 3352 is-9 ta-321 sp-9 an-321 1468 is-4 ta-322 sp-4 an-322 3353 is-9 ta-322 sp-9 an-322 1469 is-4 ta-323 sp-4 an-323 3354 is-9 ta-323 sp-9 an-323 1470 is-4 ta-324 sp-4 an-324 3355 is-9 ta-324 sp-9 an-324 1471 is-4 ta-325 sp-4 an-325 3356 is-9 ta-325 sp-9 an-325 1472 is-4 ta-326 sp-4 an-326 3357 is-9 ta-326 sp-9 an-326 1473 is-4 ta-327 sp-4 an-327 3358 is-9 ta-327 sp-9 an-327 1474 is-4 ta-328 sp-4 an-328 3359 is-9 ta-328 sp-9 an-328 1475 is-4 ta-329 sp-4 an-329 3360 is-9 ta-329 sp-9 an-329 1476 is-4 ta-330 sp-4 an-330 3361 is-9 ta-330 sp-9 an-330 1477 is-4 ta-331 sp-4 an-331 3362 is-9 ta-331 sp-9 an-331 1478 is-4 ta-332 sp-4 an-332 3363 is-9 ta-332 sp-9 an-332 1479 is-4 ta-333 sp-4 an-333 3364 is-9 ta-333 sp-9 an-333 1480 is-4 ta-334 sp-4 an-334 3365 is-9 ta-334 sp-9 an-334 1481 is-4 ta-335 sp-4 an-335 3366 is-9 ta-335 sp-9 an-335 1482 is-4 ta-336 sp-4 an-336 3367 is-9 ta-336 sp-9 an-336 1483 is-4 ta-337 sp-4 an-337 3368 is-9 ta-337 sp-9 an-337 1484 is-4 ta-338 sp-4 an-338 3369 is-9 ta-338 sp-9 an-338 1485 is-4 ta-339 sp-4 an-339 3370 is-9 ta-339 sp-9 an-339 1486 is-4 ta-340 sp-4 an-340 3371 is-9 ta-340 sp-9 an-340 1487 is-4 ta-341 sp-4 an-341 3372 is-9 ta-341 sp-9 an-341 1488 is-4 ta-342 sp-4 an-342 3373 is-9 ta-342 sp-9 an-342 1489 is-4 ta-343 sp-4 an-343 3374 is-9 ta-343 sp-9 an-343 1490 is-4 ta-344 sp-4 an-344 3375 is-9 ta-344 sp-9 an-344 1491 is-4 ta-345 sp-4 an-345 3376 is-9 ta-345 sp-9 an-345 1492 is-4 ta-346 sp-4 an-346 3377 is-9 ta-346 sp-9 an-346 1493 is-4 ta-347 sp-4 an-347 3378 is-9 ta-347 sp-9 an-347 1494 is-4 ta-348 sp-4 an-348 3379 is-9 ta-348 sp-9 an-348 1495 is-4 ta-349 sp-4 an-349 3380 is-9 ta-349 sp-9 an-349 1496 is-4 ta-350 sp-4 an-350 3381 is-9 ta-350 sp-9 an-350 1497 is-4 ta-351 sp-4 an-351 3382 is-9 ta-351 sp-9 an-351 1498 is-4 ta-352 sp-4 an-352 3383 is-9 ta-352 sp-9 an-352 1499 is-4 ta-353 sp-4 an-353 3384 is-9 ta-353 sp-9 an-353 Table 5-29 1500 is-4 ta-354 sp-4 an-354 3385 is-9 ta-354 sp-9 an-354 1501 is-4 ta-355 sp-4 an-355 3386 is-9 ta-355 sp-9 an-355 1502 is-4 ta-356 sp-4 an-356 3387 is-9 ta-356 sp-9 an-356 1503 is-4 ta-357 sp-4 an-357 3388 is-9 ta-357 sp-9 an-357 1504 is-4 ta-358 sp-4 an-358 3389 is-9 ta-358 sp-9 an-358 1505 is-4 ta-359 sp-4 an-359 3390 is-9 ta-359 sp-9 an-359 1506 is-4 ta-360 sp-4 an-360 3391 is-9 ta-360 sp-9 an-360 1507 is-4 ta-361 sp-4 an-361 3392 is-9 ta-361 sp-9 an-361 1508 is-4 ta-362 sp-4 an-362 3393 is-9 ta-362 sp-9 an-362 1509 is-4 ta-363 sp-4 an-363 3394 is-9 ta-363 sp-9 an-363 1510 is-4 ta-364 sp-4 an-364 3395 is-9 ta-364 sp-9 an-364 1511 is-4 ta-365 sp-4 an-365 3396 is-9 ta-365 sp-9 an-365 1512 is-4 ta-366 sp-4 an-366 3397 is-9 ta-366 sp-9 an-366 1513 is-4 ta-367 sp-4 an-367 3398 is-9 ta-367 sp-9 an-367 1514 is-4 ta-368 sp-4 an-368 3399 is-9 ta-368 sp-9 an-368 1515 is-4 ta-369 sp-4 an-369 3400 is-9 ta-369 sp-9 an-369 1516 is-4 ta-370 sp-4 an-370 3401 is-9 ta-370 sp-9 an-370 1517 is-4 ta-371 sp-4 an-371 3402 is-9 ta-371 sp-9 an-371 1518 is-4 ta-372 sp-4 an-372 3403 is-9 ta-372 sp-9 an-372 1519 is-4 ta-373 sp-4 an-373 3404 is-9 ta-373 sp-9 an-373 1520 is-4 ta-374 sp-4 an-374 3405 is-9 ta-374 sp-9 an-374 1521 is-4 ta-375 sp-4 an-375 3406 is-9 ta-375 sp-9 an-375 1522 is-4 ta-376 sp-4 an-376 3407 is-9 ta-376 sp-9 an-376 1523 is-4 ta-377 sp-4 an-377 3408 is-9 ta-377 sp-9 an-377 1524 is-5 ta-1 sp-5 an-1 3409 is-14 ta-1 sp-14 an-1 1525 is-5 ta-2 sp-5 an-2 3410 is-14 ta-2 sp-14 an-2 1526 is-5 ta-3 sp-5 an-3 3411 is-14 ta-3 sp-14 an-3 1527 is-5 ta-4 sp-5 an-4 3412 is-14 ta-4 sp-14 an-4 1528 is-5 ta-5 sp-5 an-5 3413 is-14 ta-5 sp-14 an-5 1529 is-5 ta-6 sp-5 an-6 3414 is-14 ta-6 sp-14 an-6 1530 is-5 ta-7 sp-5 an-7 3415 is-14 ta-7 sp-14 an-7 1531 is-5 ta-8 sp-5 an-8 3416 is-14 ta-8 sp-14 an-8 1532 is-5 ta-9 sp-5 an-9 3417 is-14 ta-9 sp-14 an-9 1533 is-5 ta-10 sp-5 an-10 3418 is-14 ta-10 sp-14 an-10 1534 is-5 ta-11 sp-5 an-11 3419 is-14 ta-11 sp-14 an-11 1535 is-5 ta-12 sp-5 an-12 3420 is-14 ta-12 sp-14 an-12 1536 is-5 ta-13 sp-5 an-13 3421 is-14 ta-13 sp-14 an-13 1537 is-5 ta-14 sp-5 an-14 3422 is-14 ta-14 sp-14 an-14 1538 is-5 ta-15 sp-5 an-15 3423 is-14 ta-15 sp-14 an-15 1539 is-5 ta-16 sp-5 an-16 3424 is-14 ta-16 sp-14 an-16 1540 is-5 ta-17 sp-5 an-17 3425 is-14 ta-17 sp-14 an-17 1541 is-5 ta-18 sp-5 an-18 3426 is-14 ta-18 sp-14 an-18 1542 is-5 ta-19 sp-5 an-19 3427 is-14 ta-19 sp-14 an-19 1543 is-5 ta-20 sp-5 an-20 3428 is-14 ta-20 sp-14 an-20 1544 is-5 ta-21 sp-5 an-21 3429 is-14 ta-21 sp-14 an-21 1545 is-5 ta-22 sp-5 an-22 3430 is-14 ta-22 sp-14 an-22 1546 is-5 ta-23 sp-5 an-23 3431 is-14 ta-23 sp-14 an-23 1547 is-5 ta-24 sp-5 an-24 3432 is-14 ta-24 sp-14 an-24 1548 is-5 ta-25 sp-5 an-25 3433 is-14 ta-25 sp-14 an-25 1549 is-5 ta-26 sp-5 an-26 3434 is-14 ta-26 sp-14 an-26 1550 is-5 ta-27 sp-5 an-27 3435 is-14 ta-27 sp-14 an-27 1551 is-5 ta-28 sp-5 an-28 3436 is-14 ta-28 sp-14 an-28 1552 is-5 ta-29 sp-5 an-29 3437 is-14 ta-29 sp-14 an-29 Table 5-30 1553 is-5 ta-30 sp-5 an-30 3438 is-14 ta-30 sp-14 an-30 1554 is-5 ta-31 sp-5 an-31 3439 is-14 ta-31 sp-14 an-31 1555 is-5 ta-32 sp-5 an-32 3440 is-14 ta-32 sp-14 an-32 1556 is-5 ta-33 sp-5 an-33 3441 is-14 ta-33 sp-14 an-33 1557 is-5 ta-34 sp-5 an-34 3442 is-14 ta-34 sp-14 an-34 1558 is-5 ta-35 sp-5 an-35 3443 is-14 ta-35 sp-14 an-35 1559 is-5 ta-36 sp-5 an-36 3444 is-14 ta-36 sp-14 an-36 1560 is-5 ta-37 sp-5 an-37 3445 is-14 ta-37 sp-14 an-37 1561 is-5 ta-38 sp-5 an-38 3446 is-14 ta-38 sp-14 an-38 1562 is-5 ta-39 sp-5 an-39 3447 is-14 ta-39 sp-14 an-39 1563 is-5 ta-40 sp-5 an-40 3448 is-14 ta-40 sp-14 an-40 1564 is-5 ta-41 sp-5 an-41 3449 is-14 ta-41 sp-14 an-41 1565 is-5 ta-42 sp-5 an-42 3450 is-14 ta-42 sp-14 an-42 1566 is-5 ta-43 sp-5 an-43 3451 is-14 ta-43 sp-14 an-43 1567 is-5 ta-44 sp-5 an-44 3452 is-14 ta-44 sp-14 an-44 1568 is-5 ta-45 sp-5 an-45 3453 is-14 ta-45 sp-14 an-45 1569 is-5 ta-46 sp-5 an-46 3454 is-14 ta-46 sp-14 an-46 1570 is-5 ta-47 sp-5 an-47 3455 is-14 ta-47 sp-14 an-47 1571 is-5 ta-48 sp-5 an-48 3456 is-14 ta-48 sp-14 an-48 1572 is-5 ta-49 sp-5 an-49 3457 is-14 ta-49 sp-14 an-49 1573 is-5 ta-50 sp-5 an-50 3458 is-14 ta-50 sp-14 an-50 1574 is-5 ta-51 sp-5 an-51 3459 is-14 ta-51 sp-14 an-51 1575 is-5 ta-52 sp-5 an-52 3460 is-14 ta-52 sp-14 an-52 1576 is-5 ta-53 sp-5 an-53 3461 is-14 ta-53 sp-14 an-53 1577 is-5 ta-54 sp-5 an-54 3462 is-14 ta-54 sp-14 an-54 1578 is-5 ta-55 sp-5 an-55 3463 is-14 ta-55 sp-14 an-55 1579 is-5 ta-56 sp-5 an-56 3464 is-14 ta-56 sp-14 an-56 1580 is-5 ta-57 sp-5 an-57 3465 is-14 ta-57 sp-14 an-57 1581 is-5 ta-58 sp-5 an-58 3466 is-14 ta-58 sp-14 an-58 1582 is-5 ta-59 sp-5 an-59 3467 is-14 ta-59 sp-14 an-59 1583 is-5 ta-60 sp-5 an-60 3468 is-14 ta-60 sp-14 an-60 1584 is-5 ta-61 sp-5 an-61 3469 is-14 ta-61 sp-14 an-61 1585 is-5 ta-62 sp-5 an-62 3470 is-14 ta-62 sp-14 an-62 1586 is-5 ta-63 sp-5 an-63 3471 is-14 ta-63 sp-14 an-63 1587 is-5 ta-64 sp-5 an-64 3472 is-14 ta-64 sp-14 an-64 1588 is-5 ta-65 sp-5 an-65 3473 is-14 ta-65 sp-14 an-65 1589 is-5 ta-66 sp-5 an-66 3474 is-14 ta-66 sp-14 an-66 1590 is-5 ta-67 sp-5 an-67 3475 is-14 ta-67 sp-14 an-67 1591 is-5 ta-68 sp-5 an-68 3476 is-14 ta-68 sp-14 an-68 1592 is-5 ta-69 sp-5 an-69 3477 is-14 ta-69 sp-14 an-69 1593 is-5 ta-70 sp-5 an-70 3478 is-14 ta-70 sp-14 an-70 1594 is-5 ta-71 sp-5 an-71 3479 is-14 ta-71 sp-14 an-71 1595 is-5 ta-72 sp-5 an-72 3480 is-14 ta-72 sp-14 an-72 1596 is-5 ta-73 sp-5 an-73 3481 is-14 ta-73 sp-14 an-73 1597 is-5 ta-74 sp-5 an-74 3482 is-14 ta-74 sp-14 an-74 1598 is-5 ta-75 sp-5 an-75 3483 is-14 ta-75 sp-14 an-75 1599 is-5 ta-76 sp-5 an-76 3484 is-14 ta-76 sp-14 an-76 1600 is-5 ta-77 sp-5 an-77 3485 is-14 ta-77 sp-14 an-77 1601 is-5 ta-78 sp-5 an-78 3486 is-14 ta-78 sp-14 an-78 1602 is-5 ta-79 sp-5 an-79 3487 is-14 ta-79 sp-14 an-79 1603 is-5 ta-80 sp-5 an-80 3488 is-14 ta-80 sp-14 an-80 1604 is-5 ta-81 sp-5 an-81 3489 is-14 ta-81 sp-14 an-81 1605 is-5 ta-82 sp-5 an-82 3490 is-14 ta-82 sp-14 an-82 Table 5-31 1606 is-5 ta-83 sp-5 an-83 3491 is-14 ta-83 sp-14 an-83 1607 is-5 ta-84 sp-5 an-84 3492 is-14 ta-84 sp-14 an-84 1608 is-5 ta-85 sp-5 an-85 3493 is-14 ta-85 sp-14 an-85 1609 is-5 ta-86 sp-5 an-86 3494 is-14 ta-86 sp-14 an-86 1610 is-5 ta-87 sp-5 an-87 3495 is-14 ta-87 sp-14 an-87 1611 is-5 ta-88 sp-5 an-88 3496 is-14 ta-88 sp-14 an-88 1612 is-5 ta-89 sp-5 an-89 3497 is-14 ta-89 sp-14 an-89 1613 is-5 ta-90 sp-5 an-90 3498 is-14 ta-90 sp-14 an-90 1614 is-5 ta-91 sp-5 an-91 3499 is-14 ta-91 sp-14 an-91 1615 is-5 ta-92 sp-5 an-92 3500 is-14 ta-92 sp-14 an-92 1616 is-5 ta-93 sp-5 an-93 3501 is-14 ta-93 sp-14 an-93 1617 is-5 ta-94 sp-5 an-94 3502 is-14 ta-94 sp-14 an-94 1618 is-5 ta-95 sp-5 an-95 3503 is-14 ta-95 sp-14 an-95 1619 is-5 ta-96 sp-5 an-96 3504 is-14 ta-96 sp-14 an-96 1620 is-5 ta-97 sp-5 an-97 3505 is-14 ta-97 sp-14 an-97 1621 is-5 ta-98 sp-5 an-98 3506 is-14 ta-98 sp-14 an-98 1622 is-5 ta-99 sp-5 an-99 3507 is-14 ta-99 sp-14 an-99 1623 is-5 ta-100 sp-5 an-100 3508 is-14 ta-100 sp-14 an-100 1624 is-5 ta-101 sp-5 an-101 3509 is-14 ta-101 sp-14 an-101 1625 is-5 ta-102 sp-5 an-102 3510 is-14 ta-102 sp-14 an-102 1626 is-5 ta-103 sp-5 an-103 3511 is-14 ta-103 sp-14 an-103 1627 is-5 ta-104 sp-5 an-104 3512 is-14 ta-104 sp-14 an-104 1628 is-5 ta-105 sp-5 an-105 3513 is-14 ta-105 sp-14 an-105 1629 is-5 ta-106 sp-5 an-106 3514 is-14 ta-106 sp-14 an-106 1630 is-5 ta-107 sp-5 an-107 3515 is-14 ta-107 sp-14 an-107 1631 is-5 ta-108 sp-5 an-108 3516 is-14 ta-108 sp-14 an-108 1632 is-5 ta-109 sp-5 an-109 3517 is-14 ta-109 sp-14 an-109 1633 is-5 ta-110 sp-5 an-110 3518 is-14 ta-110 sp-14 an-110 1634 is-5 ta-111 sp-5 an-111 3519 is-14 ta-111 sp-14 an-111 1635 is-5 ta-112 sp-5 an-112 3520 is-14 ta-112 sp-14 an-112 1636 is-5 ta-113 sp-5 an-113 3521 is-14 ta-113 sp-14 an-113 1637 is-5 ta-114 sp-5 an-114 3522 is-14 ta-114 sp-14 an-114 1638 is-5 ta-115 sp-5 an-115 3523 is-14 ta-115 sp-14 an-115 1639 is-5 ta-116 sp-5 an-116 3524 is-14 ta-116 sp-14 an-116 1640 is-5 ta-117 sp-5 an-117 3525 is-14 ta-117 sp-14 an-117 1641 is-5 ta-118 sp-5 an-118 3526 is-14 ta-118 sp-14 an-118 1642 is-5 ta-119 sp-5 an-119 3527 is-14 ta-119 sp-14 an-119 1643 is-5 ta-120 sp-5 an-120 3528 is-14 ta-120 sp-14 an-120 1644 is-5 ta-121 sp-5 an-121 3529 is-14 ta-121 sp-14 an-121 1645 is-5 ta-122 sp-5 an-122 3530 is-14 ta-122 sp-14 an-122 1646 is-5 ta-123 sp-5 an-123 3531 is-14 ta-123 sp-14 an-123 1647 is-5 ta-124 sp-5 an-124 3532 is-14 ta-124 sp-14 an-124 1648 is-5 ta-125 sp-5 an-125 3533 is-14 ta-125 sp-14 an-125 1649 is-5 ta-126 sp-5 an-126 3534 is-14 ta-126 sp-14 an-126 1650 is-5 ta-127 sp-5 an-127 3535 is-14 ta-127 sp-14 an-127 1651 is-5 ta-128 sp-5 an-128 3536 is-14 ta-128 sp-14 an-128 1652 is-5 ta-129 sp-5 an-129 3537 is-14 ta-129 sp-14 an-129 1653 is-5 ta-130 sp-5 an-130 3538 is-14 ta-130 sp-14 an-130 1654 is-5 ta-131 sp-5 an-131 3539 is-14 ta-131 sp-14 an-131 1655 is-5 ta-132 sp-5 an-132 3540 is-14 ta-132 sp-14 an-132 1656 is-5 ta-133 sp-5 an-133 3541 is-14 ta-133 sp-14 an-133 1657 is-5 ta-134 sp-5 an-134 3542 is-14 ta-134 sp-14 an-134 1658 is-5 ta-135 sp-5 an-135 3543 is-14 ta-135 sp-14 an-135 Table 5-32 1659 is-5 ta-136 sp-5 an-136 3544 is-14 ta-136 sp-14 an-136 1660 is-5 ta-137 sp-5 an-137 3545 is-14 ta-137 sp-14 an-137 1661 is-5 ta-138 sp-5 an-138 3546 is-14 ta-138 sp-14 an-138 1662 is-5 ta-139 sp-5 an-139 3547 is-14 ta-139 sp-14 an-139 1663 is-5 ta-140 sp-5 an-140 3548 is-14 ta-140 sp-14 an-140 1664 is-5 ta-141 sp-5 an-141 3549 is-14 ta-141 sp-14 an-141 1665 is-5 ta-142 sp-5 an-142 3550 is-14 ta-142 sp-14 an-142 1666 is-5 ta-143 sp-5 an-143 3551 is-14 ta-143 sp-14 an-143 1667 is-5 ta-144 sp-5 an-144 3552 is-14 ta-144 sp-14 an-144 1668 is-5 ta-145 sp-5 an-145 3553 is-14 ta-145 sp-14 an-145 1669 is-5 ta-146 sp-5 an-146 3554 is-14 ta-146 sp-14 an-146 1670 is-5 ta-147 sp-5 an-147 3555 is-14 ta-147 sp-14 an-147 1671 is-5 ta-148 sp-5 an-148 3556 is-14 ta-148 sp-14 an-148 1672 is-5 ta-149 sp-5 an-149 3557 is-14 ta-149 sp-14 an-149 1673 is-5 ta-150 sp-5 an-150 3558 is-14 ta-150 sp-14 an-150 1674 is-5 ta-151 sp-5 an-151 3559 is-14 ta-151 sp-14 an-151 1675 is-5 ta-152 sp-5 an-152 3560 is-14 ta-152 sp-14 an-152 1676 is-5 ta-153 sp-5 an-153 3561 is-14 ta-153 sp-14 an-153 1677 is-5 ta-154 sp-5 an-154 3562 is-14 ta-154 sp-14 an-154 1678 is-5 ta-155 sp-5 an-155 3563 is-14 ta-155 sp-14 an-155 1679 is-5 ta-156 sp-5 an-156 3564 is-14 ta-156 sp-14 an-156 1680 is-5 ta-157 sp-5 an-157 3565 is-14 ta-157 sp-14 an-157 1681 is-5 ta-158 sp-5 an-158 3566 is-14 ta-158 sp-14 an-158 1682 is-5 ta-159 sp-5 an-159 3567 is-14 ta-159 sp-14 an-159 1683 is-5 ta-160 sp-5 an-160 3568 is-14 ta-160 sp-14 an-160 1684 is-5 ta-161 sp-5 an-161 3569 is-14 ta-161 sp-14 an-161 1685 is-5 ta-162 sp-5 an-162 3570 is-14 ta-162 sp-14 an-162 1686 is-5 ta-163 sp-5 an-163 3571 is-14 ta-163 sp-14 an-163 1687 is-5 ta-164 sp-5 an-164 3572 is-14 ta-164 sp-14 an-164 1688 is-5 ta-165 sp-5 an-165 3573 is-14 ta-165 sp-14 an-165 1689 is-5 ta-166 sp-5 an-166 3574 is-14 ta-166 sp-14 an-166 1690 is-5 ta-167 sp-5 an-167 3575 is-14 ta-167 sp-14 an-167 1691 is-5 ta-168 sp-5 an-168 3576 is-14 ta-168 sp-14 an-168 1692 is-5 ta-169 sp-5 an-169 3577 is-14 ta-169 sp-14 an-169 1693 is-5 ta-170 sp-5 an-170 3578 is-14 ta-170 sp-14 an-170 1694 is-5 ta-171 sp-5 an-171 3579 is-14 ta-171 sp-14 an-171 1695 is-5 ta-172 sp-5 an-172 3580 is-14 ta-172 sp-14 an-172 1696 is-5 ta-173 sp-5 an-173 3581 is-14 ta-173 sp-14 an-173 1697 is-5 ta-174 sp-5 an-174 3582 is-14 ta-174 sp-14 an-174 1698 is-5 ta-175 sp-5 an-175 3583 is-14 ta-175 sp-14 an-175 1699 is-5 ta-176 sp-5 an-176 3584 is-14 ta-176 sp-14 an-176 1700 is-5 ta-177 sp-5 an-177 3585 is-14 ta-177 sp-14 an-177 1701 is-5 ta-178 sp-5 an-178 3586 is-14 ta-178 sp-14 an-178 1702 is-5 ta-179 sp-5 an-179 3587 is-14 ta-179 sp-14 an-179 1703 is-5 ta-180 sp-5 an-180 3588 is-14 ta-180 sp-14 an-180 1704 is-5 ta-181 sp-5 an-181 3589 is-14 ta-181 sp-14 an-181 1705 is-5 ta-182 sp-5 an-182 3590 is-14 ta-182 sp-14 an-182 1706 is-5 ta-183 sp-5 an-183 3591 is-14 ta-183 sp-14 an-183 1707 is-5 ta-184 sp-5 an-184 3592 is-14 ta-184 sp-14 an-184 1708 is-5 ta-185 sp-5 an-185 3593 is-14 ta-185 sp-14 an-185 1709 is-5 ta-186 sp-5 an-186 3594 is-14 ta-186 sp-14 an-186 1710 is-5 ta-187 sp-5 an-187 3595 is-14 ta-187 sp-14 an-187 1711 is-5 ta-188 sp-5 an-188 3596 is-14 ta-188 sp-14 an-188 Table 5-33 1712 is-5 ta-189 sp-5 an-189 3597 is-14 ta-189 sp-14 an-189 1713 is-5 ta-190 sp-5 an-190 3598 is-14 ta-190 sp-14 an-190 1714 is-5 ta-191 sp-5 an-191 3599 is-14 ta-191 sp-14 an-191 1715 is-5 ta-192 sp-5 an-192 3600 is-14 ta-192 sp-14 an-192 1716 is-5 ta-193 sp-5 an-193 3601 is-14 ta-193 sp-14 an-193 1717 is-5 ta-194 sp-5 an-194 3602 is-14 ta-194 sp-14 an-194 1718 is-5 ta-195 sp-5 an-195 3603 is-14 ta-195 sp-14 an-195 1719 is-5 ta-196 sp-5 an-196 3604 is-14 ta-196 sp-14 an-196 1720 is-5 ta-197 sp-5 an-197 3605 is-14 ta-197 sp-14 an-197 1721 is-5 ta-198 sp-5 an-198 3606 is-14 ta-198 sp-14 an-198 1722 is-5 ta-199 sp-5 an-199 3607 is-14 ta-199 sp-14 an-199 1723 is-5 ta-200 sp-5 an-200 3608 is-14 ta-200 sp-14 an-200 1724 is-5 ta-201 sp-5 an-201 3609 is-14 ta-201 sp-14 an-201 1725 is-5 ta-202 sp-5 an-202 3610 is-14 ta-202 sp-14 an-202 1726 is-5 ta-203 sp-5 an-203 3611 is-14 ta-203 sp-14 an-203 1727 is-5 ta-204 sp-5 an-204 3612 is-14 ta-204 sp-14 an-204 1728 is-5 ta-205 sp-5 an-205 3613 is-14 ta-205 sp-14 an-205 1729 is-5 ta-206 sp-5 an-206 3614 is-14 ta-206 sp-14 an-206 1730 is-5 ta-207 sp-5 an-207 3615 is-14 ta-207 sp-14 an-207 1731 is-5 ta-208 sp-5 an-208 3616 is-14 ta-208 sp-14 an-208 1732 is-5 ta-209 sp-5 an-209 3617 is-14 ta-209 sp-14 an-209 1733 is-5 ta-210 sp-5 an-210 3618 is-14 ta-210 sp-14 an-210 1734 is-5 ta-211 sp-5 an-211 3619 is-14 ta-211 sp-14 an-211 1735 is-5 ta-212 sp-5 an-212 3620 is-14 ta-212 sp-14 an-212 1736 is-5 ta-213 sp-5 an-213 3621 is-14 ta-213 sp-14 an-213 1737 is-5 ta-214 sp-5 an-214 3622 is-14 ta-214 sp-14 an-214 1738 is-5 ta-215 sp-5 an-215 3623 is-14 ta-215 sp-14 an-215 1739 is-5 ta-216 sp-5 an-216 3624 is-14 ta-216 sp-14 an-216 1740 is-5 ta-217 sp-5 an-217 3625 is-14 ta-217 sp-14 an-217 1741 is-5 ta-218 sp-5 an-218 3626 is-14 ta-218 sp-14 an-218 1742 is-5 ta-219 sp-5 an-219 3627 is-14 ta-219 sp-14 an-219 1743 is-5 ta-220 sp-5 an-220 3628 is-14 ta-220 sp-14 an-220 1744 is-5 ta-221 sp-5 an-221 3629 is-14 ta-221 sp-14 an-221 1745 is-5 ta-222 sp-5 an-222 3630 is-14 ta-222 sp-14 an-222 1746 is-5 ta-223 sp-5 an-223 3631 is-14 ta-223 sp-14 an-223 1747 is-5 ta-224 sp-5 an-224 3632 is-14 ta-224 sp-14 an-224 1748 is-5 ta-225 sp-5 an-225 3633 is-14 ta-225 sp-14 an-225 1749 is-5 ta-226 sp-5 an-226 3634 is-14 ta-226 sp-14 an-226 1750 is-5 ta-227 sp-5 an-227 3635 is-14 ta-227 sp-14 an-227 1751 is-5 ta-228 sp-5 an-228 3636 is-14 ta-228 sp-14 an-228 1752 is-5 ta-229 sp-5 an-229 3637 is-14 ta-229 sp-14 an-229 1753 is-5 ta-230 sp-5 an-230 3638 is-14 ta-230 sp-14 an-230 1754 is-5 ta-231 sp-5 an-231 3639 is-14 ta-231 sp-14 an-231 1755 is-5 ta-232 sp-5 an-232 3640 is-14 ta-232 sp-14 an-232 1756 is-5 ta-233 sp-5 an-233 3641 is-14 ta-233 sp-14 an-233 1757 is-5 ta-234 sp-5 an-234 3642 is-14 ta-234 sp-14 an-234 1758 is-5 ta-235 sp-5 an-235 3643 is-14 ta-235 sp-14 an-235 1759 is-5 ta-236 sp-5 an-236 3644 is-14 ta-236 sp-14 an-236 1760 is-5 ta-237 sp-5 an-237 3645 is-14 ta-237 sp-14 an-237 1761 is-5 ta-238 sp-5 an-238 3646 is-14 ta-238 sp-14 an-238 1762 is-5 ta-239 sp-5 an-239 3647 is-14 ta-239 sp-14 an-239 1763 is-5 ta-240 sp-5 an-240 3648 is-14 ta-240 sp-14 an-240 1764 is-5 ta-241 sp-5 an-241 3649 is-14 ta-241 sp-14 an-241 Table 5-34 1765 is-5 ta-242 sp-5 an-242 3650 is-14 ta-242 sp-14 an-242 1766 is-5 ta-243 sp-5 an-243 3651 is-14 ta-243 sp-14 an-243 1767 is-5 ta-244 sp-5 an-244 3652 is-14 ta-244 sp-14 an-244 1768 is-5 ta-245 sp-5 an-245 3653 is-14 ta-245 sp-14 an-245 1769 is-5 ta-246 sp-5 an-246 3654 is-14 ta-246 sp-14 an-246 1770 is-5 ta-247 sp-5 an-247 3655 is-14 ta-247 sp-14 an-247 1771 is-5 ta-248 sp-5 an-248 3656 is-14 ta-248 sp-14 an-248 1772 is-5 ta-249 sp-5 an-249 3657 is-14 ta-249 sp-14 an-249 1773 is-5 ta-250 sp-5 an-250 3658 is-14 ta-250 sp-14 an-250 1774 is-5 ta-251 sp-5 an-251 3659 is-14 ta-251 sp-14 an-251 1775 is-5 ta-252 sp-5 an-252 3660 is-14 ta-252 sp-14 an-252 1776 is-5 ta-253 sp-5 an-253 3661 is-14 ta-253 sp-14 an-253 1777 is-5 ta-254 sp-5 an-254 3662 is-14 ta-254 sp-14 an-254 1778 is-5 ta-255 sp-5 an-255 3663 is-14 ta-255 sp-14 an-255 1779 is-5 ta-256 sp-5 an-256 3664 is-14 ta-256 sp-14 an-256 1780 is-5 ta-257 sp-5 an-257 3665 is-14 ta-257 sp-14 an-257 1781 is-5 ta-258 sp-5 an-258 3666 is-14 ta-258 sp-14 an-258 1782 is-5 ta-259 sp-5 an-259 3667 is-14 ta-259 sp-14 an-259 1783 is-5 ta-260 sp-5 an-260 3668 is-14 ta-260 sp-14 an-260 1784 is-5 ta-261 sp-5 an-261 3669 is-14 ta-261 sp-14 an-261 1785 is-5 ta-262 sp-5 an-262 3670 is-14 ta-262 sp-14 an-262 1786 is-5 ta-263 sp-5 an-263 3671 is-14 ta-263 sp-14 an-263 1787 is-5 ta-264 sp-5 an-264 3672 is-14 ta-264 sp-14 an-264 1788 is-5 ta-265 sp-5 an-265 3673 is-14 ta-265 sp-14 an-265 1789 is-5 ta-266 sp-5 an-266 3674 is-14 ta-266 sp-14 an-266 1790 is-5 ta-267 sp-5 an-267 3675 is-14 ta-267 sp-14 an-267 1791 is-5 ta-268 sp-5 an-268 3676 is-14 ta-268 sp-14 an-268 1792 is-5 ta-269 sp-5 an-269 3677 is-14 ta-269 sp-14 an-269 1793 is-5 ta-270 sp-5 an-270 3678 is-14 ta-270 sp-14 an-270 1794 is-5 ta-271 sp-5 an-271 3679 is-14 ta-271 sp-14 an-271 1795 is-5 ta-272 sp-5 an-272 3680 is-14 ta-272 sp-14 an-272 1796 is-5 ta-273 sp-5 an-273 3681 is-14 ta-273 sp-14 an-273 1797 is-5 ta-274 sp-5 an-274 3682 is-14 ta-274 sp-14 an-274 1798 is-5 ta-275 sp-5 an-275 3683 is-14 ta-275 sp-14 an-275 1799 is-5 ta-276 sp-5 an-276 3684 is-14 ta-276 sp-14 an-276 1800 is-5 ta-277 sp-5 an-277 3685 is-14 ta-277 sp-14 an-277 1801 is-5 ta-278 sp-5 an-278 3686 is-14 ta-278 sp-14 an-278 1802 is-5 ta-279 sp-5 an-279 3687 is-14 ta-279 sp-14 an-279 1803 is-5 ta-280 sp-5 an-280 3688 is-14 ta-280 sp-14 an-280 1804 is-5 ta-281 sp-5 an-281 3689 is-14 ta-281 sp-14 an-281 1805 is-5 ta-282 sp-5 an-282 3690 is-14 ta-282 sp-14 an-282 1806 is-5 ta-283 sp-5 an-283 3691 is-14 ta-283 sp-14 an-283 1807 is-5 ta-284 sp-5 an-284 3692 is-14 ta-284 sp-14 an-284 1808 is-5 ta-285 sp-5 an-285 3693 is-14 ta-285 sp-14 an-285 1809 is-5 ta-286 sp-5 an-286 3694 is-14 ta-286 sp-14 an-286 1810 is-5 ta-287 sp-5 an-287 3695 is-14 ta-287 sp-14 an-287 1811 is-5 ta-288 sp-5 an-288 3696 is-14 ta-288 sp-14 an-288 1812 is-5 ta-289 sp-5 an-289 3697 is-14 ta-289 sp-14 an-289 1813 is-5 ta-290 sp-5 an-290 3698 is-14 ta-290 sp-14 an-290 1814 is-5 ta-291 sp-5 an-291 3699 is-14 ta-291 sp-14 an-291 1815 is-5 ta-292 sp-5 an-292 3700 is-14 ta-292 sp-14 an-292 1816 is-5 ta-293 sp-5 an-293 3701 is-14 ta-293 sp-14 an-293 1817 is-5 ta-294 sp-5 an-294 3702 is-14 ta-294 sp-14 an-294 Table 5-35 1818 is-5 ta-295 sp-5 an-295 3703 is-14 ta-295 sp-14 an-295 1819 is-5 ta-296 sp-5 an-296 3704 is-14 ta-296 sp-14 an-296 1820 is-5 ta-297 sp-5 an-297 3705 is-14 ta-297 sp-14 an-297 1821 is-5 ta-298 sp-5 an-298 3706 is-14 ta-298 sp-14 an-298 1822 is-5 ta-299 sp-5 an-299 3707 is-14 ta-299 sp-14 an-299 1823 is-5 ta-300 sp-5 an-300 3708 is-14 ta-300 sp-14 an-300 1824 is-5 ta-301 sp-5 an-301 3709 is-14 ta-301 sp-14 an-301 1825 is-5 ta-302 sp-5 an-302 3710 is-14 ta-302 sp-14 an-302 1826 is-5 ta-303 sp-5 an-303 3711 is-14 ta-303 sp-14 an-303 1827 is-5 ta-304 sp-5 an-304 3712 is-14 ta-304 sp-14 an-304 1828 is-5 ta-305 sp-5 an-305 3713 is-14 ta-305 sp-14 an-305 1829 is-5 ta-306 sp-5 an-306 3714 is-14 ta-306 sp-14 an-306 1830 is-5 ta-307 sp-5 an-307 3715 is-14 ta-307 sp-14 an-307 1831 is-5 ta-308 sp-5 an-308 3716 is-14 ta-308 sp-14 an-308 1832 is-5 ta-309 sp-5 an-309 3717 is-14 ta-309 sp-14 an-309 1833 is-5 ta-310 sp-5 an-310 3718 is-14 ta-310 sp-14 an-310 1834 is-5 ta-311 sp-5 an-311 3719 is-14 ta-311 sp-14 an-311 1835 is-5 ta-312 sp-5 an-312 3720 is-14 ta-312 sp-14 an-312 1836 is-5 ta-313 sp-5 an-313 3721 is-14 ta-313 sp-14 an-313 1837 is-5 ta-314 sp-5 an-314 3722 is-14 ta-314 sp-14 an-314 1838 is-5 ta-315 sp-5 an-315 3723 is-14 ta-315 sp-14 an-315 1839 is-5 ta-316 sp-5 an-316 3724 is-14 ta-316 sp-14 an-316 1840 is-5 ta-317 sp-5 an-317 3725 is-14 ta-317 sp-14 an-317 1841 is-5 ta-318 sp-5 an-318 3726 is-14 ta-318 sp-14 an-318 1842 is-5 ta-319 sp-5 an-319 3727 is-14 ta-319 sp-14 an-319 1843 is-5 ta-320 sp-5 an-320 3728 is-14 ta-320 sp-14 an-320 1844 is-5 ta-321 sp-5 an-321 3729 is-14 ta-321 sp-14 an-321 1845 is-5 ta-322 sp-5 an-322 3730 is-14 ta-322 sp-14 an-322 1846 is-5 ta-323 sp-5 an-323 3731 is-14 ta-323 sp-14 an-323 1847 is-5 ta-324 sp-5 an-324 3732 is-14 ta-324 sp-14 an-324 1848 is-5 ta-325 sp-5 an-325 3733 is-14 ta-325 sp-14 an-325 1849 is-5 ta-326 sp-5 an-326 3734 is-14 ta-326 sp-14 an-326 1850 is-5 ta-327 sp-5 an-327 3735 is-14 ta-327 sp-14 an-327 1851 is-5 ta-328 sp-5 an-328 3736 is-14 ta-328 sp-14 an-328 1852 is-5 ta-329 sp-5 an-329 3737 is-14 ta-329 sp-14 an-329 1853 is-5 ta-330 sp-5 an-330 3738 is-14 ta-330 sp-14 an-330 1854 is-5 ta-331 sp-5 an-331 3739 is-14 ta-331 sp-14 an-331 1855 is-5 ta-332 sp-5 an-332 3740 is-14 ta-332 sp-14 an-332 1856 is-5 ta-333 sp-5 an-333 3741 is-14 ta-333 sp-14 an-333 1857 is-5 ta-334 sp-5 an-334 3742 is-14 ta-334 sp-14 an-334 1858 is-5 ta-335 sp-5 an-335 3743 is-14 ta-335 sp-14 an-335 1859 is-5 ta-336 sp-5 an-336 3744 is-14 ta-336 sp-14 an-336 1860 is-5 ta-337 sp-5 an-337 3745 is-14 ta-337 sp-14 an-337 1861 is-5 ta-338 sp-5 an-338 3746 is-14 ta-338 sp-14 an-338 1862 is-5 ta-339 sp-5 an-339 3747 is-14 ta-339 sp-14 an-339 1863 is-5 ta-340 sp-5 an-340 3748 is-14 ta-340 sp-14 an-340 1864 is-5 ta-341 sp-5 an-341 3749 is-14 ta-341 sp-14 an-341 1865 is-5 ta-342 sp-5 an-342 3750 is-14 ta-342 sp-14 an-342 1866 is-5 ta-343 sp-5 an-343 3751 is-14 ta-343 sp-14 an-343 1867 is-5 ta-344 sp-5 an-344 3752 is-14 ta-344 sp-14 an-344 1868 is-5 ta-345 sp-5 an-345 3753 is-14 ta-345 sp-14 an-345 1869 is-5 ta-346 sp-5 an-346 3754 is-14 ta-346 sp-14 an-346 1870 is-5 ta-347 sp-5 an-347 3755 is-14 ta-347 sp-14 an-347 Table 5-36 1871 is-5 ta-348 sp-5 an-348 3756 is-14 ta-348 sp-14 an-348 1872 is-5 ta-349 sp-5 an-349 3757 is-14 ta-349 sp-14 an-349 1873 is-5 ta-350 sp-5 an-350 3758 is-14 ta-350 sp-14 an-350 1874 is-5 ta-351 sp-5 an-351 3759 is-14 ta-351 sp-14 an-351 1875 is-5 ta-352 sp-5 an-352 3760 is-14 ta-352 sp-14 an-352 1876 is-5 ta-353 sp-5 an-353 3761 is-14 ta-353 sp-14 an-353 1877 is-5 ta-354 sp-5 an-354 3762 is-14 ta-354 sp-14 an-354 1878 is-5 ta-355 sp-5 an-355 3763 is-14 ta-355 sp-14 an-355 1879 is-5 ta-356 sp-5 an-356 3764 is-14 ta-356 sp-14 an-356 1880 is-5 ta-357 sp-5 an-357 3765 is-14 ta-357 sp-14 an-357 1881 is-5 ta-358 sp-5 an-358 3766 is-14 ta-358 sp-14 an-358 1882 is-5 ta-359 sp-5 an-359 3767 is-14 ta-359 sp-14 an-359 1883 is-5 ta-360 sp-5 an-360 3768 is-14 ta-360 sp-14 an-360 1884 is-5 ta-361 sp-5 an-361 3769 is-14 ta-361 sp-14 an-361 1885 is-5 ta-362 sp-5 an-362 3770 is-14 ta-362 sp-14 an-362 1886 is-5 ta-363 sp-5 an-363 3771 is-14 ta-363 sp-14 an-363 1887 is-5 ta-364 sp-5 an-364 3772 is-14 ta-364 sp-14 an-364 1888 is-5 ta-365 sp-5 an-365 3773 is-14 ta-365 sp-14 an-365 1889 is-5 ta-366 sp-5 an-366 3774 is-14 ta-366 sp-14 an-366 1890 is-5 ta-367 sp-5 an-367 3775 is-14 ta-367 sp-14 an-367 1891 is-5 ta-368 sp-5 an-368 3776 is-14 ta-368 sp-14 an-368 1892 is-5 ta-369 sp-5 an-369 3777 is-14 ta-369 sp-14 an-369 1893 is-5 ta-370 sp-5 an-370 3778 is-14 ta-370 sp-14 an-370 1894 is-5 ta-371 sp-5 an-371 3779 is-14 ta-371 sp-14 an-371 1895 is-5 ta-372 sp-5 an-372 3780 is-14 ta-372 sp-14 an-372 1896 is-5 ta-373 sp-5 an-373 3781 is-14 ta-373 sp-14 an-373 1897 is-5 ta-374 sp-5 an-374 3782 is-14 ta-374 sp-14 an-374 1898 is-5 ta-375 sp-5 an-375 3783 is-14 ta-375 sp-14 an-375 1899 is-5 ta-376 sp-5 an-376 3784 is-14 ta-376 sp-14 an-376 1900 is-5 ta-377 sp-5 an-377 3785 is-14 ta-377 sp-14 an-377 4067 is-1 ta-378 sp-1 an-378 4146 is-6 ta-378 sp-6 an-378 4068 is-1 ta-379 sp-1 an-379 4147 is-6 ta-379 sp-6 an-379 4069 is-1 ta-380 sp-1 an-380 4148 is-6 ta-380 sp-6 an-380 4070 is-1 ta-381 sp-1 an-381 4149 is-6 ta-381 sp-6 an-381 4071 is-1 ta-382 sp-1 an-382 4150 is-6 ta-382 sp-6 an-382 4072 is-1 ta-383 sp-1 an-383 4151 is-6 ta-383 sp-6 an-383 4073 is-1 ta-384 sp-1 an-384 4152 is-6 ta-384 sp-6 an-384 4074 is-1 ta-385 sp-1 an-385 4153 is-6 ta-385 sp-6 an-385 4075 is-1 ta-386 sp-1 an-386 4154 is-6 ta-386 sp-6 an-386 4076 is-1 ta-387 sp-1 an-387 4155 is-6 ta-387 sp-6 an-387 4077 is-1 ta-388 sp-1 an-388 4156 is-6 ta-388 sp-6 an-388 4078 is-1 ta-389 sp-1 an-389 4157 is-6 ta-389 sp-6 an-389 4079 is-1 ta-390 sp-1 an-390 4158 is-6 ta-390 sp-6 an-390 4080 is-1 ta-391 sp-1 an-391 4159 is-6 ta-391 sp-6 an-391 4081 is-1 ta-392 sp-1 an-392 4160 is-6 ta-392 sp-6 an-392 4082 is-1 ta-393 sp-1 an-393 4161 is-6 ta-393 sp-6 an-393 4083 is-2 ta-378 sp-2 an-378 4162 is-7 ta-378 sp-7 an-378 4084 is-2 ta-379 sp-2 an-379 4163 is-7 ta-379 sp-7 an-379 4085 is-2 ta-380 sp-2 an-380 4164 is-7 ta-380 sp-7 an-380 4086 is-2 ta-381 sp-2 an-381 4165 is-7 ta-381 sp-7 an-381 4087 is-2 ta-382 sp-2 an-382 4166 is-7 ta-382 sp-7 an-382 4088 is-2 ta-383 sp-2 an-383 4167 is-7 ta-383 sp-7 an-383 4089 is-2 ta-384 sp-2 an-384 4168 is-7 ta-384 sp-7 an-384 Table 5-37 4090 is-2 ta-385 sp-2 an-385 4169 is-7 ta-385 sp-7 an-385 4091 is-2 ta-386 sp-2 an-386 4170 is-7 ta-386 sp-7 an-386 4092 is-2 ta-387 sp-2 an-387 4171 is-7 ta-387 sp-7 an-387 4093 is-2 ta-388 sp-2 an-388 4172 is-7 ta-388 sp-7 an-388 4094 is-2 ta-389 sp-2 an-389 4173 is-7 ta-389 sp-7 an-389 4095 is-2 ta-390 sp-2 an-390 4174 is-7 ta-390 sp-7 an-390 4096 is-2 ta-391 sp-2 an-391 4175 is-7 ta-391 sp-7 an-391 4097 is-2 ta-392 sp-2 an-392 4176 is-7 ta-392 sp-7 an-392 4098 is-2 ta-393 sp-2 an-393 4177 is-7 ta-393 sp-7 an-393 4099 is-3 ta-378 sp-3 an-378 4178 is-8 ta-378 sp-8 an-378 4100 is-3 ta-379 sp-3 an-379 4179 is-8 ta-379 sp-8 an-379 4101 is-3 ta-380 sp-3 an-380 4180 is-8 ta-380 sp-8 an-380 4102 is-3 ta-381 sp-3 an-381 4181 is-8 ta-381 sp-8 an-381 4103 is-3 ta-382 sp-3 an-382 4182 is-8 ta-382 sp-8 an-382 4104 is-3 ta-383 sp-3 an-383 4183 is-8 ta-383 sp-8 an-383 4105 is-3 ta-384 sp-3 an-384 4184 is-8 ta-384 sp-8 an-384 4106 is-3 ta-385 sp-3 an-385 4185 is-8 ta-385 sp-8 an-385 4107 is-3 ta-386 sp-3 an-386 4186 is-8 ta-386 sp-8 an-386 4108 is-3 ta-387 sp-3 an-387 4187 is-8 ta-387 sp-8 an-387 4109 is-3 ta-388 sp-3 an-388 4188 is-8 ta-388 sp-8 an-388 4110 is-3 ta-389 sp-3 an-389 4189 is-8 ta-389 sp-8 an-389 4111 is-3 ta-390 sp-3 an-390 4190 is-8 ta-390 sp-8 an-390 4112 is-3 ta-391 sp-3 an-391 4191 is-8 ta-391 sp-8 an-391 4113 is-3 ta-392 sp-3 an-392 4192 is-8 ta-392 sp-8 an-392 4114 is-3 ta-393 sp-3 an-393 4193 is-8 ta-393 sp-8 an-393 4115 is-4 ta-378 sp-4 an-378 4194 is-9 ta-378 sp-9 an-378 4116 is-4 ta-379 sp-4 an-379 4195 is-9 ta-379 sp-9 an-379 4117 is-4 ta-380 sp-4 an-380 4196 is-9 ta-380 sp-9 an-380 4118 is-4 ta-381 sp-4 an-381 4197 is-9 ta-381 sp-9 an-381 4119 is-4 ta-382 sp-4 an-382 4198 is-9 ta-382 sp-9 an-382 4120 is-4 ta-383 sp-4 an-383 4199 is-9 ta-383 sp-9 an-383 4121 is-4 ta-384 sp-4 an-384 4200 is-9 ta-384 sp-9 an-384 4122 is-4 ta-385 sp-4 an-385 4201 is-9 ta-385 sp-9 an-385 4123 is-4 ta-386 sp-4 an-386 4202 is-9 ta-386 sp-9 an-386 4124 is-4 ta-387 sp-4 an-387 4203 is-9 ta-387 sp-9 an-387 4125 is-4 ta-388 sp-4 an-388 4204 is-9 ta-388 sp-9 an-388 4126 is-4 ta-389 sp-4 an-389 4205 is-9 ta-389 sp-9 an-389 4127 is-4 ta-390 sp-4 an-390 4206 is-9 ta-390 sp-9 an-390 4128 is-4 ta-391 sp-4 an-391 4207 is-9 ta-391 sp-9 an-391 4129 is-4 ta-392 sp-4 an-392 4208 is-9 ta-392 sp-9 an-392 4130 is-4 ta-393 sp-4 an-393 4209 is-9 ta-393 sp-9 an-393 4131 is-5 ta-378 sp-5 an-378 4210 is-14 ta-378 sp-14 an-378 4132 is-5 ta-379 sp-5 an-379 4211 is-14 ta-379 sp-14 an-379 4133 is-5 ta-380 sp-5 an-380 4212 is-14 ta-380 sp-14 an-380 4134 is-5 ta-381 sp-5 an-381 4213 is-14 ta-381 sp-14 an-381 4135 is-5 ta-382 sp-5 an-382 4214 is-14 ta-382 sp-14 an-382 4136 is-5 ta-383 sp-5 an-383 4215 is-14 ta-383 sp-14 an-383 4137 is-5 ta-384 sp-5 an-384 4216 is-14 ta-384 sp-14 an-384 4138 is-5 ta-385 sp-5 an-385 4217 is-14 ta-385 sp-14 an-385 4139 is-5 ta-386 sp-5 an-386 4218 is-14 ta-386 sp-14 an-386 4140 is-5 ta-387 sp-5 an-387 4219 is-14 ta-387 sp-14 an-387 4141 is-5 ta-388 sp-5 an-388 4220 is-14 ta-388 sp-14 an-388 4142 is-5 ta-389 sp-5 an-389 4221 is-14 ta-389 sp-14 an-389 Table 5-38 4143 is-5 ta-390 sp-5 an-390 4222 is-14 ta-390 sp-14 an-390 4144 is-5 ta-391 sp-5 an-391 4223 is-14 ta-391 sp-14 an-391 4145 is-5 ta-392 sp-5 an-392 4224 is-14 ta-392 sp-14 an-392 4146 is-5 ta-393 sp-5 an-393 4225 is-14 ta-393 sp-14 an-393 4226 is-15 ta-1 sp-23 an-1 4619 is-16 ta-1 sp-24 an-1 4227 is-15 ta-2 sp-23 an-2 4620 is-16 ta-2 sp-24 an-2 4228 is-15 ta-3 sp-23 an-3 4621 is-16 ta-3 sp-24 an-3 4229 is-15 ta-4 sp-23 an-4 4622 is-16 ta-4 sp-24 an-4 4230 is-15 ta-5 sp-23 an-5 4623 is-16 ta-5 sp-24 an-5 4231 is-15 ta-6 sp-23 an-6 4624 is-16 ta-6 sp-24 an-6 4232 is-15 ta-7 sp-23 an-7 4625 is-16 ta-7 sp-24 an-7 4233 is-15 ta-8 sp-23 an-8 4626 is-16 ta-8 sp-24 an-8 4234 is-15 ta-9 sp-23 an-9 4627 is-16 ta-9 sp-24 an-9 4235 is-15 ta-10 sp-23 an-10 4628 is-16 ta-10 sp-24 an-10 4236 is-15 ta-11 sp-23 an-11 4629 is-16 ta-11 sp-24 an-11 4237 is-15 ta-12 sp-23 an-12 4630 is-16 ta-12 sp-24 an-12 4238 is-15 ta-13 sp-23 an-13 4631 is-16 ta-13 sp-24 an-13 4239 is-15 ta-14 sp-23 an-14 4632 is-16 ta-14 sp-24 an-14 4240 is-15 ta-15 sp-23 an-15 4633 is-16 ta-15 sp-24 an-15 4241 is-15 ta-16 sp-23 an-16 4634 is-16 ta-16 sp-24 an-16 4242 is-15 ta-17 sp-23 an-17 4635 is-16 ta-17 sp-24 an-17 4243 is-15 ta-18 sp-23 an-18 4636 is-16 ta-18 sp-24 an-18 4244 is-15 ta-19 sp-23 an-19 4637 is-16 ta-19 sp-24 an-19 4245 is-15 ta-20 sp-23 an-20 4638 is-16 ta-20 sp-24 an-20 4246 is-15 ta-21 sp-23 an-21 4639 is-16 ta-21 sp-24 an-21 4247 is-15 ta-22 sp-23 an-22 4640 is-16 ta-22 sp-24 an-22 4248 is-15 ta-23 sp-23 an-23 4641 is-16 ta-23 sp-24 an-23 4249 is-15 ta-24 sp-23 an-24 4642 is-16 ta-24 sp-24 an-24 4250 is-15 ta-25 sp-23 an-25 4643 is-16 ta-25 sp-24 an-25 4251 is-15 ta-26 sp-23 an-26 4644 is-16 ta-26 sp-24 an-26 4252 is-15 ta-27 sp-23 an-27 4645 is-16 ta-27 sp-24 an-27 4253 is-15 ta-28 sp-23 an-28 4646 is-16 ta-28 sp-24 an-28 4254 is-15 ta-29 sp-23 an-29 4647 is-16 ta-29 sp-24 an-29 4255 is-15 ta-30 sp-23 an-30 4648 is-16 ta-30 sp-24 an-30 4256 is-15 ta-31 sp-23 an-31 4649 is-16 ta-31 sp-24 an-31 4257 is-15 ta-32 sp-23 an-32 4650 is-16 ta-32 sp-24 an-32 4258 is-15 ta-33 sp-23 an-33 4651 is-16 ta-33 sp-24 an-33 4259 is-15 ta-34 sp-23 an-34 4652 is-16 ta-34 sp-24 an-34 4260 is-15 ta-35 sp-23 an-35 4653 is-16 ta-35 sp-24 an-35 4261 is-15 ta-36 sp-23 an-36 4654 is-16 ta-36 sp-24 an-36 4262 is-15 ta-37 sp-23 an-37 4655 is-16 ta-37 sp-24 an-37 4263 is-15 ta-38 sp-23 an-38 4656 is-16 ta-38 sp-24 an-38 4264 is-15 ta-39 sp-23 an-39 4657 is-16 ta-39 sp-24 an-39 4265 is-15 ta-40 sp-23 an-40 4658 is-16 ta-40 sp-24 an-40 4266 is-15 ta-41 sp-23 an-41 4659 is-16 ta-41 sp-24 an-41 4267 is-15 ta-42 sp-23 an-42 4660 is-16 ta-42 sp-24 an-42 4268 is-15 ta-43 sp-23 an-43 4661 is-16 ta-43 sp-24 an-43 4269 is-15 ta-44 sp-23 an-44 4662 is-16 ta-44 sp-24 an-44 4270 is-15 ta-45 sp-23 an-45 4663 is-16 ta-45 sp-24 an-45 4271 is-15 ta-46 sp-23 an-46 4664 is-16 ta-46 sp-24 an-46 4272 is-15 ta-47 sp-23 an-47 4665 is-16 ta-47 sp-24 an-47 4273 is-15 ta-48 sp-23 an-48 4666 is-16 ta-48 sp-24 an-48 4274 is-15 ta-49 sp-23 an-49 4667 is-16 ta-49 sp-24 an-49 Table 5-39 4275 is-15 ta-50 sp-23 an-50 4668 is-16 ta-50 sp-24 an-50 4276 is-15 ta-51 sp-23 an-51 4669 is-16 ta-51 sp-24 an-51 4277 is-15 ta-52 sp-23 an-52 4670 is-16 ta-52 sp-24 an-52 4278 is-15 ta-53 sp-23 an-53 4671 is-16 ta-53 sp-24 an-53 4279 is-15 ta-54 sp-23 an-54 4672 is-16 ta-54 sp-24 an-54 4280 is-15 ta-55 sp-23 an-55 4673 is-16 ta-55 sp-24 an-55 4281 is-15 ta-56 sp-23 an-56 4674 is-16 ta-56 sp-24 an-56 4282 is-15 ta-57 sp-23 an-57 4675 is-16 ta-57 sp-24 an-57 4283 is-15 ta-58 sp-23 an-58 4676 is-16 ta-58 sp-24 an-58 4284 is-15 ta-59 sp-23 an-59 4677 is-16 ta-59 sp-24 an-59 4285 is-15 ta-60 sp-23 an-60 4678 is-16 ta-60 sp-24 an-60 4286 is-15 ta-61 sp-23 an-61 4679 is-16 ta-61 sp-24 an-61 4287 is-15 ta-62 sp-23 an-62 4680 is-16 ta-62 sp-24 an-62 4288 is-15 ta-63 sp-23 an-63 4681 is-16 ta-63 sp-24 an-63 4289 is-15 ta-64 sp-23 an-64 4682 is-16 ta-64 sp-24 an-64 4290 is-15 ta-65 sp-23 an-65 4683 is-16 ta-65 sp-24 an-65 4291 is-15 ta-66 sp-23 an-66 4684 is-16 ta-66 sp-24 an-66 4292 is-15 ta-67 sp-23 an-67 4685 is-16 ta-67 sp-24 an-67 4293 is-15 ta-68 sp-23 an-68 4686 is-16 ta-68 sp-24 an-68 4294 is-15 ta-69 sp-23 an-69 4687 is-16 ta-69 sp-24 an-69 4295 is-15 ta-70 sp-23 an-70 4688 is-16 ta-70 sp-24 an-70 4296 is-15 ta-71 sp-23 an-71 4689 is-16 ta-71 sp-24 an-71 4297 is-15 ta-72 sp-23 an-72 4690 is-16 ta-72 sp-24 an-72 4298 is-15 ta-73 sp-23 an-73 4691 is-16 ta-73 sp-24 an-73 4299 is-15 ta-74 sp-23 an-74 4692 is-16 ta-74 sp-24 an-74 4300 is-15 ta-75 sp-23 an-75 4693 is-16 ta-75 sp-24 an-75 4301 is-15 ta-76 sp-23 an-76 4694 is-16 ta-76 sp-24 an-76 4302 is-15 ta-77 sp-23 an-77 4695 is-16 ta-77 sp-24 an-77 4303 is-15 ta-78 sp-23 an-78 4696 is-16 ta-78 sp-24 an-78 4304 is-15 ta-79 sp-23 an-79 4697 is-16 ta-79 sp-24 an-79 4305 is-15 ta-80 sp-23 an-80 4698 is-16 ta-80 sp-24 an-80 4306 is-15 ta-81 sp-23 an-81 4699 is-16 ta-81 sp-24 an-81 4307 is-15 ta-82 sp-23 an-82 4700 is-16 ta-82 sp-24 an-82 4308 is-15 ta-83 sp-23 an-83 4701 is-16 ta-83 sp-24 an-83 4309 is-15 ta-84 sp-23 an-84 4702 is-16 ta-84 sp-24 an-84 4310 is-15 ta-85 sp-23 an-85 4703 is-16 ta-85 sp-24 an-85 4311 is-15 ta-86 sp-23 an-86 4704 is-16 ta-86 sp-24 an-86 4312 is-15 ta-87 sp-23 an-87 4705 is-16 ta-87 sp-24 an-87 4313 is-15 ta-88 sp-23 an-88 4706 is-16 ta-88 sp-24 an-88 4314 is-15 ta-89 sp-23 an-89 4707 is-16 ta-89 sp-24 an-89 4315 is-15 ta-90 sp-23 an-90 4708 is-16 ta-90 sp-24 an-90 4316 is-15 ta-91 sp-23 an-91 4709 is-16 ta-91 sp-24 an-91 4317 is-15 ta-92 sp-23 an-92 4710 is-16 ta-92 sp-24 an-92 4318 is-15 ta-93 sp-23 an-93 4711 is-16 ta-93 sp-24 an-93 4319 is-15 ta-94 sp-23 an-94 4712 is-16 ta-94 sp-24 an-94 4320 is-15 ta-95 sp-23 an-95 4713 is-16 ta-95 sp-24 an-95 4321 is-15 ta-96 sp-23 an-96 4714 is-16 ta-96 sp-24 an-96 4322 is-15 ta-97 sp-23 an-97 4715 is-16 ta-97 sp-24 an-97 4323 is-15 ta-98 sp-23 an-98 4716 is-16 ta-98 sp-24 an-98 4324 is-15 ta-99 sp-23 an-99 4717 is-16 ta-99 sp-24 an-99 4325 is-15 ta-100 sp-23 an-100 4718 is-16 ta-100 sp-24 an-100 4326 is-15 ta-101 sp-23 an-101 4719 is-16 ta-101 sp-24 an-101 4327 is-15 ta-102 sp-23 an-102 4720 is-16 ta-102 sp-24 an-102 Table 5-40 4328 is-15 ta-103 sp-23 an-103 4721 is-16 ta-103 sp-24 an-103 4329 is-15 ta-104 sp-23 an-104 4722 is-16 ta-104 sp-24 an-104 4330 is-15 ta-105 sp-23 an-105 4723 is-16 ta-105 sp-24 an-105 4331 is-15 ta-106 sp-23 an-106 4724 is-16 ta-106 sp-24 an-106 4332 is-15 ta-107 sp-23 an-107 4725 is-16 ta-107 sp-24 an-107 4333 is-15 ta-108 sp-23 an-108 4726 is-16 ta-108 sp-24 an-108 4334 is-15 ta-109 sp-23 an-109 4727 is-16 ta-109 sp-24 an-109 4335 is-15 ta-110 sp-23 an-110 4728 is-16 ta-110 sp-24 an-110 4336 is-15 ta-111 sp-23 an-111 4729 is-16 ta-111 sp-24 an-111 4337 is-15 ta-112 sp-23 an-112 4730 is-16 ta-112 sp-24 an-112 4338 is-15 ta-113 sp-23 an-113 4731 is-16 ta-113 sp-24 an-113 4339 is-15 ta-114 sp-23 an-114 4732 is-16 ta-114 sp-24 an-114 4340 is-15 ta-115 sp-23 an-115 4733 is-16 ta-115 sp-24 an-115 4341 is-15 ta-116 sp-23 an-116 4734 is-16 ta-116 sp-24 an-116 4342 is-15 ta-117 sp-23 an-117 4735 is-16 ta-117 sp-24 an-117 4343 is-15 ta-118 sp-23 an-118 4736 is-16 ta-118 sp-24 an-118 4344 is-15 ta-119 sp-23 an-119 4737 is-16 ta-119 sp-24 an-119 4345 is-15 ta-120 sp-23 an-120 4738 is-16 ta-120 sp-24 an-120 4346 is-15 ta-121 sp-23 an-121 4739 is-16 ta-121 sp-24 an-121 4347 is-15 ta-122 sp-23 an-122 4740 is-16 ta-122 sp-24 an-122 4348 is-15 ta-123 sp-23 an-123 4741 is-16 ta-123 sp-24 an-123 4349 is-15 ta-124 sp-23 an-124 4742 is-16 ta-124 sp-24 an-124 4350 is-15 ta-125 sp-23 an-125 4743 is-16 ta-125 sp-24 an-125 4351 is-15 ta-126 sp-23 an-126 4744 is-16 ta-126 sp-24 an-126 4352 is-15 ta-127 sp-23 an-127 4745 is-16 ta-127 sp-24 an-127 4353 is-15 ta-128 sp-23 an-128 4746 is-16 ta-128 sp-24 an-128 4354 is-15 ta-129 sp-23 an-129 4747 is-16 ta-129 sp-24 an-129 4355 is-15 ta-130 sp-23 an-130 4748 is-16 ta-130 sp-24 an-130 4356 is-15 ta-131 sp-23 an-131 4749 is-16 ta-131 sp-24 an-131 4357 is-15 ta-132 sp-23 an-132 4750 is-16 ta-132 sp-24 an-132 4358 is-15 ta-133 sp-23 an-133 4751 is-16 ta-133 sp-24 an-133 4359 is-15 ta-134 sp-23 an-134 4752 is-16 ta-134 sp-24 an-134 4360 is-15 ta-135 sp-23 an-135 4753 is-16 ta-135 sp-24 an-135 4361 is-15 ta-136 sp-23 an-136 4754 is-16 ta-136 sp-24 an-136 4362 is-15 ta-137 sp-23 an-137 4755 is-16 ta-137 sp-24 an-137 4363 is-15 ta-138 sp-23 an-138 4756 is-16 ta-138 sp-24 an-138 4364 is-15 ta-139 sp-23 an-139 4757 is-16 ta-139 sp-24 an-139 4365 is-15 ta-140 sp-23 an-140 4758 is-16 ta-140 sp-24 an-140 4366 is-15 ta-141 sp-23 an-141 4759 is-16 ta-141 sp-24 an-141 4367 is-15 ta-142 sp-23 an-142 4760 is-16 ta-142 sp-24 an-142 4368 is-15 ta-143 sp-23 an-143 4761 is-16 ta-143 sp-24 an-143 4369 is-15 ta-144 sp-23 an-144 4762 is-16 ta-144 sp-24 an-144 4370 is-15 ta-145 sp-23 an-145 4763 is-16 ta-145 sp-24 an-145 4371 is-15 ta-146 sp-23 an-146 4764 is-16 ta-146 sp-24 an-146 4372 is-15 ta-147 sp-23 an-147 4765 is-16 ta-147 sp-24 an-147 4373 is-15 ta-148 sp-23 an-148 4766 is-16 ta-148 sp-24 an-148 4374 is-15 ta-149 sp-23 an-149 4767 is-16 ta-149 sp-24 an-149 4375 is-15 ta-150 sp-23 an-150 4768 is-16 ta-150 sp-24 an-150 4376 is-15 ta-151 sp-23 an-151 4769 is-16 ta-151 sp-24 an-151 4377 is-15 ta-152 sp-23 an-152 4770 is-16 ta-152 sp-24 an-152 4378 is-15 ta-153 sp-23 an-153 4771 is-16 ta-153 sp-24 an-153 4379 is-15 ta-154 sp-23 an-154 4772 is-16 ta-154 sp-24 an-154 4380 is-15 ta-155 sp-23 an-155 4773 is-16 ta-155 sp-24 an-155 Table 5-41 4381 is-15 ta-156 sp-23 an-156 4774 is-16 ta-156 sp-24 an-156 4382 is-15 ta-157 sp-23 an-157 4775 is-16 ta-157 sp-24 an-157 4383 is-15 ta-158 sp-23 an-158 4776 is-16 ta-158 sp-24 an-158 4384 is-15 ta-159 sp-23 an-159 4777 is-16 ta-159 sp-24 an-159 4385 is-15 ta-160 sp-23 an-160 4778 is-16 ta-160 sp-24 an-160 4386 is-15 ta-161 sp-23 an-161 4779 is-16 ta-161 sp-24 an-161 4387 is-15 ta-162 sp-23 an-162 4780 is-16 ta-162 sp-24 an-162 4388 is-15 ta-163 sp-23 an-163 4781 is-16 ta-163 sp-24 an-163 4389 is-15 ta-164 sp-23 an-164 4782 is-16 ta-164 sp-24 an-164 4390 is-15 ta-165 sp-23 an-165 4783 is-16 ta-165 sp-24 an-165 4391 is-15 ta-166 sp-23 an-166 4784 is-16 ta-166 sp-24 an-166 4392 is-15 ta-167 sp-23 an-167 4785 is-16 ta-167 sp-24 an-167 4393 is-15 ta-168 sp-23 an-168 4786 is-16 ta-168 sp-24 an-168 4394 is-15 ta-169 sp-23 an-169 4787 is-16 ta-169 sp-24 an-169 4395 is-15 ta-170 sp-23 an-170 4788 is-16 ta-170 sp-24 an-170 4396 is-15 ta-171 sp-23 an-171 4789 is-16 ta-171 sp-24 an-171 4397 is-15 ta-172 sp-23 an-172 4790 is-16 ta-172 sp-24 an-172 4398 is-15 ta-173 sp-23 an-173 4791 is-16 ta-173 sp-24 an-173 4399 is-15 ta-174 sp-23 an-174 4792 is-16 ta-174 sp-24 an-174 4400 is-15 ta-175 sp-23 an-175 4793 is-16 ta-175 sp-24 an-175 4401 is-15 ta-176 sp-23 an-176 4794 is-16 ta-176 sp-24 an-176 4402 is-15 ta-177 sp-23 an-177 4795 is-16 ta-177 sp-24 an-177 4403 is-15 ta-178 sp-23 an-178 4796 is-16 ta-178 sp-24 an-178 4404 is-15 ta-179 sp-23 an-179 4797 is-16 ta-179 sp-24 an-179 4405 is-15 ta-180 sp-23 an-180 4798 is-16 ta-180 sp-24 an-180 4406 is-15 ta-181 sp-23 an-181 4799 is-16 ta-181 sp-24 an-181 4407 is-15 ta-182 sp-23 an-182 4800 is-16 ta-182 sp-24 an-182 4408 is-15 ta-183 sp-23 an-183 4801 is-16 ta-183 sp-24 an-183 4409 is-15 ta-184 sp-23 an-184 4802 is-16 ta-184 sp-24 an-184 4410 is-15 ta-185 sp-23 an-185 4803 is-16 ta-185 sp-24 an-185 4411 is-15 ta-186 sp-23 an-186 4804 is-16 ta-186 sp-24 an-186 4412 is-15 ta-187 sp-23 an-187 4805 is-16 ta-187 sp-24 an-187 4413 is-15 ta-188 sp-23 an-188 4806 is-16 ta-188 sp-24 an-188 4414 is-15 ta-189 sp-23 an-189 4807 is-16 ta-189 sp-24 an-189 4415 is-15 ta-190 sp-23 an-190 4808 is-16 ta-190 sp-24 an-190 4416 is-15 ta-191 sp-23 an-191 4809 is-16 ta-191 sp-24 an-191 4417 is-15 ta-192 sp-23 an-192 4810 is-16 ta-192 sp-24 an-192 4418 is-15 ta-193 sp-23 an-193 4811 is-16 ta-193 sp-24 an-193 4419 is-15 ta-194 sp-23 an-194 4812 is-16 ta-194 sp-24 an-194 4420 is-15 ta-195 sp-23 an-195 4813 is-16 ta-195 sp-24 an-195 4421 is-15 ta-196 sp-23 an-196 4814 is-16 ta-196 sp-24 an-196 4422 is-15 ta-197 sp-23 an-197 4815 is-16 ta-197 sp-24 an-197 4423 is-15 ta-198 sp-23 an-198 4816 is-16 ta-198 sp-24 an-198 4424 is-15 ta-199 sp-23 an-199 4817 is-16 ta-199 sp-24 an-199 4425 is-15 ta-200 sp-23 an-200 4818 is-16 ta-200 sp-24 an-200 4426 is-15 ta-201 sp-23 an-201 4819 is-16 ta-201 sp-24 an-201 4427 is-15 ta-202 sp-23 an-202 4820 is-16 ta-202 sp-24 an-202 4428 is-15 ta-203 sp-23 an-203 4821 is-16 ta-203 sp-24 an-203 4429 is-15 ta-204 sp-23 an-204 4822 is-16 ta-204 sp-24 an-204 4430 is-15 ta-205 sp-23 an-205 4823 is-16 ta-205 sp-24 an-205 4431 is-15 ta-206 sp-23 an-206 4824 is-16 ta-206 sp-24 an-206 4432 is-15 ta-207 sp-23 an-207 4825 is-16 ta-207 sp-24 an-207 4433 is-15 ta-208 sp-23 an-208 4826 is-16 ta-208 sp-24 an-208 Table 5-42 4434 is-15 ta-209 sp-23 an-209 4827 is-16 ta-209 sp-24 an-209 4435 is-15 ta-210 sp-23 an-210 4828 is-16 ta-210 sp-24 an-210 4436 is-15 ta-211 sp-23 an-211 4829 is-16 ta-211 sp-24 an-211 4437 is-15 ta-212 sp-23 an-212 4830 is-16 ta-212 sp-24 an-212 4438 is-15 ta-213 sp-23 an-213 4831 is-16 ta-213 sp-24 an-213 4439 is-15 ta-214 sp-23 an-214 4832 is-16 ta-214 sp-24 an-214 4440 is-15 ta-215 sp-23 an-215 4833 is-16 ta-215 sp-24 an-215 4441 is-15 ta-216 sp-23 an-216 4834 is-16 ta-216 sp-24 an-216 4442 is-15 ta-217 sp-23 an-217 4835 is-16 ta-217 sp-24 an-217 4443 is-15 ta-218 sp-23 an-218 4836 is-16 ta-218 sp-24 an-218 4444 is-15 ta-219 sp-23 an-219 4837 is-16 ta-219 sp-24 an-219 4445 is-15 ta-220 sp-23 an-220 4838 is-16 ta-220 sp-24 an-220 4446 is-15 ta-221 sp-23 an-221 4839 is-16 ta-221 sp-24 an-221 4447 is-15 ta-222 sp-23 an-222 4840 is-16 ta-222 sp-24 an-222 4448 is-15 ta-223 sp-23 an-223 4841 is-16 ta-223 sp-24 an-223 4449 is-15 ta-224 sp-23 an-224 4842 is-16 ta-224 sp-24 an-224 4450 is-15 ta-225 sp-23 an-225 4843 is-16 ta-225 sp-24 an-225 4451 is-15 ta-226 sp-23 an-226 4844 is-16 ta-226 sp-24 an-226 4452 is-15 ta-227 sp-23 an-227 4845 is-16 ta-227 sp-24 an-227 4453 is-15 ta-228 sp-23 an-228 4846 is-16 ta-228 sp-24 an-228 4454 is-15 ta-229 sp-23 an-229 4847 is-16 ta-229 sp-24 an-229 4455 is-15 ta-230 sp-23 an-230 4848 is-16 ta-230 sp-24 an-230 4456 is-15 ta-231 sp-23 an-231 4849 is-16 ta-231 sp-24 an-231 4457 is-15 ta-232 sp-23 an-232 4850 is-16 ta-232 sp-24 an-232 4458 is-15 ta-233 sp-23 an-233 4851 is-16 ta-233 sp-24 an-233 4459 is-15 ta-234 sp-23 an-234 4852 is-16 ta-234 sp-24 an-234 4460 is-15 ta-235 sp-23 an-235 4853 is-16 ta-235 sp-24 an-235 4461 is-15 ta-236 sp-23 an-236 4854 is-16 ta-236 sp-24 an-236 4462 is-15 ta-237 sp-23 an-237 4855 is-16 ta-237 sp-24 an-237 4463 is-15 ta-238 sp-23 an-238 4856 is-16 ta-238 sp-24 an-238 4464 is-15 ta-239 sp-23 an-239 4857 is-16 ta-239 sp-24 an-239 4465 is-15 ta-240 sp-23 an-240 4858 is-16 ta-240 sp-24 an-240 4466 is-15 ta-241 sp-23 an-241 4859 is-16 ta-241 sp-24 an-241 4467 is-15 ta-242 sp-23 an-242 4860 is-16 ta-242 sp-24 an-242 4468 is-15 ta-243 sp-23 an-243 4861 is-16 ta-243 sp-24 an-243 4469 is-15 ta-244 sp-23 an-244 4862 is-16 ta-244 sp-24 an-244 4470 is-15 ta-245 sp-23 an-245 4863 is-16 ta-245 sp-24 an-245 4471 is-15 ta-246 sp-23 an-246 4864 is-16 ta-246 sp-24 an-246 4472 is-15 ta-247 sp-23 an-247 4865 is-16 ta-247 sp-24 an-247 4473 is-15 ta-248 sp-23 an-248 4866 is-16 ta-248 sp-24 an-248 4474 is-15 ta-249 sp-23 an-249 4867 is-16 ta-249 sp-24 an-249 4475 is-15 ta-250 sp-23 an-250 4868 is-16 ta-250 sp-24 an-250 4476 is-15 ta-251 sp-23 an-251 4869 is-16 ta-251 sp-24 an-251 4477 is-15 ta-252 sp-23 an-252 4870 is-16 ta-252 sp-24 an-252 4478 is-15 ta-253 sp-23 an-253 4871 is-16 ta-253 sp-24 an-253 4479 is-15 ta-254 sp-23 an-254 4872 is-16 ta-254 sp-24 an-254 4480 is-15 ta-255 sp-23 an-255 4873 is-16 ta-255 sp-24 an-255 4481 is-15 ta-256 sp-23 an-256 4874 is-16 ta-256 sp-24 an-256 4482 is-15 ta-257 sp-23 an-257 4875 is-16 ta-257 sp-24 an-257 4483 is-15 ta-258 sp-23 an-258 4876 is-16 ta-258 sp-24 an-258 4484 is-15 ta-259 sp-23 an-259 4877 is-16 ta-259 sp-24 an-259 4485 is-15 ta-260 sp-23 an-260 4878 is-16 ta-260 sp-24 an-260 4486 is-15 ta-261 sp-23 an-261 4879 is-16 ta-261 sp-24 an-261 Table 5-43 4487 is-15 ta-262 sp-23 an-262 4880 is-16 ta-262 sp-24 an-262 4488 is-15 ta-263 sp-23 an-263 4881 is-16 ta-263 sp-24 an-263 4489 is-15 ta-264 sp-23 an-264 4882 is-16 ta-264 sp-24 an-264 4490 is-15 ta-265 sp-23 an-265 4883 is-16 ta-265 sp-24 an-265 4491 is-15 ta-266 sp-23 an-266 4884 is-16 ta-266 sp-24 an-266 4492 is-15 ta-267 sp-23 an-267 4885 is-16 ta-267 sp-24 an-267 4493 is-15 ta-268 sp-23 an-268 4886 is-16 ta-268 sp-24 an-268 4494 is-15 ta-269 sp-23 an-269 4887 is-16 ta-269 sp-24 an-269 4495 is-15 ta-270 sp-23 an-270 4888 is-16 ta-270 sp-24 an-270 4496 is-15 ta-271 sp-23 an-271 4889 is-16 ta-271 sp-24 an-271 4497 is-15 ta-272 sp-23 an-272 4890 is-16 ta-272 sp-24 an-272 4498 is-15 ta-273 sp-23 an-273 4891 is-16 ta-273 sp-24 an-273 4499 is-15 ta-274 sp-23 an-274 4892 is-16 ta-274 sp-24 an-274 4500 is-15 ta-275 sp-23 an-275 4893 is-16 ta-275 sp-24 an-275 4501 is-15 ta-276 sp-23 an-276 4894 is-16 ta-276 sp-24 an-276 4502 is-15 ta-277 sp-23 an-277 4895 is-16 ta-277 sp-24 an-277 4503 is-15 ta-278 sp-23 an-278 4896 is-16 ta-278 sp-24 an-278 4504 is-15 ta-279 sp-23 an-279 4897 is-16 ta-279 sp-24 an-279 4505 is-15 ta-280 sp-23 an-280 4898 is-16 ta-280 sp-24 an-280 4506 is-15 ta-281 sp-23 an-281 4899 is-16 ta-281 sp-24 an-281 4507 is-15 ta-282 sp-23 an-282 4900 is-16 ta-282 sp-24 an-282 4508 is-15 ta-283 sp-23 an-283 4901 is-16 ta-283 sp-24 an-283 4509 is-15 ta-284 sp-23 an-284 4902 is-16 ta-284 sp-24 an-284 4510 is-15 ta-285 sp-23 an-285 4903 is-16 ta-285 sp-24 an-285 4511 is-15 ta-286 sp-23 an-286 4904 is-16 ta-286 sp-24 an-286 4512 is-15 ta-287 sp-23 an-287 4905 is-16 ta-287 sp-24 an-287 4513 is-15 ta-288 sp-23 an-288 4906 is-16 ta-288 sp-24 an-288 4514 is-15 ta-289 sp-23 an-289 4907 is-16 ta-289 sp-24 an-289 4515 is-15 ta-290 sp-23 an-290 4908 is-16 ta-290 sp-24 an-290 4516 is-15 ta-291 sp-23 an-291 4909 is-16 ta-291 sp-24 an-291 4517 is-15 ta-292 sp-23 an-292 4910 is-16 ta-292 sp-24 an-292 4518 is-15 ta-293 sp-23 an-293 4911 is-16 ta-293 sp-24 an-293 4519 is-15 ta-294 sp-23 an-294 4912 is-16 ta-294 sp-24 an-294 4520 is-15 ta-295 sp-23 an-295 4913 is-16 ta-295 sp-24 an-295 4521 is-15 ta-296 sp-23 an-296 4914 is-16 ta-296 sp-24 an-296 4522 is-15 ta-297 sp-23 an-297 4915 is-16 ta-297 sp-24 an-297 4523 is-15 ta-298 sp-23 an-298 4916 is-16 ta-298 sp-24 an-298 4524 is-15 ta-299 sp-23 an-299 4917 is-16 ta-299 sp-24 an-299 4525 is-15 ta-300 sp-23 an-300 4918 is-16 ta-300 sp-24 an-300 4526 is-15 ta-301 sp-23 an-301 4919 is-16 ta-301 sp-24 an-301 4527 is-15 ta-302 sp-23 an-302 4920 is-16 ta-302 sp-24 an-302 4528 is-15 ta-303 sp-23 an-303 4921 is-16 ta-303 sp-24 an-303 4529 is-15 ta-304 sp-23 an-304 4922 is-16 ta-304 sp-24 an-304 4530 is-15 ta-305 sp-23 an-305 4923 is-16 ta-305 sp-24 an-305 4531 is-15 ta-306 sp-23 an-306 4924 is-16 ta-306 sp-24 an-306 4532 is-15 ta-307 sp-23 an-307 4925 is-16 ta-307 sp-24 an-307 4533 is-15 ta-308 sp-23 an-308 4926 is-16 ta-308 sp-24 an-308 4534 is-15 ta-309 sp-23 an-309 4927 is-16 ta-309 sp-24 an-309 4535 is-15 ta-310 sp-23 an-310 4928 is-16 ta-310 sp-24 an-310 4536 is-15 ta-311 sp-23 an-311 4929 is-16 ta-311 sp-24 an-311 4537 is-15 ta-312 sp-23 an-312 4930 is-16 ta-312 sp-24 an-312 4538 is-15 ta-313 sp-23 an-313 4931 is-16 ta-313 sp-24 an-313 4539 is-15 ta-314 sp-23 an-314 4932 is-16 ta-314 sp-24 an-314 Table 5-44 4540 is-15 ta-315 sp-23 an-315 4933 is-16 ta-315 sp-24 an-315 4541 is-15 ta-316 sp-23 an-316 4934 is-16 ta-316 sp-24 an-316 4542 is-15 ta-317 sp-23 an-317 4935 is-16 ta-317 sp-24 an-317 4543 is-15 ta-318 sp-23 an-318 4936 is-16 ta-318 sp-24 an-318 4544 is-15 ta-319 sp-23 an-319 4937 is-16 ta-319 sp-24 an-319 4545 is-15 ta-320 sp-23 an-320 4938 is-16 ta-320 sp-24 an-320 4546 is-15 ta-321 sp-23 an-321 4939 is-16 ta-321 sp-24 an-321 4547 is-15 ta-322 sp-23 an-322 4940 is-16 ta-322 sp-24 an-322 4548 is-15 ta-323 sp-23 an-323 4941 is-16 ta-323 sp-24 an-323 4549 is-15 ta-324 sp-23 an-324 4942 is-16 ta-324 sp-24 an-324 4550 is-15 ta-325 sp-23 an-325 4943 is-16 ta-325 sp-24 an-325 4551 is-15 ta-326 sp-23 an-326 4944 is-16 ta-326 sp-24 an-326 4552 is-15 ta-327 sp-23 an-327 4945 is-16 ta-327 sp-24 an-327 4553 is-15 ta-328 sp-23 an-328 4946 is-16 ta-328 sp-24 an-328 4554 is-15 ta-329 sp-23 an-329 4947 is-16 ta-329 sp-24 an-329 4555 is-15 ta-330 sp-23 an-330 4948 is-16 ta-330 sp-24 an-330 4556 is-15 ta-331 sp-23 an-331 4949 is-16 ta-331 sp-24 an-331 4557 is-15 ta-332 sp-23 an-332 4950 is-16 ta-332 sp-24 an-332 4558 is-15 ta-333 sp-23 an-333 4951 is-16 ta-333 sp-24 an-333 4559 is-15 ta-334 sp-23 an-334 4952 is-16 ta-334 sp-24 an-334 4560 is-15 ta-335 sp-23 an-335 4953 is-16 ta-335 sp-24 an-335 4561 is-15 ta-336 sp-23 an-336 4954 is-16 ta-336 sp-24 an-336 4562 is-15 ta-337 sp-23 an-337 4955 is-16 ta-337 sp-24 an-337 4563 is-15 ta-338 sp-23 an-338 4956 is-16 ta-338 sp-24 an-338 4564 is-15 ta-339 sp-23 an-339 4957 is-16 ta-339 sp-24 an-339 4565 is-15 ta-340 sp-23 an-340 4958 is-16 ta-340 sp-24 an-340 4566 is-15 ta-341 sp-23 an-341 4959 is-16 ta-341 sp-24 an-341 4567 is-15 ta-342 sp-23 an-342 4960 is-16 ta-342 sp-24 an-342 4568 is-15 ta-343 sp-23 an-343 4961 is-16 ta-343 sp-24 an-343 4569 is-15 ta-344 sp-23 an-344 4962 is-16 ta-344 sp-24 an-344 4570 is-15 ta-345 sp-23 an-345 4963 is-16 ta-345 sp-24 an-345 4571 is-15 ta-346 sp-23 an-346 4964 is-16 ta-346 sp-24 an-346 4572 is-15 ta-347 sp-23 an-347 4965 is-16 ta-347 sp-24 an-347 4573 is-15 ta-348 sp-23 an-348 4966 is-16 ta-348 sp-24 an-348 4574 is-15 ta-349 sp-23 an-349 4967 is-16 ta-349 sp-24 an-349 4575 is-15 ta-350 sp-23 an-350 4968 is-16 ta-350 sp-24 an-350 4576 is-15 ta-351 sp-23 an-351 4969 is-16 ta-351 sp-24 an-351 4577 is-15 ta-352 sp-23 an-352 4970 is-16 ta-352 sp-24 an-352 4578 is-15 ta-353 sp-23 an-353 4971 is-16 ta-353 sp-24 an-353 4579 is-15 ta-354 sp-23 an-354 4972 is-16 ta-354 sp-24 an-354 4580 is-15 ta-355 sp-23 an-355 4973 is-16 ta-355 sp-24 an-355 4581 is-15 ta-356 sp-23 an-356 4974 is-16 ta-356 sp-24 an-356 4582 is-15 ta-357 sp-23 an-357 4975 is-16 ta-357 sp-24 an-357 4583 is-15 ta-358 sp-23 an-358 4976 is-16 ta-358 sp-24 an-358 4584 is-15 ta-359 sp-23 an-359 4977 is-16 ta-359 sp-24 an-359 4585 is-15 ta-360 sp-23 an-360 4978 is-16 ta-360 sp-24 an-360 4586 is-15 ta-361 sp-23 an-361 4979 is-16 ta-361 sp-24 an-361 4587 is-15 ta-362 sp-23 an-362 4980 is-16 ta-362 sp-24 an-362 4588 is-15 ta-363 sp-23 an-363 4981 is-16 ta-363 sp-24 an-363 4589 is-15 ta-364 sp-23 an-364 4982 is-16 ta-364 sp-24 an-364 4590 is-15 ta-365 sp-23 an-365 4983 is-16 ta-365 sp-24 an-365 4591 is-15 ta-366 sp-23 an-366 4984 is-16 ta-366 sp-24 an-366 4592 is-15 ta-367 sp-23 an-367 4985 is-16 ta-367 sp-24 an-367 Table 5-45 4593 is-15 ta-368 sp-23 an-368 4986 is-16 ta-368 sp-24 an-368 4594 is-15 ta-369 sp-23 an-369 4987 is-16 ta-369 sp-24 an-369 4595 is-15 ta-370 sp-23 an-370 4988 is-16 ta-370 sp-24 an-370 4596 is-15 ta-371 sp-23 an-371 4989 is-16 ta-371 sp-24 an-371 4597 is-15 ta-372 sp-23 an-372 4990 is-16 ta-372 sp-24 an-372 4598 is-15 ta-373 sp-23 an-373 4991 is-16 ta-373 sp-24 an-373 4599 is-15 ta-374 sp-23 an-374 4992 is-16 ta-374 sp-24 an-374 4600 is-15 ta-375 sp-23 an-375 4993 is-16 ta-375 sp-24 an-375 4601 is-15 ta-376 sp-23 an-376 4994 is-16 ta-376 sp-24 an-376 4602 is-15 ta-377 sp-23 an-377 4995 is-16 ta-377 sp-24 an-377 4603 is-15 ta-378 sp-23 an-378 4996 is-16 ta-378 sp-24 an-378 4604 is-15 ta-379 sp-23 an-379 4997 is-16 ta-379 sp-24 an-379 4605 is-15 ta-380 sp-23 an-380 4998 is-16 ta-380 sp-24 an-380 4606 is-15 ta-381 sp-23 an-381 4999 is-16 ta-381 sp-24 an-381 4607 is-15 ta-382 sp-23 an-382 5000 is-16 ta-382 sp-24 an-382 4608 is-15 ta-383 sp-23 an-383 5001 is-16 ta-383 sp-24 an-383 4609 is-15 ta-384 sp-23 an-384 5002 is-16 ta-384 sp-24 an-384 4610 is-15 ta-385 sp-23 an-385 5003 is-16 ta-385 sp-24 an-385 4611 is-15 ta-386 sp-23 an-386 5004 is-16 ta-386 sp-24 an-386 4612 is-15 ta-387 sp-23 an-387 5005 is-16 ta-387 sp-24 an-387 4613 is-15 ta-388 sp-23 an-388 5006 is-16 ta-388 sp-24 an-388 4614 is-15 ta-389 sp-23 an-389 5007 is-16 ta-389 sp-24 an-389 4615 is-15 ta-390 sp-23 an-390 5008 is-16 ta-390 sp-24 an-390 4616 is-15 ta-391 sp-23 an-391 5009 is-16 ta-391 sp-24 an-391 4617 is-15 ta-392 sp-23 an-392 5010 is-16 ta-392 sp-24 an-392 4618 is-15 ta-393 sp-23 an-393 5011 is-16 ta-393 sp-24 an-393 5012 is-17 ta-1 sp-25 an-1 5407 is-14 ta-394 sp-14 an-394 5013 is-17 ta-2 sp-25 an-2 5408 is-14 ta-395 sp-14 an-395 5014 is-17 ta-3 sp-25 an-3 5409 is-14 ta-396 sp-14 an-396 5015 is-17 ta-4 sp-25 an-4 5410 is-14 ta-397 sp-14 an-397 5016 is-17 ta-5 sp-25 an-5 5411 is-14 ta-398 sp-14 an-398 5017 is-17 ta-6 sp-25 an-6 5412 is-14 ta-399 sp-14 an-399 5018 is-17 ta-7 sp-25 an-7 5413 is-14 ta-400 sp-14 an-400 5019 is-17 ta-8 sp-25 an-8 5414 is-14 ta-401 sp-14 an-401 5020 is-17 ta-9 sp-25 an-9 5415 is-14 ta-402 sp-14 an-402 5021 is-17 ta-10 sp-25 an-10 5416 is-14 ta-403 sp-14 an-403 5022 is-17 ta-11 sp-25 an-11 5417 is-14 ta-404 sp-14 an-404 5023 is-17 ta-12 sp-25 an-12 5418 is-14 ta-405 sp-14 an-405 5024 is-17 ta-13 sp-25 an-13 5419 is-14 ta-406 sp-14 an-406 5025 is-17 ta-14 sp-25 an-14 5420 is-14 ta-407 sp-14 an-407 5026 is-17 ta-15 sp-25 an-15 5421 is-15 ta-394 sp-23 an-394 5027 is-17 ta-16 sp-25 an-16 5422 is-15 ta-395 sp-23 an-395 5028 is-17 ta-17 sp-25 an-17 5423 is-15 ta-396 sp-23 an-396 5029 is-17 ta-18 sp-25 an-18 5424 is-15 ta-397 sp-23 an-397 5030 is-17 ta-19 sp-25 an-19 5425 is-15 ta-398 sp-23 an-398 5031 is-17 ta-20 sp-25 an-20 5426 is-15 ta-399 sp-23 an-399 5032 is-17 ta-21 sp-25 an-21 5427 is-15 ta-400 sp-23 an-400 5033 is-17 ta-22 sp-25 an-22 5428 is-15 ta-401 sp-23 an-401 5034 is-17 ta-23 sp-25 an-23 5429 is-15 ta-402 sp-23 an-402 5035 is-17 ta-24 sp-25 an-24 5430 is-15 ta-403 sp-23 an-403 5036 is-17 ta-25 sp-25 an-25 5431 is-15 ta-404 sp-23 an-404 5037 is-17 ta-26 sp-25 an-26 5432 is-15 ta-405 sp-23 an-405 5038 is-17 ta-27 sp-25 an-27 5433 is-15 ta-406 sp-23 an-406 Table 5-46 5039 is-17 ta-28 sp-25 an-28 5434 is-15 ta-407 sp-23 an-407 5040 is-17 ta-29 sp-25 an-29 5435 is-17 ta-394 sp-25 an-394 5041 is-17 ta-30 sp-25 an-30 5436 is-17 ta-395 sp-25 an-395 5042 is-17 ta-31 sp-25 an-31 5437 is-17 ta-396 sp-25 an-396 5043 is-17 ta-32 sp-25 an-32 5438 is-17 ta-397 sp-25 an-397 5044 is-17 ta-33 sp-25 an-33 5439 is-17 ta-398 sp-25 an-398 5045 is-17 ta-34 sp-25 an-34 5440 is-17 ta-399 sp-25 an-399 5046 is-17 ta-35 sp-25 an-35 5441 is-17 ta-400 sp-25 an-400 5047 is-17 ta-36 sp-25 an-36 5442 is-17 ta-401 sp-25 an-401 5048 is-17 ta-37 sp-25 an-37 5443 is-17 ta-402 sp-25 an-402 5049 is-17 ta-38 sp-25 an-38 5444 is-17 ta-403 sp-25 an-403 5050 is-17 ta-39 sp-25 an-39 5445 is-17 ta-404 sp-25 an-404 5051 is-17 ta-40 sp-25 an-40 5446 is-17 ta-405 sp-25 an-405 5052 is-17 ta-41 sp-25 an-41 5447 is-17 ta-406 sp-25 an-406 5053 is-17 ta-42 sp-25 an-42 5448 is-17 ta-407 sp-25 an-407 5054 is-17 ta-43 sp-25 an-43 5055 is-17 ta-44 sp-25 an-44 5056 is-17 ta-45 sp-25 an-45 5057 is-17 ta-46 sp-25 an-46 5058 is-17 ta-47 sp-25 an-47 5059 is-17 ta-48 sp-25 an-48 5060 is-17 ta-49 sp-25 an-49 5061 is-17 ta-50 sp-25 an-50 5062 is-17 ta-51 sp-25 an-51 5063 is-17 ta-52 sp-25 an-52 5064 is-17 ta-53 sp-25 an-53 5065 is-17 ta-54 sp-25 an-54 5066 is-17 ta-55 sp-25 an-55 5067 is-17 ta-56 sp-25 an-56 5068 is-17 ta-57 sp-25 an-57 5069 is-17 ta-58 sp-25 an-58 5070 is-17 ta-59 sp-25 an-59 5071 is-17 ta-60 sp-25 an-60 5072 is-17 ta-61 sp-25 an-61 5073 is-17 ta-62 sp-25 an-62 5074 is-17 ta-63 sp-25 an-63 5075 is-17 ta-64 sp-25 an-64 5076 is-17 ta-65 sp-25 an-65 5077 is-17 ta-66 sp-25 an-66 5078 is-17 ta-67 sp-25 an-67 5079 is-17 ta-68 sp-25 an-68 5080 is-17 ta-69 sp-25 an-69 5081 is-17 ta-70 sp-25 an-70 5082 is-17 ta-71 sp-25 an-71 5083 is-17 ta-72 sp-25 an-72 5084 is-17 ta-73 sp-25 an-73 5085 is-17 ta-74 sp-25 an-74 5086 is-17 ta-75 sp-25 an-75 5087 is-17 ta-76 sp-25 an-76 5088 is-17 ta-77 sp-25 an-77 5089 is-17 ta-78 sp-25 an-78 5090 is-17 ta-79 sp-25 an-79 5091 is-17 ta-80 sp-25 an-80 Table 5-47 5092 is-17 ta-81 sp-25 an-81 5093 is-17 ta-82 sp-25 an-82 5094 is-17 ta-83 sp-25 an-83 5095 is-17 ta-84 sp-25 an-84 5096 is-17 ta-85 sp-25 an-85 5097 is-17 ta-86 sp-25 an-86 5098 is-17 ta-87 sp-25 an-87 5099 is-17 ta-88 sp-25 an-88 5100 is-17 ta-89 sp-25 an-89 5101 is-17 ta-90 sp-25 an-90 5102 is-17 ta-91 sp-25 an-91 5103 is-17 ta-92 sp-25 an-92 5104 is-17 ta-93 sp-25 an-93 5105 is-17 ta-94 sp-25 an-94 5106 is-17 ta-95 sp-25 an-95 5107 is-17 ta-96 sp-25 an-96 5108 is-17 ta-97 sp-25 an-97 5109 is-17 ta-98 sp-25 an-98 5110 is-17 ta-99 sp-25 an-99 5111 is-17 ta-100 sp-25 an-100 5112 is-17 ta-101 sp-25 an-101 5113 is-17 ta-102 sp-25 an-102 5114 is-17 ta-103 sp-25 an-103 5115 is-17 ta-104 sp-25 an-104 5116 is-17 ta-105 sp-25 an-105 5117 is-17 ta-106 sp-25 an-106 5118 is-17 ta-107 sp-25 an-107 5119 is-17 ta-108 sp-25 an-108 5120 is-17 ta-109 sp-25 an-109 5121 is-17 ta-110 sp-25 an-110 5122 is-17 ta-111 sp-25 an-111 5123 is-17 ta-112 sp-25 an-112 5124 is-17 ta-113 sp-25 an-113 5125 is-17 ta-114 sp-25 an-114 5126 is-17 ta-115 sp-25 an-115 5127 is-17 ta-116 sp-25 an-116 5128 is-17 ta-117 sp-25 an-117 5129 is-17 ta-118 sp-25 an-118 5130 is-17 ta-119 sp-25 an-119 5131 is-17 ta-120 sp-25 an-120 5132 is-17 ta-121 sp-25 an-121 5133 is-17 ta-122 sp-25 an-122 5134 is-17 ta-123 sp-25 an-123 5135 is-17 ta-124 sp-25 an-124 5136 is-17 ta-125 sp-25 an-125 5137 is-17 ta-126 sp-25 an-126 5138 is-17 ta-127 sp-25 an-127 5139 is-17 ta-128 sp-25 an-128 5140 is-17 ta-129 sp-25 an-129 5141 is-17 ta-130 sp-25 an-130 5142 is-17 ta-131 sp-25 an-131 5143 is-17 ta-132 sp-25 an-132 5144 is-17 ta-133 sp-25 an-133 Table 5-48 5145 is-17 ta-134 sp-25 an-134 5146 is-17 ta-135 sp-25 an-135 5147 is-17 ta-136 sp-25 an-136 5148 is-17 ta-137 sp-25 an-137 5149 is-17 ta-138 sp-25 an-138 5150 is-17 ta-139 sp-25 an-139 5151 is-17 ta-140 sp-25 an-140 5152 is-17 ta-141 sp-25 an-141 5153 is-17 ta-142 sp-25 an-142 5154 is-17 ta-143 sp-25 an-143 5155 is-17 ta-144 sp-25 an-144 5156 is-17 ta-145 sp-25 an-145 5157 is-17 ta-146 sp-25 an-146 5158 is-17 ta-147 sp-25 an-147 5159 is-17 ta-148 sp-25 an-148 5160 is-17 ta-149 sp-25 an-149 5161 is-17 ta-150 sp-25 an-150 5162 is-17 ta-151 sp-25 an-151 5163 is-17 ta-152 sp-25 an-152 5164 is-17 ta-153 sp-25 an-153 5165 is-17 ta-154 sp-25 an-154 5166 is-17 ta-155 sp-25 an-155 5167 is-17 ta-156 sp-25 an-156 5168 is-17 ta-157 sp-25 an-157 5169 is-17 ta-158 sp-25 an-158 5170 is-17 ta-159 sp-25 an-159 5171 is-17 ta-160 sp-25 an-160 5172 is-17 ta-161 sp-25 an-161 5173 is-17 ta-162 sp-25 an-162 5174 is-17 ta-163 sp-25 an-163 5175 is-17 ta-164 sp-25 an-164 5176 is-17 ta-165 sp-25 an-165 5177 is-17 ta-166 sp-25 an-166 5178 is-17 ta-167 sp-25 an-167 5179 is-17 ta-168 sp-25 an-168 5180 is-17 ta-169 sp-25 an-169 5181 is-17 ta-170 sp-25 an-170 5182 is-17 ta-171 sp-25 an-171 5183 is-17 ta-172 sp-25 an-172 5184 is-17 ta-173 sp-25 an-173 5185 is-17 ta-174 sp-25 an-174 5186 is-17 ta-175 sp-25 an-175 5187 is-17 ta-176 sp-25 an-176 5188 is-17 ta-177 sp-25 an-177 5189 is-17 ta-178 sp-25 an-178 5190 is-17 ta-179 sp-25 an-179 5191 is-17 ta-180 sp-25 an-180 5192 is-17 ta-181 sp-25 an-181 5193 is-17 ta-182 sp-25 an-182 5194 is-17 ta-183 sp-25 an-183 5195 is-17 ta-184 sp-25 an-184 5196 is-17 ta-185 sp-25 an-185 5197 is-17 ta-186 sp-25 an-186 Table 5-49 5198 is-17 ta-187 sp-25 an-187 5199 is-17 ta-188 sp-25 an-188 5200 is-17 ta-189 sp-25 an-189 5201 is-17 ta-190 sp-25 an-190 5202 is-17 ta-191 sp-25 an-191 5203 is-17 ta-192 sp-25 an-192 5204 is-17 ta-193 sp-25 an-193 5205 is-17 ta-194 sp-25 an-194 5206 is-17 ta-195 sp-25 an-195 5207 is-17 ta-196 sp-25 an-196 5208 is-17 ta-197 sp-25 an-197 5209 is-17 ta-198 sp-25 an-198 5210 is-17 ta-199 sp-25 an-199 5211 is-17 ta-200 sp-25 an-200 5212 is-17 ta-201 sp-25 an-201 5213 is-17 ta-202 sp-25 an-202 5214 is-17 ta-203 sp-25 an-203 5215 is-17 ta-204 sp-25 an-204 5216 is-17 ta-205 sp-25 an-205 5217 is-17 ta-206 sp-25 an-206 5218 is-17 ta-207 sp-25 an-207 5219 is-17 ta-208 sp-25 an-208 5220 is-17 ta-209 sp-25 an-209 5221 is-17 ta-210 sp-25 an-210 5222 is-17 ta-211 sp-25 an-211 5223 is-17 ta-212 sp-25 an-212 5224 is-17 ta-213 sp-25 an-213 5225 is-17 ta-214 sp-25 an-214 5226 is-17 ta-215 sp-25 an-215 5227 is-17 ta-216 sp-25 an-216 5228 is-17 ta-217 sp-25 an-217 5229 is-17 ta-218 sp-25 an-218 5230 is-17 ta-219 sp-25 an-219 5231 is-17 ta-220 sp-25 an-220 5232 is-17 ta-221 sp-25 an-221 5233 is-17 ta-222 sp-25 an-222 5234 is-17 ta-223 sp-25 an-223 5235 is-17 ta-224 sp-25 an-224 5236 is-17 ta-225 sp-25 an-225 5237 is-17 ta-226 sp-25 an-226 5238 is-17 ta-227 sp-25 an-227 5239 is-17 ta-228 sp-25 an-228 5240 is-17 ta-229 sp-25 an-229 5241 is-17 ta-230 sp-25 an-230 5242 is-17 ta-231 sp-25 an-231 5243 is-17 ta-232 sp-25 an-232 5244 is-17 ta-233 sp-25 an-233 5245 is-17 ta-234 sp-25 an-234 5246 is-17 ta-235 sp-25 an-235 5247 is-17 ta-236 sp-25 an-236 5248 is-17 ta-237 sp-25 an-237 5249 is-17 ta-238 sp-25 an-238 5250 is-17 ta-239 sp-25 an-239 Table 5-50 5251 is-17 ta-240 sp-25 an-240 5252 is-17 ta-241 sp-25 an-241 5253 is-17 ta-242 sp-25 an-242 5254 is-17 ta-243 sp-25 an-243 5255 is-17 ta-244 sp-25 an-244 5256 is-17 ta-245 sp-25 an-245 5257 is-17 ta-246 sp-25 an-246 5258 is-17 ta-247 sp-25 an-247 5259 is-17 ta-248 sp-25 an-248 5260 is-17 ta-249 sp-25 an-249 5261 is-17 ta-250 sp-25 an-250 5262 is-17 ta-251 sp-25 an-251 5263 is-17 ta-252 sp-25 an-252 5264 is-17 ta-253 sp-25 an-253 5265 is-17 ta-254 sp-25 an-254 5266 is-17 ta-255 sp-25 an-255 5267 is-17 ta-256 sp-25 an-256 5268 is-17 ta-257 sp-25 an-257 5269 is-17 ta-258 sp-25 an-258 5270 is-17 ta-259 sp-25 an-259 5271 is-17 ta-260 sp-25 an-260 5272 is-17 ta-261 sp-25 an-261 5273 is-17 ta-262 sp-25 an-262 5274 is-17 ta-263 sp-25 an-263 5275 is-17 ta-264 sp-25 an-264 5276 is-17 ta-265 sp-25 an-265 5277 is-17 ta-266 sp-25 an-266 5278 is-17 ta-267 sp-25 an-267 5279 is-17 ta-268 sp-25 an-268 5280 is-17 ta-269 sp-25 an-269 5281 is-17 ta-270 sp-25 an-270 5282 is-17 ta-271 sp-25 an-271 5283 is-17 ta-272 sp-25 an-272 5284 is-17 ta-273 sp-25 an-273 5285 is-17 ta-274 sp-25 an-274 5286 is-17 ta-275 sp-25 an-275 5287 is-17 ta-276 sp-25 an-276 5288 is-17 ta-277 sp-25 an-277 5289 is-17 ta-278 sp-25 an-278 5290 is-17 ta-279 sp-25 an-279 5291 is-17 ta-280 sp-25 an-280 5292 is-17 ta-281 sp-25 an-281 5293 is-17 ta-282 sp-25 an-282 5294 is-17 ta-283 sp-25 an-283 5295 is-17 ta-284 sp-25 an-284 5296 is-17 ta-285 sp-25 an-285 5297 is-17 ta-286 sp-25 an-286 5298 is-17 ta-287 sp-25 an-287 5299 is-17 ta-288 sp-25 an-288 5300 is-17 ta-289 sp-25 an-289 5301 is-17 ta-290 sp-25 an-290 5302 is-17 ta-291 sp-25 an-291 5303 is-17 ta-292 sp-25 an-292 Table 5-51 5304 is-17 ta-293 sp-25 an-293 5305 is-17 ta-294 sp-25 an-294 5306 is-17 ta-295 sp-25 an-295 5307 is-17 ta-296 sp-25 an-296 5308 is-17 ta-297 sp-25 an-297 5309 is-17 ta-298 sp-25 an-298 5310 is-17 ta-299 sp-25 an-299 5311 is-17 ta-300 sp-25 an-300 5312 is-17 ta-301 sp-25 an-301 5313 is-17 ta-302 sp-25 an-302 5314 is-17 ta-303 sp-25 an-303 5315 is-17 ta-304 sp-25 an-304 5316 is-17 ta-305 sp-25 an-305 5317 is-17 ta-306 sp-25 an-306 5318 is-17 ta-307 sp-25 an-307 5319 is-17 ta-308 sp-25 an-308 5320 is-17 ta-309 sp-25 an-309 5321 is-17 ta-310 sp-25 an-310 5322 is-17 ta-311 sp-25 an-311 5323 is-17 ta-312 sp-25 an-312 5324 is-17 ta-313 sp-25 an-313 5325 is-17 ta-314 sp-25 an-314 5326 is-17 ta-315 sp-25 an-315 5327 is-17 ta-316 sp-25 an-316 5328 is-17 ta-317 sp-25 an-317 5329 is-17 ta-318 sp-25 an-318 5330 is-17 ta-319 sp-25 an-319 5331 is-17 ta-320 sp-25 an-320 5332 is-17 ta-321 sp-25 an-321 5333 is-17 ta-322 sp-25 an-322 5334 is-17 ta-323 sp-25 an-323 5335 is-17 ta-324 sp-25 an-324 5336 is-17 ta-325 sp-25 an-325 5337 is-17 ta-326 sp-25 an-326 5338 is-17 ta-327 sp-25 an-327 5339 is-17 ta-328 sp-25 an-328 5340 is-17 ta-329 sp-25 an-329 5341 is-17 ta-330 sp-25 an-330 5342 is-17 ta-331 sp-25 an-331 5343 is-17 ta-332 sp-25 an-332 5344 is-17 ta-333 sp-25 an-333 5345 is-17 ta-334 sp-25 an-334 5346 is-17 ta-335 sp-25 an-335 5347 is-17 ta-336 sp-25 an-336 5348 is-17 ta-337 sp-25 an-337 5349 is-17 ta-338 sp-25 an-338 5350 is-17 ta-339 sp-25 an-339 5351 is-17 ta-340 sp-25 an-340 5352 is-17 ta-341 sp-25 an-341 5353 is-17 ta-342 sp-25 an-342 5354 is-17 ta-343 sp-25 an-343 5355 is-17 ta-344 sp-25 an-344 5356 is-17 ta-345 sp-25 an-345 Table 5-52 5357 is-17 ta-346 sp-25 an-346 5358 is-17 ta-347 sp-25 an-347 5359 is-17 ta-348 sp-25 an-348 5360 is-17 ta-349 sp-25 an-349 5361 is-17 ta-350 sp-25 an-350 5362 is-17 ta-351 sp-25 an-351 5363 is-17 ta-352 sp-25 an-352 5364 is-17 ta-353 sp-25 an-353 5365 is-17 ta-354 sp-25 an-354 5366 is-17 ta-355 sp-25 an-355 5367 is-17 ta-356 sp-25 an-356 5368 is-17 ta-357 sp-25 an-357 5369 is-17 ta-358 sp-25 an-358 5370 is-17 ta-359 sp-25 an-359 5371 is-17 ta-360 sp-25 an-360 5372 is-17 ta-361 sp-25 an-361 5373 is-17 ta-362 sp-25 an-362 5374 is-17 ta-363 sp-25 an-363 5375 is-17 ta-364 sp-25 an-364 5376 is-17 ta-365 sp-25 an-365 5377 is-17 ta-366 sp-25 an-366 5378 is-17 ta-367 sp-25 an-367 5379 is-17 ta-368 sp-25 an-368 5380 is-17 ta-369 sp-25 an-369 5381 is-17 ta-370 sp-25 an-370 5382 is-17 ta-371 sp-25 an-371 5383 is-17 ta-372 sp-25 an-372 5384 is-17 ta-373 sp-25 an-373 5385 is-17 ta-374 sp-25 an-374 5386 is-17 ta-375 sp-25 an-375 5387 is-17 ta-376 sp-25 an-376 5388 is-17 ta-377 sp-25 an-377 5389 is-17 ta-378 sp-25 an-378 5390 is-17 ta-379 sp-25 an-379 5391 is-17 ta-380 sp-25 an-380 5392 is-17 ta-381 sp-25 an-381 5393 is-17 ta-382 sp-25 an-382 5394 is-17 ta-383 sp-25 an-383 5395 is-17 ta-384 sp-25 an-384 5396 is-17 ta-385 sp-25 an-385 5397 is-17 ta-386 sp-25 an-386 5398 is-17 ta-387 sp-25 an-387 5399 is-17 ta-388 sp-25 an-388 5400 is-17 ta-389 sp-25 an-389 5401 is-17 ta-390 sp-25 an-390 5402 is-17 ta-391 sp-25 an-391 5403 is-17 ta-392 sp-25 an-392 5404 is-17 ta-393 sp-25 an-393 Examples 3786 to 4064 According to the procedures in the steps n to p in Example 1, as shown in the following formula: the compounds of Examples 3786 to 4064 described in Table 6 (Tables 6-1 to 6-3) represented by the formula (IV) are obtained using the compound obtained in the step m in Example 1, any of acyl halide (ac-1) to (ac-17) represented by the aforementioned formula (5-1) and any of tertiary amine (ta-1) to (ta-393) represented by the aforementioned formula (2). In the formula (IV), -sp- represents any of (sp-1) to (sp-25) and -an represents any of (an-1) to (an-393). EXAMPLE REAGENT PRODUCT EXAMPLE REAGENT PRODUCT No. ac ta sp an No. ac ta sp an Table 6-1 3786 ac-3 ta-1 sp-3 an-1 3945 ac-7 ta-1 sp-7 an-1 3787 ac-3 ta-2 sp-3 an-2 3946 ac-7 ta-2 sp-7 an-2 3788 ac-3 ta-3 sp-3 an-3 3947 ac-7 ta-3 sp-7 an-3 3789 ac-3 ta-4 sp-3 an-4 3948 ac-7 ta-4 sp-7 an-4 3790 ac-3 ta-5 sp-3 an-5 3949 ac-7 ta-5 sp-7 an-5 3791 ac-3 ta-6 sp-3 an-6 3950 ac-7 ta-6 sp-7 an-6 3792 ac-3 ta-21 sp-3 an-21 3951 ac-7 ta-21 sp-7 an-21 3793 ac-3 ta-25 sp-3 an-25 3952 ac-7 ta-25 sp-7 an-25 3794 ac-3 ta-26 sp-3 an-26 3953 ac-7 ta-26 sp-7 an-26 3795 ac-3 ta-32 sp-3 an-32 3954 ac-7 ta-32 sp-7 an-32 3796 ac-3 ta-34 sp-3 an-34 3955 ac-7 ta-34 sp-7 an-34 3797 ac-3 ta-38 sp-3 an-38 3956 ac-7 ta-38 sp-7 an-38 3798 ac-3 ta-41 sp-3 an-41 3957 ac-7 ta-41 sp-7 an-41 3799 ac-3 ta-42 sp-3 an-42 3958 ac-7 ta-42 sp-7 an-42 3800 ac-3 ta-44 sp-3 an-44 3959 ac-7 ta-44 sp-7 an-44 3801 ac-3 ta-45 sp-3 an-45 3960 ac-7 ta-45 sp-7 an-45 3802 ac-3 ta-47 sp-3 an-47 3961 ac-7 ta-47 sp-7 an-47 3803 ac-3 ta-49 sp-3 an-49 3962 ac-7 ta-49 sp-7 an-49 3804 ac-3 ta-67 sp-3 an-67 3963 ac-7 ta-67 sp-7 an-67 3805 ac-3 ta-88 sp-3 an-88 3964 ac-7 ta-88 sp-7 an-88 3806 ac-3 ta-89 sp-3 an-89 3965 ac-7 ta-89 sp-7 an-89 3807 ac-3 ta-98 sp-3 an-98 3966 ac-7 ta-98 sp-7 an-98 3808 ac-3 ta-99 sp-3 an-99 3967 ac-7 ta-99 sp-7 an-99 3809 ac-3 ta-100 sp-3 an-100 3968 ac-7 ta-100 sp-7 an-100 3810 ac-3 ta-101 sp-3 an-101 3969 ac-7 ta-101 sp-7 an-101 3811 ac-3 ta-107 sp-3 an-107 3970 ac-7 ta-107 sp-7 an-107 3812 ac-3 ta-115 sp-3 an-115 3971 ac-7 ta-115 sp-7 an-115 3813 ac-3 ta-287 sp-3 an-287 3972 ac-7 ta-287 sp-7 an-287 3814 ac-3 ta-288 sp-3 an-288 3973 ac-7 ta-288 sp-7 an-288 3815 ac-3 ta-289 sp-3 an-289 3974 ac-7 ta-289 sp-7 an-289 3816 ac-3 ta-290 sp-3 an-290 3975 ac-7 ta-290 sp-7 an-290 3817 ac-3 ta-291 sp-3 an-291 3976 ac-7 ta-291 sp-7 an-291 3818 ac-3 ta-292 sp-3 an-292 3977 ac-7 ta-292 sp-7 an-292 3819 ac-3 ta-293 sp-3 an-293 3978 ac-7 ta-293 sp-7 an-293 3820 ac-3 ta-294 sp-3 an-294 3979 ac-7 ta-294 sp-7 an-294 3821 ac-3 ta-295 sp-3 an-295 3980 ac-7 ta-295 sp-7 an-295 3822 ac-3 ta-296 sp-3 an-296 3981 ac-7 ta-296 sp-7 an-296 3823 ac-3 ta-297 sp-3 an-297 3982 ac-7 ta-297 sp-7 an-297 3824 ac-3 ta-298 sp-3 an-298 3983 ac-7 ta-298 sp-7 an-298 3825 ac-3 ta-299 sp-3 an-299 3984 ac-7 ta-299 sp-7 an-299 3826 ac-4 ta-1 sp-4 an-1 3985 ac-8 ta-1 sp-8 an-1 3827 ac-4 ta-2 sp-4 an-2 3986 ac-8 ta-2 sp-8 an-2 3828 ac-4 ta-3 sp-4 an-3 3987 ac-8 ta-3 sp-8 an-3 3829 ac-4 ta-4 sp-4 an-4 3988 ac-8 ta-4 sp-8 an-4 3830 ac-4 ta-5 sp-4 an-5 3989 ac-8 ta-5 sp-8 an-5 3831 ac-4 ta-6 sp-4 an-6 3990 ac-8 ta-6 sp-8 an-6 3832 ac-4 ta-21 sp-4 an-21 3991 ac-8 ta-21 sp-8 an-21 3833 ac-4 ta-25 sp-4 an-25 3992 ac-8 ta-25 sp-8 an-25 3834 ac-4 ta-26 sp-4 an-26 3993 ac-8 ta-26 sp-8 an-26 3835 ac-4 ta-32 sp-4 an-32 3994 ac-8 ta-32 sp-8 an-32 3836 ac-4 ta-34 sp-4 an-34 3995 ac-8 ta-34 sp-8 an-34 3837 ac-4 ta-38 sp-4 an-38 3996 ac-8 ta-38 sp-8 an-38 3838 ac-4 ta-41 sp-4 an-41 3997 ac-8 ta-41 sp-8 an-41 3839 ac-4 ta-42 sp-4 an-42 3998 ac-8 ta-42 sp-8 an-42 Table 6-2 3840 ac-4 ta-44 sp-4 an-44 3999 ac-8 ta-44 sp-8 an-44 3841 ac-4 ta-45 sp-4 an-45 4000 ac-8 ta-45 sp-8 an-45 3842 ac-4 ta-47 sp-4 an-47 4001 ac-8 ta-47 sp-8 an-47 3843 ac-4 ta-49 sp-4 an-49 4002 ac-8 ta-49 sp-8 an-49 3844 ac-4 ta-67 sp-4 an-67 4003 ac-8 ta-67 sp-8 an-67 3845 ac-4 ta-88 sp-4 an-88 4004 ac-8 ta-88 sp-8 an-88 3846 ac-4 ta-89 sp-4 an-89 4005 ac-8 ta-89 sp-8 an-89 3847 ac-4 ta-98 sp-4 an-98 4006 ac-8 ta-98 sp-8 an-98 3848 ac-4 ta-99 sp-4 an-99 4007 ac-8 ta-99 sp-8 an-99 3849 ac-4 ta-100 sp-4 an-100 4008 ac-8 ta-100 sp-8 an-100 3850 ac-4 ta-101 sp-4 an-101 4009 ac-8 ta-101 sp-8 an-101 3851 ac-4 ta-107 sp-4 an-107 4010 ac-8 ta-107 sp-8 an-107 3852 ac-4 ta-115 sp-4 an-115 4011 ac-8 ta-115 sp-8 an-115 1 ac-4 ta-287 sp-4 an-287 4012 ac-8 ta-287 sp-8 an-287 3853 ac-4 ta-288 sp-4 an-288 4013 ac-8 ta-288 sp-8 an-288 3854 ac-4 ta-289 sp-4 an-289 4014 ac-8 ta-289 sp-8 an-289 3855 ac-4 ta-290 sp-4 an-290 4015 ac-8 ta-290 sp-8 an-290 3856 ac-4 ta-291 sp-4 an-291 4016 ac-8 ta-291 sp-8 an-291 3857 ac-4 ta-292 sp-4 an-292 4017 ac-8 ta-292 sp-8 an-292 3858 ac-4 ta-293 sp-4 an-293 4018 ac-8 ta-293 sp-8 an-293 3859 ac-4 ta-294 sp-4 an-294 4019 ac-8 ta-294 sp-8 an-294 3860 ac-4 ta-295 sp-4 an-295 4020 ac-8 ta-295 sp-8 an-295 3861 ac-4 ta-296 sp-4 an-296 4021 ac-8 ta-296 sp-8 an-296 3862 ac-4 ta-297 sp-4 an-297 4022 ac-8 ta-297 sp-8 an-297 3863 ac-4 ta-298 sp-4 an-298 4023 ac-8 ta-298 sp-8 an-298 3864 ac-4 ta-299 sp-4 an-299 4024 ac-8 ta-299 sp-8 an-299 3865 ac-5 ta-1 sp-5 an-1 4025 ac-9 ta-1 sp-9 an-1 3866 ac-5 ta-2 sp-5 an-2 4026 ac-9 ta-2 sp-9 an-2 3867 ac-5 ta-3 sp-5 an-3 4027 ac-9 ta-3 sp-9 an-3 3868 ac-5 ta-4 sp-5 an-4 4028 ac-9 ta-4 sp-9 an-4 3869 ac-5 ta-5 sp-5 an-5 4029 ac-9 ta-5 sp-9 an-5 3870 ac-5 ta-6 sp-5 an-6 4030 ac-9 ta-6 sp-9 an-6 3871 ac-5 ta-21 sp-5 an-21 4031 ac-9 ta-21 sp-9 an-21 3872 ac-5 ta-25 sp-5 an-25 4032 ac-9 ta-25 sp-9 an-25 3873 ac-5 ta-26 sp-5 an-26 4033 ac-9 ta-26 sp-9 an-26 3874 ac-5 ta-32 sp-5 an-32 4034 ac-9 ta-32 sp-9 an-32 3875 ac-5 ta-34 sp-5 an-34 4035 ac-9 ta-34 sp-9 an-34 3876 ac-5 ta-38 sp-5 an-38 4036 ac-9 ta-38 sp-9 an-38 3877 ac-5 ta-41 sp-5 an-41 4037 ac-9 ta-41 sp-9 an-41 3878 ac-5 ta-42 sp-5 an-42 4038 ac-9 ta-42 sp-9 an-42 3879 ac-5 ta-44 sp-5 an-44 4039 ac-9 ta-44 sp-9 an-44 3880 ac-5 ta-45 sp-5 an-45 4040 ac-9 ta-45 sp-9 an-45 3881 ac-5 ta-47 sp-5 an-47 4041 ac-9 ta-47 sp-9 an-47 3882 ac-5 ta-49 sp-5 an-49 4042 ac-9 ta-49 sp-9 an-49 3883 ac-5 ta-67 sp-5 an-67 4043 ac-9 ta-67 sp-9 an-67 3884 ac-5 ta-88 sp-5 an-88 4044 ac-9 ta-88 sp-9 an-88 3885 ac-5 ta-89 sp-5 an-89 4045 ac-9 ta-89 sp-9 an-89 3886 ac-5 ta-98 sp-5 an-98 4046 ac-9 ta-98 sp-9 an-98 3887 ac-5 ta-99 sp-5 an-99 4047 ac-9 ta-99 sp-9 an-99 3888 ac-5 ta-100 sp-5 an-100 4048 ac-9 ta-100 sp-9 an-100 3889 ac-5 ta-101 sp-5 an-101 4049 ac-9 ta-101 sp-9 an-101 3890 ac-5 ta-107 sp-5 an-107 4050 ac-9 ta-107 sp-9 an-107 3891 ac-5 ta-115 sp-5 an-115 4051 ac-9 ta-115 sp-9 an-115 3892 ac-5 ta-287 sp-5 an-287 4052 ac-9 ta-287 sp-9 an-287 Table 6-3 3893 ac-5 ta-288 sp-5 an-288 4053 ac-9 ta-288 sp-9 an-288 3894 ac-5 ta-289 sp-5 an-289 4054 ac-9 ta-289 sp-9 an-289 3895 ac-5 ta-290 sp-5 an-290 4055 ac-9 ta-290 sp-9 an-290 3896 ac-5 ta-291 sp-5 an-291 4056 ac-9 ta-291 sp-9 an-291 3897 ac-5 ta-292 sp-5 an-292 4057 ac-9 ta-292 sp-9 an-292 3898 ac-5 ta-293 sp-5 an-293 4058 ac-9 ta-293 sp-9 an-293 3899 ac-5 ta-294 sp-5 an-294 4059 ac-9 ta-294 sp-9 an-294 3900 ac-5 ta-295 sp-5 an-295 4060 ac-9 ta-295 sp-9 an-295 3901 ac-5 ta-296 sp-5 an-296 4061 ac-9 ta-296 sp-9 an-296 3902 ac-5 ta-297 sp-5 an-297 4062 ac-9 ta-297 sp-9 an-297 3903 ac-5 ta-298 sp-5 an-298 4063 ac-9 ta-298 sp-9 an-298 3904 ac-5 ta-299 sp-5 an-299 4064 ac-9 ta-299 sp-9 an-299 3905 ac-6 ta-1 sp-6 an-1 3906 ac-6 ta-2 sp-6 an-2 3907 ac-6 ta-3 sp-6 an-3 3908 ac-6 ta-4 sp-6 an-4 3909 ac-6 ta-5 sp-6 an-5 3910 ac-6 ta-6 sp-6 an-6 3911 ac-6 ta-21 sp-6 an-21 3912 ac-6 ta-25 sp-6 an-25 3913 ac-6 ta-26 sp-6 an-26 3914 ac-6 ta-32 sp-6 an-32 3915 ac-6 ta-34 sp-6 an-34 3916 ac-6 ta-38 sp-6 an-38 3917 ac-6 ta-41 sp-6 an-41 3918 ac-6 ta-42 sp-6 an-42 3919 ac-6 ta-44 sp-6 an-44 3920 ac-6 ta-45 sp-6 an-45 3921 ac-6 ta-47 sp-6 an-47 3922 ac-6 ta-49 sp-6 an-49 3923 ac-6 ta-67 sp-6 an-67 3924 ac-6 ta-88 sp-6 an-88 3925 ac-6 ta-89 sp-6 an-89 3926 ac-6 ta-98 sp-6 an-98 3927 ac-6 ta-99 sp-6 an-99 3928 ac-6 ta-100 sp-6 an-100 3929 ac-6 ta-101 sp-6 an-101 3930 ac-6 ta-107 sp-6 an-107 3931 ac-6 ta-115 sp-6 an-115 3932 ac-6 ta-287 sp-6 an-287 3933 ac-6 ta-288 sp-6 an-288 3934 ac-6 ta-289 sp-6 an-289 3935 ac-6 ta-290 sp-6 an-290 3936 ac-6 ta-291 sp-6 an-291 3937 ac-6 ta-292 sp-6 an-292 3938 ac-6 ta-293 sp-6 an-293 3939 ac-6 ta-294 sp-6 an-294 3940 ac-6 ta-295 sp-6 an-295 3941 ac-6 ta-296 sp-6 an-296 3942 ac-6 ta-297 sp-6 an-297 3943 ac-6 ta-298 sp-6 an-298 3944 ac-6 ta-299 sp-6 an-299 Example 4065 1-{5-[4-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenylthiocarbamoyl]pentyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (Step a) Synthesis of 4-chlorophenyl 4-methoxybenzoate Triethylamine (6 mL) and a solution of 4.0 g of 4-methoxybenzoyl chloride (supplied from Tokyo Chemical industry) in 40 mL of chloroform were added to a solution of 6.0 g of 4-chlorophenol (supplied from Tokyo Chemical industry) in 60 mL of chloroform, and stirred at 55° C. for one hour. Then, 100 mL of dichloromethane, 200 mL of water and 25 mL of an aqueous solution of 1 N sodium hydroxide were added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated, to yield 8.1 g of the title compound. (Step b) Synthesis of 4-fluoro-2-(4-methoxybenzoyl)phenol Titanium tetrachloride (10 mL) (supplied from Wako Pure chemical Industries) was added to 6.55 g of the compound obtained at the step a, and heated at 160° C. for 4 hours. Under ice cooling, 10 mL of water was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. Further 400 mL of ether and 400 mL of water were added thereto at room temperature, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (8:1), to yield 3.44 g of the title compound. (Step c) Synthesis of O-[4-fluoro-2-(4-methoxybenzoyl)phenyl] N,N-dimethylthiocarbamate Triethylamine (4.24 g), 0.34 g of dimethylaminopyridine (supplied from Wako Pure chemical Industries) and 2.10 g of N,N-dimethylthiocarbamoyl chloride (supplied from Tokyo Chemical industry) were added to a solution of 3.44 g of the compound obtained at the step b in 70 mL of dioxane, and stirred at 100° C. for 24 hours. Then, 200 mL of ethyl acetate and 200 mL of water were added to the reaction suspension, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (3:1), to yield 4.65 g of the title compound. (Step d) Synthesis of S-[4-fluoro-2-(4-methoxybenzoyl)phenyl] N,N-dimethylthiocarbamate A suspension of 4.65 g of the compound obtained at the step c in 30 mL of tetradecane (supplied from Wako Pure chemical Industries) was heated at 250° C. for 5 hours. At room temperature, 12 mL of chloroform was added to the reaction suspension to dissolve a reaction product. This solution was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (2:1), to yield 2.10 g of the title compound. (Step e) Synthesis of 4-fluoro-2-(4-methoxybenzoyl)thiophenol Methanol (20 mL) and 1.88 g of potassium hydroxide were added to a solution of 2.10 g of the compound obtained at the step d in 20 mL of THF, and stirred at 60° C. for 2 hours. Under ice cooling, 30 mL of 1 N hydrochloric acid was added to the reaction suspension. Further 100 mL of ethyl acetate and 100 mL of water were added thereto at room temperature, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 150 mL of saturated brine, dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated, to yield 1.63 g of the title compound. (Step f) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3-dihydro-7-fluoro-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained in the step e in the present Example according to the procedures in the steps g to i in Example 1. (Step g) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-2,3-dihydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained in the step f in the present Example according to the procedure in the step k in Example 1. (Step h) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained in the step g in the present Example according to the procedure in the step m in Example 1. (Step i) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide 9 mL of a solution of boron tribromide (1 mol/L) in dichloromethane (supplied from Aldrich) was added dropwise to a solution of 1.15 g of the compound obtained at the step h in 10 mL of dichloromethane at −20° C., and stirred under ice cooling for one hour. The reaction solution was added dropwise to 200 mL of 5% sodium bicarbonate water under ice cooling. Further 100 mL of dichloromethane was added thereto at room temperature, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (2:1), to yield 1.00 g of the title compound. (Step j) 4-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1, 1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anhydride (388 μL) (supplied from Aldrich) was added dropwise to a solution of 735 mg of the compound obtained at the step i in 3.3 mL of pyridine at 0° C., and stirred at room temperature for one hour. Then 10 mL of ethyl acetate and 10 mL of water were added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 10 mL of an aqueous solution of saturated copper sulfate, then washed with 10 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate water, and further washed with 10 mL of saturated brine. The organic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated, to yield 916 mg of the title compound. (Step k) Synthesis of 3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-5-(4-aminiophenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide Palladium II acetate (303 mg) (supplied from Aldrich), 986 mg of 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphenyl)-1,1′-binaphthyl (supplied from Aldrich) and 4.42 g of cesium carbonate (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) were added to a solution of 3.77 g of the compound obtained at the step j in 38 mL of THF. Further 2.2 mL of benzophenone imine (supplied from Aldrich) was added thereto, and refluxed under heating for 2 hours with stirring. Insoluble matters in the reaction suspension were filtrated off, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in 65 mL of methanol. Subsequently 2.15 g of sodium acetate (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) and 1.38 g of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (supplied from Tokyo Chemical industry) were added thereto, and stirred at room temperature for one hour. Then, 70 mL of dichloromethane and 70 ml of saturated sodium bicarbonate water were added to the reaction suspension, and the mixture was separated into two liquid phases. The organic layer was washed with 70 mL of saturated brine, dried on sodium sulfate anhydrate and subsequently concentrated. The residue was applied onto the silica gel column and eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (2:1), to yield 2.48 g of the title compound. (Step l) Synthesis of 1-{5-[4-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenylthiocarbamoyl]pentyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained using the compound obtained at the step k in the present Example according to the procedures in the steps n to p in Example 1. 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 0.85(3H, t); 0.90(3H, t); 1.12-1.48(8H, m); 1.53-2.25(17H, m); 2.82(6H, s); 2.99(1H, d); 3.10-3.51(5H, m); 3.61(6H, t); 5.94(1H, d); 6.01(1H, s); 6.47(1H, dd); 7.41(2H, d); 7.87(1H, d); 8.22(2H, d); 11.62(1H, s). MS (m/z): 667(M+). Example 4066 1-(3-{3-[4-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}propyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained according to the procedure in the step b in Example 9 except for using the compound obtained at the step k in Example 4065 in place of the compound obtained at the step m in Example 1. MS(m/z):654 (M+). Example 5405 Benzyl-(4-{3-[4-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}benzyl)dimethylammonium bromide (Step a) Synthesis of benzyl-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)dimethylammonium bromide The title compound was obtained according to the procedure in the step a in Example 9 except for using 4-(bromomethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate (aforementioned is-14) in place of 3-bromopropyl isothiocyanate, and using N,N-dimethylbenzylamine (aforementioned ta-32) in place of quinuclidine. (Step b) Synthesis of benzyl-(4-{3-[4-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}benzyl)dimethylammonium bromide The title compound was obtained according to the procedure in the step b in Example 9 using the compound obtained at the step a in the present Example and the compound obtained at the step k in Example 4065. Example 5406 1-(3-{3-[4-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}benzyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (Step a) Synthesis of 1-(3-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained according to the procedure in the step a in Example 9 except for using 3-(bromomethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate (aforementioned is-15) in place of 3-bromopropyl isothiocyanate. (Step b) Synthesis of 1-(3-{3-[4-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenyl]thioureido}benzyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide The title compound was obtained according to the procedure in the step b in Example 9 using the compound obtained at the step a in the present Example and the compound obtained at the step k in Example 4065. Examples 5449 to 5858 According to the procedures in the steps a to b in Example 9, as shown in the following figure: the compounds of Examples 5449 to 5858 described in Table 7 (Tables 7-1 to 7-4) represented by the formula (V) are obtained using any of isothiocyanate (is-14) to (is-17) represented by the aforementioned formula (5-2b), any of tertiary amine (ta-1) to (ta-407) represented by the aforementioned formula (2) and the compound obtained at the step b in Example 4. In the formula (V), -sp- represents any of (sp-14) and (sp-25) and -an represents any of (an-1) to (an-407). EXAMPLE REAGENT PRODUCT EXAMPLE REAGENT PRODUCT No. is ta sp an No. is ta sp an Table 7-1 5449 is-14 ta-1 sp-14 an-1 5654 is-14 ta-206 sp-14 an-206 5450 is-14 ta-2 sp-14 an-2 5655 is-14 ta-207 sp-14 an-207 5451 is-14 ta-3 sp-14 an-3 5656 is-14 ta-208 sp-14 an-208 5452 is-14 ta-4 sp-14 an-4 5657 is-14 ta-209 sp-14 an-209 5453 is-14 ta-5 sp-14 an-5 5658 is-14 ta-210 sp-14 an-210 5454 is-14 ta-6 sp-14 an-6 5659 is-14 ta-211 sp-14 an-211 5455 is-14 ta-7 sp-14 an-7 5660 is-14 ta-212 sp-14 an-212 5456 is-14 ta-8 sp-14 an-8 5661 is-14 ta-213 sp-14 an-213 5457 is-14 ta-9 sp-14 an-9 5662 is-14 ta-214 sp-14 an-214 5458 is-14 ta-10 sp-14 an-10 5663 is-14 ta-215 sp-14 an-215 5459 is-14 ta-11 sp-14 an-11 5664 is-14 ta-216 sp-14 an-216 5460 is-14 ta-12 sp-14 an-12 5665 is-14 ta-217 sp-14 an-217 5461 is-14 ta-13 sp-14 an-13 5666 is-14 ta-218 sp-14 an-218 5462 is-14 ta-14 sp-14 an-14 5667 is-14 ta-219 sp-14 an-219 5463 is-14 ta-15 sp-14 an-15 5668 is-14 ta-220 sp-14 an-220 5464 is-14 ta-16 sp-14 an-16 5669 is-14 ta-221 sp-14 an-221 5465 is-14 ta-17 sp-14 an-17 5670 is-14 ta-222 sp-14 an-222 5466 is-14 ta-18 sp-14 an-18 5671 is-14 ta-223 sp-14 an-223 5467 is-14 ta-19 sp-14 an-19 5672 is-14 ta-224 sp-14 an-224 5468 is-14 ta-20 sp-14 an-20 5673 is-14 ta-225 sp-14 an-225 5469 is-14 ta-21 sp-14 an-21 5674 is-14 ta-226 sp-14 an-226 5470 is-14 ta-22 sp-14 an-22 5675 is-14 ta-227 sp-14 an-227 5471 is-14 ta-23 sp-14 an-23 5676 is-14 ta-228 sp-14 an-228 5472 is-14 ta-24 sp-14 an-24 5677 is-14 ta-229 sp-14 an-229 5473 is-14 ta-25 sp-14 an-25 5678 is-14 ta-230 sp-14 an-230 5474 is-14 ta-26 sp-14 an-26 5679 is-14 ta-231 sp-14 an-231 5475 is-14 ta-27 sp-14 an-27 5680 is-14 ta-232 sp-14 an-232 5476 is-14 ta-28 sp-14 an-28 5681 is-14 ta-233 sp-14 an-233 5477 is-14 ta-29 sp-14 an-29 5682 is-14 ta-234 sp-14 an-234 5478 is-14 ta-30 sp-14 an-30 5683 is-14 ta-235 sp-14 an-235 5479 is-14 ta-31 sp-14 an-31 5684 is-14 ta-236 sp-14 an-236 5480 is-14 ta-32 sp-14 an-32 5685 is-14 ta-237 sp-14 an-237 5481 is-14 ta-33 sp-14 an-33 5686 is-14 ta-238 sp-14 an-238 5482 is-14 ta-34 sp-14 an-34 5687 is-14 ta-239 sp-14 an-239 5483 is-14 ta-35 sp-14 an-35 5688 is-14 ta-240 sp-14 an-240 5484 is-14 ta-36 sp-14 an-36 5689 is-14 ta-241 sp-14 an-241 5485 is-14 ta-37 sp-14 an-37 5690 is-14 ta-242 sp-14 an-242 5486 is-14 ta-38 sp-14 an-38 5691 is-14 ta-243 sp-14 an-243 5487 is-14 ta-39 sp-14 an-39 5692 is-14 ta-244 sp-14 an-244 5488 is-14 ta-40 sp-14 an-40 5693 is-14 ta-245 sp-14 an-245 5489 is-14 ta-41 sp-14 an-41 5694 is-14 ta-246 sp-14 an-246 5490 is-14 ta-42 sp-14 an-42 5695 is-14 ta-247 sp-14 an-247 5491 is-14 ta-43 sp-14 an-43 5696 is-14 ta-248 sp-14 an-248 5492 is-14 ta-44 sp-14 an-44 5697 is-14 ta-249 sp-14 an-249 5493 is-14 ta-45 sp-14 an-45 5698 is-14 ta-250 sp-14 an-250 5494 is-14 ta-46 sp-14 an-46 5699 is-14 ta-251 sp-14 an-251 5495 is-14 ta-47 sp-14 an-47 5700 is-14 ta-252 sp-14 an-252 5496 is-14 ta-48 sp-14 an-48 5701 is-14 ta-253 sp-14 an-253 5497 is-14 ta-49 sp-14 an-49 5702 is-14 ta-254 sp-14 an-254 5498 is-14 ta-50 sp-14 an-50 5703 is-14 ta-255 sp-14 an-255 5499 is-14 ta-51 sp-14 an-51 5704 is-14 ta-256 sp-14 an-256 5500 is-14 ta-52 sp-14 an-52 5705 is-14 ta-257 sp-14 an-257 5501 is-14 ta-53 sp-14 an-53 5706 is-14 ta-258 sp-14 an-258 Table 7-2 5502 is-14 ta-54 sp-14 an-54 5707 is-14 ta-259 sp-14 an-259 5503 is-14 ta-55 sp-14 an-55 5708 is-14 ta-260 sp-14 an-260 5504 is-14 ta-56 sp-14 an-56 5709 is-14 ta-261 sp-14 an-261 5505 is-14 ta-57 sp-14 an-57 5710 is-14 ta-262 sp-14 an-262 5506 is-14 ta-58 sp-14 an-58 5711 is-14 ta-263 sp-14 an-263 5507 is-14 ta-59 sp-14 an-59 5712 is-14 ta-264 sp-14 an-264 5508 is-14 ta-60 sp-14 an-60 5713 is-14 ta-265 sp-14 an-265 5509 is-14 ta-61 sp-14 an-61 5714 is-14 ta-266 sp-14 an-266 5510 is-14 ta-62 sp-14 an-62 5715 is-14 ta-267 sp-14 an-267 5511 is-14 ta-63 sp-14 an-63 5716 is-14 ta-268 sp-14 an-268 5512 is-14 ta-64 sp-14 an-64 5717 is-14 ta-269 sp-14 an-269 5513 is-14 ta-65 sp-14 an-65 5718 is-14 ta-270 sp-14 an-270 5514 is-14 ta-66 sp-14 an-66 5719 is-14 ta-271 sp-14 an-271 5515 is-14 ta-67 sp-14 an-67 5720 is-14 ta-272 sp-14 an-272 5516 is-14 ta-68 sp-14 an-68 5721 is-14 ta-273 sp-14 an-273 5517 is-14 ta-69 sp-14 an-69 5722 is-14 ta-274 sp-14 an-274 5518 is-14 ta-70 sp-14 an-70 5723 is-14 ta-275 sp-14 an-275 5519 is-14 ta-71 sp-14 an-71 5724 is-14 ta-276 sp-14 an-276 5520 is-14 ta-72 sp-14 an-72 5725 is-14 ta-277 sp-14 an-277 5521 is-14 ta-73 sp-14 an-73 5726 is-14 ta-278 sp-14 an-278 5522 is-14 ta-74 sp-14 an-74 5727 is-14 ta-279 sp-14 an-279 5523 is-14 ta-75 sp-14 an-75 5728 is-14 ta-280 sp-14 an-280 5524 is-14 ta-76 sp-14 an-76 5729 is-14 ta-281 sp-14 an-281 5525 is-14 ta-77 sp-14 an-77 5730 is-14 ta-282 sp-14 an-282 5526 is-14 ta-78 sp-14 an-78 5731 is-14 ta-283 sp-14 an-283 5527 is-14 ta-79 sp-14 an-79 5732 is-14 ta-284 sp-14 an-284 5528 is-14 ta-80 sp-14 an-80 5733 is-14 ta-285 sp-14 an-285 5529 is-14 ta-81 sp-14 an-81 5734 is-14 ta-286 sp-14 an-286 5530 is-14 ta-82 sp-14 an-82 5735 is-14 ta-287 sp-14 an-287 5531 is-14 ta-83 sp-14 an-83 5736 is-14 ta-288 sp-14 an-288 5532 is-14 ta-84 sp-14 an-84 5737 is-14 ta-289 sp-14 an-289 5533 is-14 ta-85 sp-14 an-85 5738 is-14 ta-290 sp-14 an-290 5534 is-14 ta-86 sp-14 an-86 5739 is-14 ta-291 sp-14 an-291 5535 is-14 ta-87 sp-14 an-87 5740 is-14 ta-292 sp-14 an-292 5536 is-14 ta-88 sp-14 an-88 5741 is-14 ta-293 sp-14 an-293 5537 is-14 ta-89 sp-14 an-89 5742 is-14 ta-294 sp-14 an-294 5538 is-14 ta-90 sp-14 an-90 5743 is-14 ta-295 sp-14 an-295 5539 is-14 ta-91 sp-14 an-91 5744 is-14 ta-296 sp-14 an-296 5540 is-14 ta-92 sp-14 an-92 5745 is-14 ta-297 sp-14 an-297 5541 is-14 ta-93 sp-14 an-93 5746 is-14 ta-298 sp-14 an-298 5542 is-14 ta-94 sp-14 an-94 5747 is-14 ta-299 sp-14 an-299 5543 is-14 ta-95 sp-14 an-95 5748 is-14 ta-300 sp-14 an-300 5544 is-14 ta-96 sp-14 an-96 5749 is-14 ta-301 sp-14 an-301 5545 is-14 ta-97 sp-14 an-97 5750 is-14 ta-302 sp-14 an-302 5546 is-14 ta-98 sp-14 an-98 5751 is-14 ta-303 sp-14 an-303 5547 is-14 ta-99 sp-14 an-99 5752 is-14 ta-304 sp-14 an-304 5548 is-14 ta-100 sp-14 an-100 5753 is-14 ta-305 sp-14 an-305 5549 is-14 ta-101 sp-14 an-101 5754 is-14 ta-306 sp-14 an-306 5550 is-14 ta-102 sp-14 an-102 5755 is-14 ta-307 sp-14 an-307 5551 is-14 ta-103 sp-14 an-103 5756 is-14 ta-308 sp-14 an-308 5552 is-14 ta-104 sp-14 an-104 5757 is-14 ta-309 sp-14 an-309 5553 is-14 ta-105 sp-14 an-105 5758 is-14 ta-310 sp-14 an-310 5554 is-14 ta-106 sp-14 an-106 5759 is-14 ta-311 sp-14 an-311 Table 7-3 5555 is-14 ta-107 sp-14 an-107 5760 is-14 ta-312 sp-14 an-312 5556 is-14 ta-108 sp-14 an-108 5761 is-14 ta-313 sp-14 an-313 5557 is-14 ta-109 sp-14 an-109 5762 is-14 ta-314 sp-14 an-314 5558 is-14 ta-110 sp-14 an-110 5763 is-14 ta-315 sp-14 an-315 5559 is-14 ta-111 sp-14 an-111 5764 is-14 ta-316 sp-14 an-316 5560 is-14 ta-112 sp-14 an-112 5765 is-14 ta-317 sp-14 an-317 5561 is-14 ta-113 sp-14 an-113 5766 is-14 ta-318 sp-14 an-318 5562 is-14 ta-114 sp-14 an-114 5767 is-14 ta-319 sp-14 an-319 5563 is-14 ta-115 sp-14 an-115 5768 is-14 ta-320 sp-14 an-320 5564 is-14 ta-116 sp-14 an-116 5769 is-14 ta-321 sp-14 an-321 5565 is-14 ta-117 sp-14 an-117 5770 is-14 ta-322 sp-14 an-322 5566 is-14 ta-118 sp-14 an-118 5771 is-14 ta-323 sp-14 an-323 5567 is-14 ta-119 sp-14 an-119 5772 is-14 ta-324 sp-14 an-324 5568 is-14 ta-120 sp-14 an-120 5773 is-14 ta-325 sp-14 an-325 5569 is-14 ta-121 sp-14 an-121 5774 is-14 ta-326 sp-14 an-326 5570 is-14 ta-122 sp-14 an-122 5775 is-14 ta-327 sp-14 an-327 5571 is-14 ta-123 sp-14 an-123 5776 is-14 ta-328 sp-14 an-328 5572 is-14 ta-124 sp-14 an-124 5777 is-14 ta-329 sp-14 an-329 5573 is-14 ta-125 sp-14 an-125 5778 is-14 ta-330 sp-14 an-330 5574 is-14 ta-126 sp-14 an-126 5779 is-14 ta-331 sp-14 an-331 5575 is-14 ta-127 sp-14 an-127 5780 is-14 ta-332 sp-14 an-332 5576 is-14 ta-128 sp-14 an-128 5781 is-14 ta-333 sp-14 an-333 5577 is-14 ta-129 sp-14 an-129 5782 is-14 ta-334 sp-14 an-334 5578 is-14 ta-130 sp-14 an-130 5783 is-14 ta-335 sp-14 an-335 5579 is-14 ta-131 sp-14 an-131 5784 is-14 ta-336 sp-14 an-336 5580 is-14 ta-132 sp-14 an-132 5785 is-14 ta-337 sp-14 an-337 5581 is-14 ta-133 sp-14 an-133 5786 is-14 ta-338 sp-14 an-338 5582 is-14 ta-134 sp-14 an-134 5787 is-14 ta-339 sp-14 an-339 5583 is-14 ta-135 sp-14 an-135 5788 is-14 ta-340 sp-14 an-340 5584 is-14 ta-136 sp-14 an-136 5789 is-14 ta-341 sp-14 an-341 5585 is-14 ta-137 sp-14 an-137 5790 is-14 ta-342 sp-14 an-342 5586 is-14 ta-138 sp-14 an-138 5791 is-14 ta-343 sp-14 an-343 5587 is-14 ta-139 sp-14 an-139 5792 is-14 ta-344 sp-14 an-344 5588 is-14 ta-140 sp-14 an-140 5793 is-14 ta-345 sp-14 an-345 5589 is-14 ta-141 sp-14 an-141 5794 is-14 ta-346 sp-14 an-346 5590 is-14 ta-142 sp-14 an-142 5795 is-14 ta-347 sp-14 an-347 5591 is-14 ta-143 sp-14 an-143 5796 is-14 ta-348 sp-14 an-348 5592 is-14 ta-144 sp-14 an-144 5797 is-14 ta-349 sp-14 an-349 5593 is-14 ta-145 sp-14 an-145 5798 is-14 ta-350 sp-14 an-350 5594 is-14 ta-146 sp-14 an-146 5799 is-14 ta-351 sp-14 an-351 5595 is-14 ta-147 sp-14 an-147 5800 is-14 ta-352 sp-14 an-352 5596 is-14 ta-148 sp-14 an-148 5801 is-14 ta-353 sp-14 an-353 5597 is-14 ta-149 sp-14 an-149 5802 is-14 ta-354 sp-14 an-354 5598 is-14 ta-150 sp-14 an-150 5803 is-14 ta-355 sp-14 an-355 5599 is-14 ta-151 sp-14 an-151 5804 is-14 ta-356 sp-14 an-356 5600 is-14 ta-152 sp-14 an-152 5805 is-14 ta-357 sp-14 an-357 5601 is-14 ta-153 sp-14 an-153 5806 is-14 ta-358 sp-14 an-358 5602 is-14 ta-154 sp-14 an-154 5807 is-14 ta-359 sp-14 an-359 5603 is-14 ta-155 sp-14 an-155 5808 is-14 ta-360 sp-14 an-360 5604 is-14 ta-156 sp-14 an-156 5809 is-14 ta-361 sp-14 an-361 5605 is-14 ta-157 sp-14 an-157 5810 is-14 ta-362 sp-14 an-362 5606 is-14 ta-158 sp-14 an-158 5811 is-14 ta-363 sp-14 an-363 5607 is-14 ta-159 sp-14 an-159 5812 is-14 ta-364 sp-14 an-364 Table 7-4 5608 is-14 ta-160 sp-14 an-160 5813 is-14 ta-365 sp-14 an-365 5609 is-14 ta-161 sp-14 an-161 5814 is-14 ta-366 sp-14 an-366 5610 is-14 ta-162 sp-14 an-162 5815 is-14 ta-367 sp-14 an-367 5611 is-14 ta-163 sp-14 an-163 5816 is-14 ta-368 sp-14 an-368 5612 is-14 ta-164 sp-14 an-164 5817 is-14 ta-369 sp-14 an-369 5613 is-14 ta-165 sp-14 an-165 5818 is-14 ta-370 sp-14 an-370 5614 is-14 ta-166 sp-14 an-166 5819 is-14 ta-371 sp-14 an-371 5615 is-14 ta-167 sp-14 an-167 5820 is-14 ta-372 sp-14 an-372 5616 is-14 ta-168 sp-14 an-168 5821 is-14 ta-373 sp-14 an-373 5617 is-14 ta-169 sp-14 an-169 5822 is-14 ta-374 sp-14 an-374 5618 is-14 ta-170 sp-14 an-170 5823 is-14 ta-375 sp-14 an-375 5619 is-14 ta-171 sp-14 an-171 5824 is-14 ta-376 sp-14 an-376 5620 is-14 ta-172 sp-14 an-172 5825 is-14 ta-377 sp-14 an-377 5621 is-14 ta-173 sp-14 an-173 5826 is-14 ta-378 sp-14 an-378 5622 is-14 ta-174 sp-14 an-174 5827 is-14 ta-379 sp-14 an-379 5623 is-14 ta-175 sp-14 an-175 5828 is-14 ta-380 sp-14 an-380 5624 is-14 ta-176 sp-14 an-176 5829 is-14 ta-381 sp-14 an-381 5625 is-14 ta-177 sp-14 an-177 5830 is-14 ta-382 sp-14 an-382 5626 is-14 ta-178 sp-14 an-178 5831 is-14 ta-383 sp-14 an-383 5627 is-14 ta-179 sp-14 an-179 5832 is-14 ta-384 sp-14 an-384 5628 is-14 ta-180 sp-14 an-180 5833 is-14 ta-385 sp-14 an-385 5629 is-14 ta-181 sp-14 an-181 5834 is-14 ta-386 sp-14 an-386 5630 is-14 ta-182 sp-14 an-182 5835 is-14 ta-387 sp-14 an-387 5631 is-14 ta-183 sp-14 an-183 5836 is-14 ta-388 sp-14 an-388 5632 is-14 ta-184 sp-14 an-184 5837 is-14 ta-389 sp-14 an-389 5633 is-14 ta-185 sp-14 an-185 5838 is-14 ta-390 sp-14 an-390 5634 is-14 ta-186 sp-14 an-186 5839 is-14 ta-391 sp-14 an-391 5635 is-14 ta-187 sp-14 an-187 5840 is-14 ta-392 sp-14 an-392 5636 is-14 ta-188 sp-14 an-188 5841 is-14 ta-393 sp-14 an-393 5637 is-14 ta-189 sp-14 an-189 5842 is-14 ta-394 sp-14 an-394 5638 is-14 ta-190 sp-14 an-190 5843 is-14 ta-395 sp-14 an-395 5639 is-14 ta-191 sp-14 an-191 5844 is-14 ta-396 sp-14 an-396 5640 is-14 ta-192 sp-14 an-192 5845 is-14 ta-397 sp-14 an-397 5641 is-14 ta-193 sp-14 an-193 5846 is-14 ta-398 sp-14 an-398 5642 is-14 ta-194 sp-14 an-194 5847 is-14 ta-399 sp-14 an-399 5643 is-14 ta-195 sp-14 an-195 5848 is-14 ta-400 sp-14 an-400 5644 is-14 ta-196 sp-14 an-196 5849 is-14 ta-401 sp-14 an-401 5645 is-14 ta-197 sp-14 an-197 5850 is-14 ta-402 sp-14 an-402 5646 is-14 ta-198 sp-14 an-198 5851 is-14 ta-403 sp-14 an-403 5647 is-14 ta-199 sp-14 an-199 5852 is-14 ta-404 sp-14 an-404 5648 is-14 ta-200 sp-14 an-200 5853 is-14 ta-405 sp-14 an-405 5649 is-14 ta-201 sp-14 an-201 5854 is-14 ta-406 sp-14 an-406 5650 is-14 ta-202 sp-14 an-202 5855 is-14 ta-407 sp-14 an-407 5651 is-14 ta-203 sp-14 an-203 5856 is-14 ta-32 sp-25 an-32 5652 is-14 ta-204 sp-14 an-204 5857 is-14 ta-287 sp-25 an-287 5653 is-14 ta-205 sp-14 an-205 5858 is-14 ta-305 sp-25 an-305 With each of the compounds of the Examples used in the following Test Examples, the M+ peak was confirmed as the main peak in mass spectrum. Test Example 1 Blood Cholesterol Lowering Effect in Rats Fed Cholesterol Food In the present Test Example, a blood cholesterol lowering effect on rats fed cholesterol food was evaluated according to the method described in J. Lipid Res., 1995, 36, 1098-1105. That is, the food containing 0.4% cholesterol and 0.5% bile acid was given to SD (IGS) strain male rats at 7 to 9 weeks of age for 5 days in advance of the test date, to increase blood cholesterol levels. The rats in which the blood cholesterol level had been obviously elevated from the level before loading the cholesterol food were selected as the subjects in the test. Colestimide (brand name: Cholebine 70% granules, supplied from Mitsubishi Tokyo Pharmaceutical Inc.) which is an anion exchange resin drug was suspended in distilled water, and the test compound was dissolved or suspended in distilled water. They were orally administered forcibly twice per day everyday from the starting date (each n=8). The blood was collected from jugular vein 3 hours after the drug administration on the final day of the experiment, and the cholesterol level in serum was measured to examine the effect of the test compound. As a control, another group (n=8) was merely fed cholesterol food, to which distilled water (1 mL/kg) was administered and the same procedure was applied. The total cholesterol value and the HDL cholesterol value were measured using commercially available kits. The value obtained by subtracting the HDL cholesterol value from the total cholesterol value was regarded as an LDL+VLDL cholesterol value. Defining the LDL+VLDL cholesterol value in the control group to which no test compound had been administered as being 100%, a reduction rate (%) of the LDL+VLDL cholesterol value when a certain amount of the test compound had been administered was calculated. The results are shown in Table 8. The compounds of the present invention reduced the LDL+VLDL cholesterol value. It was thus confirmed that the present compound has an excellent blood cholesterol lowering effect, and is therefore useful as the therapeutic agent and the preventive agent for hyperlipemia. It was also confirmed that the present compound has the inhibitory effect on blood cholesterol elevation when the present compound was orally administered forcibly together with giving the food containing 0.4% cholesterol and 0.5% bile acid, whereby the present compound was also proven to be useful as the preventive agent for hyperlipemia. It was also confirmed that the compounds of the Examples of the present invention other than those shown in Table 8 have an excellent blood cholesterol lowering effect, whereby they were proven to be particularly useful as the therapeutic agent and the preventive agent for hyperlipemia. TABLE 8 LDL + VLDL REDUCTION RATE (%) IN CHOLESTEROL FED RAT MODEL (THERAPEUTIC MODEL) AMOUNT PER ADMINISTRATION IS COMPOUND SHOWN IN PARENTHESES COMPARATIVE 29.0 (25 mg/kg) EXAMPLE* EXAMPLE 1 68.4 (1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 1 49 (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3713 41 (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3747 48 (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3752 50 (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 5408 43 (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3696 25 (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3440 36 (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3448 20 (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3605 28 (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE P341 33 (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE P365 44 (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE P342 46 (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE P366 31 (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE P84 35 (0.1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE P93 40 (0.1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE P122 42 (0.1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE P144 47 (0.1 mg/kg) *In Comparative Example, colestimide (brand name: Cholebine 70% granules, supplied from Mitsubishi Tokyo Pharmaceutical Inc.) was used. Test Example 2 Lowering Effect on Bile Acid Concentrations in Portal Vein Blood in Rats Dosed Cholic Acid In the present Test Example, a lowering effect on bile acid concentrations in portal vein blood in rats dosed cholic acid was evaluated according to the method described in Jpn. Pharmacol. Ther., Vol. 24 Supplement, 1996, 103(S-577)-110(S-584). That is, SD (IGS) strain male rats at 7 to 9 weeks of age were fasted one day before the administration date. Cholic acid (200 mg/kg) and the test compound were dissolved or suspended in distilled water containing a surfactant (Tween 20, Bio-Rad, or HCO-60, Nippon Chemicals) at a final concentration of 0.05% or 1%, and orally administered forcibly to the rats. The blood was collected from the portal vein 2 hours after the forced oral administration, and a total bile acid value in serum was measured to examine the effect of the test compound (n=6). As a control, another group (n=6) merely received cholic acid (200 mg/kg), to which the same procedure was applied. The cholic acid value was measured using the commercially available kit (brand name: Total Bile Acid-Test Wako, supplied form Wako Pure Chemical Industries). Defining the value in the control group to which no test compound had been administered as being 100%, a reduction rate (%) of the bile acid value when a certain amount of the test compound had been administered was calculated. The results are shown in Table 9 (Tables 9-1 to 9-2). The compounds of the present invention reduced the bile acid value. It was thus confirmed that the present compound has an excellent inhibitory effect on bile acid reabsorption, and is therefore useful as the therapeutic agent and the preventive agent for hyperlipemia, as well as the therapeutic agent for hepatic disorders associated with cholestasis. It was also confirmed that the compounds of the Examples of the present invention other than those shown in Table 9 have an excellent inhibitory effect on bile acid reabsorption, whereby they were proven to be useful as the therapeutic agent and the preventive agent for hyperlipemia, as well as the therapeutic agent for hepatic disorders associated with cholestasis. BILE ACID REDUCTION RATE (%) IN RAT MODEL WITH CHOLIC ACID LOADING AMOUNT PER ADMINISTRATION IS SHOWN COMPOUND IN PARENTHESES Table 9-1 COMPARATIVE 16 (25 mg/kg) # EXAMPLE 1* COMPARATIVE 3 (0.1 mg/kg) # EXAMPLE 2** EXAMPLE 3835 23 (0.1 mg/kg) # EXAMPLE 1 51 (0.1 mg/kg) # EXAMPLE 3932 30 (0.1 mg/kg) # EXAMPLE 9 13 (0.1 mg/kg) # EXAMPLE 425 21 (0.1 mg/kg) # EXAMPLE 801 33 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 1178 18 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 3440 26 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 3695 23 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 3853 36 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 3607 36 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 3608 43 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 5405 16 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 4512 37 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 4257 30 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 4424 17 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 4425 22 (0.1 mg/kg) ## Table 9-2 EXAMPLE 4905 28 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 3696 13 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 3605 24 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 3475 19 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 3448 25 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 5406 15 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 3409 28 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 3783 16 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 3710 20 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 3713 32 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 3753 8.5 (0.3 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 3759 36 (0.3 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 5043 39 (0.3 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 5298 40 (0.3 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 3747 40 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 3752 42 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE 5408 35 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE P341 32 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE P365 40 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE P342 39 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE P366 45 (0.1 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE P84 52 (0.03 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE P93 60 (0.03 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE P122 63 (0.03 mg/kg) ## EXAMPLE P144 58 (0.03 mg/kg) ## *In Comparative Example 1, colestimide (brand name: Cholebine 70% granules, supplied from Mitsubishi Tokyo Pharmaceutical Inc.) was used. **In Comparative Example 2, the compound 5 (Synthetic Example 19): 1-{4-[4-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenoxymethyl]benzyl}-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane chloride which is reported to have the strongest activity among compounds specifically described in WO02/08211. was used. #) As the surfactant, Tween 20 at a final concentration of 0.05% was used. ##) As the surfactant, HCO-60 at a final concentration of 0.1% was used. Test Example 3 Effect on Rat Hepatic Cholesterol 7-α-hydroxylase (7α-OHase) Activity In the present Test Example, an effect on rat hepatic cholesterol 7-α-hydroxylase (7α-OHase) activity was evaluated according to the method described in Analytical Biochemistry, 1986, 158, 228-232. That is, the test compound and vehicle (Water for Injection, brand name: Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory Inc.) were administered to SD (IGS) strain rats at 6 weeks of age using an oral sonde for 14 days (n=5). Solid feedstuff (brand name: CRF-1, Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd.) as the food was given ad libitum and tap water sterilized by adding chlorine was given ad libitum as drinking water using a water supply bottle. After autopsy, the liver was removed and pre-stored at −80° C. The frozen and then melt hepatic sample was homogenized in 1.15% KCl, and then centrifuged to prepare hepatic microsome. The final pelletized sample was resuspended in sodium phosphate/potassium phosphate buffer, and an aliquot was incubated in the presence of NADPH at 37° C. for 20 minutes. Produced 7α-hydroxycholesterol was converted into 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one by cholesterol oxidase. After being extracted with petroleum ether, the organic solvent was evaporated, and the residue was dissolved in isopropanol. The aliquot of the extract was applied onto a reverse phase HPLC column (brand name: Finepak SIL-5, JASCO) to separate the enzymatic product, and the eluted substance was quantified using an UV detector at 240 nm. The compound of the present invention exhibited the augmentation effect on hepatic cholesterol 7-α-hydroxylase activity (7α-OHase) involved in blood cholesterol lowering mechanism by IBAT, i.e., the ileal bile acid transporter (Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1998, 18, 1304-1311). It was therefore confirmed that the present compound has a possibility to be the therapeutic agent and the preventive agent for hyperlipemia. Test example 4 Model for Hepatic Disorder Associated with Cholestasis (Hepatic Cell Apoptosis) In the present Test Example, a model for the hepatic disorder associated with cholestasis was employed with reference to apoptosis induction in hepatic cells in a hypercholesterolemia model described in Am. J. Physiol., 1995, 268, G613-G621. That is, the food containing 0.4% cholesterol and 0.5% bile acid was given to SD (IGS) strain male rats at 7 to 9 weeks of age for 4 days, and the test compound was orally administered forcibly twice per day everyday from the starting date of cholesterol food feeding (each n=8). As a control, another group (n=8) were merely fed cholesterol food. The blood was exsanguinated from abdominal aorta 3 hours after the drug administration on the final day of the experiment. Then the liver was immediately removed and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution (brand name: FA-F96, supplied from Kokusan Chemical Co. Ltd.). After fixing, the sample was dehydrated and embedded using a closed type automatic embedding apparatus (brand name: ETP-180B, supplied from Sakura Finetek Japan). Sliced sections with thickness of 2 to 5 μm were prepared with a microtome (brand name: IVS-410, supplied from Sakura Finetek Japan), and hematoxylin and eosin staining was given thereto using an automatic staining apparatus (brand name: DRS-60, supplied from Sakura Finetek japan). A total number of mitotic cells in different 10 sites in the range of 200 μm×200 μm on each section was counted. The results are shown in the following Table 10. The compound of the present invention reduced the number of mitotic cells in the liver. It was thus confirmed that the present compound has an improvement effect on the hepatic disorder associated with cholestasis, whereby the present compound was proven to be useful as the therapeutic agent and the preventive agent for the hepatic disorder associated with cholestasis. TABLE 10 MITOTIC CELLS IN LIVER (AVERAGE ± STANDARD ERROR, n = 8) AMOUNT PER ADMINISTRATION IS SHOWN COMPOUND IN PARENTHESES EXAMPLE 1 50 ± 13 (CONTROL GROUP) 28 ± 7 (1 mg/kg) 36 ± 13 (0.1 mg/kg) Test Example 5 Model for Hepatic Disorder Associated with Cholestasis (Partial Bile Duct Ligation Model) In the present Test Example, a model for the hepatic disorder caused by partial ligation of the bile duct was employed with reference to Kanno's method (Liver, 43, Suppl (1):A126, 2002). That is, to the SD (IGS) strain male rats at 7 to 10 weeks of age, the partial ligation of the bile duct was given with opening the abdominal cavity under anesthesia with pentobarbital. Before the operation, the blood was collected from femoral vein, in order to obtain the value before the administration. From the day after the operation, 200 mg/kg of bile acid and the test compound were orally administered forcibly twice per day for 3.5 days (Protocol A). Without giving the partial ligation of the bile duct, 200 mg/kg of bile acid and the test compound were also orally administered forcibly twice per day for 3.5 days (Protocol B). In both cases, the test compound was dissolved or suspended in distilled water or an aqueous solution of 1% HCO 60 (Nippon Chemicals). To the control group, saline was administered. As comparative examples, 25 mg/kg of cholestyramine (supplied from Sigma) or 50 mg/kg of ursodeoxycholic acid (supplied from Mitsubishi Pharma) was administered. For considering the effect of the operation, sham operation (sham group) was performed in some cases. The blood was collected from the abdominal aorta 6 hours after the drug administration on the final day of the experiment. AST (GOT), ALT (GPT) and ALP in the blood were measured using measurement kits (GOT II-HA Test Wako, GPT II-HA Test Wako and Alkaline Phosphor HA Test Wako, all were supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) and using an automatic analyzer (Nitech ANALAYZER SUPER Z818). The results are shown in the following Tables 11 to 13. The compounds of the present invention inhibited the elevation of AST, ALT and ALP caused by the partial ligation of the bile duct and the bile acid administration. It was thus confirmed that the present compound has an improvement effect on the hepatic disorder associated with cholestasis, whereby the present compound was proven to be useful as the therapeutic agent and the preventive agent for the hepatic disorder associated with cholestasis, and particularly as the therapeutic agent and the preventive agent for primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. It was also confirmed that the compounds of the Examples of the present invention other than those shown in Tables 11 to 13 have an excellent improvement effect on the hepatic disorder associated with cholestasis. (Protocol A) TABLE 11 ALT ALP COMPOUND AST (IU/L) (IU/L) (IU/L) (BEFORE 108 ± 6 38 ± 2 591 ± 116 ADMINISTRATION) CONTROL GROUP 400 ± 160 200 ± 81 1120 ± 410 COMPARATIVE 385 ± 214 208 ± 123 1280 ± 660 EXAMPLE 1 COMPARATIVE 256 ± 64 98 ± 25 785 ± 120 EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 1 182 ± 42 61 ± 4 603 ± 78 (0.1 mg/kg) (All of the results are N=8 and shown as mean ± standard error) As Comparative Example 1, 25 mg/kg of cholestyramine was administered. As Comparative Example 2, 50 mg/kg of ursodeoxycholic acid was administered. As the solvent, distilled water was used. (PROTOCOL A) COMPOUND AST(IU/L) ALT(IU/L) ALP(IU/L) Table 12-1 Sham GROUP 141 ± 26 43 ± 1 665 ± 94 CONTROL GROUP 589 ± 221 417 ± 185 2318 ± 583 COMPARATIVE 916 ± 146 527 ± 118 2042 ± 235 EXAMPLE EXAMPLE 3440 309 ± 37 155 ± 38 1614 ± 189 (1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3605 487 ± 382 258 ± 219 1489 ± 533 (1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3448 352 ± 210 181 ± 79 1148 ± 332 (1 mg/kg) Table 12-2 Sham GROUP 128 ± 18 48 ± 5 630 ± 87 CONTROL GROUP 643 ± 125 384 ± 156 2204 ± 327 EXAMPLE 3696 325 ± 87 191 ± 21 1209 ± 125 (1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3713 280 ± 61 163 ± 96 1008 ± 289 (1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3747 245 ± 81 146 ± 70 960 ± 259 (1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3752 358 ± 87 165 ± 47 1112 ± 184 (1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 5408 198 ± 65 197 ± 45 1005 ± 102 (1 mg/kg) Table 12-3 Sham GROUP 106 ± 32 53 ± 8 654 ± 102 CONTROL GROUP 711 ± 131 402 ± 130 1904 ± 210 EXAMPLE P84 411 ± 102 205 ± 68 1200 ± 321 (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE P93 178 ± 49 156 ± 56 1103 ± 199 (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE P122 256 ± 113 148 ± 89 1026 ± 321 (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE P144 231 ± 87 102 ± 34 988 ± 287 (0.3 mg/kg) (All of the results are N=3 and shown as mean ± standard error) As Comparative Example 1, 25 mg/kg of cholestyramine was administered. With the compound of the present invention, the aqueous solution of 1% HCO 60 was used as the solvent. TABLE 13 (PROTOCOL B) AST ALT ALP COMPOUND (IU/L) (IU/L) (IU/L) (BEFORE 102 ± 5 38 ± 5 608 ± 54 ADMINISTRATION) CONTROL GROUP 157 ± 35 82 ± 17 593 ± 77 COMPARATIVE 149 ± 10 70 ± 6 602 ± 78 EXAMPLE 1 COMPARATIVE 109 ± 11 62 ± 9 453 ± 58 EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 1 100 ± 2 53 ± 6 453 ± 50 (0.1 mg/kg) (All off the results are N = 8 and shown as mean ± standard error) As Comparative Example 1, 25 mg/kg of cholestyramine was administered. As Comparative Example 2, 50 mg/kg of ursodeoxycholic acid was administered. As the solvent, the distilled water was used. Test Example 6 Obesity and Fatty Liver Model In the present Test Example, an obesity and fatty liver model was employed with reference to the method described in WO02/09757. That is, KKAy/Ta Jcl male mice at 10 weeks of age were used as obese mice (N=4 to 7). The test compound was dissolved or suspended in the aqueous solution of 1% HCO 60 (supplied from Nippon Chemicals). The aqueous solution of 1% HCO 60 (supplied from Nippon Chemicals) was used as the control. The consecutive administration was performed once a day for 2 weeks, and body weight was measured daily and compared with the body weight on the day before the administration. On the day after the final administration, the liver was removed, and a triglyceride concentration in liver tissue was measured using a measurement kit (Triglyceride Test Wako, supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries). The results are shown in the following Table 14 (Tables 14-1 to 14-3). The compounds of the present invention exhibited the inhibitory effect on weight gain and the triglyceride lowering effect in the obese mice, whereby they were proven to be useful as the therapeutic agent and the preventive agent for obesity and fatty liver. It was also confirmed that the compounds of the Examples of the present invention other than those shown in Table 14 have excellent effect of inhibiting weight gain and the hepatic triglyceride lowering. LIVER BODY WEIGHT (g) TRI- BEFORE GLYC- ADMINIS- TWO DIFFER- ERIDE COMPOUND TRATION WEEKS ENCE (mg/g) Table 14-1 CONTROL GROUP 42.8 ± 0.4 42.0 ± 0.7 −0.8 ± 0.5 94 ± 18 (N = 7) EXAMPLE 1 43.0 ± 0.5 41.0 ± 0.6 −1.9 ± 0.3 71 ± 13 (N = 7) (1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3605 42.9 ± 1.1 41.4 ± 1.0 −1.5 ± 0.4 65 ± 7 (N = 4) (1 mg/kg) Table 14-2 CONTROL GROUP 44.1 ± 0.6 44.8 ± 0.9 0.7 ± 0.4 103 ± 19 (N = 7) EXAMPLE 3713 44.0 ± 1.1 41.5 ± 2.4 −2.5 ± 0.6 59 ± 33 (N = 4) (1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3747 44.3 ± 0.8 42.2 ± 1.8 −2.1 ± 1.0 47 ± 23 (N = 4) (1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3752 43.8 ± 1.2 41.5 ± 1.0 −2.3 ± 0.9 56 ± 23 (N = 4) (1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 5408 44.0 ± 0.9 42.2 ± 1.6 −1.8 ± 0.5 70 ± 11 (N = 4) (1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3696 43.5 ± 1.3 42.2 ± 2.2 −1.3 ± 0.3 76 ± 12 (N = 4) (1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3440 44.6 ± 0.8 43.9 ± 1.8 −0.7 ± 1.0 88 ± 6 (N = 4) (1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3448 44.1 ± 0.7 42.1 ± 3.2 −2.0 ± 0.7 74 ± 8 (N = 4) (1 mg/kg) Table 14-3 CONTROL GROUP 49.8 ± 1.2 51.6 ± 1.3 1.8 ± 0.6 112 ± 17 (N = 4) EXAMPLE P84 48.9 ± 1.0 47.6 ± 1.3 −1.3 ± 0.5 79 ± 9 (N = 4) (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE P93 49.5 ± 1.1 46.4 ± 0.8 −3.1 ± 1.4 85 ± 12 (N = 4) (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE P122 49.9 ± 1.2 48.2 ± 1.6 −1.7 ± 0.4 81 ± 11 (N = 4) (0.3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE P144 49.6 ± 1.1 47.1 ± 0.8 −2.5 ± 1.2 77 ± 9 (N = 4) (0.3 mg/kg) (AVERAGE ± STANDARD ERROR) Test Example 7 In Vitro Assay of Compounds Using Caco-2 Cells as to Inhibitory Activity on Ileal Bile Acid Transporter (IBAT) In the present Test Example, an in vitro assay of compounds using Caco-2 cells as to inhibitory activity on IBAT was performed according to Test Example 1 described in WO00/35889. That is, Caco-2 cells were seeded at 1×10−5 cells/well in a 24-well plate. The cells cultured for 14 days or more were used for the assay. The cells were washed once with the assay buffer, i.e., Hanks buffer containing 25 mM glucose and 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), which was then replaced with the assay buffer containing the test compound. [3H]-Taurocholate (brand name: NET-322, Daiich Pure Chemical) at a final concentration of 8 μM was added thereto, and the cells were incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes so that [3H]-Taurocholate was taken into Caco-2 cells by the action of IBAT. The cells were washed twice with the assay buffer containing 1 mM taurocholate (brand name: T-4009, Sigma), and subsequently lysed with 0.2 M NaOH to stop the reaction. The cell lysate was added to 4 mL of liquid scintillation cocktail (brand name: Clear Sol 1, supplied from Nacalai Tesque), which was then thoroughly vortexed. Then the radioactivity was measured using a liquid scintillation counter (supplied from Packard). The inhibitory rate (%) was calculated from the radioactivity in the control in which no test compound had been used and the radioactivity when the test compound at the certain concentration had been used, and the concentration of the compound which inhibited 50% of the IBAT activity was calculated. By this method, it was confirmed that the compound of the present invention exhibited the potent inhibitory activity against IBAT and therefore the present compound has a possibility to be the therapeutic agent and the preventive agent for hyperlipemia. Test Example 8 In Vitro Assay of Compounds Using Cos 7 Cells as to Inhibitory Activity on Transiently Expressed Human IBAT or Rat IBAT Transporter In the present Test Example, an in vitro assay of compounds using Cos 7 cells as to inhibitory activity on transiently expressed human IBAT or rat IBAT transporter was performed according to the method described in Am. J. Physiol., 274, G157-169. That is, 2.5×10−5 cells/well of Cos 7 cells were seeded in a 24-well plate, and after one day, the cells were transfected with 0.3 μg/well of cDNA of human IBAT or rat IBAT using FuGENE6 (supplied from Roche). After culturing for one day after the transfection, the cells were washed once with the assay buffer, i.e., Hanks buffer containing 25 mM glucose and 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4). The assay buffer was then replaced with the assay buffer containing the test compound. [3H]-Taurocholate at a final concentration of 8 μM was added thereto and incubated at 37° C. for 60 minutes so that [3H]-taurocholate was taken into Cos 7 cells by the action of human IBAT or rat IBAT. The cells were washed twice with the assay buffer containing 1 mM taurocholate, and subsequently lysed with 0.2 M NaOH to stop the reaction. The cell lysate was added to 4 mL of liquid scintillation cocktail, which was then thoroughly vortexed. Then the radioactivity was measured using the liquid scintillation counter. The inhibitory rate (%) was calculated from the radioactivity in the control in which no test compound had been used and the radioactivity when the test compound at the certain concentration had been used, and the concentration of the compound which inhibited 50% of the human IBAT or rat IBAT activity was calculated. The results are shown in the following Table 15 (Tables 15-1 to 15-12). It was confirmed that the compound of the present invention exhibited the potent inhibitory activity against human IBAT and rat IBAT and therefore the present compound has a possibility to be the therapeutic agent and the preventive agent for hyperlipemia. It was also confirmed that the compounds of the Examples of the present invention other than those shown in Table 15 exhibit the potent inhibitory activity against human IBAT and rat IBAT. Cos 7/human IBAT Cos 7/rat IBAT COMPOUND IC50(μM) IC50(μM) Table 15-1 COMPARATIVE 10 0.2 EXAMPLE* EXAMPLE 3835 0.043 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 1 0.025 0.007 EXAMPLE 3932 0.036 0.009 EXAMPLE 9 0.076 0.036 EXAMPLE 425 0.17 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 801 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 1056 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 1178 0.093 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 1433 0.103 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 1555 0.153 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 1810 0.167 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3440 0.037 0.010 EXAMPLE 3695 0.037 0.005 EXAMPLE 969 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 968 0.083 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 593 0.092 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 592 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3853 0.028 0.009 EXAMPLE 3607 0.041 NO EXPERIMENT Table 15-2 EXAMPLE 3608 0.059 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4512 0.063 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4424 0.091 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4425 0.089 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4905 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 1069 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 867 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3708 0.07 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3506 0.127 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3696 0.039 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3605 0.039 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3475 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3558 0.07 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3448 0.037 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3572 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3593 0.07 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3554 0.065 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3698 0.072 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4210 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3409 0.045 NO EXPERIMENT Table 15-3 EXAMPLE 3433 0.055 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3449 0.055 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3441 0.085 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3444 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3567 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3662 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3709 0.049 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3717 0.03 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3722 0.039 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3725 0.052 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3783 0.048 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3429 0.055 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3568 0.094 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3587 0.07 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3705 0.054 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3724 0.069 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3764 0.08 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3723 0.025 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3768 0.072 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3770 0.057 NO EXPERIMENT Table 15-4 EXAMPLE 3774 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3454 0.068 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3544 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3599 0.054 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3604 0.045 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3697 0.069 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4226 0.099 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4250 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4266 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4258 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4261 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4232 0.099 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4248 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4384 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4405 0.062 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4456 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4458 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4479 0.078 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4526 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4534 0.076 NO EXPERIMENT Table 15-5 EXAMPLE 4539 0.064 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4600 0.078 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3414 0.088 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3410 0.068 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3710 0.052 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3714 0.058 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3719 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3412 0.075 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3434 0.071 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3426 0.058 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3713 0.037 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3729 0.088 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3413 0.073 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3416 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3711 0.063 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3716 0.089 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3727 0.066 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3726 0.073 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3730 0.084 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3765 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT Table 15-6 EXAMPLE 3772 0.089 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3854 0.028 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4233 0.046 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4259 0.067 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4408 0.073 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4412 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4528 0.091 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4543 0.082 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4547 0.072 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4589 0.046 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4402 0.043 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4613 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4246 0.072 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4263 0.072 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4258 0.074 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4268 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4247 0.091 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4234 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4385 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4460 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT Table 15-7 EXAMPLE 4522 0.097 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4527 0.073 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4531 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4581 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4540 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4585 0.078 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4587 0.060 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4251 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4371 0.074 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4260 0.074 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4243 0.078 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4236 0.10 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4513 0.092 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4546 0.087 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4401 0.061 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4605 0.079 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4448 0.10 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3733 0.057 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3736 0.05 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3747 0.045 NO EXPERIMENT Table 15-8 EXAMPLE 3748 0.081 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3750 0.075 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3752 0.041 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 3754 0.092 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 5043 0.062 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 5298 0.076 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4551 0.076 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 5416 0.077 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 5417 0.026 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 5407 0.052 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 5408 0.032 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 5409 0.042 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4221 0.043 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 4223 0.025 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 5410 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 5411 0.097 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 5412 0.037 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 5418 0.069 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 5419 0.039 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 5420 0.068 NO EXPERIMENT Table 15-9 EXAMPLE 5413 0.065 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 5414 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE 5415 0.044 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P341 0.022 0.0043 EXAMPLE P365 0.047 NO EXPERIMENT Table 15-10 EXAMPLE P317 0.049 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P340 0.028 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P364 0.048 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P376 0.037 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P328 0.038 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P321 0.045 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P345 0.023 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P369 0.034 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P381 0.028 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P333 0.044 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P320 0.041 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P344 0.019 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P368 0.029 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P380 0.018 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P332 0.046 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P373 0.097 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P385 0.056 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P319 0.042 NO EXPERIMENT Table 15-11 EXAMPLE P343 0.016 0.0055 EXAMPLE P367 0.023 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P379 0.026 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P331 0.035 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P326 0.1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P350 0.040 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P374 0.033 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P386 0.060 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P338 0.047 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P323 0.032 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P347 0.024 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P371 0.028 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P383 0.026 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P335 0.068 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P324 0.037 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P348 0.022 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P372 0.035 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P384 0.032 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P349 0.041 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P316 0.028 NO EXPERIMENT Table 15-12 EXAMPLE P342 0.015 0.0048 EXAMPLE P366 0.025 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P378 0.034 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P330 0.032 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P322 0.062 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P346 0.019 0.006 EXAMPLE P370 0.030 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P382 0.028 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P334 0.037 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P84 0.00066 0.00034 EXAMPLE P93 0.00048 0.00021 EXAMPLE P122 0.00043 0.00015 EXAMPLE P144 0.00052 0.00019 *In Comparative Example, the compound of Synthetic Example 1: (−)-trans-3-butyl-3-ethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-5-phenyl-1,4-benzothiazepine-1,1-dioxide which is specifically described in WO93/16055 was used. Test Example 9 In Vitro Assay of Compounds Using Cos 7 Cells as to Inhibitory Activity on Transiently Expressed Human IBAT Transporter in which Alanine at Position 171 has been Substituted with Serine In the present Test Example, an in vitro assay of compounds using Cos 7 cells as to inhibitory activity on transiently expressed human IBAT transporter in which alanine at position 171 had been substituted with serine was performed by the same way as in the present test Example 8, except for using cDNA in which alanine at position 171 had been substituted with serine in an amino acid sequence of human IBAT. It has been estimated that the rate of humans having the IBAT in which alanine at position 171 has been substituted with serine is 28% (J. Clin. Invest., 1997, 99, 1880-1887). The results are shown in the following Table 16. The value is the inhibitory rate (%) with respect to the radioactivity of the control in which no test compound has been used. It was confirmed that the compound of the present invention exhibits the potent inhibitory activity against human IBAT in which alanine at position 171 had been substituted with serine, which is equivalent to that for unsubstituted human IBAT, and the present compound thus has a possibility to be the therapeutic agent and the preventive agent for hyperlipemia. It was also confirmed that the compounds of the Examples of the present invention other than those shown in Table 16 exhibit the potent inhibitory activity against human IBAT in which alanine at position 171 had been substituted with serine. TABLE 16 Cos 7 WITH HUMAN IBAT IN WHICH 171ST ALANINE IS SUBSTITUTED WITH SERINE INHIBITION (%) AT TEST COMPOUND COMPOUND CONCENTRATION OF 10 nM EXAMPLE 1 53 Test Example 10 In Vitro Assay of Compounds Using Cos 7 Cells for Na+ Dependent Amino Acid Transporter and Na+ Dependent Water Soluble Vitamin Transporter In the present Test Example, in vitro assays of the compounds using Cos 7 cells for various transporters were performed according to the description in JP-H10-505830 A. That is, 2.5×105 cells/well of Cos 7 cells were seeded in a 24-well plate, and after two days, the cells were washed once with the assay buffer, i.e., Hanks buffer containing 25 mM glucose and 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4). The assay buffer was then replaced with the assay buffer containing the test compound. [3H]-alanine (brand name: NET-348, Daiich Pure chemical) or [3H]-leucine (brand name: NET-460, Daiich Pure chemical) or [3H]-phenylalanine (brand name: MT903, MORAVEK) or [3H]-methionine (brand name: MT862, MORAVEK) or [3H]-lysine (brand name: MT909, MORAVEK) or [3H]-choline (brand name: TRK593, Amersham Biosciences) at a final concentration of 8 μM was added thereto and incubated at 37° C. for 60 minutes so that they were taken into Cos 7 cells. The cells were washed twice with the assay buffer, and subsequently lysed with 0.2 M NaOH to stop the reaction. The cell lysate was added to 4 mL of liquid scintillation cocktail, which was then thoroughly vortexed. Then the radioactivity was measured using the liquid scintillation counter. The inhibitory rate (%) was calculated from the radioactivity in the control in which no test compound had been used and the radioactivity when the test compound at the certain concentration had been used, and the concentration of the compound which inhibited 50% of the transporter activity was calculated. Various Na+ dependent transporters in addition to IBAT are present in small intestine epithelial cells where IBAT is present, including the amino acid transporter and the water soluble vitamin transporter. Essential amino acids are essential for normal growth and healthy life maintenance (Seikagaku Jiten (Dictionary of Biochemistry) 2nd Edition p 1052, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin). Choline is one of water soluble vitamins, and deficiency diseases thereof include fatty liver and cirrhosis (Seikagaku Jiten 2nd Edition p 1050, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin). The results are shown in the following Table 17. It was confirmed that the compound of the present invention exhibits a significant inhibitory specificity for human IBAT and rat IBAT, and the present compound thus has a possibility to be the therapeutic agent and the preventive agent for hyperlipemia. The similar effects were confirmed on leucine, phenylalanine, methionine and lysine which are other amino acids, and choline which is the water soluble vitamin. It was also confirmed that the compounds of the Examples of the present invention other than those shown in Table 17 exhibit the significant inhibitory specificity for human IBAT and rat IBAT. TABLE 17 IC50 (μM) AGAINST ALANINE COMPOUND TRANSPORTER EXAMPLE 1 33 Test Example 11 Microorganism Mutagenicity Test (Ames test) In the present Test Example, a microorganism mutagenicity test was performed according to Ames Salmonella Mutation Assay. As bacterial strains, Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and Salmonella typhimurium TA100 were used. One platinum loopful of Salmonella typhimurium TA98 or Salmonella typhimurium TA100 cells were added to an L-shaped tube in which sterilized medium for preculture (brand name: Nutrient Broth No. 2, supplied from Kanto Chemical) had been placed, and cultured in a shaking incubator at 37° C. with shaking at 100 times per minute for 8 hours. The aforementioned bacterial suspension (0.1 mL) was added to 2 ml of sterilized soft agar warmed at 45° C. containing 0.05 mM L-histidine and 0.5 mM (+)-biotin. This was then stirred and subsequently spread out on a minimum glucose agar plate medium (brand name: Tesmedia AN, supplied from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd.) on dish and solidified. Filter paper (brand name: Quantitative Ashless No. 7, supplied from Advantech) was cut out using a punch to prepare circular filter paper, which was then sterilized and placed on the solidified agar, and 1 μL of 10 mM test compound was applied onto the circular filter paper, and cultivation was performed at 37° C. for 48 hours. The microorganism mutagenicity was determined as follows: the case in which mutant colonies occurred in a diffusion zone around the paper filter of the test compound was determined to be positive, and the case in which nothing occurred was determined to be negative. In the results, all of the compounds of Examples of the present invention were negative for both TA98 and TA100, indicating that there was no mutagenicity. Thus the compounds of the present invention were confirmed to be safe. Therefore, it was confirmed that the compound of the present invention can be used as a pharmaceutical for the purpose of the treatment and the prevention of hyperlipemia. Test Example 12 Gastrointestinal Toxicity In order to evaluate the toxicity of the compound of the present invention for the gastrointestinal tract, cytotoxicity against Caco-2 cell which is human-derived small intestine epithelial cell line was examined with reference to the method of Bestwick C S et al. (Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1474:47-55, 1999). That is, 10,000 cells/well of Caco-2 cells (purchased from ATCC) were seeded in a 96-well plate [MEM-E medium, 10% FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum), 1% NEAA (Non Essential Amino Acid) solution, supplied from Gibco]. After culturing for 48 hours, the test compound diluted with the medium was added to each well. After 2 hours, 50 μL of the medium was collected, and an LDH activity in the medium was measured using an LDH activity measurement kit (CytoTox96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay, supplied from Promega). Defining the LDH activity of the Caco-2 cells treated with a cell lysis agent as being 100%, the relative activity was calculated as a index of the cytotoxicity. The results are shown in the following Table 18 (Tables 18-1 to 18-2). As a result, it was revealed that the compound of the present invention has slight or no cytotoxicity to the Caco-2 cell, and it was thus revealed that the compound of the present invention has slight or no gastrointestinal toxicity. The IBAT inhibitor having the quaternary ammonium structure used as the comparative example to the present invention (the compound 5 (Synthetic example 19): 1-{4-[4-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenoxymethyl]benzyl}-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane chloride which exhibits the strongest activity among the compounds specifically described in WO02/08211) exhibited the cytotoxicity to the small intestine epithelial cell line at low concentrations, i.e., had the gastrointestinal toxicity. On the contrary, it was revealed that the compound of the present invention has slight or no gastrointestinal toxicity or is less toxic, and is thus more preferable as the pharmaceutical products. CELL TOXICITY AGAINST Caco2 COMPOUND 30 μM 10 μM 3 μM Table 18-1 COMPARATIVE 79 22 1.5 EXAMPLE* EXAMPLE 3853 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 3605 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 3835 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 3440 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 3695 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 3607 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 3608 <1 <1 <1 Table 18-2 EXAMPLE 3696 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 3448 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 3409 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 3709 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 3783 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 3723 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 3710 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 3713 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 3759 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 5043 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 5298 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 5480 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 5735 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 5856 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 5857 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 3705 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 3747 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 3752 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE 5408 <1 <1 <1 EXAMPLE P341 <1 <1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P340 <1 <1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P345 <1 <1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P344 <1 <1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P343 <1 <1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P347 <1 <1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P348 <1 <1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P342 <1 <1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P346 <1 <1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P84 <1 <1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P93 <1 <1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P122 <1 <1 NO EXPERIMENT EXAMPLE P144 <1 <1 NO EXPERIMENT *In Comparative Example, the compound 5 (Synthetic example 19): 1-{4-[4-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenoxymethyl]benzyl}-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane chloride which exhibits the strongest activity among compounds specifically described in WO02/08211 was used. Test Example 13 Steatohepatitis Model In the present Test Example, a steatohepatitis model was employed with reference to the method of Okan A et al. (Dig. Dis. Sci., 47:2389-2397, 2002). That is, choline-deficient food (supplied from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd.) was given to Wistar rats at 7 weeks of age for two weeks to prepare a steatohepatitis model. The test compound was suspended in an aqueous solution of 0.5% methylcellulose (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries), and the aqueous solution of 0.5% methylcellulose (supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) was used as the control. They were orally administered once a day for consecutive 2 weeks. The blood was collected from the abdominal aorta on the day after the final drug administration. AST (GOT) and ALT (GPT) in the blood were measured using the measurement kits (GOT II-HA Test Wako and GPT II Test Wako, supplied from Wako Pure Chemical Industries) with an automatic analyzer (Nitech ANALAYZER SUPER Z818). The results are shown in the following Table 19. The compound of the present invention exhibited the lowering effect on AST and ALT levels in the blood in the steatohepatitis model rats, and was proven to be useful as the therapeutic agent and the preventive agent for steatohepatitis. It was also confirmed that the compounds in Examples of the present invention other than those shown in Table 19 have an excellent lowering effect on AST and ALT levels. TABLE 19 COMPOUND AST(IU/L) ALT(IU/L) CONTROL GROUP (n = 6) 180 ± 46 245 ± 57 EXAMPLE 3713 (3 mg/kg, n = 4) 77 ± 37 118 ± 36 EXAMPLE 3747 (3 mg/kg, n = 4) 63 ± 86 102 ± 50 EXAMPLE 3752 (3 mg/kg, n = 4) 69 ± 98 88 ± 45 EXAMPLE 5408 (3 mg/kg, n = 4) 103 ± 45 149 ± 38 EXAMPLE 3696 (3 mg/kg, n = 4) 98 ± 23 145 ± 34 EXAMPLE 3440 (3 mg/kg, n = 4) 125 ± 34 167 ± 93 EXAMPLE 3448 (3 mg/kg, n = 4) 134 ± 23 143 ± 79 EXAMPLE 3605 (3 mg/kg, n = 4) 80 ± 34 121 ± 36 CONTROL GROUP (n = 4) 213 ± 56 375 ± 89 EXAMPLE P84 (1 mg/kg, n = 4) 98 ± 32 126 ± 30 EXAMPLE P93 (1 mg/kg, n = 4) 100 ± 11 98 ± 18 EXAMPLE P122 (1 mg/kg, n = 4) 104 ± 36 97 ± 25 EXAMPLE P144 (1 mg/kg, n = 4) 87 ± 25 93 ± 11 (AVERAGE ± STANDARD ERROR) Test Example 14 Effect of Combination with Pravastatin on Plasma Total Cholesterol Levels in Dogs The effect of the combination of the compounds described in Example with pravastatin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor) on plasma cholesterol levels in dogs was examined. To male beagle dogs (supplied from Kitayama Labes, body weight 9 to 13 kg), usual solid feedstuff (DS-A: Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd.) was given once daily at 13:00 to 14:00. The light was turned on from 7:00 to 19:00 as a light period, and the remaining was defined as a dark period. Water was given ad libitum. In the morning in the week prior to the administration, the blood was collected with heparin from forearm cephalic vein, and plasma was collected by centrifugation. The total cholesterol level of this plasma was measured using the commercially available cholesterol level measurement kit by the enzymatic method (Cholesterol-E Test Wako). The dogs were grouped so that the total cholesterol levels were almost equal. Sodium pravastatin (1 mg/kg, Sankyo) alone or 3 mg/kg of the compound described in each of Examples alone or the combination thereof was orally administered once daily just before feeding for 7 days. Pravastatin was dissolved in distilled water, and the compound described in Example was suspended in 0.5% methylcellulose solution for administration. On the day after the final administration, the blood was collected from the forearm cephalic vein under starving, to which plasma was obtained. The total cholesterol level therein was measured by the same way. As a result, the total cholesterol level in the plasma was reduced by 7 mg/dL (6%) by orally administering 1 mg/kg/day of pravastatin for 7 days. The total cholesterol level in the plasma was reduced by 1 to 10 mg/dL (3 to 8%) by orally administering 3 mg/kg/day of the compound described in each of Examples for 7 days. When pravastatin and the compound described in each of Examples were co-administered at this dosages, the total cholesterol in the plasma was reduced by 14 to 24 mg/dL (12 to 20%). The reduction rate of the total cholesterol level was larger in the co-administration with the compound described in Example than in the administration of pravastatin alone, and the augmented effect by the co-administration was observed. The results are shown in Table 20. The similar results are obtained when simvastatin, atorvastatin, pitavastatin or lovastatin is used in place of pravastatin. TABLE 20 BEFORE TREATMENT − BEFORE AFTER AFTER TREATMENT TREATMENT TREATMENT TREATMENT (mg/dL) (mg/dL) (mg/dL) Vehicle 119 ± 8 118 ± 9 1 (1) PRAVASTATIN 114 ± 6 106 ± 5 7 (6) (1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3696 119 ± 2 115 ± 3 3 (3) (3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3696 + 112 ± 5 94 ± 3 18 (16) PRAVASTATIN EXAMPLE 3713 117 ± 4 113 ± 3 4 (3) (3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 3713 + 112 ± 6 94 ± 6 18 (16) PRAVASTATIN EXAMPLE 5408 128 ± 4 122 ± 4 6 (5) (3 mg/kg) EXAMPLE 5408 + 129 ± 7 108 ± 8 21 (17) PRAVASTATIN EXAMPLE P84 119 ± 2 109 ± 5 10 (8) (1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE P84 + 122 ± 3 97 ± 2 24 (20) PRAVASTATIN EXAMPLE P93 123 ± 3 119 ± 6 4 (4) (1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE P93 + 125 ± 5 108 ± 7 17 (13) PRAVASTATIN EXAMPLE P144 125 ± 4 124 ± 4 1 (1) (1 mg/kg) EXAMPLE P144 + 118 ± 3 104 ± 6 14 (12) PRAVASTATIN Data are represented by mean ± standard error. N = 4. The number in parenthesis in a column “before treatment - after treatment” represents the reduction rate with respect to the data before administration. Test Example 15 Measurement of Permeability Through Caco-2 Cell Permeability of the compound described in Examples through Caco-2 cells was studied with reference to Artursson Per et al.'s method (Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 79(6): 476-482: 1990). Transwell cell culture chamber (Costar) having a membrane filter coated with collagen (3 μm pores, 0.33 cm2 growth area) was placed on a 24-well plate. Caco-2 cells (purchased from ATCC) were seeded at the amount of 6.6×104 cells/filter (2×105 cells/cm2) (D-MEM medium, 10% FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum), 0.1 mM NEAA (Non Essential Amino Acid), 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, supplied from Gibco, and 25 mM glucose). Each Transwell cell culture chamber was placed in each well in a 24-well plate. 0.75 mL of the medium was filled in an external chamber and 0.15 mL of the medium was filled in an internal chamber. The medium was changed every 2 to 3 days, and 18 to 25 days after seeding when a single layer of Caco-2 cells was formed, the cells were used for the test. In the test for examining the permeability of the compound, the Caco-2 cells cultured in the chamber were used. The internal and external chamber solutions were replaced twice with Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS) containing 25 mM glucose, 10 mM Hepes and 0.05% Tween 80. Electric resistance between the external solution and the internal solution in the culture of Caco-2 cells was examined using Endohm chamber and EVOM epithelial voltohmmeter (World Precision Instruments), and those which had exhibited the resistance of 200 Ω.cm2 or more were used for the test. The Caco-2 cells usable for the test were preincubated in the above HBSS buffer at 37° C. for 10 minutes. The compound described in each Example was prepared at a concentration of 100 μM (HBSS containing 1% DMSO, pH 7.4), and the test was started by replacing the internal chamber solution with the compound-containing HBSS. After incubating at 37° C. for 2 hours, the external chamber solution was taken, and the concentration of the compound which had permeated into the external solution was analyzed using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer (LC/MS/MS, LC:NANOSPACE SI-1 [Shiseido], MS:VG QUATTRO2 (Micromass)). A permeability coefficient (Papp) was calculated from the formula Papp=dQ/dt/(Co×A). In this formula, dQ/dt represents a permeated amount per unit time (μg/s), Co represents the drug concentration (μg/mL) when the test was started, and A represents an area (cm2) of the membrane filter. The results are shown in Table 21. As a result, the permeability coefficient of the compound described in Example through Caco-2 cells was as small as 0.2 or less, and it was predicted that the absorbability of the compound from human intestine would be low. Propranolol used as the control drug which was easily permeated and atenolol used as the control drug which was permeated at an appropriate level exhibited the high permeability coefficients. From these results, the compound of the present invention is considered to be poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and thus have low risk to cause drug interaction. Therefore, it has been found out that the compound has preferable nature as the pharmaceutical products which is highly safe when co-administered with other drugs. TABLE 21 PERMEATION RATIO COMPOUND (PERMEATION × 10−6 cm/s) EXAMPLE 3696 0.15 EXAMPLE 3605 0.19 EXAMPLE 3448 0.15 EXAMPLE 3713 0.19 EXAMPLE 3752 0.08 EXAMPLE 5408 0.11 EXAMPLE P343 <0.01 EXAMPLE P342 0.03 EXAMPLE P346 0.003 EXAMPLE P84 0.03 EXAMPLE P93 0.02 EXAMPLE P122 0.02 EXAMPLE P144 0.03 Propranolol 29.4 Atenolol 1.80 Test Example 16 Measurement of Facilitation Effect on Permeability of Combined Compound Through Caco-2 Cells The permeability through Caco-2 cells was measured by the same way as in Test Example 15. However, in the present Test Example, the compound described in Example or the control compound was prepared at a final concentration of 30 μM or 100 μM (Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) containing 0.1-1% DMSO and 0.05% Tween80, pH7.4) with which the internal chamber solution was replaced, and, after performing incubation at 37° C. for 2 hours, potassium atorvastatin (Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical) or sodium pravastatin (Sankyo) was added at a final concentration of 25 μM to the internal chamber solution to perform the test. After incubating at 37° C. for additional 2 hours, the external chamber solution was taken, and the concentration of the compound which had permeated into the external solution was analyzed using the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer (LC/MS/MS, LC:NANOSPACE SI-1 (Shiseido), MS:VG QUATTRO II (Micromass)). It was examined whether the permeability coefficient of the combined compound was changed in the presence of the compound described in Examples or the compound in Comparative Examples. The results are shown in the following Table 22. The permeability coefficients of pravastatin and atorvastatin through Caco-2 cells were increased by 461% and 154%, respectively, in the presence of the compound in Comparative Example. However, the compounds described in Examples of the present invention did not affect the permeability coefficients of pravastatin and atorvastatin through Caco-2 cells (<120%). Therefore, it has been found out that the compound of the present invention does not affect the absorbability of the co-administered drug, i.e., has no risk to cause the side effect by increasing the blood concentration of the co-administered drug and is more preferable as the pharmaceutical products. It has been also found out that the compound of the present invention provides more preferable combination of the pharmaceutical products for co-administration with a drug which exhibits its effect by being absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. TABLE 22 PERMEATION RATIO RATE OF (PERMEATION × INCREASE COMPOUND 10−6 cm/s) (%) PRAVASTATIN 0.33 100 ATORVASTATIN 2.28 100 COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1.52 461 (100 μM) + PRAVASTATIN COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3.52 154 (30 μM) + ATORVASTATIN EXAMPLE 3696 (100 μM) + 0.39 118 PRAVASTATIN EXAMPLE 3696 (30 μM) + 2.58 113 ATORVASTATI EXAMPLE 3713 (100 μM) + 0.35 106 PRAVASTATIN EXAMPLE 3713 (30 μM) + 2.43 107 ATORVASTATIN EXAMPLE 5408 (100 μM) + 0.31 94 PRAVASTATIN EXAMPLE 5408 (30 μM) + 2.30 101 ATORVASTATIN EXAMPLE P84 (100 μM) + 0.32 97 PRAVASTATIN EXAMPLE P84 (30 μM) + 2.21 97 ATORVASTATIN EXAMPLE P93 (100 μM) + 0.35 106 PRAVASTATIN EXAMPLE P93 (30 μM) + 2.25 99 ATORVASTATIN EXAMPLE P144 (100 μM) + 0.30 91 PRAVASTATIN EXAMPLE P144 (30 μM) + 2.40 105 ATORVASTATIN *In Comparative Example, the compound 5 (Synthetic Example 19): 1-{4-[4-(3,3-dibutyl-7-dimethylamino-1,1-dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine-5-yl)phenoxymethyl]benzy}-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane chloride which exhibits the strongest activity among compounds specifically described in WO02/08211 was used. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention exhibits the blood cholesterol lowering effect and high safety, and thus suitable as a pharmaceutical. The present invention has been described with reference to the specific examples in order to completely and clearly disclose the present invention. However, attached claims are not limited to the aforementioned examples. The present invention is to be constituted so as to embody all modification examples and possible substitutable constitutions which those skilled in the art can create within the scope of basic features shown in the present specification.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Hyperlipemia has been known to be a state in which levels of neutral fat and cholesterol in blood are higher than normal levels. Hyperlipemia is subjected to the treatment because it is a major risk factor of ischemic diseases. Hyperlipemia has been also known to cause arteriosclerosis. In particular, it is effective for the prevention and the treatment of arteriosclerosis to lower the level of cholesterol in the blood. The arteriosclerosis has been known to cause myocardial infarction, cerebral thrombosis, peripheral arterial obstruction and arteriosclerotic obliteration. Syndrome X has been proposed by Reaven et al. (e.g., see Non-patent Document 1 [Reaven et al., “Diabetes”, 37:1595-1607, 1988]), and is a multiple risk factor syndrome in which the arteriosclerosis occurs by accumulating the multiple risk factors of hyperinsulinism, hyperlipemia, hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance in an individual body although each factor is not pathogenic when each factor is present independently. It has been believed that a cholesterol lowering agent is effective for the prevention or the treatment of these diseases (e.g., see Non-patent Document 2 [“Nippon Rinsho, Koshikessho Jo (Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine, Hyperlipemia Volume 1)” ISSN 0047-1852]). Examples of therapeutic agents for hyperlipemia which are currently commercially available may include 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (abbreviated hereinbelow as HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors and bile acid absorbers (anion exchange resin drug). These are used particularly for the prevention or the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and arteriosclerosis in hyperlipemia. These are further used for the prevention or the treatment of myocardial infarction, cerebral thrombosis, peripheral arterial obstruction and arteriosclerotic obliteration caused by hypercholesterolemia and arteriosclerosis. Other therapeutic agents for hyperlipemia may include anti-oxidants, nicotinic acid derivatives and cholesterol absorption inhibitors. Fibrate drugs which act upon α-receptor of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (abbreviated hereinbelow as PPAR) are also included in this category because they have neutral fat lowering and cholesterol lowering effects. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, which are generally referred to as statins, inhibit a cholesterol synthesis pathway and exhibit the strong cholesterol lowering effect, but rarely cause a severe side effect such as rhabdomyolysis and also cause myopathy and hepatic disorders in some cases. Thus, statins are generally used below the excessive amount. Therefore, when the use of statin alone can not lower the level of cholesterol sufficiently, co-administration with another therapeutic agent for hyperlipemia having a different action mechanism is considered for lowering cholesterol to a target level. However, when considering the combination with the fibrate drug for an example, the fibrate drug itself also causes rhabdomyolysis in some cases. Thus, the therapy by this combination is not usually used because of the higher risk of rhabdomyolysis. The combination of the statin drugs and the anion exchange resin drug augments the cholesterol lowering effect compared with the use of statin alone. Thus, when the use of statin alone does not lower to the target level, this combination can be used. However, it is necessary to take the bile acid absorber in a large amount in order to obtain a commeasurable drug effect. Thus, the bile acid absorber has difficulty upon taking and largely affects gastrointestinal tract to cause constipation. In addition, the anion exchange resin drug also absorbs vitamins A, D, E and K or simultaneously administered anionic drugs. Considering these effects, the combination of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor with the bile acid absorber such as anion exchange resin drug is not the best mode of the treatment which patients should receive. The combination of the cholesterol absorption inhibitor with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is effective. However, the cholesterol absorption inhibitor is also incorporated in the body and metabolized in liver. Thus the cholesterol absorption inhibitor can not be administered to a patient having a disease in liver. The combination of the cholesterol absorption inhibitor with the fibrate drugs is not usually used because a drug interaction is concerned. Additional examples of drugs capable of treating hyperlipemia may include a cholesterol ester transfer protein (abbreviated hereinbelow as CETP) inhibitor, nicotinic acid and derivatives thereof, an acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acetyltransferase (abbreviated hereinbelow as ACAT) inhibitor and a microsomal transfer protein (abbreviated hereinbelow as MTP) inhibitor. They are commonly absorbed in the body to exert medicinal effects, and thus the drug interaction is likely to occur when combined with the other cholesterol lowering drug such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. It is generally effective in the treatment to combine the drugs each having different action mechanisms for exerting the effect over a certain level. However, when each drug is absorbed to plasma proteins or when a drug metabolism process is shared by the combined drugs, the risk of side effect occurrence becomes high because of more rapid increase of drug concentrations in blood and larger effect on tissues than those which occur with the use of a single drug. In addition, in the case of the patient having a plurality of risk factors for the coronary artery disease, a plurality of drugs are often prescribed for coping with respective risk factors. For example, in the cases of the combination of hyperlipemia and hypertension and the combination of hyperlipemia and diabetes, the therapeutic drug for hyperlipemia is combined with the therapeutic drug for another disease. At that time, the interaction between the drugs must be sufficiently considered.

20060824

20110705

20070816

94716.0

A61K3843

COLEMAN, BRENDA LIBBY

NOVEL BENZOTHIAZEPINE AND BENZOTHIEPINE COMPOUNDS

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

A61K

ACCEPTED

Connection system for subsea flow interface equipment

A connection system for connecting flow interface equipment to a subsea manifold is disclosed. The connection system relates particularly to a connection apparatus adapted to land a conduit means on a subsea manifold in a first stage of the connection and to connect a conduit means of the connection apparatus to a choke body of the manifold in a second stage of the connection.

1. Apparatus for connecting to a subsea wellbore, the wellbore having a manifold and a choke body, the apparatus comprising: a frame adapted to land on the manifold; a conduit system having a first end for connection to the choke body and a second end for connection to a processing apparatus; wherein the conduit system comprises a conduit means supported by the frame; wherein the frame comprises at least one frame member that is adapted to land on the manifold in a first stage of the connection and wherein the conduit means is adapted to be brought into fluid communication with the choke body in a second stage of the connection. 2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an actuating means mounted on the frame, the actuating means being adapted to bring the conduit means into fluid communication with the choke body. 3. (canceled) 4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the conduit means comprises a flexible conduit. 5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein the flexible conduit is arranged to buffer the connection of the conduit means and the choke body. 6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4 wherein the flexible conduit has an end that is fixed relative to the frame and an opposite end that is moveable relative to the frame. 7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the conduit means comprises a flexible conduit, and wherein the actuating means is adapted to move a movable end of the flexible conduit relative to the frame to bring it into fluid communication with the choke body. 8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 7, wherein the actuation means comprises at least one swivel device that allows movement of the moveable end of the flexible conduit in more than one dimension. 9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein the flexible conduit is resilient. 10. Apparatus as claimed in claim 9, wherein the flexible conduit is curved to provide resilience wherein the direction of movement of the flexible conduit in the second stage of the connection defines an axis of connection and wherein the curvature is in a plane perpendicular to the axis of connection to provide resilience in the connection direction. 11. (canceled) 12. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein the conduit means comprises two flexible conduits wherein each of the two conduits is fixed at a respective end thereof relative to the frame and wherein each of the two conduits has a respective opposite end that is moveable relative to the frame. 13. (canceled) 14. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the conduit system further comprises a secondary conduit that is connected to the interior of the choke body and wherein the conduit means is adapted to connect to the secondary conduit in the second stage of the connection to connect the conduit means to the choke body via the secondary conduit. 15. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the frame comprises a lower frame member and an upper frame member, the conduit means being mounted on the upper frame member, and wherein the actuating means is mounted between the lower and upper frame members and is adapted to move the upper frame member relative to the lower frame member to bring the conduit means into fluid communication with the choke body. 16. Apparatus as claimed in claim 15, wherein the actuating means is adapted to buffer the connection between the conduit means and the choke body. 17. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one frame member of the first connection stage comprises a lower frame member, and wherein the apparatus further comprises an upper frame member, the upper frame member and the lower frame member having co-operating engagement means for landing the upper frame member on the lower frame member. 18. Apparatus as claimed in claim 17, further comprising buffering means provided on the frame, the buffering means defining a minimum distance between the frame and the manifold. 19-23. (canceled) 24. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the conduit system provides a single flowpath between the choke body and the processing apparatus. 25. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the conduit system provides a first flowpath from the choke body to the processing apparatus and a second flowpath from the processing apparatus to the choke body. 26. Apparatus as claimed in claim 25, wherein the conduit system comprises a housing and an inner hollow cylindrical member, the inner cylindrical member being adapted to seal within the choke body to define a first flow region through the bore of the cylindrical member and a second separate flow region in the annulus between the cylindrical member and the housing. 27. Apparatus as claimed in claim 26, wherein the first and second flow regions are adapted to connect to a respective inlet and an outlet of the processing apparatus. 28. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the processing apparatus is provided on the frame. 29. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processing apparatus is provided on a separate subsea structure. 30-31. (canceled) 32. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein a replacement choke is provided on the frame, the replacement choke being connectable to the conduit system. 33. A method of connecting a processing apparatus to a subsea wellbore, the wellbore having a manifold and the manifold having a choke body, the method comprising: landing a frame on the manifold and connecting a conduit system between the choke body and the processing apparatus, the frame supporting a conduit means of the conduit system; wherein the frame comprises at least one frame member that is landed on the manifold in a first connection stage, and wherein the conduit means is brought into fluid communication with the choke body in a second connection stage. 34. A method as claimed in claim 33, wherein actuating means are mounted on the frame, and wherein the method includes the step of actuating the actuating means to bring the conduit means into fluid communication with the choke body. 35. A method as claimed in claim 34, wherein the conduit means comprises a flexible conduit, one end of which is moveable relative to the frame, and wherein the method includes actuating the actuating means to move the moveable end of the flexible conduit portion relative to the frame to bring it into fluid communication with the choke body. 36. A method as claimed in claim 33, wherein the conduit system further comprises a secondary conduit that is connected to the choke body and wherein the method includes the step of connecting the conduit means to the secondary conduit in the second stage of the connection. 37. A method as claimed in claim 34, wherein the frame comprises a lower frame member and an upper frame member, the conduit means being supported on the upper frame member, wherein the actuating means is mounted between the lower and upper frame members, and wherein the method includes the step of actuating the actuation means to move the upper frame member relative to the lower frame member to bring the conduit means into fluid communication with the choke body. 38. A method as claimed in claim 33, wherein the at least one frame member of the first connection stage comprises a lower frame member, and wherein the apparatus further comprises an upper frame member, and wherein the method includes the step of landing the upper frame member on the lower frame member. 39. A method as claimed in claim 33, further including the step of buffering the connection between the choke body and the conduit means. 40-42. (canceled) 43. A method as claimed in claim 36, wherein the method includes the initial steps of removing a choke bonnet and connecting the secondary conduit to the interior of the choke body. 44-45. (canceled) 46. A method as claimed in claim 33, wherein the conduit system provides a first flowpath from the choke body to the processing apparatus and a second flowpath from the processing apparatus to the choke body and wherein the method includes the step of connecting the first and second flowpaths to a respective inlet and an outlet of the processing apparatus. 47-48. (canceled) 49. A method as claimed in claim 33, wherein the method includes the step of connecting a replacement choke with the conduit system so that fluids flowing through the conduit system also flow through the replacement choke. 50. Apparatus for landing on and connecting to a subsea tree, having a choke body, the apparatus comprising: a frame having a conduit system, the frame being adapted to land on the tree, the conduit system including a conduit having a first end which is adapted to connect to the choke body such that the conduit is in fluid communication with the interior of the choke body, and a second end connectable to a processing apparatus; wherein the frame comprises buffering means adapted to buffer the connection between the first end of the conduit system and the choke body. 51. Apparatus for connecting to a subsea wellbore, the wellbore having a manifold and a choke body, the apparatus comprising: a frame adapted to land on the manifold; a conduit system comprising at least one flexible conduit having a first downwards facing end for connection to an upper face of the choke body and a second end for connection to a processing apparatus; wherein at least a part of the conduit system is supported by the frame; wherein the flexible conduit comprises a semicircular coil from which the downwards facing end is suspended and wherein the flexibility of the semicircular coil allows the downwards facing end to be moveable relative to the frame to make up a communication between the processing apparatus and the choke body. 52. A subsea assembly comprising: a subsea manifold having a choke body; and a connection apparatus for connecting to the subsea manifold; wherein the connection apparatus comprises: a frame adapted to land on the manifold; a conduit system having a first end adapted to connect to the choke body and a second end adapted to connect to a processing apparatus; wherein the conduit system comprises a conduit means supported by the frame; and wherein the frame comprises at least one frame member that is adapted to land on the manifold in a first stage of the connection and wherein the conduit means is adapted to be brought into fluid communication with the choke body of the manifold in a second stage of the connection.

This invention relates in general to subsea well production, and in particular to a connection system for connecting flow interface equipment, such as a pump to a subsea Christmas tree assembly. A subsea production facility typically comprises a subsea Christmas tree with associated equipment. The subsea Christmas tree typically comprises a choke located in a choke body in a production wing branch. There may also be a further choke located in an annulus wing branch. Typically, well fluids leave the tree via the production choke and the production wing branch into an outlet flowline of the well. However, in such typical trees, the fluids leave the well unboosted and unprocessed. According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for connecting to a subsea wellbore, the wellbore having a manifold and a choke body, the apparatus comprising: a frame adapted to land on the manifold; a conduit system having a first end for connection to the interior of the choke body and a second end for connection to a processing apparatus; wherein the conduit system comprises a conduit means supported by the frame; wherein the frame comprises at least one frame member that is adapted to land on the manifold in a first stage of the connection and wherein the conduit means is adapted to be brought into fluid communication with the interior of the choke body in a second stage of the connection. The two-stage connection provides the advantage that damage to the mating surfaces between the conduit means and the flow line of the tree assembly can be avoided whilst the frame is being landed, since at least a part of the frame is landed before the connection between the conduit means and the interior of the choke body is made up. Hence, the two-stage connection acts to buffer and protect the mating surfaces. The two-stage connection also protects the choke itself from damage whilst the frame is being landed; in particular, the mating surface of the choke is protected. In some embodiments, processing apparatus e.g. multi-phase flow meters and pumps can be mounted on the frame and can be landed on the tree with the frame. Alternatively, the processing apparatus may be located remote from the tree, e.g. on a further subsea installation such as a manifold or a pile, and the frame may comprise connections for jumper conduits which can lead fluids to and from the remote processing apparatus. The processing apparatus allows well fluids to be processed (e.g. pressure boosted/injected with chemicals) at the wellhead before being delivered to the outlet flowline of the well. The invention may alternatively be used to inject fluids into the well using the outlet flowline as an inlet. Often the processing apparatus, e.g. subsea pump, is flow meter, etc. is quite heavy and bulky. In embodiments where heavy/bulky apparatus is carried by the frame, the risk of damage to the mating surfaces between the conduit means and the flow line of the tree assembly is particularly great. Optionally, the apparatus further comprises an actuating means mounted on the frame, the actuating means being adapted to bring the conduit means into fluid communication with the interior of the choke body. Typically, the actuating means comprises at least one hydraulic cylinder. Alternatively, the actuating means may comprise a cable or a screw jack which connects the conduit means to the frame, to control the movement of the conduit means relative to the frame. The conduit means is not necessarily brought into direct communication with the choke body. In some embodiments (the first embodiment and the third embodiment below), the conduit means is connected with the interior of the choke body via a further, secondary conduit. In a first embodiment, a mounting apparatus is provided for landing a flow interface device, particularly a subsea pump or compressor (referred to collectively at times as “pressure intensifier”) on a subsea production assembly. Optionally, the at least one frame member of the first connection stage comprises a lower frame member, and the apparatus further comprises an upper frame member, the upper frame member and the lower frame member having co-operating engagement means for landing the upper frame member on the lower frame member. In the first embodiment, a secondary conduit in the form of a mandrel with a flow passage is mounted to the lower frame member. The operator lowers the lower frame member into the sea and onto the production assembly. The production assembly has an upward facing receptacle that is sealingly engaged by the mandrel. In this embodiment, the conduit means comprises a manifold, which is mounted to the upper frame member. The manifold is connected to a flow interface device such as a pressure intensifier, which is also mounted to the upper frame member. The operator lowers the upper frame member along with the manifold and pressure intensifier into the sea and onto the lower frame member, landing the manifold on the mandrel. During operation, fluid flows from the pressure intensifier through the manifold, the mandrel, and into the flow line. Preferably, the subsea production assembly comprises a Christmas tree with a frame having guide posts. The operator installs extensions to the guide posts, if necessary, and attaches guidelines that extend to a surface platform. The lower and upper frame members have sockets with passages for the guidelines. The engagement of the sockets with the guide posts provides gross alignment as the upper and lower frame members are lowered onto the tree frame. Also, preferably the Christmas tree frame has upward facing guide members that mate with downward facing guide members on the lower frame member for providing finer alignment. Further, the lower frame member preferably has upward facing guide members that mate with downward facing guide members on the upper frame member for providing finer alignment. One or more locking members on the lower frame member lock the lower frame member to the tree frame. Additionally, one or more locking members on the upper frame member lock the upper frame member to the lower frame member. Optionally, the apparatus further comprises buffering means provided on the frame, the buffering means providing a minimum distance between the frame and the tree. The buffering means may comprise stops or adjustable mechanisms, which may be incorporated with the locking members, or which may be separate from the locking members. The adjustable stops define minimum distances between the lower frame member and the upper plate of the tree frame and between the lower frame member and the upper frame member. The buffering means typically comprise threaded bolts, which engage in corresponding apertures in the frame, and which can be rotated to increase the length they project from the frame. The ends of the threaded bolts typically contact the upper frame member of the tree, defining a minimum distance between the frame and the tree. Optionally, a further buffering means is provided between the lower and upper frame members to define a minimum distance between the lower and upper frame members. The further buffering means also typically comprises threaded bolts which extend between the lower and upper frame members. The extent of projection of the threaded bolts can be adjusted to provide a required separation of the upper and lower frame members. The buffering means (e.g. the adjustable stops) provides structural load paths from the upper frame member through the lower frame member and tree frame to the tree and the wellhead on which the tree is mounted. These load paths avoid structural loads passing through the mandrel to the upward facing receptacle (i.e. the choke body). In a second embodiment, the frame is lowered as a unit, but typically has an upper portion (an upper frame member) that is vertically movable relative to the lower portion (a lower frame member). A processing apparatus (in the form of a pressure intensifier) and a conduit means (a mandrel) are mounted to the upper portion. An actuating means comprising one or more jack mechanisms is provided between the lower and upper portions of the frame. When the lower portion of the frame lands on the tree frame, the lower end of the mandrel will be spaced above the flow line receptacle. The jack mechanisms then lower the upper portion of the frame, causing the mandrel to stab sealingly into the receptacle (the choke body). Thus, in this embodiment, the conduit means comprises a single mandrel having a single flowpath therethrough. In a third embodiment, the conduit means has a flexible portion. Preferably, the flexible portion is moveable relative to the frame. Typically, the flexible portion of the conduit means is fixed relative to the frame at a single point. Typically, the flexible portion of the conduit means is connected to the processing apparatus and supported at the processing apparatus connection, in embodiments where the processing apparatus is supported on the frame. Optionally, the conduit means comprises two conduits, one of which is adapted to carry fluids going towards the processing apparatus, the other adapted to carry fluids returning from the processing apparatus. Typically, each of the two conduits of the conduit means is fixed relative to the frame at a respective point. Typically, the flexible portion of each of the two conduits of the conduit means is connected to the processing apparatus and is supported at the processing apparatus connection (where a processing apparatus is provided on the frame). Typically, the flexible portion of the conduit means is resilient. Typically, the direction of movement of the flexible portion of the conduit means in the second stage of the connection defines an axis of connection and the flexible portion of the conduit means is curved in a plane perpendicular to the axis of connection to provide resilience in the connection direction. In such embodiments, the flexible portion of the conduit means is in the form of a coil, or part of a coil. This allows the lower end of the conduit means (the connection end) to be moved resiliently in the connection direction. Typically, the flexible portion of the conduit means supports a connector adapted to attach to the choke body (either directly or via a further conduit extending from the choke body), the flexible portion of the conduit means allowing relative movement of the connector and the frame to buffer the connection. Typically, an actuating means is provided which is adapted to move the flexible portion relative to the frame to bring an end of the flexible portion into fluid communication with the interior of the choke body. The actuating means typically comprises a swivel eye mounting hydraulic cylinder. Considering now all embodiments of the invention, the conduit system may optionally provide a single flowpath between the choke body and the processing apparatus. Alternatively, the conduit system provides a two-flowpath system: a first flowpath from the choke body to the processing apparatus and a second flowpath from the processing apparatus to the choke body. In such embodiments, the conduit system can comprise a housing and an inner hollow cylindrical member, the inner cylindrical member being adapted to seal within the interior of the choke body to define a first flow region through the bore of the cylindrical member and a second separate flow region in the annulus between the cylindrical member and the housing. Typically, the first and second flow regions are adapted to connect to a respective inlet and an outlet of the processing apparatus. Such embodiments can be used to recover fluids from the well via a first flowpath, process these using the processing apparatus (e.g. pressure boosting) and then to return the fluids to the choke body via a second flowpath for recovery through the production wing branch. The division of the inside of the choke body into first and second flow regions by the inner cylindrical member allows separation of the first and second flowpaths within the choke body. If used, the housing and the inner hollow cylindrical member typically are provided as the part of the conduit system that directly connects to the choke body, i.e. in the first embodiment, this is the secondary conduit; in the second embodiment, the conduit means, and in the third embodiment, the secondary conduit. Optionally, the processing apparatus is provided on the frame. In this case, the processing apparatus is typically connected to the conduit means before the frame is landed on the tree. Alternatively, the processing apparatus is provided on a further subsea manifold, such as a suction pile. Jumper cables can be connected between the frame on the manifold and the further subsea manifold to connect the processing apparatus to the conduit system. In this case, the processing apparatus is typically connected to the conduit means as a final step. In all embodiments, the frame typically includes guide means that co-operate with guide means provided on the manifold, to align the frame with the manifold. The frame may also or instead comprise a guide pipe that surrounds at least a part of the conduit system, to protect it from impact damage. All embodiments use the space inside the choke body after the choke bonnet has been removed and the choke withdrawn. However, it may still be desirable to be able to use a choke to control the fluid flow. Optionally, a replacement choke is provided on the frame, the replacement choke being connectable to the conduit system. Embodiments of the invention can be used for both recovery of production fluids and injection of fluids. According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of connecting a processing apparatus to a subsea wellbore, the wellbore having a manifold and a choke body, the method comprising: landing a frame on the manifold and connecting a conduit system between the choke body and the processing apparatus, the frame supporting a conduit means of the conduit system; wherein the frame comprises at least one frame member that is landed on the manifold in a first connection stage, and wherein the conduit means is brought into fluid communication with the interior of the choke body in a second connection stage. The method typically includes the initial steps of removing the choke bonnet and connecting the secondary conduit to interior of the choke body. The choke bonnet is removed and the secondary conduit may be installed by choke bonnet changing equipment (e.g. the third embodiment). Alternatively, the secondary conduit may be supported on the lower frame member and may be installed when the lower frame member is landed on the manifold (e.g. the first embodiment). According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for connecting to a subsea wellbore, the wellbore having a manifold and a choke body, the apparatus comprising: a frame having a conduit system, the frame being adapted to land on the tree, the conduit system including a first end which is adapted to connect to the choke body such that the conduit is in fluid communication with the interior of the choke body, and a second end connectable to a processing apparatus; wherein the frame comprises buffering means adapted to buffer the connection between the first end of the conduit system and the choke body. In the first embodiment, the buffering means may be provided by the adjustable stop means, which provide structural load paths from the upper frame member through the lower frame member and tree frame to the tree and the wellhead on which the tree is mounted which avoid structural loads passing through the mandrel to the choke body. In the second embodiment, the buffering means is typically provided by the arrangement of the upper and lower frame members, the upper frame member being moveable to lower the mandrel (the conduit means) into connection with the choke body in a controlled manner, only after the frame has been landed. In the third embodiment, the buffering means may be provided by the flexible portion of the conduit means, which allows movement of the conduit end that connects to the secondary conduit. Therefore, the connection end of the conduit means will not heavily impact into the secondary conduit as it is able to deflect as necessary, using the flexibility of the conduit means, and can optionally be manoeuvred for even greater control (e.g. by an actuating mechanism). According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for connecting to a subsea wellbore, the wellbore having a manifold and a choke body, the apparatus comprising: a frame adapted to land on the manifold; a conduit system having a first end for connection to the choke body and a second end for connection to a processing apparatus; wherein at least a part of the conduit system is supported by the frame; wherein the conduit system comprises at least one flexible conduit having an end that is moveable relative to the frame to make up a communication between the processing apparatus and the choke body. In such embodiments, the end of the flexible conduit can deflect if it impacts with the choke body (or any secondary conduit extending from the choke body). Thus in such embodiments, the flexible conduit ensures that the load carried by the frame is not transferred to the choke body. Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, and with reference to the following drawings, in which:— FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a subsea tree assembly, partially in section, and showing an apparatus for connecting a flow interface to a subsea wellbore; FIG. 2 is an enlarged view, partially in section, of a choke body of the tree assembly and a lower portion of a mandrel of the apparatus of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a top view of the tree frame of FIG. 1, with the connecting apparatus for the flow interface device removed; FIG. 4 is a top view of a lower frame member of the connecting apparatus of FIG. 1; FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the lower frame member of FIG. 4, taken along the line 5-5 of FIG. 4; FIG. 6 is a top view of an upper frame member of the connecting apparatus of FIG. 1; FIG. 7 is a partially sectioned view of the upper frame member of FIG. 6, taken along the line 7-7 of FIG. 6; FIG. 8 is a schematic view of an alternate embodiment of a connecting system, shown prior to landing on the subsea tree assembly; FIG. 9 is a schematic view of the mounting system of FIG. 8, with a lower frame member of the connecting system landed on the subsea tree assembly and the upper frame member in an upper position; FIG. 10 is a schematic view of the subsea tree assembly and the connecting system of FIG. 8, with the upper frame member in a lower position; FIG. 11 is a side view with interior details of a third embodiment of the invention; FIG. 12 is an enlarged view in cross-section of a portion A of the FIG. 11 embodiment; FIG. 13 is a plan view of the FIG. 11 embodiment; FIG. 14 shows a series of views with cross-sectional details showing the FIG. 11 apparatus being installed on a manifold; FIG. 15 shows an enlarged view of FIG. 14D; FIG. 16 shows a side view of an embodiment similar to that of FIG. 11, the frame also supporting a replacement choke; and FIG. 17 shows an alternative embodiment similar to that of FIG. 16, wherein an actuating means is provided to control the movement of a conduit means. Referring to FIG. 1, production assembly 11 in this example includes a subsea Christmas tree 13. Christmas tree 13 is a tubular member with a tree connector 15 on its lower end that connects to a wellhead housing (not shown) located on the sea floor. Tree 13 may be conventional, having a vertical bore with a master valve 17 and a swab valve 19. A production passage in tree 13 leads laterally to a production wing valve 21. Tree 13 may be either a type having a tubing hanger landed within, or it may be a type in which the tubing hanger lands in the wellhead housing below the tree. A production choke body or receptacle 23 mounts to production wing valve 21. Choke body 23 comprises a housing for a choke insert (not shown) that is adjustable to create a back pressure and a desired flow rate. Choke body 23 connects to a production flow line 25 that leads to sea floor processing equipment or directly to a production facility at sea level. After being installed with a pressure intensifier, as will be subsequently explained, a choke insert may not be required. One use for the connecting apparatus of this invention is to retrofit existing trees that have previously operated without a pressure intensifier. Tree 13 may also have an annulus valve 27 that communicates with a tubing annulus passage (not shown) in the well. An annulus choke 29 connects to annulus valve 27 for controlling a flow rate either into or out of the tubing annulus. Annulus choke 29 is normally located on a side of production assembly opposite production choke body 23. Annulus choke 29 has a body with a choke insert similar to production choke body 23. A tree cap 31 releasably mounts to the upper end of tree 13. A tree frame 33 extends around tree 13 for mounting various associated equipment and providing protection to tree 13 if snagged by fishing nets. Tree frame 33 is structurally connected to the body of tree 13, such that weight imposed on tree frame transfers to tree 13 and from there to the wellhead housing (not shown) on which tree 13 is mounted. Tree frame 33 has an upper frame member portion or plate 35 that in this instance is located above swab valve 19 and below tree cap 31. Upper plate 35 surrounds tree 13, as shown in FIG. 3, and is generally rectangular in configuration. Tree frame upper plate 35 has a cutout 36 that provides vertical access to choke body 23 and a cutout 38 that provides vertical access to annulus choke 29. As shown in FIG. 3, preferably tree frame upper plate 35 has a plurality of guide members 37. Guide members 37 may vary in typer and prior to retrofitting with a pressure intensifier, were used to land equipment for retrieving and replacing the choke insert (not shown) in choke body 23 and in annulus choke 29. Although some subsea trees do not have any type of guide members, many do, particularly trees installed during the past 10-15 years. In this example, each guide member 37 comprises an upward facing cylinder with an open top. Guide members 37 are mounted in pairs in this example with a locking member 39 located between them. Locking member 39 has a latch that latches onto a locking member inserted from above. Four separate sets of guide members 37 are shown in FIG. 3, with one set located on opposite sides of cutout 36 and the other sets on opposite sides of cutout 38. FIG. 3 also shows a control pod receptacle 40 that may be conventional. Control pod receptacle 40 has guide members 37 and locking members 39 for landing an electrical and hydraulic control pod (not shown) lowered from sea level. A plurality of guide posts 41 are located adjacent sides of tree frame 33. Typically, each guide post 41 is located at a corner of tree frame 33, which is generally rectangular in configuration. Only one guide post 41 is shown in FIG. 1, but the other three are the same in appearance. The existing guide posts 41 likely may not be long enough for the retrofit of a pressure intensifier in accordance with this invention. If so, a guide post extension 42 is installed over each guide post 41, and becomes a part of each guide post 41. Guide post extensions 42 protrude upward past tree cap 31. A guideline 43 with a socket on its lower end slides over and connects to each guide post 41 or guide post extension 42, if such are used. Guidelines 43 extend upward to a platform or workover vessel at sea level. Still referring to FIG. 1, a flow interface device lower frame member 45 lands on and is supported by tree frame upper plate 35. In this embodiment, lower frame member 45 is a flat generally rectangular member, as shown in FIG. 4, but it need not be a flat plate. A mandrel 47 is secured to one side of lower frame member 45. Mandrel 47 has a tubular lower portion with a flange 49 that abuts and seals to a mating flange on choke body 23. Alternatively, mandrel 47 could be positioned on an opposite edge of lower frame member 45 and mate with the body of annulus choke 29, rather than choke body 23. A clamp 51 locks flange 49 to the flange of choke body 23. Clamp 51 is preferably the same apparatus that previously clamped the choke insert (not shown) into choke body 23 when production assembly 11 was being operated without a pressure intensifier. Clamp 51 is preferably actuated with an ROV (remote operated vehicle) to release and actuate clamp 51. Referring to FIG. 2, mandrel 47 has a lower bore that aligns with choke body vertical bore 53. A retrievable plug 55 is shown installed within a lower portion of choke vertical bore 53. A lateral passage 57 leads from choke body vertical bore 53 above plug 55 to production wing valve 21 (FIG. 1). Plug 55 prevents fluid flowing down through mandrel 47 from entering flow line 25. Some installations have a valve in flow line 25 downstream of choke body 23. If so, plug 55 is not required. Referring to FIG. 5, lower frame member 45 has a plurality of guide members 67 on its lower side that mate with guide members 37 of tree frame upper plate 35 as show in FIG. 3. Only one of the sets of guide members 67 is shown, and they are shown in a schematic form. Furthermore, a locking member 69 protrudes downward from lower frame member 45 for locking engagement with one of the locking members (FIG. 3) of tree frame upper plate 35. Lock member 69 is also shown schematically. Other types of locks are feasible. Lower frame member 45 also has guide post sockets 71, each preferably being a hollow tube with a downward facing funnel on its lower end. Guide post sockets 71 slide over guide lines 43 (FIG. 1) and guide posts 41 or extensions 42. Guide posts 41 or their extensions 42 provide a gross alignment of mandrel 47 with choke body 23 (FIG. 1). Guides 67 and 37 (FIG. 1) provide finer alignment of mandrel with choke body 23 (FIG. 1). Referring still to FIG. 5, lower frame member 45 also preferably has a plurality of upward facing guide members 75. In this example, guide members 75 are the same type as guide members 37 (FIG. 3), being upward facing cylinders with open tops. Other types of guide members may be utilized as well. In this instance, preferably there are four sets of guide members 75, with each set comprising two guide members 75 with a locking member 77 located between as shown in FIG. 4. Guide members 75 are located in vertical alignment with guide members 37 (FIG. 3), but could be positioned elsewhere. Lower frame member 45 also has a cutout 79 on one side for providing vertical access to annulus choke 29 (FIG. 3). An adjustment mechanism or mechanisms (not shown) may extend between lower frame member 45 and tree frame upper plate 37 to assure that the weight on lower frame member 45 transfers to tree frame upper plate 37 and not through mandrel 47 to choke body 23. While the lower end of mandrel 47 does abut the upper end of choke body 23, preferably, very little if any downward load due to any weight on lower frame member 45 passes down mandrel 47 to choice body 23. Applying a heavy load to choke body 23 could create excessive bending moments on the connection of production wing valve 21 to the body of tree 13. The adjustment mechanisms may comprise adjustable stops on the lower side of lower frame member 45 that contact the upper side of tree frame upper plate 37 to provide a desired minimum distance between lower frame member 45 and upper plate 37. The minimum distance would assure that the weight on lower frame member 45 transfers to tree upper plate 35, and from there through tree frame 33 to tree 13 and the wellhead housing on which tree 13 is supported. The adjustment mechanisms could be separate from locking devices 69 or incorporated with them. Referring to FIG. 1, after lower frame member 45 lands and locks to tree frame upper plate 35, an upper frame member 81 is lowered, landed, and locked to lower frame member 45. Upper frame member 81 is also preferably a generally rectangular plate, but it could be configured in other shapes. Upper frame member 81 has a mandrel connector 83 mounted on an upper side. Mandrel connector 83 slides over mandrel 47 while landing. A locking member 85, which could either be a set of dogs or a split ring, engages a grooved profile on the exterior of mandrel 47. Locking member 85 locks connector 83 to mandrel 47. A hydraulic actuator 87 strokes locking member 85 between the locked and released positions. Preferably, mandrel connector 83 also has a manual actuator 89 for access by an ROV in the event of failure of hydraulic actuator 87. A manifold 91 is a part of or mounted to an upper inner portion of mandrel connector 83. Manifold 91 has a passage 93 that sealingly registers with mandrel passage 52. As shown by the dotted lines, a motor 95, preferably electrical, is mounted on upper frame member 81. A filter 97 is located within an intake line 98 of a subsea pump 99. Motor 95 drives pump 99, and the intake in this example is in communication with sea water. Pump 99 has an outlet line 101 that leads to passage 93 of manifold 91. As shown in FIG. 6, upper frame member 81 has four guide post sockets 103 for sliding down guidelines (FIG. 1) and onto the upper portions of guide posts 41 or guide post extensions 42. Upper frame member 81 has downward extending guide members 105 that mate with upward extending guide members 75 of lower frame member 45, as shown in FIG. 7. Locking members 107 mate with locking members 77 (FIG. 4) of lower frame member 45. Upper frame member 81 has a central hole 109 for access to tree cap 31 (FIG. 1). Adjustable mechanisms or stops (not shown) may also extend between lower frame member 45 and upper frame member 81 to provide a minimum distance between them when landed. The minimum distance is selected to prevent the weight of pump 99 and motor 95 from transmitting through mandrel connector 83 to mandrel 47 and choke body 23. Rather, the load path for the weight is from upper frame member 81 through lower frame member 45 and tree frame upper plate 35 to tree 13 and the wellhead housing on which it is supported. The load path for the weight on upper frame member 81 does not pass to choke body 23 or through guide posts 41. The adjustable stops could be separate from locking devices 107 or incorporated with them. In the operation of this example, production assembly 11 may have been operating for some time either as a producing well, or an injection well with fluid delivered from a pump at a sea level platform. Also, production assembly 11 could be a new installation. Lower frame member 45, upper frame member 81 and the associated equipment would originally not be located on production assembly 11. If production assembly 11 were formerly a producing well, a choke insert (not shown) would have been installed within choke body 23. To install pressure intensifier 99, the operator would attach guide post extensions 42, if necessary, and extend guidelines 43 to the surface vessel or platform. The operator removes the choke insert in a conventional manner by a choke retrieval tool (not shown) that interfaces with the two sets of guide members 37 adjacent cutout 36 (FIG. 3). If production assembly 11 lacks a valve on flow line 25, the operator lowers a plug installation tool on guidelines 43 and installs a plug 55. The operator then lowers lower frame member 45 along guidelines 43 and over guide posts 41. While landing, guide members 67 and lock members 69 (FIG. 5) slidingly engage upward facing guide members 37 and locking members 39 (FIG. 1). The engagement of guide members 37 and 67 provides fine alignment for mandrel 47 as it engages choke body 23. Then, clamp 51 is actuated to connect the lower end of mandrel 47 to choke body 23. The operator then lowers upper frame member 81, including pump 99, which has been installed at the surface on upper frame member 81. Upper frame member 81 slides down guidelines 43 and over guide posts 41 or their extensions 42. After manifold 91 engages mandrel 47, connector 83 is actuated to lock manifold 91 to mandrel 47. Electrical power for pump motor 95 may be provided by an electrical wet-mate connector (not shown) that engages a portion of the control pod (not shown), or in some other manner. If the control pod did not have such a wet mate connector, it could be retrieved to the surface and provided with one. Once installed, with valves 17 and 21 open, sea water is pumped by pump 99 through outlet line 101, and flow passages 93, 52 (FIG. 2) into production wing valve 21. The sea water flows down the well and into the formation for water flood purposes. If repair or replacement of pressure intensifier 99 is required, it can be retrieved along with upper frame member 81 without disturbing lower frame member 45. An alternate embodiment is shown in FIGS. 8-10. Components that are the same as in the first embodiment are numbered the same. The mounting system has a lower frame member or frame portion 111 and an upper frame member or frame portion 113. Jack mechanisms, such as hydraulic cylinders 115, extend between lower and upper frame members 111, 113. Hydraulic cylinders 115 move upper frame member 113 relative to lower frame member 111 from an upper position, shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, to a lower position, shown in FIG. 10. Lower frame member 111 preferably has guide members on its lower side for engaging upward facing guides on tree frame upper plate 35, although they are not shown in the drawings. Mandrel 117 is rigidly mounted to upper frame member 113 in this embodiment and has a manifold portion on its upper end that connects to outlet line 101, which in turn leads from pressure intensifier or pump 99. Mandrel 117 is positioned over or within a hole 118 in lower frame member 111. When upper frame member 113 moves to the lower position, shown in FIG. 10, mandrel 117 extends down into engagement with the receptacle of choke body 23. In the operation of the second embodiment, pressure intensifier 99 is mounted to upper frame member 113, and upper and lower frame members 113, 111 are lowered as a unit. Hydraulic cylinders 115 will support upper frame member 113 in the upper position. Guidelines 43 and guide posts 41 guide the assembly onto tree frame upper plate 35, as shown in FIG. 9. Guide members (not shown) provide fine alignment of lower frame member 111 as it lands on tree frame upper plate 35. The lower end of mandrel 117 will be spaced above choke body 23. Then hydraulic cylinders 115 allow upper frame member 113 to move downward slowly. Mandrel 117 engages choke body 23, and clamp 51 is actuated to clamp mandrel 117 to choke body 23. Locks (not shown) lock lower and upper frame members 111, 113 to the tree frame of tree 13. FIGS. 11 to 13 show a third embodiment of the invention. FIG. 11 shows a manifold in the form of a subsea Christmas tree 200. The tree 200 has a production wing branch 202, a choke body 204, from which the choke has been removed, and a flowpath leading to a production wing outlet 206. The tree has an upper plate 207 on which are mounted four “John Brown” feet 208 (two shown) and four guide legs 210. The guide legs 210 extend vertically upwards from the tree upper plate 207. The tree also supports a control module 205. FIGS. 11 and 13 also show a frame 220 (e.g. a skid) located on the tree 200. The frame 220 has a base that comprises three elongate members 222 which are cross-linked by perpendicular bars 224 such that the base has a grid-like structure. Further cross-linking arched members 226 connect the outermost of the bars 222, the arched members 226 curving up and over the base of the frame 220. Located at approximately the four corners of the frame 220 are guide funnels 230 attached to the base of the frame 220 on arms 228. The guide funnels 230 are adapted to receive the guide legs 210 to provide a first (relatively course) alignment means. The frame 220 is also provided with four “John Brown” legs 232, which extend vertically downwards from the base of the frame 220 so that they engage the John Brown feet 208 of the tree 200. A processing apparatus in the form of a pump 234 is mounted on the frame 200. The pump 234 has an outlet and inlet, to which respective flexible conduits 236, 238 are attached. The flexible conduits 236, 238 curve in a plane parallel to the base of the frame 220, forming a partial loop that curves around the pump 234 (best shown in FIG. 13). After nearly a complete loop, the flexible conduits 236, 238 are bent vertically downwards, where they connect to an inlet and an outlet of a piping interface 240 (to be described in more detail below). The piping interface 240 is therefore suspended from the pump 234 on the frame 220 by the flexible conduits 236, 238, and is not rigidly fixed relative to the frame 220. Because of the flexibility of the conduits 236, 238, the piping interface 240 can move both in the plane of the base of the frame 220 (i.e. in the horizontal plane of FIG. 11) and in the direction perpendicular to this plane (vertically in FIG. 11). In this embodiment, the conduits 236, 238 are typically steel pipes, and the flexibility is due to the curved shape of the conduits 236, 238, and their respective single points of suspension from the pump 234, but the conduits could equally be made from an inherently flexible material or incorporate other resilient means. A secondary conduit 250 is connected to the choke body 204, as best shown in FIG. 15. The secondary conduit 250 comprises a housing 252 in which an inner member 254 is supported. The inner member 254 has a cylindrical bore 256 extending therethrough, which defines a first flow region that communicates with the production wing outlet 206. The annulus 258 between the inner cylindrical member 254 and the housing 252 defines a second flow region that communicates with the production wing branch 202. The upper portion of the secondary conduit 250 is solid (not shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 15) and connects the inner member 254 to the housing 252; the solid upper portion has a series of bores therethrough in its outer circumference, which provides a continuation of the annulus 258. The inner member 254 comprises two portions, for ease of manufacture, which are screwed together before the secondary conduit 250 is connected to the choke body 204. The inner member 254 is longer than the housing 252, and extends into the choke body 204 to a point below the production wing branch 202. The end of the inner member 254 is provided with a seal 259, which seals in the choke body 204 to prevent direct flow between the first and second flow regions. The secondary conduit 250 is clamped to the choke body 204 by a clamp 262 (see FIG. 12) that is typically the same clamp as would normally clamp the choke in the choke body 204. The clamp 262 is operable by an ROV. Also shown in FIG. 15 is a detailed view of the piping interface 240; the FIG. 15 view shows the piping interface 240 before connection with the secondary conduit 250. The piping interface comprises a housing 242 in which is supported an inner member 244. The inner member has a cylindrical bore 246, an upper end of which is in communication with the flexible conduit 238. An annulus 248 is defined between the housing 242 and the inner member 244, the upper end of which is connected to the flexible conduit 236. The piping interface 240 and the secondary conduit 250 have co-operating engaging surfaces; in particular the inner member 254 of the secondary conduit 250 is shaped to stab inside the inner member 244 of the piping interface 240. The outer surfaces of the housings 242, 252 are adapted to receive a clamp 260, which clamps these surfaces together. The piping interface 240 is shown connected to the secondary conduit 250 in the views of FIGS. 11 and 12. As shown in FIG. 12, the inner member 254 of the secondary conduit 250 is stabbed inside the inner member 244 of the piping interface 240, and the clamp 260 clamps the housings 242, 252 together. The cylindrical bores 256, 246 are therefore connected together, as are the annuli 248, 258. Therefore, the cylindrical bores 256 and 246 form a first flowpath which connects the flexible conduit 238 to the production wing outlet 206, and the annuli 248 and 258 form a second flowpath which connects the production wing branch 202 to the flexible conduit 236. A method of connecting the pump 234 to the choke body 204 will now be described with reference to FIG. 14. FIG. 14A shows the tree 200 before connection of the pump 234, with a choke C installed in the choke body 204. The production wing valve is closed and the choke C is removed, as shown in FIG. 14B, to allow access to the interior of the choke body 204. This is typically done using conventional choke change out tooling (not shown). FIG. 14C shows the secondary conduit 250 being lowered onto the choke body 204. This can also be done using the same choke change out tooling. The secondary conduit 250 is clamped onto the choke body 204 by an ROV operating clamp 262. FIG. 14D shows the secondary conduit 250 having landed on and engaged with the choke body 204, and the piping interface 240 being subsequently lowered to connect to the piping interface 240. FIG. 15 shows a magnified version of FIG. 14D for greater clarity. The landing stage of FIG. 14D comprises a two-stage process. In the first stage, the frame 220 carrying the pump 234 is landed on the tree 200. The guide funnels 230 of the frame receive the guide legs 210 of the tree 200 to provide a first, relatively coarse alignment. The John Brown legs 232 of the frame engage the John Brown feet 208 of the tree 200 to provide a more precise alignment. In the second stage, the piping interface 240 is brought into engagement with the secondary conduit 250 and the clamp 260 is applied to fix the connection. The two-stage connection process provides protection of the mating surfaces of the secondary conduit 250 and the piping interface 240, and it also protects the choke 204; particularly the mating surface of the choke 204. Instead of landing the frame and connecting the piping interface 240 and secondary conduit in a single movement, which could damage the connection between the piping interface 240 and the secondary conduit 250 and which could also damage the choke 204, the two-stage connection facilitates a controlled, buffered connection. The piping interface 240 being suspended on the curved flexible conduits 236, 238 allows the piping interface 240 to move in all three spatial dimensions; hence the flexible conduits 236, 238 provide a resilient suspension for the piping interface on the pump 234. If the piping interface 240 is not initially accurately aligned with the secondary conduit 250, the resilience of the flexible conduits 236, 238 allows the piping interface 240 to deflect laterally, instead of damaging the mating surfaces of the piping interface 240 and the secondary conduit 250. Hence, the flexible conduits 236, 238 provide a buffering means to protect the mating surfaces. A slightly modified version of the third embodiment is shown in FIG. 16. The piping interface 240, the secondary conduit 250 and the tree 200 are exactly the same as the FIG. 11 embodiment, and like parts are designated by like numbers. The piping interface 240 and the secondary conduit 250 are installed on the tree as described for the FIG. 11 embodiment. However, in contrast with the FIG. 15 embodiment, the FIG. 16 embodiment comprises a frame 320 that does not carry a pump. Instead, the frame 320 is provided with two flow hubs 322 (only one shown) that are connected to respective jumpers leading to a processing apparatus remote from the tree. This connection is typically done as a final step, after the frame has landed on the tree and the connection between the piping interface 240 and the secondary conduit 250 has been made up. The processing apparatus could be a pump installed on a further subsea structure, for example a suction pile. A replacement choke 324 is also provided on the frame, which replaces the choke that has been removed from the choke body 204 to allow for insertion of the inner member 254 of the secondary conduit 250 into the choke body 204. The replacement choke 324 is connected to one of the hubs 322 and to one of the flexible conduits 236, The other of the flexible conduits 236, 238 is connected to the other hub 322. The FIG. 16 frame is provided with a guide pipe 324 that extends perpendicularly to the plane of the frame 320. The guide pipe 324 has a hollow bore and extends downwards from the frame 320, surrounding the piping interface 240 and the vertical portion of at least one (and optionally both) of the flexible conduits 236, 238; the guide pipe 324 has a lateral aperture to allow the conduits 236, 238 to enter the bore. The guide pipe 324 thus provides a guide for the piping interface 240 which protects it from damage from accidental impact with the tree 200, since if the frame 320 is misaligned, the guide pipe 324 with impact the tree frame, instead of the piping interface 240. In an alternative embodiment, the guide pipe 324 could be replaced by guide members such as the guide funnels and John Brown legs of the FIG. 11 embodiment. In further embodiments, both the guide pipe 324 and these further guide members may be provided. In use, the well fluids flow through the choke body 240, through the annuli 258, 248, through flexible conduit 238 into one of the hubs 322, through a first jumper conduit, through the processing apparatus (e.g. a pump) through a second jumper conduit, through the other of the hubs 322, through the replacement choke 324, through the flexible conduit 236 through the bores 246, 256 and to the production wing outlet 206. Alternatively, the flow direction could be reversed to inject fluids into the well. A further alternative embodiment is shown in FIG. 17. This embodiment is very similar to the FIG. 16 embodiment, and like parts are designated with like numbers. In the FIG. 17 embodiment, the second hub 322 is also shown. In this embodiment, the guide pipe 324 surrounds only the flexible conduit 238, the other flexible conduit 236 only entering the guide pipe at the connection to the piping interface 240. The principal difference between the embodiments of FIGS. 17 and 16 is the provision of an actuating means, which connects the flexible conduit 238 to the frame to control the movement of the flexible conduit 238 and hence the position of the piping interface 240. The actuating means has the form of a hydraulic cylinder, more specifically, a swivel eye mounting hydraulic cylinder 326. The hydraulic cylinder 326 comprises two spherical joints, which allow the lower end of the hydraulic cylinder to swing in a plane parallel to the plane of the frame 320 (the X-Y plane of FIG. 17). The spherical joints typically comprise spherical eye bushes. The swivel joints typically allow rotation of the hydraulic cylinder around its longitudinal axis by a total of approximately 180 degrees. The swivel joints also typically allow a swing of plus or minus ten degrees in both the X and Y directions. Hence, the hydraulic cylinder 326 does not fix the position of the flexible conduit 238 rigidly with respect to the frame 320, and does not impede the flexible conduit 238 from allowing the piping interface 240 to move in all three dimensions. FIG. 17A shows the hydraulic cylinder 236 in a retracted position for landing the frame 320 on the tree 200 or for removing the frame 320 from the tree 200. In this retracted position, the flexible conduit 238 holds the piping interface 240 above the secondary conduit 250 so that it cannot engage or impact with the secondary 25G during landing. To make up the connection between the piping interface 240 and the secondary conduit 250, the hydraulic cylinder is extended; the extended position is shown in FIG. 17B. In the extended position, the piping interface 240 now engages the secondary conduit 250. The pressure in the hydraulic cylinder 326 is now released to allow the clamp 260 to be actuated. The clamp 260 is actuated by an ROV, and pulls the piping interface 240 into even closer contact with the secondary conduit 250 to hold these components firmly together. This invention has significant advantages. In the first embodiment, the lower frame member and mandrel are much lighter in weight and less bulky than the upper frame member and pump assembly. Consequently, it is easier to guide the mandrel into engagement with the choke body than it would be if the entire assembly were joined together and lowered as one unit. Once the lower frame member is installed, the upper frame member and pump assembly can be lowered with a lesser chance of damage to the subsea equipment. The upper end of the mandrel is rugged and strong enough to withstand accidental impact by the upper frame member. The two-step process thus makes installation much easier. The optional guide members further provide fine alignment to avoid damage to seating surfaces. The movable upper and lower frame members of the mounting system of the second embodiment avoid damage to the seating surfaces of the mandrel and the receptacle. While the invention has been shown in only a few of its forms, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that it is not so limited but is susceptible to various changes without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, although shown in connection with a subsea tree assembly, the mounting apparatus could be installed on other subsea structures, such as a manifold or gathering assembly. Also, the flow interface device mounted to the upper frame member could be a compressor for compressing gas, a flow meter for measuring the flow rate of the subsea well, or some other device. In the third embodiment, protection of the connection between the piping interface 240 and the secondary conduit 250 is achieved by the two-step connection process. Additional buffering is provided by the flexible conduits 236, 238, which allow resilient support of the piping interface 240 relative to the pump/the frame, allowing the piping interface 240 to move in all three dimensions. In some embodiments, even greater control and buffering are achieved using an actuation means to more precisely control the location of the piping interface 240 and its connection with the secondary conduit 250. Improvements and modifications can be incorporated without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, it should be noted that the arrangement of the flowpaths in FIGS. 11 to 17 are just one example configuration and that alternative arrangements could be made. For example, in FIG. 16, the replacement choke could be located in the flowpaths before the first flow hub, so that the fluids pass through the choke before being diverted to the remote processing apparatus. The replacement choke could be located at any suitable point in the flowpaths. Furthermore, in all embodiments, the flowpaths may be reversed, to allow both recovery and injection of fluids. In the third embodiment, the flow directions in the flexible conduits 236, 238 (and in the rest of the apparatus) would be reversed. A replacement choke 324 could also be used in the other embodiments, as described for the FIG. 16 embodiment. The replacement choke 234 need not be provided on the frame. All embodiments of the invention could be provided with a guide pipe, such as that shown in FIG. 16. In alternative embodiments, the actuating means of FIG. 17 is not necessarily a swivel eye mounting hydraulic cylinder 326. In other embodiments, the hydraulic cylinder may only have a single swivelable connection, and in other embodiments, the hydraulic cylinder could have a reduced or even almost no range of movement in the X-Y plane. In further embodiments, this hydraulic cylinder could be replaced by a simple cable in the form of a string, which is attached to a part of the flexible conduit 238. The flexible conduit 238 could then simply be raised and lowered as desired by pulling and releasing the tension in the cable. In a further embodiment, the hydraulic cylinder could be replaced by a screw jack, also known as a power jack, a first screw member of the screw jack being attached to the frame, and a second screw member being coupled to the flexible conduit 238. Operating the screw jack also raises and lowers the end of the conduit means, as desired. Although the above disclosures principally refer to the production wing branch and the production choke, the invention could equally be applied to a choke body of the annulus wing branch. In the FIG. 11 embodiment, either of the conduits 236, 238 could be attached to the inlet and the outlet of the pump 234 and either may be attached to the inlet and the outlet of the piping interface 240. Many different types of processing apparatus could be used. Typically, the processing apparatus comprises at least one of: a pump; a process fluid turbine; injection apparatus; chemical injection apparatus; a fluid riser; measurement apparatus; temperature measurement apparatus; flow rate measurement apparatus; constitution measurement apparatus; consistency measurement apparatus; gas separation apparatus; water separation apparatus; solids separation apparatus; and hydrocarbon separation apparatus. The processing apparatus could comprise a pump or process fluid turbine, for boosting the pressure of the fluid. Alternatively, or additionally, the processing apparatus could inject gas, steam, sea water, drill cuttings or waste material into the fluids. The injection of gas could be advantageous, as it would give the fluids “lift”, making them easier to pump. The addition of steam has the effect of adding energy to the fluids. Injecting sea water into a well could be useful to boost the formation pressure for recovery of hydrocarbons from the well, and to maintain the pressure in the underground formation against collapse. Also, injecting waste gases or drill cuttings etc into a well obviates the need to dispose of these at the surface, which can prove expensive and environmentally damaging. The processing apparatus could also enable chemicals to be added to the fluids, e.g. viscosity moderators, which thin out the fluids, making them easier to pump, or pipe skin friction moderators, which minimise the friction between the fluids and the pipes. Further examples of chemicals which could be injected are surfactants, refrigerants, and well fracturing chemicals. The processing apparatus could also comprise injection water electrolysis equipment. The processing apparatus could also comprise a fluid riser, which could provide an alternative route between the well bore and the surface. This could be very useful if, for example, the flowline 206 becomes blocked. Alternatively, processing apparatus could comprise separation equipment e.g. for separating gas, water, sand/debris and/or hydrocarbons. The separated component(s) could be siphoned off via one or more additional process conduits. The processing apparatus could alternatively or additionally include measurement apparatus, e.g. for measuring the temperature/flow rate/constitution/consistency, etc. The temperature could then be compared to temperature readings taken from the bottom of the well to calculate the temperature change in produced fluids. Furthermore, the processing apparatus could include injection water electrolysis equipment.

20071213

20111129

20090129

93422.0

E21B33035

SAYRE, JAMES G

CONNECTION SYSTEM FOR SUBSEA FLOW INTERFACE EQUIPMENT

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

E21B

ACCEPTED

Frictional Pivots for Gravitational Alignment

A frictional pivot 100 for use in a device measuring gravitational alignment is provided. The frictional pivot 100 comprises a gravity-responsive directional means 200 for indicating a datum direction of alignment with gravity; frictional pivoting means 300, 400 for allowing the gravity-responsive means coarsely to align with gravity; vibration means 303, 403 for vibrating one or more elements of the pivoting means; and portable power means 303a for powering the vibration means 303, 403.

1. A frictional pivot comprising: gravity-responsive directional means for indicating a datum direction of alignment with gravity; frictional pivoting means for allowing the gravity-responsive means coarsely to align with gravity; vibration means for vibrating one or more elements of the pivoting means; and portable power means for powering the vibration means. 2. A frictional pivot according to claim 1, wherein the length and frequency of occurrence of vibration produced by the vibrating means are controlled by manual switches or electronic timing circuitry. 3. A frictional pivot according to claim 1, wherein the gravity responsive directional means is a weighted pendulous arm orthogonally attached to a pivotable shaft. 4. A frictional according to claim 1, wherein the gravity responsive directional means is an eccentrically weighted element orthogonally attached to a pivotable shaft. 5. A frictional pivot according to claim 3, wherein the frictional pivoting means are two opposing plates of a flexible material which are held apart at a predetermined distance by being rigidly attached to a case, and conical ends of the shaft are located in conical depressions in the two opposing plates. 6. A frictional pivot according to claim 1, wherein the vibration means is a low-voltage electric motor with an axially attached eccentric weight. 7. A frictional pivot according to claim 5, wherein one or both of the two opposing plates are slugs of material with conical depressions and the slugs are axially movable relative to the pivotable shaft and held against the ends of the shaft by leaf or helical springs. 8. A laser referencing tool having a frictional pivot according to claim 1. 9. A laser referencing tool according to claim 7, wherein the gravity responsive directional means is an accentrically weighted element orthogonally attached to a pivotable shaft. 10. A laser referencing tool according to claim 8, further comprising an eccentrically weighted cylindrical housing frictionally attached about a common axis to another cylindrical housing, the second housing containing laser projecting means. 11. A laser referencing tool according to claim 10, wherein a reference point indicating gravitational alignment is a mark on the circumference of the weighted housing, with other marks spaced at regular angular intervals on the circumference of the second housing indicating the angular displacement of the laser projecting means away from the gravitational vertical. 12. A laser referencing tool according to claim 10, wherein the vibrating means is within one or both of the cylindrical housing.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to devices containing frictional pivots in general, and more particularly but not necessarily to devices such as laser levels, which rely on frictional pivots for gravitational alignment of pendulous components about an axis. The accuracy of such a device depends upon the accuracy with which the pendulous components align with gravity. Any misalignment leads to inaccuracy in the device. Friction in the point or points about which the pendulous components pivot is the chief cause of this misalignment. Conventionally, this problem is addressed by reducing friction in the pivot by employing such means as lubrication or precision roller bearings. Unfortunately, this conventional solution generates further problems, one of which is that as friction is reduced in the pivot, so the pendulous components take longer to stop oscillating and come to rest. As accurate readings cannot be taken until the pendulous components come to rest, the lower the friction of the bearing, the longer the user must wait before taking a reading and therefore the more inconvenient it is to use the device. The conventional solution to this problem is to apply damping means to reduce the oscillations. A further problem with very low-friction pivots is that the pendulous components are easily disturbed by stray environmental influences, setting up further oscillations of the pendulous components, incurring further delays in readings and inconvenience to the user. Thus it can be seen that the conventional solution to the problem of inaccuracy caused by misalignment leads to expensive and complicated solutions which generate further problems necessitating more expense and complication in their solution. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The principal object of this invention is to address all of these problems simply and economically without generating further problems. To see how this may be done, first consider the forces at work in a simple rigid pendulum, having a weight at one end and a pivot at the other. When released from a position in which the weight is not gravitationally aligned, the gravitational restoring force causes a downward swing of the pendulum. The pendulum passes through the point of gravitational alignment and continues on an upward swing, slowing down as friction in the pivot and gravity act upon the pendulum, reducing its velocity until the angular momentum is zero and the pendulum stops, very briefly, at the top of its swing. If the gravitational restoring force is greater than the static friction in the pivot, then the pendulum will repeat this cycle. If not, then the pendulum will remain motionless. The reason for this lies in the fact that, when the pendulum is moving, its movement is resisted by the dynamic or rolling friction in the pivot. At the end of the pendulum's swing, before it reverses direction, it comes to a halt, and, at that point the resistance to any further movement is due not to dynamic friction, but to static friction. Static friction is considerably higher than dynamic friction at this point. The pendulum will always stop at the end of a cycle and that point will always be beyond the point of gravitational alignment. The distance between these two points will be proportional to the friction in the pivot and will represent the ultimate accuracy of the device relying upon this alignment. With a high-friction pivot this accuracy will be poor. With a low-friction pivot, the accuracy of alignment will be better, but the lower friction in the bearing will mean an increased number of oscillations of the pendulum leading to a delay in the pendulum coming to rest. The present invention addresses these problems simply and inexpensively by employing a pivot which is designed to be deliberately and controllably frictional. According to the present invention, a frictional pivot comprises gravity-responsive directional means for indicating a datum direction of alignment with gravity, frictional pivoting means for allowing the gravity-responsive means coarsely to align with gravity, vibration means for vibrating one or more elements of the pivoting means, and portable power means for powering the vibrating means. The length and frequency of occurrence of vibration produced by the vibrating means might be controlled by manual switches or electronic timing circuitry. Pendulous movement is resisted by the frictional force in the pivot, thus preventing free oscillations of the pendulous components, but the pivot is not so frictional as to inhibit the pendulous components from coarsely aligning with gravity. Vibration is applied to one or more members of the pivot. This vibration causes one element of the pivot to move fractionally relative to the other. This converts the static friction into dynamic friction. Thus, for the duration of the pulse of vibration, further movement is enabled and the pendulous components, under the influence of the gravitational restoring force, move closer to gravitational alignment. So that the momentum of the pendulous components does not cause them to move past the point of gravitational alignment, the pulses of vibration should be shorter than a quarter of the period of the pendulum. The vibration of the pendulum therefore ceases around the position of gravitational alignment and the comparatively high static friction in the un-vibrated pivot will reduce the extent of the motion beyond the position of gravitational alignment, thus ensuring that the pivot comes to rest close to a position of gravitational alignment. In addition, the comparatively high static friction of the pivot renders the pivot relatively immune from environmental disturbances which would adversely affect instruments employing a low-friction bearing. Experiments have shown that a 10 gm mass at 40 mm radius from the axis of rotation may be displaced by plus or minus 1.623 degrees from gravitational alignment in an un-vibrated pivot. Using the same pivot, after three seconds of vibration this displacement is reduced to plus or minus 0.00955 degrees from gravitational alignment. With pulsed vibration as described above the settling time may be further reduced. It will thus be appreciated that the present invention can enhance the accuracy and convenience of such instruments utilising gravitational alignment while at the same time reducing the expense of such instruments by allowing the replacement of expensive precision roller bearings by inexpensive pivots. A first embodiment of the invention has a reference point at one end of a weighted pendulous arm orthogonally attached to a pivotable shaft. Conical shaft ends are located in conical depressions in two opposing plates of a flexible material which are held apart at a predetermined distance by being rigidly attached to a case. A region of the plates projects beyond the case and is unsupported. In this region is located the conical depression and the vibration means. A small, low-voltage electric motor provides an inexpensive vibration means with an axially attached eccentric weight. Motors of this type are used in mobile phones and pagers. A second embodiment of the invention includes an eccentrically weighted cylindrical housing frictionally attached about a common axis to another cylindrical housing, the second housing containing a laser projecting means. In this embodiment, a reference point indicating gravitational alignment is a mark on the circumference of the weighted housing, with other marks spaced at regular angular intervals on the circumference of the second housing indicating the angular displacement of the laser projecting means away from the gravitational vertical. Another embodiment of the invention might place the vibrating means within one or both of the cylindrical housings. In a further embodiment one or both of the two opposing plates are replaced by slugs of material with conical depressions. These slugs are axially movable relative to the pivotable shaft and are held against the ends of the shaft by leaf or helical springs to provide the frictional pre-loading of the pivot. Although the following description sets out a number of distinct examples of the present invention it will be evident to one skilled in the art that the various features could be combined to form further similar examples. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Frictional pivots, in accordance with the present invention, will now be described in more detail, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a frictional pivot according to the present invention; FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 are side, front and plan views of FIG. 1, respectively; and FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a second embodiment of a frictional pivot according to the present invention. FIGS. 6 and 7 are plan and rear views of FIG. 5, respectively. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In all of the drawings, switching/timing means and portable power means have been omitted for clarity. FIGS. 1 to 4 show a frictional pivot 100 comprising a pendulous assembly 200 connected via axial shaft 500 to pivot halves 300 and 400 which are rigidly attached to case 600. The pendulous assembly 200 includes a pendulum 201, weight 202 and reference point 203. Pivot half 300 is a plate 301 with a conical depression 302 and vibrating means 303. Plate 301 is rigidly attached to case 600 in such a way that an elongate portion comprising the conical depression 302 and the vibrating means 303 is able to move axially with reference to shaft 500. This movement is governed by the gauge and springiness of plate 301. Similarly pivot half 400 comprises plate 401 with a conical depression 402 and vibrating means 403. Axial shaft 500 has conical ends 501 and 502 which locate in conical depressions 302 and 402. The relative angles of shaft end and depression may be such that only the points of the shaft bear on the conical depressions. The force with which axial shaft 500 is held between conical depressions 302 and 402 may be varied according to the flexibility of plates 301 and 401. Plates 301 and 401 may be angled inwards to increase this force, thereby increasing the friction between plates 301 and 401 and shaft 500. Vibrating means 303 and 403 may be of an electromechanical, magnetostrictive or piezoelectric nature. The switching/timing controls (not shown) are existing and well known and the common 555 timer type of integrated circuit such as NE555N manufactured by Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, or the NE555P manufactured by Texas Instruments, or equivalent may provide pulses from seconds to milliseconds. Thus it will be seen that two such integrated circuits may be employed, one to control the duration and the other to control the frequency of occurrence of the vibration pulses. The pendulous assembly 200, pivot halves 300 and 400 and case 600, together, form a tuned mechanical assembly, the design and selection of the components being inter-dependent. The mass of pendulous assembly 200 may be varied, depending on the application in which the present invention is employed. The rigidity of plates 301 and 401 and the strength of vibration applied by the vibration means 303 and 403 must be chosen to accommodate the mass of the pendulous assembly. FIGS. 5 to 7 show an example of a laser light referencing tool incorporating a frictional pivot 100a comprising pendulous assembly 200a connected via axial shafts 500a and 500b to pivot halves 300a and 400a which are rigidly attached to a case. Pendulous assembly 200a includes a first cylindrical housing 201a which contains laser projecting means emitting a beam towards laser aperture 700a. The first housing 201a also has angular reference marks 203a about its circumference. The first cylindrical housing 201a is frictionally attached about a common axis by shafts 500a and 500b to a second cylindrical housing 201b, which is eccentrically weighted and has a reference point 203b to indicate gravitational alignment. Pivot half 300a is a thin strip of phosphor bronze with a conical depression 302a, rigidly attached to the case by fasteners 601b. Pivot half 400a is also a thin strip of phosphor bronze. It has a conical depression 402a and is rigidly attached to the case by fasteners 601a. At the free end of pivot half 400a, a 1.5 volt motor 303a with axially attached eccentric weight 303b is secured. Electrical power is supplied to the laser light referencing tool and/or the vibration means 303, 403 through the pivot halves 300a and 400a. The shafts 500a and 500b have conical ends 501a and 501b, respectively which locate in conical depressions 302a and 402a in pivot halves 301a and 401a. Frictional pivots in accordance with the present invention are particularly suitable for use in laser light referencing tools of the kind disclosed in European patent publication EP-A-1012538 (WO 98/11407). When used in place of plain pivots, substantial gains in accuracy are achieved. When used in place of roller or ball bearings, great cost savings are realised without any sacrifice of accuracy and without the need for further damping means. The tool is also relatively immune to external environmental disturbances. Thus it will be seen that inexpensive, easy to use and accurate level, plumb and angular measurements are now possible.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>This invention relates to devices containing frictional pivots in general, and more particularly but not necessarily to devices such as laser levels, which rely on frictional pivots for gravitational alignment of pendulous components about an axis. The accuracy of such a device depends upon the accuracy with which the pendulous components align with gravity. Any misalignment leads to inaccuracy in the device. Friction in the point or points about which the pendulous components pivot is the chief cause of this misalignment. Conventionally, this problem is addressed by reducing friction in the pivot by employing such means as lubrication or precision roller bearings. Unfortunately, this conventional solution generates further problems, one of which is that as friction is reduced in the pivot, so the pendulous components take longer to stop oscillating and come to rest. As accurate readings cannot be taken until the pendulous components come to rest, the lower the friction of the bearing, the longer the user must wait before taking a reading and therefore the more inconvenient it is to use the device. The conventional solution to this problem is to apply damping means to reduce the oscillations. A further problem with very low-friction pivots is that the pendulous components are easily disturbed by stray environmental influences, setting up further oscillations of the pendulous components, incurring further delays in readings and inconvenience to the user. Thus it can be seen that the conventional solution to the problem of inaccuracy caused by misalignment leads to expensive and complicated solutions which generate further problems necessitating more expense and complication in their solution.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The principal object of this invention is to address all of these problems simply and economically without generating further problems. To see how this may be done, first consider the forces at work in a simple rigid pendulum, having a weight at one end and a pivot at the other. When released from a position in which the weight is not gravitationally aligned, the gravitational restoring force causes a downward swing of the pendulum. The pendulum passes through the point of gravitational alignment and continues on an upward swing, slowing down as friction in the pivot and gravity act upon the pendulum, reducing its velocity until the angular momentum is zero and the pendulum stops, very briefly, at the top of its swing. If the gravitational restoring force is greater than the static friction in the pivot, then the pendulum will repeat this cycle. If not, then the pendulum will remain motionless. The reason for this lies in the fact that, when the pendulum is moving, its movement is resisted by the dynamic or rolling friction in the pivot. At the end of the pendulum's swing, before it reverses direction, it comes to a halt, and, at that point the resistance to any further movement is due not to dynamic friction, but to static friction. Static friction is considerably higher than dynamic friction at this point. The pendulum will always stop at the end of a cycle and that point will always be beyond the point of gravitational alignment. The distance between these two points will be proportional to the friction in the pivot and will represent the ultimate accuracy of the device relying upon this alignment. With a high-friction pivot this accuracy will be poor. With a low-friction pivot, the accuracy of alignment will be better, but the lower friction in the bearing will mean an increased number of oscillations of the pendulum leading to a delay in the pendulum coming to rest. The present invention addresses these problems simply and inexpensively by employing a pivot which is designed to be deliberately and controllably frictional. According to the present invention, a frictional pivot comprises gravity-responsive directional means for indicating a datum direction of alignment with gravity, frictional pivoting means for allowing the gravity-responsive means coarsely to align with gravity, vibration means for vibrating one or more elements of the pivoting means, and portable power means for powering the vibrating means. The length and frequency of occurrence of vibration produced by the vibrating means might be controlled by manual switches or electronic timing circuitry. Pendulous movement is resisted by the frictional force in the pivot, thus preventing free oscillations of the pendulous components, but the pivot is not so frictional as to inhibit the pendulous components from coarsely aligning with gravity. Vibration is applied to one or more members of the pivot. This vibration causes one element of the pivot to move fractionally relative to the other. This converts the static friction into dynamic friction. Thus, for the duration of the pulse of vibration, further movement is enabled and the pendulous components, under the influence of the gravitational restoring force, move closer to gravitational alignment. So that the momentum of the pendulous components does not cause them to move past the point of gravitational alignment, the pulses of vibration should be shorter than a quarter of the period of the pendulum. The vibration of the pendulum therefore ceases around the position of gravitational alignment and the comparatively high static friction in the un-vibrated pivot will reduce the extent of the motion beyond the position of gravitational alignment, thus ensuring that the pivot comes to rest close to a position of gravitational alignment. In addition, the comparatively high static friction of the pivot renders the pivot relatively immune from environmental disturbances which would adversely affect instruments employing a low-friction bearing. Experiments have shown that a 10 gm mass at 40 mm radius from the axis of rotation may be displaced by plus or minus 1.623 degrees from gravitational alignment in an un-vibrated pivot. Using the same pivot, after three seconds of vibration this displacement is reduced to plus or minus 0.00955 degrees from gravitational alignment. With pulsed vibration as described above the settling time may be further reduced. It will thus be appreciated that the present invention can enhance the accuracy and convenience of such instruments utilising gravitational alignment while at the same time reducing the expense of such instruments by allowing the replacement of expensive precision roller bearings by inexpensive pivots. A first embodiment of the invention has a reference point at one end of a weighted pendulous arm orthogonally attached to a pivotable shaft. Conical shaft ends are located in conical depressions in two opposing plates of a flexible material which are held apart at a predetermined distance by being rigidly attached to a case. A region of the plates projects beyond the case and is unsupported. In this region is located the conical depression and the vibration means. A small, low-voltage electric motor provides an inexpensive vibration means with an axially attached eccentric weight. Motors of this type are used in mobile phones and pagers. A second embodiment of the invention includes an eccentrically weighted cylindrical housing frictionally attached about a common axis to another cylindrical housing, the second housing containing a laser projecting means. In this embodiment, a reference point indicating gravitational alignment is a mark on the circumference of the weighted housing, with other marks spaced at regular angular intervals on the circumference of the second housing indicating the angular displacement of the laser projecting means away from the gravitational vertical. Another embodiment of the invention might place the vibrating means within one or both of the cylindrical housings. In a further embodiment one or both of the two opposing plates are replaced by slugs of material with conical depressions. These slugs are axially movable relative to the pivotable shaft and are held against the ends of the shaft by leaf or helical springs to provide the frictional pre-loading of the pivot. Although the following description sets out a number of distinct examples of the present invention it will be evident to one skilled in the art that the various features could be combined to form further similar examples.

20060825

20100629

20080925

76014.0

G01C912

TON, TRI T

FRICTIONAL PIVOTS FOR GRAVITATIONAL ALIGNMENT

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

G01C

ACCEPTED

Novel 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxides

The present invention provides a simplified set of characteristics that can be used to select 1,2,4 benzotriazine 1,4 dioxide compounds (TPZ analogues) with therapeutic activity against hypoxic cells in human tumour xenografts, and to further provide a novel class of 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxides (TPZ analogues) with predicted in vivo activity against tumours, to their preparation, and to their use as hypoxia-selective cytotoxic drugs and radiosensitizers for cancer therapy, both alone or in combination with radiation and/or other anticancer drugs.

1. A method of selecting one or more 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxides capable of in vivo hypoxia selective cytotoxicity, wherein said 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide is selected if it is determined to have each of the following characteristics (a) a solubility greater than or about 2 mM in culture medium; and (b) an HT29 anoxic IC50 for a 4 hr exposure to the 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide of less than or about 40 μM; and (c) a hypoxic cytotoxicity ratio (HCR) greater than about 20 for the HT29 cell line; and (d) a penetration half distance (PHD) greater than or about 27 μm, and (e) the area under the plasma concentration time curve for free 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide (unbound to plasma proteins), AUCf, is greater than about 2 times the HT29 anoxic IC50×t where IC50×t is the product of concentration×exposure time for 50% inhibition of cell proliferation and wherein for said 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide at least one of the characteristics (a) to (e) exceeds the activity of the equivalent characteristic of Tirapazamine. 2. A 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide having in vivo activity and selected by the method defined in claim 1, with the proviso that Tirapazamine and compounds of Formula I and J are excluded. 3. A 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound as claimed in claim 2 selected from N1,N1-Dimethyl-N2-(6-methyl-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-1,2-ethanediamine; 6-Methyl-N-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-dioxide; N1-(6-Methoxy-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-N2,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine; N1-[6-(2-Methoxyethoxy)-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl]-N2,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine; N1,N1-Dimethyl-N2-(6-ethoxy-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-1,2-ethanediamine; 6-Ethyl-N-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-dioxide; 2-[(3-Ethyl-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-6-yl)oxy]-N,N-dimethylethaneamine; 3-Ethyl-6-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propoxy]-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide; 6-Methyl-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-dioxide; and their pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof. 4. A method of therapy for treating cancer including the step of administering a 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound as claimed in claim 2 in a therapeutically effective amount to tumour cells in a subject. 5. The method as claimed in claim 4 wherein the tumour cells are in a hypoxic environment. 6. The method as claimed in claim 4 further including the step of administering radiotherapy to the tumour cells before, during or after the administration of the 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound as defined in claim 2 or claim 3 to the tumour cells. 7. The method as claimed in claim 6 further including the step of administering one or more chemotherapeutic agents to the tumour cells before, during or after the administration of the 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound as defined in claim 2 to the tumour cells. 8. The method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the one or more chemotherapeutic agents is selected from Cisplatin or other platinum-based derivatives, Temozolomide or other DNA methylating agents, cyclophosphamide or other DNA alkylating agents, Doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, camptothecin or other topoisomerase inhibitors, Methotrexate, gemcitabine or other antimetabolites and/or Docetaxel or other taxanes. 9. A method of radiosensitising in a subject tumour cells of solid tumours in hypoxic conditions in vivo, comprising the steps of: (a) administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition in an amount sufficient to produce radiosensitivity in the tumour cells, the composition comprising a 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4 dioxide obtained by the method defined in claim 1; and (b) subjecting the tumour cells to radiation. 10. The use in the manufacture of a medicament of a therapeutically effective amount of a 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound as defined in claim 2 for the treatment of tumour cells in a subject. 11. The use as claimed in claim 10 wherein the tumour cells are in a hypoxic environment. 12. A pharmaceutical composition including a therapeutically effective amount of a 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide as defined in claim 2 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, adjuvant, carrier, buffer or stabiliser. 13. A 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound of Formula I wherein A1 or A2 represent independently an H or R substituent at positions 6, 7 or 8 and/or an OR substituent at positions 6 or 8 wherein each R independently represents a C1-4 alkyl or cyclic C3-C8 alkyl optionally substituted with substituents selected from OH, OMe, or NR1R1 and wherein each R1 is independently selected from H or a C1-3 alkyl or the R1R1 substituents together form a morpholine ring; B represents NHR2 or R3; wherein R2 is a C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with substituents selected from OH, OMe, or NR4R4 wherein R3 is selected from a C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with OH, OMe, wherein each R4 is independently selected from H, a C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with OMe, or R4R4 together form morpholine; or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof, and; having the characteristics (a) a solubility greater than or about 2 mM in culture medium; and (b) an HT29 anoxic IC50 for a 4 hr exposure to the 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide of less than or about 40 μM; (c) a hypoxic cytotoxicity ratio (HCR) greater than about 20 for the HT29 cell line; and (d) a penetration half distance (PHD) greater than or about 27 μm, and (e) the area under the plasma concentration time curve for free 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide (unbound to plasma proteins), AUCf, is greater than about 2 times the HT29 anoxic IC50×t where IC50×t is the product of concentration×exposure time for 50% inhibition of cell proliferation and wherein for said 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide at least one of the characteristics (a) to (e) exceeds the activity of the equivalent characteristic of Tirapazamine; and with the proviso that A1 and A2 do not both represent H when B represents CH2CH3 or CH2CH2OCH3; and with the further proviso that when A1 represents H and A2 represents 7-Me then B cannot represent NH(CH2)2NMe2. 14. A 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound of Formula I as claimed in claim 13 selected from N1,N1-Dimethyl-N2-(6-methyl-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-1,2-ethanediamine; 6-Methyl-N-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-dioxide; N1-(6-Methoxy-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-N2,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine; N1-[6-(2-Methoxyethoxy)-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl]-N2,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine; N1, N1-Dimethyl-N-(6-ethoxy-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-1,2-ethanediamine; 6-Ethyl-N-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-dioxide; 2-[(3-Ethyl-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-6-yl)oxy]-N,N-dimethylethaneamine; 3-Ethyl-6-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propoxy]-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide; 6-Methyl-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-dioxide; and their pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof. 15. A method of therapy for treating cancer including the step of administering a 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound of Formula I as claimed in claim 13 in a therapeutically effective amount to tumour cells in a subject. 16. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein the tumour cells are in a hypoxic environment. 17. The method as claimed in claim 15 further including the step of administering radiotherapy to the tumour cells before, during or after the administration of the 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound as defined above to the tumour cells. 18. The method as claimed in claim 17 further including the step of administering one or more chemotherapeutic agents to the tumour cells before, during or after the administration of the 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound of Formula I as defined above to the tumour cells. 19. The method as claimed in claim 18 wherein the one or more chemotherapeutic agents is selected from Cisplatin or other platinum-based derivatives, Temozolomide or other DNA methylating agents, cyclophosphamide or other DNA alkylating agents, Doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, camptothecin or other topoisomerase inhibitors, Methotrexate, gemcitabine or other antimetabolites and/or Docetaxel or other taxanes. 20. A method of radiosensitising in a subject tumour cells of solid tumours in hypoxic conditions in vivo, comprising the steps of: (a) administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition in an amount sufficient to produce radiosensitivity in the tumour cells, the composition comprising a 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4 dioxide as claimed in claim 13; and (b) subjecting the tumour cells to radiation. 21. The use in the manufacture of a medicament of a therapeutically effective amount of a 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound of Formula I as claimed in any claim 13 for the treatment of tumour cells in a subject. 22. The use as claimed in claim 21 wherein the tumour cells are in a hypoxic environment. 23. A pharmaceutical composition including a therapeutically effective amount of a 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide of Formula I as defined in claim 13 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, adjuvant, carrier, buffer or stabiliser. 24. A compound of Formula I or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein A1 or A2 represent independently an H or R substituent at positions 6, 7 or 8 and/or an OR substituent at positions 6 or 8 wherein each R independently represents a C1-4 alkyl or cyclic C3-C8 alkyl optionally substituted with substituents selected from OH, OMe, or NR1R1 and wherein each R1 is independently selected from H or a C1-3 alkyl or the R1R1 substituents together form a morpholine ring; B represents NHR2 or R3; wherein R2 is a C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with substituents selected from OH, OMe, or NR4R4 wherein R3 is selected from a C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with OH, OMe, wherein each R4 is independently selected from H, a C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with OMe, or R4R4 together form a morpholine ring; or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof, and with the proviso that A1 and A2 do not both represent H when B represents CH2CH3 or CH2CH2OCH3; and with the further proviso that when A1 represents H and A2 represents 7-Me then B cannot represent NH(CH2)2NMe2. 25. A compound of Formula I as claimed in claim 24 wherein A1 represents Me, Et, OMe, OEt, or OCH2CH2OMe; A2 represents H and B represents Me, Et, CH2CH2OH, CH2CH2OMe, NHCH2CH2NMe2, NHCH2CH2Nmorpholine, or NHCH2CH2CH2Nmorpholine. 26. A compound of Formula I as defined in claim 24 wherein A1 represents CH2CH2NMe2, CH2CH2Nmorpholine, CH2CH2CH2Nmorpholine, OCH2CH2NMe2, OCH2CH2Nmorpholine or OCH2CH2CH2Nmorpholine and B represents Me, Et, CH2CH2OH or CH2CH2OMe. 27. A 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound of Formula I as claimed in claim 24 selected from N1,N1-Dimethyl-N2-(6-methyl-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-1,2-ethanediamine; 6-Methyl-N-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-dioxide; N1-(6-Methoxy-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-N2,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine; N1-[6-(2-Methoxyethoxy)-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl]-N2,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine; N1,N1-Dimethyl-N2-(6-ethoxy-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-1,2-ethanediamine; 6-Ethyl-N-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-dioxide; 2-[(3-Ethyl-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-6-yl)oxy]-N,N-dimethylethaneamine; 3-Ethyl-6-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propoxy]-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide; 6-Methyl-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-dioxide; and their pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof. 28. A method of therapy for treating cancer including the step of administering a 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound of Formula I as claimed in claim 24 in a therapeutically effective amount to tumour cells in a subject. 29. The method as claimed in claim 28 wherein the tumour cells are in a hypoxic environment. 30. The method as claimed in claim 28 further including the step of administering radiotherapy to the tumour cells before, during or after the administration of the 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound of Formula I as defined above to the tumour cells. 31. The method as claimed in claim 30 further including the step of administering one or more chemotherapeutic agents to the tumour cells before, during or after the administration of the 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound of Formula I as defined above to the tumour cells. 32. The method as claimed in claim 31 wherein the one or more chemotherapeutic agents is selected from Cisplatin or other platinum-based derivatives, Temozolomide or other DNA methylating agents, cyclophosphamide or other DNA alkylating agents, Doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, camptothecin or other topoisomerase inhibitors, Methotrexate, gemcitabine or other antimetabolites and/or Docetaxel or other taxanes. 33. A method of radiosensitising in a subject tumour cells of solid tumours in hypoxic conditions in vivo, comprising the steps of: (a) administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition in an amount sufficient to produce radiosensitivity in the tumour cells, the composition comprising a 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4 dioxide as claimed in claim 24; and (b) subjecting the tumour cells to radiation. 34. The use in the manufacture of a medicament of a therapeutically effective amount of al,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound of Formula I as defined in claim 24 for the treatment of tumour cells in a subject. 35. The use as claimed in claim 34 wherein the tumour cells are in a hypoxic environment. 36. A pharmaceutical composition including a therapeutically effective amount of a 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide of Formula I as defined in claim 24 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, adjuvant, carrier, buffer or stabiliser.

REFERENCE TO GOVERNMENT CONTRACT The invention described herein was made in the course of work under grant or contract from the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The United States Government has certain rights to this invention. TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention provides a simplified set of characteristics that can be used to select 1,2,4 benzotriazine 1,4 dioxide compounds (TPZ analogues) with therapeutic activity against hypoxic cells in human tumour xenografts, and to further provide a novel class of 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxides (TPZ analogues) with predicted in vivo activity against tumours, to their preparation, and to their use as hypoxia-selective cytotoxic drugs and radiosensitizers for cancer therapy, both alone or in combination with radiation and/or other anticancer drugs. BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION It has been established that many human tumors contain a significant hypoxic fraction of cells [Kennedy et al., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 1997, 37, 897; Movsas et al., Urology, 1999, 53, 11]. The presence of hypoxic cells arises because the extravascular transport (EVT) of oxygen is compromised due to an inefficient microvascular system within the tumor, which leads to large intercapillary distances and variable blood flow. Reduction of oxygen tension in tumors leads to radio-resistance. This reduction of oxygen tension causes up to a three-fold increase in radiation dose being required to kill anoxic tumour cells. A link has been identified between the presence of tumour hypoxia and failure of local control by radiation therapy [Brizel et al., Radiother. & Oncol., 1999, 53, 113]. This phenomenon of tumour hypoxia has been exploited in the development of ‘bioreductive drugs’ [Brown et al., Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 1966, 6, 22; Denny et al., Br. J. Cancer, 1996, 74 (Suppl. XXVII) 32; Stratford & Workman, Anti-Cancer Drug Des., 1998, 13, 519]. These agents are prodrugs that are selectively activated by enzymatic reduction in hypoxic cells, resulting in formation of a cytotoxin. The 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxides have been developed as bioreductive drugs for cancer therapy [Brown, Br. J. Cancer, 1993, 67, 1163-1170; Minchinton et al., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1992, 22, 701-705 Kelson et al., Anti-Cancer Drug Des., 1998, 13, 575; Lee et al., WO 91/04028, April 1991]. The lead compound of this class, tirapazamine (TPZ; SR 4233), is undergoing clinical trials in combination with radiotherapy and various chemotherapeutics, notably cisplatin [Denny & Wilson, Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs, 2000, 9, 2889]. TPZ is activated by one electron reductases [Patterson et al., Anti-Cancer Drug Des. 1998 13, 541; Denny & Wilson, Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs, 2000, 9, 2889] to form a radical that may be oxidized back to TPZ by molecular oxygen under aerobic conditions. Under hypoxic conditions the radical spontaneously generates an oxidizing radical(s) R• (considered to be the hydroxyl radical [Daniels and Gates, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 3380-3385], and/or a benzotriazinyl radical [Anderson et al., J. Am. Chem. Chem. 2003, 125, 748-756]) which interact with DNA (and/or topoisomerase II)[Peters and Brown, Cancer Res., 2002, 62, 5248-5253] to cause double-strand breaks and these correlate with cytotoxicity [Dorie et al., Neoplasia, 1999, 1, 461]. These features are illustrated in Scheme 1. There have been only limited structure-activity studies on analogues of TPZ. Kelson et al. [Anti-Cancer Drug Design, 1998, 13, 575], Zeman et al. [Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 1989, 16, 977-981] and Minchinton et al. [Int. J. Radiat Oncol. Biol. Phys., 1992, 22, 701-705 ] disclosed compounds of type I, where X was H or an electron-withdrawing group, n was 2 or 3, and R was Me or Et. This paper showed that compounds with dialkylaminoalkyl side chains showed variable hypoxic selectivity in vitro. Compounds where X═H and having dialkylamino side chains had a similar hypoxic cytotoxicty ratio to TPZ and comparable or inferior activity to TPZ in vivo. Hay and Denny [Tet. Lett., 2002, 43, 9569], Minchinton et al. [Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 1992, 22, 701-705 ] and Kelson et al. [Anti-Cancer Drug Design, 1998, 13, 575] described compounds of type II, where X is H or hydroxyalkyl and R is OH or OMe. Kelson et al. [Anti-Cancer Drug Design, 1998, 13, 575] and Minchinton et al., [Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol Phys., 1992, 22, 701-705 ] suggested that 3-alkyl compounds (X═H, n=1,2 or 3, R═H and X═H, n=2, R═OMe) were comparable to TPZ in vivo. Finally, Hay et al. [Hay et al., J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 169] showed, for compounds of type III, that there is an optimum range of one-electron reduction potential [E(1)] (between ca. −450 to −510 mV) for in vitro hypoxic selectivity. However, there was no clear relationship between the electron-withdrawing capability of the 7-substituent on the benzo ring and the reported biological activity. Throughout this specification several abbreviations are used that require explanation and the following glossary is provided. IC50: The concentration of drug (in micromolar, μM) to reduce cell numbers to 50% of those of control cell cultures grown under the same conditions but not exposed to drug. HCR: Hypoxic cytotoxicity ratio (the ratio of drug concentrations under aerobic and hypoxic conditions to produce equal cell survival (50%) determined by proliferation assay) Kmet: First order rate constant for metabolism of a drug estimated at the C10 (see below) C10: the concentration required to produce one log of cell kill after exposure of cells to drug for one hour in clonogenic assays described in the methods (below). PK: Pharmacokinetics. (Description of the variation in drug concentration with time (i.e. exposure) in a specified compartment or position within a tissue) PD: Pharmacodynamics. (Description of the biological response to a drug) PK/PD Model: Mathematical description of the relationship between drug exposure (PK) and biological response (PD). Drawbacks of TPZ Despite its advancement in clinical trials, several limitations of TPZ have been identified, including its relatively low solubility and poor therapeutic ratio. It is clear that the therapeutic ratio of TPZ in both preclinical (murine and human tumours) and clinical studies is low, with substantial toxicity at efficacious doses [Rischin et al., Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2003, 22, 495-496] and that there is a need for more tumour selective analogues. Preclinical studies have identified extravascular transport (EVT) as a factor that limits activity of TPZ against hypoxic cells in tumours [Durand & Olive Radiat. Oncol. Investig. 1997, 5, 213; Durand & Olive, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1992, 22, 689; Hicks et al, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1998, 42, 641; Hicks et al, Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 5970; Kyle & Minchinton, Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 1999, 43, 213]. The EVT problem is thought to be particularly severe for bioreductive drugs, such as TPZ, for two reasons: 1. The target hypoxic cells are generally those most distant from the blood vessels 2. The metabolism of the bioreductive drug in the hypoxic tumour tissue will cause a continuously falling gradient of drug concentration through both the oxic and hypoxic tumour tissue which may not be overcome even with long infusion times. However the same bioreductive metabolism which limits drug transport is also responsible for the cytotoxic effect of the drug [Baker et al. Cancer Res., 1988, 48, 5947-5952; Siim et al, Br. J. Cancer 1996, 73, 952]. These competing effects of drug metabolism on EVT and cytotoxicity have been investigated using the multicellular layer model [Hicks et al, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1998, 42, 641], as illustrated in FIG. 1. Parameters determined by this model, together with single cell experiments to determine cytotoxicity and rates of metabolism [Hicks et al, Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 5970] and the oxygen dependence of cytotoxicity [Hicks et al., Radiat. Res. 2004, 161, 656 ] are used in a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model of cell killing in tumour tissue (as illustrated in FIG. 2). The model and results obtained have demonstrated the need to optimise (rather than maximise) the rate of bioreductive metabolism. FIG. 2 illustrates that high rates of metabolism will limit drug penetration and thus reduce cell kill in the hypoxic region, as well as decrease the differential in killing of hypoxic cells compared to well oxygenated cells. This is consistent with experimental results where high rates of metabolism limited activity in anoxic V79 multicellular spheroids [Durand & Olive Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1992, 22, 689] and anoxic HT29 MCL [Hicks et al., Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 5970], and resulted in a reduced hypoxic cytotoxic differential in SiHa human cervical tumours grown in SCID mice [Durand & Olive, Radiat. Oncol. Investig. 1997, 5, 213]. The above PK/PD model for TPZ, developed by Hicks et al., can be described as a distributed parameter model because it considers explicitly the spatial variation in parameter values (in other words it describes PK, and PD, as a function of position in tumour tissue). The main aspects of this distributed parameter PK/PD model have been disclosed in several publications (Hicks et al., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1998, 42, 641; Hicks et al., Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 5970; Hicks et al., Proc Am. Assoc. Cancer Res, 2003, Abstract #4561; Wilson et al., Proc Am. Assoc. Cancer Res, 2003, Abstract #4570). The key PK/PD relationship, as determined by investigating TPZ metabolism to its reduction product SR 4317 and cell killing as a function of TPZ concentration and time in anoxic stirred suspensions of HT29 colon carcinoma cells (Hicks et al., Cancer Res., 2003), is described by: Eqn ⁢ ⁢ 1 ⁢ : ⁢ ⁢ - ⅆ log ⁢ ⁢ SF ⅆ t = γ ⁢ ⁢ C ⁢ ⅆ M ⅆ t This relationship shows that the rate at which cells are killed (on a log scale; SF=surviving fraction) is proportional to the rate of bioreductive drug metabolism (M, the amount of drug metabolised per unit intracellular volume) and to the drug concentration, C. The constant of proportionality, γ, is a cell-line dependent parameter determined by fitting the model to clonogenic survival curves where drug concentrations are measured simultaneously. Under conditions of constant TPZ concentration, this approximates a concentration2×time dependence of log cell kill on TPZ exposure. In order to describe PK/PD as a function of position in tumours, the above PK/PD model is extended to a spatially resolved (distributed parameter) model by incorporating the EVT properties (diffusion coefficient and rate of metabolism) of TPZ. In addition, because oxygen concentration in tumours varies as a function of distance from blood vessels, it is necessary to describe the relationship between O2 concentration and rate of TPZ metabolism. Simulation of TPZ diffusion into a tumour—in one dimension is illustrated in (FIG. 3A. An O2 concentration gradient in the one dimension planar tissue can be calculated numerically by solving the reaction-diffusion equation: Eqn ⁢ ⁢ 2 ⁢ : ⁢ ∂ C O 2 ∂ t = D O2 ⁢ ∂ 2 ⁢ C O 2 ∂ x 2 - ⁢ ∂ C O 2 ∂ t where CO2 is the oxygen concentration in μM at position x and time t, using the diffusion coefficient and rate of metabolism in R3230Ac tumors (Dewhirst et al., Cancer Res., 1994, 54, 3333; Secomb et al., Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1998, 454, 629) assuming an arteriolar input oxygen concentration of [O2]=50 μM (38 mm Hg). TPZ concentrations in the one dimensional tissue are calculated numerically from the reaction diffusion equation: Eqn ⁢ ⁢ 3 ⁢ : ∂ C ∂ t = D MCL ⁢ ∂ 2 ⁢ C ∂ x 2 - ⁢ ϕ ⁢ ⁢ f ⁡ ( [ O 2 ] ) ⁢ ∂ M ∂ t where C is the concentration of drug at position x and time t, DMCL is the diffusion coefficient of drug in the multicellular layers, and φ is the cell volume fraction of the multicellular layer. Oxygen inhibits TPZ metabolism and this effect can be calculated according to the equation: Eqn ⁢ ⁢ 4 ⁢ : f ⁡ ( [ O 2 ] ) = ( K O 2 K O 2 + [ O 2 ] ) where KO2 is the O2 concentration required for half maximal inhibition of TPZ metabolism. The above relationships (Eqn 1-4) define a PK/PD model for TPZ. The output of the model depends on the plasma PK of free drug (drug not bound to plasma proteins), which provides the input to the extravascular compartment, and on the geometry of the transport problem. Using this model the surviving fraction at each point in the tissue is calculated and the average log cell kill in the target hypoxic region evaluated. This is illustrated in FIG. 2 for TPZ at its maximum tolerated in mice, together with simulations for a faster diffusing drug and an analogue with higher rates of metabolic activation. This PK/PD model can be further extended to take into account the effects of diffusion in a three dimensional-3D microvascular environment, such as irregular vascular geometry, blood flow heterogeneity, and loss of oxygen and drug during transit through a capillary network. Such a 3D network is illustrated in FIG. 3B and further described in (Hicks et al., Proc Am. Assoc. Cancer Res, 2003, Abstract #4561; Wilson et al., Proc Am. Assoc. Cancer Res, 2003, Abstract #4570). In this model similar equations as Eqns 1-4 are solved numerically using a Green's function method similar to that used for oxygen alone (Secomb et al., Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1998, 454, 629). In order to test the validity of this PK/PD model as a tool for predicting the antitumour activity of TPZ analogues, the inventors determined the key PK/PD parameters for 13 TPZ analogues, and TPZ itself, for the HT29 human colon carcinoma cell line. These parameters were then used to calculate the expected killing in hypoxic regions of HT29 tumours following a single intraperitoneal dose of the compounds at their maximum tolerated dose. The results of this calculation were then compared with measured killing of hypoxic cells in HT29 tumours, determined by administering the compounds immediately (within 5 min) after gamma irradiation (cobalt 60, 20 Gy) to sterilise oxygenated cells in the tumours. Tumours were removed 18 hours later and the number of surviving cells determined by clonogenic assay. The results for one compound 3 are shown in FIG. 5. The measured PK/PD parameters, model prediction (using the above 3D microvascular network), and experimentally determined hypoxic cell kill is shown in Table 1, and the relationship between predicted and measured cell kill in FIG. 4. The prediction is statistically highly significant (p=0.001, Fisher exact test). Comparing the magnitude of predicted and observed response (FIG. 4) also shows a highly significant linear correlation (R2=0.94, p<0.001 for a non-zero slope). If the extravascular transport component was excluded from the model, the R2 for this regression was only 0.28 and the relationship was not statistically significant. TABLE 1 Parameters of the PK/PD model for 14 benzotriazine di-N-oxides, model prediction of hypoxic cell killing in tumours, and measured hypoxic cell killing. DMCL kmet γ AUCf log kill log kill Stat. Cmpd cm2s−1 min−1 μM2 μM.hr (Pred) (Meas) SE Signif. A 3.97 × 10−7 0.60 2.21 × 10−5 148.1 1.248 1.170 0.149 <0.01 B 5.43 × 10−7 0.20 1.64 × 10−5 188.7 1.923 2.165 0.149 <0.01 C 8.70 × 10−7 3.92 3.71 × 10−5 1.9 0.005 —0.007 0.184 ns D 6.69 × 10−7 10.03 2.25 × 10−6 0.8 0.000 —0.154 0.064 ns E 2.13 × 10−7 1.00 1.40 × 10−6 15.6 0.000 —0.028 0.083 ns F 5.09 × 10−7 2.54 6.84 × 10−5 3.5 0.011 0.196 0.062 ns G 1.71 × 10−6 4.89 3.90 × 10−5 7.2 0.048 0.248 0.072 ns H 3.99 × 10−7 1.52 1.10 × 10−4 69.0 0.985 1.001 0.142 <0.01 I 2.61 × 10−6 1.91 6.52 × 10−6 140.6 1.116 0.886 0.132 <0.01 J 2.09 × 10−6 2.01 2.90 × 10−4 79.0 0.890 0.800 0.149 <0.05 K 6.17 × 10−7 18.33 9.86 × 10−3 0.042 0.000 0.009 0.102 ns L 3.82 × 10−7 9.18 1.30 × 10−3 3.6 0.078 −0.051 0.039 ns M 9.80 × 10−8 9.13 3.04 × 10−3 0.9 0.056 0.138 0.100 ns N 1.05 × 10−7 4.74 2.39 × 10−2 1.3 0.092 0.027 0.121 ns AUCf = AUC of free drug Log kill (Pred) = -log10 (hypoxic cell surviving fraction) predicted by the model Log kill (Meas) = -log10 (hypoxic cell surviving fraction) measured in tumours SE = standard error of log kill (Meas). Stat. Signif. = statistical significance of log kill (Meas). A B C D E F G H I J K L M N It is established by these studies that extravascular transport is a determinant of in vivo cytotoxicity and selectivity of benzotriazine di-N-oxides. These results confirm that the measurement of parameters such as IC50 and HCR in cell culture, alone, do not provide a reliable prediction for activity against hypoxic cells in tumours. However, despite the elegance of these models and the highly statistically significant results achieved, one of the inherent difficulties with this approach is that it requires complex computational methods, and a detailed knowledge of a microvascular network geometry and blood flow. This information is not generally available. It is therefore an object of the present invention to overcome some of these complexities by providing a simplified set of characteristics that can be used to select 1,2,4 benzotriazine 1,4 dioxide compounds (TPZ analogues) with therapeutic activity against hypoxic cells in human tumour xenografts, and to provide a method by which these characteristics can be assessed with minimal or no testing of the compounds in animals and to further provide a novel class of TPZ analogues with predicted improved in vivo activity against tumours, relative to TPZ, or to at least provide the public with a useful choice. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION In a first aspect the present invention provides a method of selecting one or more 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxides capable of in vivo hypoxia selective cytotoxicity, wherein said 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide is selected if it is determined to have each of the following characteristics (a) a solubility greater than or about 2 mM in culture medium; and (b) an HT29 anoxic IC50 for a 4 hr exposure to the 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide of less than or about 40 μM; and (c) a hypoxic cytotoxicity ratio (HCR) greater than about 20 for the HT29 cell line; and (d) a penetration half distance (PHD) greater than or about 27 μm, and (e) the area under the plasma concentration time curve for free 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide (unbound to plasma proteins), AUCf, is greater than about 2 times the HT29 anoxic IC50×t where IC50×t is the product of concentration×exposure time for 50% inhibition of cell proliferation and wherein for said 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide at least one of the characteristics (a) to (e) exceeds the activity of the equivalent characteristic of Tirapazamine. It is to be appreciated that in most cases the AUCf would be measured at a tolerable dose of drug in animals for compounds that pass the first three rules of the first aspect defined above or the first four rules of the alternative aspect defined above. (although AUCf can also be estimated by calculation as noted below). The algorithm increases the chance that selected compounds will have utility as anticancer agents, making it possible to eliminate compounds from the testing pipeline without undertaking expensive and time-consuming therapy studies in animals. It has been found that many 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compounds can be rejected because they fail criterion (a) or (b) or (c) hence avoiding the need to test those compounds in vivo since the PK criterion then becomes irrelevant. In a further aspect, the invention provides a 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide (TPZ analogue) selected by either of the methods defined above with the proviso that Tirapazamine and compounds of Formula I and J are excluded. Preferably, the 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound selected by the method defined above is selected from N1,N1-Dimethyl-N2-(6-methyl-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-1,2-ethanediamine; 6-Methyl-N-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-dioxide; N1-(6-Methoxy-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-N2,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine; N1-[6-(2-Methoxyethoxy)-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl]-N2,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine; N1,N1-Dimethyl-N2-(6-ethoxy-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-1,2-ethanediamine; 6-Ethyl-N-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-dioxide; 2-[(3-Ethyl-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-6-yl)oxy]-N,N-dimethylethaneamine; 3-Ethyl-6-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propoxy]-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide; 6-Methyl-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-dioxide; and their pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment there is also provided method of therapy for treating cancer including the step of administering a 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound as defined above in a therapeutically effective amount to tumour cells in a subject. Preferably, the tumour cells are in a hypoxic environment. More preferably the method further includes the step of administering radiotherapy to the tumour cells before, during or after the administration of the 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound as defined above to the tumour cells. The method can also include the step of administering one or more chemotherapeutic agents, such as Cisplatin or other platinum-based derivatives, Temozolomide or other DNA methylating agents, cyclophosphamide or other DNA alkylating agents, Doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, camptothecin or other topoisomerase inhibitors, Methotrexate, gemcitabine or other antimetabolites and/or Docetaxel or other taxanes to the tumour cells before, during or after the administration of the 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound as defined above to the tumour cells. In another embodiment there is provided a method of radiosensitising in a subject tumour cells of solid tumours in hypoxic conditions in vivo, comprising the steps of: (a) administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition in an amount sufficient to produce radiosensitivity in the tumour cells, the composition comprising a 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4 dioxide obtained by either of the methods defined above, and (b) subjecting the tumour cells to radiation. In another embodiment, there is provided the use in the manufacture of a medicament of a therapeutically effective amount of a1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide compound as defined above for the treatment of tumour cells in a subject. Preferably, the tumour cells are in a hypoxic environment. There is also provided in a further embodiment a pharmaceutical composition including a therapeutically effective amount of a 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide as defined above and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, adjuvant, carrier, buffer or stabiliser. In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide of Formula I or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof, selected by the method defined above and having the characteristics (a) to (e) defined above, wherein A1 or A2 represent independently an H or R substituent at positions 6, 7 or 8 and/or an OR substituent at positions 6 or 8 wherein each R independently represents a C1-4 alkyl or cyclic C3-C8 alkyl optionally substituted with substituents selected from OH, OMe, or NR1R1 and wherein each R1 is independently selected from H or a C1-3 alkyl or the R1R1 substituents together form a morpholine ring; B represents NHR2 or R3; wherein R2 is a C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with substituents selected from OH, OMe, or NR4R4 wherein R3 is selected from a C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with OH, OMe, wherein each R4 is independently selected from H, a C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with OMe, or R4R4 together form a morpholine ring; and with the proviso that A1 and A2 do not both represent H when B represents CH2CH3 or CH2CH2OCH3; and with the further proviso that when A1 represents H and A2 represents 7-Me then B cannot represent NH(CH2)2NMe2 In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein A1 or A2 represent independently an H or R substituent at positions 6, 7 or 8 and/or an OR substituent at positions 6 or 8 wherein each R independently represents a C1-4 alkyl or cyclic C3-C8 alkyl optionally substituted with substituents selected from OMe, or NR1R1 and wherein each R1 is independently selected from H or a C1-3 alkyl or the R1R1 substituents together form a morpholine ring; B represents NHR2 or R3; wherein R2 is a C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with substituents selected from OH, OMe, or NR4R4 wherein R3 is selected from a C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with OH, OMe, wherein each R4 is independently selected from H, a C1-3 alkyl or R4R4 together form a morpholine ring; and with the proviso that A1 and A2 do not both represent H when B represents CH2CH3 or CH2CH2OCH3; and with the further proviso that when A1 represents H and A2 represents 7-Me then B cannot represent NH(CH2)2NMe2. Preferably, in a compound of Formula I defined above A1 represents Me, Et, OMe, OEt, or OCH2CH2OMe; A2 represents H and B represents Me, Et, CH2CH2OH, CH2CH2OMe, NHCH2CH2NMe2, NHCH2CH2Nmorpholine, or NHCH2CH2CH2Nmorpholine. In a further embodiment preferably a compound of Formula I defined above A1 represents CH2CH2NMe2, CH2CH2NEt2, CH2CH2Nmorpholine, CH2CH2CH2Nmorpholine, OCH2CH2NMe2, OCH2CH2NEt2, OCH2CH2Nmorpholine, or OCH2CH2CH2Nmorpholine and B represents Me, Et, CH2CH20H or CH2CH2OMe. In a further embodiment the invention provides for the use in a method of therapy for treating cancer including the step of administering a compound of Formula I as defined above in a therapeutically effective amount to tumour cells in a subject. Preferably, the tumour cells are in a hypoxic environment. It is preferred that the method of therapy further includes the step of administering radiotherapy to the tumour cells before, during or after the administration of the compound of Formula I as defined above to the tumour cells. It is preferred that the method of therapy further includes the step of administering one or more chemotherapeutic agents to the tumour cells before, during or after the administration of the compound of Formula I as defined above to the tumour cells. In another embodiment there is provided a method of radiosensitising in a subject tumour cells of solid tumours in hypoxic conditions in vivo, comprising the steps of: (a) administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition in an amount sufficient to produce radiosensitivity in the tumour cells, the composition comprising a 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4 dioxide of Formula I as defined above, and (b) subjecting the tumour cells to radiation. In a further aspect the invention provides for the use in the manufacture of a medicament of a therapeutically effective amount compound of a Formula I as defined above for the treatment of tumour cells in a subject. Preferably the tumour cells are in a hypoxic environment. While these compounds will typically be used in cancer therapy of human subjects, they can be used to target tumour cells in other warm blooded animal subjects such as other primates, farm animals such as cattle, and sports animals and pets such as horses, dogs, and cats. A “therapeutically effective amount”, is to be understood as an amount of a compound of Formula I as defined above or a compound of Formula I′ as defined above or a mixture thereof that is sufficient to show benefit to a patient. The actual amount, rate and time-course of administration, will depend on the nature and severity of the disease being treated. Prescription of treatment is within the responsibility of general practitioners and other medical doctors. A hypoxic environment is to be understood as either an in vitro environment with an oxygen concentration less than 10 μM, or an in vivo environment having a lower oxygen tension than normal tissues. It is to be understood that the compound of Formula I can be administered alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents or treatments, especially radiotherapy, either simultaneously or sequentially dependent upon the condition to be treated. Preferred chemotherapeutic agents can be selected from: Cisplatin or other platinum-based derivatives, Temozolomide or other DNA methylating agents, Cyclophosphamide or other DNA alkylating agents, Doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, camptothecin or other topoisomerase inhibitors, Methotrexate, gemcitabine or other antimetabolites, Docetaxel or other taxanes. In another aspect of the present invention there is provided a pharmaceutical composition including a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I or a mixture thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, adjuvant, carrier, buffer or stabiliser. The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, adjuvant, carrier, buffer or stabiliser should be non-toxic and should not interfere with the efficacy of the active ingredient. The precise nature of the carrier or other material will depend on the route of administration, which can be oral, or by injection, such as cutaneous, subcutaneous, or intravenous injection. Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration can be in tablet, capsule, powder or liquid form. A tablet may comprise a solid carrier or an adjuvent. Liquid pharmaceutical compositions generally comprise a liquid carrier such as water, petroleum, animal or vegetable oils, mineral oil or synthetic oil. Physiological saline solution, dextrose or other saccharide solution or glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol may be included. A capsule may comprise a solid carrier such as gelatin. For intravenous, cutaneous or subcutaneous injection, the active ingredient will be in the form of a parenterally acceptable aqueous solution which is pyrogen-free and has a suitable pH, isotonicity and stability. Those of relevant skill in the art are well able to prepare suitable solutions using, for example, isotonic vehicles such as Sodium Chloride injection, Ringer's injection, Lactated Ringer's injection. Preservatives, stabilisers, buffers antioxidants and/or other additives may be included as required. It is to be recognised that certain compounds of the present invention may exist in one or more different enantiomeric or diastereomeric forms. It is to be understood that the enantiomeric or diasteriomeric forms are included in the above aspects of the invention. The term pharmacologically acceptable salt used throughout the specification is to be taken as meaning any acid or base derived salts formed from hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic, citric, oxalic, malonic, salicyclic, malic, fumaric, succinic, ascorbic, maleic, methanesulfonic, isoethonic acids and the like and potassium carbonate sodium or potassium hydroxide ammonia, triethylamine, triethanolamine and the like. Further aspects of the present invention will become apparent with reference to the following detailed description, the Synthetic Schemes, the Examples; and the Figures, which are given by way of example only, where FIG. 1 shows schematically a method for quantifying extravascular transport (EVT) properties of compounds of Formula I using multicellular layers (MCL). A: Diagram of a Millicell® CM culture insert used for growing MCLs on a porous, collagen-coated Teflon membrane. B: H&E-stained transverse section of an HT-29 MCL three days after initiating growth with 106 cells. The Teflon membrane is ca 30 μm thick. C: Diffusion apparatus for measurement of transport through MCLs. D: Diffusion of TPZ (100 μM) through well oxygenated (open circles) and a 2-fold reduction in this diffusion in poorly oxygenated (filled circles) HT29 MCLs of equivalent thickness (141±5 μm). Concentrations are normalized to the initial concentration in the donor compartment (Co). The Lines are fits to a reaction-diffusion model. Also shown is the diffusion of compound #20 through a well oxygenated MCL of a similar thickness illustrating the effect of raising the diffusion coefficient from 4×10−7 cm2s−1 to 1.4×10−8 cm2s−1. FIG. 2. Illustrates the sensitivity of hypoxic cell killing in tumours to changes in diffusion coefficient of TPZ analogues, simulated using a spatially resolved 1D PK/PD model. The solid lines are based on the measured rate of metabolism of TPZ by HT29 cells, and the dashed line on a two-fold higher rate of metabolism. The Left Panel of FIG. 2 shows steady-state concentration gradients as fractions of the plasma concentration, (Cp=50 μM) for O2, TPZ and a TPZ analogue with 6-fold higher diffusion coefficient assuming the same rate of metabolism as for TPZ. The Right Panel of FIG. 2, shows predicted cell killing for the same two compounds. The cytotoxicity parameter (γ) is assumed to have the same value as that found experimentally for TPZ. The numbers on the graph refer to the following situations: 1. A 2-fold increase in the rate of metabolism (and hence 2-fold increase in vitro cytotoxic potency) results in no significant increase in killing in the hypoxic region (O2<4 μM) but gives a 2-fold increase in killing of oxygenated cells near blood vessels. This change is therefore predicted to be therapeutically unfavourable, and demonstrates the importance of optimising (rather than maximising) rates of metabolic reduction of TPZ analogues. 2. A 6-fold increase in the diffusion coefficient, with no increase in the rate of metabolism and hence no increase in in vitro cytotoxic potency, results in a 2-fold increase in cell killing in the hypoxic zone without any undesirable increase in cell killing in the oxic zone. This 2-fold increase in hypoxic selectivity in vivo is predicted to be therapeutically favourable. 3. A 6-fold increase in the diffusion coefficient together with a 2-fold increase in the rate of metabolism (and hence a 2-fold increase in in vitro potency) results in a 3-fold increase in cell killing in the hypoxic zone and a 2-fold increase in in vivo hypoxic selectivity. FIG. 3 illustrates the geometry used in the PK/PD model of extravascular transport in tumours. A: illustrates the 1D diffusion into a planar tissue region between two capillaries with a line showing the falling oxygen concentration gradient from the capillary to the center of the region. B: illustrates the 3D diffusion in a mapped microvascular network in a 230×500×500 μm region in a R3230Ac tumour. FIG. 4: Shows the predicted (PK/PD model) versus measured kill of hypoxic cells in HT29 tumors (i.e. additional kill for drug immediately after radiation, relative to radiation only). FIG. 5: Shows in vivo activity of compound 3 against hypoxic cells in HT29 tumour xenografts. Animals were treated with radiation alone (RAD, 20 Gy whole body); RAD+TPZ (316 μmol/kg); compound 3 (562 μmol/kg); RAD+compound 3 (562 μmol/kg). Tumours were excised 18 hr after treatment and clonogenic survival determined by staining colonies 14 days later. Each symbol represents a separate tumour. p<0.01 (one way ANOVA with Dunnett's test) for RAD+compound 3 and for RAD+TPZ versus RAD only. Horizontal lines are the historical means for untreated controls (upper line) and 20 Gy radiation only (lower line). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Impeded extravascular transport has been previously identified as limiting the in vivo cytotoxicity and selectivity of many 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxides including TPZ. It is also recognised that some of the limitations of TPZ are because it is metabolised too quickly before it reaches its desired hypoxic destination. There is a complex relationship between diffusion, metabolism and in vivo activity and in order to select an improved TPZ analogue there is a need to optimize (rather than maximize) the rate of metabolism of a TPZ analogue in vivo simultaneously with the other transport and potency properties. The inventors have now discovered a simplified but specific set of characteristics that can be used to select a TPZ analogues with therapeutic activity against hypoxic cells in human tumour xenografts, and a method by which these characteristics can be assessed without administering compounds to animals. The determination of the desired characteristics came about by closely studying and measuring the parameters influencing and determining the extravascular transport and potency of hypoxia selective cytotoxins in vitro, PK/PD modelling, and comparison with in vivo cell killing in the HT29 excision assay the modelling and computational methods used in selecting a TPZ analogue having predicted optimised metabolism in vivo. The desired characteristics are interrelated and the limits have been carefully selected to ensure that compounds having undesirable characteristics, for example where the TPZ analogue is not sufficiently selective in its cytotoxicity under hypoxic conditions, are excluded. The selection of the specific characteristics for a suitable TPZ analogue are as follows: (a) a solubility greater than or about 2 mM in culture medium; and (b) an HT29 anoxic IC50 for a 4 hr exposure to the 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide of less than or about 40 μM; and (c) a hypoxic cytotoxicity ratio (HCR) greater than about 20 for the HT29 cell line; and (d) a penetration half distance (PHD) greater than or about 27 μm, and (e) the area under the plasma concentration time curve for free 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide (unbound to plasma proteins), AUCf, is greater than about 2 times the HT29 anoxic IC50×t where IC50×t is the product of concentration x exposure time for 50% inhibition of cell proliferation . (i.e. AUCf/(IC50×t) is greater than about 2); and wherein for said 1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide at least one of the characteristics (a) to (e) exceeds the activity of the equivalent characteristic of Tirapazamine. It is to be appreciated that while the characteristics have been selected to predict TPZ analogues that are active against HT29 tumours in mice, the latter cell line is representative of other human and non-human tumour cell lines in its sensitivity to TPZ [Siim et al, Br. J. Cancer 1996, 73, 952]. Thus it is expected that such TPZ analogues will also be active against hypoxic tumour cells in humans and other animals or at least will have an increased probability of having such activity relative to other TPZ analogues that do not meet all of the characteristics (a) to (e) above. Although the threshold for each parameter is set at a value less favourable than the specific value determined for TPZ, these rules still make it possible to successfully predict those compounds with significant activity against hypoxic cells in human tumour xenografts in mice. For example, if a compound satisfies all of the characteristics (a) to (e) it is more likely that this compound will have significant activity against hypoxic cells in tumours. To exemplify the invention, Table 2 provides demonstration that the above characteristics correctly identify the in vivo active compounds in the validation set of 14 compounds (cmpds A-N) that have been assayed in vivo (described in Table 1 above). It further demonstrates that the above selection rules can be successfully applied to other compounds of formula I that were not included in the initial validation set (cmpds O-U). The latter compounds were selected for in vivo testing on the basis of predicted activity according to the above selection rules. Overall, all 12 of the 12 compounds meeting the desired characteristics of selection show significant activity against hypoxic cells in HT29 tumours, whereas none of the 9 compounds failing to meet all these characteristics show significant activity. It is noteworthy that the selection rules distinguish closely related compounds such as the 6-methyl and 7-methyl regioisomers (cmpds 3 and 40) which have very similar structural and physicochemical properties. The 6-methyl analogue (3) is correctly predicted by the selection rules to be active against HT29 tumours, while the 7-methyl analogue (40) is correctly predicted to be inactive. The latter compound narrowly fails both the PHD (penetration) criterion for selection rule (c) and AUCf/(IC50×t) ratio criterion for selection rule (e). TABLE 2 IC50 PHD AUC HT29 log p Cmpd Solubility (μM) HCR (μM) (μM-h) AUC/(IC50 × t) Prediction kill value A 8.9 5.15 70.6 44.4 148.1 7.2 Active 1.17 <0.01 B 33 3.02 12.9 35.8 89.5 215.8 4.2 Active 2.165 <0.01 C 34 0.09 0.73 28.5 25.3 2.7 0.9 Inactive −0.007 ns D 35 2.22 0.55 13.6 13.1 0.7 0.3 Inactive −0.154 ns E 36 0.49 9.95 12.0 24.8 15.6 0.4 Inactive −0.028 ns F 40 38.7 1.08 34.3 21.6 3.9 0.9 Inactive 0.196 ns G 26 1.650 81.6 31.8 7.1 1.1 Inactive 0.248 ns H 3 52 1.85 159.0 27.5 67.8 9.2 Active 1.001 <0.01 I 14.5 6.78 54.2 62.9 138.9 5.1 Active 0.886 <0.01 J 21 3.50 49.4 54.2 83.5 6.0 Avtive 0.8 <0.05 K 0.024 0.025 31.8 9.9 0.0 0.3 Inactive 0.009 ns L 0.45 0.050 154.0 11.0 3.3 19.2 Inactive −0.051 ns M 3.8 0.125 119.0 5.6 1.2 2.7 Inactive 0.138 ns N 32.4 0.225 134.0 25.2 1.6 1.8 Inactive 0.027 ns O 5 42.6 15.5 24.7 65.2 195.3 3.1 Active 1.28 <0.01 P 9 45.5 7.65 89.3 35.0 239.5 7.8 Active 1.84 <0.01 Q 14 51.2 4.98 162.0 32.2 256.4 12.9 Active 0.53 0.019 R 19 50.3 2.60 120.6 51.9 82.4 7.9 Active 0.83 0.041 S 25 54.9 10.4 35.0 83.1 94.9 2.3 Active 0.82 0.049 T 30 48.5 1.33 307.2 36.6 55.7 10.5 Active 0.88 <0.001 U 32 46.7 6.17 166.2 40.6 162.4 6.6 Active 1.66 <0.001 Ability of the characteristics to be used to select in vivo active compounds from the compounds represented by Formula I. For structures of compounds A—N, refer Table 1. Other compounds are identified below. The selection rules relate to the values in columns 3, 5, 6 abd 8, and the threshold values are shown in row 2 (grey background). Compounds satisfying all the desired thresholds are shown as Active in the Prediction column. The two right hand columns show the measured activity hypoxic cells in #HT29 tumours (logarithms to the base 10 of kill, additional to radiation alone) and the statistical significance of this activity relative to radiation alone (ns = not significant). The PK and in vivo activity data were determined at the MTD for some compounds or at 75% of the MTD for others. Determination of Parameters Required for the Selection Rules (a)-(d). (i) Determination of Solubility Solubility is determined in laboratory culture medium (alpha minimal essential medium (αMEM) with 5% foetal bovine serum) saturated with 5% carbon dioxide at pH 7.4, by addition of excess compound and sonication at ambient temperature for 15 minutes. Alternatively the compound is diluted from a concentrated stock solution in DMSO into culture medium to give a final DMSO concentration <1%. The mixture is centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 6 minutes and the concentration of drug in the supernatant solution is then determined by HPLC using a standard reference solution in a suitable solvent. (ii) Determination of Cytotoxicity Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity of Compounds by Proliferation Assay (IC50) Under Aerobic and Hypoxic Conditions. Compounds representative of the invention were evaluated under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions in a proliferation assay (IC50) using the human colon carcinoma cell line HT-29 as previously described [Hay et al, J. Med. Chem, 2003, 46, 169]. For each experiment, compounds were simultaneously tested under both oxic and hypoxic conditions and included TPZ as an independent internal control at the front and back of the assay. In all cases, a 8-methyl-5-nitroquinoline derivative was used as a second internal control to confirm that strict hypoxia was present during the experiment [Siim et al., Br. J. Cancer 1994, 70, 596. After exposure to compounds for 4 hrs, cells were washed with fresh medium and grown for a further 5 days before staining with sulforhodamine B as described previously [Wilson et al., J. Med. Chem. 1989, 32, 31] and IC50 values determined. IC50=The concentration of drug (in micromolar) to reduce viable cell numbers to 50% of those of control cell cultures grown on the same plate but not exposed to drug. HCR=Hypoxic cytotoxicity ratio is defined as the ratio of IC50 values under aerobic and hypoxic condition (iii) Determination of PHD For a TPZ analogue to selectively kill hypoxic cells in vivo it must be capable of transport to the hypoxic region. Transport limitations are the result of the competition between diffusion (governed by the diffusion coefficient DMCL cm2s−1) and bioreductive metabolism (measured by the first order rate constant kmet in s−1). This competition may be summarised as the Penetration Half Distance (PHD), which is the distance into a plane one dimensional anoxic tissue region where the drug concentration falls to half of its external value, and is calculated by PHD = ln ⁡ ( 2 ) ⁢ D MCL k met where DMCL is the drug diffusion coefficient in HT29 MCL in units cm2s−1 and kmet is the estimated first order rate constant for hypoxic drug metabolism in HT29 MCL at a drug concentration approximating the C10 value in units of s−1. PHD for compounds representative of the invention were evaluated as described. The requirement that PHD≧27 μm ensures adequate extravascular transport by setting an upper bound on kmet as a function of DMCL, i.e., kmet must be less than or equal to ⅔ DMCL×105 s−1. The lower bound on kmet is implied by the IC50 and HCR conditions which ensure that the rate of metabolism under hypoxia is high enough to provide potent and selective hypoxic cell killing. The parameters kmet and DMCL can be estimated by measurement or by calculation as illustrated below., PHD=is the distance into a plane one dimensional anoxic tissue region where the drug concentration falls to half of its external value MCL=multicellular layer DMCL=the diffusion coefficient of the drug in HT29 multicellular layers (see below) kmet=the rate constant for bioreductive metabolism at the cell density in HT29 multicellular layers Determination of the Diffusion Coefficient in HT29 Multilayers The diffusion coefficients in HT29 MCL (DMCL) of compounds representative of the invention were determined either by: 1. Measurement of drug diffusion in HT29 MCL (grown in culture inserts and seeded at 1×106 cells per insert and grown for 3-4 days) in a 2 chamber diffusion apparatus containing culture medium with measurement from both the donor and receiver compartments and gassing at ≧20% O2 to suppress bioreductive metabolism as described in Hicks et al (Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 5970-5977). Samples of medium are taken at intervals, drug concentrations determined by HPLC or LCMS and the concentration-time profile was fitted to Fick's second law of diffusion and the differential equation was solved numerically to obtain the estimate of DMCL. OR 2. Calculated from the logistic regression equation log ⁡ ( D MCL ) = y 0 + g + d × log ⁢ ⁢ M r + a 1 + exp ⁡ ( - log ⁢ ⁢ P 7.4 - x 0 + e × HD + h × HA b ) where a. Log P7.4 is the base 10 logarithm of the octanol-water partition coefficient of the compound at pH 7.4 measured or calculated using the techniques described below b. HD is the number of hydrogen bond donors (which is the sum of all NH— and OH-groups) c. HA is the number of hydrogen bond acceptors (which is the sum of all N— and O-atoms) d. Mr is the molecular weight of the non-ionised drug and a, g, d, a, x0, e, h, and b are regression coefficients as outlined in the table. Parameters Estimate SE CV(%) p a 1.0955 0.0746 6.81 <0.0001 b 0.6452 0.0994 15.41 <0.0001 d −0.4731 0.1027 21.71 <0.0001 e −0.9602 0.0916 9.54 <0.0001 x0 −3.5797 0.3541 9.89 <0.0001 y0 −5.5183 0.2506 4.54 <0.0001 h −0.3810 0.0490 12.86 <0.0001 Values of the coefficient g are cell line dependent; this value has been determined as 0.3051 (SE 0.0427, CV 13.99%, p<0.001) for SiHa MCLs, and is set at zero for HT29 MCLs. Determination of the Rate of Metabolism The apparent first order rate constants for anoxic metabolism in HT29 cells (kmet) of compounds representative of the invention were either: 1. Estimated at the C10 experimentally by incubating stirred single cell suspensions (typically 10 ml at 2×106/ml of HT29 cells derived by trypsinisation of multicellular spheroids) in αMEM without serum in 20 ml bottles under flowing 5% CO2/N2 for 90 min, then introducing the compound using deoxygenated DMSO stock solutions to give a range of final drug concentrations. Samples (0.5 ml) were removed at intervals (typically 5 min, 30 min, 1,2,3 hr), washed by centrifugation, and plated to determine the number of clonogenic survivors as described by Hicks et al Cancer Res. 2003 63, 5970. The concentration of compound giving 1 log of kill at 1 hr (C10) was estimated by interpolation. Additional samples taken at the same times were centrifuged to remove cells, and supernatant stored at −80° C. for subsequent HPLC or LCMS analysis. The concentration of compound in the extracellular medium was plotted against time and the concentration closest to the C10 was used to estimate the first order rate constant. This was scaled to MCL cell density as described in Hicks et al, Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 5970 to obtain kmet. Cell viability was determined with a hemocytometer at the end of drug exposure by staining with 0.4% trypan blue to ensure metabolic viability was >75%. TPZ (30 μM) was included in each experiment as a reference compound. O2, in solution was measured using an OxyLite O2 luminescent fiber optic probe (Oxford Optronix Ltd, UK) to ensure severe hypoxia (<0.1 μM). OR 2. Calculated by regression against the measured one electron reduction potential E(1) to using the following equation log kmet=4.7220549+0.0106557×E(1) (R2=0.796) where b[0] and b[1] are the regression coefficients outlined in the following table Determination of Physicochemical Parameters Physicochemical parameters of compounds representative of the invention were determined as follows. 1. log P74. The base 10 logarithm of the octanol-water partition coefficient was determined either 1. Experimentally by a modified shake flask method as described in Siim et al [Siim et al, Biochem. Pharmacol. 2000, 60, 969] by partitioning of drug between phosphate buffered saline and analytical grade 1-octanol at 22±2° C. with measurement of both aqueous and octanol phases by HPLC or LC/MS after equilibrium is reached. OR 2. By calculation using proprietary software ACD log D (Advanced Chemistry Development Inc, Toronto, Canada with inclusion of a training set of compounds for which have log P7.4 has been measured as described above. 2. E(1) The one-electron reduction potential (E(1)) was determined either 1. Experimentally, using pulse radiolysis [Wardman, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1989, 18, 1637; Anderson et al, Brit. J. Cancer 1996, 27, S48] performed on a Dynaray 4 (4 MeV) linear accelerator (200 ns pulse length with a custom-built optical radical detection system. E(1) values were determined in anaerobic aqueous solutions containing 2-propanol (0.1 M) buffered at pH 7.0 (10 mM phosphate) by measuring the equilibrium constant [Meisel & Czapski, J. Phys. Chem. 1975, 79, 1503] for the electron transfer between the radical anions of the compounds and the appropriate viologen or quinone reference standard. Data were obtained at three concentration ratios. OR 2. By calculation. For monosubstituted compounds, E(1) may be estimated by regression using the following equations (Hay et al., J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 169-182) 3-sub: E(1)/mV = −348 + 161 σp n = 5 r2 = 0.975 F = 161 5-sub: E(1)/mV = −453 + 161σm n = 7 r2 = 0.976 F = 160 6-sub: E(1)/mV = −454 + 282σp n = 10 r2 = 0.987 F = 596 7-sub: E(1)/mV = −424 + 171σp n = 10 r2 = 0.933 F = 111 8-sub: E(1)/mV = −492 + 287σm n = 10 r2 = 0.946 F = 106 (iv) Determination of Free Drug AUC from Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK) The area under the concentration time curve for free drug (AUCf) in mouse plasma at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was determined either experimentally or by calculation. 1. Experimental Determination of Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK) A. Determination of Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) The compound was formulated in a suitable vehicle (e.g. 0.9% saline, 5% DMSO in 0.9% saline) and administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) as single dose to CD-1 nude mice in a dose-escalating format using 1.33-fold dose increments. The mice were weighed and observed at regular intervals and the MTD defined as the highest dose that does not cause lethality or severe morbidity or unacceptable toxicity (e.g. a weight loss of greater than 15% of the starting weight in any individual animal) in a group of 3-6 mice. B. Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK) The compound was administered to CD-1 nude mice in a suitable formulation as a single dose (i.p.) at the MTD. Blood samples were collected by retro-orbital sinus bleed or cardiac puncture after which the mouse was culled, or by serial bleeding from the tail vein. Typical time points were 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after administration. Blood was collected in a heparinised container and centrifuged to collect the plasma. The plasma concentration of the compound was determined by HPLC or LCMS using suitable sample preparation and analytical methods. Calibration was done with internal or external standards. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for total (free plus bound) drug was calculated using the linear/log trapezoidal rule and extrapolation to infinity OR standard non-compartmental (PK) modelling. C. Determination of Plasma Protein Binding Plasma protein binding was measured by the determination of the free fraction (FF) by equilibrium dialysis at 37° C. in 50% (v/v) mouse plasma in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4), using a single drug concentration at or near the observed or extrapolated maximum concentration in plasma (Cmax). Compound concentrations after dialysis were determined by HPLC or LCMS. The plasma protein FF was then used to estimate binding in 100% mouse plasma using the relationship: FF(100% plasma)=0.5 FF(50% plasma) D. Determination of the AUC for Free Drug The AUC for the free drug (AUCf) was estimated using the equation: AUCf=FF(100% plasma)×AUC 2. Calculation of AUCf AUCf for the compound administered as a single dose (i.p.) to CD-1 nude mice at the MTD can be estimated using the following regression equation: Log10(AUCf)=a+b×log Pneutral+c×log10(IC50)+d×log10(HCR)+e×log10(DMCL)+f×log10(kmet)+g×(log Pneutral)2 where the coefficients are described in the following table: Coefficient Std. Error CV % P a 0.3810 0.3573 93.7795 0.3091 b −0.1411 0.1208 85.6130 0.2676 c 1.3007 0.1794 13.7926 <0.0001 d 0.9457 0.1771 18.7269 0.0002 e 0.8940 0.2069 23.1432 0.0012 f −0.1739 0.1937 111.3859 0.3885 g −0.3068 0.0728 23.7288 0.0015 N=18 R2=0.9556 SE=0.1877 F=39.4382 P<0.0001 Methods for Preparing Compounds of Formula I of the Invention. Nucleophilic displacement of 1 with N,N-dimethyethylenediamine gave 1-oxide 2 that underwent selective aromatic N-oxidation under acidic conditions to give 1,4-dioxide 3 (Scheme 1). Similarly, reaction of chloride 1 with 4-(3-aminopropyl)morpholine gave 1-oxide 4 which was oxidized to 1,4-dioxide 5 (Scheme 2). Diazotisation of amine 6 (Hay et. al., J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 169) in trifluoroacetic acid and chlorination of the intermediate phenol gave chloride 7(Scheme 3). Nucleophilic displacement of chloride 7 with N,N-dimethylethylenediamine gave the 1-oxide 8 that was oxidised to the corresponding 1,4-dioxide 9. Diazotisation of amine 10 (Hay et. al., J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 169) in trifluoroacetic acid and chlorination of the intermediate phenol gave chloride 11 (Scheme 4). Nucleophilic displacement of chloride 11 with N,N-dimethylethylenediamine gave the 1-oxide 12. Displacement of fluoride 12 with the anion of 2-methoxyethanol gave 1-oxide 13, which was oxidised to the corresponding 1,4-dioxide 14. Condensation of nitroaniline 15 with cyanamide and cyclisation under basic conditions gave amine 16, which was converted to the chloride 17 (Scheme 5). Reaction of 17 with N,N-dimethylethylenediamine gave the 1-oxide 18, which was oxidised to the corresponding 1,4-dioxide 19. Hydrolysis of acetanilide 20 gave nitroaniline 21 which was converted to amine 22 (Scheme 6). Amine 22 underwent diazotization and chlorination to give chloride 23. Reaction of chloride 23 with 4-(3-aminopropyl)morpholine gave 1-oxide 24 which was oxidized to 1,4-dioxide 25. Diazotization of the amine 26 and chlorination of the intermediate phenol gave chloride 27 (Scheme 7). Stille reaction of chloride 27 with tetraethyltin in the presence of a palladium catalyst gave compound 28. Reaction of 28 with the anion of N,N-dimethylethanolamine gave the 1-oxide 29, which was oxidized to the 1,4-dioxide 30. Similarly, reaction of fluoride 28 with the anion of 3-(4-morpholinyl)propanol gave 1-oxide 31, which was oxidized to 1,4-dioxide 32 (Scheme 8). Compounds 33-36 were prepared as previously described (Hay et. al., J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 169) (Scheme 9). Diazotization of the amine 37 (Hay et. al., J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 169) and chlorination of the intermediate phenol gave chloride 38 (Scheme 10). Nucleophilic displacement of 38 with N,N-dimethyethylenediamine gave 1-oxide 39 that underwent selective aromatic N-oxidation under acidic conditions to give 1,4-dioxide 40. EXAMPLES OF THE COMPOUNDS OF THE INVENTION The following examples are representative of the invention and the detailed methods for preparing them, however, the scope of the invention is not to be taken as being limited to these examples. Analyses were carried out in the Microchemical Laboratory, University of Otago, Dunedin, NZ. Melting points were determined on an Electrothermal 2300 Melting Point Apparatus. NMR spectra were obtained on a Bruker Avance 400 spectrometer at 400 MHz for 1H and 100 MHz for 13C spectra. Spectra were obtained in CDCl3 unless otherwise specified, and are referenced to Me4Si. Chemical shifts and coupling constants were recorded in units of ppm and Hz, respectively. Assignments were determined using COSY, HSQC, and HMBC two-dimensional experiments. Mass spectra were determined on a VG-70SE mass spectrometer using an ionizing potential of 70 eV at a nominal resolution of 1000. High-resolution spectra were obtained at of 70 eV at a nominal resolution of 1000. High-resolution spectra were obtained at nominal resolutions of 3000, 5000, or 10000 as appropriate. All spectra were obtained as electron impact (EI) using PFK as the reference unless otherwise stated. Solutions in organic solvents were dried with anhydrous Na2SO4. Solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure on a rotary evaporator. Thin-layer chromatography was carried out on aluminum-backed silica gel plates (Merck 60 F254) with visualization of components by UV light (254 nm) or exposure to I2. Column chromatography was carried out on silica gel, (Merck 230-400 mesh). Basic compounds were formulated as hydrochloride salts for solubility testing, formulation and all biological assays. All compounds designated for biological testing were analysed at >99% purity by reverse phase HPLC using a Philips PU4100 liquid chromatograph, a Phenomenex BondClone 10-C18 stainless steel column (300 mm×3.9 mm i.d.) and a Philips PU4120 diode array detector. Chromatograms were run using various gradients of aqueous (1 M NaH2PO4, 0.75 M heptanesulfonic acid, 0.5 M dibutylammonium phosphate, and MilliQ water in a 1:1:1:97 ratio) and organic (80% MeOH/MilliQ water) phases. DCM refers to dichloromethane; DME refers to 1,2-dimethoxyethane, DMF refers to dry dimethylformamide; ether refers to diethyl ether; EtOAc refers to ethyl acetate; EtOH refers to ethanol; MeOH refers to methanol; pet ether refers to petroleum ether, boiling range 40-60 ° C.; THF refers to tetrahydrofuran dried over sodium benzophenone ketyl. All solvents were freshly distilled. Example 1 N1,N1-Dimethyl-N2-(6-methyl-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-1,2-ethanediamine (3) N1,N1-Dimethyl-N2-(6-methyl-1-oxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-1,2-ethanediamine (2). N,N-Dimethylethanediamine (705 μL, 6.6 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of chloride 1 (518 mg, 2.7 mmol) in DME (50 mL) and the solution stirred at reflux temperature for 2 h. The solution was cooled, the solvent evaporated and the residue partitioned between dilute aqueous NH3 (100 mL) and DCM (100 mL). The organic fraction was dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with a gradient (0-10%) of MeOH/DCM, to give 1-oxide 2 (603 mg, 92%) as a yellow solid, mp (MeOH/EtOAc) 143-145° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.11 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.35 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 7.07 (dd, J=8.8, 1.7 Hz, 1 H, H-7), 5.89 (br s, 1 H, NH), 3.50-3.56 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 2.52-2.56 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 2.45 (s, 3 H, CH3), 2.26 [s, 6 H, N(CH3)2]; 13C NMR δ 159.2, 149.1, 146.9, 129.2, 126.9, 125.3, 120.1, 57.5, 45.1 (2), 38.7, 22.0. Anal. calcd for C12H17N5O: C, 58.3; H, 6.9; N, 28.3; found C, 58.5: H, 7.1; N, 28.6%. N1,N1-Dimethyl-N2-(6-methyl-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-1,2-ethanediamine (3). Hydrogen peroxide (70%, 1.1 mL, ca. 22.9 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of trifluoroacetic anhydride (3.2 mL, 22.9 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) at 5° C. The mixture was stirred at 5° C. for 5 min, warmed to 20° C., stirred for 10 min, and cooled to 5° C. The mixture was added to a stirred solution of 1-oxide 2 (566 mg, 2.3 mmol) and trifluoroacetic acid (353 μL, 4.6 mmol) in CHCl3 (20 mL) at 5° C. and the mixture stirred at 20° C. for 16 h. The solution was carefully diluted with dilute aqueous NH3 solution (20 mL) and the mixture extracted with CHCl3 (5×50 mL). The organic fraction was dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with a gradient (0-10%) of MeOH/DCM, to give 1,4-dioxide 3 (207 mg, 34%) as a red solid, mp (MeOH/EtOAc) 187-189° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.19 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 8.05 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 7.44. (br s, 1 H, NH), 7.29 (dd, J=9.0, 1.7 Hz, 1 H, H-7), 3.58-3.64 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 2.57-2.61 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 2.56 (s, 3 H, CH3), 2.28 [s, 6 H, (CH3)2]; 13C NMR δ 149.9, 148.0, 138.2, 129.3, 128.8, 121.4, 116.0, 57.4, 45.2 (2), 38.8, 22.3. Anal. Calcd for C12H17N5O2: C, 54.7; H, 6.5; N, 26.6. Found: C, 54.3: H, 6.7; N, 26.8%. Example 2 6-Methyl-N-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-Dioxide (5) 6-Methyl-N-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1-Oxide (4). 3-(1-Morpholinyl)propylamine (2.37 mL, 16.2 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of chloride 1 (1.06 g, 5.4 mmol) in DME (80 mL) and the solution stirred at reflux temperature for 6 h. The solution was cooled, the solvent evaporated and the residue partitioned between dilute aqueous NH3 (150 mL) and DCM (150 mL). The organic fraction was dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with a gradient (0-10%) of MeOH/DCM, to give 1-oxide 4 (1.50 g, 95%) as a yellow powder, mp (EtOAc) 131-132° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.13 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.36 (br s, 1 H, H-5), 7.09 (dd, J=8.8, 1.6 Hz, 1 H, H-7), 6.25 (br s, 1 H, NH), 3.75-3.77 (m, 4 H, 2×CH2O), 3.57-3.62 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 2.46-2.53 (m, 9 H, 3×CH2N, CH3), 1.81-1.87 (m, 2 H, CH2); 13C NMR δ 159.2, 146.9, 1440, 129.5, 126.9, 125.4, 120.2, 67.0 (2), 57.3, 53.8 (2), 40.9, 25.2, 22.0. Anal. Calcd for C15H21N5O2: C, 59.4; H, 7.0; N, 23.1. Found: C, 59.5; H, 7.0; N, 22.8%. 6-Methyl-N-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-Dioxide (5). H2O2 (ca. 70%, 3.0 mL, 59.2 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of trifluoroacetic anhydride (8.4 mL, 59.2 mmol) in DCM (50 mL) at 5° C. The solution was stirred at 5° C. for 5 min, warmed to 20° C. for 10 min, then cooled to 5° C. and added to a stirred solution of 1-oxide 4 (1.48 g, 5.1 mmol) and trifluoroacetic acid (2.2 mL, 28.0 mmol) in CHCl3 (20 mL) at 5° C. The solution was stirred at 5° C. for 16 h, diluted with dilute aqueous NH3 solution (10 mL) and extracted with CHCl3 (4×50 mL). The combined organic fraction was dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was chromatographed, eluting with a gradient (0-10%) of MeOH/DCM, to give 1,4-dioxide 5 (529 mg, 32%) as a red solid, mp (MeOH/EtOAc) 155-158° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.54 (brs, 1 H, NH), 8.19 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 8.08 (brs, 1 H, H-5), 7.38 (dd, J=9.0, 1.5 Hz, 1 H, H-7), 3.82-3.85 (m, 4 H, 2×CH2O), 3.66-3.70 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 2.55-2.59 (m, 5 H, CH2N, CH3), 2.49-2.54 (m, 4 H, 2×CH2N), 1.85-191 (m, 2 H, CH2); 13C NMR δ 150.0, 147.9, 138.3, 129.1, 128.7, 121.4, 116.1, 66.9 (2), 57.8, 53.9 (2), 41.7, 24.7, 22.3. Anal. Calcd for C15H21N5O3¼CH3OH: C, 56.0; H, 6.8; N, 21.4. Found: C, 55.9; H, 6.7; N, 21.0%. Example 3 N1-(6-Methoxy-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-N2,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine (9) 3-Chloro-6-methoxy-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1-Oxide (7). Sodium nitrite (7.14 g, 103.4 mmol) was added in portions to a stirred solution of 6-methoxy-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1-oxide 6 [Hay et. al., J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 169] (9.94 g, 51.7 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (50 mL) at 5° C. and the solution stirred at 20° C. for 1 h. The solution was poured into ice/water, filtered, washed with water (2×50 mL) and dried. The solid was suspended in POCl3 (80 mL), DMF (2 drops) added, and the mixture stirred at 100° C. for 3 h. The solution was poured into ice/water, stirred for 20 minutes and filtered. The solid was dissolved in DCM (150 mL), dried, and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with 5% EtOAc/DCM, to give chloride 7 (7.42 g, 68%) as a pale yellow solid, mp (EtOAc/DCM) 196-199° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.30 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.32 (dd, J=9.6, 2.7 Hz, 1 H, H-7), 7.19 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 4.01 (s, 3 H, OCH3); 13C NMR δ 166.3, 157.8, 150.2, 128.9, 123.9, 121.9, 105.7, 56.5. Anal. Calcd for C8H6ClN3O2: C, 45.4; H, 2.9; N, 19.9; Cl, 16.8. Found: C, 45.2; H, 2.6; N, 19.9; Cl, 16.9%. N1-(6-Methoxy-1-oxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-N2,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine (8). N,N-Dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine (1.33 mL, 12.1 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of chloride 7 (0.85 g, 4.04 mmol) in DME (50 mL) and the solution stirred at reflux temperature for 16 h. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was partitioned between DCM (100 mL) and dilute aqueous NH3 (50 mL). The organic fraction was dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with a gradient (0-5%) of MeOH/DCM, to give amine 8 (0.72 g, 68%) which was dissolved in HCl-saturated MeOH, the solvent evaporated and the residue crystallized as a tan solid, mp (MeOH/EtOAc) 236-239° C.; 1H NMR [(CD3)2SO] δ 10.68 (br s, 1 H, NH+Cl−), 8.07 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 8.03 (br s, 1 H, NH), 6.95-6.99 (m, 2 H, H-5, H-7), 3.92 (s, 3 H, OCH3), 3.70-3.76 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 3.30-3.35 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 2.81 [d, J=4.9 Hz, 6 H, N(CH3)2]; 13C NMR [(CD3)2SO] δ 164.9, 159.0, 150.4, 125.4, 121.6, 117.3, 104.3, 55.2, 55.0, 42.3 (2), 35.8. Anal. Calcd for C12H18ClN5O2: C, 48.1; H, 6.1; N, 23.4; Cl, 11.8. Found: C, 48.3; H, 6.1; N, 23.6; Cl, 11.9%. N1-(6-Methoxy-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-N2,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine (9). Hydrogen peroxide (70%; 1.1 mL, ca. 22.6 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of trifluoroacetic anhydride (3.2 mL, 22.6 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) at 5° C. The solution was stirred at 5° C. for 5 min, warmed to 20° C. for 10 min, then cooled to 5° C. and added to a stirred solution of 1-oxide 8 (597 mg, 2.3 mmol) and trifluoroacetic acid (350 μL, 4.5 mmol) in CHCl3 (15 mL) at 5° C. The solution was stirred at 5° C. for 4 h, diluted with dilute aqueous NH3 solution (10 mL) and extracted with CHCl3 (4×50 mL). The combined organic fraction was dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with a gradient (0-10%) of MeOH/DCM, to give 1,4-dioxide 9 (424 mg, 67%) as a red solid which was dissolved in HCl saturated MeOH, the solvent evaporated and the residue crystallized to give the hydrochloride, mp (MeOH/EtOAc) 170-174° C.; 1H NMR [(CD3)2SO] δ 10.57 (brs, 1 H, NH+Cl−), 8.45 (brs, 1 H, NH), 8.17 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.39 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 7.22 (dd, J=9.6, 2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-7), 4.01 (s, 3 H, OCH3), 3.78-3.82 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 3.33-3.37 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 2.82 [d, J=4.5 Hz, 6 H, N(CH3)2]; 13C NMR [(CD3)2SO] δ 165.6, 150.1, 139.7, 125.7,123.4, 119.4, 92.5, 56.8, 54.9, 42.3 (2), 36.0. Anal. Calcd for C12H18ClN5O3.1½H2O: C, 42.1; H, 6.2; N, 20.4. Found: C, 42.0; H, 5.9; N, 20.0%. Example 4 N1-[6-(2-Methoxyethoxy)-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl]-N2,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine (14) 3-Chloro-6-fluoro-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1-Oxide (11). NaNO2 (4.26 g, 61.7 mmol) was added in small portions to a stirred solution of amine 10 [Hay et. al., J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 169] (5.56 g, 30.9 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (60 mL) at 5° C. and the solution stirred at 20° C. for 3 h. The solution was poured into ice/water, stirred 30 minutes, filtered, washed with water (3×30 mL) and dried. The solid was suspended in POCl3 (80 mL) and DMF (0.5 mL) and stirred at 100° C. for 1 h. The solution was cooled, poured into ice/water, stirred for 30 minutes, filtered, washed with water (3×30 mL) and dried. The solid was suspended in DCM (150 mL), dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with 5% EtOAc/DCM, to give chloride 11 (2.78 g, 45%) as a pale yellow solid, mp (EtOAc/DCM) 166-168° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.45 (dd, J=9.5, 5.3 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.61 (dd, J=8.3, 2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 7.45-7.52 (m, 1 H, H-7); 13C NMR δ 167.1 (q, J=264 Hz), 158.4, 149.2, 131.0, 123.4 (d, J=11 Hz), 120.1 (d, J=26 Hz), 112.9 (d, J=23 Hz). Anal. Calcd for C7H3ClFN3O: C, 42.1; H, 1.5; N, 21.1; Cl, 17.8. Found: C, 42.4; H, 1.6; N, 21.2; Cl, 17.8%. N1-(6-Fluoro-1-oxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-N2,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine (12). N,N-Dimethylethanediamine (1.60 mL, 14.6 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of chloride 11 (1.17 g, 5.9 mmol) in DME (100 mL) and the solution stirred at reflux temperature for 2 h. The solution was cooled, the solvent evaporated and the residue partitioned between dilute aqueous NH3 (100 mL) and DCM (100 mL). The organic fraction was dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with a gradient (0-10%) MeOH/DCM, to give 1-oxide 12 (1.19 g, 81%) as a yellow solid, mp (MeOH/EtOAc) 157-159° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.26 (dd, J=9.4, 5.7 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.19 (br d, J=8.0 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 6.99 (ddd, J=9.4, 8.0, 2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-7), 6.05 (br s, 1 H, NH), 3.52-3.56 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 2.56 (dd, J=6.1, 5.9 Hz, 2 H, CH2N), 2.27 [s, 6 H, N(CH3)2]; 13C NMR δ 166.9 (d, J=258 Hz), 159.5, 150.9 (d, J=15 Hz), 128.1, 123.4 (d, J=11 Hz), 114.5 (d, J=26 Hz), 110.4 (d, J=21 Hz), 57.4, 45.1 (2), 38.7. Anal. Calcd for C11H14N5O: C, 52.6; H, 5.6; N, 27.9. Found: C, 52.3; H, 5.6; N, 28.1%. N1-[6-(2-Methoxyethoxy)-1-oxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl]-N2,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine (13). NaH (66 mg, 60% dispersion in oil, 1.7 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of fluoride 12 (261 mg, 1.0 mmol) and 2-methoxyethanol (0.12 mL, 1.6 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at 20° C. and the mixture stirred at reflux temperature for 2 h. More NaH (66 mg, 1.6 mmol) and 2-methoxyethanol (0.12 mL, 1.6 mmol) were added and the mixture stirred at reflux temperature for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to 20° C. and carefully quenched with water (5 mL). The solvent was evaporated and the residue partitioned between DCM (50 mL) and water (50 mL). The organic fraction was dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with a gradient (0-10%) of MeOH/DCM, to give 1-oxide 13 (296 mg, 93%) as a yellow solid, mp (MeOH/EtOAc) 139-141° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.14 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 6.91 (dd, J=9.4, 2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-7), 6.84 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 5.91 (br s, 1 H, NH), 4.20-4.23 (m, 2 H, CH2O), 3.71-3.74 (m, 2 H, CH2O), 3.51-3.56 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 3.46 (s, 3 H, OCH3), 2.55 (br dd, J=6.0, 5.9 Hz, 2 H, CH2N), 2.28 [s, 6 H, (CH3)2]; 13C NMR δ 164.6, 159.6, 151.4, 126.1, 122.1, 118.0, 104.6, 70.5, 68.0, 59.3, 57.5, 45.1 (2), 38.7. Anal. Calcd for C14H21N5O3: C, 54.7; H, 6.9; N, 22.8. Found: C, 54.5; H, 6.7; N, 22.7%. N1-[6-(2-Methoxyethoxy)-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl]-N2,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine (14). Hydrogen peroxide (70%, 0.44 mL, ca. 8.7 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of trifluoroacetic anhydride (1.23 mL, 8.7 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) at 5° C. The mixture was stirred at 5° C. for 5 min, warmed to 20° C., stirred for 10 min, and cooled to 5° C. The mixture was added to a stirred solution of 1-oxide 13 (268 mg, 0.9 mmol) and trifluoroacetic acid (0.34 mL, 4.4 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) at 5° C. and the mixture stirred at 20° C. for 6 h. The solution was carefully diluted with dil. aq. NH3 solution (2.0 mL) and the mixture extracted with CHCl3 (5×50 mL). The organic fraction was dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with a gradient (0-10%) of MeOH/DCM, to give 1,4-dioxide 14 (140 mg, 50%) as a red solid, mp (MeOH/DCM) 146-149° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.21 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.52 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 7.48 (br s, 1 H, NH), 7.10 (dd, J=9.6, 2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-7), 4.31-4.36 (m, 2 H, CH2O), 3.81-3.84 (m, 2 H, CH2O), 3.61-3.65 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 3.47 (s, 3 H, OCH3), 2.62 (br t, J=6.0 Hz, 2 H, CH2N), 2.31 [s, 6 H, (CH3)2]; 13C NMR δ 165.2, 150.2, 140.2, 125.7, 123.5, 120.5, 95.6, 70.3, 68.8, 59.2, 57.5, 45.0 (2), 38.9. Anal. Calcd for C14H21N5O4¼CH2Cl2: C, 50.1; H, 6.2; N, 20.2. Found: C, 50.1; H, 6.1; N, 20.6%. Example 5 N1,N1-Dimethyl-N2-(6-ethoxy-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-1,2-ethanediamine (19) 5-Ethoxy-2-nitroaniline (15). A suspension of N-(5-ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)acetamide (2.3 g, 10.3 mmol) in 5 M HCl (50 mL) was stirred at reflux temperature for 8 h. The resulting solution was cooled, diluted with water (200 mL), the resulting precipitate filtered and washed with water (2×10 mL) and dried to give aniline 15 (1.70 g, 90%) as an orange powder, mp (H2O) 101-102° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.06 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1 H, H-3), 6.27 (dd, J=9.5, 2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-4), 6.13 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-6), 5.80 (br s, 2 H, NH2), 4.04 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2 H, CH2O), 1.42 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3 H, CH3); 13C NMR δ 164.8, 147.1, 128.4, 126.8, 106.9, 99.0, 64.1, 14.5. Anal. Calcd for C8H10N2O3: C, 52.7; H, 5.5; N, 15.4. Found: C, 52.6; H, 5.5; N, 15.4%. 6-Ethoxy-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1-Oxide (16). A mixture of 5-ethoxy-2-nitroaniline (15) (1.63 g, 9.0 mmol) and cyanamide (1.50 g, 35.8 mmol) were mixed together at 100° C., cooled to 50° C., cHCl (15 mL) added carefully and the mixture heated at 100° C. for 4 h. The mixture was cooled to 50° C., 7.5 M NaOH solution added until the mixture was strongly basic and the mixture stirred at 100° C. for 3 h. The mixture was cooled, diluted with water (100 mL), filtered, washed with water (3×20 mL), washed with ether (3×5 mL) and dried. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with a gradient (0-10%) of MeOH/DCM, to give amine 16 (1.26 g, 68%) as a yellow powder, mp (MeOH) 268-271° C.; 1H NMR [(CD3)2SO] δ 8.02 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.19 (brs, 2 H, NH2), 6.92 (dd, J=9.4, 2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-7), 6.83 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 4.17 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2 H, CH2O), 1.37 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3 H, CH3); 13C NMR [(CD3)2SO] δ 163.9, 160.7, 151.2, 124.8, 121.4, 117.1, 104.2, 64.2, 14.1. Anal. Calcd for C9H10N4O2: C, 52.4; H, 4.9; N, 27.2. Found: C, 52.4; H, 4.8; N, 27.0%. 3-Chloro-6-ethoxy-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1-Oxide (17). Sodium nitrite (703 mg, 10.2 mmol) was added in small portions to a stirred solution of 1-oxide 16 (1.05 g, 5.1 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (30 mL) at 0° C. and the solution stirred at 20° C for 3 h. The solution was poured into ice/water, stirred 30 minutes, filtered, washed with water (3×30 mL) and dried. The solid was suspended in POCl3 (30 mL) and DMF (0.5 mL) and stirred at 100° C. for 1 h. The solution was cooled, poured into ice/water, stirred for 30 minutes, filtered, washed with water (3×30 mL) and dried. The solid was suspended in DCM (150 mL), dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with 5% EtOAc/DCM, to give chloride 17 (813 mg, 71%) as a pale yellow solid, mp (EtOAc/pet. ether) 150-153° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.28 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.30 (dd, J=9.5, 2.6Hz, 1 H, H-7), 7.17 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 4.22 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2 H, CH2O), 1.53 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3 H, CH3); 13C NMR δ 165.6, 157.7, 150.2, 128.8, 124.1, 121.8, 106.2, 65.2, 14.3. Anal. calcd for C9H8ClN3O2: C, 47.9; H, 3.6; N, 18.6; Cl, 15.7. Found: C, 48.2; H, 3.5; N, 18.7; Cl, 15.8%. N1-(6-Ethoxy-1-oxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-N2,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine (18). N,N-Dimethylethanediamine (0.48 mL, 4.4 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of chloride 17 (327 mg, 1.5 mmol) in DME (50 mL) and the solution stirred at reflux temperature for 2 h. The solution was cooled, the solvent evaporated and the residue partitioned between dilute aqueous NH3 (100 mL) and DCM (100 mL). The organic fraction was dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with a gradient (0-10%) MeOH/DCM, to give 1-oxide 18 (390 mg, 97%) as a yellow solid, mp (MeOH/EtOAc) 152-153° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.14 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 6.85 (dd J=9.4, 2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-7), 6.82 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 5.90 (br s, 1 H, NH), 4.14 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2 H, CH2O), 3.54 (br dd, J=5.8, 5.6 Hz, 2 H, CH2N), 2.56 (br t, J=5.9 Hz, 2 H, CH2N), 2.28 [s, 6 H, N(CH3)2], 1.48, (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3 H, CH3); 13C NMR δ 164.8, 159.6, 151.5, 125.9, 122.0, 118.0, 104.4, 64.4, 57.5, 45.1 (2), 38.7, 14.5. Anal. Calcd for C13H19N5O2¼H2O: C, 55.4; H, 7.0; N, 24.9. Found: C, 55.6; H, 6.7; N, 25.2%. N1-(6-Ethoxy-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-N2,N2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine (19). Hydrogen peroxide (70%, 0.7 mL, ca. 13.9 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of trifluoroacetic anhydride (2.0 mL, 13.9 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) at 5° C. The mixture was stirred at 5° C. for 5 min, warmed to 20° C., stirred for 10 min, and cooled to 5° C. The mixture was added to a stirred solution of 1-oxide 18 (385 mg, 1.4 mmol) and trifluoroacetic acid (0.53 mL, 6.9 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) at 5° C. and the mixture stirred at 20° C. for 6 h. The solution was carefully diluted with dil. aq. NH3 solution (20 mL) and the mixture extracted with CHCl3 (5×50 mL). The organic fraction was dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was chromatographed, eluting with a gradient (0-10%) of MeOH/DCM, to give 1,4-dioxide 19 (125 mg, 31%) as a red solid, mp (MeOH/EtOAc) 150-152° C.; 1H NMR 8.23 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.48 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 7.46 (brs, 1 H, NH), 7.03 (dd, J=9.6, 2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-7), 4.25 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2 H, CH2O), 3.64 (br dd, J=6.0, 5.9 Hz, 2 H, CH2N), 2.61 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2 H, CH2N), 2.30 [s, 6 H, (CH3)2], 1.49 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3 H, CH3); 13C NMR δ 165.5, 150.2, 140.3, 125.6, 123.5, 120.6, 95.4, 65.4, 57.5, 45.2 (2), 35.9, 14.3; MS (FAB+) m/z 294 (MH+, 100%), 278 (30), 276 (20); HRMS (FAB+) calcd for C13H19N5O3 (MH+) m/z 294.1566, found 294.1568. Anal. Calcd for C13H19N5O3: C, 53.2; H, 6.5; N, 23.9. Found: C, 53.1; H, 6.3; N, 23.6%. Example 6 6-Ethyl-N-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-Dioxide (25) 5-Ethyl-2-nitroaniline (21). A mixture of 5-ethyl-2-nitroacetanilide (20) (1.90 g, 9.1 mmol) in 5 M HCl (80 mL) was heated at reflux temperature for 16 h. The resulting solution was cooled, diluted with water (100 mL), filtered, and dried to give nitroaniline 21 (1.47 g, 97%) as a brown oil, 1H NMR δ 8.02 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1 H, H-3), 6.60 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1 H, H-6), 6.54 (dd, J=8.8, 1.8 Hz, 1 H, H-4), 6.04 (m, 2 H, NH2), 2.59 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2 H, CH2), 1.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3 H, CH3); 13C NMR δ 153.1, 144.8, 130.6, 126.2, 117.5, 117.0, 28.8, 14.5. Anal. calcd for C8H10N2O2: C, 57.8; H, 6.1; N, 16.9. Found: C, 58.0; H, 5.9; N, 17.1%. 6-Ethyl-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1-Oxide (22). A mixture of 5-ethyl-2-nitroaniline (21) (1.38 g, 8.3 mmol) and cyanamide (1.40 g, 33.2 mmol) were mixed together at 100° C., cooled to 50° C., cHCl (15 mL) added carefully and the mixture heated at 100° C. for 4 h. The mixture was cooled to 50° C., 7.5 M NaOH solution added until the mixture was strongly basic and the mixture stirred at 100° C. for 3 h. The mixture was cooled, diluted with water (100 mL), filtered, washed with water (3×20 mL), washed with ether (3×5 mL) and dried. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with a gradient (0-10%) of MeOH/DCM, to give 1-oxide 22 (684 mg, 43%) as a yellow powder, mp (MeOH) 259-262° C.; 1H NMR [(CD3)2SO] δ 8.03 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.31 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 7.20-7.25 (m, 3 H, H-7, NH2), 2.72 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2 H, CH2), 1.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3 H, CH3); 13C NMR [(CD3)2SO] δ 160.3, 152.4, 149.0, 128.2, 125.6, 123.2, 119.6, 28.2, 14.5. Anal. calcd for C9H10N4O: C, 56.8; H, 5.3; N, 29.5. Found: C, 56.7; H, 5.1; N, 29.2%. 3-Chloro-6-ethyl-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1-Oxide (23). Sodium nitrite (477 mg, 3.9 mmol) was added in small portions to a stirred solution of 1-oxide 22 (657 mg, 3.5 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (20 mL) at 5° C. and the solution stirred at 20° C. for 3 h. The solution was poured into ice/water, stirred 30 minutes, filtered, washed with water (3×30 mL) and dried. The solid was suspended in POCl3 (30 mL) and DMF (0.2 mL) and stirred at 100° C. for 1 h. The solution was cooled, poured into ice/water, stirred for 30 minutes, filtered, washed with water (3×30 mL) and dried. The solid was suspended in DCM (150 mL), dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with 5% EtOAc/DCM, to give chloride 23 (428 g, 59%) as a pale yellow solid, mp (MeOH) 111-112° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.31 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.76 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 7.59 (dd, J=8.9, 1.8 Hz, 1 H, H-7), 2.90 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2 H, CH2), 1.36 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3 H, CH3); 13C NMR δ 157.0, 154.8, 147.7, 132.1, 132.0, 125.9, 120.0, 39.2, 14.1. Anal. Calcd for C9H8ClN3O: C, 51.6; H, 3.9; N, 20.0; Cl, 16.9. Found: C, 51.8; H, 3.7; N, 20.1; Cl, 16.7%. 6-Ethyl-N-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1-Oxide (24). 3-(1-morpholinyl)propylamine (0.63 mL, 4.3 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of chloride 23 (600 mg, 2.9 mmol) and Et3N (0.80 mL, 5.7 mmol) in DME (50 mL) and the solution stirred at reflux temperature for 12 h. The solution was cooled, the solvent evaporated and the residue partitioned between dilute aqueous NH3 (100 mL) and DCM (100 mL). The organic fraction was dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with a gradient (0-10%) of MeOH/DCM, to give 1-oxide 24 (840 mg, 93%) as a yellow powder, mp (MeOH/DCM) 123-124° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.16 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.38 (brs, 1 H, H-5), 7.12 (dd, J=8.8, 1.8 Hz, 1 H, H-7), 6.29 (brs, 1 H, NH), 3.73-3.77 (m, 4 H, 2×CH2O), 3.57-3.63 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 2.76 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2 H, CH2), 2.45-2.53 (m, 6 H, 3×CH2N), 1.81-1.88 (m, 2 H, CH2) 1.31 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3 H, CH3); 13C NMR δ 159.2, 152.9, 149.2, 129.3, 126.0, 124.0, 120.3, 67.0 (2), 57.3, 53.8 (2), 40.9, 29.1, 25.2, 14.6. Anal. Calcd for C16H23N5O2: C, 60.6; H, 7.3; N, 22.1. Found: C, 60.6;H, 7.2; N, 22.1%. 6- Ethyl-N-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-Dioxide (25). Oxidation of 1-oxide 24 (829 mg, 2.6 mmol) with CF3CO3H (ca. 26.1 mmol) gave (i) starting material 24 (270 mg, 32%) and (ii) 1,4-dioxide 25 (206 mg, 24%) as a red solid, mp (MeOH/EtOAc) 142-144° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.55 (br s, 1 H, NH), 8.22 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 8.10 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 7.31 (dd, J=9.0, 1.7 Hz, 1 H, H-7), 3.82-3.87 (m, 4 H, 2×CH2O), 3.66-3.72 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 2.86 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2 H, CH2), 2.58 (br dd, J=6.2, 6.0 Hz, 2 H, CH2N), 2.49-2.55 (m, 4 H, 2×CH2N), 1.85-1.92 (m, 2 H, CH2), 1.35 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3 H, CH3); 13C NMR δ 153.9, 150.0, 138.5, 128.8, 128.2, 121.5, 114.9, 66.9 (2), 57.8, 53.9 (2), 41.7, 29.5, 24.4, 14.5. Anal. Calcd for C15H23N5O3: C, 57.6; H, 7.0; N, 21.0. Found: C, 57.6; H, 6.9; N, 20.9% Example 7 2-[(3-Ethyl-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-6-yl)oxy]-N, N-dimethylethaneamine (30) 3-Chloro-6-fluoro-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1-Oxide (27). Sodium nitrite (2.94 g, 42.6 mmol) was added in small portions to a stirred solution of amine 26 [Hay et. al., J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 169] (3.84 g, 21.3 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (80 mL) at 5° C. and the solution stirred at 20° C. for 3 h. The solution was poured into ice/water, stirred 30 minutes, filtered, washed with water (3×30 mL) and dried. The solid was suspended in POCl3 (80 mL) and DMF (0.5 mL) and stirred at 100° C. for 1 h. The solution was cooled, poured into ice/water, stirred for 30 minutes, filtered, washed with water (3×30 mL) and dried. The solid was suspended in DCM (150 mL), dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with 5% EtOAc/DCM, to give chloride 27 (1.91 g, 45%) as a pale yellow solid, mp (EtOAc) 166-168° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.45 (dd, J=9.5, 5.3 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.61 (dd, J=2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 7.47-7.52 (m, 1 H, H-7); 13C NMR δ 167.1 (q, J=264 Hz), 158.4, 149.2, 131.0, 123.4 (d, J=11 Hz), 120.1 (d, J=26 Hz), 112.9 (d, J=23 Hz). Anal. Calcd for C7H3ClFN3O: C, 42.1; H, 1.5; N, 21.1; Cl, 17.8. Found: C, 42.4; H, 1.6; N, 21.2; Cl, 17.8%. 3-Ethyl-6-fluoro-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1-Oxide (28). Pd(PPh3)4 (196 mg, 0.17 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of chloride 27 (329 mg, 1.7 mmol) and tetraethyltin (0.7 mL, 3.3 mmol) in DME (20 mL), the solution degassed, and stirred under N2 at reflux temperature for 16 h. The solvent was evaporated and the residue purified by chromatography, eluting with 20% EtOAc/pet. ether to give an oil which was further purified by chromatography, eluting with 5% EtOAc/DCM, to give 1-oxide 28 (295 mg, 93%) as a white solid, mp (EtOAc/pet. ether) 122-124° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.48 (dd, J=9.5, 5.5 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.60 (dd, J=8.7, 2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 7.38 (m, 1 H, H-7), 3.04 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2 H, CH2), 1.43 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3 H, CH3); 13C NMR δ 168.6 (q, J=175 Hz), 165.1, 149.5(d, J=15 Hz), 130.5, 123.2 (d, J=11 Hz), 120.0 (d, J=26 Hz), 112.7 (d, J=22 Hz), 30.7, 12.2. Anal. Calcd for C9H8FN3O: C, 56.0; H, 4.2; N, 21.8. Found: C, 56.0; H, 4.2; N, 21.8%. 2-[(3-Ethyl-1-oxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-6-yl)oxy]-N,N-dimethylethaneamine (29). Sodium (54 mg, 2.33 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of fluoride 28 (300 mg, 1.55 mmol) in N,N-dimethylethanolamine (8 mL) and the solution stirred at 20° C. for 2.5 h under N2. Water was added and the mixture extracted with DCM (4×20 mL), the combined organic fraction dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography, eluting with a gradient (0-5%) MeOH/DCM to give 1-oxide 29 (24d mg, 59%) as a pale yellow powder, mp 80-82° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.33 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.29 (dd, J=9.5, 2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-7), 7.20 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1-H, H-5), 4.23 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2 H, OCH2), 3.00 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2 H, CH2), 2.82 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2 H, NCH2), 2.37 [s, 6 H, N(CH3)2], 1.43 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3 H, CH3); 13C δ 168.8, 164.5, 150.3, 128.5, 123.2, 121.6, 106.3, 67.2, 57.8, 45.9 (2), 30.7, 12.2. Anal. Calcd for C13H18N4O2: C, 59.5; H, 6.9; N, 21.4. Found: C, 59.3; H, 6.7; N, 21.6%. 2-[(3-Ethyl-1,4-dioxido-1,2,4-benzotriazin-6-yl)oxy]-N,N-dimethylethaneamine (30). Hydrogen peroxide (70%; 0.30 mL, ca. 6.1 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.85 mL, 6.1 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) at 5° C. The solution was stirred at 20° C. for 10 min, then cooled to 5° C., added to a solution of 1-oxide 29 (160 mg, 0.61 mmol) and trifluoroactic acid (0.10 mL, 1.31 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) at 5° C. The solution was stirred at 20° C. for 16 h, diluted with dilute aqueous NH3 solution (40 mL) and extracted with CHCl3 (4×40 mL). The combined organic fraction was dried (Na2SO4) and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography, eluting with a gradient (0-8%) MeOH/CH2Cl2 to give 1,4-dioxide 30 (55 mg, 32%) as a bright yellow solid, mp (MeOH, EtOAc) 146-149° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.33 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.78 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 7.42 (dd, J=9.6, 2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-7), 4.30 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2 H, OCH2), 3.21 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2 H, CH2), 2.83 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2 H, NCH2), 2.37 [s, 6 H N(CH3)2], 1.43 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3 H, CH3); 13C δ 164.9, 157.1, 141.5, 129.7, 124.7, 123.4, 98.0, 67.9, 57.7, 45.8 (2), 24.1, 9.3. Anal. Calcd for C13H18N4O3.¼MeOH: C, 55.6; H, 6.7; N, 19.6. Found: C, 55.5; H, 6.4; N, 19.5%. Example 8 3-Ethyl-6-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propoxy]-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-Dioxide (32) 3-Ethyl-6-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propoxy]-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1-Oxide (31). NaH (60% dispersion in oil, 310 mg, 7.75 mmol) was added to dry THF (10 mL) and stirred at 20° C. for 20 min prior to the addition of 3-(4-morpholinyl)propanol (676 mg, 4.66 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 30 min, fluoride 28 (300 mg, 1.55 mmol) added and the resulting solution stirred at 20° C. for 2.5 h under N2. Water was added and the solution extracted with DCM (4×30 mL). The combined organic fraction was dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography, eluting with a gradient (0-5%) MeOH/DCM to give 1-oxide 31 (257 mg, 52%) as a pale yellow solid, mp 108-111° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.33 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.21-7.26 (m, 2 H, H-7 and H-5), 4.22 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2 H, CH2), 3.73 (t, J=4.6 Hz, 4 H, 2×CH2O), 3.00 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2 H, CH2), 2.55 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2 H, CH2), 2.48 (t, J=4.6 Hz, 4 H, 2×CH2N), 2.06 (m, 2 H, CH2), 1.43 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3 H, CH3); 13C NMR δ 168.7, 164.6, 150.3, 128.4, 123.1, 121.6, 106.3, 67.3 (2), 66.9, 55.1, 53.7 (2), 30.7, 26.0, 12.2. Anal. Calcd for C16H22N4O3: C, 60.4; H, 7.0; N, 17.6. Found: C, 60.4; H, 7.0; N, 17.4%. 3-Ethyl-6-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propoxy]-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-Dioxide (32). Hydrogen peroxide (70%; 0.53 mL, ca. 10.43 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of trifluoroacetic anhydride (1.45 mL, 10.43 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) at 5° C. The solution was stirred at 20° C. for 10 min, then cooled to 5° C., added to a solution of 1-oxide 31 (260 mg, 1.04 mmol) and trifluoroactic acid (0.17 mL, 2.23 mmol) in CHCl3 (20 mL) at 5° C. The solution was stirred at 20° C. for 24 h, diluted with dilute aqueous NH3 solution (50 mL) and extracted with CHCl3 (4×50 mL). The combined organic fraction was dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography, eluting with 5% MeOH/DCM to give 1,4-dioxide 32 (90 mg, 32%) as a bright yellow solid, mp 123-126° C.; 1H NMR δ 8.36 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.77 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 7.36 (dd, J=9.5, 2.6 Hz, 1 H, H-7), 4.29 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2 H, CH2), 3.72 (t, J=4.6 Hz, 4 H, 2×CH2O), 3.21 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2 H, CH2), 2.54 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2 H, CH2), 2.47 (t, J=4.6 Hz, 4 H, 2×CH2N), 2.10-2.04 (m, 2 H, CH2), 1.44 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3 H, CH3); 13C NMR δ 165.1, 157.1, 141.5, 129.6, 124.4, 123.4, 98.0, 68.1, 66.9 (2), 55.0, 53.7 (2), 25.9, 24.1, 9.3. Anal. Calcd for C16H22N4O4: C, 57.5; H, 6.3; N, 16.8. Found: C, 57.2; H, 6.5; N, 16.5%. Example 9 6-Methyl-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-Dioxide (33) Compound 33 was prepared as previously described (Hay et. al., J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46,169). Example 10 7-Chloro-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-Dioxide (34) Compound 34 was prepared as previously described (Hay et. al., J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 169). Example 11 8-Chloro-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-Dioxide (34) Compound 35 was prepared as previously described (Hay et. al., J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 169). Example 12 7-(Methylsulfonyl)-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-Dioxide (36) Compound 36 was prepared as previously described (Hay et. al., J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 169). Example 13 7-Methyl-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-Dioxide (40) 3-Chloro-7-methyl-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1-Oxide (38). A solution of NaNO2 (3.9 g, 56.3 mmol) in water (15 mL) was added dropwise to a stirred suspension of amine 37 (4.95 g, 28.1 mmol) in 2 M HCl (200 mL) at 5° C. and the mixture stirred vigorously for 2 h at 20° C. The suspension was filtered, the solid dissolved in dil. aq. NH3 (150 mL), filtered and the filtrate acidified with cHCl. The suspension was cooled, filtered and the solid washed with water (2×10 mL) and dried. The solid (3.76 g, 21.2 mmol) was suspended in dimethylaniline (6.7 mL, 53 mmol) and POCl3 (14 mL, 149 mmol). The mixture was stirred at reflux temperature for 1 h, the resulting solution poured on to ice (300 mL). The suspension was filtered, washed with water (2×20 mL), dissolved in EtOAc (200 mL), dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was chromatographed, eluting with 5% EtOAc/DCM, to give chloride 38 (2.99 g, 72%) as a yellow solid, mp 176.5-177° C. [lit. (W. O. Foye et. al., J. Het. Chem. 1982, 19, 497) (toluene) 177-179° C.]; 1H NMR δ 8.21 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 7.89 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 7.81 (dd, J=8.6, 2.0 Hz, 1 H, H-6), 2.61 (s, 3 H, CH3). 7-Methyl-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1-Oxide (39). 2-(Dimethylamino) (1.0 mL, 9.0 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of chloride 38 (700 mg, 3.6 mmol) in DME (50 mL) and the solution stirred at reflux temperature for 8 h. The solution was cooled, the solvent evaporated and the residue partitioned between dil. aq. NH3 (100 mL) and DCM (100 mL). The organic fraction was dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with a gradient (0-10%) MeOH/DCM, to give 1-oxide 39 (781 mg, 88%) as a yellow solid, mp (DCM) 143-144° C.; 1H NMR [(CD3)2SO] δ 7.93 (br s, 1 H, H-8), 7.60-7.64 (m, 2 H, NH, H-6), 7.48 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 3.37-3.45 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 2.46-2.52 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 2.41 (s, 3 H, CH3), 2.21 [s, 6 H, N(CH3)2]; 13C NMR [(CD3)2SO] δ 158.6, 146.8, 137.6, 134.6, 129.6, 125.8, 118.4, 57.6, 45.1 (2), 39.0, 20.6. Anal. Calcd for C12H17N5O: C, 58.3; H, 6.9; N, 28.3. Found: C, 58.5: H, 7.2; N, 28.6%. 7-Methyl-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1,4-Dioxide (40). Hydrogen peroxide (70%, 1.0 mL, ca. 20.6 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of trifluoroacetic anhydride (2.9 mL, 20.6 mmol) in DCM (8 mL) at 5° C. The mixture was stirred at 5° C. for 5 min, warmed to 20° C., stirred for 10 min, and cooled to 5° C. The mixture was added to a stirred solution of 1-oxide 39 (510 mg, 2.1 mmol) and TFA (238 μL, 3.1 mmol) in CHCl3 at 5° C. and the mixture stirred at 20° C. for 16 h. The solution was carefully diluted with aq. KHCO3 solution (20 mL) and the mixture extracted with CHCl3 (5×50 mL). The organic fraction was dried and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography, eluting with a gradient (0-10%) of MeOH/DCM, followed by 1% Et3N/10% MeOH/DCM, to give (i) starting material 39 (98 mg, 19%) spectroscopically identical with sample prepared above; and (ii) 1,4-dioxide 40 (193 mg, 35%) as a red solid, which was dissolved in HCl saturated MeOH, the solvent evaporated and the residue crystallized to give the hydrochloride, mp (MeOH/EtOAc) 180-182° C.; 1H NMR [(CD3)2SO] δ 10.66 (br s, 1 H, NH+Cl−), 8.80 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1 H, NH), 8.08 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1 H, H-8), 8.03 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 7.88 (dd, J=8.8, 1.5 Hz, 1 H, H-6), 3.77-3.83 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 3.33-3.38 (m, 2 H, CH2N), 2.82 [d, J=4.8 Hz, 6 H, N(CH3)2]; 13C NMR [(CD3)2SO] δ 149.4, 138.2, 138.0, 136.3, 130.3, 119.6, 116.4, 54.9, 42.3 (2), 36.0, 20.7. Anal. Calcd for C12H18H5O2.2HCl.1/4H2O: C, 42.3; H, 5.8; N, 20.6. Found: C, 42.3: H, 5.9; N, 20.8%. Example 14 HT29 Excision Assay Compounds were evaluated with single dose radiation using s.c. HT29 tumors (average of two largest diameters 7-10 mm) grown by inoculating 107 cells (obtained by enzymatic dissociation of multicellular spheroids). Drugs were administered as single i.p. doses at their MTD with the following groups in each experiment. A: vehicle control, B: test drug, C: Radiation (20 Gy, cobalt-60, whole body irradiation), D: TPZ (316 μmol/kg) 5 min after radiation, E: Test drug 5 min after radiation. Each group included 3 (A, B) or 5 (C-E) mice. Tumors were excised 18 hr after treatment and plated to determine clonogenicity. Hypoxic cytotoxicity is determined by the difference in surviving fraction between groups C and E, while comparison of A and B evaluates oxic cell killing. Total yield of clonogens was used as the key parameter if cell yields were affected by treatment. Results of this assay are illustrated for compound 3 (and TPZ) in FIG. 5. Compound 3 is predicted to be active because it meets all the desired characteristics of a TPZ analogue of this invention (see Table 2), and is demonstrated to have significant activity against hypoxic (radioresistant) cells in HT29 cells (p<0.01 relative to radiation only). Wherein the foregoing description reference has been made to reagents, or integers having known equivalents thereof, then those equivalents are herein incorporated as if individually set forth. While this invention has been described with reference to certain embodiments and examples, it is to be appreciated that further modifications and variations can be made to embodiments and examples without departing from the scope of the invention.

<SOH> BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION <EOH>It has been established that many human tumors contain a significant hypoxic fraction of cells [Kennedy et al., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 1997, 37, 897; Movsas et al., Urology, 1999, 53, 11]. The presence of hypoxic cells arises because the extravascular transport (EVT) of oxygen is compromised due to an inefficient microvascular system within the tumor, which leads to large intercapillary distances and variable blood flow. Reduction of oxygen tension in tumors leads to radio-resistance. This reduction of oxygen tension causes up to a three-fold increase in radiation dose being required to kill anoxic tumour cells. A link has been identified between the presence of tumour hypoxia and failure of local control by radiation therapy [Brizel et al., Radiother. & Oncol., 1999, 53, 113]. This phenomenon of tumour hypoxia has been exploited in the development of ‘bioreductive drugs’ [Brown et al., Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 1966, 6, 22; Denny et al., Br. J. Cancer, 1996, 74 ( Suppl. XXVII ) 32; Stratford & Workman, Anti - Cancer Drug Des., 1998, 13, 519]. These agents are prodrugs that are selectively activated by enzymatic reduction in hypoxic cells, resulting in formation of a cytotoxin. The 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxides have been developed as bioreductive drugs for cancer therapy [Brown, Br. J. Cancer, 1993, 67, 1163-1170; Minchinton et al., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1992, 22, 701-705 Kelson et al., Anti - Cancer Drug Des., 1998, 13, 575; Lee et al., WO 91/04028, April 1991]. The lead compound of this class, tirapazamine (TPZ; SR 4233), is undergoing clinical trials in combination with radiotherapy and various chemotherapeutics, notably cisplatin [Denny & Wilson, Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs, 2000, 9, 2889]. TPZ is activated by one electron reductases [Patterson et al., Anti - Cancer Drug Des. 1998 13, 541; Denny & Wilson, Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs, 2000, 9, 2889] to form a radical that may be oxidized back to TPZ by molecular oxygen under aerobic conditions. Under hypoxic conditions the radical spontaneously generates an oxidizing radical(s) R• (considered to be the hydroxyl radical [Daniels and Gates, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 3380-3385], and/or a benzotriazinyl radical [Anderson et al., J. Am. Chem. Chem. 2003, 125, 748-756]) which interact with DNA (and/or topoisomerase II)[Peters and Brown, Cancer Res., 2002, 62, 5248-5253] to cause double-strand breaks and these correlate with cytotoxicity [Dorie et al., Neoplasia, 1999, 1, 461]. These features are illustrated in Scheme 1. There have been only limited structure-activity studies on analogues of TPZ. Kelson et al. [ Anti - Cancer Drug Design, 1998, 13, 575], Zeman et al. [ Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 1989, 16, 977-981] and Minchinton et al. [ Int. J. Radiat Oncol. Biol. Phys., 1992, 22, 701-705 ] disclosed compounds of type I, where X was H or an electron-withdrawing group, n was 2 or 3, and R was Me or Et. This paper showed that compounds with dialkylaminoalkyl side chains showed variable hypoxic selectivity in vitro. Compounds where X═H and having dialkylamino side chains had a similar hypoxic cytotoxicty ratio to TPZ and comparable or inferior activity to TPZ in vivo. Hay and Denny [ Tet. Lett., 2002, 43, 9569], Minchinton et al. [ Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 1992, 22, 701-705 ] and Kelson et al. [ Anti - Cancer Drug Design, 1998, 13, 575] described compounds of type II, where X is H or hydroxyalkyl and R is OH or OMe. Kelson et al. [ Anti - Cancer Drug Design, 1998, 13, 575] and Minchinton et al., [ Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol Phys., 1992, 22, 701-705 ] suggested that 3-alkyl compounds (X═H, n=1,2 or 3, R═H and X═H, n=2, R═OMe) were comparable to TPZ in vivo. Finally, Hay et al. [Hay et al., J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 169] showed, for compounds of type III, that there is an optimum range of one-electron reduction potential [E(1)] (between ca. −450 to −510 mV) for in vitro hypoxic selectivity. However, there was no clear relationship between the electron-withdrawing capability of the 7-substituent on the benzo ring and the reported biological activity. Throughout this specification several abbreviations are used that require explanation and the following glossary is provided. IC 50 : The concentration of drug (in micromolar, μM) to reduce cell numbers to 50% of those of control cell cultures grown under the same conditions but not exposed to drug. HCR: Hypoxic cytotoxicity ratio (the ratio of drug concentrations under aerobic and hypoxic conditions to produce equal cell survival (50%) determined by proliferation assay) Kmet: First order rate constant for metabolism of a drug estimated at the C 10 (see below) C 10 : the concentration required to produce one log of cell kill after exposure of cells to drug for one hour in clonogenic assays described in the methods (below). PK: Pharmacokinetics. (Description of the variation in drug concentration with time (i.e. exposure) in a specified compartment or position within a tissue) PD: Pharmacodynamics. (Description of the biological response to a drug) PK/PD Model: Mathematical description of the relationship between drug exposure (PK) and biological response (PD). Drawbacks of TPZ Despite its advancement in clinical trials, several limitations of TPZ have been identified, including its relatively low solubility and poor therapeutic ratio. It is clear that the therapeutic ratio of TPZ in both preclinical (murine and human tumours) and clinical studies is low, with substantial toxicity at efficacious doses [Rischin et al., Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2003, 22, 495-496] and that there is a need for more tumour selective analogues. Preclinical studies have identified extravascular transport (EVT) as a factor that limits activity of TPZ against hypoxic cells in tumours [Durand & Olive Radiat. Oncol. Investig. 1997, 5, 213; Durand & Olive, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1992, 22, 689; Hicks et al, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1998, 42, 641; Hicks et al, Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 5970; Kyle & Minchinton, Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 1999, 43, 213]. The EVT problem is thought to be particularly severe for bioreductive drugs, such as TPZ, for two reasons: 1. The target hypoxic cells are generally those most distant from the blood vessels 2. The metabolism of the bioreductive drug in the hypoxic tumour tissue will cause a continuously falling gradient of drug concentration through both the oxic and hypoxic tumour tissue which may not be overcome even with long infusion times. However the same bioreductive metabolism which limits drug transport is also responsible for the cytotoxic effect of the drug [Baker et al. Cancer Res., 1988, 48, 5947-5952; Siim et al, Br. J. Cancer 1996, 73, 952]. These competing effects of drug metabolism on EVT and cytotoxicity have been investigated using the multicellular layer model [Hicks et al, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1998, 42, 641], as illustrated in FIG. 1 . Parameters determined by this model, together with single cell experiments to determine cytotoxicity and rates of metabolism [Hicks et al, Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 5970] and the oxygen dependence of cytotoxicity [Hicks et al., Radiat. Res. 2004, 161, 656 ] are used in a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model of cell killing in tumour tissue (as illustrated in FIG. 2 ). The model and results obtained have demonstrated the need to optimise (rather than maximise) the rate of bioreductive metabolism. FIG. 2 illustrates that high rates of metabolism will limit drug penetration and thus reduce cell kill in the hypoxic region, as well as decrease the differential in killing of hypoxic cells compared to well oxygenated cells. This is consistent with experimental results where high rates of metabolism limited activity in anoxic V79 multicellular spheroids [Durand & Olive Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1992, 22, 689] and anoxic HT29 MCL [Hicks et al., Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 5970], and resulted in a reduced hypoxic cytotoxic differential in SiHa human cervical tumours grown in SCID mice [Durand & Olive, Radiat. Oncol. Investig. 1997, 5, 213]. The above PK/PD model for TPZ, developed by Hicks et al., can be described as a distributed parameter model because it considers explicitly the spatial variation in parameter values (in other words it describes PK, and PD, as a function of position in tumour tissue). The main aspects of this distributed parameter PK/PD model have been disclosed in several publications (Hicks et al., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1998, 42, 641; Hicks et al., Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 5970; Hicks et al., Proc Am. Assoc. Cancer Res, 2003, Abstract #4561; Wilson et al., Proc Am. Assoc. Cancer Res, 2003, Abstract #4570). The key PK/PD relationship, as determined by investigating TPZ metabolism to its reduction product SR 4317 and cell killing as a function of TPZ concentration and time in anoxic stirred suspensions of HT29 colon carcinoma cells (Hicks et al., Cancer Res., 2003), is described by: Eqn ⁢ ⁢ 1 ⁢ : ⁢ ⁢ - ⅆ log ⁢ ⁢ SF ⅆ t = γ ⁢ ⁢ C ⁢ ⅆ M ⅆ t This relationship shows that the rate at which cells are killed (on a log scale; SF=surviving fraction) is proportional to the rate of bioreductive drug metabolism (M, the amount of drug metabolised per unit intracellular volume) and to the drug concentration, C. The constant of proportionality, γ, is a cell-line dependent parameter determined by fitting the model to clonogenic survival curves where drug concentrations are measured simultaneously. Under conditions of constant TPZ concentration, this approximates a concentration 2 ×time dependence of log cell kill on TPZ exposure. In order to describe PK/PD as a function of position in tumours, the above PK/PD model is extended to a spatially resolved (distributed parameter) model by incorporating the EVT properties (diffusion coefficient and rate of metabolism) of TPZ. In addition, because oxygen concentration in tumours varies as a function of distance from blood vessels, it is necessary to describe the relationship between O 2 concentration and rate of TPZ metabolism. Simulation of TPZ diffusion into a tumour—in one dimension is illustrated in ( FIG. 3A . An O 2 concentration gradient in the one dimension planar tissue can be calculated numerically by solving the reaction-diffusion equation: Eqn ⁢ ⁢ 2 ⁢ : ⁢ ∂ C O 2 ∂ t = D O2 ⁢ ∂ 2 ⁢ C O 2 ∂ x 2 - ⁢ ∂ C O 2 ∂ t where C O 2 is the oxygen concentration in μM at position x and time t, using the diffusion coefficient and rate of metabolism in R3230Ac tumors (Dewhirst et al., Cancer Res., 1994, 54, 3333; Secomb et al., Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1998, 454, 629) assuming an arteriolar input oxygen concentration of [O 2 ]=50 μM (38 mm Hg). TPZ concentrations in the one dimensional tissue are calculated numerically from the reaction diffusion equation: Eqn ⁢ ⁢ 3 ⁢ : ∂ C ∂ t = D MCL ⁢ ∂ 2 ⁢ C ∂ x 2 - ⁢ ϕ ⁢ ⁢ f ⁡ ( [ O 2 ] ) ⁢ ∂ M ∂ t where C is the concentration of drug at position x and time t, D MCL is the diffusion coefficient of drug in the multicellular layers, and φ is the cell volume fraction of the multicellular layer. Oxygen inhibits TPZ metabolism and this effect can be calculated according to the equation: Eqn ⁢ ⁢ 4 ⁢ : f ⁡ ( [ O 2 ] ) = ( K O 2 K O 2 + [ O 2 ] ) where K O 2 is the O 2 concentration required for half maximal inhibition of TPZ metabolism. The above relationships (Eqn 1-4) define a PK/PD model for TPZ. The output of the model depends on the plasma PK of free drug (drug not bound to plasma proteins), which provides the input to the extravascular compartment, and on the geometry of the transport problem. Using this model the surviving fraction at each point in the tissue is calculated and the average log cell kill in the target hypoxic region evaluated. This is illustrated in FIG. 2 for TPZ at its maximum tolerated in mice, together with simulations for a faster diffusing drug and an analogue with higher rates of metabolic activation. This PK/PD model can be further extended to take into account the effects of diffusion in a three dimensional-3D microvascular environment, such as irregular vascular geometry, blood flow heterogeneity, and loss of oxygen and drug during transit through a capillary network. Such a 3D network is illustrated in FIG. 3B and further described in (Hicks et al., Proc Am. Assoc. Cancer Res, 2003, Abstract #4561; Wilson et al., Proc Am. Assoc. Cancer Res, 2003, Abstract #4570). In this model similar equations as Eqns 1-4 are solved numerically using a Green's function method similar to that used for oxygen alone (Secomb et al., Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1998, 454, 629). In order to test the validity of this PK/PD model as a tool for predicting the antitumour activity of TPZ analogues, the inventors determined the key PK/PD parameters for 13 TPZ analogues, and TPZ itself, for the HT29 human colon carcinoma cell line. These parameters were then used to calculate the expected killing in hypoxic regions of HT29 tumours following a single intraperitoneal dose of the compounds at their maximum tolerated dose. The results of this calculation were then compared with measured killing of hypoxic cells in HT29 tumours, determined by administering the compounds immediately (within 5 min) after gamma irradiation (cobalt 60, 20 Gy) to sterilise oxygenated cells in the tumours. Tumours were removed 18 hours later and the number of surviving cells determined by clonogenic assay. The results for one compound 3 are shown in FIG. 5 . The measured PK/PD parameters, model prediction (using the above 3D microvascular network), and experimentally determined hypoxic cell kill is shown in Table 1, and the relationship between predicted and measured cell kill in FIG. 4 . The prediction is statistically highly significant (p=0.001, Fisher exact test). Comparing the magnitude of predicted and observed response ( FIG. 4 ) also shows a highly significant linear correlation (R 2 =0.94, p<0.001 for a non-zero slope). If the extravascular transport component was excluded from the model, the R 2 for this regression was only 0.28 and the relationship was not statistically significant. TABLE 1 Parameters of the PK/PD model for 14 benzotriazine di-N-oxides, model prediction of hypoxic cell killing in tumours, and measured hypoxic cell killing. D MCL k met γ AUC f log kill log kill Stat. Cmpd cm 2 s −1 min −1 μM 2 μM.hr (Pred) (Meas) SE Signif. A 3.97 × 10 −7 0.60 2.21 × 10 −5 148.1 1.248 1.170 0.149 <0.01 B 5.43 × 10 −7 0.20 1.64 × 10 −5 188.7 1.923 2.165 0.149 <0.01 C 8.70 × 10 −7 3.92 3.71 × 10 −5 1.9 0.005 —0.007 0.184 ns D 6.69 × 10 −7 10.03 2.25 × 10 −6 0.8 0.000 —0.154 0.064 ns E 2.13 × 10 −7 1.00 1.40 × 10 −6 15.6 0.000 —0.028 0.083 ns F 5.09 × 10 −7 2.54 6.84 × 10 −5 3.5 0.011 0.196 0.062 ns G 1.71 × 10 −6 4.89 3.90 × 10 −5 7.2 0.048 0.248 0.072 ns H 3.99 × 10 −7 1.52 1.10 × 10 −4 69.0 0.985 1.001 0.142 <0.01 I 2.61 × 10 −6 1.91 6.52 × 10 −6 140.6 1.116 0.886 0.132 <0.01 J 2.09 × 10 −6 2.01 2.90 × 10 −4 79.0 0.890 0.800 0.149 <0.05 K 6.17 × 10 −7 18.33 9.86 × 10 −3 0.042 0.000 0.009 0.102 ns L 3.82 × 10 −7 9.18 1.30 × 10 −3 3.6 0.078 −0.051 0.039 ns M 9.80 × 10 −8 9.13 3.04 × 10 −3 0.9 0.056 0.138 0.100 ns N 1.05 × 10 −7 4.74 2.39 × 10 −2 1.3 0.092 0.027 0.121 ns AUC f = AUC of free drug Log kill (Pred) = -log 10 (hypoxic cell surviving fraction) predicted by the model Log kill (Meas) = -log 10 (hypoxic cell surviving fraction) measured in tumours SE = standard error of log kill (Meas). Stat. Signif. = statistical significance of log kill (Meas). A B C D E F G H I J K L M N It is established by these studies that extravascular transport is a determinant of in vivo cytotoxicity and selectivity of benzotriazine di-N-oxides. These results confirm that the measurement of parameters such as IC 50 and HCR in cell culture, alone, do not provide a reliable prediction for activity against hypoxic cells in tumours. However, despite the elegance of these models and the highly statistically significant results achieved, one of the inherent difficulties with this approach is that it requires complex computational methods, and a detailed knowledge of a microvascular network geometry and blood flow. This information is not generally available. It is therefore an object of the present invention to overcome some of these complexities by providing a simplified set of characteristics that can be used to select 1,2,4 benzotriazine 1,4 dioxide compounds (TPZ analogues) with therapeutic activity against hypoxic cells in human tumour xenografts, and to provide a method by which these characteristics can be assessed with minimal or no testing of the compounds in animals and to further provide a novel class of TPZ analogues with predicted improved in vivo activity against tumours, relative to TPZ, or to at least provide the public with a useful choice.

20061102

20101019

20070823

59393.0

C07D25308

BALASUBRAMANIAN, VENKATARAMAN

NOVEL 1,2,4-BENZOTRIAZINE-1,4-DIOXIDES

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

C07D

ACCEPTED

Head support device and disk device having the same

A head support device of self-balancing type and a disk drive are disclosed. The head support device reduces manufacturing variation in a load and the number of components, and has stability and reliability, while being inexpensive. In this head support device, a flange and a nut cramp, via a collar, a head support arm having a reinforcing plate fixed thereto. The head support arm is supported rotatably about a line provided between contact points at which pivots contact the flange and in a direction perpendicular to a recording medium. A spring as an elastic member provides an urging force toward the recording medium, and is provided unitarily with the head support arm. Bent portions are provided on both sides of the arm composing the head support arm to a tab.

1. A head support device of self-balancing type arranged to be used with a recording medium said head support device being operable to support a head accessing said recording medium said head support device comprising: a head support arm having a center line and a rotation axis about which said head support arm is rotatable in a radial direction of the recording medium, said head support device being roratable in a direction perpendicular to the recording medium about a line substantially perpendicular to the rotation axis and the center line, the head support arm including an arm having one end and another end, the arm having a tab at the one end thereof and having a hole formed therein at the another end thereof, the arm further having pivots positioning the hole between the pivots, and a spring having a cramp and an elastic force generator portion provided at an end of the spring, the end of the spring being connected with the arm; a bearing including a flange at one end thereof, a thread portion formed at another end thereof, and a cylinder portion provided between the flange and the thread portion; a head slider provided at the one end of the arm, the head slider being arranged to have said head fixed thereto via a gimbal mechanism; a voice coil holder fixed to the head support arm, the voice coil holder having a voice coil provided at the voice coil holder, the voice coil rotating the head support arm in the radial direction of the recording medium about the rotation axis; a reinforcing plate having a shape substantially identical to a shape of the cramp, the reinforcing plate being fixed to a predetermined position of the cramp at a side opposite to a projecting direction of the pivots; a collar fitting the cylinder portion and contacting the reinforcing plate; and a nut fitting the thread portion, wherein the flange and the nut sandwich and cramp the head support arm having the reinforcing plate fixed thereto, wherein the head support arm is supported rotatably about a line provided between contact points at which the pivots contact the flange and in a direction perpendicular to the recording medium, and wherein the spring as an elastic member generates an urging force toward the recording medium and is provided unitarily with the head support arm. 2. The head support device as defined in claim 1, further comprising bent portions at both sides of the arm at a side to the tab. 3. The head support device as defined in claim 2, wherein a portion of the voice coil holder at an end opposite to a side at which the voice coil is provided is fixed to the head support arm overlapping portions of the bent portions along a direction of the rotation axis center. 4. The head support device as defined in claim 1, wherein the cramp and the reinforcing plate have substantially half-annular shape, and wherein, in a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the head support arm, an end of the reinforcing plate has a width larger than a width of the cramp coupled with the elastic force generator portion. 5. The head support device as defined in claim 1, wherein the collar has a collar projection having a shape substantially identical to a shape of the reinforcing plate, and wherein the collar projection presses the reinforcing plate to cramp the head support arm. 6. The head support device as defined in claim 5, wherein a distance from an end of the collar projection closer to the rotation axis center, to a diameter line of the rotation axis perpendicular to a center line in a longitudinal direction of the head support arm is smaller than a distance from an end of the reinforcing plate closer to the rotation axis, to the diameter line of the rotation axis. 7. The head support device as defined in claim 1, wherein a thickness of the reinforcing plate is larger than a projection height of each of the pivots. 8. The head support device as defined in claim 5, wherein the collar has an annular shape having both end surfaces which are perpendicular to an axis center of the collar and are parallel with each other. 9. The head support device as defined in claim 1, wherein the reinforcing plate has a projection on a side of an outer shape thereof. 10. The head support device as defined in claim 9, wherein the projection of the reinforcing plate is provided on a side of the reinforcing plate facing the rotation axis, and projects in a longitudinal direction of the head support arm while the projection is fixed to the head support arm. 11. The head support device as defined in claim 9, wherein the reinforcing plate has a tolerance on a side facing the rotation axis, and the projection of the reinforcing plate is provided on a side of the tolerance. 12. A disk device comprising: a recording medium rotating with a spindle motor; and a head support device of self-balancing type having a rotation axis about which a head support arm is rotatable in a radial direction of a recording medium, the head support device being roratable in a direction perpendicular to the recording medium about a line substantially perpendicular to the rotation axis and a center line, said head support device of self-balancing type, wherein the head support device of self-balancing type comprises: a head support arm including an arm having one end and another end, the arm having a tab at the one end thereof and having a hole formed therein at the another end thereof, the arm further having pivots positioning the hole between the pivots, and a spring having a cramp and an elastic force generator portion provided at an end of the spring, the end of the spring being connected with the arm; a bearing including a flange at one end thereof, a thread portion formed at another end thereof, and a cylinder portion provided between the flange and the thread portion; a head slider provided at the one end of the arm, the head slider being arranged to have a head fixed thereto via a gimbal mechanism; a voice coil holder fixed to the head support arm, the voice coil holder having a voice coil provided at the voice coil holder, the voice coil rotating the head support arm in the radial direction of the recording medium about the rotation axis; a reinforcing plate having a shape substantially identical to a shape of the cramp, the reinforcing plate being fixed to a predetermined position of the cramp at a side opposite to a projecting direction of the pivots; a collar fitting the cylinder portion and contacting the reinforcing plate; and a nut fitting the thread portion, wherein the flange and the nut sandwich and cramp the head support arm having the reinforcing plate fixed thereto, wherein the head support arm is supported rotatably about a line provided between contact points at which the pivots contact the flange and in a direction perpendicular to the recording medium, and wherein the spring as an elastic member generates an urging force toward the recording medium and is provided unitarily with the head support arm.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a head support device used in a disk drive including a floating head, such as a magnetic disk drive, an optical disc drive, and a magneto-optical disk drive, and relates to a disk drive using the head support device. BACKGROUND ART As having small and thin sizes, disk drives, such as a magnetic disk drive, have been used in mobile devices, and accordingly, have opportunities to receive excessive impact due to strong vibration, dropping, or collision. When receiving such a strong external impact, a magnetic disk drive including a head support device having a floating head exhibits a phenomenon in which a slider jumps off the magnetic recording medium due to unbalance between the floating of the slider caused by an airflow generated by rotation of the magnetic recording medium and an urging force caused by the head support device for urging the slider toward the magnetic recording medium. At this moment, the slider may be hit the magnetic recording medium, providing magnetic or mechanical damage to the magnetic recording medium or to a magnetic head mounted on the slider. In order to prevent such problems, a self-balancing type head support device is proposed that satisfies demands physically incompatible: a large load on the slider, high flexibility, and additionally high rigidity of the structure, and that has a feature of strong impact resistance. The above-mentioned conventional structure is disclosed in Japanese Patent No.3374846 and Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No.2004-62936. Hereinafter, the structure of a self-balancing type head support device in a magnetic disk drive, such as a hard disk drive, as a head support device of a disk drive including a conventional floating head will be described briefly with reference to FIGS. 11 and 12. FIG. 11 is a side view of the conventional self-balancing head support device. FIG. 12 is an exploded perspective view of the conventional self-balancing head support device. As shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, slider 111 having a magnetic head (not shown) on a bottom surface thereof is mounted onto one end of support arm 112. Another end of support arm 112 is attached fixedly to one end of plate spring 113. Another end of plate spring 113 contacts pivot bearing 115 through spring fixing member 114. Bearing 117 is a rotation center for rotating support arm 112 in the radial direction of magnetic recording medium 116 Flange 117a and nut 118 of bearing 117 cramp plate spring 113 and spring fixing member 114. Thus, another end of plate spring 113 is fixed to pivot bearing 115. Spring fixing member 114 is cramped through projection 119a having a half-annular shape. Projection 119a has a shape substantially identical to that of a portion of spring fixing member 114 contacting spring fixing member 114, and is provided on hollow collar 119. This arrangement allows support arm 112 to be retained elastically on pivot bearing 115 through plate spring 113. Pivot bearing 115 has a pair of tops 115a and 115b. Tops 115a and 115b contact support arm 112 at contact points Pa and Pb, respectively. The one end of support arm 112 is urged toward magnetic recording medium 116 by an elastic force of plate spring 113. At this moment, a compression stress occurs at contact points Pa and Pb. Tops 115a and 115b of pivot bearing 115 are perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of support arm 112 and to a rotation center axis about which support arm 112 rotates in the radial direction of magnetic recording medium 116. Tops 115a and 115b contact support arm 112 on the line passing through the rotation center axis. The gravity center of a portion retained by plate spring 113 matches the gravity center of support arm 112 having voice coil 120 and coil holder 121 attached thereto when rotated by a voice coil motor. The head support device is designed so that this gravity center matches substantially with an intersecting point between the rotation axis (not shown) in the radial direction of support arm 112 and the rotation axis perpendicular to a recording surface of magnetic recording medium 116. In other words, the head support device is designed so that the gravity center matches substantively with middle point P (not shown) of the line connected between contact points Pa and Pb at which support arm 112 contacts tops 115a and 115b, respectively. This structure provides a stable self-balancing type head support device having large impact resistance against an external impact. However, in the conventional self-balancing head type support device, a small gap exists between a hollow portion of collar 119 and cylinder portion 117c of bearing 117 fitting the hollow portion. The small gap provided between collar 119 and bearing 117 may cause a contact position of projection 119a of collar 119 contacting plate spring 113 to vary when plate spring 113 is cramped by fitting thread portion 117b of bearing 117 to nut 118. This variation may change the effective length of a spring portion of plate spring 113, and thus, may change its spring repulsive force, causing a load on magnetic recording medium 116 to vary. Similarly to this, regarding the fitting between pivot bearing 115 and cylinder portion 117c of bearing 117, the small gap may cause the positional relationship between support arm 112, pivot bearing 115, and bearing 117 to vary. In other words, contact points Pa and Pb contacting tops 115a and 115b of pivot bearing 115 may vary. Similarly to the variation of the contact point of projection 119a of collar 119, a load due to a compression stress toward the magnetic recording medium 116 may vary as a reactive force due to deformation of plate spring 113. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a head support device of self-balancing type and a disk drive including the support device. The head support device reduces manufacturing variation in a load and the number of components, and has stability and reliability, while being inexpensive. The head support device of self-balancing type according to the present invention has a rotation axis about which a head support arm is rotatable in a radial direction of a recording medium. The head support device is roratable in a direction perpendicular to the recording medium about a line substantially perpendicular to the rotation axis and a center line. The head support device of self-balancing type includes a head support arm, a bearing, a head slider, a voice coil holder, a reinforcing plate, a collar, and a nut. The head support arm includes an arm and a spring. The arm has one end and another end. The arm has a tab at the one end thereof and having a hole formed therein at the another end thereof. The arm further has pivots positioning the hole between the pivots. The spring has a cramp and an elastic force generator portion provided at an end of the spring. The end of the spring is connected with the arm. The bearing includes a flange at one end thereof, a thread portion formed at another end thereof, and a cylinder portion provided between the flange and the thread portion. The head slider is provided at the one end of the arm. The head slider is arranged to have a head fixed thereto via a gimbal mechanism. The voice coil holder is fixed to the head support arm. The voice coil holder has a voice coil provided at the voice coil holder. The voice coil rotates the head support arm in the radial direction of the recording medium about the rotation axis. The reinforcing plate has a shape substantially identical to a shape of the cramp. The reinforcing plate is fixed to a predetermined position of the cramp at a side opposite to a projecting direction of the pivots. The collar fits the cylinder portion and contacts the reinforcing plate. The nut fits the thread portion. The flange and the nut sandwich and cramp the head support arm having the reinforcing plate fixed thereto. The head support arm is supported rotatably about a line provided between contact points at which the pivots contact the flange and in a direction perpendicular to the recording medium. The spring as an elastic member generates an urging force toward the recording medium and is provided unitarily with the head support arm. The head support device may further include bent portions at both sides of the arm at a side to the tab. A portion of the voice coil holder at an end opposite to a side at which the voice coil is provided may be fixed to the head support arm overlapping portions of the bent portions along a direction of the rotation axis center. According to the above structure, the head support arm includes the spring as the elastic force generator portion formed unitarily with the head support arm as the elastic member for apply a load for urging the head slider. Portions of the arm becomes a rigid body by providing bends portions at both sides of the arm, and by fixing a portion of the voice coil holder so as to overlap a portion of the arm having the bent portions formed thereon, thus increasing the rigidity of the arm. This allows parts having the rigid body and elasticity to be formed just like being integrated. This provides extremely high impact resistance and a high resonance frequency against an external impact applied, thus providing the head support device with an excellent response property, capable of high-speed access. In the head support device according to the present invention, the reinforcing plate is fixed to the head support arm, thereby providing a reliable load. The length of a part of the spring having elasticity of the head support arm can be clearly predetermined. As a result that the head support device according to the present invention is rotatably structured in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the recording medium, the head can be retained off the recording medium while the recording medium stops. In the head support device according to the present invention, the cramp and the reinforcing plate may have substantially half-annular shape. In a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the head support arm, an end of the reinforcing plate may have a width larger than a width of the cramp coupled with the elastic force generator portion. According to the above structure, the part of the spring having elasticity is not influenced even if the positional relationship between the cramp and the reinforcing plate slightly deviates in a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the head support arm, when the reinforcing plate is fixed to the cramp. This provides a stable urging force, a stable load, thus providing a reliable head support device. In the head support device according to the present invention, the collar may have a collar projection having a shape substantially identical to a shape of the reinforcing plate. The collar projection presses the reinforcing plate to cramp the head support arm. Further, in the head support device according to the present invention, a distance from an end of the collar projection closer to the rotation axis center, to a diameter line of the rotation axis perpendicular to a center line in a longitudinal direction of the head support arm may be smaller than a distance from an end of the reinforcing plate closer to the rotation axis, to the diameter line of the rotation axis. Further, a thickness of the reinforcing plate may be larger than a projection height of each of the pivots. The collar may have an annular shape having both end surfaces which are perpendicular to an axis center of the collar and are parallel with each other. The above structure does not prevent the head support arm from rotation, while the contact points of the tops of the pivots and the flange of the bearing, as supporting points, in a direction perpendicular to the recording medium during operation of the head support device. Further, even if deviation in position of the collar in the longitudinal direction of the head support arm occurs due to a fit clearance between the collar and the cylinder portion fitting the collar, forming of a part having elasticity in the spring of the head support arm will not be affected because the both ends of the reinforcing plate can be pressed by the collar. Therefore, a stable urging force can be applied to the support arm, and a stable load is available, thus providing a reliable head support device. In the head support device according to the present invention, the reinforcing plate may have a projection on a side of an outer shape thereof. Further, in the head support device according to the present invention, the projection of the reinforcing plate may be provided on a side of the reinforcing plate facing the rotation axis, and may project in a longitudinal direction of the head support arm while the projection is fixed to the head support arm. Moreover, in the head support device according to the present invention, the reinforcing plate may have a tolerance on a side facing the rotation axis, and the projection of the reinforcing plate may be provided on a side of the tolerance. The above structure allows a lot of reinforcing plates to be produced from a flat plate for the reinforcing plate, and allows the reinforcing plates to be fixed to plural head support arms at predetermined positions, respectively. Further, the projection of the reinforcing plate does not prevent the head support arm from rotating in a direction perpendicular to the recording medium, and thus provides a stable urging force a stable load, thus providing a reliable head support device. A disk drive according to the present invention includes a recording medium rotating with a spindle motor, and the head support device having the above structure. A manufacturing variation in load, and the number of components for constructional elements is reduced. A disk drive of self-balancing type having a large stability and reliability and being inexpensive is provided. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a plan view of an essential portion of a magnetic disk drive according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a plan view of a head support arm of a head support device according to the embodiment. FIG. 3 is a schematic side view of the head support device according to the embodiment. FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of the head support device according to the embodiment. FIG. 5 is a partial plan view of a spring of the head support device according to the embodiment. FIG. 6 is a plan view of a spring-material thin plate having plural head support arms formed therein of the head support device according to the embodiment. FIG. 7 is an enlarged partial view of the head support arm formed in the spring-material thin plate of the head support device according to the embodiment. FIG. 8 is a plan view of a flat plate having a lot of reinforcing plates formed therein of the head support device according to the embodiment. FIG. 9 is an enlarged partial view of the reinforcing plate formed in the plane board of the head support device according to the embodiment. FIG. 10 is an enlarged partial plan view of a fixed of the reinforcing plate of the head support device according to the embodiment. FIG. 11 is a side view of a conventional self-balancing type head support device. FIG. 12 is an exploded perspective view of the conventional self-balancing type head support device. REFERENCE NUMERALS 1 Rotation Center 2 Rotation Axis 3 Rotor Hub 4 Magnetic Recording Medium 5 Rotation Axis 5a Rotation Axis Center 6 Bearing 7 Head Support Device 8, 62 (Head) Support Arm 8a, 62b Arm 8b Tab 8c, 62d Spring 8d, 62c Cramp 8e, 62a Elastic Force Generator Portion 8f, 32a Hole 8g Pivot 8h, 62f Base 8i Virtual Point 8j Center Line of Head Support Arm 8k, 84a Line 8m Dimple 8n Notch Hole 8p Bent portion 9 (Head) Slider 9a (Magnetic) Head 10 Voice Coil 11 Magnet 12 Upper Yoke 13 Lower Yoke 14 Ramp 15 Ramp Block 16, 17 Crash Stop 31 Gimbal Mechanism 32 (Voice) Coil Holder 33, 82 Reinforcing Plate 33a, 36b, 82b End 33b, 82c Edge 33c, 36c Diameter Line 34 Bearing 34a Flange 34b Thread portion 34c Cylinder portion 35 Nut 36 Collar 36a Collar Projection 37 Balancer 61 Spring-Material Thin Plate 61a, 61b, 61c, 81a Positioning Reference Hole 62e Contact Portion 63, 86 Retaining Joint 64, 84 Recess (Run-off Part) 65, 83 Joint 66, 85 Cut-off Part 81 Flat Plate for Reinforcing Plate 82a Projection of Reinforcing Plate 91, 92 Contact Point DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Hereinafter, an exemplary embodiment of the present invention will be described with referring to drawings. A magnetic disk drive will be described as a disk drive. Exemplary Embodiment FIG. 1 is a plan view of an essential portion of a magnetic disk drive according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a plan view of a head support arm of a head support device according to the embodiment. FIG. 3 is a schematic side view of the head support device according to the embodiment. FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of the head support device according to the embodiment. FIG. 5 is a partial plan view of another spring of the head support device according to the embodiment. FIG. 1 illustrates the drive having a top lid removed and does not show an upper yoke partially. As shown in FIG. 1, magnetic recording medium 4 with a recording medium layer formed on its surface is placed on rotor hub 3 fixed to rotation axis 2 of the spindle motor (not illustrated) which rotates about rotation center 1. Head support device 7 is an arm arranged to swing a signal conversion element, and is supported with bearing 6 pivotably and rotatably about rotation axis 5. Head support device 7 includes tab 8b formed on one end of arm 8a of head support arm 8. Head support device 7 includes head slider 9 having a magnetic head (not illustrated), the signal conversion element, provided, via a gimbal mechanism (not illustrated), at a side closer to rotation axis 5 than to tab 8b. Voice coil 10 is provided at the other end of arm 8a and rotates about rotation axis 5 in the radial direction of magnetic recording medium 4 and in the direction parallel to the surface. Magnet 11 is fixed to upper yoke 12 so that magnet 11 faces voice coil 10 above voice coil 10, namely, is provided at the side opposite to magnetic recording medium 4, of head support device 7. Upper yoke 12 is mounted to a chassis (not illustrated) or another cabinet (not illustrated) A voice coil motor (not illustrated) includes voice coil 10, lower yoke 13, upper yoke 12, and magnet 11. Lower yoke 13 is attached to the chassis or another cabinet, and faces voice coil 10 below voice coil 10, so that lower yoke 13 and the chassis or the cabinet sandwich voice coil 10. Magnet 11 is fixed to upper yoke 12 facing voice coil 10. A guide (not illustrated) contacts tab 8b and guides head support device 7 vertically. Ramp block 15 has ramp 14 provided thereon with the guide and is mounted to the chassis or the cabinet. An electric current is supplied to voice coil 10 facing magnet 11, activating the voice coil motor to rotate head support device 7 in the radial direction of magnetic recording medium 4. While the magnetic disk drive operates, head support device 7 rotates about rotation axis 5 to move above a data recording area of magnetic recording medium 4 during the rotation. While the disk drive does not operate, head support device 7 rotates clockwise to a predetermined position of ramp 14, namely, a stand-by position. As known, crash stoppers 16 and 17 are provided on the chassis, cabinet, or other structural member in order to prevent head support device 7 from excessively swinging clockwise or counterclockwise. The structure of head support device 7 will be described with referring to FIGS. 2 to 4. As shown in FIG. 2, in head support arm 8, tab 8b is provided on one end of arm 8a. Spring 8c is provided on the other end of arm 8a. Hole 8f is provided inside spring 8c. Two pivots 8g are provided at positions sandwiching spring 8c and hole 8f. Spring 8c includes cramp 8d contacting a step surface of bearing 34 expanding like a sword guard, and elastic force generator portion 8e, an elastic member for generating a load. In spring 8c, one end of elastic force generator portion 8e is connected with arm 8a at base 8h. The other end of part 8e is connected to cramp 8d. Cramp 8d is not connected with arm 8a, thus being an open end. Two pivots 8g are provided at positions sandwiching spring 8c and hole 8f. The positions of pivots 8g is provided at both sides opposite to each other about virtual point 8i and apart by the same distances from point 8i, and on line 8k which passes through virtual point 8i of hole 8f and which is substantially perpendicular to longitudinal center line 8j of head support arm 8. Virtual point 8i substantially coincides with rotation axis center 5a of rotation axis 5 about which head support device 7 rotates, as described later. Bent portions 8p are provided at both sides of arm 8a extending along the longitudinal direction of arm 8a so as to increase the rigidity of arm 8a. Bent portions 8p are formed by bending arm 8a in the projecting direction of two pivots 8g provided on arm 8a. Bent portions 8p are provided at both sides from the end at tab 8b to a position which overlaps, in the direction of rotation axis center 5a, one end of a voice coil holder (not illustrated in FIG. 2) fixed to head support arm 8, in the direction of rotation axis center 5a. Bent portions 8p provided at both sides of arm 8a of head support arm 8 are bent in the projecting direction of pivots 8g provided on arm 8a. Bent portions 8p may be bent in the direction opposite to the projecting direction of pivots 8g. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, head slider 9 has magnetic head 9a mounted thereto via gimbal mechanism 31, and is provided on head support arm 8. Dimple 8m is provided on a bottom surface of head support arm 8 so as to contact a portion near the center of head slider 9. While head slider 9 is attached via gimbal mechanism 31, dimple 8m contacts gimbal mechanism 31 or a top surface of head slider 9 directly. The top surface of head slider 9 is opposite to the surface of slider 9 having magnetic head 9a thereon. This structure allows head slider 9 during operation of the magnetic disk drive to flexibly follow vibration in a rolling or pitching direction relative to magnetic recording medium 4. Voice coil holder 32 is fixed to head support arm 8. Voice coil holder 32 has voice coil 10 attached thereto and has hole 32a therein. As described above, a portion of voice coil holder 32, i.e., one end of voice coil holder 32 opposite to voice coil 10 overlaps, in the direction along rotation axis center 5a, a portion of arm 8a between bent portions 8p provided at both sides of arm 8a. Coil holder 32 is fixed to head support arm 8 at plural fixing positions. At least one fixing position out of the fixing positions is provided on arm 8a. Head support arm 8 with voice coil holder 32 fixed thereto has high rigidity since having voice coil holder 32 with high rigidity fixed thereto, having bent portions 8p formed thereon, and having voice coil holder 32 fixed to arm 8a between bent portions 8p at both sides. Reinforcing plate 33 is fixed onto a predetermined position of the surface of cramp 8d at a side to head slider 9 with using a known technique, such as spot welding. Reinforcing plate 33 has a substantially half-annular shape, i.e., a horseshoe shape, which is substantially identical to that of cramp 8d which has reinforcing plate 33 fixed thereto. A portion of cramp 8d with reinforcing plate 33 fixed thereto has a large rigidity, thus becoming a substantially rigid portion. Spring 8c has elastic-force-generating portion 8e which is provided from a portion contacting edge 33b of reinforcing plate 33 to base 8h of spring 8c. Elastic-force-generating portion 8e exhibits a spring property for generating a load on the head support device. The width of head support arm 8 in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of head support arm 8 at end 33a of reinforcing plate 33 is preferably larger than that of cramp 8d contacting edge 33b. This structure causes edge 33b to contact the entire width of cramp 8d even if reinforcing plate 33 deviates from cramp 8d in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of head support arm 8 when reinforcing plate 33 is fixed to cramp 8d. Reinforcing plate 33 is fixed to cramp 8d preferably at one or more positions near each of ends 33a of reinforcing plate 33. Bearing 34 includes flange 34a, thread portion 34b, and cylinder portion 34c, and has a cylindrical and hollow shape with a member like a sword guard. Flange 34a contacts cramp 8d and two pivots 8g. Flange 34a has a step surface expanding like a sword guard. Thread portion 34b fits nut 35 at the end opposite to flange 34a, as described later. Cylinder portion 34c has a diameter as to fit collar 36 between flange 34a and thread portion 34b. Collar 36 has an inner diameter fitting cylinder portion 34c. Collar 36 has an outer diameter passing hole 32a of voice coil holder 32, and is smaller than an outer dimension of notch hole 8n provided outside spring 8c of head support arm 8 shown in FIG. 2. Collar 36 has a cylindrical and hollow shape and has collar projection 36a having a half-annular shape which is substantially identical to that of reinforcing plate 33 to be contacted. End 36b of collar projection 36a is provided at the side closer to rotation axis center 5a. Bearing 34 is perpendicular to longitudinal center line 8j of head support arm 8. End 33a of reinforcing plate 83 is provided at the side closer to rotation axis center 5a. The distance from end 36b of collar projection 36a to bearing 34, namely, to diameter line 36c of rotation axis 5, is smaller than the distance from end 33a of reinforcing plate 33 to diameter line 33c of rotation axis 5. When reinforcing plate 33 is pressed, both ends 36b of collar projection 36a protrude beyond both ends 33a of reinforcing plate 33. In other words, distance L1 shown in FIG. 3 between end 33a of reinforcing plate 33 and end 36b of collar 36, that is, an amount by which end 36b of collar projection 36a projects from end 33a of reinforcing plate 33, is larger than zero (L1>0). Thus, collar projection 36a has a length larger than that of reinforcing plate 33 in a circumferential direction. This structure allows collar projection 36a to press both ends 33a of reinforcing plate 33, even if collar projection 36a is displaced from reinforcing plate 33, when collar projection 36a presses reinforcing plate 33 fixed to spring 8c of head support arm 8. Therefore, respective edges 33b at both ends 33a causes cramp 8d of spring 8c of head support arm 8 to reliably contact the step surface of flange 34a of bearing 34 expanding like a sword guard. Bearing 34 penetrates hole 8f of head support arm 8 so that the step surface of flange 34a of bearing 34 contacts tops of pivots 8g provided on head support arm 8 at contact points 91 and 92, respectively. Collar 36 is engaged and inserted into cylinder portion 34c of bearing 34 so that the top surface of collar projection 36a contacts and presses a bottom surface of reinforcing plate 33 fixed to cramp 8d of head support arm 8. Nut 35 is tightened to thread portion 34b of bearing 34, accordingly cramping head support arm 8 between flange 34a of bearing 34 and nut 35 via collar 36. This arrangement causes head support arm 8 to be elastically retained by bearing 34 via spring 8c. Thus, head slider 9 is mounted with bearing 34 and gimbal mechanism 31, and voice coil 10 is mounted with voice coil holder 32. Head support arm 8 with reinforcing plate 33 fixed thereto, collar 36, and nut 35 provide head support device 7. Then, respective positions of the pair of pivots 8g provided on arm 8a of head support arm 8 will be described below. Pivots 8g are provided on the step surface of flange 34a of bearing 34 expanding like a sword guard, so that the line connecting contact points 91 and 92 at which pivots 8g contact the step surface of flange 34a of bearing 34 passes across rotation axis center 5a, and the line is perpendicular to longitudinal center line 8j of head support arm 8 composing head support device 7 shown in FIG. 4. Contact points 91 and 92 are preferably arranged symmetrically with respect to rotation axis center 5a of head support device 7, thus causing the middle point of the line between contact points 91 and 92 to coincide substantially with rotation axis center 5a. The above structure allows head support arm 8 to contact the step surface of flange 34a of bearing 34 at contact points 91 and 92, and allows head support arm 8 to rotate around line 8k provided between contact points 91 and 92 of pivots 8g and in a direction perpendicular to the surface of magnetic recording medium 4. Then, an elastic force generated by elastic force generator portion 8e of head support arm 8 urges one end of head support arm 8 toward magnetic recording medium 4. This urging force causes head support arm 8 to rotate counterclockwise about line 8k, generating compression stress at contact points 91 and 92. The compression stress applied from pivots 8g to head support arm 8 toward magnetic recording medium 4 at contact points 91 and 92 produces a load of head slider 9 applied to magnetic recording medium 4 during operation of the magnetic disk drives. This load can be set to a desired value according to the following condition. This condition relates to material of head support arm 8, namely material of elastic force generator portion 8e of spring 8c, a length of elastic force generator portion 8e, a height of pivot 8g, and the positional relationship between elastic force generator portion 8e of spring 8c and pivot 8g. Pivot 8g is formed unitarily with head support arm 8, hence reducing manufacturing variation of the positions of pivots 8g with respect to elastic force generator portion 8e. Reinforcing plate 33 can be fixed to spring 8c while being positioned with respect to cramp 8d. This arrangement accordingly reduces manufacturing variation of the elastic force generated by elastic force generator portion 8e, thus providing head support device 7 with a small manufacturing variation of load. The load can be independently determined only according to the design of head support arm 8. Balancer 37 may be fixed to one end of voice coil holder 32. The weight of balancer 37 is adjusted to cause the gravity center of head support device 7 to coincide substantially with the middle point of the line provide between contact points 91 and 92 of pivots 8g. In other words, the gravity center of head support device 7 coincides substantially with rotation axis center 5a. Head slider 9 is fixed to head support arm 8 via the gimbal mechanism. Voice coil 10 is fixed to head support arm 8 via voice coil holder 32. The gravity center of head support arm 8 with head slider 9, the gimbal mechanism, voice coil 10, and voice coil holder 32 may coincide substantially with rotation axis center 5a. Even in this case, the gravity center of head support arm 8 does not deviate practically from the gravity center of head support device 7. Balancer 37 is fixed to one end of voice coil holder 32. However, balancer 37 may be fixed to head support arm 8 close to head slider 9 according to the distribution of respective weights of components composing head support device 7. In head support device 7 mentioned above, a line through the gravity center of head support device 7 perpendicular to the surface of magnetic recording medium 4 pass across the line provided between contact points 91 and 92 of pivots 8g of head support arm 8. The line provided between contact points 91 and 92 of pivots 8g becomes a rotation axis for rotation of head support arm 8 in a direction perpendicular to the surface of magnetic recording medium 4, thus positioning the total gravity center of head support device 7 on a plane perpendicular to magnetic recording medium 4 including this rotation axis. When head support device 7 receives an impact force due to an external impact, the force does not cause head support device 7 to rotate about the rotation axis provided between contact points 91 and 92 of pivots 8g of head support arm 8. This fact prevents head slider 9 from colliding against the surface of magnetic recording medium 4 and from damaging the magnetic recording medium 4, providing high reliability. Head support device 7 mentioned above allows the specification of elastic force generator portion 8e to be designed as to provide elastic force generator portion 8e with a desired load. The specification of elastic force generator portion 8e includes, for example, its material, its thickness, its width, and its length. The length corresponds to the distance from the position where reinforcing plate 33 contacts edge 33b to base 8h of elastic force generator portion 8e. Bent portions 8p provided at the both sides of arm 8a and voice coil holder 32 fixed to it increase the rigidity of arm 8a. The specification of elastic force generator portion 8e and the high rigidity of arm 8a provides head support arm 8a with impact resistance against an external, large impact, and raise a resonance frequency of head support arm 8. Therefore, a vibration mode conventionally problematic does not occur, thus necessitating no settling operation. Consequently, head support device 7 can be rotated and positioned at a high speed, accordingly increasing an access speed of the magnetic disk drive. Firstly, head support arm 8 of head support device 7 according to the present invention includes arm 8a having elastic force generator portion 8e of spring 8c, the elastic member, unitarily provided with arm 8a. Secondly, arm 8 has bent portions 8p and voice coil holder 32 fixed thereto as to increase rigidity of arm 8a. Arm 8a having high rigidity and elastic force generator portion 8e of spring 8c having flexibility, i.e., components separated from each other, provide a large load to head slider 9 and high flexibility of head slider 9, respectively, which are physically incompatible demands, as effects of the component independently. Thus, head support device 7 can be designed easily and flexibly. Head support arm 8 of head support device 7 according to the present invention does not require a process for precisely forming a plate spring which is required for a conventional head support arm, being formed more easily than the conventional device. The thickness and the material of spring 8c can be independently determined, allowing the strength and spring constant of spring 8c to be easily determined to predetermined values. Arm 8a requiring rigidity is adjusted in the height of the bent sides of arm 8a, increasing rigidity of arm 8a easily. Spring 8c is provided unitarily with arm 8a of head support arm 8, and reduces the number of components for composing the head support device more than that of a conventional self-balancing head support device, accordingly reducing a manufacturing cost of a self-balancing head support device. If the thickness of reinforcing plate 33 is sufficiently larger than the projection height of pivot 8g of head support arm 8, i.e., the distance from the surface of arm 8a on which pivot 8g is formed to the distal end of the projected portion, the collar projection 36a is not necessary, but may have an annular shape perpendicular to the axis center of collar 36. In this case, collar 36 may have a ring shape having surfaces parallel to each other. As shown in FIG. 2, the open end of spring 8c provided on head support arm 8, namely, the portion of the spring 8c to which reinforcing plate 33 is fixed does not necessarily have an arc shape shown in FIG. 2, but may have a rectangular shape shown in FIG. 5. In this case, reinforcing plate 33 and collar projection 36a may have rectangular shapes similarly to spring 8c. The head support device according to the embodiment of the invention is the magnetic disk drive, but not limited to this. The invention may apply to a non-contact recording and reproducing disk drive, such as a magneto-optical disk drive or optical disk drive. As described above, the head support device according to the embodiment reduces a variation of the length of the elastic force generator portion, a factor influencing the generating of the load. Further, the head support device reduces a variation of the height of the pivots and a variation of the positional relationship between the elastic force generator portion and the pivots, which are both other factors influencing the generating of the load, as well. Accordingly, a variation of an elastic force generated by the elastic force generator portion of the head support arm is reduced, and a variation of the load is accordingly reduced. The elastic force generator portion 8e is unitarily formed with spring 8c, hence reducing the number of components. The head support device of self-balancing type which is inexpensive and reliable and has a large resistance to impact is provided. This head support device of self-balancing type provides a disk drive having excellent characteristics of controlling head positioning, and moves the magnetic head to a target track position at a high speed to reduce the access time. Next, a method of fixing the head support arm to the reinforcing plate of the head support device according to the embodiment will be described below. FIG. 6 is a plan view of a spring-material thin plate having plural head support arms of the head support device according to the embodiment formed therein. FIG. 7 is an enlarged partial view of a head support arm of the head support device according to the embodiment formed in the spring-material thin plate. FIG. 8 is a plan view of a plate for the reinforcing having plural reinforcing plates of the head support device according to the embodiment formed therein. FIG. 9 is an enlarged partial view of the reinforcing plate formed in the plate for the reinforcing plate of the head support device according to the embodiment. FIG. 10 is an enlarged plan view of a portion of the head support device to be fixed to the reinforcing plate according to the embodiment. As shown in FIG. 6, plural head support arms 62 coupled with each other via retaining joints 63 are formed in the spring-material thin plate 61 by a known method, such as etching. Spring-material thin plate 61 provides design specifications required for allowing elastic force generator portion 62a to generate a predetermined load, i.e., a predetermined elastic force. As shown in FIG. 7, head support arm 62 is coupled with and retained by spring-material thin plate 61 via retaining joints 63 extending from both sides of arm 62b. Recess 64 having a substantially rectangular shape and serving as a tolerance is formed at a small diameter side of cramp 62c, i.e., at a position closer to a rotation center of rotation axis 5. Joints 65 project toward recess 64. Portion 66 to be cut off is provided at respective another ends of joints 65. FIGS. 6 and 7 show two of joints 65, but the number of joints 65 is not limited to this. The number of the joints may be one or more. Joint 65 and portion 66 to be cut off may not necessarily be required. As shown in FIG. 8, plural reinforcing plates 82 are formed in rigid flat plate 81 having a predetermined thickness for the reinforcing plate, while reinforcing plates 82 are coupled to flat plate 81 with joints 83 and retaining joints 86 to be retained in flat plate 81. As shown in FIG. 9, similarly to the recess at the small diameter side of cramp 62c, recess 64 having a substantially rectangular shape and serving as a tolerance is formed at the small diameter side of reinforcing plate 82 having a half annular shape at a rotation center side of rotation axis 5, similarly to cramp 62c. Joints 83 are formed on reinforcing plate 82 so as to project toward recess 84, and coupled to flat plate 81 for the reinforcing plate via retaining joint 86 and portion 85 to be cut-off, so as to be formed unitarily with flat plate 81. Flat plate 81 for the reinforcing plate is placed on spring-material thin plate 61, joint 83 and retaining joint 86 overlap joint 65 and retaining joint 63 provided in spring-material thin plate 61, respectively. Respective widths of joint 83 and retaining joint 86 are larger than those of joint 65 and retaining joint 63, respectively. Joint 83 may be connected directly with retaining joint 86 without portion 85 to be cut off. The number of joints 83 is two, but maybe one or more. Retaining joint 86 may not necessarily overlap retaining joint 63. Retaining joint 86 may be provided at a position which retains reinforcing plate 82 to flat plate 81 and which allows the reinforcing plate to be cut off after flat plate 81 is fixed to head support arm 62. First spring-material thin plate 61 having plural head support arms 62 formed therein is attached onto flat plate 81 for the reinforcing plate, so that respective ones of plural reinforcing plates 82 overlap predetermined positions corresponding to respective ones of cramps 62c of plural head support arms 62 formed in first spring-material thin plate 61. In addition, second spring-material thin plate 61 is attached onto flat plate 81 for the reinforcing plate while second spring-material thin plate 61 is displaced by pitches in the y-direction shown in FIG. 8, i.e., in the longitudinal direction of head support arm 62 formed in second spring-material thin plate 61. This arrangement allows plural reinforcing plates 82 to overlap cramps 62c of head support arms 62 formed in second spring-material thin plate 61. Thus, plural spring-material thin plates 61 are attached onto flat plate 81 for the reinforcing plate, so that the number of spring-material thin plates 61 corresponds to the number of pitches of reinforcing plates 82 in the y-direction within a single pitch in the y-direction shown in FIG. 6, i.e., in the longitudinal direction of head support arms 62 formed in a single spring-material thin plate 61. A lot of reinforcing plates 82 are formed in flat plate 81 for the reinforcing plate, so that all reinforcing plates 82 formed in flat plate 81 for the reinforcing plate overlap predetermined positions corresponding to cramps 62c of plural head support arms 62 formed in plural spring-material thin plates 61, and so that waste of material of flat plate 81 after being processed is reduced in order to use the material efficiently. As shown in FIGS. 6 and 8, a pair of positioning reference holes 61a are formed in spring-material thin plate 61. Plural head support arms 62 formed in spring-material thin plate 61 are positioned with reference to positioning reference holes 61a. Positioning reference holes 61b and 61c are formed corresponding to the pitch, so that spring-material thin plate 61 is positioned corresponding to each pitch of in the y-direction of reinforcing plates 82 formed in flat plate 81 for the reinforcing plate shown in FIG. 8. A pair of positioning reference holes 81a are provided in flat plate 81 for the reinforcing plate corresponding to positioning reference holes 61a provided in spring-material thin plate 61. Plural reinforcing plates 82 are formed at positions corresponding to cramps 62c of head support arms 62 formed in spring-material thin plate 61 with reference to positioning reference holes 81a. In other words, plural reinforcing plates 82 are positioned by the same pitch as those lengthwise and breadthwise of cramps 62c. The pitch of spring-material thin plate 61 is displaced so that positioning reference hole 81a in flat plate 81 for the reinforcing plate corresponds to another positioning reference hole 61b provided in spring-material thin plate 61. At this moment, plural reinforcing plates 82 are formed at positions in flat plate 81 corresponding to cramps 62c of plural head support arms 62 formed in spring-material thin plate 61 with reference to positioning reference hole 61b provided in spring-material thin plate 61. The pitch of spring-material thin plate 61 is displaced so that positioning reference hole 81a in flat plate 81 for the reinforcing plate corresponds to another positioning reference hole 61c provided in spring-material thin plate 61. In this case, the situation is the same, and its description is omitted. Thus, as plural spring-material thin plates 61 are attached onto a single flat plate 81 for the reinforcing plate by displaced pitches, all reinforcing plates 82 formed in the single flat plate 81 are positioned at predetermined positions of cramps 62c of head support arm 62s formed in spring-material thin plates 61. Then, processes for fixing reinforcing plate 82 to head support arm 62 will be described. First, reinforcing plate 82 of plate 81 is attached onto cramp 62c of first spring-material thin plate 61 with their positions aligned with using positioning reference holes 81a provided in plate 81 for the reinforcing plate, and using positioning reference hole 61a provided in first spring-material thin plate 61. Cramps 62c of each of head support arms 62 formed in spring-material thin plate 61 is fixed to each of reinforcing plates 82 in plate 81 for the reinforcing plate overlapping cramps 62c by a known technique, such as spot welding. Then, retaining joint 63 and joint 65 coupled with head support arm 62 and retaining joints 86 and joints 83 coupled with reinforcing plate 82 overlapping retaining joint 63 and joint 65 are cut off by a known technique, such as laser processing or press working, to produce plural head support arms 62 with reinforcing plate 82 fixed to cramp 62c. Then, positioning reference hole 81a provided in plate 81 for the reinforcing plate and positioning reference hole 61b provided in second spring-material thin plate 61 are used to attach reinforcing plate 82 in plate 81 for the reinforcing plate onto cramps 62c in second spring-material thin plate 61, with their positions aligned. Cramps 62c of head support arms 62 formed in second spring-material thin plate 61 are fixed to reinforcing plates 82 in plate 81 overlapping cramps 62c by a known technique, such as spot welding. Then, retaining joint 63 and joint 65 coupled with head support arm 62 and retaining joints 86 and joints 83 coupled with reinforcing plate 82 overlapping retaining joint 63 and joint 65 are cut off by a known technique, such as laser processing or press working, to produce plural head support arms 62 with reinforcing plates 82 fixed to cramps 62c. Similarly to above, positioning reference hole 81a provided on reinforcing-plate-destined plain board 81 and positioning reference hole 61c provided on third spring-material thin plate 61 are used to attach reinforcing plates 82 in plate 81 for the reinforcing plate onto cramps 62c in third spring-material thin plate 61 with their positions aligned. Cramps 62c of head support arms 62 formed in third spring-material thin plate 61 are fixed to reinforcing plates 82 in plate 81 overlapping cramps 62c by a known technique, such as spot welding. Then, retaining joint 63 and joint 65 coupled with head support arm 62, and retaining joints 86 and joints 83 of reinforcing plate 82 overlapping retaining joint 63 and joint 65 are cut off by a known technique, such as laser processing or press working, to yet further produce plural head support arms 62 with reinforcing plate 82 fixed to cramps 62c. These processes are repeated to mass-producing head support arms 62 with reinforcing plate 82 fixed to cramp 62c. As shown in FIG. 10, retaining joint 63 of head support arm 62 and retaining joint 86 on reinforcing plate 82 overlapping retaining joint 63 are cut off at cut-off position C1. Joint 65 of head support arm 62 and joint 83 on reinforcing plate 82 overlapping joint 65 are cut off at cut-off position C2, thus providing head support arm 62 with reinforcing plate 82 fixed to cramp 62c. In this case, while retaining joint 63 and joint 65 of head support arm 62 and joint 83 and retaining joint 86 of reinforcing plate 82 overlapping retaining joint 63 and joint 65 are cut off, case of retaining joint 63 and retaining joint 86, cut-off position C1 is positioned preferably as close to arm 62b of head support arm 62 as possible. Regarding the cutting of joint 65 and joint 83, cut-off position C2 is positioned preferably closer to recess 84 than to line 84a having an arc shape composing an inner surface at the small diameter side of reinforcing plate 82, in the opening of recess 84 formed on reinforcing plate 82. Consequently, a portion of joint 83 from the side surface of recess 84 of reinforcing plate 82 to cut-off position C2 remains as reinforcing plate projection 82a at recess 84 in reinforcing plate 82 fixed to head support arm 62. Cramp 62c of head support arm 62 is fixed to reinforcing plate 82 with spot welding or the like at positions preferably near ends 82b of reinforcing plate 82, as shown by dots Q in FIG. 10. Being fixed near ends 82b of reinforcing plate 82, spring 62d including cramp 62c and elastic force generator portion 62a is prevented from floating off from an edge of reinforcing plate 82, when head support arm 62 is assembled with reinforcing plate 82 to provide the head support device. Spring 62d deforms at a portion contacting edge 82c of reinforcing plate 82, and the elastic force generator portion of spring 62d for generating the load as the head support device has a length from contacting point 62e contacting edge 82c to base 62f of spring 62d. Plural head support arms 62 are fixed to plural reinforcing plates 82 with their positions aligned with reference to the positioning reference hole, and hence, reduce the variation of the mounting position of reinforcing plate 82 with respect to head support arm 62, thereby reducing the variation of the load on the head support device when assembled as the head support device. Thus, the head support arm according to the embodiment is produced with using head support arm 62 having reinforcing plate 82 fixed thereto. This structure reduces the variation in specifications of the spring of the head support arm, and accordingly reduces the variation of the load as the head support device. The method for fixing the head support arm to the reinforcing plate of the head support device according to the embodiment reduces the variation of the position of the reinforcing plate fixed to the cramp. This method allows the elastic force generator portion generating the load to have a size, particularly a predetermined length exhibiting a small variation. This provides a stable load having a small variation, thus providing the head support device having high manufacturing quality and high reliability. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY A head support device according to the present invention provides a stable load having a small variation to a recording medium to improve stability and reliability. This head support device is useful for a magnetic recording and reproducing device, and non-contact type disk recording and reproducing device, such a magneto-optical disk drive and optical disc drive, using a head.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>As having small and thin sizes, disk drives, such as a magnetic disk drive, have been used in mobile devices, and accordingly, have opportunities to receive excessive impact due to strong vibration, dropping, or collision. When receiving such a strong external impact, a magnetic disk drive including a head support device having a floating head exhibits a phenomenon in which a slider jumps off the magnetic recording medium due to unbalance between the floating of the slider caused by an airflow generated by rotation of the magnetic recording medium and an urging force caused by the head support device for urging the slider toward the magnetic recording medium. At this moment, the slider may be hit the magnetic recording medium, providing magnetic or mechanical damage to the magnetic recording medium or to a magnetic head mounted on the slider. In order to prevent such problems, a self-balancing type head support device is proposed that satisfies demands physically incompatible: a large load on the slider, high flexibility, and additionally high rigidity of the structure, and that has a feature of strong impact resistance. The above-mentioned conventional structure is disclosed in Japanese Patent No.3374846 and Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No.2004-62936. Hereinafter, the structure of a self-balancing type head support device in a magnetic disk drive, such as a hard disk drive, as a head support device of a disk drive including a conventional floating head will be described briefly with reference to FIGS. 11 and 12 . FIG. 11 is a side view of the conventional self-balancing head support device. FIG. 12 is an exploded perspective view of the conventional self-balancing head support device. As shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 , slider 111 having a magnetic head (not shown) on a bottom surface thereof is mounted onto one end of support arm 112 . Another end of support arm 112 is attached fixedly to one end of plate spring 113 . Another end of plate spring 113 contacts pivot bearing 115 through spring fixing member 114 . Bearing 117 is a rotation center for rotating support arm 112 in the radial direction of magnetic recording medium 116 Flange 117 a and nut 118 of bearing 117 cramp plate spring 113 and spring fixing member 114 . Thus, another end of plate spring 113 is fixed to pivot bearing 115 . Spring fixing member 114 is cramped through projection 119 a having a half-annular shape. Projection 119 a has a shape substantially identical to that of a portion of spring fixing member 114 contacting spring fixing member 114 , and is provided on hollow collar 119 . This arrangement allows support arm 112 to be retained elastically on pivot bearing 115 through plate spring 113 . Pivot bearing 115 has a pair of tops 115 a and 115 b. Tops 115 a and 115 b contact support arm 112 at contact points Pa and Pb, respectively. The one end of support arm 112 is urged toward magnetic recording medium 116 by an elastic force of plate spring 113 . At this moment, a compression stress occurs at contact points Pa and Pb. Tops 115 a and 115 b of pivot bearing 115 are perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of support arm 112 and to a rotation center axis about which support arm 112 rotates in the radial direction of magnetic recording medium 116 . Tops 115 a and 115 b contact support arm 112 on the line passing through the rotation center axis. The gravity center of a portion retained by plate spring 113 matches the gravity center of support arm 112 having voice coil 120 and coil holder 121 attached thereto when rotated by a voice coil motor. The head support device is designed so that this gravity center matches substantially with an intersecting point between the rotation axis (not shown) in the radial direction of support arm 112 and the rotation axis perpendicular to a recording surface of magnetic recording medium 116 . In other words, the head support device is designed so that the gravity center matches substantively with middle point P (not shown) of the line connected between contact points Pa and Pb at which support arm 112 contacts tops 115 a and 115 b, respectively. This structure provides a stable self-balancing type head support device having large impact resistance against an external impact. However, in the conventional self-balancing head type support device, a small gap exists between a hollow portion of collar 119 and cylinder portion 117 c of bearing 117 fitting the hollow portion. The small gap provided between collar 119 and bearing 117 may cause a contact position of projection 119 a of collar 119 contacting plate spring 113 to vary when plate spring 113 is cramped by fitting thread portion 117 b of bearing 117 to nut 118 . This variation may change the effective length of a spring portion of plate spring 113 , and thus, may change its spring repulsive force, causing a load on magnetic recording medium 116 to vary. Similarly to this, regarding the fitting between pivot bearing 115 and cylinder portion 117 c of bearing 117 , the small gap may cause the positional relationship between support arm 112 , pivot bearing 115 , and bearing 117 to vary. In other words, contact points Pa and Pb contacting tops 115 a and 115 b of pivot bearing 115 may vary. Similarly to the variation of the contact point of projection 119 a of collar 119 , a load due to a compression stress toward the magnetic recording medium 116 may vary as a reactive force due to deformation of plate spring 113 .

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention provides a head support device of self-balancing type and a disk drive including the support device. The head support device reduces manufacturing variation in a load and the number of components, and has stability and reliability, while being inexpensive. The head support device of self-balancing type according to the present invention has a rotation axis about which a head support arm is rotatable in a radial direction of a recording medium. The head support device is roratable in a direction perpendicular to the recording medium about a line substantially perpendicular to the rotation axis and a center line. The head support device of self-balancing type includes a head support arm, a bearing, a head slider, a voice coil holder, a reinforcing plate, a collar, and a nut. The head support arm includes an arm and a spring. The arm has one end and another end. The arm has a tab at the one end thereof and having a hole formed therein at the another end thereof. The arm further has pivots positioning the hole between the pivots. The spring has a cramp and an elastic force generator portion provided at an end of the spring. The end of the spring is connected with the arm. The bearing includes a flange at one end thereof, a thread portion formed at another end thereof, and a cylinder portion provided between the flange and the thread portion. The head slider is provided at the one end of the arm. The head slider is arranged to have a head fixed thereto via a gimbal mechanism. The voice coil holder is fixed to the head support arm. The voice coil holder has a voice coil provided at the voice coil holder. The voice coil rotates the head support arm in the radial direction of the recording medium about the rotation axis. The reinforcing plate has a shape substantially identical to a shape of the cramp. The reinforcing plate is fixed to a predetermined position of the cramp at a side opposite to a projecting direction of the pivots. The collar fits the cylinder portion and contacts the reinforcing plate. The nut fits the thread portion. The flange and the nut sandwich and cramp the head support arm having the reinforcing plate fixed thereto. The head support arm is supported rotatably about a line provided between contact points at which the pivots contact the flange and in a direction perpendicular to the recording medium. The spring as an elastic member generates an urging force toward the recording medium and is provided unitarily with the head support arm. The head support device may further include bent portions at both sides of the arm at a side to the tab. A portion of the voice coil holder at an end opposite to a side at which the voice coil is provided may be fixed to the head support arm overlapping portions of the bent portions along a direction of the rotation axis center. According to the above structure, the head support arm includes the spring as the elastic force generator portion formed unitarily with the head support arm as the elastic member for apply a load for urging the head slider. Portions of the arm becomes a rigid body by providing bends portions at both sides of the arm, and by fixing a portion of the voice coil holder so as to overlap a portion of the arm having the bent portions formed thereon, thus increasing the rigidity of the arm. This allows parts having the rigid body and elasticity to be formed just like being integrated. This provides extremely high impact resistance and a high resonance frequency against an external impact applied, thus providing the head support device with an excellent response property, capable of high-speed access. In the head support device according to the present invention, the reinforcing plate is fixed to the head support arm, thereby providing a reliable load. The length of a part of the spring having elasticity of the head support arm can be clearly predetermined. As a result that the head support device according to the present invention is rotatably structured in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the recording medium, the head can be retained off the recording medium while the recording medium stops. In the head support device according to the present invention, the cramp and the reinforcing plate may have substantially half-annular shape. In a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the head support arm, an end of the reinforcing plate may have a width larger than a width of the cramp coupled with the elastic force generator portion. According to the above structure, the part of the spring having elasticity is not influenced even if the positional relationship between the cramp and the reinforcing plate slightly deviates in a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the head support arm, when the reinforcing plate is fixed to the cramp. This provides a stable urging force, a stable load, thus providing a reliable head support device. In the head support device according to the present invention, the collar may have a collar projection having a shape substantially identical to a shape of the reinforcing plate. The collar projection presses the reinforcing plate to cramp the head support arm. Further, in the head support device according to the present invention, a distance from an end of the collar projection closer to the rotation axis center, to a diameter line of the rotation axis perpendicular to a center line in a longitudinal direction of the head support arm may be smaller than a distance from an end of the reinforcing plate closer to the rotation axis, to the diameter line of the rotation axis. Further, a thickness of the reinforcing plate may be larger than a projection height of each of the pivots. The collar may have an annular shape having both end surfaces which are perpendicular to an axis center of the collar and are parallel with each other. The above structure does not prevent the head support arm from rotation, while the contact points of the tops of the pivots and the flange of the bearing, as supporting points, in a direction perpendicular to the recording medium during operation of the head support device. Further, even if deviation in position of the collar in the longitudinal direction of the head support arm occurs due to a fit clearance between the collar and the cylinder portion fitting the collar, forming of a part having elasticity in the spring of the head support arm will not be affected because the both ends of the reinforcing plate can be pressed by the collar. Therefore, a stable urging force can be applied to the support arm, and a stable load is available, thus providing a reliable head support device. In the head support device according to the present invention, the reinforcing plate may have a projection on a side of an outer shape thereof. Further, in the head support device according to the present invention, the projection of the reinforcing plate may be provided on a side of the reinforcing plate facing the rotation axis, and may project in a longitudinal direction of the head support arm while the projection is fixed to the head support arm. Moreover, in the head support device according to the present invention, the reinforcing plate may have a tolerance on a side facing the rotation axis, and the projection of the reinforcing plate may be provided on a side of the tolerance. The above structure allows a lot of reinforcing plates to be produced from a flat plate for the reinforcing plate, and allows the reinforcing plates to be fixed to plural head support arms at predetermined positions, respectively. Further, the projection of the reinforcing plate does not prevent the head support arm from rotating in a direction perpendicular to the recording medium, and thus provides a stable urging force a stable load, thus providing a reliable head support device. A disk drive according to the present invention includes a recording medium rotating with a spindle motor, and the head support device having the above structure. A manufacturing variation in load, and the number of components for constructional elements is reduced. A disk drive of self-balancing type having a large stability and reliability and being inexpensive is provided.

20060828

20100126

20070621

63017.0

G11B555

GARCIA, CARLOS E

HEAD SUPPORT DEVICE AND DISK DEVICE HAVING THE SAME

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

G11B

ACCEPTED

Kit for Inflating and Repairng Inflatable Articles, in Particular Tyres

“A kit for inflating and repairing inflatable articles, in particular, tyres; the kit having a compressor assembly, a container of sealing liquid, and connecting means for connecting the container to the compressor assembly and to an inflatable article for repair or inflation; the compressor assembly being housed in an outer casing defining a seat for the container of sealing liquid; and the container being housed removably in the seat and functionally connected to the compressor assembly, so as to form a compact unit ready for use.”

1) A kit for inflating and repairing inflatable articles, in particular, tyres; the kit comprising a compressor assembly (2), a container (3) of sealing liquid, and connecting means (4, 5) for connecting the container to the compressor assembly (2) and to an inflatable article for repair or inflation, and being characterized by comprising an outer casing (6) housing said compressor assembly (2) and defining a seat (7) for the container (3) of sealing liquid, said container (3) being housed removably in said seat (7), and by comprising connecting means (4, 40) for stably connecting said container to said compressor assembly (2), so that the container, when housed in said seat (7), is maintained functionally connected to said compressor assembly (2). 2) A kit as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that said connecting means comprise a compressed-air feed line (4) for feeding compressed air from said compressor assembly (2) to said container (3); said container (3) comprising a vessel (15) having an opening (17), and a valve device (18) fitted in fluidtight manner to the opening (17) and having an inlet (27c) connectable to said compressed-air feed line (4), and an outlet (29a) for the sealing liquid. 3) A kit as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that said valve device (18) comprises at least one control member (30) movable, in response to pressurization of said compressed-air feed line (4), from a closed position, closing said valve device (18) and in which said inlet (27c) and said outlet (29a) are isolated from the inside of said container (3), to an open position in which said inlet (27c) and said outlet (29a) communicate with the inside of said container (3). 4) A kit as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that said valve device (18) comprises elastic means (31) for keeping said control member (30) stably in said closed position in the absence of pressure to said inlet (27c). 5) A kit as claimed in claim 1, characterized by comprising a dispenser unit (40) connectable detachably to said container (3) and having an inlet fitting (53) connected in fluidtight manner to said inlet (27c) of said valve device (18), and an outlet fitting (50) connected in fluidtight manner to said outlet (29a) of said valve device (18). 6) A kit as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that said dispenser unit is detachable from said casing. 7) A kit as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that said seat (7) comprises a base portion (14) having fast-fit fastening means (49) by which to secure said dispenser unit (40) to said casing (6). 8) A kit as claimed in claim 7, characterized in that said fastening means (49) comprise a bayonet connection. 9) A kit as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that said dispenser unit (40) comprises a cavity (48) to which is fitted a neck (16) of said container (3) in an upside down position; said neck (16) defining said opening (17). 10) A kit as claimed in claim 1, characterized by comprising an additional hose (83) cooperating with said inflatable article; and a three-way valve (81) input connected to said compressor assembly (2), and output connected to said container (3) and to said additional hose (83) to direct a stream of compressed air selectively to said container (3) or to said additional hose (83). 11) A kit as claimed in claim 9, characterized in that said three-way valve (81) is controlled by a selector (85) which can be set to a disabling position, in which operation of said compressor assembly (2) is disabled; to a first enabling position, in which operation of said compressor assembly (2) is enabled, and said container (3) is connected fluidically to said compressor assembly (2); and to a second enabling position, in which operation of said compressor assembly (2) is enabled, and said additional hose (83) is connected fluidically to said compressor assembly (2). 12) A kit as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that at least one of said connecting means (4) and said additional hose (83) is connected to a relief valve (87). 13) A kit as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that said connecting means (5) comprise a non-return valve. 14) A kit as claimed in claim 7, characterized in that said fastening means comprise a fast-fit click-on coupling.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a kit for inflating and repairing inflatable articles, in particular, tyres. BACKGROUND ART Sealing liquids for fast repair of inflatable articles are known. The liquid is fed into the article for repair by means of compressed air, e.g. by means of a compressor, penetrates any holes or slits in the article, and sets on contact with air, thus rapidly sealing the article. Such liquids are widely used for fast tyre repair, to which the following description refers for the sake of clarity and purely by way of example. Vehicle spare wheels pose a number of well-known problems, not least of which are their considerable size and weight. More specifically, if the wheel is housed inside the vehicle, normally in a compartment to the side of or beneath the boot, the capacity of the boot is greatly reduced, and the tyre is difficult to remove, especially when the boot is full. Conversely, if stowed outside the vehicle, normally in a compartment beneath the floor, or attached to the rear door, the wheel can easily be stolen and is still not easy to remove. Given the good road conditions in most countries, punctures are now rare, so that changing a wheel can prove extremely difficult, if not impossible, on account of the bolts being locked tight, and in any case is awkward by being performed in critical conditions (traffic, poor lighting, bad weather). Considerable advantage is to be gained, therefore, by replacing the spare wheel with a repair and inflation kit comprising a small compressor and a container of sealing liquid, which can be stowed easily in a special compartment or in the boot of the car. In addition to the big reduction in size and weight, puncture repair is also made faster and easier: as opposed to changing the wheel, the compressor is simply connected to a current outlet on the vehicle, the container of sealing liquid is connected to the compressor and to the valve of the tyre for repair, and the compressor is started to feed the liquid into the tyre. For this purpose, the container normally has a dispenser unit comprising an inlet conduit and an outlet conduit connected respectively, by respective conduits, to the compressor and the valve of the tyre for repair. The container and the compressor are normally separate parts that must be connected prior to use, and which at most are housed for convenience inside the same holder. This therefore involves additional work prior to use. In one known solution, the container is fitted permanently to the dispenser unit, which incorporates a sealing device. The container, in itself open, is therefore undetachable from the dispenser unit. Another drawback of this solution is that, when the use-by date of the sealing liquid expires, both the container and the dispenser unit must be replaced, thus increasing cost. In another known solution, the container itself is sealed, e.g. by a sealing membrane, which is split when the container is fitted to the dispenser unit. This means also the dispenser unit must be fitted to the container just prior to use, thus making additional work. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a kit for repairing and inflating inflatable articles, designed to eliminate the aforementioned drawbacks typically associated with known kits. According to the present invention, there is provided a kit for inflating and repairing inflatable articles, in particular, tyres; the kit comprising a compressor assembly, a container of sealing liquid, and connecting means for connecting the container to the compressor assembly and to an inflatable article for repair or inflation, and being characterized by comprising an outer casing housing said compressor assembly and defining a seat for the container of sealing liquid, said container being housed removably in said seat, and by comprising connecting means for stably connecting said container to said compressor assembly, so that the container, when housed in said seat, is maintained functionally connected to said compressor assembly. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A preferred, non-limiting embodiment of the present invention will be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 shows a view in perspective of a repair kit comprising a container of sealing liquid and in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 2 shows a partly disassembled view in perspective of the FIG. 1 kit; FIGS. 3 and 4 show a rear view and underside view in perspective respectively of the FIG. 1 kit partly disassembled; FIGS. 5 and 6 show sections, along line V-V in FIG. 2, of the container and a dispenser unit of the FIG. 2 kit assembled together; FIG. 7 shows a schematic of a pneumatic circuit connected to the FIG. 2 kit dispenser unit. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Number 1 in FIGS. 1 to 4 indicates as a whole a kit for fast repair of inflatable articles, in particular, tyres. Kit 1 substantially comprises an electric compressor assembly 2; a container 3 of sealing liquid; a first hose 4 connecting container 3 to compressor assembly 2; and a second hose 5 connecting container 3 to a valve (not shown) of the tyre. In known manner not shown, compressor assembly 2 comprises an electric motor and a compressor—powered by the electric motor—which are housed inside an outer casing 6. Casing 6 is substantially parallelepiped-shaped and, at one longitudinal end, defines a seat 7 for housing container 3 upside down. More specifically, seat 7 is bounded laterally by a substantially semicylindrical end wall 10 of casing 6, and at the bottom by a circular base 14 projecting from end wall 10. Container 3 comprises a vessel 15, preferably in the form of a bottle, containing the sealing liquid and having an externally threaded neck 16 defining an opening 17 (FIGS. 5 and 6); and a valve device 18 housed in opening 17. Valve device 18 forms an integral part of container 3, to ensure the container is closed fluidtight when detached from the rest of kit 1, as explained in detail below. Valve device 18 comprises a body 19 having a cylindrical lateral wall 20, of axis A, inserted in fluidtight manner inside neck 16, and a portion 20a of which extends beyond neck 16, into vessel 15, and is closed at one end by an end wall 21. Portion 20a has two circumferential series of holes 24, 25 communicating with the inside of vessel 15, spaced axially apart, and located close to end wall 21 and close to neck 16 respectively. Body 19 of valve device 18 also comprises an inner member 26 defined by a tubular rod 27 of axis A, and by a supporting ring 28 fixed inside an open end of body 19 and connected integrally to tubular rod 27 by a number of spokes 29 forming a number of axial passages 29a. Rod 27 has a first end portion 27a close to end wall 21, and a conveniently flanged second end portion 27b projecting axially outwards of body 19, and defines internally an axial passage 27c. Valve device 18 comprises a tubular slide 30, which slides axially inside the annular chamber 36 formed between body 19 and rod 27. Slide 30 is maintained in an axial stop position against end wall 21 by a helical spring 31 compressed axially between slide 30 and supporting ring 28. Slide 30 has a circumferential series of holes 32 formed at an outer annular groove 33 dividing the slide into two portions 37, 38. Slide 30 also comprises two pairs of outer, axially spaced sealing rings (O-rings) 34a, 34b and 35a, 35b, which are housed in respective annular seats and form a sliding seal between slide 30 and body 19. The two pairs of O-rings 34a, 34b and 35a, 35b are located on axially opposite sides of holes 32. More specifically, O-rings 34a, 34b are carried by portion 37 facing end wall 21, and O-rings 35a, 35b are carried by portion 38 facing end portion 27b of rod 27. In said axial stop position of slide 30, O-ring 34a is located between holes 24 and end wall 21; O-ring 34b is located between holes 24 and holes 32; O-ring 35a is located between holes 25 and holes 32; and O-ring 35b is located on the axially opposite side of holes 25 to O-ring 35a. Portion 37 of slide 30 slides in fluidtight manner on rod 27, preferably with the interposition of an O-ring 38a on rod 27. Portion 38 of slide 30 is larger in inside diameter than rod 27, and defines with rod 27 a chamber 39 open towards the flanged end portion 27b of rod 27 and communicating with holes 32. Kit 1 also comprises a dispenser unit 40, which is housed stably but detachably inside a recess 44 in base 14 of casing 6, and is connected detachably to container 3 to fit it, upside down, to casing 6 (FIGS. 1, 5 and 6). More specifically, dispenser unit 40 substantially comprises a plug-like central portion 45 having a substantially cylindrical lateral wall 46 and an end wall 47, which define an internally threaded cavity 48 into which neck 16 of vessel 15 is screwed; and a circular flange 68 extending radially from central portion 45 and defining a bayonet connection with corresponding fastening means 49 in base 14 of casing 6. Dispenser unit 40 also comprises a first tubular fitting 50 projecting radially from central portion 45 and defining a conduit 51 communicating with and radial with respect to a bottom portion 52 of cavity 48; and a substantially pipe-like second tubular fitting 53 projecting radially, close to end wall 47 of central portion 45, in a radial direction perpendicular to that of first tubular fitting 50. Second tubular fitting 53 defines a conduit 54 communicating coaxially with bottom portion 52 of cavity 48. When container 3 is screwed into dispenser unit 40, end portion 27b of tubular rod 27—possibly fitted with an annular sealing member 69 on the end—cooperates in fluidtight manner with end wall 47 of central portion 45, so that the internal axial passage 27c of rod 27 communicates with and substantially constitutes an extension of conduit 54 (FIGS. 5 and 6). Base 14 has lateral openings (one shown in FIG. 4) through which fittings 50, 53 are accessible from outside casing 6, once dispenser unit 40 is bayonet connected inside recess 44 in base 14, e.g. by rotating it 45° with respect to the FIG. 2 insertion position. First fitting 50 is connected to hose 5, which, when not in use, may be wound about the casing and housed inside a peripheral groove 56 in the casing; and second fitting 53 is connected to compressor 2 by hose 4. Conveniently, hose 4 is longer than required for connection to fitting 53, and is fitted on its free end with a fast-fit, e.g. lever-operated, coupling 58. Hose 4 is therefore normally connected to second fitting 53, but can be detached easily and connected directly to the article, e.g. a tyre, ball, dinghy, etc., if this simply needs inflating and not repair. Hose 4 is normally stowed almost entirely inside a seat 59 formed on the underside of casing 6, from which it extends along an underside groove 60 housing the end portion of hose 4 fitted with coupling 58. Second fitting 53 is located at a different height from first fitting 50, so as to avoid any interference with hose 5 wound about casing 6. Compressor assembly 2 has an electric power cable 61 fitted on the end with a connector 62 for connection to a current outlet on the vehicle. Cable 61 is normally housed in a seat 63 formed in a portion of casing 6 opposite seat 7 for container 3, and connector 62 is stowed inside a cavity 64 in seat 63. Compressor assembly 2 is conveniently provided with a gauge 65 and a switch 66. Kit 1 and particularly container 3 operate as follows. Kit 1 is an integrated preassembled unit, which is supplied ready for use as shown in FIG. 1. To repair an inflatable article, e.g. a tyre, hose 5 is simply connected to the tyre valve, and compressor assembly 2 activated. The air pressure along hose 4, fitting 50, and internal passage 27c of rod 27, is transmitted to the end of annular chamber 36, and exerts thrust on the end surface of slide 30 adjacent to end wall 21. Slide 30 therefore moves, in opposition to spring 31, from the FIG. 5 rest position to the FIG. 6 position, in which O-rings 34a, 34b are interposed between holes 24 and holes 25, and O-ring 35a has moved past holes 25, so that holes 32 in slide 30 communicate with holes 25. Compressed air therefore flows through holes 24 into container 3, which is therefore pressurized, so that sealing liquid flows through holes 25 and holes 32 into chamber 39 in slide 30, and is fed along fitting 50 and hose 5 to the tyre. Device 18 therefore acts as a two-way, two-position, pneumatic valve. In the closed position (FIG. 5), the container is sealed; with pressure along the feed line defined by hose 4, device 18 opens automatically to allow compressed air into container 3, and simultaneous outflow of sealing liquid. The advantages of kit 1 according to the present invention will be clear from the foregoing description. In particular, kit 1 is a compact, integrated unit that can be stowed ready for use, with no additional work required, other than connection to the vehicle electric system and to the tyre. Container 3 with an integrated valve device 18 constitutes an independent sealed unit, regardless of whether or not it is connected to dispenser unit 40. After use, or when the sealing liquid use-by date expires (normally after a few years), only container 3 need be replaced. That is, dispenser unit 40 need not be replaced, and may be left permanently inside casing 6. Using a two-way valve device 18 closed stably in the absence of pressure along the feed line 4, sealing liquid leakage is prevented, even in abnormal conditions, such as overpressure in container 3 caused by high temperature inside the boot of a car parked in the sun. Using a valve device 18, container 3 is ready for use at all times, i.e. fitted permanently to kit 1. Container 3, in fact, is sealed but operated immediately in response to turning on the compressor. Unit 40 is preferably detachable from casing 6 and carried by container 3. Clearly, changes may be made to kit 1 as described herein without, however, departing from the scope of the accompanying Claims. In particular, FIG. 7 shows a diagram of a pneumatic sealing liquid dispensing circuit 80 comprising a three-way, three-position valve 81, a conduit 82 connected to second fitting 53, and an additional hose 83 connectable to the tyre. Valve 81 is input connected to the compressor of compressor assembly 2, and is output connected to conduit 82 and additional hose 83. Valve 81 is controlled by a hand-operated selector 85 located on casing 6 and cooperating with an on-switch 86 of compressor assembly 2. In use, selector 85 defines a disabling position, in which on-switch 86 is disabled and compressor assembly 2 cannot be started, thus preventing it from being turned on accidentally; and a first and second enabling position, in which on-switch 86 is enabled to start the compressor. More specifically, in the first enabling position, valve 81 is switched automatically to connect the compressor to dispenser unit 40 via second fitting 53 and disconnect additional hopes 83; and, in the second enabling position, valve 81 is switched automatically to connect the compressor to additional hose 83 and disconnect dispenser unit 40. Additional hose 83 is housed in casing 6, and enables compressor assembly 2 to be used quickly and easily to inflate a flat tyre. Pneumatic circuit 80 and hose 5 may also be connected to one or more hand-operated relief valves 87, to prevent overpressure in conduit 82 and hoses 5 and 83, or, when the compressor is off, to accurately adjust the pressure of the inflatable article as required. The end of hose 5 connected to the tyre may be fitted with a non-return valve, to prevent sealing liquid leakage when hose 5 is detached from the tyre. Container 3 may also be connected to casing 6 by a click-on coupling acting in a direction parallel to axis A.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Sealing liquids for fast repair of inflatable articles are known. The liquid is fed into the article for repair by means of compressed air, e.g. by means of a compressor, penetrates any holes or slits in the article, and sets on contact with air, thus rapidly sealing the article. Such liquids are widely used for fast tyre repair, to which the following description refers for the sake of clarity and purely by way of example. Vehicle spare wheels pose a number of well-known problems, not least of which are their considerable size and weight. More specifically, if the wheel is housed inside the vehicle, normally in a compartment to the side of or beneath the boot, the capacity of the boot is greatly reduced, and the tyre is difficult to remove, especially when the boot is full. Conversely, if stowed outside the vehicle, normally in a compartment beneath the floor, or attached to the rear door, the wheel can easily be stolen and is still not easy to remove. Given the good road conditions in most countries, punctures are now rare, so that changing a wheel can prove extremely difficult, if not impossible, on account of the bolts being locked tight, and in any case is awkward by being performed in critical conditions (traffic, poor lighting, bad weather). Considerable advantage is to be gained, therefore, by replacing the spare wheel with a repair and inflation kit comprising a small compressor and a container of sealing liquid, which can be stowed easily in a special compartment or in the boot of the car. In addition to the big reduction in size and weight, puncture repair is also made faster and easier: as opposed to changing the wheel, the compressor is simply connected to a current outlet on the vehicle, the container of sealing liquid is connected to the compressor and to the valve of the tyre for repair, and the compressor is started to feed the liquid into the tyre. For this purpose, the container normally has a dispenser unit comprising an inlet conduit and an outlet conduit connected respectively, by respective conduits, to the compressor and the valve of the tyre for repair. The container and the compressor are normally separate parts that must be connected prior to use, and which at most are housed for convenience inside the same holder. This therefore involves additional work prior to use. In one known solution, the container is fitted permanently to the dispenser unit, which incorporates a sealing device. The container, in itself open, is therefore undetachable from the dispenser unit. Another drawback of this solution is that, when the use-by date of the sealing liquid expires, both the container and the dispenser unit must be replaced, thus increasing cost. In another known solution, the container itself is sealed, e.g. by a sealing membrane, which is split when the container is fitted to the dispenser unit. This means also the dispenser unit must be fitted to the container just prior to use, thus making additional work.

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>A preferred, non-limiting embodiment of the present invention will be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 shows a view in perspective of a repair kit comprising a container of sealing liquid and in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 2 shows a partly disassembled view in perspective of the FIG. 1 kit; FIGS. 3 and 4 show a rear view and underside view in perspective respectively of the FIG. 1 kit partly disassembled; FIGS. 5 and 6 show sections, along line V-V in FIG. 2 , of the container and a dispenser unit of the FIG. 2 kit assembled together; FIG. 7 shows a schematic of a pneumatic circuit connected to the FIG. 2 kit dispenser unit. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20070726

20100907

20080207

70149.0

B60S504

ARNETT, NICOLAS ALLEN

KIT FOR INFLATING AND REPAIRING INFLATABLE ARTICLES, IN PARTICULAR TYRES

SMALL

ACCEPTED

B60S

ACCEPTED

Method for Fast Converging End-to End Services and Provider Edge Equipment Thereof

A method for fast converging an end-to-end service and a Provider Edge (PE) includes: setting routing information of at least two tunnels in a double-ascription PE of a remote Customer Edge (CE), wherein, the two tunnels are from the double-ascription PE of the remote CE to the PE connected with the remote CE; detecting tunnel states to obtain state information of the tunnels; the double-ascription PE obtaining available routing information and routing information of the at least two tunnels, and forwarding the service according to the available routing information. The double-ascription PE of the remote CE can directly forward the service according to the pre-configured routing information of other tunnels when the current tunnel is unavailable, such as a terminal node of the current tunnel is abnormal, thereby avoids the procedure of re-selecting the route, and increases the end-to-end service convergence speed and improves the service reliability.

1. A method for fast converging an end-to-end service, comprising: setting routing information of at least two tunnels in a double-ascription Provider Edge (PE) of a remote Customer Edge (CE), wherein, an initial node of the tunnels is the double-ascription PE of the remote CE, and a terminal node of the tunnels is the PE which is connected with the remote CE; detecting tunnel states to obtain state information of the tunnels; the double-ascription PE of the remote CE obtaining available routing information according to the tunnel state information and the routing information of the at least two tunnels, and forwarding the service according to the available routing information. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein, the tunnels comprise an inner layer tunnel and an outer layer tunnel; the inner layer tunnel is a Virtual Private Network (VPN) tunnel, while the outer layer tunnel is a Label Switching Path (LSP) tunnel or a Genetic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunnel or an Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) tunnel. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein, the step of the setting routing information of at least two tunnels in a double-ascription PE of a remote CE comprises: the double-ascription PE of the remote CE setting optimal routing information and suboptimal routing information of the tunnels in a route forwarding table according to pre-configured matching strategies. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein, the procedure of setting a suboptimal routing information in the route forwarding table is: setting the suboptimal routing information in the forwarding items of the optimal routing information in the route forwarding table. 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein, the step of detecting tunnel states to obtain the state information of the tunnel comprises: when a control layer of the double-ascription PE of the remote CE determines that some changes take place in the state of the outer layer tunnel according to Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) or tunnel fast convergence techniques, it advertising the available/unavailable state information of the tunnel to the forwarding engine. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein, there is a tunnel state field in the forwarding table of the forwarding engine; and the step of advertising the available/unavailable state information of the outer layer tunnel to the forwarding engine comprises: the double-ascription PE of the remote CE advertising the available/unavailable state information of the outer layer tunnel to the route forwarding table of the forwarding engine, and updating the content of state field of the corresponding item. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein, the step of advertising the available/unavailable state information of the outer layer tunnel to the forwarding engine comprises: the double-ascription PE of the remote CE advertising the available/unavailable state information of the outer layer tunnel to an independent storage unit of the forwarding engine, and updating the state information wherein. 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein, the tunnels comprise: a primary tunnel and a backup tunnel which are mutual backup tunnels; and the step of the double-ascription PE of the remote CE obtaining the available routing information comprises: when the double-ascription PE of the remote CE needs to forward the service to the remote CE through the primary tunnel, it obtaining and judging the state information of the primary tunnel; if the primary tunnel is available, the double-ascription PE of the remote CE forwarding the service to the remote CE through the primary tunnel; if the primary tunnel is unavailable, forwarding the service to the remote CE through the backup tunnel. 9. The method according to claim 5, further comprising: before forwarding the service to the remote CE through the backup tunnel, obtaining the state information of the backup tunnel and confirming that the state information of the backup tunnel is available. 10. The method according to claim 5, wherein, the at least two tunnels comprises: tunnels which are mutual load sharers; and the step of the double-ascription PE of the remote CE obtaining available routing information and forwarding the service comprises: when the double-ascription PE of the remote CE needs to forward the service to the remote CE through the mutual load sharing tunnels, if it is determined that one of the tunnels is unavailable while others are available according to the state information of the mutual load sharing tunnels, it forwards the service to the remote CE through the available tunnel. 11. A Provider Edge (PE) equipment for fast converging an end-to-end service, comprising: a storage module, a tunnel state detecting module and a forwarding module; wherein, the storage module is configured to store routing information and tunnel state information of at least two tunnels, whose originate node is a double-ascription PE of a remote Customer Edge (CE), and whose terminal node is a PE connected with the remote CE respectively, and configured to store tunnel state information of the at least two tunnels; and the tunnel state detecting module is configured to detect tunnel states and update the tunnel state information stored in the storing module when the tunnel state is changed; and the forwarding module is configured to obtain available routing information according to the routing information and the tunnel state information of the at least two tunnels stored in the storing module, and configured to forward service according to the available routing information. 12. The method according to claim 6, wherein, the tunnels comprise: a primary tunnel and a backup tunnel which are mutual backup tunnels; and the step of the double-ascription PE of the remote CE obtaining the available routing information comprises: when the double-ascription PE of the remote CE needs to forward the service to the remote CE through the primary tunnel, it obtaining and judging the state information of the primary tunnel; if the primary tunnel is available, the double-ascription PE of the remote CE forwarding the service to the remote CE through the primary tunnel; if the primary tunnel is unavailable, forwarding the service to the remote CE through the backup tunnel. 13. The method according to claim 7, wherein, the tunnels comprise: a primary tunnel and a backup tunnel which are mutual backup tunnels; and the step of the double-ascription PE of the remote CE obtaining the available routing information comprises: when the double-ascription PE of the remote CE needs to forward the service to the remote CE through the primary tunnel, it obtaining and judging the state information of the primary tunnel; if the primary tunnel is available, the double-ascription PE of the remote CE forwarding the service to the remote CE through the primary tunnel; if the primary tunnel is unavailable, forwarding the service to the remote CE through the backup tunnel. 14. The method according to claim 6, further comprising: before forwarding the service to the remote CE through the backup tunnel, obtaining the state information of the backup tunnel and confirming that the state information of the backup tunnel is available. 15. The method according to claim 7, further comprising: before forwarding the service to the remote CE through the backup tunnel, obtaining the state information of the backup tunnel and confirming that the state information of the backup tunnel is available. 16. The method according to claim 6, wherein, the at least two tunnels comprises: tunnels which are mutual load sharers; and the step of the double-ascription PE of the remote CE obtaining available routing information and forwarding the service comprises: when the double-ascription PE of the remote CE needs to forward the service to the remote CE through the mutual load sharing tunnels, if it is determined that one of the tunnels is unavailable while others are available according to the state information of the mutual load sharing tunnels, it forwards the service to the remote CE through the available tunnel. 17. The method according to claim 7, wherein, the at least two tunnels comprises: tunnels which are mutual load sharers; and the step of the double-ascription PE of the remote CE obtaining available routing information and forwarding the service comprises: when the double-ascription PE of the remote CE needs to forward the service to the remote CE through the mutual load sharing tunnels, if it is determined that one of the tunnels is unavailable while others are available according to the state information of the mutual load sharing tunnels, it forwards the service to the remote CE through the available tunnel.

FIELD OF THE TECHNOLOGY The present invention relates to network communication technologies, more particularly to a method for fast converging an end-to-end service and Provider Edge (PE) equipment. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION At present, with the rapid development of network technologies, the demand for a united network, which consists of a cable television network, an Internet Protocol (IP) network and a telecommunication network, becomes more and more urgent. Network providers attach much importance to the service convergence speed when a network fails to function. When a node malfunctions, it is required that switching time for switching a service to a neighbor node is less than 50 ms, and the end-to-end service convergence time is less than 1 s, which have become a threshold of bearer networks. In order to satisfy the requirement that the service switching time for switching to a neighbor node is less than 50 ms and the end-to-end service convergence time is less than 1 s, such techniques as Multi-Protocol Label Switching Traffic Engineering Fast Re-Routing (MPLS TE FRR) technique and Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) routing fast convergence technique emerge. In a double-ascription PE of a Customer Edge (CE) network model, the MPLS TE FRR is usually adopted for service fast switching when the network fails to function. Basic principles of the MPLS TE FRR are: an end-to-end Traffic Engineering (TE) tunnel is established between two PEs, and a backup Label Switching Path (LSP) is established beforehand for a primary LSP which needs protection. Therefore, when a PE detects that the primary LSP is unavailable, such as node malfunctions or link malfunctions, it will switch the traffic to the backup LSP to implement the fast service switching. With reference to the accompanying FIG. 1, the MPLS TE FRR-based fast service switching under a double-ascription network model will be illustrated in detail hereinafter. In FIG. 1, PE-E is a double-ascription PE of a remote CE, PE-A and PE-B are both connected to the remote CE, the network model also includes provider's equipment P-C and P-D. A path for an equipment CE-B to visit another equipment CE-A is configured as follows: CE-B-PE-E-P-C-PE-A-CE-A; When the node PE-A fails to function, the path for CE-B to visit CE-A is converged to: CE-B-PE-E-P-D-PE-B-CE-A; according to standard Multi-Protocol Label Switching Layer 3 Virtual Private Network (MPLS L3 VPN) techniques, firstly, both the PE-A and the PE-B will advertise routes directing to the CE-A to the double-ascription PE-E of the CE-A, and allocate private network labels. The PE-E selects an optimal Virtual Private Network IPv4 route (VPN V4 route), which is transmitted by a Multi-Protocol Border Gateway Protocol (MP-BGP) neighbor, according to pre-configured strategies. Supposing that the PE-E selects the route advertised by the PE-A as the optimal route, then the PE-E fills in a forwarding item used by a forwarding engine only the routing information advertised by the PE-A, such as a forwarding prefix, an inner layer label, a selected outer layer tunnel, etc. Then the forwarding engine forwards the service according to the routing information. As to link malfunctions and node malfunctions between the PE-E and the PE-A, wherein, the PE-E and the PE-A are the initial node and the terminal node of the TE tunnel respectively, the MPLS TE FRR can implement the fast service switching. When the terminal node PE-A of the tunnel fails to function, what is generally adopted is that the CE-A detects the PE-A, which is directly connected with the CE-A, through a bidirectional path detection technique or other techniques. When the CE-A detects there is a malfunction in the PE-A, it will actively switch the traffic to the PE-B to recover the service. But the PE-E can detect the malfunction of the PE-A only through information, such as a Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) neighbor breaks down or an outer layer LSP tunnel is unavailable, etc., and the PE-E re-selects the VPN V4 route advertised by the PE-B. Meanwhile, the PE-E fills in the forwarding item of the forwarding engine with the new routing information, and the forwarding engine forwards the service according to the new routing information, thereby implementing the end-to-end service convergence. Before the PE-E fills the corresponding forwarding item with the route advertised by the PE-B, the terminal node of the outer layer LSP tunnel directed by the forwarding item of the forwarding engine of the PE-E is the PE-A all the time, and the PE-A has failed to function, therefore during the period from the malfunction appearing in the PE-A to the PE-E filling in the forwarding item with the route advertised by the PE-B, the CE-B is unable to access the CE-A, and the end-to-end service is interrupted. When the terminal node PE-A fails to function, the time for recovering the normal service transmission mainly depends on the service convergence time which is closely related to the number of the MPLS VPN inner routes and the number of hops of a bearer network. Typically, the service convergence time is about 5 s, which is far from the requirement that the end-to-end service convergence time should be less than 1 s, moreover, the end-to-end service convergence time will increase significantly with the increase in the number of the MPLS VPN private network routes. Therefore, under the double-ascription network model, the current MPLS TE FRR technique cannot solve the problem how to fast converge the end-to-end service when a terminal node of the tunnel breaks down, therefore avoids the decrease in the service's reliability. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a method for fast converging an end-to-end service, so as to increase convergence speed of the end-to-end service as well as the service's reliability. The present invention also provides a Provider Edge (PE) that can improve the convergence speed of the end-to-end service. A method for fast converging an end-to-end service includes: setting routing information of at least two tunnels in a double-ascription PE of a remote Customer Edge (CE), wherein, the initial node of the tunnels is the double-ascription PE of the remote CE, and the terminal node of the tunnels is the PE which is connected with the remote CE; detecting tunnel states to obtain state information of the tunnels; the double-ascription PE of the remote CE obtaining available routing information according to the tunnel state information and routing information of the at least two tunnels, and forwarding the service according to the available routing information. The present invention also provides a PE for fast converging an end-to-end service, including: a storage module, a tunnel state detecting module and a forwarding module; wherein, the storage module is configured to store routing information and tunnel state information of at least two tunnels, whose originate node and terminal node is a double-ascription PE of a remote CE and a PE connected with the remote CE respectively, and configured to store tunnel state information of the at least two tunnels; and the tunnel state detecting module is configured to detect tunnel states and update the tunnel state information stored in the storing module when the tunnel state is changed; and the forwarding module is configured to obtain available routing information according to the routing information and the tunnel state information of the at least two tunnels stored in the storing module, and configured to forward service according to the available routing information. It can be seen from the above-mentioned technical scheme that, by setting routing information for multiple tunnels, which are mutual backup tunnels or load sharing tunnels, in a double-ascription PE of a remote CE, and by detecting state information of the tunnels, it is possible for the double-ascription PE of the remote CE to forward the service directly according to the state information of the backup tunnel when the tunnel is unavailable, such as when a terminal node of the tunnel functions abnormally, thereby avoiding the procedure of re-selecting the optimal route. In addition, the end-to-end malfunction detection time can be less than 500 ms, even reaching 50 ms, by detecting an unavailable state of the tunnel using techniques such as BFD, tunnel fast convergence, etc. The end-to-end malfunction detection time is independent of the private network route numbers that the MPLS VPN network bears. Furthermore, it is possible to quickly and conveniently obtain the routing information of the mutual backup tunnels or the mutual load sharing tunnels by setting routing information. Therefore, the technical solution of the present invention can improve the service's reliability by increasing the end-to-end service convergence speed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a double-ascription network model; FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a PE according to an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION To make the technical solution and the advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be illustrated in detail hereinafter with reference to the accompanying embodiments. The tunnel in the embodiment of the present invention includes an inner layer and an outer layer. Wherein, the inner layer tunnel can be a VPN, while the outer layer tunnel can be an LSP tunnel or a GRE tunnel or an IPSec tunnel, etc. The type of the outer layer tunnel is not limited in this embodiment. Firstly, in the present embodiment, it is needed to select routing information of at least two tunnels whose initial node is a double-ascription PE of a remote CE and terminal node is a PE connected with the remote CE. The double-ascription PE of the remote CE can forward data packets of a nearby CE to the remote CE through any one of the above-mentioned tunnels. For example, if the inner layer tunnel is the VPN and the outer layer tunnel is the LSP tunnel, the method for selecting routing information of at least two tunnels includes: the double-ascription PE of the remote CE selects a VPN V4 route in accordance with pre-defined conditions according to the pre-configured matching strategies. As to those selected VPN V4 routes, optimal routing information is selected in the present embodiment, in addition, one or more suboptimal routing information are selected. The above-mentioned routing information includes forwarding prefix, inner layer label, selected outer layer tunnel, etc. And then, the double-ascription PE of the remote CE stores the above-mentioned optimal and suboptimal routing information. The double-ascription PE of remote CE can fill in the forwarding items of the route forwarding table in the forwarding engine with both the optimal routing information and the suboptimal routing information. The above-mentioned at least two tunnels, whose initial node is the double-ascription PE of the remote CE and terminal node is the PE connected with the remote CE, can be a primary tunnel and a backup tunnel which are mutual backup tunnels, and there can be one or more backup tunnels. The above-mentioned at least two tunnels can also be mutual load sharing tunnels, and there can be two or more of them. After setting the above-mentioned routing information, the double-ascription PE of the remote CE can detect the state of the tunnel by the BFD technique, tunnel fast convergence technique such as LSP fast convergence, or other techniques. When the double-ascription PE of the remote CE confirms that the state of the tunnel is changed, it will set the corresponding identifier in the LSP tunnel state table configured in itself as the new state information of the tunnel. Meanwhile, the double-ascription PE of the remote CE advertises the state information of the tunnel to the forwarding engine. For example, when the control layer of the double-ascription PE of the remote CE determines that the state of the primary tunnel has become unavailable from the state of available, it modifies the identifier corresponding to the state of the tunnel in the LSP tunnel state table to be unavailable, and at the same time, advertises the unavailable state of the primary tunnel to the forwarding engine. Thus when the forwarding engine of the double-ascription PE of the remote CE desires to forward data packets through the primary tunnel, if the state of the primary tunnel is confirmed to be unavailable, the forwarding engine will forward the data packets according to the pre-configured routing information of the backup tunnel it stores. After the forwarding engine of the double-ascription PE of the remote CE determines that the primary tunnel is unavailable, it can further judge the state of the backup tunnel, and forwards the data packets according to the pre-configured routing information of the backup tunnel when the backup tunnel is available, thereby implementing the fast convergence of the end-to-end service. When the mutual load sharing tunnels are adopted by the forwarding engine of the double-ascription PE of the remote CE to forward data packets, it is necessary to check the state of each one of the mutual load sharing tunnels, and select a corresponding tunnel to forward the data packets according to the state of each tunnel. If there are two tunnels which act as load sharers mutually, wherein, one of them is unavailable while the other is available, the data packets will be forwarded through the tunnel in the available state, the detailed implementation is similar to the above-mentioned procedure of forwarding data packets through the primary and backup tunnels, which will not be illustrated herein. In order to make it convenient for the forwarding engine of the double-ascription PE of the remote CE to obtain the state information of the tunnel when forwarding data packets, a tunnel state field can be added in the route forwarding table of the forwarding engine. When the routing information in the forwarding item is the routing information of the primary and backup tunnels, the tunnel state field can only mark the state of the primary tunnel, or mark the states of both the primary and the backup tunnel. When the routing information in the forwarding item is the routing information of the mutual load sharing tunnels, the tunnel state field marks the state information of the mutual load sharing tunnels. Thus, when the forwarding engine selects a forwarding item of a primary tunnel or a mutual load sharing tunnel, it can determine the state of the tunnel according to the content of the tunnel state field in the forwarding item. The tunnel state information can also be independent of the route forwarding table, and can be stored in an independent storage unit. When the forwarding engine selects a forwarding item of a primary tunnel or a mutual load sharing tunnel, it can determine the state of the tunnel according to the tunnel state information stored in the independent storage unit, and perform the subsequent operations. When the primary tunnel or one of the mutual load sharing tunnels fails to function, in order to make it convenient for the forwarding engine of the double-ascription PE of the remote CE to obtain the routing information of the backup tunnel or other tunnel(s) of the mutual load sharing tunnels, the present embodiment can further set the routing information of the backup tunnel in the route forwarding table of the primary tunnel, or set the routing information of each one of the mutual load sharing tunnels in the route forwarding table of other tunnels. Thus, when the forwarding engine selects a primary tunnel or one of the mutual load sharing tunnels, if the primary tunnel or the selected mutual load sharing tunnel is unavailable, it can obtain the routing information of the backup tunnel or other mutual load sharing tunnel(s) directly from the item. The method for fast converging an end-to-end service according to the present embodiment will be illustrated hereinafter with reference to the accompanying FIG. 1, with the primary tunnel and backup tunnel taken as an example. In FIG. 1, CE-A is a remote CE, CE-B is a nearby CE, PE-E is a double-ascription PE of the CE-A, and the PE-A and PE-B are directly connected to the CE-A. Both the PE-A and the PE-B will advertise routes to the CE-A and allocate private network labels to the double-ascription PE-E of the CE-A. The PE-EA selects a VPN route advertised by a PE which is directly connected with the remote CE as the optimal route according to the pre-configured strategies, and selects another VPN route which is directly connected with the remote CE as the suboptimal route. Supposing that the optimal route is the route advertised by the PE-A, and the suboptimal route is the route advertised by the PE-B. Then the PE-E will fill in the forwarding table of the forwarding engine with the routing information, such as forward prefix, inner layer label, the selected outer layer LSP tunnel, etc., advertised by the PE-A and the PE-B. Wherein, the route advertised by the PE-A is the primary route, and the route advertised by the PE-B is the backup route. The method of the PE-E storing the routing information advertised by the PE-A and the PE-B in the forwarding table of forwarding engine is: storing the optimal routing information advertised by the PE-A in an item of the forwarding table, the item also includes the tunnel state information of the optimal route and the routing information of the suboptimal route. There is an LSP tunnel state table in the control layer of the PE-E, and the table stores the state information of each tunnel. When the node PE-A fails to function, the control layer of the PE-E can detect that the outer layer tunnel between the PE-E and the PE-A is unavailable through such techniques as BFD and LSP fast convergence. Typically, the time for detecting an end-to-end malfunction is less than 500 ms, even reaching 50 ms. After the control layer of the PE-E detects that the outer layer LSP tunnel on which the MPLS VPN relies is unavailable, it sets the corresponding identifier in the LSP tunnel state table of the control layer as unavailable. Meanwhile, it advertises the unavailable information of the tunnel to the forwarding engine. After the forwarding engine selects an item of the route forwarding table, e.g., the item of the primary tunnel, it checks the LSP tunnel state corresponding to the item. If the primary tunnel is unavailable, the forwarding engine will forward data packets according to the routing information of the suboptimal route in the item. Thus, an inner layer label assigned by the PE-B will be attached on the packets, and the packets will be switched to the PE-B through the tunnel between the PE-E and the PE-B, and then forwarded to the CE-A, thereby recovering the service in the CE-B to CE-A direction, and implements the fast convergence of the end-to-end service when the PE-A fails to function. The present embodiment also provides a double-ascription PE of a remote CE, i.e. routing equipment for implementing fast convergence of end-to-end service, as shown in FIG. 2. With reference to FIG. 2, the PE in accordance with the present embodiment includes: a storage module, a tunnel state detecting module and a forwarding module. The storage module is configured to store routing information and tunnel state information of the at least two tunnels, whose initial node is the double-ascription PE of the remote CE and the terminal node is the PE connected with the remote CE. The above mentioned routing information and tunnel state information can exist in the form of a route forwarding table of the forwarding engine. And the routing information and the tunnel state information of the above-mentioned at least two tunnels can be stored in a forwarding table item of the route forwarding table. The routing information of the primary tunnel can include: routing information of the primary tunnel, tunnel state information of the primary tunnel, routing information of the backup tunnel, etc. The above-mentioned routing information and tunnel state information can also exist in the other forms. The storage module can be located in each forwarding engine of the PE. The tunnel state detecting module is configured to detect tunnel states, sent the tunnel state change information to the storage module, and update the tunnel state information stored in storage module. The tunnel state detecting module itself can also store the tunnel state information, which can be stored in form of a tunnel state table of the control layer. The tunnel state detecting module can detect the state of the tunnel by such techniques as the BFD, tunnel fast convergence such as the LSP fast convergence, or other techniques. The tunnel state detecting module can be located in the control layer of the PE, or in each forwarding engine. The forwarding module is configured to obtain available routing information according to the routing information and tunnel state information of the at least two tunnels stored in the storage module, and configured to forward service according to the available routing information. For example, when the forwarding engine selects a route forwarding table item stored in the storage module, if the state information of the primary tunnel in the item is unavailable, the service will be forwarded according to the routing information of the backup tunnel in the item. The forwarding module can be located in each forwarding engine of the PE. The above illustrated embodiments are just the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not used to confine the protection scope of the present invention. Any modification, equivalent substitute or improvement within the spirit of the present invention is covered in the protection scope of the present invention.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>At present, with the rapid development of network technologies, the demand for a united network, which consists of a cable television network, an Internet Protocol (IP) network and a telecommunication network, becomes more and more urgent. Network providers attach much importance to the service convergence speed when a network fails to function. When a node malfunctions, it is required that switching time for switching a service to a neighbor node is less than 50 ms, and the end-to-end service convergence time is less than 1 s, which have become a threshold of bearer networks. In order to satisfy the requirement that the service switching time for switching to a neighbor node is less than 50 ms and the end-to-end service convergence time is less than 1 s, such techniques as Multi-Protocol Label Switching Traffic Engineering Fast Re-Routing (MPLS TE FRR) technique and Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) routing fast convergence technique emerge. In a double-ascription PE of a Customer Edge (CE) network model, the MPLS TE FRR is usually adopted for service fast switching when the network fails to function. Basic principles of the MPLS TE FRR are: an end-to-end Traffic Engineering (TE) tunnel is established between two PEs, and a backup Label Switching Path (LSP) is established beforehand for a primary LSP which needs protection. Therefore, when a PE detects that the primary LSP is unavailable, such as node malfunctions or link malfunctions, it will switch the traffic to the backup LSP to implement the fast service switching. With reference to the accompanying FIG. 1 , the MPLS TE FRR-based fast service switching under a double-ascription network model will be illustrated in detail hereinafter. In FIG. 1 , PE-E is a double-ascription PE of a remote CE, PE-A and PE-B are both connected to the remote CE, the network model also includes provider's equipment P-C and P-D. A path for an equipment CE-B to visit another equipment CE-A is configured as follows: CE-B-PE-E-P-C-PE-A-CE-A; When the node PE-A fails to function, the path for CE-B to visit CE-A is converged to: CE-B-PE-E-P-D-PE-B-CE-A; according to standard Multi-Protocol Label Switching Layer 3 Virtual Private Network (MPLS L3 VPN) techniques, firstly, both the PE-A and the PE-B will advertise routes directing to the CE-A to the double-ascription PE-E of the CE-A, and allocate private network labels. The PE-E selects an optimal Virtual Private Network IPv4 route (VPN V4 route), which is transmitted by a Multi-Protocol Border Gateway Protocol (MP-BGP) neighbor, according to pre-configured strategies. Supposing that the PE-E selects the route advertised by the PE-A as the optimal route, then the PE-E fills in a forwarding item used by a forwarding engine only the routing information advertised by the PE-A, such as a forwarding prefix, an inner layer label, a selected outer layer tunnel, etc. Then the forwarding engine forwards the service according to the routing information. As to link malfunctions and node malfunctions between the PE-E and the PE-A, wherein, the PE-E and the PE-A are the initial node and the terminal node of the TE tunnel respectively, the MPLS TE FRR can implement the fast service switching. When the terminal node PE-A of the tunnel fails to function, what is generally adopted is that the CE-A detects the PE-A, which is directly connected with the CE-A, through a bidirectional path detection technique or other techniques. When the CE-A detects there is a malfunction in the PE-A, it will actively switch the traffic to the PE-B to recover the service. But the PE-E can detect the malfunction of the PE-A only through information, such as a Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) neighbor breaks down or an outer layer LSP tunnel is unavailable, etc., and the PE-E re-selects the VPN V4 route advertised by the PE-B. Meanwhile, the PE-E fills in the forwarding item of the forwarding engine with the new routing information, and the forwarding engine forwards the service according to the new routing information, thereby implementing the end-to-end service convergence. Before the PE-E fills the corresponding forwarding item with the route advertised by the PE-B, the terminal node of the outer layer LSP tunnel directed by the forwarding item of the forwarding engine of the PE-E is the PE-A all the time, and the PE-A has failed to function, therefore during the period from the malfunction appearing in the PE-A to the PE-E filling in the forwarding item with the route advertised by the PE-B, the CE-B is unable to access the CE-A, and the end-to-end service is interrupted. When the terminal node PE-A fails to function, the time for recovering the normal service transmission mainly depends on the service convergence time which is closely related to the number of the MPLS VPN inner routes and the number of hops of a bearer network. Typically, the service convergence time is about 5 s, which is far from the requirement that the end-to-end service convergence time should be less than 1 s, moreover, the end-to-end service convergence time will increase significantly with the increase in the number of the MPLS VPN private network routes. Therefore, under the double-ascription network model, the current MPLS TE FRR technique cannot solve the problem how to fast converge the end-to-end service when a terminal node of the tunnel breaks down, therefore avoids the decrease in the service's reliability.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention provides a method for fast converging an end-to-end service, so as to increase convergence speed of the end-to-end service as well as the service's reliability. The present invention also provides a Provider Edge (PE) that can improve the convergence speed of the end-to-end service. A method for fast converging an end-to-end service includes: setting routing information of at least two tunnels in a double-ascription PE of a remote Customer Edge (CE), wherein, the initial node of the tunnels is the double-ascription PE of the remote CE, and the terminal node of the tunnels is the PE which is connected with the remote CE; detecting tunnel states to obtain state information of the tunnels; the double-ascription PE of the remote CE obtaining available routing information according to the tunnel state information and routing information of the at least two tunnels, and forwarding the service according to the available routing information. The present invention also provides a PE for fast converging an end-to-end service, including: a storage module, a tunnel state detecting module and a forwarding module; wherein, the storage module is configured to store routing information and tunnel state information of at least two tunnels, whose originate node and terminal node is a double-ascription PE of a remote CE and a PE connected with the remote CE respectively, and configured to store tunnel state information of the at least two tunnels; and the tunnel state detecting module is configured to detect tunnel states and update the tunnel state information stored in the storing module when the tunnel state is changed; and the forwarding module is configured to obtain available routing information according to the routing information and the tunnel state information of the at least two tunnels stored in the storing module, and configured to forward service according to the available routing information. It can be seen from the above-mentioned technical scheme that, by setting routing information for multiple tunnels, which are mutual backup tunnels or load sharing tunnels, in a double-ascription PE of a remote CE, and by detecting state information of the tunnels, it is possible for the double-ascription PE of the remote CE to forward the service directly according to the state information of the backup tunnel when the tunnel is unavailable, such as when a terminal node of the tunnel functions abnormally, thereby avoiding the procedure of re-selecting the optimal route. In addition, the end-to-end malfunction detection time can be less than 500 ms, even reaching 50 ms, by detecting an unavailable state of the tunnel using techniques such as BFD, tunnel fast convergence, etc. The end-to-end malfunction detection time is independent of the private network route numbers that the MPLS VPN network bears. Furthermore, it is possible to quickly and conveniently obtain the routing information of the mutual backup tunnels or the mutual load sharing tunnels by setting routing information. Therefore, the technical solution of the present invention can improve the service's reliability by increasing the end-to-end service convergence speed.

20070815

20120410

20081002

98401.0

H04L1266

PATEL, JAY P

METHOD FOR FAST CONVERGING END-TO END SERVICES AND PROVIDER EDGE EQUIPMENT THEREOF

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

H04L

ACCEPTED

Method For MonitoringThe Adjustment Movement Of A Component Driven By A Drive Device

A method for monitoring the adjustment movement of a component, in particular a window pane or a sunroof in motor vehicles, which is driven by a drive device and can be adjusted in a translatory or rotary fashion. A plurality of input signals which can be derived from the drive device and which represent a deceleration of the adjustment movement of the drive device are input at input neurons of an input layer of a neural network with at least one hidden layer having hidden neurons. Said network outputting, at least one output neuron of an output layer, an output value which corresponds to the adjusting force or to a trapped state or nontrapped state.

1-27. (canceled) 28. A method for monitoring the adjustment movement of a component, in particular a window pane or a sunroof in motor vehicles, which is driven by a drive device and can be adjusted in a translatory or rotary fashion, wherein a plurality of input signals which can be derived from the drive device and which represent a deceleration of the adjustment movement of the drive device are input at input neurons of an input layer of a neural network with at least one hidden layer having hidden neurons, said network outputting, at least one output neuron of an output layer, an output value which corresponds to the adjusting force or to a trapped state or nontrapped state. 29. The method as claimed in claim 28, wherein the input signals which can be derived from the drive device indirectly represent deceleration of the adjustment movement of the drive device. 30. The method as claimed in claim 28 or 29, wherein deceleration of the adjustment movement of the drive device is determined by changing the period length and/or the motor current and/or the motor voltage of a drive motor of the drive device. 31. The method as claimed in claim 28, wherein the input signals which can be derived from the drive device are output in parallel or in series to the input neurons of the input layer of the neural network. 32. The method as claimed in claim 28, wherein the inputs of the input layer, of the hidden layer and of the output layer as well as the connections of the input layer to the at least one hidden layer, the connections of the plurality of hidden layers to one another and the connections of a hidden layer to the output layer have differing weightings. 33. The method as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that the hidden neurons of the at least one hidden layer and the at least one output neuron of the output layer have a constant threshold value or bias which shifts the output of the transfer functions of the neurons into a constant region. 34. The method as claimed in claim 28, wherein at the input neurons, hidden neurons and/or output neurons of the neural network, in a learning phase, random weightings are assigned, various input patterns which are applied to the input neurons are predefined, and the associated at least one output value is calculated, and the weightings and/or the threshold value are changed as a function of the difference between the at least one output value and at least one setpoint output value. 35. The method as claimed in claim 34, wherein the degree of change in the weightings depends on the size of the difference between the at least one output value and the at least one setpoint output value. 36. The method as claimed in claim 34 or 35, wherein the output value is measured with a clip-on force measuring instrument at different spring constants or in particular at 2 N/mm and 20 N/mm, and in that the clip-on force measuring instrument outputs the measured output value in a way which is analogous to the input values. 37. The method as claimed in claim 28, wherein the motor period, the motor current and/or the motor voltage of the drive motor are input into the input neurons as input signals. 38. The method as claimed in claim 28, wherein an adaptation period which specifies the period calculated at a predefined reference voltage and which is associated with the position of a reference distance stored in the learning phase is input into the input neurons as an additional input signal. 39. The method as claimed in claim 38, wherein the adaptation period is averaged in that the neural network calculates a new adaptation period at each full rotation of the drive motor or in four quarter periods of the drive motor, said new adaptation period being made available at the next adjustment movement as an adaptation period. 40. The method as claimed in claim 28, wherein the input values of the input neurons are composed of the values of an adaptation profile of the component which can be adjusted in a translatory fashion, the values of an adaptation period when the component which can be adjusted in a translatory fashion is adjusted, a run up flag, the output values of a shift register for terminal voltages of the drive motor, the output values of a shift register for period values, the temperature of the drive motor, the ambient temperature, a speed signal an oscillation voltage, and a preceding output value, and the force which is determined by neural means is output as an output value of an output neuron. 41. The method as claimed in claim 28, wherein in the learning phase of the neural network, input patterns which are applied to the input neurons and the force values which are output by the at least one output neuron are selected and/or predefined as a function of the desired sensitivity of the system at low spring constants. 42. The method as claimed in claim 41, wherein the learning component in the learning phase of the neural network is composed of the adaptation period which is determined anew in the application after each pass. 43. The method as claimed in claim 41 or 42, wherein the learning phase takes place in a vehicle before the operational application. 44. The method as claimed in claim 43, wherein the weightings of the neural network which are determined in the learning phase are defined during the operational application. 45. The method as claimed in claim 28, further comprising an adaptation device for determining signals of the drive device which are standardized to a reference value, and for outputting adaptation values to the input layer of the neural network. 46. The method as claimed in claim 45, wherein the adaptation device outputs the adaptation values to the input neurons of the neural network as an additional input signal as a function of the position. 47. The method as claimed in claim 45 or 46, wherein the adaptation device is composed of a neural adaptation network to whose input neurons at least one signal of the drive device is applied and whose at least one output neuron outputs the position-dependent adaptation values to the neural network. 48. The method as claimed in claim 47, wherein additional parameters such as the ambient temperature, climatic data or the temperature and the cooling behavior of the drive motor of the drive device are applied to the input neurons of the neural adaptation network. 49. The method as claimed in claim 38 or 39, characterized in that the adaptation device has a model of the drive device, a fuzzy system or a mathematical model with a genetically generated algorithm. 50. The method as claimed claim 28, wherein the drive motor is stopped or reversed as a function of the output value of the neural network and the spring constant. 51. The method as claimed in claim 50, wherein the logic combination of the spring constant of the drive device with the output value of the neural network is carried out by means of a logic circuit, a mathematical model with an algorithm or a neural logic network. 52. The method as claimed in claim 50 or 51, wherein the rotation speed of the drive motor is sensed, and the difference in rotational speed between two periods is formed and logically combined with the output value of the neural network in such a way that when a first switch-off threshold value of the output value of the neural network and a difference in rotational speed which is smaller than a predefined threshold value for the difference in rotational speed is exceeded, the drive motor is stopped or reversed up to the end of the adjustment movement only if the output value of the neural network exceeds a second switch-off threshold value which is greater than the first switch-off threshold value, when a first switch-off threshold value of the output value of the neural network and a difference in rotational speed which is greater than a predefined threshold value for the difference in rotational speed are exceeded, the drive motor is stopped or reversed, when the second switch-off threshold value is exceeded the drive motor is stopped or reversed irrespective of the difference in rotational speed. 53. The method as claimed in claim 52, wherein the first switch-off threshold value of the output value of the neural network and a difference in rotational speed which is smaller than the predefined threshold value for the difference in rotational speed are exceeded, stopping or reversing of the drive motor are blocked even if the difference in rotational speed ensuring the further adjustment movement of the drive device is greater than the predefined threshold value for the difference in rotational speed. 54. The method as claimed in claim 28 having the following steps: evaluation of the input signals by means of the neural network in order to determine a state of the motor vehicle and/or a state of the adjustment device; selection of a set of weightings for the neural network from a multiplicity of sets of weightings irrespective of the evaluation of the input signals and the determined state, and use of the selected set of weightings to operate the neural network while the drive device of the adjustable component is being controlled.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO A RELATED APPLICATION This application is a National Phase Patent Application of International Patent Application Number PCT/DE2005/000360, filed on Mar. 2, 2005, which claims priority of German Patent Application Number 10 2004 011 015.8, filed on Mar. 2, 2004. BACKGROUND The invention relates to a method for monitoring the adjustment movement of a component which is driven by a drive device and is adjustable in a translatory or rotary fashion, in particular a method for determining the force with which a drive device adjusts a component or traps an object which is located in the adjustment travel of the component. DE 198 40 164 A1 discloses a method for adjusting a component which can be moved in a translatory fashion between two positions and in which the instantaneous force effect on the component which can be moved in a translatory fashion from the period length of a drive motor which is part of a drive device which adjusts the component which can be adjusted in a translatory fashion is calculated from force change values which are calculated from changes in the rotational speed of the drive motor, and from which summed force change values and force change values which have been weighted by means of equation systems which have been created by means of a mathematical model of the entire adjustment device including the drive are determined, said force change values depending exclusively on the behavior of the drive motor. The instantaneous force effect on the component which can be moved in a translatory fashion is used as a criterion for the switching off or reversal of the drive motor, the value of an upper threshold value being used instead of the value for the change in rotational speed in the calculation of the force change values for each value for a change in rotational speed which exceeds said upper threshold value. In order to limit the number of physical variables to be sensed and the frequency of the samplings of the physical variables, the period length of the rotations of the drive motor is sensed by means of a magnet wheel and two Hall sensors. Fine resolution monitoring of the trapping prevention criteria is aimed at on the basis of the sensed period length in conjunction with various parameters sensed empirically or by measuring means, by extrapolating the sensed period length. For this purpose, in order to determine the instantaneous force effect on the component which is moved in a translatory fashion, the measured values of the period length which are available only on a period basis are extrapolated, the parameters which are used during the extrapolation formula modulating the entire system of the drive device and being determined by means of the spring stiffness, attenuation and friction values of the entire system. As a result, spectral components of the period time profile which originate from vibrations are evaluated more weakly than those which originate from a case of trapping. From the estimated values which are determined for the period length in this way, the change in rotational speed is then estimated at a time with respect to the preceding time using a motor voltage filter and a displacement profile filter in order to eliminate the influences of the motor voltage and the position of the movable vehicle component on the motor speed. The to eliminate the motor voltage and position of the component which can be moved in a translatory fashion on the motor speed model, inter alia, the dynamic behavior of the drive motor when there are changes in voltage. A further correction is performed by the estimated changes in rotational speed being compared with a fixed, chronologically constant lower limit. If the estimated changes in rotational speed exceed this lower limit, they are multiplied by a proportionality factor which represents the steepness of the motor characteristic curve of the drive motor. DE 40 20 351 C2 discloses a method for controlling a window pane of a motor vehicle in which a correction method is applied in order to derive a trapping prevention criterion which is intended to prevent excessively early response of a trapping prevention device. For this purpose, a first sensor device supplies control electronics with signals which are associated in terms of their origin with the window pane and the drive device which moves the window pane, these signals being the voltage of the onboard electrical system, the window lifter speed, the torque of the drive, the weight of the window pane etc., while a second sensor element supplies the control electronics with signals which are not associated in terms of their origin with the window pane and the drive device, specifically with acceleration forces which act on the vehicle bodywork. In order to prevent the trapping prevention device being incorrectly switched off or reversed, the signals of the second sensor element are used as a basic level and the signals of the first sensor device are evaluated in terms of safety criteria. In the known method, use is made of a relative detection of a vehicle body by means of a rise in the period length, that is to say the force changes at successive time intervals are compared with one another, as a result of which the run up of the component which can be moved in a translatory fashion can be differentiated only with difficulty from the trapping of an object in the adjustment travel of the component which can be moved in a translatory fashion. When there are jumps in voltage in the onboard electrical system of a motor vehicle and when sections of poor road are traveled over, the known methods bring about overcompensation of the interference variables, which leads to high offsets with very high forces so that the permissible trapping forces are exceeded. A further disadvantage of the known methods is that the force acting on the component which can be moved in a translatory fashion can be detected only when there is a rise in the period length, which leads to high forces when there is a degression in the period length, that is to say when the period length decreases, for example owing to ease of movement of the component which can be moved in a translatory fashion, which also leads to increased trapping forces. Changes in the profile of the adjustment travel of the component which can be moved in a translatory fashion which are due to ageing and wear are compensated in the known method by parameter changes, which entails readjustment of the control algorithm and a correspondingly complex control method. Finally, the known methods are dependent on the selection of a specific number of different parameters which are decisive for the switching off and reversing of the component which can be moved in a translatory fashion, which entails corresponding complexity of sensor systems and control equipment when there is a relatively large number of parameters. DE 101 96 629 T1 discloses the use of a neural network in a sensor system for a driven closing system and a method for preventing a driven closing system from closing according to requirements, in which method the sensor system detects objects by means of a proximity sensor before trapping occurs. However, the problems which occur with the known methods which are specified above relate to the sensing of signals of the drive device which makes evaluation and fault correction particularly difficult owing to the variables which influence one another. SUMMARY The object of the present invention is to specify a method for monitoring the adjustment movement of a component which is driven by a drive device and can be adjusted in a translatory or rotary fashion, said method taking into account the different influencing variables on the adjustment, trapping or reversing force, being capable of being adapted automatically to changes in the influencing variables and having a high degree of flexibility in terms of the taking into account of the influencing variables which influence a trapping prevention means. The solution according to the invention proposes a method for monitoring the adjustment movement of a component which is driven by a drive device and can be adjusted in a translatory or rotary fashion, in particular by determining an adjustment, trapping or reversing force, with settable sensitivity, said method taking into account the different influencing variables which influence the adjustment, trapping or reversing force, being capable of being automatically adapted to changes in the influencing variables and having a high degree of flexibility in terms of the taking into account of the influencing variables which influence a trapping prevention means. In particular, the solution according to the invention ensures that the sensitivity of the determination of force can be set at low spring constants; changes in the supply voltage do not lead to large fluctuations in force, and in particular jumps in voltage do not lead to reversal of the adjustment movement or to overcompensation; a large voltage range of, for example, 8-17 V is ensured; harmonics of a vehicle body during acceleration are detected in good time; changes in the adjustment travel of the adjustable component are sensed continuously; the switching off force of the trapping prevention means can be set continuously; the signals can be sensed in any desired fashion, and simple adaptation to customer-specific demands is possible. The solution according to the invention utilizes the advantages of a neural network in the determination of an adjustment, trapping or reversing force, specifically the capability of learning automatically from given data without having to be explicitly programmed to do so, the detection of stored patterns even if the input pattern in the learning phase is incomplete or a part of it is faulty, and the ability to deduce unlearnt problems from learnt ones. A deceleration of the adjustment movement of the drive device is preferably determined by changing the period length and/or the motor current and/or the motor voltage of a drive motor of the drive device. The method according to the invention makes use of direct or indirect detection of a case of trapping by increasing the period length or the motor current taking into account the motor voltage of the drive motor of the drive device or by logically combining same or all of the signals. While the adjustable component is stopped or reversed in the case of trapping, which is preferably determined at various spring constants of, for example, 2 N/mm, 10 N/mm, 20 N/mm and 65 N/mm with a 4 mm rod, a jump in voltage, running of the adjustable component into a seal or some other difficulty of movement caused by the weather in the adjustment travel of the adjustable component as well as the running up of the drive device leads to a continuation of the adjustment movement. Whereas in many of the known methods additional sensors such as, for example, proximity sensors, acceleration sensors and the like are used, in the solution according to the invention the period length and/or the motor current and/or the motor voltage are evaluated and thus without the additional expenditure in terms of manufacture incurred by the installation of corresponding sensors in conjunction with the device for evaluating the sensor signals with a suitable algorithm which does not react, or only reacts insufficiently, to many cases of trapping. The input signals which can be derived from the drive device can optionally be output in parallel, i.e. simultaneously, or in series, for example using the multiplex method, to the input neurons of the input layer of the neural network. So that the neural network is capable of learning, the inputs of the input layer, of the hidden layer and of the output layer as well as the connections of the input layer to the at least one hidden layer, the connections of the plurality of hidden layers to one another and the connection of a hidden layer to the output layer have differing weightings, as a result of which the connections between the individual layers have differing strengths. Furthermore, the hidden neurons of the at least one hidden layer and the at least one neuron of the output layer have a constant threshold value or bias which shifts the output of the transfer functions of the neurons into a constant region. In this context, the bias and the weightings are constants which in the application or a series use are no longer changed or relearnt. They are determined once before the series use and stored, for example, in an EEPROM. If weak points became apparent in the algorithm, it can be improved by setting new parameters, for example by relearning. However, both the weightings and the bias remain in the application. In a learning phase, random weightings are assigned to the input neurons, hidden neurons and/or output neurons of the neural network, various input patterns which are applied to the input neurons are predefined and the associated at least one output value is calculated, and the weightings and/or the threshold value are changed as a function of the difference between the at least one output value and at least one setpoint output value. In this context, the degree of change in the weightings depends on the size of the difference between the at least one output value and the at least one setpoint output value. The measurement of the output value is preferably carried out with a clip-on force measuring instrument at different spring constants, for example at 2 N/mm and 20 N/mm, the clip-on measuring instrument outputting the measured output value in a way which is analogous to the input values. The motor period and/or the motor current and/or the motor voltage of the drive motor are input into the input neurons as input signals in a way corresponding to the direct or indirect signal acquisition with which the braking of the drive device is determined by a rise in the period length and/or the power drain of a drive motor of the drive device. An adaptation period which specifies the period calculated for a predefined reference voltage and which is associated with the position of a reference distance stored in the learning phase is input into the input neurons as an additional input signal. In the learning phase, the adaptation period can be calculated in a smaller neural network than that used in the application, the adaptation period being averaged in that the neural network calculates a new adaptation period at each full rotation of the drive motor or in 4 quarter periods of the drive rotor, said new adaptation period being made available at the next adjustment movement as an adaptation period. In one embodiment of the invention, the input values of the input neurons are composed of the values of an adaptation profile of the component which can be adjusted, the values of an adaptation period when the component which can be adjusted is adjusted, a run up flag, the output values of a shift register for voltage values of the drive motor, the output values of a shift register for period values, the external temperature, a speed signal, an oscillation flag, and a preceding output value, while the force which is determined by neural means is output as an output value of an output neuron. In the learning phase of the neural network, input patterns are applied to the input neurons and the force values which are output by the at least one output neuron are selected and/or predefined as a function of the desired sensitivity of the system at low spring constants. Here, the learnt portion in the learning phase of the neural network is composed, in particular, of the adaptation period which is determined anew in the application after each pass. According to a further feature of the invention, the learning phase takes place in a vehicle before the operational application, while the weightings of the neural network which are determined in the learning phase are defined during the operational application. The processing of absolute values requires, on the one hand, correction curves in order to determine the behavior and absolute output values, for example, of a drive system at different parameters, which leads to considerable inaccuracies, and, on the other hand, requires a large number of input neurons in order to take into account sufficiently the various influencing factors, which in turn means a considerable computing power of the microprocessor which is used to model a neural network. In order to avoid both disadvantages, in one development of the invention an adaptation device is used to determine signals of the drive device which are standardized to a reference value, and for outputting adaptation values to the input layer of the neural network. The adaptation device outputs the adaptation values to input neurons as an additional input signal as a function of the respective position of the component which can be adjusted in a translatory or rotary fashion. The adaptation device can optionally be composed of a model of the drive device, a fuzzy system, a mathematical model with a genetically generated algorithm, but in particular also of a neural adaptation network, to whose input neurons at least one signal of the drive device is applied and whose at least one output neuron outputs the position-dependent adaptation values to the neural network. In order to determine the behavior of the drive device with different motor voltages of the drive motor, the respective motor voltage is referred to a reference voltage, in which case the data—made available to the neural network by the neural adaptation network—of the period of the associated torque is referred to the reference voltage so that the reference curve which is calibrated to the reference voltage is always correctly calculated for different torques. In this context, the periods or the sum are supplied as input data of the neural adaptation network over a plurality of periods and the associated motor voltage, and the neural adaptation network then during the course indirectly determines the respective torque and makes available the associated period as an input value for the reference voltage to the neural network which determines the trapping, adjustment or excess force. In order to increase further the accuracy when determining the respective adjusting force of the drive device by means of the neural network it is possible to apply additional parameters such as the ambient temperature, climatic data or the temperature and the cooling behavior of the drive motor of the drive device to the input neurons of the neural adaptation network. Since algorithms used hitherto for detecting a trapped state are very sensitive at low spring constants in order to bring about low trapping forces at high spring constants, low forces at low spring constants frequently give rise to faulty reversal of the drive motor. In order to avoid faulty reversal of the drive motor, for example owing to changes in the adjusting force of the window lifter system or changes in the drive motor, according to a further feature of the invention the drive motor is stopped or reversed as a function of the output value of the neural network and the spring constant of the drive device. In this context, the logic combination of the spring constant of the drive device with the output value of the neural network can be carried out by means of a logic circuit, a mathematical model with an algorithm or by means of a neural logic network. Accordingly, the difference in rotational speed at different periods of the drive motor is utilized to differentiate high spring constants from low spring constants. The decision on a trapped state is accordingly taken as a function of the output value of the neural network which corresponds to the adjusting force and the spring constant which is determined from the difference in rotational speed. In order to logically combine the spring constant of the drive device with the output value of the neural network, the rotational speed of the drive motor is sensed, and the difference in rotational speed between two periods is formed and logically combined with the output value of the neural network in such a way that when a first switch-off threshold value of the output value of the neural network and a difference in rotational speed which is smaller than a predefined threshold value for the difference in rotational speed is exceeded, the drive motor is stopped or reversed up to the end of the adjustment movement only if the output value of the neural network exceeds a second switch-off threshold value which is greater than the first switch-off threshold value, when a first switch-off threshold value of the output value of the neural network and a difference in rotational speed which is greater than a predefined threshold value for the difference in rotational speed are exceeded, the drive motor is stopped or reversed, or when the second switch-off threshold value is exceeded the drive motor is stopped or reversed irrespective of the difference in rotational speed. When the first switch-off threshold value of the output value of the neural network and a difference in rotational speed which is smaller than a predefined threshold value for the difference in rotational speed are exceeded, stopping or reversing of the drive motor are preferably blocked even if the difference in rotational speed ensuring the further adjustment movement of the drive device is greater than the predefined threshold value for the difference in rotational speed. Neural networks are used in the prior art in control devices for adjustment devices of a motor vehicle component. Motor vehicle components which are possible here are basically all motor vehicle components which are designed to be adjustable by motor. These are in particular motor vehicle components whose adjustment travel is designed such that there is a possibility of obstacles becoming trapped between the motor vehicle component and other components of the motor vehicle. These are, in particular, window panes, sliding doors, seat belt prepositioners and motor vehicle seats. Known control devices are designed and configured to evaluate measured variables in an electronic device with the neural network and for use for controlling the adjustment device. Such measured variables comprise all the parameters which are conceivable in conjunction with the motor vehicle and its components. These are in particular acceleration forces acting on the motor vehicle, the speed of the motor vehicle, the adjustment speed and the adjusting force of the adjustment device or its power drain. As already stated, the weightings of the neural network constitute essential parameters for the function of the networks. Any connection between two neurons is characterized by such a weighting which is usually provided in the form of a numerical factor. An input signal which occurs at a neuron is multiplied in each case by the associated weightings of the corresponding connections to the adjacent neurons. The optimum combination of a multiplicity of weightings which are necessary for smooth functioning of the neural network can be determined in a so-called learning process. This defined quantity of weightings is also referred to as a set of weightings. Once the set of weightings has been learnt, it can be stored in a storage element which is assigned to the neural network. Such a learning process simulates a multiplicity of states of a motor vehicle and its components which can occur during the use of the motor vehicle. It is self-evident that a set of weightings which is determined in this way for the neural network cannot be equally compatible with all the conceivable states of the motor vehicle and its components. For this reason, complex electronic filter circuits are frequently used to avoid the incorrect behavior of the control device in a number of states of the motor vehicle and/or of the adjustment device. These filter circuits however tend in some cases to overcompensate or react unreliably. This gives rise to the object of presenting a control device of the type described above which functions as reliably as possible in a large number of different states of a motor vehicle and of its components while being easy and cost effective to manufacture. In order to achieve this object, a storage unit which is assigned to the neural network which has at least two sets of stored weightings for the neural network is provided. Each set of weightings is assigned to a state of the motor vehicle and/or a state of the adjustment device, while the neural network operates as a function of the state of the motor vehicle and/or as a function of the state of the adjustment device with the respectively assigned set of weightings. Since a specific set of weightings for the neural network is assigned to the respective state or the respective state combination, there is no need to use electronic filters. At the same time, the reliability of the control device is increased. The feature of the states of the motor vehicle and its components, such as for example the control device and the adjustment device assigned to it, includes, in particular, the speed of the vehicle, acceleration forces which differ from the direction of travel of the vehicle and which are characteristic, for example, of a section of poor road, fluctuations in the voltage of the onboard electrical system, the running up of a motor which is assigned to the adjustment device, difficulty of movement of the adjustment device, expressed through characteristic changes in the power drain over the distance covered or the time, and the slamming of a motor vehicle door. In particular, fluctuating voltage levels of the onboard electrical system lead to a change in the supply voltage of the adjustment device over time. This presents the risk of these changes in time being interpreted incorrectly by evaluation electronics, for example with respect to the electronic and/or mechanical parameters of the adjustment device. The invention makes it possible to provide assigned sets of weightings for the neural network of the control device which are adapted specially for selected states or state combinations. This multiplicity of sets of weighting are stored in a storage unit assigned to the electronic device and are sufficiently quickly available to the neural network when the respective state or the state combination arises. The neural network is preferably configured and designed in such a way that it evaluates the measured variables in such a way that a trapping prevention means is ensured for obstacles which are trapped in the adjustment travel of the motor vehicle component. That is to say the electronic device of the control device comprises a trapping prevention system for obstacles in the adjustment travel of the moved motor vehicle component. It is advantageous if the different sets of weightings each implement different sensitivities of the adjustment device with respect to the detection of obstacles which are trapped in the adjustment travel of the motor vehicle component. As a result, the trapping prevention system is given different response thresholds as a function of the determined spring constant of the moved motor vehicle component. For example, in the motor vehicle state of traveling over a section of poor road or the motor vehicle state of the slamming of a motor vehicle door it is advantageous if the set of weightings used in an adjustment device which is configured as a window lifter device is configured in such a way that detected spring constants above a threshold value of 20 N/mm are gated out. This can be implemented, for example, by the response threshold of the trapping prevention system being significantly increased for spring constants above 20 N/mm. The gating out of relatively high spring constants which is achieved in this way leads to a situation in which, for example in a window lifter device, the cases of faulty stopping or reversal of the window pane are significantly reduced. Of course, the sets of weightings of the neural network can be configured in such a way that spring constant threshold values other than 20 N/mm are set. In this way it is possible to make adaptations to the regionally different legal requirements which are to be respectively met. The electronic device is preferably configured in such a way that the sets of weightings can easily be replaced or amended. One way of amending the sets of weightings is so-called “learning”. Here, the input measured variables of specific states, for example of typical sections of poor road, are fed in to the neural network. In this process, the weightings are varied until the desired output signal is present. One embodiment of the control device comprises an electronic device with at least one interface for determining the states of the motor vehicle device and/or adjustment device. These interfaces are usually configured as bus nodes of a CAN (Controller Area Network) or as a LIN (Local Interconnect Network) bus system. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Further features and advantages of the invention will be explained in more detail below using the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a system for determining the force with which a drive device drives a window lifter in a motor vehicle door for adjusting a window pane; FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a neural network which can be used in the system according to FIG. 1; FIGS. 3 to 6 show illustrations of various parameters plotted against time, during the adjustment of the window lifter system according to FIG. 1; FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of an input pattern of a back propagation network; FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of the bias voltage of neurons of the network according to FIG. 7; FIGS. 9 to 11 show further input patterns of the back propagation network according to FIG. 7; FIG. 12 is an illustration of the learning process plotted over time, for predefined input patterns of the networks according to FIGS. 7, 9, 10 and 11 for two different voltages; FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of a neural adaptation network for determining a reference period with a drive motor voltage of 9 V; FIG. 14 illustrates the neural adaptation network according to FIG. 13 for determining a reference period for a drive motor voltage of 16 V; FIG. 15 is a schematic illustration of the torque profile over the adjustment travel for different sample passes of the drive device; FIG. 16 is a schematic illustration of the difference in rotational speed over the adjustment travel for different sample passes of the drive device; FIG. 17 is a flowchart relating to the logic combination of the output value corresponding to the adjusting force of the neural network with the sensed difference in rotational speed; FIG. 18a shows the schematic block circuit diagram of a first embodiment of a control device with a neural network; FIG. 18b shows the schematic block circuit diagram of a second embodiment of a control device with a neural network, and FIG. 19 is a schematic illustration of the variable response threshold of the control device in FIGS. 18a and 18b as a function of the detected spring constant of a motor vehicle component which is moved with the adjustment device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an open-loop and closed-loop control system for a motor-driven window lifter 2 in a motor vehicle door 1. The window lifter 2 has a lifting rail 21 to which a window pane 22 is attached as an adjustable component. The lifting rail 21 can be moved by means of a lifting device 23 and a drive motor 3 which forms a drive device together with the window lifter 2, with the result that the window pane 22 can be raised and lowered. The drive motor 3 is fed from a voltage source 5 via a switching device 4 which determines both the rotational speed and the direction of rotation of the drive motor 3. A microprocessor 60 which serves as an open-loop and closed-loop electronic control system supplies the switching device 4 with open-loop and closed-loop control signals and is connected to an operator control device 7, for example to the push button keys or switches for operating the window lifter 2. A temporary connection can be made to a microcomputer 8 in order to implement one or more leaning phases of the microprocessor 60. Since there is a risk of body parts or objects becoming trapped between the edge of the window pane 22 and the door frame of the motor vehicle door 1 when the door opening which can be covered by the window pane 22 is closed as a result of the window pane 22 lifting, in window lifters which are driven by a drive motor a trapping prevention device is prescribed, said device detecting the trapping of an object and causing the drive motor 3 to be stopped or reversed, thus stopping or reversing the direction of movement of the window lifter 2. The trapping prevention means must ensure that the trapping force which acts on a body part or on an object located in the adjustment travel of the window pane 22 does not exceed a legally prescribed limiting value. In this context, in the upper sealing region it is necessary to ensure that, on the one hand, the window pane 22 reliably closes, for which purpose an increased adjusting force has to be applied in order to overcome the resistance offered by the window seal, and on the other hand this adjusting force must be dimensioned, for safety reasons, in such a way that a 4 mm rod is detected and the trapping prevention means switches off or reverses the window lifter 2. This means that even acceleration forces which are due to external influences such as a poor section of road are reliably detected with the resulting acceleration of the vehicle perpendicular to the direction of travel, in order to rule out malfunctions of the trapping prevention means. For this purpose, a force which is referred to as a reversing force is impressed on the force which is actually only necessary for the translatory adjustment of the window pane 22, the magnitude of said reversing force being limited. The sum of the two forces is equal to the adjusting force which is output by the drive device and which is used to adjust the window pane 22. The reversing force therefore constitutes a force reserve for overcoming additional opposing forces. It can have a different boundary in the various parts of the range of the overall adjustment travel of the window pane 22, a higher value being selected for this boundary, for example, owing to the high resistance of the window seal in the upper region of the adjustment travel where the window pane 22 runs into the door seal than in the adjustment region which is below it so that it is reliably ensured that the window pane moves into the seal region. According to the invention, open-loop and closed-loop control of the switching device 4 for operating the drive motor 3 of the drive device is carried out by means of a neural network 6 which is embodied by means of the microprocessor 60 and whose structure is illustrated schematically in FIG. 2. The components of the neural network 6 which is illustrated in FIG. 2 are neurons 10, 11, 12 which are composed of an input vector, a weighting vector and a transfer function with an activation function and output function. The neural network 6 is thus composed of a set of neurons 10, 11, 12, arranged in layers 61, 62, 63, 64, and weighted connections 14, 15, 16, and has the structure of a directional graph to which the following restrictions and supplements apply: the nodes of the neural network are formed by the neurons 10, 11, 12, the edges of the neural network are called connections there are weighted connections between the neurons of adjacent layers 61, 62, 63, 64 the input layer 61 is used to pick up the input signals one or more hidden layers 62, 63 serve to process the signals which are output by the input neurons 10 of the input layer 61 and permits complex functions to be modeled, the output layer 64 outputs the result which is determined from the processed input signals. So that the neural network 6 is capable of learning, the individual inputs of a neuron 10, 11, 12 must be able to be given different weightings. The weighting causes the connections between the individual layers 61, 62, 63, 64 to have different strengths so that the connections between the input layer 91 and the output layer 94 do not always transmit to an optimum degree the information which is input by the input signals but rather they do not transmit it at all if the weighting of the connection is 0, that is to say there is no connection, they inhibit the connection if the weighting is negative, and they initiate the connection if the weighting is greater than zero. In order to sense a trapped state, the braking of the drive device is determined by a rise in the period length and/or the power drain of a drive motor of the drive device. If the power drain of the drive motor is determined during this indirect detection, for example the last 12 current values of the motor power drain, an adaptation current, which reflects the motor torque for a motor voltage of, for example, 13 V, and the last three voltage values are sensed as input values. During a period evaluation, for example the last period values, e.g. 12 period values, an adaptation period which is measured at a standard voltage of, for example, 13 V, and the last three voltage values are sensed. In a learning phase, in this context learning is carried out with a clip-on force measuring instrument with values of 2 N/mm and 20 N/mm, said instrument outputting the measured output value of, for example, 0-160 N in an analogous way to the input signals so that the neural network in the application also outputs part of the shifting force and outputs the built-up force when trapping occurs. The neural network 6 illustrated in FIG. 2 has, in the input layer 61, a number of 24 input neurons 10 at which there are various input signals with different weightings such as a period length and/or the power drain of the drive motor 3 according to FIG. 1, voltage values, a run up flag which indicates the running up of the drive motor 3 as well as adaptation periods which designate the period which is associated with the respective position of a reference travel operation which is carried out in a learning phase and stored, for a predefined reference voltage. The adaptation period is, as explained in more detail below with reference to FIGS. 13 to 15, calculated and averaged in a smaller neural adaptation network than the one used in the application, i.e. at each full rotation (4 quarter periods) of the drive motor the neural network calculates a new adaptation period which is made available as an adaptation period in the next window lifter travel operation. The value range is mainly determined by minimum and maximum values which occur, and at the same time an attempt is made to position the input pattern of the inputs as far as possible between 0 and 1. Each input neuron 10 of the input layer 61 is connected to the hidden neurons 11 of a first hidden layer 6 by a multiplicity of connections 14 to which different positive or negative weightings are assigned. The hidden neurons 11 of the first hidden layer 62 have different positive and negative weightings and are connected via a plurality of connections 15, which are also weighted positively or negatively, to the hidden neurons 11 of a second hidden layer 63 whose inputs are also given differing positive or negative weightings. Finally, the hidden neurons 11 of the second hidden layer 63 are connected via likewise positively or negatively weighted connections 16 to an output neuron 12 of the output layer 64, at which neuron the output value which is determined from the input values is present. The weighting of the inputs and connections of the neurons of the multi-step neural network 6 which is illustrated in FIG. 2 is carried out after a first empirical predefinition in a learning phase in which new connections are developed, existing connections deleted, the strengths of the connections modified by changing the weightings, threshold values and transfer functions are modified, new neurons developed and existing neurons deleted. In the neural network 6 which is used according to the invention use is made of these possibilities of learning in the learning phase, in particular of the modification of the strength of the connections by changing the weightings, the modification of the threshold value and the modification of the transfer function. In the unlearned state in the learning phase, at first values are randomly predefined. According to the principle of monitored learning, various input patterns are subsequently prescribed and the associated output value is calculated. The difference between the calculated output value and a prescribed setpoint output value is then determined and the neural network 6 is then modified from this by means of the learning rule. The greater the difference between the calculated output value and the predefined setpoint output value, the more the weightings are changed so that the fault or the deviation of the calculated output value from the predefined setpoint output value from the output layer 64 is calculated back to the hidden layers 63, 62 and then to the input layer 61. After the termination of the learning phase, the neural network 6 is capable of calculating the correct output value from unlearnt, similar input patterns. Weaknesses in the function of the neural network 6 can be eliminated here by renewed learning of specific, predefined situations. Compared to known methods for determining the adjusting force, trapping force or reversing force, this provides the advantages that there is no individual assessment of the input signals as when the previous algorithm is applied but rather the sum of all the inputs is interpreted. Furthermore, nonlinear relationships such as the behavior of the drive motor 3 according to FIG. 1 can be modeled and signal profiles which cannot be evaluated with the previous algorithm or can only be evaluated with a restriction are correctly interpreted or calculated so that an instantaneous force output value which is necessary for a reliable trapping prevention means is determined. This function will be explained in more detail with reference to various signal profiles illustrated in FIGS. 3 to 6. FIG. 3 shows a simplified illustration of the profile of the period length of the drive motor of the drive device plotted over time t during the lifting of a window pane from its lowest position into its uppermost position in which the window pane completely covers the door opening of a motor vehicle door. In the run up phase A, the period length firstly decreases strongly and rises strongly after a minimum value. The decrease in the period length is equivalent to an acceleration of the drive motor in the run up phase A which is associated with a corresponding building up of force. After the run up phase A ends, the period length remains virtually constant or rises slightly since the friction can increase with the distance covered owing to the guiding of the window in the window seal. Since the friction increases greatly during the running in process E of the window pane into the upper window pane seal, the period length rises suddenly and then runs virtually linearly or in a slightly rising fashion until it increases steeply when the upper stop is reached. This characteristic profile of the period length when a window pane closes gives rise to large forces in the run up phase A with the known trapping prevention method and trapping prevention devices. Changes on the distance covered by the window pane can only be compensated by parameter changes so that, for example during the running in to the seal, the window pane does not remain stationary owing to increased friction or reverses owing to the response of the trapping prevention means. FIGS. 4a and 4b show two different methods for sensing a trapping process by means of a profile of the period length plotted against the time axis t. FIG. 4a shows a purely relative registration of the period length plotted against time t, a case of trapping being detected by a rise in the period length which is associated with a corresponding build up of force. In the case of purely relative registration, only the change in the period length over time is monitored during the adjustment of the window pane, and the window pane is stopped or reversed when the triggering threshold AS is exceeded, but no absolute values are registered or monitored. FIG. 4b shows the period length plotted against time t for a purely absolute registration system in which a rise in the period is also associated with a corresponding build up of force. The trapping prevention means is triggered when a predefined absolute value AW of the period length, as against a preprogrammed reference curve R, is exceeded. FIG. 5 shows a schematic profile of the period length plotted against time t in the case of a low spring constant, i.e. a spring constant FR of, for example 2N/mm of the adjustment system. The profile plotted against time shows the slow build up of force owing to the slight rise in the period length over the adjustment travel after the run up phase ends, while, for example, when one relative detection system is applied large forces can be built up owing to the slight rise, and when the absolute detection system is applied large forces can be built up owing to the long time period until a switch-off criterion is reached. FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the profile of the period length T, of the position P and of the (adjustment) force plotted against the time axis t when an external acceleration occurs, for example when a section of poor road is traveled over, or as a result of ease of movement which is restricted on a local basis and/or limited in terms of time in the adjustment travel. Owing to the supported effect of the acceleration forces or the reduction in or the elimination of frictional forces during the movement of the pane, the period length T drops briefly, that is to say the window pane is briefly accelerated. If the adjusting force in the acceleration range B has a force superimposed on it, a steep build up K of force occurs, which is not detected with the known trapping prevention methods since only positive changes in period are detected. In the acceleration range B which is illustrated by dashed lines in FIG. 6, the known trapping prevention controllers are thus not capable of functioning. With reference to the illustrations of the period length plotted over time in FIGS. 3 to 6, the following problems and disadvantages occur when the known trapping prevention methods are applied: a) large forces occur at low spring constants and the detection of a 4 mm rod is poor in all directions, b) overcompensation occurs when there are voltage jumps and sections of poor road resulting in large offsets with very large forces so that, for example, a voltage dip occurs in the onboard power system, which dip is associated with a rise in the period length and is compensated by an offset, resulting in harmonics and associated large trapping forces, c) force can be detected only by a rise in the period length, and when there is a degression in the period length (FIG. 6) large forces can occur, d) changes occur in the profile of the adjustment travel of the adjustable component, said changes being associated with gradual changes such as ageing, abrasion of the seal and running in of the window lifter as well as irregularities of the motor which always point to the same position and have to be compensated by parameter changes, e) large forces occur in the run up phase. In the known trapping prevention methods, the period and voltage input signals are considered separately. Starting from a response threshold, a voltage filter acts here only in one direction and a force detection process is possible only by sensing a rise in the motor period. On the other hand, in contrast to the known trapping prevention methods, the period and voltage input signals are logically combined with one another in the inventive application of a neural network so that a voltage filter is not required and changes in period are detected in each direction. Furthermore, in contrast to the known method, the period length of the drive motor is adapted and not an offset. With respect to the problem cases illustrated above in FIGS. 3 to 6, when correct detection occurs and a trapping prevention means is triggered the use of a neural network provides the following results after the learning phase has ended. 1. Low spring constants are detected in a settable fashion, i.e. by selecting the learning data and prescribing the setpoint output value or force value it is possible to define how sensitive the system is to be at low spring constants. This is learnt by defining the operating point between the relative and absolute operating methods illustrated in FIGS. 4a and 4b, the operating point being settable in an infinitely variable fashion. This mixed operating method permits low spring constants and thus a slow rise in the period length to be detected by virtue of the fact that large deviations from the absolute component arise. 2. In the known trapping prevention methods, a voltage dip is compensated, which causes the slowing down of the system to be compensated by an offset to the switch-off value. On the other hand, the neural network receives the information of the voltage dip as a slowing down of the period length, in which case all the information is treated as of equal priority. As a result, voltage dips can be learnt, i.e. the system learns the complex, nonlinear dynamic behavior of the drive motor. A rise in voltage, for example in the form of a voltage ramp, thus does not lead to large forces so that large fluctuations in force, for example when a sinusoidal voltage is applied, do not arise. The absolute component which is sensed in the mixed operating method makes it possible to detect whether the period length is still in a valid range when the vehicle travels over a section of poor road. 3. As a result of the absolute component which is sensed in the mixed operating method, it is also ensured that even when acceleration occurs the superimposition of a build up of a force (FIG. 6) is detected in good time and reliably, which is not possible with the known trapping prevention methods, since there must always be a nominal rise in the period length in order to detect a build up of force. 4. Changes to the adjustment travel of the adjustable component are learnt adaptably so that gradual changes such as ageing, abrasion of the seal and running in of the window lifter as well as irregularities of the motor which always occur at the same position are compensated by adaptation and increases in force or incorrect switching off or incorrect reversing do not occur. 5. When a relative detection system is used with the known trapping prevention methods, the running up behavior of the drive device can be differentiated from a case of trapping only with difficulty. When a neural network is used, this process is learnt and is, if appropriate, marked by a run up flag. 6. In the known trapping prevention method, different parameters are used to sense a case of trapping, sufficiently accurate sensing of force occurring only as a result of appropriate interplay between these various parameters. In contrast, when a neural network is used only an individual value, which permits a decision about the switching off or reversal of the drive device, specifically the output value of the output layer, is decisive so that a continuous adjustment of the switch off force which triggers the trapping prevention is possible. A back propagation network is illustrated in a schematically simplified form in FIGS. 7 to 12, which network can be used to determine the force with which a drive device adjusts a window pane as an adjustable component by means of a window lifter or traps an object located in the adjustment travel of the window pane and thus outputs a switch-off or reversing value. FIG. 7 shows a first input pattern of the back propagation network with three layers, specifically an input layer 61, a hidden layer 62 and an output layer 64. The neurons 101, 102, 103, 111, 112 which are arranged in the input layer 61 and the hidden layer 62 are connected by edges to the layer 62 or 64 respectively lying above it, with each edge symbolizing a weighting value which is attributed to the respective neuron. The input values for the period length, motor voltage and adaptation period which are positioned in a value range which is suitable for the input neurons 101, 102, 103 are applied to the input layer 61. The first input neuron 101 to which the period length is applied has a weighting of 0.423, the second input neuron 102 to which the motor voltage is applied has a weighting of 0.524 and the third input neuron 103 to which the adaptation period is applied has a weighting of 0.279. The hidden layer 62 contains two hidden neurons 111, 112 which are connected to the outputs of the input neurons 101, 102, 103 at the input end. The first hidden neuron 111 is connected to the outputs of the input neurons 101, 102, 103 by means of connections with the connection weightings −0.893, −3.446 and 3.376. The second hidden neuron 112 is connected to the outputs of the input neurons 101, 102, 103 via connections with the connection weightings 3.869, 3.376 and −0.514. The output layer 64 is illustrated by means of an output neuron 12. The level of this output value is decisive later for a switch-off value by means of the reversing or the continuation of the running of the window lifter, which value can be set for the respective voltage. In addition, the neurons 111, 112 and 12 of the hidden layer 62 at a higher level and of the output layer 64 have a threshold value or bias value which shifts the output of the transfer functions into the constant region. The bias value and the weightings are constants which are no longer changed or relearnt in the application or in a series use. They are determined once before the series use and stored, for example, in an EEPROM. If weak points become apparent in the algorithm, it can be improved by setting new parameters, i.e. by relearning. However, the weightings remain in the application. In the learning phase, input patterns are presented to the neural network and the associated defined output values are predefined. The more the predefined output value differs from the output value calculated by the neural network with the respective weightings and bias values, the more the weightings and the bias value change. In this context, for example the following specific patterns are selected: voltage jumps during the running of a window lifter with a rising period, a dipping voltage and determination of the adaptation period with an associated output value of 0 since the neural network will not be able to detect any force in this case, clipped running with a clip-on force measuring instrument with fed back force from the clip-on force measuring instrument as an output value for the neural network with a rising period length, dipping voltage and determination of the adaptation period, learning of various spring constants of, for example, 20 N/mm and 2 N/mm etc. The output value which is associated with the respective input pattern is determined with the bias values 2.536 which are illustrated in FIG. 8 and entered by means of the neurons 111, 112 and 12 for the first hidden neuron 111 and −0.389, for the second hidden neuron 112 as well as 0.775 for the output neuron 12, the weightings, the transfer functions and the input values. The output value is determined as follows, the respectively calculated output value being given below the output neuron 12 or the hidden neurons 111, 112 in FIGS, 7, 10, 11 and 12. At first, the output of the first hidden neuron 111 is calculated as follows: Σ=Bias(i)+wij*input(j) i being the i-th neuron in the next highest layer and w being the weighting and j being the counting variable for the input layer 61. The weightings are multiplied by the input values and then summed, from which the first hidden neuron 111 is obtained as follows: Σ111=0.423·(−0.893)+0.524·(−3.446)+0.279·3.376+2.536=1.294 This sum is then inserted into the transfer function. The transfer function which is used here is a hyperbolic tangent. This provides the output value of the first hidden neuron 111 as output111=0.859 and the output value of the second hidden neuron 112 is obtained as Σ112=0.423·3.869+0.524·(−0.164)+0.279·(−0.514)−0.389=1.018 outputll2=TAN H(1.018)=0.77 and the output value of the output neuron 12 is obtained as Σ12=0.77·2.094+0.859·(−2.733)+0.775=0.037 or output=TAN H(0.037)=0.037 In the first input pattern which is illustrated in FIG. 7, the values for the period length are 0.423 and the voltage is 0.524, which corresponds to a voltage of 10 V. The adaptation period has a lower value, specifically 0.279. Three further input patterns which are illustrated schematically in FIGS. 10, 11 and 12 are considered below. The second input pattern which is illustrated in FIG. 9 differs from the first input pattern illustrated in FIG. 7 to a great extent by virtue of the period length of 1.001 as against 0.423, while the voltage and the adaptation period remain approximately constant at 0.456 or 0.277, respectively. Likewise, the connection weightings with which the hidden neurons 111, 112 are connected to the outputs of the input neurons 101, 102, 103 as well as the bias values of the hidden neurons 111, 112 and of the output neuron 12 remain unchanged. This results, as described above with reference to FIG. 7, in the output values 0.75 for the first hidden neuron 111 and 0.997 for the second hidden neuron 112 as well as 0.67 for the output neuron 12. In the third input pattern illustrated in FIG. 10, the voltage value is assumed to be 16 V with an input value of 0.824. The period length is 0.245 and the adaptation period is slightly modified at 0.261. As a result of this, the output value of the output neuron 12 at which no trapping is detected from the input pattern is 0.241. Nevertheless, such input patterns can be differentiated from trapping patterns, which is clarified by means of the schematic illustration of the back propagation network in FIG. 12. In the input pattern according to FIG. 11, the motor voltage has dipped slightly with the value 0.774, while the period length has risen, compared to the comparison value, from 0.245 to 0.382. In FIGS. 12a and 12b two diagrams are illustrated which graphically illustrate the learning success of the neural network which is illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 9 as well as 10 and 11 for voltage values of 10 V and 16 V as well as the input patterns predefined in FIGS. 7 and 9 as well as 10 and 11. The predefined learning values which result from the back propagation networks according to FIGS. 9 and 11 are illustrated in the form of the predefined trapping force in respectively bold continuous lines while the output values which result from the respective input patterns according to the back propagation networks in FIGS. 7 and 10 are presented by the thin continuous curve representations. FIG. 13 shows the structure of a neural adaptation network 9 for determining position-dependent adaptation values for different terminal voltages of the drive motor 3 according to FIG. 1 and is conceived as an independent neural network whose output layer 94 outputs voltage reference values to the input layer 61 of the neural network according to FIG. 2. It has the function of determining a reference-voltage reference curve which is typical for the instantaneous drive motor behavior even if the voltage which is applied to the drive motor at a particular time deviates from the reference voltage. An input neuron 10 of the neural network 6 according to FIG. 2 for determining an output value which corresponds to the adjusting force or excess force of the drive device or of an output value corresponding to a trapped or an untrapped state receives, as a function of the position, the adaptation values which are output by the neural adaptation network 9 according to FIG. 13 in the output layer 94 so that this input of the neural network 6 according to FIG. 2 serves as information for the currently present shifting force, difficulty of movement or ease of movement of the drive system. In addition, this information is also used for the running in of the window pane 22 according to FIG. 2 into the window pane seal in order to make the entire system less sensitive. If the equation n 1 n 2 = U 1 U 2 were to be used for adaptation to the respective voltage value, in which equation n1, corresponds to the rotational speed at the voltage U1 and n2 corresponds to the rotational speed at the voltage U2, the result which is interpolated onto the reference voltage would be too imprecise for an absolute system and would be very greatly dependent on the type of motor. Accordingly, the neural adaptation network is trained to a specific drive motor and calculates, from the periods and the current voltage, a reference period which is defined for the torque at the reference voltage. This reference period is position-dependent and is used by the superordinate neural network 6 according to FIG. 2 as an input value for the respective next adjustment movement, i.e. for the next window travel operation. While the fault during the direct conversion by means of the above formula is 10-15% bandwidth, when calculation is carried out by means of the adaptation network a maximum fault of 4% occurs, and when the characteristic curve is not bent it is even a maximum of 2% bandwidth. This increased precision benefits the precision when determining the adjusting force by means of the neural network 6 according to FIG. 2 because a fault of 12% bandwidth results in a force difference of 40 N when there is a spring constant of 2 N/mm in the system as a whole, and a force difference of 18 N when there is a spring constant of 10 N/mm. As a result of this, a force fluctuation with low spring constants is at maximum 7 N and a force fluctuation with relatively high spring constants of 10 N/mm is at maximum 3 N if a neural adaptation network is used. The neural adaptation network 9 illustrated as an example in FIG. 13 forms an independent neural network. It exists, like the neural network 6, for determining an output value which corresponds to the adjusting force or excess force of the drive device or of a trapped or nontrapped state from a set of neurons 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 which are arranged in layers 91, 92, 94, and weighted connections 36, 37, and has the structure of a direction graph for which the restrictions and supplements mentioned above with respect to the neural network 6 according to FIG. 2 apply. The neural adaptation network 9 which is determined empirically until the best learning results are obtained has two input neurons 30, 31 in the lowest layer or input layer 91, said neurons 30, 31 designating the period length and drive motor voltage input signals with different weightings. The input neuron 30 which corresponds to the period length can constitute a mean value composed of optionally 4, 8, 12 periods in order, for example, to compensate for the asymmetry of the annular magnet of the drive motor, while the input neuron 31 which corresponds to the drive motor voltage represents the respectively currently filtered voltage value. Since both the period length for each quarter rotation of the drive motor and the voltage are always present, the required values are available at any time to the adaptation means which operates at a high clock frequency and said values do not need to be synchronized with a full rotation of the drive motor. The output value of the neural adaptation network 6 is used if the position of the component to be adjusted has not changed by one rotation of the drive motor. Each input neuron 30, 31 of the input layer 91 is connected to three hidden neurons 32, 33, 34 of a hidden layer 92 by means of a plurality of connections 36 to which different weightings are assigned. The three hidden neurons 32, 33, 34 of the hidden layer 92 have different positive and negative weightings and are connected to an output neuron 35 of the output layer 94 by means of a plurality of positively or negatively weighted connections, an adaptation period which is determined from the input values and is standardized to the reference frequency being present at said output layer 94. The weighting of the inputs and connections of the neurons of the multi-stage neural adaptation network 9 which is illustrated in FIG. 13 is carried out after a first value is predefined empirically in a learning phase in which new connections are developed, existing connections are deleted, the strengths of the connections are modified by changing the weightings, threshold values and transfer functions are modified, new neurons are developed and existing neurons are deleted. The weightings and the bias constitute the intelligence of the neural adaptation network and model the behavior of the drive motor between two extreme voltages of, for example, 9 and 16 V. In order to train the behavior of the drive motor in an optimum way at all possible torques in order to determine the network weightings, the drive motor is clamped into an engine brake which supplies the signal for the torque. The drive motor is operated with an electronic system and the voltage and period are read out. This information is documented in synchronism with the torque and the absorption behavior at each voltage is carried out at the idling speed up to the blocking of the drive system. A longer interval is interposed between each measurement so that the drive motor cools again. If increased precision is required under different climatic conditions, the same drive motor is operated at different temperatures, the motor temperature itself being kept constant. Instead, it serves as a possible further input for the neural adaptation network. The motor temperature can also be determined with a neural temperature network by means of the idling speed and the voltage. The motor temperature which is determined in this way can additionally also be used for temperature protection of the drive motor since it is more precise than a temperature sensor which is mounted on the exterior of the vehicle. FIGS. 13 and 14 show two examples of the determination of a reference period for motor voltages of 9 V and 16 V in order to demonstrate the precision of the neural adaptation network 9. At each torque, in each case the position-dependent adaptation value of the neural adaptation network is calculated as follows: Input 1 = period Input 2 = voltage Case 1: 9 V 0.946065 0.379684 Case 2: 16 V 0.415552 0.691795 Bias1 (connection neuron 32) 1.17752 Bias1 (connection neuron 33) −2.35308 Bias1 (connection neuron 34) −0.09405 Bias1 (output neuron) −3.15073 For example the logistic function is selected as a transfer function: output i = 1 1 + ⅇ - ( sum i + bias i ) The sum of the first hidden neuron 32 is Sum1=input 1*weighting11+input 2*weighting12+bias1=0.946065*−4.766+0.379684*0.006+1.17752=−3.3291 The output value of the first hidden neuron 32 is thus output i = 1 1 + ⅇ - ( - 3.3291 ) = 0.034586 This result is provided in a rounded form under the first hidden neuron 32 of the neural adaptation network illustrated in FIG. 13. According to this procedure, the output values of the second and third hidden neurons 32, 34 and of the output neuron 35 can be calculated: Sum2=−0.3055108 Output2=0.42421088 SUM3=1.56893044 Output3=0.82763108 Sum4=−0.9786242 Output4=0.27316486=result at 9 V In the same way it is possible to calculate the reference period for a motor voltage of 16 V with the neural adaptation network as follows Sum1=−0.7989789 Output1=0.31024398 Sum2=0.93062225 Output2=0.71720151 Sum3=0.81829026 Output3=0.69387329 Sum4=−0.9684947 Output4=0.27518065=result at 16 V The fault rate for the external voltage values presented above is: 1 - 0.27518065 0.27316486 = 0.73 ⁢ % The fault which would arise with the approximation n 1 n 2 = U 1 U 2 would, depending on the drive motor, be between 10 and 15% compared to the latter. In order to avoid incorrect reversing of the drive motor owing, for example, to changes in the adjusting force of the window lifter system or changes in the drive motor, the spring constant of a trapped object is taken into account as an additional criterion for the detection of a trapping process. If the drive motor has, for example, a four-pole ring magnet, the difference in rotational speed between period zero and period four of the drive motor is determined and this value is logically combined with the output value of the neural network 6 corresponding to the adjusting force of the drive device, according to FIG. 2. The method of operation of this logic operation will be explained in more detail with reference to FIGS. 15 to 17. FIG. 15 shows the profile of the torque M plotted against the adjustment travel s for four different closing processes a to d, and FIG. 16 shows the profile of the spring constant Fr and of the difference in rotational speed of two comparison periods over the adjustment travel s for the closing movements (illustrated in FIG. 15) of a window pane 22 according to FIG. 1. The threshold value SF for the difference in rotational speed defines here the limit at which the low spring constants start and is, for example, 20 N/mm. Predefining two switch-off value threshold values ASW1 and ASW2 of the output value of the neural network and of a threshold value SF for the difference in rotational speed allows the cases of reversing described below to be differentiated. If the output value M of the neural network exceeds, after the adjustment travel s1, the first switch-off threshold value ASW1 according to the curve a and if the difference in rotational speed is smaller at this point than the predefined threshold value SF for the difference in rotational speed, the drive motor is not reversed even if in the further course the threshold value SF for the difference in rotational speed is, for example, exceeded after the adjustment travel s7. In this case, reversal of the drive motor is locked or blocked so that when the threshold value SF for the difference in rotational speed is exceeded in the further course of the adjustment travel, it is not possible for the drive motor to reverse. Only if the second switch-off threshold value S2 is exceeded during the further adjustment process does immediate reversal of the drive motor occur. Only if the second switch-off threshold value ASW2 which is greater than the first switch-off threshold value ASW1, is exceeded during this path is the drive motor reversed. The same criterion relates to the curve b which briefly exceeds the first switch-off threshold value ASW1 after the adjustment travel s2 and then drops again below the first switch-off threshold value ASW1. If the output value M of the neural network exceeds the first switch-off threshold value ASW1 in accordance with the curve c during the adjustment travel s3 during which the difference in rotational speed is also smaller than the threshold value SF for the difference in rotational speed, the drive motor is reversed immediately as soon as the second switch-off threshold value ASW2 is exceeded at the point s5. If the output value M of the neural network exceeds the first switch-off threshold value ASW1, in accordance with the curve d after the adjustment travel s4 and if the difference in rotational speed is greater at this point than the threshold value SF for the difference in rotational speed, the drive motor is immediately reversed. FIG. 17 illustrates the above switch-off criteria as a flow chart which, after the start of the program in a first decision block 41, compares the output value AN of the neural network with the first switch-off threshold value ASW1, and compares the spring constant or difference in rotational speed with the threshold value SF for the difference in rotational speed. If the output value AN is greater than the first switch-off threshold value ASW1 and the difference in rotational speed is smaller than the threshold value SF for the difference in rotational speed, a flag 44 is set and fed to a second decision block 42 while the program goes directly to the second decision block 42 when the above condition is not fulfilled. In this second decision block 42, the condition is tested as to whether the flag 42 is set and the output value AN of the neural network is greater than the second switch-off threshold value ASW2. If this AND logic operation applies, the drive motor is reversed immediately. On the other hand, if this condition is not met, in a third decision block 43 it is checked whether the output value AN of the neural network is greater than the first switch-off threshold value ASW1 and the difference in rotational speed is greater than the threshold value SF for the difference in rotational speed. If this is the case, the drive motor is also reversed immediately. If this is not the case, the system jumps back again to the first decision block 41. The logic combination of the determined spring constant with the output value of the neural network can either be carried out by means of a fuzzy system or by means of a mathematical model with a corresponding algorithm or likewise by means of a neural network to which, in the input layer, the output value corresponding to the adjusting force or the adjusting torque of the neural network according to FIG. 2 is fed and the determined difference in rotational speed is fed, said neural network outputting at its output layer a value which corresponds to a trapped or nontrapped state. FIG. 18a shows the schematic block circuit diagram of a first embodiment of a control device with a neural network for an adjusting device of a motor vehicle component. First, the design of the illustrated control device is described. The control device comprises an electronic device 1000. The latter has a microcontroller 1100, a component with a neural network 1200 and a storage element 1300. The microcontroller 1100 is connected both to the neural network 1200 and to the storage element 1300. The storage element 1300 interacts with the neural network 1200 via a line connection. Both the microcontroller 1100 and the neural network 1200 have a multiplicity of interfaces 1400, 1500. The interfaces 1400 of the neural network 1200 serve as inputs for the measured variables S′ to be evaluated. The interfaces 1400 feed the measured variables S to the input layer of the neural network 1200. One or more of these interfaces 1300 can be embodied as connections to a CAN bus system or LIN bus system of the motor vehicle. In particular the signals of an acceleration sensor which characterizes the movement of the motor vehicle or of a motor vehicle component such as, for example, the door or the tailgate are suitable as measured variables S′. On the basis of these acceleration signals it is possible, for example, to identify unambiguously as a state the traveling of the vehicle over a section of poor road or the slamming movement of a door or of a tailgate. There is likewise provision for measured variables of a motor M′ which is assigned to the adjusting device to be evaluated. The movement characteristic of electric motors can be monitored, for example, by means of Hall sensors. Evaluating these signals permits conclusions to be drawn about difficulties of movement and cases of trapping. The interfaces 1500 of the microcontroller 1100 serve as inputs for signals from which the different states of the motor vehicle and its components can be read out. These are the same measured variables S or a subset of these measured variables S′ which are fed to the neural network 1200 via the interfaces 1400. The microcontroller 1100 controls a motor M′ via a line connection using a power driver H′. This motor M′ moves the motor vehicle component which is assigned to the adjusting device. It goes without saying that the microcontroller 1100, the neural network 1200 and/or the storage element 1300 as the illustrated elements of the electronic device 1000 can also be configured as a physical unit in the form of an integrated circuit. The variant in which the neural network 1200 and storage element 1300 are integrated is shown as the schematic illustration of a second embodiment of the control device in FIG. 18b. The other components of this illustration correspond to those from FIG. 18a so that reference is made to the preceding statements. The technical implementation of the integration of a neural network into a microcontroller can, on the one hand, take the form of the neural network being implemented in the microcontroller as software. On the other hand it is also conceivable for the microcontroller to be implemented in the form of an ASIC (Applied Specific Integrated Circuit) structure. Of course, the storage element 1300 can also be implemented in the microcontroller, as shown in FIG. 18b. A conceivable variant (not illustrated) is one in which only the neural network 1200 is integrated in the microcontroller but not the storage element, which would then be implemented as a separate component of the electronic device. What follows is concerned with the method of functioning of the control devices which are illustrated in FIGS. 18a and 18b. The microcontroller 1100 receives, via the interfaces 1400, 1500, the signals of the motor vehicle and of its components which inform it about their respective state. In the microcontroller 1100, the information as to which of the determined states the neural network 1200 should operate in with which sets of weightings is stored. If therefore the determined state of the vehicle and its components is changed in such a way that a different weighting set is required for the neural network 1200, the microcontroller initiates a process which makes available the corresponding set of weightings for the neural network 1200 from the storage element 1300. The neural network 1200 then operates with the new set of weightings until the microcontroller 1100 again registers a change in the state of the motor vehicle and/or its components which is such that renewed replacement of the set of weightings for the neural network becomes necessary. The method of functioning described above is independent of whether the neural network 1200 is integrated as software or as an integrated hardware element of an ASIC design in the microcontroller 1100 or is provided as a separate electronic component. The neural network 1200 implements the trapping prevention means for obstacles which become trapped in the adjustment travel of the motor vehicle component, independently of the currently active set of weightings. In this way, the control system can preferably be configured in such a way that for specific states, for example when the vehicle travels over a section of poor road or a motor vehicle door is slammed, the neural network 1200 of the adjusting device mainly detects a restricted range of spring constants of the adjustable motor vehicle component. This can be achieved in that a significantly increased response threshold of the trapping prevention system implemented by means of the neural network 1200 is used for the other spring constants. This is illustrated schematically in FIG. 19. Here, the response threshold A′ of the trapping prevention system of the adjusting device is plotted against the spring constant F′. A first set of weightings G1′ for the neural network 1200 has the same response threshold for all the spring constants F′. The line which is continuous and then dashed is intended to illustrate this. A second set of weightings G2′ has a significantly increased response threshold from a spring constant of approximately 20 N/mm. This set G2′ would be used, for example, in the state in which a section of poor road is traveled over or when a motor vehicle door is slammed. It is clear that the absolute value of the increase in the response threshold and in the threshold value of the spring constant is freely adjustable, which the illustrated arrows are intended to indicate. Furthermore, a method for controlling an adjusting device of a motor vehicle component with an electronic device which has a neural network is described. This method comprises the following steps: evaluation of measured variables of the motor vehicle and/or of the adjusting device by means of the electronic device in order to determine a state of the motor vehicle and/or a state of the adjusting device; selection of a set of weightings for the neural network from a multiplicity of sets of weightings as a function of the evaluation of the measured variables and of the determined state, and use of the selected set of weightings for operating the neural network while the adjusting device of the motor vehicle component is being controlled. In this context, the neural network is preferably operated in such a way that it makes available a trapping prevention system for obstacles which become trapped in the adjustment travel of the motor vehicle component. A microcontroller of the electronic device will preferably evaluate measured variables of the motor vehicle in order to determine states of the motor vehicle and/or of motor vehicle components. Depending on the determined state, the microcontroller will activate the set of weightings for the neural network which are assigned to this state.

<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>The invention relates to a method for monitoring the adjustment movement of a component which is driven by a drive device and is adjustable in a translatory or rotary fashion, in particular a method for determining the force with which a drive device adjusts a component or traps an object which is located in the adjustment travel of the component. DE 198 40 164 A1 discloses a method for adjusting a component which can be moved in a translatory fashion between two positions and in which the instantaneous force effect on the component which can be moved in a translatory fashion from the period length of a drive motor which is part of a drive device which adjusts the component which can be adjusted in a translatory fashion is calculated from force change values which are calculated from changes in the rotational speed of the drive motor, and from which summed force change values and force change values which have been weighted by means of equation systems which have been created by means of a mathematical model of the entire adjustment device including the drive are determined, said force change values depending exclusively on the behavior of the drive motor. The instantaneous force effect on the component which can be moved in a translatory fashion is used as a criterion for the switching off or reversal of the drive motor, the value of an upper threshold value being used instead of the value for the change in rotational speed in the calculation of the force change values for each value for a change in rotational speed which exceeds said upper threshold value. In order to limit the number of physical variables to be sensed and the frequency of the samplings of the physical variables, the period length of the rotations of the drive motor is sensed by means of a magnet wheel and two Hall sensors. Fine resolution monitoring of the trapping prevention criteria is aimed at on the basis of the sensed period length in conjunction with various parameters sensed empirically or by measuring means, by extrapolating the sensed period length. For this purpose, in order to determine the instantaneous force effect on the component which is moved in a translatory fashion, the measured values of the period length which are available only on a period basis are extrapolated, the parameters which are used during the extrapolation formula modulating the entire system of the drive device and being determined by means of the spring stiffness, attenuation and friction values of the entire system. As a result, spectral components of the period time profile which originate from vibrations are evaluated more weakly than those which originate from a case of trapping. From the estimated values which are determined for the period length in this way, the change in rotational speed is then estimated at a time with respect to the preceding time using a motor voltage filter and a displacement profile filter in order to eliminate the influences of the motor voltage and the position of the movable vehicle component on the motor speed. The to eliminate the motor voltage and position of the component which can be moved in a translatory fashion on the motor speed model, inter alia, the dynamic behavior of the drive motor when there are changes in voltage. A further correction is performed by the estimated changes in rotational speed being compared with a fixed, chronologically constant lower limit. If the estimated changes in rotational speed exceed this lower limit, they are multiplied by a proportionality factor which represents the steepness of the motor characteristic curve of the drive motor. DE 40 20 351 C2 discloses a method for controlling a window pane of a motor vehicle in which a correction method is applied in order to derive a trapping prevention criterion which is intended to prevent excessively early response of a trapping prevention device. For this purpose, a first sensor device supplies control electronics with signals which are associated in terms of their origin with the window pane and the drive device which moves the window pane, these signals being the voltage of the onboard electrical system, the window lifter speed, the torque of the drive, the weight of the window pane etc., while a second sensor element supplies the control electronics with signals which are not associated in terms of their origin with the window pane and the drive device, specifically with acceleration forces which act on the vehicle bodywork. In order to prevent the trapping prevention device being incorrectly switched off or reversed, the signals of the second sensor element are used as a basic level and the signals of the first sensor device are evaluated in terms of safety criteria. In the known method, use is made of a relative detection of a vehicle body by means of a rise in the period length, that is to say the force changes at successive time intervals are compared with one another, as a result of which the run up of the component which can be moved in a translatory fashion can be differentiated only with difficulty from the trapping of an object in the adjustment travel of the component which can be moved in a translatory fashion. When there are jumps in voltage in the onboard electrical system of a motor vehicle and when sections of poor road are traveled over, the known methods bring about overcompensation of the interference variables, which leads to high offsets with very high forces so that the permissible trapping forces are exceeded. A further disadvantage of the known methods is that the force acting on the component which can be moved in a translatory fashion can be detected only when there is a rise in the period length, which leads to high forces when there is a degression in the period length, that is to say when the period length decreases, for example owing to ease of movement of the component which can be moved in a translatory fashion, which also leads to increased trapping forces. Changes in the profile of the adjustment travel of the component which can be moved in a translatory fashion which are due to ageing and wear are compensated in the known method by parameter changes, which entails readjustment of the control algorithm and a correspondingly complex control method. Finally, the known methods are dependent on the selection of a specific number of different parameters which are decisive for the switching off and reversing of the component which can be moved in a translatory fashion, which entails corresponding complexity of sensor systems and control equipment when there is a relatively large number of parameters. DE 101 96 629 T1 discloses the use of a neural network in a sensor system for a driven closing system and a method for preventing a driven closing system from closing according to requirements, in which method the sensor system detects objects by means of a proximity sensor before trapping occurs. However, the problems which occur with the known methods which are specified above relate to the sensing of signals of the drive device which makes evaluation and fault correction particularly difficult owing to the variables which influence one another.

<SOH> SUMMARY <EOH>The object of the present invention is to specify a method for monitoring the adjustment movement of a component which is driven by a drive device and can be adjusted in a translatory or rotary fashion, said method taking into account the different influencing variables on the adjustment, trapping or reversing force, being capable of being adapted automatically to changes in the influencing variables and having a high degree of flexibility in terms of the taking into account of the influencing variables which influence a trapping prevention means. The solution according to the invention proposes a method for monitoring the adjustment movement of a component which is driven by a drive device and can be adjusted in a translatory or rotary fashion, in particular by determining an adjustment, trapping or reversing force, with settable sensitivity, said method taking into account the different influencing variables which influence the adjustment, trapping or reversing force, being capable of being automatically adapted to changes in the influencing variables and having a high degree of flexibility in terms of the taking into account of the influencing variables which influence a trapping prevention means. In particular, the solution according to the invention ensures that the sensitivity of the determination of force can be set at low spring constants; changes in the supply voltage do not lead to large fluctuations in force, and in particular jumps in voltage do not lead to reversal of the adjustment movement or to overcompensation; a large voltage range of, for example, 8-17 V is ensured; harmonics of a vehicle body during acceleration are detected in good time; changes in the adjustment travel of the adjustable component are sensed continuously; the switching off force of the trapping prevention means can be set continuously; the signals can be sensed in any desired fashion, and simple adaptation to customer-specific demands is possible. The solution according to the invention utilizes the advantages of a neural network in the determination of an adjustment, trapping or reversing force, specifically the capability of learning automatically from given data without having to be explicitly programmed to do so, the detection of stored patterns even if the input pattern in the learning phase is incomplete or a part of it is faulty, and the ability to deduce unlearnt problems from learnt ones. A deceleration of the adjustment movement of the drive device is preferably determined by changing the period length and/or the motor current and/or the motor voltage of a drive motor of the drive device. The method according to the invention makes use of direct or indirect detection of a case of trapping by increasing the period length or the motor current taking into account the motor voltage of the drive motor of the drive device or by logically combining same or all of the signals. While the adjustable component is stopped or reversed in the case of trapping, which is preferably determined at various spring constants of, for example, 2 N/mm, 10 N/mm, 20 N/mm and 65 N/mm with a 4 mm rod, a jump in voltage, running of the adjustable component into a seal or some other difficulty of movement caused by the weather in the adjustment travel of the adjustable component as well as the running up of the drive device leads to a continuation of the adjustment movement. Whereas in many of the known methods additional sensors such as, for example, proximity sensors, acceleration sensors and the like are used, in the solution according to the invention the period length and/or the motor current and/or the motor voltage are evaluated and thus without the additional expenditure in terms of manufacture incurred by the installation of corresponding sensors in conjunction with the device for evaluating the sensor signals with a suitable algorithm which does not react, or only reacts insufficiently, to many cases of trapping. The input signals which can be derived from the drive device can optionally be output in parallel, i.e. simultaneously, or in series, for example using the multiplex method, to the input neurons of the input layer of the neural network. So that the neural network is capable of learning, the inputs of the input layer, of the hidden layer and of the output layer as well as the connections of the input layer to the at least one hidden layer, the connections of the plurality of hidden layers to one another and the connection of a hidden layer to the output layer have differing weightings, as a result of which the connections between the individual layers have differing strengths. Furthermore, the hidden neurons of the at least one hidden layer and the at least one neuron of the output layer have a constant threshold value or bias which shifts the output of the transfer functions of the neurons into a constant region. In this context, the bias and the weightings are constants which in the application or a series use are no longer changed or relearnt. They are determined once before the series use and stored, for example, in an EEPROM. If weak points became apparent in the algorithm, it can be improved by setting new parameters, for example by relearning. However, both the weightings and the bias remain in the application. In a learning phase, random weightings are assigned to the input neurons, hidden neurons and/or output neurons of the neural network, various input patterns which are applied to the input neurons are predefined and the associated at least one output value is calculated, and the weightings and/or the threshold value are changed as a function of the difference between the at least one output value and at least one setpoint output value. In this context, the degree of change in the weightings depends on the size of the difference between the at least one output value and the at least one setpoint output value. The measurement of the output value is preferably carried out with a clip-on force measuring instrument at different spring constants, for example at 2 N/mm and 20 N/mm, the clip-on measuring instrument outputting the measured output value in a way which is analogous to the input values. The motor period and/or the motor current and/or the motor voltage of the drive motor are input into the input neurons as input signals in a way corresponding to the direct or indirect signal acquisition with which the braking of the drive device is determined by a rise in the period length and/or the power drain of a drive motor of the drive device. An adaptation period which specifies the period calculated for a predefined reference voltage and which is associated with the position of a reference distance stored in the learning phase is input into the input neurons as an additional input signal. In the learning phase, the adaptation period can be calculated in a smaller neural network than that used in the application, the adaptation period being averaged in that the neural network calculates a new adaptation period at each full rotation of the drive motor or in 4 quarter periods of the drive rotor, said new adaptation period being made available at the next adjustment movement as an adaptation period. In one embodiment of the invention, the input values of the input neurons are composed of the values of an adaptation profile of the component which can be adjusted, the values of an adaptation period when the component which can be adjusted is adjusted, a run up flag, the output values of a shift register for voltage values of the drive motor, the output values of a shift register for period values, the external temperature, a speed signal, an oscillation flag, and a preceding output value, while the force which is determined by neural means is output as an output value of an output neuron. In the learning phase of the neural network, input patterns are applied to the input neurons and the force values which are output by the at least one output neuron are selected and/or predefined as a function of the desired sensitivity of the system at low spring constants. Here, the learnt portion in the learning phase of the neural network is composed, in particular, of the adaptation period which is determined anew in the application after each pass. According to a further feature of the invention, the learning phase takes place in a vehicle before the operational application, while the weightings of the neural network which are determined in the learning phase are defined during the operational application. The processing of absolute values requires, on the one hand, correction curves in order to determine the behavior and absolute output values, for example, of a drive system at different parameters, which leads to considerable inaccuracies, and, on the other hand, requires a large number of input neurons in order to take into account sufficiently the various influencing factors, which in turn means a considerable computing power of the microprocessor which is used to model a neural network. In order to avoid both disadvantages, in one development of the invention an adaptation device is used to determine signals of the drive device which are standardized to a reference value, and for outputting adaptation values to the input layer of the neural network. The adaptation device outputs the adaptation values to input neurons as an additional input signal as a function of the respective position of the component which can be adjusted in a translatory or rotary fashion. The adaptation device can optionally be composed of a model of the drive device, a fuzzy system, a mathematical model with a genetically generated algorithm, but in particular also of a neural adaptation network, to whose input neurons at least one signal of the drive device is applied and whose at least one output neuron outputs the position-dependent adaptation values to the neural network. In order to determine the behavior of the drive device with different motor voltages of the drive motor, the respective motor voltage is referred to a reference voltage, in which case the data—made available to the neural network by the neural adaptation network—of the period of the associated torque is referred to the reference voltage so that the reference curve which is calibrated to the reference voltage is always correctly calculated for different torques. In this context, the periods or the sum are supplied as input data of the neural adaptation network over a plurality of periods and the associated motor voltage, and the neural adaptation network then during the course indirectly determines the respective torque and makes available the associated period as an input value for the reference voltage to the neural network which determines the trapping, adjustment or excess force. In order to increase further the accuracy when determining the respective adjusting force of the drive device by means of the neural network it is possible to apply additional parameters such as the ambient temperature, climatic data or the temperature and the cooling behavior of the drive motor of the drive device to the input neurons of the neural adaptation network. Since algorithms used hitherto for detecting a trapped state are very sensitive at low spring constants in order to bring about low trapping forces at high spring constants, low forces at low spring constants frequently give rise to faulty reversal of the drive motor. In order to avoid faulty reversal of the drive motor, for example owing to changes in the adjusting force of the window lifter system or changes in the drive motor, according to a further feature of the invention the drive motor is stopped or reversed as a function of the output value of the neural network and the spring constant of the drive device. In this context, the logic combination of the spring constant of the drive device with the output value of the neural network can be carried out by means of a logic circuit, a mathematical model with an algorithm or by means of a neural logic network. Accordingly, the difference in rotational speed at different periods of the drive motor is utilized to differentiate high spring constants from low spring constants. The decision on a trapped state is accordingly taken as a function of the output value of the neural network which corresponds to the adjusting force and the spring constant which is determined from the difference in rotational speed. In order to logically combine the spring constant of the drive device with the output value of the neural network, the rotational speed of the drive motor is sensed, and the difference in rotational speed between two periods is formed and logically combined with the output value of the neural network in such a way that when a first switch-off threshold value of the output value of the neural network and a difference in rotational speed which is smaller than a predefined threshold value for the difference in rotational speed is exceeded, the drive motor is stopped or reversed up to the end of the adjustment movement only if the output value of the neural network exceeds a second switch-off threshold value which is greater than the first switch-off threshold value, when a first switch-off threshold value of the output value of the neural network and a difference in rotational speed which is greater than a predefined threshold value for the difference in rotational speed are exceeded, the drive motor is stopped or reversed, or when the second switch-off threshold value is exceeded the drive motor is stopped or reversed irrespective of the difference in rotational speed. When the first switch-off threshold value of the output value of the neural network and a difference in rotational speed which is smaller than a predefined threshold value for the difference in rotational speed are exceeded, stopping or reversing of the drive motor are preferably blocked even if the difference in rotational speed ensuring the further adjustment movement of the drive device is greater than the predefined threshold value for the difference in rotational speed. Neural networks are used in the prior art in control devices for adjustment devices of a motor vehicle component. Motor vehicle components which are possible here are basically all motor vehicle components which are designed to be adjustable by motor. These are in particular motor vehicle components whose adjustment travel is designed such that there is a possibility of obstacles becoming trapped between the motor vehicle component and other components of the motor vehicle. These are, in particular, window panes, sliding doors, seat belt prepositioners and motor vehicle seats. Known control devices are designed and configured to evaluate measured variables in an electronic device with the neural network and for use for controlling the adjustment device. Such measured variables comprise all the parameters which are conceivable in conjunction with the motor vehicle and its components. These are in particular acceleration forces acting on the motor vehicle, the speed of the motor vehicle, the adjustment speed and the adjusting force of the adjustment device or its power drain. As already stated, the weightings of the neural network constitute essential parameters for the function of the networks. Any connection between two neurons is characterized by such a weighting which is usually provided in the form of a numerical factor. An input signal which occurs at a neuron is multiplied in each case by the associated weightings of the corresponding connections to the adjacent neurons. The optimum combination of a multiplicity of weightings which are necessary for smooth functioning of the neural network can be determined in a so-called learning process. This defined quantity of weightings is also referred to as a set of weightings. Once the set of weightings has been learnt, it can be stored in a storage element which is assigned to the neural network. Such a learning process simulates a multiplicity of states of a motor vehicle and its components which can occur during the use of the motor vehicle. It is self-evident that a set of weightings which is determined in this way for the neural network cannot be equally compatible with all the conceivable states of the motor vehicle and its components. For this reason, complex electronic filter circuits are frequently used to avoid the incorrect behavior of the control device in a number of states of the motor vehicle and/or of the adjustment device. These filter circuits however tend in some cases to overcompensate or react unreliably. This gives rise to the object of presenting a control device of the type described above which functions as reliably as possible in a large number of different states of a motor vehicle and of its components while being easy and cost effective to manufacture. In order to achieve this object, a storage unit which is assigned to the neural network which has at least two sets of stored weightings for the neural network is provided. Each set of weightings is assigned to a state of the motor vehicle and/or a state of the adjustment device, while the neural network operates as a function of the state of the motor vehicle and/or as a function of the state of the adjustment device with the respectively assigned set of weightings. Since a specific set of weightings for the neural network is assigned to the respective state or the respective state combination, there is no need to use electronic filters. At the same time, the reliability of the control device is increased. The feature of the states of the motor vehicle and its components, such as for example the control device and the adjustment device assigned to it, includes, in particular, the speed of the vehicle, acceleration forces which differ from the direction of travel of the vehicle and which are characteristic, for example, of a section of poor road, fluctuations in the voltage of the onboard electrical system, the running up of a motor which is assigned to the adjustment device, difficulty of movement of the adjustment device, expressed through characteristic changes in the power drain over the distance covered or the time, and the slamming of a motor vehicle door. In particular, fluctuating voltage levels of the onboard electrical system lead to a change in the supply voltage of the adjustment device over time. This presents the risk of these changes in time being interpreted incorrectly by evaluation electronics, for example with respect to the electronic and/or mechanical parameters of the adjustment device. The invention makes it possible to provide assigned sets of weightings for the neural network of the control device which are adapted specially for selected states or state combinations. This multiplicity of sets of weighting are stored in a storage unit assigned to the electronic device and are sufficiently quickly available to the neural network when the respective state or the state combination arises. The neural network is preferably configured and designed in such a way that it evaluates the measured variables in such a way that a trapping prevention means is ensured for obstacles which are trapped in the adjustment travel of the motor vehicle component. That is to say the electronic device of the control device comprises a trapping prevention system for obstacles in the adjustment travel of the moved motor vehicle component. It is advantageous if the different sets of weightings each implement different sensitivities of the adjustment device with respect to the detection of obstacles which are trapped in the adjustment travel of the motor vehicle component. As a result, the trapping prevention system is given different response thresholds as a function of the determined spring constant of the moved motor vehicle component. For example, in the motor vehicle state of traveling over a section of poor road or the motor vehicle state of the slamming of a motor vehicle door it is advantageous if the set of weightings used in an adjustment device which is configured as a window lifter device is configured in such a way that detected spring constants above a threshold value of 20 N/mm are gated out. This can be implemented, for example, by the response threshold of the trapping prevention system being significantly increased for spring constants above 20 N/mm. The gating out of relatively high spring constants which is achieved in this way leads to a situation in which, for example in a window lifter device, the cases of faulty stopping or reversal of the window pane are significantly reduced. Of course, the sets of weightings of the neural network can be configured in such a way that spring constant threshold values other than 20 N/mm are set. In this way it is possible to make adaptations to the regionally different legal requirements which are to be respectively met. The electronic device is preferably configured in such a way that the sets of weightings can easily be replaced or amended. One way of amending the sets of weightings is so-called “learning”. Here, the input measured variables of specific states, for example of typical sections of poor road, are fed in to the neural network. In this process, the weightings are varied until the desired output signal is present. One embodiment of the control device comprises an electronic device with at least one interface for determining the states of the motor vehicle device and/or adjustment device. These interfaces are usually configured as bus nodes of a CAN (Controller Area Network) or as a LIN (Local Interconnect Network) bus system.

20060901

20111129

20071129

73941.0

G06F700

JEN, MINGJEN

METHOD FOR MONITORING THE ADJUSTMENT MOVEMENT OF A COMPONENT DRIVEN BY A DRIVE DEVICE

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

G06F

ACCEPTED

Method and vehicle reacting to the detection of an in-path obstacle

A method and system for assisting a driver operating a vehicle traveling on a road includes determining an obstacle as a target obstacle in the path of the vehicle and providing information on the target obstacle, regulating at least one of a reaction force input (F) to the driver, a driving force applied to the vehicle and a braking force applied to the vehicle in response to a control amount determined; measuring a width of the target obstacle; and correcting the control amount based on the measured width (w).

1. A system for assisting a driver operating a vehicle traveling on a road, the system comprising: a device arrangement determining an obstacle as a target obstacle in a path of the vehicle and providing information on the target obstacle and width of the target obstacle; a device detecting status of the vehicle; a device determining a risk that the vehicle may come into contact with the target obstacle based on the information on the target obstacle and the detected status of the vehicle; and a control arrangement regulating at least one of a reaction force input to the driver and a force applied to the vehicle based on the determined risk and the width of the target obstacle. 2. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the control arrangement includes a controller that regulates the at least one of the reaction force input to the driver and the force applied to the vehicle in response to a control amount determined based on the determined risk. 3. The system as recited in claim 2, wherein the device arrangement includes a width measurement device that measures a width of the target obstacle, and the control arrangement includes a correction device that corrects the control amount based on the measured width of the target obstacle. 4. The system as recited in claim 3, wherein the force applied to the vehicle is at least one of a driving force and a braking force. 5. The system as recited in claim 3, wherein the smaller the width of the target obstacle, the smaller the correction of the control amount. 6. The system as recited in claim 3, wherein the correction device corrects the control amount based on the measured width upon determining that the vehicle is overtaking the target obstacle. 7. The system as recited in claim 3, wherein the correction device corrects the control amount based on the measured width and an overlap between the target obstacle and the path. 8. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the control arrangement regulates a reaction force from a driver controlled input device for longitudinal control of the vehicle. 9. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the control arrangement regulates a reaction force from a driver controlled input device for lateral control of the vehicle. 10. The system as recited in claim 9, wherein the driver controlled input device is a steering wheel. 11. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the path of the vehicle is an estimated path. 12. The system as recited in claim 7, wherein the control amount is variable with a gain, and wherein the correction device gradually increases the gain from a predetermined value as the overlap increases. 13. The system as recited in claim 7, wherein the control amount is variable with a gain, and wherein the correction device gradually increases the gain from 0 (zero) as the overlap increases after exceeding a predetermined value. 14. The system as recited in claim 7, wherein the control amount is variable with a gain, and wherein the correction device gradually increases the gain from a predetermined value as the overlap varies in increasing direction after exceeding a predetermined value, but gradually decreases the gain to 0 (zero) as the overlap varies in decreasing direction. 15. A vehicle comprising: a device arrangement determining an obstacle as a target obstacle in a path of the vehicle and providing information on the target obstacle and width of the target obstacle; a device detecting status of the vehicle; a device determining a risk that the vehicle may come into contact with the target obstacle based on the information on the target obstacle and the detected status of the vehicle; and a control arrangement regulating at least one of a reaction force input to the driver and a force applied to the vehicle based on the determined risk and the width of the target obstacle. 16. The vehicle as recited in claim 15, wherein the device arrangement includes a width measurement device that measures a width of the target obstacle, and the control arrangement includes a controller that regulates the at least one of the reaction force input to the driver and the force applied to the vehicle in response to a control amount determined based on the determined risk, and, and a correction device that corrects the control amount based on the measured width of the target obstacle. 17. A method of assisting a driver operating a vehicle traveling on a road, the method comprising: determining an obstacle as a target obstacle in a path of the vehicle and providing information on the target obstacle and width of the target obstacle; detecting status of the vehicle; determining a risk that the vehicle may come into contact with the target obstacle based on the information on the target obstacle and the detected status of the vehicle; and regulating at least one of a reaction force input to the driver and a force applied to the vehicle based on the determined risk and the width of the target obstacle. 18. The method as recited in claim 17, further comprising measuring the width of the target obstacle; and wherein the step of regulating includes: regulating the at least one of the reaction force input to the driver and the force applied to the vehicle in response to a control amount determined based on the determined risk; and correcting the control amount based on the measured width of the target obstacle. 19. A system for assisting a driver operating a vehicle traveling on a road, the system comprising: means for determining an obstacle as a target obstacle in a path of the vehicle and providing information on the target obstacle and width of the target obstacle; means for detecting status of the vehicle; means for determining a risk that the vehicle may come into contact with the target obstacle based on the information on the target obstacle and the detected status of the vehicle; and means for regulating at least one of a reaction force input to the driver and a force applied to the vehicle based on the determined risk and the width of the target obstacle. 20. The system as recited in claim 19, further comprising means for measuring the width of the target obstacle; and means for regulating includes: means for regulating the at least one of the reaction force input to the driver and the force applied to the vehicle in response to a control amount determined based on the determined risk; and means for correcting the control amount based on the measured width of the target obstacle.

TECHNICAL FIELD RELATED APPLICATION The present application claims the benefit of priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-59021, filed Mar. 3, 2004, which application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 1. Field of the Disclosure The present invention relates to a method and system for transmitting a detected in-path target obstacle to a driver of a vehicle. 2. Background Art The conventional art describes various methods and systems for assisting a driver of a vehicle. One example of such a system is described in US 2003/0060936 A1 , published Mar. 27, 2003. This system comprises a data acquisition system acquiring data including information on status of a vehicle and information on environment in a field around the vehicle, a controller, and at least one actuator. The controller determines a future environment in the field around the vehicle using the acquired data, for making an operator response plan in response to the determined future environment, which plan prompts the operator to operate the vehicle in a desired manner for the determined future environment. The actuator is coupled to a driver controlled input device to mechanically affect operation of the input device in a manner that prompts, via a haptic input from the driver controlled input device, the driver to operate the vehicle in the desired manner. Another example of such a system is described in JP05-024519. This system assists a driver of a vehicle by automatically applying wheel brakes if there is a high chance that a vehicle may come into contact with the preceding obstacle in front of the vehicle. The automatically applied wheel brakes are quickly released upon determination of a driver's lane change intention. One concern raised by this system is that the quick release of the automatically applied wheel brakes may provide an input not totally acceptable to the driver. A need remains for an improved method and system for transmitting a detected in-path target obstacle to a driver of a vehicle without providing any unacceptable input to the driver. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a system for assisting a driver for operating a vehicle traveling on a road, the system comprising a device arrangement determining an obstacle as a target obstacle in a path of the vehicle and providing information on the target obstacle and width of the target obstacle. A device detects the status of the vehicle. A device is provided that determines a risk that the vehicle may come into contact with the target obstacle based on the information on the target obstacle and the detected status of the vehicle. A control arrangement is provided that regulates at least one of a reaction force input to the driver and a force applied to the vehicle based on the determined risk and the width of the target obstacle. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a motor vehicle equipped with a system according to embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the detection of an obstacle by radar. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a scanning area in front of the vehicle. FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a driving force controller with a correction device indicated as a summation point. FIG. 5 shows a driving force request (Fda) versus driver power demand (SA, an accelerator pedal position) characteristic provided by a driving force request generation device of the driving force controller. FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a braking force controller with a correction device indicated as a summation point. FIG. 7 shows a braking force request (Fdb) versus driver brake demand (SB, a brake pedal position) characteristic provided by a braking force request generation device of the braking force controller. FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a main control routine illustrating the implementation of the operation of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of determining the centerline of the path of the vehicle. FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of the path of the vehicle. FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating how to measure a lateral distance of an in-path target obstacle. FIG. 12 is an overlap-ratio gain (Gla) versus overlap ratio (La) characteristic. FIG. 13 is the state diagram of a vehicle traveling on a road with a preceding vehicle in front of the vehicle, illustrating the concept of an imaginary elastic body used for calculation of a risk (RP) derived from the preceding vehicle and a repulsive force (Fc). FIG. 14 is the state diagram of the vehicle having approached the preceding vehicle when the risk grows. FIG. 15 is a flow chart of a “correction amount calculation” subroutine. FIG. 16 shows, in the fully drawn lines, the corrected versions of the normal driving force request (Fda) versus accelerator pedal position (SA) characteristic and the normal braking force request (Fdb) versus brake pedal position (SB), respectively, shown, in the one-dot chain line. FIG. 17 is a flow chart, similar to FIG. 8, of a modified main control routine. FIG. 18 is a block diagram, similar to FIG. 1, of another embodiment of the system according to the present invention. FIG. 19 is a flow chart, similar to FIG. 8, of a main control routine illustrating the operation of the embodiment shown in FIG. 18. FIG. 20 shows varying of accelerator pedal reaction force value (FA) with different values of repulsive force (Fc). FIG. 21 shows varying of brake pedal reaction force value (FB) with different values of repulsive force (Fc). FIG. 22 is a flow chart of a control routine illustrating operation of the method according to the present invention. FIG. 23 shows varying of steering reaction force reduction amount (T1) with different values of time headway (THW). FIG. 24 shows varying of correction coefficient (α1) with different values of overlap ratio (La). FIG. 25 is another form of an overlap-ratio gain (Gla) versus overlap ratio (La) characteristic. FIG. 26 is another form of an overlap-ratio gain (Gla) versus overlap ratio (La) characteristic. FIG. 27 is another form of an overlap-ratio gain (Gla) versus overlap ratio (La) characteristic. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The accompanying drawings illustrate various exemplary embodiments of a method and system according to the present invention. Like reference numerals are used throughout each Figure to designate like parts or portions. With reference to FIG. 1, a radar 10 is positioned at a center of a front grill or a front bumper of a vehicle 1 for transmitting pulsed beam or radar waves ahead of the vehicle 1 in order to detect obstacles within the field of view of the radar 10. Although it may be a conventional millimeter wave, frequently modulated continuous (FMCW) radar, the radar 10, in this 30 embodiment, is a conventional infrared laser radar. An infrared pulsed beam travels, as a transmitted beam, toward a measurement zone. A light receiving device receives the transmitted beam returning from an obstacle inside the measurement zone. Due to the use of a rotating polygonal mirror, two-dimensional scanning in the forward direction is possible, so that the pulsed beam can be swiveled horizontally due to the rotation of the polygonal mirror, and the pulsed beam can be swiveled vertically due to a plurality of mirror surfaces of the polygonal mirror inclined at different angles. In the embodiment, the pulsed beam can be swiveled horizontally and laterally about 6 degrees to each side of a longitudinal line passing through the center of the vehicle 1. Based on the time delay and phase difference between the transmitted beam from the laser radar 10 and the received reflected beam, control logic can determine a distance and azimuth angle between each of the detected obstacle(s) and the vehicle 1. This may be better understood by referring to the schematic diagram of FIG. 2. The radar 10 emits an infrared laser beam in a horizontal direction, scanning an area in front of the vehicle 1, and then detects an obstacle in front of the vehicle 1. The radar 10 includes a light-emitting section 10a, which emits a laser beam, and a light-receiving section 10b, which detects reflected light. The light-emitting section 10a is combined with a scanning mechanism and is configured to swing as shown by an arrow in FIG. 2. The light emitting section 10a sequentially emits light within a predetermined angle range. The radar 10 measures a distance from the vehicle 1 to the obstacle based upon a time difference between the laser beam emission by the light-emitting section 10a and receipt of a reflected beam by the light-receiving section 10b. While scanning the area in front of the vehicle 1, the radar 10 measures a distance to an obstacle for each scanning position or scanning angle when the reflected light is received. The radar 10 also measures the lateral position of the obstacle relative to the vehicle 1 based upon the scanning angle when the obstacle is detected, and the distance to the obstacle. In other words, the radar 10 detects the presence of obstacle(s) and position of each obstacle relative to the vehicle 1. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating detecting of an obstacle by the radar 10. The position of the obstacle relative to the vehicle 1 is specified at each scanning angle, thus obtaining a plan view of the presence of obstacles within a scanning range by the radar 10. An obstacle recognition device 40 receives information on the obstacle(s) in front of the vehicle 1 from the radar 10 and a vehicle speed sensor 20. Specifically, the obstacle recognition device 40 identifies movements of the detected obstacles based on detection results provided by the radar 10 in each scanning cycle or at each scanning angle. At the same time, the obstacle recognition device 40 determines whether or not the detected obstacles are the same obstacles or different obstacles based upon the closeness between the obstacles, similarities in movements of the obstacles, and the like. Based on signals from the radar 10 and the vehicle speed sensor 20, the obstacle recognition device 40 recognizes spacing and relative speed between the vehicle 1 and the obstacle in front of the vehicle 1, a lateral distance from the vehicle 1 to the obstacle in front, and the width of the obstacle in front. If obstacles are in front of the vehicle 1, the obstacle recognition device 40 obtains information on each of the obstacles. The obstacle recognition device 40 provides, as output, the information on the obstacle(s) to a controller 50. A steering angle sensor 30 is provided for a steering wheel. The steering angle sensor 30 detects an angular movement of a steering shaft as a steering angles and provides, as an output signal, the steering angles to the controller 50. An accelerator pedal 61 is provided. An accelerator pedal stroke sensor is provided to detect a position of the accelerator pedal 61. A sensor signal of the accelerator pedal stroke sensor indicates the detected position and thus a driver power demand SA expressed via the accelerator pedal 61. The sensor signal indicative of the driver power demand SA is fed to the controller 50 and also to a driving force controller 60. A brake pedal 91 is provided. A brake pedal stroke sensor is provided to detect a position of the brake pedal 91. A sensor signal of the brake pedal stroke sensor indicates the detected position and thus a driver brake demand SB expressed via the brake pedal 91. The sensor signal indicative of the driver brake demand SB is fed to a braking force controller 90 in the conventional manner for calculation of a brake control signal to a hydraulic brake system. The hydraulic brake system includes wheel brakes 95 (see FIG. 1). The controller 50 may contain a microprocessor including as usual a central processing unit (CPU), and computer readable storage medium, such as a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), etc. With continuing reference to FIG. 1, the controller 50 provides a driving force correction amount ΔDa to the driving force controller 60 and a braking force correction amount ΔDb to the braking force controller 90. The block diagram of FIG. 4 illustrates the driving force controller 60 with a correction device 60b as indicated by a summation point. The driving force controller 60 includes a driving force request generation device 60a and an engine controller 60c. The driving force request generation device 60a receives the driver power demand SA and provides a driving force request Fda by data processing to realize the exemplary driving force request (Fda) versus driver power demand (SA) characteristic illustrated in FIG. 5. The driving force request Fda is fed to the correction device 60b. At the correction device 60b, the driving force request Fda is modified by the driving force correction amount ΔDa to provide the modified result as a target driving force tFda. In response to the target driving force tFda, the engine controller 60c provides an engine control signal applied to an engine to accomplish the corrected characteristic as illustrated by the fully drawn line in FIG. 16. The block diagram of FIG. 6 illustrates the braking force controller 90 30 with a correction device 90b as indicated by a summation point. The braking force controller 90 includes a braking force request generation device 90a and a brake fluid pressure controller 90c. The braking force request generation device 90a receives the driver brake demand SB and provides a braking force request Fdb by data processing to realize the exemplary braking force request (Fdb) versus driver brake demand (SB) characteristic illustrated in FIG. 7. The braking force request Fdb is fed to the correction device 90b. At the correction device 90b, the braking force request Fdb is modified by the braking force correction amount ΔDb to provide the modified result as a target braking force tFdb. In response to the target braking force tFdb, the brake fluid pressure controller 90c determines a brake fluid pressure and provides a brake control signal applied to the hydraulic brake system to accomplish the corrected characteristic as illustrated by the fully drawn line in FIG. 16. FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a main control routine illustrating the operation of the embodiment of the system according to the present invention. In the embodiment, the controller 50 repeats execution of the main control routine at regular intervals of, for example, 50 milliseconds. In FIG. 8, at step S110, the controller 50 performs a reading operation of outputs of the vehicle speed sensor 20 and steering angle sensor 30 to receive, as inputs, a vehicle speed Vh and a steering angle δ. At step S120, the controller 50 performs a reading operation of the output of an accelerator pedal stroke sensor for the accelerator pedal 61 to receive, as an input, driver power demand SA in the form of a position of the accelerator pedal 61. At step S130, the controller 50 performs a reading operation of the output of the obstacle recognition device 40 to receive, as inputs, a lateral position, x, a longitudinal position, y, and a width W of each of the obstacles in front of the vehicle 1. The obstacle recognition device 40 determines the above-mentioned data (x, y, W) based on the outputs of the radar 10 and vehicle speed sensor 20. At step 140, the controller 50 determines a traveling path of the vehicle 1 based on vehicle speed Vh and steering angle δ. The controller 50 determines a curvature ρ(1/m) of the traveling path of the vehicle 1 based on the vehicle speed Vh and steering angle δ. The curvature p may be expressed as: ρ=1/{L(1+A·Vh2)}×δ/N (Equation 1) where: L is the length of a wheel base of the vehicle 1; A (a positive constant) is the stability factor for the vehicle 1; and N is a steering gear ratio of the vehicle 1. The radius of curvature R may be expressed as: R=1/ρ (Equation 2) The controller 50 determines the radius of curvature R as shown in FIG. 9 and recognizes it as a centerline of an estimated traveling path in front of the vehicle 1 as shown in FIG. 10. The estimated traveling path recognized by the controller 50 is illustrated by the shadowed area in FIG. 10. The estimated traveling path has a width Tw. Accounting for a width of the vehicle 1 determines the width Tw. The width Tw may be a predetermined value or may vary with a change in the vehicle speed Vh. At step S150, the controller 50 determines if one of the detected obstacle(s) is an obstacle in the path, which was determined at step S140, of the vehicle 1. Using the x-position, y-position and the width w, the controller 50 determines whether or not the detected obstacle is the obstacle in the path of the vehicle 1. At step S160, the controller 50 selects the closest one of the obstacle(s) in the path of the vehicle 1 as a target obstacle in the path or an in-path target obstacle. At step S170, the controller 50 calculates an overlap ratio La of the in-path target obstacle. The overlap ratio La represents the degree to which the in-path target obstacle and the path overlap with each other. The controller 50 measures a lateral deviation Δd between a longitudinal centerline of the in-path target obstacle and the centerline of the path of the vehicle 1. As shown in FIG. 11, the lateral deviation Δd includes a point A defined by an intersection of a line perpendicular to the longitudinal centerline of the in-path target obstacle and the centerline of the estimated path. The lateral deviation Δd may be measured utilizing a conventional CCD camera. Once the lateral deviation Δd is determined, the controller 50 proceeds to calculate the overlap ratio La, which may be expressed as: La=1-66 d/W (Equation 3) With the same width W, the greater the overlap ratio La, the greater the degree to which the in-path target obstacle and the estimated path overlaps. The overlap ratio La accounts for the width W of the in-path target obstacle. With the same lateral deviation Δd, the greater the overlap ratio La, the greater the width of the in-path target obstacle. After determining the overlap ratio La, the control routine proceeds to step S180. At step S180, the controller 50 determines a gain, namely, an overlap-ratio gain Gla, based on the overlap ratio La. One example of the relationship between the overlap-ratio gain Gla and overlap ratio La is illustrated in FIG. 12. The overlap-ratio gain Gla is a predetermined value G1 lower than 1 and greater than 0 when the overlap ratio La is zero. The overlap-ratio gain Gla is 1 when the overlap ratio La is 1. The overlap-ratio gain Gla increases gradually from the predetermined value G1 to the maximum value of 1 as the overlap ratio La varies from 0 toward 1. After determining the overlap-ratio gain Gla, the control routine proceeds to step S180. At step S190, the controller 50 calculates a time headway THW between the in-path target obstacle and the vehicle 1. As is well known to those skilled in the art, the time headway THW represents the elapse of time from the present moment to a future moment at which the vehicle 1 will reach the present position of the in-path target obstacle is. The time headway THW may be expressed as: THW=D/Vh (Equation 4) The shorter the time headway THW, the greater the possibility that the vehicle 1 may come into contact with the in-path target obstacle. It may be said that the time headway THW represents a risk that the vehicle 1 may come into contact with the in-path target obstacle. After determining the time headway THW, the routine proceeds to step S200. At step S200, the controller 50 determines whether or not the time headway THW is greater than or equal to a threshold value T1. If the headway time THW is less than the threshold value T1 and thus the possibility is high that the vehicle 1 may come into contact with the in-path target obstacle, the routine proceeds from step S200 to step S210 where the controller 50 determines a repulsive force Fc needed for calculating a driving force correction ΔDa and a braking force correction ΔDb. If the headway time THW is not less than the threshold value T1, the routine proceeds from step S200 to step S210 where the controller 50 sets the repulsive force Fc to 0 (zero). With reference to FIGS. 13 and 14, the manner of determining the repulsive force Fc is described. One may consider a model with an assumption that an imaginary elastic body is provided at the front of the vehicle 1. The imaginary elastic body is compressed between the in-path target obstacle and the vehicle 1 after they have come into contact with each other. A spring force C is applied to the vehicle I as the elastic body is compressed. This spring force C may be considered as a running resistance to the vehicle 1. In FIG. 13, the imaginary elastic body is illustrated as having an unstressed length of 1 (el) and a spring constant k. As the discussion proceeds, the unstressed length 1 (el) is given by a threshold value Th that may vary with different values of the vehicle speed Vh and different values of the threshold value Th1 for the time headway THW. If, as shown in FIG. 13, the distance D between the vehicle 1 and the in-path target obstacle (in the form of the preceding vehicle) is longer than the unstressed length Th (or 1, el), the imaginary elastic body is separated from the in-path target obstacle and no spring force is applied to the vehicle 1. Subsequently, the imaginary elastic body is compressed between the vehicle 1 and the in-path target obstacle as shown in FIG. 14 where the distance D is shorter than the unstressed length Th. Compressing the imaginary elastic body causes generation of the spring force C applied to the vehicle 1. The spring force C may be expressed as: C=k×(Th−D) (Equation 5) where: k is the spring constant of the imaginary elastic body; Th is the unstressed length (1, el) of the imaginary elastic body; and D is the distance between the vehicle 1 and the in-path target obstacle. The unstressed length Th may be appropriately set. For example, the unstressed length Th may be given by the product of Vh and Th1 (Vh, vehicle speed, Th1, threshold value for THW). The spring force C is corrected to give a repulsive force Fc, which is appropriate for calculation of the driving force correction amount ΔDa and the braking force correction amount ΔDb. The repulsive force Fc may be expressed as: Fc=k×(Th−D)×Gla (Equation 6) where: Gla is the overlap-ratio gain. The smaller the overlap ratio La, the smaller the repulsive force Fc is. The overlap ratio La becomes small as the lateral deviation Δd. After determining the repulsive force Fc at step S210 or S220, the routine proceeds to step S230. At step S230, the controller 50 calculates the driving force correction amount ΔDa and the braking force correction amount ΔDb by executing a correction amount calculation sub-routine illustrated in FIG. 15. In FIG. 15, at step S2301, the controller 50 determines whether or not the 1o accelerator pedal 61 is pressed from the driver power demand SA from the accelerator pedal stroke sensor. If the accelerator pedal 61 is not pressed, the routine proceeds to step S2302. At step S2302, the controller 50 determines whether or not the accelerator pedal 61 has been released quickly. This determination is made by comparing operation speed of the accelerator pedal 61 to a predetermined value. The operation speed may be calculated from a time rate of change in driver power demand SA. If, at step S2302, the controller 50 determines that the accelerator pedal 61 has been slowly released, the routine proceeds to step S2303. At step S2303, the controller 50 sets the driving force correction amount ΔDa to 0 (ΔDa=0). At the next step S2304, the controller 50 sets the braking force correction amount ΔDb to the repulsive force Fc. If, at step S2302, the controller 50 determines that the accelerator pedal 62 has been quickly released, the routine proceeds to step S2305. At step S2305, the controller 50 carries out a decrement of the driving force correction amount ΔDa for gradual decrement of the driving force correction amount ΔDa toward 0. At the next step S2306, the controller 50 carries out an increment of the braking force correction amount ΔDb for gradual increment of the braking force correction amount ΔDb toward the repulsive force Fc. If, at step S2301, the controller 50 determines that the accelerator pedal 61 is pressed, the routine proceeds to step S2307. At step S2307, the controller 50 determines a driving force request Fda versus driver power demand SA by using the relationship illustrated in FIG. 5 and generates the determined driving force request Fda. At the next step S2308, the controller 50 determines whether or not the driving force request Fda is greater than or equal to the repulsive force Fc. If this is the case, the routine proceeds to step S2309. At step S2309, the controller 50 sets the driving force correction amount ΔDa to −Fc (ΔDa=−Fc). At the next step S2310, the controller 50 sets the braking force correction amount ΔDb to 0 (ΔDb=0). In this case, the driver feels acceleration less than expected because the driving force request Fda still remains after it has been reduced by Fc. If, at step S2308, the controller 50 determines that the driving force request Fda is less than the repulsive force Fc, the routine proceeds to step S2311. At step S2311, the controller 50 sets the driving force correction amount ΔDa to −Fda (ΔDa=−Fda). At the next step S2312, the controller 50 sets the braking force correction amount ΔDb to a compensation (Fc−Fda) for a shortage in the driving force correction amount. In this case, the driver feels deceleration. FIG. 16 illustrates the manner of correcting driving force and braking force. In FIG. 16, the horizontal axis represents the accelerator pedal position or driver power demand SA and the brake pedal position or driver brake demand SB. The driver power demand SA increases from the origin 0 in a right-hand direction. The driver brake demand SB increases from the origin 0 in a left-hand direction. The vertical axis represents the driving force and the braking force. The driving force increases from the origin 0 in an upward direction. The braking force increases from the origin 0 in a downward direction. In FIG. 16, the one-dot chain line indicates varying of driving force request Fda with different values of accelerator pedal position SA and varying of braking force request Fdb with different values of brake pedal position SB. The fully drawn line indicates varying of driving and braking force requests as corrected by the correction amounts ΔDa and ΔDb. When the driving force request Fda is greater than the repulsive force indicative final variable Fc, the driving force request Fda is decreased simply by the driving force correction amount ΔDa (=−Fc). When the driving force request Fda is less than the final variable Fc, the driving force request Fda is decreased by the driving force correction amount ΔDa (=−Fda), leaving no driving force request. The braking force correction amount ΔDb is set to a difference between the final variable Fc and the driving force request Fda. In this case, the driver feels less rapid deceleration corresponding to restrained driver power demand SA. Turning back to FIG. 8, after calculating the driving force and braking force correction amounts ΔDa and ΔDb at step S230, the routine proceeds to step S240. At step S240, the controller 50 provides the driving force correction amount ΔDa and braking force correction amount ΔDb to the driving force controller 60 and braking force controller 90, respectively. The driving force controller 60 calculates a target driving force based on the driving force correction amount ΔDa and the driving force request Fda, and controls the engine to generate the target driving force. The braking force controller 90 calculates a target braking force based on the braking force correction amount ΔDb and driving force request Fdb, and controls a hydraulic brake fluid pressure to generate the target braking force. The embodiment may be appreciated from the several sections below. (1) The controller 50 determines risk regarding the possibility that the vehicle 1 may come into contact with the in-path target obstacle. The controller 50 regulates the driving force and braking force applied to the vehicle 1 in response to the risk. The controller 50 determines the gain Gla based on the width of an in-path target obstacle. The controller 50 determines a repulsive force Fc by multiplying the gain with a force C applied to the vehicle 1 by the imaginary elastic body compressed between the vehicle 1 and the in-path target obstacle. Based on the repulsive force Fc, the controller 50 determines the driving force correction amount ΔDa and the braking force correction amount ΔDb. Using these correction amounts ΔDa and ΔDb, the driving force and braking force are controlled. If, for example, the vehicle 1 approaches the in-path target obstacle for overtaking same, the driving force and braking force change, taking the width of the in-path target obstacle into account. This change does not produce any input unacceptable to the driver. (2) The smaller the width W of the in-path target obstacle, the smaller the repulsive force Fc. With the same lateral deviation Δd, the smaller the width W of the in-path target obstacle, the smaller is the overlap ratio La (see Equation 3). Thus, the smaller the width W of the in-path target obstacle, the smaller is the overlap-ratio Gla. As a result, the repulsive force Fc becomes small as the width W becomes small. Hence, the driving force is less restrained during approach to the in-path target obstacle having a small width W, allowing quick operation to acceleration for overtaking the in-path target obstacle. The vehicle 1 can be prevented from approaching excessively the in-path target obstacle having a large width W by subjecting the vehicle 1 to deceleration. (3) The controller 50 determines the overlap ratio La that is variable with the lateral deviation Δd and width W of the in-path target obstacle, and determines the repulsive force Fc based on the overlap ratio La. The driving force and braking force change in accordance with the overlap ratio La, producing no input that is unacceptable to the driver. (4) As shown in FIG. 12, the overlap-ratio gain (control gain) Gla gradually increases from the predetermined value as the overlap ratio La increases from 0 (zero). Because the overlap-ratio gain Gla will not drop below the predetermined value even if the overlap-ratio La is near or 0, a chage in the driving force and/or braking force based on the risk regarding the possibility that the vehicle 1 may come into contact with the in-path target obstacle remains, making it possible to transmit the risk to the driver. With reference now to FIG. 17, another embodiment according to the present invention is described. This embodiment is substantially the same as the preceding embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 16. However, this embodiment is different from the preceding embodiment in that a change in driving force and/or braking force in response to an overlap ratio La takes place only when a vehicle 1 overtakes or passes an in-path target obstacle. The flow chart of FIG. 17 illustrates operation of this embodiment. This flow chart is substantially the same as the flow chart of FIG. 8 so that like reference numerals are used to designate like steps throughout FIGS. 8 and 17. However, the flow chart of Fig, 17 is different from the flow chart of FIG. 8 in that an interrogation step S370 is provided between the steps S160 and S170 and a new step S400 is provided in a flow bypassing the steps S170 and S180. In FIG. 17, at step S370, the controller 50 determines whether or not the vehicle 1 is carrying out an operation to overtake or pass an in-path target obstacle by monitoring the status of at least one of driver controlled input devices including an accelerator pedal 61, a turn indicator, and a steering wheel. Specifically, it may be determined that the vehicle 1 is carrying out an operation to overtake or pass the in-path target obstacle when the driver has stepped on the accelerator pedal 61 or the driver has operated the turn indicator or the driver has turned the steering wheel beyond a predetermined angle upon detection of the in-path target obstacle. Once the controller 50 has determined that the vehicle 1 is carrying out an operation to overtake or pass the in-path target obstacle, the routine proceeds to step S170, and then to step S180. At step 170, the controller 50 determines an overlap ratio La expressed by equation 3. At the next step S180, the controller 50 determines an overlap-ratio gain Gla using the illustrated relationship in FIG. 12. If the controller 50 determines that the vehicle 1 is not carrying out an operation to overtake the in-path target obstacle, the routine proceeds from step S370 to step S400. At step S400, the controller 50 sets the overlap-ratio gain Gla to 1 (one). After determining the overlap-ratio gain Gla at step S180 or S400, the routine proceeds to step S190. This embodiment is advantageous in that the repulsive force Fc is corrected with the width W of the in-path target obstacle when the vehicle overtakes or passes the in-path target obstacle, but it is not corrected when the vehicle is just following the in-path target obstacle. When the vehicle 1 overtakes or passes the in-path target obstacle, a change in driving force and/or braking force depending on the width W is acceptable to the driver. As there occurs no change in driving force and/or braking force with different values in the width W of the in-path target obstacle, enhanced ride comfort is provided when the vehicle 1 is following the in-path target obstacle. With reference now to FIGS. 18 to 21, another embodiment according to the present invention is described. This embodiment is substantially the same as the before described embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 16 so that like reference numerals are used to designate like parts or portions throughout each of FIGS. 1, 8, 18 and 19. However, this embodiment is different from the previously described embodiment in that a repulsive force Fc is transmitted to a driver of a vehicle 3 via a haptic input in the form of reaction force from a driver controlled input device such as, for example, an accelerator pedal 61 and a brake pedal 91. As shown in FIG. 18, an accelerator pedal reaction force generation device 62 and a brake pedal reaction force generation device 92 are additionally provided. According to this embodiment, the reaction force from the accelerator pedal 61 and that from the brake pedal 91 are regulated in accordance with a repulsive force Fc that is variable with an overlap-ratio gain Gla. The accelerator pedal reaction force generation device 62 includes a servomotor incorporated in a link mechanism of the accelerator pedal 61. The accelerator pedal reaction force generation device 62 receives a command FA from a controller 50A. The command FA indicates an accelerator pedal reaction force value determined by the controller 50A. In response to the command FA, the accelerator pedal reaction force generation device 62 regulates operation of the servomotor to adjust torque generated by the servomotor. Thus, the accelerator pedal reaction force generation device 62 can arbitrarily control reaction force when the driver steps on the accelerator pedal 61. The accelerator pedal reaction force is proportional to the driver power demand SA when the reaction force control is not carried out. For understanding of the accelerator pedal of the above kind, reference should be made to US 2003/0236608 A1 (published Dec. 25, 2003) and also to US 2003/0233902 A1 (published Dec. 25, 2003), both of which have been hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. The brake pedal reaction force generation device 92 includes a servomotor incorporated in a link mechanism of the brake pedal 91. The brake pedal reaction force generation device 92 receives a command FB from the controller 50A. The command FB indicates a brake pedal reaction force value determined by the controller 50A. In response to the command FB, the brake pedal reaction force generation device 92 regulates operation of the servomotor to adjust torque generated by the servomotor. Thus, the brake pedal reaction force generation device 92 can arbitrarily control reaction force when the driver steps on the brake pedal 91. The brake pedal reaction force is proportional to the driver brake demand SB when the reaction force control is not carried out. The flow chart of FIG. 19 illustrates operation of this embodiment. This flow chart is substantially the same as the flow chart of FIG. 8 so that like reference numerals are used to designate like steps throughout FIGS. 8 and 19. However, the flow chart of FIG., 19 is different from the flow chart of FIG., 8 in that new steps S650 and S660 are additionally provided. In FIG. 19, at step S650, the controller 50A calculates the accelerator pedal reaction force value FA and brake pedal reaction force value FB. In the embodiment, a repulsive force Fc determined at step S210 or S220 is used for the calculation. The controller 50A determines the accelerator pedal reaction force value FA versus the repulsive force Fc to accomplish the fully drawn relationship in FIG. 20. The controller 50A determines the brake pedal reaction force value FB versus the repulsive force Fc to accomplish the fully drawn relationship in FIG. 21. In FIG. 20, the fully drawn line shows varying of the accelerator pedal reaction force value FA with different values of the repulsive force Fc when the driver power demand SA (accelerator pedal position) is kept constant. The broken line shows a normal value of the accelerator pedal reaction force when the accelerator pedal reaction force is not controlled. The normal value is invariable with different values of the repulsive force Fc. The accelerator pedal reaction force value FA is equal to the normal value when the repulsive force Fc is 0 (Fc=0). As the repulsive force Fc increases from 0, the accelerator pedal reaction force value FA increases at a gradual rate as deviated upwardly from the normal value. A new increased rate is introduced. Upon or immediately after the repulsive force Fc has exceeded a predetermined value Fc1, the accelerator pedal reaction force value FA increases at the new increased rate. This means that the reaction force from the accelerator pedal 61 increases as the driving force correction amount (ΔDa) increases. In FIG. 20, the fully drawn line shows varying of the brake pedal reaction force value FB with different values of the repulsive force Fc when the driver brake demand SB (brake pedal position) is kept constant. The broken line shows a normal value of the brake pedal reaction force when the brake pedal reaction force is not controlled. The normal value is invariable with different values of the repulsive force Fc. The brake pedal reaction force value FB remains on the normal value as the repulsive force Fc increases from 0. Upon or immediately after the repulsive force Fc has exceeded the predetermined value Fc1, the accelerator pedal reaction force value FB drops. This means that the reaction force from the brake pedal 91 becomes small as the braking force correction amount (ΔDb) increases, allowing an assist for braking operation to increase, making it easy for the driver to step on the brake pedal 91. After determining the accelerator pedal reaction force value FA and the brake pedal reaction force value FB at step S650, the routine proceeds to step S660. At step S660, the controller 50A provides the accelerator pedal reaction force value FA and the brake pedal reaction force value FB to the accelerator pedal reaction force generation device 62 and the brake pedal reaction force generation device 92, respectively (see FIG. 18). The accelerator pedal reaction force generation device 62 regulates a reaction force from the accelerator pedal 61 in accordance with the reaction force value FA. The brake pedal reaction force generation device 92 regulates a reaction force from the brake pedal 91 in accordance with the reaction value FB. This embodiment is advantageous in that the braking force correction amount and braking force correction amount are transmitted to the driver via a reaction force input from the accelerator pedal 61 and a reaction force input from the brake pedal 91. If the width W of an in-path target obstacle is small, the reaction force from the accelerator pedal 91 becomes small, allowing quick shift to subsequent acceleration for overtaking the in-path target obstacle. In this embodiment, the accelerator pedal 61 and brake pedal 91 are selected as driver controlled input devices for longitudinal control of the vehicle. With reference now to FIGS. 22 to 24, another embodiment according to the present invention is described. This embodiment is substantially the same as the above described embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 18 to 21 so that like reference numerals are used to designate like parts or portions throughout each of FIGS. 19 and 22. However, this embodiment is different from the above described embodiment in that, in this embodiment, a reaction force from a driver controlled input device for lateral control of a vehicle is regulated, while, in the above described embodiment, a reaction force from driver controlled input device(s) for longitudinal control of a vehicle is regulated. The flow chart of FIG. 22 illustrates a method according to the present invention. This flow chart and the flow chart of FIG. 19 are substantially the same in that both have steps S110, S120, S130, S140, S150 and S160. For brevity, description on these steps has been hereby omitted. In FIG. 22, the method proceeds from step S160 to step S770 to calculate or determine a time headway THW as expressed by the equation 4. After determining the time headway THW, the method proceeds to step S780 to calculate or determine an overlap ratio La as expressed by the equation 3. After determining the overlap ratio La at step S780, the method proceeds to step S790 to calculate or determine a steering reaction force value SA*. Specifically, the method proceeds to determine a steering reaction force reduction amount Ti versus the time headway THW using a relationship between them as illustrated in FIG. 23. As indicated by the illustrated relationship, the steering reaction force reduction amount T1 increases as the time headway THW becomes short to represent that the vehicle has approached the in-path target obstacle. Increasing the steering reaction force reduction amount T1 encourages the driver to start lane-change operation. After determining the steering reaction force reduction amount T1, the method proceeds to correct the steering reaction force reduction amount T1 in accordance with the overlap ratio La. Specifically, the method proceeds to determine a correction coefficient, α1, versus the overlap ratio La using a relationship between them as illustrated in FIG. 24. As indicated by the illustrated relationship, the correction coefficient, α1, increases gradually from 0 to 1 as the overlap ratio La increases from 0 to 1. After determining the correction coefficient α1, the method proceeds to determine the steering reaction force value SA*, which is expressed as: SA*=Si−α1×Ti (Equation 7) where: Si represents an initial steering reaction force value. After determining the steering reaction force value SA*, the method proceeds to step S800 to provide, as an output, the determined SA*. In response to the steering reaction force value SA*, a steering reaction force generation device regulates a steering reaction force from a steering wheel. If the time headway THW becomes short, it may be predicted that the vehicle is about to overtake the in-path target obstacle. The driver is encouraged to manipulate a steering wheel by reducing the steering reaction force. The larger the width of the in-path target obstacle, the more the steering reaction force reduction amount T1 is increased to facilitate the manipulation of the steering further. Specifically, as the overlap ratio La increases, the correction coefficient α1 gradually increases from 0 to 1. If, for example, the in-path target obstacle is directly in front of the vehicle and the overlap ratio La is 1, the steering reaction force value SA* is given by reflecting the entirety (100%) of the steering reaction force reduction amount T1 that has been determined versus the current time headway THW because it is unmodified. Subsequently, as the vehicle begins to overtake the in-path target obstacle, the overlap ratio La decreases from 1. Thus, the steering reaction force value SA* reflects less the steering reaction force reduction amount T1 because it is modified by the correction coefficient α1 less than 1. Varying of the steering reaction force value SA* in this manner is free from providing an input unacceptable by the driver. In this embodiment, the steering wheel was exemplified as a driver controlled input device for lateral control of the vehicle. This steering reaction force control may combine with the braking/driving force control described in the preceding embodiments. FIGS. 25 to 27 show different examples of the relationship between overlap-ratio gain Gla and overlap ratio La. With reference to FIG. 25, the overlap-ratio gain Gla remains 0 when the overlap ratio La is not greater than a predetermined value La1. Upon or after the overlap ratio La has exceeded the predetermined value La1, the overlap-ratio gain Gla gradually increases from 0 to 1. The overlap-ratio gain Gla is 1 when the overlap ratio La is 1. Thus, when the overlap ratio La is small, the repulsive force Fc is 0, and the repulsive force Fc gradually increases as the overlap ratio La increases. Therefore, braking/driving force control can be varied smoothly at the beginning or ending of the control. With reference to FIG., 26, the overlap-ratio gain Gla remains 0 when the overlap ratio La is not greater than a predetermined value La1. Upon or after the overlap ratio La has exceeded the predetermined value La1, the overlap-ratio gain Gla gradually increases from a predetermined value G2 to 1. The overlap-ratio gain Gla is 1 when the overlap ratio La is 1. The predetermined value G2 is set at a value, which is, for example, approximately ½ to ⅕ of the maximum value of 1. Thus, a change in the repulsive force Fc may be identified clearly in a step-like manner. Via this change, the beginning or the ending of the braking/driving force control can be clearly transmitted to the driver. With reference to FIG. 27, upon or after the overlap ratio La has exceeded the predetermined value La1 in the increasing direction, the overlap-ratio gain Gla gradually increases from a predetermined value G2 to 1. However, the overlap-ratio gain Gla gradually decreases from 1 to 0 as the overlap ratio La varies in the decreasing direction from 1 to 0. Thus, via a step change in repulsive force Fc, the beginning of the braking/driving force control can be clearly transmitted to the driver. When the overlap ratio La decreases due to operation to overtake the in-path target obstacle, the braking/driving force control is smoothly ended. In each of the preceding embodiments, the overlap ratio La is calculated based on the width W and the lateral distance Δd, and the spring force C is corrected based upon the overlap ratio La to give the repulsive force Fc. This is just one example of giving the repulsive force Fc. The present invention is not limited to this example. Another example is to correct the spring force C based on the width W only to give the repulsive force Fc. In the embodiments employing the flow charts of FIG. 19 and 22, the feature illustrated in the flow chart of FIG. 17 may be applicable to calculate the repulsive force Fc based upon the width W only when it is determined that the vehicle is overtaking the in-path target obstacle. In the embodiment employing the flow chart of FIG. 19, the accelerator pedal reaction force and the brake pedal reaction force are regulated after taking into account the risk from the in-path target obstacle. Regulation of the accelerator pedal reaction force and the brake pedal reaction force may be carried out without taking into account the risk. In each of the preceding embodiments, the time headway THW is used to measure the possibility that the vehicle may come into contact with the in-path target obstacle. The use of THW is just one example. Another example is use of a time to collision TTC that is given by dividing the distance D by relative speed Vr. In this case, too, the repulsive force Fc is determined in the same manner. In the preceding embodiments, the present invention is applied to a system where both driving force and braking force are regulated. However, the present invention may be applicable to a system where only driving force is regulated. While the best modes for carrying out the invention have been described in detail, those familiar with the art to which the present invention relates will recognize various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the invention as defined by the following claims. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY As set forth above, according to a method and system for transmitting a detected in-path target obstacle to a driver of a vehicle of the present invention, a detected in-path target obstacle can be transmitted to a driver of a vehicle without providing any unacceptable input to the driver. Therefore, such a method and system is applicable to a variety of moving bodies such as automotive vehicles, with its application being expected in wide ranges.

<SOH> TECHNICAL FIELD <EOH>

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a system for assisting a driver for operating a vehicle traveling on a road, the system comprising a device arrangement determining an obstacle as a target obstacle in a path of the vehicle and providing information on the target obstacle and width of the target obstacle. A device detects the status of the vehicle. A device is provided that determines a risk that the vehicle may come into contact with the target obstacle based on the information on the target obstacle and the detected status of the vehicle. A control arrangement is provided that regulates at least one of a reaction force input to the driver and a force applied to the vehicle based on the determined risk and the width of the target obstacle.

20060901

20110308

20070816

83846.0

G08G116

ALGAHAIM, HELAL A

METHOD AND VEHICLE REACTING TO THE DETECTION OF AN IN-PATH OBSTACLE

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

G08G

ACCEPTED

Package Alignment System for a Conveyer

An assembly for rotating a selected article in a stream of like articles without rotating an adjacent article, each of the articles moving along a conveying surface of a conveyor belt with a speed of forward travel and comprising an axis which is normal to the conveying surface. The assembly comprises a mechanism for revolving the selected article around the axis without changing between the axis of the revolving selected article and the axis of the non-revolving adjacent article.

1. An assembly for rotating a selected article in a stream of like articles without rotating an adjacent article, each of the articles moving along a conveying surface of a conveyor belt with a speed of forward travel and comprising an axis which is normal to the conveying surface, the assembly comprising: a mechanism for revolving the selected article around the axis without changing the speed of forward travel of the axis; wherein a distance traveled by the axis of the revolving selected article is greater than a distance between the axis of the revolving selected article and the axis of the non-revolving adjacent article. 2. The assembly as in claim 1, wherein each of the articles comprises a substantially cylindrical portion coaxial with the article axis of rotation, and said revolving mechanism comprises: first and second moving surfaces, said surfaces positioned opposite one another at a level of the article cylindrical portion, said surfaces running parallel to and travelling in the same direction as the conveying surface, each of said surfaces travelling at a speed different than the speed of forward travel such that the average of said first and second moving surface speeds is the speed of forward travel; and a mechanism for increasing friction between said moving surfaces and said selected article cylindrical portion. 3. The assembly as in claim 2, wherein said first and second moving surfaces are ordinarily separated by a gap equal to or greater than a diameter of the article cylindrical portion, and wherein said friction increasing mechanism comprises: a sensor for determining the position of the axis of the selected article between said first and second moving surfaces; and an actuating assembly for reducing said gap at a point opposite the selected article axis such that said gap is less than a diameter of the article cylindrical portion. 4. The assembly as in claim 3, wherein said actuating assembly is comprised of a row of pressure pads and said first moving surface is provided by a first moving belt positioned between said row and the stream of articles, each of said pads moveable towards said belt, wherein when moved towards said belt, a given one of said pressure pads deflects said first moving surface towards said second moving surface, thereby reducing said gap. 5. The assembly as in claim 4, wherein said first moving belt is manufactured from a magnetic material and each of said pressure pads is comprised of a magnet. 6. The assembly as in claim 4, wherein said pressure pads are manufactured from UHMW polyethylene. 7. The assembly as in claim 4, wherein said moving belts are manufactured from a material selected from the group consisting of rubber, urethane, neoprene, fibreglass and Kevlar® or combinations thereof. 8. The assembly as in claim 4, wherein said actuating assembly further comprises a plurality of pistons, one of each of said pistons for moving each of said pressure pads. 9. The assembly as in claim 8, wherein said pistons are pneumatic pistons. 10. The assembly as in claim 8, further comprising a controller for providing compressed air to said pistons. 11. The assembly as in claim 1, wherein each of the articles comprises a substantially cylindrical portion coaxial with the article axis and said revolving mechanism comprises: first and second moving surfaces applying a rotational force to said cylindrical portion, said surfaces positioned opposite one another at a level of the article cylindrical portion, said surfaces running parallel to and travelling in the same direction as the conveying surface, each of said surfaces travelling at a speed different than the speed of forward travel such that the average of said first and second moving surface speeds is the speed of forward travel; and a mechanism for applying a pressure to the adjacent article in a direction substantially parallel to the article axis thereby preventing said adjacent article from being rotated by said rotational force. 12. The assembly as in claim 11, wherein said pressure applying mechanism comprises: a moving surface positioned opposite the conveying surface and moving at a speed of the conveying surface, the articles travelling in an opening between said moving surface and the conveying surface; a sensor for determining the position of the adjacent article along the conveying surface; and an actuating assembly for reducing said opening at a point opposite the selected article such that said opening is less than a dimension of the adjacent article along the article axis. 13. The assembly as in claim 12, wherein said actuating assembly comprises a row of pressure pads and said moving surface of said pressure applying mechanism is provided by a belt travelling between said row and the stream of articles, each of said pads moveable towards said moving surface of said pressure applying mechanism, wherein when moved towards said moving surface of said pressure applying mechanism, a given one of said pressure pads deflects said moving surface of said pressure applying mechanism towards said conveying surface, thereby reducing said opening. 14-19. (canceled) 20. An assembly for selectively rotating an article around an article axis, the article moving along a conveying surface of a conveyor belt with a speed of forward travel and comprising a substantially cylindrical portion coaxial with the article axis, the assembly comprising: first and second moving surfaces, said surfaces positioned opposite one another at a level of the article cylindrical portion, said surfaces running parallel to and travelling in the same direction as the conveying surface, each of said surfaces travelling at a speed different than the speed of forward travel such that the average of said first and second moving surface speeds is the speed of forward travel; and a mechanism for increasing friction between said moving surfaces and said selected article cylindrical portion. 21. The assembly as in claim 20, wherein said first and second moving surfaces are ordinarily separated by a gap equal to or greater than a diameter of the article cylindrical portion, and wherein said friction increasing mechanism comprises: a sensor for determining the position of the axis of the selected article between said first and second moving surfaces; and an actuating assembly for reducing said gap at a point opposite the selected article axis such that said gap is less than a diameter of the article cylindrical portion. 22. The assembly as in claim 21, wherein said actuating assembly is comprised of a row of pressure pads and said first moving surface is provided by a first moving belt positioned between said row and the stream of articles, each of said pads moveable towards said belt, wherein when moved towards said belt, a given one of said pressure pads deflects said first moving surface towards said second moving surface, thereby reducing said gap. 23-28. (canceled) 29. The assembly as in claim 20, further comprising a means for stabilising the article. 30. The assembly as in claim 29, wherein said stabilising means comprises a series of holes in the conveying surface and a source of suction drawing air through said holes from the conveying surface. 31. The assembly as in claim 30, wherein said source of suction comprises a source of compressed air and a venturi effect device. 32. The assembly as in claim 29, wherein said stabilising means comprises a second pair of moving surfaces, said surfaces positioned opposite one another at a level of the article cylindrical portion, said surfaces running parallel to and travelling in the same direction as the conveying surface, each of said surfaces travelling at substantially the same speed as the speed of forward. 33. The assembly as in claim 32, wherein said second pair of moving surfaces are positioned above said first and second moving surfaces. 34. The assembly as in claim 32, wherein said second pair of moving surfaces are positioned below said first and second moving surfaces. 35. The assembly as in claim 32, wherein each of said second pair of moving surfaces is provided by a moving belt. 36. (canceled) 37. An assembly for selectively applying pressure to a selected article in a stream of like articles, each of the articles moving along a conveying surface of a conveyor belt with a speed of forward travel and comprising an axis which is normal to the conveying surface, the assembly comprising: a moving surface positioned opposite the conveying surface and moving at a speed of the conveying surface, the articles travelling in an opening between said moving surface and the conveying surface; a sensor for determining the position of the selected article along the conveying surface; and an actuating assembly for reducing said opening at a point opposite the selected article such that said opening is less than a height of the selected article. 38. The assembly as in claim 37, wherein said actuating assembly comprises a row of pressure pads and said moving surface is provided by a moving belt travelling between said row and the stream of articles, each of said pads moveable in a direction towards said moving surface, wherein when moved towards said moving surface, a given one of said pressure pads deflects said moving surface towards said conveying surface, thereby reducing said opening. 39-44. (canceled)

The present application claims the benefit of a commonly assigned provisional application entitled “Package Alignment System for a Conveyor”, which was filed on Mar. 5, 2004 and assigned the Ser. No. 60/549,922. The entire contents of the foregoing provisional patent application are hereby incorporated by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to package alignment systems for a conveyer. More specifically, this invention relates to an article alignment assembly for selectively rotating articles in a conveyer system. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Conveyer systems for the automatic handling, manipulation and moving of packages and objects are commonplace in various settings. Of particular interest are conveyers comprising package alignment systems for controlling the alignment and orientation of objects carried thereon. Such systems are already known in the art but are generally substantially inflexible allowing only limited manoeuvrability of the conveyed objects. For instance, prior art systems include conveyer carrousels comprised of independently rotating platforms, to which are fed objects from a main conveyer system for rotation. The objects in question are brought to the carrousel by a segment of the main conveyer, positioned on respective rotating platforms, and selectively flipped 180 degrees, to finally be recaptured by the main conveyer. These systems are generally expensive and voluminous requiring considerable modifications for each new product or object to be used therewith. Variable selective rotation is also not available with these systems. Another prior art system for rotating and aligning objects on a conveyer utilises two lateral belts driven at speeds respectively slower and faster than the main conveyer. Consequently, objects passing between the two lateral belts will indiscriminately be rotated due to the speed differential thereof. Every object is rotated equally which means that objects entering this segment must be identically oriented if they are to exit having a substantially identical orientation. Finally, other such systems consist of pressing objects to be rotated against a single moving lateral belt using a fixed lateral press. In this system, only one object may be processed at a time, forcing the objects on the main conveyer to be accelerated prior to entry into the rotation station to allow for adequate separation between the individual objects. High conveyer outputs combined with accelerated single-pass full rotations result in fast rotation speeds and often reduced or even insufficient rotation control. The present invention, described herein and with reference to the appended illustrative drawings, provides a package alignment system for a conveyer that overcomes the above and other drawbacks of prior art systems. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In order to address the above and other drawbacks there is provided an assembly for rotating a selected article in a stream of like articles without rotating an adjacent article, each of the articles moving along a conveying surface of a conveyor belt with a speed of forward travel and comprising an axis which is normal to the conveying surface. The assembly comprises a mechanism for revolving the selected article around the axis without changing the speed of forward travel of the axis. A distance travelled by the axis of the revolving selected article is greater than a distance between the axis of the revolving selected article and the axis of the non-revolving adjacent article. Furthermore, there is disclosed an assembly for selectively rotating an article around an article axis, the article moving along a conveying surface of a conveyor belt with a speed of forward travel and comprising a substantially cylindrical portion coaxial with the article axis. The assembly comprises first and second moving surfaces, the surfaces positioned opposite one another at a level of the article cylindrical portion, the surfaces running parallel to and travelling in the same direction as the conveying surface, each of the surfaces travelling at a speed different than the speed of forward travel such that the average of said first and second moving surface speeds is the speed of forward travel and a mechanism for increasing friction between the moving surfaces and the selected article cylindrical portion. There is also disclosed an assembly for selectively applying pressure to a selected article in a stream of like articles, each of the articles moving along a conveying surface of a conveyor belt with a speed of forward travel and comprising an axis which is normal to the conveying surface. The assembly comprises a moving surface positioned opposite the conveying surface and moving at a speed of the conveying surface, the articles travelling in an opening between said moving surface and the conveying surface, a sensor for determining the position of the selected article along the conveying surface and an actuating assembly for reducing the opening at a point opposite the selected article such that the opening is less than a height of the selected article. Other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become more apparent upon reading of the following non-restrictive description of illustrative embodiments thereof, given by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Having thus generally described the nature of the invention, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, showing by way of illustration, illustrative embodiments thereof, and in which: FIG. 1 is a top view of a package alignment system for a conveyor in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a side view along 2-2 of the package alignment system for a conveyor disclosed in FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a detailed top view of the package alignment system for a conveyor disclosed in FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a side view of a package alignment system for a conveyor in accordance with an alternative illustrative embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 5 is an end view along 5-5 of the package alignment system for a conveyor disclosed in FIG. 1 in accordance with a second alternative illustrative embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS Referring to FIG. 1, the package alignment system, generally referred to using the reference numeral 10, is comprised of a conveyor belt 12 on which are transported the articles as in 14 to be rotated. The conveyor belt 12 conveys the articles 14 into a gap between a first moving belt 16 and a second moving belt 18, the belts typically being manufactured from a robust pliable material such as rubber, urethane or neoprene reinforced with fibreglass, Kevlar®, or the like. In the region of the gap, the first moving belt 16 and the second moving belt 18 follow parallel paths that are at substantially the same height above and parallel to the conveyor belt 12, such that items, while being conveyed through the gap, travel between and in the same direction as the moving belts 16 and 18. The articles as in 14 being conveyed on the conveyor belt 12 can be of a variety of shapes, however in the disclosed embodiment the articles are of similar shapes and include a neck portion 20 having a substantially cylindrical shape. Referring to FIG. 2, the package alignment system 10 is adjusted such that the first moving belt 16 and the second moving belt 18 are level with the neck portion 20. Referring back to FIG. 1 in addition to FIG. 2, the first moving belt 16 and the second moving belt 18 travel at different speeds, typically with one of the moving belts (in the case at hand the second moving belt 18) travelling faster than the conveyor belt 12 and the other moving belt (in the case at hand the first moving belt 16) travelling slower than the conveyor belt 12. Therefore, if the neck portion 20 of an article as in 14 is pressed between the first moving belt 16 and the second moving belt 18, a rotating force will be brought to bear on the neck portion 20 thereby causing the article to rotate around a point P which moves with the conveyor belt 12. However, in order to cause an article as in 14 to rotate in this manner, it is necessary that the force which is brought to bear on the neck portion 20 by the surfaces 22, 24 of the first moving belt 16 and a surface 24 of the second moving belt 18 be sufficient to overcome both the friction between the lower surface 26 of the article 14 and the conveying surface 28 of the conveyor belt 12 as well as the inertia of the article 14. In this regard, and referring back to FIG. 1, the distance W between the opposing surfaces of the first moving belt 16 and the second moving belt 18 is initially adjusted to form a gap that is as narrow as possible while allowing containers to progress through it without coming in contact with either of said belts when all pressure pads 30 are retracted. In other words, in order to turn an article as in 14, a force is applied behind at least one of the moving belts 16 and 18 in the region where the article to be rotated is located. The force should be sufficient such that the first surface 22 presses the article 14 against the other surface 24 while producing sufficient friction between the article 14 and the two surfaces 22, 24 to overcome the friction between the article and the conveying surface 12 and induce rotation about a point P. Furthermore, by applying such pressure over only a certain proportion of the length of the gap between belts 16 and 18, a selected article as in 14 in a stream of articles travelling along the conveying surface 28 of the conveyor belt 12 may be rotated while other articles in the stream are selectively not rotated. Additionally, a proportional varying angle of rotation may also be obtained for a given article by selectively applying the rotational force over a limited period of time. In order to carry out these functions, the package alignment system 10 is equipped with a series of pistons as in 30. Referring to FIG. 3, each piston 30 is attached via a piston rod 32 to a pressure pad 34, the pressure pad 34 manufactured from a rigid material such as UHMW polyethylene, nylon or the like. The piston rod 32 may be extended to move the pressure pad 34 to its extended pressure applying position by applying compressed air to the piston 30 via an air hose 36. As will now be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art, by extending the pressure pad 34 via the piston rod 32, the distance W between the first moving belt 16 and the second moving belt 18 can be reduced in the region of the pressure pad 34 such that pressure is brought to bear on the neck portion 20 of an article 14, thereby causing the neck portion 20 to rotate. In this regard, lateral movement of the second moving belt 18 away from the first moving belt 16 can be limited by the provision of a retaining surface 38. Alternatively, the retaining surface 38 could be replaced by a series of pistons, piston rods and pressure pads (all not shown) for moving the first moving belt 16 towards the second moving belt 18. Note that although the present illustrative embodiment makes reference to pistons driven by compressed air, other actuators, for example those driven by hydraulic fluid or solenoids, could also be used in a given implementation. When the supply of compressed air to the piston 30 is reversed (or shut off if the piston 30 is biased using a spring or the like to return the piston rod 32 to the retracted position), the piston rod 32 retracts and the pressure pad 34 returns to the non-extended position, thereby relieving the pressure exerted on the article as in 14 by the first moving belt 16 and the second moving belt 18 in the region of the pressure pad 34. Referring back to FIG. 1, a micro-controller 40 is used to control the valves 42 which supply compressed air to the pistons 30 via their respective air hoses as in 36. Inputs to the micro-controller 40 include: The speed of the conveyor belt 12; a discrete signal from a sensor 44 located at a known distance upstream of the alignment system 10 detecting the presence at that location of articles on conveyor belt 12; pulses generated by a device known as an encoder (not shown), each pulse corresponding to a known displacement of the conveyor belt 12. A signal or a combination of signals from one or several second sensors (not shown) located close to sensor 44 that can be interpreted to by the micro-controller 40 to determine the orientation of an article at the moment it is detected by sensor 44. Illustratively, the micro-controller 40 would process these inputs as follows: The required speeds for belts 16 and 18 are calculated as that of belt 12 plus a certain percentage for the faster one of belts 16 and 18, and minus the same percentage for the slower one. Adding and subtracting the same percentage ensures that products that rotate do so while moving at the same speed as belt 12; for each pulse that is generated by the encoder, a value of 0 or 1 is memorized by the micro-controller. A value of 1 is memorized if the detection by sensor 44 and the second sensor(s) (not shown) of an article to be rotated coincides with the reception of a pulse from the encoder, otherwise a value of 0 is memorized. The N most recent such values are kept in the micro-controller's memory in the order in which they are generated, forming a string of zeroes and ones known as a shift register. This shift register is an exact representation of the positions of the articles to be rotated on a section of conveyor 12 whose length is N times the distance that is known to correspond to an encoder pulse, and which starts where sensor 44 is located; the length N covered by the shift register must be at least sufficient to track the position of the articles until they exit the gap between belts 16 and 18; the distance corresponding to consecutive pulses being known as well as the position of sensor 44, it is easy to associate each pressure pad 34 with one or more consecutive positions in the shift register. A value of 1 at any one of these positions signals the presence of a product that needs to be rotated in front of the corresponding pressure pad; and for each pressure pad 34, the micro-controller continuously monitors the values at the positions associated with it in the shift register and, if it is wished to rotate that article, sends a signal to the corresponding valve 42 whenever a value of 1 is present at that position. Additionally, with provision of an appropriate sensor or sensors, such as optic or ultrasonic detectors, video cameras and the like, the orientation of the article to be rotated can also be determined and provided to the micro-controller 40. This would allow, for example, the micro-controller 40 to control rotation such that certain articles would be rotated more than others, while other articles would not be rotated at all. It follows from the above that articles that need to be rotated progress through the gap between the belts 16 and 18 in a narrow pressure zone that accompanies them. This pressure zone is created by the successive activation of pressure pads 34 by the micro-controller 40 (via corresponding valves 42 and tubes 36) synchronous with the progress of the articles as in 14 through the gap. The ability to apply pressure only where it is needed allows the alignment system 10 to simultaneously handle articles that need to be rotated and others that do not. When two articles are rotated simultaneously, the moving belts 16, 18 come in contact with both rotating articles as the belts are pressed against the articles by the pressure pads 34. Between these articles, the moving belts 16, 18 follow parallel paths, forming a gap whose width is equal to or slightly less than the diameter of an article. If an article that must not be rotated is located between two rotating articles, the moving belts 16, 18 will necessarily come in contact with this article. In order to prevent rotation of this article, the surface of the moving belts 16, 18 that is in contact with the articles must be made of a material that will not produce enough friction to induce rotation of an article when the belts contact this article without being pressed against it by one of the pressure pads 34. Alternatively, the surfaces of the moving belts 16, 18 can be treated with a friction reducing substance or lubricant resulting in a reduction in a coefficient of friction of the surfaces thereby achieving the same effect. Still referring to FIG. 1, as stated above, in order to rotate an article located in the gap between the moving belts 16, 18, the pressure exerted on the neck portion of the article must be sufficient to overcome friction and inertia. In some cases, for example when the articles to be rotated are empty and manufactured from a light material such as PET, the pressure required to overcome the frictional and inertial forces and rotate the article is minimal. In such cases, even light pressure exerted on the neck portion 20 of an article 14 can cause the article to rotate. In some cases, given the relatively narrow gap between the moving belts 16, 18, the neck portion 20 of an article 14 may inadvertently strike one or other of the moving belts 16, 18. In some cases this may lead to the article being inadvertently rotated or cause the article to fall over, fouling the conveyor belt 12 and requiring action on behalf of an operator to clear the foul. Referring now to FIG. 4, an alternative illustrative embodiment of a package alignment system 10 in accordance with present invention will be described. In order to stabilise articles as in 14 moving along the conveying surface 28 and ensure that light articles are not inadvertently rotated or knocked over, a (third) moving belt 46 and a (second) series of pneumatic pistons as in 48 for applying a vertical pressure to the articles as in 14 is provided. Each piston as in 48 is attached to a pressure pad 50 via a piston 52. The pistons as in 48 are attached to a controlled source of compressed air via a series of hoses 54. The micro-controller 40 controls a series of valves 56 which, when activated, actuate the pistons causing the piston rods 52, and thus the pressure pads 46, to move from their retracted to extended positions. On deactivation of the valve(s) 56, the piston rods 52, and thus the pressure pads 50, will return to their retracted positions. Still referring to FIG. 4, the third moving belt 46 is oriented such that its outer surface 58 is opposite the conveying surface 24 of the conveyor belt 12 at least within the gap between the first moving belt 16 and the second moving belt 18. The speed of the third moving belt 46 is also adjusted such that the outer surface 58 travels at the same speed as the conveyor belt 12. Provided the distance H between the outer surface 58 of the conveying surface 24 is correctly adjusted, actuation of a particular piston as in 481, 482, and 483 when an article as in 141 is located directly below the piston as in 481, 482, and 483 will cause the outer surface 58 of the third moving belt 46 to deflect towards the conveying surface 12. This has the effect of reducing the opening defined by the outer surface 58 of the third moving belt 46 and the conveying surface 12 such that it is less than the dimensions of the article 14 along the article axis. This in turn causes the outer surface 58 of the third moving belt 46 and conveying surface 12 to exert a pressure on the article 141, thereby preventing the article 141 from being inadvertently rotated or from falling over. By controlling the actuation of successive pistons as in 48 to correspond with the speed of the article 14, the exertion of vertical pressure on a particular article as in 14 can be made to follow the article 14 as it moves with the conveyor belt 12. Referring now to FIG. 5, in a second alternative illustrative embodiment of the present invention, in order to stabilise articles as in 14, and provided the neck portion 20 of the articles is of sufficient length, a second pair of moving belts as in 60, 62 is positioned above the first moving belt 16 and the second moving belt 18 (although it will be understood by a person of skill in the art that second pair of moving belts as in 60, 62 could also be positioned below the first and second moving belts 16, 18). These belt are typically manufactured from a robust pliable material such as rubber, urethane or neoprene reinforced with fibreglass, Kevlar®, or the like. In the region of the gap between the belts, the second pair of moving belts 60, 62 both follow parallel paths that are at substantially the same height above and parallel to the conveyor belt 12, such that items, while being conveyed through the gap, travel between and in the same direction as the second pair of moving belts. Additionally, the second pair of moving belts both travel at substantially the same speed as the conveying surface 28 of the conveyor belt 12. The gap between the second pair of moving belts 60, 62 is adjusted such that an amount of force is exerted on the neck portion 20 of all the articles as in 14 travelling through the gap. The amount of force exerted by the second pair of moving belts 60, 62, and the corresponding frictional force exerted by the surfaces of the second pair of moving belts 60, 62 that must be overcome to rotate the article, is sufficient to stabilise the articles as in 14, but less than the force exerted on the neck portion 20 by the first moving belt 16 and the second moving belt 18 in order to rotate the article. Referring back to FIG. 1, in a third alternative illustrative embodiment, in order to stabilise the articles as in 14 travelling along the conveying surface 28 of the conveyor belt 12, a series of holes (not shown) are provided in the conveyor belt 12 and a source of suction applied to the holes as the conveyor belt 12 passes underneath the gap between the moving belts 16, 18. It will now be apparent to a person of skill in the art that by aspirating air through the conveyor belt 12, a suction force is applied to the lower surface (reference 26 in FIG. 2) of each article as in 14 thereby increasing the force of adhesion between the lower surface each article as in 14 and the conveying surface 28. Such a sectional force is straight forward to generate, for example by using a source of compressed air and the well known Venturi effect. The suction force is adjusted such that the force of adhesion between the lower surface each article as in 14 and the conveying surface 28 is sufficient to stabilise the article, but less but less than the force exerted on the neck portion 20 by the first moving belt 16 and the second moving belt 18 in order to rotate the article. Referring back to FIG. 3, in a fourth alternative illustrative embodiment, in order to reduce contact between the second moving belt 18 and articles 14 where turning is not desired, a magnet as in 64 is introduced into each of the pressure pads as in 34. Additionally, the second moving belt 18 is manufactured to include a ferrous material such as steel, for example a steel mesh or wire. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the second moving belt 18 will be attracted towards the magnets as in 64, and therefore the pressure pads as in 34. As a result, when the pressure pads as in 34 are retracted, the second moving belt 18 will follow to some degree the pressure pads as in 34, thereby reducing any potential pressure which may otherwise be applied to the neck 20 of an article 14 located adjacent that particular pressure pad 34. It is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and parts illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described hereinabove. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practised in various ways. It is also to be understood that the phraseology or terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not limitation. Hence, although the present invention has been described hereinabove by way of preferred embodiments thereof, it can be modified, without departing from the spirit, scope and nature of the subject invention as defined in the appended claims.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Conveyer systems for the automatic handling, manipulation and moving of packages and objects are commonplace in various settings. Of particular interest are conveyers comprising package alignment systems for controlling the alignment and orientation of objects carried thereon. Such systems are already known in the art but are generally substantially inflexible allowing only limited manoeuvrability of the conveyed objects. For instance, prior art systems include conveyer carrousels comprised of independently rotating platforms, to which are fed objects from a main conveyer system for rotation. The objects in question are brought to the carrousel by a segment of the main conveyer, positioned on respective rotating platforms, and selectively flipped 180 degrees, to finally be recaptured by the main conveyer. These systems are generally expensive and voluminous requiring considerable modifications for each new product or object to be used therewith. Variable selective rotation is also not available with these systems. Another prior art system for rotating and aligning objects on a conveyer utilises two lateral belts driven at speeds respectively slower and faster than the main conveyer. Consequently, objects passing between the two lateral belts will indiscriminately be rotated due to the speed differential thereof. Every object is rotated equally which means that objects entering this segment must be identically oriented if they are to exit having a substantially identical orientation. Finally, other such systems consist of pressing objects to be rotated against a single moving lateral belt using a fixed lateral press. In this system, only one object may be processed at a time, forcing the objects on the main conveyer to be accelerated prior to entry into the rotation station to allow for adequate separation between the individual objects. High conveyer outputs combined with accelerated single-pass full rotations result in fast rotation speeds and often reduced or even insufficient rotation control. The present invention, described herein and with reference to the appended illustrative drawings, provides a package alignment system for a conveyer that overcomes the above and other drawbacks of prior art systems.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In order to address the above and other drawbacks there is provided an assembly for rotating a selected article in a stream of like articles without rotating an adjacent article, each of the articles moving along a conveying surface of a conveyor belt with a speed of forward travel and comprising an axis which is normal to the conveying surface. The assembly comprises a mechanism for revolving the selected article around the axis without changing the speed of forward travel of the axis. A distance travelled by the axis of the revolving selected article is greater than a distance between the axis of the revolving selected article and the axis of the non-revolving adjacent article. Furthermore, there is disclosed an assembly for selectively rotating an article around an article axis, the article moving along a conveying surface of a conveyor belt with a speed of forward travel and comprising a substantially cylindrical portion coaxial with the article axis. The assembly comprises first and second moving surfaces, the surfaces positioned opposite one another at a level of the article cylindrical portion, the surfaces running parallel to and travelling in the same direction as the conveying surface, each of the surfaces travelling at a speed different than the speed of forward travel such that the average of said first and second moving surface speeds is the speed of forward travel and a mechanism for increasing friction between the moving surfaces and the selected article cylindrical portion. There is also disclosed an assembly for selectively applying pressure to a selected article in a stream of like articles, each of the articles moving along a conveying surface of a conveyor belt with a speed of forward travel and comprising an axis which is normal to the conveying surface. The assembly comprises a moving surface positioned opposite the conveying surface and moving at a speed of the conveying surface, the articles travelling in an opening between said moving surface and the conveying surface, a sensor for determining the position of the selected article along the conveying surface and an actuating assembly for reducing the opening at a point opposite the selected article such that the opening is less than a height of the selected article. Other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become more apparent upon reading of the following non-restrictive description of illustrative embodiments thereof, given by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings.

20070531

20100921

20071220

66755.0

B65G47244

HESS, DOUGLAS A

PACKAGE ALIGNMENT SYSTEM FOR A CONVEYER

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

B65G

ACCEPTED

Liquid crystal panel, liquid crystal television, and liquid crystal display apparatus

A liquid crystal panel including a liquid crystal cell having an improved contrast ratio in an oblique direction and an improved color shift in an oblique direction is provided. A liquid crystal panel according to the present invention includes: a liquid crystal cell; a first polarizer arranged on one side of the liquid crystal cell; a second polarizer arranged on another side of the liquid crystal cell; a negative C plate and a negative A plate arranged between the liquid crystal cell and the first polarizer; and an isotropic optical element arranged between the liquid crystal cell and the second polarizer. The negative C plate is arranged between the first polarizer and the negative A plate.

1. A liquid crystal panel comprising: a liquid crystal cell; a first polarizer arranged on one side of the liquid crystal cell; a second polarizer arranged on another side of the liquid crystal cell; a negative C plate and a negative A plate arranged between the liquid crystal cell and the first polarizer; and an isotropic optical element arranged between the liquid crystal cell and the second polarizer, wherein the negative C plate is arranged between the first polarizer and the negative A plate. 2. A liquid crystal panel according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal cell comprises a liquid crystal layer containing homogeneously aligned nematic liquid crystals in the absence of an electric field. 3. A liquid crystal panel according to claim 1, wherein the negative C plate has Rth[590] of 30 nm to 200 nm. 4. A liquid crystal panel according to claim 1, wherein the negative C plate comprises a polymer film containing as a main component at least one thermoplastic resin selected from the group consisting of a cellulose-based resin, a polyamideimide-based resin, a polyether ether ketone-based resin, and a polyimide-based resin. 5. A liquid crystal panel according to claim 1, wherein the negative C plate comprises a stretched film of a polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin. 6. A liquid crystal panel according to claim 1, wherein the negative C plate comprises a solidified layer or a cured layer of a liquid crystal composition containing a calamitic liquid crystal compound in planar alignment. 7. A liquid crystal panel according to claim 1, wherein a slow axis of the negative A plate is substantially perpendicular to an absorption axis of the first polarizer. 8. A liquid crystal panel according to claim 1 wherein the negative A plate has Re[590] of 50 nm to 200 nm. 9. A liquid crystal panel according to claim 1, wherein the negative A plate comprises a stretched film of a polymer film containing as a main component a cycloolefin-based resin or a polycarbonate-based resin. 10. A liquid crystal panel according to claim 1, wherein the negative A plate comprises a solidified layer or a cured layer of a liquid crystal composition containing a discotic liquid crystal compound in substantially vertical alignment. 11. A liquid crystal panel according to claim 1, wherein the negative A plate comprises a solidified layer or a cured layer of a liquid crystal composition containing a lyotropic liquid crystal compound in homogeneous alignment. 12. A liquid crystal panel according to claim 1, wherein the isotropic optical element comprises a polymer film containing as a main component at least one resin selected from the group consisting of an acrylic resin, a cellulose-based resin, and a cycloolefin-based resin. 13. A liquid crystal panel according to claim 1, wherein the isotropic optical element comprises a polymer film containing as a main component a resin composition containing a thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value and a thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence value. 14. A liquid crystal television comprising the liquid crystal panel according to claim 1. 15. A liquid crystal display apparatus comprising the liquid crystal panel according to claim 1.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a liquid crystal panel having a liquid crystal cell, a polarizer and an optical element. The present invention also relates to a liquid crystal television and a liquid crystal display apparatus each using the liquid crystal panel. BACKGROUND ART A liquid crystal display apparatus has attracted attention for its properties such as being thin, being lightweight, and having low power consumption, and is widely used in: portable devices such as a cellular phone and a watch; office automation (OA) devices such as a personal computer monitor and a laptop personal computer; and home appliances such as a video camera and a liquid crystal television. The use of the liquid crystal display apparatus has spread because disadvantages in that its display properties vary depending on an angle from which a screen is viewed and that the liquid crystal display apparatus cannot operate at high temperatures and very low temperatures have been overcome by technical innovations. However, wide-ranging uses have changed the property required for each use. For example, a conventional liquid crystal display apparatus has only to have viewing angle property of a contrast ratio between white/black displays of about 10 in an oblique direction. This definition derives from a contrast ratio of black ink printed on white paper of newspapers, magazines, and the like. However, the use of the liquid crystal display apparatus for a large stationary television requires a display that can be viewed well from different viewing angles because several persons view a screen at the same time. That is, a contrast ratio between white/black displays must be 20 or more, for example. A person viewing four corners of a screen of a large display without moving is comparable to a person viewing the screen from different viewing angle directions. Thus, it is important that the liquid crystal panel have uniform contrast or display without color unevenness across the entire screen. If such technical requirements are not satisfied in use for a large stationary television, a viewer may feel uncomfortable and tired. Various retardation films are conventionally used for a liquid crystal display apparatus. For example, there is disclosed a method of improving a contrast ratio in an oblique direction and color shift in an oblique direction (coloring of an image varying depending on an angle seen from) by arranging a retardation film having a relationship of nx≡nz>ny (so-called a negative A plate) on one side or both sides of a liquid crystal cell of in-plane switching (IPS) mode (see Patent Document 1, for example). However, such techniques cannot sufficiently improve a contrast ratio in an oblique direction and color shift in an oblique direction. As a result, display properties of the thus-obtained liquid crystal display apparatus do not satisfy the requirements for a large stationary television. Patent Document 1: JP-A-10-54982. Disclosure of the Invention Problems to be Solved by the Invention The present invention has been made in view of solving the above-mentioned problems, and an object of the present invention is therefore to provide a liquid crystal panel and a liquid crystal display apparatus each having excellent display properties such as a high contrast ratio in an oblique direction and a small color shift in an oblique direction. Means for Solving the Problems The inventors of the present invention have conducted studies on reasons preventing sufficient display properties for a conventional liquid crystal panel (liquid crystal display apparatus) employing a negative A plate. Based on a presumption that retardation values of polarizers, structural members arranged between the polarizers and a liquid crystal cell, the liquid crystal cell, and the like act in combination to provide adverse effects on the display properties, the inventors of the present invention have found that light leak in an oblique direction in black display can be drastically reduced and a liquid crystal panel having significantly excellent display properties (a contrast ratio in an oblique direction and a color shift in an oblique direction) compared with those of a conventional liquid crystal panel (a liquid crystal display apparatus) can be provided by: (1) arranging an isotropic optical element between the liquid crystal cell and a second polarizer arranged on one side of the liquid crystal cell; and (2) using a negative C plate between the liquid crystal cell and a first polarizer arranged on another side of the liquid crystal cell, in addition to the negative A plate, and arranging the negative C plate between the first polarizer and the negative A plate. A liquid crystal panel according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a liquid crystal cell; a first polarizer arranged on one side of the liquid crystal cell; a second polarizer arranged on another side of the liquid crystal cell; a negative C plate and a negative A plate arranged between the liquid crystal cell and the first polarizer; and an isotropic optical element arranged between the liquid crystal cell and the second polarizer. The negative C plate is arranged between the first polarizer and the negative A plate. In one embodiment of the invention, the liquid crystal cell includes a liquid crystal layer containing homogeneously aligned nematic liquid crystals in the absence of an electric field. In another embodiment of the invention, the negative C plate has Rth[590] of 30 nm to 200 nm. In still another embodiment of the invention, the negative C plate includes a polymer film containing as a main component at least one thermoplastic resin selected from the group consisting of a cellulose-based resin, a polyamideimide-based resin, a polyether ether ketone-based resin, and a polyimide-based resin. In still another embodiment of the invention, the negative C plate includes a stretched film of a polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin. In still another embodiment of the invention, the negative C plate includes a solidified layer or a cured layer of a liquid crystal composition containing a calamitic liquid crystal compound in planar alignment. In still another embodiment of the invention, a slow axis of the negative A plate is substantially perpendicular to an absorption axis of the first polarizer. In still another embodiment of the invention, the negative A plate has Re[590] of 50 nm to 200 nm. In still another embodiment of the invention, the negative A plate includes a stretched film of a polymer film containing as a main component a cycloolefin-based resin or a polycarbonate-based resin. Alternatively, the negative A plate includes a solidified layer or a cured layer of a liquid crystal composition containing a discotic liquid crystal compound in substantially vertical alignment. Alternatively, the negative A plate includes a solidified layer or a cured layer of a liquid crystal composition containing a lyotropic liquid crystal compound in homogeneous alignment. In still another embodiment of the invention, the isotropic optical element includes a polymer film containing as a main component at least one resin selected from the group consisting of an acrylic resin, a cellulose-based resin, and a cycloolefin-based resin. In still another embodiment of the invention, the isotropic optical element includes a polymer film containing as a main component a resin composition containing a thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value and a thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence value. According to another aspect of the invention, a liquid crystal television is provided. The liquid crystal television includes the above-described liquid crystal panel. According to still another aspect of the invention, a liquid crystal display apparatus is provided. The liquid crystal display apparatus includes the above-described liquid crystal panel. Effects of the Invention The liquid crystal panel of the present invention can eliminate adverse effects on display properties due to the retardation value of the liquid crystal cell by (1) arranging an isotropic optical element between the liquid crystal cell and a second polarizer arranged on one side of the liquid crystal cell. Further, light leak in an oblique direction due to the retardation values of the polarizers or the structural members arranged between the polarizers and the liquid crystal cell can be reduced by (2) using a negative C plate between the liquid crystal cell and a first polarizer arranged on another side of the liquidcrystal cell, in addition to the negative A plate, and arranging the negative C plate between the first polarizer and the negative A plate. The liquid crystal panel of the present invention includes the components described in (1) and (2) in combination, to thereby provide a synergetic effect. As a result, light leak in an oblique direction in black display can be drastically reduced, and a liquid crystal panel (a liquid crystal display apparatus) having a significantly higher contrast ratio in an oblique direction than a contrast ratio (about 10) in an oblique direction of a conventional liquid crystal panel (a liquid crystal display apparatus) and a small color shift in an oblique direction can be provided. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [FIG. 1] A schematic sectional view of a liquid crystal panel according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. [FIG. 2] A schematic perspective view of a liquid crystal panel of each of FIG. 1 and Examples 1 to 6. [FIG. 3] A schematic diagram showing a concept of a typical production process for a polarizer to be used in the present invention. [FIG. 4] (a) is a schematic diagram explaining a calamitic liquid crystal compound in planar alignment, and (b) is a schematic diagram explaining a discotic liquid crystal compound in columnar alignment. [FIG. 5] A schematic diagram showing a concept of a typical production process for a retardation film to be used for a negative A plate in the present invention. [FIG. 6] A schematic diagram showing a discotic liquid crystal compound in substantially vertical alignment. [FIG. 7] A schematic perspective view of a liquid crystal display apparatus according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. [FIG. 8] A schematic perspective view of a liquid crystal panel of Comparative Example 1. [FIG. 9] A schematic perspective view of a liquid crystal panel of Comparative Example 2. [FIG. 10] A schematic perspective view of a liquid crystal panel of Comparative Example 3. [FIG. 11] A schematic perspective view of a liquid crystal panel of Comparative Example 4. DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE NUMERALS 100 Liquid crystal panel 10 Liquid crystal cell 11, 12 Substrate 13 Liquid crystal layer 21 First polarizer 22 Second polarizer 30, 31 Negative C plate 40 Negative A plate 50 Isotropic optical element 60, 60′ Protective layer 70, 70′ Surface treated layer 80 Brightness enhancement film 100 Liquid crystal panel of the present invention 101 Liquid crystal panel of Comparative Example 1 102 Liquid crystal panel of Comparative Example 2 103 Liquid crystal panel of Comparative Example 3 104 Liquid crystal panel of Comparative Example 4 110 Prism sheet 120 Light guide plate 130 Backlight 200 Liquid crystal display apparatus 300 Feed roller 301 Polymer film 310 Aqueous iodine solution bath 311, 312, 321, 322 Roll 320 Bath of aqueous solution containing boric acid and potassium iodide 330 Bath of aqueous solution containing potassium iodide 340 Drying means 350 Polarizer 360 Take-up part 501 First delivery part 502 Polymer film 503 Second delivery part 504, 506 Shrinkable film 505 Third delivery part 507, 508 Laminate roll 509 Temperature control means 510, 511, 512, 513 Roll 516 Second take-up part BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION <A. Overview of Entire Liquid Crystal Panel> FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of a liquid crystal panel according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view of the liquid crystal panel. Note that ratios among length, width, and thickness of each member in FIGS. 1 and 2 are different from those of an actual member for clarity. A liquid crystal panel 100 is provided with: a liquid crystal cell 10; a first polarizer 21 arranged on one side of the liquid crystal cell 10; a second polarizer 22 arranged on another side of the liquid crystal cell 10; a negative C plate 30 and a negative A plate 40 both arranged between the liquid crystal cell 10 and the first polarizer 21; and an isotropic optical element 50 arranged between the liquid crystal cell 10 and the second polarizer 22. The negative C plate 30 is arranged between the first polarizer 21 and the negative A plate 40. The first polarizer 21 and the second polarizer 22 are preferably arranged such that respective absorption axes are substantially perpendicular to each other. As described above, specific optical elements are used in specific positional relationships to exhibit functions of respective optical elements as a synergetic effect. As a result, light leak in an oblique direction in black display can be drastically reduced, and a liquid crystal panel (liquid crystal apparatus) having significantly excellent display properties compared with those of a conventional liquid crystal panel can be obtained. Note that the example in the figures show a case where the first polarizer 21, the negative C plate 30, and the negative A plate 40 are arranged on a viewer side of the liquid crystal cell 10, but those may be arranged on a backlight side of the liquid crystal cell 10. For practical use, any appropriate protective layers (not shown) may be arranged on outer sides of the first polarizer 21 and the second polarizer 22. The liquid crystal panel of the present invention is not limited to the example in the figures, and any structural member such as any film or any adhesive layer (preferably having isotropic optical property) may be arranged between the structural members. Hereinafter, the structural members of the liquid crystal panel of the present invention are described in more detail. <B. Liquid Crystal Cell> Referring to FIG. 1, the liquid crystal cell 10 used in the liquid crystal panel of the present invention is provided with: a pair of substrates 11 and 12; and a liquid crystal layer 13 as a display medium held between the substrates 11 and 12. One substrate (active matrix substrate) 12 is provided with: a switching element (typically TFT, not shown) for controlling electrooptic properties of liquid crystals; a scanning line (not shown) for providing a gate signal to the switching element and a signal line (not shown) for providing a source signal thereto; and a pixel electrode and a counter electrode (both not shown). The other substrate (color filter substrate) 11 is provided with color filters and black matrix (either not shown). The color filters may be provided in the active matrix substrate 12 as well. A distance (cell gap) between the substrates 11 and 12 is controlled by a spacer (not shown). An alignment film (not shown) formed of, for example, polyimide is provided on a side of each of the substrates 11 and 12 in contact with the liquid crystal layer 13. The liquid crystal layer 13 preferably contains homogeneously aligned nematic liquid crystals in the absence of an electric field. The liquid crystal layer (eventually, the liquid crystal cell) generally exhibits a refractive index profile of nx>ny=nz (where, nx,l ny, and nz respectively represent refractive indices in the slow axis direction, fast axis direction, and thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer). In the specification of the present invention, ny=nz includes not only a case where ny and nz are exactly equal, but also a case where ny and nz are substantially equal. Typical examples of drive mode using the liquid crystal layer exhibiting such refractive index profile include: in-plane switching (IPS) mode; and fringe field switching (FFS) mode. In the IPS mode, homogeneously aligned nematic liquid crystals in the absence of an electric field respond in an electric field parallel to substrates (also referred to as a horizontal electric field) generated between a counter electrode and a pixel electrode each formed of metal, for example, by utilizing an electrically controlled birefringence (ECB) effect. To be specific, as described in “Monthly Display July” (p. 83 to p. 88, published by Techno Times Co., Ltd., 1997) or “Ekisho vol. 2, No. 4” (p. 303 to p. 316, published by Japanese Liquid Crystal Society, 1998), normally black mode provides completely black display in the absence of an electric field by: adjusting a longitudinal axis of the liquid crystal molecules without application of an electric field, in a direction of an absorption axis of a polarizing plate from which light enters; and arranging polarizing plates above and below the liquid crystal cell to be perpendicular to each other. Under application of an electric field, liquid crystal molecules rotate while remaining parallel to substrates, to thereby obtain a transmittance in accordance with a rotation angle. The IPS mode includes super in-plane switching (S-IPS) mode and advanced super in-plane switching (AS-IPS) mode each employing a zigzag electrode. Examples of a commercially available liquid crystal display apparatus of IPS mode include: 20-inch wide liquid crystal television “Wooo” (trade-name, manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd.); 19-inch liquid crystal display “ProLite E481S-1” (trade name, manufactured by Iiyama Corporation);and 17-inch TFT liquid crystal display “FlexScanL565” (trade name, manufactured by Eizo Nanao Corporation). In the FFS mode, homogeneously aligned nematic liquid crystals in the absence of an electric field respond in an electric field parallel to substrates (also referred to as a horizontal electric field) generated between a counter electrode and a pixel electrode each formed of transparent conductor, for example, by utilizing an electrically controlled birefringence (ECB) effect. The horizontal electric field in the FFS mode is also referred to as a fringe electric field, which can be generated by setting a distance between the counter electrode and the pixel electrode each formed of transparent conductor narrower than a cell gap. To be specific, as described in “Society for Information Display (SID) 2001 Digest” (p. 484 to p. 487) or JP 2002-031812 A, normally black mode provides completely black display in the absence of an electric field by: adjusting a longitudinal axis of the liquid crystal molecules without application of an electric field, in a direction of an absorption axis of a polarizing plate from which light enters; and arranging polarizing plates above and below the liquid crystal cell to be perpendicular to each other. Under application of an electric field, liquid crystal molecules rotate while remaining parallel to substrates, to thereby obtain a transmittance in accordance with a rotation angle. The FFS mode includes advanced fringe field switching (A-FFS) mode and ultra fringe field switching (U-FFS) mode each employing a zigzag electrode. An example of a commercially available liquid crystal display apparatus of FFS mode includes Tablet PC “M1400” (trade name, manufactured by Motion Computing, Inc.). The homogeneously aligned nematic liquid crystals are those obtained as a result of interaction between substrates subjected to alignment treatment and nematic liquid crystals, in which alignment vectors of the nematic liquid crystal molecules are parallel to a substrate plane and uniformly aligned. In the specification of the present invention, homogenous alignment includes a case where the alignment vectors are slightly inclined with respect to the substrate plane, that is, a case where the liquid crystal molecules are pretilted. In a case where the liquid crystal molecules are pretilted, a pretilt angle is preferably 10° or less for maintaining a large contrast ratio and obtaining favorable display properties. Any appropriate nematic liquid crystals may be employed as the nematic liquid crystals depending on the purpose. For example, the nematic liquid crystals may have positive dielectric anisotropy or negative dieleectric anisotropy. A specific example of the nematic liquid crystals having positive dielectric anisotropy includes “ZLI-4535” (trade name, available from Merck Ltd., Japan). A specific example of the nematic liquid crystals having negative dielectric anisotropy includes “ZLI-2806” (trade name, available from Merck Ltd., Japan). A difference between an ordinary index (no) and an extraordinary index (ne), that is, a birefringence (ΔnLC) can be appropriately selected in accordance with the response speed, transmittance, and the like of the liquid crystals. However, the birefringence is preferably 0.05 to 0.30, in general. Any appropriate cell gap may be employed as the cell gap (distance between substrates) of the liquid crystal cell depending on the purpose. However, the cell gap is preferably 1.0 μm to 7.0 μm. A cell gap within the above range can reduce response time and provide favorable display properties. <C. Polarizer> In the specification of the present invention, the term “polarizer” refers to a film capable of converting natural light or polarized light into appropriate polarized light. Any appropriate polarizer may be employed as a polarizer used in the present invention. For example, a polarizer capable of converting natural light or polarized light into linearly polarized light is used. Preferably, assuming that incident light is divided into two perpendicular polarized light components, the polarizer has a function of allowing one polarized light component to pass therethrough and at least one function of absorbing, reflecting, and scattering another polarizer light component. The polarizer may have any appropriate thickness. The thickness of the polarizer is typically 5 to 80 μm, preferably 10 to 50 μm, and more preferably 20 to 40 μm. A thickness of the polarizer within the above ranges can provide excellent optical properties and mechanical strength. <C-1. Optical Properties of Polarizer> A light transmittance (also referred to as single axis transmittance) of the polarizer is preferably 41% or more, and more preferably 43% or more measured by using light of a wavelength of 440 nm at 23° C. A theoretical upper limit of the single axis transmittance is 50%. A degree of polarization is preferably 99.8% or more, and more preferably 99.9% or more. A theoretical upper limit of the degree of polarization is 100%. A single axis transmittance and a degree of polarization within the above ranges can further increase a contrast ratio in a normal line direction of a liquid crystal display apparatus employing the polarizer. The single axis transmittance and the degree of polarization can be determined by using a spectrophotometer “DOT-3” (trade name, manufactured by Murakami Color Research Laboratory). The degree of polarization can be determined by: measuring a parallel light transmittance (H0) and a perpendicular light transmittance (H90) of the polarizer; and using the following equation. Degree of polarization (%)={(H0−H90)/(H0+H90)}1/2×100. The parallel light transmittance (H0) refers to a transmittance of a parallel laminate polarizer produced by piling two identical polarizers such that respective absorption axes are parallel to each other. The perpendicular light transmittance (H90) refers to a transmittance of a perpendicular laminate polarizer produced by piling two identical polarizers such that respective absorption axes are perpendicular to each other. The light transmittance refers to a Y value obtained through color correction by a two-degree field of view (C source) in accordance with JIS Z8701-1982. <C-2. Means for Arranging Polarizers> Referring to FIG. 2, any appropriate method may be employed as a method of arranging the first polarizer 21 and the second polarizer 22 in accordance with the purpose. Preferably, the first polarizer 21 is provided with an adhesive layer (not shown) on a surface facing the liquid crystal cell 10 and is attached to a surface of the negative C plate 30. Preferably, the second polarizer 22 is provided with an adhesive layer (not shown) on a surface facing the liquidcrystal cell 10 and is attached to a surface of the isotropic optical element 50. In this way, a liquid crystal display apparatus employing the first polarizer 21 and the second polarizer 22 may have a high contrast ratio. In the specification of the present invention, the term “adhesive layer” is not particularly limited as long as it is capable of bonding surfaces of adjacent optical elements or polarizers and integrating the adjacent optical elements or polarizers with adhesive strength and adhesive time causing no adverse effects in practical use. Specific examples of the adhesive layer include a glue layer and an anchor coat layer. The adhesive layer may have a multilayer structure in which an anchor coat layer is formed on a surface of an adherend and an adhesive layer is formed thereon. The first polarizer 21 is preferably arranged such that its absorption axis is substantially perpendicular to an absorption axis of the opposing second polarizer 22. In the specification of the present invention, the phrase “substantially perpendicular” includes a case where the absorption axis of the first polarizer 21 and the absorption axis of the second polarizer 22 form an angle of 90°±2.0°, preferably 90°±1.0°, and more preferably 90°±0.5°. An angle greatly departing from the above ranges tends to cause reduction in a contrast ratio in a frontal or oblique direction of a liquid crystal display apparatus employing the first polarizer 21 and the second polarizer 22. A thickness of the adhesive layer may be appropriately determined in accordance with intended use, adhesive strength, and the like. The adhesive layer has a thickness of preferably 0.1 to 50 μm, more preferably 0.5 to 40 μm, and most preferably 1 to 30 μm. The thickness within the above range does not cause floating or peeling of the adhered optical element or polarizer, and can provide adhesive strength and adhesive time causing no adverse effects in practical use. As a material forming the adhesive layer, any appropriate adhesive or anchor coat agent may be employed in accordance with the type of the adherent or the purpose. Specific examples of the adhesive, classified in accordance with form, include a solvent adhesive, an emulsion adhesive, a pressure sensitive adhesive, a resoluble adhesive, a condensation polymerization adhesive, a solventless adhesive, a film adhesive and a hot-melt adhesive. Specific examples of the adhesive, classified in accordance with chemical structure, include a synthetic resin adhesive, a rubber-based adhesive and natural adhesive. In the present specification, the term “adhesive” also includes a viscoelastic substance exhibiting detective adhesive strength at ordinary temperature by applying pressure. When a polymer film containing as a main component a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin is used as a polarizer, a material for forming the adhesive layer is preferably a water-soluble adhesive. More preferably, the water-soluble adhesive contains a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin as a main component. A specific example of the water-soluble adhesive includes “GOHSEFIMER Z 200” (trade name, available from Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) which is an adhesive containing as a main component modified polyvinyl alcohol having an acetoacetyl group. The water-soluble adhesive may further contain a crosslinking agent. Examples of the crosslinking agent include an amine compound (for example, trade name “Methaxylenediamine” available from Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc.), an aldehyde compound (for example, trade name “Glyoxal” available from Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), a methylol compound (for example, trade name “Watersol” available from Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Incorporated), an epoxy compound, an isocyanate compound and polyvalent metal salt. <C-3. Optical Film Used for Polarizer> An optical film used for the polarize is not specifically limited. Examples of the optical film include: a stretched film of a polymer film containing as a main component a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin, which contains a dichromatic substance; an O-type polarizer prepared by aligning in a specific direction a liquid crystal composition containing a dichromatic substance and a liquid crystal compound (as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,523,863); and an E-type polarizer prepared by aligning lyotropic liquid crystals in a specific direction (as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,049,428). The polarizer is preferably formed of a stretched film of a polymer film containing as a main component a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin, which contains a dichromatic substance. Such film exhibits a high degree of polarization and therefore provides a liquid crystal display apparatus having a high contrast ratio in a normal line direction. The polymer film containing as a main component a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin is produced for example through a method described in [Example 1] of JP 2000-315144 A. The polyvinyl alcohol-based resin may be prepared by: polymerizing a vinyl ester-based monomer to obtain a vinyl ester-based polymer; and saponifying the vinyl ester-based polymer to convert vinyl ester units into vinyl alcohol units. Examples of the vinyl ester-basedmonomer include vinyl formate, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl valerate, vinyl laurate, vinyl stearate, vinyl benzoate, vinyl pivalate, and vinyl versatate. Of those, vinyl acetate is preferred. The polyvinyl alcohol-based resin may have any appropriate average degree of polymerization. The average degree of polymerization is preferably 1,200 to 3,600, more preferably 1,600 to 3,200, and most preferably 1,800 to 3,000. The average degree of polymerization of the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin can be determined through a method in accordance with JIS K6726-1994. A degree of saponification of the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin is preferably 90.0 mol % to 99.9 mol %, more preferably 95.0 mol % to 99.9 mol %, and most preferably 98.0 mol % to 99.9 mol % from the viewpoint of durability of the polarizer. The degree of saponification refers to a ratio of units actually saponified into vinyl ester units to units which may be converted into vinyl ester units through saponification. The degree of saponification of the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin may be determined in accordance with JIS K6726-1994. The polymer film containing as a main component a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin to be used in the present invention may preferably contain polyvalent alcohol as a plasticizer. Examples of the polyvalent alcohol include ethylene glycol, glycerin, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, and trimethylolpropane. The polyvalent alcohol may be used independently or in combination. In the present invention, ethylene glycol or glycerin is preferably used from the viewpoints of stretch ability, transparency, thermal stability, and the like. A use amount of the polyvalent alcohol in the present invention is preferably 1 to 30 parts by weight, more preferably 3 to 25 parts by weight, and most preferably 5 to 20 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of a total solid content in the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin. A use amount of the polyvalent alcohol within the above ranges can further enhance coloring property or stretch ability. The polymer film containing as a main component a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin may further contain surfactant. The use of surfactant can further enhance coloring property, stretch ability or the like. Any appropriate type of surfactant may be employed as the surfactant. Specific examples of the surfactant include anionic surfactant, cationic surfactant and nonionic surfactant. Nonionic surfactant is preferably used in the present invention. Specific examples of the nonionic surfactant include lauric diethanolamide, coconut oil fatty acid diethanolamide, coconut oil fatty acid monoethanolamide, lauric monoisopropanolamide, and oleic monoisopropanolamide. However, the surfactant is not limited thereto. In the present invention, lauric diethanolamide is preferably used. A use amount of the surfactant is preferably more than 0 and 5 parts by weight or less, more preferably more than 0 and 3 parts by weight or less, and most preferably more than 0 and 1 part by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin. A use amount of the surfactant within the above ranges can further enhance coloring property or stretch ability. Any appropriate dichromatic substance may be employed as the dichromatic substance. Specific examples thereof include iodine and a dichromaticdye. In the specification of the present invention, the term “dichromatic” refers to optical anisotropy in which light absorption differs in two directions of an optical axis direction and a direction perpendicular thereto. Examples of the dichromatic dye include Red BR, Red LR, Red R, Pink LB, Rubin BL, Bordeaux GS, Sky Blue LG, Lemon Yellow, Blue BR, Blue 2R, Navy RY, Green LG, Violet LB, Violet B, Black H, Black B, Black GSP, Yellow 3G, Yellow R, Orange LR, Orange 3R, Scarlet GL, Scarlet KGL, Congo Red, Brilliant Violet BK, Supra Blue G, Supra Blue GL, Supra Orange GL, Direct Sky Blue, Direct Fast Orange S, and Fast Black. An example of a method of producing a polarizer will be described by referring to FIG. 3. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a concept of a typical production process of a polarizer used in the present invention. For example, a polymer film 301 containing as a main component a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin is fed from a feed roller 300, immersed in an aqueous iodine solution bath 310, and subjected to swelling and coloring treatment under tension in a longitudinal direction of the film by rollers 311 and 312 at different speed ratios. Next, the film is immersed in a bath 320 of an aqueous solution containing boric acid and potassium iodide, and subjected to crosslinking treatment under tension in a longitudinal direction of the film by rollers 321 and 322 at different speed ratios. The film subjected to crosslinking treatment is immersed in a bath 330 of an aqueous solution containing potassium iodide by rollers 331 and 332, and subjected to water washing treatment. The film subjected to water washing treatment is dried by drying means 340 to adjust its moisture content, and taken up ina take-up part 360. The polymer film containing as a main component a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin may be stretched to a 5 to 7 times length of the original length through the above process, to thereby provide a polarizer 350. The polarizer may have any appropriate moisture content. More specifically, the moisture content is preferably 5% to 40%, more preferably 10% to 30%, and most preferably 20% to 30%. <D. Negative C Plate> In the specification of the present invention, the term “negative C plate” refers to a negative uniaxial optical element satisfying a refractive index profile of nx=ny>nz in which nx (slow axis direction) and ny (fast axis direction) represent in-plane main refractive indices and nz represents a refractive index in a thickness direction. Ideally, the negative uniaxial optical element satisfying a refractive index profile of nx=ny>nz has an optical axis in a normal line direction. In the specification of the present invention, nx=ny not only refers to a case where nx and ny are completely equal but also includes a case where nx and ny are substantially equal. The phrase “case where nx and ny are substantially equal” includes a case where an in-plane retardation value (Re[590]) determined by using light of a wavelength of 590 nm at 23° C. is 10 nm or less, for example. Note that Re[590] of an optical element is described below. The negative C plate is used in combination with the negative A plate described below and is used for reducing light leak in an oblique direction in black display of a liquid crystal panel (liquid crystal display apparatus) caused by the retardation values of the polarizers or the structural members arranged between the polarizers and the liquid crystal cell. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the negative C plate 30 is arranged between the first polarizer2l and the negativeAplate 40. According to this embodiment, the negative C plate 30 also serves as a protective layer of a liquid crystal side of the first polarizer 21 such that a display screen may maintain uniformity for a long period of time even in the case where the polarizer is used in a liquid crystal display apparatus in a high temperature and high humidity environment, for example. <D-1. Optical Properties of Negative C Plate> In the specification of the present invention, Re[590] refers to an in-plane retardation value determined by using light of a wavelength of 590 nm at 23° C. Re[590] can be determined from an equation Re[590]=(nx−ny)×d (where, nx and ny respectively represent refractive indices of an optical element (or retardation film) in a slow axis direction and a fast axis direction at a wavelength of 590 nm, and d (nm) represents a thickness of the optical element (or retardation film)). Note that, the slow axis refers to a direction providing a maximum in-plane refractive index. The negative C plate to be used in the present invention has Re[590] of 10 nm or less, preferably 5 nm or less, and most preferably 3 nm or less. Note that a theoretical lower limit of Re[590] of the negative C plate is 0 nm. In the specification of the present invention, Rth[590] refers to a thickness direction retardation value determined by using light of a wavelength of 590 nm at 23° C. Rth[590] can be determined from an equation Rth[590]=(nx−nz)×d (where, nx and nz respectively represent refractive indices of an optical element (or retardation film) in a slow axis direction and a thickness direction at a wavelength of 590 nm, and d (nm) represents a thickness of the optical element (or retardation film)). Note that, the slow axis refers to a direction providing a maximum in-plane refractive index. The negative C plate to be used in the present invention has Rth[590] of 20 nm or more, preferably 30 nm to 200 nm, more preferably 30 nm to 180 nm, particularly preferably 35 nm to 150 nm, and most preferably 40 nm to 130 nm. The negative C plate having Rth[590] within the above ranges provides a synergetic effect of exhibiting the functions of the respective optical elements, and allows increase in a contrast ratio in an oblique direction and reduction in a color shift in an oblique direction of a liquid crystal display apparatus. In addition, Rth[590] of the negative C plate is adjusted such that a difference (ΔR=Re[590]−Rth[590]) between Re[590] of the negative A plate described below in the section E-4 and Rth[590] of the negative C plate falls within a range of preferably ±0 nm to ±170 nm. Rth[590] of the negative C plate is adjusted such that ΔR falls within a range of more preferably +10 nm to +160 nm, particularly preferably +30 nm to +145 nm, and most preferably +40 nm to +130 nm. Re[590] and Rth[590] may be determined by using “KOBRA-21ADH” (trade name, manufactured by Oji Scientific Instruments). Refractive indices nx, ny, and nz can be determined by: using an in-plane retardation value (Re) determined at a wavelength of 590 nm at −23° C., a retardation value (R40) determined by inclining a slow axis by 40° as a tilt angle, a thickness (d) of a retardation film, and an average refractive index (n0) of the retardation film; and using the following equations (i) to (iii) for computational numerical calculation. Then, Rth can be calculated from the following equation (iv). Here, Φ and ny′ are represented by the following respective equations (v) and (vi). Re=(nx−ny)×d (i) R40=(nx−ny′)×d/cos(Φ) (ii) (nx+ny+nz)/3=n0 (iii) Rth=(nx−nz)×d (iv) Φ=sin−1[sin(40°)/n0] (v) ny′=ny×nz[ny2×sin2(Φ)+nz2×cos2(Φ)]1/2 (vi) <D-2. Means for Arranging Negative C Plate> Referring to FIG. 2, any appropriate method may be employed as a method of arranging the negative C plate 30 in accordance with the purpose. Preferably, the negative C plate 30 is provided with an adhesive layer (not shown) on each side, to be attached to the first polarizer 21 and the negative A plate 40. In this way, gaps among the optical elements are filled with the adhesive layers, thereby being capable of preventing shift in relationships among optical axes of the respective optical elements, and of preventing damages on the optical elements due to abrasion of the respective optical elements upon incorporating into the liquid crystal display apparatus. Further, adverse effects of reflection or refraction that generates on the interface among the layers of the optical element can be reduced, to thereby allow increase in contrast ratios in frontal or oblique directions of a liquid crystal display apparatus. A thickness of the adhesive layer may appropriately be determined in accordance with the intended use, adhesive strength, and the like. The thickness of the adhesive layer is preferably 0.1 μm to 50 μm, more preferably 0.5 μm to 40 μm, and most preferably 1 μm to 30 μm. A thickness of the adhesive layer within the above ranges prevents floating or peeling of optical elements or polarizers to be bonded and may provide adhesive strength and adhesive time causing no adverse effects in practical use. Any appropriate material may be selected as a material used for forming the adhesive layer from the materials described in the above section B-2, for example. Preferred materials each used for forming an appropriate adhesive layer for laminating optical elements are a pressure-sensitive adhesive (also referred to as an acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive) containing an acrylic polymer as a base polymer and an isocyanate-based adhesive from viewpoints of excellent optical transparency, appropriate wetness and adhesiveness, and excellent weather ability and heat resistance. A specific example of the acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive is Non Support Double-faced Tape (trade name, “SK-2057”, available from Soken Chemical & Engineering Co., Ltd.). A specific example of the isocyanate-based adhesive is “Takenate 631” (trade name, available from Mitsui Takeda Chemicals, Inc.). In the case where nx and ny are completely equal, the negative C plate 30 has no in-plane retardation value and a slow axis is not detected. Thus, the negative C plate may be arranged independently of an absorption axis of the first polarizer 21 and a slow axis of the negativeA plate 40. In the case where nx and ny are substantially equal but slightly different, the slow axis may be detected. In this case, the negative C plate 30 is preferably arranged such that its slow axis is substantially parallel or substantially perpendicular to the absorption axis of the first polarizer 21. In the specification of the present invention, the phrase “substantially parallel” includes a case where an angle formed between the slow axis of the negative C plate 30 and the absorption axis of the first polarizer 21 is 0°±2.0°, preferably 0°±1.0°, and more preferably 0°±0.5°. The phrase “substantially perpendicular” includes a case where an angle formed between the slow axis of the negative C plate 30 and the absorption axis of the first polarizer 21 is 90°±2.0°, preferably 90°±1.0°, and more preferably 90°±0.5°. An angle greatly departing from the above ranges tends to provide a liquid crystal display apparatus having reduced contrast ratios in frontal and oblique directions. <D-3. Structure of Negative C Plate> A structure (laminate structure) of the negative C plate is not particularly limited as long as the optical properties as described in the above section D-1 are satisfied. To be specific, the negative C plate may be a single retardation film, or a laminate of two or more retardation films. The negative C plate is preferably a single retardation film for reducing shift or unevenness in retardation values due to shrinkage stress of the polarizer or heat of backlight and which may reduce the thickness of a liquid crystal panel. The negative C plate as a laminate may include an adhesive layer (such as a glue layer or an anchor coat layer). In a case where the negative C plate as a laminate includes two or more retardation films, the retardation films may be identical to or different from each other. Details of the retardation film will be described below in D-4. Rth[590] of the retardation film to be used for the negative C plate may appropriately be selected in accordance with the number of the retardation films to be used. In the case where the negative C plate is formed of a single retardation film, for example, Rth[590] of the retardation film is preferably equal to Rth[590] of the negative C plate. Thus, retardation values of adhesive layers to be used for laminating the negative C plate to the first polarizer and the negative A plate are preferably as small as possible. Further, in the case where the negative C plate is a laminate including two or more retardation films, for example, the laminate is preferably designed such that total Rth[590] of the retardation films is equal to Rth[590] of the negative C plate. To be specific, for production of a negative C plate having Rth[590] of 100 nm by laminating two retardation films, the retardation films may each have Rth[590] of 50 nm. Alternatively, one retardation film may have Rth[590] of 30 nm, and the other retardation film may have Rth[590] of 70 nm. Alternatively, one retardation film may have Rth[590] of −10 nm, and the other retardation film may have Rth[590] of 110 nm. In lamination of two retardation films, the retardation films are preferably arranged such that the respective slow axes are perpendicular to each other, to thereby reduce Re[590]. Note that the negative C plate formed of two or less retardation films was described for clarification, but the present invention may obviously be applied to a laminate including three or more retardation films. A total thickness of the negative C plate varies depending on the structure and is preferably 0.1 μm to 200 μm, more preferably 0.5 μm to 150 μm, and most preferably 1 μm to 100 μm. A thickness within the above ranges can provide an optical element with excellent optical uniformity. <D-4. Retardation Film to be Used for Negative C Plate> A retardation film to be used for the negative C plate is not particularly limited. However, the retardation film to be preferably used has excellent transparency, mechanical strength, heat stability, water barrier property, and the like, and causes no optical unevenness due to distortion. An absolute value of photoelastic coefficient (C[590] (m2/N)) of the retardation film is preferably 1×10−12 to 200×10−12, more preferably 1×10−12 to 50×10−12, and most preferably 1×10−12 to 30×10−12. A smaller absolute value of photoelastic cbefficient reduces shift or unevenness in retardation values due to shrinkage stress of the polarizers or heat of backlight of a liquid crystal display apparatus incorporating the retardation film, to thereby provide a liquid crystal display apparatus having excellent display uniformity. The retardation film has a light transmittance of preferably 80% or more, more preferably 85% or more, and particularly preferably 90% or more measured by using light of a wavelength of 590 nm at 23° C. The negative C plate preferably has a similar light transmittance. Note that a theoretical upper limit of the light transmittance is 100%. <D-4-1. Retardation Film (I) to be Used for Negative C Plate> The negative C plate to be used in the present invention preferably includes a polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin. The thermoplastic resin is more preferably a non-crystalline polymer. The non-crystalline polymer has an advantage of excellent transparency. The polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin may or may not be stretched. A thickness of the polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin may appropriately be selected in accordance with the retardation values to be designed, the type of thermoplastic resin to be used, and the like. The thickness thereof is preferably 20 μm to 120 μm, and more preferably 30 μm to 100 μm. A thickness within the above ranges may provide a retardation film having excellent mechanical strength and optical uniformity and satisfying the optical properties described in the above section D-1. Examples of the thermoplastic resin include: general purpose plastics such as a polyolefin resin, a cycloolefin-based resin, a polyvinyl chloride-based rein, a cellulose-based resin, a styrene-based resin, an acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene-based resin, an acrylonitrile/styrene-based resin, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, and a polyvinylidene chloride-based resin; general purpose engineering plastics such as a polyamide-based resin, a polyacetal-based resin, a polycarbonate-based resin, a modified polyphenylene ether-based resin, a polybutylene terephthalate-based resin, and a polyethylene terephthalate-based resin; and super engineering plastics such as a polyphenylene sulfide-based resin, a polysulfone-based resin, a polyether sulfone-based resin, a polyether ether ketone-based resin, a polyallylate-based resin, a liquid crystalline resin, a polyamideimide-based resin, a polyimide-based resin, and a polytetrafluoroethylene-based resin. The thermoplastic resin may be used alone or in combination. Further, the thermoplastic resin may be used after optionally undertaking appropriate polymer modification. Examples of the polymer modification include copolymerization, crosslinking, molecular-terminal modification, and stereo regularity modification. The negative C plate preferably includes a polymer film containing as a main component at least one thermoplastic resin selected from a cellulose-based resin, apolyamideimide-based resin, a polyether ether ketone-based resin, and a polyimide-based resin. In the case where such thermoplastic resin is formed into a sheet through a solvent casting method, for example, molecules align spontaneously during evaporation of a solvent. Thus, a retardation film satisfying a refractive index profile of nx=ny>nz can be obtained without requiring special fabrication such as stretching treatment. The polymer film containing as a main component a cellulose-based resin may be obtained through a method described in JP-A-2001-188128, for example. The polymer film containing as a main component a polyamideimide-based resin, a polyether ether ketone-based resin, or a polyimide-based resin may be obtained through a method described in JP-A-2003-287750. The thermoplastic resin has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of preferably 25,000 to 400,000, more preferably 30,000 to 200,000, and particularly preferably 40,000 to 100,000 determined through gel permeation chromatography (GPC) by using a tetrahydrofuran solvent. A weight average molecular weight of a thermoplastic resin within the above ranges can provide a polymer film having excellent mechanical strength, solubility, forming property, and casting workability. Any appropriate forming method may be employed as a method of obtaining the polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin. Specific examples of the forming method include compression molding, transfer molding, injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, powder molding, FRP molding, solvent casting, and the like. Of those, solvent casting is preferred because a highly smooth retardation film having favorable optical uniformity can be obtained. To be specific, the solvent casting involves: defoaming a rich solution (dope) prepared by dissolving in a solvent a resin composition containing a thermoplastic resin as a main component, a plasticizer, an additive, and the like; uniformly casting the defoamed solution into a sheet on a surface of an endless stainless steel belt or rotating drum; and evaporating the solvent to produce a film. The conditions to be employed in formation of the polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin may appropriately be selected in accordance with the composition or type of the resin, a forming method, and the like. In a solvent casting method, examples of a solvent to be used include cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and tetrahydrofuran. A method of drying the solvent preferably involves: using an air-circulating drying oven or the like; and drying while gradually increasing a temperature from a low temperature to a high temperature. A temperature range for drying of the solvent is preferably 50° C. to 250° C., and more preferably 80° C. to 150° C. The above-mentioned conditions are selected, to thereby provide a retardation film having small Re[590] and excellent smoothness and optical uniformity. Note that Rth[590] may appropriately be adjusted by selecting the composition or type of the resin, drying conditions, a thickness of the film after formation, and the like. The polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin may further contain any appropriate additive. Specific examples of the additive include a plasticizer, a thermal stabilizer, a light stabilizer, a lubricant, an antioxidant, a UV absorber, a flame retardant, a colorant, an antistatic agent, a compatibilizing agent, a crosslinking agent, and a thickener. The type and amount of the additive to be used may be appropriately set depending on the purpose. For example, a use amount of the additive is preferably more than 0 and 20 parts by weight or less, more preferably more than 0 and 10 parts by weight or less, and most preferably more than 0 and 5 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the thermoplastic resin. A stretched film of a polymer film containing a thermoplastic resin as a main component may be preferably used for the negative C plate. In the specification of the present invention, the term “stretched film” refers to a plastic film having enhanced alignment of molecules in a specific direction obtained by: applying tension to an unstretched film at an appropriate temperature; or applying additional tension to a film stretched in advance. Any appropriate stretching method may be employed as a method of stretching a polymer film containing a thermoplastic resin as a main component. Specific examples of the stretching method include: a longitudinal uniaxial stretching method; a transverse uniaxial stretching method; a longitudinal and transverse simultaneous biaxial stretching method; and a longitudinal and transverse sequential biaxial stretching method. Any appropriate stretching machine such as a roll stretching machine, a tenter stretching machine, or a biaxial stretching machine may be used as stretching means. A specific example of the thermoplastic resin to be preferably used for the stretched film is a cycloolefin-based resin. Details of the cycloolefin-based resin are described below in the section E-4-1. In heat-stretching, the temperature may be changed continuously or in steps. The stretching step may be divided into two or more steps, or stretching and shrinking or relaxation may be performed in combination. A stretching direction may be in a longitudinal direction (machine direction (MD) direction) of a film or in a width direction (transverse (TD) direction) of a film. For reduction in in-plane retardation value (Re[590]), the stretched film of a polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin is preferably stretched in two different directions of an MD direction and a TD direction. Re[590] and Rth[590] of the stretched film of a polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin may appropriately be adjusted by selecting the retardation values and thickness of the film before stretching, a stretching ratio, a stretching temperature, and the like. The above-mentioned stretching conditions may provide a retardation film not only satisfying the optical properties described in the above section D-1 but also having excellent optical uniformity. A temperature (also referred to as stretching temperature) inside temperature control means during stretching of the polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin may appropriately be selected in accordance with the intended retardation values, the type or thickness of the polymer film to be used, and the like. The stretching is preferably performed in a range of Tg+1° C. to Tg+30° C. with respect to a glass transition point (Tg) of the polymer film because the retardation values easily even out and the film hardly crystallizes (becomes clouded) within the above-mentioned temperature range. To be more specific, the stretching temperature is preferably 100° C. to 300° C., and more preferably 120° C. to 250° C. The glass transition temperature (Tg) may be determined through a DSC method in accordance with JIS K7121:1987. The stretching ratio during stretching of the polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin may appropriately be selected in accordance with the intended retardation values, the type or thickness of the polymer film to be used, and the like. The stretching ratio is generally more than 1 time and 3 times or less, preferably 1.1 times to 2 times, and more preferably 1.2 times to 1.8 times of the original length. A delivery speed during stretching is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 m/minute to 20 m/minute in consideration of the machine accuracy, stability, and the like of the stretching machine. Re[590] and Rth[590] of the retardation film to be used for the negative C plate may appropriately be adjusted by selecting the retardation values and thickness of the film before stretching, the stretching ratio, the stretching temperature, and the like. The above-mentioned stretching conditions may provide a retardation film not only satisfying the optical properties described in the above section D-1 but also having excellent optical uniformity. In addition to the retardation films described above, a commercially available polymer film as it is may be used as the retardation film to be used for the negative C plate. Further, a commercially available optical film may be subjected to fabrication such as stretching treatment and/or relaxation treatment before use. Specific examples of a commercially available polymer film include: “Fujitac series” (UZ, TD, etc., trade name, available from Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.); “Arton series” (G, F, etc., trade name, available from JSR Corporation); “Zeonex 480” (trade name, available from Zeon Corporation); and “Zeonor” (trade name, available from Zeon Corporation). <D-4-2. Retardation Film (II) to be Used for Negative C Plate> The negative C plate may include a retardation film containing a liquid crystal composition. In the case where the liquid crystal composition is used, the negative C plate preferably includes a solidified layer or cured layer of a liquid crystal composition containing a calamitic liquid crystal compound in planar alignment, or a solidified layer or cured layer of a liquid crystal composition containing a discotic liquid crystal compound in columnar alignment. In the specification of the present invention, the term “planar alignment” refers to a state where a calamitic liquid crystal compound (rod-like liquid crystal molecules) is aligned such that a helical axis of liquid crystals is vertical to both substrate surfaces (see FIG. 4(a), for example). The term “columnar alignment” refers to a state where a discotic liquid crystal compound is aligned so as to stack as a column (see FIG. 4(b), for example). Further, the term “solidified layer” refers to a layer which is prepared by cooling a softened or molten liquid crystal composition or a liquid crystal composition in a solution state into a solidified state. The term “curedlayer” refers toa layer which is prepared by partly or entirely crosslinking the liquid crystal composition by heat, a catalyst, light, and/or radiation into a stable insoluble and non-melted state or a stable hardly soluble and hardly melted state. Note that the cured layer includes a cured layer prepared from a solidified layer of a liquid crystal composition. In the specification of the present invention, the term “liquid crystal composition” refers to a composition having a liquid crystal phase and exhibiting liquid crystallinity. Examples of the liquid crystal phase include a nematic liquid crystal phase, a smectic liquid crystal phase, a cholesteric liquid crystal phase, and a columnar liquid crystal phase. The liquid crystal composition to be used in the present invention employs a liquid crystal composition having an appropriate liquid crystal phase in accordance with the purpose. In the specification of the present invention, the term “liquid crystal compound” refers to a compound having amesogen group (central core) in a molecular structure and forming a liquid crystal phase through temperature change such as heating or cooling or through an action of a solvent in a certain amount. The term “mesogen group” refers to a structural part required for forming a liquid crystal phase-and generally includes a cyclic unit. The term “calamitic liquid crystal compound” as used herein refers to a compound having a rod-like mesogen group in the molecular structure, and having a side chain bonded to the both sides or one side of the mesogen group through an ether bond or ester bond. Examples of the mesogen group include a biphenyl group, a phenylbenzoate group, a phenylcyclohexane group, an azoxybenzene group, an azomethine group, an azobenzene group, a phenylpyrimidine group, a diphenylacetylene group, a diphenylbenzoate group, a bicyclohexane group, a cyclohexylbenzene group, and a terphenyl group. Note that the terminals of each of those ring-units may have a substituent such as a cyano group, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, or a halogen group, for example. Of those, for a mesogen group composed of a ring unit or the like, a mesogen group having a biphenyl group or a phenylbenzoate group is preferably used. In the specification of the present invention, the term “discotic liquid crystal compound” refers to a liquid crystal compound having a disc-like mesogen group in a molecular structure and having 2 to 8 side chains radially bonded to the mesogen group through an ether bond or an ester bond. The mesogen group has a structure described in FIG. 1 in p. 22 of “Ekisho Jiten” (published by Baifukan Co.,Ltd.), for example. Specific examples of the mesogen group include benzene, triphenylene, truxene, pyran, rufigallol, porphyrin, and a metal complex. The calamitic liquid crystal compound and the discotic liquid crystal compound may each include thermotropic liquid crystals exhibiting a liquid crystal phase in accordance with temperature change or lyotropic liquid crystals exhibiting a liquid crystal phase in accordance with a concentration of a solute in a solution. The thermotropic liquid crystals include enantropic liquid crystals in which a phase transition from a crystal phase (or glass state) to a liquid crystal phase is reversible, and monotropic liquid crystals in which a liquid crystal phase develops only during temperature decrease. The thermotropic liquid crystals are preferably used for the retardation film to be used for the negative C plate because of excellent productivity, operability, quality, and the like in film formation. The calamitic liquid crystal compound and the discotic liquid crystal compound may each be a polymer substance (also referred to as polymer liquid crystals) having a mesogen group on a main chain and/or a side chain, or a low molecular weight substance (also referred to as lowmolecular weight liquid crystals) having amesogen group inapart of amolecular structure. Thepolymer liquid crystals in a liquid crystal state may be cooled to fix an alignment state of molecules, and thus have such a feature in that productivity in film formation is high and a formed film has excellent heat resistance, mechanical strength, and chemical resistance. The low molecular weight liquid crystals have excellent alignment property, and thus have such a feature in that a highly transparent film is easily obtained. The calamitic liquid crystal compound and the discotic liquid crystal compound each preferably have at least one polymerizable functional group and/or a crosslinking functional group in a part of a molecular structure. Such a liquid crystal compound may be used to polymerize or crosslink those functional groups through a polymerization reaction or a crosslinking reaction. Thus, mechanical strength of a retardation film increases, and a retardation film having excellent durability and dimensional stability may be obtained. Any appropriate functional group may be selected as the polymerizable functional group or the cross linking functional group, and preferred examples thereof include an acryloyl group, a methacryloyl group, an epoxy group, and a vinylether group. The liquid crystal composition is not particularly limited as long as the composition contains a liquid crystal compound and exhibits liquid crystallinity. A content of the liquid crystal compound in the liquid crystal composition is preferably 40 parts by weight or more and less than 100 parts by weight, more preferably 50 parts by weight or more and less than 100 parts by weight, and most preferably 70 parts by weight or more and less than 100 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of a total solid content in the liquid crystal composition. The liquid crystal composition may contain various additives such as a leveling agent, a polymerization initiator, an alignment assistant, an alignment agent, a chiral agent, a heat stabilizer, a lubricant, a plasticizer, and an antistatic agent within a range not compromising the object of the present invention. Further, the liquid crystal composition may contain any appropriate thermoplastic resin within a range not compromising the object of the present invention. A use amount of the additive is preferably more than 0 and 30 parts by weight or less, more preferably more than 0 and 20 parts by weight or less, and most preferably more than 0 and 15 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the liquid crystal composition. A use amount of the additive within the above ranges may provide a retardation film having high uniformity. A retardation film formed of the solidified layer or cured layer of the liquid crystal composition containing a calamitic liquid crystal compound in planar alignment may be obtained through a method described in JP-A-2003-287623. A retardation film formed of the solidified layer or cured layer of the liquid crystal composition containing a discotic liquid crystal compound in columnar alignment may be obtained through a method described in JP-A-09-117983. A thickness of the retardation film formed of the solidified layer or cured layer of the liquid crystal composition containing a calamitic liquid crystal compound in planar alignment or retardation film formed of the solidified layer or cured layer of the liquid crystal composition containing a discotic liquid crystal compound in columnar alignment to be used for the negative C plate is preferably 0.1 μm to 10 μm, and more preferably 0.5 μm to 5 μm. A thickness of the retardation film within the above ranges may provide a thin retardation film having excellent optical uniformity and satisfying the optical properties described in the above section D-1. In one embodiment of the present invention, the retardation film formed of such a liquid crystal cured layer or solidified layer alone may be used as a negative C plate. In another embodiment of the present invention, a laminate of the retardation film and another negative C plate (such as a stretched or unstretched film of a cellulose-based resin, or a stretched film of a cycloolefin-based resin) may be used as a negative C plate as a whole. <E. Negative A Plate> In the specification of the present invention, the negative A plate refers to a negative uniaxial optical element satisfying a refractive index profile of nx=nz>ny in which nx (slow axis direction) and ny (fast axis direction) represent in-plane main refractive indices and nz represents a refractive index in a thickness direction. Ideally, the negative uniaxial optical element satisfying a refractive index profile of nx=nz>ny has an optical axis in one direction in a plane. In the specification of the present invention, nx=nz not only refers to a case where nx and nz are completely equal but also includes a case where nx and nz are substantially equal. The “case where nx and nz are substantially equal” includes a case where an absolute value (|Rth[590]|) of a thickness direction retardation value (Rth[590]) is 10 nm or less, for example. The negative A plate is used in combination with the negative C plate described above and is used for reducing light leak in an oblique direction in black display of a liquid crystal panel (liquid crystal display apparatus) caused by the retardation values of the polarizers or the structural members arranged between the polarizers and the liquid crystal cell. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the negative A plate 40 is arranged between the negative C plate 30 and the liquid crystal cell 10. The negative A plate 40 is preferably arranged such that its slow axis is substantially perpendicular to the absorption axis of the first polarizer. In the specification of the present invention, the phrase “substantially perpendicular” includes a case where an angle formed between the slow axis of the negative A plate 40 and the absorption axis of the first polarizer 21 is 90°±2.0°, preferably 90°±1.0°, and more preferably 90°±0.5°. An angle greatly departing from the above ranges tends to provide a liquid crystal display apparatus having reduced contrast ratios in frontal and oblique directions. <E-1. Optical Properties of Negative A Plate> The negative A plate to be used in the present invention has Re[590] of 20 nm or more, preferably 50 nm to 200 nm, more preferably 80 nm to 190 nm, particularly preferably 100 nm to 180 nm, and most preferably 110 nm to 170 nm. The Re[590] within the above ranges provides a synergetic effect of exhibiting the functions of the respective optical elements, and allows increase in a contrast ratio in an oblique direction and reduction in a color shift in an oblique direction of a liquid crystal display apparatus. In addition, Re[590] of the negative A plate is preferably adjusted such that a difference (ΔR=Re[590]−Rth[590]) between Re[590] of the negative A plate and Rth[590] of the negative C plate falls within the range described in the above section D-1. An absolute value (|Rth[590]|) of Rth[590] of the negative A plate to be used in the present invention is 10 nm or less, and more preferably 5 nm or less. Note that a theoretical lower limit of |Rth[590]| of the negative A plate is 0 nm. <E-2. Means for Arranging Negative A Plate> Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, any appropriate direction may be employed as a method of arranging the negative A plate 40 between the negative C plate 30 and the liquid crystal cell 10 in accordance with the purpose. Preferably, the negative A plate 40 is provided with an adhesive layer (not shown) on each side and is attached to the liquid crystal cell 10 and the negative C plate 30. In this way, gaps among the optical elements are filled with the adhesive layers, to thereby prevent shift in relationships among optical axes of the respective optical elements and prevent damages on the optical elements due to abrasion of the respective optical elements upon incorporating into the liquid crystal display apparatus. In addition, adverse effects of reflection or refraction that generates on the interface among the respective. optical elements can be reduced, to thereby allow increase in a contrast ratio in an oblique direction and reduction in a color shift in an oblique direction of a liquid crystal display apparatus. The thickness of the adhesive layer and the material used for forming the adhesive layer may appropriately be selected from those as described in the above section C-2 or the ranges and materials as described in the above section D-2. <E-3. Structure of Negative A Plate> A structure (laminate structure) of the negative A plate is not particularly limited as long as the optical properties as described in the above section E-1 are satisfied. The negative A plate may be a single retardation film, or a laminate of two or more retardation films. The negative A plate is preferably a single retardation film for reducing shift or unevenness in retardation values due to shrinkage stress of the polarizer or heat of backlight and which may reduce the thickness of a liquid crystal panel. The negative A plate as a laminate may include an adhesive layer for attaching two or more retardation films. In a case where the negative A plate as a laminate includes two or more retardation films, the retardation films may be identical to or different from each other. Details of the retardation film will be described below in section E-4. Re[590] of the retardation film to be used for the negative A plate may appropriately be selected in accordance with the number of the retardation films. In the case where the negative A plate is formed of a single retardation film, for example, Re[590] of the retardation film is preferably equal to Re[590] of the negative A plate. Thus, retardation values of adhesive layers to be used for laminating the negative A plate to the negative C plate and the liquid crystal cell are preferably as small as possible. Further, in the case where the negative A plate is a laminate including two or more retardation films, for example, the laminate is preferably designed such that total Re[590] of the retardation films is equal to Re[590] of the negative A plate. To be specific, a negative A plate having Re[590] of 100 nm can be obtained by laminating two retardation films each having Re[590] of 50 nm such that the respective slow axes are parallel to each other. Note that only the negative A plate formed of two or less retardation films was described for clarification, but the present invention may obviously be applied to a laminate including three or more retardation films. A total thickness of the negative A plate varies depending on the constitution and is preferably 1 μm to 200 μm, more preferably 2 μm to 150 μm, and particularly preferably 3 μm to 110 μm. A thickness within the above ranges can provide an optical element having excellent optical uniformity. In general, the retardation values of the retardation film may vary depending on a wavelength. This phenomenon is refereed to as wavelength dispersion property. In the specification of the present invention, the wavelength dispersion property may be determined from a ratio Re[480]/Re[590] of in-plane retardation values measured by using light of wavelengths of 480 nm and 590 nm at 23° C. Re[480]/Re[590] of the negative A plate is preferably more than 0.8 and less than 1.2, more preferably more than 0.8 and less than 1.0, and particularly preferably more than 0.8 and less than 0.9. In the case where Re[480]/Re[590] is less than 1, the retardation values are smaller with a shorter wavelength, and this phenomenon may be referred to as “reverse wavelength dispersion property”. The retardation film exhibiting reverse wavelength dispersion property has even retardation values in a wide visible light region. Thus, a liquid crystal display apparatus employing such retardation film hardly causes light leak of a specific wavelength, and color shift in an oblique direction in black display of a liquid crystal display apparatus may be further improved. <E-4. Retardation Film to be Used for Negative A Plate> A retardation film to be used for the negative A plate is not particularly limited. However, the retardation film preferably has excellent transparency, mechanical strength, heat stability, water barrier property, and the like, and causes no optical unevenness due to distortion. An absolute value of photoelastic coefficient (C[590] (m2/N)) of the retardation film is preferably 1×10−12 to 200×10−12, more preferably 1×10−12 to 100×10−12, and most preferably 1×10−12 to 40×10−12. A smaller absolute value of photoelastic coefficient reduces shift or unevenness in retardation values due to shrinkage stress of the polarizers or heat of backlight of a liquid crystal display apparatus incorporating the retardation film, to thereby provide a liquid crystal display apparatus having excellent display uniformity. The retardation film has a light transmittance of preferably 80% or more, more preferably 85% or more, and particularly preferably 90% or more measured by using light of a wavelength of 590 nm at 23° C. The negative A plate preferably has a similar light transmittance as a whole. Note that a theoretical upper limit of the light transmittance is 100%. <E-4-1. Retardation Film (I) to be Used for Negative A Plate> The negative A plate preferably includes a stretched film of a polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence value. The term “intrinsic birefringence value” refers to a value of birefringence in alignment in an ideal state where a bonding chain (main chain) is fully extended (that is, a value of birefringence under ideal alignment conditions). In the specification of the present invention, the thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence value refers to a thermoplastic resin having a direction (a slow axis direction), in which an in-plane refractive index of a film increases, substantially parallel to a stretching direction when a polymer film containing as a main component the thermoplastic resin is stretched in one direction. The negative A plate more preferably includes a stretched film of a polymer film containing as a main component a cycloolefin-based resin or a polycarbonate-based resin. The resin exhibits a positive intrinsic birefringence value, satisfies the optical properties described in the above section E-1 through stretching, and has excellent heat resistance and transparency. In the case where a stretched film of a polymer film containing as a main component a cycloolefin-based resin is used for the negative A plate, the cycloolefin-based resin is not particularly limited. However, a cycloolefin-based resin having a hydrogenated ring-opened polymer of a norbornene-based monomer is preferably used. The cycloolefin-based resin having a hydrogenated ring-opened polymer of a norbornene-based monomer may be obtained by: performing a metathesis reaction of a norbornene-based monomer to obtain a ring-opened polymer; and hydrogenating the ring-opened polymer. For example, the cycloolefin-based resin having a hydrogenated ring-opened polymer of a norbornene-based monomer may be produced through a method described in “Optical Polymer Zairyo No Kaihatsu/Ouyougijutsu”, published by NTS Inc., p. 103 to p. 111 (2003), or a method described in paragraphs [0035] to [0037] of JP-A-2001-350017. Any appropriate norbornene-based monomer may be selected as the norbornene-based monomer. Specific examples thereof include norbornene; norbornene alkyl derivatives such as 5-methyl-2-norbornene, 5-ethyl-2-norbornene, and 5-dimethyl-2-norbornene; a norbornene alkylidene derivative such as 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene; dicyclopentadiene; a dicyclopentadiene derivative such as 2,3-dihydrodicyclopentadinene; and octahydronaphthalene derivatives such as 1,4:5,8-dimethano-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8a-octahydronaphthalene and 6-methyl-1,4:5,8-dimethano-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8a-octahydronaphthalen e. The norbornene-based monomer may be used alone or in combination. Further, the norbornene-based monomer may also be used after optionally undertaking appropriate modification. The cycloolefin-based resin having a hydrogenated ring-opened polymer of a norbornene-based monomer has a hydrogenation rate of generally 90% or more, preferably 95% or more, and more preferably 99% or more from the view points of heat resistance and light resistance. The hydrogenation rate may be determined by measuring 1H-NMR (500 MHz) of the resin and using an integrated intensity ratio of paraffin-based hydrogen to olefin-based hydrogen. Note that an upper limit of the hydrogenation rate is 100%. In the case where a stretched polymer of a polymer film containing as a main component a polycarbonate-based resin is used for the negative A plate, the polycarbonate-based resin is not particularly limited. However, an aromatic polycarbonate-based resin containing an aromatic dihydric phenol component and a carbonate component is preferably used. The aromatic polycarbonate-based resin may be obtained through a reaction of an aromatic dihydric phenol compound and a carbonate precursor. To be specific, the aromatic polycarbonate-based resin may be obtained through: a phosgen method involving blowing phosgen into an aromatic dihydric phenol compound in the presence of caustic alkali and a solvent; or an ester exchange method involving performing ester exchange between an aromatic dihydric phenol compound and bisaryl carbonate in the presence of a catalyst. Specific examples of the aromatic dihydric phenol compound include: 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane; 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)propane; bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane; 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane; 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane; 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)butane; 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dipropylphenyl)propane; 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane; and 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane. The aromatic dihydric phenol compound may be used alone or in combination. Further, the aromatic dihydric phenol compound may also be used after optionally undertaking appropriate modification. Examples of the carbonate precursor include phosgene, bischloroformates of the dihydric phenols, diphenyl carbonate, di-p-tolylcarbonate, phenyl-p-tolylcarbonate, di-p-chlorophenyl carbonate, and dinaphthyl carbonate. Of those, phosgene and diphenyl carbonate are preferred. The thermoplastic resin exhibiting the positive intrinsic birefringence value has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of preferably 20,000 to 400,000, more preferably 30,000 to 300,000, and most preferably 40,000 to 200,000 determined through gel permeation chromatography (GPC) by using a tetrahydrofuran solvent. A weight average molecular weight within the above ranges can provide excellent mechanical strength and forming property. A method of obtaining the polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence value may employ the same forming method as those described in the above section D-4. Of those, a solvent casting method or an extrusion method are preferred because a retardation film having excellent smoothness and optical uniformity can be obtained. To be specific, the extrusion method is a method involving: heat-melting a resin composition containing a thermoplastic resin as a main component, additives, and the like; extruding the resultant into a sheet on a surface of a casting roll by using a T-die or the like; and cooling the resultant to form a film. The conditions to be employed for formation of the polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence value may appropriately be selected in accordance with the composition or type of the resin, a forming method, and the like. In the case where the extrusion method is employed, a preferred method involves: discharging a resin heat-melted at 240° C. to 300° C. into a sheet; and gradually cooling the resultant from a high temperature to a low temperature by using a take-off roll (cooling drum) or the like. The above-mentioned conditions are selected, to thereby provide a retardation film having small Re[590] and Rth[590] and excellent smoothness and optical uniformity. The polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence layer may further contain any appropriate additive. Specific examples of the additive include a plasticizer, a heat stabilizer, a light stabilizer, a lubricant, an antioxidant, a UV absorber, a flame retardant, a colorant, an antistatic agent, a compatibilizing agent, a crosslinking agent, and a tackifier. The type and amount of the additive to be used may appropriately be set in accordance with the purpose. For example, a use amount of the additive is preferably more than 0 and 20 parts by weight or less, more preferably more than 0 and 10 parts by weight or less, and most preferably more than 0 and 5 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the thermoplastic resin. Any appropriate stretching-method may be employed as a method of stretching the polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence value. A preferred method involves: attaching a shrinkable film on each side of the polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin; and heat-stretching the whole through a longitudinal uniaxial stretching method by using a roll stretching machine. The shrinkable film is used for providing a shrinkage force during stretching in a direction perpendicular to a stretching direction and increasing a refractive index (nz) in a thickness direction. A method of attaching the shrinkable film on each side of the polymer film is not particularly limited, but a method preferably involves providing an acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive layer containing an acrylic polymer as a base polymer between the polymer film and the shrinkable film and bonding the polymer film and the shrinkable film, from the viewpoints of excellent operability and economical efficiency. An example of a method of producing a retardation film to be used for the negative A plate, which is a stretched film of a polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence value, is explained by referring to FIG. 5. FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a concept of a typical production process for a retardation film to be used for the negative A plate. A polymer film 502 is delivered from a first delivery part 501, and two shrinkable films each provided with a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer are attached to both sides of the polymer film by laminate rolls 507 and 508. One shrinkable film 504 is delivered from a second delivery part 503, and another shrinkable film 506 is delivered from a third delivery part 505. The polymer having the shrinkable films attached on both sides is held at a constant temperature by temperature control means 509, provided with tension in a longitudinal direction of the film by rolls 510, 511, 512, and 513 with different speed ratios (also provided with tension in a thickness direction of the polymer film through shrinkage of the shrinkable film at the same time), and subjected to stretching treatment. After the stretching treatment, the shrinkable films 504 and 506 each provided with a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer are taken-up in a first take-up part 514 and a second take-up part 516, and a retardation film 518 is taken-up in a third take-up part 519. The shrinkable film to be used preferably has a shrinkage ratio at 140° C. in a longitudinal direction of the film S(MD) of 2.7% to 9.4% and a shrinkage ratio at 140° C. in a width direction of the film S(TD) of 4.6% to 15.8%. The shrinkable film preferably has a difference ΔS=S (TD)−S (MD) between the shrinkage ratio in a width direction and the shrinkage ratio in a longitudinal direction within a range of 3.2% to 9.6%. A difference between the shrinkage ratio in a width direction and the shrinkage ratio in a longitudinal direction within the above ranges may provide a retardation film having excellent optical uniformity and satisfying the optical properties described in the above section E-1. The shrinkage ratios S(MD) and S(TD) can be determined in accordance with a heat shrinkage ratio A method of JIS Z 1712:1997 (except that: a heating temperature is changed from 120° C. to 140° C.; and a load of 3 g is added to a sample piece). To be specific, five samples each having a width of 20 mm and a length of 150 mm are sampled from a machine direction (MD) and a transverse direction (TD). The sample pieces are each marked at a distance of about 100 mm at a center. The sample pieces each with a load of 3 g are hung vertically in an air-circulating thermostatic bath maintained at 140° C.±3° C. The sample pieces are heated for 15 min, taken out, and left standing under standard conditions (room temperature) for 30 min. Then, the distances between marks are measured by using a caliper in accordance with JIS B7507, to thereby obtain an average of five measured values. A shrinkage ratio can be calculated from an equation S(%)=[(distance between marks (mm) before heating−distance between marks (mm) after heating)/distance between marks (mm) before heating]×100. The shrinkable film is preferably a stretched film such as a biaxially stretched film or a uniaxially stretched film. The shrinkable film may be obtained by stretching an unstretched film (obtained through an extrusion method) at a predetermined ratio in a longitudinal and/or transverse direction by using a simultaneous biaxial stretching machine or the like. Note that the forming and stretching conditions may appropriately be selected in accordance with the composition or type of the resin to be used or the purpose. Examples of a material forming the shrinkable film include polyester, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyvinylidene chloride. Of those, a biaxially stretched polypropylene film is particularly preferably used from the viewpoints of excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, surface uniformity, and the like. Further, a shrinkable film used for applications such as general packaging, foodpacking, palletwrapping, shrinkable labels, cap seals, and electrical insulation can be-appropriately selected and used as the above-described shrinkable film as long as the purpose of the present invention can be satisfied. The commercially available shrinkable film may be used as it is, or may be used after the shrinkable film is subjected to fabrication such as stretching treatment or shrinking treatment. Specific examples of the commercially available shrinkable film include: “ALPHAN series” (trade name, available from Oji paper Co., Ltd.); “FANCYTOP series” (trade name, available from Gunze Ltd.); “TORAYFAN series” (trade name, available from Toray Industries, Inc.); “SUN•TOX-OP series” (trade name, available from SUN•TOX Co., Ltd.); and “TOHCELLO OP series” (trade name, available from TOHCELLO Co., Ltd.). A temperature (also referred to as stretching temperature) inside the temperature control means during heat-stretching of the laminate of the polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence value, and the shrinkable films may appropriately be selected in accordance with the intended retardation values, the type or thickness of the polymer film to be used, and the like. The stretching is preferably performed in a range of Tg+1° C. to Tg+30° C. with respect to a glass transition point (Tg) of the polymer film because the retardation values easily even out and the film hardly crystallizes (becomes clouded) within the above-mentioned temperature range. To be more specific, the stretching temperature is preferably 110° C. to 185° C., more preferably 120° C. to 170° C., and most preferably 130° C. to 160° C. The glass transition temperature (Tg) may be determined through a DSC method in accordance with JIS K7121: 1987. The temperature control means is not particularly limited, and specific examples thereof include: an air-circulating thermostatic oven in which hot air or cool air circulates; a heater using microwaves or far infrared rays; and an appropriate heating method or temperature control method employing a heated roll, heat pipe roll, or metallic belt for temperature adjustment. A stretching ratio during stretching of the laminate of the polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence value, and the shrinkable films may appropriately be selected in accordance with the intended retardation values, the type or thickness of the polymer film to be used, and the like. The stretching ratio is generally more than 1 time and 3 times or less, preferably 1.1 times to 2 times, and more preferably 1.2 times to 1.8 times of the original length. A delivery speed during stretching is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 m/minute to 20 m/minute in consideration of the machine accuracy, stability, and the like of the stretching machine. Re[590] and Rth[590] of the retardation film to be used for the negative A plate may appropriately be adjusted by selecting the retardation values and thickness of the film before stretching, the stretching ratio, the stretching temperature, and the like. The above-mentioned stretching conditions may provide a retardation film not only satisfying the optical properties described in the above section E-1 but also having excellent optical uniformity. A thickness of the stretched polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence value (a thickness of a retardation film to be obtained through stretching) may appropriately be selected in accordance with the retardation values to be designed, the number of layers in the laminate, and the like. The thickness thereof is preferably 5 μm to 120 μm, and more preferably 10 μm to 110 μm. A thickness of the polymer film within the above ranges may provide a retardation film having excellent mechanical strength and optical uniformity and satisfying the optical properties described in the above section E-1. In addition to the polymer films described above, a commercially available optical film as it is may be used as the retardation film used for the negative A plate. A commercially available optical film may be subjected to fabrication such as stretching treatment and/or relaxation treatment before use. Specific examples of a commercially available norbornene-based film include: “ZEONEX series” (480, 480R, etc., trade name, available from Zeon Corporation); “ZEONOR series” (ZF14, ZF16, etc., trade name, available from Zeon Corporation); and “ARTON series” (ARTON G, ARTON F, etc., trade name, available from JSR Corporation). Specific examples of a commercially available polycarbonate-based film include: “Pureace series” (trade name, available from Teijin Ltd.); “Elmech series” (R140, R435, etc., trade name, available from Kaneka Corporation); and “Illuminex series” (trade name, available from GE Plastics Japan, Ltd.). <E-4-2. Retardation Film (II) to be Used for Negative A Plate> The negative A plate to be used in the present invention may include a stretched film of a polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringencevalue. In the specification of the present invention, the thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value refers to a thermoplastic resin having a direction (a slow axis direction), in which an in-plane refractive index of a film increases, substantially perpendicular to a stretching direction when a polymer film containing as a main component the thermoplastic resin is stretched in one direction. In the case where the thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value is used, the negative A plate preferably includes a stretched film of a polymer film containing as a main component a styrene-based resin or an N-phenyl substituted maleimide-based resin. Such resin exhibits a negative intrinsic birefringence value, satisfies the optical properties described in the above section E-1 through stretching, and has excellent alignment property and transparency. When the negative A plate employs a stretched film of a polymer film containing a styrene-based resin as a main component, any appropriate styrene-based resin may be used as the styrene-based resin. The styrene-based resin can be obtained by polymerizing styrene-based monomers through an appropriate polymerization method such as radical polymerization. Examples of the styrene-based monomer include styrene, α-methylstyrene, o-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, p-chlorostyrene, p-nitrostyrene, p-aminostyrene, p-carboxystyrene, p-phenylstyrene, and 2,5-dichlorostyrene. The styrene-based resin may be a copolymer obtained through a reaction of the styrene-based monomer and at least one other monomer. Specific examples thereof include a styrene/maleimide copolymer, a styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer, and a styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymer. In the case where the copolymer is employed, a content of the styrene-basedmonomer in the copolymer is preferably 50 (mol %) or more and less than 100 (mol %), more preferably 60 (mol %) or more and less than 100 (mol %), and most preferably 70 (mol %) or more and less than 100 (mol %). A content of the styrene-based monomer within the above ranges may provide a retardation film capable of strongly developing retardation values. In the case where the stretched film of a polymer film containing as a main component an N-phenyl substituted maleimide-based resin issued for the negative A plate, any appropriate N-phenyl substituted maleimide-based resin may be used, but an N-phenyl substituted maleimide-based resin having a substituent introduced into an ortho-position is preferably used. Preferred examples of the substituent to be introduced into the ortho-position (a 2-position and/or a 6-position of a phenyl group) include a methyl group, an ethyl group, and an isopropyl group. The N-phenyl substituted maleimide-based resin may be obtained through an appropriate polymerization method such as radical polymerization of an N-phenyl substituted maleimide-based monomer. For example, the N-phenyl substituted maleimide-based resin may be produced through a method described in Example 1 of JP-A-2004-269842. Specific examples of the N-phenyl-substituted maleimide-based monomer include N-(2-methylphenyl)maleimide, N-(2-ethylphenyl)maleimide, N-(2-n-propylphenyl)maleimide, N-(2-isopropylphenyl)maleimide, N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)maleimide, N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)maleimide, N-(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)maleimide, N-(2-methyl-6-ethylphenyl)maleimide, N-(2-chlorophenyl)maleimide, N-(2,6-dibromophenyl)maleimide, N-(2-biphenyl)maleimide, and N-(2-cyanophenyl)maleimide. Of those, at least one species of N-phenyl-substituted maleimide which is selected from N-(2-methylphenyl)maleimide, N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)maleimide, N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)maleimide, and N-(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)maleimide is preferred. The N-phenyl substituted maleimide-based resin may be a copolymer obtained through a reaction of the N-phenyl substituted maleimide-based monomer and another monomer. One kind of other monomer may be copolymerized or two or more kinds of other monomers may be copolymerized. Specific examples of the copolymer include a styrene/N-phenyl substituted maleimide copolymer and an olefin/N-phenyl substituted maleimide copolymer. A content of the N-phenyl substituted maleimide-based monomer in the copolymer obtained through a reaction of the N-phenyl substituted maleimide-based monomer and another monomer is preferably 5 (mol %) or more and less than 100 (mol %), more preferably 5 (mol %) or more and 70 (mol %) or less, and most preferably 5 (mol %) or more and 50 (mol %) or less. The N-phenyl substituted maleimide-based monomer has a large absolute value of intrinsic birefringence, and thus its content may be smaller than that of the styrene-based monomer. A content of the N-phenyl substituted maleimide-based monomer within the above ranges may provide a retardation film capable of strongly developing retardation values. The thermoplastic resin comprising the negative intrinsic birefringence value has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of preferably 20,000 to 400,000, more preferably 30,000 to 300,000, and particularly preferably 40,000 to 200,000 determined through gel permeation chromatography (GPC) by using a tetrahydrofuran solvent. A weight average molecular weight within the above ranges can provide excellent mechanical strength and forming property. A method of obtaining the polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value may employ the same forming method as those described in the above section D-4. Of those, a solvent casting method is preferred because a retardation film having excellent smoothness and optical uniformity can be obtained. In the case where two or more kinds of resins are blended and used, a method of mixing the resins is not particularly limited. However, in the case where the solvent casting method is employed, for example, the resins may be mixed in a predetermined ratio and dissolved in a solvent for uniform mixing. The conditions to be employed for formation of the polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value may appropriately be selected in accordance with the composition or type of the resin, a forming method, and the like. In the case where the solvent casting method is employed, examples of a solvent to be used include cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and tetrahydrofuran. A method of drying the solvent preferably involves: using an air-circulating drying oven or the like; and drying while gradually increasing a temperature from a low temperature to a high temperature. A temperature range for drying of the solvent is preferably 50° C. to 250° C., and more preferably 80° C. to 150° C. The above-mentioned conditions are selected, to thereby provide a retardation film having small Rth[590] and excellent smoothness and optical uniformity. The polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value may further contain any appropriate additive. Specific examples of the additive include a plasticizer, a heat stabilizer, a light stabilizer, a lubricant, an antioxidant, a UV absorber, a flame retardant, a colorant, an antistatic agent, a compatibilizing agent, a crosslinking agent, and a tackifier. The type and amount of the additive to be used may appropriately be set in accordance with the purpose. For example, a use amount of the additive is preferably more than 0 and 20 parts by weight or less, more preferably more than 0 and 10 parts by weight or less, and most preferably more than 0 and 5 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the thermoplastic resin. Any appropriate stretching method may be employed as a method of stretching the polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value. Specific examples of the stretching method include: a longitudinal uniaxial stretching method; a transverse uniaxial stretching method; a longitudinal and transverse simultaneous biaxial stretching method; and a longitudinal and transverse sequential biaxial stretching method. Any appropriate stretching machine such as a roll stretching machine, a tenter stretching machine, or a biaxial stretching machine may be used as stretching means. The roll stretching machine is preferred. The polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value stretched in one direction has a slow axis direction, in which an in-plane refractive index of the film increases, substantially perpendicular to the stretching direction. Thus, the polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value may be stretched in a longitudinal (machine direction (MD) of the film), to thereby produce a rolled retardation film (negative A plate) having a slow axis in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. The rolled retardation film (negative A plate) having a slow axis in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction may be attached to a rolled negative C plate and a rolled polarizer by roll to roll and may drastically improve the productivity, and thus is advantageous in industrial production. In heat-stretching, the temperature may be changed continuously or in steps. The stretching step may be divided into two or more steps, or stretching and shrinking or relaxation may be performed in combination. A stretching direction may be in a longitudinal direction (machine direction (MD) direction) of a film or in a width direction (transverse (TD) direction) of a film. The stretching may be performed in an oblique direction (oblique stretching) through a stretching method described in FIG. 1 of JP-A-2003-262721. Re[590] and Rth[590] of the retardation film to be used for the negative A plate may appropriately be adjusted by selecting the retardation values and thickness of the film before stretching, the stretching ratio, the stretching temperature, and the like. The above-mentioned stretching conditions may provide a retardation film not only satisfying the optical properties described in the above section E-1 but also having excellent optical uniformity. A temperature (also referred to as stretching temperature) inside the temperature control means during stretching the polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value may appropriately be selected in accordance with the intended retardation values, the type or thickness of the polymer film to be used, and the like. The stretching is preferably performed in a range of Tg+1° C. to Tg+30° C. with respect to a glass transition point (Tg) of the polymer film because the retardation values easily even out and the film hardly crystallizes (becomes clouded) within the above-mentioned temperature range. To be more specific, the stretching temperature is preferably 100° C. to 300° C., more preferably 120° C. to 250° C. The glass transition temperature (Tg) may be determined through a DSC method in accordance with JIS K7121: 1987. A stretching ratio during stretching the polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value may appropriately be selected in accordance with the intended retardation values, the type or thickness of thepolymer film to be used, and the like. The stretching ratio is generally more than 1 time and 3 times or less, preferably 1.1 times to 2.5 times, and more preferably 1.2 times to 2 times of the original length. A delivery speed during stretching is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 m/minute to 20 m/minute in consideration of the machine accuracy, stability, and the like of the stretching machine. Re[590] and Rth[590] of the retardation film to be used for the negative A plate may appropriately be adjusted by selecting the retardation values and thickness of the film before stretching, the stretching ratio, the stretching temperature, and the like. The above-mentioned stretching conditions may provide a retardation film not only satisfying the optical properties described in the above section E-1 but also having excellent optical uniformity. A thickness of the stretched polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value (a thickness of a retardation film to be obtained through stretching) may appropriately be selected in accordance with the retardation values to be designed, the number of layers in the laminate, and the like. The thickness thereof is preferably 5 μm to 120 μm, and more preferably 10 μm to 100 μm. A thickness of the polymer film within the above ranges may provide a retardation film having excellent mechanical strength and optical uniformity and satisfying the optical properties described in the above section E-1. <E-4-3. Retardation Film (III) to be Used for Negative A Plate> The negative A plate to be used in the present invention may include a solidified layer or cured layer of a liquid crystal composition containing a discotic liquid crystal compound in substantially vertical alignment. In the specification of the present invention, the term “discotic liquid crystal compound” includes the discotic liquid crystal compound described in the above section D-4-2. FIG. 6is a schematic view of a discotic liquid crystal compound in substantially vertical alignment. Ideally, the discotic liquid crystal compound in substantially vertical alignment has an optical axis in one direction in a plane of the film. As shown in FIG. 6, the phrase “discotic liquid crystal compound in substantially vertical alignment” refers to a discotic liquid crystal compound in a state where a disc surface of the discotic liquid crystal compound is perpendicular to the plane of the film and an optical axis is parallel to the plane of the film. The discotic liquid crystal compound preferably has at least one polymerizable functional group and/or crosslinkable functional group in a part of a molecular structure. Such a liquid crystal compound may be used to polymerize or crosslink those functional groups through a polymerization reaction or a crosslinking reaction. Thus, mechanical strength of the retardation film increases, and a retardation film having excellent durability and dimensional stability may be obtained. Any appropriate functional group may be selected as the polymerizable functional group or the crosslinkable functional group, and preferred examples thereof include an acryloyl group, a methacryloyl group, an epoxy group, and a vinylether group. The liquid crystal composition containing a discotic liquid crystal compound is not particularly limited as long as the composition contains a discotic liquid crystal compound and exhibits liquid crystallinity. A content of the discotic liquid crystal compound in the liquid crystal composition is preferably 40 parts by weight or more and less than 100 parts by weight, more preferably 50 parts by weight or more and less than 100 parts by weight, and most preferably 70 parts by weight or more and less than 100 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of a total solid content in the liquid crystal composition. The liquid crystal composition may contain various additives such as a leveling agent, a polymerization initiator, an alignment assistant, an alignment agent, a chiral agent, a heat stabilizer, a lubricant, a plasticizer, and an antistatic agent within a range not compromising the object of the present invention. The liquid crystal composition may contain any appropriate thermoplastic resin within a range not compromising the object of the present invention. A use amount of the additive is preferably more than 0 and 30 parts by weight or less, more preferably more than 0 and 20 parts by weight or less, and most preferably more than 0 and 15 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the liquid crystal composition. A use amount of the additive within the above ranges may provide a retardation film having high uniformity. A retardation film formed of the solidified layer or cured layer of the liquid crystal composition containing a discotic liquid crystal compound in substantially vertical alignment may be obtained through a method described in JP-A-2001-56411. The retardation film formed of the solidified layer or cured layer of the liquid crystal composition containing a discotic liquid crystal compound in substantially vertical alignment obtained by applying the composition in one direction has a direction (a slow axis direction) in which an in-plane refractive index of the film increases in a direction substantially perpendicular to the application direction. Thus, a rolled retardation film (negative A plate) having a slow axis in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction may be produced through continuous application without stretching or shrinking treatment thereafter. The rolled retardation film (negative A plate) having a slow axis in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction may be attached to a rolled negative C plate and a rolled polarizer by roll to roll and may drastically improve the productivity, and thus is advantageous in industrial production. A thickness of the retardation film formed of the solidified layer or cured layer of the liquid crystal composition containing a discotic liquid crystal compound in substantially vertical alignment is preferably 1 μm to 20 μm, and more preferably 1 μm to 10 μm. A thickness of the retardation-film within the above ranges may provide a thin retardation film having excellent optical uniformity and satisfying the optical properties described in the above section E-1. <E-4-4. Retardation Film (IV) to be Used for Negative A Plate> The negative A plate to be used in the present invention may include a solidified layer or cured layer of a liquid crystal composition containing a lyotropic liquid crystal compound in homogeneous alignment. In the specification of the present invention, the term “homogeneous alignment” refers to a state where the liquid crystal compound is aligned parallel to the plane of the film and in the same direction. In the specification of the present invention, the term “lyotropic liquid crystal compound” refers to a liquid crystal compound in which a liquid crystal phase develops in accordance with a concentration of a solute (a liquid crystal compound) in a solution. Any appropriate lyotropic liquid crystal compound may be used. Specific examples of the lyotropic liquid crystal compound include: an amphiphilic compound having a hydrophilic group and a hydrophobic group in both terminals of a molecule; a chromonic compound having a water-soluble aromatic ring; and a polymer compound having a main chain of a rod-like backbone such as a cellulose derivative, a polypeptide, or a nucleic acid. Of those, the retardation film to be used for the negative A plate is preferably formed of a solidified layer or cured layer of a liquid crystal composition containing a lyotropic liquid crystal compound in homogeneous alignment, and the lyotropic liquid crystal compound is preferably a chromonic compound having a water-soluble aromatic ring. Further, the lyotropic liquid crystal compound preferably has at least one polymerizable functional group and/or crosslinkable functional group in a part of a molecular structure. Such a liquid crystal compound may be used to polymerize or crosslink those functional groups through a polymerization reaction or a crosslinking reaction. Thus, mechanical strength of the retardation film increases, and a retardation film having excellent durability and dimensional stability may be obtained. Any appropriate functional group may be selected as the polymerizable functional group or the crosslinkable functional group, and preferred examples thereof include an acryloyl group, amethacryloyl group, an epoxy group, and a vinylether group. The liquid crystal composition containing a lyotropic liquid crystal compound is not particularly limited as long as the composition contains a lyotropic liquid crystal compound and exhibits liquid crystallinity. A content of the discotic liquid crystal compound in the liquid crystal composition is preferably 40 parts by weight or more and less than 100 parts by weight, more preferably 50 parts by weight or more and less than 100 parts by weight, and most preferably 70 parts by weight or more and less than 100 parts by weight with respect to 100 of a total solid content in the liquid crystal composition. The liquid crystal composition may contain various additives such as a leveling agent, a polymerization initiator, an alignment assistant, an alignment agent, a chiral agent, a heat stabilizer, a lubricant, a plasticizer, and an antistatic agent within a range not Compromising the object of the present invention. The liquid crystal composition may contain any appropriate thermoplastic resin within a range not compromising the object of the present invention. A use amount of the additive is preferably more than 0 and 20 parts by weight or less, more preferably more than 0 and 10 parts by weight or less, and most preferably more than 0 and 5 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the liquid crystal composition. A use amount of the additive within the above ranges may provide a retardation film having high uniformity. A retardation film formed of the solidified layer or cured layer of the liquid crystal composition containing a lyotropic liquid crystal compound in homogeneous alignment may be obtained through a method described in JP-A-2002-296415. The retardation film formed of the solidified layer or cured layer of the liquid crystal composition containing a lyotropic liquid crystal compound in homogeneous alignment obtained by applying the composition in one direction has a direction (a slow axis direction) in which an in-plane refractive index of the film increases in a direction substantially perpendicular to the application direction. Thus, a rolled retardation film (negative Aplate) having a slow axis in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction may be produced through continuous application without stretching or shrinking treatment thereafter. The rolled retardation film (negative A plate) having a slow axis in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction may be attached to a rolled negative C plate and a rolled polarizer by roll to roll and may drastically improve the productivity, and thus is advantageous in industrial production. A thickness of the retardation film formed of the solidified layer or cured layer of the liquid crystal composition containing a lyotropic liquid crystal compound in homogeneous alignment is preferably 1 μm to 20 μm, and more preferably 1 μm to 10 μm. A thickness of the retardation film within the above ranges may provide a thin retardation film having excellent optical uniformity and satisfying the optical properties described in the above section E-1. <F. Laminated Optical Elements> The above-mentioned negative C plate and negative A plate may be laminated in advance or arranged through the arrangement means described in the above sections D-2 and E-2. In the specification of the present invention, the term “laminated optical elements” refers to a laminate prepared by laminating the negative C plate and the negative A plate. In production of the laminated optical elements, an order of laminating the negative C plate and the negative A plate is not particularly limited, and any appropriate method may be employed. The laminated optical elements are preferably produced by forming a solidified layer or cured layer of a liquid crystal composition on a surface of a polymer film serving as the negative A plate or the negative C plate. In such an embodiment, the polymer film also serves as a support for the solidified layer or cured layer of a liquid crystal composition. Thus, the production process may be simplified, and the embodiment is very advantageous for industrial production of the laminated optical elements. Specific examples of the method of producing the laminated optical elements include: (1) a method involving using a polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin as a negative C plate and serving as a support, and forming a solidified layer or cured layer of a liquid crystal composition containing a discotic liquid crystal compound or a solidified layer or cured layer of a liquid crystal composition containing a lyotropic liquid crystal compound in homogeneous alignment as a negative A plate on a surface of the polymer film; and (2) a method involving using a stretched film of a polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence layer or a stretched film of a polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin having a negative birefringence layer as a negative A plate and serving as a support, and forming a solidified layer or cured layer of a liquid crystal composition containing a calamitic liquid crystal compound in planar alignment or a solidified layer or cured layer of a liquid crystal composition containing a discotic liquid crystal compound in columnar alignment as a negative C plate on a surface of the stretched polymer film. A solidified layer or cured layer of a liquid crystal composition is bonded to the surface of the polymer film to be used, and thus the surface of the polymer film may be provided with an adhesive layer or subjected to surface treatment, alignment treatment, or the like in advance. The negative A plate and the negative C plate may obviously be formed on any appropriate polymer film serving as a support. In this case, the support can be peeled off from the laminated optical elements at any appropriate point in a production process for a liquid crystal panel. <G. Isotropic Optical Element> In the specification of the present invention, the term “isotropic optical element” refers to an optical element satisfying a refractive index profile of nx=ny=nz in which nx and ny represent in-plane main refractive indices and nz represents a refractive index in a thickness direction. Note that in the specification of the present invention, the relationship of nx=ny=nz not only refers to a case where nx, ny, and nz are completely equal, but also includes a case where nx, ny, and nz are substantially equal. The phrase “case where nx, ny, and nz are substantially equal” includes a case where an in-plane retardation value (Re[590]) is 10 nm or less and an absolute value (|Rth[590]51 ) of a thickness direction retardation value (Rth[590]) is 10 nm or less. The isotropic optical element is used for eliminating adverse effects on display properties due to the retardation values of the liquid crystal cell. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the isotropic optical element 50 is arranged between the liquid crystal cell 10 and the second polarizer 22. In this way, the isotropic optical element serves as a protective film on a liquid crystal cell side of the polarizer and prevents deterioration of the polarizer, to thereby maintain high display properties of the liquid crystal panel for a long period of time. Preferably, the isotropic optical element 50 and the second polarizer 22 are arranged on a backlight side of the liquid crystal cell 10. <G-1. Optical Properties of Isotropic Optical Element> Re[590] of the isotropic optical element used in the present invention is preferably as small as possible for increasing contrast ratios in a normal line direction and an oblique direction of the liquid crystal display apparatus. Re[590] is preferably 5 nm or less, and most preferably 3 nm or less. Note that a theoretical lower limit of the Re[590] of the isotropic optical element is 0 nm. An absolute value (|Rth[590]|) of Rth[590] of the isotropic optical element is preferably as small as possible for increasing a contrast ratio in an oblique direction of a liquid crystal display apparatus. Rth[590] is preferably 7 nm or less, and most preferably 5 nm or less. Note that a theoretical lower limit of |Rth[590]| of the isotropic optical element is 0 nm. Re[590] and Rth[590] of the isotropic optical element within the above ranges allows elimination of adverse effects on display properties of a liquid crystal display apparatus due to retardation values of the isotropic optical element and elimination of adverse effects on the display properties of the liquid crystal display apparatus due to retardation values of a liquid crystal cell (preferably, a liquid crystal cell including a liquid crystal layer containing nematic liquid crystals in homogeneous alignment in the absence of an electric field). <G-2. Means for Arranging Isotropic Optical Element) Referring to FIG. 2, any appropriate method may be employed as a method of arranging the isotropic optical element 50 between the liquid crystal cell 10 and the second polarizer 22. The isotropic optical element 50 is provided with an adhesive layer (not shown) on each side and is attached to the liquid crystal cell 10 and the second polarizer 22. In this way, gaps among the respective optical elements are filled with the adhesive layers, to thereby prevent shift in relationships among optical axes of the respective optical elements and prevent damages on the optical elements due to abrasion of the respective optical elements upon incorporating into the liquid crystal display apparatus. Further, adverse effects such as reflection or refraction at an interface between layers of the respective optical elements may be reduced, and contrast ratios in frontal and oblique directions of a liquid crystal display apparatus may increase. The thickness of the adhesive layer and the material used for forming the adhesive layer may appropriately be selected from those described in the above section C-2 or the ranges and materials described in the above section D-2. In a case where nx and ny of the isotropic optical element 50 are exactly equal, the isotropic optical element 50 exhibits no in plane retardation and its slow axis is not detected. Thus, the isotropic optical element 50 may be arranged independently from the absorption axis of the second polarizer 22. In a case where nx and ny of the isotropic optical element 50 are substantially equal but are slightly different, its slow axis may be detected. In this case, the isotropic optical element 50 is preferably arranged such that its slow axis is substantially parallel or perpendicular to the absorption axis of the second polarizer 22. In the specification of the present invention, the phrase “substantially parallel” includes a case where the slow axis of the isotropic optical element 50 and the absorption axis of the second polarizer 22 form an angle of 0°±2.0°, preferably 0°±1.0°, and more preferably 0°±0.5°. The phrase “substantially perpendicular” includes a case where the slow axis of the isotropic optical element 50 and the absorption axis of the second polarizer 22 form an angle of 90°±2.0°, preferably 90°±1.0°, and more preferably 90°±0.5°. An angle greatly departing from the above ranges tends to cause reduction in contrast ratio in a frontal or oblique direction of a liquid crystal display apparatus. <G-3. Structure of Isotropic Optical Element> A construction (laminate structure) of the isotropic optical element is not particularly limited as long as the optical properties as described in the above section G-1 are satisfied. To be specific, the isotropic optical element may be a single optical film, or a laminate of two or more optical films. The isotropic optical element as a laminate may include a bonding layer for attaching the optical films. The optical film substantially may be optically isotropic and may have retardation values as long as the isotropic optical element has substantially optical isotropy. In a case where the laminated isotropic optical element includes two optical films having retardation values, each of the optical films are preferably arranged such that the respective slow axes are perpendicular to each other, to thereby reduce in-plane retardation values. Further, in a case where the laminated isotropic optical element includes two optical films having retardation values, the optical films having opposite signs of thickness direction retardation values are preferably laminated, to thereby reduce thickness direction retardation values. A total thickness of the isotropic optical element is 20 to 200 μm, more preferably 20 to 180 μm, and particularly preferably 20 to 150 μm. A thickness within the above ranges can provide an optical element having excellent optical uniformity. <G-4. Optical Film to be Used for Isotropic Optical Element> Preferably, an optical film to be used for the isotropic optical element has substantially optical isotropic property. In the specification of the present invention, an optical film “having substantially isotropic property” refers to an optical film having a very small optical difference in three-dimensional directions and exhibiting substantially no anisotropic optical property such as birefringence. To be specific, an optical film having substantially isotropic property refers to an optical film satisfying a refractive index profile of nx=ny=nz in which nx and ny represent in-plane main refractive indices and nz represents a refractive index in a thickness direction. Note that in the specification of the present invention, the relationship of nx=ny=nz not only refers to a case where nx, ny, and nz are completely equal, but also includes a case where nx, ny, and nz are substantially equal. The phrase “case where nx, ny, and nz are substantially equal” includes, for example, a case where Re[590] is 10 nm or less and an absolute value (|Rth[590]|) of Rth[590] is 10 nm or less. A thickness of the optical film may appropriately be selected in accordance with the purpose. The thickness of the optical film is preferably 20 μm to 200 μm, more preferably 20 μm to 150 μm, and particularly preferably 20 μm to 120 μm. A thickness of the optical film within the above ranges may provide an optical film having excellent mechanical strength and optical uniformity. An absolute value of photoelastic coefficient (C[590] (m2/N)) of the optical film is preferably 1×10−12 to 100×10−12, more preferably 1×10−12 to 50×10−12, particularly preferably 1×10−12 to 30×10−12, and most preferably 1×10−12 to 8×10−12. A smaller absolute value of photoelastic coefficient reduces shift or unevenness in retardation values due to shrinkage stress of the polarizers or heat of backlight, to thereby provide a liquid crystal display apparatus having excellent display uniformity. A transmittance of the optical film measured by using light of a wavelength of 590 nm at 23° C. is preferably 80% or more, more preferably 85% or more, and particularly preferably 90% or more. Note that a theoretical upper limit of the transmittance is 100%. The above-mentioned isotropic optical element preferably also has a similar transmittance. A material used for forming the optical film preferably has excellent transparency, mechanical strength, heat stability, water barrier property, and the like. The above-mentioned isotropic optical element preferably includes a polymer film containing as a main component a thermoplastic resin. The thermoplastic resin is more preferably a non-crystalline polymer. The non-crystalline polymer has an advantage of excellent transparency. The polymer film containing as a main component the thermoplastic polymer may or may not be stretched. Any appropriate method may be employed as a method of obtaining the optical film. An appropriate method may be selected from, for example, a compression molding method, a transfer molding method, an injection molding method, an extrusion method, a blow molding method, a powder molding method, an FRP molding method, a solvent casting method, and the like. Of those forming methods, an extrusion method and a solvent casting method are particularly preferred for providing an optical film having enhanced smoothness and favorable optical uniformity (for example, an optical film having small in-plane and thickness direction retardation values). Examples of the thermoplastic resin include: general purpose plastics such as a polyolefin resin, a cycloolefin-based resin, a polyvinyl chloride-based rein, a cellulose-based resin, a styrene-based resin, an acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene-based resin, an acrylonitrile/styrene-based resin, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, and a polyvinylidene chloride-based resin; general purpose engineering plastics such as a polyamide-based resin, a polyacetal-based resin, a polycarbonate-based resin, a modified polyphenylene ether-based resin, a polybutylene terephthalate-based resin, and a polyethylene terephthalate-based resin ; and super engineering plastics such as a polyphenylene sulfide-based resin, a polysulfone-based resin, a polyether sulfone-based resin, a polyether ether ketone-based resin, a polyallylate-based resin, a liquid crystalline resin, a polyamideimide-based resin, a polyimide-based resin, and a polytetrafluoroethylene-based resin. The thermoplastic resins may be used alone or in combination. In addition, the thermoplastic resins can be used after any appropriate polymer modification. Examples of the polymer modification include copolymerization, crosslinking, molecular-terminal modification, and stereo regularity modification. The isotropic optical element to be used for the present invention preferably includes a polymer film containing as a main component at least one resin selected from an acrylic resin, a cellulose-based resin, and a cycloolefin-based resin. In the case where such thermoplastic resin is formed into a sheet through a solvent casting method, for example, molecules may align spontaneously during evaporation of a solvent. In the case where the thermoplastic resin has any in-plane and thickness direction retardation values, a retardation film satisfying a refractive index profile of nx=ny=nz can be obtained by performing special fabrication such as stretching treatment. To be specific, in the case where an optical element having a small refractive index (nz) in a thickness direction is obtained, the optical film may be subjected to stretching or shrinking treatment for increasing nz. In the case where an optical film having a large main in-plane refractive index (nx) is obtained, the optical film may be subjected to a stretching or shrinking treatment for reducing nx. The polymer film containing as a main component the acrylic resin may be produced through a method described in Example 1 of JP-A-2004-198952, for example. The polymer film containing as a main component the cellulose-based resin may be obtained through a method described in Example 1 of JP-A-07-112446, for example. The polymer film containing as a main component the cycloolefin-based resin may be obtained through a method described in JP-A-2001-350017. The isotropic optical element to be used for the present invention may include a polymer film containing as a main component a resin composition containing a thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value and a thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence value. In the case where a blend film containing a thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value and a thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence value is used for the isotropic optical element, any appropriate materials may be used. However, an isobutylene/N-methyl maleimide copolymer is preferred as the thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value, and an acrylonitrile/styrene copolymer is preferred as the thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence value. The polymer film containing as a main component the resin composition containing the thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value and the thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence value may or may not be stretched. Any appropriate content of the thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value in the polymer film containing as a main component a resin composition containing the thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value and the thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence value may be selected in accordance with the type of resin to be used and the like. However, the content thereof is preferably 30 parts by weight to 90 parts by weight, more preferably 40 parts by weight to 80 parts by weight, and most preferably 50 parts by weight to 75 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of a total solid content in the polymer film. A content thereof within the above ranges may provide a retardation film having excellent mechanical strength and small retardation values. The polymer film containing as a main component a resin composition containing the thermoplastic resin having a negative intrinsic birefringence value and the thermoplastic resin having a positive intrinsic birefringence value shows optical isotropic property and may have the optical properties described in the section F-1 as a single film. In the case where the thermoplastic resin blend is formed into a sheet through a solvent casting method, for example, molecules do not tend to align spontaneously during evaporation of a solvent. Thus, a retardation film satisfying a refractive index profile of nx=ny=nz can be obtained without requiring special fabrication such as stretching treatment. Further, such film has properties of weakly developing retardation values and thus may be subjected to stretching treatment. The stretching treatment may be performed for any purpose such as further improving mechanical strength or obtaining a wide optical film. The polymer film containing as a main component a resin composition containing the isobutylene/N-methyl maleimide copolymer and the acrylonitrile/styrene copolymer may be obtained through a method described in JP-A-05-59193. <H. Overview of Liquid Crystal Display Apparatus of the Present Invention> FIG. 7 is a schematic sectional view of a liquid crystal display apparatus according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. A liquid crystal display apparatus 200 is provided with: a liquid crystal panel 100; protective layers 60 and 60′ arranged on both sides of the liquid crystal panel; surface treated layers 70 and 70′ arranged on outer sides of the protective layers 60 and 60′; and a brightness enhancement film 80, a prism sheet 110, a light guide plate 120, and backlight 130 arranged on an outer side (backlight side) of the surface treated layer 70′. Treated layers subjected to hard coat treatment, anti reflection treatment, anti-sticking treatment, diffusion treatment (also referred to as anti-glare treatment), or the like is used as the surface treated layers 70 and 70′. A polarization separation film having a polarization selection layer “D-BEF series” (trade name, available from Sumitomo 3M Limited, for example) or the like is used as the brightness enhancement film 80. The above-described optical members are used, to thereby obtain a display apparatus having better display properties. According to another embodiment, the optical members shown in FIG. 7 may be partly omitted or replaced by other members in accordance with the drive mode or application of the liquid crystal cell to be used as long as the effects of the present invention are obtained. The liquid crystal display apparatus provided with the liquid crystal panel of the present invention has a contrast ratio (YW/YB) of preferably 30 or more, more preferably 40 or more, and particularly preferably 50 or more at an azimuth angle of 45° and a polar angle of 60°. The liquid crystal display apparatus provided with the liquid crystal panel of the present invention has a color shift (Lab value) of preferably 1 or less, more preferably 0.7 or less, particularly preferably 0.6 or less, and most preferably 0.5 or less at an azimuth angle of 45° and a polar angle of 60°, in addition to the above-described contrast ratio. <I. Application of Liquid Crystal Panel and Liquid Crystal Display Apparatus of the Present Invention> The application of the liquid crystal panel and liquid crystal display apparatus of the present invention is not particularly limited, but the liquid crystal panel and liquid crystal display apparatus of the present invention may be used for various applications such as: office automation (OA) devices such as a personal computer monitor, a laptop personal computer, and a copying machine; portable devices such as a cellular phone, a watch, a digital camera, a personal digital assistance (PDA), and a portable game machine; home appliances such as a video camera, a liquid crystal television, and a microwave; in-car devices such as a back monitor, a car navigation system monitor, and a car audio; display devices such as a commercial information monitor; security devices such as a surveillance monitor; and nursing care/medical devices such as a nursing monitor and a medical monitor. In particular, the liquid crystal panel and liquid crystal display apparatus of the present invention are preferably used for a large liquid crystal television. A liquid crystal television employing the liquid crystal panel and liquid crystal display apparatus of the present invention has a screen size of preferably wide 17-inch (373 mm×224 mm) or more, more preferably wide 23-inch (499 mm×300 mm) or more, particularly preferably wide 26-inch (566 mm×339 mm) or more, and most preferably wide 32-inch (687 mm×412 mm) or more. The present invention will be described in more detail by using the following examples and comparative examples. However, the present invention is not limited to the examples. Analysis methods used in the examples are described below. (1) Method of Determining Single Axis Transmittance and Degree of Polarization: The single axis transmittance and degree of polarization were determined at 23° C. by using a spectrophotometer “DOT-3” (trade name, manufactured by Murakami Color Research Laboratory). (2) Method of Determining Molecular Weight: The molecular weight was calculated through gel permeation chromatography (GPC) by using polystyrene as a standard sample. To be specific, the molecular weight was determined under the following measurement conditions by using the following apparatus and instruments. Analyzer: “HLC-8120GPC”, manufactured by Tosoh Corporation Column: TSKgel SuperHM-H/H4000/H3000/H2000 Column size: 6.0 mm I.D.×150 mm Eluant: tetrahydrofuran Flow rate: 0.6 ml/minute Detector: RI Column temperature: 40° C. Injection amount: 20 μl (3) Method of Measuring Thickness: A thickness of less than 10 μm was measured by using a thin film thickness spectrophotometer “Multichannel photodetector MCPD-2000” (trade name, manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.). A thickness of 10 μm or more was measured by using a digital micrometer “KC-351C-type” (trade name, manufactured by Anritsu Corporation). (4) Method of Determining Retardation Values (Re, Rth): The retardation values were determined by using an automatic birefringence analyzer “KOBRA-21ADH” (trade name, manufactured by Oji Scientific Instruments) based on a parallel Nicol rotation method by using light of a wavelength of 590 nm at 23° C. Light of a wavelength of 480 nm was also used for wavelength dispersion measurement. (5) Method of Measuring Refractive Index of Film: The refractive index of the film was determined by measuring refractive indices by using an Abbe refractometer “DR-M4” (trade name, manufactured by Atago Co., Ltd.) by using light of a wavelength of 589 nm at 23° C. (6) Method of Measuring Transmittance: The transmittance was measured by using a UV-vis spectrophotometer “V-560” (trade name, manufactured by JASCO Corporation) by using light of a wavelength of 590 nm at 23° C. (7) Method of Determining Photoelastic Coefficient: The retardation values (23° C./wavelength of 590 nm) at a center of a sample having a size of 2 cm×10 cm were determined under stress (5 to 15 N) by using a spectroscopic ellipsometer “M-220” (trade name, manufactured by JASCO Corporation) while both ends of the sample were held, and the photoelastic coefficient was calculated from a slope of a function of the stress and the retardation values. (8) UV Irradiation Method: A UV irradiation apparatus having a metal halide lamp with a light intensity of 120 mW/cm2 at a wavelength of 365 nm as a light source was used. (9) Method of determining contrast ratio of liquid crystal display apparatus: Measurement was performed in a dark room at 23° C. by using the following method and measurement apparatus. A white image and a black image were displayed on a liquid crystal display apparatus, and Y values of an XYZ display system at an azimuth angle of 45° and polar angle of 60° of a display screen were measured by using “EZ Contrast 160D” (tradename, manufactured by ELDIM SA). A contrast ratio “YW/YB” in an oblique direction was calculated from a Y value (YW) of the white image and a Y value (YB) of the black image. Note that, the azimuth angle of 45° refers to a direction rotated by 45° in a counter clockwise direction with respect to a longer side of the panel at 0°. The polar angle of 60° refers to a direction inclined by 60° with respect to a normal line direction of the display screen at 0°. (10) Method of Determining Color Shift of Liquid Crystal Display Apparatus: Measurement was performed in a dark room at 23° C. by using the following method and measurement apparatus. A black image was displayed on the liquid crystal display apparatus, and color tones, a value and b value, were measured in all azimuth directions (360°) at a polar angle of 60° by using “EZ Contrast 160D” (trade name, manufactured by ELDIM SA). Average values of the a values and the b values in all azimuth directions at a polar angle of 60° were respectively represented by an aave.value and a bave.value, and a value and a b value at an azimuth angle of 45° and a polar angle of 60° were respectively represented by an a45°value and a b45°value. The color shift in an oblique direction (Δab value) was calculated from the following expression: {(a45°−aave.)2+(b45°−bave.)2}1/2. Note that, the azimuth angle of 45° refers to a direction rotated by 45° in a counter clockwise direction with respect to a longer side of the panel at 0°. The polar angle of 60° refers to a direction viewed from 60° with respect to a normal line direction of the panel at 0°. <Production of Retardation Film to be Used for Negative C Plate> REFERENCE EXAMPLE 1 Polyvinyl alcohol [“NH-18”, trade name, available from The Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.] was applied uniformly in one direction to a surface of a polymer film containing as a main component a cycloolefin-based resin [“Zeonor ZF14”, trade name, available from Zeon Corporation (thickness of 40 μm)] by using a rod coater, and the whole was dried in an air-circulating thermostatic oven at 70° C.±1° C. for 5 minutes. Then, the resultant was subjected to rubbing treatment (revolving speed of 1,000 rpm, indentation of 0.30 mm, traveling speed of 60 mm/s) by using a cylindrical roll attached thereto a rubbing cloth with any lonpile yarn. The obtained polymer film had Re[590] of 0.3 nm and Rth[590] of 2 nm. Next, 90 parts by weight of a calamitic liquid crystal compound [“Paliocolor LC242”, trade name, available from BASF Aktiengesellschaft (ne=1.654, no=1.523)], 10 parts by weight of a polymerizable chiral agent [“Paliocolor LC756”, trade name, available from BASF Aktiengesellschaft], and 5 parts by weight of a photopolymerization initiator [“Irgacure 907”, trade name, available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals] were dissolved in 300 parts by weight of cyclopentanone, to thereby prepare a solution of a liquid crystal composition having a total solid content of 26 wt %. This solution was applied uniformly in one direction to a surface of the polymer film containing as a main component the cycloolefin-based resin and subjected to the rubbing treatment, and the whole was dried in an air-circulating thermostatic oven at 70° C.±1° C. for 5 minutes, to thereby obtain a solidified layer of a liquid crystal composition containing a calamitic liquid crystal compound in planar alignment. Then, this solidified layer was irradiated with UV rays of 600 mJ/cm2 under an air atmosphere, to thereby cure the liquid crystal composition through a polymerization reaction. The thus-obtained film was referred to as a retardation film A-1. Table 1 shows properties of the retardation film A-1 together with the properties of films of Reference Examples 2 and 3 described below. REFERENCE EXAMPLE 2 A film of a cycloolefin-based resin obtained through hydrogenation of a ring-opened polymer of a norbornene-based monomer [“Arton F”, trade name, available from JSR Corporation (thickness of 100 μm, glass transition temperature=171° C., average refractive index=1.51, Re[590]=5 nm, Rth[590]=18 nm)] was stretched 1.2 times in a longitudinal direction and 1.2 times in a transverse direction in an air-circulating oven at 190° C.±2° C. by using a biaxial stretching machine. The obtained stretched film was referred to as a retardation film A-2. Table 1 shows the properties of the retardation film A-2. REFERENCE EXAMPLE 3 A commercially available polymer film containing as a main component triacetylcellulose [“Fujitac”, trade name, available from Fuji Photo Film, Co., Ltd. (thickness of 80 μm, average refractive index=1.48)] was used as it is. This polymer film was referred to as a retardation film A-3. Table 1 shows the properties of the retardation film A-3. TABLE 1 Reference Reference Reference Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Retardation film A-1 A-2 A-3 Thickness (μm) 41 80 80 Transmittance (%) 91 92 92 Re[590] (nm) 0.5 1.0 0.5 Rth[590] (nm) 50 80 60 C[590] ×10−12(m2/N) Not 5.0 14.0 measured <Production of Retardation Film Used in Negative A Plate> REFERENCE EXAMPLE 4 A biaxially stretched polypropylene film “TORAYFAN, high shrinkage-type” (tradename, availablefromTorayIndustries, Inc., thickness of 60 μm) was attached to each side of a film of a cycloolefin-based resin obtained through hydrogenation of a ring-opened polymer of a norbornene-based monomer “Zeonor ZF14” (trade name, available from “Zeon Corporation”, thickness of 100 μm, glass transition temperature of 136° C., average refractive index of 1.51, Re[590] of 2 nm, Rth[590] of 8 nm) through an acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive layer (thickness of 15 μm). Then, the resultant was stretched 1.40 times by using a roll stretching machine in an air-circulating thermostatic oven at 148° C.±1° C. while a longitudinal direction of the film was held. The obtained stretched film was referred to as a retardation film B-1. Table 2 collectively shows the properties of the obtained retardation film B-1 and the properties of films of Reference Examples 5 to 6 described below. Note that the biaxially stretched polypropylene film used in this example had a shrinkage ratio at 140° C. of 6.4% in an MD direction and 12.8% in a TD direction. The acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive was prepared by: using isononyl acrylate (weight average molecular weight=550,000) synthesized through solution polymerization as a base polymer; and mixing 3 parts by weight of a crosslinking agent of a polyisocyanate compound [“Coronate L”, trade name, available from Nippon Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd.] and 10 parts by weight of a catalyst [“OL-1”, trade name, available from Tokyo Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.] with respect to 100 parts by weight of the polymer. REFERENCE EXAMPLE 5 A biaxially stretched polypropylene film [“Torayfan-low shrinkage type”, trade name, available from Toray Industries, Inc. (thickness of 60 μm)] was attached to each side of a polymer film containing as a main component a polycarbonate-based resin [“PF”, trade name, available from Kaneka Corporation (thickness of 60 μm, glass transition temperature=132° C., average refractive index=1.52, Re[590]=1 nm, Rth[590]=10 nm)] through an acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive (thickness of 15 μm). Then, the resultant was stretched 1.10 times by a roll stretching machine in an air-circulating drying oven at 150° C.±1° C. while a longitudinal direction of the film was held. The obtained stretched film was referred to as a retardation film B-2. Table 2 shows the properties of the retardation film B-2. Note that the biaxially stretched polypropylene film used in this example had a shrinkage ratio at 140° C. of 5.7% in an MD direction and 7.6% in a TD direction. The acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive was prepared by: using isononyl acrylate (weight average molecular weight=550,000) synthesized through solution polymerization as a base polymer; and mixing 3 parts by weight of a crosslinking agent of a polyisocyanate compound [“Coronate L”, trade name, available from Nippon Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd.] and 10 parts by weight of a catalyst[“OL-1”, trade name, available from Tokyo Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.] with respect to 100 parts by weight of the polymer. REFERENCE EXAMPLE 6 A polymer film containing as a main component an olefin/N-phenyl substituted maleimide-based resin [“OPN”, trade name, available from Tosoh Corporation (thickness of 100 μm, glass transition temperature of 130° C.)] was stretched 1.90 times by a roll stretching machine in an air-circulating drying oven at 148° C.±1° C. while a longitudinal direction of the film was held. The obtained stretched film was referred to as a retardation film B-3. Table 2 shows the properties of the retardation film B-3. TABLE 2 Reference Reference Reference Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 Retardation film B-1 B-2 B-3 Thickness (μm) 108 65 78 Transmittance (%) 92 91 91 Re[590] (nm) 120 140 160 Rth[590] (nm) 2.2 3.8 0.9 C[590] ×10−12(m2/N) 5.0 35.0 25.0 <Production of Optical Film Used in an Isotropic Optical Element> REFERENCE EXAMPLE 7 Pellets obtained through addition copolymerization of ethylene and norbornene “TOPAS” (trade name, glass transition temperature of 140° C., weight average molecular weight of 90,000, available from Ticona) were dried at 100° C. for 5 hours. Then, the resultant was extruded at 270° C. by using a single-screw extruder of 40 nmΦ and a T-die of 400 mm width, and a sheet-like molten resin (600 mm width) was cooled by using a cooling drum. Table 3 shows the properties of the obtained optical film C-1 together with the film-properties obtained in reference Examples 8 to 10 described below. REFERENCE EXAMPLE 8 A polymer film containing as a main component triacetylcellulose[“UZ-TAC”, trade name, available from Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. (thickness of 40 μm, average refractive index=1.48, Re[590]=2.2 nm, Rth[590]=39.8 nm)] was swelled, and a solution prepared by dissolving 20 parts by weight of a cycloolefin-based resin [“Arton G”, trade name, available from JSR Corporation] in 80 parts by weight of cyclopentanone (solvent) was applied to a surface of the polymer film to a thickness of 150 μm, to reduce Rth. Next, the whole was dried in an air-circulating thermostatic oven at 140° C.±1° C. for 3 minutes to evaporate the solvent, to thereby form a cycloolefin-based resin layer on the surface of the polymer film containing as a main component the triacetylcellulose. Then, the cycloolefin-based resin layer was peeled off to obtain a transparent film. The obtained transparent film was referred to as an optical film C-2. Table 3 shows the properties of the optical film C-2. REFERENCE EXAMPLE 9 65 parts by weight of a copolymer of isobutylene/N-methylmaleimide (N-methylmaleimide content of 50 mol % isobutylene content of 50 mol %, and glass transitiontemperature of 157° C.), 35 parts by weight of an acrylonitrile/styrene copolymer (acry lonitrile content of 27 mol % and styrene content of 73 mol %), and 1 part by weight of 2-[4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-5-[(hexyl)oxy]-phenol (UV absorber) were formed into pellets by using an extruder. Then, the resultant was dried at 100° C. for 5 hours and extruded at 270° C. by using a single-screw extruder of 40 nmΦ and a T-die of 400 mm width, and a sheet-like molten resin (600 nm width) was cooled by using a cooling drum, to therebyproducea film (having an average refractive index of 1.51) as an optical film C-3. Table 3 shows the properties of the optical film C-3. <Production of a Polymer Film for General Polarizer Protection> REFERENCE EXAMPLE 10 A commercially available polymer film “Fujitac” (trade name, thickness of 80 μm and average refractive index of 1.48, available from Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.) containing triacetylcellulose as a main component was used as it is. This polymer film was used as an optical film C-4. Table 3 shows the properties of the optical film C-4. TABLE 3 Reference Reference Reference Reference Example 7 Example 8 Example 9 Example 10 Optical film C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 Thickness (μm) 40 42 40 80 Transmittance (%) 91 90 91 91 Re[590] (nm) 0.1 2.0 2.1 0.5 Rth[590] (nm) 1.0 0.5 2.9 60 C[590] ×10−12(m2/N) 4.8 17.8 5.1 14.0 <Production of Optical Film Used in a Polarizer> REFERENCE EXAMPLE 11 A polymer film “9P75R” (trade name, thickness of 75 μm, average degree of polymerization of 2,400, degree of saponification of 99.9 mol %, available from Kuraray Co., Ltd.) containing polyvinyl alcohol as a main component was uniaxially stretched 2.5 times by using a roll stretching machine while the polymer film was colored in a coloring bath maintained at 30° C.±3° C. and containing iodine and potassium iodide. Next, the polymer film was uniaxially stretched to a 6 times length of the original length of the polyvinyl alcohol film in an aqueous solution maintained at 60° C.±3° C. and containing boric acid and potassium iodide while a crosslinking reaction was performed. The obtained film was dried in an air circulating thermostatic oven at 50° C.±1° C. for 30 minutes, to thereby obtain polarizers P1 and P2 each having a moisture content of 23%, a thickness of 28 μm, a degree of polarization of 99.9%, and a single axis transmittance of 43.5%. <Production of Liquid Crystal Cells Containing Homogeneously Aligned Liquid Crystal Layer> REFERENCE EXAMPLE 12 A liquid crystal panel was removed from a liquid crystal display apparatus “KLV-17HR2” (panel size: 375 mm×230 mm, manufactured by Sony Corporation) provided with a liquid crystal cell of IPS mode. Polarizing plates arranged above and below the liquid crystal cell were removed, and glass surfaces (front and back surfaces) of the liquid crystal cell were washed. <Production of Liquid Crystal Panel and Liquid Crystal Display Apparatus> EXAMPLE 1 To a surface of a viewer side of the liquid cell provided with a liquid crystal layer in homogeneous alignment obtained in Reference Example 12, the retardation film B-2 (negative A plate) obtained in Reference Example 5 was attached through an adhesive layer formed of an acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive and having a thickness of 20 μm such that a slow axis of the retardation film B-2 was substantially perpendicular (90°±0.5°) to a long side of the liquid crystal cell. Next, to a surface of the retardation film B-2, the retardation film A-2 (negative C plate) obtained in Reference Example 2 was attached through an adhesive layer formed of an acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive and having a thickness of 20 μm such that a slow axis of the retardation film A-2 was substantially parallel (0°±0.5°) to the long side of the liquid crystal cell. Next, to a surface of the retardation film A-2, the polarizer P1 (first polarizer) obtained in Reference Example 11 was attached through an adhesive layer formed of an isocyanate-based adhesive [“Takenate 631”, trade name, available from Mitsui Takeda Chemicals, Inc.] and having a thickness of 5 μm such that an absorption axis of the polarizer P1 was substantially parallel (0°±0.5°) to the long side of the liquid crystal cell. To a surface of the polarizer P1, a commercially available triacetylcellulose film (protective layer) was attached through an adhesive layer formed of an isocyanate-based adhesive [“Takenate 631”, trade name, available from Mitsui Takeda Chemicals, Inc.] and having a thickness of 5 μm. On a backlight side of the liquid crystal cell, the optical film C-1 obtained in Reference Example 7 was attached through an adhesive layer formed of an acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive and having a thickness of 20 μm such that a slow axis of the optical film C-1 was substantially perpendicular (90°±0.5°) to a long side of the liquid crystal cell. Next, to a surface of the optical film C-1, the polarizer P2 (second polarizer) obtained in Reference Example 11 was attached through an adhesive layer formed of an isocyanate-based adhesive [“Takenate 631”, trade name, available from Mitsui Takeda Chemicals, Inc.] and having a thickness of 5 μm such that an absorption axis of the polarizer P2 was substantially perpendicular (90°±0.5°) to the long side of the liquid crystal cell. Next, to a surface of the polarizer P2, a commercially available triacetylcellulose film (protective layer) was attached through an adhesive layer formed of an isocyanate-based adhesive [“Takenate 631”, trade name, available fromMitsui Takeda Chemicals, Inc.] and having a thickness of 5 μm. The thus-produced liquid crystal panel (i) has a structure shown in FIG. 2. This liquid crystal panel (i) was connected to a backlight unit, to thereby produce a liquid crystal display apparatus (i). Backlight was turned on for 30 minutes, and then a contrast ratio in an oblique direction and a color shift in an oblique direction were measured. Table 4 shows the obtained properties together with data of Examples 2 to 6 and Comparative Example 1 and 2. EXAMPLE 2 A liquid crystal panel (ii) and a liquid crystal display apparatus (ii) were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the retardation film B-1 was used as the negative A plate. Table 4 shows the properties of the liquid crystal device (ii). EXAMPLE 3 A liquid crystal panel (iii) and a liquid crystal display apparatus (iii) were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the retardation film B-3 was used as the negative A plate. Table 4 shows the properties of the liquid crystal device (iii). EXAMPLE 4 A liquid crystal panel (iv) and a liquid crystal display apparatus (iv) were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the retardation film A-1 was used as the negative C plate. Table 4 shows the properties of the liquid crystal device (iv). EXAMPLE 5 A liquid crystal panel (v) and a liquid crystal display apparatus (v) were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the retardation film A-3 was used as the negative C plate. Table 4 shows the properties of the liquid crystal device (v). EXAMPLE 6 A liquid crystal panel (vi) and a liquid crystal display apparatus (vi) were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the retardation film C-3 was used as the isotropic optical element. Table 4 shows the properties of the liquid crystal device (vi). COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 A liquid crystal panel (vii) and a liquid crystal display apparatus (vii) were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the optical film C-4 was used as a general polymer film for protecting a polarizer instead of the isotropic optical element. The liquid crystal panel (vii) is has a construction shown in FIG. 8. Table 4 shows the properties of the liquid crystal device (vii). COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 A liquid crystal panel (viii) and a liquid crystal display apparatus (viii) were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that: the retardation A-3 was used as the negative C plate; the negative A plate was not used; and the optical film C-4 was used as a general polymer film for protecting a polarizer instead of the isotropic optical element. This liquid crystal panel (viii) employs a general polymer film for protecting a polarizer (commercially available triacetylcellulose film) on each side of the liquid crystal cell, and has a construction shown in FIG. 9. Table 4 shows the properties of the liquid crystal display apparatus (viii). COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 A liquid crystal panel (ix) and a liquid crystal display apparatus (ix) were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the negative C plate was not used. This liquid crystal panel (ix) has a construction shown in FIG. 10. Table 4 shows the properties of the liquid crystal display apparatus (ix). COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4 A liquid crystal panel (x) and a liquid crystal display apparatus (x) were produced by using the same optical elements, polarizers, and liquid crystal cell as those of Example 1 except that an order of arranging the retardation film B-2 and the retardation film A-2 arranged on a viewer side of the liquid crystal cell was reversed from the order in Example 1 [that is, the negative A plate (retardation film B-2) was arranged between the first polarizer and the negative C plate (retardation film A-2)]. This liquid crystal panel (x) has a construction shown in FIG. 11. Table 4 shows the properties of the liquid crystal display apparatus (x). TABLE 4 Liquid crystal panel Isotropic Contrast Negative C plate Negative A plate optical element ratio in Color shift Retardation Rth[590] Retardation Re[590] Optical Rth[590] Construc- oblique in oblique film (nm) film (nm) film (nm) tion direction direction Example 1 A-2 80 B-2 140 C-1 1.0 62 0.30 Example 2 A-2 80 B-1 120 C-1 1.0 50 0.35 Example 3 A-2 80 B-3 160 C-1 1.0 70 0.40 Example 4 A-1 50 B-2 140 C-1 1.0 53 0.25 Example 5 A-3 60 B-2 140 C-1 1.0 55 0.23 Example 6 A-2 80 B-2 140 C-3 2.9 60 0.30 Comparative A-2 80 B-2 140 C-4 60 20 2.0 Example 1 Comparative A-3 60 Not used — C-4 60 8 1.5 Example 2 Comparative Not used — B-2 140 C-1 1.0 11 2.3 Example 3 Comparative A-2 80 B-2 140 C-1 1.0 10 2.5 Example 4 [Evaluation] As shown in each of Examples 1 to 6, the liquid crystal display apparatus provided with the liquid crystal panel of the present invention has a significantly high contrast ratio in an oblique direction and a significantly small color shift in an oblique direction compared with a liquid crystal display apparatus employing a conventional liquid crystal panel. The liquid crystal display apparatus of each of Examples 1 to 6 was used for black display in a dark room and visually observed. Light leak and coloring were reduced when a screen was seen from any angle. A color image was displayed in a dark room and visually observed, and vivid color display was observed without abnormality when the screen was seen from any angle. In consideration of the results of Examples 1 to 3, Re[590] of the negative A plate is most preferably 160 nm. In consideration of the results of Examples 1, 4, and 5, Rth[590] of the negative C plate is most preferably about 80 nm. The results of Example 3 indicate that a difference (ΔR) between Re[590] of the negative A plate and Rth[590] of the negative C plate is preferably about 80 nm. Meanwhile, the liquid crystal panel of Comparative Example 1 employing a general polymer film for protecting a polarizer instead of the isotropic optical element had large Rth[590] and only provided a liquid crystal display apparatus having a low contrast-ratio in an oblique direction and a large color shift in an oblique direction. The liquid crystal panel of Comparative Example 2 employing no negative A plate only provided a liquid crystal display apparatus having a low contrast ratio in an oblique direction and a large color shift in an oblique direction. The liquid crystal panel of Comparative Example 3 employing no negative C plate only provided a liquid crystal display apparatus having a low contrast ratio in an oblique direction and a large color shift in an oblique direction. The liquid crystal panel of Comparative Example 4 including the negative A plate and the negative C plate arranged in the reversed order from that of the liquid crystal panel of Example 1 only provided a liquid crystal display apparatus having a low contrast ratio in an oblique direction and a large color shift in an oblique direction. The liquid crystal display apparatus of each of Comparative Examples 1 to 4 was used for black display in a dark room and visually observed. Light leak and slight coloring were observed when a screen was seen from an oblique direction. A color image was displayed in a dark room and visually observed, and a display color varied depending on an angle from which screen was seen and had much abnormality. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY As described above, the liquid crystal panel of the present invention is capable of increasing a contrast ratio in an oblique direction and reducing a color shift in an oblique direction, and thus is very useful for improving display properties of the liquid crystal display apparatus. Therefore, the liquid crystal panel and the liquid crystal display apparatus of the present invention may suitably be used for a large size liquid crystal television.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>A liquid crystal display apparatus has attracted attention for its properties such as being thin, being lightweight, and having low power consumption, and is widely used in: portable devices such as a cellular phone and a watch; office automation (OA) devices such as a personal computer monitor and a laptop personal computer; and home appliances such as a video camera and a liquid crystal television. The use of the liquid crystal display apparatus has spread because disadvantages in that its display properties vary depending on an angle from which a screen is viewed and that the liquid crystal display apparatus cannot operate at high temperatures and very low temperatures have been overcome by technical innovations. However, wide-ranging uses have changed the property required for each use. For example, a conventional liquid crystal display apparatus has only to have viewing angle property of a contrast ratio between white/black displays of about 10 in an oblique direction. This definition derives from a contrast ratio of black ink printed on white paper of newspapers, magazines, and the like. However, the use of the liquid crystal display apparatus for a large stationary television requires a display that can be viewed well from different viewing angles because several persons view a screen at the same time. That is, a contrast ratio between white/black displays must be 20 or more, for example. A person viewing four corners of a screen of a large display without moving is comparable to a person viewing the screen from different viewing angle directions. Thus, it is important that the liquid crystal panel have uniform contrast or display without color unevenness across the entire screen. If such technical requirements are not satisfied in use for a large stationary television, a viewer may feel uncomfortable and tired. Various retardation films are conventionally used for a liquid crystal display apparatus. For example, there is disclosed a method of improving a contrast ratio in an oblique direction and color shift in an oblique direction (coloring of an image varying depending on an angle seen from) by arranging a retardation film having a relationship of nx≡nz>ny (so-called a negative A plate) on one side or both sides of a liquid crystal cell of in-plane switching (IPS) mode (see Patent Document 1, for example). However, such techniques cannot sufficiently improve a contrast ratio in an oblique direction and color shift in an oblique direction. As a result, display properties of the thus-obtained liquid crystal display apparatus do not satisfy the requirements for a large stationary television. Patent Document 1: JP-A-10-54982.

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>[ FIG. 1 ] A schematic sectional view of a liquid crystal panel according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. [ FIG. 2 ] A schematic perspective view of a liquid crystal panel of each of FIG. 1 and Examples 1 to 6. [ FIG. 3 ] A schematic diagram showing a concept of a typical production process for a polarizer to be used in the present invention. [ FIG. 4 ] ( a ) is a schematic diagram explaining a calamitic liquid crystal compound in planar alignment, and (b) is a schematic diagram explaining a discotic liquid crystal compound in columnar alignment. [ FIG. 5 ] A schematic diagram showing a concept of a typical production process for a retardation film to be used for a negative A plate in the present invention. [ FIG. 6 ] A schematic diagram showing a discotic liquid crystal compound in substantially vertical alignment. [ FIG. 7 ] A schematic perspective view of a liquid crystal display apparatus according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. [ FIG. 8 ] A schematic perspective view of a liquid crystal panel of Comparative Example 1. [ FIG. 9 ] A schematic perspective view of a liquid crystal panel of Comparative Example 2. [ FIG. 10 ] A schematic perspective view of a liquid crystal panel of Comparative Example 3. [ FIG. 11 ] A schematic perspective view of a liquid crystal panel of Comparative Example 4. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20060906

20091117

20070816

70834.0

G02F11335

ANDERSON, GUY G

LIQUID CRYSTAL PANEL, LIQUID CRYSTAL TELEVISION, AND LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY APPARATUS

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

G02F

ACCEPTED

Heat-Resistant Cast Iron And Exhaust Equipment Member Formed Thereby

A graphite-containing, heat-resistant cast iron for exhaust equipment members used at temperatures exceeding 800° C., comprising 3.5-5.6% of Si and 1.2-15% of W on a weight basis, and having intermediate layers, in which W and Si are concentrated, in the boundaries of graphite particles and a matrix. An exhaust equipment member formed by this heat-resistant cast iron has an AC transformation point is 840° C. or higher when measured from 30° C. at a temperature-elevating speed of 3° C./minute, and a thermal cracking life of 780 cycles or more in a thermal fatigue test, in which heating and cooling are conducted under the conditions of an upper-limit temperature of 840° C., a temperature amplitude of 690° C. and a constraint ratio of 0.25.

1. A graphite-containing heat-resistant cast iron comprising 3.5-5.6% of Si and 1.2-15% of W on a weight basis, and having intermediate layers, in which W and Si are concentrated, in the boundaries of graphite particles and a matrix. 2. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, wherein a ratio (Xi/Xm) of the weight ratio Xi of W in said intermediate layers to the weight ratio Xm of W in said matrix is 5 or more. 3. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, wherein a ratio (Yi/Ym) of the weight ratio Yi of Si in said intermediate layers to the weight ratio Ym of Si in said matrix is 1.5 or more. 4. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, having a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 1.5-4.5% of C, 3.5-5.6% of Si, 3% or less of Mn, 1.2-15% of W, less than 0.5% of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 1.0% or less of a graphite-spheroidizing element, the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities. 5. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, further comprising 0.003-0.02% by weight of 5 and 0.05% or less by weight of a rare earth element. 6. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, comprising 0.005-0.2% by weight of Mg as a graphite-spheroidizing element. 7. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, wherein it meets Si+( 2/7)W≦8 on a weight basis. 8. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, further comprising 5.5% or less by weight of Mo. 9. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, further comprising 6.5% or less by weight of Cu. 10. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, further comprising 5% or less by weight of Co. 11. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, further comprising 1.0% or less by weight of Nb and/or 0.05% or less by weight of B. 12. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, wherein the number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles in the boundaries with said matrix is 75% or more of the total number of graphite particles. 13. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, wherein with respect to W-containing carbide particles on the surface of graphite particles exposed by etching, their number is 3×105/mm2 or more per a unit area of graphite, and/or their area ratio is 1.8% or more. 14. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, wherein its AC1 transformation point is 840° C. or higher when measured from 30° C. at a temperature-elevating speed of 3° C./minute. 15. The heat-resistant cast iron according to, wherein its weight loss by oxidation is 60 mg/cm2 or less when kept at 800° C. for 200 hours in the air. 16. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, wherein its thermal cracking life is 780 cycles or more in a thermal fatigue test, in which heating and cooling are conducted under the conditions of an upper-limit temperature of 840° C., a temperature amplitude of 690° C. and a constraint ratio of 0.25. 17. An exhaust equipment member made of the heat-resistant cast iron recited in claim 1. 18. The exhaust equipment member according to claim 17, wherein it is an exhaust manifold, a turbocharger housing, an exhaust manifold integral with a turbocharger housing, a catalyst case, an exhaust manifold integral with a catalyst case, or an exhaust outlet. 19. An exhaust equipment member used at temperatures exceeding 800° C., which is formed by a heat-resistant cast iron having a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 1.5-4.5% of C, 3.5-5.6% of Si, 3% or less of Mn, 1.2-15% of W, less than 0.5% of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 1.0% or less of a graphite-spheroidizing element, Si+( 2/7)W≦8, and the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities, said heat-resistant cast iron having a structure comprising a matrix based on a ferrite phase in an as-cast state, in which graphite is crystallized, and intermediate layers, in which W and Si are concentrated, in the boundaries of said graphite particles and said matrix, whereby it has an AC1 transformation point of 840° C. or higher when measured from 30° C. at a temperature-elevating speed of 3° C./minute, and a thermal cracking life of 780 cycles or more in a thermal fatigue test, in which heating and cooling are conducted under the conditions of an upper-limit temperature of 840° C., a temperature amplitude of 690° C. and a constraint ratio of 0.25. 20. The exhaust equipment member according to claim 19, wherein a ratio (Xi/Xm) of the weight ratio Xi of W in said intermediate layers to the weight ratio Xm of W in said matrix is 5 or more. 21. The exhaust equipment member according to claim 20, wherein said Xi/Xm is 10 or more. 22. The exhaust equipment member according to claim 1, wherein a ratio (Yi/Ym) of the weight ratio Yi of Si in said intermediate layers to the weight ratio Ym of Si in said matrix is 1.5 or more. 23. The exhaust equipment member according to claim 22, wherein said Yi/Ym is 2.0 or more. 24. The exhaust equipment member according to claim 19, wherein its weight loss by oxidation is 60 mg/cm2 or less when kept at 800° C. for 200 hours in the air. 25. The exhaust equipment member according to claim 19, wherein said heat-resistant cast iron has a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 1.8-4.2% of C, 3.8-5.3% of Si, 1.5% or less of Mn, 1.5-10% of W, 0.3% or less of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 0.01-0.2% of a graphite-spheroidizing element, Si+( 2/7)W≦8, and the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a heat-resistant cast iron having high oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, particularly to a heat-resistant cast iron suitable for exhaust equipment members for automobile engines, such as exhaust manifolds, turbocharger housings, catalyst cases, etc. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Exhaust equipment members for automobile engines, such as exhaust manifolds, turbocharger housings, catalyst cases, exhaust manifolds integral with turbocharger housings, exhaust manifolds integral with catalyst cases, exhaust outlets, etc. are required to have improved heat resistance such as oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance as well as high durability and long life, because they are used in such severe conditions as repeatedly exposed to high-temperature exhaust gases from engines with direct exposure to sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, etc. in the exhaust gas. The exhaust equipment members have conventionally been formed by inexpensive, high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron containing about 4% by weight of Si, which has relatively good heat resistance as well as good castability and machinability among the cast irons. Because of recent improvement of the performance and fuel efficiency of automobile engines, and tightened regulations of exhaust gas emission, the exhaust gases tend to have higher temperatures. Accordingly, exhaust equipment members sometimes become higher than 800° C., so that higher heat resistance such as oxidation resistance, thermal crack resistance, etc. is required for the exhaust equipment members. Various improvements of the high-temperature properties of spheroidal graphite cast irons have thus been investigated. Although conventional high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons have excellent castability and machinability at low production costs, their heat resistance such as oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance is limited, so that exhaust equipment members made thereof cannot be used at temperatures exceeding 800° C. JP9-87796A discloses a heat-resistant spheroidal graphite cast iron having a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 2.7-3.2% of C, 4.4-5.0% of Si, 0.6% or less of Mn, 0.5-1.0% of Cr, 0.1-1.0% of Ni, 1.0% or less of Mo, and 0.1% or less of a spheroidizing agent, the balance being substantially Fe, and a matrix based on a ferrite phase. This heat-resistant spheroidal graphite cast iron exhibits high oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance in an environment subjected to repeated thermal load between 150° C. and 800° C., because of a relatively large amount of Si and small amounts of Cr and Ni added, so that it is suitable for exhaust equipment members for automobile engines, such as turbocharger housings, exhaust manifolds, etc. However, because this heat-resistant spheroidal graphite cast iron does not contain W, it is not necessarily sufficient in oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, failing to exhibit a satisfactory thermal cracking life particularly when used for exhaust equipment members repeatedly subjected to heating and cooling from room temperature to temperatures exceeding 800° C. JP2002-339033A discloses a ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron with improved high-temperature properties, which has a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 3.1-4.0% of C, 3.6-4.6% of Si, 0.3-1.0% of Mo, 0.1-1.0% of V, 0.15-1.6% of Mn, and 0.02-0.10% of Mg, the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities. The addition of V and Mn to a Si- and Mo-based composition improves not only high-temperature strength, thermal deformation resistance and thermal fatigue resistance, but also tensile strength and yield strength from room temperature to a high-temperature region of about 800-900° C., thereby increasing a life until initial cracking occurs, and improving thermal fatigue resistance. This is because V provides high-melting-point, fine carbide particles precipitated substantially in eutectic cell grain boundaries, thereby increasing grain boundary potential and preventing the pearlite structure from being decomposed at high temperatures, and because Mn accelerates the precipitation of the pearlite structure, thereby improving tensile strength and yield strength. However, because this ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron does not contain W, it is not necessarily sufficient in oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance. JP10-195587A discloses a spheroidal graphite cast iron having a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 2.7%-4.2% of C, 3.5%-5.2% of Si, 1.0% or less of Mn, 0.03% or less of S, 0.02-0.15% of at least one of Mg, Ca and rare earth elements (including at least 0.02% of Mg), and 0.03-0.20% of As, the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities, with brittleness suppressed at middle temperatures around 400° C. This spheroidal graphite cast iron has improved high-temperature strength because it further contains 1% or less by weight of at least one of Cr, Mo, W, Ti and V as a matrix-strengthening component, and it also has improved ductility because of carbide suppressed by containing 3% or less by weight of Ni or Cu, a graphitizing element. Although the mechanism of suppressing embrittlement at middle temperatures is not necessarily clear, Mg remaining after the spheroidization, which is expected to segregate to crystal grain boundaries to cause embrittlement at middle temperatures, is combined with As to prevent the embrittlement function of Mg, and As remaining after combination with Mg improves the bonding of crystal grains, thereby mitigating or suppressing brittleness at middle temperatures. However, because the amounts of Cr. Mo, W, Ti and V are as small as 1% or less by weight in this spheroidal graphite cast iron, it is not necessarily sufficient in oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance when used for exhaust equipment members repeatedly heated and cooled. Also, the inclusion of As deteriorates the oxidation resistance of the spheroidal graphite cast iron at 700° C. or higher. In addition, As is toxic and extremely harmful to humans and the environment even in a trace amount, necessitating a facility for preventing operators from being intoxicated from the melting step to the casting step, and needing intoxication-preventing measures in the repair and maintenance of the apparatus. Further, it poses environmental pollution problems in the recycling of products. Thus, the As-containing, spheroidal graphite cast iron is not practically usable. The conventional high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron has as low a ferrite-austenite transformation temperature (AC1 transformation point) as about 800° C., at which the matrix structure changes from a ferrite/pearlite phase to an austenite phase. The austenite has a larger linear expansion coefficient than that of the ferrite. Accordingly, when part of an exhaust equipment member becomes about 800° C. or higher, higher than the AC1 transformation point, the matrix changes to an austenite phase and so drastically expands, resulting in strain due to the expansion ratio difference. Also, when the temperature of the exhaust equipment member is lowered by engine stop, etc., the exhaust equipment member passes through the austenite-ferrite transformation temperature (Ar1 transformation point), resulting in strain due to the expansion ratio difference. Thus, the exhaust equipment member formed by the high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron is largely deformed by expansion and contraction due to the phase transformation in a state where it is constrained by other members by bolt fastening, etc. Also, repeated passing of the AC1 transformation point and the Ar1 transformation point causes the precipitation of secondary graphite, resulting in irreversible expansion and thus large deformation. In addition, the exhaust equipment member is exposed to high-temperature exhaust gases containing sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, etc. and oxygen in the air at high temperatures, etc. (hereinafter referred to as “oxidizing gases”), resulting in oxide layers formed on the surface. When the oxide layers are heated to temperatures near the AC1 transformation point or higher and cooled, deformation and internal strain are generated by the difference in thermal expansion between the oxide layers and the matrix, resulting in micro-cracks in the oxide layers. The oxidizing gases penetrating through the cracks oxidize the inside of the exhaust equipment member (internal oxidation), so that cracks further propagate. The oxidation and cracking of the exhaust equipment member at high temperatures are thus closely related, both having large influence on the heat resistance, durability, life, etc. of the exhaust equipment member. Although the high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron containing about 4% of Si has a higher AC1 transformation point and thus higher oxidation resistance than those of usual spheroidal graphite cast irons, it exhibits insufficient oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance when heated to 800° C. (the AC1 transformation point) or higher, resulting in a short life. Accordingly, presently used for exhaust equipment members operable at temperatures exceeding about 800° C. in place of the conventional high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron having limited heat resistance such as oxidation resistance, thermal crack resistance, etc., are austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron such as FCDA-NiCr20 2 (NI-RESIST D2), FCDA-NiSiCr35 5 2 (NI-RESIST D5S) containing about 18-35% by weight of Ni, etc., ferritic cast stainless steel containing 18% or more by weight of Cr, and austenitic cast stainless steel containing 18% or more by weight of Cr and 8% or more by weight of Ni, which have higher heat resistance than that of the conventional high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron. However, the austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron and the cast stainless steel are expensive because they contain expensive Ni or Cr. Also, because the austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron and the cast stainless steel have high melting points, they have low melt fluidity and poor castability, so that they are likely to suffer casting defects such as shrinkage cavities, misrun, etc., and low casting yields. Accordingly, to produce exhaust equipment members at high yields, high casting techniques and special production facilities are needed. In addition, because they have poor machinability due to coarse carbides of Cr, etc., added in large amounts, high machining techniques are needed. With such problems, exhaust equipment members formed by the austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron or the cast stainless steel are inevitably extremely expensive. The internal oxidation of gray cast iron (flake graphite cast iron) in a high-temperature, oxidizing atmosphere appears to occur by the decarburization of graphite and the formation of oxides in the matrix by oxidizing gases intruding along three-dimensionally connected flaky graphite, resultant gaps and cracks accelerating the intrusion of oxidizing gases. To suppress the internal oxidation, the following proposals have been made. (1) Flaky graphite having continuity is spheroidized, made finer, and reduced in their area ratio, to isolate graphite particles from each other, thereby suppressing the intrusion of oxidizing gases. (2) 4-5% of Si is added to turn the matrix structure to silicoferrite, thereby elevating the AC1 transformation point. (3) Carbide-stabilizing elements such as Cr, Mn, Mo, V, etc. are added to solid-solution-strengthen the matrix, thereby stabilizing pearlite and cementite. However, any flake graphite cast irons and spheroidal graphite cast irons obtained by making graphite particles spheroidal, which are proposed above, fail to satisfactorily suppress the internal oxidation and heat cracking of exhaust equipment members used in environments at about 800° C. or higher. The spheroidal graphite cast irons per se are long-known materials, and those having various compositions to be used for other applications than the exhaust equipment members have been proposed. For instance, JP61-157655A discloses a cast alloy iron tool comprising 3.0-7.0% of C, 5.0% or less of Si, 3.0% or less of Mn, 0.5-40.0% of Ni, 0.5-20.0% of Cr, and one or more of 0.5-30.0% of Cu, 0.1-30.0% of Co, 0.1-10.0% of Mo, 0.1-10.0% of W, 0.05-5.0% of V, 0.01-3.0% of Nb, 0.01-3.0% of Zr and 0.01-3.0% of Ti, the balance being substantially Fe, having a graphite area ratio of 5.0% or more, and a precipitated carbide or carbonitride area ratio of 1.0% or more. The wear resistance of this cast alloy iron is mainly provided by hard Cr carbide or carbonitride particles crystallized during casting. However, because the Cr carbide lowers toughness and ductility, this cast alloy iron does not have toughness and ductility necessary for the exhaust equipment members. In addition, because hard carbide or carbonitride particles lower the machinability, the cast alloy iron has low machining efficiency, resulting in increased production costs and thus expensive exhaust equipment members. Further, because it contains as much Ni as 0.5-40.0%, the ferrite-based cast iron (ferritic cast iron) has low AC1 transformation point and oxidation resistance, failing to achieve sufficient durability and life when used in environments higher than 800° C. Accordingly, heat-resistant cast irons suitable for exhaust equipment members used in environments higher than 800° C. cannot be conceived of from the cast tool described in JP61-157655A. JP11-71628A discloses a composite roll with excellent thermal shock resistance comprising an outer ring made of tungsten carbide-based cemented carbide, and an inner ring made of spheroidal graphite cast iron and bonded to the outer ring by casting, the inner ring having a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 3-4.5% of C, 1.5-4.5% of Si, 0.1-2% of Mn, 0.02-0.2% of Mg, and 0.1-5% of one or more of Mo, Cu, Cr, V, W, Sn and Sb, the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities, and a structure having core-structure spheroidal graphite particles dispersed in a matrix based on a mixed phase of a ferrite phase and any one of a pearlite phase, a bainite phase and a martensite phase, and each core-structure spheroidal graphite particle comprising a core formed during the casting, and a shell precipitated during the heat treatment. To obtain the mixed phase of this spheroidal graphite cast iron, an as-cast pearlite phase-based matrix is first formed, a heat treatment comprising repeated heating and cooling in a temperature range between 450° C. and a solid phase line is conducted to form the ferrite phase, and the matrix is then turned to the mixed phase based on the pearlite phase and the ferrite phase. However, when the spheroidal graphite cast iron of JP 11-71628A is used for exhaust equipment members operable in environments higher than 800° C., the pearlite phase, the bainite phase and the martensite phase are decomposed to precipitate secondary graphite, failing to exhibit enough durability by irreversible expansion. Among Mo, Cu, Cr, V, W, Sn and Sb, V deteriorates the oxidation resistance at temperatures exceeding 800° C., and Sn and Sb form abnormal flaky graphite in eutectic cell boundaries and cementite in the matrix when used in excess amounts, resulting in decrease in toughness and ductility, particularly decrease in room-temperature elongation. Accordingly, unless the alloying elements and their amounts are properly selected from Mo, Cu, Cr, V, W, Sn and Sb, it would not exhibit sufficient AC1 transformation point, oxidation resistance, thermal crack resistance, toughness and ductility as a material for exhaust equipment members used in environments higher than 800° C. Accordingly, heat-resistant cast irons suitable for exhaust equipment members used in environments higher than 800° C. cannot be conceived of from the composite roll described in JP 11-71628A. OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide heat-resistant cast iron having excellent oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, from which, for instance, highly heat-resistant exhaust equipment members for automobile engines can be produced at low costs. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Cast iron parts needing high heat resistance should have high oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance as well as good room-temperature elongation and high-temperature strength. Among them, the oxidation resistance is an important property that largely affects thermal crack resistance having close relation to oxidation at high temperatures. To improve the oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance of cast iron, it is necessary to suppress the oxidation of graphite particles and their surrounding matrix regions, which tends to cause internal oxidation and cracking. However, such oxidation cannot necessarily be suppressed fully only by improvement in the shape and distribution of graphite particles as proposed above to suppress the internal oxidation of flake graphite cast iron. This is because when oxidizing gases intrude into the cast iron along the graphite particles, oxidation occurs in the graphite particles and their surrounding matrix regions. As a result intense research, the inventors have found that to prevent graphite particles and their surrounding matrix regions from being oxidized, it is effective to form intermediate layers, in which W and Si are concentrated, in boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix. Thus, the graphite-containing, heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention comprises 3.5-5.6% of Si and 1.2-15% of W on a weight basis, and has intermediate layers, in which W and Si are concentrated, in the boundaries of graphite particles and a matrix. The graphite-containing, heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention comprises predetermined amounts of W and Si, and has intermediate layers, in which W and Si are concentrated, in boundary regions of graphite with a matrix. The intermediate layers act as protective layers (barriers) to suppress the intrusion of oxidizing gases into the graphite from outside and the diffusion of C from the graphite particles, thereby preventing the oxidation of the graphite particles and their surrounding matrix regions, and thus improving the oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance of the heat-resistant cast iron. In the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention, a ratio (Xi/Xm) of the weight ratio Xi of W in the intermediate layers to the weight ratio Xm of W in the matrix both measured by FE-TEM-EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) is preferably 5 or more, more preferably 10 or more. Also, a ratio (Yi/Ym) of the weight ratio Yi of Si in the intermediate layers to the weight ratio Ym of Si in the matrix both measured by FE-TEM-EDS is preferably 1.5 or more, more preferably 2.0 or more. It preferably contains 0.005-0.2% by weight of Mg as a graphite-spheroidizing element. Si and W preferably meet the condition of Si+( 2/7)W≦8 on a weight basis. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention comprises graphite particles and W, with W-containing carbide substantially in boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix. The W-containing carbide existing substantially in boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix suppress the intrusion of oxidizing gases from outside and the diffusion of C from the graphite particles, resulting in improved oxidation resistance. Because the W-containing carbide is also formed in grain boundaries in contact with the graphite particles, in which the diffusion of oxidizing gases and C appears to occur predominantly, the diffusion of oxidizing gases and C are effectively prevented. The number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide substantially in their boundaries with the matrix is preferably 75% or more of the total number of graphite particles. Also, the number of W-containing carbide particles substantially in boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix (represented by the number of W-containing carbide particles on the graphite particles exposed by etching) is preferably 3×105/mm2 or more per a unit area of graphite. Further, the area ratio of W-containing carbide (determined with respect to W-containing carbide on the graphite particles exposed by etching) is preferably 1.8% or more. The area ratio of W-containing carbide is more preferably 2% or more. How to calculate the number and area ratio of carbide particles will be explained later. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention preferably has an AC1 transformation point of 840° C. or higher when measured from 30° C. at a temperature-elevating speed of 3° C./minute. The weight loss by oxidation is preferably 60 mg/cm2 or less when kept at 800° C. for 200 hours in the air, and 70 mg/cm2 or less when heating and cooling are repeated 100 times between 700° C. and 850° C. The thermal cracking life is preferably 780 cycles or more, in a thermal fatigue test, in which heating and cooling are conducted under the conditions of an upper-limit temperature of 840° C., a temperature amplitude of 690° C. and a constraint ratio of 0.25. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention has a room-temperature elongation of preferably 1.8% or more, more preferably 2.0% or more. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention preferably has a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 1.5-4.5% of C, 3.5-5.6% of Si, 3% or less of Mn, 1.2-15% of W, less than 0.5% of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 1.0% or less of a graphite-spheroidizing element, the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention more preferably has a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 1.8-4.2% of C, 3.8-5.3% of Si, 1.5% or less of Mn, 1.5-10% of W, 0.3% or less of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 0.01-0.2% of a graphite-spheroidizing element, Si+( 2/7)W≦8, and the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention may contain, in addition to the above elements, one or more of 5.5% or less by weight of Mo, 6.5% or less by weight of Cu, and 5% or less by weight of Co. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention may further contain 1.0% or less by weight of Nb and/or 0.05% or less by weight of B. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention may further contain 0.003-0.02% by weight of S and 0.05% or less by weight of a rare earth element. The exhaust equipment member of the present invention is formed by the above heat-resistant cast iron. The exhaust equipment member may be an exhaust manifold, a turbocharger housing, an exhaust manifold integral with a turbocharger housing, a catalyst case, an exhaust manifold integral with a catalyst case, and an exhaust outlet. The exhaust equipment member according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, which is used at temperatures exceeding 800° C., is formed by a heat-resistant cast iron having a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 1.5-4.5% of C, 3.5-5.6% of Si, 3% or less of Mn, 1.2-15% of W, less than 0.5% of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 1.0% or less of a graphite-spheroidizing element, Si+( 2/7)W≦8, and the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities, and a matrix based on a ferrite phase in an as-cast state, in which graphite is crystallized, and intermediate layers, in which W and Si are concentrated, in the boundaries of the graphite particles and the matrix, so that it has an AC1 transformation point of 840° C. or higher when measured from 30° C. at a temperature-elevating speed of 3° C./minute, and a thermal cracking life of 780 cycles or more in a thermal fatigue test, in which heating and cooling are conducted under the conditions of an upper-limit temperature of 840° C., a temperature amplitude of 690° C. and a constraint ratio of 0.25. The exhaust equipment member according to a further preferred embodiment of the present invention has a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 1.8-4.2% of C, 3.8-5.3% of Si, 1.5% or less of Mn, 1.5-10% of W, 0.3% or less of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 0.01-0.2% of a graphite-spheroidizing element, Si+( 2/7)W≦8, and the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities. The exhaust equipment member of the present invention preferably has weight loss by oxidation of 60 mg/cm2 or less when kept at 800° C. for 200 hours in the air. The exhaust equipment member of the present invention preferably has weight loss by oxidation of 70 mg/cm2 or less when heating and cooling are repeated 100 times between 700° C. and 850° C. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a graphite particle and its surrounding structure in the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a graphite particle and its surrounding structure in a conventional cast iron. FIG. 3 is an optical photomicrograph showing the microstructure of the heat-resistant cast iron of Example 8. FIG. 4 is an optical photomicrograph showing the microstructure of the heat-resistant cast iron of Conventional Example 3. FIG. 5 is an FE-SEM photograph showing the microstructure of Example 8 substantially in a boundary of a graphite particle with a matrix. FIG. 6 is an FE-SEM photograph showing the microstructure of Conventional Example 3 substantially in a boundary of a graphite particle with a matrix. FIG. 7 is a high-resolution FE-TEM photograph showing the microstructure of Example 8 substantially in a boundary of a graphite particle with a matrix. FIG. 8 is a graph showing the X-ray diffraction results in Example 8. FIG. 9 is a graph showing the concentration distributions of Si, W, Mo and Fe substantially in a boundary of a graphite particle with a matrix in Example 8. FIG. 10 is a graph showing the concentration distributions of Si, W, Mo and Fe substantially in a boundary of a graphite particle with a matrix in Conventional Example 3. FIG. 11(a) is an FE-SEM photograph showing the heat-resistant cast iron of Example 8, on which graphite, carbide, etc. are exposed. FIG. 11(b) is an FE-SEM photograph showing a carbide-measuring region S2 in FIG. 11(a). FIGS. 12(a) and 12(b) are a schematic plan view and a schematic cross-sectional view showing a method for determining the number and area ratio of W-containing carbide particles per a unit area of graphite. FIG. 13(a) is an FE-SEM photograph showing the surface oxidation of the heat-resistant cast iron of Example 8 in an initial stage. FIG. 13(b) is an enlarged photograph of FIG. 13(a). FIG. 14(a) is an FE-SEM photograph showing the surface oxidation of the heat-resistant cast iron of Conventional Example 3 in an initial stage. FIG. 14(b) is an enlarged photograph of FIG. 14(a). FIG. 15 is a view showing a method for reading the AC1 transformation point. FIG. 16 is a perspective view showing an exhaust equipment member comprising an exhaust manifold, a turbocharger housing and a catalyst case. FIG. 17 is a schematic plan view showing the exhaust manifold of Example 75 after the durability test. FIG. 18 is a schematic plan view showing the exhaust manifold of Conventional Example 7 after the durability test. FIG. 19 is a schematic plan view showing the exhaust manifold of Conventional Example 8 after the durability test. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION [1] Function of W FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing graphite and its surrounding structure in the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing graphite and its surrounding structure in a conventional cast iron. In the conventional cast iron, an exhaust gas containing sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, etc., and a high-temperature, oxygen-containing gas such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and H2O gas, which are called “oxidizing gases G,” diffuse into the cast iron from its surface F, causing the internal oxidation of the cast iron. Because carbon C in graphite 21 is easily diffusible, it diffuses toward the surface F, so that it is combined with oxygen in the oxidizing gas G to form CO or CO2 (decarburization). Namely, the diffusion of the oxidizing gas G from the surface F toward inside and the diffusion of C from the graphite particles 21 toward outside cause oxidation and decarburization simultaneously. When decarburization occurs by the diffusion of C from the graphite particles 21, the graphite particles 21 come to have voids, into which the oxidizing gas G easily enters, so that oxidation progresses. Accordingly, if the intrusion of the oxidizing gas G into the graphite particles 21 from outside and the diffusion of C from the graphite particles 21 toward outside are suppressed, the oxidation of the cast iron can be prevented. As shown in FIG. 1, the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention has intermediate layers 12, in which W and Si are concentrated, in the boundaries of graphite particles 11 and the matrix 13. The intermediate layers 12 act as protective layers (barriers) to prevent the oxidizing gas from intruding into the graphite particles 11 and the diffusion of C from the graphite particles 11, thereby improving the oxidation resistance and thus thermal crack resistance of the heat-resistant cast iron. The intermediate layers 12, in which W and Si are concentrated, are formed during a solidification process in the casting, though it is considered that they are also formed in a heat treatment step and/or during use at high temperatures. W and Si are presumably formed in the intermediate layers 12 in the boundaries of the graphite particles 11 and the matrix 13, because of stability in energy, resulting in the intermediate layers 12 formed in the boundaries of the graphite particles 11 and the matrix 13. W functions to form not only the intermediate layers 12 in the boundaries of the graphite particles 11 and the matrix 13, but also W-containing carbide particles 14 substantially in their boundaries (precipitation), thereby further suppressing the oxidation and the diffusion of C to improve oxidation resistance and thus thermal crack resistance. This appears to be due to the fact that C diffusing from the graphite particles 11 is combined with W substantially in the boundaries of the graphite particles 11 and the matrix 13 to form W-containing carbide particles 14, thereby suppressing C necessary for the austenitization of the matrix 13 from diffusing into the matrix 13. The term “boundaries of graphite particles and matrix” used herein means regions each straddling a boundary or an intermediate layer between a graphite particle and the matrix, ranging from about 1 μm on the graphite particle side to about 1 μm on the matrix side. The diffusion of oxidizing gases and C and accompanying austenitization appear to occur predominantly in ferritic grain boundaries or prior austenite grain boundaries rather than in crystal grains in the matrix, but the W-containing carbide particles are formed also in the grain boundaries, so that the diffusion of oxidizing gases and C is effectively prevented. The diffusion of C from the graphite particles through the boundaries is, as shown in FIG. 1, effectively suppressed by the formation of the W-containing carbide particles 16 in the boundaries 17 in contact with the graphite particles 11. Because W is dissolved in the matrix 13, C diffused into the matrix 13 forms fine W-containing carbide particles 15 to prevent the oxidation of C and its diffusion to outside, thereby fixing C necessary for the austenitization of the matrix 13 and thus suppressing austenitic transformation. Because W elevates the AC1 transformation point, it makes austenitic transformation unlikely in exhaust equipment members even when their temperature is elevated, thereby providing them with improved heat resistance. As shown in FIG. 1, this appears to be due to the fact that the austenitic transformation is suppressed, because the diffusion of C from the graphite particles 11 to the matrix 13 is hindered by the intermediate layers 12 and the W-containing carbide particles 14, 16, and because C entering into the matrix 13 forms W-containing carbide particles 15, making it less likely that C necessary for the austenitization of the matrix 13 is diffused into the matrix 13, resulting in the elevated AC1 transformation point. In general, to elevate the AC1 transformation point, a large amount of Si had to be added, inevitably sacrificing the room-temperature ductility. However, the inclusion of W can elevate the AC1 transformation point without much lowering the room-temperature ductility W is concentrated in eutectic cell boundaries to form W-containing carbide particles, thereby increasing the high-temperature yield strength of the heat-resistant cast iron. Also, W lowers the eutectic temperature, thereby improving the melt fluidity (castability) of the cast iron, and lowers the melting temperature of the cast iron, thereby decreasing a melting cost. [2] Composition of Heat-Resistant Cast Iron The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention comprises C, Si and a graphite-spheroidizing element as indispensable elements, in addition to W. (1) W: 1.2-15% by Weight The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention should contain 1.2-15% by weight of W. W is concentrated in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix to form intermediate layers. It further forms W-containing carbide particles in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix. The intermediate layers and the W-containing carbide particles prevent the intrusion of oxidizing gases into the graphite particles and the diffusion of C from the graphite particles, thereby preventing the oxidation of the graphite particles and their surrounding matrix regions to effectively improve oxidation resistance and thus thermal crack resistance. Although it is considered that the diffusion of C occurs predominantly in grain boundaries, it is effectively suppressed by the W-containing carbide particles formed in boundaries in contact with the graphite particles. The W-concentrated intermediate layers are presumably formed during the solidification process in the casting, a heat treatment step and/or high-temperature use. W is formed in graphite-matrix boundaries because of stability in energy. W exceeding 15% by weight not only fails to provide further improvement in the above effect, but also lowers the spheroidization ratio (nodularity) and the room-temperature elongation and increases materials costs. On the other hand, less than 1.2% by weight of W leads to insufficient formation of intermediate layers (expressed by thickness) and insufficient concentration of W in the intermediate layers, failing to fully improve the oxidation resistance and the thermal crack resistance. The W content is preferably 1.5-10% by weight, more preferably 2-5% by weight. Although W is a relatively expensive alloying element like Ni used for the austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron, the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention containing 1.2-15% by weight of W is lower in materials costs than the austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron containing 18-35% by weight of Ni. In addition, the inclusion of W neither deteriorates the castability, such as melt fluidity and shrinkage tendency, of the heat-resistant cast iron, nor lowers the production yield of the heat-resistant cast iron. Further, because the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention has a non-austenitic matrix structure based on a ferrite phase in an as-cast state, it has a low linear expansion coefficient, resulting in small expansion when heated. (2) C, 1.5-4.5% by Weight C is an element improving melt fluidity and crystallizing graphite in the casting, like Si. When C is less than 1.5% by weight, the melt fluidity is low. When C exceeds 4.5% by weight, coarse graphite particles increase, resulting in carbon dross and more shrinkage cavities. Accordingly, the C content is 1.5-4.5% by weight, preferably 1.8-4.2% by weight, more preferably 2.5-4.0% by weight. (3) Si: 3.5-5.6% by Weight Si contributes to the crystallization of graphite in the casting, and functions to ferritize the matrix and elevate the AC1 transformation point. Further, when Si is contained, a dense oxide layer is easily formed on the cast iron placed in a high-temperature oxidizing gas, resulting in providing the cast iron with improved oxidation resistance. Si is concentrated in the intermediate layers in the graphite-matrix boundaries together with W, forming protective layers in the graphite-matrix boundaries by reaction with oxidizing gases intruding from outside. Thus, Si has an increased function to suppress the oxidation of graphite particles and their surrounding matrix regions, which is caused by oxidizing gases intruding into the graphite particles, and the diffusion of C from the graphite particles. The Si-concentrated intermediate layers appear to be formed during a solidification process in the casting, a heat treatment step and/or high-temperature use. Si is formed in the graphite-matrix boundaries because of stability in energy. To exhibit such function effectively, the Si content should be 3.5% or more by weight. However, when Si exceeds 5.6% by weight, the cast iron has extremely decreased toughness and ductility and deteriorated machinability. Accordingly, the Si content is 3.5-5.6% by weight, preferably 3.8-5.3% by weight, more preferably 4.0-5.0% by weight. (4) Mn: 3% or Less by Weight Mn functions to form a dense oxide layer on the cast iron surface in an oxidizing atmosphere. When the Mn content exceeds 3% by weight, the cast iron has decreased toughness, ductility and AC1 transformation point. Accordingly, the Mn content is 3% or less by weight, preferably 1.5% or less by weight. (5) Graphite-Spheroidizing Element: 1.0% or Less by Weight Although the morphology of graphite per se is not restrictive in the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention, it is preferably compact vermicular graphite, spheroidal graphite, etc. when higher oxidation resistance is required, or when properties such as room-temperature elongation, high-temperature yield strength, etc. are to be improved. To crystallize compact vermicular and/or spheroidal graphite in an as-cast state, a graphite-spheroidizing element such as Mg, Ca, rare earth elements, etc. is added in an amount of 1.0% or less by weight, preferably 0.01-0.2% by weight, more preferably 0.02-0.1% by weight. To obtain a vermicular cast iron having compact vermicular graphite, 0.005-0.02% by weight of Mg is preferably added as the graphite-spheroidizing element. To obtain a spheroidal graphite cast iron, 0.02-0.08% by weight of Mg is preferably added as the graphite-spheroidizing element. (6) Si+( 2/7)W: 8 or Less (on a Weight Basis) Increase in both Si and W results in decrease in the ductility of the heat-resistant cast iron. Cast parts such as exhaust equipment members are subjected to mechanical vibration, or an impact or static load in their production step, their assembling to engines, during driving, etc. Accordingly, the exhaust equipment members are required to have enough ductility, lest that cracking and breakage occur by mechanical vibration, or an impact or static load. Because metal materials have lower toughness and ductility as the temperature becomes lower, room-temperature ductility is an important property together with heat resistance such as oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, etc. The room-temperature ductility is generally represented by room-temperature elongation. With the amounts of Si and W controlled to meet the condition of Si+( 2/7)W≦8, the exhaust equipment members can have necessary room-temperature elongation. (7) Ni: Less than 0.5% by Weight Ni functions to lower the AC1 transformation point of the ferritic cast iron. When cast iron with lowered AC1 transformation point is used at high temperatures, in which heating and cooling are repeated from room temperature to near the AC1 transformation point or higher, secondary graphite is precipitated in the matrix, causing irreversible expansion and thus large deformation. As a result, the cast iron has decreased thermal crack resistance. The addition of Ni to the ferritic cast iron promotes internal oxidation, resulting in decreased oxidation resistance. Because such adverse effects are remarkable when the Ni content is 0.5% or more by weight, Ni is less than 0.5% by weight, preferably 0.3% or less by weight. (8) Cr: 0.3% or Less by Weight Cr functions to lower the AC1 transformation point, and make the ferrite matrix extremely brittle, thereby lowering the room-temperature elongation. The exhaust equipment member should have practically sufficient ductility, lest that cracking and breakage occur in the exhaust equipment members by mechanical vibration, or an impact or static load in production processes such as casting, assembling, etc. or during use, not only at high temperatures but also at room temperature. To prevent the AC1 transformation point from lowering and the exhaust equipment members from becoming brittle, Cr is preferably controlled to 0.3% or less by weight. (9) S: 0.003-0.02% by Weight, and Rare Earth Element: 0.05% or Less by Weight To obtain the spheroidal graphite cast iron, it is preferable to add 0.02-0.08% by weight of Mg while controlling the amounts of a rare earth element (RE) and S. Mg is combined with S to form MgS, a nucleus for spheroidal graphite particles, and the rare earth element is also combined with S to form RES, a nucleus for spheroidal graphite particles. The rare earth element is an element exhibiting a graphite-spheroidizing effect even in a small amount. However, the RES suffers quicker fading of a graphite-spheroidizing function than MgS, and the fading leads to decrease in the spheroidization ratio in the spheroidal graphite cast iron. The fading function of RES is remarkable particularly in thick portions in which solidification is low. Accordingly, to prevent the spheroidization ratio from decreasing by the fading of RES, it is preferable to limit the amount of the rare earth element. Specifically, the rare earth element is preferably 0.05% or less by weight. To have a high spheroidization ratio, it is necessary to form MgS whose fading is slower than that of RES. To form MgS, 0.003% or more by weight of S is preferably added, taking into consideration the amount of S consumed by RES. However, S is an element that should usually be avoided because it hinders spheroidization when contained in an excess amount. When S exceeds 0.02% by weight, compact vermicular or flaky graphite particles are formed, resulting in decrease in the spheroidization ratio, and thus in room-temperature elongation, oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance. Accordingly, the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention preferably contains 0.05% or less by weight of the rare earth element and 0.003-0.02% by weight of S, in addition to 0.02-0.08% by weight of Mg. To have a higher spheroidization ratio, 0.025% or less by weight of the rare earth element and 0.005-0.018% by weight of S are preferably contained. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention may contain, in addition to the above elements, Mo, Cu, Co, Nb and B alone or in combination, if necessary, to further improve oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, or to improve such properties as room-temperature elongation, high-temperature strength, high-temperature yield strength, thermal deformation resistance, etc. without deteriorating these properties. (10) Mo: 5.5% or Less by Weight Mo is combined with C in the matrix to crystallize and precipitate carbide, and to reduce an average thermal expansion coefficient, thereby reducing thermal strain (thermal stress) at high temperatures and improving the high-temperature strength of the cast iron. However, when Mo exceeds 5.5% by weight, the AC1 transformation point is lowered, resulting in decrease in the thermal crack resistance of the cast iron, decrease in the machinability of the cast iron because of increased carbide, and deterioration in the castability of the cast iron because of increased shrinkage tendency. Accordingly, Mo is 5.5% or less by weight, preferably 4.5% or less by weight. (11) Cu: 6.5% or Less by Weight Cu improves the high-temperature yield strength of the cast iron. When Cu exceeds 6.5% by weight, the matrix becomes brittle, causing such problems as breakage, etc. Accordingly, Cu is 6.5% or less by weight, preferably 3.5% or less by weight. (12) Co: 5% or Less by Weight Although Co is a relatively expensive element, it is dissolved in a ferrite matrix to improve the high-temperature yield strength. To improve thermal deformation resistance, 5% or less by weight of Co is preferably contained. If exceeding 5% by weight, the effect would be saturated, only resulting in increase in materials costs. (13) Nb: 1.0% or Less by Weight, B: 0.05% or Less by Weight Both Nb and B improve the room-temperature elongation of the heat-resistant cast iron particularly by ferritization annealing. When Nb is more than 1.0% by weight, the melt exhibits poor fluidity in the casting, and gas defects are likely to be generated. When B is more than 0.05% by weight, the spheroidization ratio decreases. It is thus preferable to add 1.0% or less by weight of Nb and/or 0.05% or less by weight of B, if necessary. (14) Other Elements Preferably added in addition to the above elements are, if necessary, 1% or less by weight (within a range not deteriorating castability and machinability) of at least one of Ti, V, Zr and Ta, which improves the high-temperature yield strength, 0.2% or less by weight of Al, and 0.5% or less by weight [calculated as (2Sn+Sb)] of graphite-spheroidizing-ratio-improving Sn and Sb. Although the above additional elements include elements acting to deteriorate oxidation resistance, such as V and Sb, the oxidation resistance of the W-containing, heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention is not substantially damaged as long as they are added within the above composition ranges, because the oxidation of graphite particles and their surrounding matrix regions is suppressed. (15) Composition Examples Specific composition examples (on a weight basis) of the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention are as follows. (a) General Composition Range 1.5-4.5% of C, 3.5-5.6% of Si, 3% or less of Mn, 1.2-15% of W, less than 0.5% of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 1.0% or less of a graphite-spheroidizing element, the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities. (b) Preferred Composition Range 1.8-4.2% of C, 3.8-5.3% of Si, 1.5% or less of Mn, 1.5-10% of W, 0.3% or less of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 0.01-0.2% of a graphite-spheroidizing element, the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities. (c) More Preferred Composition Range 2.5-4.0% of C, 4.0-5.0% of Si, 1.5% or less of Mn, 2-5% of W, 0.3% or less of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 0.02-0.1% of a graphite-spheroidizing element, the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention preferably meets the condition of Si+( 2/7)W≦8. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention may contain 0.003-0.02%, preferably 0.005-0.018%, of S, and 0.05% or less, preferably 0.025% or less, of a rare earth element, if necessary. Mg as a graphite-spheroidizing element is preferably 0.02-0.08%. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention may contain 5.5% or less, preferably 4.5% or less, of Mo, 6.5% or less, preferably 3.5% or less, of Cu, 5% or less of Co, 1.0% or less of Nb, and/or 0.05% or less of B, if necessary. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention may further contain 1% or less of at least one of Ti, V, Zr and Ta, 0.2% or less of Al, and 0.5% or less (as 2Sn+Sb) of Sn and/or Sb, if necessary. [3] Structure and Properties of Heat-Resistant Cast Iron In the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention, a ratio (Xi/Xm) of the weight ratio Xi of W in the intermediate layers to the weight ratio Xm of W in the matrix, both measured by FE-TEM-EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), is desirably 5 or more. The ratio (Xi/Xm) represents how W is concentrated in the intermediate layers, and W concentrated 5 times or more can effectively prevent the intrusion of oxidizing gases and the diffusion of C. It should be noted that the weight ratio Xi of W is a value measured at an arbitrary position in the intermediate layers. The Xi/Xm is more preferably 10 or more. The ratio (Yi/Ym) of the weight ratio Yi of Si in the intermediate layers to the weight ratio Ym of Si in the matrix, both measured by FE-TEM-EDS, is desirably 1.5 or more. The ratio (Yi/Ym) represents how Si is concentrated in the intermediate layers, and Si concentrated 1.5 times or more can effectively prevent the intrusion of oxidizing gases and the diffusion of C. It should be noted that the weight ratio Yi of Si is a value measured at an arbitrary position in the intermediate layers. The Yi/Ym is preferably 2.0 or more. The number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles substantially in their boundaries with the matrix is preferably 75% or more of the total number of graphite particles. This suppresses the intrusion of oxidizing gases and the diffusion of C, thereby improving the oxidation resistance and thus thermal crack resistance of the heat-resistant cast iron. The W-containing carbide particles appear to be precipitated during a solidification process in the casting, and in a heat treatment step and/or during high-temperature use. The W-containing carbide particles appear to be formed substantially in the graphite-matrix boundaries because of stability in energy. The larger number and area ratio of W-containing carbide particles existing in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix provide larger effects of suppressing the intrusion of oxidizing gases and the diffusion of C. Specifically, in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix, the number of W-containing carbide particles on graphite particles, which is represented by the number of W-containing carbide particles on the graphite particles exposed by etching, is preferably 3×105/mm2 or more per a unit area of graphite, and the area ratio of W-containing carbide particles, which is determined on those on the graphite particles exposed by etching, is preferably 1.8% or more, more preferably 2% or more. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention preferably has an AC1 transformation point of 840° C. or higher when measured from 30° C. at a temperature-elevating speed of 3° C./minute. To improve the oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, it is necessary that the highest temperature of the exhaust equipment member, though it may be 800° C. or higher, does not exceed the AC1 transformation point. For use as an alternative to expensive austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron, cast stainless steel, etc., the AC1 transformation point is preferably 840° C. or higher. In heating/cooling cycles, to which the exhaust equipment member is subjected, the temperature-elevating speed is mostly more than 3° C./minute. In general, the larger the temperature-elevating speed is, the higher the measured AC1 transformation point tends to be. Accordingly, if the AC1 transformation point measured at a temperature-elevating speed of 3° C./minute is 840° C. or higher, the heat resistance and durability are sufficient to actual heat-resistant parts such as exhaust equipment members, etc. Because the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention has an AC1 transformation point of 840° C. or higher when measured from 30° C. as room temperature at a temperature-elevating speed of 3° C./minute, it has excellent oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, so that it exhibits high durability and long life when used for exhaust equipment members subjected to the repetition of heating and cooling from room temperature to temperatures exceeding 800° C. by an exhaust gas. When the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention is kept at 800° C. for 200 hours in the air, the weight loss by oxidation is preferably 60 mg/cm2 or less. The exhaust equipment member exposed to oxidizing gases is oxidized, so that cracking occurs from the formed oxide layers, and that oxidation-accelerating cracks propagate inside the parts and finally penetrate them. When the cast iron is used for an exhaust equipment member exposed to an exhaust gas at 700° C. or higher, particularly near 900° C., the temperature of the exhaust equipment member reaches 800° C. or higher. Accordingly, if the weight loss by oxidation of the cast iron exceeds 60 mg/cm2 when placed in the air at 800° C. for 200 hours so that it is heated to 800° C., a large amount of oxide layers, from which cracking occurs, are formed, resulting in insufficient oxidation resistance. If the weight loss by oxidation is 60 mg/cm2 or less when kept at 800° C. for 200 hours in the air, the formation of oxide layers and cracks is suppressed, resulting in the heat-resistant cast iron with excellent oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, high heat resistance and durability, and long life. The weight loss by oxidation of the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention is more preferably 50 mg/cm2 or less, most preferably 36 mg/cm2 or less. When heating and cooling are repeated 100 times between 700° C. and 850° C., the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention preferably suffers weight loss by oxidation of 70 mg/cm2 or less. An exhaust equipment member exposed to oxidizing gases has an oxide layer formed on the surface. When the oxide layer is repeatedly heated by contact with a high-temperature exhaust gas, cracking and the peeling of oxide layers occur due to the difference in thermal expansion between the oxide layers and the matrix. Peeled oxide layers contaminate other parts, causing troubles and deteriorating the reliability of an engine. Accordingly, the exhaust equipment member is required to have excellent oxidation resistance making it resistant to the formation and peeling of oxide layers and cracking even under repeated heating. When the cast iron is used for an exhaust equipment member exposed to an exhaust gas at 700° C. or higher, particularly near 900° C., the temperature of the exhaust equipment member reaches 800° C. or higher. If the weight loss by oxidation exceeds 70 mg/cm2 when the cast iron is repeatedly heated and cooled between 700° C. and 850° C. 100 times, a lot oxide layers are formed, and the resultant oxide layers easily peel off, resulting in insufficient oxidation resistance. If the weight loss by oxidation is 70 mg/cm2 or less when heating and cooling are repeated between 700° C. and 850° C. 100 times, the formation and peeling of oxide layers and cracking are suppressed, resulting in the heat-resistant cast iron with excellent oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, high heat resistance and durability, and long life. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention preferably suffers weight loss by oxidation of 60 mg/cm2 or less when heated and cooled. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention preferably has a thermal cracking life of 780 cycles or more in a thermal fatigue test comprising heating and cooling in the air under the conditions of an upper limit temperature of 840° C., a temperature amplitude of 690° C. and a constraint ratio of 0.25. In addition to the oxidation resistance and the thermal crack resistance, the exhaust equipment member is required to have a long thermal cracking life in the repetition of operation (heating) and stop (cooling) of an engine. The thermal cracking life is one of measures for representing how high the heat resistance is, which is expressed by the number of heating/cooling cycles until cracking causes thermal fatigue fracture in a thermal fatigue test. The exhaust equipment member exposed to an exhaust gas at 700° C. or higher, particularly near 900° C. becomes 800° C. or higher. If the thermal cracking life were less than 780 cycles under the above conditions, the cast iron would not have enough life until thermal fatigue fracture occurs when used for exhaust equipment members. Long-life, heat-resistant parts such as exhaust equipment members, etc. are formed by the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention having a thermal cracking life of 780 cycles or more. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention more preferably has a thermal cracking life of 800 cycles or more. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention preferably has room-temperature elongation of 1.8% or more. Exhaust equipment members for automobile engines formed by the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention are repeatedly heated and cooled from room temperature to temperatures exceeding 800° C., so that they are subjected to thermal stress due to the repetition of expansion during heating and shrinkage during cooling. Accordingly, the heat-resistant cast iron should have such room-temperature ductility (room-temperature elongation) as to resist tensile stress due to the shrinkage caused by cooling from a high temperatures to room temperature. If it has poor room-temperature elongation, it is vulnerable to cracking and breakage, resulting in an insufficient thermal cracking life. In addition, the exhaust equipment members are likely to be cracked and broken by mechanical vibration, or an impact or static load during their production and assembling to engines at room temperature, driving of automobiles, etc. When the room-temperature elongation of the heat-resistant cast iron is less than 1.8%, cracking and breakage due to thermal stress are likely to occur, resulting in an insufficient thermal cracking life, and failing to have practically sufficient ductility to prevent cracking and breakage due to mechanical vibration, or an impact or static load at room temperature. When the room-temperature elongation is 1.8% or more, cracking and breakage are suppressed, resulting in the heat-resistant cast iron with excellent thermal crack resistance (thermal cracking life) and practically sufficient ductility. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention more preferably has room-temperature elongation of 2.0% or more. To improve the room-temperature elongation, it is effective to increase the spheroidization ratio. The spheroidization ratio is desirably 30% or more in the case of vermicular cast iron, and 70% or more in the case of spheroidal graphite cast iron. Although the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention exhibits the above properties in an as-cast state, it is preferably subjected to a heat treatment to remove residual stress generated during the casting and to make the matrix structure uniform. Specifically, the residual stress generated during the casting can be removed by keeping the cast iron at 600° C. or higher, and annealing it for ferritization by furnace- or air-cooling. To make the matrix structure uniform and control the hardness of the cast iron, it is preferable to keep the cast iron at 700° C. or higher. When the heat treatment is conducted, the addition of Nb and/or B is effective to improve the room-temperature elongation. The above heat treatment is also effective to form thick intermediate layers, in which W and Si are concentrated, in as-cast graphite-matrix boundaries, and to increase the number and area ratio of W-containing carbide particles formed substantially in graphite-matrix boundaries including boundaries in contact with graphite particles, etc. The heat treatment time may be properly determined depending on the size of the exhaust equipment member. [4] Exhaust Equipment Member The exhaust equipment member of the present invention, which can be used at temperatures exceeding 800° C., is formed by a heat-resistant cast iron having a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 1.5-4.5% of C, 3.5-5.6% of Si, 3% or less of Mn, 1.2-15% of W, less than 0.5% of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 1.0% or less of a graphite-spheroidizing element, Si+( 2/7)W≦8, and the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities, and a structure comprising graphite crystallized in a matrix based on a ferrite phase in an as-cast state, and intermediate layers, in which W and Si are concentrated, in graphite-matrix boundaries, so that it has AC1 transformation point of 840° C. or higher when measured from 30° C. at a temperature-elevating speed of 3° C./minute, and a thermal cracking life of 780 cycles or more in a thermal fatigue test, in which heating and cooling are conducted under the conditions of an upper-limit temperature of 840° C., a temperature amplitude of 690° C. and a constraint ratio of 0.25. Such exhaust equipment member may be exemplified as an exhaust manifold, a turbocharger housing, an exhaust manifold integral with a turbocharger housing, a catalyst case, an exhaust manifold integral with a catalyst case, an exhaust outlet, etc. The exhaust equipment member of the present invention can be used for a high-temperature exhaust gas, for which conventional high-Si spheroidal graphite cast iron would not be able to be used. Specifically, the exhaust equipment member formed by the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention has a long life even when it is exposed to an exhaust gas at 700° C. or higher, particularly near 900° C., so that it is repeatedly heated and cooled from room temperature to temperatures exceeding 800° C. FIG. 16 shows an exhaust equipment member comprising an exhaust manifold 151, a turbocharger housing 152, and a catalyst case 154. In this exhaust equipment member, an exhaust gas (indicated by the arrow A) discharged from engine cylinders (not shown) is gathered in the exhaust manifold 151 to rotate a turbine (not shown) in the turbine housing 152 by the kinetic energy of the exhaust gas, and the air (indicated by the arrow B) supplied by driving a compressor coaxially connected to this turbine is compressed to supply the compressed air to the engine as shown by the arrow C, thereby increasing the power of the engine. An exhaust gas discharged from the turbocharger housing 152 is supplied to the catalyst case 154 via a connection 153, and after harmful materials are removed by a catalyst in the catalyst case 154, it is discharged to the air via a muffler 155 as shown by the arrow D. Main parts are as thick as 2.0-4.5 mm in the exhaust manifold 151, 2.5-5.5 mm in the turbocharger housing 152, 2.5-3.5 mm in the connection 153, and 2.0-2.5 mm in the catalyst case 154. As long as these parts are castable, they may be integrally formed, for instance, as an exhaust manifold integral with a turbocharger housing, an exhaust manifold integral with a catalyst case. Though the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention contains W, it enjoys lower materials costs with good castability and machinability than high-quality materials such as austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron and cast stainless steel. Accordingly, the exhaust equipment member made of the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention can be produced at a higher yield and a lower cost without needing high production technologies. The present invention will be explained in more detail referring to Examples below without intention of restricting the present invention thereto. EXAMPLES 1-74, COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 1-16, AND CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLES 1-6 Each cast iron having a chemical composition (% by weight) shown in Table 1 was melted in an SiO2-lined, 100-kg, high-frequency furnace in the air, tapped from the furnace at 1450° C. or higher, and spheroidized by a sandwiching method using commercially available Fe—Si—Mg. Immediately thereafter, it was poured at 1300° C. or higher into a Y-block mold. After shake-out, each sample was shot-blasted, and annealed for ferritization by keeping it at a temperature of 600-940° C. as shown in Table 2 for 3 hours, and then cooling it in the furnace. Incidentally, no heat treatment was conducted on the samples of Example 9, Comparative Examples 1 and 9, and Conventional Examples 1, 2 and 4, and annealing for ferritization was conducted not by furnace-cooling but by air-cooling in the sample of Comparative Example 2. The samples of Conventional Examples 5 and 6 were spheroidized by a sandwiching method using commercially available Ni—Mg, heat-treated at 910° C. for 4 hours and then air-cooled. The samples of Examples 8 and 9 and Comparative Examples 8 and 9 were produced by casting the same melt under the same conditions except for whether or not the heat treatment was conducted. The samples of Comparative Examples 1-10 contained less than 1.2% by weight of W, and the samples of Comparative Examples 11-13 contained more than 15% by weight of W. Also, the samples of Comparative Examples 14 and 15 contained less than 3.5% by weight of Si, and the sample of Comparative Example 16 contained more than 5.6% by weight of Si. It should be noted that the balance of the chemical composition shown in Table 1 is substantially Fe and inevitable impurities. The samples of Conventional Examples 1-6 were produced from the following materials. CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLE 1 FCD450 of JIS. CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLE 2 Mo-containing, high-Si, spheroidal graphite cast iron (Hi-SiMo). CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLE 3 Heat-resistant spheroidal graphite cast iron described in JP9-87796A. CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLE 4 Ferritic, spheroidal graphite cast iron described in JP2002-339033A. CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLE 5 NI-RESIST D2 (austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron). CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLE 6 NI-RESIST D5S (austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron). TABLE 1 Composition (% by weight) Spheroidizing No. C Si Mn W Ni Cr Si + (2/7)W S Elements(1) Example 1 3.33 3.60 0.51 1.26 — — 3.96 0.006 0.051 Example 2 3.23 3.50 0.55 1.50 — — 3.93 0.006 0.052 Example 3 3.06 3.54 0.44 2.10 — — 4.14 0.007 0.048 Example 4 3.37 3.83 0.58 1.52 — — 4.26 0.006 0.064 Example 5 3.42 3.81 0.52 2.08 — — 4.40 0.009 0.058 Example 6 3.33 4.11 0.50 1.55 — — 4.55 0.009 0.065 Example 7 3.06 4.08 0.41 2.20 — — 4.71 0.011 0.055 Example 8 2.90 4.59 0.45 2.95 — — 5.43 0.010 0.051 Example 9 2.90 4.59 0.45 2.95 — — 5.43 0.010 0.051 Example 10 3.00 4.71 0.46 3.06 — — 5.58 0.008 0.055 Example 11 2.90 4.62 0.45 4.83 — — 6.00 0.016 0.056 Example 12 3.04 4.66 0.44 4.98 — — 6.08 0.008 0.070 Example 13 3.20 4.65 0.55 9.56 — — 7.38 0.012 0.053 Example 14 3.00 4.56 0.45 14.7 — — 8.76 0.010 0.061 Example 15 2.78 5.60 0.89 1.50 — — 6.03 0.010 0.059 Example 16 3.52 3.58 0.49 1.23 0.29 — 3.93 0.009 0.06 Example 17 3.60 3.55 0.51 1.21 0.48 — 3.90 0.011 0.056 Example 18 3.33 3.56 0.46 1.24 0.59 — 3.91 0.008 0.061 Example 19 2.55 5.54 0.43 14.7 0.55 — 9.74 0.006 0.059 Example 20 2.94 3.56 0.41 1.26 — 0.29 3.92 0.012 0.056 Example 21 2.87 3.52 0.39 1.24 — 0.36 3.87 0.007 0.053 Example 22 3.05 3.57 0.45 1.22 0.30 0.27 3.92 0.009 0.061 Example 23 3.11 3.54 0.43 1.21 0.49 0.30 3.89 0.010 0.063 Example 24 3.50 4.01 0.11 2.41 — — 4.70 0.008 0.059 Example 25 2.90 5.30 1.10 1.48 — — 5.72 0.010 0.049 Example 26 3.11 4.57 0.55 2.89 — — 5.40 0.011 0.033 Example 27 3.40 4.50 0.45 1.21 — — 4.85 0.008 0.054 Example 28 3.30 4.51 0.70 1.60 — — 4.97 0.007 0.060 Example 29 3.35 4.66 0.65 1.54 — — 5.10 0.010 0.047 Example 30 3.00 4.51 0.45 2.87 — — 5.33 0.008 0.059 Example 31 3.10 4.34 0.45 2.92 — — 5.17 0.007 0.053 Example 32 3.30 4.36 0.45 2.64 — — 5.11 0.006 0.055 Example 33 3.24 4.42 0.49 2.70 — — 5.19 0.011 0.057 Example 34 3.00 4.69 0.45 3.12 — — 5.58 0.011 0.063 Example 35 3.00 4.61 0.45 3.33 — — 5.56 0.010 0.058 Example 36 3.10 4.61 0.71 1.23 — — 4.96 0.011 0.064 Example 37 3.06 4.67 0.45 1.21 — — 5.02 0.009 0.055 Example 38 2.99 4.66 0.44 1.66 — — 5.13 0.012 0.082 Example 39 3.04 4.59 0.42 1.54 — — 5.03 0.012 0.080 Note: (1)Graphite-spheroidizing elements (Mg + Ca + REM). Composition (% by weight) No. Mg Ca REM Mo Cu Co Nb B Others Example 1 0.036 0.0010 0.014 — — — — — — Example 2 0.037 0.0011 0.014 0.9 — — — — — Example 3 0.036 0.0011 0.011 — — — — — — Example 4 0.041 0.0011 0.022 — — — — — — Example 5 0.038 0.0024 0.018 — — — — — — Example 6 0.042 0.0012 0.022 — — — — — — Example 7 0.036 0.0012 0.018 1.0 — — — — — Example 8 0.040 0.0010 0.010 0.5 — — — — — Example 9 0.040 0.0010 0.010 0.5 — — — — — Example 10 0.039 0.0010 0.015 — — — — — — Example 11 0.042 0.0012 0.013 0.5 — — — — — Example 12 0.049 0.0011 0.020 — — — — — — Example 13 0.038 0.0012 0.014 0.4 — — — — — Example 14 0.039 0.0012 0.021 0.5 — — — — — Example 15 0.039 0.0021 0.018 0.4 — — — — — Example 16 0.048 0.0010 0.011 — — — — — — Example 17 0.041 0.0013 0.014 — — — — — — Example 18 0.045 0.0014 0.015 — — — — — — Example 19 0.044 0.0023 0.013 — — — — — — Example 20 0.041 0.0024 0.013 — — — — — — Example 21 0.039 0.0025 0.011 — — — — — — Example 22 0.042 0.0033 0.016 — — — — — — Example 23 0.046 0.0033 0.014 — — — — — — Example 24 0.045 0.0033 0.011 — — — — — — Example 25 0.038 0.0016 0.010 0.4 — — — — — Example 26 0.014 0.0011 0.018 — — — — — — Example 27 0.041 0.0010 0.012 4.4 — — — — — Example 28 0.048 0.0010 0.011 5.2 — — — — — Example 29 0.033 0.0010 0.013 5.6 — — — — — Example 30 0.040 0.0010 0.018 — 0.13 — — — — Example 31 0.033 0.0021 0.018 — 3.5 — — — — Example 32 0.036 0.0015 0.017 — 6.1 — — — — Example 33 0.037 0.0020 0.018 — 6.8 — — — — Example 34 0.045 0.0012 0.017 0.3 0.1 2.85 — — — Example 35 0.041 0.0010 0.016 — — 4.98 — — — Example 36 0.047 0.0010 0.016 — — — 0.760 — — Example 37 0.040 0.0010 0.014 — — — — 0.02 — Example 38 0.066 0.0010 0.015 — — — 0.100 0.01 — Example 39 0.065 0.0012 0.014 0.5 0.25 — — 0.02 — Composition (% by weight) Spheroidizing No.(1) C Si Mn W Ni Cr Si + (2/7)W S Elements(2) Comp. Ex. 1 3.20 2.03 0.15 0.09 — — 2.06 0.006 0.056 Comp. Ex. 2 3.30 3.53 0.36 0.20 — — 3.59 0.007 0.052 Comp. Ex. 3 3.30 4.61 0.33 0.51 — — 4.76 0.008 0.053 Comp. Ex. 4 3.00 4.78 0.44 0.78 — — 5.00 0.012 0.068 Comp. Ex. 5 3.21 3.54 0.48 1.12 — — 3.86 0.008 0.052 Comp. Ex. 6 2.55 5.55 0.46 0.90 — — 5.81 0.012 0.053 Comp. Ex. 7 3.20 4.66 0.35 1.02 — — 4.95 0.010 0.064 Comp. Ex. 8 3.01 4.65 0.51 1.06 — — 4.95 0.011 0.053 Comp. Ex. 9 3.01 4.65 0.51 1.06 — — 4.95 0.011 0.053 Comp. Ex. 10 3.40 4.56 0.75 1.10 — — 4.87 0.011 0.057 Comp. Ex. 11 3.00 4.51 0.45 15.22 — — 8.86 0.011 0.060 Comp. Ex. 12 3.22 3.55 0.48 15.41 — — 7.95 0.007 0.053 Comp. Ex. 13 2.66 5.56 0.55 15.36 — — 9.95 0.009 0.057 Comp. Ex. 14 3.54 3.27 0.50 1.22 — — 3.62 0.006 0.056 Comp. Ex. 15 3.35 3.34 0.45 14.90 — — 7.60 0.006 0.045 Comp. Ex. 16 3.01 5.72 0.48 1.23 — — 6.07 0.007 0.035 Con. Ex. 1 3.70 2.30 0.35 <0.001 — — 2.30 0.008 0.067 Con. Ex. 2 3.20 4.01 0.50 <0.001 — — 4.01 0.008 0.057 Con. Ex. 3 2.90 4.65 0.48 <0.001 0.30 0.52 4.65 0.007 0.058 Con. Ex. 4 3.20 4.30 0.50 <0.001 — — 4.30 0.011 0.058 Con. Ex. 5 3.20 2.90 0.75 <0.001 19.40 1.80 2.90 0.008 0.044 Con. Ex. 6 2.00 5.06 0.51 <0.001 35.1 1.74 5.06 0.008 0.062 Note: (1)“Comp. Ex.” represents Comparative Example, and “Con. Ex.” represents Conventional Example. (2)Graphite-spheroidizing elements (Mg + Ca + REM). Composition (% by weight) No.(1) Mg Ca REM Mo Cu Co Nb B Others Comp. Ex. 1 0.041 0.0011 0.014 0.6 — — — — — Comp. Ex. 2 0.036 0.0012 0.015 0.3 — — — — — Comp. Ex. 3 0.036 0.0013 0.016 0.4 — — — — — Comp. Ex. 4 0.049 0.0011 0.018 0.4 — — — — — Comp. Ex. 5 0.029 0.0012 0.022 — — — — — — Comp. Ex. 6 0.033 0.0015 0.018 — — — — — — Comp. Ex. 7 0.046 0.0025 0.015 — — — — — — Comp. Ex. 8 0.031 0.0023 0.020 0.4 — — — — — Comp. Ex. 9 0.031 0.0023 0.020 0.4 — — — — — Comp. Ex. 10 0.041 0.0012 0.015 2.5 — — — — — Comp. Ex. 11 0.039 0.0012 0.020 0.5 — — — — — Comp. Ex. 12 0.035 0.0023 0.016 — — — — — — Comp. Ex. 13 0.038 0.0013 0.018 — — — — — — Comp. Ex. 14 0.041 0.0013 0.014 — — — — — — Comp. Ex. 15 0.028 0.0014 0.016 — — — — — — Comp. Ex. 16 0.020 0.0030 0.012 — — — — — — Con. Ex. 1 0.038 0.0010 0.028 — 0.19 — — — — Con. Ex. 2 0.042 0.0010 0.014 0.5 — — — — — Con. Ex. 3 0.038 0.0015 0.018 0.7 — — — — — Con. Ex. 4 0.038 0.0015 0.018 0.5 — — — — V: 0.41 Con. Ex. 5 0.040 0.0012 0.003 — — — — — — Con. Ex. 6 0.058 0.0012 0.003 — — — — — — Note: (1)“Comp. Ex.” represents Comparative Example, and “Con. Ex.” represents Conventional Example. Composition (% by weight) Spheroidizing No. C Si Mn W Ni Cr Si + (2/7) W S Elements(1) Example 40 3.02 4.67 0.51 2.75 — — 5.46 0.001 0.045 Example 41 3.36 4.43 0.50 2.86 — — 5.25 0.002 0.052 Example 42 3.22 4.70 0.46 3.01 — — 5.56 0.003 0.041 Example 43 2.88 4.51 0.48 3.03 — — 5.38 0.005 0.040 Example 44 2.99 4.49 0.51 2.93 — — 5.33 0.017 0.042 Example 45 3.01 4.64 0.55 2.87 — — 5.46 0.020 0.048 Example 46 3.24 4.56 0.54 2.74 — — 5.34 0.028 0.042 Example 47 3.05 4.51 0.55 2.90 — — 5.34 0.001 0.064 Example 48 3.13 4.47 0.52 3.13 — — 5.36 0.002 0.060 Example 49 2.99 4.62 0.49 3.04 — — 5.49 0.003 0.062 Example 50 3.01 4.66 0.53 3.21 — — 5.58 0.006 0.067 Example 51 3.00 4.71 0.54 2.50 — — 5.42 0.018 0.066 Example 52 3.22 4.39 0.55 3.10 — — 5.28 0.020 0.071 Example 53 2.84 4.55 0.64 2.95 — — 5.39 0.028 0.052 Example 54 3.11 4.63 0.45 2.88 — — 5.45 0.001 0.087 Example 55 3.09 4.52 0.53 3.05 — — 5.39 0.002 0.083 Example 56 3.15 4.66 0.44 2.77 — — 5.45 0.003 0.093 Example 57 3.31 4.58 0.51 3.10 — — 5.47 0.006 0.089 Example 58 3.14 4.62 0.45 2.67 — — 5.38 0.017 0.091 Example 59 3.02 4.47 0.56 2.99 — — 5.32 0.020 0.088 Example 60 3.08 4.65 0.66 3.04 — — 5.52 0.027 0.082 Example 61 2.99 4.47 0.61 2.78 — — 5.26 0.001 0.090 Example 62 3.12 4.53 0.54 2.86 — — 5.35 0.002 0.112 Example 63 3.01 4.65 0.62 2.98 — — 5.50 0.003 0.100 Example 64 3.15 4.66 0.46 2.78 — — 5.45 0.006 0.101 Example 65 2.99 4.62 0.49 2.65 — — 5.38 0.017 0.092 Example 66 3.03 4.47 0.51 2.78 — — 5.26 0.020 0.119 Example 67 3.01 4.76 0.50 2.89 — — 5.59 0.027 0.099 Example 68 2.91 4.55 0.49 14.92 — — 8.81 0.005 0.040 Example 69 3.03 4.60 0.57 14.89 — — 8.85 0.020 0.045 Example 70 3.04 4.52 0.52 14.51 — — 8.67 0.002 0.083 Example 71 3.28 4.55 0.53 14.78 — — 8.77 0.005 0.087 Example 72 2.99 4.48 0.57 14.85 — — 8.72 0.020 0.091 Example 73 3.10 4.68 0.68 14.43 — — 8.80 0.025 0.085 Example 74 3.03 4.64 0.51 14.82 — — 8.87 0.018 0.098 Note: (1)Graphite-spheroidizing elements (Mg + Ca + REM). Composition (% by weight) No. Mg Ca REM Mo Cu Co Nb B Others Example 40 0.041 0.0010 0.003 — — — — — — Example 41 0.045 0.0025 0.004 — — — — — — Example 42 0.036 0.0023 0.003 — — — — — — Example 43 0.038 0.0014 0.001 — — — — — — Example 44 0.039 0.0014 0.002 — — — — — — Example 45 0.044 0.0014 0.003 — — — — — — Example 46 0.036 0.0015 0.005 — — — — — — Example 47 0.045 0.0011 0.018 — — — — — — Example 48 0.042 0.0010 0.017 — — — — — — Example 49 0.041 0.0011 0.020 — — — — — — Example 50 0.044 0.0015 0.022 — — — — — — Example 51 0.046 0.0015 0.019 — — — — — — Example 52 0.047 0.0010 0.023 — — — — — — Example 53 0.034 0.0011 0.017 — — — — — — Example 54 0.039 0.0010 0.047 — — — — — — Example 55 0.037 0.0011 0.045 — — — — — — Example 56 0.046 0.0011 0.046 — — — — — — Example 57 0.041 0.0015 0.046 — — — — — — Example 58 0.041 0.0015 0.048 — — — — — — Example 59 0.038 0.0012 0.049 — — — — — — Example 60 0.041 0.0011 0.040 — — — — — — Example 61 0.036 0.0016 0.052 — — — — — — Example 62 0.057 0.0010 0.054 — — — — — — Example 63 0.034 0.0011 0.065 — — — — — — Example 64 0.036 0.0013 0.064 — — — — — — Example 65 0.033 0.0016 0.057 — — — — — — Example 66 0.065 0.0012 0.053 — — — — — — Example 67 0.046 0.0022 0.051 — — — — — — Example 68 0.037 0.0016 0.001 — — — — — — Example 69 0.041 0.0015 0.002 — — — — — — Example 70 0.035 0.0016 0.046 — — — — — — Example 71 0.039 0.0010 0.047 — — — — — — Example 72 0.042 0.0012 0.048 — — — — — — Example 73 0.040 0.0011 0.044 — — — — — — Example 74 0.035 0.0011 0.062 — — — — — — TABLE 2 Heat Treatment Heating Temperature (° C.) Cooling Method No. Example 1 850 Cooling in Furnace Example 2 850 Cooling in Furnace Example 3 850 Cooling in Furnace Example 4 880 Cooling in Furnace Example 5 880 Cooling in Furnace Example 6 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 7 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 8 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 9 — — Example 10 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 11 910 Cooling in Furnace Example 12 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 13 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 14 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 15 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 16 850 Cooling in Furnace Example 17 850 Cooling in Furnace Example 18 850 Cooling in Furnace Example 19 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 20 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 21 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 22 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 23 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 24 850 Cooling in Furnace Example 25 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 26 850 Cooling in Furnace Example 27 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 28 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 29 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 30 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 31 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 32 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 33 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 34 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 35 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 36 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 37 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 38 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 39 900 Cooling in Furnace No.(1) Comp. Ex. 1 — — Comp. Ex. 2 600 Air-Cooled Comp. Ex. 3 850 Cooling in Furnace Comp. Ex. 4 850 Cooling in Furnace Comp. Ex. 5 880 Cooling in Furnace Comp. Ex. 6 940 Cooling in Furnace Comp. Ex. 7 940 Cooling in Furnace Comp. Ex. 8 850 Cooling in Furnace Comp. Ex. 9 — — Comp. Ex. 10 940 Cooling in Furnace Comp. Ex. 11 940 Cooling in Furnace Comp. Ex. 12 850 Cooling in Furnace Comp. Ex. 13 940 Cooling in Furnace Comp. Ex. 14 850 Cooling in Furnace Comp. Ex. 15 850 Cooling in Furnace Comp. Ex. 16 940 Cooling in Furnace Con. Ex. 1 — — Con. Ex. 2 — — Con. Ex. 3 940 Cooling in Furnace Con. Ex. 4 — — Con. Ex. 5 910 Air-Cooled Con. Ex. 6 910 Air-Cooled No. Example 40 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 41 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 42 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 43 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 44 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 45 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 46 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 47 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 48 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 49 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 50 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 51 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 52 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 53 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 54 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 55 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 56 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 57 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 58 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 59 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 60 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 61 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 62 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 63 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 64 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 65 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 66 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 67 900 Cooling in Furnace Example 68 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 69 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 70 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 71 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 72 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 73 940 Cooling in Furnace Example 74 940 Cooling in Furnace Note: (1)“Comp. Ex.” represents Comparative Example, and “Con. Ex.” represents Conventional Example. (1) Concentration Distributions of Elements in and Near Intermediate Layers and their Microstructures Using a field-emission, scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (FE-SEM EDS, “S-4000” available from Hitachi, Ltd.) attached thereto, and a field-emission transmission electron microscope (FE-TEM) and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (FE-TEM EDS, “HF-2 100” available from Hitachi, Ltd.) attached thereto, each cast iron of Examples 1-74, Comparative Examples 1-16 and Conventional Examples 1-6 was observed as follows. Each cast iron sample of 10 mm each was embedded in a resin of 30 mm in diameter, mirror-polished, and its microstructure was observed by an optical microscope (magnification: 400 times). Thereafter, the existence of intermediate layers in graphite-matrix boundaries was observed by FE-SEM (magnification: 10,000 times). Further, a sample of 4 um in thickness, 10 μm in length and 15 μm in width was cut out of the intermediate layers and their nearby regions by a micro-sampling method using focused ion beams (FIB) of a focused-ion-beam milling system (“FB-2000A” available from Hitachi, Ltd.), and each sample was made thinner to 0.1 μm. Each of the resultant samples was observed substantially in graphite-matrix boundaries by FE-TEM, and element analysis was conducted using an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). With respect to the samples of Example 8 and Conventional Example 3, the optical photomicrographs of their microstructures are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, and the FE-SEM photographs of microstructures substantially in the graphite-matrix boundaries are shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. The high-resolution FE-TEM photograph (magnification: 2,000,000 times) of a microstructure substantially in the graphite-matrix boundary in Example 8 is shown in FIG. 7. The optical photomicrographs of FIGS. 3 and 4 indicate that Example 8 differs from Conventional Example 3 in the morphology of eutectic carbide 38 existing in eutectic cell boundaries, because fine carbide particles 39 exist in a ferrite matrix 33 (grains), too. However, the observation by an optical microscope (magnification: 400 times) failed to discern the existence of intermediate layers and carbide particles in the boundaries of graphite particles 31 and the matrix 33. In FIG. 4, 41 denotes graphite particles, 43 denotes the matrix, in which a white area is a ferrite phase, and a black area is a pearlite phase, and 48 denotes eutectic carbide. It was confirmed from FIG. 5, an FE-SEM photograph (10,000 times), that an intermediate layer 52 and W-containing carbide particles 54 were formed in the boundary of a graphite particle 51 and the matrix 53 in Example 8. The W-containing carbide particles were formed not only substantially in the boundary, but also in the matrix 53 (as indicated by 55), and in a boundary 57 in contact with the graphite particle 51 (as indicated by 56). A method for observing that the carbide contains W will be explained later. It was confirmed from FIG. 6, an FE-SEM photograph (magnification: 10,000 times), that there were not an intermediate layer and W-containing carbide particles in and substantially in the boundary of a graphite particle 61 and a matrix 63 in Conventional Example 3. The crystal structure of carbide was observed in the sample of Example 8 as follows. A specimen of 20 mm each was cut out from the sample of Example 8, ground with an emery paper to remove an oxide layer from the surface, and subjected to a residue extraction method to extract graphite and carbide. The residue extraction method comprises chemically etching the sample with a 10-% solution of nitric acid in alcohol under ultrasonic vibration, and filtering out the residue. The resultant extracts were subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis (Co target, 50 kV, and 200 mA), using an X-ray diffraction apparatus (“RINT 1500” available from Rigaku Corp.). The results are shown in FIG. 8. It is clear from FIG. 8 that the sample of Example 8 contained M6C carbide (corresponding to 41-1351 in the ASTM card) and M12C carbide (corresponding to 23-1127 in the ASTM card) both containing W. In FIG. 7, a high-resolution FE-TEM photograph (2,000,000 times) of the sample of Example 8, an intermediate layer 72 as thick as about 10 nm was observed. Because the intermediate layer 72 had a different crystal orientation from those of the adjacent graphite particle 71 and matrix 73, it is clear that the intermediate layer 72 had a phase different from those of the graphite particle 71 and the matrix 73. The observation of several intermediate layers 72 in the same sample revealed that the intermediate layers 72 were as wide as at most about 20 nm. The concentration distributions of Si, W, Mo and Fe in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix were investigated by element analysis using FE-TEM-EDS. FIGS. 9 and 10 show the concentration distributions of Si, W, Mo and Fe in the samples of Example 8 and Conventional Example 3, respectively. The analyzed value of Si was obtained by peak separation method (Gaussian method). It is expected, however, that this peak separation method tends to provide a larger analyzed value of Si, because the Kα line of Si overlaps the Mα line of W. To correct the analyzed value of Si, analysis was conducted on WC-cemented carbide containing no Si, and peak separation was conducted assuming that Si was contained, resulting in an Si/W ratio [ratio of the analyzed value of Si to the analyzed value of W] of 0.3. Thus, the corrected Si value was determined by subtracting the analyzed value of W multiplied by 0.3 from the analyzed value of Si. In the present invention, the weight ratio Ym of Si in the matrix and the weight ratio Yi of Si in the intermediate layers were corrected, taking into consideration the overlap of the Kα line of Si and the Mα line of W in the peak separation method. Incidentally, the analyzed value of W was determined from an Lα line, needing no such peak separation. Examples 1-74, Comparative Examples 1-16 and Conventional Examples 1-6 were measured with respect to a graphite shape, a spheroidization ratio, the thickness of intermediate layers, the concentrations of W and Si, Xi/Xm, and Yi/Ym. The graphite shape was “spheroidal” when the spheroidization ratio was 70% or more, and “compact vermicular” when it was less than 70%. The spheroidization ratio was measured by a method for determining a spheroidization ratio according to JIS G5502 10.7.4. Xi/Xm and Yi/Ym were measured in intermediate layers and a matrix at two arbitrary positions with respect to each of three graphite particles, and averaged. The results are shown in Table 3. The concentrations of W and Si were evaluated by the following standards. Good: Intermediate layers were observed, with Xi/Xm or Yi/Ym in the preferred range, Fair: Intermediate layer were observed, with Xi/Xm or Yi/Ym outside the preferred range, and Poor: No intermediate layers were observed. As is clear from FIG. 9, the concentration of W and Si gradually increased from a matrix 93 to graphite 91 in the sample of Example 8, with W and Si more concentrated in the intermediate layer 92 than in the matrix 93 and Fe decreased correspondingly. In the sample of Example 8, the ratio (Xi/Xm) of the weight ratio Xi of W in the intermediate layers to the weight ratio Xm of W in the matrix was 15.80 on average, and the ratio (Yi/Ym) of the weight ratio Yi of Si in the intermediate layers to the weight ratio Ym of Si in the matrix was 2.29 on average. In Conventional Example 3, as shown in FIG. 10, neither intermediate layers nor the concentration of Si and W were observed. As is clear from Table 3, intermediate layers and the concentration of W and Si were observed in any of Examples 1-74. The Xi/Xm was 5 or more in Examples 1-74 except for Example 18, and the Yi/Ym was 1.5 or more in Examples 1-17 and 20-74. On the other hand, the intermediate layers had insufficient concentration of W and Si in any of Comparative Examples 1-5, with Xi/Xm of 3.85 or less and Yi/Ym of 1.38 or less. W was not sufficiently concentrated in the intermediate layers in Comparative Examples 6-9 (Xi/Xm: 3.07-4.98), although Si was sufficiently concentrated (Yi/Ym: 1.60-1.80). The later-described thermal cracking lives in Comparative Examples 10-13 were as short as less than 780 cycles because of the W content outside the range of the present invention, although W and Si were sufficiently concentrated in the intermediate layers. In Comparative Examples 14-16, the thermal cracking life was less than 780 cycles regardless of the concentration of W and Si in the intermediate layers, because the Si content was outside the range of the present invention. The comparison of Examples 8 and 9 revealed that while the intermediate layers were as thin as 1-8 nm in Example 9 without heat treatment, they were as thick as 10-20 nm in Example 8 with heat treatment, confirming that the heat treatment made the intermediate layers thicker. This indicates that the heat treatment stabilizes the formation of intermediate layers. In Comparative Examples 1-10, in which W was less than 1.2% by weight, the intermediate layers were mostly as thin as 0-10 nm, with some portions free from intermediate layers. In Examples 1-74, in which W was 1.2% or more by weight, the intermediate layers were mostly as thick as 5 nm or more. This indicates that the inclusion of 1.2% or more by weight of W stably produces thick intermediate layers. Each mirror-polished sample of Examples 1-74, Comparative Examples 1-16 and Conventional Examples 1-6 was etched with a 10-% Nital etching solution for about 1-5 minutes in an ultrasonic washing apparatus, washed with 10-% hydrochloric acid to remove etching products, and then washed with an organic solvent. This treatment predominantly etched the matrix, causing carbide particles to three-dimensionally appear on the graphite surface. Because the number of W-containing carbide particles on the graphite surface appears to be proportional to the number of W-containing carbide particles in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix, the number of W-containing carbide particles on the graphite particles exposed by etching was used as a parameter expressing the number of carbide particles in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix. The area ratio of W-containing carbide particles was determined on W-containing carbide particles on the graphite particles exposed by etching. In the sample of Example 8, carbide particles in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix were observed by FE-SEM. EDS (10,000 times) for analyzing the components of carbide on the graphite surface detected 64.7% by weight of W, 10.0% by weight of Mo, 23.6% by weight of Fe, and 1.7% by weight of C. This result revealed that W was contained in carbide particles in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix (carbide on the graphite surface). It is clear from FIG. 11(a), an FE-SEM photograph of the sample of Example 8, that a lot of W-containing carbide particles 114 were formed on the graphite 111. The total number Nc of graphite particles and the number Ncw of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles were counted in three arbitrary fields of the FE-SEM photograph corresponding to a 1-mm2 area of the sample, and the percentage (Ncw/Nc) of the number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles to the total number of graphite particles was calculated. Whether or not the W-containing carbide particles existed in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix was determined by the observation of graphite particles at a magnification of 10,000 times or more and EDS. In Example 8, all graphite particles had W-containing carbide particles on the surface in the observed fields, so that Ncw/Nc was 100%. The calculation of the number and area ratio of W-containing carbide particles on the graphite surface was conducted as follows. As schematically shown in FIGS. 12(a) and (b), a surface 111a of a graphite particle 111 exposed by the above etching treatment was photographed by FE-SEM perpendicularly to the sample surface, to obtain a two-dimensional, projected image SI of the graphite surface 111a [FIG. 12(a)]. A portion corresponding to 10-15% of the projected area in a region including a center of gravity Gr (substantially center) in the projected, two-dimensional image S1 was extracted as a carbide-measuring region S2, and photographed by FE-SEM. The contours of W-containing carbide particles were traced from the FE-SEM photograph on a tracing paper, and the number and area of W-containing carbide particles were measured by an image analyzer (“IP1000” available from Asahi Kasei Corporation). The resultant measured values were divided by the area of the carbide-measuring region S2 to obtain the number and area ratio of W-containing carbide particles per unit area. The above measurement was conducted on 15 graphite particles arbitrarily selected from those having W-containing carbide particles, and their measured values were averaged. 10-15% of the projected area of the graphite particle was extracted as the carbide-measuring region S2, because less than 10% was too small a measurement region to the entire projected area of the graphite particle, failing to grasp the true structure, and because more than 15% causes carbide particles particularly on a periphery of the graphite particle to look two-dimensionally overlapped due to the curvature of the graphite particle, failing to discern them. FIG. 11(b) is an enlarged photograph of the carbide-measuring region S2 (13% of the projected area of the graphite). Granular W-containing carbide particles 114 looked white on the surface of the graphite 111. In the sample of Example 8, the number and area ratio of W-containing carbide particles were 7.84×105/mm2 and 6.7%, respectively, per a unit area of graphite, as averaged values of 15 graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles. The average size of the W-containing carbide particles 114 was 0.34 μm. Thus, the percentage of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles on the surface, the number of W-containing carbide particles (/mm2) per a unit area of graphite, and the area ratio of W-containing carbide particles on the graphite surface were determined. The results are shown in Table 4. As is clear from Table 4, the number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles on the surface was 61% or more of the total number of graphite particles in any of Examples 1-74. Particularly in Examples 2-19 and 24-74, the number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles on the surface was 75% or more of the total number of graphite particles. In Comparative Examples 1-6, 9 and 14, the number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles on the surface was less than 75% of the total number of graphite particles. The number of W-containing carbide particles per a unit area of graphite was 3×105/mm2 or more in Examples 1-35 and 40-74, while it was less than 3×105/mm2 in Comparative Examples 1-10. Further, the area ratio of W-containing carbide particles on the graphite surface was mostly 1.8% or more in Examples 1-74, while it was less than 1.8% in Comparative Examples 1-10. In Conventional Examples 1-6, no W-containing carbide particles were observed on the graphite surface. The comparison of Examples 8 and 9 revealed that although 100% of graphite particles had W-containing carbide particles substantially in their boundaries with the matrix in both Examples, the number and area ratio of W-containing carbide particles per a unit area of graphite were larger in Example 8 with heat treatment than Example 9 without heat treatment. This indicates that the heat treatment stably forms W-containing carbide particles substantially in boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix. TABLE 3 Thickness of Concen- Graphite Spheroidization Intermediate tration No. Shape(1) Ratio (%) Layer (nm) W Si Xi/Xm Yi/Ym Example 1 SP 80 5-10 Good Good 6.9 2.9 Example 2 SP 81 5-15 Good Good 7.4 3.2 Example 3 SP 82 8-15 Good Good 9.7 3.4 Example 4 SP 83 5-15 Good Good 8.3 3.1 Example 5 SP 81 5-15 Good Good 10.8 3.6 Example 6 SP 80 5-15 Good Good 10.0 3.4 Example 7 SP 84 8-15 Good Good 12.1 3.8 Example 8 SP 86 10-20 Good Good 15.80 2.29 Example 9 SP 84 1-8 Good Good 15.20 2.20 Example 10 SP 81 10-20 Good Good 14.88 2.00 Example 11 SP 71 10-25 Good Good 16.70 2.50 Example 12 SP 75 10-25 Good Good 17.10 2.40 Example 13 CV 65 10-30 Good Good 18.80 2.50 Example 14 CV 55 10-35 Good Good 17.80 2.50 Example 15 SP 88 5-10 Good Good 5.80 2.30 Example 16 SP 87 5-10 Good Good 6.76 2.03 Example 17 SP 85 1-5 Good Good 5.20 1.76 Example 18 SP 78 0-3 Fair Fair 4.72 1.08 Example 19 CV 57 0-5 Good Fair 12.87 1.31 Example 20 SP 82 5-15 Good Good 6.92 2.56 Example 21 SP 85 5-15 Good Good 6.81 2.42 Example 22 SP 83 5-10 Good Good 6.62 1.88 Example 23 SP 80 1-5 Good Good 5.08 1.65 Example 24 SP 80 5-15 Good Good 11.80 1.56 Example 25 SP 82 5-10 Good Good 6.12 2.10 Example 26 CV 38 10-20 Good Good 14.60 2.28 Example 27 SP 89 5-10 Good Good 14.70 2.20 Example 28 SP 87 5-15 Good Good 16.10 2.21 Example 29 SP 87 5-15 Good Good 15.50 2.00 Example 30 SP 82 10-20 Good Good 14.60 2.30 Example 31 SP 83 10-20 Good Good 13.20 2.50 Example 32 SP 85 10-20 Good Good 13.30 2.40 Example 33 SP 85 10-20 Good Good 14.30 2.20 Example 34 SP 85 10-20 Good Good 16.20 2.50 Example 35 SP 88 10-20 Good Good 15.40 2.60 Example 36 SP 90 5-15 Good Good 5.01 2.20 Example 37 SP 84 5-10 Good Good 6.33 2.10 Example 38 SP 87 5-10 Good Good 5.21 1.80 Example 39 SP 87 5-10 Good Good 6.03 1.70 Note: (1)SP represents “spheroidal,” and CV represents “compact vermicular.” Thickness of Concen- Graphite Spheroidization Intermediate tration No.(1) Shape(2) Ratio (%) Layer (nm) W Si Xi/Xm Yi/Ym Comp. Ex. 1 SP 92 0-3 Fair Fair 1.01 1.01 Comp. Ex. 2 SP 89 0-5 Fair Fair 1.11 1.09 Comp. Ex. 3 SP 96 0-8 Fair Fair 2.54 1.14 Comp. Ex. 4 SP 84 0-8 Fair Fair 2.70 1.21 Comp. Ex. 5 SP 88 0-8 Fair Fair 3.85 1.38 Comp. Ex. 6 SP 87 0-8 Fair Good 3.07 1.64 Comp. Ex. 7 SP 84 0-10 Fair Good 4.55 1.60 Comp. Ex. 8 SP 85 1-10 Fair Good 4.98 1.80 Comp. Ex. 9 SP 88 0-5 Fair Good 4.69 1.70 Comp. Ex. 10 SP 86 1-10 Good Good 5.21 2.50 Comp. Ex. 11 CV 52 12-40 Good Good 16.40 2.50 Comp. Ex. 12 CV 51 8-25 Good Good 18.63 1.95 Comp. Ex. 13 CV 48 10-35 Good Good 17.34 3.21 Comp. Ex. 14 SP 81 0-5 Fair Fair 2.04 1.26 Comp. Ex. 15 CV 60 0-8 Good Fair 13.72 1.28 Comp. Ex. 16 SP 80 5-15 Good Good 6.76 2.91 Con. Ex. 1 SP 94 0 Poor Poor — — Con. Ex. 2 SP 90 0 Poor Poor — — Con. Ex. 3 SP 89 0 Poor Poor — — Con. Ex. 4 SP 88 0 Poor Poor — — Con. Ex. 5 SP 84 0 Poor Poor — — Con. Ex. 6 SP 88 0 Poor Poor — — Note: (1)“Comp. Ex.” represents Comparative Example, and “Con. Ex.” represents Conventional Example. (2)SP represents “spheroidal,” and CV represents “compact vermicular.” Thickness of Concen- Graphite Spheroidization Intermediate tration No. Shape(1) Ratio (%) Layer (nm) W Si Xi/Xm Yi/Ym Example 40 CV 41 5-20 Good Good 13.2 4.0 Example 41 CV 58 5-20 Good Good 14.1 4.1 Example 42 SP 72 5-20 Good Good 13.5 4.2 Example 43 SP 91 5-20 Good Good 12.3 4.3 Example 44 SP 95 5-20 Good Good 13.6 4.2 Example 45 SP 88 5-20 Good Good 13.4 4.1 Example 46 CV 38 5-20 Good Good 14.7 4.0 Example 47 CV 34 5-20 Good Good 13.0 4.1 Example 48 CV 48 5-20 Good Good 12.7 4.4 Example 49 CV 62 5-20 Good Good 15.5 4.2 Example 50 SP 83 5-20 Good Good 14.0 4.3 Example 51 SP 86 5-20 Good Good 13.0 3.8 Example 52 SP 80 5-20 Good Good 14.5 4.2 Example 53 CV 35 5-20 Good Good 14.1 4.2 Example 54 CV 31 5-20 Good Good 13.8 4.1 Example 55 CV 36 5-20 Good Good 14.6 4.2 Example 56 CV 45 5-20 Good Good 13.6 4.0 Example 57 CV 63 5-20 Good Good 15.0 4.2 Example 58 SP 71 5-20 Good Good 13.8 3.9 Example 59 CV 64 5-20 Good Good 15.2 4.2 Example 60 CV 32 5-20 Good Good 16.0 4.1 Example 61 CV 22 5-20 Good Good 14.4 4.0 Example 62 CV 24 5-20 Good Good 13.8 4.1 Example 63 CV 25 5-20 Good Good 14.3 4.2 Example 64 CV 27 5-20 Good Good 13.6 4.0 Example 65 CV 28 5-20 Good Good 13.5 3.9 Example 66 CV 26 5-20 Good Good 14.0 3.8 Example 67 CV 20 5-20 Good Good 14.9 4.2 Example 68 SP 81 10-35 Good Good 16.7 4.4 Example 69 SP 82 10-35 Good Good 16.0 4.4 Example 70 CV 31 10-30 Good Good 15.9 4.0 Example 71 CV 42 10-35 Good Good 16.3 4.3 Example 72 CV 44 10-35 Good Good 16.8 4.2 Example 73 CV 32 10-30 Good Good 16.0 4.1 Example 74 CV 25 10-35 Good Good 16.4 4.3 Note: (1)SP represents “spheroidal,” and CV represents “compact vermicular.” TABLE 4 Percentage of Graphite Number of Area Ratio of Particles Having W-Containing Carbide W-Containing Carbide W-Containing Carbide Particles on Graphite Particles on Graphite No. on Surface (%)(1) Surface (/mm2) Surface (%) Example 1 66 4.75 × 105 2.10 Example 2 100 5.17 × 105 2.63 Example 3 100 6.08 × 105 4.10 Example 4 100 5.22 × 105 2.7 Example 5 100 6.35 × 105 3.9 Example 6 100 5.33 × 105 2.34 Example 7 100 6.40 × 105 4.22 Example 8 100 7.84 × 105 6.7 Example 9 100 3.46 × 105 3.26 Example 10 100 6.74 × 105 5.6 Example 11 100 6.27 × 105 7.1 Example 12 100 6.01 × 105 7.6 Example 13 100 5.78 × 105 15.7 Example 14 100 5.47 × 105 16.4 Example 15 75 3.51 × 105 1.23 Example 16 78 4.35 × 105 2.2 Example 17 80 4.22 × 105 1.8 Example 18 80 4.29 × 105 2.2 Example 19 100 5.71 × 105 16.4 Example 20 71 4.16 × 105 2.1 Example 21 65 3.54 × 105 2.3 Example 22 68 3.89 × 105 1.7 Example 23 61 3.23 × 105 1.4 Example 24 100 4.99 × 105 1.8 Example 25 75 3.45 × 105 1.22 Example 26 100 6.99 × 105 5.78 Example 27 100 8.46 × 105 4.3 Example 28 100 6.82 × 105 7.4 Example 29 100 6.74 × 105 7.6 Example 30 100 8.75 × 105 4.6 Example 31 100 7.55 × 105 10.1 Example 32 100 4.59 × 105 4.6 Example 33 100 4.87 × 105 4.1 Example 34 100 7.12 × 105 5.8 Example 35 100 7.74 × 105 7.4 Example 36 100 2.33 × 105 1.2 Example 37 100 2.55 × 105 1.1 Example 38 100 2.14 × 105 1.3 Example 39 100 2.22 × 105 1.2 Note: (1)A ratio (%) of the number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles on the surface to the total number of graphite particles. Percentage of Graphite Number of Area Ratio of Particles Having W-Containing Carbide W-Containing Carbide W-Containing Carbide Particles on Graphite Particles on Graphite No.(1) on Surface (%)(2) Surface (/mm2) Surface (%) Comp. Ex. 1 2 3.65 × 103 0.20 Comp. Ex. 2 5 9.56 × 103 0.36 Comp. Ex. 3 10 1.10 × 104 0.8 Comp. Ex. 4 16 5.20 × 104 0.9 Comp. Ex. 5 70 2.92 × 105 0.9 Comp. Ex. 6 68 1.67 × 105 0.8 Comp. Ex. 7 100 2.89 × 105 1.0 Comp. Ex. 8 75 2.83 × 105 1.2 Comp. Ex. 9 67 2.15 × 105 1.0 Comp. Ex. 10 100 2.25 × 105 1.3 Comp. Ex. 11 100 5.58 × 105 16.8 Comp. Ex. 12 100 5.26 × 105 18.4 Comp. Ex. 13 100 5.31 × 105 17.2 Comp. Ex. 14 72 3.37 × 105 1.1 Comp. Ex. 15 100 5.60 × 105 16.2 Comp. Ex. 16 75 4.13 × 105 2.2 Con. Ex. 1 0 0.00 0 Con. Ex. 2 0 0.00 0 Con. Ex. 3 0 0.00 0 Con. Ex. 4 0 0.00 0 Con. Ex. 5 0 0.00 0 Con. Ex. 6 0 0.00 0 Note: (1)“Comp. Ex.” represents Comparative Example, and “Con. Ex.” represents Conventional Example. (2)A ratio (%) of the number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles on the surface to the total number of graphite particles. Percentage of Graphite Number of Area Ratio of Particles Having W-Containing Carbide W-Containing Carbide W-Containing Carbide Particles on Graphite Particles on Graphite No. on Surface (%)(1) Surface (/mm2) Surface (%) Example 40 100 7.01 × 105 5.06 Example 41 100 6.92 × 105 5.07 Example 42 100 7.13 × 105 5.32 Example 43 100 7.15 × 105 5.33 Example 44 100 6.83 × 105 5.12 Example 45 100 7.00 × 105 5.00 Example 46 100 6.34 × 105 4.99 Example 47 100 6.99 × 105 5.01 Example 48 100 6.84 × 105 5.24 Example 49 100 7.12 × 105 5.32 Example 50 100 6.75 × 105 5.66 Example 51 100 6.88 × 105 4.35 Example 52 100 7.15 × 105 5.44 Example 53 100 7.12 × 105 5.40 Example 54 100 6.90 × 105 5.00 Example 55 100 7.12 × 105 5.66 Example 56 100 6.87 × 105 5.06 Example 57 100 7.00 × 105 5.05 Example 58 100 6.33 × 105 4.70 Example 59 100 6.75 × 105 5.20 Example 60 100 7.03 × 105 5.24 Example 61 100 6.95 × 105 4.78 Example 62 100 7.01 × 105 4.99 Example 63 100 7.03 × 105 5.20 Example 64 100 6.87 × 105 4.88 Example 65 100 7.04 × 105 4.67 Example 66 100 6.46 × 105 4.99 Example 67 100 7.00 × 105 5.08 Example 68 100 5.75 × 105 17.70 Example 69 100 5.62 × 105 16.7 Example 70 100 6.12 × 105 14.58 Example 71 100 5.41 × 105 13.50 Example 72 100 5.64 × 105 16.7 Example 73 100 5.72 × 105 16.80 Example 74 100 5.66 × 105 16.44 Note: (1)A ratio (%) of the number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles on the surface to the total number of graphite particles. (2) Oxidation Resistance (Weight Loss by Oxidation) Each round-rod test piece (diameter: 10 mm, length: 20 mm) of Examples 1-74, Comparative Examples 1-16 and Conventional Examples 1-6 was subjected to the following two oxidation tests. In both tests, the weight W0 of the test piece before oxidation, and the weight W1 of the test piece subjected to shot blasting with glass beads after oxidation to remove oxide scale were measured, and its weight loss by oxidation per a unit area (mg/cm2) was determined from (W0-W1). (a) Oxidation Resistance Test at Constant Temperature Each round-rod test piece was kept at a constant temperature of 800° C. for 200 hours to measure weight loss by oxidation. The results are shown in Table 5. As is clear from Table 5, the weight loss by oxidation tended to decrease as the W content increased from 1.26% by weight to 14.7% by weight, in Examples 1-14, in which the amounts of other components than W were substantially the same. This indicates that 1.2-15% by weight of W provides the heat-resistant cast iron with high oxidation resistance. The W content is preferably 1.5-10% by weight, more preferably 2-5% by weight. The comparison of Examples 1 and 18 having substantially the same Si and W contents and different Ni contents revealed that the weight loss by oxidation was more in Example 18 in which the Ni content exceeded 0.5% by weight than in Example 1 containing no Ni. Example 16, in which the Ni content was 0.29% by weight, exhibited weight loss by oxidation of 75 mg/cm2, slightly poorer oxidation resistance than that of Example 1 containing no Ni, but this is within a range free from problems. Accordingly, Ni is preferably less than 0.5% by weight, more preferably 0.3% or less by weight. The comparison of Examples 40-60 and Examples 61-67 having substantially the same Si and W contents and different rare earth element contents revealed that Examples 61-67, in which the rare earth elements exceeded 0.05% by weight, exhibited as low spheroidization ratios as 20-28% with slightly large weight loss by oxidation of 71 mg/cm2 or less at any S content level. On the contrary, Examples 42-45, 49-52 and 56-59, in which the rare earth elements were 0.05% or less by weight, and S was 0.003-0.02% by weight, exhibited as high spheroidization ratios as 45-95% with smaller weight loss by oxidation of 22 mg/cm2 or less. Examples 40, 41, 46-48, 53-55 and 60 exhibited as low spheroidization ratios as 31-58% with relatively large weight loss by oxidation of 28 mg/cm2 or less, because the S contents were less than 0.003% by weight or more than 0.02% by weight though the rare earth elements were 0.05% or less by weight. Accordingly, even in the composition range of the present invention, it is preferable that the rare earth elements are 0.05% or less by weight, and that S is 0.003-0.02% by weight. (b) Oxidation Resistance Test by Heating and Cooling The oxidation resistance of each test piece was evaluated under the conditions of repeatedly heating and cooling it between 700° C. and 850° C. 100 times at temperature-elevating and lowering speeds of 3° C./minute. The results are shown in Table 5. The weight loss by oxidation under the heating/cooling condition was 98 mg/cm2 or less in the test pieces of Examples 1-74. As is clear from Table 5, in Examples 1-14, in which the amounts of other components than W were substantially the same, the weight loss by oxidation tended to decrease as the W content increased from 1.26% by weight to 14.7% by weight. The test pieces of Comparative Examples 1, 2, 14 and 15 suffered weight loss of 101-172 mg/cm2 by oxidation, more than that in Examples 1-74. Comparative Examples 3-13 and 16 suffered weight loss of 91 mg/cm2 or less by oxidation, with poorer thermal cracking lives described below than those of Examples 1-74. Conventional Examples 1, 2, 4 and 5 suffered weight loss of 150-289 mg/cm2 by oxidation, extremely larger than that in Examples 1-74, meaning that Conventional Examples 1, 2, 4 and 5 were extremely poor in oxidation resistance. Conventional Examples 3 and 6 suffered weight loss by oxidation of 97 mg/cm2 and 88 mg/cm2, respectively, with poorer thermal cracking lives described below than those of Examples 1-74. The comparison of Examples 1 and 16-18 having substantially the same Si and W contents and different Ni contents revealed that when the Ni content was up to 0.48%, the weight loss by oxidation changed slightly in a range of 77-79 mg/cm2, but the weight loss by oxidation increased drastically to 98 mg/cm2 in Example 18 in which Ni exceeded 0.5% by weight. Accordingly, Ni is preferably less than 0.5% by weight. To investigate the initial oxidation behavior of the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention, namely where it was predominantly oxidized, a heat-resistant cast iron sample was mirror-polished with diamond grinder powder, washed with an organic solvent, heated from room temperature to 1000° C. at 10° C./minute in the air, kept at 1000° C. for 10 minutes, cooled at 10° C./minute, and then subjected to FE-SEM observation of oxides formed on the surface. FIGS. 13 and 14 are FE-SEM photographs of Example 8 and Conventional Example 3, respectively. It is clear from FIG. 13 that oxidation was suppressed in the sample of Example 8 in portions having graphite particles 131 before the test and their surrounding matrix regions 133, with substantially no projecting oxides observed. Although eutectic cell boundaries 138 were predominantly oxidized, their extent was small. Recesses by decarburization were observed in the graphite particles 131, presumably because the graphite particles 131 exposed to the surface by grinding were burned out. What should be noted is that portions having graphite particles 131 before the test became voids or had burning residue with substantially no projecting oxides, meaning that oxidation did not proceed from portions having the graphite particles 131 to the surrounding matrix regions. It is thus considered that even if external oxidizing gases intrude into graphite, their further intrusion is hindered in Example 8 because of the intermediate layers, in which W and Si were concentrated, and the W-containing carbide particles existing in and substantially in graphite-matrix boundaries, so that the oxidation of the matrix around the graphite particles is suppressed. On the contrary, as is clear from FIG. 14, portions 141 having graphite particles before the test were predominantly oxidized to form large oxides in the sample of Conventional Example 3, though it was a high-Si containing material Cr and Mo. It is thus clear that the heat-resistant cast iron of Example 8 and that of Conventional Example 3 are totally different in initial oxidation behavior. In the heat-resistant cast iron of Example 8, the progress of oxidation starting from the graphite particles was suppressed, resulting in drastically improved oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance. TABLE 5 Weight Loss By Oxidation (mg/cm2) Repeated Heating Thermal Room-Temp. At 800° C. & Cooling from Cracking Life Elongation for 200 hrs 700° C. to 850° C. AC1 (° C.) (Cycles) (%) No. Example 1 72 77 815 810 16.3 Example 2 66 69 817 822 16.0 Example 3 64 65 820 831 15.7 Example 4 58 62 842 824 16.9 Example 5 52 54 845 835 15.5 Example 6 45 50 840 835 13.5 Example 7 43 45 855 850 12.0 Example 8 19 21 881 863 8.0 Example 9 21 27 881 850 2.6 Example 10 23 25 883 841 7.7 Example 11 20 26 879 877 2.5 Example 12 22 25 877 850 2.4 Example 13 20 26 880 880 1.8 Example 14 19 22 882 818 1.4 Example 15 15 23 901 799 1.8 Example 16 75 77 813 805 16.0 Example 17 77 79 810 801 16.2 Example 18 86 98 802 780 16.0 Example 19 35 47 897 785 1.0 Example 20 68 69 810 808 15.9 Example 21 64 66 807 786 6.5 Example 22 74 76 810 801 15.5 Example 23 76 79 807 800 12.8 Example 24 36 40 840 862 12.9 Example 25 17 22 891 782 2.1 Example 26 22 28 879 785 4.2 Example 27 28 35 856 861 7.6 Example 28 24 30 855 842 6.0 Example 29 40 52 805 794 4.2 Example 30 26 32 863 864 5.5 Example 31 24 30 862 870 3.3 Example 32 26 32 852 850 2.8 Example 33 54 68 835 788 1.6 Example 34 22 27 871 889 3.1 Example 35 23 29 866 901 2.2 Example 36 27 33 860 786 14.9 Example 37 28 35 860 792 14.6 Example 38 33 38 856 782 13.2 Example 39 36 38 859 783 13.9 No.(1) Comp. Ex. 1 101 172 769 700 18.9 Comp. Ex. 2 85 136 825 720 14.1 Comp. Ex. 3 45 49 866 740 11.2 Comp. Ex. 4 40 45 869 745 10.0 Comp. Ex. 5 82 91 833 736 12.1 Comp. Ex. 6 32 43 930 748 5.9 Comp. Ex. 7 25 44 871 755 8.7 Comp. Ex. 8 24 42 870 771 9.4 Comp. Ex. 9 28 44 870 769 5.0 Comp. Ex. 10 26 42 860 775 8.8 Comp. Ex. 11 33 35 879 718 0.8 Comp. Ex. 12 65 88 843 724 0.9 Comp. Ex. 13 28 35 927 711 0.7 Comp. Ex. 14 92 110 796 742 19.5 Comp. Ex. 15 89 101 805 708 2.8 Comp. Ex. 16 27 34 933 737 1.2 Con. Ex. 1 150 220 725 285 17.4 Con. Ex. 2 91 150 804 421 18.2 Con. Ex. 3 74 97 842 671 4.8 Con. Ex. 4 117 155 856 669 7.0 Con. Ex. 5 220 289 — 508 16.6 Con. Ex. 6 65 88 — 588 11.5 No. Example 40 20 24 886 815 5.0 Example 41 19 22 877 830 6.0 Example 42 18 21 888 862 7.0 Example 43 16 19 877 906 9.4 Example 44 15 17 876 921 10.6 Example 45 17 20 884 899 10.0 Example 46 22 27 885 820 4.9 Example 47 26 32 876 813 3.7 Example 48 19 23 876 825 4.0 Example 49 18 21 884 847 5.0 Example 50 17 20 885 872 7.6 Example 51 16 19 887 881 8.6 Example 52 17 21 870 868 7.6 Example 53 22 28 874 814 4.3 Example 54 28 35 887 808 3.3 Example 55 24 29 877 814 3.7 Example 56 22 26 889 831 4.2 Example 57 18 22 881 842 6.0 Example 58 18 21 886 859 6.2 Example 59 19 23 874 840 4.6 Example 60 26 33 878 813 3.5 Example 61 63 78 872 799 2.8 Example 62 51 63 877 804 3.0 Example 63 46 56 878 805 3.5 Example 64 40 48 884 804 3.6 Example 65 38 46 884 808 3.4 Example 66 42 52 875 804 3.5 Example 67 71 90 891 798 3.0 Example 68 22 26 881 880 2.8 Example 69 23 26 879 885 3 Example 70 35 42 878 800 1.4 Example 71 25 29 879 810 1.8 Example 72 26 30 874 814 1.8 Example 73 36 45 877 801 1.3 Example 74 52 65 881 785 0.7 Note: (1)“Comp. Ex.” represents Comparative Example, and “Con. Ex.” represents Conventional Example. (3) Thermal Crack Resistance To evaluate the thermal crack resistance (thermal cracking life), each round-rod test piece of Examples 1-74, Comparative Examples 1-16 and Conventional Examples 1-6 having a gauge length of 20 mm and a diameter of 10 mm in the gauge length was set in an electric-hydraulic servo, thermal fatigue tester at a constraint ratio of 0.25, and subjected to thermal fatigue fracture by repeating a 7-minute heating/cooling cycle in the air. The heating/cooling cycle (lower limit temperature: 150° C., upper limit temperature: 840° C., and temperature amplitude: 690° C.) comprised heating from the lower limit temperature to the upper limit temperature over 2 minutes, keeping at the upper limit temperature for 1 minute, and cooling from the upper limit temperature to the lower limit temperature over 4 minutes. The constraint ratio was a percentage of mechanically constraining the elongation and shrinkage of a test piece caused by heating and cooling, which is determined by (elongation by free thermal expansion−elongation by thermal expansion under mechanical constraint)/(elongation by free thermal expansion). For instance, the constraint ratio of 1.0 means the mechanical constraint condition that a test piece is not elongated at all when heated. The constraint ratio of 0.5 means the mechanical constraint condition that for instance, when the elongation by free thermal expansion is 2 mm, the thermal expansion causes 1-mm elongation. Because the constraint ratios of exhaust equipment members for actual automobile engines are about 0.1-0.5, permitting elongation to some extent by heating and cooling, the constraint ratio was set at 0.25 in the thermal fatigue test. The test results of thermal crack resistance (thermal cracking life) are shown in Table 5. The thermal cracking life was as long as 780-921 cycles in Examples 1-74, while it was as short as 285-671 cycles in Conventional Examples 1-6. As is clear from Table 5, the thermal cracking life was as long as 780 cycles or more in the test pieces of Examples 1-74 having intermediate layers, in which W and Si were concentrated. Also, the thermal cracking life was 780 cycles in Example 18, in which the weight ratio (Xi/Xm) of the percentage Xi of W in the intermediate layers to the percentage Xm of W in the matrix was 4.72, while it was as long as 800 cycles or more in most other Examples, in which Xi/Xm was 5 or more. Further, the thermal cracking life was 785 cycles in Example 19, in which the weight ratio (Yi/Ym) of the percentage Yi of Si in the intermediate layers to the percentage Ym of Si in the matrix was 1.31, while it was mostly as long as 800 cycles or more in other Examples, in which Yi/Ym was 1.5 or more. In Examples 2-19, 24-39 and 40-74, in which the number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles substantially in their boundaries with the matrix was 75% or more of the total number of graphite particles, the thermal cracking life was 780-880 cycles in Examples 2-19, 782-901 cycles in Examples 24-39, and as long as 785-921 cycles in Examples 40-74. In the test pieces of Examples 1-35 and 40-74, in which the number of W-containing carbide particles per a unit area of graphite was 3×105/mm2 or more, the thermal cracking life was as long as 780-921 cycles. In the test pieces of Examples 1-14, 16, 18-21, 26-35 and 40-74, in which the area ratio of W-containing carbide on the graphite surface was 2% or more, the thermal cracking life was as long as 780-921 cycles. The comparison of Examples 1 and 18 having substantially the same Si and W contents and different Ni contents revealed that the thermal cracking life of Example 18, in which the Ni content exceeded 0.5% by weight, was 780 cycles, shorter than the thermal cracking life (810 cycles) of Example 1 containing no Ni. The thermal cracking life of Example 16, in which the Ni content was 0.29% by weight, was 805 cycles, slightly poorer than that of Example 1 containing no Ni, but it was within a range causing no problems. Accordingly, Ni is preferably less than 0.5% by weight, more preferably 0.3% or less by weight. The comparison of Examples 1 and 21 having substantially the same Si and W contents and different Cr contents revealed that the thermal cracking life of Example 21, in which the Cr content exceeded 0.3% by weight, was 786 cycles, shorter than that of Example 1 containing no Cr. The thermal cracking life of Example 20, in which the Cr content was 0.29% by weight, was 808 cycles, slightly poorer than that of Example 1 containing no Cr, but it was within a range causing no problems. Accordingly, Cr is preferably 0.3% or less by weight. The comparison of the test pieces of Examples 1, 2 and 27 having substantially the same W contents within a range of 1.21-1.50% and Mo contents within a range of 0-4.4% by weight revealed that the thermal cracking life was improved from 810 cycles to 861 cycles as the Mo content increased. However, in Example 29, in which Mo was more than 5.5% by weight, the thermal cracking life was as short as 794 cycles. Thus, the Mo content is preferably 5.5% or less by weight, more preferably 4.5% or less by weight. The comparison of Examples 30-32 having W contents within a range of 2.64-2.92% by weight and different Cu contents revealed that the addition of 0.13-6.1% by weight of Cu provided as long a thermal cracking life as 850-870 cycles. However, the test piece of Example 32 containing 6.1% by weight of Cu had a slightly shorter thermal cracking life than that of the test piece of Example 31 containing 3.5% by weight of Cu. Also, when the Cu content became 6.8% by weight as in Example 33, the thermal cracking life was reduced to 788 cycles. Accordingly, the Cu content was preferably 6.5% or less by weight, more preferably 3.5% or less by weight. Examples 34 and 35 with W contents of 3.12-3.33% by weight exhibited thermal cracking lives of 889-901 cycles, better than the thermal cracking life of 863 cycles in Example 8 containing no Co. Accordingly, Co is preferably added, but it is preferably 5% or less by weight from the aspect of cost, because it is an expensive element. (4) AC1 Transformation Point Each cylindrical test piece (diameter: 5 mm, length: 20 mm) of Examples 1-74, Comparative Examples 1-16 and Conventional Examples 1-6 was heated from 30° C. at a speed of 3° C./minute in a nitrogen atmosphere to measure its AC1 transformation point, by a thermomechanical analyzer (“TMA-4000S” available from Mac Science). As shown in FIG. 15, the AC1 transformation point was determined by an intersection method comprising drawing tangents 82 in an inflecting region of a temperature-displacement curve 81, and reading a temperature at the intersection of the tangents as the AC1 transformation point 83. The results are shown in Table 5. Incidentally, the austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron of Conventional Examples 5 and 6 does not undergo AC1 transformation unlike the ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron. Among the test pieces of Examples 1-74, those having as high AC1 transformation points as 840° C. or higher had as long thermal cracking lives as 782 cycles or more. However, the test piece of Conventional Example 4 had low oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance because graphite was predominantly oxidized due to as small W content as less than 0.001% by weight, although its AC1 transformation point was higher than 840° C. The comparison of Examples 1 and 18 having substantially the same Si and W contents and different Ni contents revealed that Example 18, in which the Ni content exceeded 0.5% by weight, had a lower AC1 transformation point than that of Example 1 containing no Ni. In Example 16, in which the Ni content was 0.29% by weight, the AC1 transformation point was 813° C., slightly lower than that of Example 1 containing no Ni, but it is within a range causing no problems. Accordingly, Ni is preferably less than 0.5% by weight, more preferably 0.3% or less by weight. The comparison of Examples 1 and 21 having substantially the same Si and W contents and different Cr contents revealed that Example 21, in which the Cr content exceeded 0.3% by weight, had a lower AC1 transformation point than that of Example 1 containing no Cr. In Example 20, in which the Cr content was 0.29% by weight, the AC1 transformation point was 810° C., slightly lower than that of Example 1 containing no Cr, but it is within a range causing no problems. Accordingly, Cr is preferably 0.3% or less by weight. (5) Room-Temperature Elongation Each No. 4 test piece (JIS Z 2201) of Examples 1-74, Comparative Examples 1-16 and Conventional Examples 1-6 was measured with respect to room-temperature elongation (%) at 25° C. by an Amsler tensile strength tester. The results are shown in Table 5. The room-temperature elongation was as low as 0.8% in the test piece of Comparative Example 11 with 15.22% by weight of W, 1.0% in the test piece of Example 19 with 14.7% by weight of W, 1.8% in the test piece of Example 13 with 9.56% by weight of W, and 2.5% in the test piece of Example 11 with 4.83% by weight of W. Thus, when the W content is 10% or less by weight, particularly 5% or less by weight, the room-temperature elongation of 1.8% or more can be obtained. The room-temperature elongation is preferably 2% or more. To investigate how elongation increases by the addition of Nb and B, attention was paid to the room-temperature elongation of Examples 36-39 containing Nb and/or B, the W contents being substantially the same within 1.21-1.66% by weight. The room-temperature elongation was 14.9% in the test piece of Example 36 containing only Nb, 14.6% and 13.9% in the test pieces of Examples 37 and 39 containing only B, and 13.2% in the test piece of Example 38 containing both Nb and B, all being good results. The room-temperature elongation was 1.4% in Example 14, in which Si+( 2/7)W was 8.76, 1.8% in Example 13, in which Si+( 2/7)W was 7.38, 1.8% in Example 15, in which Si+( 2/7)W was 6.03, and 2.5% in Example 11, in which Si+( 2/7)W was 6.00. These results reveal that when Si+( 2/7)W is 8 or less, the room-temperature elongation is 1.8% or more, and that when Si+( 2/7)W is 6 or less, the room-temperature elongation is 2.0% or more. The comparison of Examples 1 and 21 having substantially the same Si and W contents and different Cr contents revealed that Example 21, in which the Cr content exceeded 0.3% by weight, had smaller room-temperature elongation than that of Example 1 containing no Cr. The room-temperature elongation of Example 20, in which the Cr content was 0.29% by weight, was 15.9%, smaller than that of Example 1 containing no Cr, but it is within a range causing no problems. Accordingly, Cr is preferably 0.3% or less by weight. The comparison of Examples 40-60 and Examples 61-67 having substantially the same Si and W contents and different rare earth element contents revealed that Examples 61-67, in which the rare earth elements exceeded 0.05% by weight, had as low spheroidization ratios as 20-28% and as small room-temperature elongation as 2.8-3.6% at any S content level. On the contrary, Examples 42-45, 49-52 and 56-59 containing rare earth elements of 0.05% or less by weight and 0.003-0.02% by weight of S had as high spheroidization ratios as 45-95% and as large room-temperature elongation as 4.2-10.6%. In Examples 40, 41, 46-48, 53-55 and 60, in which the S content was less than 0.003% by weight or more than 0.02% by weight, though the rare earth elements were 0.05% or less by weight, the spheroidization ratios were as low as 31-58%, and thus relatively low room-temperature elongation of 3.3-6.0%. Accordingly, even within the composition range of the present invention, the rare earth element is preferably 0.05% or less by weight, and S is preferably 0.003-0.02% by weight. The test piece of Example 8 was subjected to a tensile test at 400° C. to examine its medium-temperature embrittlement. It was thus found that the elongation at 400° C. was 7.0%, slightly smaller than the room-temperature elongation of 8.0%, but it was at such a level not to practically cause any problems. EXAMPLE 75 The exhaust manifold 151 schematically shown in FIG. 17 was formed from the heat-resistant cast iron of Example 9, and machined in an as-cast state. The resultant exhaust manifold 151 was free from casting defects such as shrinkage cavities, misrun, gas defects, etc., and did not suffer insufficient cutting, etc. at all when machined. In FIG. 17, 151a denotes flanges, 151b denotes branched tubes, and 151c denotes a convergence portion. The exhaust manifold 151 of Example 75 was assembled to an exhaust simulator of a high-performance, 2000-cc, series-four-cylinder gasoline engine, to conduct a durability test to examine a life until cracking occurred and how the cracking occurred. The test condition was the repetition of a heating/cooling cycle comprising 10-minute heating and 10-minute cooling, to count the number of cycles until cracks penetrating the exhaust manifold 151 are generated. The exhaust gas temperature at a full load in the durability test was 920° C. at the exit of the exhaust manifold 151. The surface temperature of the exhaust manifold 151 under this condition was about 840° C. in the convergence portion 151c. As shown in FIG. 17, extremely small cracks 17 were generated in regions of the branched tubes 151b adjacent to the flanges 151a by 890 cycles in the exhaust manifold 151 of Examples 75. However, no cracks were generated particularly in the convergence portion 151c, through which a high-temperature exhaust gas passed, and little oxidation took place in the overall manifold. This confirmed that the exhaust manifold 151 of Examples 75 had excellent durability and reliability. EXAMPLE 76 An exhaust manifold 151 was formed by the heat-resistant cast iron of Example 8 in the same manner as in Example 75 except for conducting annealing for ferritization by keeping it at 900° C. for 3 hours and then cooling it in a furnace. The resultant exhaust manifold 151 was free from casting defects, troubles such as heat-treatment deformation, and troubles during machining, etc. The exhaust manifold 151 of Example 76 was assembled to the exhaust simulator to conduct a durability test under the same condition as in Example 75. The surface temperature of the exhaust manifold 151 was the same as in Example 75. The durability test revealed that extremely small cracks were generated in the exhaust manifold 151 of Example 76 by 952 cycles substantially to the same degree and in the same portions as in Example 75. However, no cracks were generated in the convergence portion, through which a high-temperature exhaust gas passed, with substantially no oxidation occurring in the entire manifold, indicating that it had excellent durability and reliability. CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLE 7 An exhaust manifold 151 was formed by the spheroidal graphite cast iron of Conventional Example 3 in the same manner as in Example 75 except for changing the heat treatment temperature to 940° C. This exhaust manifold 151 was assembled to the exhaust simulator to conduct the durability test under the same condition as in Example 75. The exhaust manifold 151 neither had casting defects nor suffered troubles in the heat treatment and machining. The surface temperature of the exhaust manifold 151 in the durability test was the same as in Example 75. As shown in FIG. 18, the durability test revealed that large cracks 18 were generated in the exhaust manifold 151 of Conventional Example 7 by 435 cycles in the convergence portion 151c, and between the branched tubes 151b and the flanges 151a. In addition to the convergence portion 151c, oxidation took place in the entire manifold. CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLE 8 An exhaust manifold 151 was formed by the NI-RESIST D5S of Conventional Example 6 in the same manner as in Example 75 except for conducting a heat treatment comprising keeping at 910° C. for 4 hours and air-cooling. This exhaust manifold 151 was assembled to the exhaust simulator to conduct the durability test under the same condition as in Example 75. Neither casting defects nor troubles in the heat treatment and machining were observed in the exhaust manifold 151. The surface temperature of the exhaust manifold 151 in the durability test was the same as in Example 75. As shown in FIG. 19, the durability test revealed that large cracks 19 were generated in the exhaust manifold 151 of Conventional Example 8 by 558 cycles between the branched tubes 151b and the flanges 151a. Oxidation took place in the entire manifold, and the degree of oxidation was less than in Conventional Example 7, but the same as or slightly more than in Examples 75 and 76. CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLES 9, 10 An exhaust manifold 151 was produced and subjected to the durability test in the same manner as in Example 75 except for using the same Hi-SiMo spheroidal graphite cast iron and heat treatment condition as in Conventional Example 2 (Conventional Example 9). Also, an exhaust manifold 151 was produced and subjected to the durability test in the same manner as in Example 75 except for using the same NI-RESIST D2 and heat treatment condition as in Conventional Example 5 (Conventional Example 10). Neither casting defects nor troubles in the heat treatment and machining were observed in any exhaust manifold 151. The surface temperature of the exhaust manifold 151 in the durability test was the same as in Example 75. Table 6 shows lives until cracking occurred in the exhaust manifolds of Examples 75 and 76 and Conventional Examples 7-10. The exhaust manifolds of Examples 75 and 76 exhibited about 1.5 times to 5 times as long lives until cracking occurred as those of Conventional Examples 7-10. TABLE 6 Durability Test Results of Exhaust Manifolds Life Until Cracking No.(1) Type of Cast Iron Occurred (Cycles) Example 75 Example 9 890 Example 76 Example 8 952 Con. Ex. 7 Conventional Example 3 435 (JP9-87796A) Con. Ex. 8 Conventional Example 6 558 (NI-RESIST D5S) Con. Ex. 9 Conventional Example 2 203 (Hi-SiMo) Con. Ex. 10 Conventional Example 5 492 (NI-RESIST D2) Note: (1)“Con. Ex.” represents “Conventional Example.” As described above, the exhaust manifolds formed by the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention have excellent oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, with much longer lives than those of the conventional high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron, and also longer lives than those of the austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron. Accordingly, the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention can provide exhaust equipment members needing heat resistance for automobile engines at low costs as alternatives to high-quality materials such as conventional austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron and cast stainless steel, etc. Although explanation has been made above on exhaust equipment members for automobile engines, the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention having excellent oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance can be used, in addition thereto, for engine parts such as cylinder blocks, cylinder heads, pistons, piston rings, etc., furnace parts such as beds, carriers, etc. for incinerators and heat-treating furnaces, sliding members such as disc brake rotors, etc. EFFECT OF THE INVENTION As described above in detail, the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention has better oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance than those of conventional high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron, and well-balanced performance such as room-temperature elongation, high-temperature strength, high-temperature yield strength, etc., because of suppressed oxidation and decarburization of graphite and suppressed oxidation of the surrounding matrix regions. Accordingly, it is suitable for parts needing heat resistance, such as exhaust equipment members for automobile engines, etc.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Exhaust equipment members for automobile engines, such as exhaust manifolds, turbocharger housings, catalyst cases, exhaust manifolds integral with turbocharger housings, exhaust manifolds integral with catalyst cases, exhaust outlets, etc. are required to have improved heat resistance such as oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance as well as high durability and long life, because they are used in such severe conditions as repeatedly exposed to high-temperature exhaust gases from engines with direct exposure to sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, etc. in the exhaust gas. The exhaust equipment members have conventionally been formed by inexpensive, high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron containing about 4% by weight of Si, which has relatively good heat resistance as well as good castability and machinability among the cast irons. Because of recent improvement of the performance and fuel efficiency of automobile engines, and tightened regulations of exhaust gas emission, the exhaust gases tend to have higher temperatures. Accordingly, exhaust equipment members sometimes become higher than 800° C., so that higher heat resistance such as oxidation resistance, thermal crack resistance, etc. is required for the exhaust equipment members. Various improvements of the high-temperature properties of spheroidal graphite cast irons have thus been investigated. Although conventional high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons have excellent castability and machinability at low production costs, their heat resistance such as oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance is limited, so that exhaust equipment members made thereof cannot be used at temperatures exceeding 800° C. JP9-87796A discloses a heat-resistant spheroidal graphite cast iron having a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 2.7-3.2% of C, 4.4-5.0% of Si, 0.6% or less of Mn, 0.5-1.0% of Cr, 0.1-1.0% of Ni, 1.0% or less of Mo, and 0.1% or less of a spheroidizing agent, the balance being substantially Fe, and a matrix based on a ferrite phase. This heat-resistant spheroidal graphite cast iron exhibits high oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance in an environment subjected to repeated thermal load between 150° C. and 800° C., because of a relatively large amount of Si and small amounts of Cr and Ni added, so that it is suitable for exhaust equipment members for automobile engines, such as turbocharger housings, exhaust manifolds, etc. However, because this heat-resistant spheroidal graphite cast iron does not contain W, it is not necessarily sufficient in oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, failing to exhibit a satisfactory thermal cracking life particularly when used for exhaust equipment members repeatedly subjected to heating and cooling from room temperature to temperatures exceeding 800° C. JP2002-339033A discloses a ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron with improved high-temperature properties, which has a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 3.1-4.0% of C, 3.6-4.6% of Si, 0.3-1.0% of Mo, 0.1-1.0% of V, 0.15-1.6% of Mn, and 0.02-0.10% of Mg, the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities. The addition of V and Mn to a Si- and Mo-based composition improves not only high-temperature strength, thermal deformation resistance and thermal fatigue resistance, but also tensile strength and yield strength from room temperature to a high-temperature region of about 800-900° C., thereby increasing a life until initial cracking occurs, and improving thermal fatigue resistance. This is because V provides high-melting-point, fine carbide particles precipitated substantially in eutectic cell grain boundaries, thereby increasing grain boundary potential and preventing the pearlite structure from being decomposed at high temperatures, and because Mn accelerates the precipitation of the pearlite structure, thereby improving tensile strength and yield strength. However, because this ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron does not contain W, it is not necessarily sufficient in oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance. JP10-195587A discloses a spheroidal graphite cast iron having a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 2.7%-4.2% of C, 3.5%-5.2% of Si, 1.0% or less of Mn, 0.03% or less of S, 0.02-0.15% of at least one of Mg, Ca and rare earth elements (including at least 0.02% of Mg), and 0.03-0.20% of As, the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities, with brittleness suppressed at middle temperatures around 400° C. This spheroidal graphite cast iron has improved high-temperature strength because it further contains 1% or less by weight of at least one of Cr, Mo, W, Ti and V as a matrix-strengthening component, and it also has improved ductility because of carbide suppressed by containing 3% or less by weight of Ni or Cu, a graphitizing element. Although the mechanism of suppressing embrittlement at middle temperatures is not necessarily clear, Mg remaining after the spheroidization, which is expected to segregate to crystal grain boundaries to cause embrittlement at middle temperatures, is combined with As to prevent the embrittlement function of Mg, and As remaining after combination with Mg improves the bonding of crystal grains, thereby mitigating or suppressing brittleness at middle temperatures. However, because the amounts of Cr. Mo, W, Ti and V are as small as 1% or less by weight in this spheroidal graphite cast iron, it is not necessarily sufficient in oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance when used for exhaust equipment members repeatedly heated and cooled. Also, the inclusion of As deteriorates the oxidation resistance of the spheroidal graphite cast iron at 700° C. or higher. In addition, As is toxic and extremely harmful to humans and the environment even in a trace amount, necessitating a facility for preventing operators from being intoxicated from the melting step to the casting step, and needing intoxication-preventing measures in the repair and maintenance of the apparatus. Further, it poses environmental pollution problems in the recycling of products. Thus, the As-containing, spheroidal graphite cast iron is not practically usable. The conventional high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron has as low a ferrite-austenite transformation temperature (A C1 transformation point) as about 800° C., at which the matrix structure changes from a ferrite/pearlite phase to an austenite phase. The austenite has a larger linear expansion coefficient than that of the ferrite. Accordingly, when part of an exhaust equipment member becomes about 800° C. or higher, higher than the A C1 transformation point, the matrix changes to an austenite phase and so drastically expands, resulting in strain due to the expansion ratio difference. Also, when the temperature of the exhaust equipment member is lowered by engine stop, etc., the exhaust equipment member passes through the austenite-ferrite transformation temperature (A r1 transformation point), resulting in strain due to the expansion ratio difference. Thus, the exhaust equipment member formed by the high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron is largely deformed by expansion and contraction due to the phase transformation in a state where it is constrained by other members by bolt fastening, etc. Also, repeated passing of the A C1 transformation point and the A r1 transformation point causes the precipitation of secondary graphite, resulting in irreversible expansion and thus large deformation. In addition, the exhaust equipment member is exposed to high-temperature exhaust gases containing sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, etc. and oxygen in the air at high temperatures, etc. (hereinafter referred to as “oxidizing gases”), resulting in oxide layers formed on the surface. When the oxide layers are heated to temperatures near the A C1 transformation point or higher and cooled, deformation and internal strain are generated by the difference in thermal expansion between the oxide layers and the matrix, resulting in micro-cracks in the oxide layers. The oxidizing gases penetrating through the cracks oxidize the inside of the exhaust equipment member (internal oxidation), so that cracks further propagate. The oxidation and cracking of the exhaust equipment member at high temperatures are thus closely related, both having large influence on the heat resistance, durability, life, etc. of the exhaust equipment member. Although the high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron containing about 4% of Si has a higher A C1 transformation point and thus higher oxidation resistance than those of usual spheroidal graphite cast irons, it exhibits insufficient oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance when heated to 800° C. (the A C1 transformation point) or higher, resulting in a short life. Accordingly, presently used for exhaust equipment members operable at temperatures exceeding about 800° C. in place of the conventional high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron having limited heat resistance such as oxidation resistance, thermal crack resistance, etc., are austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron such as FCDA-NiCr20 2 (NI-RESIST D2), FCDA-NiSiCr35 5 2 (NI-RESIST D5S) containing about 18-35% by weight of Ni, etc., ferritic cast stainless steel containing 18% or more by weight of Cr, and austenitic cast stainless steel containing 18% or more by weight of Cr and 8% or more by weight of Ni, which have higher heat resistance than that of the conventional high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron. However, the austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron and the cast stainless steel are expensive because they contain expensive Ni or Cr. Also, because the austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron and the cast stainless steel have high melting points, they have low melt fluidity and poor castability, so that they are likely to suffer casting defects such as shrinkage cavities, misrun, etc., and low casting yields. Accordingly, to produce exhaust equipment members at high yields, high casting techniques and special production facilities are needed. In addition, because they have poor machinability due to coarse carbides of Cr, etc., added in large amounts, high machining techniques are needed. With such problems, exhaust equipment members formed by the austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron or the cast stainless steel are inevitably extremely expensive. The internal oxidation of gray cast iron (flake graphite cast iron) in a high-temperature, oxidizing atmosphere appears to occur by the decarburization of graphite and the formation of oxides in the matrix by oxidizing gases intruding along three-dimensionally connected flaky graphite, resultant gaps and cracks accelerating the intrusion of oxidizing gases. To suppress the internal oxidation, the following proposals have been made. (1) Flaky graphite having continuity is spheroidized, made finer, and reduced in their area ratio, to isolate graphite particles from each other, thereby suppressing the intrusion of oxidizing gases. (2) 4-5% of Si is added to turn the matrix structure to silicoferrite, thereby elevating the A C1 transformation point. (3) Carbide-stabilizing elements such as Cr, Mn, Mo, V, etc. are added to solid-solution-strengthen the matrix, thereby stabilizing pearlite and cementite. However, any flake graphite cast irons and spheroidal graphite cast irons obtained by making graphite particles spheroidal, which are proposed above, fail to satisfactorily suppress the internal oxidation and heat cracking of exhaust equipment members used in environments at about 800° C. or higher. The spheroidal graphite cast irons per se are long-known materials, and those having various compositions to be used for other applications than the exhaust equipment members have been proposed. For instance, JP61-157655A discloses a cast alloy iron tool comprising 3.0-7.0% of C, 5.0% or less of Si, 3.0% or less of Mn, 0.5-40.0% of Ni, 0.5-20.0% of Cr, and one or more of 0.5-30.0% of Cu, 0.1-30.0% of Co, 0.1-10.0% of Mo, 0.1-10.0% of W, 0.05-5.0% of V, 0.01-3.0% of Nb, 0.01-3.0% of Zr and 0.01-3.0% of Ti, the balance being substantially Fe, having a graphite area ratio of 5.0% or more, and a precipitated carbide or carbonitride area ratio of 1.0% or more. The wear resistance of this cast alloy iron is mainly provided by hard Cr carbide or carbonitride particles crystallized during casting. However, because the Cr carbide lowers toughness and ductility, this cast alloy iron does not have toughness and ductility necessary for the exhaust equipment members. In addition, because hard carbide or carbonitride particles lower the machinability, the cast alloy iron has low machining efficiency, resulting in increased production costs and thus expensive exhaust equipment members. Further, because it contains as much Ni as 0.5-40.0%, the ferrite-based cast iron (ferritic cast iron) has low A C1 transformation point and oxidation resistance, failing to achieve sufficient durability and life when used in environments higher than 800° C. Accordingly, heat-resistant cast irons suitable for exhaust equipment members used in environments higher than 800° C. cannot be conceived of from the cast tool described in JP61-157655A. JP11-71628A discloses a composite roll with excellent thermal shock resistance comprising an outer ring made of tungsten carbide-based cemented carbide, and an inner ring made of spheroidal graphite cast iron and bonded to the outer ring by casting, the inner ring having a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 3-4.5% of C, 1.5-4.5% of Si, 0.1-2% of Mn, 0.02-0.2% of Mg, and 0.1-5% of one or more of Mo, Cu, Cr, V, W, Sn and Sb, the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities, and a structure having core-structure spheroidal graphite particles dispersed in a matrix based on a mixed phase of a ferrite phase and any one of a pearlite phase, a bainite phase and a martensite phase, and each core-structure spheroidal graphite particle comprising a core formed during the casting, and a shell precipitated during the heat treatment. To obtain the mixed phase of this spheroidal graphite cast iron, an as-cast pearlite phase-based matrix is first formed, a heat treatment comprising repeated heating and cooling in a temperature range between 450° C. and a solid phase line is conducted to form the ferrite phase, and the matrix is then turned to the mixed phase based on the pearlite phase and the ferrite phase. However, when the spheroidal graphite cast iron of JP 11-71628A is used for exhaust equipment members operable in environments higher than 800° C., the pearlite phase, the bainite phase and the martensite phase are decomposed to precipitate secondary graphite, failing to exhibit enough durability by irreversible expansion. Among Mo, Cu, Cr, V, W, Sn and Sb, V deteriorates the oxidation resistance at temperatures exceeding 800° C., and Sn and Sb form abnormal flaky graphite in eutectic cell boundaries and cementite in the matrix when used in excess amounts, resulting in decrease in toughness and ductility, particularly decrease in room-temperature elongation. Accordingly, unless the alloying elements and their amounts are properly selected from Mo, Cu, Cr, V, W, Sn and Sb, it would not exhibit sufficient A C1 transformation point, oxidation resistance, thermal crack resistance, toughness and ductility as a material for exhaust equipment members used in environments higher than 800° C. Accordingly, heat-resistant cast irons suitable for exhaust equipment members used in environments higher than 800° C. cannot be conceived of from the composite roll described in JP 11-71628A.

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a graphite particle and its surrounding structure in the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a graphite particle and its surrounding structure in a conventional cast iron. FIG. 3 is an optical photomicrograph showing the microstructure of the heat-resistant cast iron of Example 8. FIG. 4 is an optical photomicrograph showing the microstructure of the heat-resistant cast iron of Conventional Example 3. FIG. 5 is an FE-SEM photograph showing the microstructure of Example 8 substantially in a boundary of a graphite particle with a matrix. FIG. 6 is an FE-SEM photograph showing the microstructure of Conventional Example 3 substantially in a boundary of a graphite particle with a matrix. FIG. 7 is a high-resolution FE-TEM photograph showing the microstructure of Example 8 substantially in a boundary of a graphite particle with a matrix. FIG. 8 is a graph showing the X-ray diffraction results in Example 8. FIG. 9 is a graph showing the concentration distributions of Si, W, Mo and Fe substantially in a boundary of a graphite particle with a matrix in Example 8. FIG. 10 is a graph showing the concentration distributions of Si, W, Mo and Fe substantially in a boundary of a graphite particle with a matrix in Conventional Example 3. FIG. 11( a ) is an FE-SEM photograph showing the heat-resistant cast iron of Example 8, on which graphite, carbide, etc. are exposed. FIG. 11( b ) is an FE-SEM photograph showing a carbide-measuring region S 2 in FIG. 11( a ). FIGS. 12( a ) and 12 ( b ) are a schematic plan view and a schematic cross-sectional view showing a method for determining the number and area ratio of W-containing carbide particles per a unit area of graphite. FIG. 13( a ) is an FE-SEM photograph showing the surface oxidation of the heat-resistant cast iron of Example 8 in an initial stage. FIG. 13( b ) is an enlarged photograph of FIG. 13( a ). FIG. 14( a ) is an FE-SEM photograph showing the surface oxidation of the heat-resistant cast iron of Conventional Example 3 in an initial stage. FIG. 14( b ) is an enlarged photograph of FIG. 14( a ). FIG. 15 is a view showing a method for reading the A C1 transformation point. FIG. 16 is a perspective view showing an exhaust equipment member comprising an exhaust manifold, a turbocharger housing and a catalyst case. FIG. 17 is a schematic plan view showing the exhaust manifold of Example 75 after the durability test. FIG. 18 is a schematic plan view showing the exhaust manifold of Conventional Example 7 after the durability test. FIG. 19 is a schematic plan view showing the exhaust manifold of Conventional Example 8 after the durability test. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20060901

20100914

20081218

62411.0

C22C3812

YEE, DEBORAH

HEAT-RESISTANT CAST IRON AND EXHAUST EQUIPMENT MEMBER FORMED THEREBY

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

C22C

ACCEPTED

Fluid Separation Device

The present invention relates to a fluid separation device (10) for separating fluid, oil and oil spray from a gas. This fluid separation device (10) comprises a base carrier (21) in which fluid separator elements (20) in the form of flow-through tubes with worm-like segments (23) arranged therein, are integrated. The worm-like segments (23) at the same time form spiral flow paths (25) for the gas. They have a maximal length of half a pitch of the worm-like segment (23) so that the base carrier (21) together with the associated fluid separator elements (20) may be formed as one piece. Several base carriers may be arranged one after the other in a manner such that individual fluid separator elements of various base carriers form a common flow path for the gas.

1. A fluid separation device for separating fluid or fluid spray from a gas comprising: at least one base carrier having a generally plate-like shape, at least one fluid separator element arranged in the base carrier, wherein the fluid separator element comprises a flow-through tube with a gas inlet, a gas outlet, and a worm-like segment disposed between the gas inlet and the gas outlet, the worm-like segment having thread surfaces defining a worm-like gas flow path with an inner wall of the flow-through tube, wherein the worm-like segment has a length not greater than 0.5 times a pitch of the worm-like segment, and further wherein the at least one fluid separator element and the at least one base carrier are integrally formed as one piece. 2.-17. (canceled) 18. The fluid separation device of claim 1, wherein the at least one base carrier comprises two or more separator elements disposed adjacent one another in a plane of the base carrier. 19. The fluid separation device of claim 1, comprising at least two base carriers, the at least one separator element of a first one of the at least two base carriers being aligned with the at least one separator element of a second one of the at least two base carriers to form a generally continuous flow path. 20. The fluid separation device of claim 19, wherein a rotational direction of a worm-like segment of a separator element of a first base carrier is in a same direction as a worm-like segment of a separator element of a second base carrier. 21. The fluid separation device of claim 19, wherein a rotational direction of a worm-like segment of a separator element of a first base carrier is in an opposite direction as a worm-like segment of a separator element of a second base carrier. 22. The fluid separation device of claim 19, wherein an outlet-side edge of the at least one thread surface of a first worm-like segment of the at least one separator element of the first base carrier is rotated at an angle with respect to an inlet-side edge of the at least one thread surface of the worm-like segment of the at least one separator element of the second base carrier, the angle being one of 0°, 45°, 90° and 135°. 23. The fluid separation device of claim 19, wherein the at least two base carriers are connected by a positive fit. 24. The fluid separation device of claim 19, wherein the at least two base carriers are one or more of glued, screwed and locked to one another. 25. The fluid separation device of claim 19, wherein the at least two base carriers each include at least one feature for fixing the relative position of the at least two base carriers to one another. 26. The fluid separation device of claim 25, wherein the at least one feature for fixing the relative position of the at least two base carriers to one another comprises at least one bulge on a first base carrier and at least one recess on a second base carrier that corresponds to the at least one bulge on the first carrier. 27. The fluid separation device of claim 1, comprised of one or more of glass, plastic and metal. 28. The fluid separation device of claim 1, comprised of one or more of a duroplast, thermoplast and an elastomer. 29. The fluid separation device of claim 28, wherein the one or more of a duroplast, thermoplast and an elastomer has a Tg≧80° C. 30. The fluid separation device of claim 1, comprised of a polyamide material. 31. A method of forming a fluid separation device, comprising integrally forming at least one base carrier with at least one fluid separator element therein, the fluid separator element including a flow-through tube having a gas inlet, a gas outlet, and a worm-like segment disposed between the gas inlet and the gas outlet, the worm-like segment having thread surfaces defining a gas flow path with an inner wall of the flow-through tube, the worm-like segment having a length not greater than 0.5 times a pitch of the worm-like segment. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein integrally forming the base carrier and the at least one fluid separator element comprises co-extruding the base carrier and the at least one fluid separator element. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the base carrier and the at least one fluid separator element are co-extruding utilizing a die cast method or injection molding method. 34. The method of claim 31, wherein the at least one base carrier and the at least one fluid separator element are formed of at least one of a glass material, a plastic material, a metal material, a duroplast material, a thermoplast material, an elastomer material, and a polyamide material. 35. A method of separating oil from a blow-by gas in a valve cover of a combustion engine utilizing the fluid separation device of claim 1. 36. A method of separating water from an electrochemical cell utilizing the fluid separation device of claim 1.

The present invention relates to a fluid-separating device, for separating fluid and/or fluid spray from a gas. Such separators are for example applied for separating oil or oil spray from blow-by gases (crank housing gases, blow-through gases) of combustion engines. A further scope of application for fluid separators lays in the field of electrochemical cells, in particular PEM fuel cells, in particular those which operate in a temperature range suitable for H2O, in particular between 20° C. and 160° C. Such fuel cells typically have powers between a few watts and several kilowatts. Such PEM fuel cells (polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells) have a polymer membrane permeable to protons. This membrane needs to have a certain moisture content in order not to dry out and thus not to lose its functioning ability on account of this. For this reason, the supplied reaction gases are previously humidified. For this, according to the state of the art, treated water in a humidifier is used for the corresponding supplied reaction gases on the anode and cathode side. On the other hand, on the cathode side of the fuel cells pure water arises as a reaction product so that here on the exit side an enormous water excess is present in the gases which are led away, which condense directly after leaving the fuel cell. In order to separate this water from the gases which are led away, one likewise applies fluid separation devices in order to lead back this water for humidifying. According to the state of the art, common labyrinths or metal knitted fabrics or in particular cyclones are used for separating fluid. For separating dust particles from gases, tubular separators are known which comprise a flow-through tube through which the gas is led. Worms are arranged in the flow-through tube which force the gas onto a circular path (orbit) along the inner periphery of the tubes and in this manner separate the particles on the inner wall of the tubes. One fluid separator in the form of an oil separator or oil spray separator is known from DE 101 27 820 A1. There, a tubular separator is used which has a diameter of more than 5 cm. Accordingly only a coarse separation of the oil from blow-by gases is effected in this spiral flow path. For this reason a further fine separation device follows this separation device. Further known fluid separators in the form of tubular separators, as for example are described in the patent applications of the same applicant with the file number DE 102004011176.6 and DE 102004011177.4 as well as corresponding international applications filed on the same day as the present application by the same applicant, which claim the priority of these applications, consist of a base body through which flow-through tubes pass, and for each individual flow-through tube, of a worm-like segment (spiral insert) placed into the respective flow-through tube. At the same time, as is usual in the technical language, a worm is defined as a helical or also spiral thread led around a middle axis. The length of the introduced segments at the same time is directed to the conditions of installation and the demanded separation performance and is often a multiple of the pitch of the segment. A one-piece manufacture of such long segments together with the flow-through tubes however comes face to face with great difficulties with regard to manufacturing technology and is even not possible for certain materials and manufacturing methods. The base body, the flow-through tubes and the worm-like segments of the individual flow-through tubes are therefore separate or separately manufactured parts. This necessitates the individual parts having to be securely connected to one another. Thus in particular the individual worm-like segments need to be secured in the respective flow-through tubes. Since several small fluid separator elements in a base body have a better efficiency than one large fluid separator element, and since several small fluid separator elements may be better adapted to the respective task (e.g. to an oil quantity to be separated in a motor or to a water quantity to be separated in a fuel cell, to the conditions of installation and likewise), the trend towards a larger number of individual fluid separator elements per base body or per fluid separation device continues. It is the object of the present invention to provide a fluid separation device with which the number of parts is significantly reduced, wherein the fluid separation device despite this may be manufactured in an economic manner and with a low failure rate. This is achieved by a fluid separation device according to claim 1 as well as by a manufacturing method according to claim 14. Advantageous designs are described in the respective dependent claims. The uses of such fluid separation devices are specified in the claims 16 and 17. The fluid separation element according to the invention (and thus also the fluid separation device) belongs to the class of tubular separators since it is provided with a flow-through tube with an inlet and with an outlet for the gas. The basis of the fluid separation device according to the invention as a result is a fluid separator element with a flow-through tube and a worm-like segment arranged therein. According to the invention, it is characterised in that the flow-through tube and the worm-like segment have been manufactured as one piece as a common fluid separator element. These fluid separator elements are integrated into a plate-like base body, wherein their flow-through direction is advantageously essentially perpendicular to the plane of the plate of the base carrier. The individual fluid separator elements as well as the associated base carrier (base body) are designed as one piece as a common component. The individual segments at the same time have a length (in the axial direction) of less than 0.5 pitches. The flow-through itself however including an inlet and/or outlet region may have a larger length. The pitch as the same time is defined as the length of the worm-like segment in the axial direction of the passage which the segment were to have with a complete revolution of the thread surfaces (=screw surfaces) by 360°. Since the worm-like segments have a length of maximally up to half a pitch, each base carrier may be manufactured as one piece as a cast part, in particular as a die-cast or an injection moulded part. By way of this it becomes possible to manufacture the flow-through tube and the worm-like segment of a fluid separation element, or all fluid separation elements and their base carriers in the same manufacturing cycle. Thus many flow-through tubes may be manufactured in a passage with an integrated worm-like segment in the same subject. Very small inner diameters for the flow-through tubes, for example 3 mm are possible on account of this. In one advantageous embodiment, at least two base carriers manufactured in such a manner are arranged bordering one another such that the individual fluid separator elements (or their flow-through tubes) of the individual base carriers are allocated to one another such that in each case one fluid separator element or flow-through tube of a base carrier, with the associated fluid separator element or flow-through tube of the at least one adjacent base carrier, forms a common flow path for the gas, said flow path reaching through all base carriers arranged on one another. It is particularly advantageous when at the same time the rotational direction (clockwise or anticlockwise) of the gas which is produced by the worm-like segments changes between two base carriers arranged adjacent to one another: if a first segment has an anti-clockwise rotational direction of the thread surfaces of the worm-like segment in the gas flow direction, then the subsequently arranged worm-like segment has a clockwise rotational direction of the thread surfaces or of the associated flow path or paths. It has now been surprisingly ascertained that with such a serial arrangement (so that a common flow path for the gas is formed from the flow-through tubes and worm-like segments of individual fluid separator elements of base carriers arranged one after the other) of at least two such fluid separator segments, wherein the individual segments advantageously maximally have a length corresponding to 0.5 times their pitch, the separation may be carried out in an extremely efficient manner, also and indeed when the rotational direction of successive segments is in opposite directions to one another, so that the gas must be deflected from the one rotational direction to the other rotational direction within the serially connected flow-through tubes of two fluid separator elements. By way of these worm-like segments connected serially with an opposite rotational direction, impingement surfaces arise on which the fluid or the fluid spray is separated in an excellent manner. The thread surfaces of the worm-like segments may at the same time be arranged such that the thread surfaces of the subsequent segment project into the flow path formed by a thread surface of the preceding segment. At the same time it is particularly advantageous if the thread surface of the first segment projects roughly up to the middle* into the flow path formed by the thread surface of the second adjacent segment. However, base carriers with segments which are aligned in the same direction may be arranged bordering one another. The outlet-side edge of a first segment and the inlet-side edge of the subsequently arranged second segment, said edges being arranged adjacent one another, may advantageously be arranged rotated (twisted) relative to one another about the central axis of the common flow path by an angle, in particular by an angle between 45° and 135°, particularly preferred by about 90°. Thus with the first-mentioned fluid separation device, the rotational direction of the segments (spirals) changes in each case between adjacent base carriers. Thus for the complete separator unit only two base carriers reversed in rotational direction need to be serially assembled, in order to achieve a high separating performance for the gas flow on account of the change in rotational direction or the impingement surfaces which they entail respectively. Irrespective of the number of base carriers arranged one after the other, thus the whole fluid separation device may be constructed merely from two different types of base carrier. With lower demands with respect to the separation performance, or for the application as a coarse separator, one may also use only one plate-like base carrier. Advantageously each of the separator elements has at least two flights or flow paths. For this, the flow-through tube is subdivided perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis in a manner such that two or more flights which are separate form one another arise. For this a thread surface of one segment is sufficient. However also the arrangement of several interwoven thread surfaces is possible. In a further advantageous embodiment at least one of the flow paths has a smallest cross section between 1 mm2 and 800 mm2. It is particularly advantageous if such a flow path has a smallest cross section of ≧2 mm2 and/or ≦400 mm2, preferably ≧4 mm2 and/or ≦200 mm2. Advantageously at least one flow path runs at an angle of about 45° to the axial direction. Advantageously at least two of the successive, worm-like segments of fluid separation devices adjacent to one another are arranged directly connecting to one another or with a positive-fit in the axial direction. The segments may however not be arranged over the whole flow-through tube, but at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a flow-through tube. In the latter case thus also adjacent segments may be arranged somewhat separated from one another in the axial direction. The flow may enter into the flow-through tube axially or under certain circumstances also tangentially, and may exit this axially and/or tangentially. An entry and exit at a limited angle with respect to the axial direction and/or the tangential direction is possible. However an axial entry and/or exit of the gases is technically advantageous. Advantageously the inlet of the flow-through tube is arranged in a manner such that the flow-through tube has an inflow at an angle ≦45° to the axial direction or at an angle of ≦45° to the tangent on the periphery of the flow-through tube. Advantageously the outlet is arranged in a manner such that the gas flows out of the flow tube at an angle ≦45° to the axial direction or at an angle ≦45° to the tangent on the periphery of the flow-through tube. Flow-through tubes and/or flow paths arranged next to one another advantageously have the same diameter and thus the same pressure drop over the lengths of the flow-through tube or the flow path. Advantageously at least one of the flow-through tubes at its thinnest location has an inner diameter ≦30 mm, preferably ≦25 mm, preferably ≦12 mm, preferably ≦7 mm. Advantageously a flow-through tube and/or a flow tube formed of several serially arranged flow-through tubes, at its thinnest location or on its entire length has an inner diameter of ≧1 mm, preferably ≧2mm and preferably ≦10 mm. In a further advantageous embodiment the wall thickness of the thread surface of a segment at its thinnest location or on its entire length is more than 1/20 and/or less than half, advantageously more than 1/10 and/or less than ⅓ of the diameter of a flow-through tube or flow tube. In a further advantageous embodiment, the pitch of a segment is ≧⅛-fold and/or ≦10-fold, advantageously ≧¼- and or ≦5-fold, advantageously ≧½ and/or ≦twice, the diameter of the associated flow-through tube. The flow-through tubes may advantageously further be conically widened at the beginning and/or at their end, in order to minimise the pressure loss in the flow-through tube. A widening at the end of a flow-through tube furthermore reduces the gas speed so that at possible edges of the thread surfaces at the end of the last segment, no droplet shear and thus atomization of the already separated fluid is effected. One or more successive segments and/or the common flow tube formed over the whole length by way of the arrangement may be reduced in sections or over the whole length with respect to the diameter. In another embodiment a segment of a fluid separation element (or also several or all serially arranged segments of the fluid separator elements associated with one another, of the serially arranged base bodies) in the axial direction, at the beginning and/or at the end has a thickened axial core of the segment or segments or end segments, said core being thickened in a conical manner towards the beginning or end. In a further embodiment for at least one of the segments or for several or all serially arranged segments of a common flow tube, the distance between the core of the worn-like segment or the worm-like segments and the wall of the flow tube reduces in the axial direction. In a further advantageous embodiment for one segment or for several or all serially arranged segments of a common flow tube, the radius of the core of the worm-like segment or of the worm-like segments and/or the diameter of the flow-through tube or of the common flow tube reduces in the axial direction. In a further embodiment for at least one segment or for several or all serially arranged segments of a common flow tube, the pitch within the segment or the segments at least in sections increase or reduces in the axial direction. In a further advantageous embodiment also at least the flow-through tube of a fluid separator element, or a common flow tube of fluid separator elements arranged serially, as an inlet region, may comprise a starting section and/or as an outlet region an end section, in which no worm-like segments are arranged. Such a starting or end section advantageously has a length of greater than double the diameter of the flow-through tube. The individual base carriers may advantageously be designed as a flat plate (for example in a cylinder-shaped manner). Basically their shape is deduced from the installation situation with its spatial conditions and may be selected in an infinite manner. The height of the plate (in the direction of the axial direction of the flow-through tubes of the individual fluid separator elements) is then advantageously less than about 1.5 times, preferably less that once and very particularly preferred less than 0.5 times the pitch of the worm-like segments of the individual fluid separator segments. If several base carriers are arranged serially then it is advantageous if this is effected in a positive fit manner to one another. For this, the base carriers may be connected to one another, for example glued, screwed and/or locked. In order to fix the relative position of the base carriers to one another, it is advantageous to design the base carriers in a manner such that they comprise means with which the relative position of two base carriers arranged adjacent to one another is defined relative to one another. This may for example be effected by way of tongue and groove elements and likewise, which are provided of sides of successive base carriers, said sides facing one another. It is also possible to provide the base carrier with a bore which goes through all base carriers, into which an arbor may be introduced. The bore and the arbor may for example likewise have tongues and grooves which then determine the position of the individual base carriers. The base carriers for their part may be fastened via rails in the component surrounding them, for example in a water separator in a fuel cell or a valve cover for a combustion engine, wherein the size and arrangement of the rails is selected such that in each case one rail receives a base carrier with one of its edges. In this manner, by way of the arrangement of the individual rails, the number of the base carriers as well as their relative position may likewise be fixed. Such a rail system further contributes to the modularity of the present invention. In order to lead away the fluid separated at the wall of the serially connected flow-through tubes, their wall, advantageously in the axial direction may comprise grooves and channels. It is also possible in the axial direction to attach webs for leading the separated fluid to the outlet of the flow-through tube. The thread surfaces too may comprise slots and/or channels which lead away the separated fluid. It is particularly favourable if the grooves run in the outer edges of the thread surfaces. The fluid separation device according to the invention has a series of advantages: the number of the required individual parts for the fluid separation device (worm-like segments, flow-through tubes or fluid separator elements) may be significantly reduced. this leads to considerable cost savings and simplification of the assembly. furthermore the securing of the individual elements is done away with. the separation intensity is maximized in comparison to other cyclone-like separators. This particularly results when a multitude of fluid separator channels (formed by at least one or by a plurality of fluid separator elements arranged serially and allocated to one another) operate in a parallel manner to one another. thus compact, integrated fluid separation device with a low pressure loss, a high capacity and stable gas flows is possible. the number of the individual flow-through tubes or common gas flow paths may be selected depending on e.g. the conditions within a fuel cell, where more water occurs on the cathode side than on the anode side, on the blow-by characteristics of a motor, on the maximal pressure drop and/or the maximal permissible fluid transfer. If the flow-through tubes have a diameter ≦30 mm then these may also be installed into flat valve bonnets (valve covers). With fuel cells there exists significantly more possibilities of incorporation so that not such extreme limitations with respect to the dimensioning are required. The core (heart) of the worm-like segment may furthermore be removed in the inlet and/or in the outlet region, in particular with the (seen in the gas flow direction) first and/or last flow-through tube of a flow path. A further reduction of the flow pressure losses is effected by way of this. A cone-like removal of the core is particularly favourable so that a free flow region is present in the middle axis of the segment or the serially connected segments. A few examples of the present invention are described in the following. Here, as in the following, the same or similar reference numerals are used for the same or similar elements so that the description to some extent is not repeated. There are shown in: FIG. 1 a cylinder head cover with installed oil separators; FIG. 2 a section through a cylinder head cover; FIG. 3 an oil separator with 2 base carriers; FIG. 4 two base carriers together with integrated fluid separator elements for forming an oil separation device according to the invention; FIGS. 5 and 6 the plan view in the axial direction of the base carrier according to FIG. 4; FIG. 7 various shapes of worm-like segments; FIG. 8 an oil separation device with two base carriers in a perspective view and a plan view as well as two worm-like segments of two oil separator elements, said segments bordering one another and arranged serially in a common flow tube; and FIG. 9 a electrochemical cell with a fluid separation device. FIG. 1 shows a cylinder head cover 1 which may be attached onto a cylinder head of a combustion engine. This cylinder head cover 1 comprises a cavity 2 which has an inlet 3 and an outlet 4 for gases. Now the blow-by gases via the inlet 3 are blown out of the crank case of the combustion engine into the cavity 2 and leave this cavity 2 via the outlet 4. The crank case gases are freed from entrained oil or oil spray within this cavity 2. This oil spray or the separated oil is collected in a siphon 6 and led back continuously into the oil sump or is also led back in portions. Impingement plates 5 are arranged in the cavity 2 of the cylinder head cover 1 directly behind the inlet 3. These impingement plates have the effect that a coarse separation of oil droplets is already effected on them. The impingement plates 5 for this are arranged offset such that a labyrinth-like path of the gas through the impingement plates results. A separation device 10 according to the invention is arranged in the gas path behind the oil coarse separator of the impingement plate 5 and this device consists of two individual elements 10a and 10b. Each of the elements 10a and 10b comprises a plate-like base carrier 21a and 21b respectively, in which in each case at least one separator element 20a, 20b which may be recognised in cross section is arranged. The base carrier 21a and 21b are fastened in rails which are formed in the housing of the cylinder head cover 1. The separator elements 20a and 20b in each case comprise a flow-through tube 22a, 22b in which in each case a worm-like segment 23a and 23b respectively is arranged. The blow-by gases enter into the flow-through tubes 22a and 22b and are set into a rotating movement by way of the worm-like segments 23a and 23b. By way of this the oil or the oil spray is spun out of the gas and is separated on the wall of the flow-through tube 22a and 22b. The oil which is separated in this manner is transported along the wall of the flow-through tube 22a and 22b in the gas direction and subsequently runs into the siphon 6. Within the cylinder head cover the flow-through tubes 22a and 22b at the same time represent the only (single) passage between the inlet and outlet 4 for the blow-by gases. As is to be recognised in FIG. 1, the worm-like segment 23a is installed and fixed in a rotated manner such that the gas is set into a clockwise rotational movement (clockwise direction). The segment 23b arranged after this has a rotational direction in the other direction so that there the rotational direction of the gas is reversed into an anticlockwise rotation (opposite to clockwise direction). In particular, on account of such a reversal of the rotational direction, there results a particularly good separation rate of the separation device 10 represented here. It must be noted that the worm-like segments do not rotate themselves, but are fixed within the flow-through tubes. FIG. 2 shows a corresponding cylinder head cover 1 in a cut-out, wherein here a cavity 2 is likewise arranged in the valve cover 1, and in which a separation device 10 is likewise located. A siphon 6 for collecting the separated oil is likewise arranged after the impingement plates 5 and the separation device 10 in the gas flow direction. From this figure it is now to be easily recognised how the separation element 10 is constructed of two plate-like base carriers 21a and 21b. The two base carriers 21a and 21b are arranged in rail-like holders 7a, 7a′ and 7b, 7b′ respectively. Each of the base carriers furthermore comprises three separator elements 20a arranged next to one another transversely to the gas flow direction, for the base carrier 21a and 20b, 20b′ and 20b″ for the base carrier 21b. The further arrangement of the flow-through tubes 22a′ and 22b, 22b′ and 22b″ as well as the correspondingly marked worm-like segments 23a as well as 23b, 23b′ and 23b″ corresponds to that of FIG. 1. Here too a reversal of the rotational direction of the gas flow between the base carriers 21a and 21b is effected. The worm-like elements, explained here with the example of the worm-like element 23a, have an inlet 26a of the flow-through tube 22a, an inlet-side edge 29a and as explained with the example of the flow tube 22b, an outlet-side edge 30b on an outlet 27b. The conditions in the other flow tubes correspond to these and therefore are not described separately. In this figure it may be particularly well recognised that the outlet-side edge 30a of the separator element 20a and the inlet-side edge 29b of the separator element 20b are offset by 90° to one another, so that the inlet-side edge 29b projects into the flow path of the gas of the separator element 20a. By way of this, a particularly effective separation of oil and oil spray may be effected. FIG. 3 then shows two base carriers 21a and 21b of a separator device 10 as is for example used in FIG. 2. Here as in all previous and subsequent figures, similar or corresponding elements are indicated with similar or corresponding reference numerals (only modified by the additions such as a, b, ′, ″, ′″). Here it is to be recognised that the base carrier 21a and 21b are plate-like and the flow-through tubes 22a, 22a′, 22a′″ etc. project from the respective base carriers 21a and 21b respectively. The flow-through tubes contain worm-like segments, e.g. 23b, 23b′, 23b″, . . . With regard to the invention it is particularly advantageous that the respective base carrier 21a and 21b with the through flow tubes 22a, 22a′, . . . and 22b, 22b′, . . . arranged in it respectively, and the worm-like segments arranged in the respective flow-through tubes may be manufactured as one piece for each base carrier 21a and 21b respectively. This then may only be accomplished in an economical way and manner for example by way of injection moulding method or die casting method if the worm-like segments have a length which is smaller or equal to half a pitch of the respective worm-like element. Longer worm-like segments with regard to manufacturing technology would only be capable of being manufactured at an extremely great expense. FIG. 4 shows an oil separation device 10 which comprises two, in each case flat, cylinder-shaped base carriers 21a and 21b. The two base carriers 21a, 21b for an improved representation are sketched at a distance to one another in the direction of the axis of symmetry of the cylinder. In this oil separation device 10 according to the invention, the two plate-like base carriers 21a, 21b however are arranged directly bordering one another such that they form a common cylinder with a cylinder height which corresponds to the thickness of the two plate-like base carriers in the direction of the axis of symmetry. Four oil separator elements (20a, . . . , 20b, . . . ) with their flow-through tubes 22a, . . . , 22b, . . . together with the associated worm-like segments 23a, . . . , 23b, . . . are integrated into each base carrier 21a, 21b. The four oil separator elements 20a, . . . , 20b, . . . are arranged on a circle about the cylinder axis in the plane perpendicular to the cylinder axis. The worm-like segments 23a, . . . , 23b, . . . in each case have a length corresponding to half the pitch. Each base carrier 21a, 21b, its associated flow-through tubes 22a, . . . and its associated worm-like segments 23a, . . . is in each case manufactured as one piece as a common die-cast part. Both base carriers 21a, 21b by way of this may be integrated into a single oil separation device 10 in that the two cylinders 21a, 21b are arranged directly bordering one another in a manner such that the two cylinder axes coincide. At the same time then two flow-through tubes 22a and 22b or 22a′ and 22b′, in each of one of the first base carrier 21a and one of the second base carrier 21b, form a common flow path for the gas. Thus the flow-through tubes 22a and 22b together with their worm-like segments 23a and 23b from a common flow path. Since then all worm-like segments 23a, 23a′, . . . of the one base carrier 21a have an anticlockwise rotational direction and since all worm-like segments 23b of the other base carrier 21b have clockwise rotational direction, and since the worm like segments 23a, 23b and 23a′, 23b′, . . . (of the different base carriers 21 and 21b) which are allocated to one another and which form a common flow path are twisted to one another by 90° with respect to the central axis of the respective flow path 22, in the oil separation device 10 for each common flow path at the height of the transition from one into the other base carrier, in each case a impingement surface is formed which improves the separation of the oil. In order to achieve an exactly fitting alignment of the two base carriers 21a, 21b in the oil separation device 10, the base carrier 21b on the surface which borders the other base carrier 21a is provided with a bulge 16 in the form of a cylindrical projection. This projection 16 engages with a positive fit into a corresponding indentation (not shown) in the form of a cylinder-shaped recess into the base body 21a. The bulge 16 and the indentation serve for preventing a mutual rotation of the two base carriers 21a, 21b about the common cylinder axis in the completed assembled condition. The bulge 16 and the indentation thus serve to ensure the common flow paths through the oil separation device 10 and to fix the relative arrangement of the individual worm-like segments 23a, 23b of each individual common flow path. In place of only one bulge 16 and associated indentation, embodiment examples with a plurality of lock-in possibilities are possible. These, e.g. with a circular arrangement of an even number of worm-like segments with alternately arranged clockwise and counter clockwise rotating worm-like segments, offer the possibility of using the same basic modules for the manufacture of a fluid separator with a flow direction which is the same or counter to one another, in the serially arranged worm-like segments. If for example in FIG. 4 in each case two separator elements 20a, 20a′ which lie opposite one another are provided with worm-like segments 23a, 23a″ which are in the same direction, for example clockwise, and the remaining separator elements 20a″ and 20a′″ which lie opposite one another are provided with worm-like segments 23a″ and 23a′″ which both are twisted anti-clockwise, then by way of serial arranging two such base carriers 21a one may effect any change in the rotational direction. This is because two base carriers may be arranged serially such that between them no change in the rotational direction in the respective separator elements is effected, or also by way of installing one of the base carriers offset by 90° such that a change in rotational direction between the serially arranged worm-like segments in the two base carriers is effected. The modularity may then be realised in a particularly simple manner if rails are arranged at the location of installation for serially arranged base carriers, in order to accommodate the carriers. By way of different orientation of the base carriers on insertion or introduction into the corresponding rails one may then infinitely select which type of rotational direction and thus change in rotational direction between individual base carriers is to be effected. Apart from an arrangement of successive worm-like segments 23 which alternate with respect to the rotational direction as in the introduced case, one may also arrange equally directed worm-like segments one after the other, wherein in both cases these are twisted relative to one another from base body to base body in each case by 90° about the central axis of the common gas flow path 22. Bores 15a, 15b are incorporated centrally into the cylinder-shaped base carrier 21a, 21b for aligning the cylinder axes of the base carrier. Guide pins may be introduced into these bores 15a, 15b in an exactly fitting manner. The guide bores 15a, 15b may at the same time in each base body 9 be provided each with a fin (spring) in the direction of the cylinder axis. The corresponding guide pin may then have a notch or groove corresponding to this fin so that by way of the guide pin one may achieve the desired positioning of the two base carriers 21a, 21b relative to one another with regard to the rotational position about the common cylinder axis. A tongue and groove may also be arranged on the respective other component in order to achieve the desired rotational securement. In the shown base carriers 21a, 21b, the axial directions of the individual oil separator segments 20 or flow-through tubes 22 are directed parallel to the cylinder axis of the base carrier 21a, 21b. For achieving an inclination of the flow paths for leading away fluid also when the vehicle has been positioned obliquely, the complete oil separation device 10 may be installed tilted by an angle α>0 to the horizontal (angle α=angle between the central cylinder axis of the oil separation device and the horizontal). Alternatively to this, the individual oil separator elements 20 may be integrated into the base carrier 21 in a manner such that the axial directions of the oil separator elements 20 form an angle >0° to the cylinder axis of the base carrier 21. FIGS. 5 and 6 show views of the two sides of the base carrier 21b represented in FIG. 4. FIG. 7 in part pictures 7A, 7B, and 7C in each case show worm-like segments 23 which all rotate clockwise (clockwise direction). One may recognise that these worm-like segments 23 comprise edges 30 on the inlet side and edges 29 on the outlet side. The worn-like segments 23 at the same time form two thread surfaces or thread surfaces 28a and 28b and divide the flow path of the gas into two flights. In the part figures A, B, C various variants are represented, wherein the inlet-side as well as the outlet-side bevelled edge 30 and 29 respectively are present in FIG. 7A. The inlet-side edge in FIG. 7B is designed differently, whilst in FIG. 7C the outlet-side edge 29 and the inlet-side edge 30 have a different shape. FIG. 7C furthermore in contrast to the FIGS. 7A and 7B has a stabilising core. FIG. 8 sketches a view of two worm-like segments 23a and 23b as may be applied in a common flow path 25 by way of two base carriers of an oil separation device which are arranged one after the other. Both worm-like segments 23a, 23b have a length corresponding to 0.5 times their pitch as well as the same rotational direction (clockwise). FIG. 8 furthermore shows a cylinder-shaped separation device 10 in a lateral view in which two base carriers are integrated with a positive fit such that they are fixed to one another. The figure furthermore sketches a plan view of the separation device 10 with a central guide bore 15 and at a different distance to this central guide bore, a plurality of oil separator elements 20a, 20b, . . . . FIG. 9 shows a PEM fuel cell 40 which on the anode side is supplied through a conduit 43 with fuel, for example molecular hydrogen H2. The cathode-side reaction products are led away via a conduit 42. The cathode-side reaction product is essentially H2O. With fuel cells, a humidification of the supply of fuel on the anode side through the conduit 43 as well as the cathode-side supply of fuel (O2, air or likewise) which here is not shown, is required, so that the membrane does not dry out and lose its function. For this, and shown by way of the example of the conduit 43, this conduit runs through a device for gas humidification. In this device, the anode-side fuel is humidified. On the other hand on the cathode side (pure) water is produced as a reaction product so that an enormous excess of water is present in the conduit 42 at the exit side. This water which is led away with the reaction gases via the conduit 42 may be removed from this waste gas. For this then according to the invention a water separator device 10 is arranged in the conduit 42. Three base carriers 21a, 21b, 21c which are drawn by way of example here contain water separator elements 20c, 20c′ and 20c′″ which are likewise drawn only in a sketched manner are located in this separation device. The separator elements in the base carriers 21a and 21b and which are mounted upstream on the flow path of the gas are likewise not shown here, but together with the separator elements 20c, 20c′, 20c″ in each case form common flow paths. With such a separator the water droplets which condense indirectly after leaving the fuel cell in the conduit 42 may be separated. Until now the water produced on the cathode side escapes into the outer air and expensively prepared water must be used in order to humidify the supplied reaction gases. The pure water which in this manner is removed from the reaction gas may now however be led to the humidification device 41 via a water return conduit 44 so that no water needs to be supplied externally to the complete system in order to maintain the circulation of water.

20070716

20100831

20071206

61930.0

B01D4516

TURNER, SONJI

FLUID SEPARATION DEVICE

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

B01D

PENDING

Device for Controlling Corporeal Structures

The invention relates to a device for controlling corporeal structures, especially for introducing puncture needles or operation probes. Said device comprises a base plate (1), at least one base holder (2) applied to the base plate (1), and holding rods (3, 4) that are fixed to the base holder in a fixed manner and are used to hold and position a targeting device (10) for a medical instrument (8). The aim of the invention is to create one such device in such a way that it has a simple structure and can guide medical instruments in a variable and precise manner. To this end, the targeting device (10) is mounted on two adjustment arms (7) that can be respectively displaced in the X and/or Y plane, on the free ends of the holding rods (3, 4), by means of an actuating drive (6).

1. An apparatus for controlling corporeal structures, especially for introducing puncture needles or operation probes, comprising a base plate, at least one base holder applied to the base plate and holding rods attached thereto in an articulated manner for holding and positioning a targeting device for a medical instrument, characterized in that the target device is mounted on two adjustment arms which are each movable by means of an actuating drive on the free ends of the holding rods in the X- and/or Y-plane. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the adjustment arms are bent towards the patient. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that a guide tube for the medical instrument is mounted on the free ends of the adjustment arms, especially by way of ball heads. 4. An apparatus according to one of the claims claim 1, characterized in that the base plate comprises a scaffold- or portal-like frame. 5. An apparatus according to claim 4, characterized in that the base plate comprises marking for repositioning the frame which can be fastened to the base plate in a magnetic, pneumatic or mechanical manner. 6. An apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the two actuating drive are arranged directly above one another and are preferably arranged as flat boxes. 7. An apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the actuating drives each comprise a compound slide for the adjustment of the respective adjustment arm in the X-Y plane, especially with remote-controllable threaded spindles.

The invention relates to an apparatus for controlling corporeal structures, especially for introducing puncture needles or operation probes. Such an apparatus is known from the basic concept of WO 97/20516 of the inventor. This targeting device has proven its worth in many surgical or stereotactic operations with precise controlling of points on or in the body. Especially by including state-of-the-art computer technologies such as computer tomography (CT) has it become possible to precisely determine the entrance locations, entrance depths and entrance directions of the medical instruments, so that even a targeting device for guiding these instruments will meet the increased precision. By means of patient data and parameters determined by CT for example, it should be possible to bring an instrument to the defined target point on or in the body. The relevant aspect in such targeting devices for guiding medical instruments is a high target precision and a rapid reproducibility. The targeting devices still used in practice mostly consist of a massive guide tube which are attached to a stereotactic frame made of metal brackets or bends, e.g. according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,257,998, U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,689 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,201,742. These apparatuses do not fully meet the above requirements because such targeting devices with a heavy stereotactic frame make a reproducible positioning very difficult. The stereotactic precision suffers after repeated surgeries because it is necessary to reset the apparatus for each patient. Since conventional targeting devices are bound to a massive frame, variability is often limited. This also applies to moving towards or accessing the different entrance locations with the targeting device suspended on this frame, especially in the case of a stereotactic operation. The individual body sections of the patient are reconstructed into a 3D object with respective stereotactic spatial coordinates and are transferred to a monitor in the operating theater. This virtual image is calibrated in the operation theater to the patient with the help of a passive mechanical arm which is coupled to the monitor and whose end comprises a probe. This patient calibration occurs by accessing several points, e.g. anatomically significant points or by X-ray calibration points (marker) on the patient or on the calibration apparatus. Following respective correlation to the reconstructed 3D object on the screen, the computer is enabled to fit this 3D object into this virtual space. The surgeon is able to orient himself during the operation with the help of the reconstructed 3D object and several two-dimensional images which always show the tip of the probe. Even in radiotherapy, puncture needles (so-called pins) are pushed directly into the tumor tissue to be irradiated. Thereafter there is a direct irradiation of the tumor by radioactive substances, starting from the needle tip. It is necessary in this case to push a needle precisely to one point (e.g. the center of the tumor) and to avoid and protect vital structures. Although it has become possible by using computer-supported navigation systems to achieve decisive improvements in this field because the position of the needle tip in or on the body is indicated instead of the position of the probe tip, the demand for a rapid and simple reproducibility still requires improvements in the targeting device in order to enable precise maintaining in all three spatial planes. This is very difficult even for an experienced surgeon due to small inadvertent hand movements. For this reason it is often necessary to withdraw and correct the needle again. Both the high time requirements and the corrections are therefore cumbersome to the patient, since minimal bending of the extremely thin needles may occur. Since bending of the needle cannot be registered or calculated by the computer, the computer supplies erroneous information about the momentary position of the needle tip in space, which may lead to serious consequences. The invention is therefore based on the object of providing an apparatus for controlling corporeal structures which meets the above requirements, especially providing a precise, reproducible and variable guidance for medical instruments in combination with a simple structure. This object is achieved by an apparatus with the features of claim 1. Any desirable spatial positioning and precise alignment of the targeting device is possible by attaching two actuating drives which are preferably arranged directly above one another and each comprise an adjustment arm which is movable in an X-Y plane. The actuating drives can be triggered or remote-controlled separately or alternatingly in their X- and/or Y-axes, so that the targeting device can be adjusted exactly and rapidly by said actuating drives in order to enable a purposeful setting of the targeting device in the spatial axes. This enables taking a very precise bearing of previously determined (e.g. by CT) surgical or target locations from rooms adjacent to the operating theater, so that a substantial reduction in the radiation exposure of the operating staff is achieved, as is a facilitation in the operations usually conducted in neurosurgery by the precise guidance of instruments, especially puncture needles or surgical probes. Preferred embodiments are the subject matter of sub-claims. Especially appropriate is the arrangement of actuating drives as stacked flat boxes and the configuration of the adjustment arms which are bent towards the patient. In this way the desired spatial points in the system coordinates can be accessed as in the imaging methods as reference planes. The targeting device especially comprises a guide tube with ball heads at the end sides in order to support the instruments as far as possible. This targeting device thus allows the introduction of the instruments in a precise positional setting with respect to each other. Once the holder has been manually preset to the center of the tumor for example, the fine positioning of the instruments can occur by the remote-controlled actuating drives from another room in order to advantageously reduce the radiation exposure of the staff in radiation therapy. Once the targeting device has been preadjusted, it is also possible to perform a simulation, such that the needle or probe tip is guided around in the area of the stereotactic space by means of the actuating drives for example, with the position in or on the virtual patient being monitored on the monitor. A preferred embodiment is described by reference to the drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of an apparatus with a base plate, two base holders with base and holding rods which are connected with ball joints; FIG. 2 shows a perspective view in the opposite direction as in FIG. 1 with a slightly enlarged representation of the targeting device. For fixing a targeting device 10, a base plate 1 which is made of stainless magnetizable steel is connected on its bottom side with an operating table, e.g. with metal claws which are screwed together with the base plate 1. The base plate 1 can be adjusted relative to the operating table in the horizontal and vertical direction, with a high strength being ensured. The parts of the holder carrying the target device 10 each consist of a base holder 2 and holding rods 3 and 4 which are linked to the same and which each comprise at the free end a bearing 5 for fastening the actuating drives 6 for the targeting device 10. The base holder 2 can be anchored at any position of the base plate 1 in a mechanical, magnetic or pneumatic way. A scaffold-like frame 1a is provided for this purpose which covers the patient. The linked connection of the holding rods 3 and 4 can each be fixed by means of arresting devices, which in this case are tommy bars as shown here, so that the power transmission and thus the positional fixing of the actuating drives 6 is ensured with their adjustment arms 7 which are movable in the X-Y plane. A guide tube 9 for a medical instrument 8 for accessing a target tissue Z is held on the ball heads 9a at the free ends of the two bent adjustment arms 7. A probe or an insert tube for adjustment to the used instrument 8 can be introduced into the guide tube 9, especially a puncture needle 8 provided with a stop for axial setting, as is shown here. The axial position of the instrument 8 can also be precisely fixed by a clamping device. For the purpose of preliminary adjustment of the targeting device 10, the two base holders 2 or the frame 1a are pre-positioned on the base plate 1 by means of markings 1b. Thereafter, a probe for example is inserted into the guide means 9 and then the probe is guided in the virtual space for such a time until the probe tip is approximately situated at the desired entrance point and the projection line (=extension of the probe tip along the probe axis) is congruent with the forward feed direction (which can be seen on the monitor). The staff can then leave the radiation room and the desired target point Z can be approached precisely by remote-controlling the actuating drives 6. The entrance point and the entrance direction of the targeting device 10 are finely adjusted in this process by fine adjustment of the adjustment arms 7 in the X-Y plane. The entire targeting device 10 in relation to the stereotactic frame 1a and thus to the calibration apparatus and to the patient can be set precisely in advance by a simulation (without the patient). During surgery, the patient is then fitted in precisely the same manner into the frame 1a as he was scanned in the CT. The navigation system is now calibrated and the targeting device 10 is attached in a stereotactic correct manner. For checking purposes a probe can be introduced again into the already adjusted targeting device 10. If necessary, the probe can be readjusted. The readjustment can be performed rapidly if necessary, because the probe already nearly has the correct position by the pre-adjustment and the instrument can be readjusted rapidly and precisely to the target location Z by the actuating drives 6. After reaching the target point Z with the needle tip, the actual irradiation of the tumor can commence. After a one-off simulation and pre-adjustment of the probe, the operation can be performed on the patient any desired number of times. The bearing of the targeting device 10 with the guide tube 10 on the two adjustment arms 7 of the superimposed actuating drives 6 is of relevant importance here. These actuating drives 6 with an X-drive element and Y-drive element each (preferably threaded spindles) in the form of a compound slide are arranged directly above one another (also see FIG. 2). The actuating drives 6 can thus displace the adjustment arms 7 in the longitudinal and/or transversal direction, so that the guide tube 9 is arranged to be swivelable into any angular position and is also arranged in a displaceable way in order to displace the targeting device 10 by the actuating drives in the X- and/or Y-direction and to also turn the same about its rotational axes. FIG. 2 shows the targeting device 10 swiveled in an inclined position upwardly to the left. The instrument 8 which is inserted into the guide tube 9 is also swiveled, so that another target can be accessed from the originally planned target Z. For this purpose, the lower actuating drive 6 could be displaced transversally to the left in order to position the guide tube in a steeper way and to thus achieve a fine adjustment of the target direction precise to the millimeter of a relatively thin puncture needle. The right part of FIG. 2 shows the fixing of the actuating drives 6 in closer detail. They are connected via the holding rods 3 and 4 with ball joints to the base holders 6. The ball joints can be arrested, such that a locking device is actuated by means of a tommy bar. Notice must be taken that by arranging the targeting device 10 on the two actuating drives 6 the spatial position of the guide tube 9 for guiding the instrument 8 can be set at will, with a fine adjustment being enabled by the actuating drives 6. An adjustment of the targeting device 10 in any desired spatial manner is thus enabled. By lowering the holding rods 3 and 4, the targeting device 10 can be lowered towards the patient in order to be brought as close as possible to the target location Z and to prevent bending of the thin needles.

20070725

20071129

58296.0

A61B1734

NGUYEN, TIN DUC

Device for Controlling Corporeal Structures

SMALL

ACCEPTED

A61B

ACCEPTED

Method For Realizing Intelligent Network Service

A method for implementing Intelligent Network (IN) services is disclosed, including: setting an IN service as a combination of several service feature, and each service feature corresponding to a node type; selecting service features from the combination, and configuring invoking relationships of the selected service features, and each invoking relationship involving a head node and a tail node, wherein a node that is always a tail node is a primary node and one primary node corresponds to one service user number; and upon receiving a service request from a user terminal, determining the primary node based on the service user number; and performing the selected service feature respectively, beginning from the primary node, according to the order of the invoking relationships, to implement the IN service. This method makes the sub-service procedures of each service user independent from each other, with high efficiency, less workload, and more flexibility and convenience.

1. A method for realizing Intelligent Network (IN) service, comprising: A. setting an IN service as a combination of at least one service feature, and each service feature corresponding to a node type; B. selecting one or more service features from the combination, and configuring one or more invoking relationships of the selected one or more service features, and each invoking relationship involving a head node and a tail node which is used for calling the head node, wherein a node that is always a tail node is a primary node and one primary node corresponds to one service user number; and C. upon receiving a service request from a user terminal, determining the primary node based on the service user number corresponding to the service request; and performing the selected one or more service feature respectively by each of the nodes corresponding to the selected one or more service features, beginning from the primary node and according to the order of the invoking relationships, to implement the IN service which the user terminal requests. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said selected one or more service features comprise any one or any combination of the features of: welcome message playing, language selection, originating calling number screening, routing, time-based routing, date-based routing, weekday-based routing, user-selection-based routing, proportional call distribution, routing based on a circular way, authority. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein any of the invoking relationship involving two nodes is a relationship of direct or indirect unilateral call. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: configuring a table for saving nodes and a table for saving invoking relationships, and setting the index and dealing type of the current node, the index of the next node of the current node, and their corresponding relationship; the table for saving nodes comprising items of: indexes of the nodes, user sub-service identifiers, node types of service features, and parameters for indicating whether a node is a primary node; and the table for saving invoking relationships comprising items of: numbers of service users, and indexes of the head node and the tail node in each invoking relationship; and in Step B, saving the information related to the selected one or more service features in the table for saving nodes and the table for saving invoking relationships respectively. 5. The method of claim 4, in Step C, performing the selected one or more service features respectively, comprising: C1. acquiring the node index of the primary node, node types of service features, and node indexes in the current sub-service procedure from the table for saving nodes based on the user sub-service identifiers; C2. determining the node type of the service feature being processed currently, performing the corresponding service according to the node type determined, and on performing the service, deciding the process result of the current sub-service procedure; if the process result is a next node index, taking the next node as the current node and returning to Step C2; if the process result is an attendant number, putting the current call through to an attendant by using the attendant number. 6. The method of claim 5, Step C2 comprising: C21. querying the corresponding relationship of the dealing type of the current node and the index of the next node of the current node according to the node index of the current node, and obtaining the dealing type of the current node; C22. determining the processing mode according to the dealing type of the current node; if the processing mode involves playing voice, performing Step C23, if the processing mode involves the next node index, performing Step C24, if the processing mode involves the attendant number, performing Step C25; C23. obtaining the voice playing ID according to the destination identifier corresponding to the dealing type, playing the voice corresponding to the obtained voice playing ID, and terminating the current call; C24. acquiring the next node index corresponding to the dealing type, outputting the index and type of the next node, and terminating this sub-service procedure; C25. obtaining the attendant number corresponding to the dealing type, outputting the attendant number, and terminating this sub-service procedure.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention pertains to intelligent networks, and more particularly relates to a method for realizing intelligent network (IN) service. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Currently, IN provides services based on different requirements of the subscribers, and needs a complete editing process when a user subscribes a service. As more and more requirements come from the subscribers, demands for service customization are increasingly strong. Thus, each service may change frequently. When a service subscribed by a subscriber changes, the workload for modifying the service procedure is very hard as the current service procedure is fixed, and a great deal of manpower and time has to be spent. So, in the related art, the method for subscribing a service procedure to implement an intelligent service owns little flexibility, and may cause low efficiency and heavy workload. SUMMARY The invention is to provide a method for realizing IN service, so as to customize a service procedure according to different demands of subscribers and implement an IN service. The present invention discloses a method for realizing Intelligent Network (IN) service, including: A. setting an IN service as a combination of at least one service feature, and each service feature corresponding to a node type; B. selecting one or more service features from the combination, and configuring one or more invoking relationships of the selected one or more service features, and each invoking relationship involving a head node and a tail node which is used for calling the head node, wherein a node that is always a tail node is a primary node and one primary node corresponds to one service user number; and C. upon receiving a service request from a user terminal, determining the primary node based on the service user number corresponding to the service request; and performing the selected one or more service feature respectively by each of the nodes corresponding to the selected one or more service features, beginning from the primary node and according to the order of the invoking relationships, to implement the IN service which the user terminal requests. In the above solution, the selected one or more service features may include any one or any combination of the features of: welcome message playing, language selection, originating calling number screening, routing, time-based routing, date-based routing, weekday-based routing, user-selection-based routing, proportional call distribution, routing based on a circular way, authority. In the above solution, any of the invoking relationship involving two nodes may be a relationship of direct or indirect unilateral call. In the above solution, it may further include: configuring a table for saving nodes and a table for saving invoking relationships, and setting the index and dealing type of the current node, the index of the next node of the current node, and their corresponding relationship; the table for saving nodes comprising items of: indexes of the nodes, user sub-service identifiers, node types of service features, and parameters for indicating whether a node is a primary node; the table for saving invoking relationships comprising items of: numbers of service users, and indexes of the head node and the tail node in each invoking relationship; and in Step B, saving the information related to the selected one or more service features in the table for saving nodes and the table for saving invoking relationships respectively. In Step C, performing the selected one or more service features respectively, may include: C1. acquiring the node index of the primary node, node types of service features, and node indexes in the current sub-service procedure from the table for saving nodes based on the user sub-service identifiers; C2. determining the node type of the service feature being processed currently, performing the corresponding service according to the node type determined, and on performing the service, deciding the process result of the current sub-service procedure; if the process result is a next node index, taking the next node as the current node and returning to Step C2; if the process result is an attendant number, putting the current call through to an attendant by using the attendant number. In the above solution, Step C2 may include: C21. querying the corresponding relationship of the dealing type of the current node and the index of the next node of the current node according to the node index of the current node, and obtaining the dealing type of the current node; C22. determining the processing mode according to the dealing type of the current node; if the processing mode involves playing voice, performing Step C23, if the processing mode involves the next node index, performing Step C24, if the processing mode involves the attendant number, performing Step C25; C23. obtaining the voice playing ID according to the destination identifier corresponding to the dealing type, playing the voice corresponding to the obtained voice playing ID, and terminating the current call; C24. acquiring the next node index corresponding to the dealing type, outputting the index and type of the next node, and terminating this sub-service procedure; C25. obtaining the attendant number corresponding to the dealing type, outputting the attendant number, and terminating this sub-service procedure. In accordance with this invention, a service procedure can be customized by setting an IN service as a combination of service features, selecting several instances of the service features according to the demands of service users, and defining the invoking relationships between the instances of service features. By using the method in customizing service procedures, the sub-service procedures of each service user are independent from each other, which results in high efficiency, less workload, and more flexibility and convenience. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic flowchart of the method according to an embodiment of this invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic illustrating a service procedure self-defined by a subscriber. FIG. 3 is showing the relationships between the instances of service features already defined by the current subscriber. FIG. 4 is a schematic flowchart of a procedure for configuring a directional graph. FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a main service procedure for implementing an IN service according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a sub-service procedure for implementing an IN service according to an embodiment of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In accordance with this invention, an IN service is configured as a combination of several service features. A plurality of instances of the service features are then selected as nodes according to the demands of service users, and invoking relationships between these nodes are defined to complete the customization of a service procedure. When a service request from a user terminal is received by the network, beginning from the primary node, each of the selected nodes performs its corresponding service feature to implement the IN service according to each invoking relationship between the nodes. As shown in FIG. 1, the specific procedure of implementing the method in accordance with the embodiment of the invention is as follows: Step 101: Configure an IN service as a combination of more than one service features. The service features may include features of: welcome (WEL) message playing, language (LANG) selection, originating calling number screening (OCS), routing (OCR), time-based routing, e.g., Time of Day Based Routing (TDR), date-based routing, e.g., Day of Year Based Routing (DOY), weekday-based routing, e.g., Day of Week Based Routing (DOW), user-selection-based routing (SEL), proportional call distribution (RAT), routing based on a circular way, e.g., Way of Circular Based Routing (CYC), authority (AUTH), and etc. Obviously, service features included in the combination of service features are not limited to the above service features. It is possible to add or reduce the service features of the combination based on various needs. Step 102: According to the need of the service user, select at least one service feature from the combination as service feature instances, and each service feature instance is configured as one or more than one node. Step 103: Set the invoking relationships between all the nodes, and complete the customization of the service procedure. In each invoking relationship, the calling node refers to a tail node while the called node refers to a head node. If a node can only be a tail node, it is a primary node; if a node can only be a head node, it is a node with zero out-degreed; if a node can be both a head node and tail node, it is a node with non-zero out-degreed. Step 104: After the network receives a service request from a user terminal, beginning from the primary node, each node respectively implements the IN service according to the invoking relationship between the nodes. It should be noted that the invoking relationships should be configured in Step 103 by a certain rule. In accordance with the schematic of the service procedure self-defined by a subscriber as shown in FIG. 2, the rule primarily includes: (1) in a service procedure, there is only one practical service feature that can be configured as the primary node, and any two instances of service feature may not call each other directly or indirectly so as to avoid forming a closed loop in the service procedure which will result in a dead cycle; (2) a node with non-zero out-degreed is definitely a service feature instance, such as Node 11 and Node 12 in FIG. 2, while a node with zero out-degreed is either an attendant number or a piece of service voice, such as Node 13, Node 23, Node 31, and etc, in FIG. 2; (3) service features corresponding to different nodes may be identical, for example, Node 11 and Node 12 in FIG. 2 both corresponds to the same service feature of the TOD type. Hereinafter, the solution in accordance with this invention is described in detail with reference to the accompanying figures and specific embodiments. A service procedure customized in accordance with this invention may be taken as a directional graph, and in Step 103, according to the selected service features, the invoking relationships between the nodes are configured, like a procedure of configuring a directional graph. As shown in FIG. 4, the specific procedure of configuring a directional graph is as follows: Step 401: Configure in advance a table for saving nodes and a table for saving the invoking relationships, wherein the table for saving nodes is used to save the information of all the nodes and the table for saving the invoking relationships is for saving the information of the invoking relationships between these nodes. Table 1 is a table for saving nodes which is called the table of AllNodes, and Table 2 is a table for saving the invoking relationships which is called the table of AllEdges. TABLE 1 Field Name Value Range Description #NodeIndex Automatically generated Index number of a node by the system, unique for all the subscribers User Identifier Integer Identifier of a subscriber sub-service . . . Other necessary fields Node Type Node type, e.g.,: Type of a service feature 1-OCS; node 2-OCR; 3-TDR; 4-DOY; 5-DOW; 6-SEL; 7-RAT; 8-CYC; 9-AUTH; Primary Node 1-a primary node Whether it is a primary 0-a node except for the node primary node TABLE 2 Field Name Value Range Description SubServiceNumber Number of a subscriber . . . Other necessary fields TailIndex Set of all the values of Index of a tail node of an the NodeIndex column in edge in a figure the table of AllNodes HeadIndex Set of all the values Index of a head nodes in the NodeIndex column of an edge in a figure in the table of AllNodes As shown in Table 1, the AllNodes table includes the items of NodeIndex, UserIdentifier, Nodetype, and PrimaryNode. Since a call enters a service procedure, the primary node is the first node which the call meets. In the table, I represents a primary node while 0 represents non-primary node, i.e., a node except the primary node. And there is one and only one primary node corresponding to one sub-service. As shown in Table 2, the table for saving the invoking relationships has saved the invoking relationships of all the service feature nodes in an already defined subscriber sub-service procedure, specifically including the items of each invoking relationship: SubServiceNumber, HeadIndex, TailIndex, and etc. In addition, there may be identical invoking relationships between two nodes while these identical invoking relationships can be saved in the table of AllEdges only once. Step 402: Based on the subscriber's requirement, select at least one service feature from the combination of service features as service feature instances, each of which refers to a node, configure invoking relationships between the nodes, and save the invoking relationships between the nodes in the corresponding table for saving nodes, e.g., Table 1. Suppose that a set G refers to the set of all the service feature nodes and a set G2 refers to the set of the ancestor nodes of the current node N. When the invoking relationships are being configured between the nodes, if the node N is going to call a node M, the node M can only be selected from the set of the difference of the set G and the set G2 which is supposed to be a set G1, i.e., G1=G1−G2, wherein the set G1 is the set from which the node M may be selected. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 3, supposing that a Node 22 calls the node M, the set G1 from which the node M may be selected may be calculated by the following steps: a. Directly obtain the set G by querying the AllNodes table corresponding to the structure shown in FIG. 3, and the set G includes a Node 0, Node 11, Node 12, Node 22, Node 31, and Node 32, which can be described as the expression: G={Node 0, Node 11, Node 12, Node 22, Node 31, Node 32}. b. Query the AllEdges table corresponding to the structure shown in FIG. 3 to obtain the set G2, the ancestor nodes of the current node N, which includes a Node 0, Node 11, and Node 12, and can be described as the expression: G2={Node 0, Node 11, Node 12}. Here, the current node N is Node 22. c. And get the set of the difference of the set G and the set G2, the set G1, which can be described as G1=G−G2={Node 31, Node 32}. In the above solution, the set of ancestor nodes of the current node N, the set G2, has to be obtained by repeatedly querying the AllEdges table, the specific implementation procedure of which is as follows: b1. Configure the set of ancestor nodes of the current node N as null. b2. Search TailIndexes based on the condition of “HeadIndex=N”, i.e., each HeadIndex corresponding to the TailIndexes equals N, and add all the searched out TailIndexes to the set G2. b3. For each node P in the set G2, if the node P is not a primary node, then search TailIndexes according to the condition that “HeadIndex=P”, and add all the searched out TailIndexes to the set G2. Before add a searched out TailIndexes to the set G2, determine whether the Tailindex currently ready to be added is not yet in the set G2, and if it is not yet in the set G2, then add it to the set G2. b4. And repeat Step b3 to obtain the finally completed set G2, the ancestor nodes of the current node N. TABLE 3 Field Name Value Range Description #NodeIndex Index number of the current node . . . Other necessary fields DealingType 1-Play Voice; 2-Attendant; 3-Next Node DestMsgID Attendant Phone number of an attendant NextNodeIndex Index of the next node Table 3 is illustrating a service feature table for saving the service features of the corresponding node. For each service procedure that can be defined, there is a structure for saving data in the system which is similar to the one shown in Table 3. As shown in Table 3, the service features of each node include such items as, the current node's NodeIndex, DealingType, DestMsgID, Attendant, and NextNodeIndex. A DealingType may refer to any of the three kinds of exits: Play Voice, Attendant, and Next Node, wherein Play Voice represents playing voice to a terminal user and then releasing the current call, Attendant refers to connecting the current call to an attendant, and Next Node represents handing over the current call to the next node. Each service feature node that could be defined must correspond to at least one of the three exits after the normal process. The process of implementing an IN service is hereinafter described with reference to the accompanying figures and Tables 1 and 3. As shown in FIG. 5, the process of a main service is as follows: Step 501: Query Table 1 according to a Useridentifier, and obtain the NodeIndexes and types of the nodes, and the NodeIndex of the primary node of the current sub-service procedure. Step 502: Decide the type of the service feature node currently processed, perform the appropriate service based on the type of the current service feature node being processed. And after performing the appropriate service, decide the current exit, if the decision result is the NextNodeIndex, i.e., Exit 1, take the next node as the current node and return to Step 502; if the decision result is the Attendant, i.e., Exit 2, go to Step 503. Step 503: Put through the current call to the attendant using the number recorded in the field of Attendant. As shown in FIG. 6, the process of each sub-service feature is as follows: Step 601: Query the service feature table shown as Table 3 according to the NodeIndex of the current node, and obtain information of the DealingType of the current node. Step 602: Determine the processing mode according to the value of the DealingType field, if the determined processing mode is Play Voice, go to Step 603; else if it is Next Node, go to Step 605; else if it is the Attendant, go to Step 606. Step 603: Obtain the voice playing ID according to the value of the DestMsgID field which corresponds to the current node. Step 604: Play the voice according to the obtained playing ID, and end the current call. Step 605: Obtain the next node according to the value of the NextNodeIndex field corresponding to the current node, generate return parameters at Exit 1 which include the node index and type of the next node to be processed, and terminate this sub-service procedure. Step 606: Acquire the attendant number according to the value of the current node's Attendant field, generate return parameters at Exit 2 which include the number of the attendant, and terminate this sub-service procedure.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Currently, IN provides services based on different requirements of the subscribers, and needs a complete editing process when a user subscribes a service. As more and more requirements come from the subscribers, demands for service customization are increasingly strong. Thus, each service may change frequently. When a service subscribed by a subscriber changes, the workload for modifying the service procedure is very hard as the current service procedure is fixed, and a great deal of manpower and time has to be spent. So, in the related art, the method for subscribing a service procedure to implement an intelligent service owns little flexibility, and may cause low efficiency and heavy workload.

<SOH> SUMMARY <EOH>The invention is to provide a method for realizing IN service, so as to customize a service procedure according to different demands of subscribers and implement an IN service. The present invention discloses a method for realizing Intelligent Network (IN) service, including: A. setting an IN service as a combination of at least one service feature, and each service feature corresponding to a node type; B. selecting one or more service features from the combination, and configuring one or more invoking relationships of the selected one or more service features, and each invoking relationship involving a head node and a tail node which is used for calling the head node, wherein a node that is always a tail node is a primary node and one primary node corresponds to one service user number; and C. upon receiving a service request from a user terminal, determining the primary node based on the service user number corresponding to the service request; and performing the selected one or more service feature respectively by each of the nodes corresponding to the selected one or more service features, beginning from the primary node and according to the order of the invoking relationships, to implement the IN service which the user terminal requests. In the above solution, the selected one or more service features may include any one or any combination of the features of: welcome message playing, language selection, originating calling number screening, routing, time-based routing, date-based routing, weekday-based routing, user-selection-based routing, proportional call distribution, routing based on a circular way, authority. In the above solution, any of the invoking relationship involving two nodes may be a relationship of direct or indirect unilateral call. In the above solution, it may further include: configuring a table for saving nodes and a table for saving invoking relationships, and setting the index and dealing type of the current node, the index of the next node of the current node, and their corresponding relationship; the table for saving nodes comprising items of: indexes of the nodes, user sub-service identifiers, node types of service features, and parameters for indicating whether a node is a primary node; the table for saving invoking relationships comprising items of: numbers of service users, and indexes of the head node and the tail node in each invoking relationship; and in Step B, saving the information related to the selected one or more service features in the table for saving nodes and the table for saving invoking relationships respectively. In Step C, performing the selected one or more service features respectively, may include: C1. acquiring the node index of the primary node, node types of service features, and node indexes in the current sub-service procedure from the table for saving nodes based on the user sub-service identifiers; C2. determining the node type of the service feature being processed currently, performing the corresponding service according to the node type determined, and on performing the service, deciding the process result of the current sub-service procedure; if the process result is a next node index, taking the next node as the current node and returning to Step C2; if the process result is an attendant number, putting the current call through to an attendant by using the attendant number. In the above solution, Step C2 may include: C21. querying the corresponding relationship of the dealing type of the current node and the index of the next node of the current node according to the node index of the current node, and obtaining the dealing type of the current node; C22. determining the processing mode according to the dealing type of the current node; if the processing mode involves playing voice, performing Step C23, if the processing mode involves the next node index, performing Step C24, if the processing mode involves the attendant number, performing Step C25; C23. obtaining the voice playing ID according to the destination identifier corresponding to the dealing type, playing the voice corresponding to the obtained voice playing ID, and terminating the current call; C24. acquiring the next node index corresponding to the dealing type, outputting the index and type of the next node, and terminating this sub-service procedure; C25. obtaining the attendant number corresponding to the dealing type, outputting the attendant number, and terminating this sub-service procedure. In accordance with this invention, a service procedure can be customized by setting an IN service as a combination of service features, selecting several instances of the service features according to the demands of service users, and defining the invoking relationships between the instances of service features. By using the method in customizing service procedures, the sub-service procedures of each service user are independent from each other, which results in high efficiency, less workload, and more flexibility and convenience.

20070524

20090922

20071227

95544.0

H04L1200

NGUYEN, PHUNG HOANG JOSEPH

METHOD FOR REALIZING INTELLIGENT NETWORK SERVICE

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

H04L

ACCEPTED

Coating Composition, Its Coating Film, Antireflection Film, and Image Display Device

This invention provides a coating composition that can form a coating film having an eliminated or reduced photocatalytic action-derived deterioration and can form a coating film having a lowered haze value, has excellent dispersibility and dispersion stability in a coating liquid form, has excellent storage stability, and also has excellent coatability. The coating composition is characterized by comprising at least the following four components (1) to (4): (1) titanium dioxide fine particles with eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity which is obtained by surface treating titanium dioxide fine particles doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with a zinc chelate compound capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, (2) a binder component, (3) a dispersant, and (4) an organic solvent.

1. A coating composition characterized by comprising at least (1) titanium dioxide fine particles with eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity, wherein the titanium dioxide fine particles are obtained by surface-treating titanium dioxide fine particles doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with a zinc chelate compound capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, (2) a binder component, (3) a dispersant, and (4) an organic solvent. 2. A coating composition characterized by comprising at least (1) titanium dioxide fine particles with eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity, wherein the titanium dioxide fine particles are obtained by surface-treating titanium dioxide fine particles doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with a zinc chelate compound capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, and further coating the surface treated titanium dioxide fine particles with an anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound, (2) a binder component, (3) a dispersant, and (4) an organic solvent. 3. A coating composition characterized by comprising at least (1) titanium dioxide fine particles with eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity, wherein the titanium dioxide fine particles are obtained by coating titanium dioxide fine particles doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with an inorganic compound capable of reducing or eliminating photocatalytic activity, and further surface-treating the coated titanium dioxide fine particles with a zinc chelate compound capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, (2) a binder component, (3) a dispersant, and (4) an organic solvent. 4. A coating composition characterized by comprising at least (1) titanium dioxide fine particles with eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity, wherein the titanium dioxide fine particles are obtained by coating titanium dioxide fine particles doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with an inorganic compound capable of reducing or eliminating photocatalytic activity, further surface-treating the coated titanium dioxide fine particles with a zinc chelate compound capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, and further coating the surface treated titanium dioxide fine particles with an anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound, (2) a binder component, (3) a dispersant, and (4) an organic solvent. 5. The coating composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the organometallic compound of zinc is one or at least two compounds selected from the group consisting of zinc acetylacetonate, zinc benzoate, zinc acetate, and zinc 2-ethylhexylate. 6. The coating composition according to claim 3, characterized in that the inorganic compound is fine particles of one or at least two metal oxides selected from alumina, silica, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, and indium-doped tin oxide. 7. The coating composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the titanium dioxide fine particles having reduced photocatalytic activity has a primary particle diameter of 0.01 to 0.1 μm. 8. The coating composition according to claim 2, characterized in that the anionic polar group-containing organic compound is an organic carboxylic acid. 9. The coating composition according to claim 2, characterized in that the anionic polar group-containing organometal compound is a silane coupling agent and/or a titanate coupling agent. 10. The coating composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the dispersant contains an anionic polar group. 11. The coating composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the binder component is ionizing radiation curable. 12. The coating composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the organic solvent is a ketone solvent. 13. The coating composition according to claim 1, characterized by comprising 10 parts by weight of the titanium dioxide fine particles having reduced photocatalytic activity, 4 to 20 parts by weight of the binder component, and 2 to 4 parts by weight of the dispersant. 14. The coating composition according to claim 1, characterized by comprising 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone and/or 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropan-1-one as a photoinitiator. 15. The coating composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the organic solvent is contained in an amount of 50 to 99.5 parts by weight based on 0.5 to 50 parts by weight of the total solid content of the coating composition. 16. A coating film characterized by being produced by coating a coating composition according to claim 1 onto a surface of an object and curing the coating composition, wherein the coating film has a refractive index of 1.55 to 2.20 when the thickness of the film after curing is 0.05 to 10 μm, the haze value of the coating film as measured integrally with a base material according to JIS K 7361-1 is not different from the haze value of the base material per se, or is different by not more than 1% from the haze value of the base material per se. 17. A coating film characterized by comprising (1) titanium dioxide fine particles with reduced photocatalytic activity, wherein the titanium dioxide fine particles are obtained by surface-treating titanium dioxide fine particles doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with an organometal compound of Zn capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, (2) a dispersant and (3) a cured binder, wherein (1) the titanium dioxide fine particles and (2) the dispersant are uniformly mixed into (3) the cured binder, the coating film has a refractive index of 1.55 to 2.20 when the thickness of the film after curing is 0.05 to 10 μm, the haze value of the coating film as measured integrally with a base material according to JIS K 7361-1 is not different from the haze value of the base material per se, or is different by not more than 1% from the haze value of the base material per se. 18. A coating film characterized by comprising (1) titanium dioxide fine particles with eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity, wherein the titanium dioxide fine particles are obtained by surface-treating titanium dioxide fine particles doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with an organometal compound of Zn capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, and further coating the surface treated titanium dioxide fine particles with an anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound, (2) a dispersant and (3) a cured binder, wherein (1) the titanium dioxide fine particles and (2) the dispersant are uniformly mixed into (3) the cured binder, the coating film has a refractive index of 1.55 to 2.20 when the thickness of the film after curing is 0.05 to 10 μm, the haze value of the coating film as measured integrally with a base material according to JIS K 7361-1 is not different from the haze value of the base material per se, or is different by not more than 1% from the haze value of the base material per se. 19. A coating film characterized by comprising (1) titanium dioxide fine particles with eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity, wherein the titanium dioxide fine particles are obtained by coating titanium dioxide fine particles doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with an inorganic compound capable of reducing or eliminating photocatalytic activity, and further surface-treating the coated titanium dioxide fine particles with an organometal compound of Zn capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, (2) a dispersant and (3) a cured binder, wherein (1) titanium dioxide fine particles and (2) the dispersant are uniformly mixed into (3) the cured binder, the coating film has a refractive index of 1.55 to 2.20 when the thickness of the film after curing is 0.05 to 10 μm, the haze value of the coating film as measured integrally with a base material according to JIS K 7361-1 is not different from the haze value of the base material per se, or is different by not more than 1% from the haze value of the base material per se. 20. A coating film characterized by comprising (1) titanium dioxide fine particles with eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity, wherein the titanium dioxide fine particles are obtained by coating titanium dioxide fine particles doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with an inorganic compound capable of reducing or eliminating photocatalytic activity, further surface-treating the coated titanium dioxide fine particles with an organometal compound of zinc capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, and further coating the surface treated titanium dioxide fine particles with an anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound and (2) a dispersant, and (3) a cured binder, wherein (1) titanium dioxide fine particles and (2) the dispersant are uniformly mixed into (3) the cured binder, the coating film has a refractive index of 1.55 to 2.20 when the thickness of the film after curing is 0.05 to 10 μm, the haze value of the coating film as measured integrally with a base material according to JIS K 7361-1 is not different from the haze value of the base material per se, or is different by not more than 1% from the haze value of the base material per se. 21. An antireflective film characterized by comprising a laminate of two or more light-transparent layers, wherein the two or more light-transparent layers are transparent to light and are different from each other in refractive index, at least one of the light-transparent layers is a coating film according to claim 16. 22. An image display device comprising an antireflective film according to claim 21 covering a display surface.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a coating composition having excellent dispersibility, dispersion stability, and coatability, and a coating film formed using the coating composition. More specifically, the present invention relates to a coating composition having improved lightfastness that is suitable for the formation of a layer for constituting an antireflective film for covering the display surface of LCDs, CRTs and the like, particularly a medium- to high-refractive index layer, an antireflective film comprising a layer of a coating film formed using the coating composition, and an image display device onto which the antireflective film has been applied. BACKGROUND ART Low reflection of light from an external light source such as a fluorescent lamp is required of the display surface of image display devices such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs), cathode-ray tube display devices (CRTs) and the like from the viewpoint of enhancing the visibility. It has hitherto been known that covering the surface of a transparent object with a transparent film having a low refractive index reduces the reflectance. The visibility can be improved by providing an antireflective film utilizing this phenomenon on the display surface of an image display device. The layer construction of the antireflective film is provided by forming a high-refractive index layer or a medium-refractive index layer on a surface which should prevent reflection, and further forming a low-refractive index layer on the high-refractive index layer or the medium-refractive index layer. Methods for the formation of the high-refractive index layer or medium-refractive index layer in the antireflective film are generally classified roughly into gas phase methods and coating methods. Gas phase methods include physical methods such as vacuum deposition and sputtering and chemical methods such as CVD. Coating methods include roll coating, gravure coating, slide coating, spray coating, dip coating, and screen printing. The gas phase method can form thin-film high-refractive index layer and medium-refractive index layer having high function and high quality, but on the other hand, the gas phase method is disadvantageous in that close control of atmosphere in a high vacuum system is necessary and, at the same time, a special heating device or an ion generation accelerator is necessary and, consequently, a complicated and increased-size production apparatus is necessary, necessarily leading to increased production cost. Further, the formation of a large-area thin film as the high-refractive index layer and medium-refractive index layer or the formation of a thin film having even thickness on the surface of films or the like having a complicated shape is difficult. On the other hand, among the coating methods, the spray method is disadvantageous, for example, in that the utilization efficiency of the coating liquid is poor and the control of film formation conditions is difficult. Roll coating, gravure coating, slide coating, dip coating, screen printing and the like have good utilization efficiency of the film forming material and are advantageous in terms of mass production and equipment cost. In general, however, the high-refractive index layer and medium-refractive index layer formed by the coating method are disadvantageously inferior to those formed by the gas phase method in function and quality. A method comprising coating a coating liquid comprising high-refractive index fine particles of titanium oxide, tin oxide or the like dispersed in a solution of a binder of an organic material onto a substrate to from a coating film has recently been proposed as a coating method that can form thin-film high-refractive index layer and medium-refractive index layer having excellent quality. Patent document 1 describes that, in the formation of a coating film having a low refractive index, a coating composition containing rutile-type titanium oxide treated with an inorganic compound is excellent in dispersibility, dispersion stability, and evenness of coating and can easily form an even large-area thin film. The coating film formed using the coating composition described in patent document 1, however, had unsatisfactory lightfastness. Patent document 2 discloses that a coating composition containing a rutile-type titanium oxide treated with an inorganic compound is used for providing an antireflective film suitable for mass production. The coating film formed using the coating composition disclosed in patent document 2, however, had unsatisfactory lightfastness. Patent document 3 discloses that, in order to form an antireflective coating film having improved lightfastness, a metal oxide treated with a zinc chelate compound is incorporated in the coating composition. Even for the coating film formed using the coating composition disclosed in patent document 3, the lightfastness was still unsatisfactory. [Patent document 1] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 275430/2002 [Patent document 2] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 166104/2001 [Patent document 3] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 371236/2002 DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The metal oxide fine particles having a high refractive index for use in the formation of a medium- to high-refractive index layer generally have photocatalytic activity and disadvantageously deteriorates the coating film. Accordingly, lightfastness properties are required of the coating film constituting the high-refractive index layer and the coating film constituting the medium-refractive index layer. The coating film constituting the medium- to high-refractive index layer should be transparent to a visible light region. Regarding the high-refractive index metal oxide fine particles for use in the formation of the medium- to high-refractive index layer, the so-called ultrafine particles having a primary particle diameter equal to or smaller than the wavelength of visible light should be used and, at the same time, the metal oxide fine particles should be homogeneously dispersed in the coating liquid and coating film. In general, as the particle diameter of the fine particles decreases, the surface area of the fine particles increases and the cohesion between the fine particles increases. When the solid component in the coating liquid is aggregated, the haze value of the coating film is increased. Accordingly, dispersibility high enough to form an even coating film having a low haze value is required of the coating liquid for the formation of a thin film for constituting the high-refractive index layer and a thin film for constituting the medium-refractive index layer. Further, dispersion stability high enough to realize storage for a long period of time is required of the coating liquid. Furthermore, in order to easily form a large-area thin film from the viewpoint of mass production, the coatability of the coating liquid should be such that the coating liquid can be evenly and thinly coated and can form a coating which does not cause uneven drying. In view of the above technical demand, the present invention provides a coating composition, which can form a coating film having an eliminated or reduced photocatalytic action-derived deterioration and can form a coating film having a lowered haze value, has excellent dispersibility and dispersion stability in a coating liquid form, has excellent storage stability, and also has excellent coatability, to provide a coating film, an antireflective film, and an antireflective film formed using the coating composition, and to provide an image display device having a display surface covered with the antireflective film. The present invention can be attained by a first coating composition characterized by comprising at least the following four components (1) to (4): (1) titanium dioxide fine particles with eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity which is obtained by surface-treating titanium dioxide fine particles doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with an organometal compound of zinc capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, (2) a binder component, (3) a dispersant, and (4) an organic solvent. According to the present invention, there is provided a second coating composition comprising the same components as the first coating composition according to the present invention, except that the following metal oxide fine particles are adopted instead of the titanium dioxide fine particles having eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity as component (1) in the first coating composition. That is, in the second coating composition, the binder component, the dispersant, and the organic solvent are the same as those in the first coating composition. The titanium dioxide fine particles used in the second coating composition according to the present invention are titanium dioxide fine particles with eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity which is obtained by surface-treating titanium dioxide fine particles doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with an organometal compound of zinc capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, and further coating the surface treated titanium dioxide fine particles with anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound. According to the present invention, there is provided a third coating composition comprising the same components as the first coating composition according to the present invention, except that the following metal oxide fine particles are adopted instead of the titanium dioxide fine particles having eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity as component (1) in the first coating composition. That is, in the third coating composition, the binder component, the dispersant, and the organic solvent are the same as those in the first coating composition. The titanium dioxide fine particles used in the third coating composition according to the present invention are titanium dioxide fine particles with eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity which is obtained by coating titanium dioxide fine particles doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with an inorganic compound capable of reducing or eliminating photocatalytic activity, and further surface-treating the coated titanium dioxide fine particles with an organometal compound of zinc capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes. According to the present invention, there is provided a fourth coating composition comprising the same components as the first coating composition according to the present invention, except that the following metal oxide fine particles are adopted instead of the titanium dioxide fine particles having eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity as component (1) in the first coating composition. That is, in the fourth coating composition, the binder component, the dispersant, and the organic solvent are the same as those in the first coating composition. The titanium dioxide fine particles used in the fourth coating composition according to the present invention are titanium dioxide fine particles with eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity which is obtained by coating titanium dioxide fine particles doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with an inorganic compound capable of reducing or eliminating photocatalytic activity, further surface-treating the coated titanium dioxide fine particles with an organometal compound of zinc capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, and further coating the surface treated titanium dioxide fine particles with anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound. The coating film according to the present invention is characterized by being produced by coating the first, second, third, or fourth coating composition onto a surface of an object and curing the coating, wherein, when the thickness of the coating film after curing is 0.05 to 10 μm, said coating film has a refractive index of 1.55 to 2.20, and the haze value of the coating film as measured integrally with a base material according to JIS K 7361-1 is not different from or is different by not more than 1% from the haze value of said base material per se. The first coating film according to the present invention is characterized by comprising an intimate mixture of (1) titanium dioxide fine particles with reduced photocatalytic activity which is obtained by surface treating titanium dioxide fine particles doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with an organometal compound of Zn capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes and (2) a dispersant with (3) a cured binder, wherein, when the thickness of the coating film is 0.05 to 10 μm, said coating film has a refractive index of 1.55 to 2.20, and the haze value of the coating film as measured integrally with a base material according to JIS K 7361-1 is not different from the haze value of the base material per se, or is different by not more than 1% from the haze value of the base material per se. The second coating film according to the present invention is characterized by comprising an intimate mixture of (1) titanium dioxide fine particles with eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity, produced by surface treating titanium dioxide fine particles, which have been doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with an organometal compound of zinc capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, and further coating the surface treated titanium dioxide fine particles with anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound, and (2) a dispersant with (3) a cured binder, wherein, when the thickness of the coating film is 0.05 to 10 μm, said coating film has a refractive index of 1.55 to 2.20, and the haze value of the coating film as measured integrally with a base material according to JIS K 7361-1 is not different from the haze value of the base material per se, or is different by not more than 1% from the haze value of the base material per se. The third coating film according to the present invention is characterized by comprising an intimate mixture of (1) titanium dioxide fine particles with eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity which is obtained by coating titanium dioxide fine particles doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with an inorganic compound capable of reducing or eliminating photocatalytic activity, and further surface-treating the coated titanium dioxide fine particles with an organometal compound of zinc capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, and (2) a dispersant with (3) a cured binder, wherein, when the thickness of the coating film is 0.05 to 10 μm, said coating film has a refractive index of 1.55 to 2.20, and the haze value of the coating film as measured integrally with a base material according to JIS K 7361-1 is not different from the haze value of the base material per se, or is different by not more than 1% from the haze value of the base material per se. The fourth coating film according to the present invention is characterized by comprising an intimate mixture of (1) titanium dioxide fine particles with reduced photocatalytic activity which is obtained by coating titanium dioxide fine particles doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with an inorganic compound capable of reducing or eliminating photocatalytic activity, further surface-treating the coated titanium dioxide fine particles with an organometal compound of zinc capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, and further coating the surface treated titanium dioxide fine particles with anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound, and (2) a dispersant with (3) a cured binder, wherein, when the thickness of the coating film is 0.05 to 10 μm, said coating film has a refractive index of 1.55 to 2.20, and the haze value of the coating film as measured integrally with a base material according to JIS K 7361-1 is not different from the haze value of the base material per se, or is different by not more than 1% from the haze value of the base material per se. The coating film according to the present invention can constitute at least one layer of an antireflective film. The antireflective film is transparent to light and comprises two or more light-transparent layers different from each other in refractive index. The coating film according to the present invention can constitute at least one layer of the light-transparent layers. The antireflective film according to the present invention is characterized by comprising a light-transparent base material film and two or more light-transparent layers stacked on at least one side of the light-transparent base material film, said two or more light-transparent layers being transparent to light and being different from each other in refractive index, at least one of the light-transparent layers being the coating film according to the present invention. The image display device according to the present invention is an image display device characterized by having a display surface covered with an antireflective film, the antireflective film being transparent to light and being a laminate of two or more light-transparent layers different from each other in refractive index, at least one of the light-transparent layers being the coating film according to the present invention. EFFECT OF THE INVENTION In the first, second, third or fourth coating composition according to the present invention, the titanium dioxide fine particles having photocatalytic activity have been doped with cobalt. By virtue of the property of cobalt that can capture free electrons and/or holes, the photocatalytic activity of the titanium dioxide fine particles is eliminated or reduced. Further, since the surface of the titanium dioxide fine particles has been treated with an organometal compound of zinc, the photocatalytic activity of the titanium dioxide fine particles is eliminated or reduced by the property of the organometal compound of zinc that can capture free electrons and/or holes of the organometal compound of zinc. Accordingly, when a coating film is formed using the first to fourth coating compositions according to the present invention, the coating film does not undergo or can reduce unfavorable phenomena such as a lowering in strength of the coating film or a yellowing phenomenon caused by a deterioration in the binder component derived from the photocatalytic activity. Since the first to fourth coating compositions according to the present invention contain a dispersant, the titanium dioxide fine particles can be homogeneously dispersed in the coating liquid and the coating film formed using the coating liquid. Further, the long-term dispersion stability is also excellent. Accordingly, the pot life of the coating liquid is long, the coatability is also excellent, and, even after storage for a long period of time, a large-area even-thickness transparent thin film having a small haze value can easily be formed. The second coating composition according to the present invention is advantageous in that, in addition to the advantage of the first coating composition according to the present invention, by virtue of the coating of the cobalt-doped titanium dioxide fine particles, contained in the coating composition, with the anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound, the titanium dioxide fine particles can be more evenly dispersed in the coating composition and the coating film formed using the coating composition as compared with the titanium dioxide fine particles in the first coating composition and thus can further lower the haze value of the coating film. The third coating composition according to the present invention is advantageous in that, in addition to the advantage of the first coating composition according to the present invention, by virtue of the coating of the cobalt-doped titanium dioxide fine particles, contained in the coating composition, further with an inorganic compound having the property that can reduce or eliminate the photocatalytic activity, the titanium dioxide fine particles have lower photocatalytic activity than the titanium dioxide fine particles of the first coating composition. The fourth coating composition according to the present invention is advantageous in that, in addition to the advantage of the first coating composition according to the present invention, by virtue of the coating of the cobalt-doped titanium dioxide fine particles, contained in the coating composition, further with an inorganic compound having the property that can reduce or eliminate the photocatalytic activity and further with anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound, as compared with the titanium dioxide fine particles in the first coating composition, the photocatalytic activity is lower and the titanium dioxide fine particles can be more evenly dispersed in the coating composition and the coating film formed using the coating composition and thus can further lower the haze value of the coating film. In the coating film according to the present invention, the refractive index can be regulated by regulating the mixing amount of the titanium dioxide fine particles. Accordingly, the coating film is suitable for utilization as one or at least two light-transparent layers constituting the antireflective film. In the first and second coating compositions according to the present invention, the titanium dioxide fine particles generally belong to high-refractive index fine particles. Accordingly, the coating films formed using the first and second coating compositions according to the present invention can be a medium-refractive index or high-refractive index coating film by varying the mixing amount of the titanium dioxide fine particles. According to the present invention, when a coating film having a thickness (after curing) of 0.05 to 10 μm is formed, the refractive index can be regulated in the range of 1.55 to 2.20 and the haze value of the coating film as measured integrally with a base material according to JIS K 7361-1 can be brought to a value that is not different from or is different by not more than 1% from the haze value of said base material per se. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a typical cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of a liquid crystal display device having a display surface covered with a multilayered antireflective film comprising the coating film according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a polarizing film applied to the outer surface of a glass substrate on a display surface side in the liquid crystal display device shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of an antireflective film comprising the coating film according to the present invention. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a spectral curve of a antireflective film prepared in Example 5. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a spectral curve of a antireflective film prepared in Comparative Example 3. DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE CHARACTERS 1 glass substrate on display surface side 2 pixel part 3 black matrix layer 4 color filter 5, 7 transparent electrode layer 6 glass substrate on backside 8 seal material 9 aligning film 10 polarizing film 11 backlight unit 12 polarizing element 13, 14 protective film 15 adhesive layer 16 hardcoat layer 17 multilayered antireflective film 18 medium-refractive index layer 19, 22 high-refractive index layer 20, 23 low-refractive index layer 21 base material film 101 liquid crystal display device 102 antireflective film BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The present invention will be described in more detail. Titanium Dioxide Fine Particles The titanium dioxide fine particles used in the coating composition according to the present invention have a high refractive index and are colorless or are not substantially colored and thus are suitable as a component for regulating the refractive index. Forms of titanium oxide are classified into rutile form, anatase form, and amorphous form. Among them, the rutile form is preferred because of its higher refractive index than the anatase form and amorphous form of titanium oxide. Since the coating composition according to the present invention contains the high-refractive index titanium dioxide fine particles, the refractive index of the coating film formed by using the coating composition can easily be regulated in a medium-refractive index to high-refractive index range by varying the addition amount of the high-refractive index titanium dioxide fine particles. The titanium dioxide fine particles used are the so-called ultrafine particles from the viewpoint of avoiding a lowering in the transparency of the coating film. The term “ultrafine particles” as used herein generally refer to submicron order particles that have a smaller particle diameter than particles having a particle diameter of a few micrometers to a few hundred micrometers generally called “fine particles.” Specifically, in the present invention, the titanium dioxide fine particles have a primary particle diameter of not less than 0.01 μm and not more than 0.1 μm, preferably not more than 0.03 μm. When the average particle diameter is less than 0.01 μm, the titanium dioxide fine particles cannot be evenly dispersed in the coating composition without difficulties and, in its turn, a coating film with the titanium dioxide fine particles evenly dispersed therein cannot be formed. On the other hand, when the average particle diameter is more than 0.1 μm, the transparency of the coating film is disadvantageously deteriorated. The primary particle diameter of the titanium dioxide fine particles may be visually measured, for example, under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or alternatively may be mechanically measured, for example, with a particle size distribution meter utilizing a dynamic light scattering method or a static light scattering method. When the primary particle diameter of the titanium dioxide fine particles is in the above-defined range, these titanium dioxide fine particles may be used in the present invention even when they are in a spherical, acicular or other form. Since the titanium dioxide fine particles have photocatalytic activity, the formation of a coating film using a coating composition, which merely contains the fine particles is disadvantageous in that, by photocatalytic action, the chemical bond between the binder resins constituting the coating film is broken resulting in lowered coating film strength, or the coating is yellowed resulting in lowered transparency of the coating film that is likely to cause an increase in haze value. In the first coating composition of the present invention, in order to remove this disadvantage, cobalt-doped titanium dioxide fine particles having the property that can capture free electrons and/or holes are used, and, further, titanium dioxide fine particles subjected to surface treatment with a zinc chelate compound capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes are used. Accordingly, the photocatalytic activity of the titanium dioxide fine particles is in a reduced or eliminated state. In the second coating composition of the present invention, in order to remove this disadvantage, titanium dioxide fine particles produced by providing titanium dioxide fine particles, which have been doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, surface treating the titanium dioxide fine particles with an organometal compound of zinc capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, and further coating the surface treated titanium dioxide fine particles with anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound are used. In the second coating composition according to the present invention, the photocatalytic activity of the titanium dioxide fine particles has been reduced or eliminated, and, further, the titanium dioxide fine particles have been coated with anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound. Accordingly, titanium dioxide fine particles can be efficiently dispersed in the coating composition. In the third coating composition of the present invention, in order to remove the above disadvantage, titanium dioxide fine particles produced by coating titanium dioxide fine particles, which have been doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with an inorganic compound capable of reducing or eliminating photocatalytic activity, and further surface treating the coated titanium dioxide fine particles with an organometal compound of zinc capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes are used. Accordingly, the treated titanium dioxide fine particles have lower photocatalytic activity than the titanium dioxide fine particles in the first coating composition according to the present invention. In the fourth coating composition of the present invention, in order to remove the above disadvantage, titanium dioxide fine particles produced by coating titanium dioxide fine particles, which have been doped with cobalt capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, with an inorganic compound capable of reducing or eliminating photocatalytic activity, further surface treating the coated titanium dioxide fine particles with an organometal compound of zinc capable of capturing free electrons and/or holes, and further coating the surface treated titanium dioxide fine particles with anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound are used. Accordingly, in the fourth coating composition according to the present invention, since the photocatalytic activity of the titanium dioxide fine particles has been reduced or eliminated, and, further, the titanium dioxide fine particles have been coated with anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound, the titanium dioxide fine particles can be efficiently dispersed in the coating composition. Further, in the first to fourth coating compositions according to the present invention, the titanium dioxide fine particles can be efficiently dispersed in the coating composition by incorporating an anionic polar group-containing dispersant in the coating composition. Process for Producing Cobalt-Doped Titanium Dioxide Fine Particles In the cobalt-doped titanium dioxide fine particles used in the present invention, cobalt exists in the form of CoO and/or CO2O3. In the production process of cobalt-doped titanium dioxide fine particles, a pigment can be prepared by mixing base components of a titanium source and a cobalt source together and firing the mixture at a temperature of 600 to 1100° C. In the present invention, hydrous titanium oxide ultrafine particles may be used as the titanium source. This is a fine titanium dioxide sol having a rutile-type crystal structure that is a sol of fine hydrous titanium oxide having a peak derived from a rutile-type crystal as measured by X-ray diffractometry and has an average crystal grain diameter of generally 50 to 120 angstroms. This sol can be prepared, for example, by neutralizing an aqueous titanium tetrachloride solution with aqueous ammonia to pH 7 to 8 to prepare colloidal amorphous hydrous titanium oxide which is then ripened, or by heat treating amorphous hydrous titanium oxide such as metatitanic acid or orthotitanic acid in an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and then heat treating the titanium oxide in a hydrochloric acid solution, or by heating an aqueous titanium sulfate solution or an aqueous titanium tetrachloride solution for hydrolysis. In the present invention, the fine titanium dioxide sol having the rutile-type crystal structure, either as such or after drying, may be pulverized to as small a size possible before use. Various cobalt sources may be used as the cobalt source as the base component, and examples thereof include cobalt(II) chloride, cobalt(III) chloride, cobalt(II) sulfate, cobalt(III) sulfate, and cobalt(II) carbonate. The raw materials of the titanium dioxide component and the cobalt component as the base component may be mixed together by various methods. For example, when powders are used as the raw materials, mere mixing of the powder suffices for contemplated results. On the other hand, when a compound solution of a base component of a cobalt source is used, for example, mixing may be carried out by adding the solution of the base component to ultrafine particles of hydrous titanium oxide, mixing them together and drying the mixture, or by adding the compound solution to a water dispersion slurry of ultrafine particles of hydrous titanium oxide, neutralizing the mixture with an acid or an alkali to precipitate each component on the surface of the hydrous titanium oxide. When a water dispersion of the cobalt source is used, mixing may be carried out by adding the water dispersion to a slurry of ultrafine particles of hydrous titanium oxide, mixing them together, and then filtering and washing the mixture. The mixing ratio between the ultrafine particles of hydrous titanium oxide and cobalt is that the amount of cobalt in the form of CoO or CO2O3 is 1 to 10 parts by weight, preferably 3 to 7 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of TiO2 in the ultrafine particles of hydrous titanium oxide. When the amount of cobalt is less than 1 part by weight, the effect of lightfastness cannot be attained. On the other hand, when the amount of cobalt is more than 10 parts by weight, problems occur including lowered refractive index, the difficulty of regulating the particle diameter, and the production of other compounds such as CoTiO3. The raw material mixture prepared by the above mixing is fired at 600 to 1100° C. The raw material mixture may be in the form of slurry, cake, or dry powder. Upon firing, the components undergo a solid phase reaction to give cobalt-doped titanium dioxide fine particles that may be used in the present invention. In the present invention, since ultrafine particles of hydrous titanium oxide are used as the titanium source, titanium dioxide fine particles having an average single particle diameter of 0.01 to 0.1 μm can easily be produced by pulverizing the fired product with a dry pulverizer such as a micronizer, a jet mill, a roller mill, a bantam mill, or a sample mill. The firing may be carried out by various methods, for example, by using a stationary furnace such as an electric furnace or a tunnel kiln, or an internal combustion or external combustion rotary kiln. Surface Treatment with Organometal Compound of Zinc In the first to fourth coating composition according to the present invention, the titanium dioxide fine particles are subjected to surface treatment with an organometal compound of zinc from the viewpoint of improving lightfastness. The zinc chelate compound used in the present invention is preferably one or at least two compounds selected from zinc acetyl acetonate Zn(CH3COCHCOCH3)2, zinc benzoate Zn(C6H5COO)2, zinc acetate Zn(CH3COO)2, and zinc 2-ethylhexylacetate Zn(CH3(CH2)3CH(C2H5)COO)2. The titanium dioxide fine particles subjected to surface treatment with the organometal compound of zinc have eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity. In order to surface treat the titanium dioxide fine particles with an organometal compound of zinc, a method may also be adopted in which an organometal compound of zinc dissolved in a proper solvent such as alcohol is added to titanium dioxide fine particles after pulverization, and the mixture is mixed so that the titanium dioxide fine particles are evenly coated with the solution. Alternatively, a wet method may also be adopted in which titanium dioxide is slurried. Regarding the surface treatment amount, 1 to 10 parts by weight, preferably 3 to 7 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of TiO2, of the zinc chelate compound is added. The addition of more than 10 parts by weight of the zinc chelate compound adversely affects the dispersibility, refractive index, and film strength. Coating Treatment with Inorganic Compound Having Property that can Reduce or Eliminate Photocatalytic Activity In the third and fourth coating compositions according to the present invention, the titanium dioxide fine particles are surface treated with the following inorganic compound from the viewpoint of further improving the lightfastness. One or at least two metal oxides selected from alumina, silica, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, and indium-doped tin oxide are usable as the inorganic compound having the property that can reduce or eliminate the photocatalytic activity. For the surface treatment with the inorganic compound, a method may be adopted which comprises adding a water soluble salt of at least one element selected from the group consisting of aluminum, silicon, zinc, zirconium, tin, indium, and antimony to a water dispersion liquid of the titanium dioxide fine particles and neutralizing the mixture with an acid or an alkali to precipitate a hydrous oxide on the surface of the titanium dioxide fine particles. The water soluble salt as a by-product is removed by decantation, filtration, and washing, followed by drying and pulverization. The surface treatment amount is 1 to 15 parts by weight, preferably 5 to 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of TiO2. When the surface treatment amount is not less than 15 parts by weight, the refractive index is lowered. Coating Treatment with Anionic Polar Group-Containing Organic Compound and/or Organometal Compound In the second and fourth coating compositions according to the present invention, in order to impart dispersibility in the preparation of ink, after the surface treatment with the organometal compound of zinc, further surface treatment is carried out with anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound. This surface treatment is carried out in the same manner as in the surface treatment with the organometal compound of zinc. If necessary, heat treatment may be carried out for chemical adsorption. Anionic polar group-containing organic compounds include organic carboxylic acids. Organic carboxylic acids containing an anionic polar group such as a carboxyl, phosphoric acid or hydroxyl group are used as the organic carboxylic acid. Examples thereof include stearic acid, lauric acid, oleic acid, linolic acid, linoleic acid, pentaerythritol triacrylate, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, EO(ethylene oxide)-modified phosphoric acid triacrylate, and ECH-modified glycerol triacrylate. Anionic polar group-containing organometal compounds usable herein include silane coupling agents and titanate coupling agents. Specific examples of silane coupling agents include 3-glycidoxy propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxy propylmethyldimethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)3-aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, and 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. Specific examples of titanate coupling agents usable herein include PLENACT KR-TTS, PLENACT KR-46B, PLENACT KR-55, PLENACT KR-41B, PLENACT KR-38S, PLENACT KR-138S, PLENACT KR-238S, PLENACT KR-338X, PLENACT KR-44, PLENACT KR-9SA, and PLENACT KR-ET (tradename) that are commercially available from Ajinomoto Co., Inc.; and metal alkoxides such as tetramethoxytitanium, tetraethoxytitanium, tetraisopropoxytitanium, tetra-n-propoxytitanium, tetra-n-butoxytitanium, and tetra-tert-butoxytitanium. These anionic polar group-containing organic compounds and/or organometal compound may be used either solely or a combination of two or more. In order to cover the titanium dioxide fine particles with anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound to impart hydrophobicity to the titanium dioxide fine particles, a method may be adopted which comprises dissolving anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound in an organic solvent, dispersing the above titanium dioxide fine particles doped with a metal having the property that can capture free electrons and/or holes, and fully evaporating the organic solvent to cover the titanium dioxide fine particles with the compound. In the second and fourth coating compositions, the titanium dioxide fine particles are covered with anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound. Accordingly, the titanium dioxide fine particles can be evenly dispersed in a coating liquid as well as in a coating film formed using the coating liquid, and, at the same time, has good coatability, whereby the haze value of the coating film is lowered and an even thin film having a large area can be formed. Binder Component The binder component in the coating composition according to the present invention is preferably curable with an ionizing radiation and is incorporated as an indispensable component into the coating composition according to the present invention from the viewpoint of imparting film forming properties or adhesion to the base material and the adjacent layer to the coating composition. The ionizing radiation curing binder component is present in an unpolymerized monomer or oligomer state in the coating composition. Accordingly, the coating composition has excellent coatability and can easily form an even large-area thin film. Further, satisfactory coating film strength can be provided by polymerizing and curing, after coating, the binder component in the coating film. The ionizing radiation curing binder component may be a functional group-containing monomer or oligomer that, upon exposure to an ionizing radiation such as ultraviolet light or electron beams, undergoes a polymerization reaction either directly or indirectly through the action of an initiator. In the present invention, a radical polymerizable monomer or oligomer having an ethylenical double bond may be mainly used. If necessary, a photoinitiator may be used in combination with the monomer or oligomer. However, other ionizing radiation curing binder components may also be used, and examples thereof include photocationically polymerizable monomers and oiligomers such as epoxy group-containing compounds. The photocationically polymerizable binder component may if necessary be used in combination with a photocation polymerization initiator. The monomer or oligomer as the binder component is preferably a polyfunctional binder component containing two or more polymerizable functional groups so that crosslinking occurs between molecules of the binder component. Specific examples of ethylenical double bond-containing radical polymerizable monomers and oligomers include monofunctional (meth)acrylates such as 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxybutyl acrylate, 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl acrylate, carboxypolycaprolactone acrylate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and acrylamide; pentaerythritol triacrylate; diacrylates such as ethylene glycol diacrylate and pentaerythritol diacrylate monostearate; tri(meth)acrylates such as trimethylolpropane triacrylate and pentaerythritol triacrylate; polyfunctional (meth)acrylates such as pentaerythritol tetraacrylate derivatives and dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate; or oligomers produced by polymerizing these radical polymerizable monomers. The term “(meth)acrylate” as used herein means acrylate and/or methacrylate. Among the ionizing radiation curing binder components, binder components with a hydroxyl group remaining in the molecule thereof are preferably used. Since the hydroxyl group is also an anionic polar group, the binder component has high affinity for titanium dioxide fine particles and can function as a dispersion assistant. Accordingly, the use of this binder component can improve the dispersibility of the titanium dioxide fine particles in the coating composition and the coating film and further can advantageously reduce the amount of the dispersant used. Since the dispersant does not function as a binder, the coating film strength can be improved by reducing the mixing ratio of the dispersant. Further, the hydroxyl group contained in the binder can improve the adhesion to an adjacent layer such as a hardcoat layer or a low-refractive index layer by a hydrogen bond. For example, the formation of a medium- to high-refractive index layer using a coating composition with a hydroxyl group-containing binder component incorporated thereinto can realize excellent adhesion, for example, to a hardcoat layer or a low-refractive index layer formed using a coating liquid by the so-called “wet method,” as well as to a low-refractive index layer formed by the so-called “dry method” such as vapor deposition. Specific examples of binder components with a hydroxyl group remaining in the molecule thereof include those in which a pentaerythritol polyfunctional (meth)acrylate or a dipentaerythritol polyfunctional (meth)acrylate is a skeleton of the binder resin and a hydroxyl group remains in the molecule. In the binder component, two or more molecules of (meth)acrylic acid are bonded through an ester bond to one molecule of pentaerythritol or dipentaerythritol. In this case, a part of the hydroxyl group originally present in the molecule of pentaerythritol or dipentaerythritol remains unesterified. Examples thereof include pentaerythritol triacrylate. Pentaerythritol polyfunctional acrylate and dipentaerythritol polyfunctional acrylate contain two or more ethylenical double bonds in one molecule. Accordingly, a crosslinking reaction occurs during polymerization, and, thus, high coating film strength can be realized. Dispersant The dispersant can evenly disperse titanium dioxide fine particles in the coating composition (coating liquid) according to the present invention, can realize even dispersion of the titanium dioxide fine particles in the coating film formed using the coating liquid, can prolonge the pot life of the coating liquid, and can realize the formation of a transparent film having a low haze value. Preferably, the dispersant contains an anionic polar group. The anionic polar group-containing dispersant has high affinity for titanium dioxide fine particles and is added to impart dispersibility to titanium dioxide fine particles in the coating composition according to the present invention. Further, the anionic polar group-containing dispersant can improve adhesion to other layer, for example, an adjacent layer such as a hardcoat layer or a low-refractive index layer, by a hydrogen bond. Anionic Polar Groups Include, for Example, Carboxyl, Phosphoric Acid, and Hydroxyl Groups. Specific examples of anionic polar group-containing dispersants include a group of products supplied from BYK-Chemie Japan K.K. under the tradename of Disperbyk, for example, Disperbyk-111, Disperbyk-110, Disperbyk-116, Disperbyk-140, Disperbyk-161, Disperbyk-162, Disperbyk-163, Disperbyk-164, Disperbyk-170, Disperbyk-171, Disperbyk-174, Disperbyk-180, and Disperbyk-182. Among them, compounds, which have a molecular structure comprising the side chain of an anionic polar group or the side chain containing an anionic polar group attached to a main chain having an ethylene oxide chain skeleton and have a number average molecular weight of 2,000 to 20,000, are preferred because particularly good dispersibility can be provided. The number average molecular weight may be measured by GPC (gel permeation chromatography). Among the above-described Disperbyk series, Disperbyk 163 (Disperbyk-163) may be mentioned as satisfying the above requirement. The mixing ratio of the dispersant may be 2 to 4 parts by weight based on 10 parts by weight of the titanium dioxide fine particles. The mixing ratio of the binder component may be 4 to 20 parts by weight. Organic Solvent The organic solvent for dissolving and dispersing the solid component in the coating composition according to the present invention is not particularly limited, and various solvents may be used. Examples thereof include alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol, methanol, and ethanol; ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and cyclohexanone; esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate; halogenated hydrocarbons; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene; or mixtures thereof. When the coating composition according to the present invention is prepared using a ketone solvent, the coating composition can easily be coated onto the base material surface thinly and evenly. At the same time, the evaporation rate of the solvent after coating is proper, and, thus, uneven drying is less likely to occur. Accordingly, an evenly thin large-area coating film can advantageously be easily formed. A single solvent composed of one ketone, a mixed solvent composed of two or more ketones, and a solvent, containing one or at least two ketones and additionally other solvent(s), which does not lose properties as the ketone solvent may be used as the ketone solvent. A ketone solvent, in which not less than 70% by weight, particularly not less than 80% by weight, of the solvent is accounted for by one or at least two ketones, is preferred. A coating composition, which is excellent particularly in coatability, can be provided by using a ketone solvent as an organic solvent and covering the surface of the titanium dioxide fine particles with the above organic compound and/or organometal compound, and this coating composition can easily form an even large-area thin film. Also in this case, the use of the ethylene oxide-type dispersant described above as an anionic polar group-containing dispersant, that is, the use of a compound having a molecular structure comprising a main chain having an ethylene oxide chain skeleton and a side chain of an anionic polar group or an anionic polar group-containing side chain attached to the main chain and having a number average molecular weight of 2,000 to 20,000, is more preferred. The mixing ratio of the organic solvent is preferably such that, when the total amount of the solid matter and the organic solvent in the coating composition according to the present invention is 100 parts by weight, the mixing ratio of the organic solvent is 50 to 99.5 parts by weight based on 0.5 to 50 parts by weight of the total solid content of the coating composition according to the present invention. When the amount of the organic solvent used is in this amount range, a coating composition, which is excellent particularly in dispersion stability and is suitable for long-term storage, can be provided. Photoinitiator When an ionizing radiation curing resin is used in the binder component, a photoinitiator is preferably added to the binder to induce radical polymerization. Photoinitiators include, for example, acetophenones, benzophenones, ketals, anthraquinones, disulfide compounds, thiuram compounds, and fluoroamine compounds. More specific examples thereof include 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropan-1-one, benzyl dimethyl ketone, 1-(4-dodecylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one, 1-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one, and benzophenone. Among them, 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone and 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropan-1-one is preferred in the present invention, because they, even when used in a small amount, can function to accelerate the initiation of the polymerization reaction upon exposure to an ionizing radiation. Any one of them may be used solely, or alternatively the two compounds may be used in combination. The above compounds are commercially available. For example, 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone is available as Irgacure-184 (tradename: Ciba Specialty Chemicals, K.K.). Other Components The coating composition according to the present invention may if necessary contain, in addition to the above indispensable components, a polymerization initiator for the ionizing radiation curing binder component and other components. For example, if necessary, ultraviolet shielding agents, ultraviolet absorbers, and surface conditioning agents (leveling agents) may be used. Mixing Ratio of Components The mixing ratio of the components can be properly regulated. In general, however, 4 to 20 parts by weight of the binder component and 2 to 4 parts by weight of the anionic polar group-containing dispersant are incorporated based on 10 parts by weight of the titanium dioxide fine particles. In particular, when a compound in which a hydroxyl group remains in the molecule is used as the binder component, the binder component functions as a dispersion aid. Accordingly, the amount of the anionic polar group-containing dispersant used can be significantly reduced. The amount of the anionic polar group-containing dispersant used can be reduced to 2 to 4 parts by weight. Since the dispersant does not function as the binder, the coating film strength can be improved by reducing the mixing ratio of the dispersant. In incorporating the photoinitiator into the coating composition according to the present invention, the photoinitiator is generally incorporated in an amount of 3 to 8 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the binder component. The amount of the organic solvent is properly regulated so that the components can be homogeneously dissolved and dispersed, aggregation does not occur during storage after the preparation, and the concentration in the coating is not excessively low. In this case, a method is preferably adopted in which the amount of the solvent used is reduced in such an amount range that can satisfy this requirement to prepare a high-concentration coating composition for storing the coating composition in such a state that requires no significant volume, and, in use, a necessary amount of the high-concentration coating composition is taken out and is diluted to a concentration suitable for coating. The mixing ratio of the organic solvent is preferably such that, when the total amount of the solid matter and the organic solvent in the coating composition according to the present invention is 100 parts by weight, the organic solvent is incorporated in an amount of 50 to 99.5 parts by weight based on 0.5 to 50 parts by weight of the total solid content of the coating composition according to the present invention. More preferably, the organic solvent is used in an amount of 70 to 90 parts by weight based on 10 to 30 parts by weight of the total solid content of the coating composition according to the present invention. When the amount of the solvent is in the above-defined range, a coating composition, which has excellent dispersion stability and is suitable for long-term storage, can be provided. Preparation of Coating Composition In preparing the coating composition according to the present invention using the above components, dispersion treatment may be carried out by a conventional method for preparing a coating liquid. For example, the coating composition can be prepared by mixing the indispensable component and the desired components in any desired order, introducing media such as beads into the mixture, and subjecting the mixture to proper dispersion treatment, for example, in a paint shaker or a bead mill. Object to be Coated The base material to be coated with the coating composition according to the present invention is not particularly limited. preferred base materials include, for example, glass plates, or films formed of various resins, for example, cellulose triacetate (TAC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), diacetyl cellulose, cellulose acetate butylate, polyethersulfone, or acrylic resin; polyurethane resin; polyester; polycarbonate; polysulfone; polyether; trimethylpentene; polyether ketone; or (meth)acrylonitrile. The thickness of the base material is generally about 25 μm to 1000 μm. Method for Coating Film Formation The coating composition according to the present invention can be coated onto the base material by various methods such as spin coating, dip coating, spraying, slide coating, bar coating, roll coating, meniscus coating, flexographic printing, screen printing, or bead coating. A coating film is formed by coating the coating composition according to the present invention onto a surface of an object such as a base material at a desired coverage, then generally heat drying the coating by heating means such as an oven, and then exposing the dried coating to an ionizing radiation such as ultraviolet light or electron beams to cure the coating. Features of Coating Composition In the first to fourth coating compositions according to the present invention, the titanium dioxide fine particles having photocatalytic activity have been doped with cobalt. By virtue of the property of cobalt that can capture free electrons and/or holes, the photocatalytic activity of the titanium dioxide fine particles is eliminated or reduced. Further, since the surface of the titanium dioxide fine particles has been treated with a zinc chelate compound, the photocatalytic activity of the titanium dioxide fine particles is eliminated or reduced by the property of the organometal compound of zinc that can capture free electrons and/or holes. Accordingly, when a coating film is formed using the first to fourth coating compositions according to the present invention, the coating film does not undergo or can reduce unfavorable phenomena such as a lowering in strength of the coating film or a yellowing phenomenon caused by a deterioration in the binder component derived from the photocatalytic activity. Since the first to fourth coating compositions according to the present invention contain a dispersant, the titanium dioxide fine particles can be homogeneously dispersed in the coating liquid and the coating film formed using the coating liquid. Further, the long-term dispersion stability is also excellent. Accordingly, the pot life of the coating liquid is long, the coatability is also excellent, and, even after storage for a long period of time, a large-area even-thickness transparent thin film having a small haze value can easily be formed. Further, in the second and fourth coating compositions according to the present invention, the titanium dioxide fine particles are covered with anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound before the surface treatment with an organometal compound of zinc. Accordingly, the second and fourth coating compositions according to the present invention is advantageous in that, in addition to the above advantage, the titanium dioxide fine particles can be more evenly dispersed in the coating composition and the coating film formed using the coating composition as compared with the titanium dioxide fine particles in the first coating composition and thus can further lower the haze value of the coating film. In the third and fourth coating compositions according to the present invention, titanium dioxide fine particles doped with cobalt having the property that can capture free electrons and/or holes are coated with an inorganic compound capable of reducing or eliminating the photocatalytic activity. Accordingly, the third and fourth compositions are advantageous in that, in addition to the above advantage, the coating compositions can form coating films having further improved lightfastness as compared with the coating film formed using the first coating composition according to the present invention. Features of Coating Film In the first coating composition according to the present invention, titanium dioxide fine particles with eliminated or reduced photocatalytic activity produced by surface treating titanium dioxide fine particles, doped with cobalt having the property that can capture free electrons and/or holes, with an organometal compound of zinc having the property that can capture free electrons and/or holes have been dispersed with the aid of an dispersant. By virtue of this constitution, the titanium dioxide fine particles are evenly dispersed in the first coating film according to the present invention formed using the coating composition, and, thus, an increase in haze value of the coating film can be suppressed. The second coating film according to the present invention formed using the second coating composition according to the present invention uses titanium dioxide fine particles produced by surface treating titanium dioxide fine particles with an organometal compound of zinc and then further covering the surface treated titanium dioxide fine particles with anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound. By virtue of this constitution, the second coating film according to the present invention is advantageous in that, in addition to the above advantage of the first coating film, the titanium dioxide fine particles are more evenly dispersed in the coating film as compared with the first coating film. Accordingly, the second coating film according to the present invention has a further lowered haze value. The third coating film according to the present invention formed using the third coating composition according to the present invention uses titanium dioxide fine particles produced by coating titanium dioxide fine particles with an inorganic compound capable of reducing or eliminating the photocatalytic activity before surface treatment with an organometal compound of zinc. By virtue of this constitution, the third coating film according to the present invention is advantageous in that, in addition to the advantage of the first coating film, the lightfastness of the third coating film according to the present invention is further improved due to the reduced or eliminated photocatalytic activity of the titanium dioxide fine particles. The fourth coating film according to the present invention formed using the fourth coating composition according to the present invention uses titanium dioxide fine particles produced by coating titanium dioxide fine particles with an inorganic compound capable of reducing or eliminating the photocatalytic activity before surface treatment with an organometal compound of zinc and, after the surface treatment of the titanium dioxide fine particles with the organometal compound of zinc, further covering the surface treated titanium dioxide fine particles with anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound. By virtue of this constitution, the fourth coating film according to the present invention is advantageous in that, in addition to the advantage of the first coating film, the titanium dioxide fine particles are more evenly dispersed in the coating film as compared with the first coating film and, thus, the haze value of the coating film is lower, and, further, the fourth coating film has further improved lightfastness due to the reduced or eliminated photocatalytic activity of the titanium dioxide fine particles. The coating film according to the present invention can be suitably utilized as one or at least two layers for constituting an antireflective film and is suitable for the formation of a medium- to high-refractive index layer. The coating film according to the present invention can be used for the formation of at least one layer in a multilayered antireflective film formed of a laminate of two or more layers which are transparent to light and are different from each other in refractive index (light transparent layers). In the present specification, a layer having the highest refractive index in the layers constituting the multilayered antireflective film is referred to as “high-refractive index layer,” a layer having the lowest refractive index layer is referred to as “low-refractive index layer,” and other layer having a medium refractive index is referred to as “medium-refractive index layer.” According to the present invention, when a coating film having a thickness, after curing, of 0.05 to 10 μm and a refractive index of 1.55 to 2.20 is formed, the haze value of the coating film as measured integrally with a base material according to JIS K 7361 can be brought to a value not different from or a value different by not more than 1% from the haze value of the base material per se. When the balance between the refractive index of the covering surface per se and the refractive index of the coating film according to the present invention is good, an antireflective effect can be attained even by providing only one layer of the coating film according to the present invention on a surface to be covered with an antireflective film, for example, on a display surface of an image display device. Accordingly, the coating film according to the present invention sometimes effectively functions also as a single-layered antireflective film. The coating film according to the present invention is particularly suitable for the formation of at least one layer, particularly a medium- to high-refractive index layer, in a multilayered antireflective film for covering the display surface of image display devices, for example, liquid crystal display devices (LCDs), cathode-ray tube display devices (CRTs), plasma display panels (PDPs), and electroluminescent displays (ELDs). Examples of Applications of Coating Film FIG. 1 is a typical cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a liquid crystal display device 101 having a display surface covered with a multilayered antireflective film comprising the coating film according to the present invention as a light-transparent layer. The liquid crystal display device 101 has been prepared by providing a color filter 4, comprising a RGB pixel part 2 (2R, 2G, 2B) and a black matrix layer 3 provided on one side of a display surface-side glass substrate 1, providing a transparent electrode layer 5 on the pixel part 2 in the color filter 4, providing a transparent electrode layer 7 on one side of a back surface-side glass substrate 6, disposing the back surface-side glass substrate 6 and the color filter 4 opposite to each other so that the transparent electrode layers 5, 7 face each other while providing a predetermined gap between the transparent electrode layers 5, 7, bonding the periphery with a sealing material 8, filling a liquid crystal L into the gap, forming an aligning film 9 on the outer surface of the back surface-side glass substrate 6, applying a polarizing film 10 on the outer surface of the display surface-side glass substrate 1, and disposing a backlight unit 11 behind the aligning film 9. FIG. 2 is a typical cross-sectional view of the polarizing film 10 applied to the outer surface of the display surface-side glass substrate 1. The display surface-side polarizing film 10 has been produced by covering both sides of a polarizing element 12 formed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or the like respectively with protective films 13, 14 formed of triacetylcellulose (TAC) or the like, providing an adhesive layer 15 on the protective film on the back surface side of the assembly, and providing a hardcoat layer 16 and a multilayered antireflective film 17 in that order on the viewing side of the assembly. The assembly is applied through the adhesive layer 15 onto a display surface-side glass substrate 1. In order to reduce dazzling by diffusing light emitted from the inside of the liquid crystal display device 101, the hardcoat layer 16 may be constructed so as to serve also as an anti-dazzling layer (an anti-glare layer). In this case, the surface of the hardcoat layer 16 may be formed in a concave convex shape. Alternatively, an inorganic or organic filler is dispersed into the hardcoat layer 16 to scatter light within the hardcoat layer 16. The multilayered antireflective film 17 part has a three-layer structure comprising a medium-refractive index layer 18, a high-refractive index layer 19, and a low-refractive index layer 20 stacked in that order from the backlight unit 11 side toward the viewing side. The multilayered antireflective film 17 may have a two-layer structure comprising a high-refractive index layer 19 and a low-refractive index layer 20 stacked in that order. When the surface of the hardcoat layer 16 is formed in a concave convex shape, the multilayered antireflective film 17 provided on the hardcoat layer 16 also generally has a concave convex shape as shown in FIG. 2. The low-refractive index layer 20 may be formed, for example, by using a coating film having a refractive index of not more than 1.46 formed using a coating liquid containing an inorganic material such as silica or magnesium fluoride or a fluororesin. The medium-refractive index layer 18 and the high-refractive index layer 19 may be formed by coating the coating composition according to the present invention. A light-transparent layer having a refractive index in the range of 1.46 to 1.80 is used as the medium-refractive index layer 18, and a light-transparent layer having a refractive index of not less than 1.65 is used as the high-refractive index layer 19. Since the reflectance of light applied from an external light source is reduced by the action of the multilayered antireflective film 17, the reflected glare of scenery or fluorescent lamps is reduced and, thus, the visibility of the display can be improved. Further, the hardcoat layer 16 can be constructed so as to serve also as an anti-dazzling layer. In this case, since straight light from the inside of the assembly and external light are scattered, reflection-derived dazzling is reduced and, consequently, the visibility of the display can be further improved. In the case of the liquid crystal display device 101, the following construction may be adopted. The coating composition according to the present invention is coated onto a laminate of a polarizing element 12 and protective films 13, 14 to form a medium-refractive index layer 18 having a refractive index regulated in the range of 1.46 to 1.80 and a high-refractive index layer 19 regulated to not less than 1.65. A low-refractive index layer 20 is further provided. The polarizing film 10 comprising the multilayered antireflective film 17 can be applied through the adhesive layer 15 onto the display surface-side glass substrate 1. On the other hand, in the case of CRT, since any polarizing film 10 is not applied onto the display surface of CRT, the antireflective film should be directly provided. Coating the coating composition according to the present invention onto the display surface of CRT is troublesome work. In this case, since an antireflective film is formed by preparing an antireflective film comprising the coating film according to the present invention and applying the antireflective film onto the display surface, there is no need to coat the coating composition according to the present invention onto the display surface. An antireflective film may be prepared by stacking two or more light-transparent layers, which are transparent to light and are different from each other in refractive index, onto one side or both sides of a light-transparent base material film, in which at least one of the light-transparent layers is formed of the coating film according to the present invention. The base material film and the light-transparent layer should have light transmittance high enough to be usable as a material for the antireflective film and are preferably as transparent as possible. FIG. 3 is a typical cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an antireflective film 102 comprising the coating film according to the present invention. The antireflective film 102 is formed by coating the coating composition according to the present invention onto one side of a light-transparent base material film 21 to form a high-refractive index layer 22 and further providing a low-refractive index layer 23 on the high-refractive index layer 22. In this embodiment, only two layers, that is, the high-refractive index layer 22 and the low-refractive index layer 23, are provided as the light-transparent layers different from each other in refractive index. Alternatively, three or more light-transparent layers may be provided. In this case, not only the high-refractive index layer 22 but also the medium-refractive index layer may be formed by coating the coating composition according to the present invention. EXAMPLE 1 (1) Preparation of Titanium Dioxide Fine Particles An aqueous titanium tetrachloride solution (500 ml) having a concentration of 200 g/liter as TiO2 and an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution having a concentration of 100 g/liter as Na2O were added parallelly into water so that the pH value of the system was maintained at 5 to 9, followed by ripening for a predetermined period of time. The hydrous titanium dioxide precipitate of ultrafine particles thus obtained was filtered and washed and was again dispersed in water to prepare a hydrous titanium dioxide slurry having a concentration of 100 g/liter as TiO2. An aqueous cobalt sulfate solution (25 ml) having a concentration of 200 g/liter CoO (prepared by dissolving CoSO4 in a 20% sulfuric acid solution) was added to the slurry, and the mixture was adjusted to pH 7 by the addition of 20% aqueous ammonia solution to produce a precipitate of the cobalt component. The hydrous titanium dioxide slurry thus treated was thoroughly stirred in a homomixer, was fired at 800° C. for 5 hr in an electric oven, was allowed to cool, and was subjected to dry grinding to prepare titanium dioxide fine particles doped with 5% of CoO. The CoO-doped titanium dioxide fine particles prepared in the above step were dispersed in water to prepare a slurry having a solid content of 100 g/liter, were subjected to wet grinding, and were then heated to 70° C. An aqueous sodium aluminate solution in an amount of 8% by weight as Al2O3 based on the solid content of the slurry and sulfuric acid were added parallelly thereto so that the pH value of the system was maintained at 7 to 10, whereby hydrous aluminum oxide was precipitated on and covered the surface of the titanium dioxide fine particles. Thereafter, the particles were filtered, were washed, were dried, and were then subjected to dry grinding to prepare hydrous aluminum oxide-coated titanium dioxide fine particles. Zinc acetyl acetonate dissolved in a methanol solution was added in an amount of 3% by weight based on the solid content of the hydrous aluminum oxide-coated titanium dioxide fine particles prepared in the above step, followed by mixing in a homomixer for homogeneous surface treatment to prepare titanium dioxide fine particles subjected to surface treatment with zinc acetyl acetonate. In order to further impart dispersibility to titanium dioxide fine particles subjected to surface treatment with zinc acetyl acetonate prepared in the above step, 3% by weight of stearic acid dissolved in a hexane solution was added, followed by mixing for homogenous surface treatment in a homomixer. The mixture was heat treated at 100° C. for a reaction. The reaction product was titanium dioxide fine particles of a rutile-type crystal which had an average single particle diameter (as measured by electron microscopy) of 30 to 40 nm and had a water repellent surface. (2) Preparation of Coating Composition for High-Refractive Index Layer Formation Rutile-type titanium dioxide fine particles prepared in step (1) as titanium dioxide fine particles, pentaerythritol triacrylate (PET30: tradename, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.) as an ionizing radiation curing binder component, a block copolymer, having affinity for a pigment, as a dispersant having anionic polar group (Disperbyk 163: tradename, manufactured by BYK-Chemie Japan KK), and methyl isobutyl ketone as an organic solvent were placed in a mayonnaise bottle and were stirred in a paint shaker using zirconia beads as a medium (0.3 mmφ) in an amount of about 4 times that of the mixture for 10 hr. After stirring, 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone (Irgacure 184: tradename, manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals, K.K.) as a photoinitiator was added at the following mixing ratio to prepare a coating composition for high-refractive index layer formation of Example 1. (Formulation) High-Refractive Index Material (TiO2): Titania fine particles prepared in the 10 parts by weight above (1) Dispersant: Disperbyk 163 (tradename, 2 parts by weight manufactured by BYK-Chemie Japan KK) Photocuring resin: PET30 (tradename, 4 parts by weight manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.) Photoinitiator: IRGACURE 184 (tradename, 0.2 part by weight manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals, K.K.) Solvent: Methyl isobutyl ketone 37.3 parts by weight (manufactured by Junsei Chemical Corporation) (3) Preparation of Coating Composition for Hardcoat Layer Formation A coating composition for hardcoat layer formation was prepared by mixing the following components according to the following formulation. Pentaerythritol triacrylate 50 parts by weight (PETA: tradename, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.) photoinitiator: 2.5 parts by weight IRGACURE 184 (tradename, manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals, K.K.) Solvent: methyl isobutyl ketone 47.5 parts by weight (manufactured by Junsei Chemical Corporation) (4) Formation of Coating Film A coating composition for hardcoat layer formation, prepared in step (3), immediately after the preparation was coated by a bar coater #10 onto an 80 μm-thick surface-untreated TAC film base material (FT-T80UZ: tradename, manufactured by Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.), and the coating was heat dried at 60° C. for one min. The dried coating was cured using as a light source an H bulb of an UV irradiation device (manufactured by Fusion UV Systems Japan K.K.) at an exposure of 100 mJ/cm2 to form a transparent film having a thickness (after curing) of about 5 μm. Thereafter, the coating composition for high-refractive index layer formation prepared in step (2) was coated by a bar coater #2, and the coating was heat dried at 60° C. for one min. The dried coating was cured using as a light source an H bulb of an UV irradiation device at an exposure of 100 mJ/cm2 to form a transparent film having a thickness (after curing) of about 60 nm. For the transparent film having a thickness (after curing) of about 60 nm, the haze value and the refractive index were measured. The haze value was measured with a tubidimeter NDH2000 (tradename, manufactured by Nippon Denshoku Co., Ltd.). Further, the refractive index of the coating film after curing was measured with a spectroscopic ellipsometer (UVSEL: tradename, manufactured by JOBIN YVON) at a helium laser beam wavelength of 633 nm. As a result, the haze value of the transparent film was substantially equal to that of the base material, that is, 0.3, and the refractive index was good and 1.90. The coating film thus obtained was subjected to a lightfastness test with a sunshine weather-o-meter. The surface of coating films which had been elapsed to rains of 63° C. for 50, 100, 150, and 200 hr, were rubbed with a steel wool of #0000 20 times under a load of 200 g to evaluate steel wool resistance. The results are shown in Table 1 below. Table 1 shows that, when a titanium dioxide coating film which has been subjected to Co doping and further treatment with a zinc coupling agent was used, even after the elapse of 200 hr, the steel wool resistance equal to that at the initial stage can be maintained. EXAMPLE 2 A coating composition of Example 2 was prepared in quite the same manner as in Example 1, except that, in the preparation of titanium dioxide fine particles, the coating treatment with the inorganic compound, that is, the coating treatment of titanium dioxide with hydrous aluminum oxide, was not carried out. Next, a coating film having a refractive index of 2.00 and a haze value of 0.3 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1. The coating film thus formed was subjected to a lightfastness test in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1. Table 1 shows that, even after the elapse of 200 hr, the steel wool resistance equal to that of the initial stage could be maintained. EXAMPLE 3 A coating composition of Example 3 was prepared in quite the same manner as in Example 1, except that the coating treatment with the anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organic metal compound, that is, the coating treatment with stearic acid, was not carried out. Next, a coating film having a refractive index of 1.90 and a haze value of 0.50 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1. The coating film thus formed was subjected to a lightfastness test in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1. Table 1 shows that, even after the elapse of 200 hr, the steel wool resistance equal to that of the initial stage could be maintained. EXAMPLE 4 A coating composition of Example 4 was prepared in quite the same manner as in Example 1, except that, in the preparation of titanium dioxide fine particles, the coating treatment with the inorganic compound, that is, the coating treatment of titanium dioxide with hydrous aluminum oxide, was not carried out and, further, the coating treatment with the anionic polar group-containing organic compound and/or organometal compound, that is, the coating treatment with stearic acid, was not carried out. Next, a coating film having a refractive index of 2.00 and a haze value of 0.50 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1. The coating film thus formed was subjected to a lightfastness test in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1. Table 1 shows that, even after the elapse of 200 hr, the steel wool resistance equal to that of the initial stage could be maintained. EXAMPLE 5 A coating composition for medium-refractive index layer formation having a refractive index of 1.76 of Example 5 was prepared by adding 2.5 parts by weight of dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate (SR399E: tradename, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.) to 10 parts by weight of a titanium dioxide dispersion liquid having a refractive index of 1.90 prepared in Example 1. After coating of the coating composition for hardcoat formation described in Example 1 onto a TAC film base material, the coating composition for medium-refractive index layer formation having a refractive index of 1.76 was coated in the same manner as in the high-refractive index layer formation of Example 1 to form a transparent film having a thickness (after curing) of 80 nm. Further, the coating composition for high-refractive index layer formation prepared in Example 1 was coated to a thickness (after curing) of about 60 nm. A low-refractive index layer having a refractive index of 1.4 formed of a silicon-containing polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer was coated onto the high-refractive index layer to a thickness of 90 nm, and the coating was exposed to UV at an exposure of 500 mJ/cm2 to cure the coating. A spectral curve of the antireflective film thus obtained is shown in FIG. 4. The initial spectral curve shows that low reflection is exhibited over a wide visible region. Further, a lightfastness test was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1. As a result, it was found that, even after the elapse of 200 hr. low reflection was maintained over a wide visible region although the spectral curve was somewhat shifted toward the lower wavelength side. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated to prepare a coating composition and to form a coating film having a refractive index of 2.00, except that, in order to ensure only the dispersibility of the surface of titanium dioxide, Co was not doped, the surface treatment with Al2O3 and zinc acetyl acetonate was not carried out, and rutile-type titanium oxide subjected to surface treatment with stearic acid was used. The coating film thus formed was subjected to a lightfastness test in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1. Table 1 shows that a deterioration occurred when 50 hr elapsed. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 (1) Preparation of Coating Composition A coating composition was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that rutile-type titanium oxide (tradename: MT-500HDM, manufactured by Tayca Corporation) having a titanium oxide content of 85 to 90%, subjected to surface treatment with Al2O3, ZrO3, and a silicone oil, having a primary particle diameter of 30 to 40 nm, having a specific surface area of 30 to 50 m2/g and having a water-repellent surface was provided as rutile-type titanium oxide. A coating film having a refractive index of 1.90 was formed using this coating composition. The coating film was subjected to a lightfastness test in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1. Table 1 shows that the coating film began to deteriorate when 100 hr elapsed; and, when 150 hr elapsed, the coating film was completely separated. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 A coating composition of Comparative Example 3 was prepared in quite the same manner as in Example 1, except that, in the preparation of the titanium dioxide fine particles, the treatment with a zinc coupling agent was not carried out. Next, a coating film having a refractive index of 1.90 and a haze value of 0.3 was formed in the same manner as in Example 1. The coating film thus obtained was subjected to a lightfastness test in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1. Table 1 shows that the coating film began to deteriorate when 150 hr elapsed; and, when 200 hr elapsed, a severe damage and separation were observed. [Table 1] TABLE 1 Lightfastness Sample Initial 50 h 100 h 150 h 200 h Comparative A A A C D Example 3 COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4 A coating composition for medium-refractive index layer formation having a refractive index of 1.76 was prepared by adding 2.5 parts by weight of dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate (SR399E: tradename, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.) to 10 parts by weight of a titanium dioxide dispersion liquid having a refractive index of 1.90 prepared in Comparative Example 2. After coating of the hardcoat component described in Example 1 onto a TAC base material, a medium-refractive index layer having a refractive index of 1.76 was coated in the same manner as in the high-refractive index layer formation of Example 1 to form a transparent film having a thickness (after curing) of 80 nm. Further, a high-refractive index layer having a refractive index of 1.90 formed in Comparative Example 2 was coated onto the medium-refractive index layer to a thickness (after curing) of about 60 nm. A low-refractive index layer having a refractive index of 1.40 formed of a silicon-containing polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer was coated onto the high-refractive index layer to a thickness of 90 nm, and the coating was exposed to UV at an exposure of 500 mJ/cm2 to cure the coating. A spectral curve for the antireflective film thus obtained is shown in FIG. 5. As can be seen from the initial spectral curve in FIG. 5, as with the coating film formed in Example 2, the film exhibited low reflection over a wide visual region. The results of a lightfastness test conducted in the same manner as in Example 1 show that, from after the elapse of 50 hr, simultaneously with a shift of the spectral curve toward the lower wavelength side, the reflectance toward the higher wavelength side is increased, a V-shaped reflectance curve is formed, and the low reflection over a wide visible region cannot be maintained. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention can provide a coating composition and a coating film formed using the coating composition. More specifically, the present invention can provide a coating composition having improved lightfastness that is suitable for the formation of a layer for constituting an antireflective film for covering the display surface of LCDs, CRTs and the like, particularly a medium- to high-refractive index layer, an antireflective film comprising a layer of a coating film formed using the coating composition, and an image display device onto which the antireflective film has been applied.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Low reflection of light from an external light source such as a fluorescent lamp is required of the display surface of image display devices such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs), cathode-ray tube display devices (CRTs) and the like from the viewpoint of enhancing the visibility. It has hitherto been known that covering the surface of a transparent object with a transparent film having a low refractive index reduces the reflectance. The visibility can be improved by providing an antireflective film utilizing this phenomenon on the display surface of an image display device. The layer construction of the antireflective film is provided by forming a high-refractive index layer or a medium-refractive index layer on a surface which should prevent reflection, and further forming a low-refractive index layer on the high-refractive index layer or the medium-refractive index layer. Methods for the formation of the high-refractive index layer or medium-refractive index layer in the antireflective film are generally classified roughly into gas phase methods and coating methods. Gas phase methods include physical methods such as vacuum deposition and sputtering and chemical methods such as CVD. Coating methods include roll coating, gravure coating, slide coating, spray coating, dip coating, and screen printing. The gas phase method can form thin-film high-refractive index layer and medium-refractive index layer having high function and high quality, but on the other hand, the gas phase method is disadvantageous in that close control of atmosphere in a high vacuum system is necessary and, at the same time, a special heating device or an ion generation accelerator is necessary and, consequently, a complicated and increased-size production apparatus is necessary, necessarily leading to increased production cost. Further, the formation of a large-area thin film as the high-refractive index layer and medium-refractive index layer or the formation of a thin film having even thickness on the surface of films or the like having a complicated shape is difficult. On the other hand, among the coating methods, the spray method is disadvantageous, for example, in that the utilization efficiency of the coating liquid is poor and the control of film formation conditions is difficult. Roll coating, gravure coating, slide coating, dip coating, screen printing and the like have good utilization efficiency of the film forming material and are advantageous in terms of mass production and equipment cost. In general, however, the high-refractive index layer and medium-refractive index layer formed by the coating method are disadvantageously inferior to those formed by the gas phase method in function and quality. A method comprising coating a coating liquid comprising high-refractive index fine particles of titanium oxide, tin oxide or the like dispersed in a solution of a binder of an organic material onto a substrate to from a coating film has recently been proposed as a coating method that can form thin-film high-refractive index layer and medium-refractive index layer having excellent quality. Patent document 1 describes that, in the formation of a coating film having a low refractive index, a coating composition containing rutile-type titanium oxide treated with an inorganic compound is excellent in dispersibility, dispersion stability, and evenness of coating and can easily form an even large-area thin film. The coating film formed using the coating composition described in patent document 1, however, had unsatisfactory lightfastness. Patent document 2 discloses that a coating composition containing a rutile-type titanium oxide treated with an inorganic compound is used for providing an antireflective film suitable for mass production. The coating film formed using the coating composition disclosed in patent document 2, however, had unsatisfactory lightfastness. Patent document 3 discloses that, in order to form an antireflective coating film having improved lightfastness, a metal oxide treated with a zinc chelate compound is incorporated in the coating composition. Even for the coating film formed using the coating composition disclosed in patent document 3, the lightfastness was still unsatisfactory. [Patent document 1] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 275430/2002 [Patent document 2] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 166104/2001 [Patent document 3] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 371236/2002

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a typical cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of a liquid crystal display device having a display surface covered with a multilayered antireflective film comprising the coating film according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a polarizing film applied to the outer surface of a glass substrate on a display surface side in the liquid crystal display device shown in FIG. 1 . FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of an antireflective film comprising the coating film according to the present invention. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a spectral curve of a antireflective film prepared in Example 5. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a spectral curve of a antireflective film prepared in Comparative Example 3. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20071114

20111220

20080807

93731.0

B32B516

FERGUSON, LAWRENCE D

COATING COMPOSITION, ITS COATING FILM, ANTIREFLECTION FILM, AND IMAGE DISPLAY DEVICE

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

B32B

ACCEPTED

Safety mechanism for a rifle

A bolt locking housing (16) on a gun, behind the chamber (4) thereof, for receiving abolt (6) including an extractor (10) having an extractor hook that grips a corresponding extractor groove (21) of a cartridge (2) within said chamber (4), characterized by said bolt locking housing (16) being asymmetrically machined internally, such that there is provided at least a first protrusion (18) that becomes co-aligned with and serves to support head of extractor (10), when bolt (6) is fully closed and lugs (7) thereon are interlocked into bolt locking housing (16), thereby preventing deformation of casing of said cartridge (2) after detonation.

1. A bolt locking housing on a gun, behind the chamber thereof, for receiving a bolt including an extractor having an extractor hook that grips a corresponding extractor groove of a cartridge within said chamber; characterized by said bolt locking housing being asymmetrically machined internally, such that there is provided at least a first protrusion that becomes co-aligned with and serves to support head of extractor, when bolt is fully closed and lugs thereon are interlocked into bolt locking housing, thereby preventing deformation of casing of said cartridge after detonation.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention is addressed to preventing or at least minimizing the incidence of damage to guns resulting from over pressures developed in the chamber. BACKGROUND Weapons with positive chamber locking are designed such that on firing the cocked gun, the bolt locks the rear part of the chamber, preventing the rupturing of the cartridge case that might otherwise result from the pressure developed by the combustion gases. Generally, weapons with positive chamber locking are constructed to withstand pressures of 50%-60% beyond the design pressure of the relevant ammunition. There are some instances where the pressure reaches a level of double or more the design pressure. This may be the result of blockage of the barrel due to the projectile, or in consequence of dampness or some foreign body, for example. Such a consequence may also result from use of an unsuitable propellant, or from too large a charge, i.e. too much propellant. In these occurrences the high pressure which develops may seriously damage the weapon and may also injure the shooter or bystanders. After activating the primer, the propellant is ignited. The burning of the propellant releases prodigious amounts of gases developing high pressures within the chamber of the gun. The high pressures which develop are isostatic, i.e. the pressure is applied equally in all directions. The bolt supports the base of the cartridge case and prevents it from deforming outwards as a result of the pressure exerted by the expanding gases. The radial pressure exerted by the gases released from the propellant forces the sides of the cartridge casing outwards and against the walls of the chamber (breech). By virtue of the retaining force applied on the cartridge casing by the walls of the chamber, the casing does not explode. The pressure generated drives the projectile down the barrel in the direction of the muzzle, allowing the conflagration gases released to expand lowering the pressure within the chamber. The cartridge case is then expelled from the breech with the help of the extractor hook. The hook of the extractor mechanism constitutes a weak point in the wall of the chamber where the casing is not supported inflexibly. Often, the outward pressure acting on the wall of the chamber deforms the insufficiently supported cartridge casing outwards at this point, and the pressure causes the head of the extractor to be pushed outwards. This outwards movement of the extractor head allows the casing to continue to stretch under the pressure of the expanding gases, and it may rupture. The outbreak of gases in this area and the asymmetric distortion cause damage to the rifle receiver and other internal parts. Also, distorted cartridge cases may not be extracted properly and are a key cause of jamming of the firing mechanism. In extreme cases the damage may be severe enough to render the rifle unserviceable. The present invention is directed to preventing or at least minimizing the likelihood of such failures. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In a first aspect, the present invention is directed to providing a bolt locking housing on a gun, behind the chamber thereof, for receiving a bolt including an extractor having an extractor hook that grips a corresponding extractor groove of a cartridge within said chamber; characterized by said bolt locking housing being asymmetrically machined internally, such that there is provided at least a first protrusion that becomes co-aligned with an serves to support head of extractor when bolt is fully closed and lugs thereon are interlocked into bolt locking housing, thereby preventing deformation of casing of said cartridge after detonation and allowing larger charges to be used safely, for example. By “cartridge”, as used herein, the cartridge case packed with propellant, complete with primer and bullet is intended. By “cartridge casing” or “cartridge case”, the tubular side wall of the cartridge complete with base is intended. By “bullet” the projectile as fired from gun is intended. By “positive locking”, the interlocking of the bolt with the housing of the chamber is intended. By “extractor groove”, the annular groove machined into the cartridge case, usually just above the rim which provides a grip for the gun's extractor to pull the fired or unfired case from the chamber crimp between base of cartridge and cartridge wall is intended. By “extractor”, the device for ejecting spent cartridges from the chamber of the gun is intended. By “extractor hook”, the protrusion at the head of the extractor that engages the extractor groove of the cartridge case is intended. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES The present invention will be further understood and appreciated from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a sideways section through the chamber of one embodiment of the invention illustrating the chamber of a rifle, with a cartridge chambered therein, and the bolt contacting the primer, but prior to its locking. The extractor hook is shown engaging the extractor groove, but there is a void behind the extractor hook. FIG. 2 is a cross section through the locking housing and the bolt head shown in FIG. 1, along B-B, the line of the extractor groove. It will be noted that the protrusion of the present invention is not aligned with the extractor head. FIG. 3 is a sideways section through the bolt, chamber and extractor of the gun of FIG. 1 with a chambered cartridge, the bolt being in the locked position, with the bolt contacting the base of the cartridge case with the protrusion of the invention aligned with and reinforcing the extractor head, allowing it to resist the pressures generated by the gases released on ignition of the propellant without being deflected backwards, risking the deformation of the cartridge case. FIG. 4 is a cross section through the bolt locking housing and cartridge case in their locked position, shown in FIG. 3, along B-B, the line of the extractor groove, showing the protrusion of the present invention aligned with the extractor head. All Figures are annotated in a corresponding manner such that identical parts carry the same annotation number. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to FIG. 1 in the process of feeding the cartridge 2 into the chamber 4 of a gun, the bolt 6, which is an integral part of the bolt carrier assembly 5, feeds the cartridge 2 into the firing chamber 4. With the bolt 6 in its forward position, further movement of cartridge 2 forwards is prevented by the neck 8 of the cartridge, around mouth thereof, contacting the correspondingly machined front end of the chamber 4. The extractor hook 12 of the extractor 10 clips over the rim and clasps the extractor groove 21 of the cartridge case 14. The bolt 6 is provided with locking lugs 7 (FIG. 2), and the bolt locking housing 16 is provided with a corresponding set of locking grooves 17 (FIG. 2) that engage interlock with lugs 7 of the bolt 6 such that further forward movement of the bolt carrier assembly causes the bolt 6 to rotate, resulting in the bolt 6 being locked within bolt locking housing 16. Referring to FIG. 2, the inner surface of the bolt locking housing is non symmetrical, and has two protrusions 18, 20 thereon. Prior to the bolt being locked within the locking chamber 16, the head of the extractor 10 is not aligned with either protrusion 18, 20. However, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the final rotation of the bolt 6, into its locked position, brings the head of the extractor 10 into co-alignment with one of the protrusions 18, 20. The protrusion 18, 20 acts as a backing plate to the extractor 10, reinforcing it and preventing it from being moved outwards by the force applied by the expanding gases released upon ignition of the propellant, thereby preventing the cartridge case 14 from deforming at this point of weakness, and limiting the danger of the cartridge case 14 failing at the extractor groove 21, resulting in deformation of the cartridge case 14, and the possibility of its rupturing, releasing gases at the extractor, which can damage the gun and/or risk injuring the operator thereof. It will be appreciated that the invention is not limited to what has been described hereinabove, merely by way of example. Rather, the invention is limited solely by the claims which follow, wherein the word ‘comprise’, and variations thereof, such as ‘comprising’, ‘comprised’ and the like, indicate that the listed component or steps are included, but not necessary to the exclusion of other components or steps not specifically listed.

<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>Weapons with positive chamber locking are designed such that on firing the cocked gun, the bolt locks the rear part of the chamber, preventing the rupturing of the cartridge case that might otherwise result from the pressure developed by the combustion gases. Generally, weapons with positive chamber locking are constructed to withstand pressures of 50%-60% beyond the design pressure of the relevant ammunition. There are some instances where the pressure reaches a level of double or more the design pressure. This may be the result of blockage of the barrel due to the projectile, or in consequence of dampness or some foreign body, for example. Such a consequence may also result from use of an unsuitable propellant, or from too large a charge, i.e. too much propellant. In these occurrences the high pressure which develops may seriously damage the weapon and may also injure the shooter or bystanders. After activating the primer, the propellant is ignited. The burning of the propellant releases prodigious amounts of gases developing high pressures within the chamber of the gun. The high pressures which develop are isostatic, i.e. the pressure is applied equally in all directions. The bolt supports the base of the cartridge case and prevents it from deforming outwards as a result of the pressure exerted by the expanding gases. The radial pressure exerted by the gases released from the propellant forces the sides of the cartridge casing outwards and against the walls of the chamber (breech). By virtue of the retaining force applied on the cartridge casing by the walls of the chamber, the casing does not explode. The pressure generated drives the projectile down the barrel in the direction of the muzzle, allowing the conflagration gases released to expand lowering the pressure within the chamber. The cartridge case is then expelled from the breech with the help of the extractor hook. The hook of the extractor mechanism constitutes a weak point in the wall of the chamber where the casing is not supported inflexibly. Often, the outward pressure acting on the wall of the chamber deforms the insufficiently supported cartridge casing outwards at this point, and the pressure causes the head of the extractor to be pushed outwards. This outwards movement of the extractor head allows the casing to continue to stretch under the pressure of the expanding gases, and it may rupture. The outbreak of gases in this area and the asymmetric distortion cause damage to the rifle receiver and other internal parts. Also, distorted cartridge cases may not be extracted properly and are a key cause of jamming of the firing mechanism. In extreme cases the damage may be severe enough to render the rifle unserviceable. The present invention is directed to preventing or at least minimizing the likelihood of such failures.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In a first aspect, the present invention is directed to providing a bolt locking housing on a gun, behind the chamber thereof, for receiving a bolt including an extractor having an extractor hook that grips a corresponding extractor groove of a cartridge within said chamber; characterized by said bolt locking housing being asymmetrically machined internally, such that there is provided at least a first protrusion that becomes co-aligned with an serves to support head of extractor when bolt is fully closed and lugs thereon are interlocked into bolt locking housing, thereby preventing deformation of casing of said cartridge after detonation and allowing larger charges to be used safely, for example. By “cartridge”, as used herein, the cartridge case packed with propellant, complete with primer and bullet is intended. By “cartridge casing” or “cartridge case”, the tubular side wall of the cartridge complete with base is intended. By “bullet” the projectile as fired from gun is intended. By “positive locking”, the interlocking of the bolt with the housing of the chamber is intended. By “extractor groove”, the annular groove machined into the cartridge case, usually just above the rim which provides a grip for the gun's extractor to pull the fired or unfired case from the chamber crimp between base of cartridge and cartridge wall is intended. By “extractor”, the device for ejecting spent cartridges from the chamber of the gun is intended. By “extractor hook”, the protrusion at the head of the extractor that engages the extractor groove of the cartridge case is intended.

20060907

20080219

20070823

69768.0

F41A1500

HAYES, BRET C

INTERNALLY ASYMMETRICAL BOLT CARRIER

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

F41A

ACCEPTED

Liquid Crystal Display Apparatus

The present invention is directed to the provision of a liquid crystal display apparatus that can produce a bright display state without utilizing birefringence. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a reflective polarizer, mounted on the first substrate and having a first transmission axis and a first reflection axis at right angles to each other, for transmitting linearly polarized light vibrating in a plane parallel to the first transmission axis and for reflecting linearly polarized light vibrating in a plane parallel to the first reflection axis, a polarizer, mounted on the second substrate and having a second transmission axis, for transmitting linearly polarized light vibrating in a plane parallel to the second transmission axis, and a liquid crystal layer, provided between the first and second substrates, having a first mode which causes the direction of polarization of incident light to change by utilizing birefringence and a second mode which does not utilize birefringence and therefore does not cause the direction of polarization of incident light to change, wherein a display state is switched between a bright display state and a dark display state by applying a voltage to the liquid crystal layer, and the bright display state is produced by driving the liquid crystal layer in the second mode.

1. A liquid crystal display apparatus comprising: a first substrate; a second substrate; a reflective polarizer, mounted on said first substrate and having a first transmission axis and a first reflection axis at right angles to each other, for transmitting linearly polarized light vibrating in a plane parallel to said first transmission axis and for reflecting linearly polarized light vibrating in a plane parallel to said first reflection axis; a polarizer, mounted on said second substrate and having a second transmission axis, for transmitting linearly polarized light vibrating in a plane parallel to said second transmission axis; and a liquid crystal layer provided between said first and second substrates, and having a first mode which causes the direction of polarization of incident light to change by utilizing birefringence and a second mode which does not utilize birefringence and therefore does not cause the direction of polarization of incident light to change, wherein a display state is switched between a bright display state and a dark display state by applying a voltage to said liquid crystal layer, and said bright display state is produced by driving said liquid crystal layer in said second mode. 2. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said bright display state is produced by causing ambient light entering said liquid crystal layer through said second transmission axis of said polarizer to be reflected at said reflective polarizer and by allowing said reflected light to return through said liquid crystal layer and emerge from said polarizer. 3. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said first transmission axis and said second transmission axis are arranged substantially at right angles to each other. 4. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said liquid crystal layer maintains one or the other of first and second stable states in the absence of an applied voltage, and one or the other of said first and second stable states is set as said second mode. 5. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 4 wherein, in said second stable state, liquid crystal molecules are aligned in a direction substantially parallel to said second transmission axis. 6. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 4 wherein, in said first stable state, liquid crystal molecules are aligned in a direction tilted at approximately 45 degrees from the direction in which said liquid crystal molecules are aligned in said second stable state. 7. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said liquid crystal layer is a vertically aligned liquid crystal layer, and has a first state in which liquid crystal molecules are aligned substantially vertically between said first and second substrates and a second state in which said liquid crystal molecules are tilted at a prescribed angle with respect to said second transmission axis, and wherein said first state is set as said second mode. 8. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an auxiliary light source mounted outside said reflective polarizer, and said liquid crystal layer is driven in said second mode with said auxiliary light source turned off. 9. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an auxiliary light source mounted outside said reflective polarizer, and said liquid crystal layer is driven in said second mode with said auxiliary light source turned on. 10. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 9, wherein said bright display state is produced by allowing light emitted from said auxiliary light source and entering said liquid crystal layer through said first transmission axis of said reflective polarizer to pass through said second transmission axis of said polarizer and emerge on a viewer side thereof. 11. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said first transmission axis and said second transmission axis are arranged substantially parallel to each other. 12. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: an auxiliary light source mounted outside said reflective polarizer; and a light absorbing layer, disposed between said reflective polarizer and said auxiliary light source, for absorbing light in a certain spectral region. 13. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: an auxiliary light source mounted outside said reflective polarizer; and a light absorbing layer, disposed between said reflective polarizer and said auxiliary light source, for absorbing a portion of light in a visible region. 14. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an auxiliary light source mounted outside said reflective polarizer, wherein said auxiliary light source is provided with a reflective layer for reflecting a portion of light in a visible region.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display apparatus and, more particularly, to a liquid crystal display apparatus that can display a background in a bright state without utilizing birefringence. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A memory liquid crystal, which is capable of exhibiting a plurality of optical states, has a characteristic (a memory characteristic) such that it continues to retain a particular state even if a voltage is not applied to it. When such a memory liquid crystal is used in a liquid crystal display apparatus, the apparatus can be controlled to continue to display a particular image without requiring application of a voltage. In a display panel using a memory liquid crystal such as a ferroelectric liquid crystal, it is know to utilize the memory characteristic and perform control in such a manner as to drive scanning electrodes only for portions where the display needs to be updated but not to drive scanning electrodes for portions where the display need not be updated (for an example, see patent document 1). It is also known to provide a transflective liquid crystal display apparatus that can operate in both reflective and transmissive display modes (for an example, see patent document 2). The transflective liquid crystal display apparatus includes a pair of substrates provided, therebetween, with a twisted nematic liquid crystal (TN liquid crystal) which operates to rotate the plane of polarization of incident light through 90 degrees, a polarizer mounted on one of the substrates, a reflective polarizer, having a reflection axis and a transmission axis, mounted on the other substrate, a semi-transmitting absorbing layer provided on the outer side of the reflective polarizer, and an auxiliary light source mounted on the outer side of the semi-transmitting absorbing layer. In the transflective liquid crystal display apparatus, when the polarizers are arranged so that a dark display state is produced in an ON state in which a voltage of H level is applied to the TN liquid crystal (the TN liquid crystal is in the transmissive state) in the reflective display mode effected with the auxiliary light source turned off, then a bright display state will be produced in the ON state in which the voltage of H level is applied to the TN liquid crystal (the TN liquid crystal is in the transmissive state) when the transmissive display mode is effected by turning on the auxiliary light source. This is because, when the TN liquid crystal is set in the transmissive state with the auxiliary light source turned off, the display appears dark as the surface color of the turned off auxiliary light source is observed by the viewer, while when the TN liquid crystal is set in the transmissive state with the auxiliary light source turned on, the display appears bright as the light from the auxiliary light source is observed by the viewer. That is, the problem is that even if the voltage of the same level is applied to the TN liquid crystal, the dark display becomes reversed depending on the ON/OFF of the auxiliary light source. Therefore, to prevent the reversal of the dark display, it has been practiced in the prior art to switch the voltage to be applied to the TN liquid crystal (for example, from H level to L level). Patent document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. H02-131286 (pages 11 and 12 and FIG. 12) Patent document 2: Japanese Patent Publication No. 3485541 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION However, in the transflective liquid crystal display apparatus, no suggestions have been made as to how the polarizer, the reflective polarizer, and the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal should be oriented or aligned, according to purpose. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a transflective liquid crystal display apparatus in which the polarizer, the reflective polarizer, and the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal are oriented or aligned properly. It is another object of the present invention to provide a liquid crystal display apparatus that can produce a bright display state without utilizing birefringence. A liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a reflective polarizer, mounted on the first substrate and having a first transmission axis and a first reflection axis at right angles to each other, for transmitting linearly polarized light vibrating in a plane parallel to the first transmission axis and for reflecting linearly polarized light vibrating in a plane parallel to the first reflection axis, a polarizer, mounted on the second substrate and having a second transmission axis, for transmitting linearly polarized light vibrating in a plane parallel to the second transmission axis, and a liquid crystal layer provided between the first and second substrates, and having a first mode which causes the direction of polarization of incident light to change by utilizing birefringence and a second mode which does not utilize birefringence and therefore does not cause the direction of polarization of incident light to change, wherein display state is switched between a bright display state and a dark display state by applying a voltage to the liquid crystal layer, and the bright display state is produced by driving the liquid crystal layer in the second mode. Preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, the bright display state is produced by causing ambient light entering the liquid crystal layer through the second transmission axis of the polarizer to be reflected at the reflective polarizer and by allowing the reflected light to return through the liquid crystal layer and emerge from the polarizer. Further preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, the first transmission axis and the second transmission axis are arranged substantially at right angles to each other. Preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, the liquid crystal layer maintains one or the other of first and second stable states in the absence of an applied voltage, and one or the other of the first and second stable states is set as the second mode. That is, the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention is constructed using the so-called memory liquid crystal. Further preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, in the second stable state, liquid crystal molecules are aligned in a direction substantially parallel to the second transmission axis. Also preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, in the first stable state, the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in a direction tilted at approximately 45 degrees from the direction in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in the second stable state. Preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, the liquid crystal layer is a vertically aligned liquid crystal layer, and has a first state in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned substantially vertically between the first and second substrates and a second state in which the liquid crystal molecules are tilted at a prescribed angle with respect to the second transmission axis, wherein the first state is set as the second mode. Preferably, the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention further comprises an auxiliary light source mounted outside the reflective polarizer, and the liquid crystal layer is driven in the second mode with the auxiliary light source turned off. Preferably, the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention further comprises an auxiliary light source mounted outside the reflective polarizer, and the liquid crystal layer is driven in the second mode with the auxiliary light source turned on. Preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, the bright display state is produced by allowing light emitted from the auxiliary light source and entering the liquid crystal layer through the first transmission axis of the reflective polarizer to pass through the second transmission axis of the polarizer and emerge on a viewer side thereof. Preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, the first transmission axis and the second transmission axis are arranged substantially parallel to each other. Preferably, the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention further comprises: an auxiliary light source mounted outside the reflective polarizer; and a light absorbing layer, disposed between the reflective polarizer and the auxiliary light source, for absorbing light in a certain spectral region. With this arrangement, when the memory liquid crystal is set in the transmissive mode with the auxiliary light source turned off, the surface color of the auxiliary light source to be observed on the memory liquid crystal display can be displayed even more darkly. Preferably, the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention further comprises: an auxiliary light source mounted outside the reflective polarizer; and a light absorbing layer, disposed between the reflective polarizer and the auxiliary light source, for absorbing a portion of light in a visible region. With this arrangement, when the memory liquid crystal is set in the transmissive mode with the auxiliary light source turned off, the surface color of the auxiliary light source to be observed on the memory liquid crystal display can be displayed even more darkly. Preferably, the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention further comprises an auxiliary light source mounted outside the reflective polarizer, and the auxiliary light source is provided with a reflective layer for reflecting a portion of light in a visible region. Preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, the liquid crystal layer is a vertically aligned liquid crystal layer, and has a first state in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned substantially vertically between the first and second substrates and a second state in which the liquid crystal molecules are tilted at a prescribed angle with respect to the second transmission axis. That is, the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention is constructed using the so-called vertically aligned liquid crystal. Preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, when the liquid crystal layer is maintained in the first state, the liquid crystal layer is set in the second mode. According to the present invention, as the white display state is produced without using the birefringence of the liquid crystal, it becomes possible to cleanly display white. This is particularly effective when the bright display area is large (that is, when the background color is set to white). If the arrangement is made to produce a black display state without using the birefringence of the liquid crystal, the black can be displayed cleanly, but since unevenness is not noticeable in the dark display state because of its nature, the effect is not so large as in the case of the white display state. According to the present invention, in the transflective liquid crystal display apparatus using the memory liquid crystal, a dark display state closer to black can be achieved in applications where the display is normally produced in the reflective mode that does not use the auxiliary light source. Further, according to the present invention, in the transflective liquid crystal display apparatus using the memory liquid crystal, a dark display state closer to black can be achieved in applications where the display is normally produced in the transmissive mode by using the auxiliary light source. Furthermore, according to the present invention, in the transflective liquid crystal display apparatus using the memory liquid crystal, a good bright display state free from unevenness can be achieved in applications where the display is normally produced in the reflective mode that does not use the auxiliary light source. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of the structure of a liquid crystal panel according to the present invention. FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between a polarizer and a reflective polarizer in the liquid crystal panel according to a first embodiment. FIG. 4(a) is a diagram showing the relationship between the transmittance of light and the voltage applied to the liquid crystal panel according to the first embodiment for the case in which an auxiliary light source is turned off, and FIG. 4(b) is a diagram showing the relationship between the transmittance of light and the voltage applied to the liquid crystal panel according to the first embodiment for the case in which the auxiliary light source is turned on. FIG. 5(a) is a diagram showing a display example when the liquid crystal panel according to the present invention is used in a wrist watch, and FIG. 5(b) is a diagram showing the case where the display is reversed. FIG. 6(a) is a diagram showing a display example when the liquid crystal panel according to the present invention is used in a mobilephone, and FIG. 6(b) is a diagram showing the case where the display is reversed. FIG. 7(a) is a diagram showing one example of a scanning voltage waveform applied to a scanning electrode 13a, FIG. 7(b) is a diagram showing one example of a signal voltage waveform applied to a signal electrode 13b, and FIG. 7(c) is a diagram showing a sum voltage waveform representing the sum of (a) and (b). FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the relationship between the polarizer and the reflective polarizer in the liquid crystal panel according to a second embodiment. FIG. 9(a) is a diagram showing the relationship between the transmittance of light and the voltage applied to the liquid crystal panel according to the second embodiment for the case in which the auxiliary light source is turned off, and FIG. 9(b) is a diagram showing the relationship between the transmittance of light and the voltage applied to the liquid crystal panel according to the second embodiment for the case in which the auxiliary light source is turned on. FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the relationship between the polarizer and the reflective polarizer in the liquid crystal panel according to a third embodiment. FIG. 11 is a diagram for explaining the behavior of a liquid crystal molecule. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT A liquid crystal display apparatus 100 according to the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the basic configuration of the liquid crystal display apparatus 100 which is common to the several embodiments described herein. The liquid crystal display apparatus 100 includes a liquid crystal panel 20, a control section 21, a drive voltage waveform control circuit 22, a scan drive voltage waveform generating circuit 23 for applying a voltage waveform to scanning electrodes 13a arranged within the liquid crystal panel 20, a signal drive voltage waveform generating circuit 24 for applying a voltage waveform to signal electrodes 13b arranged within the liquid crystal panel 20, a power supply section 25 containing a power supply such as a solar battery or a secondary battery, a display data storage section 27, a RAM 30, a ROM 31, and a clock circuit 50. Further, the liquid crystal display apparatus 100 includes an auxiliary light source 60 mounted behind the liquid crystal panel 20, an auxiliary light source control circuit 61 for controlling the on/off operation of the auxiliary light source 60, and an auxiliary light source switch 62 for allowing the user to set the auxiliary light source 60 on and off. Though not explicitly shown in FIG. 1, each component element of the liquid crystal display apparatus 100 is configured to be able to receive power from the power supply section 25. The control section 21, in accordance with a program prestored in the RAM 30 or ROM 31, creates display data using time information, etc. received from the clock circuit 50, stores the data in the display data storage section 27, and supplies a control signal to the drive voltage waveform control circuit 22 so that the display data corresponding to the time information is presented for display on the liquid crystal panel 20. Here, when the user turns on the auxiliary light source switch 62 to view the liquid crystal display apparatus 100, for example, in a low ambient light environment, the control section 21 controls the auxiliary light source control circuit 61 which thereupon turns on the auxiliary light source 60. Further, upon detecting the ON state of the auxiliary light source switch 62, the control section 21 controls the drive voltage waveform control circuit 22 to reverse the polarity of a ferroelectric liquid crystal 10, thereby performing control so that the display on the liquid crystal panel 20 will not be reversed by the on/off operation of the auxiliary light source 60. A first embodiment will be described. FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the liquid crystal panel 20 according to the first embodiment, along with the auxiliary light source 60. The liquid crystal panel 20 according to the first embodiment includes a first transparent glass substrate 11a, a second transparent glass substrate 11b, scanning electrodes 13a formed on the first transparent glass substrate 11a, signal electrodes 13b formed on the second transparent glass substrate 11b, a polymeric alignment film 14a deposited over the scanning electrodes 13a and treated by rubbing, a polymeric alignment film 14b deposited over the signal electrodes 13b and treated by rubbing, a sealing member 12, a ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 provided between the first and second transparent substrates 11a and 11b and sealed by the sealing member 12, a reflective polarizer 16 provided on the outer side of the first transparent substrate 11a, and a polarizer 15 provided on the outer side of the second transparent substrate 11b. Here, “FELIX 501”, manufactured by Clariant, is used as the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10. The ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 provided between the first and second transparent glass substrates 11a and 11b is about 1.7 μm in thickness. The reflective polarizer 16 is formed from a multilayer film of a polyester resin or the like, and has a transmission axis and a reflection axis oriented at right angles to each other. The reflective polarizer 16 has the function of transmitting linearly polarized light vibrating in a plane parallel to the transmission axis and reflecting linearly polarized light vibrating in a plane parallel to the reflection axis. In FIG. 2, arrow A indicates ambient light incident on the liquid crystal panel 20 from the outside, and arrow B shows light incident on the liquid crystal panel 20 from the auxiliary light source 60. Because of its low power consumption and thin construction, a backlight using organic EL cells as light-emitting devices is employed as the auxiliary light source 60 which is disposed below the reflective polarizer 16 of the liquid crystal panel 20. The auxiliary light source may alternatively be constructed from other kinds of light-emitting devices. For convenience of illustration, only five scanning electrodes 13a are shown in FIG. 2 but, actually, in the present embodiment, 40 scanning electrodes 13a are formed by patterning a transparent conductive film over the entire area of the liquid crystal panel 20. Further, 50 signal electrodes 13b are formed by patterning a transparent conductive film over the entire area of the liquid crystal panel 20 in such a manner as to intersect at right angles with the scanning electrodes 13a. Accordingly, the liquid crystal panel 20 has pixels (a total of 2000 pixels) each located at an intersection between the scanning electrodes 13a and the signal electrodes 13b. FIG. 3 shows the arrangement of the polarizer 15 and the reflective polarizer 16 in the liquid crystal panel 20 according to the first embodiment. As shown in FIG. 3, the transmission axis (a1) of the polarizer 15 is oriented substantially at right angles to the transmission axis (b1) of the reflective polarizer 16. The ferroelectric liquid crystal has two stable states, the first stable state and the second stable state, in the absence of an applied voltage. In FIG. 3, the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is arranged so that, in the second stable state, the long axes of the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in parallel to the transmission axis (a1) of the polarizer 15. Here, the long axes of the liquid crystal molecules in either the first or the second stable state, whichever is appropriate, may be made to align in parallel to the transmission axis (a1). Further, as shown in FIG. 3, in the first stable state of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10, the long axis of each liquid crystal molecule is tilted, by a cone angle θ1, relative to the long axis of each liquid crystal molecule of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 in the second stable state; that is, the long axis rotates around a liquid crystal cone to a position different to that in the second stable state. In FIG. 3, arrow 17 indicates the alignment direction of the alignment film, which is exactly midway between the alignment direction of the first stable state and the alignment direction of the second stable state. In the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 according to the first embodiment, the cone angle (θ1) is chosen to be approximately 45°. This is because when the ferroelectric liquid crystal utilizes the birefringence, the relationship between the amount of light (Iin) incident on the ferroelectric liquid crystal and the amount of light (Iout) emerging from it is generally expressed by the following equation (1), and the amount of emergent light (Iout) becomes maximum when the cone angle (θ1) is 45°. Iout=Iin·sin22θ·sin2(R/λ) (1) where R designates the retardation, and λ denotes the wavelength of the light incident on the ferroelectric liquid crystal. Here, even if the cone angle (θ1) is set to 45°, Iout does not become equal to Iin when birefringence is utilized, because attenuation occurs due to retardation. FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the transmittance of light and the polarity of the voltage applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 in the liquid crystal panel 20 according to the first embodiment. FIG. 4(a) shows the graph for the case in which the auxiliary light source 60 is turned off, while FIG. 4(b) shows the graph for the case in which the auxiliary light source 60 is turned on. In each graph, the horizontal axis represents the voltage (V) applied between the scanning electrode 13a and signal electrode 13b in the liquid crystal panel 20 with the scanning electrode 13a as the reference (that is, the voltage applied across the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10), and the vertical axis represents the transmittance of the liquid crystal panel 20. Referring to FIG. 4(a), a description will be given for the case in which the auxiliary light source 60 is turned off. As the liquid crystal molecules in the second stable state are aligned in parallel to the transmission axis (a1), when the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is switched to the first stable state by reversing the polarity of the applied voltage, the orientation direction of the long axes of the liquid crystal molecules in the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 becomes displaced from both the transmission axis (a1) of the polarizer 15 and the transmission axis (b1) of the reflective polarizer 16. That is, the orientation direction of the long axes of the liquid crystal molecules in the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is tilted at an angle θ1 (approximately 45°) relative to the transmission axis (a1). Ambient light A vibrating in a plane parallel to the transmission axis (a1) of the polarizer 15 enters the liquid crystal panel 20 where, due to the birefringence of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10, the plane of vibration is rotated so as to become substantially parallel to the transmission axis (b1) of the reflective polarizer 16; as a result, the light passes through the liquid crystal panel 20 (transmissive state) and is reflected by the surface of the auxiliary light source 60. Usually, the surface color of the auxiliary light source 60 is dark; accordingly, when the auxiliary light source 60 is turned off, in the first stable state the light passed through the liquid crystal panel 20 and returned by reflection appears dark on the liquid crystal panel 20 because the dark surface color of the auxiliary light source 60 is observed by the viewer. In FIG. 4(a), the transmittance at this time is indicated at Tl1-OFF. The mode in which the polarization direction of the incident light is changed by using the birefringence will be referred to as a first mode. In the present embodiment, the apparatus operates in the first mode when the ferroelectric liquid crystal exhibits the first stable state. When the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is switched to the second stable state by reversing the polarity of the applied voltage, the long axes of the liquid crystal molecules in the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 align in parallel to the transmission axis (a1) of the polarizer 15. In this state, the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 allows the incident light to pass through. As the ambient light A vibrating in a plane parallel to the transmission axis (a1) and entering the liquid crystal panel 20 has a plane of vibration substantially perpendicular to the transmission axis (b1) of the reflective polarizer 16, the light is reflected by the reflection axis of the reflective polarizer 16 (reflective state). Accordingly, when the auxiliary light source 60 is turned off, in the second stable state the light passed through the liquid crystal panel 20 is reflected by the reflection axis of the reflective polarizer 16, producing a bright display on the liquid crystal panel 20. In FIG. 4(a), the transmittance at this time is indicated at Th1-OFF. The mode that does not utilize the birefringence and therefore does not cause the polarization direction of the incident light to change will be referred to as a second mode. In the present embodiment, the apparatus operates in the second mode when the ferroelectric liquid crystal exhibits the second stable state. As described above, in the case where the auxiliary light source 60 is turned off, when the voltage applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is increased (above the voltage V1 at which the transmittance begins to increase) to the voltage V2 (positive threshold) at which the increase of the transmittance reaches saturation, the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 thereafter maintains the first ferroelectric state even after the applied voltage is removed (that is, 0 V is applied), and thus the liquid crystal panel 20 maintains the dark display state. On the other hand, when the voltage applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is decreased (below the voltage V3 at which the transmittance begins to decrease) to the voltage V4 (negative threshold) at which the decrease of the transmittance reaches saturation, the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 thereafter maintains the second ferroelectric state even after the applied voltage is removed (that is, 0 V is applied) and, thus, the liquid crystal panel 20 maintains the bright display state. Referring to FIG. 4(b), a description will be given for the case in which the auxiliary light source 60 is turned on. When the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is switched to the first stable state by reversing the polarity of the applied voltage, the orientation direction of the long axes of the liquid crystal molecules in the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 becomes displaced from both the transmission axis (a1) of the polarizer 15 and the transmission axis (b1) of the reflective polarizer 16. Light B emitted from the auxiliary light source 60 and vibrating in a plane parallel to the transmission axis (b1) of the reflective polarizer 16 enters the liquid crystal panel 20 where, due to the birefringence of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10, the plane of vibration is rotated so as to become substantially parallel to the transmission axis (a1) of the polarizer 15; as a result, the light passes through the polarizer 15 (transmissive state) and is observed on the liquid crystal panel 20. Accordingly, when the auxiliary light source 60 is turned on, in the first stable state the light from the auxiliary light source 60 passes through the liquid crystal panel 20, producing a bright display on the liquid crystal panel 20. In FIG. 4(b), the transmittance at this time is indicated at Th1-ON. The mode here is the first mode because the liquid crystal layer uses birefringence. When the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is switched to the second stable state by reversing the polarity of the applied voltage, the long axes of the liquid crystal molecules in the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 align in parallel to the transmission axis (a1) of the polarizer 15. As the light B emitted from the auxiliary light source 60 and vibrating in a plane parallel to the transmission axis (b1), thus entering the liquid crystal panel 20, has a plane of vibration perpendicular to the transmission axis (a1), the light is absorbed by the polarizer 15 and, therefore, is not observed on the surface of the liquid crystal panel 20. Accordingly, when the auxiliary light source 60 is turned on, in the second stable state a dark display is produced on the liquid crystal panel 20. In FIG. 4(b), the transmittance at this time is indicated at Tl1-ON. The mode here is the second mode because the liquid crystal layer does not use birefringence. As described above, when the voltage applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is increased (above the voltage V1 at which the transmittance begins to increase) to the voltage V2 (positive threshold) at which the increase of the transmittance reaches saturation, the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 thereafter maintains the first ferroelectric state even after the applied voltage is removed (that is, 0 V is applied), and thus the liquid crystal panel 20 maintains the bright display state. Likewise, when the voltage applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is decreased (below the voltage V3 at which the transmittance begins to decrease) to the voltage V4 (negative threshold) at which the decrease of the transmittance reaches saturation, the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 thereafter maintains the second ferroelectric state even after the applied voltage is removed (that is, 0 V is applied) and, thus, the dark display state is maintained. As can be seen from FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b), in the liquid crystal panel 20 according to the first embodiment, when the auxiliary light source 60 is switched on and off, the dark display becomes reversed even when the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is in the same ferroelectric state. In view of this, in the present embodiment, control is performed to reverse the polarity of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 (from one ferroelectric state to the other ferroelectric state) in synchronism with the on/off operation of the auxiliary light source 60, thereby performing control so that the dark display state of the liquid crystal panel will not be reversed. Here, in the case of a display produced utilizing birefringence, the display is sensitive to variations in the microscopic gap between the substrates of the liquid crystal panel 20, and unevenness in display can easily occur. That is, as the gap between the substrates (the first and second glass substrates 11a and 11b) cannot be made perfectly uniform throughout the entire structure of the liquid crystal panel 20, the birefringence does not occur perfectly uniformly throughout the liquid crystal panel 20. If the birefringence is not uniform, the display color does not become perfectly uniform across the liquid crystal panel 20, resulting in unevenness in display. For example, in the dark display state (Tl1-OFF) of the liquid crystal panel 20 achieved by turning off the auxiliary light source 60 and putting the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 in the first stable state, the birefringence of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is used as earlier described; as a result, when the background is displayed in black (see the liquid crystal panel 20 shown in FIG. 6(b)), the unevenness becomes pronounced, degrading the display quality. On the other hand, in the bright display state (Th1-OFF) of the liquid crystal panel 20 achieved by turning off the auxiliary light source 60 and putting the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 in the second stable state, as the birefringence of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is not used as earlier described, an unevenness in the display does not occur. That is, when the transmission axis (a1) of the polarizer 15 and the transmission axis (b1) of the reflective polarizer 16 are arranged at right angles to each other, and the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is set so that the long axes of the liquid crystal molecules in the second stable state align in parallel to the transmission axis (a1) of the polarizer 15 and so that black characters are displayed on a white background (see the liquid crystal panels 20 shown in FIGS. 5(a) and 6(a)), a good display free from unevenness can be produced. In this case, the white background can be displayed without utilizing birefringence. In other words, it is important that birefringence is not used when displaying the background in white. In this way, as the liquid crystal panel 20 according to the first embodiment can produce a good bright display free from unevenness with the auxiliary light source 60 turned off, the liquid crystal panel 20 is suitable for applications where the display is normally produced in the reflective mode that does not use the auxiliary light source 60. That is, as the liquid crystal panel 20 according to the first embodiment can produce a very clean bright display (free from unevenness occurring due to the birefringence) with the auxiliary light source 60 turned off, the liquid crystal panel 20 is suitable for applications such as watch displays where a white background is displayed with the auxiliary light source 60 turned off. The reason that the auxiliary light source 60 is normally turned off in wrist watches, etc. is to reduce power consumption. FIG. 5 shows an example in which the liquid crystal panel 20 according to the first embodiment is used in a wrist watch. FIG. 5(a) shows the case in which the liquid crystal panel 20 in the watch 1 produces a display without using the auxiliary light source 60 but by using ambient light. When, in a low ambient light environment, the user turns on the auxiliary light source switch 62 provided on the watch 1, the auxiliary light source 60 mounted behind the liquid crystal panel 20 in FIG. 5(a) turns on. As earlier described, if the auxiliary light source 60 were simply turned on, the dark display would be reversed, and the display would appear as shown in FIG. 5(b). To address this, in the watch 1, when the auxiliary light source switch 62 is turned on, the ON state is detected by the control section 21. Then, the control section 21 controls the drive voltage waveform control circuit 22 to reverse the polarity of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 (from one ferroelectric state to the other ferroelectric state) in portions corresponding to the respective pixels in the liquid crystal panel 20 so that the display is produced on the liquid crystal panel 20 as shown in FIG. 5(a). As earlier described, the white background display when the auxiliary light source 60 is turned off (Tl1-OFF in FIG. 4(a)) is free from unevenness occurring due to the nonuniformity of birefringence, because the display is produced without using the birefringence. Here, it is to be noted that, in the dark display produced on the liquid crystal panel 20 by switching the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 to the first stable state with the auxiliary light source 60 turned off (Tl1-OFF), the transmittance is somewhat high (that is, the dark display appears grayish) compared with the dark display produced on the liquid crystal panel 20 by switching the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 to the second stable state with the auxiliary light source 60 turned on (Tl1-ON). This is because the dark display produced on the liquid crystal panel 20 by switching the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 to the first stable state with the auxiliary light source 60 turned off utilizes the birefringence of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 and, consequently, some of the ambient light A is not corrected so as to have a plane of vibration substantially parallel to the transmission axis (b1) of the reflective polarizer 16 and such uncorrected light is reflected by the reflective polarizer 16 and leaks out of the liquid crystal panel 20, resulting in an increase in transmittance. On the other hand, in the bright display produced on the liquid crystal panel 20 by switching the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 to the first stable state with the auxiliary light source 60 turned on (Th1-ON), the transmittance is somewhat low (that is, the bright display appears grayish) compared with the bright display produced on the liquid crystal panel 20 by switching the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 to the second stable state with the auxiliary light source 60 turned off (Th1-OFF). This is because the bright display produced on the liquid crystal panel 20 by switching the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 to the first stable state with the auxiliary light source 60 turned on utilizes the birefringence of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 and, consequently, some of the light B is not corrected so as to have a plane of vibration substantially parallel to the transmission axis (a1) of the polarizer 15 and such uncorrected light is absorbed by the polarizer 15, resulting in an decrease in transmittance. In this way, as the liquid crystal panel 20 according to the first embodiment can produce a very clean dark display with the auxiliary light source 60 turned on (a dark display with nearly zero transmittance can be achieved), the liquid crystal panel 20 is also suitable for applications such as displays for mobilephones where the display is normally produced in the transmissive mode by using the auxiliary light source 60. FIG. 6 shows an example in which the liquid crystal panel 20 according to the first embodiment is used in a mobilephone. FIG. 6(a) shows the case in which the liquid crystal panel 20 in the mobilephone 2 produces a display by using the auxiliary light source 60. To conserve power, the auxiliary light source 60 is turned off in such cases where the mobilephone is not operated for a predetermined length of time. However, when the user turns on the auxiliary light source switch 62 provided on the mobilephone 2, the auxiliary light source 60 mounted behind the liquid crystal panel 20 in FIG. 6(a) turns on. As earlier described, if the auxiliary light source 60 were simply turned on, the dark display would be reversed, and the display would appear as shown in FIG. 6(b). To address this, in the mobilephone 2, when the auxiliary light source switch 62 is turned on, the ON state is detected by the control section 21. Then, the control section 21 controls the drive voltage waveform control circuit 22 to reverse the polarity of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 in portions corresponding to the respective pixels in the liquid crystal panel 20 so that the display is produced on the liquid crystal panel 20 as shown in FIG. 6(a). As earlier noted, in the dark display produced with the auxiliary light source 60 turned off (the first stable state in FIG. 6(a)), the transmittance of light somewhat increases compared with the dark display produced with the auxiliary light source 60 turned on (the first stable state in FIG. 6(b)). However, this is not much of a problem because the mobilephone is usually used with the auxiliary light source 60 turned on. FIG. 7 shows one example of the drive voltage waveform for driving the liquid crystal panel 20. FIG. 7(a) shows one example of the scanning voltage waveform applied to a selected one of the scanning electrodes 13a, FIG. 7(b) shows one example of the signal voltage waveform applied to a selected one of the signal electrodes 13b and FIG. 7(c) shows a sum voltage waveform representing the sum of (a) and (b). FIG. 7 shows the drive voltage waveform for two frames; in the figure, “ON” indicates the bright display state with the auxiliary light source turned off as shown in FIG. 4(a), while “OFF” indicates the dark display state likewise produced as shown in FIG. 4(a). Here, one scanning period is used to produce a display based on display data for one frame. One frame comprises a reset period (Rs) and a scanning period, and one scanning period comprises a selection period (Se) and a non-selection period (NSe). During the reset period (Rs), the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10, irrespective of its immediately preceding display state, is forcefully reset to the first stable state for the bright display (transmission state) in the first half of the period, and to the second stable state for the dark display (non-transmission state) in the second half of the period. In the first half of the reset period (Rs), +20 V is applied and, in the second half, −20 V is applied as the scanning voltage waveform (a). On the other hand, the signal voltage waveform (b) alternates between +5 V and −5 V at predetermined intervals of time. As a result, a voltage proportional to the sum voltage waveform (c) is applied to the corresponding pixel in the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10; that is, in the first half of the reset period (Rs), a voltage greater in magnitude than the positive threshold V2 (see FIG. 4(a)) is applied to reset the pixel to the first stable state and, in the second half, a voltage greater in magnitude than the negative threshold V4 (see FIG. 4(a)) is applied to reset the pixel to the second stable state. By thus providing the reset period, the liquid crystal panel using the ferroelectric liquid crystal can continue to produce a good display. When the drive voltage shown in FIG. 7 is applied with the auxiliary light source 60 turned off, in the first frame the liquid crystal is set to the first stable state to produce the bright display and, in the second frame, it is set to the second stable state to produce the dark display. A second embodiment will be described. The cross-sectional structure of the liquid crystal panel 20 according to the second embodiment and the structure of the auxiliary light source 60 are the same as those shown in FIG. 2, and a description thereof will not be repeated here. In the second embodiment also, “FELIX 501” manufactured by Clariant is used as the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10. Further, in the second embodiment also, the gap between the first and second transparent glass substrates 11a and 11b is set to approximately 1.7 μm. FIG. 8 shows the arrangement of the polarizer 15 and the reflective polarizer 16 in the liquid crystal panel 20 according to the second embodiment. As shown in FIG. 8, the transmission axis (a2) of the polarizer 15 is oriented in parallel to the transmission axis (b2) of the reflective polarizer 16. In FIG. 8, the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is arranged so that, in the second stable state, the long axes of the liquid crystal molecules align in parallel to the transmission axis (a2) of the polarizer 15. Further, as shown in FIG. 8, in the first stable state of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10, the long axis of each liquid crystal molecule is tilted by a cone angle θ2 relative to the long axis of each liquid crystal molecule of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 in the second stable state; that is, the long axis rotates around a liquid crystal cone to a position different to that in the second stable state. In the example of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 according to the second embodiment, the cone angle (θ2) is not equal to 45°. As shown by the previously given equation (1), when birefringence is used, Iout does not become equal to Iin because of the attenuation due to the retardation coupled with the attenuation due to the cone angle (θ2) which is not equal to 45°. FIG. 9 shows the relationship between the transmittance of light and the polarity of the voltage applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 in the liquid crystal panel 20 according to the second embodiment. FIG. 9(a) shows the graph for the case in which the auxiliary light source 60 is turned off, while FIG. 9(b) shows the graph for the case in which the auxiliary light source 60 is turned on. In each graph, the horizontal axis represents the voltage (V) applied between the scanning electrode 13a and signal electrode 13b in the liquid crystal panel 20 with the scanning electrode 13a as the reference (that is, the voltage applied across the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10), and the vertical axis represents the transmittance of the liquid crystal panel 20. Referring to FIG. 9(a), a description will be given for the case in which the auxiliary light source 60 is turned off. When the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is switched to the first stable state by reversing the polarity of the applied voltage, the orientation direction of the long axes of the liquid crystal molecules in the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 becomes displaced from both the transmission axis (a2) of the polarizer 15 and the transmission axis (b2) of the reflective polarizer 16. Light A vibrating in a plane parallel to the transmission axis (a2) of the polarizer 15 enters the liquid crystal panel 20 from the viewer side, where, due to the birefringence of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10, the plane of vibration is rotated so as to become perpendicular to the transmission axis (b2) of the reflective polarizer 16, so that the light is reflected by the reflection axis of the reflective polarizer 16. Accordingly, when the auxiliary light source 60 is turned off, in the first stable state the light A entering the liquid crystal panel 20 from the viewer side and returned by reflection is observed on the liquid crystal panel 20 which thus produces a bright display. In FIG. 9(a), the transmittance at this time is indicated at Th2-OFF. The mode in which the polarization direction of the incident light is changed by using birefringence will be referred to as a first mode. In the present embodiment, the apparatus operates in the first mode when the ferroelectric liquid crystal exhibits the first stable state. When the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is switched to the second stable state by reversing the polarity of the applied voltage, the long axes of the liquid crystal molecules in the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 align in parallel to the transmission axis (a2) of the polarizer 15; as a result, the light A vibrating in a plane parallel to the transmission axis (a2) and entering the liquid crystal panel 20 from the viewer side has a plane of vibration parallel to the transmission axis (b2) of the reflective polarizer 16, and thus passes through the reflective polarizer 16. Accordingly, when the auxiliary light source 60 is turned off, in the second stable state the ambient light A passes through the polarizer 15 and enters the liquid crystal panel 20, and the surface of the auxiliary light source 60 is observed by that light, thus producing a dark (black) display on the liquid crystal panel 20. In FIG. 9(a), the transmittance at this time is indicated at T12-OFF. The mode that does not utilize birefringence and therefore does not cause the polarization direction of the incident light to change will be referred to as a second mode. In the present embodiment, the apparatus operates in the second mode when the ferroelectric liquid crystal exhibits the second stable state. As described above, when the voltage applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is increased (above the voltage V1 at which the transmittance begins to increase) to the voltage V2 (positive threshold) at which the increase of the transmittance reaches saturation, the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 thereafter maintains the first stable state even after the applied voltage is removed (that is, 0 V is applied) and, thus, the liquid crystal panel 20 maintains the bright (white) display state. Likewise, when the voltage applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is decreased (below the voltage V3 at which the transmittance begins to decrease) to the voltage V4 (negative threshold) at which the decrease of the transmittance reaches saturation, the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 thereafter maintains the second stable state even after the applied voltage is removed (that is, 0 V is applied) and, thus, the liquid crystal panel 20 maintains the dark (black) display state. Referring to FIG. 9(b), a description will be given for the case in which the auxiliary light source 60 is turned on. When the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is switched to the first stable state by reversing the polarity of the applied voltage, the orientation direction of the long axes of the liquid crystal molecules in the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 becomes displaced from both the transmission axis (a2) of the polarizer 15 and the transmission axis (b2) of the reflective polarizer 16. That is, the orientation direction of the long axes of the liquid crystal molecules in the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is tilted at an angle θ2 relative to the transmission axis (a2). Light B emitted from the auxiliary light source 60 and vibrating in a plane parallel to the transmission axis (b2) of the reflective polarizer 16 enters the liquid crystal panel 20 where, due to the birefringence of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10, the plane of vibration is rotated so as to become perpendicular to the transmission axis (a2) of the polarizer 15, and the light is thus absorbed by the polarizer 15. Accordingly, when the auxiliary light source 60 is turned on, in the first stable state the liquid crystal panel 20 produces a dark (black) display. In FIG. 9(b), the transmittance at this time is indicated at Tl2-ON. In this case, the liquid crystal layer is in the first mode, because birefringence is used. When the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is switched to the second stable state by reversing the polarity of the applied voltage, the long axes of the liquid crystal molecules in the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 align in parallel to the transmission axis (b2) of the reflective polarizer 16. The light B emitted from the auxiliary light source 60 and vibrating in a plane parallel to the transmission axis (b2) of the reflective polarizer 16, thus entering the liquid crystal panel 20, has a plane of vibration parallel to the transmission axis (a2) of the polarizer 15, and thus passes through the polarizer 15 (transmissive state). Accordingly, when the auxiliary light source 60 is turned on, in the second stable state a bright (white) display is produced on the liquid crystal panel 20 by the light B passed through the liquid crystal panel 20. In FIG. 9(b), the transmittance at this time is indicated at Th2-ON. In this case, the liquid crystal layer is in the second mode, because birefringence is not used. As described above, in the case in which the auxiliary light source 60 is turned on, when the voltage applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is increased (above the voltage V1 at which the transmittance begins to increase) to the voltage V2 (positive threshold) at which the increase of the transmittance reaches saturation, the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 thereafter maintains the first stable state even after the applied voltage is removed (that is, 0 V is applied) and, thus, the liquid crystal panel 20 maintains the dark display state. On the other hand, when the voltage applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is decreased (below the voltage V3 at which the transmittance begins to decrease) to the voltage V4 (negative threshold) at which the decrease of the transmittance reaches saturation, the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 thereafter maintains the second stable state even after the applied voltage is removed (that is, 0 V is applied), and thus the liquid crystal panel 20 maintains the bright display state. As can be seen from FIGS. 9(a) and 9(b), in the liquid crystal panel 20 according to the second embodiment, when the auxiliary light source 60 is switched between on and off, the dark display becomes reversed even when the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is in the same stable state. In the case of a display produced utilizing birefringence, the display is sensitive to variations in the microscopic gap between the substrates of the liquid crystal panel 20, and an unevenness in the display can easily occur. That is, as the gap between the substrates (the first and second glass substrates 11a and 11b) cannot be made perfectly uniform throughout the entire structure of the liquid crystal panel 20, the birefringence does not occur perfectly uniformly throughout the liquid crystal panel 20. If the birefringence is not uniform, the display color does not become perfectly uniform across the liquid crystal panel 20, resulting in an unevenness in the display. For example, in the dark display state (Tl2-ON) of the liquid crystal panel 20 achieved by turning on the auxiliary light source 60 and putting the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 in the first stable state, the birefringence of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is used as earlier described; as a result, when the background is displayed in black (see the liquid crystal panel 20 shown in FIG. 6(b)), the unevenness becomes pronounced, degrading the display quality. On the other hand, in the bright display state (Th2-ON) of the liquid crystal panel 20 achieved by turning on the auxiliary light source 60 and putting the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 in the second stable state, as birefringence of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is not used, as earlier described, the unevenness in display does not occur. That is, when the transmission axis (a2) of the polarizer 15 and the transmission axis (b2) of the reflective polarizer 16 are arranged parallel to each other, and the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is set so that the long axes of the liquid crystal molecules in the second stable state align in parallel to the transmission axis (a2) of the polarizer 15 and so that black characters are displayed on a white background (see the liquid crystal panels 20 shown in FIGS. 5(a) and 6(a)), a good display free from unevenness can be produced. In this case, the white background can be displayed without utilizing birefringence. In other words, it is important that birefringence is not used when displaying the background in white. In this way, as the liquid crystal panel 20 according to the second embodiment can produce a good bright display free from unevenness with the auxiliary light source 60 turned on, the liquid crystal panel 20 is also suitable for applications where the display is normally produced in the transmissive mode that uses the auxiliary light source 60. That is, as the liquid crystal panel 20 according to the second embodiment can produce a very clean bright display (free from unevenness occurring due to the birefringence) with the auxiliary light source 60 turned on, the liquid crystal panel 20 is suitable for applications such as displays of mobilephones where a white background is displayed with the auxiliary light source 60 turned on (see FIG. 6). Here, it is to be noted that, in the dark display produced on the liquid crystal panel 20 by switching the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 to the first stable state with the auxiliary light source 60 turned on according to the second embodiment (Tl2-ON in FIG. 9(b)), the transmittance is higher (that is, the dark display appears more grayish) than in the dark display produced on the liquid crystal panel 20 by switching the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 to the first stable state with the auxiliary light source 60 turned off according to the first embodiment (Tl1-OFF in FIG. 4(a)). This is because the dark display produced on the liquid crystal panel 20 by switching the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 to the first stable state with the auxiliary light source 60 turned on according to the second embodiment utilizes the birefringence of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10. In the second embodiment, as the cone angle is not set equal to 45°, as earlier stated, the amount of ambient light A not corrected so as to have a plane of vibration substantially parallel to the reflection axis of the reflective polarizer 16 increases, and such uncorrected light is reflected by the reflective polarizer 16, resulting in an increase in transmittance. On the other hand, in the bright display produced on the liquid crystal panel 20 by switching the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 to the first stable state with the auxiliary light source 60 turned off according to the second embodiment (Th2-OFF in FIG. 9(a)), the transmittance is lower (that is, the bright display appears more grayish) than in the bright display produced on the liquid crystal panel 20 by switching the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 to the first stable state with the auxiliary light source 60 turned on according to the first embodiment (Th1-ON in FIG. 4(b)). This is because the bright display produced on the liquid crystal panel 20 by switching the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 to the first stable state with the auxiliary light source 60 turned off according to the second embodiment utilizes the birefringence of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10. In the second embodiment, as the cone angle is not set equal to 45°, as earlier stated, the amount of light B not corrected so as to have a plane of vibration substantially parallel to the reflection axis of the reflective polarizer 16 increases, and such uncorrected light is not reflected by the reflection axis, resulting in a decrease in transmittance. However, as the liquid crystal panel 20 according to the second embodiment can produce a very clean dark display (Tl2-OFF in FIG. 9(a)) with the auxiliary light source 60 turned off (a dark display with nearly zero transmittance can be achieved), the liquid crystal panel 20 is suitable for applications such as watch displays where the contrast is important and where the display is normally produced in the reflective mode that does not use the auxiliary light source 60. Accordingly, the liquid crystal panel 20 according to the second embodiment can be used in the mobilephone 2 shown in FIG. 6(a) in a manner similar to that of the first embodiment. In the second embodiment also, as in the first embodiment, if the auxiliary light source 60 were simply turned on, the dark display would be reversed, and the display would appear as shown in FIG. 6(b); accordingly, control may also be performed in this embodiment so that, when the auxiliary light source switch 62 is turned on, the ON state is detected by the control section 21 which then controls the drive voltage waveform control circuit 22 to reverse the polarity of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 in portions corresponding to the respective pixels in the liquid crystal panel 20 and to produce the display on the liquid crystal panel 20 as shown in FIG. 6(a). As earlier described, in the dark display produced with the auxiliary light source 60 turned on (Tl2-ON in FIG. 9(b)), the transmittance further increases compared with the dark display produced with the auxiliary light source 60 turned off (Tl2-OFF in FIG. 9(a)), but this is not much of a problem because the watch is usually used with the auxiliary light source 60 turned off. The drive voltage waveform for driving the liquid crystal panel 20 according to the second embodiment is the same as that shown in FIG. 7 in connection with the first embodiment, and therefore, the description thereof will not be repeated here. In the first and second embodiments described above, when the liquid crystal panel 20 is driven in the transmissive mode, the dark surface color of the auxiliary light source 60 is observed on the liquid crystal panel 20. Here, a light absorbing layer may be provided between the reflective polarizer 16 and the auxiliary light source 60. By providing the light absorbing layer, the surface color of the auxiliary light source 60 to be observed on the liquid crystal panel 20 can be displayed darker. Further, in the first and second embodiments, it is preferable to form numerous microscopic openings in the surface of the light absorbing layer so as to absorb light in a certain spectral region and so as not to attenuate the light B emitted from the auxiliary light source 60 when the liquid crystal panel 20 is driven in the transmissive mode with the auxiliary light source 60 turned on. In this case, as the light B emitted from the auxiliary light source 60 passes through the numerous microscopic openings formed in the surface of the light absorbing layer, the provision of the light absorbing layer does not substantially influence the amount of light observed on the liquid crystal panel 20. The opening ratio of the light absorbing layer due to the provision of the microscopic openings can be appropriately chosen from the range of 30% to 70%. Further, the microscopic openings may be formed as tiny circular holes or in a grating-like pattern. The microscopic openings need not necessarily be formed in a periodically repeating pattern but may be formed randomly. In the first and second embodiments, a reflective layer for reflecting a portion of the light in the visible region may be provided on the light-emitting side of the auxiliary light source 60. Here, the reflective layer may be formed as a layer for reflecting certain wavelengths within the visible region and thus reflecting light of a particular color, or as a semi-transmissive, semi-reflective layer for reflecting part of light in the entire range of the visible region while transmitting the remaining part of the light. For example, if a reflective layer for reflecting blue light is provided, the reflected light from the auxiliary light source 60 can be observed as blue-colored light on the liquid crystal panel 20 when the liquid crystal panel 20 is driven in the transmissive mode. That is, the display color when the liquid crystal panel 20 is driven in the transmissive mode can be changed in this way. Further, in the first and second embodiments, the polarity of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 is reversed by the control section 21 controlling the drive voltage waveform control circuit 22, the scan drive voltage waveform generating circuit 23, and the signal drive voltage waveform generating circuit 24; that is, negative/positive reversal display data, created by reversing the negative and positive of the normal display data, is prestored in the display data storage section 27 and, using the prestored negative/positive reversal display data, control is performed so that the polarities of the drive waveforms to be applied to the scanning electrode and the signal electrode are reversed from the previous drive waveforms. However, instead of using such display data, the polarity of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 10 may be reversed by reversing the polarity of the voltage supplied from the power supply section 25 to the liquid crystal panel 20. In that case, the control section 21 may use a suitable electronic circuit for reversing the voltage polarity. A third embodiment will be described. The third embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 2. Substantially the same structure as that shown in FIG. 2 can be used in the third embodiment. However, the scanning electrodes 13a and the signal electrodes 13b are coated with polymeric alignment films 14a and 14b, respectively, treated for vertical alignment. Further, MLC-6883 (manufactured by Merck), a liquid crystal material having a negative dielectric anisotropy, is used as a liquid crystal 110 which is a vertically aligned (homeotropically aligned) liquid crystal. The liquid crystal 110 sandwiched between the first and second transparent glass substrates 11a and 11b is about 1.7 μm in thickness. In FIG. 2, arrow A indicates ambient light incident on the liquid crystal panel of the third embodiment from the outside, and arrow B shows light incident on the liquid crystal panel of the third embodiment from the auxiliary light source 60. FIG. 10 shows the arrangement of the polarizer 15 and the reflective polarizer 16 in the liquid crystal panel according to the third embodiment. As shown in FIG. 10, the transmission axis (a3) of the polarizer 15 is oriented at right angles to the transmission axis (b3) of the reflective polarizer 16. In FIG. 10, arrow 117 indicates the alignment direction of the alignment film, and θ3 represents the angle that the alignment direction of the alignment film makes with the transmission axis (a3) of the polarizer 15. In the present embodiment, θ3 is chosen to be approximately 45 degrees. However, θ3 need not be limited to 45 degrees, but may be set to any other suitable angle and, for example, to 40 degrees. FIG. 11 illustrates the behavior of a liquid crystal molecule in the vertically aligned (homeotropically aligned) liquid crystal 110. When no voltage is applied to the liquid crystal panel of the third embodiment, the long axis (see 110a) of the liquid crystal molecule in the vertically aligned (homeotropically aligned) liquid crystal 110 stands substantially vertically between the first and second transparent glass substrates 111a and 111b. When a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal panel 120, the long axis (see 110b) of the liquid crystal molecule in the vertically aligned (homeotropically aligned) liquid crystal 110 tilts so as to point in the direction shown by the arrow 117. Next, a description will be given for the case in which the auxiliary light source 60 is turned off. When no voltage is applied to the liquid crystal panel of the third embodiment, the ambient light A entering through the polarizer 15 passes unaltered through the liquid crystal 110. As the light passed through the liquid crystal 110 is polarized at right angles to the transmission axis (b3) of the reflective polarizer 16, the light passed through the liquid crystal 110 is reflected by the reflection axis of the reflective polarizer 16. Accordingly, in this case, the liquid crystal panel of the third embodiment produces a bright display. In this case, the liquid crystal layer is in the second mode, because birefringence is not used. When a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal panel of the third embodiment, the polarization direction of the ambient light A entering through the polarizer 15 is rotated about 90 degrees as it passes through the liquid crystal 110, due to the birefringence effect of the liquid crystal molecule 110b tilted in the direction shown by the arrow 117. Therefore, the light passed through the liquid crystal 110 is polarized substantially parallel to the transmission axis (b3) of the reflective polarizer 16, so that the light passes through the reflective polarizer 16 and is reflected by the auxiliary light source 60. Accordingly, in this case, the liquid crystal panel of the third embodiment produces a dark display as the color of the auxiliary light source 60 is observed thereon. In this case, the liquid crystal layer is in the first mode, because birefringence is used. Next, a description will be given for the case in which the auxiliary light source 60 is turned on. When no voltage is applied to the liquid crystal panel of the third embodiment, the light B of the auxiliary light source 60 entering through the reflective polarizer 16 passes unaltered through the liquid crystal 110. As the light passed through the liquid crystal 110 is polarized at right angles to the transmission axis (a3) of the polarizer 15, the light passed through the liquid crystal 110 is absorbed by the polarizer 15. Accordingly, in this case, the liquid crystal panel 120 produces a dark display. In this case, the liquid crystal layer is in the second mode, because birefringence is not used. When a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal panel of the third embodiment, the polarization direction of the light B of the auxiliary light source 60 entering through the reflective polarizer 16 is rotated about 90 degrees as it passes through the liquid crystal 110, due to the birefringence effect of the liquid crystal molecule 110b tilted in the direction shown by the arrow 117. Therefore, the light passed through the liquid crystal 110 has a component polarized substantially parallel to the transmission axis (a3) of the polarizer 15, and thus passes through the polarizer 15. Accordingly, in this case, the liquid crystal panel of the third embodiment produces a bright display. In this case, the liquid crystal layer is in the first mode, because birefringence is used. In the case of a display produced utilizing birefringence, the display is sensitive to variations in the microscopic gap between the substrates of the liquid crystal panel 120, and an unevenness in the display can easily occur. That is, as the gap between the substrates (the first and second glass substrates 111a and 111b) cannot be made perfectly uniform throughout the entire structure of the liquid crystal panel 120, the birefringence is not perfectly uniform throughout the liquid crystal panel 120. If the birefringence is not uniform, the display color does not become perfectly uniform across the liquid crystal panel 120, resulting in an unevenness in the display. For example, when the auxiliary light source 60 is turned off, and no voltage is applied to the liquid crystal panel 120, the bright display produced on the liquid crystal panel 120 does not use birefringence and is therefore free from an unevenness in the display. That is, in this case, a white background can be displayed without utilizing birefringence. In other words, it is important that birefringence is not used when displaying a large-area background in white. In this way, as the liquid crystal panel according to the third embodiment can produce a good bright display free from unevenness with the auxiliary light source 60 turned off, the liquid crystal panel is suitable for applications where the display is normally produced in the reflective mode that does not use the auxiliary light source 60. For example, it is suitable for applications such as watch displays where a white background is displayed with the auxiliary light source 60 turned off (see FIG. 5). The reason that the auxiliary light source 60 is normally turned off in wrist watches, etc. is to reduce the power consumption. If a bright display free from unevenness is to be produced with the auxiliary light source turned on, the transmission axis (a3) of the polarizer and the transmission axis (b3) of the reflective polarizer should be arranged parallel to each other. With this arrangement, as the bright display can be produced in the second mode that does not use birefringence, a good bright (white) display can be obtained when displaying a large-area background in white. This arrangement is suitable for a display that normally uses the transmissive mode by turning on the auxiliary light source. For example, it is suitable for applications such as displays of mobilephones where a white background is displayed with the auxiliary light source 60 turned on (see FIG. 6).

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>A memory liquid crystal, which is capable of exhibiting a plurality of optical states, has a characteristic (a memory characteristic) such that it continues to retain a particular state even if a voltage is not applied to it. When such a memory liquid crystal is used in a liquid crystal display apparatus, the apparatus can be controlled to continue to display a particular image without requiring application of a voltage. In a display panel using a memory liquid crystal such as a ferroelectric liquid crystal, it is know to utilize the memory characteristic and perform control in such a manner as to drive scanning electrodes only for portions where the display needs to be updated but not to drive scanning electrodes for portions where the display need not be updated (for an example, see patent document 1). It is also known to provide a transflective liquid crystal display apparatus that can operate in both reflective and transmissive display modes (for an example, see patent document 2). The transflective liquid crystal display apparatus includes a pair of substrates provided, therebetween, with a twisted nematic liquid crystal (TN liquid crystal) which operates to rotate the plane of polarization of incident light through 90 degrees, a polarizer mounted on one of the substrates, a reflective polarizer, having a reflection axis and a transmission axis, mounted on the other substrate, a semi-transmitting absorbing layer provided on the outer side of the reflective polarizer, and an auxiliary light source mounted on the outer side of the semi-transmitting absorbing layer. In the transflective liquid crystal display apparatus, when the polarizers are arranged so that a dark display state is produced in an ON state in which a voltage of H level is applied to the TN liquid crystal (the TN liquid crystal is in the transmissive state) in the reflective display mode effected with the auxiliary light source turned off, then a bright display state will be produced in the ON state in which the voltage of H level is applied to the TN liquid crystal (the TN liquid crystal is in the transmissive state) when the transmissive display mode is effected by turning on the auxiliary light source. This is because, when the TN liquid crystal is set in the transmissive state with the auxiliary light source turned off, the display appears dark as the surface color of the turned off auxiliary light source is observed by the viewer, while when the TN liquid crystal is set in the transmissive state with the auxiliary light source turned on, the display appears bright as the light from the auxiliary light source is observed by the viewer. That is, the problem is that even if the voltage of the same level is applied to the TN liquid crystal, the dark display becomes reversed depending on the ON/OFF of the auxiliary light source. Therefore, to prevent the reversal of the dark display, it has been practiced in the prior art to switch the voltage to be applied to the TN liquid crystal (for example, from H level to L level). Patent document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. H02-131286 (pages 11 and 12 and FIG. 12) Patent document 2: Japanese Patent Publication No. 3485541

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>However, in the transflective liquid crystal display apparatus, no suggestions have been made as to how the polarizer, the reflective polarizer, and the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal should be oriented or aligned, according to purpose. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a transflective liquid crystal display apparatus in which the polarizer, the reflective polarizer, and the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal are oriented or aligned properly. It is another object of the present invention to provide a liquid crystal display apparatus that can produce a bright display state without utilizing birefringence. A liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a reflective polarizer, mounted on the first substrate and having a first transmission axis and a first reflection axis at right angles to each other, for transmitting linearly polarized light vibrating in a plane parallel to the first transmission axis and for reflecting linearly polarized light vibrating in a plane parallel to the first reflection axis, a polarizer, mounted on the second substrate and having a second transmission axis, for transmitting linearly polarized light vibrating in a plane parallel to the second transmission axis, and a liquid crystal layer provided between the first and second substrates, and having a first mode which causes the direction of polarization of incident light to change by utilizing birefringence and a second mode which does not utilize birefringence and therefore does not cause the direction of polarization of incident light to change, wherein display state is switched between a bright display state and a dark display state by applying a voltage to the liquid crystal layer, and the bright display state is produced by driving the liquid crystal layer in the second mode. Preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, the bright display state is produced by causing ambient light entering the liquid crystal layer through the second transmission axis of the polarizer to be reflected at the reflective polarizer and by allowing the reflected light to return through the liquid crystal layer and emerge from the polarizer. Further preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, the first transmission axis and the second transmission axis are arranged substantially at right angles to each other. Preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, the liquid crystal layer maintains one or the other of first and second stable states in the absence of an applied voltage, and one or the other of the first and second stable states is set as the second mode. That is, the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention is constructed using the so-called memory liquid crystal. Further preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, in the second stable state, liquid crystal molecules are aligned in a direction substantially parallel to the second transmission axis. Also preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, in the first stable state, the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in a direction tilted at approximately 45 degrees from the direction in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in the second stable state. Preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, the liquid crystal layer is a vertically aligned liquid crystal layer, and has a first state in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned substantially vertically between the first and second substrates and a second state in which the liquid crystal molecules are tilted at a prescribed angle with respect to the second transmission axis, wherein the first state is set as the second mode. Preferably, the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention further comprises an auxiliary light source mounted outside the reflective polarizer, and the liquid crystal layer is driven in the second mode with the auxiliary light source turned off. Preferably, the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention further comprises an auxiliary light source mounted outside the reflective polarizer, and the liquid crystal layer is driven in the second mode with the auxiliary light source turned on. Preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, the bright display state is produced by allowing light emitted from the auxiliary light source and entering the liquid crystal layer through the first transmission axis of the reflective polarizer to pass through the second transmission axis of the polarizer and emerge on a viewer side thereof. Preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, the first transmission axis and the second transmission axis are arranged substantially parallel to each other. Preferably, the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention further comprises: an auxiliary light source mounted outside the reflective polarizer; and a light absorbing layer, disposed between the reflective polarizer and the auxiliary light source, for absorbing light in a certain spectral region. With this arrangement, when the memory liquid crystal is set in the transmissive mode with the auxiliary light source turned off, the surface color of the auxiliary light source to be observed on the memory liquid crystal display can be displayed even more darkly. Preferably, the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention further comprises: an auxiliary light source mounted outside the reflective polarizer; and a light absorbing layer, disposed between the reflective polarizer and the auxiliary light source, for absorbing a portion of light in a visible region. With this arrangement, when the memory liquid crystal is set in the transmissive mode with the auxiliary light source turned off, the surface color of the auxiliary light source to be observed on the memory liquid crystal display can be displayed even more darkly. Preferably, the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention further comprises an auxiliary light source mounted outside the reflective polarizer, and the auxiliary light source is provided with a reflective layer for reflecting a portion of light in a visible region. Preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, the liquid crystal layer is a vertically aligned liquid crystal layer, and has a first state in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned substantially vertically between the first and second substrates and a second state in which the liquid crystal molecules are tilted at a prescribed angle with respect to the second transmission axis. That is, the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention is constructed using the so-called vertically aligned liquid crystal. Preferably, in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, when the liquid crystal layer is maintained in the first state, the liquid crystal layer is set in the second mode. According to the present invention, as the white display state is produced without using the birefringence of the liquid crystal, it becomes possible to cleanly display white. This is particularly effective when the bright display area is large (that is, when the background color is set to white). If the arrangement is made to produce a black display state without using the birefringence of the liquid crystal, the black can be displayed cleanly, but since unevenness is not noticeable in the dark display state because of its nature, the effect is not so large as in the case of the white display state. According to the present invention, in the transflective liquid crystal display apparatus using the memory liquid crystal, a dark display state closer to black can be achieved in applications where the display is normally produced in the reflective mode that does not use the auxiliary light source. Further, according to the present invention, in the transflective liquid crystal display apparatus using the memory liquid crystal, a dark display state closer to black can be achieved in applications where the display is normally produced in the transmissive mode by using the auxiliary light source. Furthermore, according to the present invention, in the transflective liquid crystal display apparatus using the memory liquid crystal, a good bright display state free from unevenness can be achieved in applications where the display is normally produced in the reflective mode that does not use the auxiliary light source.

20060907

20100831

20070906

92690.0

G02F11335

PAK, SUNG H

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY APPARATUS

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

G02F

ACCEPTED

Simulation Circuit of Pci Express Endpoint and Downstream Port for a Pci Express Switch

Single hardware subsystems that present two software views that appear to be two separate hardware subsystems attached in a hierarchy are implemented with PCI-type arrangements. According to an example embodiment of the present invention, a hardware arrangement is adapted to emulate two virtually separate hierarchical subsystems in a single hardware block. This emulation facilitates the coupling of devices to PCI Express-type communications links while addressing PCI-Express-type linking requirements for such devices.

1. For use with PCI Express-type data communication, an integrated endpoint device comprising: PCI Express endpoint circuitry configured and arranged to perform external PCI Express endpoint device block functions; PCI Express downstream port circuitry adapted for communicating with a PCI Express bus and configured and arranged to perform downstream port functions; and simulation circuitry adapted to simulate a PCI Express-compliant link between a PCI Express endpoint device and a PCI Express downstream port as respectively implemented by the PCI Express endpoint circuitry and the PCI Express downstream port circuitry. 2. The device of claim 1, further comprising: a merged configuration register adapted to store information for use by the simulation circuit and the PCI Express Endpoint circuit, the stored information facilitating the simulation of the PCI Express-compliant link. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the simulation circuitry is adapted to interface with software-implemented applications for simulating the PCI Express endpoint circuitry as an external block having a dedicated PCI Express link. 4. The device of claim 1, further comprising at least one non-functional register that is configured to simulate a register that characterizes a PCI Express-compliant device. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the simulation circuitry is adapted to implement the at least one non-functional register for PCI-Express type communications between the integrated endpoint device and a PCI-Express type communications link requiring the implementation of a register function to which the at least one non-functional register is implemented. 6. The device of claim 4, wherein the at least one non-functional register is adapted to read only all zeros. 7. The device of claim 4, wherein the non-functional register is simulated to appear to exist from a software perspective. 8. The device of claim 4, wherein at least one non-functional register is unique to each external PCI Express Endpoint device block for which the PCI Express endpoint circuitry performs external functions. 9. The device of claim 4, wherein at least one non-functional register is unique to each simulated PCI Express-compliant link. 10. The device of claim 4, wherein at least one non-functional register is shared between at least two simulated PCI Express-compliant links. 11. The device of claim 1, wherein PCI Express endpoint circuitry is configured and arranged to perform PCI Express Endpoint device block functions for at least two PCI Express Endpoint blocks and wherein the simulation circuitry is adapted to simulate and control a virtual link between the at least two PCI Express Endpoint blocks. 12. The device of claim 1, wherein the PCI Express downstream port circuitry is adapted to communicate with a PCI Express HUB. 13. The device of claim 1, wherein the PCI Express downstream port circuitry is adapted to communicate with a PCI Express type link for at least one of: a personal computer, a server and a network. 14. The device of claim 1, wherein the simulation circuitry is further adapted to simulate the PCI Express-compliant link as including a PCI Express to PCI bridge and a PCI bus coupled to a plurality of PCI Express endpoint device blocks implemented by the PCI Express endpoint circuitry. 15. For use with PCI Express-type communications, an integrated PCI Express endpoint device adapted to appear on an internal bus of a PCI Express switch while facilitating PCI Express compliance, the device comprising: a hardware block configured and arranged to: perform functions of a downstream port of a PCI Express switch; perform functions of an endpoint device; and emulate a downstream port block and an endpoint device block coupled by a PCI Express-compliant link and with the emulated downstream port block performing the downstream port functions and the emulated endpoint device block performing the endpoint device functions; and a merged configuration register adapted to store information for use by the hardware block in emulating and performing downstream port, endpoint device and PCI Express-compliant link functions. 16. For use with PCI Express-type data communication, an integrated endpoint device comprising: external block means for performing external PCI Express Endpoint device block functions; port means for communicating with a PCI Express bus and configured and for performing PCI Express downstream port functions; and simulating means for simulating a PCI Express-compliant link between a PCI Express endpoint device and a PCI Express downstream port as respectively implemented by the external block means and the port means. 17. A PCI Express communications system comprising: a central processor arrangement; a host bridge configured and arranged to communicate between the central processor arrangement and a PCI Express switch; a PCI Express switch comprising: an upstream port; a bus; and a plurality of downstream ports; a PCI Express endpoint device coupled to one of the downstream ports; and wherein the PCI Express endpoint device and the downstream port to which it is coupled are comprised in a single circuit that emulates the downstream port and the PCI Express endpoint device coupled via a virtual link. 18. The system of claim 17, further comprising a plurality of registers implemented for simulating characteristics of the emulated downstream port and the PCI Express endpoint device. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein at least one of the plurality of registers is a non-functional register implemented for emulating PCI Express-type functions. 20. A PCI Express communications system comprising: a PCI to PCI Express bridge; an upstream port; a plurality of downstream ports; and wherein the a PCI to PCI Express bridge, the upstream port and the downstream ports are comprised in a circuit that emulates a virtual link between the PCI to PCI Express bridge and the upstream port and that emulates a PCI Express bus linking the plurality of downstream ports with the upstream port.

The present invention relates generally to communications for processing type applications and, more particularly, to communication methods and arrangements using a PCI Express-type link. PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) is an interconnection system between a microprocessor and attached devices in which expansion slots are spaced closely for high speed operation. Using PCI, a computer can support new PCI cards while continuing to support Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) expansion cards, which is an older standard. PCI is designed to be independent of microprocessor design and to be synchronized with the clock speed of the microprocessor. PCI uses active paths (on a multi-drop bus) to transmit both address and data signals, sending the address on one clock cycle and data on the next. The PCI bus can be populated with adapters requiring fast accesses to each other and/or system memory and that can be accessed by a host processor at speeds approaching that of the processor's full native bus speed. Read and write transfers over the PCI bust are implemented with burst transfers that can be sent starting with an address on the first cycle and a sequence of data transmissions on a certain number of successive cycles. The length of the burst is negotiated between the initiator and target devices and may be of any length. PCI-type architecture is widely implemented, and is now installed on most desktop computers. PCI Express architecture exhibits similarities to PCI architecture with certain changes. PCI Express architecture employs a switch that replaces the multi-drop bus of the PCI architecture with a switch that provides fan-out for an input-output (I/O) bus. The fan-out capability of the switch facilitates a series of connections for add-in, high-performance I/O. The switch is a logical element that may be implemented within a component that also contains a host bridge. A PCI switch can logically be thought of, e.g., as a collection of PCI-to-PCI bridges in which one bridge is the upstream bridge that is connected to a private local bus via its downstream side to the upstream sides of a group of additional PCI-to-PCI bridges. PCI Express is limited in application to endpoint type devices in that such devices are generally not allowed to exist on an internal bus. Specifically, PCI Express requires that endpoint devices (represented by Type 00h Configuration Space headers) do not appear to configuration software on the internal bus of a PCI Express switch as peers of the Virtual PCI-to-PCI Bridges representing the switch downstream ports. In addition, only the PCI-PCI Bridges representing the switch downstream ports may appear on the internal bus and endpoints, represented by Type 0 configuration space headers, may not appear on the internal bus. These and other limitations present challenges to the implementation of integrated devices with PCI Express communications. Various aspects of the present invention involve testing approaches for a variety of computer circuits, such as those including interconnect-type structure (e.g., PCI structure) and others. The present invention is exemplified in a number of implementations and applications, some of which are summarized below. According to an example embodiment of the present invention, an endpoint device is configured and arranged to emulate a downstream port of a switch coupled to an endpoint device via a PCI Express-compliant link. The endpoint device is coupled to the bus of a PCI Express switch, with the emulation meeting compliance with PCI Express implementations restricting endpoint devices from being implemented on the bus. With this approach, one or more devices can exist within a PCI Express HUB with generally minimal added logic and without necessarily violating rules typically implemented with PCI Express that disallow integrated devices. In addition, this approach facilitates the implementation one or more devices within the PCI Express Hub while fully complying with the PCI Express requirements. According to another example embodiment of the present invention, a PCI Express communications system facilitates the direct coupling of an endpoint device to a PCI Express-compliant link. The system includes a central processor arrangement and a PCI Express switch communicatively coupled with a host bridge. The PCI Express switch logically includes an upstream port, a bus and a plurality of downstream ports, the upstream port coupled to the host bridge and the down stream ports coupled to one or more PCI Express-type endpoint device. The PCI Express endpoint device and the downstream port to which it is coupled are included in a single circuit that emulates the downstream port and the PCI Express endpoint device coupled via a virtual link. The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describe each embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describe each illustrated embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. The figures and detailed description that follow more particularly exemplify these embodiments. The invention may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an arrangement for implementing a device endpoint in connection with a PCI Express internal bus, according to an example embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an arrangement for implementing a device endpoint in connection with a PCI Express internal bus, according to an example embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an arrangement for implementing a device endpoint in connection with a PCI Express internal bus, according to an example embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 4A-4C show a software view of an integrated PCI Express endpoint device, wherein: FIG. 4A shows a block-level software view of a single integrated device that simulates two blocks coupled via a virtual link, according to an example embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4B shows a detailed software view of various layers and registers for the device shown in FIG. 4A, according to another example embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 4C shows an implementation view of virtual link configuration registers for the device shown in FIG. 4A, according to another example embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 shows an implementation view of a virtual link using emulation state machines for the device shown in FIG. 4A, according to another example embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 6 shows a register arrangement for an integrated PCI Express endpoint device, according to another example embodiment of the present invention. While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The present invention is believed to be applicable to a variety of circuits and approaches involving electronic communications, and in particular to those involving communications between an endpoint-type device and a communications bus (e.g., within a PCI Express HUB). While the present invention is not necessarily limited to such applications, an appreciation of various aspects of the invention is best gained through a discussion of examples in such an environment. According to an example embodiment of the present invention, an integrated PCI Express endpoint device simulates a PCI Express link to emulate a downstream port of a switch connected via a PCI Express-compliant link to an endpoint device. The PCI Express link emulates a PCI-type link (e.g., a PCI to PCI Express bridge) that the PCI Express bus is adapted to communicate with. With this approach, the PCI Express endpoint device can be connected to the PCI Express bus while simulating the existence of a PCI Express-compliant link between the endpoint device and the bus. In addition, this approach facilitates the implementation of the integrated PCI Express endpoint device alongside PCI Express endpoint devices connected to the bus via the downstream port of a switch. In one implementation, the integrated PCI Express endpoint device has registers that facilitate connection to the internal bus of the PCI Express HUB while, meeting requirements of the PCI Express Standard. Specifically, the PCI Express Device is an integrated endpoint device that uses registers to virtually appear as two separate devices (a downstream switch port and an endpoint device), facilitating compliance with PCI Express specification requirements relating to the general prohibition of endpoint devices appearing on an internal bus. The registers that emulate, from a software perspective, one or more of the following: registers that are unique to each virtual device; registers that are shared between the virtual devices; registers that are read only all zeros (but are not implemented functionally but appear to exist from a software perspective); and registers that control the virtual link between the virtual devices, with minimal link emulation logic to make it appear as if a real link exists. The register(s) that are not functionally implemented facilitate the implementation of the PCI Express Device in a manner that addresses requirements of the PCI standard while generally not inhibiting the simplicity of a virtual link between the device and the HUB. For example, non-functional registers are implemented to emulate the virtual link that complies with PCI Express standards. In some instances, one or more of the above-discussed registers contain fields that exhibit a combination of the above categories. In one such example, a single register includes nonfunctional read only zero fields/bits and fields that are used functionally. Turning now to the figures, FIG. 1 shows a PCI Express arrangement 100 configured for PCI Express endpoint device integration with an internal PCI Express bus, according to another example embodiment of the present invention. The arrangement 100 includes a PCI Express switch (i.e., a logical implementation of a switch) having an upstream port 130 coupled to a bus 132 and a plurality of downstream switch ports 140, 142, 144, 146 and 148. The upstream port 130 and the bus 132 of the switch may be implemented, for example, within a component that also contains a host bridge. An integrated PCI Express endpoint device 120 includes, from a logical perspective, a downstream port of a switch 146 coupled to a PCI Express endpoint device 121 by a virtual link 110. Specifically, the integrated PCI Express endpoint device 120 is a single block adapted to simulate two separate blocks (the downstream port 146 and the PCI Express endpoint device 120) attached in hierarchy (by virtual link 110). By way of example, another integrated PCI Express endpoint device 122 is shown having characteristics that are similar to integrated PCI Express endpoint device 120 (simulating downstream port 148 coupled to PCI Express endpoint device 123 via virtual link 112). From a software perspective, the PCI Express endpoint device 121 effectively appears to be an external block connected with a dedicated PCI Express link (virtual link 110) to downstream port 146 (and in turn connected to an internal bus 132). The virtual link 110, while appearing to be a dedicated PCI Express link, has different functional requirements than would a dedicated PCI Express link. For example, there is no requirement to serialize the connection across the virtual link 110 because the link is virtual, no requirement to provide error recovery and no requirement for physical logical layer or physical electrical layer functions to cross between two chips. The use of the internal virtual links 110 and 112 alleviate the need for much of the functionality normally required for managing and controlling a PCI Express Link. In one implementation, the virtual link 110 reduces and/or eliminates logic typically required for the implementation of PCI Express functions using a dedicated PCI Express link. For instance, functions related to the transaction layer, data link layer and physical layer of both logical endpoints (downstream port 146 and PCI Express endpoint device 121) served by the virtual link 110, as typically required for dedicated PCI Express links, are not necessary. For more information regarding the above-mentioned functions as implemented in connection with dedicated PCI Express links, and regarding “PCI-Express compliant” applications, reference may be made to “PCI Express Base Specification Revision 1.0a,” April 2003, available from PCI-SIG (PCI-special interest group) of Portland, Oregon. Approaches that are compliant with this PCI Express Base Specification can be considered “PCI Express-compliant.” In another implementation, the integrated PCI Express endpoint device 120 includes configuration registers that share bits for the downstream port (146) and endpoint (121) functions. Sharing bits in this manner facilitates a degree of efficiency not available using an actual dedicated PCI Express link between two separate blocks, thus reducing complexity relative to that exhibited by such a dedicated PCI Express link arrangement. With this approach, relatively few register bits are required to maintain compatibility with software drivers implemented for PCI Express communications. FIGS. 4A-6 below discuss registers and other components that may be implemented in connection with the PCI Express arrangement 100 for simulating components, links and for other purposes. FIG. 2 shows a PCI Express arrangement 200 configured for device-PCI Express integration, according to another example embodiment of the present invention. The embodiment shown in FIG. 2 is similar to that shown in FIG. 1, with multiple PCI devices being coupled to a bus by way of a single virtual link 210 (rather than each virtual link coupling the bus to a single PCI endpoint device). An upstream port 230 of a switch is coupled by way of a PCI Express bus 232 to downstream ports 240, 242, 244 and 246, with downstream port 246 being integrated within an integrated PCI Express endpoint arrangement 220. The integrated PCI Express endpoint arrangement 220 includes a circuit block that simulates distinct components coupled by a virtual link 210 and a virtual (PCI) bus 252. Specifically, a plurality of PCI devices including devices 260, 262 and 264 are coupled to a PCI Express to PCI bridge component 250 by the virtual bus 252. The PCI Express to PCI bridge 150 is coupled to a downstream port 246 by the virtual link 210. With this approach, the integrated PCI Express endpoint arrangement 220 can exist on the (internal) PCI Express bus 232 because the simulated components and virtual link (and bus) comply with PCI Express requirements. As discussed above in connection with FIG. 1, various components required with distinct components coupled to a PCI Express bus in a manner similar to that of the simulated components shown are relatively more complex and accordingly require more resources than the integrated PCE Express endpoint arrangement 220. By combining these components (e.g., registers) into a single block, fewer components are used, relative to implementing the same devices with separate blocks. In addition, a relatively simple legacy software model can be implemented for controlling the PCI Express arrangement 200, which is particularly useful when multiple PCI Devices are used. FIG. 3 shows a PCI Express arrangement 300 configured for device-PCI Express integration, according to another example embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, a PCI Express HUB (with a virtual PCI Express bus 332) is located lower in hierarchy than a PCI Express to PCI bridge 380. Specifically, The PCI Express to PCI bridge 380 is coupled to integrated PCI devices 372, 374 and 376, and to an integrated arrangement 320, by a PCI bus 334. The integrated arrangement 320 is a single block having functionality that simulates separate blocks coupled by virtual link 310 and a PCI Express bus 332. Specifically, a PCI to PCI Express bridge 320 is coupled to an upstream port 330 of a switch by a virtual link 310. The upstream port 330 is coupled to downstream ports 340, 342 and 344 by the PCI Express bus 332. Various ones of these components may be implemented in a manner similar, for example, to that discussed in connection with similar components in FIG. 1. For instance, the virtual link 310 can be implemented in a manner similar to the virtual link 110. In addition, shared configuration registers can be implemented in a manner similar to that with FIG. 1 (and also as described further below in connection with FIGS. 4A-6). With this approach, a PCI Express-compliant solution is facilitated and PCI Express-type software should successfully enumerate arrangement. FIGS. 4A-4C show software and implementation views of an integrated device 420, according to another example embodiment of the present invention. The integrated device 420 has simulated blocks including downstream port 446 and PCI Express endpoint 421 coupled via a virtual link 410. The virtual link 410 may be implemented, for example, in connection with the virtual links 110, 210 and 310 respectively shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, along with the simulated blocks they connect. The virtual link 410 appears to software to be a real PCI Express link, with downstream port 446 and PCI Express endpoint 421 correspondingly appearing to be distinct blocks. The virtual link 410 can be placed in low power modes, appears to have two complete sets of configuration registers and appears in all ways to software to be a fully functioning link. However, typical PCI Express components including transaction, data link, and physical layers are not implemented. In their place are small blocks of logic that emulate, from the configuration view, the operation of these functions. From a software perspective, the layers of the PCI Express links as shown in FIGS. 4B and 4C are emulated to the extent that software will appear to see a fully operational link. This emulation may be simplified, for example, by assuming that no errors occur and that all blocks are always ready. In some instances, minimum functionality is supported in order to reduce the complexity of the simulation. For instance, slots and optional power management may be left unsupported and optional extended registers left unavailable. Referring to FIG. 4B, a software view is shown for downstream port 446 and PCI Express endpoint device 410 of the integrated device 420 of FIG. 4A, with downstream port configuration registers 472 and PCI Express endpoint configuration registers 474. The downstream port layers include adapter 480, transaction layer 481, data link layer 482 and physical layers 483. The PCI Express endpoint layers include physical layers 484, data link layer 485, transaction layer 486 and adapter 487 that is coupled to IP 488 (an application block of intellectual property, such as a video device, audio device or disk controller). The adapters 480 and 487 translate between the IP's bus and packets, provides access to the configuration registers and generates messages for interrupts. FIG. 4C shows a software view of the virtual link 410 of the integrated device 420, with an adapter 490 and I.P. 498, and virtual link configuration registers 476 coupled to the adapter 490. The virtual link configuration registers 476 include transaction emulation register 491, data link emulation register 492, physical emulation register 493, physical emulation register 494, data link emulation register 495 and transaction emulation register 496. Each of the transaction, data link and physical layers are not implemented (e.g., are null blocks) but rather simulated for compatibility with PCI Express. For emulation of the data link layers 482 and 485, the adapters 480 and 487 are respectively disabled (prevented from generating any new cycles) in response to a link disable condition being asserted. For emulation of the physical layers 483 and 484, a PME_TO_Ack message is generated to support allowing the HUB to gather up all PME_TO_Ack's and complete the return of this aggregate version upward in the hierarchy represented in the software view. This emulation with PME_TO_Ack messages may involve, for instance, a shut-down process initiated by a PME_Turn_Off message sent by a processor at the top of the hierarchy. Each endpoint device responds to the PME_Turn_Off message by generating a PME_TO_Ack message when it is ready to turn off. These PME_TO_Ack messages are gathered at the HUB, which responds to the processor (or other upstream device) with a single PME_TO_Ack message when all devices downstream of the HUB have responded with a PME_TO_Ack message. In one implementation, the PCI Express HUB (e.g., including bus 132 when implemented with FIG. 1) functions with the assumption that a virtual port does not respond and the dependency upon this port is removed. For instance, when a particular port is for a non-functional device, there is no need to wait for the non-functional device to be ready to turn off, because it is always ready to turn off. In this instance, the HUB does not wait for this virtual port to respond before generating a PME_TO_Ack message for an upstream device, as discussed in the paragraph above. The physical layer powers on to a ready and configured state with many of the constants presented in the configuration summary being arbitrary. In this regard, the L1 exit time function (the time it takes a physical layer to recover from a low power state) associated with typical PCI Express implementations is generally not used for virtual devices. The physical layer makes transitions without any delay, as actual training time is zero. An active state condition is academic, as the software has no view of the autonomous active state power management; thus, active state conditions are ignored and have no impact on behavior of the arrangement 470. PCI Express “D” states (software states that set an “L” hardware state) are implemented as a Read/Write register, with a requested state being immediately selected (D0 and D3 states are supported). In addition, PCI Express-type request “PM_Active_State_Request_L1” is typically not generated. FIG. 5 shows another software implementation view of the virtual link 410 (similar, e.g., to the view shown in FIG. 4C), according to another example embodiment of the present invention. An adapter 590 and I.P. 598 function with virtual link configuration registers 576 to emulate the downstream port 446 and PCI Express endpoint device 421 with the virtual link 410 separating them. Up link and down link emulation state machines 592 and 594 interacts with configuration bits for emulating transaction, data link and physical layer functions. In some instances, the up link and down link emulation state machines 592 and 594 are integrated into a single emulation block for all layers. The registers shown in the figures and discussed above are implemented using one or more of a variety of arrangements. In one example embodiment of the present invention, one or more configuration registers are combined. Referring to FIG. 4B as an example, registers for the transaction layer 481 and the data link layer 482 can be combined. Non-functional registers and bits implemented for simulation purposes are zero by design, and registers that are not implemented return zero by design. In one implementation, registers and accompanying circuitry are configured such that, if no selection is made, a zero result is generated (i.e., if an undefined or a one is not selected). This approach can be implemented, for example, by dedicating an input at each mux to a 0 or, more simply, by using a standard ‘AND’ ‘OR’ tree to select registers. In this ‘AND’ ‘OR’ tree, one register has its output selected via an AND gate. All register outputs are ‘ORed’ together, and the result is the selected gate. If no gate is selected, all ‘OR’ inputs are 0, guaranteeing a zero result of any register that is not implemented. Similarly, all un-implemented bits in implemented registers will return a ‘0’. The register to be implemented (e.g., shared, switch port, or device register) is selected in one or more of a variety of manners. For example, some registers have a unique register for the switch port and a unique register for the device. The switch port register is selected when a configuration cycle is a type 0 and the destination address matches the switch port's device number. The device register is selected when a configuration cycle is a type 1, is within the switch ports programmed bus range and matches the device's identification (ID). The type 1 to type 0 cycles are translated in a manner that is compatible with PCI requirements. A shared register is selected by implementing an ‘OR’ with the two above mechanisms involving the switch port and the device register. One type of shared register that can be implemented using an approach similar to that discussed above is a vendor ID register. This register is selected when either the switch port register or the device register is read. It is shown in the register table with a single entry that has an X in both the D switch and device columns. Various other types of shared registers can be similarly implemented. FIG. 6 shows a command register arrangement 600, according to another example embodiment of the present invention. The command register is used as an example of two distinct virtual registers (with other types of registers being readily implemented in a similar manner involving distinct virtual registers). For PCI Express, bits 15:11,9,7,5:2 are read only bits and are not implemented; therefore these bits always return all zeros. Bit 10, Interrupt Enable, can be used to disable or enable the propagation of the interrupt. Disabling either bit will disable the interrupt propagation. For more information regarding these bit implementations, reference may be made to the PCI Express base specification discussed above. For each of the command registers 610 and 620, the RO 0 (Read Only fixed 0 output) bits are not implemented in the hardware (with the used bits being implemented). In this instance, 48 bits are shown and only 10 bits are implemented. Registers 610 and 620 at the top of the page depict registers that represent two distinct registers that are at the same location. When an interrupt disable function is implemented, either the INT DIS bit in the command registers of the PCI Express device or the same bit in the command register of the downstream port of a switch is set to block the INT signal. In one implementation, this is achieved using the OR gate discussed above, combining two disable signals so that the INT will be blocked when either or both of the disable bits are asserted. The AND gate following the OR gate disables the INT if either or both of the INT DIS bits are set. The Bus Master Enable enables this device's bus master if both the Bus Master Enable bits in both of the registers are set (the two input NAND gate shown above). Bus Control Register 620 implements 2 bits to be implemented, one of which, SERR, also has control bits in the other two control registers shown. Any one of these bits can block the signal system error output regardless of where SERR is disabled in this virtual hierarchy. Table 1 below shows an approach using a shared register set, according to another example embodiment of the present invention. The information shown in Table 1 may be implemented, for example, in connection with FIG. 6 discussed above. TABLE 1 Shared register set, Downstream Port of a Switch and Device with Virtual Link Address Offset Register Description D. Switch Device Note Type 0/1 0x00 0x00 VID Vendor ID X X Shared RO Register 0x02 0x02 DID Defice ID X Device ID for D. port of a Switch 0x02 0x02 DID Device ID X Device ID for Device, note 1 0x04 0x04 CMD Command Register X Special, see text 0x04 0x04 CMD Command Register X Special, see text 0x06 0x06 STS Status Register X Special, see text 0x06 0x06 STS Status Register X Special, see text 0x08 0x08 RID Revision ID X X Shared 0x09 0x08 CC Class Code X X Shared 0x0C 0x0C CLS Cache Line RO 0 0x0D 0x0D MLT Master Latency Timer RO 0 0x0E 0x0E HT Header Type RO 0 0x0F 0x0F BIST Built-in Self Test RO 0 0x10 0x10 BAR0 Base Address Register 0, fixed 0 RO 0 0x10 BAR0 Base Address Register 0, customer X defined constant 0x14 0x14 BAR1 Bass Address Register 1, fixed 0 RO 0 0x14 BAR1 Base Address Register 1, customer X defined constant 0x18 0x18 Pri-Bus# Primary Bus Number, RW, default 0 X 0x18 BAR 2 Base Address Register, Customer RO 0 to define. 0x19 0x19 Sec-Bus# Secondary Bus Number, RW, X dafault 0 0x19 Reserved, all zeros RO 0 0x1A 0x1A Sub-Bus# Subordinate Bus Number, RW, X default 0 0x1A Reserved, all zeros RO 0 0x1B 0x1B Sec-LT Secondary Latency Timer, X RO 0 Reserved, all zeros 0x1B Reserved, all zeros RO 0 0x1C 0x1C I/O Base I/O Base, software allocation only X 0x1C Reserved, all zeros RO 0 0x1D 0x1D I/O Limit I/O Limit, software allocation only X 0x1D Reserved, all zeros RO 0 0x1E 0x1E Sec-STS Secondary bus status X 0x1E Reserved, all zeros RO 0 0x20 0x20 MEM Base Memory Base, RW, used by X switch 0x20 Reserved, all zeros RO 0 0x22 0x22 MEM Limit Memory Limit, RW, used by switch X 0x22 Reserved, all zeros RO 0 0x24 0x24 PMEM Base Prefetchable Memory, fixed all RO 0 zeros 0x24 Reserved, all zeros RO 0 0x26 0x28 PMEM Limit Prefetchable Memory Limit, fixed RO 0 all zeros 0x26 Reserved, all zeros RO 0 0x28 0x28 PMEM Base Prefetchable Memory Base RO 0 (upper 32-bits), fixed 0 0x28 CIS Card Information Struct, not used, RO 0 fixed 0 0x2C 0x2C PMEM Limit Prefetchable Memory Limit (upper RO 0 32-bits) 0x2C, SVID, SID Subsystem Vendor ID, Subsystem ID. X constant Ibd 0x2E 0x30 0x30 I/O Base, I/O I/O Base (upper 16 bits), I/O Limit RO 0 Limit (upper 16 bits) RW, used in a switch 0x30 ROM BAR ROM base address. Not used. RO 0 0x34 0x34 CAP PTR Capabilities Pointer X X Shared 0x35- 0x35- Reserved, all zeros RO 0 0x37 0x37 0x38 0x38 ROM BAR Expansion ROM base address, RO 0 Reserved, all zeros 0x38 Reserved, all zeros RO 0 0x3C 0x3C INT LINE Interrupt Line RO 0 0X3D 0x3D INT PIN Interrupt Pin RO 0 0x3E 0x3E BCR Bridge Control Register X 0x3E 0x3E MIN GNT Min Grant, not used. RO 0 0x3F 0x3F MAX LAT Max Latency, not used RO 0 MSI 0x40 0x00 Message Control X 0x44 0x04 Message Address X 0x4B 0x0B Message Upper Message Upper Address X Address 0x4C 0x0C Message Data Message Data X PCI Express Capabilities 0x50 0x0 PCI Express PCI Express Capability List Register X X Shared Capability List Register 0x52 0x2 PCI Express PCI Express Capabilities Register X Most bite shared, Capabilities Reg port types are different 0x52 0x2 PCI Express PCI Express Capabilities Register X Capabilities Reg 0x54 0x4 Device Capabilities Device Capabilities Register X X Shared RO bits, Register phatom, max payload, latency fields equal for both blocks 0x58 0x8 Device Control Device Control Register X X Bits must be set the Register same, so share even control. Many bits are fixed RO. Assume no errors, (no link) 0x5A 0xA Device Status Device Status Registers RO 0 (assumes no Registers errors) 0x50C 0x0C Link Capabilities Link Capabilities X X Shared RO dummy fields 0x60 0x10 Link Control Register Link Control Register X X Shared. Bit 4 is RW but does nothing. Others are constants 0x62 0x12 Link Status Register Link Status Register X X RO bite, shared. 0x64 0x14 Slot Capabilities Slot Capabilities RO 0 0x68 0x18 Slot Control Slot Control RO 0 0x6A 0x1A Slot Status Slot Status RO 0 0x6C 0x1C Root Control Root control X PMEint enable bit is only bit required 0x1C na Reserved, all zeros RO 0 0x70 0x20 Root Status Root status X 0x20 na Reserved, all zeros RO 0 Power 0x74 0x0 Power Management not required Capability 0x78 0x4 Power Management not required Status/Control Vendor Specific vendor specific not required

20080118

20110719

20081016

62525.0

G06F1300

FREJD, RUSSELL WARREN

SIMULATION CIRCUIT OF PCI EXPRESS ENDPOINT AND DOWNSTREAM PORT FOR A PCI EXPRESS SWITCH

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

G06F

ACCEPTED

Device For Exchanging And/Or Docking Functional Modules

The invention relates to a device for exchanging and/or docking functional modules (1, 2), used for the extracorporeal circulation of bodily fluids, each functional module (1, 2) having at least one conduit (3; 4) comprising an inlet (5; 7) and an outlet (6; 8). The aim of the invention is to exchange the functional modules of an extracorporeal circuit as rapidly as possible, without detaching tubular connections and without having to establish a new connection. To achieve this, the invention is provided with elements (9, 10; 11, 12) for connecting the conduit (3) of a first functional module (1) to the inlet (5) and the outlet (6) of a second functional module (2), whereby the connection is established in such a way that the first functional module (1) is bypassed by means of the second functional module (2) to maintain the flow and the bodily fluid is diverted through the second functional module (2).

1. Device for changing and/or docking of functional modules (1 and 2) for the extra corporeal circulation of body fluids wherein each functional module (1 and 2) has at least one of the body fluid flow permeable conduits (3 and 4) with an inlet (5 and 7) and an outlet (6 and 8), is characterized in that it has an element (9, 10; 11, and 12) for connecting the conduit (3) of the first functional module (1) to the inlet (5) and the outlet (6) of a second functional module (2) so that the first functional module (1) providing for a fluid-mechanical bridging through the second functional module is bypassed by the second functional module (2) to maintain the flow of the body fluid. 2. Device according to claim 1, is characterized in that the connecting elements (9, 10; 11, and 12) each contain a valve connection (9 and 10) for the inlet (5) and the outlet (6) of the second functional module (2) as well as a designated portal (11 and 12) in the conduit (3) of the first functional module (1) wherein the valve connections (9 and 10) interact during the connecting of the functional modules (1 and 2) in such a way in each of the assigned portals (11 and 12) that the functional circulation of the first functional module (1) is by-passed. 3. Device according to claim 2, is characterized in that the inlet (5) and the outlet (6) of the second functional module (2), each having a valve connection (9 and 10) which, upon connecting the functional module (1 or 2) with the correspondingly designed portals (11 and 12) for preparation of a leak-tight connection, where it can interact with the permeable body fluid. 4. Device according to claim 2 or 3, is characterized in that the second functional module (2) for connecting with an additional functional module (18) is also equipped with portals (13 and 14). 5. Device according to one of the claims 2, 3, or 4, is characterized in that each of the portals (11, 12; 13, and 14) is sealed germfree at the outward pointing end in an unused condition by means of a permeable membrane (15). 6. Device according to one of the claims 2, 3, or 4, is characterized in that each of the portals (11, 12; 13, and 14) is sealed germfree at the outward pointing end by means of a valve (16). 7. Device according to one of the claims 5 or 6 is characterized in that each of the portals (11, 12, and 13) is maintained germ free or sterile by means of a protective cap or foil. 8. Device according to one of the preceding claims is characterized in that the outlet (6) of the second functional module (2) or, as the case may be, of every additional functional module (18) is provided with a priming valve (17) for evacuation of the air from the second functional module (2) or, as the case may be, from every additional functional module (18), or for filling the same with a fluid. 9. Device according to one of the claims 2-8 is characterized in that each of the portals (11, 12, 13, and 14) contains an angled branch of the associated conduit (3 and 4) so that the connecting valve (9 and 10) closes the axonal branch (19) of the conduit (3 and 4) during a penetration into its assigned portal (11, 12, 13, or 14) and diverts the flow of the body fluid into the second functional module (2) or, as the case may be, in every other functional module (18). 10. Device according to one of claims 2-8 is characterized in that each portal contains a valve mechanism by means of which the flow of the body fluids is diverted into the second functional module (2) or, as the case may be, into any additional functional module (18) after the penetration of the valve connections (9 and 10).

The submitted invention concerns a device for changing and/or docking of functional modules for the extra corporeal circulation of body fluids wherein each functional module has at least one of the body fluid permeable conduits with an inlet and an outlet. When using machines through which blood or sterile fluids flow (for example, in administering of medications) it is known how to make conduit links by use of the connecting tubes or thread adapters. This is especially necessary for hemodialysis or also for operating heart and lung machines, wherein special care must be taken for a sufficient sterility of the connections. Accordingly, these known systems for extra corporeal circulation are hiding in them the danger of a blood secretion into the surrounding environment or a germ penetration into the perfusion system and thus into the patient's circulation during its use on the patient. During the switching over from one of the functional modules of the perfusion system into an additional or another module (for example in changing the dialysis filters during the hemodialysis or the oxygen generators of the heart lung machines) must generally take place very fast, since the damage to the patient with a consecutive functional failure of the perfusion system (for example, thrombus buildup or an air permeation) can be expected. For that reason, it has been established for a case of an obstructed filter during a chronic hemodialysis, that the entire perfusion system, including the taps, adapters, etc must be changed. That means, nevertheless, that the device must be disconnected from the patient's circulation with the corresponding danger of infection or loss of blood (the blood in the connecting tubes cannot be fully re-infused) and lost time in therapy. Additionally, in case of changing the entire set, that is to say, the connecting tubes and the remanent components of the circulation, additional costs are incurred. In the use of a heart-lung machine which, in case of an interruption of the patient's heart function, must continue to operate without stopping, a change of a defective membrane oxygen generator represents a dangerous maneuver. Against the background of this problem, the task of the submitted invention is based in the need to change the functional module of an extra corporeal circulation as fast as possible and without detachment of the tube connections and without having to attach a corresponding new connection. The task will be solved with a device for changing and/or docking of a functional module of the initially named type in accordance with the invention by a component for connecting the conduit of the first functional module with the input and the output of a second functional module in that the first functional module will be bridged by using fluid mechanics to divert the body fluid through the second functional module. The advantages of the solution, according to the invention, lie especially in that during the running of the extra corporeal circulation, a bypass of the body fluid flow from an old (first) functional module to a new (second) functional module is established. Thus the substitution of the functional modules in the extra corporeal circulation can take place without switching the tube connections and without interrupting the circulation. Thus, the device according to the invention has a great advantage in that the change of the functional module can take place in the shortest possible time, while the switching of the tube connections in case of the known devices, even in the hands of the best trained cardiology technician can lead to a standstill of the heart-lung machine of up to two minutes. This can certainly be avoided with the use of the submitted invention. Advantageous design developments of the invention are provided in the sub claims. Preferably, each of the connecting elements comprises valve connections for the input and output of the second functional module as well as a designated portal on the conduit of the first functional module, wherein the valve connections engage the functional module in the respectively assigned portals so that the functional circulation of the first functional module is bridged over. Thus the connecting valves, in the manner of plug-type connectors, make the connection between the old (first) and the new (second) functional module and thus bypass the blood flow under sterile conditions. Hereby it permits the positioning of the attachment points for the valve connections a multiple substitution of a used or a defective (first) functional module by a new (second) functional module. The second functional module and any additional one, the latter again substituting a functional module, then functions as a bypass to the used or, as the case may be, (first) functional module being substituted. While the valve connections for input and output of the second functional module can be fundamentally rated as individual components of consumption material, it is preferably planned that the input and the output of the second functional module each of which is designed with valve connections which, when the functional module with the accordingly designed portals is joined together, combine in making a leak-proof body fluid permeable connection. Thus a second or any additional functional module already bears structurally both of the valve connections whose standardized arrangement takes care that in mounting, the valve connections of the second and any additional functional module intervene without any other action and thus establish rapidly and without problems the connection with the functional modules in the designated portals of the first fuinctional module and thus establish the by-pass of the functional circulation of the first or, as the case may be, any previous functional module. Should it become necessary to attach an additional functional module to the second functional module, it has been designed in an advantageous way so that the second functional module is also designed for connection with additional functional modules and also provided with portals. Thus the substitution of functional modules can similarly take place multiple times due to the module configuration. To take care that every one of the portals is outwardly sealed germ free, two alternatives have been foreseen, according to the invention: First, under unused conditions, each of the portals can be sealed at the outward leading end with a penetrable membrane, or else this can be accomplished by means of a valve. Furthermore, both arrangements can also be kept germ free or even sterile by a protective cap, a foil, or by some other covering. Also a combination of the three above noted possibilities could be considered. The outlet of the second functional module or, as the case may be, any additional functional module, can preferably be provided with a priming valve for air release from the second functional module or, as the case may be, from additional functional modules for filling it with a fluid. This priming valve can, of course, be also used for administration of medications. For any structural implementation of connecting the functional module which diverts the circulation of the body fluid through a second functional module and, at the same time, discontinuing the circulation through the first functional module, two alternative solutions are foreseen according to the invention: First, each portal can comprise an angled branching of the respective conduits so that during the penetration in the respective conduit, the branching section closes each valve connection and diverts the flow of the body fluid into the second functional module or, as the case may be, into any additional functional modules. This is the simplest and, at the same time, most dependable structural design that must be grasped by the cardiology technician or physician, since no other intervention for diverting the circulation need to be used and, furthermore, it represents the fastest way of making the connection. And second, it can also be expected that each portal comprises a valve mechanism in the form of a three way valve located in the branching, which can then be switched into the circulation after the attachment of a second functional module. In the following text, we will clarify in detail the preferred design examples of the invention shown in the illustrations. Demonstrated are: FIG. 1 A schematic representation of two functional modules with an additional functional module marked by dashes; FIG. 2 A schematic representation of one of a first design examples of portals in the three phases of a connection; and FIG. 3 A schematic representation of one of a second design examples of portals in the three phases of connection. FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a first functional module 1, of a second functional module 2 and, marked by dashes, an additional functional module 18. The functional modules 1, 2 and 18 are filled with body fluids such as, for example, units of a perfusion system with a blood flow, whereby one such functional module can be, for example, a dialysis filter for hemodialysis or an oxygen generator of a heart/lung machine. Herein, for the purposes of the following description, the functional module 1 is a used functional module to be substituted where, for example, the filter is obstructed and is to be substituted; and the functional module 2 is new, which is to take over the function of the functional module 1 for which it is substituting. The dash represented functional module 18 is only an additional module for representing the possibility of also substituting the functional module by another functional module, specifically the module 18. The functional module 1 comprises a conduit 3 for the extra-corporeal flow of body fluids, which enter from the patient through a feeder line 20 and then the input 7 into the functional module 1 and after it again departs the functional module 1, it is re-circulated to the patient through output 8 and a drainage point 21, which has a conduit 3 passing through the functional module 1 and has one each portal 11 or 12 in two easily accessible locations, which makes possible access to the conduit 3 from the outside. This access to the portals 11 and 12 is in an unused germ free condition closed by a penetrable membrane 15. And, should the occasion arise, the membrane 15 is protected from unintended penetration by a protective cap (not shown here) or a similar sterile covering or by a combination of both. The functional module 2 reflects the principle of a same design as the functional module 1. Here also, a conduit 4 with an input 5 and an output 6 runs through the entire functional module 2 and two locations easily accessible from the outside and two standardized locations, each provided with portals 13 and 14 which are closed by a membrane 15. In contrast to the functional module 1, the functional module 2 has an air release priming valve in the area of output 6 for aeration of the functional module 2 or for filling it with a fluid. Furthermore, the functional module 2 differs from the functional module 1 by two valve connections 9 and 10 which protrude at the input 5 and output 6 from the housing of the functional module 2 to the extent that they intervene during the mounting of the functional module 2 on the functional module 1 in the portals 11 and 12 of the functional module 1. Moreover, the portals 11 and 12 of the functional module 1 are so constructed that the body fluid circulation is diverted during the complete intervention of the valve connections 9 and 10 in the portals 11 and 12 from the module 1 to module 2, and thus the functional circulation of the module 1 becomes bridged over. The same can also occur during the mounting of an additional functional module 18 on the functional module 2, whereby the functional module 18 again (not shown here) is provided with valve connections, which intervene in the portals 13 and 14 of the functional module 2. FIG. 2 shows a detailed representation of the first design of the portals 11, 12, 13, and 14 in three phases of the intervention of a valve connection 9. This first design form of the portals 11, 12, 13, and 14 lies in the fact that an angled branching is part of the corresponding conduit 3 or 4, whereby the direction of the flow during the operation of the functional module 1 from the conduits 3 and 4 flows around to the right in the branching section 19, since the way from this phase or, as the case may be, in the normal working condition of the functional module 1 is still closed by a membrane 15. In phase 2 (the middle representation) the valve connection 9 has penetrated the membrane 15 and thus comes to intervene with the portal 11 of the functional module 1. Already at this point, the body fluid flow bifurcates to one straight direction into the functional module 2 and the remaining partial flow into the branching section 19. This condition, nevertheless, exists for only a brief period of time, specifically, just until the valve connection 9 has been completely inserted into the portal 11 as it is shown in the far right representation. That is to say, the valve connection 9 closes the branch section 19 and the flow of the body fluid has been completely diverted to the second function module 2. FIG. 3 shows an alternative design form of the portals 11, 12, 13, and 14, according to which a valve mechanism in form of a three-way valve (16) is arranged in the branching section, which causes the body fluid flow to be diverted into the second functional module 2 or, as the case may be, into any additional functional module 18, after penetrating the valve connection 9. In this type of design, the valve connection 9 does not need to penetrate so deeply into the portal 16 as is the case in the design form according to FIG. 2, since with the penetration, the attendant obstruction of the branching section 19 in case of the second design form according to FIG. 3 takes place by means of the valve 16.

20060908

20090324

20070906

95868.0

A61M3900

MARCETICH, ADAM M

DEVICE FOR EXCHANGING AND/OR DOCKING FUNCTIONAL MODULES

SMALL

ACCEPTED

A61M

ACCEPTED

Process and device for soldering in the vapor phase

The invention provides a process for soldering in the vapor phase in which after the solder has melted onto the item to be soldered a vacuum is generated around the item to be soldered in the vapor phase. Also provided is a device for soldering in the vapor phase comprising a first chamber containing the vapor phase and, inside the first chamber within the vapor phase, a second chamber in which a vacuum can be generated and into which the item to be soldered can be introduced. A third chamber communicates with the first chamber to allow the item to be soldered to be transferred into the first chamber by means of a transporting system. The process and device according to the invention are advantageous in that they ensure soldered joints having a higher quality than those of the prior art.

1. A process for soldering in the vapor phase, wherein before, whole and/or after melting the solder (3) on the item to be soldered (2) a vacuum is generated around the item to be soldered (2) in the vapor phase zone (1). 2. The process according to claim 1 comprising the steps of (a) transporting the item to be soldered (2) into the vapor phase zone (1) for heating the item to be soldered (2) in the vapor phase, (b) enclosing the item to be soldered (2) by means of a vacuum chamber (6) in the vapor phase zone (1), (c) generating a vacuum in the vacuum chamber (6) for a predetermined time, (d) compensating the pressure between the chamber (6) and the vapor phase zone (1). 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the solder (3) is molten after step (a). 4. The process according to claim 2, wherein the solder (3) is molten after step (b). 5. The process according to claim 2, wherein the solder (3) is molten during step (c). 6. The process according to claim 2, wherein the chamber (6) is moved laterally across the item to be soldered (2). 7. The process according to claim 2, wherein the chamber is lowered from the top onto the item to be soldered (2). 8. The process according to claim 7, wherein the upper part of the chamber remains outside the vapor phase zone so that the item to be soldered (2) is heated less from the top than from the bottom. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the height of the vapor phase (a) is varied in a controlled manner. 10. The process according to claim 9, wherein the height of the vapor phase (1) is lowered below the level of the item to be soldered for a short or long time period and then risen again while the chamber (6) encloses the item to be soldered (2). 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the generation of the vacuum is delayed. 12. The process according to claim 2, wherein the pressure is compensated by means of an inert gas. 13. The process according to claim 12, wherein the inert gas cools the item to be soldered (2). 14. The process according to claim 2, wherein an overpressure is generated in the chamber (6) instead of step (d). 15. The process according to claim 2, wherein the item to be soldered (2) is additionally cleaned in a plasma in the chamber (6). 16. The process according to claim 2, wherein the item to be soldered (2) is heat treated or cleaned by means of a process fluid in the chamber (6). 17. A device for soldering in the vapor phase zone (1) comprising: (a) a first chamber (5) in which the vapor phase zone (1) and a support (4) for the item to be soldered (2) are located, (b) a second chamber (6) in which the vacuum can be generated and which is located in the chamber (5) or can be moved into the chamber (5), wherein the second chamber (6) can be moved over the item to be soldered (2) or the item to be soldered (2) can be moved into the second chamber (6). (c) means (7, 8) for lowering and rising the pressure in the second chamber (6), (d) a transporting system (9) for transporting the item to be soldered (2) into the first chamber (5) and out of the first chamber (5). 18. The device according to claim 17 comprising a third chamber (10) which communicates with the first chamber (5) and through which the transporting system (9) extends. 19. The device according to claim 18, wherein the connection between the first chamber (5) and the third chamber (10) is surrounded by a cooling tube (11) in order to retain the vapor phase (1) in the first chamber (5). 20. he device according to claim 17, wherein the second chamber (6) comprises means (11, 12) for supplying and discharging an inert gas or a process fluid. 21. The device according to claim 17, wherein a means for generating a plasma is provided in the second chamber (6).

The invention relates to a process and a device for soldering in the vapor phase. In soldering processes and in particular reflow soldering processes using soft solders cavities can be formed in the solder. As a rule, these cavities are gas inclusions or inclusions of fluxing agents which were not able to escape from the melt of liquid solder during solidification of the solder. These defective spots might be disadvantageous for the soldered joint and impede the dissipation of heat from joints when utilizing the soldered components. In specific components it is therefore necessary to keep the number of cavities or voids in the joint small. It is known that gas bubbles can be removed from liquids by generating a negative gauge pressure (i.e. a low pressure or vacuum). In metallography a low pressure is likewise used in order to remove bubbles from the viscous embedding medium. The same basic principle can be used in soldering in that a low pressure is generated in the area of the liquid soldered joint. In normal reflow soldering processes, radiators or hot gases are typically used for heating the item to be soldered. However, these soldering processes are disadvantageous in that relatively large masses are heated slowly and in that they are almost unsuitable for soldering hidden parts. In the so-called vacuum soldering, these processes are used in connection with the generation of a low pressure in order to keep the number of cavities in the joint small. The heat transfer in a condensing vapor phase (so-called vapor phase soldering) is more suitable for heating the item to be soldered. On the one hand, a better heat transfer is guaranteed and, on the other hand, the temperature of the vapor determines the maximum temperature to which the item to be soldered can be heated. It is already known to use a pressure change in connection with the transfer of condensation heat. In accordance with the principles of thermodynamics, for example, the boiling point of a liquid can be changed by changing the ambient pressure of the liquid. This principle is used in U.S. Pat. No. 4,392,049 and DE-A-196 02 312. By changing the ambient pressure in a closed chamber, the boiling temperature of the liquid is changed therein and thus the temperature of the vapor is controlled. However, the direct use of a pressure change in the vapor phase leads to problems if the great advantage of a constant temperature during soldering should be used. Just this property is advantageous in that an automatic, physically caused protection against undesired high temperatures is given. This problem is solved in that the heating process takes place in the vapor phase chamber and a subsequent vacuum process is carried out in a chamber located outside the vapor phase zone. DE-A-199 11 887 describes a corresponding device. For soldering, the heat is transferred by means of condensation, and afterwards the molten item to be soldered is transported from the vapor chamber into a neighboring chamber. In said neighboring chamber a vacuum is generated by means of a so-called vacuum bell jar in the area of the joints in order to allow the inclusions in the solder to escape and in order to produce joints containing almost no cavities. However, this procedure has essential disadvantages. If this vacuum step takes place after the soldering process, there is the problem that the item to be soldered must be kept viscous until the foreign matter forming the cavities had the chance to escape due to a vacuum to be generated. In DE-A-199 11 887 this problem is solved in that the item to be soldered is placed on a carrier which can be heated if required. The heat dissipation of the item to be soldered into the environment is thus compensated for and the joints are kept viscous. This might function with simple parts having a good surface contact with the hot carrier. However, as soon as the parts are more complex or the evacuation time is somewhat longer, the results of this arrangement are unsatisfactory. In order to compensate for this disadvantage of the process and avoid an undesired early solidification of the solder, the temperature of the item to be soldered must differ as much as possible from the melting point of the used solder when said item is transported out of the vapor phase. For this purpose, the item to be soldered is heated to about 10-15° C. above this melting temperature. Even higher temperatures are known in practice. The problem that the solder solidifies too early, on the one hand leads to uncertainties in the manufacturing process since already slight changes in the ancillary conditions during evacuation or time delays caused by malfunction lead to a deterioration in the desired result. On the other hand, the restriction of the time period which the vacuum is allowed to act and which is caused by the execution limits or prevents the possible process variants such as, for example, changing pressure conditions, etc. However, the higher the temperature of the item to be soldered rises, the more disadvantageous is said temperature for the quality of the joints and materials. In addition to an increase in dealloying processes, it is also known that in lead-free solders relatively high temperatures lead to an increase in the voids in the solder. It is therefore desirable for various reasons to carry out the soldering process at a temperature lying only slightly above the melting temperature of the solder. It is the object of the present invention to provide an improved process and an improved device in which defective spots (cavities) in the solder are reliably avoided. This object is achieved with the features of the claims. In achieving this object, the invention starts out from the basic idea to generate a vacuum in the vacuum phase zone around the item to be soldered so that the solder degases. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a vacuum (evacuation) chamber is provided into which the item to be soldered is transported. The vacuum chamber takes on the temperature of the vapor because it is located in the vapor phase. An additional heater can be used but is not necessary. The vacuum chamber is closed against the vapor phase, and the gas volume is sucked out of the vacuum chamber in order to generate a vacuum having a desired low pressure and remove gas inclusions from the solder. The invention has the following advantages. Since the vapor phase surrounds the vacuum chamber, the latter cannot cool down and therefore acts as a “complete radiator” which irradiates the item to be soldered with the maximum temperature of the vapor phase and thus very reliably avoids that the solder cools down too early. The boiling point of the medium forming the vapor phase must lie only slightly above the melting temperature of the solder because no temperature reserve must be present for avoiding a too early cooling down. For example, a temperature surplus of only 5° C. above the melting temperature of the solder is sufficient for a reliable soldering operation and a subsequent removal of voids. In the following the invention will be described in more detail on the basis of the drawings in which FIG. 1 shows a simplified cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the invention, and FIG. 2 shows the item to be soldered according to FIG. 1 in the closed low pressure or vacuum chamber. FIG. 1 shows a first chamber 5 comprising a vapor phase zone 1. The vapor phase is generated by the liquid medium 13 which is visible on the bottom of the chamber 5 and which preferably is an inert organic liquid. An item to be soldered 2 on a support or rest 4 is provided in the vapor phase zone 1. In the vapor phase zone there is moreover a second chamber 6 for generating a low pressure or vacuum around the item to be soldered 2. The item to be soldered 2 is transported by means of a transporting system 9 from a neighboring third chamber 10 in the direction of arrow A into the chamber 5. The connection between the first chamber 5 and the third chamber 10 is surrounded by a cooling tube 11 which retains the vapor phase in the first chamber and does not allow it to enter the chamber 10. The second chamber 6 for generating the vacuum is moved in the direction of arrow B across the support 4 comprising the item to be soldered 2 so that the vertical wall of the support 4 closes the second chamber 6. The chamber 6 is then evacuated for a predetermined time period through the connection 7 to a predetermined low pressure. The second chamber 6 is then again removed from the support 4 comprising the item to be soldered and the transporting system 9 takes the item to be soldered 2 and transports it from the first chamber 5 into the third chamber 10. From said third chamber 10 it is then transported away to be further processed (not shown). If desired, it is possible to vary the height of the vapor phase 1 in order to reduce the heat transfer to the parts located in the vapor phase zone for a predetermined time. It is also possible to lower the vapor phase 1 for a short time when closing the vacuum chamber 6 and subsequently rise it again so that the chamber 6 contains as little vapor phase as possible for facilitating evacuation. Moreover, the chamber 6 comprising the item to be soldered 2 can already be closed before or while the solder is melting and the heat can then be transmitted to the item to be soldered by the irradiation heat of the chamber 6. In this case the heat transfer is caused by diffuse radiation of the chamber walls. After closing the chamber the evacuation of the chamber 6 can be delayed and also a very slowly increasing vacuum can be used since there is no risk that the solder of the joints solidifies too early because it is situated in the vapor phase. If required, the vacuum chamber can also be lowered from the top onto the item to be soldered (not shown). In this case the heating through the chamber walls can be delayed if the upper part of the chamber is not always or only incompletely located in the vapor phase and radiant heat is transmitted to the item to be soldered mainly through the bottom part of the chamber. FIG. 2 shows the support 4 comprising the item 2 to be soldered according to FIG. 1 after moving the second chamber 6 of FIG. 1 in the direction of arrow B across the support 4 and the item 2 to be soldered and closing it by the vertical wall of the support 4. In order to remove, for example, fluxing agents from the joints already before melting, the chamber 6 comprising the item to be soldered can also be evacuated before melting the solder. Subsequently, the pressure is compensated and the soldering process is carried out. In the vacuum chamber 6 the item to be soldered can be cleaned or treated further. The chamber 6 can comprise, for example, a device for generating a plasma. By means of a suitable plasma treatment of the item to be soldered, dirt on the substrate to be soldered is removed and the wettability is increased. A plasma treatment can take place before soldering, during the soldering process or afterwards. If desired, also an overpressure can be generated in the chamber 6. Furthermore, the item to be soldered can be treated by means of a process fluid which is introduced, for example, through the connection 11 into the chamber 6 and is then discharged through the connection 12 from the chamber 6. For example, the item to be soldered can be cooled after soldering or cleaned by means of the process fluid. After evacuation through the conduit 7, the pressure can be compensated by means of an inert gas or another gas through the conduit 8. In the course of the pressure compensation the item to be soldered can be cooled in that the gas flows through the chamber 6 for a time that is longer than the time required for the pressure compensation.

20060911

20100706

20070823

90746.0

A47J3602

PATEL, DEVANG R

PROCESS AND DEVICE FOR SOLDERING IN THE VAPOR PHASE

SMALL

ACCEPTED

A47J

ACCEPTED

Pipeline Pig

A device for travelling along a pipeline having fluid flowing along it comprises means for extracting power from said fluid flow and using that power to move the device along the pipeline against the fluid flow. The device is arranged in a series of coupled modules.

1. A device for travelling along a pipeline having fluid flowing along it, said device comprising means for extracting power from said fluid flow and using said power to move the device along the pipeline against the fluid flow, characterised in that said device is arranged to crawl in a stepwise manner along the edge of the pipeline. 2. A device as claimed in claim 1 adapted to extract all of the power needed to move against the fluid flow from said flow. 3. A device as claimed in claim 1 operable without an umbilical cord. 4. A device as claimed in claim 1 comprising means for wirelessly transmitting data. 5. A device as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means for extracting power is mechanically coupled to moving means for moving said device such that the moving means is driven mechanically by the fluid flow. 6. A device as claimed in claim 1 comprising two sets of legs moveable relative to one another, the legs being selectively engageable with the inner surface of a pipeline. 7. A device as claimed in claim 6 wherein said legs comprise a foot portion adapted to contact the pipe wall wherein the foot portion is shaped to include part of a logarithmic spiral centred on the pivotal axis of the leg. 8. A device as claimed in claim 6 wherein said legs have a contact angle with the pipe of between 70 and 86 degrees. 9. A device as claimed in claim 6 wherein the legs are operated by a crank mechanism driven by the fluid flow. 10. A device as claimed in claim 9 wherein said crank mechanism comprises a crank wheel (42) whose axis is perpendicular to the main axis of the device. 11. A device as claimed in claim 9 wherein the eccentricity of the crank mechanism is adjustable. 12. A device as claimed in claim 6 comprising means for deploying the legs when required. 13. A device as claimed in claim 12 wherein the legs are resiliently biased to their deployed position, the deployment means comprising releasable latch means for holding the legs in their retracted positions such that the legs may be deployed by releasing the latch. 14. A device as claimed in claim 12 comprising one or more actuators for deploying and/or retracting the legs. 15. A device as claimed in claim 12, wherein each set of legs is coupled together such that they may be deployed as one. 16. A device as claimed in claim 7 comprising one or more tools. 17. A device as claimed in claim 16 wherein said tool or one of said tools comprises means for removing deposits on the inside of the pipeline wall. 18. A device as claimed in claim 16 comprising means for actively operating said tool(s). 19. A device as claimed in claim 18 wherein said tool(s) is/are driven by power extracted from the fluid flow. 20. A device as claimed in claim 19 comprising a common means for extracting power from the fluid flow to drive the tool or tools as well as moving the device against the flow. 21. A device as claimed in claim 7 comprising means for receiving remotely transmitted control signals. 22. A device as claimed in claim 7 comprising a generator for generating electrical power from the fluid flow for powering electronic equipment onboard the device. 23. A device as claimed in claim 7 comprising a plurality of modules. 24. A device as claimed in claim 23 wherein at least some of the modules are coupled to one another in such a way as to transmit mechanical drive between them. 25. A device for travelling along a pipeline, said device comprising a plurality of modules coupled to one another in such a way as to allow mechanical drive to be transmitted between them. 26. A device as claimed in claim 25 wherein the modules are arranged to move axially with respect to one another. 27. A device as claimed in claim 26 comprising a first module or group of modules including a first set of legs and a second module or group of modules including a second set of legs wherein the first and second modules or groups are moveable relative to each other. 28. A device as claimed in claim 25 comprising means for selectively increasing and decreasing its resistance to fluid flowing past it.

This invention relates to pigs for travelling through pipelines through which fluid flows or is intended to flow in order to carry out inspection, cleaning and other maintenance. Pipeline pigs in general are well known in the art, and many different configurations thereof are in use and an even higher number of configurations has been proposed. A general characteristic of known pigs is the requirement for an umbilical cord. Such a cord is typically used on one hand to supply power to the pig and to control its movement and may also be used on the other hand to return data to the operator e.g. a visual picture of the inside of the pipe. For ongoing maintenance once a pipeline has been commissioned, it is usually impractical to halt the flow of fluid through the pipe and so it is normally necessary for the pig to operate while the fluid is flowing. Whilst advantage may be taken of this in one direction of the pig's travel, e.g. to deploy the pig, by allowing it to be carried along by the fluid flow; when it is required that the pig travels in the other direction, it is necessary to drive the pig against the flow. This is normally achieved by providing the pig with a motor which is powerful enough to drive it against the forward pressure of the flowing fluid. The option of providing batteries on the pig to power such a motor would almost always be impractical due to their weight and the amount of power which would be needed. It is an aim of the present invention to provide an improved pig and when viewed from a first aspect, the invention provides a device for travelling along a pipeline having fluid flowing along it, said device comprising means for extracting power from said fluid flow and using said power to move the device along the pipeline against the fluid flow. Thus it will be seen that in accordance with the present invention a pig or like device is provided which utilises the power available in the flowing fluid to move the device along the pipeline against the fluid flow. This allows the device to be used in pipelines in which fluid is still flowing, whilst reducing or eliminating the need to provide an external power source to drive it. Such a device would be advantageous even if it were nonetheless provided with an umbilical cord since it will reduce the requirement for power to be supplied along the cord. Preferably however the device is adapted to extract all of the power needed to move the device against the fluid flow without requiring power to be supplied externally. An umbilical cord could still be used to communicate with the device since a lighter cord may be provided than if it also supplies power. Most preferably however the device does not have an umbilical cord and may thus be completely independent. It will be appreciated that this can drastically simplify its use and furthermore removes any restriction on its range of travel which would otherwise have been imposed by a tether such as an umbilical cord. Where the device is required to transmit information in real time it preferably comprises means for wirelessly transmitting said data—e.g. radio transmitting means. Many different mechanisms for moving the device against the fluid flow in the pipeline may be envisaged. For example, a propeller or jet propulsion could be employed. Preferably, however, the device is arranged to crawl along the edge of the pipeline. Such an arrangement is novel and inventive in its own right and thus when viewed from a second aspect the invention provides a device for travelling along a pipeline, said device comprising means for crawling along the inside surface of the pipeline. Preferably such a device is arranged to crawl against the flow of fluid in the pipeline, most preferably using power extracted from said fluid flow as in accordance with the first aspect of the invention. In the most preferred embodiments, the device comprises two sets of legs moveable relative to one another, the legs being selectively engageable with the inner surface of a pipeline. The legs may be of any suitable shape but in preferred embodiments comprise a foot portion adapted to contact the pipe wall wherein the foot portion is shaped to include part of a logarithmic spiral centred on the pivotal axis of the leg. This feature is beneficial as it allows a substantially constant angle to be maintained between the pipe axis and a line through the point of contact of the foot portion and pipeline and the pivot axis of the leg, even if the interior profile of the pipe changes or is uneven causing the point of contact to move along the foot portion. This helps to prevent the leg slipping and is similar to the principle used in some rock-climbing aids to arrest sudden falls. Further details of the application of logarithmic spirals to gripping devices in the field of climbing aids may be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,645,149. The contact angle referred to above is chosen to suit the friction conditions prevailing in the pipeline. For example where friction is high such as in a dry concrete pipe, a contact angle of only 70 degrees may be sufficient. On the other hand in a stainless steel pipe carrying oil the available friction will be much lower such that a contact angle of as much as 86 may be necessary to avoid slipping. The contact angle is therefore preferably between 70 and 86 degrees. For example the contact angle may be between 70 and 85 degrees. In one specific example the contact angle is approximately 78.5 degrees. Preferably the legs are operated by a crank mechanism driven by the fluid flow. Most preferably such a mechanism comprises a crank wheel whose axis is perpendicular to the main axis of the device. In some embodiments envisaged the eccentricity of the crank is adjustable. This allows its mechanical advantage to be adjusted to apply greater or lesser force to the legs (with an inverse effect on the average speed of movement of the legs). Such adjustment could be manual, e.g. with a simple bolt held in the required position along a slot. Alternatively a powered mechanism could be provided which would allow remote operation—e.g. in real-time while the pig was operating in a pipeline. Preferably the device comprises means for deploying the legs when required, e.g. upon receipt of a suitable signal. Such a signal could, for example, be generated remotely or could be generated on board the device on the basis of the distance travelled, time elapsed, landmark reached etc. In some preferred embodiments the legs are resiliently biased to their deployed position, the deployment means comprising releasable latch means for holding the legs in their retracted positions such that the legs may be deployed by releasing the latch. In an alternative set of embodiments one or more actuators is provided to deploy and/or retract the legs. This would allow repeated journeys through the pipe without having to remove the pig to re-latch the legs manually. The legs are preferably coupled together such that they may be deployed as one. For example, such a coupling may take the form of a mechanism similar to that found in umbrellas. This is beneficial as it requires only a single latch and/or actuator. The means onboard the device for moving the device against the fluid flow could be arranged to operate on electrical power derived from the flowing fluid. This could be advantageous where another power supply is also available, e.g. for back-up purposes, or where electrical power is required to operate other equipment on the device. In presently preferred embodiments however, the moving means is driven mechanically by the fluid flow. Such an arrangement is considered to be more reliable and less costly to implement and is also generally more efficient since it obviates the need for double conversion of power. The device may be used just for passive inspection of the inside of the pipeline which could be a visual inspection or any other form of measuring such as ultrasonic, microwave, magnetic etc. Preferably, however, the device comprises one or more tools. The tools provided will depend upon the particular application. In some preferred embodiments, means are provided on the device for removing deposits on the inside of the pipeline wall. For example, brushes, scrapers or other suitable implements could be provided. Some forms of tools could be arranged to operate entirely passively as the device passes along the pipeline. Often, however, it will be necessary to provide active tools in order for them to operate effectively. Although a separate source of power such as a battery would be a more feasible option for operating such tools than for driving the device, preferably the device comprises actively operated tools which are also driven by power extracted from the fluid flow. Indeed, this concept is novel and inventive in its own right and thus when viewed from a third aspect the invention provides a device for use in a pipeline having fluid flowing along it, said device comprising means for extracting power from said fluid flow and using said power to drive one or more tools provided on the device. Preferably a common means for extracting power from the fluid flow is used to drive the tool or tools as well as moving the device against the flow. In accordance with the invention, the device can be entirely self sufficient. For example, in some preferred embodiments it is arranged to travel a predetermined distance along the pipeline before returning. Alternatively the device could be sensitive to some form of external marker provided inside or outside the pipeline. In other embodiments, however, the device is provided with means for receiving remotely transmitted control signals. Such means may, for example, comprise a radio frequency receiver. This might allow greater control and flexibility of use for the device. A radio receiver or the like may quite feasibly be provided with its own power supply in the form of a battery or the like. In some embodiments however, the device comprises a generator for generating electrical power from the fluid flow for powering electronic equipment, e.g. the aforementioned radio receiver, onboard the device. Other electronic equipment may be provided such as a radio transmitter for transmitting data from the device, means for recording data for later analysis, means for processing data collected and means for controlling and interfacing with sensors, tools etc. on the device. The device could take the form of an integrated unit but preferably it comprises a plurality of modules. This is beneficial as it allows particular configurations of devices to be constructed to suit particular applications. Preferably, all of the aforementioned features of the device are provided in separate independent modules so as to allow them to be selectively used for a particular application as required. Preferably, at least some of the modules are coupled to one another in such a way as to transmit mechanical drive between them. Thus by providing a module for extracting power from the fluid flow and converting it to mechanical drive—e.g. a turbine—such extracted power may be used by other modules, regardless of their order in the preferred embodiment. This is also novel and inventive in its own right and thus when viewed from a fourth aspect the invention provides a device for travelling along a pipeline, said device comprising a plurality of modules coupled to one another in such a way as to allow mechanical drive to be transmitted between them. The modules may maintain a fixed axial separation from one another. However in some preferred embodiments the modules are arranged to move axially with respect to one another. In a particularly preferred example of this the relative axial movement is used to implement the two sets of legs movable relative to one another that allow the device to crawl along the pipe in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention. This would have for example a first module or group of modules including a first set of legs and a second module or group of modules including a second set of legs wherein the first and second modules or groups are moveable relative to each other. Preferably the device comprises means for selectively increasing and decreasing its resistance to fluid flowing past it. Such means may thus be used to reduce the resistance whilst the device is being driven against the fluid flow, but may increase the resistance to maximise thrust on the device when it is carried along with the flow. Devices described herein may be used in pipes carrying any fluid—liquid or gas—e.g. oil, water, mud, slurry, natural gas. Certain preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a pig in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 2 is a close up view of the turbine module of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is an end view of the body of the turbine module; FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the turbine component; FIG. 5 is a close up view of the gear module of FIG. 1. FIG. 6 is a close up view of the crawling module of FIG. 1; FIG. 7 is an even larger view showing one of the crawling legs; FIGS. 8a to 8e are side elevations of the gear and crawling modules showing how the pig crawls along a pipeline against the fluid flow; FIG. 9 is a close up view of the control module; FIG. 10 shows close up views of the resistance module and the crawling module during movement with the fluid flow; FIG. 11 is a view similar to FIG. 10 whilst crawling against the fluid flow; FIG. 12 is a close up view of the tool module at the front of the pig; FIG. 13 is a view of an alternative tool module; FIG. 14 is a view similar to FIG. 1 showing the pig negotiating bends in a pipeline. Turning firstly to FIG. 1, there may be seen a perspective view of a pig in accordance with the invention which may travel along a pipeline such as an industrial water pipeline to remove deposits from the inside wall thereof, although similar devices could also be used in other pipelines such as those for oil or gas for example. Starting at the front of the pig, there may be seen a tool module 2; a resistance module 4; a turbine module 6; a gear module 8; a crawling module 10; and a control module 12 at the rear. Each of these modules will be described in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 2 to 12. Turning firstly to FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, the turbine module 6 will be described. The turbine module 6 comprises a generally cylindrical hollow body 14. Two series of circumferentially spaced wheels 16 are mounted at the two ends of the cylinder to project normally from the body 14. The wheels 16 thus engage with the inside wall of a pipeline (not shown) in use. The wheels are mounted so as to be freely rotatable, thus allowing the module 2 as a whole to slide freely along the pipeline. It will be appreciated that FIG. 2 shows part of the module to cut away to allow the interior thereof to be seen. A turbine element 18 is rotatably mounted along the axis of the module 2 by axle mounts 20,22 at either end which are attached to the module body 14 by being formed integrally with angled spokes 24. As may be seen most clearly in FIG. 4 the turbine module 18 comprises a set of circumferentially spaced blades 26 surrounded by an annular shroud 28. The blades 26 are fixed to an axle 30 which has universal couplings 32 at either end. It will also be seen that extending axially outwardly of the axle mount portions 26 at either end are ball sockets 34 to allow a ball and joint coupling to the two adjacent modules 4, 8 to be made in such a way that encloses the universal joints 32 between their respective axles. As indicated in FIG. 2, the turbine element 18 is arranged to rotate anti-clockwise when viewed from the direction of flow. FIG. 5 shows the gear module 8. This module also comprises a generally cylindrical housing 14 with wheels 16 mounted normally thereto at opposed ends. Equally, at the foremost end of the module angled spokes 24a support an axle mount 22. One difference to be noted over the previous module however, is that the axle mount 22 is formed with a spherical forward-projection (not visible in FIG. 5) which is received in the socket 34 of the turbine module 6. At the rearmost end of the module, the spokes 24b do not support an axle mount but are attached to a rearwardly projecting socket 34 for receiving a spherical protrusion 36 of the next module (the crawling module 10). The axle mount 22 at the front of the module receives a stub axle 38 which is provided with a bevelled pinion gear 40 at its rear end. Although not visible in FIG. 5, the front end of the stub axle 38 is provided with a universal coupling which is attached to the universal coupling 32 of the turbine element 18 shown in FIG. 4. A bevel crank gear 42 is mounted at right angles to the axis of the bevelled pinion 40 and of the module as a whole so as to mesh with the pinion 40. The bevel gear 42 has an eccentrically located boss 44 protruding normally from its front face which receives the eye of a crank member 46. At the other end of the kinked shaft of the crank member 46 is a yoke 48 which is pivotally coupled to a sliding coupling 50 on the next module 10. The sliding coupling 50 is described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 6. The gear module therefore transmits the rotary motion of the stub axle 38 about the axis of the modulate to a geared down rotary motion transverse to the main axis which is in turn converted into a reciprocating linear movement of the sliding coupling 50 of the next module 10 by the crank member 46. In the embodiment shown in the drawings the boss 44 mounting the crank member 46 is fixed to the face of the gear 42. However further embodiments are envisaged in which the connection point between the crank and the gear is adjustable. This would allow a choice to be made between a smaller but more powerful cranking movement or a larger but less powerful cranking movement for a given gear torque. Such adjustment could be manual, e.g. with a simple bolt held in the required position along a slot. Alternatively a powered mechanism could be provided which would allow remote operation—e.g. in real-time while the pig was operating in a pipeline. This would be useful in allowing a greater crawling force to be applied in the event the pig became stuck. The crawling module 10 is shown in FIG. 6. This module does not have a body or wheels but rather comprises two sets of legs 52, 54 about a common shaft 56. The left part of this Figure will be seen to correspond to the right part of the previous Figure. Thus the spherical protrusion 36 attached to the shaft 56 and received in the socket 34 of the gear module 8 may be seen. A similar spherical projection 36 is provided at the other end of the shaft 56. The first set of legs 52 comprises four equally spaced leg members 58 which are hingedly mounted to a central boss 60. The central boss 60 is formed integrally with the previously mentioned sliding coupling 50 so that the two may slide together along the shaft 56. The second set of legs 54 also comprises four equally spaced leg members 58 hingedly mounted to a central boss 62. However, the boss 62 of the second set of legs 54 is rigidly attached to the shaft 56 rather than being able to slide along it. All eight of the individual leg members 58 are resiliently biased to the radially outwardly projecting positions shown in FIG. 6 by respective coil springs 64. This allows the leg members 58 to accommodate unevenness in the internal profile of the pipeline caused, for example, by rough tolerances, dirt, faults, poor welding and of course planned bends in the pipe. Although not shown, a latch mechanism is provided in each of the two central bosses 60, 62 to hold the legs 58 in their retracted positions against the force of the springs 64 (See FIG. 11). The latch is coupled to an actuator (also not shown) in order to allow it to be released remotely when the pig has been carried by fluid flow to the required place to allow it to return. In an alternative envisaged embodiment the legs 58 may be retracted and extended remotely using suitable actuators. This would allow repeated journeys through the pipe without having to remove the pig to re-latch the legs manually. A more detailed view of the first, sliding set of legs 52 is given in FIG. 7. From this Figure, it will be seen that when the legs are employed the rounded feet 58a of the respective legs engage against the inside wall 66 of a pipeline. The actual shape of the feet 58a is a logarithmic spiral centred on the pivotal axis of the corresponding leg. This maintains the appropriate angle of contact between the feet 58a and the pipe wall 66 constant (when measured parallel to the pipe axis), regardless of where along the sole of the foot 58a contact is made. The actual value of the contact angle required is dependent on a number of factors including the material of the inner pipe wall and the fluid flowing in the pipe. For example in a dry concrete pipe an angle of 70 degrees may be sufficient to prevent slipping. However in a stainless steel pipe an angle of up to 86 degrees might be necessary to prevent slipping. It should be noted that a small gap is shown in the upper part of FIG. 7 for the sake of clarity, but in practice there is direct physical contact between the soles of the feet 58a and the pipeline wall 66. The feet 58a may be provided with a suitable friction coating such as synthetic rubber in order to aid grip. Also visible in FIG. 7 is the relationship between the yoke 48 of the crank member coming from the gear module 8, and the sliding coupling 50. In particular, it will be seen that the sliding coupling 50 comprises a sleeve 68 formed integrally with the boss 60 of the sliding set of legs 52 and an oval-section rocking member 70. The rocking member 70 is pivotally attached to the sleeve 68 by means of a pair of pips 72 formed on the sleeve 68 which are received in corresponding holes in the rocking member 70. The two arms of the yoke 48 are attached to the curved ends of the rocking member 70 by respective pivot pins 74. The relative movement between these components afforded by this arrangement may be seen more clearly in FIGS. 8a to 8e. FIGS. 8a to 8e show a partially cut-away view of the gear module 8 and the crawling module 10 of the pig. 8a shows the two modules in an initial configuration with the crank 46 at the foremost extent of its travel. The flow of fluid in the pipe is from right to left but the pig is prevented from being carried with the flow by the two sets of legs 52, 54 in frictional engagement with the inside wall of the pipeline 66. Moving on to FIG. 8b, the flow in the pipeline 66 causes the turbine element in the turbine module 6 to rotate which in turn drives the axle 38 at the foremost end of the gear module 8 to drive the crank gear 42 in a clockwise direction. This is translated into a linear drive movement by the crank 46 to push the sliding coupling 50 and thus the sliding set of legs 52 along the shaft 56 towards the stationary set of legs 54. The observed inclination of the crank member is accommodated by the rocking member 70. This process is completed in FIG. 8c when the crank 46 is at its rearmost position with the two sets of legs 52, 54 approximately adjacent to one another. It will be seen that throughout this part of the movement, the pig overall remains in its original position. However, as the clockwise rotary movement of the crank gear 42 continues, the crank 46 exerts a forward force on the sliding set of legs 52. However, friction between the feet 58a on the sliding set of legs 52 and the inside wall of the pipe 56 prevents them from being dragged forward again and thus the reactionary force drags the gear module 8, and therefore all of the modules of the pig, backward. This may be seen in FIG. 8d. The process continues until the crank 46 again reaches the foremost extent of its travel and the two sets of legs 52, 54 are once again at their maximum separation as shown in FIG. 8e. By comparing FIGS. 8a and 8e, it will be seen that the configuration of the modules is the same in each but that in FIG. 8e the whole pig has been moved backwards against the flow in the pipeline. Thus as the flow continues to turn the turbine and therefore the crank gear 42, the whole pig is gradually moved against the flow in a series of steps. FIG. 9 shows the control module 12 which is located behind the crawling module 10. In common with several of the other modules, the control module comprises a generally cylindrical body 14′ with wheels 16 around its two ends. The body 14′ differs a little from those of other modules in that it defines an aperture 76 part-way along its length. In common with other modules, two axially-spaced sets of angled spokes 24 are provided. In this module 12, the spokes 24 support a cigar-shaped central body 78. At its fore end, the central body 78 defines a socket 80 for receiving the spherical protrusion 36 at the rear end of the crawling module 10 in order to form a ball and socket joint. The other end of the central body 78 is simply closed since the steering module 12 is the last module of the pig. Inside the central body 78 is an electronic data pack and control unit 82 incorporating microprocessors for controlling the operation of the pig. Flexible cables (omitted for clarity) connect the control unit to the other modules. The cables are run along the central axes of those modules 4, 10 that do not have rotating parts and along the outer housing of those modules 6, 8 that do have rotating parts. Of course the cables are sufficiently flexible and/or slack to allow the modules to hinge with respect to one another. For example the cables may be helically coiled in order to allow them to be stretched elastically. A sprung follower wheel 84 projects through the apertures 76 in the body of the module in a plane including the axis of the module. A resiliently biased arm 86 holds the wheel 84 against the inside of the pipeline (not shown in this Figure). An odometer 88 measures the rotation of the wheel 84 and converts this into an electrical signal which is transmitted to the data pack 82. This allows the distance that the pig has travelled along the pipeline to be recorded. This information allows the pig to calculate its position along the pipeline. This could be transmitted to an operator or be used to decide when to reverse movement if a predetermined travel distance is programmed. Operation of the resistance module 4 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 10 and 11. The overall shape of the resistance module 4 is the same as the other modules in that it comprises an approximately cylindrical hollow body 90 with circumferentially mounted wheels 16 around its two ends. However, rather than having angled spokes as in some of the other modules, a series of circumferentially spaced walls extend radially between the inner wall of the body 90 to the axis of the module 4, where they together define a bore along the length of the module which receives an axle 94 therein. The radial walls divide the inside space of the module 4 into a series of wedge-shaped channels. Half-way along each of these channels is provided a correspondingly fan-shaped shutter 96, one of which may be seen in FIG. 10 by virtue of the cutaway section of wall. Each shutter 96 is pivotable about an axis extending radially from the main axis of the module. Therefore, when the shutters 96 are in the position shown in FIG. 10, flow of fluid through the axial channels in the module 4 is substantially impeded. By contrast, when the shutters 96 are rotated through 90 as is shown in FIG. 11, flow of fluid through the module 4 is substantially unimpeded. Thus, the positions of the shutters 96 may be used to control the resistance of the module 4 to the fluid in the pipeline flowing through it. As will be apparent, the configuration shown in FIG. 10 is used when the pig is to be carried forward through the pipeline with the fluid flow whereas the configuration in FIG. 11 is used when the pig is being driven against the direction of the fluid flow. In an alternative embodiment (not shown) a single butterfly valve could be provided across a passage through the module. The rear parts of FIGS. 10 and 11 show the positions of the crawling legs 52, 54 corresponding to the respective positions of the shutters 96. Thus in FIG. 10 where the pig is being carried with the fluid flow in the pipeline, the two sets of legs 52, 54 are latched in their retracted positions to allow free movement of the pig along the pipeline. In FIG. 11, when the pig is being driven against the fluid flow, the latches holding the two sets of legs 52, 54 are released, deploying the legs under the force of the springs 64 against the inside of the pipeline wall to allow them to crawl against the wall of the pipeline as was described with reference to FIGS. 8a to 8e. Integrally formed with the central portion of the rear edges of the walls 92 of the resistance module 4 is a hollow, partly-spherical protrusion 98 which is received in the socket 34 at the front end of the turbine module 6. A similar protrusion is formed at the front end of the resistance module 4 although this cannot clearly be seen in FIG. 10 or 11. The axle 94 has universal couplings at either end (not shown) which are coupled at the rear end with the universal coupling 32 of the turbine element 18; and at the fore end with the drive shaft of the tool module 2, described below. The remaining module is the tool module 2 which will be described with reference to FIG. 12. The tool module 2 generally comprises two sets of blades 100 which are supported on a central shaft (not shown). Rotary mechanical drive from the axle 94 extending through the restriction module 4 described above is converted into a reciprocating translational motion by a knob or collar shaft mechanism. Such an arrangement is very effective in removing harder deposits from the inside wall of pipelines. Suitable tools are available from Reinhart SA in Switzerland. FIG. 13 shows an alternative embodiment of the tool module 2 in which a plurality of radially directed brushes 102 is provided which are effective for removing softer deposits. Overall operation of the pig will now be described with reference to all of the previously described Figures. Firstly, the legs 58 are manually retracted and latched in the retracted position and the restriction module 4 is configured to maximise its resistance to the flow of water through the module by closing the shutters 96. The pig is then as is shown in FIG. 10. The pig is introduced into a pipeline, such as a pipeline for transporting water, at a location upstream of where it is required to operate. As the two sets of crawling legs 52, 54 are retracted and the shutters 96 are closed, this allows the whole pig to be carried along with the water flow to the downstream extent of the predetermined working region of the pipe. Once the pig has travelled the correct distance along the pipeline in the direction of fluid flow as determined by the control module 12 and in particular the odometer and measuring wheel 84, a signal is sent by the control electronics in the control module 12 to the restriction module 4 and the crawling module 10 to open the shutters 96 and to release the crawling legs 52, 54 respectively, as is shown in FIG. 11. This causes the pig to be held at a fixed position against the inside wall of the pipeline 66 whilst allowing the water in the pipeline to flow through the pig. The water flowing through the pig turns the turbine element 18 thereby causing its shaft 30 to rotate. The rotary mechanical drive is transmitted from the turbine module 6 to the gear module 8 by means of the universal coupling 32 between the respective shafts 30 and 38. The bevelled pinion and crank gears 40, 42 convert this into a perpendicular rotary motion of the latter which is subsequently converted into a reciprocating axial linear drive by the crank member 46. This causes the two sets of legs 52, 54 of the crawling module 10 to pull the whole pig in a series of steps backwards against the water flow as was described above with reference to FIGS. 8a to 8e. At the same time, the rotary drive is transmitted forward in the pig from the turbine axle 30 through the front universal coupling 32, via the axle 94 in the restriction module 4 to the tool module 2 to reciprocate vibrate the blades 100. Thus as the whole pig crawls backwards, the blades 100 act to clear the pipeline of any deposits on the inside wall 66. If only soft deposits are anticipated, a brush tool as shown in FIG. 13 could have been used instead. The pig may be used equally in straight or curved pipelines by virtue of the ball and socket joints and, where applicable, universal coupling between each of the modules. A view of the pig negotiating a tight bend is shown in FIG. 14. The described embodiments of the invention are able to negotiate bends having a bend radius of just three times the internal diameter of the pipe. Indeed embodiments employing the principles of the invention are envisaged which are able to negotiate bends up to twice as tight as this—i.e. just one and a half times the internal diameter. An important element of this capacity to negotiate tight bends is the logarithmic spiral shape of the feet 58a. This allows the angle between the central axis and the line joining their point of contact with the wall to the pivot axis to be maintained at about 78.5 degrees which prevents slipping even whilst negotiating such bends. Furthermore the previously described crank drive mechanism is still able to drive the legs around tight bends. Thus it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described above allow a pig to be introduced into a pipeline to be carried along by the flow therein and subsequently to return, cleaning the inside of the pipeline completely independently without any need for an umbilical cord or on-board power source. It will furthermore be appreciated however that the described embodiment is simply a single example of the application of the principles of the present invention. Thus many different arrangements of modules and corresponding functionality may be achieved. For example, the transmitting between modules of mechanical drive is advantageous per se. Using power derived from the fluid flow to drive cleaning tools and the like is also advantageous per se. Similarly, the modular construction of the device is advantageous per se. In accordance with a further embodiment which is not shown in the drawings, the pig has front and rear halves which are moveable relative to one another in an axial direction. In other words the pig can expand and contract in length. The front half has four modules, two of which are leg modules comprising eight legs between them locked axially to their respective modules. The rear half also has four modules, two of which are leg modules with a further eight locked legs between them. There are therefore a total of sixteen legs moveable in two groups of eight. The relatively large number of legs incorporates a degree of redundancy in that not all of the legs need be in contact with the pipe wall to prevent slipping. This allows the device to traverse T-junctions or other portions of the pipe where the wall is not continuous. Additionally or alternatively different legs may be adapted to pipes of different diameters so that a single pig can be used in pipes of varying diameter.

20070209

20091117

20070920

63405.0

B08B9032

WILSON, LEE D

PIPELINE PIG

SMALL

ACCEPTED

B08B

ACCEPTED

Body fluid collecting device

A body fluid collecting device includes a tip with a puncture needle and a front end opening at the front end portion thereof for allowing the puncture needle to pass therethrough. The device additionally includes a device body, having a contact part for fitting skin thereto, a tip mounting part having a storage space formed therein capable of storing the tip, a pump for depressurizing the inside of the storage space, and a movable means. The movable means is capable of moving the front end portion of the tip mounting part along a longitudinal direction of the puncture needle, and within a specified range, when the storage space is depressurized by the pump under a condition in which the tip is stored in the storage space, the skin is fitted to the contact part, and the front end opening is sealed.

1. A body fluid collecting device including a tip with a puncture needle and a front end opening at a front end portion thereof for allowing said puncture needle to pass therethrough, said body fluid collecting device comprising: a device body having a contact part for fitting skin thereto; a tip mounting part having a space formed therein capable of storing said tip; depressurizing means for depressurizing an inside of said space; and movable means capable of moving said front end portion of said tip mounting part along a longitudinal direction of said puncture needle, and within a specified range, when said space is depressurized by said depressurizing means, under a condition in which said tip is stored in said space, said skin is fitted to said contact part, and said front end opening is sealed. 2. The body fluid collecting device as set forth in claim 1, wherein said tip mounting part is capable of extension and contraction along said longitudinal direction of said puncture needle, wherein the volume of said space is varied by said extension and contraction. 3. The body fluid collecting device as set forth in claim 2, further comprising a seal member for maintaining air-tightness of said space when said tip mounting part extends or contracts. 4. The body fluid collecting device as set forth in claim 1, wherein: said tip mounting part comprises a first portion and a second portion provided on a base end side of said first portion, so as to be movable relative to said device body; and said first portion and said second portion are movable relative to each other along said longitudinal direction of said puncture needle, such that the volume of said space is varied by movement thereof. 5. The body fluid collecting device as set forth in claim 4, wherein: one of said device body and said second portion comprises a guide pin, and the other comprises a guide hole in which said guide pin is inserted; and an inner peripheral surface of said guide hole slides along an outer peripheral surface of said guide pin when said second portion moves relative to said device body. 6. The body fluid collecting device as set forth in claim 4, wherein a biasing means is provided for biasing said first member and said second member so as to be spaced apart from each other. 7. The body fluid collecting device as set forth in claim 4, further comprising a seal member for maintaining air-tightness of said space when said first portion and said second portion are moved. 8. The body fluid collecting device as set forth in claim 1, further comprising a puncture means for operating said puncture needle to puncture said skin, under a condition in which said tip is stored in said space, said skin is fitted to said contact part, and said front end opening is sealed. 9. The body fluid collecting device as set forth in claim 1, further comprising a measuring means for measuring an amount of a predetermined component in a body fluid. 10. The body fluid collecting device as set forth in claim 2, wherein: said tip mounting part comprises a first portion and a second portion provided on a base end side of said first portion, so as to be movable relative to said device body; and said first portion and said second portion are movable relative to each other along said longitudinal direction of said puncture needle, such that the volume of said space is varied by movement thereof. 11. The body fluid collecting device as set forth in claim 3, wherein: said tip mounting part comprises a first portion and a second portion provided on a base end side of said first portion, so as to be movable relative to said device body; and said first portion and said second portion are movable relative to each other along said longitudinal direction of said puncture needle, such that the volume of said space is varied by movement thereof. 12. The body fluid collecting device as set forth in claim 2, further comprising a puncture means for operating said puncture needle to puncture said skin, under a condition in which said tip is stored in said space, said skin is fitted to said contact part, and said front end opening is sealed. 13. The body fluid collecting device as set forth in claim 3, further comprising a puncture means for operating said puncture needle to puncture said skin, under a condition in which said tip is stored in said space, said skin is fitted to said contact part, and said front end opening is sealed. 14. The body fluid collecting device as set forth in claim 2, further comprising a measuring means for measuring an amount of a predetermined component in a body fluid. 15. The body fluid collecting device as set forth in claim 3, further comprising a measuring means for measuring an amount of a predetermined component in a body fluid.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a body fluid collecting device having a tip provided with a puncture needle with a sharp needle tip at a front end portion thereof. BACKGROUND ART In recent years, due to an increase in the number of diabetics, self-measurement of blood sugar by patients themselves, in order to monitor daily variations in blood sugar levels, has been recommended. For measurement of blood sugar, a blood sugar measuring device is used, which automatically measures blood glucose levels in blood. Prior to such measurement, patients must collect their own blood. As a method of collecting blood, the skin at a fingertip or the like is punctured with a puncture needle, and then the periphery of the punctured portion is depressed in order to squeeze out blood therefrom. For carrying out such a method, for example, a component measuring device equipped with a puncture means (tip) having a puncture needle therein may be used, as described in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2001-309905. This device operates as follows. First, the tip is mounted on a tip mounting part of the component measuring device, and the skin is fitted against a ring-shaped end portion of the tip. Next, the puncture means provided in the component measuring device is operated in order to cause the puncture needle to project therefrom, thereby puncturing the fingertip. Subsequently, the space, in which the tip is mounted, of the tip mounting part is depressurized, so that blood is sucked out of the punctured portion by depressurization. Further, simultaneously with depressurization, the tip mounting part is moved away from the skin, so as to cancel congestion (blood stasis) of the skin, thereby increasing the amount of bleeding. In such a component measuring device, however, depending on the punctured portion (the portion punctured by the puncture needle), depressurization of the space may be accompanied by movement of the tip mounting part away from the periphery of the punctured portion, with the result that the tip mounting portion slips away from the periphery of the punctured portion. As a result of such slippage, suction of blood out of the punctured portion stops, so that it becomes difficult to collect blood sufficiently (assuredly). In addition, due to an abrupt canceling of the depressurized condition, blood may be scattered, staining surrounding devices or the like. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a body fluid collecting device, which is capable of preventing a front end side portion of a tip mounting part from being moved excessively in the base end direction and causing the tip to part from the skin. In order to attain the above object, according to the present invention, there is provided a body fluid collecting device characterized as described in claim 1. This makes it possible to prevent the front end side portion of the tip mounting part from moving excessively in the base end direction and causing the tip to part from the skin. The body fluid collecting device according to the present invention, preferably, is as described in claim 2. This makes it possible to assuredly prevent the front end side portion of the tip mounting part from moving excessively in the base end direction and causing the tip to part from the skin. The body fluid collecting device according to the present invention, preferably, is as described in claim 3. This ensures that air-tightness of the space in the tip mounting part that the tip is maintained securely. The body fluid collecting device according to the present invention, preferably, is as described in claim 4. This makes it possible to assuredly prevent the front end side portion of the tip mounting part from moving excessively in the base end direction and causing the tip to part from the skin. The body fluid collecting device according to the present invention, preferably, is as described in claim 5. This ensures that the second portion can move smoothly relative to the device body along the longitudinal direction of the puncture needle. The body fluid collecting device according to the present invention, preferably, is as described in claim 6. This ensures that the first portion and the second portion can be located respectively at predetermined positions, in a condition prior to performing puncturing by the puncture needle. The body fluid collecting device according to the present invention, preferably, is as described in claim 7. This ensures that air-tightness of the space in the tip mounting part that stores the tip is maintained assuredly. The body fluid collecting device according to the present invention, preferably, is as described in claim 8. This makes it possible to puncture the skin assuredly, thereby causing a body fluid to flow out from the punctured portion. The body fluid collecting device according to the present invention, preferably, is as described in claim 9. This permits the person on whom the test is performed to correctly perceive the amount of the predetermined component in the body fluid. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a vertical sectional view showing a case in which the body fluid collecting device according to the present invention is applied to a component measuring device. FIG. 2 is a vertical sectional view showing a condition in which a person's skin is fitted onto the component measuring device shown in FIG. 1. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The body fluid collecting device according to the present invention shall be described in detail below, based on a preferred embodiment thereof shown in the accompanying drawings. Incidentally, in this embodiment, a case in which the body fluid collecting device of the present invention is applied to a component measuring device shall be described. FIG. 1 is a vertical sectional view showing a case in which the body fluid collecting device according to the present invention is applied to a component measuring device, and FIG. 2 is a vertical sectional view showing a condition in which a person's skin is fitted onto (placed in close contact with) the component measuring device shown in FIG. 1. Incidentally, descriptions shall be made while referring to the upper side in FIGS. 1 and 2 as “the front end (side)”, and the lower side in FIGS. 1 and 2 as “the base end (side)”. As shown in FIG. 1, the component measuring device (blood component measuring device) 1 includes a puncture needle 14 having a sharp needle tip. The component measuring device is used in a state of being fitted with a tip 13 having a front end opening 162 (opening) at a front end portion thereof, for permitting the needle tip to pass therethrough. The component measuring device 1 further includes a device body 2, a tip mounting part 5 in which the tip 13 can be removably mounted, a puncture means 4 stored in the tip mounting part 5, a measuring means 9 for measuring a predetermined component in a body fluid (blood), a pump (depressurizing means) 8 for depressurizing the inside of the tip mounting part 5, a control means, and a movable means 10. These component elements shall be described below. The device body 2 is provided therein with a space 23, in which the above-mentioned component elements and the like are stored. A front end surface 211 of the device body 2 is formed with an opening 212 that penetrates through the device body 2, providing communication between the inside and the outside. The tip 13 is mounted (held) in the tip mounting part 5 through the opening 212. In addition, the front end surface 211 is provided with a contact part 3, which surrounds the periphery of the opening 212 and against which the skin is to be pressed. The contact part 3 has a shape corresponding to the shape of the skin pressed against the contact part 3. The contact part 3 includes a contact surface 31 on the front end side thereof. The component measuring device 1 is operated when the skin is placed in contact with the contact part 3 (contact surface 31). By this operation, the skin (hereinafter, in this embodiment, assumed to be a fingertip 20 as a representative example) is punctured, and an amount of a predetermined component in the collected blood (hereinafter, in this embodiment, assumed to be glucose as a representative example) is measured. In addition, the control means (not shown), which is composed of a microcomputer, is mounted inside the space 23 in the device body 2. The control means controls various operations of the component measuring device 1. Further, the control means incorporates an arithmetic unit therein for calculating the amount of glucose (blood sugar level) in the blood based on a signal from the measuring means 9. As shown in FIG. 1, the pump (electrically operated pump) 8, which serves as a depressurizing means (suction means), is disposed in the vicinity of the tip mounting part 5. The pump 8, operated by electric power, is connected through a tube (not shown) to a tip storage space 52 (space), which is formed inside of the tip mounting part 5 (described later) and in which the tip 13 can be stored. The pump 8 sucks and discharges air in the storage space 52 in the tip mounting part 5, thereby depressurizing the storage space 52 in the tip mounting part 5. In addition, the pump 8 may be of any type that can place the storage space 52 (along with the punctured portion of the fingertip 20) in the tip mounting part 5 in a depressurized state (suction state), and more specifically, at a pressure (for example, about −600 to −300 mmHg) so that blood can be sucked out of the punctured portion of the fingertip 20. As shown in FIG. 1, the measuring means 9 is disposed in the space 23 inside the device body 2. The measuring means 9 optically measures the amount of glucose in the blood, which is developed on a test paper (not shown) provided in the tip 13. The installation position of the measuring means 9 is set in the vicinity of a side position where the test paper is located, in a condition where the tip 13 is mounted and held in the tip mounting part 5. The measuring means 9 includes a light emitting element (light emitting diode) and a light receiving element (photo-diode), which are not shown in the figure. The light emitting element is electrically connected to the control means, and the light receiving element is electrically connected to the control means through an amplifier and an A/D converter, which are not shown in the figure. The light emitting element is operated by a signal from the control means to emit light. Such light is preferably pulsed light, which is emitted intermittently at a predetermined time interval. When the light emitting element is turned ON, under a condition in which the tip 13 is mounted in the tip mounting part 5, light emitted from the light emitting element is radiated onto the test paper, and reflected light is received by the light receiving element (see FIG. 2) and is subjected to photo-electric conversion. An analog signal in accordance with the quantity of light received is output from the light receiving element, the analog signal is amplified in a desired manner, the amplified signal is then converted by the A/D converter into a digital signal, and the digital signal is input to the control means. In the control means, a predetermined arithmetic process is conducted, based on the input signal, and correcting calculations are conducted, as required, in order to determine the amount of glucose (blood sugar level) in the blood. The determined blood sugar level is displayed on a display unit (not shown). Via the measuring means 9, the person undergoing testing (patient) can correctly perceive the amount of glucose in his or her blood. As described above, the component measuring device 1 is used with the tip 13 mounted in the tip mounting part 5 thereof. As shown in FIG. 1, the tip 13 includes the puncture needle 14, a first housing 15 which slidably houses the puncture needle 14 therein, and a second housing 16 disposed on an outer peripheral portion of the first housing 15. The puncture needle 14 is composed of a needle body 141 and a hub 142 attached (fixed) to the base end side of the needle body 141, wherein the puncture needle 14 is stored in a cavity part 152 of the first housing 15. The needle body 141 is composed of either a hollow member or a solid member formed of a metallic material, for example, stainless steel, aluminum, aluminum alloy, titanium, titanium alloy or the like, wherein a front end of the needle body 141 has a sharp cutting edge (needle tip). A surface (skin) of the fingertip 20 is punctured by the cutting edge. In addition, the hub 142 is fitted into a plunger 41, which constitutes part of the puncture means 4 (described later), at a base end portion thereof. The needle body 141 may be a plastic needle, and further, the needle body 141 and the hub 142 may be formed integrally in one piece. The first housing 15 is composed of a bottomed cylindrical member having a wall part 153 at the bottom thereof, and further includes a cavity part 152 therein. The wall part 153 includes a hole 154 in a roughly central portion thereof. The hole 154 permits the needle body 141 to pass therethrough at the time of puncturing the fingertip (finger) 20. The second housing 16 is attached to the outer peripheral portion of the first housing 15. The second housing 16 is composed of a roughly cylindrical member, which is provided at its front end with a contact part 163 projecting in a ring shape. The contact part 163 provides a portion against which the fingertip 20 is pressed. The contact part 163 includes a front end opening (opening) 162 on the front end surface thereof, which communicates with the inside of the cavity part 152 of the first housing 15 (and further, with the storage space 52 in the tip mounting part 5), and which permits the needle body 141 (needle tip) to pass therethrough. As has been mentioned above, the component measuring device 1 includes the movable means 10. The movable means 10 shall now be described in detail below. As shown in FIG. 1, the tip mounting part 5 has a first portion 6, a second portion 7 provided on the base end side of the first portion 6 so as to be movable relative to the device body 2, and a biasing means 11 for biasing the first portion 6 and the second portion 7 to be spaced away from each other. The first portion 6 has an outer cylinder part 61, an inner cylinder part 62 disposed inside of the outer cylinder part 61, and a top 622 disposed in abutment with the base end side of the inner cylinder part 62. The outer cylinder part 61 shown in FIG. 1 has a cylindrical inside portion 611, and a bottomed cylindrical outside portion 612 concentrically disposed around the outer periphery of the base end side of the inside portion 611. The inside portion 611 includes a cavity part 613 along the longitudinal direction thereof, wherein the tip 13 is stored (mounted) in the cavity part 613. The inside portion 611 is provided at its outer periphery on the base end side thereof with a stepped portion 614 reduced in outside diameter. The front end of a coil spring 43 of the puncture means 4 (described later) is disposed in abutment with the stepped portion 614. The inner cylinder part 62 shown in FIG. 1 has a bottomed cylindrical tube portion 621, and a plunger 41 that extends from a bottom portion of the tube portion 621 toward the front end thereof. The tube portion 621 is inserted into a cavity part 615 of the outside portion 612 of the outer cylinder part 61, wherein its bottom surface 623 on the front end side abuts with the base end of the coil spring 43. The top 622 is roughly columnar in shape, and includes a radially enlarged portion (flange portion) 625 enlarged in diameter. The outer cylinder part 61 shown in FIG. 1 is roughly tubular in shape, and supports the inner cylinder part 62 therein. In addition, the outer cylinder part 61 has a radially reduced portion 632, which is reduced in diameter. The second portion 7 is in the shape of a bottomed cylinder, wherein the inner peripheral surface 711 of the cavity part 71 of the second portion 7 and the outer peripheral surface 631 of the outer cylinder part 61 of the first portion 6 slide relative to each other when the first portion 6 and the second portion 7 are moved relative to each other along the longitudinal direction (up-down direction in FIG. 1) of the puncture needle 14 (see FIGS. 1 and 2). In addition, as shown in FIG. 1, the cavity part 71 communicates with the front end opening 162 of the tip 13 through the cavity parts 615, 613 of the first portion 6, such that the spaces thus communicated constitute the storage space 52 in the tip mounting part 5. Further, as shown in FIG. 1, the second portion 7 includes a plurality of guide holes 722 on the bottom surface 72 on the base end side. A plurality of guide pins 22 provided on the device body 2 are inserted respectively into the guide holes 722. When the second portion 7 moves relative to the device body 2, the inner peripheral surfaces 723 of the guide holes 722 slide along the outer peripheral surfaces 221 of the guide pins 22 (see FIGS. 1 and 2). As a result of the guide pins 22 and guide holes 722 described above, the second portion 7 can be moved smoothly relative to the device body 2 along the longitudinal direction of the puncture needle 14. The biasing means 11 is composed of coil springs 111 and 112, which are disposed within the storage space 52. The front end and the base end of the coil spring 111 abut respectively against the radially reduced portion 632 of the outer cylinder part 61 and the bottom surface 712 of the cavity part 71 of the second portion 7. In addition, the front end and the base end of the coil spring 112 abut respectively against the radially enlarged portion.625 of the top 622 and the bottom surface 712 of the cavity part 71 of the second portion 7. Due to the biasing means 11 (coil spring 111) thus provided, in a condition before puncturing is performed (hereinafter referred to as “the initial condition”), the first portion 6 and the second portion 7 can be located respectively at predetermined positions in the initial condition. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 1, under the biasing forces of the biasing means 11, the front end of the outer cylinder part 61 abuts with the contact part 3, and the first portion 6 can be located in the space 23 within the device body 2 (as indicated by A in FIG. 1), so that the position (height) of the front end opening 162 of the tip 13 is substantially equal to the position (height) of the front end surface 211 of the device body 2. On the other hand, the second portion 7 can be located (as indicated by B in FIG. 1) such that its bottom surface 72 abuts against the surface 24 of the device body 2 at a position where the guide pins 22 project therefrom. Incidentally, the material constituting the coil spring 111 is not particularly limited. For example, various metallic materials, or various plastics and the like can be used, either singly or in combination. The above-described tip mounting part 5 is configured such that the volume of the storage space 52 varies as a result of relative movements between the first portion 6 and the second portion 7. Specifically, since the second portion 7 is not fixed in position, the tip mounting part 5 is configured such that the first portion 6 (the portion on the front end side of the tip mounting part) can be prevented from being forcibly moved in the base end direction, whereas the tip mounting part 5 can be freely moved in the longitudinal direction of the puncture needle 14 by a predetermined distance (contraction distance) generated by contraction of the storage space 52 due to depressurization thereof by the pump 8. In addition, the tip mounting part 5 is provided with a ring-shaped seal member 53, which maintains air-tightness of the storage space 52 when the first portion 6 and the second portion 7 are moved. The seal member 53 is disposed within a gap 54 between the outer peripheral surface 631 of the outer cylinder part 61 of the first portion 6 and the inner peripheral surface 711 of the cavity part 71 of the second portion 7. The seal member 53 is also in abutment with both the outer peripheral surface 631 and the inner peripheral surface 711. Due to the seal member 53 described above, air-tightness of the storage space 52 is maintained more securely. Incidentally, the seal member 53 preferably is formed of an elastic material. The puncture means 4 shall be described below. As shown in FIG. 1, the puncture means 4 includes a plunger 41, and a coil spring (biasing member) 43 for biasing the plunger 41 in the base end direction. The puncture means 4 drives the puncture needle 14 in order to puncture the fingertip 20, under a condition in which the tip 13 is stored within the storage space 52, the fingertip 20 is fitted to (placed in close contact with) the contact part 3, and the front end opening 162 is sealed. The plunger 41 is cup-shaped, and is disposed at the bottom surface 623 of the tube portion 621. The hub 142 of the puncture needle 14 is detachably fitted to the plunger 41. The coil spring 43 is provided in the first portion 6, so that the front end and base end thereof abut respectively on the stepped portion 614 and on the bottom surface 623 of the first portion 6. In addition, the coil spring 112 functions as part of the puncture means 4. Specifically, the coil spring 112 extends so as to move the plunger 41 (the inner cylinder part 62) in the front end direction, thereby causing the cutting edge of the needle body 141 to puncture the fingertip 20. On the other hand, in this instance, the coil spring 43 is contracted, and thus biases the plunger 41 in the base end direction, i.e., tends to push the plunger 41 back toward the base end side. Thereafter, the plunger 41 performs an attenuating motion, coming to rest at a position where the elastic force of the coil spring 112 and the elastic force of the coil spring 43 balance each other (see FIG. 2). With the puncture means 4 configured as described above, it is possible to puncture the fingertip 20, thereby causing blood to flow out from the punctured portion. Now, description will be made below concerning a case in which puncturing and blood collection are performed by use of the component measuring device 1. [1] First, the tip 13 is inserted (stored) in the storage space 52 of the tip mounting part 5 through the opening 212 of the device body 2, and the hub 142 of the puncture needle 14 is fitted (mounted) into the plunger 41 (see FIG. 1). [2] Next, a fingertip 20 is placed in close contact with the contact part 3. This results in the front end opening 162 of the tip 13 becoming sealed (see FIG. 2). In addition, when the fingertip 20 is pressed against the front end opening 162, the position of the front end opening 162 is moved in the base end direction, i.e., the front end opening 162 is moved from the position A to the position A′, as shown in FIG. 2. [3] Subsequently, as discussed above, the puncture means 4 is operated under control of the control means, in order to cause the needle body 141 of the puncture needle 14 to puncture the fingertip 20. After puncturing has been completed, the needle body 141 is stored in the tip 13. [4] While in the above-described condition [3], the pump 8 is operated under control of the control means, in order to depressurize the storage space 52. As a result of such depressurization, blood is sucked out of the punctured portion (puncture wound) of the fingertip 20. In addition, by such depressurization, a force for moving the first portion 6 in the base end direction (hereinafter referred to as “the first force”) is exerted on the first portion 6. At the same time, however, since the first portion 6 and the second portion 7 can be moved relative to each other, a force for moving the second portion 7 in the front end direction (hereinafter referred to as “the second force”), against biasing forces of the coil springs 111, 112 and 43, is exerted on the second portion 7. The first force and the second force are equivalent to and balance each other, so that the forces do not act to release (separate) the tip 13 from the fingertip 20. Therefore, the suction condition of the fingertip 20 (the depressurized condition of the storage space 52) is maintained. [5] Since the skin abuts against the contact surface 31 of the contact part 3, the skin is restricted from moving in the base end direction. In this case, since the tip mounting part 5 is movable, the weight of the tip mounting part 5 acts on the fingertip 20, thereby sealing the front end opening 162 of the tip 13. Since the skin of the finger is pulled in the base end direction, a congestion condition generated by pressing the fingertip 20 against the front end opening 162 is canceled. This permits blood to be sufficiently collected from the punctured portion of the fingertip 20. In addition, the above configuration ensures that the distance between A and A′ shown in FIG. 2 can be made constant, so that the suction force at the fingertip 20 similarly can be made constant. Therefore, the person (patient) performing blood testing can reliably perform the blood component measurement, without requiring first becoming accustomed to, or getting the knack of, use of the component measuring device 1. Further, the amount of movement of the first portion 6 and the second portion 7 (i.e., the sum of the distances denoted by h1 and h2 in FIG. 2) is usually and preferably 0.5 to 5 mm, and more preferably 1.5 to 3 mm, taking into consideration elasticity of the skin. In addition, the weight of the tip mounting part 5 (inclusive of the tip 13) is suitably set, so that the tip mounting part 5 will not part from the skin when the skin is pulled for canceling congestion thereof. This weight is usually and preferably 5 to 200 gf, and more preferably 10 to 100 gf. Further, the configuration of the tip mounting part 5 is not limited to a configuration wherein the first portion 6 and the second portion 7 are moved relative to each other, and wherein the volume of the storage space 52 is varied by such movement. For example, a configuration may be adopted in which the tip mounting part 5 can extend and contract along the longitudinal direction of the puncture needle 14, wherein the volume of the storage space 52 is varied by such extension and contraction. Examples of the mechanism (means) for causing extension and contraction include a bellows, or the like. The extension/contraction mechanism is preferably biased in a direction for extending the tip mounting part 5. Such a configuration can also produce the above-mentioned effects. In addition, a seal member preferably is provided, for maintaining air-tightness of the storage space 52 when the tip mounting part 5 is extended or contracted. This configuration produces the same effects as those mentioned in connection with the above-mentioned seal member 53. While the component measuring device according to the present invention has been described above based on the embodiments shown in the figures, the invention is not limited to such embodiments. For example, the configurations of each part can be replaced by any other configurations that display the same or equivalent functions. While glucose (blood sugar level) has been described as a representative example of the component to be measured in the above embodiments, the invention is not limited to measuring glucose levels. For example, the component to be measured may be protein, cholesterol, uric acid, creatinine, alcohol, or inorganic ions such as sodium ion, or the like. In addition, the skin portion is not limited to a fingertip. For example, the portion may be a palm, a dorsal part of a hand, an arm, an abdomen, a thigh, or the like. Further, the depressurizing means is not limited to an electrically operated pump. For example, the depressurizing means may be a hand-operated pump, a mechanical pump, or the like. In addition, the guide pins and guide holes are not limited to being provided respectively on the device body and the second portion. For example, the guide holes may be provided on the device body, and the guide pins may be provided on the second portion. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The body fluid collecting device according to the present invention includes a tip with a puncture needle and a front end opening at a front end portion thereof for allowing the puncture needle to pass therethrough, wherein the body fluid collecting device comprises a device body having a contact part for fitting skin thereto, a tip mounting part having a space formed therein capable of storing the tip, a depressurizing means for depressurizing the inside of the space, and a movable means capable of moving the front end portion of the tip mounting part along a longitudinal direction of the puncture needle, and within a specified range, when the space is depressurized by the depressurizing means under a condition in which the tip is stored in the space, the skin is fitted to the contact part, and the front end opening is sealed. Therefore, since the portion on the base end side of the tip mounting part is not fixed in place, when the space inside the tip mounting part is contracted by depressurization, the portion on the front end side of the tip mounting part can be moved along the longitudinal direction of the puncture needle, by a distance corresponding to the amount of contraction thereof, and can follow movement of the skin, whereby the tip is prevented from becoming spaced (or separated) away from the skin. In addition, since separation of the tip from the skin is prevented, the depressurized condition of the space can be maintained, and therefore blood can be sufficiently collected (i.e., sucked out) from the punctured portion of the skin. Accordingly, the body fluid collecting device according to the present invention demonstrates industrial applicability.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>In recent years, due to an increase in the number of diabetics, self-measurement of blood sugar by patients themselves, in order to monitor daily variations in blood sugar levels, has been recommended. For measurement of blood sugar, a blood sugar measuring device is used, which automatically measures blood glucose levels in blood. Prior to such measurement, patients must collect their own blood. As a method of collecting blood, the skin at a fingertip or the like is punctured with a puncture needle, and then the periphery of the punctured portion is depressed in order to squeeze out blood therefrom. For carrying out such a method, for example, a component measuring device equipped with a puncture means (tip) having a puncture needle therein may be used, as described in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2001-309905. This device operates as follows. First, the tip is mounted on a tip mounting part of the component measuring device, and the skin is fitted against a ring-shaped end portion of the tip. Next, the puncture means provided in the component measuring device is operated in order to cause the puncture needle to project therefrom, thereby puncturing the fingertip. Subsequently, the space, in which the tip is mounted, of the tip mounting part is depressurized, so that blood is sucked out of the punctured portion by depressurization. Further, simultaneously with depressurization, the tip mounting part is moved away from the skin, so as to cancel congestion (blood stasis) of the skin, thereby increasing the amount of bleeding. In such a component measuring device, however, depending on the punctured portion (the portion punctured by the puncture needle), depressurization of the space may be accompanied by movement of the tip mounting part away from the periphery of the punctured portion, with the result that the tip mounting portion slips away from the periphery of the punctured portion. As a result of such slippage, suction of blood out of the punctured portion stops, so that it becomes difficult to collect blood sufficiently (assuredly). In addition, due to an abrupt canceling of the depressurized condition, blood may be scattered, staining surrounding devices or the like.

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a vertical sectional view showing a case in which the body fluid collecting device according to the present invention is applied to a component measuring device. FIG. 2 is a vertical sectional view showing a condition in which a person's skin is fitted onto the component measuring device shown in FIG. 1 . detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20060913

20100921

20070823

97626.0

A61B500

DOUGHERTY, SEAN PATRICK

BODY FLUID COLLECTING DEVICE

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

A61B

ACCEPTED

Compositions and Methods For Optimizing Cleavage of Rna By Rnase H

The present invention provides compositions and methods for the optimization of cleavage of RNA species by RNase H. In some embodiments, the invention provides oligonucleotides that possess two or more regions of differing conformation, and at least one transitional nucleobase positioned between the regions that is capable of modulating transfer of the helical conformation characteristic of the region bound to the 3′hydroxy thereof, to the region bound to the 5′ hydroxyl thereof.

1. A method of modulating the concentration of a targeted RNA molecule in a eukaryotic cell comprising the step of contacting said cell with an oligonucleotide having a) a first region of nucleotides of one conformation which, when bound to said targeted RNA, forms a substrate for cleavage by an RNase; b) a second region of nucleotides having a different conformation which, when bound to said targeted RNA molecule does not form a substrate for cleavage by an RNase, and c) a transition moiety which modulates the transmission of the conformation of said second region into said first region. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second region is positioned 5′ to the first region. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first region comprises deoxynucleotides. 4. The method of claims 3, wherein the second region comprises 2′-O-alkoxyalkyl ribonucleotides. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the 2′-O-alkoxyalkyl ribonucleotides are 2′-O-methoxyethyl ribonucleotides. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the internucleotide linkages in the first or second regions are phosphorothioates. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the transition moiety is positioned between said first and said second regions. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the transition moiety is a region of 2-10 nucleotides comprising at least one: a) modified nucleotide, or b) flexible hydrocarbon internucleotide linker. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the modified nucleotide is selected from a modified base nucleotide, a modified sugar nucleotide, a modified or unmodified sugar abasic nucleotide, a THF nucleotide, or an acyclic nucleotide. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the flexible hydrocarbon internucleotide linker is C3-C6 alkylene. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the modified base nucleotide comprises a modified base moiety which does not form hydrogen bonds with the bases of the targeted RNA molecule and can optionally π stack with adjacent bases. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the modified base moiety is a universal base, a promiscuous base, a size expanded base or a fluorinated base. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the modified base moiety is tetrafluoroindolyl. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the modified sugar nucleotide is a 2′-ara-modified nucleotide. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the 2′-ara-modified nucleotide is a 2′-ara-fluoro nucleotide. 16. The method of claim 8, wherein the modified sugar moiety is an acyclic sugar analog. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising a third region of nucleotides having a conformation different than the conformation of said first region, said third region when bound to said targeted RNA molecule does not form a substrate for cleavage by an RNase. 18. The method of any one of claims 2, 3, 4, or 5, further comprising a third region of nucleotides having a conformation different than the conformation of said first region, said third region is positioned 3′ to said first region and when bound to said targeted RNA molecule does not form a substrate for cleavage by an RNase. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said third region has the same conformation as the second region. 20. The method of claims 19, wherein the second region comprises 2′-O-alkoxyalkyl ribonucleotides. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the 2′-O-alkoxyalkyl ribonucleotides are 2′-O-methoxyethyl ribonucleotides. 22. The method of claim 17, further comprising a second transition moiety which modulates the transmission of the conformation of said third region into said first region. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the transition moiety is a region of 2-10 nucleotides comprising at least one: a) modified nucleotide, or b) flexible hydrocarbon internucleotide linker. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the modified nucleotide is selected from a modified base nucleotide, a modified sugar nucleotide, a modified or unmodified sugar abasic nucleotide, a THF nucleotide, or an acyclic nucleotide. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the flexible hydrocarbon internucleotide linker is C3-C6 alkylene. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the modified base nucleotide comprises a modified base moiety which does not form hydrogen bonds and can optionally π stack with adjacent bases. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the modified base moiety is a universal base, a promiscuous base, a size expanded base or a fluorinated base. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the modified base moiety is tetrafluoroindolyl. 29. The method of claim 24, wherein the modified sugar nucleotide is a 2′-ara-modified nucleotide. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the 2′-ara-modified nucleotide is a 2′-ara-fluoro nucleotide. 31. The method of claim 24, wherein the modified sugar moiety is an acyclic sugar analog. 32. The method of any one of the above claims, wherein the eukaryotic cell is present in an animal.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides compositions and methods for the optimization of cleavage of RNA species by RNase H. In some embodiments, the invention provides oligonucleotides that possess two or more regions of differing conformation, and at least one transitional nucleobase positioned between the regions that is capable of modulating transfer of the helical conformation characteristic of the region bound to the 3′hydroxy thereof, to the region bound to the 5′ hydroxyl thereof. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION RNase H hydrolyzes RNA in RNA-DNA hybrids. RNase H activity appears to be ubiquitous in eukaryotes and bacteria. Although RNases H constitute a family of proteins of varying molecular weight, the nucleolytic activity and substrate requirements appear to be similar for the various isotypes. For example, all RNases H studied to date function as endonucleases exhibiting limited sequence specificity and requiring divalent cations (e.g., Mg2+, Mn2+) to produce cleavage products with 5′-phosphate and 3′-hydroxyl termini. Recently, two human RNase H genes have been cloned and expressed. RNase H1 is a 286 amino acid protein and is expressed ubiquitously in human cells and tissues. The amino acid sequence of human RNase H1 displays strong homology with RNase H1 from yeast, chicken, E. coli and mouse. Human RNase H2 shares strong amino acid sequence homology with RNase H2 from C. elegans, yeast and E. coli. Although the biological roles for the human enzymes are not fully understood, RNase H2 appears to be involved in de novo DNA replication and RNase H1 has been shown in mice to be important for mitochondrial DNA replication. The structure of human RNase H1 was shown to consist of a 73 amino acid region homologous with the RNA-binding domain of yeast RNase H1 at the amino-terminus of the protein and separated from the catalytic domain by a 62 amino acid spacer region. The catalytic domain is highly conserved with the amino acid sequences of other RNase H1 proteins and contains the key catalytic and substrate binding residues required for activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of human RNase H1 revealed that the spacer region was required for RNase H activity. Although the RNA-binding domain was shown not to be required for RNase H activity, this region was responsible for the enhanced binding affinity of the human enzyme for the heteroduplex substrate as well as the strong positional preference for cleavage exhibited by the enzyme. The RNA-binding domain of human RNase H1 is conserved in other eukaryotic RNases H1 and the highly conserved lysines at positions 59 and 60 of human RNase H1 have been shown to be important for binding to the heteroduplex substrate. The conserved tryptophan at position 43 was responsible for properly positioning the enzyme on the substrate for catalysis. Human RNase H1 exhibits a strong positional preference for cleavage, i.e., human RNase H1 cleaves the heteroduplex substrate between 7 to 12 nucleotides from the 5′-RNA/3′-DNA terminus. Based on site-directed mutagenesis of both human RNase H1 and the heteroduplex substrate, the RNA-binding domain was shown to be responsible for the observed positional preference for cleavage. The RNA-binding domain of human RNase H1 appeared to bind to the 3′-DNA/5′-RNA pole of the heteroduplex substrate with the catalytic site of the enzyme positioned slightly less than one helical turn from the RNA-binding domain. Substitution of either the terminal 3′-DNA with a single ribonucleotide or 5′-RNA with a 2′-methoxyethoxy deoxyribonucleotide was shown to cause a concomitant 3′-shift of the first 5′-cleavage site on the RNA, suggesting that altering duplex geometry interferes with proper positioning of the enzyme on the heteroduplex for cleavage. Although the interaction between the RNA-binding domain and the heteroduplex substrate has been characterized, the mechanism by which the catalytic domain of RNase H1 recognizes the substrate has not been fully elucidated. Human RNase H1 is a nuclease that cleaves RNA exclusively in an RNA/DNA duplex via a double-strand DNase cleavage mechanism. Neither double-strand RNA (dsRNA) or DNA (dsDNA) duplexes support RNase H1 activity. The observed structural differences between the RNA/DNA heteroduplex and dsRNA and dsDNA duplexes suggest a possible role for the helical geometry and the sugar conformation of the DNA and RNA in the selective cleavage of the heteroduplex substrate by human RNase H1. Specifically, the deoxyribonucleotides within dsDNA form a southern C2′-endo sugar conformation resulting in a B-form helical conformation, whereas ribonucleotides within dsRNA form a northern C3′-endo pucker and an A-form helical geometry. In contrast, the deoxyribonucleotides of the RNA/DNA heteroduplex have been shown to adopt an eastern O4′-endo sugar pucker resulting in a helical conformation where the RNA strand adopts A-form geometry and the DNA strand shares both the A- and B-form helical conformations. The conformational diversity observed for the DNA strand is likely a function of the intrinsic flexibility of the deoxyribonucleotide compared to RNA, and may also be important for human RNase H1 activity. DNA also differs from RNA in that the furanose ring of deoxynucleotide is much more flexible, i.e., exhibit a nearly symmetrical potential energy barrier for both south and north sugar conformations. Consistent with these observations, heteroduplexes containing 2′-ara-fluoro deoxyribonucleotides, which have been shown to exhibit a sugar conformation comparable to DNA when hybridized to RNA, have also been shown to support RNase H1 activity. On the other hand, heteroduplexes consisting of RNA/2′-alkoxy modified deoxyribonucleotides, exhibiting C3′-endo sugar pucker and an A-form helical geometry when hybridized to RNA do not support human RNase H1 activity. It has previously been shown that both E. coli and human RNases H1 bind A-form duplexes (e.g., RNA/RNA, 2′-methoxyethoxy/RNA and 2′-methoxy/RNA) with comparable affinity to the DNA/RNA heteroduplex substrate but do not cleave the A-form duplexes. In this case, the size and position of the 2′-substituents of RNA and 2′-alkoxy nucleotides suggest possible steric interference with RNase H1 as the 2′-substituents are positioned within the minor groove of the heteroduplex; a region predicted to be the binding site for the enzyme. Alternatively, the sugar conformation and flexibility map play a decisive role in RNase H1 activity. It can be seen that optimizing the cleavage of RNase H targets would be of great benefit. This invention is directed to this, as well as other, important ends. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating the concentration of a targeted RNA molecule in a eukaryotic cell comprising the step of contacting said cell with an oligonucleotide having: a) a first region of nucleotides of one conformation which, when bound to said targeted RNA, forms a substrate for cleavage by an RNase; b) a second region of nucleotides having a different conformation which, when bound to said targeted RNA molecule does not form a substrate for cleavage by an RNase, and c) a transition moiety which modulates the transmission of the conformation of said second region into said first region. In one embodiment of the invention the second region is positioned 5′ to the first region. In other embodiments, the oligonucleotide further comprises a third region of nucleotides having a conformation different than the conformation of said first region, said third region when bound to said targeted RNA molecule does not form a substrate for cleavage by an RNase. In yet other embodiments the third region of nucleotides has a conformation different than the conformation of said first region, said third region is positioned 3′ to said first region and when bound to said targeted RNA molecule does not form a substrate for cleavage by an RNase. In another embodiment, the third region has the same conformation as the second region. In another embodiment of the invention the first region comprises deoxynucleotides. In other embodiments, the second region comprises 2′-O-alkoxyalkyl ribonucleotides, where preferably the 2′-O-alkoxyalkyl ribonucleotides are 2′-O-methoxyethyl ribonucleotides. In some aspects of the invention the internucleotide linkages in the first or second regions are phosphorothioates. In other embodiments the transition moiety is positioned between said first and said second regions and is a region of 2-10 nucleotides comprising at least one modified nucleotide, or flexible hydrocarbon internucleotide linker. In another embodiment of the invention the modified nucleotide is selected from a modified base nucleotide, a modified sugar nucleotide, a modified or unmodified sugar abasic nucleotide, a THF nucleotide, or an acyclic nucleotide. In further embodiments the modified base nucleotide comprises a modified base moiety which does not form hydrogen bonds with the bases of the targeted RNA molecule and can optionally π stack with adjacent bases. In yet other embodiments, the modified base moiety is a universal base, a promiscuous base, a size expanded base or a fluorinated base. In some preferred embodiments, the modified base moiety is tetrafluoroindolyl or a moiety selected from formulas I, II, II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, or IX. In other embodiments, the modified sugar nucleotide is a 2′-ara-modified nucleotide, preferably the 2′-ara-modified nucleotide is a 2′-ara-fluoro nucleotide. In other embodiments, the flexible hydrocarbon internucleotide linker is C3-C6 alkylene. In another embodiment of the invention the eukaryotic cell is present in an animal. In some embodiments, the invention provides compounds of the Formula: (T2)j-(T3)k-(T1)m-(T4)n-(T1)p-(T5)q-(T2)r wherein each T1 is a 2′-deoxyribonucleotide; each T2 is a nucleotide having a higher binding affinity for a RNA target as compared to the binding affinity of a 2′-deoxyribonucleotide for said RNA target; each T3, T4 and T5 are transition moieties; j and r independently are 0 to 10, and together the sum of j and r is at least 2; m and p independently are 1 to 20, and together the sum of m and p is at least 5; k, n and q independently are 0 to 3, and together the sum of k, n and q is at least 1. In some embodiments, T2 comprises a nucleotide having a northern conformation. In some such embodiments, T2 comprises a nucleotide having a 2′-modification. In some further embodiments, the 2′-modification is hydroxyl, —O-alkyl, —O-alkyl-O-alkyl, S-alkyl, S-alkyl-O-alkyl, —F, —O—CH2CH2—O—CH3, —O—CH3, —O—CH2—CH═CH2 or a group having one of formula Ia or IIa: wherein: Rb is O, S or NH; Rd is a single bond, O, S or C(═O); R1 is C1-C10 alkyl, N(Rk)(Rm), N(Rk)(Rn), N═C(Rp)(Rq), N═C(Rp)(Rr) or has formula IIIa; Rp and Rq are each independently hydrogen or C1-C10 alkyl; Rr is —Rx-Ry; each Rs, Rt, Ru and Rv is, independently, hydrogen, C(O)Rw, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkynyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, a chemical functional group or a conjugate group, wherein the substituent groups are selected from hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl; or optionally, Ru and Rv, together form a phthalimido moiety with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached; each Rw is, independently, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, trifluoromethyl, cyanoethyloxy, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, allyloxy, 9-fluorenylmethoxy, 2-(trimethylsilyl)-ethoxy, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxy, benzyloxy, butyryl, iso-butyryl, phenyl or aryl; Rk is hydrogen, a nitrogen protecting group or —Rx-Ry; Rp is hydrogen, a nitrogen protecting group or —Rx-Ry; Rx is a bond or a linking moiety; Ry is a chemical functional group, a conjugate group or a solid support medium; each Rm and Rn is, independently, H, a nitrogen protecting group, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkynyl, wherein the substituent groups are selected from hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl; NH3+, N(Ru)(Rv), guanidino and acyl where said acyl is an acid amide or an ester; or Rm and Rn, together, are a nitrogen protecting group, are joined in a ring structure that optionally includes an additional heteroatom selected from N and O or are a chemical functional group; Ri is ORz, SRz, or N(Rz)2; each Rz is, independently, H, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C(═NH)N(H)Ru, C(═O)N(H)Ru or OC(═O)N(H)Ru; Rf, Rg and Rh comprise a ring system having from about 4 to about 7 carbon atoms or having from about 3 to about 6 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms wherein said heteroatoms are selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur and wherein said ring system is aliphatic, unsaturated aliphatic, aromatic, or saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic; Rj is alkyl or haloalkyl having 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkynyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, aryl having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms, N(Rk)(Rm) ORk, halo, SRk or CN; ma is 1 to about 10; each mb is, independently, 0 or 1; mc is 0 or an integer from 1 to 10; md is an integer from 1 to 10; me is from 0, 1 or 2; and provided that when mc is 0, md is greater than 1. In some embodiments, each of j and r are at least 2. In some further embodiments, T3, T4 and T5 each comprise a nucleotide having one of an eastern or southern conformation. In some embodiments, at least one of T3, T4 and T5 comprise a 2′-fluoro-arabinonucleotide. In some embodiments, each of T3, T4 and T5 comprise a 2′-fluoro-arabinonucleotide. In some embodiments, each of n and p are 0. In some embodiments, each T2 comprises a nucleotide having a 2′-modification; each of j and r are at least 2; and T3, T4 and T5 each comprise a nucleotide having one of an eastern or southern conformation. In some such embodiments, T3, T4 and T5 each comprise a nucleotide having an eastern conformation. In some embodiments, at least one of T3, T4 and T5 comprise a 2′-fluoro-arabinonucleotide, an abasic nucleotide, a THF nucleoside, or a nucleotide having a nucleobase selected from Formulas I, II, and III: wherein: each of R1-8 is independently selected from H, halogen and C1-3 alkyl. In some embodiments, R1-8 is independently selected from fluorine and methyl. In some embodiments, nucleobase is selected from Formulas IV, V or VI: or Formulas VII, VIII, IX, X or XI: or Formulas XII or XIII: In some embodiments, j and r are each from 2 to 5, and m is 10 to 16. In some embodiments, j is 2, r is 2 and m is 14-18. In some embodiments, j is 2, r is 2 and m is 16. In some embodiments, j is 4, r is 4 and m is 10-14. In some embodiments, j is 4, r is 4 and m is 12. In some embodiments, j is 5, r is 5 and m is 8-12. In some embodiments, j is 5, r is 5 and m is 10. In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of increasing one of the rate of cleavage or the position of cleavage of a target RNA by RNase H comprising: selecting an oligonucleotide having an RNase H cleaving region and a non-RNase H cleaving region; selecting a transition moiety capable of modulating transfer of the helical conformation characteristic of an oligonucleotide bound to its 3′hydroxy to an oligonucleotide bound to its 5′ hydroxyl; interspacing said transition moiety in said oligonucleotide positioned between said RNase H cleaving region and said non-RNase H cleaving region; and binding said oligonucleotide to said target RNA in the presence of RNase H. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide has the Formula: (T2)j-(T3)k-(T1)m-(T4)n-(T1)p-(T5)q-(T2)r. In some embodiments, the transition moiety bears a nucleobase having one of the structures IV-XIII, supra. In some embodiments, the transition moiety has the Formula Z: Z wherein: X is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted indolyl, substituted or unsubstituted benzimidazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted purinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl; Q is selected from hydrogen or halogen; W is selected from hydrogen or a 2′-substituent. In some embodiments, the transition moiety is a 2′-fluoro-arabinonucleotide. In some embodiments, the invention provides antisense oligonucleotides, comprising: at least 2 conformationally different regions with a junction between each of said conformationally different regions, wherein each junction comprises at least one transition moiety capable of modulating transfer of the helical conformation characteristic of an oligonucleotide bound to its 3′hydroxy to an oligonucleotide bound to its 5′ hydroxyl. In some embodiments, the conformationally different regions each comprise at least two nucleotides. In further embodiments, the nucleotides of each conformationally different region each possess the same type of sugar conformation. In some embodiments, the type of sugar conformation is selected from Eastern, Northern and Southern. In some embodiments, the transition moiety is a base-modified nucleotide or a sugar-modified nucleotide. In some embodiments, base-modified nucleotide has the Formula Z. In some embodiments, the 2′-substituent is a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic ether. In some embodiments, X is selected from Formulas I-XIII. In some such embodiments, W is H, and Q is F. Also provided are methods of inhibiting gene expression, comprising contacting one or more cells, a tissue or an animal with one or more compositions of the invention. The following applications are incorporated herein by reference, each in their entirety: 60/553,646 filed Mar. 15, 2004; 60/567,016 filed Apr. 29, 2004; and 60/609,516 filed Sep. 13, 2004. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides compounds and methods for the optimization of cleavage of RNA targets by RNAse H. By determining the structure activity relationships for the interaction between the catalytic domain of human RNase H1 and the RNA/DNA heteroduplex substrate by systematically evaluating the influence of sugar conformation, it has been discovered that nucleotides minimizing bulk in the minor groove and flexibility in the catalytic area are beneficial to enzyme efficiency. Modified nucleotides were introduced into the oligodeoxyribonucleotides at the human RNase H1 preferred cleavage sites on the heteroduplex and consisted of the DNA-like southern C2′-endo, RNA-like northern C3′-endo and eastern O4′-endo biased sugars with and without 2′-substituents (FIG. 1A). In addition, varying degrees of conformational flexibility were introduced into the heteroduplex substrate by incorporating modified deoxyribonucleotides that Π-stack with the adjacent deoxyribonucleotides but do not form hydrogen bonds with the bases of the RNA strand, abasic deoxynucleotides, hydrocarbon intranucleotide linkers and the ganciclovir modified deoxyribonucleotide (FIG. 1B). The initial cleavage rates (V0) as well as site-specific cleavage rates for the modified heteroduplexes were compared with the wild type DNA/RNA heteroduplex. It has been discovered in accordance with the present invention that the incorporation of one or more transition moietys in an antisense oligonucleotide can optimize the rate of cleavage of the duplex formed between the RNA target and the antisense oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, the transition moietys are interspersed at the junction between regions of the antisense oligonucleotide that possess different conformation. While not wishing to be bound by a particular theory, it is believed that optimizing the helical geometry of the heteroduplex for RNase H1 cleavage can be accomplished by interspersing one or more transition moietys at the junction of regions of different conformation in an antisense oligonucleotide. For example, in accordance with some embodiments of the invention, a gapmer having a plurality of regions of at least two differing conformation types can have one or more transition moietys positioned at the junction of the regions. In some embodiments, the nucleotides of the “wing” regions of the gapmer can have A form geometry (e.g., northern conformation). Examples of such nucleotides are those having 2′-modifications, for example 2′-MOE. In some embodiments, the “gap” regions have H-form geometry, for example DNA nucleotides. Generally, the transition moiety or nucleotides will be present at the junction of the regions, so as to impart a transition between the two regions of differing conformation. In some embodiments, it is beneficial to minimize the lengths of the “wings” of the gapmer, and/or to further substitute 2′-substituted (e.g. MOE) nucleotides with one or more additional nuclease resistant modifications (e.g., methylphosphonate, phosphonoacetate, dangling steric blockers, etc.). In some embodiments, it also is beneficial to optimize helical conformation for cleavage, for example by use of, inter alia, norm-canonical base pairs. Because the catalytic site of bound RNase H1 is located about one full helical turn from the RNA binding site, in some embodiments, it is beneficial to have at least one transition moiety located 5 to 10 nucleobases from the 3′-terminus of the antisense oligonucleotide, or 6 to 9 nucleobases from the 3′-terminus of the antisense oligonucleotide, or 7 to 8 nucleobases from the 3′-terminus of the antisense oligonucleotide. In addition to the benefit of altering the helical geometry and eliminate bulk in the minor groove, it is believed that the transitional nucleobases can correct conformational transmission from one conformational region to the next. As used herein, the term transition moiety (or “flexible nucleotide”) is intended to mean a nucleotide that capable of modulating transfer of the helical conformation characteristic of an oligonucleotide bound to its 3′hydroxy to an oligonucleotide bound to its 5′ hydroxyl, when the oligonucleotide is in a duplex with RNA. Examples of such transition moietys include those that having one of an eastern or southern conformation, 2′-fluoro-arabinonucleotide, abasic nucleotides, and THF nucleosides. Further examples include nucleotides having a nucleobase selected from Formulas I, II, and III: wherein: each of R1-8 is independently selected from H, halogen and C1-3 alkyl. In some embodiments, R18 is independently selected from fluorine and methyl. In some embodiments, nucleobase is selected from Formulas IV, V or VI: or Formulas VII, VIII, IX, X or XI: or Formulas XII or XIII: In some embodiments, the invention provides compounds of the Formula: (T2)j-(T3)k-(T1)m-(T4)n-(T1)p-(T5)q-(T2)r wherein each T1 is a 2′-deoxyribonucleotide; each T2 is a nucleotide having a higher binding affinity for a RNA target as compared to the binding affinity of a 2′-deoxyribonucleotide for said RNA target; each T3, T4 and T5 are transition moietys; j and r independently are 0 to 10, and together the sum of j and r is at least 2; m and p independently are 1 to 20, and together the sum of m and p is at least 5; k, n and q independently are 0 to 3, and together the sum of k, n and q is at least 1. In some embodiments, T2 comprises a nucleotide having a northern conformation. In some such embodiments, T2 comprises a nucleotide having a 2′-modification. In some embodiments, j and r are each from 2 to 5, and m is 10 to 16. In some embodiments, j is 2, r is 2 and m is 14-18. In some embodiments, j is 2, r is 2 and m is 16. In some embodiments, j is 4, r is 4 and m is 10-14. In some embodiments, j is 4, r is 4 and m is 12. In some embodiments, j is 5, r is 5 and m is 8-12. In some embodiments, j is 5, r is 5 and m is 10. In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of increasing one of the rate of cleavage or the position of cleavage of a target RNA by RNase H comprising: selecting an oligonucleotide having an RNase H cleaving region and a non-RNase H cleaving region; selecting a transition moiety capable of modulating transfer of the helical conformation characteristic of an oligonucleotide bound to its 3′hydroxy to an oligonucleotide bound to its 5′ hydroxyl; interspacing said transition moiety in said oligonucleotide positioned between said RNase H cleaving region and said non-RNase H cleaving region; and binding said oligonucleotide to said target RNA in the presence of RNase H. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide has the Formula: (T2)j-(T3)k-(T1)m-(T4)n-(T1)p-(T5)q-(T2)r. In some embodiments, the transition moiety bears a nucleobase having one of the structures IV-XIII, supra. Compounds of the present invention will be useful for the modulation of gene expression. In one aspect of the present invention a targeted cell, group of cells, a tissue or an animal is contacted with a composition of the invention to effect reduction of message that can directly inhibit gene expression. In another embodiment the reduction of message indirectly upregulates a non-targeted gene through a pathway that relates the targeted gene to a non-targeted gene. Methods and models for the regulation of genes using oligomeric compounds of the invention are illustrated in the examples. In another aspect a method of inhibiting gene expression is disclosed comprising contacting one or more cells, a tissue or an animal with a compound of the invention. Compositions of the invention modulate gene expression by hybridizing to a nucleic acid target resulting in loss of its normal function. As used herein, the term “target nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid target” is used for convenience to encompass any nucleic acid capable of being targeted including without limitation DNA, RNA (including pre-mRNA and mRNA or portions thereof) transcribed from such DNA, and also cDNA derived from such RNA. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the target nucleic acid is a messenger RNA. In a further preferred embodiment the degradation of the targeted messenger RNA is facilitated by a RISC complex that is formed with oligomeric compounds of the invention. In another preferred embodiment the degradation of the targeted messenger RNA is facilitated by a nuclease such as RNaseH. The hybridization of an oligomeric compound of this invention with its target nucleic acid is generally referred to as “antisense”. Consequently, the preferred mechanism in the practice of some preferred embodiments of the invention is referred to herein as “antisense inhibition.” Such antisense inhibition is typically based upon hydrogen bonding-based hybridization of oligonucleotide strands or segments such that at least one strand or segment is cleaved, degraded, or otherwise rendered inoperable. In this regard, it is presently preferred to target specific nucleic acid molecules and their functions for such antisense inhibition. The functions of DNA to be interfered with can include replication and transcription. Replication and transcription, for example, can be from an endogenous cellular template, a vector, a plasmid construct or otherwise. The functions of RNA to be interfered with can include functions such as translocation of the RNA to a site of protein translation, translocation of the RNA to sites within the cell which are distant from the site of RNA synthesis, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more RNA species, and catalytic activity or complex formation involving the RNA which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. In the context of the present invention, “modulation” and “modulation of expression” mean either an increase (stimulation) or a decrease (inhibition) in the amount or levels of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the gene, e.g., DNA or RNA. Inhibition is often the preferred form of modulation of expression and mRNA is often a preferred target nucleic acid. The compositions and methods of the present invention are also useful in the study, characterization, validation and modulation of small non-coding RNAs. These include, but are not limited to, microRNAs (miRNA), small nuclear RNAs (snRNA), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA), small temporal RNAs (stRNA) and tiny non-coding RNAs (tncRNA) or their precursors or processed transcripts or their association with other cellular components. Small non-coding RNAs have been shown to function in various developmental and regulatory pathways in a wide range of organisms, including plants, nematodes and mammals. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that are processed from larger precursors by enzymatic cleavage and inhibit translation of mRNAs. stRNAs, while processed from precursors much like miRNAs, have been shown to be involved in developmental timing regulation. Other non-coding small RNAs are involved in events as diverse as cellular splicing of transcripts, translation, transport, and chromosome organization. As modulators of small non-coding RNA function, the compositions of the present invention find utility in the control and manipulation of cellular functions or processes such as regulation of splicing, chromosome packaging or methylation, control of developmental timing events, increase or decrease of target RNA expression levels depending on the timing of delivery into the specific biological pathway and translational or transcriptional control. In addition, the compositions of the present invention can be modified in order to optimize their effects in certain cellular compartments, such as the cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus or mitochondria. The compositions of the present invention can further be used to identify components of regulatory pathways of RNA processing or metabolism as well as in screening assays or devices. Oligomeric Compounds In the context of the present invention, the term “oligomeric compound” refers to a polymeric structure capable of hybridizing a region of a nucleic acid molecule. This term includes oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides, oligonucleotide analogs, oligonucleotide mimetics and combinations of these. Oligomeric compounds are routinely prepared linearly but can be joined or otherwise prepared to be circular and may also include branching. Oligomeric compounds can included double stranded constructs such as for example two strands hybridized to form double stranded compounds. The double stranded compounds can be linked or separate and can include overhangs on the ends. In general an oligomeric compound comprises a backbone of linked momeric subunits where each linked momeric subunit is directly or indirectly attached to a heterocyclic base moiety. Oligomeric compounds may also include monomeric subunits that are not linked to a heterocyclic base moiety thereby providing abasic sites. The linkages joining the monomeric subunits, the sugar moieties or surrogates and the heterocyclic base moieties can be independently modified giving rise to a plurality of motifs for the resulting oligomeric compounds including hemimers, gapmers and chimeras. As is known in the art, a nucleoside is a base-sugar combination. The base portion of the nucleoside is normally a heterocyclic base moiety. The two most common classes of such heterocyclic bases are purines and pyrimidines. Nucleotides are nucleosides that further include a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the nucleoside. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar, the phosphate group can be linked to either the 2′, 3′ or 5′ hydroxyl moiety of the sugar. In forming oligonucleotides, the phosphate groups covalently link adjacent nucleosides to one another to form a linear polymeric compound. The respective ends of this linear polymeric structure can be joined to form a circular structure by hybridization or by formation of a covalent bond, however, open linear structures are generally preferred. Within the oligonucleotide structure, the phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the internucleoside linkages of the oligonucleotide. The normal internucleoside linkage of RNA and DNA is a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage. In the context of this invention, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This term includes oligonucleotides composed of naturally-occurring nucleobases, sugars and covalent internucleoside linkages. The term “oligonucleotide analog” refers to oligonucleotides that have one or more non-naturally occurring portions which function in a similar manner to oligonucleotides. Such non-naturally occurring oligonucleotides are often preferred the naturally occurring forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for nucleic acid target and increased stability in the presence of nucleuses. In the context of this invention, the term “oligonucleoside” refers to a sequence of nucleosides that are joined by internucleoside linkages that do not have phosphorus atoms. Internucleoside linkages of this type include short chain alkyl, cycloalkyl, mixed heteroatom alkyl, mixed heteroatom cycloalkyl, one or more short chain heteroatomic and one or more short chain heterocyclic. These internucleoside linkages include but are not limited to siloxane, sulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, acetyl, formacetyl, thioformacetyl, methylene formacetyl, thioformacetyl, alkeneyl, sulfamate; methyleneimino, methylenehydrazino, sulfonate, sulfonamide, amide and others having mixed N, O, S and CH2 component parts. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above oligonucleosides include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,506; 5,166,315; 5,185,444; 5,214,134; 5,216,141; 5,235,033; 5,264,562; 5,264,564; 5,405,938; 5,434,257; 5,466,677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677; 5,541,307; 5,561,225; 5,596,086; 5,602,240; 5,610,289; 5,602,240; 5,608,046; 5,610,289; 5,618,704; 5,623,070; 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; 5,792,608; 5,646,269 and 5,677,439, certain of which are commonly owned with this application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Further included in the present invention are oligomeric compounds such as antisense oligomeric compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, alternate splicers, primers, probes, and other oligomeric compounds which hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid. As such, these oligomeric compounds may be introduced in the form of single-stranded, double-stranded, circular or hairpin oligomeric compounds and may contain structural elements such as internal or terminal bulges or loops. Once introduced to a system, the oligomeric compounds of the invention may elicit the action of one or more enzymes or structural proteins to effect modification of the target nucleic acid. One non-limiting example of such an enzyme is RNAse H, a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. It is known in the art that single-stranded antisense oligomeric compounds which are “DNA-like” elicit RNAse H. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of oligonucleotide-mediated inhibition of gene expression. Similar roles have been postulated for other ribonucleases such as those in the RNase III and ribonuclease L family of enzymes. While the preferred form of antisense oligomeric compound is a single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide, in many species the introduction of double-stranded structures, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules, has been shown to induce potent and specific antisense-mediated reduction of the function of a gene or its associated gene products. This phenomenon occurs in both plants and animals and is believed to have an evolutionary connection to viral defense and transposon silencing. In addition to the modifications described above, the nucleosides of the oligomeric compounds of the invention can have a variety of other modification so long as these other modifications either alone or in combination with other nucleosides enhance one or more of the desired properties described above. Thus, for nucleotides that are incorporated into oligonucleotides of the invention, these nucleotides can have sugar portions that correspond to naturally-occurring sugars or modified sugars. Representative modified sugars include carbocyclic or acyclic sugars, sugars having substituent groups at one or more of their 2′, 3′ or 4′ positions and sugars having substituents in place of one or more hydrogen atoms of the sugar. Additional nucleosides amenable to the present invention having altered base moieties and or altered sugar moieties are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808 and PCT application PCT/US89/02323. Altered base moieties or altered sugar moieties also include other modifications consistent with the spirit of this invention. Such oligonucleotides are best described as being structurally distinguishable from, yet functionally interchangeable with, naturally occurring or synthetic wild type oligonucleotides. All such oligonucleotides are comprehended by this invention so long as they function effectively to mimic the structure of a desired RNA or DNA strand. A class of representative base modifications include tricyclic cytosine analog, termed “G clamp” (Lin, et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8531). This analog makes four hydrogen bonds to a complementary guanine (G) within a helix by simultaneously recognizing the Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen faces of the targeted G. This G clamp modification when incorporated into phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, dramatically enhances antisense potencies in cell culture. The oligonucleotides of the invention also can include phenoxazine-substituted bases of the type disclosed by Flanagan, et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 1999, 17(1), 48-52. The oligomeric compounds in accordance with this invention preferably comprise from about 8 to about 80 nucleobases (i.e. from about 8 to about 80 linked nucleosides). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the invention embodies oligomeric compounds of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, or 80 nucleobases in length. In one preferred embodiment, the oligomeric compounds of the invention are 12 to 50 nucleobases in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies oligomeric compounds of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleobases in length. In another preferred embodiment, the oligomeric compounds of the invention are 15 to 30 nucleobases in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies oligomeric compounds of 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleobases in length. Particularly preferred oligomeric compounds are oligonucleotides from about 12 to about 50 nucleobases, even more preferably those comprising from about 15 to about 30 nucleobases. Oligomeric compounds used in the compositions of the present invention can also be modified to have one or more stabilizing groups that are generally attached to one or both termini of oligomeric compounds to enhance properties such as for example nuclease stability. Included in stabilizing groups are cap structures. By “cap structure or terminal cap moiety” is meant chemical modifications, which have been incorporated at either terminus of oligonucleotides (see for example Wincott et al., WO 97/26270, incorporated by reference herein). These terminal modifications protect the oligomeric compounds having terminal nucleic acid molecules from exonuclease degradation, and can help in delivery and/or localization within a cell. The cap can be present at the 5′-terminus (5′-cap) or at the 3′-terminus (3′-cap) or can be present on both termini. In non-limiting examples, the 5′-cap includes inverted abasic residue (moiety), 4′,5′-methylene nucleotide; 1-(beta-D-erythrofuranosyl) nucleotide, 4′-thio nucleotide, carbocyclic nucleotide; 1,5-anhydrohexitol nucleotide; L-nucleotides; alpha-nucleotides; modified base nucleotide; phosphorodithioate linkage; threo-pentofuranosyl nucleotide; acyclic 3′,4′-seco nucleotide; acyclic 3,4-dihydroxybutyl nucleotide; acyclic 3,5-dihydroxypentyl nucleotide, 3′-3′-inverted nucleotide moiety; 3′-3′-inverted abasic moiety; 3′-2′-inverted nucleotide moiety; 3′-2′-inverted abasic moiety; 1,4-butanediol phosphate; 3′-phosphoramidate; hexylphosphate; aminohexyl phosphate; 3′-phosphate; 3′-phosphorothioate; phosphorodithioate; or bridging or non-bridging methylphosphonate moiety (for more details see Wincott et al., International PCT publication No. WO 97/26270, incorporated by reference herein). Particularly preferred 3′-cap structures of the present invention include, for example 4′,5′-methylene nucleotide; 1-(beta-D-erythrofuranosyl) nucleotide; 4′-thio nucleotide, carbocyclic nucleotide; 5′-amino-alkyl phosphate; 1,3-diamino-2-propyl phosphate, 3-aminopropyl phosphate; 6-aminohexyl phosphate; 1,2-aminododecyl phosphate; hydroxypropyl phosphate; 1,5-anhydrohexitol nucleotide; L-nucleotide; alpha-nucleotide; modified base nucleotide; phosphorodithioate; threo-pentofuranosyl nucleotide; acyclic 3′,4′-seco nucleotide; 3,4-dihydroxybutyl nucleotide; 3,5-dihydroxypentyl nucleotide, 5′-5′-inverted nucleotide moiety; 5′-5′-inverted abasic moiety; 5′-phosphoramidate; 5′-phosphorothioate; 1,4-butanediol phosphate; 5′-amino; bridging and/or non-bridging 5′-phosphoramidate, phosphorothioate and/or phosphorodithioate, bridging or non bridging methylphosphonate and 5′-mercapto moieties (for more details see Beaucage and Tyer, 1993, Tetrahedron 49, 1925; incorporated by reference herein). Oligomer and Monomer Modifications As is known in the art, a nucleoside is a base-sugar combination. The base portion of the nucleoside is normally a heterocyclic base. The two most common classes of such heterocyclic bases are the purines and the pyrimidines. Nucleotides are nucleosides that further include a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the nucleoside. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar, the phosphate group can be linked to either the 2′, 3′ or 5′ hydroxyl moiety of the sugar. In forming oligonucleotides, the phosphate groups covalently link adjacent nucleosides to one another to form a linear polymeric compound. In turn, the respective ends of this linear polymeric compound can be further joined to form a circular compound, however, linear compounds are generally preferred. In addition, linear compounds may have internal nucleobase complementarity and may therefore fold in a manner as to produce a fully or partially double-stranded compound. Within oligonucleotides, the phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the internucleoside linkage or in conjunction with the sugar ring the backbone of the oligonucleotide. The normal internucleoside linkage that makes up the backbone of RNA and DNA is a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage. Chimeric Oligomeric Compounds It is not necessary for all positions in a oligomeric compound to be uniformly modified, and in fact more than one of the aforementioned modifications may be incorporated in a single oligomeric compound or even at a single monomeric subunit such as a nucleoside within a oligomeric compound. The present invention also includes oligomeric compounds which are chimeric oligomeric compounds. “Chimeric” oligomeric compounds or “chimeras,” in the context of this invention, are oligomeric compounds containing two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one monomer unit, i.e., a nucleotide in the case of a nucleic acid based oligomer. Chimeric oligomeric compounds typically contain at least one region modified so as to confer increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid. An additional region of the oligomeric compound may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids. By way of example, RNase H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of inhibition of gene expression. Consequently, comparable results can often be obtained with shorter oligomeric compounds when chimeras are used, compared to for example phosphorothioate deoxyoligonucleotides hybridizing to the same target region. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art. Chimeric oligomeric compounds of the invention may be formed as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, oligonucleotide analogs, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotide mimetics as described above. Such oligomeric compounds have also been referred to in the art as hybrids hemimers, gapmers or inverted gapmers. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such hybrid structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,830; 5,149,797; 5,220,007; 5,256,775; 5,366,878; 5,403,711; 5,491,133; 5,565,350; 5,623,065; 5,652,355; 5,652,356; and 5,700,922, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Oligomer Mimetics Another preferred group of oligomeric compounds amenable to the present invention includes oligonucleotide mimetics. The term mimetic as it is applied to oligonucleotides is intended to include oligomeric compounds wherein only the furanose ring or both the furanose ring and the internucleotide linkage are replaced with novel groups, replacement of only the furanose ring is also referred to in the art as being a sugar surrogate. The heterocyclic base moiety or a modified heterocyclic base moiety is maintained for hybridization with an appropriate target nucleic acid. One such oligomeric compound, an oligonucleotide mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA oligomeric compounds, the sugar-backbone of an oligonucleotide is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of PNA oligomeric compounds include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Further teaching of PNA oligomeric compounds can be found in Nielsen et al., Science, 1991, 254, 1497-1500. One oligonucleotide mimetic that has been reported to have excellent hybridization properties, is peptide nucleic acids (PNA). The backbone in PNA compounds is two or more linked aminoethylglycine units which gives PNA an amide containing backbone. The heterocyclic base moieties are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of PNA compounds include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Further teaching of PNA compounds can be found in Nielsen et al., Science, 1991, 254, 1497-1500. PNA has been modified to incorporate numerous modifications since the basic PNA structure was first prepared. The basic structure is shown below: wherein Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety; T4 is hydrogen, an amino protecting group, —C(O)R5, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkynyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, a chemical functional group, a reporter group, a conjugate group, a D or L α-amino acid linked via the α-carboxyl group or optionally through the α-carboxyl group when the amino acid is aspartic acid or glutamic acid or a peptide derived from D, L or mixed D and L amino acids linked through a carboxyl group, wherein the substituent groups are selected from hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl; T5 is —OH, —N(Z1)Z2, R5, D or L α-amino acid linked via the α-amino group or optionally through the ω-amino group when the amino acid is lysine or ornithine or a peptide derived from D, L or mixed D and L amino acids linked through an amino group, a chemical functional group, a reporter group or a conjugate group; Z3 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, or an amino protecting group; Z2 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, an amino protecting group, —C(═O)—(CH2)n-J-Z3, a D or L α-amino acid linked via the α-carboxyl group or optionally through the co-carboxyl group when the amino acid is aspartic acid or glutamic acid or a peptide derived from D, L or mixed D and L amino acids linked through a carboxyl group; Z3 is hydrogen, an amino protecting group, —C1-C6 alkyl, —C(═O)—CH3, benzyl, benzoyl, or —(CH2)n—N(H)Z1; each J is O, S or NH; R5 is a carbonyl protecting group; and n is from 2 to about 50. Another class of oligonucleotide mimetic that has been studied is based on linked morpholino units (morpholino nucleic acid) having heterocyclic bases attached to the morpholino ring. A number of linking groups have been reported that link the morpholino monomeric units in a morpholino nucleic acid. A preferred class of linking groups have been selected to give a non-ionic oligomeric compound. The non-ionic morpholino-based oligomeric compounds are less likely to have undesired interactions with cellular proteins. Morpholino-based oligomeric compounds are non-ionic mimics of oligonucleotides which are less likely to form undesired interactions with cellular proteins (Dwaine A. Braasch and David R. Corey, Biochemistry, 2002, 41(14), 4503-4510). Morpholino-based oligomeric compounds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506, issued Jul. 23, 1991. The morpholino class of oligomeric compounds have been prepared having a variety of different linking groups joining the monomeric subunits. Morpholino nucleic acids have been prepared having a variety of different linking groups (L2) joining the monomeric subunits. The basic formula is shown below: wherein T1 is hydroxyl or a protected hydroxyl; T5 is hydrogen or a phosphate or phosphate derivative; L2 is a linking group; and n is from 2 to about 50. A further class of oligonucleotide mimetic is referred to as cyclohexenyl nucleic acids (CeNA). The furanose ring normally present in an DNA/RNA molecule is replaced with a cyclohenyl ring. CeNA DMT protected phosphoramidite monomers have been prepared and used for oligomeric compound synthesis following classical phosphoramidite chemistry. Fully modified CeNA oligomeric compounds and oligonucleotides having specific positions modified with CeNA have been prepared and studied (see Wang et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 8595-8602). In general the incorporation of CeNA monomers into a DNA chain increases its stability of a DNA/RNA hybrid. CeNA oligoadenylates formed complexes with RNA and DNA complements with similar stability to the native complexes. The study of incorporating CeNA structures into natural nucleic acid structures was shown by NMR and circular dichroism to proceed with easy conformational adaptation. Furthermore the incorporation of CeNA into a sequence targeting RNA was stable to serum and able to activate E. Coli RNase resulting in cleavage of the target RNA strand. The general formula of CeNA is shown below: wherein each Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety; T1 is hydroxyl or a protected hydroxyl; and T2 is hydroxyl or a protected hydroxyl. Another class of oligonucleotide mimetic (anhydrohexitol nucleic acid) can be prepared from one or more anhydrohexitol nucleosides (see, Wouters and Herdewijn, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1999, 9, 1563-1566) and would have the general formula: A further preferred modification includes Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs) in which the 2′-hydroxyl group is linked to the 4′ carbon atom of the sugar ring thereby forming a 2′-C,4′-C-oxymethylene linkage thereby forming a bicyclic sugar moiety. The linkage is preferably a methylene (—CH2—)n group bridging the 2′ oxygen atom and the 4′ carbon atom wherein n is 1 or 2 (Singh et al., Chem. Commun., 1998, 4, 455-456). LNA and LNA analogs display very high duplex thermal stabilities with complementary DNA and RNA (Tm=+3 to +10 C), stability towards 3′-exonucleolytic degradation and good solubility properties. The basic structure of LNA showing the bicyclic ring system is shown below: The conformations of LNAs determined by 2D NMR spectroscopy have shown that the locked orientation of the LNA nucleotides, both in single-stranded LNA and in duplexes, constrains the phosphate backbone in such a way as to introduce a higher population of the N-type conformation (Petersen et al., J. Mol. Recognit., 2000, 13, 44-53). These conformations are associated with improved stacking of the nucleobases (Wengel et al., Nucleosides Nucleotides, 1999, 18, 1365-1370). LNA has been shown to form exceedingly stable LNA:LNA duplexes (Koshkin et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 13252-13253). LNA:LNA hybridization was shown to be the most thermally stable nucleic acid type duplex system, and the RNA-mimicking character of LNA was established at the duplex level. Introduction of 3 LNA monomers (T or A) significantly increased melting points (Tm=+15/+11) toward DNA complements. The universality of LNA-mediated hybridization has been stressed by the formation of exceedingly stable LNA:LNA duplexes. The RNA-mimicking of LNA was reflected with regard to the N-type conformational restriction of the monomers and to the secondary structure of the LNA:RNA duplex. LNAs also form duplexes with complementary DNA, RNA or LNA with high thermal affinities. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra show that duplexes involving fully modified LNA (esp. LNA:RNA) structurally resemble an A-form RNA:RNA duplex. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) examination of an LNA:DNA duplex confirmed the 3′-endo conformation of an LNA monomer. Recognition of double-stranded DNA has also been demonstrated suggesting strand invasion by LNA. Studies of mismatched sequences show that LNAs obey the Watson-Crick base pairing rules with generally improved selectivity compared to the corresponding unmodified reference strands. Novel types of LNA-oligomeric compounds, as well as the LNAs, are useful in a wide range of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Among these are antisense applications, PCR applications, strand-displacement oligomers, substrates for nucleic acid polymerases and generally as nucleotide based drugs. Potent and nontoxic antisense oligonucleotides containing LNAs have been described (Wahlestedt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2000, 97, 5633-5638.) The authors have demonstrated that LNAs confer several desired properties to antisense agents. LNA/DNA copolymers were not degraded readily in blood serum and cell extracts. LNA/DNA copolymers exhibited potent antisense activity in assay systems as disparate as G-protein-coupled receptor signaling in living rat brain and detection of reporter genes in Escherichia coli. Lipofectin-mediated efficient delivery of LNA into living human breast cancer cells has also been accomplished. The synthesis and preparation of the LNA monomers adenine, cytosine, guanine, 5-methyl-cytosine, thymine and uracil, along with their oligomerization, and nucleic acid recognition properties have been described (Koshkin et al., Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 3607-3630). LNAs and preparation thereof are also described in WO 98/39352 and WO 99/14226. The first analogs of LNA, phosphorothioate-LNA and 2′-thio-LNAs, have also been prepared (Kumar et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 2219-2222). Preparation of locked nucleoside analogs containing oligodeoxyribonucleotide duplexes as substrates for nucleic acid polymerases has also been described (Wengel et al., PCT International Application WO 98-DK393 19980914). Furthermore, synthesis of 2′-amino-LNA, a novel conformationally restricted high-affinity oligonucleotide analog with a handle has been described in the art (Singh et al., J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 10035-10039). In addition, 2′-Amino- and 2′-methylamino-LNA's have been prepared and the thermal stability of their duplexes with complementary RNA and DNA strands has been previously reported. Further oligonucleotide mimetics have been prepared to include bicyclic and tricyclic nucleoside analogs having the formulas (amidite monomers shown): (see Steffens et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 2426-2439; Steffens et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 3249-3255; and Renneberg et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 5993-6002). These modified nucleoside analogs have been oligomerized using the phosphoramidite approach and the resulting oligomeric compounds containing tricyclic nucleoside analogs have shown increased thermal stabilities (Tm's) when hybridized to DNA, RNA and itself. Oligomeric compounds containing bicyclic nucleoside analogs have shown thermal stabilities approaching that of DNA duplexes. Another class of oligonucleotide mimetic is referred to as phosphonomonoester nucleic acids incorporate a phosphorus group in a backbone the backbone. This class of olignucleotide mimetic is reported to have useful physical and biological and pharmacological properties in the areas of inhibiting gene expression (antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, sense oligonucleotides and triplex-forming oligonucleotides), as probes for the detection of nucleic acids and as auxiliaries for use in molecular biology. The general formula (for definitions of Markush variables see: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,874,553 and 6,127,346 herein incorporated by reference in their entirety) is shown below. Another oligonucleotide mimetic has been reported wherein the furanosyl ring has been replaced by a cyclobutyl moiety. Modified Internucleoside Linkages Specific examples of preferred antisense oligomeric compounds useful in this invention include oligonucleotides containing modified e.g. non-naturally occurring internucleoside linkages. As defined in this specification, oligonucleotides having modified internucleoside linkages include internucleoside linkages that retain a phosphorus atom and internucleoside linkages that do not have a phosphorus atom. For the purposes of this specification, and as sometimes referenced in the art, modified oligonucleotides that do not have a phosphorus atom in their internucleoside backbone can also be considered to be oligonucleosides. In the C. elegans system, modification of the internucleotide linkage (phosphorothioate) did not significantly interfere with RNAi activity. Based on this observation, it is suggested that certain preferred oligomeric compounds of the invention can also have one or more modified internucleoside linkages. A preferred phosphorus containing modified internucleoside linkage is the phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage. Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones containing a phosphorus atom therein include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3′-alkylene phosphonates, 5′-alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, selenophosphates and boranophosphates having normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein one or more internucleotide linkages is a 3′ to 3′, 5′ to 5′ or 2′ to 2′ linkage. Preferred oligonucleotides having inverted polarity comprise a single 3′ to 3′ linkage at the 3′-most internucleotide linkage i.e. a single inverted nucleoside residue which may be abasic (the nucleobase is missing or has a hydroxyl group in place thereof). Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above phosphorus-containing linkages include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808; 4,469,863; 4,476,301; 5,023,243; 5,177,196; 5,188,897; 5,264,423; 5,276,019; 5,278,302; 5,286,717; 5,321,131; 5,399,676; 5,405,939; 5,453,496; 5,455,233; 5,466,677; 5,476,925; 5,519,126; 5,536,821; 5,541,306; 5,550,111; 5,563,253; 5,571,799; 5,587,361; 5,194,599; 5,565,555; 5,527,899; 5,721,218; 5,672,697 and 5,625,050, certain of which are commonly owned with this application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference. In more preferred embodiments of the invention, oligomeric compounds have one or more phosphorothioate and/or heteroatom internucleoside linkages, in particular —CH2—NH—O—CH2—, —CH2—N(CH3)—O—CH2— [known as a methylene (methylimino) or MMI backbone], —CH2—O—N(CH3)—CH2—, —CH2—N(CH3)—N(CH3)—CH2— and —O—N(CH3)—CH2—CH2— [wherein the native phosphodiester internucleotide linkage is represented as —O—P(═O)(OH)—O—CH2—]. The MMI type internucleoside linkages are disclosed in the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,677. Preferred amide internucleoside linkages are disclosed in the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,240. Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages. These include those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; riboacetyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH2 component parts. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above oligonucleosides include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,506; 5,166,315; 5,185,444; 5,214,134; 5,216,141; 5,235,033; 5,264,562; 5,264,564; 5,405,938; 5,434,257; 5,466,677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677; 5,541,307; 5,561,225; 5,596,086; 5,602,240; 5,610,289; 5,602,240; 5,608,046; 5,610,289; 5,618,704; 5,623,070; 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; 5,792,608; 5,646,269 and 5,677,439, certain of which are commonly owned with this application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Modified Sugars Oligomeric compounds of the invention may also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties. Preferred oligomeric compounds comprise a sugar substituent group selected from: OH; F; O-, S-, or N-alkyl; O-, S-, or N-alkenyl; O-, S- or N-alkynyl; or O-alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C10 alkyl or C2 to C10 alkenyl and alkynyl. Particularly preferred are O[(CH2)nO]mCH3, O(CH2)nOCH3, O(CH2)nNH2, O(CH2)nCH3, O(CH2)nONH2, and O(CH2)nON[(CH2)nCH3]2, where n and m are from 1 to about 10. Other preferred oligonucleotides comprise a sugar substituent group selected from: C1 to C10 lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH3, OCN, Cl, Br, CN, CF3, OCF3, SOCH3, SO2CH3, ONO2, NO2, N3, NH2, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide, or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide, and other substituents having similar properties. A preferred modification includes 2′-methoxyethoxy (2′-O—CH2CH2OCH3, also known as 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) or 2′-MOE) (Martin et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504) i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group. A further preferred modification includes 2′-dimethylamino-oxyethoxy, i.e., a O(CH2)2ON(CH3)2 group, also known as 2′-DMAOE, as described in examples hereinbelow, and 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (also known in the art as 2′-O-dimethyl-amino-ethoxy-ethyl or 2′-DMAEOE), i.e., 2′-O—CH20CH2N(CH3)2. Other preferred sugar substituent groups include methoxy (—O—CH3), aminopropoxy (—OCH2CH2CH2NH2), allyl (—CH2—CH═CH2), —O-allyl (—O—C1H2—CH═CH2) and fluoro (F). 2′-Sugar substituent groups may be in the arabino (up) position or ribo (down) position. A preferred 2′-arabino modification is 2′-F. Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligomeric compound, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleoside or in 2′-5′ linked oligonucleotides and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide. Oligomeric compounds may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,981,957; 5,118,800; 5,319,080; 5,359,044; 5,393,878; 5,446,137; 5,466,786; 5,514,785; 5,519,134; 5,567,811; 5,576,427; 5,591,722; 5,597,909; 5,610,300; 5,627,053; 5,639,873; 5,646,265; 5,658,873; 5,670,633; 5,792,747; and 5,700,920, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Further representative sugar substituent groups include groups of formula Ia or IIa: wherein: Rb is O, S or NH; Rd is a single bond, O, S or C(═O); Re is C1-C10 alkyl, N(Rk)(Rm), N(Rk)(Rn), N═C(Rp)C(Rq), N═C(Rp)(Rr) or has formula IIIa; IIIa Rp and Rq are each independently hydrogen or C1-C10 alkyl; Rr is —Rx-Ry; each Rs, Rt, Ru and Rv is, independently, hydrogen, C(O)Rw, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkynyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, a chemical functional group or a conjugate group, wherein the substituent groups are selected from hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl; or optionally, Ru, and Rv, together form a phthalimido moiety with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached; each Rw is, independently, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, trifluoromethyl, cyanoethyloxy, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, allyloxy, 9-fluorenylmethoxy, 2-(trimethylsilyl)-ethoxy, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxy, benzyloxy, butyryl, iso-butyryl, phenyl or aryl; Rk is hydrogen, a nitrogen protecting group or —Rx-Ry; Rp is hydrogen, a nitrogen protecting group or —Rx-Ry; Rx is a bond or a linking moiety; Ry is a chemical functional group, a conjugate group or a solid support medium; each Rm and Rn is, independently, H, a nitrogen protecting group, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkynyl, wherein the substituent groups are selected from hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl; NH3+, N(Ru)(Rv), guanidino and acyl where the acyl is an acid amide or an ester; or Rm and Rn, together, are a nitrogen protecting group, are joined in a ring structure that optionally includes an additional heteroatom selected from N and O or are a chemical functional group; Ri is ORz, SRz, or N(Rz)2; each Rz is, independently, H, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C(═NH)N(H)Ru, C(═O)N(H)Ru or OC(═O)N(H)Ru; Rf, Rg and Rh comprise a ring system having from about 4 to about 7 carbon atoms or having from about 3 to about 6 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms wherein said heteroatoms are selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur and wherein said ring system is aliphatic, unsaturated aliphatic, aromatic, or saturated or unsaturated hetero cyclic; Rj is alkyl or haloalkyl having 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkynyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, aryl having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms, N(Rk)(Rm) ORk, halo, SRk or CN; ma is 1 to about 10; each mb is, independently, 0 or 1; mc is 0 or an integer from 1 to 10; md is an integer from 1 to 10; me is from 0, 1 or 2; and provided that when mc is 0, md is greater than 1. Representative substituents groups of Formula I are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/130,973, filed Aug. 7, 1998, entitled “Capped 2′-Oxyethoxy Oligonucleotides,” hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Representative cyclic substituent groups of Formula II are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/123,108, filed Jul. 27, 1998, entitled “RNA Targeted 2′-Oligomeric compounds that are Conformationally Preorganized,” hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Particularly preferred sugar substituent groups include O[(CH2)nO]mCH3, O(CH2)nOCH3, O(CH2)nNH2, O(CH2)nCH3, O(CH2)nONH2, and O(CH2)nON[(CH2)nCH3)]2, where n and m are from 1 to about 10. Representative guanidino substituent groups that are shown in formula III and IV are disclosed in co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/349,040, entitled “Functionalized Oligomers”, filed Jul. 7, 1999, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Representative acetamido substituent groups are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,147,200 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Representative dimethylaminoethyloxyethyl substituent groups are disclosed in International Patent Application PCT/US99/17895, entitled “2′-O-Dimethylaminoethyloxyethyl-Oligomeric compounds”, filed Aug. 6, 1999, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Modified Nucleobases/Naturally Occurring Nucleobases Oligomeric compounds may also include nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base” or “heterocyclic base moiety”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or “natural” nucleobases include the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleobases also referred herein as heterocyclic base moieties include other synthetic and natural nucleobases such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl (—C≡C—CH3) uracil and cytosine and other alkynyl derivatives of pyrimidine bases, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 2-F-adenine, 2-amino-adenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine. Heterocyclic base moieties may also include those in which the purine or pyrimidine base is replaced with other heterocycles, for example 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deazaguanosine, 2-aminopyridine and 2-pyridone. Further nucleobases include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, J. I., ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990, those disclosed by Englisch et al., Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 1991, 30, 613, and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y. S., Chapter 15, Antisense Research and Applications, pages 289-302, Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., ed., CRC Press, 1993. Certain of these nucleobases are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the oligomeric compounds of the invention. These include 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and O-6 substituted purines, including 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil and 5-propynylcytosine. 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., eds., Antisense Research and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are presently preferred base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2′-O-methoxyethyl sugar modifications. Oligomeric compounds of the present invention can also include polycyclic heterocyclic compounds in place of one or more heterocyclic base moieties. A number of tricyclic heterocyclic compounds have been previously reported. These compounds are routinely used in antisense applications to increase the binding properties of the modified strand to a target strand. The most studied modifications are targeted to guanosines hence they have been termed G-clamps or cytidine analogs. Many of these polycyclic heterocyclic compounds have the general formula: Representative cytosine analogs that make 3 hydrogen bonds with a guanosine in a second strand include 1,3-diazaphenoxazine-2-one (R10=O, R11-R14=H) [Kurchavov, et al., Nucleosides and Nucleotides, 1997, 16, 1837-1846], 1,3-diazaphenothiazine-2-one (R10=S, R11-R14=H), [Lin, K.-Y.; Jones, R. J.; Matteucci, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 3873-3874] and 6,7,8,9-tetrafluoro-1,3-diazaphenoxazine-2-one (R10=O, R11-R14=F) [Wang, J.; Lin, K.-Y., Matteucci, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 8385-8388]. Incorporated into oligonucleotides these base modifications were shown to hybridize with complementary guanine and the latter was also shown to hybridize with adenine and to enhance helical thermal stability by extended stacking interactions (also see U.S. patent application entitled “Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids” filed May 24, 2002, Ser. No. 10/155,920; and U.S. patent application entitled “Nuclease Resistant Chimeric Oligonucleotides” filed May 24, 2002, Ser. No. 10/013,295, both of which are commonly owned with this application and are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety). Further helix-stabilizing properties have been observed when a cytosine analog/substitute has an aminoethoxy moiety attached to the rigid 1,3-diazaphenoxazine-2-one scaffold (R10=O, R11=—O—(CH2)2—NH2, R12-14=H) [Lin, K.-Y.; Matteucci, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8531-8532]. Binding studies demonstrated that a single incorporation could enhance the binding affinity of a model oligonucleotide to its complementary target DNA or RNA with a ΔTm of up to 18° relative to 5-methyl cytosine (dC5me), which is the highest known affinity enhancement for a single modification, yet. On the other hand, the gain in helical stability does not compromise the specificity of the oligonucleotides. The Tm data indicate an even greater discrimination between the perfect match and mismatched sequences compared to dC5me. It was suggested that the tethered amino group serves as an additional hydrogen bond donor to interact with the Hoogsteen face, namely the 06, of a complementary guanine thereby forming 4 hydrogen bonds. This means that the increased affinity of G-clamp is mediated by the combination of extended base stacking and additional specific hydrogen bonding. Further tricyclic heterocyclic compounds and methods of using them that are amenable to the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,028,183, which issued on May 22, 2000, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,007,992, which issued on Dec. 28, 1999, the contents of both are commonly assigned with this application and are incorporated herein in their entirety. The enhanced binding affinity of the phenoxazine derivatives together with their uncompromised sequence specificity makes them valuable nucleobase analogs for the development of more potent antisense-based drugs. In fact, promising data have been derived from in vitro experiments demonstrating that heptanucleotides containing phenoxazine substitutions are capable to activate RNaseH, enhance cellular uptake and exhibit an increased antisense activity [Lin, K-Y; Matteucci, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8531-8532]. The activity enhancement was even more pronounced in case of G-clamp, as a single substitution was shown to significantly improve the in vitro potency of a 20mer 2′-deoxyphosphorothioate oligonucleotides [Flanagan, W. M.; Wolf, J. J.; Olson, P.; Grant, D.; Lin, K.-Y.; Wagner, R. W.; Matteucci, M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999, 96, 3513-3518]. Nevertheless, to optimize oligonucleotide design and to better understand the impact of these heterocyclic modifications on the biological activity, it is important to evaluate their effect on the nuclease stability of the oligomers. Further modified polycyclic heterocyclic compounds useful as heterocyclic bases are disclosed in but not limited to, the above noted U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,845,205; 5,130,302; 5,134,066; 5,175,273; 5,367,066; 5,432,272; 5,434,257; 5,457,187; 5,459,255; 5,484,908; 5,502,177; 5,525,711; 5,552,540; 5,587,469; 5,594,121, 5,596,091; 5,614,617; 5,645,985; 5,646,269; 5,750,692; 5,830,653; 5,763,588; 6,005,096; and 5,681,941, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/996,292 filed Nov. 28, 2001, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Additional Modified Nucleobases The term “universal base” as used herein, refers to a monomer in a first sequence that can pair with a naturally occurring base, i.e A, C, G, T or U at a corresponding position in a second sequence of a duplex in which one or more of the following is true: (1) there is essentially no pairing between the two; or (2) the pairing between them occurs non-discriminantly with each of the naturally occurring bases and without significant destabilization of the duplex. For examples of universal bases see Survey and summary: the applications of universal DNA base analogs. Loakes, D. Nucleic Acids Research, 2001, 29, 12, 2437-2447. The term “hydrophobic base” as used herein, refers to a monomer in a first sequence that can pair with a naturally occurring base, i.e A, C, G, T or U at a corresponding position in a second sequence of a duplex in which one or more of the following is true: (1) the hydrophobic base acts as a non-polar close size and shape mimic (isostere) of one of the naturally occurring nucleosides; or (2) the hydrophobic base lacks all hydrogen bonding functionality on the Watson-Crick pairing edge. For examples of adenine isosteres, see Probing the requirements for recognition and catalysis in Fpg and MutY with nonpolar adenine isosteres. Francis, A W, Helquist, S A, Kool, E T, David, S S. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 16235-16242 or Structure and base pairing properties of a replicable nonpolar isostere for deoxyadenosine. Guckian, K M, Morales, J C, Kool, E T. J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 9652-96565. For an example of a cytosine isostere, see Hydrolysis of RNA/DNA hybrids containing nonpolar pyrimidine isostreres defines regions essential for HIV type polypurine tract selection. Rausch, J W, Qu, J, Yi-Brunozzi H Y, Kool, E T, LeGrice, S F J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2003, 100, 11279-11284. For an example of a guanosine isostere, see A highly effective nonpolar isostere of doeoxguanosine: synthesis, structure, stacking and base pairing. O'Neil, B M, Ratto, J E, Good, K L, Tahmassebi, D C, Helquist, S A, Morales, J C, Kool, E T. J. Org. Chem., 2002, 67, 5869-5875. For an example of a thymidine isostere, see A thymidine triphosphate shape analog lacking Watson-Crick pairing ability is replicated with high sequence selectivity. Moran, S, Ren, R X-F, Kool, E T. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1997, 94, 10506-10511 or Difluorotoluene, a nonpolar isostere for thymidine, codes specifically and efficiently for adenine in DNA replication. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2056-2057. The term “promiscuous base” as used herein, refers to a monomer in a first sequence that can pair with a naturally occurring base, i.e A, C, G, T or U at a corresponding position in a second sequence of a duplex in which the promiscuous base can pair non-discriminantly with more than one of the naturally occurring bases, i.e. A, C, G, T, U, but not with all four of them. For an example, see Polymerase recognition of synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides incorporating degenerate pyrimidine and purine bases. Hill, F.; Loakes, D.; Brown, D. M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1998, 95, 4258-4263. The term “size expanded base” as used herein, refers to analogs of naturally occurring nucleobases that are larger in size and retain their Watson-Crick pairing ability. For examples see A four-base paired genetic helix with expanded size. Liu, B, Gao, J, Lynch, S R, Saito, D, Maynard, L, Kool, E T., Science, 2003, 302, 868-871 and Toward a new genetic system with expanded dimension: size expanded analogues of deoxyadenosine and thymidine. Liu, H, Goa, J, Maynard, Y, Saito, D, Kool, E T, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 1102-1109. The term fluorinated nucleobase as used herein, refers to a nucleobase or nucleobase analog, wherein one or more of the aromatic ring substituents is a fluoroine atom. It may be possible that all of the ring substituents are fluoroine atoms. For examples of fluorinated nucleobases see fluorinated DNA bases as probes of electrostatic effects in DNA base stacking. Lai, J S, QU, J, Kool, E T, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2003, 42, 5973-5977 and Selective pairing of polyfluorinated DNA bases, Lai, J S, Kool, E T, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 3040-3041 and The effect of universal fluorinated nucleobases on the catalytic activity of ribozymes, Kloppfer, A E, Engels, J W, Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids, 2003, 22, 1347-1350 and Synthesis of 2′aminoalkyl-substituted fluorinated nucleobases and their influence on the kinetic properties of hammerhead ribozymes, Klopffer, A E, Engels, J W, ChemBioChem., 2003, 5, 707-716 Conjugates Oligomeric compounds used in the compositions of the present invention can also be modified to have one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the resulting oligomeric compounds. In one embodiment such modified oligomeric compounds are prepared by covalently attaching conjugate groups to functional groups such as hydroxyl or amino groups. Conjugate groups of the invention include intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, polyethers, groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties of oligomers, and groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of oligomers. Typical conjugates groups include cholesterols, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, folate, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, and dyes. Groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve oligomer uptake, enhance oligomer resistance to degradation, and/or strengthen sequence-specific hybridization with RNA. Groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve oligomer uptake, distribution, metabolism or excretion. Representative conjugate groups are disclosed in International Patent Application PCT/US92/09196, filed Oct. 23, 1992 the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Conjugate moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1994, 4, 1053-1060), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-5-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660, 306-309; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1993, 3, 2765-2770), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1992, 20, 533-538), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J., 1991, 10, 1111-1118; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49-54), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777-3783), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969-973), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229-237), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277, 923-937. The oligomeric compounds of the invention may also be conjugated to active drug substances, for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, suprofen, fenbufen, ketoprofen, (S)-(+)-pranoprofen, carprofen, dansylsarcosine, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, flufenamic acid, folinic acid, a benzothiadiazide, chlorothiazide, a diazepine, indomethicin, a barbiturate, a cephalosporin, a sulfa drug, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic. Oligonucleotide-drug conjugates and their preparation are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/334,130 (filed Jun. 15, 1999) which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotide conjugates include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731; 5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536; 5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,371,241, 5,391,723; 5,416,203, 5,451,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810; 5,574,142; 5,585,481; 5,587,371; 5,595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599,928 and 5,688,941, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference. 3′-Endo Modifications In one aspect of the present invention oligomeric compounds include nucleosides synthetically modified to induce a 3′-endo sugar conformation. A nucleoside can incorporate synthetic modifications of the heterocyclic base moiety, the sugar moiety or both to induce a desired 3′-endo sugar conformation. These modified nucleosides are used to mimic RNA like nucleosides so that particular properties of an oligomeric compound can be enhanced while maintaining the desirable 3′-endo conformational geometry. There is an apparent preference for an RNA type duplex (A form helix, predominantly 3′-endo) as a requirement of RNA interference which is supported in part by the fact that duplexes composed of 2′-deoxy-2′-F-nucleosides appear efficient in triggering RNAi response in the C. elegans system. Properties that are enhanced by using more stable 3′-endo nucleosides include but aren't limited to modulation of pharmacokinetic properties through modification of protein binding, protein off-rate, absorption and clearance; modulation of nuclease stability as well as chemical stability; modulation of the binding affinity and specificity of the oligomer (affinity and specificity for enzymes as well as for complementary sequences); and increasing efficacy of RNA cleavage. The present invention provides oligomeric compounds having one or more nucleosides modified in such a way as to favor a C3′-endo type conformation. Nucleoside conformation is influenced by various factors including substitution at the 2′, 3′ or 4′-positions of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Electronegative substituents generally prefer the axial positions, while sterically demanding substituents generally prefer the equatorial positions (Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure, Wolfgang Sanger, 1984, Springer-Verlag.) Modification of the 2′ position to favor the 3′-endo conformation can be achieved while maintaining the 2′-OH as a recognition element, as illustrated in FIG. 2, below (Gallo et al., Tetrahedron (2001), 57, 5707-5713. Harry-O'kuru et al., J. Org. Chem., (1997), 62(6), 1754-1759 and Tang et al., J. Org. Chem. (1999), 64, 747-754.) Alternatively, preference for the 3′-endo conformation can be achieved by deletion of the 2′-OH as exemplified by 2′deoxy-2′-nucleosides (Kawasaki et al., J. Med. Chem. (1993), 36, 831-841), which adopts the 3′-endo conformation positioning the electronegative fluorine atom in the axial position. Other modifications of the ribose ring, for example substitution at the 4′-position to give 4′-F modified nucleosides (Guillerm et al., Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters (1995), 5, 1455-1460 and Owen et al., J. Org. Chem. (1976), 41, 3010-3017), or for example modification to yield methanocarba nucleoside analogs (Jacobson et al., J. Med. Chem. Lett. (2000), 43, 2196-2203 and Lee et al., Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2001), 11, 1333-1337) also induce preference for the 3′-endo conformation. Some modifications actually lock the conformational geometry by formation of a bicyclic sugar moiety e.g. locked nucleic acid (LNA, Singh et al, Chem. Commun. (1998), 4, 455-456), and ethylene bridged nucleic acids (ENA, Morita et al, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2002), 12, 73-76.) Examples of modified nucleosides amenable to the present invention are shown below. These examples are meant to be representative and not exhaustive. The preferred conformation of modified nucleosides and their oligomers can be estimated by various methods such as molecular dynamics calculations, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and CD measurements. Hence, modifications predicted to induce RNA like conformations, A-form duplex geometry in an oligomeric context, are selected for use in one or more of the oligomeric compounds of the present invention. The synthesis of numerous of the modified nucleosides amenable to the present invention are known in the art (see for example, Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides Vol 1-3, ed. Leroy B. Townsend, 1988, Plenum press, and the examples section below.) Nucleosides known to be inhibitors/substrates for RNA dependent RNA polymerases (for example HCV NS5B In one aspect, the present invention is directed to oligomeric compounds that are prepared having enhanced properties compared to native RNA against nucleic acid targets. A target is identified and an oligomeric compound is selected having an effective length and sequence that is complementary to a portion of the target sequence. Each nucleoside of the selected sequence is scrutinized for possible enhancing modifications. A preferred modification would be the replacement of one or more RNA nucleosides with nucleosides that have the same 3′-endo conformational geometry. Such modifications can enhance chemical and nuclease stability relative to native RNA while at the same time being much cheaper and easier to synthesize and/or incorporate into an oligomeric compound. The selected sequence can be further divided into regions and the nucleosides of each region evaluated for enhancing modifications that can be the result of a chimeric configuration. Consideration is also given to the termini (e.g. 5′ and 3′-termini) as there are often advantageous modifications that can be made to one or more of the terminal monomeric subunits. In one aspect of the invention, desired properties and or activity of oligomeric compounds are enhanced by the inclusion of a 5′-phosphate or modified phosphate moiety. The terms used to describe the conformational geometry of homoduplex nucleic acids are “A Form” for RNA and “B Form” for DNA. The respective conformational geometry for RNA and DNA duplexes was determined from X-ray diffraction analysis of nucleic acid fibers (Arnott and Hukins, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 1970, 47, 1504.) In general, RNA:RNA duplexes are more stable and have higher melting temperatures (Tm's) than DNA:DNA duplexes (Sanger et al., Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure, 1984, Springer-Verlag; New York, N.Y.; Lesnik et al., Biochemistry, 1995, 34, 10807-10815; Conte et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 1997, 25, 2627-2634). The increased stability of RNA has been attributed to several structural features, most notably the improved base stacking interactions that result from an A-form geometry (Searle et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 1993, 21, 2051-2056). The presence of the 2′ hydroxyl in RNA biases the sugar toward a C3′ endo pucker, i.e., also designated as Northern pucker, which causes the duplex to favor the A-form geometry. In addition, the 2′ hydroxyl groups of RNA can form a network of water mediated hydrogen bonds that help stabilize the RNA duplex (Egli et al., Biochemistry, 1996, 35, 8489-8494). On the other hand, deoxy nucleic acids prefer a C2′ endo sugar pucker, i.e., also known as Southern pucker, which is thought to impart a less stable B-form geometry (Sanger, W. (1984) Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure, Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y.). As used herein, B-form geometry is inclusive of both C2′-endo pucker and O4′-endo pucker. This is consistent with Berger, et. al., Nucleic Acids Research, 1998, 26, 2473-2480, who pointed out that in considering the furanose conformations which give rise to B-form duplexes consideration should also be given to a O4′-endo pucker contribution. DNA:RNA hybrid duplexes, however, are usually less stable than pure RNA:RNA duplexes, and depending on their sequence may be either more or less stable than DNA:DNA duplexes (Searle et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 1993, 21, 2051-2056). The structure of a hybrid duplex is intermediate between A- and B-form geometries, which may result in poor stacking interactions (Lane et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 1993, 215, 297-306; Fedoroff et al., J. Mol. Biol., 1993, 233, 509-523; Gonzalez et al., Biochemistry, 1995, 34, 4969-4982; Horton et al., J. Mol. Biol., 1996, 264, 521-533). The stability of the duplex formed between a target RNA and a synthetic sequence is central to therapies such as but not limited to antisense and RNA interference as these mechanisms require the binding of a synthetic strand of oligomeric compound to an RNA target strand. In the case of antisense, effective inhibition of the mRNA requires that the antisense DNA have a very high binding affinity with the mRNA. Otherwise the desired interaction between the synthetic strand and target mRNA strand will occur infrequently, resulting in decreased efficacy. One routinely used method of modifying the sugar puckering is the substitution of the sugar at the 2′-position with a substituent group that influences the sugar geometry. The influence on ring conformation is dependant on the nature of the substituent at the 2′-position. A number of different substituents have been studied to determine their sugar puckering effect. For example, 2′-halogens have been studied showing that the 2′-fluoro derivative exhibits the largest population (65%) of the C3′-endo form, and the 2′-iodo exhibits the Lowest population (7%). The populations of adenosine (2′-OH) versus deoxyadenosine (2′-H) are 36% and 19%, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of the 2′-fluoro group of adenosine dimers (Z′-deoxy-2′-fluoroadenosine-2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-adenosine) is further correlated to the stabilization of the stacked conformation. As expected, the relative duplex stability can be enhanced by replacement of 2′-OH groups with 2′-F groups thereby increasing the C3′-endo population. It is assumed that the highly polar nature of the 2′-F bond and the extreme preference for C3′-endo puckering may stabilize the stacked conformation in an A-form duplex. Data from UV hypochromicity, circular dichroism, and 1H NNM also indicate that the degree of stacking decreases as the electronegativity of the halo substituent decreases. Furthermore, steric bulk at the 2′-position of the sugar moiety is better accommodated in an A-form duplex than a B-form duplex. Thus, a 2′-substituent on the 3′-terminus of a dinucleoside monophosphate is thought to exert a number of effects on the stacking conformation: steric repulsion, furanose puckering preference, electrostatic repulsion, hydrophobic attraction, and hydrogen bonding capabilities. These substituent effects are thought to be determined by the molecular size, electronegativity, and hydrophobicity of the substituent. Melting temperatures of complementary strands is also increased with the 2′-substituted adenosine diphosphates. It is not clear whether the 3′-endo preference of the conformation or the presence of the substituent is responsible for the increased binding. However, greater overlap of adjacent bases (stacking) can be achieved with the 3′-endo conformation. One synthetic 2′-modification that imparts increased nuclease resistance and a very high binding affinity to nucleotides is the 2-methoxyethoxy (2′-MOE, 2′-OCH2CH2OCH3) side chain (Baker et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272, 11944-12000). One of the immediate advantages of the 2′-MOE substitution is the improvement in binding affinity, which is greater than many similar 2′ modifications such as O-methyl, O-propyl, and O-aminopropyl. Oligonucleotides having the 2′-O-methoxyethyl substituent also have been shown to be antisense inhibitors of gene expression with promising features for in vivo use (Martin, P., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504; Altmann et al., Chimia, 1996, 50, 168-176; Altmann et al., Biochem. Soc. Trans., 1996, 24, 630-637; and Altmann et al., Nucleosides Nucleotides, 1997, 16, 917-926). Relative to DNA, the oligonucleotides having the 2′-MOE modification displayed improved RNA affinity and higher nuclease resistance. Chimeric oligonucleotides having 2′-MOE substituents in the wing nucleosides and an internal region of deoxy-phosphorothioate nucleotides (also termed a gapped oligonucleotide or gapmer) have shown effective reduction in the growth of tumors in animal models at low doses. 2′-MOE substituted oligonucleotides have also shown outstanding promise as antisense agents in several disease states. One such MOE substituted oligonucleotide is presently being investigated in clinical trials for the treatment of CMV retinitis. To better understand the higher RNA affinity of 2′-O-methoxyethyl substituted RNA and to examine the conformational properties of the 2′-O-methoxyethyl substituent, two dodecamer oligonucleotides were synthesized having SEQ ID NO: 10 (CGC GAA UUC GCG) and SEQ ID NO: 11 (GCG CUU AAG CGC). These self-complementary strands have every 2′-position modified with a 2′-O-methoxyethyl. The duplex was crystallized at a resolution of 1.7 Ångstrom and the crystal structure was determined. The conditions used for the crystallization were 2 mM oligonucleotide, 50 mM Na Hepes pH 6.2-7.5, 10.50 mM MgCl2, 15% PEG 400. The crystal data showed: space group C2, cell constants a=41.2 Å, b=34.4 Å, c=46.6 Å, =92.4°. The resolution was 1.7 Å at −170° C. The current R=factor was 20% (Rfree 26%). This crystal structure is believed to be the first crystal structure of a fully modified RNA oligonucleotide analogue. The duplex adopts an overall A-form conformation and all modified sugars display a C3′-endo pucker. In most of the 2′-O-substituents, the torsion angle around the A′-B′ bond, (as depicted below), of the ethylene glycol linker has a gauche conformation. For 2′-O-MOE, A′ and B′ are methylene moieties of the ethyl portion of the MOE and R′ is the methoxy portion. In the crystal, the 2′-O-MOE RNA duplex adopts a general orientation such that the crystallographic 2-fold rotation axis does not coincide with the molecular 2-fold rotation axis. The duplex adopts the expected A-type geometry and all of the 24 2′-O-MOE substituents were visible in the electron density maps at full resolution. The electron density maps as well as the temperature factors of substituent atoms indicate flexibility of the 2′-O-MOE substituent in some cases. Most of the 2′-O-MOE substituents display a gauche conformation around the C—C bond of the ethyl linker. However, in two cases, a trans conformation around the C—C bond is observed. The lattice interactions in the crystal include packing of duplexes against each other via their minor grooves. Therefore, for some residues, the conformation of the 2′-O-substituent is affected by contacts to an adjacent duplex. In general, variations in the conformation of the substituents (e.g. g+ or g− around the C—C bonds) create a range of interactions between substituents, both inter-strand, across the minor groove, and intra-strand. At one location, atoms of substituents from two residues are in van der Waals contact across the minor groove. Similarly, a close contact occurs between atoms of substituents from two adjacent intra-strand residues. Previously determined crystal structures of A-DNA duplexes were for those that incorporated isolated 2′-O-methyl T residues. In the crystal structure noted above for the 2′-O-MOE substituents, a conserved hydration pattern has been observed for the 2′-O-MOE residues. A single water molecule is seen located between O2′, O3′ and the methoxy oxygen atom of the substituent, forming contacts to all three of between 2.9 and 3.4 Å. In addition, oxygen atoms of substituents are involved in several other hydrogen bonding contacts. For example, the methoxy oxygen atom of a particular 2′-O-substituent forms a hydrogen bond to N3 of an adenosine from the opposite strand via a bridging water molecule. In several cases a water molecule is trapped between the oxygen atoms O2′, O3′ and OC′ of modified nucleosides. 2′-O-MOE substituents with trans conformation around the C—C bond of the ethylene glycol linker are associated with close contacts between OC′ and N2 of a guanosine from the opposite strand, and, water-mediated, between OC′ and N3(G). When combined with the available thermodynamic data for duplexes containing 2′-O-MOE modified strands, this crystal structure allows for further detailed structure-stability analysis of other modifications. In extending the crystallographic structure studies, molecular modeling experiments were performed to study further enhanced binding affinity of oligonucleotides having 2′-O-modifications. The computer simulations were conducted on compounds of SEQ ID NO: 10, above, having 2′-O-modifications located at each of the nucleosides of the oligonucleotide. The simulations were performed with the oligonucleotide in aqueous solution using the AMBER force field method (Cornell et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 5179-5197) (modeling software package from UCSF, San Francisco, Calif.). The calculations were performed on an Indigo2 SGI machine (Silicon Graphics, Mountain View, Calif.). Further 2′-O-modifications that will have a 3′-endo sugar influence include those having a ring structure that incorporates a two atom portion corresponding to the A′ and B′ atoms of Structure II. The ring structure is attached at the 2′ position of a sugar moiety of one or more nucleosides that are incorporated into an oligonucleotide. The 2′-oxygen of the nucleoside links to a carbon atom corresponding to the A′ atom of Structure II. These ring structures can be aliphatic, unsaturated aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic. A further atom of the ring (corresponding to the B′ atom of Structure II), bears a further oxygen atom, or a sulfur or nitrogen atom. This oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom is bonded to one or more hydrogen atoms, alkyl moieties, or haloalkyl moieties, or is part of a further chemical moiety such as a ureido, carbamate, amide or amidine moiety. The remainder of the ring structure restricts rotation about the bond joining these two ring atoms. This assists in positioning the “further oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom” (part of the R position as described above) such that the further atom can be located in close proximity to the 3′-oxygen atom (O3′) of the nucleoside. Another preferred 2′-sugar substituent group that gives a 3′-endo sugar conformational geometry is the 2′-OMe group. 2′-Substitution of guanosine, cytidine, and uridine dinucleoside phosphates with the 2′-OMe group showed enhanced stacking effects with respect to the corresponding native (2′-OH) species leading to the conclusion that the sugar is adopting a C3′-endo conformation. In this case, it is believed that the hydrophobic attractive forces of the methyl group tend to overcome the destabilizing effects of its steric bulk. The ability of oligonucleotides to bind to their complementary target strands is compared by determining the melting temperature (Tm) of the hybridization complex of the oligonucleotide and its complementary strand. The melting temperature (Tm), a characteristic physical property of double helices, denotes the temperature (in degrees centigrade) at which 50% helical (hybridized) versus coil (unhybridized) forms are present. Tm is measured by using the UV spectrum to determine the formation and breakdown (melting) of the hybridization complex. Base stacking, which occurs during hybridization, is accompanied by a reduction in UV absorption (hypochromicity). Consequently, a reduction in UV absorption indicates a higher Tm. The higher the Tm, the greater the strength of the bonds between the strands. Freier and Altmann, Nucleic Acids Research, (1997) 25:4429-4443, have previously published a study on the influence of structural modifications of oligonucleotides on the stability of their duplexes with target RNA. In this study, the authors reviewed a series of oligonucleotides containing more than 200 different modifications that had been synthesized and assessed for their hybridization affinity and Tm. Sugar modifications studied included substitutions on the 2′-position of the sugar, 3′-substitution, replacement of the 4′-oxygen, the use of bicyclic sugars, and four member ring replacements. Several nucleobase modifications were also studied including substitutions at the 5, or 6 position of thymine, modifications of pyrimidine heterocycle and modifications of the purine heterocycle. Modified internucleoside linkages were also studied including neutral, phosphorus and non-phosphorus containing internucleoside linkages. Increasing the percentage of C3′-endo sugars in a modified oligonucleotide targeted to an RNA target strand should preorganize this strand for binding to RNA. Of the several sugar modifications that have been reported and studied in the literature, the incorporation of electronegative substituents such as 2′-fluoro or 2′-alkoxy shift the sugar conformation towards the 3′ endo (northern) pucker conformation. This preorganizes an oligonucleotide that incorporates such modifications to have an A-form conformational geometry. This A-form conformation results in increased binding affinity of the oligonucleotide to a target RNA strand. Molecular modeling experiments were performed to study further enhanced binding affinity of oligonucleotides having 2′-O-modifications. Computer simulations were conducted on compounds having SEQ ID NO: 10, r(CGC GAA UUC GCG), having 2′-O-modifications of the invention located at each of the nucleoside of the oligonucleotide. The simulations were performed with the oligonucleotide in aqueous solution using the AMBER force field method (Cornell et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 5179-5197) (modeling software package from UCSF, San Francisco, Calif.). The calculations were performed on an Indigo2 SGI machine (Silicon Graphics, Mountain View, Calif.). In addition, for 2′-substituents containing an ethylene glycol motif, a gauche interaction between the oxygen atoms around the O—C—C—O torsion of the side chain may have a stabilizing effect on the duplex (Freier ibid.). Such gauche interactions have been observed experimentally for a number of years (Wolfe et al., Acc. Chem. Res., 1972, 5, 102; Abe et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1976, 98, 468). This gauche effect may result in a configuration of the side chain that is favorable for duplex formation. The exact nature of this stabilizing configuration has not yet been explained. While we do not want to be bound by theory, it may be that holding the O—C—C—O torsion in a single gauche configuration, rather than a more random distribution seen in an alkyl side chain, provides an entropic advantage for duplex formation. Representative 2′-substituent groups amenable to the present invention that give A-form conformational properties (3′-endo) to the resultant duplexes include 2′-O-alkyl, 2′-O-substituted alkyl and 2′-fluoro substituent groups. Preferred for the substituent groups are various alkyl and aryl ethers and thioethers, amines and monoalkyl and dialkyl substituted amines. It is further intended that multiple modifications can be made to one or more of the oligomeric compounds of the invention at multiple sites of one or more monomeric subunits (nucleosides are preferred) and or internucleoside linkages to enhance properties such as but not limited to activity in a selected application. Tables I through VII list nucleoside and internucleotide linkage modifications/replacements that have been shown to give a positive εTm per modification when the modification/replacement was made to a DNA strand that was hybridized to an RNA complement. TABLE I Modified DNA strand having 2′-substituent groups that gave an overall increase in Tm against an RNA complement: Positive ΔTm/mod 2′-substituents 2′-OH 2′-O—C1-C4 alkyl 2′-O—(CH2)2CH3 2′-O—CH2CH═CH2 2′-F 2′-O—(CH2)2—O—CH3 2′-[O—(CH2)2]2—O—CH3 2′-[O—(CH2)2]3—O—CH3 2′-[O—(CH2)2]4—O—CH3 2′-[O—(CH2)2]3—O—(CH2)8CH3 2′-O—(CH2)2CF3 2′-O—(CH2)2OH 2′-O—(CH2)2F 2′-O—CH2CH(CH3)F 2′-O—CH2CH(CH2OH)OH 2′-O—CH2CH(CH2OCH3)OCH3 2′-O—CH2CH(CH3)OCH3 2′-O—CH2—C14H7O2(—C14H7O2 = Anthraquinone) 2′-O—(CH2)3—NH2* 2′-O—(CH2)4—NH2* *These modifications can increase the Tm of oligonucleotides but can also decrease the Tm depending on positioning and number (motiff dependant). TABLE II Modified DNA strand having modified sugar ring (see structure below) that gave an overall increase in Tm against an RNA complement: Positive ΔTm/mod Q —S— —CH2— Note: In general ring oxygen substitution with sulfur or methylene had only a minor effect on Tm for the specific motiffs studied. Substitution at the 2′-position with groups shown to stabilize the duplex were destabilizing when CH2 replaced the ring O. This is thought to be due to the necessary gauche interaction between the ring O with particular 2′-substituents (for example —O—CH3 and —(O—CH2CH2)3—O—CH3. TABLE III Modified DNA strand having modified sugar ring that give an overall increase in Tm against an RNA complement: Positive ΔTm/mod —C(H)R1 effects OH (R2, R3 both = H) CH3* CH2OH* OCH3* *These modifications can increase the Tm of oligonucleotides but can also decrease the Tm depending on positioning and number (motiff dependant). TABLE IV Modified DNA strand having bicyclic substitute sugar modifications that give an overall increase in TM against an RNA complement: Formula Positive ΔTm/mod I + II + I II TABLE V Modified DNA strand having modified heterocyclic base moieties that give an overall increase in Tm against an RNA complement: Positive ΔTm/mod Modification/Formula Heterocyclic base 2-thioT modifications 2′-O-methylpseudoU 7-halo-7-deaza purines 7-propyne-7-deaza purines 2-aminoA(2,6-diaminopurine) (R2, R3 = H), R1 = Br C/C—CH3 (CH2)3NH2 CH3 Motiffs-disubstitution R1 = C/C—CH3, R2 = H, R3 = F R1 = C/C—CH3, R2 = H R3 = O—(CH2)2—O—CH3 R1 = O—CH3, R2 = H, R3 = O—(CH2)2—O—CH3* *This modification can increase the Tm of oligonucleotides but can also decrease the Tm depending on positioning and number (motiff dependant). Substitution at R1 can be stabilizing, substitution at R2 is generally greatly destabilizing (unable to form anti conformation), motiffs with stabilizing 5 and 2′-substituent groups are generally additive e.g. increase stability. Substitution of the O4 and O2 positions of 2′-O-methyl uridine was greatly duplex destabilizing as these modifications remove hydrogen binding sites that would be an expected result. 6-Aza T also showed extreme destabilization as this substitution reduces the pKa and shifts the nucleoside toward the enol tautomer resulting in reduced hydrogen bonding. TABLE VI m DNA strand having at least one modified phosphorus containing internucleoside linkage and the effect on the Tm against an RNA complement: ΔTm/mod+ ΔTm/mod− phosphoramidate (the 3′-bridging phosphorothioate1 atom replaced with an N(H)R phosphoramidate1 group, stabilization effect methyl phosphonates1 enhanced when also have 2′-F) (1 one of the non-bridging oxygen atoms replaced with S, N(H)R or —CH3) TABLE VII DNA strand having at least one non-phosphorus containing internucleoside linkage and the effect on the Tm against an RNA complement Positive ΔTm/mod —CH2C(═O)NHCH2—* —CH2C(═O)N(CH3)CH2—* —CH2C(═O)N(CH2CH2CH3)CH2—* —CH2C(═O)N(H)CH2—(motiff with 5′-propyne on T's) —CH2N(H)C(═O)CH2—* —CH2N(CH3)OCH2—* —CH2N(CH3)N(CH3)CH2—* *This modification can increase the Tm of oligonucleotides but can also decrease the Tm depending on positioning and number (motiff dependant). Notes: In general carbon chain internucleotide linkages were destabilizing to duplex formation. This destabilization was not as severe when double and tripple bonds were utilized. The use of glycol and flexible ether linkages were also destabilizing. Preferred ring structures of the invention for inclusion as a 2′-O modification include cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl and phenyl rings as well as heterocyclic rings having spacial footprints similar to cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl and phenyl rings. Particularly preferred 2′-O-substituent groups of the invention are listed below including an abbreviation for each: 2′-O-(trans 2-methoxy cyclohexyl) 2′-O-(TMCHL) 2′-O-(trans 2-methoxy cyclopentyl) 2′-O-(TMCPL) 2′-O-(trans 2-ureido cyclohexyl) 2′-O-(TUCHL) 2′-O-(trans 2-methoxyphenyl) 2′-O-(2MP) Structural details for duplexes incorporating such 2-O-substituents were analyzed using the described AMBER force field program on the Indigo2 SGI machine. The simulated structure maintained a stable A-form geometry throughout the duration of the simulation. The presence of the 2′ substitutions locked the sugars in the C3′-endo conformation. The simulation for the TMCHL modification revealed that the 2′-O-(TMCHL) side chains have a direct interaction with water molecules solvating the duplex. The oxygen atoms in the 2′-O-(TMCHL) side chain are capable of forming a water-mediated interaction with the 3′ oxygen of the phosphate backbone. The presence of the two oxygen atoms in the 2′-O-(TMCHL) side chain gives rise to favorable gauche interactions. The barrier for rotation around the O—C—C—O torsion is made even larger by this novel modification. The preferential preorganization in an A-type geometry increases the binding affinity of the 2′-O-(TMCHL) to the target RNA. The locked side chain conformation in the 2′-O-(TMCHL) group created a more favorable pocket for binding water molecules. The presence of these water molecules played a key role in holding the side chains in the preferable gauche conformation. While not wishing to be bound by theory, the bulk of the substituent, the diequatorial orientation of the substituents in the cyclohexane ring, the water of hydration and the potential for trapping of metal ions in the conformation generated will additionally contribute to improved binding affinity and nuclease resistance of oligonucleotides incorporating nucleosides having this 2′-O-modification. As described for the TMCHL modification above, identical computer simulations of the 2′-O-(TMCPL), the 2′-O-(2 MP) and 2′-O-(TUCHL) modified oligonucleotides in aqueous solution also illustrate that stable A-form geometry will be maintained throughout the duration of the simulation. The presence of the 2′ substitution will lock the sugars in the C3′-endo conformation and the side chains will have direct interaction with water molecules solvating the duplex. The oxygen atoms in the respective side chains are capable of forming a water-mediated interaction with the 3′ oxygen of the phosphate backbone. The presence of the two oxygen atoms in the respective side chains give rise to the favorable gauche interactions. The barrier for rotation around the respective O—C—C—O torsions will be made even larger by respective modification. The preferential preorganization in A-type geometry will increase the binding affinity of the respective 2′-O-modified oligonucleotides to the target RNA. The locked side chain conformation in the respective modifications will create a more favorable pocket for binding water molecules. The presence of these water molecules plays a key role in holding the side chains in the preferable gauche conformation. The bulk of the substituent, the diequatorial orientation of the substituents in their respective rings, the water of hydration and the potential trapping of metal ions in the conformation generated will all contribute to improved binding affinity and nuclease resistance of oligonucleotides incorporating nucleosides having these respective 2′-O-modification. Ribose conformations in C2′-modified nucleosides containing S-methyl groups were examined. To understand the influence of 2′-O-methyl and 2′-S-methyl groups on the conformation of nucleosides, we evaluated the relative energies of the 2′-O- and 2′-S-methylguanosine, along with normal deoxyguanosine and riboguanosine, starting from both C2′-endo and C3′-endo conformations using ab initio quantum mechanical calculations. All the structures were fully optimized at HF/6-31G* level and single point energies with electron-correlation were obtained at the MP2/6-31G*//HF/6-31G* level. As shown in Table VIII, the C2′-endo conformation of deoxyguanosine is estimated to be 0.6 kcal/mol more stable than the C3′-endo conformation in the gas-phase. The conformational preference of the C2′-endo over the C3′-endo conformation appears to be less dependent upon electron correlation as revealed by the MP2/6-31G*//HF/6-31G* values which also predict the same difference in energy. The opposite trend is noted for riboguanosine. At the HF/6-31G* and MP2/6-31G*//HF/6-31G* levels, the C3′-endo form of riboguanosine is shown to be about 0.65 and 1.41 kcal/mol more stable than the C2′endo form, respectively. TABLE VIII Relative energies* of the C3′-endo and C2′-endo conformations of representative nucleosides. CONTINUUM HF/6-31G MP2/6-31-G MODEL AMBER dG 0.60 0.56 0.88 0.65 rG −0.65 −1.41 −0.28 −2.09 2′-O-MeG −0.89 −1.79 −0.36 −0.86 2′-S-MeG 2.55 1.41 3.16 2.43 *energies are in kcal/mol relative to the C2′-endo conformation Table VIII also includes the relative energies of 2′-O-methylguariosine and 2′-S-methylguanosine in C2′-endo and C3′-endo conformation. This data indicates the electronic nature of C2′-substitution has a significant impact on the relative stability of these conformations. Substitution of the 2′-O-methyl group increases the preference for the C3′-endo conformation (when compared to riboguanosine) by about 0.4 kcal/mol at both the HF/6-31G* and MP2/6-31G*//HF/6-31G* levels. In contrast, the 2′-S-methyl group reverses the trend. The C2′-endo conformation is favored by about 2.6 kcal/mol at the HF/6-31G* level, while the same difference is reduced to 1.41 kcal/mol at the MP2/6-31G*//HF/6-31G* level. For comparison, and also to evaluate the accuracy of the molecular mechanical force-field parameters used for the 2′-O-methyl and 2′-S-methyl substituted nucleosides, we have calculated the gas phase energies of the nucleosides. The results reported in Table 1 indicate that the calculated relative energies of these nucleosides compare qualitatively well with the ab initio calculations. Additional calculations were also performed to gauge the effect of salvation on the relative stability of nucleoside conformations. The estimated solvation effect using HF/6-31G* geometries confirms that the relative energetic preference of the four nucleosides in the gas-phase is maintained in the aqueous phase as well (Table 1). Solvation effects were also examined using molecular dynamics simulations of the nucleosides in explicit water. From these trajectories, one can observe the predominance of C2′-endo conformation for deoxyriboguanosine and 2′-S-methylriboguanosine while riboguanosine and 2′-O-methylriboguanosine prefer the C3′-endo conformation. These results are in much accord with the available NMR results on 2′-S-methylribonucleosides. NMR studies of sugar puckering equilibrium using vicinal spin-coupling constants have indicated that the conformation of the sugar ring in 2′-S-methylpyrimidine nucleosides show an average of >75% S-character, whereas the corresponding purine analogs exhibit an average of >90% S-pucker [Fraser, A., Wheeler, P., Cook, P. D. and Sanghvi, Y. S., J. Heterocycl. Chem., 1993, 30, 1277-1287]. It was observed that the 2′-S-methyl substitution in deoxynucleoside confers more conformational rigidity to the sugar conformation when compared with deoxyribonucleosides. Structural features of DNA:RNA, OMe-DNA:RNA and SMe-DNA:RNA hybrids were also observed. The average RMS deviation of the DNA:RNA structure from the starting hybrid coordinates indicate the structure is stabilized over the length of the simulation with an approximate average RMS deviation of 1.0 Å. This deviation is due, in part, to inherent differences in averaged structures (i.e. the starting conformation) and structures at thermal equilibrium. The changes in sugar pucker conformation for three of the central base pairs of this hybrid are in good agreement with the observations made in previous NMR studies. The sugars in the RNA strand maintain very stable geometries in the C3′-endo conformation with ring pucker values near 0°. In contrast, the sugars of the DNA strand show significant variability. The average RMS deviation of the OMe-DNA:RNA is approximately 1.2 Å from the starting A-form conformation; while the SMe-DNA:RNA shows a slightly higher deviation (approximately 1.8 Å) from the starting hybrid conformation. The SMe-DNA strand also shows a greater variance in RMS deviation, suggesting the S-methyl group may induce some structural fluctuations. The sugar puckers of the RNA complements maintain C3′-endo puckering throughout the simulation. As expected from the nucleoside calculations, however, significant differences are noted in the puckering of the OMe-DNA and SMe-DNA strands, with the former adopting C3′-endo, and the latter, C1′-exo/C2′-endo conformations. An analysis of the helicoidal parameters for all three hybrid structures has also been performed to further characterize the duplex conformation. Three of the more important axis-basepair parameters that distinguish the different forms of the duplexes, X-displacement, propeller twist, and inclination, are reported in Table 2. Usually, an X-displacement near zero represents a B-form duplex; while a negative displacement, which is a direct measure of deviation of the helix from the helical axis, makes the structure appear more A-like in conformation. In A-form duplexes, these values typically vary from −4 Å to −5 Å. In comparing these values for all three hybrids, the SMe_DNA:RNA hybrid shows the most deviation from the A-form value, the OMe_DNA:RNA shows the least, and the DNA:RNA is intermediate. A similar trend is also evident when comparing the inclination and propeller twist values with ideal A-form parameters. These results are further supported by an analysis of the backbone and glycosidic torsion angles of the hybrid structures. Glycosidic angles (X) of A-form geometries, for example, are typically near −159° while B form values are near −102°. These angles are found to be −162°, −133°, and −108° for the OMe-DNA, DNA, and SMe-DNA strands, respectively. All RNA complements adopt an X angle close to −160°. In addition, “crankshaft” transitions were also noted in the backbone torsions of the central UpU steps of the RNA strand in the SMe-DNA:RNA and DNA;RNA hybrids. Such transitions suggest some local conformational changes may occur to relieve a less favorable global conformation. Taken overall, the results indicate the amount of A-character decreases as OMe-DNA:RNA>DNA:RNA>SMe-DNA:RNA, with the latter two adopting more intermediate conformations when compared to A- and B-form geometries. TABLE IX Average helical parameters derived from the last 500 ps of simulation time (canonical A-and B-form values are given for comparison) Helicoidal B-DNA B-DNA A-DNA Parameter (x-ray) (fibre) (fibre) DNA:RNA OMe_DNA:RNA SMe_DNA:RNA X-disp 1.2 0.0 −5.3 −4.5 −5.4 −3.5 Inclination −2.3 1.5 20.7 11.6 15.1 0.7 Propeller −16.4 −13.3 −7.5 −12.7 −15.8 −10.3 Stability of C2′-modified DNA:RNA hybrids was determined. Although the overall stability of the DNA:RNA hybrids depends on several factors including sequence-dependencies and the purine content in the DNA or RNA strands DNA:RNA hybrids are usually less stable than RNA:RNA duplexes and, in some cases, even less stable than DNA:DNA duplexes. Available experimental data attributes the relatively lowered stability of DNA:RNA hybrids largely to its intermediate conformational nature between DNA:DNA (B-family) and RNA:RNA (A-family) duplexes. The overall thermodynamic stability of nucleic acid duplexes may originate from several factors including the conformation of backbone, base-pairing and stacking interactions. While it is difficult to ascertain the individual thermodynamic contributions to the overall stabilization of the duplex, it is reasonable to argue that the major factors that promote increased stability of hybrid duplexes are better stacking interactions (electrostatic π-π interactions) and more favorable groove dimensions for hydration. The C2′-S-methyl substitution has been shown to destabilize the hybrid duplex. The notable differences in the rise values among the three hybrids may offer some explanation. While the 2′-S-methyl group has a strong influence on decreasing the base-stacking through high rise values (˜3.2 Å), the 2′-O-methyl group makes the overall structure more compact with a rise value that is equal to that of A-form duplexes (˜2.6 Å). Despite its overall A-like structural features, the SMe_DNA:RNA hybrid structure possesses an average rise value of 3.2 Å which is quite close to that of B-family duplexes. In fact, some local base-steps (CG steps) may be observed to have unusually high rise values (as high as 4.5 Å). Thus, the greater destabilization of 2′-S-methyl substituted DNA:RNA hybrids may be partly attributed to poor stacking interactions. It has been postulated that RNase H binds to the minor groove of RNA:DNA hybrid complexes, requiring an intermediate minor groove width between ideal A- and B-form geometries to optimize interactions between the sugar phosphate backbone atoms and RNase H. A close inspection of the averaged structures for the hybrid duplexes using computer simulations reveals significant variation in the minor groove width dimensions as shown in Table 3. Whereas the O-methyl substitution leads to a slight expansion of the minor groove width when compared to the standard DNA:RNA complex, the S-methyl substitution leads to a general contraction (approximately 0.9 Å). These changes are most likely due to the preferred sugar puckering noted for the antisense strands which induce either A- or B-like single strand conformations. In addition to minor groove variations, the results also point to potential differences in the steric makeup of the minor groove. The O-methyl group points into the minor groove while the S-methyl is directed away towards the major groove. Essentially, the S-methyl group has flipped through the bases into the major groove as a consequence of C2′-endo puckering. TABLE X Minor groove widths averaged over the last 500 ps of simulation time Phosphate DNA:RNA RNA:RNA Distance DNA:RNA OMe_DNA:RNA SMe_DNA:RNA (B-form) (A-form) P5-P20 15.27 16.82 13.73 14.19 17.32 P6-P19 15.52 16.79 15.73 12.66 17.12 P7-P18 15.19 16.40 14.08 11.10 16.60 P8-P17 15.07 16.12 14.00 10.98 16.14 P9-P16 15.29 16.25 14.98 11.65 16.93 P10-P15 15.37 16.57 13.92 14.05 17.69 Chemistries Defined Unless otherwise defined herein, alkyl means C1-C12, preferably C1-C8, and more preferably C1-C6, straight or (where possible) branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbyl. Unless otherwise defined herein, heteroalkyl means C1-C32, preferably C1-C8, and more preferably C1-C6, straight or (where possible) branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbyl containing at least one, and preferably about 1 to about 3, hetero atoms in the chain, including the terminal portion of the chain. Preferred heteroatoms include N, O and S. Unless otherwise defined herein, cycloalkyl means C3-C12, preferably C3-C8, and more preferably C3-C6, aliphatic hydrocarbyl ring. Unless otherwise defined herein, alkenyl means C2-C12, preferably C2-C8, and more preferably C2-C6 alkenyl, which may be straight or (where possible) branched hydrocarbyl moiety, which contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Unless otherwise defined herein, alkynyl means C2-C12, preferably C2-C8, and more preferably C2-C6 alkynyl, which may be straight or (where possible) branched hydrocarbyl moiety, which contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Unless otherwise defined herein, heterocycloalkyl means a ring moiety containing at least three ring members, at least one of which is carbon, and of which 1, 2 or three ring members are other than carbon. Preferably the number of carbon atoms varies from 1 to about 12, preferably 1 to about 6, and the total number of ring members varies from three to about 15, preferably from about 3 to about 8. Preferred ring heteroatoms are N, O and S. Preferred heterocycloalkyl groups include morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, homopiperidinyl, homopiperazinyl, homomorpholino, homothiomorpholino, pyrrolodinyl, tetrahydrooxazolyl, tetrahydroimidazolyl, tetrahydrothiazolyl, tetrahydroisoxazolyl, tetrahydropyrrazolyl, furanyl, pyranyl, and tetrahydroisothiazolyl. Unless otherwise defined herein, aryl means any hydrocarbon ring structure containing at least one aryl ring. Preferred aryl rings have about 6 to about 20 ring carbons. Especially preferred aryl rings include phenyl, napthyl, anthracenyl, and phenanthrenyl. Unless otherwise defined herein, heteroaryl means a ring moiety containing at least one fully unsaturated ring, the ring consisting of carbon and non-carbon atoms. Preferably the ring system contains about 1 to about 4 rings. Preferably the number of carbon atoms varies from 1 to about 12, preferably 1 to about 6, and the total number of ring members varies from three to about 15, preferably from about 3 to about 8. Preferred ring heteroatoms are N, O and S. Preferred heteroaryl moieties include pyrazolyl, thiophenyl, pyridyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, purinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiophenyl, etc. Unless otherwise defined herein, where a moiety is defined as a compound moiety, such as heteroarylalkyl (heteroaryl and alkyl), aralkyl (aryl and alkyl), etc., each of the sub-moieties is as defined herein. Unless otherwise defined herein, an electron withdrawing group is a group, such as the cyano or isocyanato group that draws electronic charge away from the carbon to which it is attached. Other electron withdrawing groups of note include those whose electronegativities exceed that of carbon, for example halogen, nitro, or phenyl substituted in the ortho- or para-position with one or more cyano, isothiocyanato, nitro or halo groups. Unless otherwise defined herein, the terms halogen and halo have their ordinary meanings. Preferred halo (halogen) substituents are Cl, Br, and I. The aforementioned optional substituents are, unless otherwise herein defined, suitable substituents depending upon desired properties. Included are halogens (F, Cl, Br, I), alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl moieties, NO2, NH3 (substituted and unsubstituted), acid moieties (e.g. —CO2H, —OSO3H2, etc.), heterocycloalkyl moieties, hetaryl moieties, aryl moieties, etc. Phosphate protecting groups include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,209, U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,621, U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,699, U.S. Pat. No. 6,020,475, U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,478, U.S. Pat. No. 6,169,177, U.S. Pat. No. 6,121,437, U.S. Pat. No. 6,465,628 each of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Oligomer Synthesis Oligomerization of modified and unmodified nucleosides is performed according to literature procedures for DNA (Protocols for Oligonucleotides and Analogs, Ed. Agrawal (1993), Humana Press) and/or RNA (Scaringe, Methods (2001), 23, 206-217. Gait et al., Applications of Chemically synthesized RNA in RNA:Protein Interactions, Ed. Smith (1998), 1-36. Gallo et al., Tetrahedron (2001), 57, 5707-5713) synthesis as appropriate. In addition specific protocols for the synthesis of oligomeric compounds of the invention are illustrated in the examples below. The oligomeric compounds used in accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed. It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives. The present invention is also useful for the preparation of oligomeric compounds incorporating at least one 2′-O-protected nucleoside. After incorporation and appropriate deprotection the 2′-O-protected nucleoside will be converted to a ribonucleoside at the position of incorporation. The number and position of the 2-ribonucleoside units in the final oligomeric compound can vary from one at any site or the strategy can be used to prepare up to a full 2′-OH modified oligomeric compound. All 2′-O-protecting groups amenable to the synthesis of oligomeric compounds are included in the present invention. In general a protected nucleoside is attached to a solid support by for example a succinate linker. Then the oligonucleotide is elongated by repeated cycles of deprotecting the 5′-terminal hydroxyl group, coupling of a further nucleoside unit, capping and oxidation (alternatively sulfurization). In a more frequently used method of synthesis the completed oligonucleotide is cleaved from the solid support with the removal of phosphate protecting groups and exocyclic amino protecting groups by treatment with an ammonia solution. Then a further deprotection step is normally require d for removal of the more specialized protecting groups used for the protection of 2′-hydroxyl groups thereby affording the fully deprotected oligonucleotide. A large number of 2′-O-protecting groups have been used for the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides but over the years more effective groups have been discovered. The key to an effective 2′-O-protecting group is that it is capable of selectively being introduced at the 2′-O-position and that it can be removed easily after synthesis without the formation of unwanted side products. The protecting group also needs to be inert to the normal deprotecting, coupling, and capping steps required for oligoribonucleotide synthesis. Some of the protecting groups used initially for oligoribonucleotide synthesis included tetrahydropyran-1-yl and 4-methoxytetrahydropyran-4-yl. These two groups are not compatible with all 5′-O-protecting groups so modified versions were used with 5′-DMT groups such as 1-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl (Fpmp). Reese has identified a number of piperidine derivatives (like Fpmp) that are useful in the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides including 1-[(chloro-4-methyl)-phenyl]-4′-methoxypiperidin-4-yl (Reese et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, (27), 2291). Another approach was to replace the standard 5′-DMT (dimethoxytrityl) group with protecting groups that were removed under non-acidic conditions such as levulinyl and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl. Such groups enable the use of acid labile 2′-protecting groups for oligoribonucleotide synthesis. Another more widely used protecting group initially used for the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides was the t-butyldimethylsilyl group (Ogilvie et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1974, 2861; Hakimelahi et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1981, (22), 2543; and Jones et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin I., 2762). The 2′-O-protecting groups can require special reagents for their removal such as for example the t-butyldimethylsilyl group is normally removed after all other cleaving/deprotecting steps by treatment of the oligomeric compound with tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF). One group of researchers examined a number of 2′-O-protecting groups (Pitsch, S., Chimia, 2001, (55), 320-324.) The group examined fluoride labile and photolabile protecting groups that are removed using moderate conditions. One photolabile group that was examined was the [2-(nitrobenzyl)oxy]methyl (nbm) protecting group (Schwartz et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1992, (2), 1019.) Other groups examined included a number structurally related formaldehyde acetal-derived, 2′-O-protecting groups. Also prepared were a number of related protecting groups for preparing 2′-O-alkylated nucleoside phosphoramidites including 2′-O-[(triisopropylsilyl)oxy]methyl (2′-O—CH2—O—Si(iPr)3, TOM). One 2′-O-protecting group that was prepared to be used orthogonally to the TOM group was 2′-O—[(R)-1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyloxy)methyl] ((R)-mnbm). Another strategy using a fluoride labile 5′-O-protecting group (non-acid labile) and an acid labile 2′-O-protecting group has been reported (Scaringe, Stephen A., Methods, 2001, (23) 206-217). A number of possible silyl ethers were examined for 5′-O-protection and a number of acetals and orthoesters were examined for 2′-O-protection. The protection scheme that gave the best results was 5′-O-silyl ether-2′-ACE (5′-O-bis(trimethylsiloxy)cyclododecyloxysilyl ether (DOD)-2′-O-bis(2-acetoxyethoxy)methyl (ACE). This approach uses a modified phosphoramidite synthesis approach in that some different reagents are required that are not routinely used for RNA/DNA synthesis. Although a lot of research has focused on the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides the main RNA synthesis strategies that are presently being used commercially include 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-[1(2-fluorophenyl)-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl] (FPMP), 2′-O-[(triisopropylsilyl)oxy]methyl (2′-O—CH2—O—Si(iPr)3 (TOM), and the 5′-O-silyl ether-2′-ACE (5′-O-bis(trimethylsiloxy)cyclododecyloxysilyl ether (DOD)-2′-O-bis(2-acetoxyethoxy)methyl (ACE). A current list of some of the major companies currently offering RNA products include Pierce Nucleic Acid Technologies, Dharmacon Research Inc., Ameri Biotechnologies Inc., and Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. One company, Princeton Separations, is marketing an RNA synthesis activator advertised to reduce coupling times especially with TOM and TBDMS chemistries. Such an activator would also be amenable to the present invention. The primary groups being used for commercial RNA synthesis are: TBDMS=5′-O-DMT-2′-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl; TOM=2′-O-[(triisopropylsilyl)oxy]methyl; DOD/ACE=(5′-O-bis(trimethylsiloxy)cyclododecyloxysilyl ether-2′-O-bis(2-acetoxyethoxy)methyl FPMP=5′-O-DMT-2′-O-[1(2-fluorophenyl)-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl]. All of the aforementioned RNA synthesis strategies are amenable to the present invention. Strategies that would be a hybrid of the above e.g. using a 5′-protecting group from one strategy with a 2′-O-protecting from another strategy is also amenable to the present invention. The preparation of ribonucleotides and oligomeric compounds having at least one ribonucleoside incorporated and all the possible configurations falling in between these two extremes are encompassed by the present invention. The corresponding oligomeric compounds can be hybridized to further oligomeric compounds including oligoribonucleotides having regions of complementarity to form double-stranded (duplexed) oligomeric compounds. Such double stranded oligonucleotide moieties have been shown in the art to modulate target expression and regulate translation as well as RNA processsing via an antisense mechanism. Moreover, the double-stranded moieties may be subject to chemical modifications (Fire et al., Nature, 1998, 391, 806-811; Timmons and Fire, Nature 1998, 395, 854; Timmons et al., Gene, 2001, 263, 103-112; Tabara et al., Science, 1998, 282, 430-431; Montgomery et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95, 15502-15507; Tuschl et al., Genes Dev., 1999, 13, 3191-3197; Elbashir et al., Nature, 2001, 411, 494-498; Elbashir et al., Genes Dev. 2001, 15, 188-200). For example, such double-stranded moieties have been shown to inhibit the target by the classical hybridization of antisense strand of the duplex to the target, thereby triggering enzymatic degradation of the target (Tijsterman et al., Science, 2002, 295, 694-697). The methods of preparing oligomeric compounds of the present invention can also be applied in the areas of drug discovery and target validation. The present invention comprehends the use of the oligomeric compounds and preferred targets identified herein in drug discovery efforts to elucidate relationships that exist between proteins and a disease state, phenotype, or condition. These methods include detecting or modulating a target peptide comprising contacting a sample, tissue, cell, or organism with the oligomeric compounds of the present invention, measuring the nucleic acid or protein level of the target and/or a related phenotypic or chemical endpoint at some time after treatment, and optionally comparing the measured value to a non-treated sample or sample treated with a further oligomeric compound of the invention. These methods can also be performed in parallel or in combination with other experiments to determine the function of unknown genes for the process of target validation or to determine the validity of a particular gene product as a target for treatment or prevention of a particular disease, condition, or phenotype. Effect of nucleoside modifications on RNAi activity is evaluated according to existing literature (Elbashir et al., Nature (2001), 411, 494-498; Nishikura et al., Cell (2001), 107, 415-416; and Bass et al., Cell (2000), 101, 235-238.) Targets of the Invention “Targeting” an antisense oligomeric compound to a particular nucleic acid molecule, in the context of this invention, can be a multistep process. The process usually begins with the identification of a target nucleic acid whose function is to be modulated. This target nucleic acid may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent. The targeting process usually also includes determination of at least one target region, segment, or site within the target nucleic acid for the antisense interaction to occur such that the desired effect, e.g., modulation of expression, will result. Within the context of the present invention, the term “region” is defined as a portion of the target nucleic acid having at least one identifiable structure, function, or characteristic. Within regions of target nucleic acids are segments. “Segments” are defined as smaller or sub-portions of regions within a target nucleic acid. “Sites,” as used in the present invention, are defined as positions within a target nucleic acid. The terms region, segment, and site can also be used to describe an oligomeric compound of the invention such as for example a gapped oligomeric compound having 3 separate segments. Since, as is known in the art, the translation initiation codon is typically 5′-AUG (in transcribed mRNA molecules; 5′-ATG in the corresponding DNA molecule), the translation initiation codon is also referred to as the “AUG codon,” the “start codon” or the “AUG start codon”. A minority of genes have a translation initiation codon having the RNA sequence 5′-GUG, 5′-UUG or 5′-CUG, and 5′-AUA, 5′-ACG and 5′-CUG have been shown to function in vivo. Thus, the terms “translation initiation codon” and “start codon” can encompass many codon sequences, even though the initiator amino acid in each instance is typically methionine (in eukaryotes) or formylmethionine (in prokaryotes). It is also known in the art that eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes may have two or more alternative start codons, any one of which may be preferentially utilized for translation initiation in a particular cell type or tissue, or under a particular set of conditions. In the context of the invention, “start codon” and “translation initiation codon” refer to the codon or codons that are used in vivo to initiate translation of an mRNA transcribed from a gene encoding a nucleic acid target, regardless of the sequence(s) of such codons. It is also known in the art that a translation termination codon (or “stop codon”) of a gene may have one of three sequences, i.e., 5′-UAA, 5′-UAG and 5′-UGA (the corresponding DNA sequences are 5′-TAA, 5′-TAG and 5′-TGA, respectively). The terms “start codon region” and “translation initiation codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation initiation codon. Similarly, the terms “stop codon region” and “translation termination codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation termination codon. Consequently, the “start codon region” (or “translation initiation codon region”) and the “stop codon region” (or “translation termination codon region”) are all regions which may be targeted effectively with the antisense oligomeric compounds of the present invention. The open reading frame (ORF) or “coding region,” which is known in the art to refer to the region between the translation initiation codon and the translation termination codon, is also a region which may be targeted effectively. Within the context of the present invention, a preferred region is the intragenic region encompassing the translation initiation or termination codon of the open reading frame (ORF) of a gene. Other target regions include the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 5′ direction from the translation initiation codon, and thus including nucleotides between the 5′ cap site and the translation initiation codon of an mRNA (or corresponding nucleotides on the gene), and the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 3′ direction from the translation termination codon, and thus including nucleotides between the translation termination codon and 3′ end of an mRNA (or corresponding nucleotides on the gene). The 5′ cap site of an mRNA comprises an N7-methylated guanosine residue joined to the 5′-most residue of the mRNA via a 5′-5′ triphosphate linkage. The 5′ cap region of an mRNA is considered to include the 5′ cap structure itself as well as the first 50 nucleotides adjacent to the cap site. It is also preferred to target the 5′ cap region. Although some eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are directly translated, many contain one or more regions, known as “introns,” which are excised from a transcript before it is translated. The remaining (and therefore translated) regions are known as “exons” and are spliced together to form a continuous mRNA sequence. Targeting splice sites, i.e., intron-exon junctions or exon-intron junctions, may also be particularly useful in situations where aberrant splicing is implicated in disease, or where an overproduction of a particular splice product is implicated in disease. Aberrant fusion junctions due to rearrangements or deletions are also preferred target sites. mRNA transcripts produced via the process of splicing of two (or more) mRNAs from different gene sources are known as “fusion transcripts”. It is also known that introns can be effectively targeted using antisense oligomeric compounds targeted to, for example, DNA or pre-mRNA. It is also known in the art that alternative RNA transcripts can be produced from the same genomic region of DNA. These alternative transcripts are generally known as “variants”. More specifically, “pre-mRNA variants” are transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA that differ from other transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA in either their start or stop position and contain both intronic and exonic sequences. Upon excision of one or more exon or intron regions, or portions thereof during splicing, pre-mRNA variants produce smaller “mRNA variants”. Consequently, mRNA variants are processed pre-mRNA variants and each unique pre-mRNA variant must always produce a unique mRNA variant as a result of splicing. These mRNA variants are also known as “alternative splice variants”. If no splicing of the pre-mRNA variant occurs then the pre-mRNA variant is identical to the mRNA variant. It is also known in the art that variants can be produced through the use of alternative signals to start or stop transcription and that pre-mRNAs and mRNAs can possess more that one start codon or stop codon. Variants that originate from a pre-mRNA or mRNA that use alternative start codons are known as “alternative start variants” of that pre-mRNA or mRNA. Those transcripts that use an alternative stop codon are known as “alternative stop variants” of that pre-mRNA or mRNA. One specific type of alternative stop variant is the “polyA variant” in which the multiple transcripts produced result from the alternative selection of one of the “polyA stop signals” by the transcription machinery, thereby producing transcripts that terminate at unique polyA sites. Within the context of the invention, the types of variants described herein are also preferred target nucleic acids. The locations on the target nucleic acid to which the preferred antisense oligomeric compounds hybridize are hereinbelow referred to as “preferred target segments.” As used herein the term “preferred target segment” is defined as at least an 8-nucleobase portion of a target region to which an active antisense oligomeric compound is targeted. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is presently believed that these target segments represent accessible portions of the target nucleic acid for hybridization. Exemplary preferred antisense oligomeric compounds include oligomeric compounds that comprise at least the 8 consecutive nucleobases from the 5′-terminus of a targeted nucleic acid e.g. a cellular gene or mRNA transcribed from the gene (the remaining nucleobases being a consecutive stretch of the same oligonucleotide beginning immediately upstream of the 5′-terminus of the antisense compound which is specifically hybridizable to the target nucleic acid and continuing until the oligonucleotide contains from about 8 to about 80 nucleobases). Similarly preferred antisense oligomeric compounds are represented by oligonucleotide sequences that comprise at least the 8 consecutive nucleobases from the 3′-terminus of one of the illustrative preferred antisense compounds (the remaining nucleobases being a consecutive stretch of the same oligonucleotide beginning immediately downstream of the 3′-terminus of the antisense compound which is specifically hybridizable to the target nucleic acid and continuing until the oligonucleotide contains from about 8 to about 80 nucleobases). One having skill in the art armed with the preferred antisense compounds illustrated herein will be able, without undue experimentation, to identify further preferred antisense compounds. Once one or more target regions, segments or sites have been identified, antisense oligomeric compounds are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired effect. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a series of preferred compositions of nucleic acid duplexes comprising the antisense oligomeric compounds of the present invention and their complements can be designed for a specific target or targets. The ends of the strands may be modified by the addition of one or more natural or modified nucleobases to form an overhang. The sense strand of the duplex is then designed and synthesized as the complement of the antisense strand and may also contain modifications or additions to either terminus. For example, in one embodiment, both strands of the duplex would be complementary over the central nucleobases, each having overhangs at one or both termini. For example, a duplex comprising an antisense oligomeric compound having the sequence CGAGAGGCGGACGGGACCG (SEQ ID NO: 12) and having a two-nucleobase overhang of deoxythymidine (dT) would have the following structure: cgagaggcggacgggaccgdTdT (SEQ ID NO:13) Antisense Strand ||||||||||||||||||| dTdTgctctccgcctgccctggc (SEQ ID NO:14) Complement Strand RNA strands of the duplex can be synthesized by methods disclosed herein or purchased from various RNA synthesis companies such as for example Dharmacon Research Inc., (Lafayette, Colo.). Once synthesized, the complementary strands are annealed. The single strands are aliquoted and diluted to a concentration of 50 uM. Once diluted, 30 uL of each strand is combined with 15 uL of a 5× solution of annealing buffer. The final concentration of the buffer is 100 mM potassium acetate, 30 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.4, and 2 mM magnesium acetate. The final volume is 75 uL. This solution is incubated for 1 minute at 90° C. and then centrifuged for 15 seconds. The tube is allowed to sit for 1 hour at 37° C. at which time the dsRNA duplexes are used in experimentation. The final concentration of the dsRNA compound is 20 uM. This solution can be stored frozen (−20° C.) and freeze-thawed up to 5 times. Once prepared, the desired synthetic duplexs are evaluated for their ability to modulate target expression. When cells reach 80% confluency, they are treated with synthetic duplexs comprising at least one oligomeric compound of the invention. For cells grown in 96-well plates, wells are washed once with 200 μL OPTI-MEM-1 reduced-serum medium (Gibco BRL) and then treated with 130 μL of OPTI-MEM-1 containing 12 μg/mL LIPOFECTIN (Gibco BRL) and the desired dsRNA compound at a final concentration of 200 nM. After 5 hours of treatment, the medium is replaced with fresh medium. Cells are harvested 16 hours after treatment, at which time RNA is isolated and target reduction measured by RT-PCR. In a further embodiment, the “preferred target segments” identified herein may be employed in a screen for additional oligomeric compounds that modulate the expression of a target. “Modulators” are those oligomeric compounds that decrease or increase the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a target and which comprise at least an 8-nucleobase portion which is complementary to a preferred target segment. The screening method comprises the steps of contacting a preferred target segment of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a target with one or more candidate modulators, and selecting for one or more candidate modulators which decrease or increase the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a target. Once it is shown that the candidate modulator or modulators are capable of modulating (e.g. either decreasing or increasing) the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a target, the modulator may then be employed in further investigative studies of the function of a target, or for use as a research, diagnostic, or therapeutic agent in accordance with the present invention. The preferred target segments of the present invention may also be combined with their respective complementary antisense oligomeric compounds of the present invention to form stabilized double-stranded (duplexed) oligonucleotides. Hybridization In the context of this invention, “hybridization” occurs when two sequences come together with enough base complementarity to form a double stranded region. The source of the two sequences can be synthetic or native and can occur in a single strand when the strand has regions of self complementarity. In the present invention, the preferred mechanism of pairing involves hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases (nucleobases) of the strands of oligomeric compounds or between an oligomeric compound and a target nucleic acid. For example, adenine and thymine are complementary nucleobases which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds. Hybridization can occur under varying circumstances. An antisense oligomeric compound is specifically hybridizable when binding of the compound to the target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the target nucleic acid to cause a loss of activity, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense oligomeric compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and under conditions in which assays are performed in the case of in vitro assays. In the present invention the phrase “stringent hybridization conditions” or “stringent conditions” refers to conditions under which an oligomeric compound of the invention will hybridize to its target sequence, but to a minimal number of other sequences. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will vary with different circumstances and in the context of this invention, “stringent conditions” under which oligomeric compounds hybridize to a target sequence are determined by the nature and composition of the oligomeric compounds and the assays in which they are being investigated. “Complementary,” as used herein, refers to the capacity for precise pairing of two nucleobases regardless of where the two are located. For example, if a nucleobase at a certain position of an oligomeric compound is capable of hydrogen bonding with a nucleobase at a certain position of a target nucleic acid, the target nucleic acid being a DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotide molecule, then the position of hydrogen bonding between the oligonucleotide and the target nucleic acid is considered to be a complementary position. The oligomeric compound and the further DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotide molecule are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of complementary positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleobases which can hydrogen bond with each other. Thus, “specifically hybridizable” and “complementary” are terms which are used to indicate a sufficient degree of precise pairing or complementarity over a sufficient number of nucleobases such that stable and specific binding occurs between the oligonucleotide and a target nucleic acid. It is understood in the art that the sequence of an antisense oligomeric compound need not be 100% complementary to that of its target nucleic acid to be specifically hybridizable. Moreover, an oligonucleotide may hybridize over one or more segments such that intervening or adjacent segments are not involved in the hybridization event (e.g., a loop structure or hairpin structure). It is preferred that the antisense oligomeric compounds of the present invention comprise at least 70% sequence complementarity to a target region within the target nucleic acid, more preferably that they comprise 90% sequence complementarity and even more preferably comprise 95% sequence complementarity to the target region within the target nucleic acid sequence to which they are targeted. For example, an antisense oligomeric compound in which 18 of 20 nucleobases of the antisense oligomeric compound are complementary to a target region, and would therefore specifically hybridize, would represent 90 percent complementarity. In this example, the remaining noncomplementary nucleobases may be clustered or interspersed with complementary nucleobases and need not be contiguous to each other or to complementary nucleobases. As such, an antisense oligomeric compound which is 18 nucleobases in length having 4 (four) noncomplementary nucleobases which are flanked by two regions of complete complementarity with the target nucleic acid would have 77.8% overall complementarity with the target nucleic acid and would thus fall within the scope of the present invention. Percent complementarity of an antisense oligomeric compound with a region of a target nucleic acid can be determined routinely using BLAST programs (basic local alignment search tools) and PowerBLAST programs known in the art (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol., 1990, 215, 403-410; Zhang and Madden, Genome Res., 1997, 7, 649-656). Screening and Target Validation In a further embodiment, “preferred target segments” may be employed in a screen for additional oligomeric compounds that modulate the expression of a selected protein. “Modulators” are those oligomeric compounds that decrease or increase the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein and which comprise at least an 8-nucleobase portion which is complementary to a preferred target segment. The screening method comprises the steps of contacting a preferred target segment of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein with one or more candidate modulators, and selecting for one or more candidate modulators which decrease or increase the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein. Once it is shown that the candidate modulator or modulators are capable of modulating (e.g. either decreasing or increasing) the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a peptide, the modulator may then be employed in further investigative studies of the function of the peptide, or for use as a research, diagnostic, or therapeutic agent in accordance with the present invention. The preferred target segments of the present invention may also be combined with their respective complementary antisense oligomeric compounds of the present invention to form stabilized double-stranded (duplexed) oligonucleotides. Such double stranded oligonucleotide moieties have been shown in the art to modulate target expression and regulate translation as well as RNA processing via an antisense mechanism. Moreover, the double-stranded moieties may be subject to chemical modifications (Fire et al., Nature, 1998, 391, 806-811; Timmons and Fire, Nature 1998, 395, 854; Timmons et al., Gene, 2001, 263, 103-112; Tabara et al., Science, 1998, 282, 430-431; Montgomery et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95, 15502-15507; Tuschl et al., Genes Dev., 1999, 13, 3191-3197; Elbashir et al., Nature, 2001, 411, 494-498; Elbashir et al., Genes Dev. 2001, 15, 188-200). For example, such double-stranded moieties have been shown to inhibit the target by the classical hybridization of antisense strand of the duplex to the target, thereby triggering enzymatic degradation of the target (Tijsterman et al., Science, 2002, 295, 694-697). The compositions comprising oligomeric compounds of the present invention can also be applied in the areas of drug discovery and target validation. The present invention comprehends the use of the oligomeric compounds and preferred targets identified herein in drug discovery efforts to elucidate relationships that exist between proteins and a disease state, phenotype, or condition. These methods include detecting or modulating a target peptide comprising contacting a sample, tissue, cell, or organism with the oligomeric compounds of the present invention, measuring the nucleic acid or protein level of the target and/or a related phenotypic or chemical endpoint at some time after treatment, and optionally comparing the measured value to a non-treated sample or sample treated with a further oligomeric compound of the invention. These methods can also be performed in parallel or in combination with other experiments to determine the function of unknown genes for the process of target validation or to determine the validity of a particular gene product as a target for treatment or prevention of a particular disease, condition, or phenotype. Effect of nucleoside modifications on RNAi activity is evaluated according to existing literature (Elbashir et al., Nature (2001), 411, 494-498; Nishikura et al., Cell (2001), 107, 415-416; and Bass et al., Cell (2000), 101, 235-238.) Kits, Research Reagents, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics The compositions of oligomeric compounds of the present invention can be utilized for diagnostics, therapeutics, prophylaxis and as research reagents and kits. Furthermore, antisense oligonucleotides, which are able to inhibit gene expression with exquisite specificity, are often used by those of ordinary skill to elucidate the function of particular genes or to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological pathway. For use in kits and diagnostics, the compositions of the present invention, either alone or in combination with other oligomeric compounds or therapeutics, can be used as tools in differential and/or combinatorial analyses to elucidate expression patterns of a portion or the entire complement of genes expressed within cells and tissues. As one nonlimiting example, expression patterns within cells or tissues treated with one or more antisense oligomeric compounds are compared to control cells or tissues not treated with antisense oligomeric compounds and the patterns produced are analyzed for differential levels of gene expression as they pertain, for example, to disease association, signaling pathway, cellular localization, expression level, size, structure or function of the genes examined. These analyses can be performed on stimulated or unstimulated cells and in the presence or absence of other compounds and or oligomeric compounds that affect expression patterns. Examples of methods of gene expression analysis known in the art include DNA arrays or microarrays (Brazma and Vilo, FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 17-24; Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16), SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) (Madden, et al., Drug Discov. Today, 2000, 5, 415-425), READS (restriction enzyme amplification of digested cDNAs) (Prashar and Weissman, Methods Enzymol., 1999, 303, 258-72), TOGA (total gene expression analysis) (Sutcliffe, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2000, 97, 1976-81), protein arrays and proteomics (Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16; Jungblut, et al., Electrophoresis, 1999, 20, 2100-10), expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing (Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16; Larsson, et al., J. Biotechnol., 2000, 80, 143-57), subtractive RNA fingerprinting (SuRF) (Fuchs, et al., Anal. Biochem., 2000, 286, 91-98; Larson, et al., Cytometry, 2000, 41, 203-208), subtractive cloning, differential display (DD) (Jurecic and Belmont, Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 2000, 3, 316-21), comparative genomic hybridization (Carulli, et al., J. Cell Biochem. Suppl., 1998, 31, 286-96), FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) techniques (Going and Gusterson, Eur. J. Cancer, 1999, 35, 1895-904) and mass spectrometry methods (To, Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen, 2000, 3, 235-41). The compositions of the invention are useful for research and diagnostics in one sense because the oligomeric compounds of the compositions hybridize to nucleic acids encoding proteins. For example, oligonucleotides that are shown to hybridize with such efficiency and under such conditions as disclosed herein as to be effective protein inhibitors will also be effective primers or probes under conditions favoring gene amplification or detection, respectively. These primers and probes are useful in methods requiring the specific detection of nucleic acid molecules encoding proteins and in the amplification of the nucleic acid molecules for detection or for use in further studies. Hybridization of the antisense oligonucleotides, particularly the primers and probes, of the invention with a nucleic acid can be detected by means known in the art. Such means may include conjugation of an enzyme to the oligonucleotide, radiolabelling of the oligonucleotide or any other suitable detection means. Kits using such detection means for detecting the level of selected proteins in a sample may also be prepared. The specificity and sensitivity of antisense methodologies is also harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses. Antisense oligomeric compounds have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals, including humans. Antisense oligonucleotide drugs, including ribozymes, have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway. It is thus established that antisense oligomeric compounds can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for the treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans. For therapeutics, an animal, preferably a human, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of a selected protein is treated by administering compositions of the invention in accordance with this invention. For example, in one non-limiting embodiment, the methods comprise the step of administering to the animal in need of treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a protein inhibitor. The protein inhibitors of the present invention effectively inhibit the activity of the protein or inhibit the expression of the protein. In one embodiment, the activity or expression of a protein in an animal is inhibited by about 10%. Preferably, the activity or expression of a protein in an animal is inhibited by about 30%. More preferably, the activity or expression of a protein in an animal is inhibited by 50% or more. For example, the reduction of the expression of a protein may be measured in serum, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal. Preferably, the cells contained within the fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed contain a nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein and/or the protein itself. The compositions of the invention can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Use of the compositions and methods of the invention may also be useful prophylactically. Formulations The compositions of the invention may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, as for example, liposomes, receptor-targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such uptake, distribution and/or absorption-assisting formulations include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,108,921; 5,354,844; 5,416,016; 5,459,127; 5,521,291; 5,543,158; 5,547,932; 5,583,020; 5,591,721; 4,426,330; 4,534,899; 5,013,556; 5,108,921; 5,213,804; 5,227,170; 5,264,221; 5,356,633; 5,395,619; 5,416,016; 5,417,978; 5,462,854; 5,469,854; 5,512,295; 5,527,528; 5,534,259; 5,543,152; 5,556,948; 5,580,575; and 5,595,756, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. The compositions of the invention encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon ad-ministration to an animal, including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compositions of the invention, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents. The term “prodrug” indicates a therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive form that is converted to an active form (i.e., drug) within the body or cells thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes or other chemicals and/or conditions. In particular, prodrug versions of the oligonucleotides of the invention are prepared as SATE [(S-acetyl-2-thioethyl) phosphate] derivatives according to the methods disclosed in WO 93/24510 to Gosselin et al., published Dec. 9, 1993 or in WO 94/26764 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,713 to Imbach et al. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the oligomeric compounds of the invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do mot impart undesired toxicological effects thereto. For oligonucleotides, preferred examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions and formulations which include the compositions of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Oligonucleotides with at least one 2′-O-methoxyethyl modification are believed to be particularly useful for oral administration. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful. The pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention, which may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, may be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product. The compositions of the present invention may be formulated into any of many possible dosage forms such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gel capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and enemas. The compositions of the present invention may also be formulated as suspensions in aqueous, non-aqueous or mixed media. Aqueous suspensions may further contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers. Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, solutions, emulsions, foams and liposome-containing formulations. The pharmaceutical compositions and formulations of the present invention may comprise one or more penetration enhancers, carriers, excipients or other active or inactive ingredients. Emulsions are typically heterogenous systems of one liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets usually exceeding 0.1 μm in diameter. Emulsions may contain additional components in addition to the dispersed phases, and the active drug which may be present as a solution in either the aqueous phase, oily phase or itself as a separate phase. Microemulsions are included as an embodiment of the present invention. Emulsions and their uses are well known in the art and are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. Formulations of the present invention include liposomal formulations. As used in the present invention, the term “liposome” means a vesicle composed of amphiphilic lipids arranged in a spherical bilayer or bilayers. Liposomes are unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles which have a membrane formed from a lipophilic material and an aqueous interior that contains the composition to be delivered. Cationic liposomes are positively charged liposomes which are believed to interact with negatively charged DNA molecules to form a stable complex. Liposomes that are pH-sensitive or negatively-charged are believed to entrap DNA rather than complex with it. Both cationic and noncationic liposomes have been used to deliver DNA to cells. Liposomes also include “sterically stabilized” liposomes, a term which, as used herein, refers to liposomes comprising one or more specialized lipids that, when incorporated into liposomes, result in enhanced circulation lifetimes relative to liposomes lacking such specialized lipids. Examples of sterically stabilized liposomes are those in which part of the vesicle-forming lipid portion of the liposome comprises one or more glycolipids or is derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety. Liposomes and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein is its entirety. The pharmaceutical formulations and compositions of the present invention may also include surfactants. The use of surfactants in drug products, formulations and in emulsions is well known in the art. Surfactants and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. In one embodiment, the present invention employs various penetration enhancers to effect the efficient delivery of nucleic acids, particularly oligonucleotides. In addition to aiding the diffusion of non-lipophilic drugs across cell membranes, penetration enhancers also enhance the permeability of lipophilic drugs. Penetration enhancers may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories, i.e., surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants. Penetration enhancers and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. One of skill in the art will recognize that formulations are routinely designed according to their intended use, i.e. route of administration. Preferred formulations for topical administration include those in which the oligonucleotides of the invention are in admixture with a topical delivery agent such as lipids, liposomes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, steroids, chelating agents and surfactants. Preferred lipids and liposomes include neutral (e.g. dioleoylphosphatidyl DOPE ethanolamine, dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline DMPC, distearolyphosphatidyl choline) negative (e.g. dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol DMPG) and cationic (e.g. dioleoyltetramethylaminopropyl DOTAP and dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine DOTMA). For topical or other administration, oligonucleotides of the invention may be encapsulated within liposomes or may form complexes thereto, in particular to cationic liposomes. Alternatively, oligonucleotides may be complexed to lipids, in particular to cationic lipids. Preferred fatty acids and esters, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. Topical formulations are described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/315,298 filed on May 20, 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Compositions and formulations for oral administration include powders or granules, microparticulates, nanoparticulates, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, gel capsules, sachets, tablets or minitablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable. Preferred oral formulations axe those in which oligonucleotides of the invention are administered in conjunction with one or more penetration enhancers surfactants and chelators. Preferred surfactants include fatty acids and/or esters or salts thereof, bile acids and/or salts thereof. Preferred bile acids/salts and fatty acids and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. Also preferred are combinations of penetration enhancers, for example, fatty acids/salts in combination with bile acids/salts. A particularly preferred combination is the sodium salt of lauric acid, capric acid and UDCA. Further penetration enhancers include polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether. Oligonucleotides of the invention may be delivered orally, in granular form including sprayed dried particles, or complexed to form micro or nanoparticles. Oligonucleotide complexing agents and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. Oral formulations for oligonucleotides and their preparation are described in detail in U.S. application Ser. Nos. 09/108,673 (filed Jul. 1, 1998), 09/315,298 (filed May 20, 1999) and 10/071,822, filed Feb. 8, 2002, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Compositions and formulations for parenteral, intrathecal or intraventricular administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives such as, but not limited to, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. Certain embodiments of the invention provide pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more of the compositions of the invention and one or more other chemotherapeutic agents which function by a non-antisense mechanism. Examples of such chemotherapeutic agents include but are not limited to cancer chemotherapeutic drugs such as daunorubicin, daunomycin, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, esorubicin, bleomycin, mafosfamide, ifosfamide, cytosine arabinoside, bis-chloroethylnitrosurea, busulfan, mitomycin C, actinomycin D, mithramycin, prednisone, hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, tamoxifen, dacarbazine, procarbazine, hexamethylmelamine, pentamethylmelamine, mitoxantrone, amsacrine, chlorambucil, methylcyclohexylnitrosurea, nitrogen mustards, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-azacytidine, hydroxyurea, deoxycoformycin, 4-hydroxyperoxycyclophosphoramide, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUdR), methotrexate (MTX), colchicine, taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide (VP-16), trimetrexate, irinotecan, topotecan, gemcitabine, teniposide, cisplatin and diethylstilbestrol (DES). When used with the compositions of the invention, such chemotherapeutic agents may be used individually (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide), sequentially (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide for a period of time followed by MTX and oligonucleotide), or in combination with one or more other such chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., 5-FU, MTX and oligonucleotide, or 5-FU, radiotherapy and oligonucleotide). Anti-inflammatory drugs, including but not limited to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids, and antiviral drugs, including but not limited to ribivirin, vidarabine, acyclovir and ganciclovir, may also be combined in compositions of the invention. Combinations of compositions of the invention and other non-antisense drugs are also within the scope of this invention. One or more compositions of the invention can be used in combination with other therapeutic agents to create a cocktail as is currently the strategy for certain viral infections. In another related embodiment, therapeutically effective combination therapies may comprise the use of two or more compositions of the invention wherein the multiple compositions are targeted to a single or multiple nucleic acid targets. Numerous examples of antisense oligomeric compounds are known in the art. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially Dosing The formulation of therapeutic compositions and their subsequent administration (dosing) is believed to be within the skill of those in the art. Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease state to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of the disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual oligonucleotides, and can generally be estimated based on EC50s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models. In general, dosage is from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body weight, and may be given once or more daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, or even once every 2 to 20 years. Persons of ordinary skill in the art can easily estimate repetition rates for dosing based on measured residence times and concentrations of the drug in bodily fluids or tissues. Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body weight, once or more daily, to once every 20 years. While the present invention has been described with specificity in accordance with certain of its preferred embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the same. EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of Human RNase H1 Human RNase H1 containing an N-terminal His-tag was expressed and purified as described in Lima, et. al., “Methods in Enzymology”, Nicholson, A. W., Eds. 2001, pp 430-9, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. Briefly, the plasmids were transfected into E. coli BL21 (DE3) (Novagen, WI). The bacteria was grown in Terrific Broth medium (Boi 101 Systems) at 37° C. and harvested at OD600 of 1.2. The cells were induced with 1 mM isopropylthiogalactoside (IPTG) at 37° C. for 2 h. The cells were lysed in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride 100 mM sodium phosphate, 10 mM tris, pH 8.0 for 16-20 h at 24° C. The recombinant proteins were incubated for 1 h with 1 mL of Ni-NTA Super flow beads (Qiagen) per 50 mL of lysate. The Ni-NTA media was packed into an FPLC column and the RNase H1 proteins partially purified with sequential gradients (flow rate, 5 mL/min; buffer A, 100 mM sodium phosphate, 10 mM tris-HCl, 8 M Urea, pH 6.3; buffer B, 100 mM sodium phosphate, 10 mM tris-HCl, 2 M Urea, pH 6.3; buffer C, 100 mM sodium phosphate, 10 mM tris-HCl, 2 M Urea, 100 mM EDTA, pH 7.0). The eluent was further purified by ion exchange FPLC chromatography (Mono S Column; flow rate, 1 mL/min; buffer A, 20 mM sodium phosphate, 2 M urea, 200 mM NaCl, pH 7.0; buffer B, 20 mM sodium phosphate, 2 M urea, 2 M NaCl, pH 7.0). Fractions containing RNase H1 were pooled and concentrated. The concentrated protein was purified by RP-FPLC (Resourse RPC Column; flow rate 1 mL/min; Buffer A, 2% acetonitrile in diH2O, 0.065% trifluoroacetic acid; buffer B 80% acetonitrile in diH2O, 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid). Fractions were lyophilized, resuspended in diH2O and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Example 2 Synthesis of Oligonucleotides and Modified Oligonucleotides The oligoribonucleotides were synthesized on a PE-ABI 380B synthesizer using 5′-O-silyl-2′-O-bis(2-acetoxyethoxy)methyl ribonucleoside phosphoramidites and procedures described by Scaringe, et. al., (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 11820-11821). The oligoribonucleotides were purified by reverse-phase HPLC or by precipitation 2 times out of 0.5 M NaCl with 2.5 volumes of ethyl alcohol. The 1,4-anhydro-5-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-2-deoxy-D-erythro-pentenol-3-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropyl]phosphoramidite], 5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)]-3-(4-methylbenzoyl)-2-thio-thymidine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N)N-diisopropyl]phosphoramidite, 5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-3′-deoxypseuodouridine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropyl]phosphoramidite, 1′,2′-dideoxy-1′-(2,4-difluorotoluoyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-β-D-ribofuranose-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropyl]phosphoramidite and 5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)]-3-(4-methylbenzoyl)-2′-uridine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropyl]phosphoramidite were procured from commercial sources (Glen Research Inc., Virginia, U.S. A). The 1-[2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)]-3-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropyl]phosphoramidite-β-D-[arabinofuranosyl]-thymine, 5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)]-2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-thymidine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropyl]phosphoramidite, 2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoimidazole deoxyribonucleotide, 4-methylbenzoimidazole deoxyribonucleotide, hydrocarbon linkers and 5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)]-2′-S-methyl-2′-thio-5-methyluridine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropyl]phosphoramidite were synthesized as reported (Kawasaki, et. al., J. Med. Chem., 1993, 36, 831-841, Yoneda, Tetrahedron, 1991, 47, 5329-5365 and Ikeda, et. al., Nucleic Acids Res. 1998, 26, 2237-2244). The nucleoside 3′-β-C-methylthymidine was synthesized from 1,2-O-isopropylidene-D-xylofuranose and converted to the 5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-3′-O-(2-cyanoethyl-diisopropylamino)-phosphoramidite as previously described (Wilds, et. al., Nucleic Acids Res. 2000, 28, 3625-3635 and Fraser, et. al., J. Heter. Chem., 1993, 30, 212-224). The 4′-α-C-methylthymidine nucleoside was synthesized in 12 steps starting from commercially available 1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose purchased from Pfanstiehl, Waukegan, Ill. An alternate synthesis of this nucleoside has been reported by Sproat, et. al., Oligonucleotide synthesis a practical approach, Gait, M. J (ed.), IRL Press, Washington D.C., 1985, pp. 83-115 and Schmit, et. al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let. 1994, 4, 1969-1974. It was converted to 5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-4′-α-C-methylthymidine-3′-O-(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-Diisopropylphosphoramidite by following the procedure described for similar compounds by Waga, et. al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1996, 15, 287-304 and Detmer et. al., Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1837-1846. Standard phosphoramidites and solid supports were used for incorporation of A, T, G, and C residues. A 0.1 M solution of each amidite in anhydrous acetonitrile was used for the synthesis of modified oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotides were synthesized on functionalized controlled pore glass (CPG) on an automated solid phase DNA synthesizer with the final DMT group retained at 5′-end. For incorporation of modified amidites, 6 equivalents of phosphoramidite solutions were delivered in two portions, each followed by a 3 min coupling wait time. All other steps in the protocol supplied by the manufacturer were used without modification. Oxidation of the internucleotide phosphite to the phosphate was carried out using 0.1 M solution of iodine in pyridine/water (20/1, v/v). with 10 min oxidation wait time. The coupling efficiencies were more than 97%. To deprotect oligonucleotides containing 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-thymidine and 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroarabinofuranosylthymine, the solid support bearing the oligonucleotides were suspended in aqueous ammonia (28-30 wt %):ethanol (3:1, 3 mL for 2 μmol scale synthesis) and heated at 55° C. for 6 h. All other modified oligonucleotides after completion of the synthesis, the solid supports bearing the oligonucleotides were suspended in aqueous ammonium hydroxide (28-30 wt %, 2 mL for 2 μmol scale synthesis) and kept at room temperature for 2 h. The solid support was filtered and the filtrate was heated at 55° C. for 6 h to complete the removal of all protecting groups. Crude oligonucleotides were purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, C-4 column, Waters, 7.8×300 mm, A=100 mM ammonium acetate, pH 6.5-7, B=acetonitrile, 5-60% of B in 55 min, flow 2.5 mL min−1, λ 260 nm). Detritylation was achieved by adjusting the pH of the solution to 3.8 with acetic acid and keeping at room temperature until complete removal of the trityl group, as monitored by HPLC analysis. The oligonucleotides were then desalted by HPLC to yield modified oligonucleotides in 30-40% isolated yield calculated based on the loading of the 3′-base to solid support (Kanazaki, et. al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 2422-2432). The oligonucleotides were characterized by electrospray mass spectroscopy (ES-MS) and their purity was assessed by HPLC and capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE). The purity of the oligonucleotides was >90%. Oligonucleotides with abasic sites were conveniently generated by the use of uracil-DNA glycosylase (see Duncan, et. al., Gene, 1984, 28, 211-219). Oligonucleotides containing deoxyuridine residue were synthesized as described (vide supra). The HPLC purified oligonucleotides (0.32 mg) were dissolved in Uracil-DNA Glycosylase (149 μl, I unit in 1 μl dissolved in 30 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 0.05% Tween 20 and 50% glycerol) and incubated at 37° C. for 4 h. The reaction was terminated by filtering the enzyme using low binding membrane filter (0.22 μm, Millipore Inc., Bedford, Mass., USA). The release of uracil was observed in HPLC analysis of the reaction mixture (Waters C-4 3.9×300 mm, delta pack, 15 micron, 300 A°, A=100 mM ammonium acetate, B=acetonitrile 0 to 25% B in 55 min, flow 1.5 ml min−1, λ 260 nm) and co injecting the authentic sample. The oligonucleotides were purified by HPLC (conditions same above). The purity (>90%) of the oligonucleotides was assessed by HPLC analysis. Example 3 Preparation of 32P Labeled Substrate The RNA substrate was 5′-end-labeled with 32P using 20 U of T4 polynucleotide kinase (Promega, WI), 120 pmol (7000 Ci/mmol) [γ-32P]ATP (ICN, CA), 40 pmol RNA, 70 mM tris, pH 7.6, 10 mM MgCl2 and 50 mM DTT. The kinase reaction was incubated at 37° C. for 30 min. The labeled oligoribonucleotide was purified by electrophoresis on a 12% denaturing polyacrylamide gel (40). The specific activity of the labeled oligonucleotide is approximately 3000 to 8000 cpm/fmol. Example 4 Preparation of the Heteroduplex The heteroduplex substrate was prepared in 100 μL containing unlabeled oligoribonucleotide ranging from 100 to 1000 nM, 105 cpm of 32P labeled oligoribonucleotide, two-fold excess complementary oligodeoxyribonucleotide and hybridization buffer [20 mM tris, pH 7.5, 20 mM KCl]. Reactions were heated at 90° C. for 5 min, cooled to 37° C. and 60 U of Prime RNase Inhibitor (5 Prime ˜3 Prime, CO) and MgCl2 at a final concentration of 1 mM were added. Hybridization reactions were incubated 2-16 h at 37° C. and 1 mM tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphate (TCEP) was added. Example 5 Multiple-Turnover Kinetics The human RNase H1 proteins were incubated with dilution buffer (50 mM tris, 50 mM NaCl, 100 μM TCEP, pH 7.5) for 1 h at 24° C. The heteroduplex substrate was digested with 0.4 ng of enzyme at 37° C. A 10 μl aliquot of the cleavage reaction was removed at time points ranging from 2-120 min and quenched by adding 5 μL of stop solution (8 M urea and 120 mM EDTA). The aliquots were heated at 90° C. for 2 min, resolved in a 12% denaturing polyacrylamide gel and the substrate and product bands were quantitated on a Molecular Dynamics PhosphorImager. The concentration of the converted product was plotted as a function of time. The initial cleavage rate (V0) was obtained from the slope (mole RNA cleaved/min) of the best-fit line for the linear portion of the plot, which comprises, in general <10% of the total reaction and data from at least five time points. Site-specific cleavage rates were determined by plotting the concentration of the converted product for a given cleavage site as a function of time. Oligodeoxyribonucleotides of sequence CTACGCTTTCCACGCACAGT (SEQ ID NO:1) were prepared with nucleotide modifications positioned within the region preferentially cleaved by human RNase H1, as indicated below, where (x) shows the position of the modification for the respective oligodeoxyribonucleotide (positions are numbered 5′→3′ on the oligodeoxyribonucleotide.) T7: CTACGCxTTCCACGCACAGT T8: CTACGCTxTCCACGCACAGT T9: CTACGCTTxCCACGCACAGT C10: CTACGCTTTxCACGCACAGT C11: CTACGCTTTCxACGCACAGT A12: CTACGCTTTCCxCGCACAGT C13: CTACGCTTTCCAxGCACAGT G14: CTACGCTTTCCACxCACAGT C15: CTACGCTTTCCACGxACAGT Modified nucleotides containing conformationally biased sugar puckers, included northern biased modifications: 2-thiouridine (S2T) and 2′-fluorothymidine (2′-F); southern biased modifications: 2′-methylthiothymidine (2′-S-methyl), 4′-methylthymidine (4′-methyl), 3′-methylthymidine (3′-methyl), and pseudouridine (pseudo-U); and eastern biased sugar modification: 2′-ara-fluoropyrimidine (2′-ara-Fluoro). Structures of the modifications designed to introduce conformational flexibility (transition moietys) into the heteroduplex include: the propyl (C3′), butyl (C4) and pentyl (C5) hydrocarbon linkers; tetrahydrofuran (THF), abasic and ganciclovir (Gv) modifications; and the π-stacking 2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoimidazole (2-F-6-Me-ben), 4-methylbenzoimidazole (4-Me-ben) and 2,4-difluorotoluoyl (2,4-F-tolyl) deoxyribonucleotides, as illustrated below: The modified oligodeoxyribonucleotides were annealed to complementary RNA and the heteroduplexes digested with human RNase H1 under multiple-turnover conditions as described above. Initial cleavage rates (V0) as well as site-specific cleavage rates, i.e. initial cleavage rates for each human RNase H1 cleavage site, were determined (see Table XI). TABLE XI Relative initial cleavage rates and site-specific for modified heteroduplex substrates. Ratio Site-Specific Cleavage Rate1 Ratio V02 Position of (modified/unmodified) (modified/ Modification Modification −2 −1 0 +1 +2 unmodified) 2′-ara-Fluoro T7 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.0 — 1.1 T8 1.3 1.5 0.8 1.5 1.5 1.1 T9 1.0 1.1 1.5 0.6 0.4 1.1 C10 0.7 1.1 0.8 1.0 0.6 1.2 C13 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.6 1.1 C15 — — 1.1 1.3 0.4 1.1 Pseudo-U T7 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 — 0.9 T8 1.4 1.3 0.7 0.2 0.3 1.1 T9 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.2 1.2 2′-Fluoro T7 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 — 0.6 T8 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.7 T9 1.1 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.7 S2U T7 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 — 0.5 T8 1.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.7 T9 1.3 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.7 2′-S-Methyl T7 0.6 0.6 0.1 0 — 0.5 T8 0.5 0.6 0.1 0 0 0.4 T9 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.4 4′-Methyl T7 0.5 0.3 0 0 — 0.5 T8 0.3 0.1 0 0 0 0.6 T9 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 3′-Methyl T7 0.3 0.7 1.0 0.8 — 0.8 T8 1.6 0.8 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.8 T9 1.3 0.7 0.6 0.2 0 0.7 Propyl linker A12 0.6 0 0 0 0 0.5 G14 — 0 0 0 0 0.6 C15 — — 0 0 0 0.5 Butyl linker A12 0.5 0.1 0 0 0 0.5 C15 — — 0.1 0 0.6 0.5 Pentyl linker A12 0.1 0.1 0 0.5 0.9 0.6 C15 — — 0.1 0 0.9 0.5 Tetrahydrofuran A12 0 0 0 0.6 0.5 0.4 G14 — 0.5 0 0.1 0 0.4 Abasic T9 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.6 C10 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.6 C11 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 Gancyclovir G14 — 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 4-F-6-Me-ben G14 — 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 4-Me-ben A12 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.8 2,4-F-tolyl T9 0.9 1.0 1.3 0.8 0.2 0.8 C10 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.9 C11 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.5 1.1 1Ratio site-specific cleavage rates represents the initial cleavage rates for the modified heteroduplexes divided by the unmodified substrate. 2Ratio V0 represents the initial cleavage rates for the modified heteroduplexes divided by the unmodified substrate. — Dashed lines indicate positions not cleaved by human RNase H1 for the unmodified substrate and modified heteroduplexes. The V0 values are an average of three measurements with estimated errors of CV < 10%. The initial cleavage rates (V0) observed for the modified heteroduplexes were predominantly dependant on the class of modification tested rather the position of the specific modification within the oligodeoxynucleotide (Table XI). For example, several modified heteroduplexes (e.g., 4′-methylthymidine, tetrahydrofuran, gancyclovir and the hydrocarbon linkers) exhibited initial cleavage rates 2 to 3-fold slower than the V0 of the unmodified substrate whereas the 2′-ara-fluoropyrimidine, pseudouridine and π-stacking deoxyribonucleotides, (e.g., 2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoimidazole, 4-methylbenzoimidazole and 2,4-difluorotoluoyl deoxyribonucleotides) modified heteroduplexes exhibited initial cleavage rates comparable to the rate observed for the unmodified substrate (Table XI). It is important to note that a 2-fold reduction of the initial cleavage rate due to a single nucleotide modification is significant considering that human RNase H1 cleaves the substrate at multiple positions within the heteroduplex. In contrast, the initial cleavage rates for the heteroduplexes containing the same modification at different positions within the substrate showed only a ±10 percent difference in the cleavage rates (Table XI). Nor did the effects vary as a function of the specific nucleotide modified. For example, the cleavage rates at the ribonucleotide opposing an abasic site was 0.2, 0.5 and 0.2 of the control at, respectively, positions 9, 10 and 11. The relative cleavage rates at positions 9 and 11 were comparable even though positions 9 and 11 in the natural substrates were thymidine and cytosine. Moreover, the effects on the cleavage at adjacent sites were comparable. Similar results were observed for other modifications that produced dramatic reductions in the cleavage rates, (e.g., 2′-fluoro) and modifications that had little to no effect on the cleavage rates, (2′-ara-fluoro). The modifications that exhibited the greatest impact on the site-specific cleavage rate for the ribonucleotide opposing the modification also exhibited the broadest effect on the site-specific cleavage rates surrounding ribonucleotides. The tetrahydrofuran, hydrocarbon linkers, 4′-methylthymidine and abasic deoxyribonucleotide modifications which significantly reduced or ablated the site-specific cleavage rates for the ribonucleotide opposing the modification also showed significantly slower site-specific cleavage rates for the surrounding 3′ and 5′-ribonucleotides, (e.g., positions −2 to +2) compared with the unmodified substrate (Table XI). Interestingly, with the exception of 4′-methylthymidine, these modifications were predicted to impart the greatest degree of conformational flexibility at the site of the modification. The heteroduplexes containing the pseudouridine, 2′-ara-fluoropyrimidine, 3′-methylthymidine and Π-stacking deoxyribonucleotides modifications which exhibited little to no reduction in the site-specific cleavage rate for the ribonucleotide opposing the modification also showed only a modest reduction in the site-specific rates for the surrounding ribonucleotides (Table XI). For a majority of the modified deoxyribonucleotides tested, the influence on the human RNase H1 activity of the adjacent ribonucleotides appeared to be unidirectional. For example, the 2′-methylthiothymidine, 3′-methylthymidine, 2-thiouridine, 2′-fluorothymidine and pseudouridine reduced the site-specific cleavage rates for the adjacent 3′-ribonucleotides more significantly than the 5′-ribonucleotides. Although there was generally quite a good correlation between the effects on the cleavage rate at the ribonucleotide opposing the modification and the overall cleavage rate, there were interesting exceptions. Consider 2′-thiothymidine, this modification at position 8 ablated the cleavage at the opposing site and reduced the relative overall rate to 0.7, while the same modification at position 7 reduced the relative site-specific rate to 0.2 of control and the overall relative rate to 0.5. These results can be explained different effects on the site-specific cleavage rates of adjacent ribonucleotides. In contrast, the effects of the 4′-methylthymidine modifications on the overall rates were less significant than on the site-specific rates for the opposing and surrounding ribonucleotides and this is due to the fact that the ablated cleavage sites account for approximately half of the total site-specific cleavage rates. Within the context of nucleic acid duplexes, the degree of pseudorotation of the sugar between the southern to the northern conformation sets into motion a series of structural changes that ultimately result in the formation of B-form or A-form duplexes (see Saenger, W. (1984) Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure, Springer-Verlag, New York). The shift in helical conformation resulting from the pseudorotation of the sugar starts with the change in the torsion angles of the glycosyl and C4-C5 bonds. The spatial orientation of the glycosyl bond in turn dictates the distance between the internucleotide phosphates, the rotation and axial rise per nucleotide, the tilt of the base-pair and the dislocation of the base pairs from the helical axis. These factors combined, control the depth and width of the major and minor grooves. RNA/DNA heteroduplexes are unique in that these duplexes exhibit an intermediate structure between the canonical A-form and B-form helical geometry. At approximately 9 Å the minor groove width for the heteroduplex is approximately midway between the minor groove widths for A-form (˜11 Å) and B-form (˜6 Å) duplexes (see Fedoroff, et. al., J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 233, 509-523 and Egli, et. al., Biochemistry 1996, 35, 8489-8494). The RNA sugars of the heteroduplex exhibit a northern sugar conformation whereas the DNA sugars form an eastern O4′-endo sugar conformation. The intrastrand phosphate distances for the heteroduplex also differ from canonical A-form and B-form duplexes in that the DNA strand maintains an intrastrand phosphate distance consistent with B-form duplexes whereas the intrastrand phosphate distance within the RNA strand is closer to an A-form duplex. Finally, the unique minor groove width as well as the position of the inter- and intrastrand phosphates exhibited by the DNA/RNA heteroduplexes suggest that these features may be the key recognition determinants for RNase H enzymes. Although, the key catalytic amino acids of human RNase H1 have been identified, the structural and physical properties of the enzyme and substrate responsible for the selective recognition and cleavage of the RNA in the RNA/DNA heteroduplex are not known as a co-crystal structure of the enzyme/substrate complex has not been solved. Site-directed mutagenesis of the E. coli and human RNase H1 enzymes combined with molecular modeling of the enzyme/substrate complex suggest that the enzyme binds to the minor groove of the heteroduplex substrate (Wu, et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 23547-23553). In addition, the catalytic site of the enzyme was predicted to contact the 2′-hydroxyls of the RNA strand and the phosphates of the DNA strand surrounding the scissile phosphate. In this study, a complementary mutational analysis on the structure of the substrate at the catalytic site for human RNase H1 was performed. A series of modified heteroduplexes with the modifications positioned within the catalytic site of the substrate were designed The modifications consisted of nucleotides exhibiting northern, southern and eastern sugar conformations, base modifications which π-stack with adjacent nucleotides but do not form hydrogen bonds, abasic deoxynucleotides, internucleotide hydrocarbon linkers ranging 3-5 residues and ganciclovir substitution of the deoxyribose to determine the role of helical geometry, sugar conformation, bulk in the minor groove and conformational flexibility within the heteroduplex on human RNase H1 activity. The Role of Sugar Conformation within the Catalytic Site of the Heteroduplex The northern biased deoxyribonucleotides selected for this study included the 2′-fluorothymidine and 2-thiouridine modifications, which lack bulky 2′-substituents in order to avoid possible steric interactions with the enzyme. These modifications were determined to influence sugar conformation through distinctly different mechanisms. For example, the highly electronegative fluorine of the 2′-fluorothymidine acts in conjunction with the gauche effect to strongly stabilize the sugar in the northern pucker (Kawasaki, et. al., J. Med. Chem., 1993, 36, 831-841). In the case of 2-thiouridine, it has been shown at the dinucleotide level that the highly polorizable sulfur stabilizes the C3′-endo sugar conformation as well as the stacking interactions with the neighboring nucleotides and imparts stronger hydrogen bonding due to the increased acidity of the N-3 imino proton. The heteroduplexes containing the northern biased modifications showed significantly slower site-specific cleavage rates for the ribonucleotide opposing the modification (position 0). Further, these modified heteroduplexes also exhibited significantly slower site-specific cleavage rates for the adjacent 3′-ribonucleotide, i.e., position +1, while little to no reduction for the site-specific cleavage rates was observed for the adjacent 5′-ribonucleotide, i.e., position −1, thus these modifications appear to be influencing the structure of the adjacent base-pairs in a unidirectional manner. The Role of the Minor Groove Substituents In contrast to northern biased deoxyribonucleotides, modified deoxyribonucleotides exhibiting a southern biased sugar pucker more closely mimic the sugar conformation of native deoxyribonucleotides. The effects of southern biased deoxyribonucleotide modifications on RNase H1 activity have not been previously investigated. Heteroduplexes containing the 2′-methylthiothymidine modification were poor substrates for human RNase H1 exhibiting significantly slower initial cleavage rates (V0) and site-specific cleavage rates for both the opposing and adjacent ribonucleotides. The 2′-methylthiothymidine nucleoside is highly southern biased as a result of the electronegativity and steric bulk of the 2′-substituent. The 2′-methylthio substituent potentially poses a similar steric problem for the enzyme as the 2′-alkoxy moieties and may account for the observed loss in human RNase H1 activity. In contrast, the pseudouridine modification had little to no effect on cleavage rates. These data suggest that, consistent with the predicted binding model, human RNase H1 is likely interacting with the minor groove of the heteroduplex substrate and that a low energy barrier for interconversion of the sugar conformation is preferred. The Role of the Deoxyribonucleotide Phosphate Groups Heteroduplexes containing the 4′-methylthymidine modifications were less effective substrates for human RNase H1 exhibiting initial cleavage rates 2 to 3-fold slower than the unmodified heteroduplex. The 4′-methylthymidine inhibited the human RNase H1 cleavage of the ribonucleotide opposing the modification and the adjacent 3′-ribonucleotides. The site-specific rates for the adjacent 5′-ribonucleotides were significantly reduced compared to the unmodified substrate. In contrast, the heteroduplexes containing the 3′-methyl modified deoxyribonucleotide, which have been shown to exhibit a sugar conformation similar to the 4′-methyl nucleosides, were significantly better substrates for human RNase H1. The observed differences in the human RNase H1 activity for the 4′-methylthymidine and 3′-methylthymidine heteroduplexes may be a function of the position of the 4′-methyl moiety on the furansose ring, which is predicted to contribute bulk in the minor groove potentially interfering with enzyme binding (Detmer, et. al., Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1837-1846). Furthermore, the loss inhuman RNase H1 activity observed for the 4′-methylthymidine heteroduplexes suggests that proper orientation of the phosphate group on the deoxyribonucleotide opposing the scissile ribonucleotide is important for human RNase H1 activity. Optimal Modification Mimic the Conformation of Deoxyribonucleotides The nucleotide modifications predicted to mimic the sugar pucker of the deoxyribonucleotide of an RNA/DNA heteroduplex, (e.g., heteroduplexes containing the 2′-ara-fluoropyrimidines and pseudouridine modifications) exhibited cleavage rates comparable to the rates observed for the unmodified substrate. The 2′-ara-fluoro modification has been shown by NMR to form the eastern O4′-endo sugar conformation similar to DNA when hybridized to RNA (Denissov, et. al., Nucleic Acids Res. 2001, 29, 4284-4293). In addition, the size and position of the 2′-ara-substituent, i.e., the fluorine is directed upward and away from the minor groove, is predicted not to sterically interfere with the enzyme. In the case of the pseudouridine, the NMR structure indicated a modestly higher southern sugar pucker population for the nucleoside due to the influence of the torsion angle of the C—C glycosyl bond and the C1′ and C2′ bond (Parikh, et. al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2000, 10, 5083-5088.) Furthermore, the CD spectrum for RNA/pseudouridine and DNA/pseudouridine duplexes showed, respectively, an RNA-like C3′-endo and DNA-like C2′-endo sugar pucker for the pseudouridine deoxyribonucleotides suggesting that pseudouridine exhibits a conformational flexibility comparable to DNA (See Trapane, et. al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 8412-8413 and Hall and McLaughlin, Biochemistry 1991, 30, 1795-1801.) Apparently, both the eastern sugar pucker and conformational flexibility of the deoxyribonucleotide furanose ring are favored by the enzyme, i.e., locking the sugar north or south resulted in slower cleavage rates. Role of Conformational Flexibility within the Catalytic Site of the Heteroduplex Conformational flexibility was introduced at the catalytic site of the heteroduplex substrate with modifications exhibiting incrementally increasing flexibility with the hydrocarbon linkers predicted to exhibit the greatest degree of conformational flexibility followed by abasic and ganciclovir deoxyribonucleotides and the π-stacking deoxyribonucleotides, (e.g., 2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoimidazole, 4-methylbenzoimidazole and 2,4-difluorotoluoyl deoxyribonucleotides). Table XI shows that with increased conformational flexibility at the catalytic site, the initial cleavage rates (V0) and site-specific cleavage rates decreased. For example, the hydrocarbon linkers were predicted to exhibit the greatest degree of conformational flexibility and were among the poorest substrates for RNase H1 activity. The site-specific rates for the ribonucleotide opposing these modification and the surrounding 3′ and 5′-ribonucleotides were either significantly reduced or ablated resulting in initial cleavage rates (V0) approximately two-fold slower than the unmodified substrate. The broad effect on the site-specific rates for the ribonucleotides surrounding the opposing ribonucleotide is likely due to the fact that the conformationally flexible linkers bridge both the 3′ and 5′-deoxyribonucleotides. Interestingly, similar effects on the cleavage rates were observed for all three hydrocarbon linkers even through the linkers ranged in length from three to five carbons with the propyl and pentyl linkers predicted to be, respectively, shorter and longer than the length of the native deoxyribonucleotide linkage and the butyl linker predicted to most closely approximate the intraphosphate distance of the deoxyribonucleotide. The ganciclovir, abasic and tetrahydrofuran modified deoxyribonucleotides were also poor substrates for human RNase H1, although the site-specific cleavage rates for these heteroduplexes were slightly faster than the rates observed for the heteroduplexes containing the hydrocarbon linkers. Taken together these data suggest that a conformationally rigid phosphate backbone is required for human RNase H1 activity. Furthermore, the slight improvement in the cleavage rates observed for the ganciclovir and abasic modifications compared with the hydrocarbon linkers suggests that the furanose ring of the abasic deoxyribonucleotide and hydrogen bond base-pair formation of the ganciclovir modification likely offer modest conformational rigidity to the substrate. In contrast, the Π-stacking deoxyribonucleotides, 2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoimidazole, 4-methylbenzoimidazole and 2,4-difluorotoluoyl deoxyribonucleotides better supported human RNase H1 activity. Comparable initial cleavage rates and site-specific cleavage rates were observed for these heteroduplexes compared to the unmodified substrate. Interestingly, the site-specific cleavage rates for the second 3′-ribonucleotide were significantly slower suggesting that a stable hydrogen bond base-pair is required two base-pairs 5′ to the scissile phosphate. The fact that the Π-stacking deoxyribonucleotides exhibited comparable site-specific cleavage rates for the ribonucleotide opposing the modification compared to the unmodified substrate suggests that these modifications likely form favorable stacking interactions resulting in a stable helical conformation. In fact, previous studies have shown that the 2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoimidazole deoxyribonucleotide was an effective substitute of native deoxyribonucleotides and this modification was shown to act as an efficient template for replicating DNA with KF(exo)-polymerase (Moran, et. al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2056-2057). Interactions Between Enzyme and Substrate at the Catalytic Site The interactions between RNase H1 and the heteroduplex substrate at the catalytic site has been inferred by molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis of E. coli and human RNase H1 as well as the crystal structure of the E. coli enzyme (Iwai, et. al., FEBS Letters 1995, 368, 315-320). Specifically, site-directed mutagenesis suggests that the glutamine at position 72 of the E. coli enzyme forms a hydrogen bond with the 2′-hydroxyl of the ribonucleotide at position −1 and that the backbone imino and carbonyl groups of cysteine-13 function as proton donor and acceptor, respectively, in the hydrogen bonding interaction with the 2′-hydroxyl of the ribonucleotide at position +1. The asparagine-16 and asparagine-44 residues of the enzyme were suggested to bind electrostatically with the phosphates of, respectively, the deoxyribonucleotides opposing the scissile ribonucleotide and the ribonucleotide at position −1. The aspartic acid residues at positions 10 and 70 were predicted to bind the 2′-hydroxyl of the scissile ribonucleotide via Mg2+ ion coordination. Finally, these amino acid residues are conserved in human RNase H1 and have been shown by site-directed mutagenesis to be required for activity. The loss of human RNase H1 activity observed for the heteroduplexes containing southern biased 2′-methylthiothymidine modification as well as the lack of cleavage observed for the northern biased 2′-alkoxy modified heteroduplexes is consistent with the predicted binding site for the enzyme (see Lima and Crooke, Biochemistry 1997, 36, 390-398, Wu, et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274, 28270-28278 and Katayangi, et. al., Proteins: Sruct., Funct., Genet. 1993, 17, 337-346). Together, these data suggest that, irrespective of sugar conformation, bulky 2′-substituents positioned in the minor groove of the heteroduplex substrate interfere with human RNase H1 cleavage. Similarly, the 2-thio substitution of 2-thiouridine is predicted to be situated within the minor groove of the heteroduplex and the slower cleavage rates observed for these heteroduplexes may be the result of the sulfur either interfering with the enzyme sterically or as a result of it's strong electronegative properties. The modified heteroduplexes examined here suggest that the width of the minor groove of the heteroduplex substrate is important for RNase H1 catalysis and that variations in minor groove width as a function of sugar pucker appear to obviate the proper positioning of the enzyme on the heteroduplex substrate. For example, the heteroduplexes containing the 2′-ara-fluoro deoxyribonucleotides, which produce a minor groove width comparable to the RNA/DNA heteroduplex, exhibited comparable human RNase H1 cleavage rates. On the other hand, deoxyribonucleotide modifications exhibiting a northern biased sugar conformation, (e.g., 2′-thiothymidine) reduced human RNase H1 activity. Consequently, the wider minor groove generated by these modifications likely precludes the associated metal ion coordination of the enzyme with the 2′-hydroxyl of the scissile ribonucleotide and electrostatic interaction with the phosphate of the modified deoxyribonucleotide. Similarly, a wider minor groove could account for the observed reduction in the site-specific rates for the adjacent 3′-ribonucleotide by preventing the formation of the putative hydrogen bond between the enzyme and the 2′-hydroxyl of the ribonucleotide at position +1 and the electrostatic interaction with the phosphate of the opposing deoxyribonucleotide. Consistent with these observations and the proposed model for the interaction of the enzyme with the heteroduplex substrate at the catalytic site, the significantly slower cleavage rates observed for the 4′-methylthymidine heteroduplexes suggest that proper positioning of the deoxyribonucleotide phosphate opposing the scissile ribonucleotide is critical for human RNase H1 cleavage. In addition, these observations suggest that the human RNase H1 activity associated with the deoxyribonucleotides exhibiting the northern verses southern biased sugar conformations is likely the result of differences in the relative positions of the inter- and intranucleotide phosphates on the heteroduplex substrate. Lastly, the cleavage rates observed for the 3′-methylthymidine modified heteroduplexes suggest minor groove widths that are narrower than the RNA/DNA heteroduplex are tolerated better than are wider minor grooves by human RNase H1. Conformational flexibility of the deoxyribose also appears to be an important structural feature of the heteroduplex substrate for human RNase H1 activity. The preferred eastern O4′-endo sugar pucker observed for the DNA strand of the heteroduplex is the result of the nearly symmetrical potential energy barrier for both south and north sugar conformations exhibited by deoxyribonucleotides. Both the pseudouridine and 2′-arafluoro-deoxyribonucleotides exhibit conformational flexibility in the sugar and the heteroduplexes containing these modifications showed cleavage rates comparable to the unmodified substrate. Furthermore, modifications exhibiting strong conformationally biased sugars, (e.g., 2′-fluoro-deoxyribonucleotides) were less efficiently cleaved by the enzyme. Whereas conformational flexibility of the deoxyribose was preferred, flexibility in the in the phosphate backbone of the DNA strand inhibited human RNase H1 activity. Modifications such as the hydrocarbon linkers and abasic deoxyribonucleotides that permit free rotation of the phosphate moiety were shown to inhibit human RNase H1 activity. Again these data suggest that proper positioning the phosphate groups of the deoxyribonucleotide, presumably for electrostatic contact with the enzyme, is essential for human RNase H1 catalysis. The cleavage rates observed for the π-stacking deoxyribonucleotides suggest that stable base-stacking independent of hydrogen bond formation between the bases at the catalytic site appeared to offer sufficient rigidity to the phosphate backbone. Taken together these data suggest that variation in sugar conformation is significantly better tolerated by human RNase H1 than conformational flexibility in the phosphate backbone. Previous studies have shown that nucleotides exhibiting conformationally based sugars can bias the sugar conformation of the surrounding deoxyribonucleotides. For example, the NMR structures of chimeric RNA-DNA/RNA heteroduplexes show that the deoxyribonucleotides adjacent to the RNA of the chimeric strand adopt the northern pucker of the RNA (Zhu, et. al., Biochemistry 1995, 34, 2372-2380). The transmission the northern sugar conformation of the RNA into the adjacent deoxyribonucleotides is likely due the intrinsically flexible nature of the deoxyribose sugar. Furthermore, these data suggest that modifications resulting in higher conformationally biased sugar populations would have a greater influence on the structure of the surrounding deoxyribonucleotides and consequently a greater impact on human RNase H1 activity. The impact of the highly northern biased 2′-fluoro deoxyribonucleotide modification on the human RNase H1 activity of the surrounding ribonucleotides shown here, suggests that conformational transmission exhibits a modest influence on human RNase H1 activity compared to other factors such as steric bulk in the minor groove and conformational flexibility within the phosphate backbone. It is important to note that the heteroduplexes examined here contained single nucleotide substitutions with a conformationally biased sugar. It has also been observed that substituting contiguous stretches of modified nucleotides with conformationally biased sugars exhibits a greater influence on the human RNase H1 activity against adjacent deoxyribonucleotides. The structure of human RNase H1 shows that in addition to the catalytic domain shared with the E. coli homolog, human RNase H1 contains an RNA-binding domain at the N-terminus of the protein (Wu, Lima and Crooke, Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 1998, 8, 53-61) Human RNase H1 appears to identify the first 3′-DNA/5′-RNA base pair to achieve the proper positioning of the catalytic domain slightly less than one helical turn from the RNA-binding domain (Lima, et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 49860-49867). Only when the enzyme is bound at the correct site and the helical geometry is appropriate will the catalytic unit be positioned appropriately to cleave the RNA. As a result, altering the local helical geometry, (e.g., altering the minor groove width or the inter- and intranucleotide phosphate distances) at the catalytic site on the heteroduplex may have a global effect on the precise positioning of the catalytic region with respect to the RNA-binding domain of human RNase H1 required for catalysis. Because the enzyme is predicted to position the catalytic domain 3′ on the RNA relative to the RNA-binding domain, consistent with the results presented here, a local change in duplex geometry at the catalytic site on the substrate would impair the human RNase H1 activity at the adjacent 3′-ribonucleotides to the modification. Implications for the Design of Antisense Oligonucleotides The demonstration that human RNase H1 plays a dominant role in the activities of DNA-like ASOs suggests that additional studies that explore the substrate preferences, enzymology, and regulatory processes for RNase H1 should support improved design of antisense agents. The demonstration that increases in RNase H1 activity correlated with increases in potency suggests that recruitment of RNase H1 to the ASO-RNA duplex and/or cleavage of the RNA by the enzyme is limiting for ASO activity. Any strategy that would improve these processes should improve ASO potency. We have shown that chimeric ASOs containing 2′methoxyethoxy nucleotides in the wings and deoxyribonucleotides in the gap demonstrably enhance affinity for the target RNA and the nuclease stability. Despite the dramatic enhancement in binding affinity and nuclease stability, these chimeric ASOs only increase potency by 5 to 10-fold. This is due to a significant reduction in the catalytic efficiency of RNase H1 for these substrates. Thus strategies to enhance the interaction of human RNase H1 with the chimeric ASO-RNA complex are essential to increasing the potencies of this class of ASOs. In that regard, the results presented here suggest that the preferred properties for the modified oligodeoxyribonucleotide include: 1) a conformationally flexible sugar producing an O4′-endo pucker when hybridized to RNA; 2) no sterically bulky 2′-substituents; and 3) a conformationally rigid phosphate backbone. Clearly, the 2′-ara-fluoro, pseudouridine, 3′-methyl and π-stacking modified deoxyribonucleotides exhibit many of these qualities. In light of the fact that none of the modifications tested were shown to enhance human RNase H1 activity compared with native deoxyribonucleotides and that these modification offer no clear advantage over native deoxyribonucleotides with respect to either duplex stability or nuclease resistance, other strategies to improve the potency ASO should be considered. For example, the calculated placement of these modifications in chimeric ASOs may be an effective means to improve human RNase H1 activity by potentially blocking the conformational transmission of 2′-alkoxy deoxyribonucleotide into the deoxyribonucleotide region of the chimeric ASO. Example 6 Additional Turnover Kinetic Studies 20-mer phosphate linked, oligonucleotides were prepared, of sequence AGTTTAGGTCTCCGATCGTC (SEQ ID NO:2; where A is 2′-MOE-A, G is 2′-MOE-G, T is 2′-MOE-T, and C is 2′-MOE-C.) Each oligonucleotide incorporated one or two transition nucleotides positioned at the junction, or junctions, between regions of nucleotides comprising a particular sugar conformation and another region of nucleotides comprising a different sugar conformation. The modifications are indicated below, where (x) shows the position of the modification for the respective oligodeoxyribonucleotide (positions are numbered 5′→3′ on the oligodeoxyribonucleotide.) T4 AGTxTAGGTCTCCGATCGTC T5 AGTTxAGGTCTCCGATCGTC A6 AGTTTxGGTCTCCGATCGTC G7 AGTTTAxGTCTCCGATCGTC G8 AGTTTAGxTCTCCGATCGTC C13 AGTTTAGGTCTCxGATCGTC G14 AGTTTAGGTCTCCxATCGTC A15 AGTTTAGGTCTCCGxTCGTC T16 AGTTTAGGTCTCCGAxCGTC C17 AGTTTAGGTCTCCGATxGTC A6-T16 AGTTTxGGTCTCCGAxCGTC The heteroduplex substrate containing the oligonucleotides were prepared as described in example 4, and the turnover kinetics determined as described in example 5. The results are shown below in table XII. TABLE XII Relative cleavage rates for modified heteroduplex substrates Mod V0 Ratio ISIS# Mod Position mod/unmod 366696 I T4 1.23 359469 I T5 0.77 366694 P T5 1.49 359473 I A6 1.93 366695 P A6 1.35 366697 I G7 2.02 366698 I G8 1.09 366701 I C13 1.48 366700 I G14 0.66 359471 I A15 0.88 359470 I T16 1.69 366699 I C17 1.06 366702 I A6-T16 1.50 I = tetrafluoroindole P = 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorophenyl Example 7 Inhibition of PTEN mRNA Expression in Mouse Brain Endothelial Cells by Tetrafluoroindole and N-3-methyl-2′-MOE-thymidine Modified Oligonucleotides The mouse brain endothelial cell line b.END was obtained from Dr. Werner Risau at the Max Plank Institute (Bad Nauheim, Germany). b.END cells were routinely cultured in DMEM, high glucose (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached approximately 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3872) at a density of approximately 3000 cells/well for use in oligomeric compound transfection experiments. 20-mer phosphorothioate linked oligonucleotides, targeted to PTEN, of sequence CTGCTAGCCTCTGGATTTGA (SEQ ID NO:3, where A is 2′-MOE-A, G is 2′-MOE-G, T is 2′-MOE-T, and C is 2′-MOE-C), were prepared. Each oligonucleotide of the present invention incorporated one or two transition nucleotides positioned at the junction, or junctions, between regions of nucleotides comprising a particular sugar conformation and another region of nucleotides comprising a different sugar conformation. The oligonucleotides and the parent oligonucleotide ISIS 116847, (SEQ ID #3), containing no transition nucleotides (for comparison purposes) were tested in dose-response studies. Mouse brain endothelial cells were transfected with 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 and 0.5 nM of oligonucleotide using 3 ug/ml LIPOFECTIN™ per 100 nM oligonucleotide in OPTIMEM™ for 4 hrs. Media was exchanged and cells were incubated for 1 day. RNA was harvested, purified, and analyzed by real-time PCR for PTEN and cyclophilin levels. Target levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR using the ABI PRISM™ 7600, 7700, or 7900 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) according to manufacturer's instructions. This is a closed-tube, non-gel-based, fluorescence detection system which allows high-throughput quantitation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products in real-time. As opposed to standard PCR in which amplification products are quantitated after the PCR is completed, products in real-time quantitative PCR are quantitated as they accumulate. This is accomplished by including in the PCR reaction an oligonucleotide probe that anneals specifically between the forward and reverse PCR primers, and contains two fluorescent dyes. A reporter dye (e.g., FAM or JOE, obtained from either PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa) is attached to the 5′ end of the probe and a quencher dye (e.g., TAMRA, obtained from either PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa) is attached to the 3′ end of the probe. When the probe and dyes are intact, reporter dye emission is quenched by the proximity of the 3′ quencher dye. During amplification, annealing of the probe to the target sequence creates a substrate that can be cleaved by the 5′-exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase. During the extension phase of the PCR amplification cycle, cleavage of the probe by Taq polymerase releases the reporter dye from the remainder of the probe (and hence from the quencher moiety) and a sequence-specific fluorescent signal is generated. With each cycle, additional reporter dye molecules are cleaved from their respective probes, and the fluorescence intensity is monitored at regular intervals by laser optics built into the ABI PRISM™ Sequence Detection System. In each assay, a series of parallel reactions containing serial dilutions of mRNA from untreated control samples generates a standard curve that is used to quantitate the percent inhibition after antisense oligonucleotide treatment of test samples. Prior to quantitative PCR analysis, primer-probe sets specific to PTEN are evaluated for their ability to be “multiplexed” with a GAPDH amplification reaction. In multiplexing, both the target gene and the internal standard gene GAPDH are amplified concurrently in a single sample. In this analysis, mRNA isolated from untreated cells is serially diluted. Each dilution is amplified in the presence of primer-probe sets specific for GAPDH only, target gene only (“single-plexing”), or both (multiplexing). Following PCR amplification, standard curves of GAPDH and target mRNA signal as a function of dilution are generated from both the single-plexed and multiplexed samples. If both the slope and correlation coefficient of the GAPDH and target signals generated from the multiplexed samples fall within 10% of their corresponding values generated from the single-plexed samples, the primer-probe set specific for that target is deemed multiplexable. Other methods of PCR are also known in the art. After isolation the RNA is subjected to sequential reverse transcriptase (RT) reaction and real-time PCR, both of which are performed in the same well. PCR reagents were obtained from Invitrogen Corporation, (Carlsbad, Calif.). RT, real time-PCR reactions were carried out by adding 20 μL PCR cocktail (2.5×PCR buffer minus MgCl2, 6.6 mM MgCl2, 375 μM each of dATP, dCTP, dCTP and dGTP, 375 nM each of forward primer and reverse primer, 125 nM of probe, 4 Units RNAse inhibitor, 1.25 Units PLATINUM® Taq, 5 Units MuLV reverse transcriptase, and 2.5×ROX dye) to 96-well plates containing 30 μL total RNA solution (20-200 ng). The RT reaction was carried out by incubation for 30 minutes at 48° C. Following a 10 minute incubation at 95° C. to activate the PLATINUM® Taq, 40 cycles of a two-step PCR protocol were carried out: 95° C. for 15 seconds (denaturation) followed by 60° C. for 1.5 minutes (annealing/extension). Gene target quantities obtained by real time RT-PCR are normalized using either the expression level of GAPDH or cyclophilin, genes whose expression is constant, or by quantifying total RNA using RiboGreen™ (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, Oreg.). GAPDH expression is quantified by real time RT-PCR, by being run simultaneously with the target, multiplexing, or separately. Total RNA is quantified using RiboGreen™ RNA quantification reagent (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, Oreg.). Methods of RNA quantification by RiboGreen™ are taught in Jones, L. J., et al, (Analytical Biochemistry, 1998, 265, 368-374). In this assay, 170 μL of RiboGreen™ working reagent (RiboGreen™ reagent diluted 1:350 in 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) is pipetted into a 96-well plate containing 30 μL purified, cellular RNA. The plate is read in a CytoFluor 4000 (PE Applied Biosystems) with excitation at 485 nm and emission at 530 nm. PCR results were normalized to the ubiquitously expressed mouse cyclophilin. Probes and primers to mouse PTEN were designed to hybridize to a mouse PTEN sequence, using published sequence information (incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO:4, GENBANK accession number: U92437.1; GGCGCCCTGCTCTCCCGGCGGGGCGGCGGAGGGGGCGGGCTGGCCGGCGC ACGGTGATGTGGCGGGACTCTTTGTGCACTGCGGCAGGATACGCGCTTGG GCGTCGGGACGCGGCTGCGCTCAGCTCTCTCCTCTCGGAAGCTGCAGCCA TGATGGAAGTTTGAGAGTTGAGCCGCTGTGAGGCCAGGCCCGGCGCAGGC GAGGGAGATGAGAGACGGCGGCGGCCACGGCCCAGAGCCCCTCTCAGCGC CTGTGAGCAGCCGCGGGGGCAGCGCCCTCGGGGAGCCGGCCGGGCGGCGG CGGCGGCAGCGGCGGCGGGCCTCGCCTCCTCGTCGTCTGTTCTAACCGGG CAGCTTCTGAGCAGCTTCGGAGAGAGACGGTGGAAGAAGCCGTGGGCTCG AGCGGGAGCCGGCGCAGGCTCGGCGGCTGCACCTCCCGCTCCTGGAGCGG GGGGGAGAAGCGGCGGCGGCGGCCGCGGCTCCGGGGAGGGGGTCGGAGTC GCCTGTCACCATTGCCAGGGCTGGGAACGCCGGAGAGTTGCTCTCTCCCC TTCTCCTGCCTCCAACACGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCACGTCCAGGGACCC GGGCCGGTGTTAAGCCTCCCGTCCGCCGCCGCCGCACCCCCCCTGGCCCG GGCTCCGGAGGCCGCCGGAGGAGGCAGCCGCTGCGAGGATTATCCGTCTT CTCCCCATTCCGCTGCCTCGGCTGCCAGGCCTCTGGCTGCTGAGGAGAAG CAGGCCCAGTCTCTGCAACCATCCAGCAGCCGCCGCAGCAGCCATTACCC GGCTGCGGTCCAGGGCCAAGCGGCAGCAGAGCGAGGGGCATCAGCGACCG CCAAGTCCAGAGCCATTTCCATCCTGCAGAAGAAGCCTCGCCACCAGCAG CTTCTGCCATCTCTCTCCTCCTTTTTCTTCAGCCACAGGCTCCCAGACAT GACAGCCATCATCAAAGAGATCGTTAGCAGAAACAAAAGGAGATATCAAG AGGATGGATTCGACTTAGACTTGACCTATATTTATCCAAATATTATTGCT ATGGGATTTCCTGCAGAAAGACTTGAAGGTGTATACAGGAACAATATTGA TGATGTAGTAAGGTTTTTGGATTCAAAGCATAAAAACCATTACAAGATAT ACAATCTATGTGCTGAGAGACATTATGACACCGCCAAATTTAACTGCAGA GTTGCACAGTATCCTTTTGAAGACCATAACCCACCACAGCTAGAACTTAT CAAACCCTTCTGTGAAGATCTTGACCAATGGCTAAGTGAAGATGACAATC ATGTTGCAGCAATTCACTGTAAAGCTGGAAAGGGACGGACTGGTGTAATG ATTTGTGCATATTTATTGCATCGGGGCAAATTTTTAAAGGCACAAGAGGC CCTAGATTTTTATGGGGAAGTAAGGACCAGAGACAAAAAGGGAGTCACAA TTCCCAGTCAGAGGCGCTATGTATATTATTATAGCTACCTGCTAAAAAAT CACCTGGATTACAGACCCGTGGCACTGCTGTTTCACAAGATGATGTTTGA AACTATTCCAATGTTCAGTGGCGGAACTTGCAATCCTCAGTTTGTGGTCT GCCAGCTAAAGGTGAAGATATATTCCTCCAATTCAGGACCCACGCGGCGG GAGGACAAGTTCATGTACTTTGAGTTCCCTCAGCCATTGCCTGTGTGTGG TGATATCAAAGTAGAGTTCTTCCACAAACAGAACAAGATGCTCAAAAAGG ACAAAATGTTTCACTTTTGGGTAAATACGTTCTTCATACCAGGACCAGAG GAAACCTCAGAAAAAGTGGAAAATGGAAGTCTTTGTGATCAGGAAATCGA TAGCATTTGCAGTATAGAGCGTGCAGATAATGACAAGGAGTATCTTGTAC TCACCCTAACAAAAAACGATCTTGACAAAGCAAACAAAGACAAGGCCAAC CGATACTTCTCTCCAAATTTTAAGGTGAAACTATACTTTACAAAAACAGT AGAGGAGCCATCAAATCCAGAGGCTAGCAGTTCAACTTCTGTGACTCCAG ATGTTAGTGACAATGAACCTGATCATTATAGATATTCTGACACCACTGAC TCTGATCCAGAGAATGAACCTTTTGATGAAGATCAGCATTCACAAATTAC AAAAGTCTGA). For mouse PTEN the PCR primers were: forward primer: (SEQ ID NO:5) ATGACAATCATGTTGCAGCAATTC reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO:6) CGATGCAATAAATATGCACAAATCA and the PCR probe was: (SEQ ID NO:7) FAM-CTGTAAAGCTGGAAAGGGACGGACTGGT-TAMRA where FAM is the fluorescent dye and TAMRA is the quencher dye. Untreated cells served as the control to which data were normalized. Data were averaged from [# experiments] experiments. The IC50, or concentration of oligonucleotide which yields a 50% reduction in mRNA expression, was calculated and is presented in Table XIII. TABLE XIII IC50 values for oligonucleotide inhibition of PTEN mRNA in mouse brain endothelial cells SEQ ID IC50 ISIS# Sequence (5′ → 3′) NO: (nM) 116847 CTGCTAGCCTCTGGATTTGA 3 3 376718 CTGITAGCCTCTGGATTTGA 15 37 376719 CTGCIAGCCTCTGGATTTGA 16 13 376720 CTGCTIGCCTCTGGATTTGA 17 13 376721 CTGCTAICCTCTGGATTTGA 18 10 376722 CTGCTAGICTCTGGATTTGA 19 10 376723 CTGCTAGCCICTGGATTTGA 20 5 376727 CTGCNAGCCTCTGGATTTGA 21 14 376713 CTGCTAGCCTCTGGATITGA 22 4 376714 CTGCTAGCCTCTGGAITTGA 23 8 376715 CTGCTAGCCTCTGGITTTGA 24 5 376716 CTGCTAGCCTCTGIATTTGA 25 5 376717 CTGCTAGCCTCTIGATTTGA 26 8 376724 CTGCIAGCCTCTGGITTTGA 27 19 376726 CTGCTAGCCTCTGGANTTGA 28 6 I = tetrafluoroindole N = N-3-methyl-2′-MOE-thymidine These data demonstrate that these compounds inhibited mouse brain endothelial PTEN mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. Example 8 Inhibition of PTEN mRNA Expression in Mouse Brain Endothelial Cells by a 4-methyl-1H-benzimidazole Modified Oligonucleotide Three ASOs were prepared as described in the above examples and their inhibition of PTEN mRNA expression in mouse brain endothelial cells was examined as described above in example 7. Mouse brain endothelial cells were transfected with 100, 50, 25, 10, 5 and 1 nM of oligonucleotide. ISIS 141923, a 20-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide of sequence CCTTCCCTGAAGGTTCCTCC (SEQ ID NO:8, where C=2′-MOE-5-methyl-C and T=2′-MOE-T) is a “mismatch” to the PTEN target, and was used as a control compound. ISIS116847, a 20-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide of sequence CTGCTAGCCTCTGGATTTGA (SEQ ID NO:3, where C=2′-MOE-5-methyl-C, T=2′-MOE-T and G=2′-MOE-G) is the parent active compound, complimentary to PTEN. ISIS362257, a 20-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide of sequence CTGCTAGCCTCTGGATTTGA (SEQ ID NO:3, where C=2′-MOE-5-methyl-C, T=2′-MOE-T, G=2′-MOE-G and A=4-methyl-1H-Benzimidazole) corresponds to ISIS116847, its parent unmodified analog, and contains a transition nucleotide at position 15, where the A base has been replaced with 4-methyl-1H-Benzimidazole. Data are averages from [# experiments] experiments, and are summarized in Table XIV. Where present, n.d. indicates “not determined”. TABLE XIV Inhibition of PTEN mRNA expression in mouse brain endothelial cells % Inhibition Dose of oligonucleotide ISIS # SEQ ID # 1 nM 5 nM 10 nM 25 nM 50 nM 100 nM 141923 8 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 111 100 362257 3 82 81 85 62 46 33 116847 3 69 34 17 15 14 18 These data demonstrate that ISIS 141923 (control) showed no effect on mouse brain endothelial PTEN mRNA expression, and ISIS362257 and ISIS116847 inhibited b.End PTEN mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. Example 9 In Vivo Inhibition of PTEN mRNA Expression in Mouse Liver by Tetrafluoroindole Modified Oligonucleotides In accordance with the present invention, four antisense compounds described in example 7 were investigated for their activity in vivo. ISIS 141923 (CCTTCCCTGAAGGTTCCTCC, SEQ ID NO:8) served as a control compound, having no complementary base sequence to the PTEN target. It is a chimeric oligonucleotide (“gapmer”) 20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central “gap” region consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by five-nucleotide “wings”. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide and all cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidine. ISIS116847 (CTGCTAGCCTCTGGATTTGA, SEQ ID NO:3) served as the parent unmodified control compound and is also a chimeric oligonucleotide (“gapmer”) 20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central “gap” region consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by five-nucleotide “wings”. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide and all cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidine. This compound is complementary to the PTEN target. ISIS376715, a compound of the present invention, is a chimeric oligonucleotide (“gapmer”) 20 nucleotides in length, of the same sequence as its parent analog (ISIS116847, SEQ ID NO:3) additionally containing a transition nucleotide at position 15, where the A base has been replaced with tetrafluoroindole. Similar to its parent analog, it is composed of a central “gap” region consisting, however of nine 2′-deoxynucleotides (the tenth being replaced with the transition nucleotide), which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by five-nucleotide “wings”. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide and all cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidine. ISIS376716 also a compound of the present invention, is a chimeric oligonucleotide (“gapmer”) 20 nucleotides in length, of the same sequence as its parent analog (ISIS116847, SEQ ID NO:3) additionally containing a transition nucleotide at position 14, where the G base has been replaced with tetrafluoroindole. Similar to its parent analog, it is composed of a central “gap” region consisting, however of nine 2′-deoxynucleotides (the tenth being replaced with the transition nucleotide), which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by five-nucleotide “wings”. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide and all cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidine. Male 6-week old Balb/c mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) were given intraperitoneal injections of ISIS141923, ISIS116847, ISIS376715 or ISIS376716 at a dose of 4, 2, or 1 umoles/kg, twice per week for two weeks. Saline-injected animals also served as a control. Each treatment group contained XX animals. The mice were sacrificed 2 days following administration of the fourth and final dose of oligonucleotide or saline. Mice were evaluated for PTEN mRNA levels in kidney, which were determined by quantitative real-time PCR as described in the above examples. The data are expressed as percent PTEN mRNA expression relative to saline treated animals and are shown in Table XV. TABLE XV in vivo inhibition of PTEN mRNA expression % PTEN mRNA expression, relative to saline Dose ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS (umol/kg) 141923 116847 376715 376716 4 110 28 31 34 2 n.d. 24 55 52 14 n.d. 58 77 64 These data illustrate that antisense compounds containing transition nucleotides inhibit the expression of PTEN mRNA in mouse liver. It is intended that each of the patents, applications, and printed publications including books mentioned in this patent document be hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, numerous changes and modifications may be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention without departing from the spirit of the invention. It is intended that all such variations fall within the scope of the invention.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>RNase H hydrolyzes RNA in RNA-DNA hybrids. RNase H activity appears to be ubiquitous in eukaryotes and bacteria. Although RNases H constitute a family of proteins of varying molecular weight, the nucleolytic activity and substrate requirements appear to be similar for the various isotypes. For example, all RNases H studied to date function as endonucleases exhibiting limited sequence specificity and requiring divalent cations (e.g., Mg 2+ , Mn 2+ ) to produce cleavage products with 5′-phosphate and 3′-hydroxyl termini. Recently, two human RNase H genes have been cloned and expressed. RNase H1 is a 286 amino acid protein and is expressed ubiquitously in human cells and tissues. The amino acid sequence of human RNase H1 displays strong homology with RNase H1 from yeast, chicken, E. coli and mouse. Human RNase H2 shares strong amino acid sequence homology with RNase H2 from C. elegans , yeast and E. coli . Although the biological roles for the human enzymes are not fully understood, RNase H2 appears to be involved in de novo DNA replication and RNase H1 has been shown in mice to be important for mitochondrial DNA replication. The structure of human RNase H1 was shown to consist of a 73 amino acid region homologous with the RNA-binding domain of yeast RNase H1 at the amino-terminus of the protein and separated from the catalytic domain by a 62 amino acid spacer region. The catalytic domain is highly conserved with the amino acid sequences of other RNase H1 proteins and contains the key catalytic and substrate binding residues required for activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of human RNase H1 revealed that the spacer region was required for RNase H activity. Although the RNA-binding domain was shown not to be required for RNase H activity, this region was responsible for the enhanced binding affinity of the human enzyme for the heteroduplex substrate as well as the strong positional preference for cleavage exhibited by the enzyme. The RNA-binding domain of human RNase H1 is conserved in other eukaryotic RNases H1 and the highly conserved lysines at positions 59 and 60 of human RNase H1 have been shown to be important for binding to the heteroduplex substrate. The conserved tryptophan at position 43 was responsible for properly positioning the enzyme on the substrate for catalysis. Human RNase H1 exhibits a strong positional preference for cleavage, i.e., human RNase H1 cleaves the heteroduplex substrate between 7 to 12 nucleotides from the 5′-RNA/3′-DNA terminus. Based on site-directed mutagenesis of both human RNase H1 and the heteroduplex substrate, the RNA-binding domain was shown to be responsible for the observed positional preference for cleavage. The RNA-binding domain of human RNase H1 appeared to bind to the 3′-DNA/5′-RNA pole of the heteroduplex substrate with the catalytic site of the enzyme positioned slightly less than one helical turn from the RNA-binding domain. Substitution of either the terminal 3′-DNA with a single ribonucleotide or 5′-RNA with a 2′-methoxyethoxy deoxyribonucleotide was shown to cause a concomitant 3′-shift of the first 5′-cleavage site on the RNA, suggesting that altering duplex geometry interferes with proper positioning of the enzyme on the heteroduplex for cleavage. Although the interaction between the RNA-binding domain and the heteroduplex substrate has been characterized, the mechanism by which the catalytic domain of RNase H1 recognizes the substrate has not been fully elucidated. Human RNase H1 is a nuclease that cleaves RNA exclusively in an RNA/DNA duplex via a double-strand DNase cleavage mechanism. Neither double-strand RNA (dsRNA) or DNA (dsDNA) duplexes support RNase H1 activity. The observed structural differences between the RNA/DNA heteroduplex and dsRNA and dsDNA duplexes suggest a possible role for the helical geometry and the sugar conformation of the DNA and RNA in the selective cleavage of the heteroduplex substrate by human RNase H1. Specifically, the deoxyribonucleotides within dsDNA form a southern C 2′ -endo sugar conformation resulting in a B-form helical conformation, whereas ribonucleotides within dsRNA form a northern C 3′ -endo pucker and an A-form helical geometry. In contrast, the deoxyribonucleotides of the RNA/DNA heteroduplex have been shown to adopt an eastern O 4′ -endo sugar pucker resulting in a helical conformation where the RNA strand adopts A-form geometry and the DNA strand shares both the A- and B-form helical conformations. The conformational diversity observed for the DNA strand is likely a function of the intrinsic flexibility of the deoxyribonucleotide compared to RNA, and may also be important for human RNase H1 activity. DNA also differs from RNA in that the furanose ring of deoxynucleotide is much more flexible, i.e., exhibit a nearly symmetrical potential energy barrier for both south and north sugar conformations. Consistent with these observations, heteroduplexes containing 2′-ara-fluoro deoxyribonucleotides, which have been shown to exhibit a sugar conformation comparable to DNA when hybridized to RNA, have also been shown to support RNase H1 activity. On the other hand, heteroduplexes consisting of RNA/2′-alkoxy modified deoxyribonucleotides, exhibiting C 3′ -endo sugar pucker and an A-form helical geometry when hybridized to RNA do not support human RNase H1 activity. It has previously been shown that both E. coli and human RNases H1 bind A-form duplexes (e.g., RNA/RNA, 2′-methoxyethoxy/RNA and 2′-methoxy/RNA) with comparable affinity to the DNA/RNA heteroduplex substrate but do not cleave the A-form duplexes. In this case, the size and position of the 2′-substituents of RNA and 2′-alkoxy nucleotides suggest possible steric interference with RNase H1 as the 2′-substituents are positioned within the minor groove of the heteroduplex; a region predicted to be the binding site for the enzyme. Alternatively, the sugar conformation and flexibility map play a decisive role in RNase H1 activity. It can be seen that optimizing the cleavage of RNase H targets would be of great benefit. This invention is directed to this, as well as other, important ends.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating the concentration of a targeted RNA molecule in a eukaryotic cell comprising the step of contacting said cell with an oligonucleotide having: a) a first region of nucleotides of one conformation which, when bound to said targeted RNA, forms a substrate for cleavage by an RNase; b) a second region of nucleotides having a different conformation which, when bound to said targeted RNA molecule does not form a substrate for cleavage by an RNase, and c) a transition moiety which modulates the transmission of the conformation of said second region into said first region. In one embodiment of the invention the second region is positioned 5′ to the first region. In other embodiments, the oligonucleotide further comprises a third region of nucleotides having a conformation different than the conformation of said first region, said third region when bound to said targeted RNA molecule does not form a substrate for cleavage by an RNase. In yet other embodiments the third region of nucleotides has a conformation different than the conformation of said first region, said third region is positioned 3′ to said first region and when bound to said targeted RNA molecule does not form a substrate for cleavage by an RNase. In another embodiment, the third region has the same conformation as the second region. In another embodiment of the invention the first region comprises deoxynucleotides. In other embodiments, the second region comprises 2′-O-alkoxyalkyl ribonucleotides, where preferably the 2′-O-alkoxyalkyl ribonucleotides are 2′-O-methoxyethyl ribonucleotides. In some aspects of the invention the internucleotide linkages in the first or second regions are phosphorothioates. In other embodiments the transition moiety is positioned between said first and said second regions and is a region of 2-10 nucleotides comprising at least one modified nucleotide, or flexible hydrocarbon internucleotide linker. In another embodiment of the invention the modified nucleotide is selected from a modified base nucleotide, a modified sugar nucleotide, a modified or unmodified sugar abasic nucleotide, a THF nucleotide, or an acyclic nucleotide. In further embodiments the modified base nucleotide comprises a modified base moiety which does not form hydrogen bonds with the bases of the targeted RNA molecule and can optionally π stack with adjacent bases. In yet other embodiments, the modified base moiety is a universal base, a promiscuous base, a size expanded base or a fluorinated base. In some preferred embodiments, the modified base moiety is tetrafluoroindolyl or a moiety selected from formulas I, II, II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, or IX. In other embodiments, the modified sugar nucleotide is a 2′-ara-modified nucleotide, preferably the 2′-ara-modified nucleotide is a 2′-ara-fluoro nucleotide. In other embodiments, the flexible hydrocarbon internucleotide linker is C 3 -C 6 alkylene. In another embodiment of the invention the eukaryotic cell is present in an animal. In some embodiments, the invention provides compounds of the Formula: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? (T 2 ) j -(T 3 ) k -(T 1 ) m -(T 4 ) n -(T 1 ) p -(T 5 ) q -(T 2 ) r in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? wherein each T 1 is a 2′-deoxyribonucleotide; each T 2 is a nucleotide having a higher binding affinity for a RNA target as compared to the binding affinity of a 2′-deoxyribonucleotide for said RNA target; each T 3 , T 4 and T 5 are transition moieties; j and r independently are 0 to 10, and together the sum of j and r is at least 2; m and p independently are 1 to 20, and together the sum of m and p is at least 5; k, n and q independently are 0 to 3, and together the sum of k, n and q is at least 1. In some embodiments, T 2 comprises a nucleotide having a northern conformation. In some such embodiments, T 2 comprises a nucleotide having a 2′-modification. In some further embodiments, the 2′-modification is hydroxyl, —O-alkyl, —O-alkyl-O-alkyl, S-alkyl, S-alkyl-O-alkyl, —F, —O—CH 2 CH 2 —O—CH 3 , —O—CH 3 , —O—CH 2 —CH═CH 2 or a group having one of formula I a or II a : wherein: Rb is O, S or NH; Rd is a single bond, O, S or C(═O); R 1 is C 1 -C 10 alkyl, N(R k )(R m ), N(R k )(R n ), N═C(R p )(R q ), N═C(R p )(R r ) or has formula III a ; R p and R q are each independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 10 alkyl; R r is —R x -R y ; each R s , R t , R u and R v is, independently, hydrogen, C(O)R w , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 10 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 10 alkynyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, a chemical functional group or a conjugate group, wherein the substituent groups are selected from hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl; or optionally, R u and R v , together form a phthalimido moiety with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached; each R w is, independently, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl, trifluoromethyl, cyanoethyloxy, methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, allyloxy, 9-fluorenylmethoxy, 2-(trimethylsilyl)-ethoxy, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxy, benzyloxy, butyryl, iso-butyryl, phenyl or aryl; R k is hydrogen, a nitrogen protecting group or —R x -R y ; R p is hydrogen, a nitrogen protecting group or —R x -R y ; R x is a bond or a linking moiety; R y is a chemical functional group, a conjugate group or a solid support medium; each R m and R n is, independently, H, a nitrogen protecting group, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 10 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 10 alkynyl, wherein the substituent groups are selected from hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl; NH 3 + , N(R u )(R v ), guanidino and acyl where said acyl is an acid amide or an ester; or R m and R n , together, are a nitrogen protecting group, are joined in a ring structure that optionally includes an additional heteroatom selected from N and O or are a chemical functional group; R i is OR z , SR z , or N(R z ) 2 ; each R z is, independently, H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C 8 haloalkyl, C(═NH)N(H)R u , C(═O)N(H)R u or OC(═O)N(H)R u ; R f , R g and R h comprise a ring system having from about 4 to about 7 carbon atoms or having from about 3 to about 6 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms wherein said heteroatoms are selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur and wherein said ring system is aliphatic, unsaturated aliphatic, aromatic, or saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic; R j is alkyl or haloalkyl having 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkynyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, aryl having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms, N(R k )(R m ) OR k , halo, SR k or CN; m a is 1 to about 10; each m b is, independently, 0 or 1; m c is 0 or an integer from 1 to 10; m d is an integer from 1 to 10; me is from 0, 1 or 2; and provided that when m c is 0, m d is greater than 1. In some embodiments, each of j and r are at least 2. In some further embodiments, T 3 , T 4 and T 5 each comprise a nucleotide having one of an eastern or southern conformation. In some embodiments, at least one of T 3 , T 4 and T 5 comprise a 2′-fluoro-arabinonucleotide. In some embodiments, each of T 3 , T 4 and T 5 comprise a 2′-fluoro-arabinonucleotide. In some embodiments, each of n and p are 0. In some embodiments, each T 2 comprises a nucleotide having a 2′-modification; each of j and r are at least 2; and T 3 , T 4 and T 5 each comprise a nucleotide having one of an eastern or southern conformation. In some such embodiments, T 3 , T 4 and T 5 each comprise a nucleotide having an eastern conformation. In some embodiments, at least one of T 3 , T 4 and T 5 comprise a 2′-fluoro-arabinonucleotide, an abasic nucleotide, a THF nucleoside, or a nucleotide having a nucleobase selected from Formulas I, II, and III: wherein: each of R 1-8 is independently selected from H, halogen and C 1-3 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 1-8 is independently selected from fluorine and methyl. In some embodiments, nucleobase is selected from Formulas IV, V or VI:

20070731

20140729

20080828

71334.0

A61K3170

BOWMAN, AMY HUDSON

Compositions and Methods For Optimizing Cleavage of RNA By Rnase H

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

A61K

ACCEPTED

Method of Treating Down Syndrome

A method of, or the use of compounds of the invention for, treating the cognitive impairments associated with Down syndrome, the method or use comprising treating or administering to a person with an effective amount of phenserine and isomers thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and derivatives thereof.

1. A method of treating Down Syndrome, said method comprising: treating a person having Down Syndrome with an effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of phenserine, (+)9-N-phenylcarbinol esroline, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and combinations thereof. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of phenserine selected from the group consisting of the tartrate, phosphate, and fumarate salt. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the effective amount ranges from 0.001 gram to 1 gram per kilogram of body mass of the person. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound comprises (+) 9-N-phenylcarbinol esroline and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound comprises phenserine or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 6. A method for treating Down Syndrome in a person, said method comprising: administering a pharmaceutical composition to the person comprising an effective amount of phenserine, (+)9-N-phenylcarbinol esroline, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or combinations thereof as the effective ingredient. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is selected from the group consisting of the tartrate, phosphate, and fumarate salt. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the effective amount ranges from 0.001 gram to 1 gram per kilogram of body weight of the person. 9. The method according to claim 6, wherein the pharmaceutical composition compound comprises (+)9-N-phenylcarbinol esroline and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 10. The method according to claim 6, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises phenserine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 11-19. (canceled) 20. A method of manufacturing a pharmaceutical preparation for the treatment of Down Syndrome or preventing or delaying complications associated with Down Syndrome, said method comprising incorporating phenserine, (+)-phenserine, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or combinations thereof into said pharmaceutical preparation.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/554,489, filed Mar. 19, 2004, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to methods of, or use of compounds for, treating people with Down Syndrome, and more particularly to the use of physostigmine derivatives, i.e., phenserine and its isomers, including salts and esters thereof. BACKGROUND In Down syndrome (“trisomy 21”), the affected individual carries an extra copy of chromosome 21, and its presence interferes with several important body systems. Down syndrome is associated with a number of medical problems such as hearing and vision defects, heart abnormalities, infection, leukemia, thyroid disorders, and of developing Alzheimer-type dementia earlier in life than non-Down individuals. No medical therapy for Down syndrome exists beyond treating the associated disorders. A need exists in the art for active agent for treating Down Syndrome and preventing or delaying the associated medical problems and exacerbation of disorders associated with the syndrome. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a method of therapy for cognitive impairments associated with Down Syndrome, the method comprising treating a person with Down Syndrome with an effective amount of phenserine, ((−)-N-phenylcarbamoyl eseroline), (+)9-N-phenylcarbinol esroline (“POSIPHEN™”), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or combinations thereof. The salts and free base are both effective. By “effective amount” is meant the amount of active ingredient administered to the person, which will be effective to improve aspects of the syndrome in the person. The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of phenserine, ((−)-N-phenylcarbamoyl eseroline), (+)9-N-phenylcarbinol esroline, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising effective amounts of phenserine and its salts, and a method or use for the treatment of cognitive impairments associated with Down Syndrome which comprises treating a person with an effective amount of phenserine, (+)9-N-phenylcarbinol esroline, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the invention includes a method of manufacturing a dosage form for the treatment of Down Syndrome, wherein the method includes incorporating an effective amount of phenserine, (+)9-N-phenylcarbinol esroline, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or combinations thereof into a pharmaceutically acceptable dosage form for eventual administration to the subject. BEST MODE OF THE INVENTION Phenserine, ((−)-N-phenylcarbamoyl eseroline), is a carbamate analog of physostigmine (Phy), which is a long-acting inhibitor of cholinesterase. The first reported preparation of phenserine was by Polonovski, Bull. Soc. Chim. 19, 46-59 (1916), and technical details were summarized by Beilstein, Handbuch der Organischen Chemie, 4th edition, vol 23. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp 333 (1954)). Phenserine is presently being developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (“AD”). (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,306,825 and 5,734,062, the contents of which are incorporated by reference). Phenserine is a potent and selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down an important neurotransmitter in the brain involved in memory and cognition. Phenserine has been shown to increase memory and learning in the rat over a wide therapeutic range. Phenserine works through two mechanisms: (1) it inhibits the degradation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brains of animals, and (2) it inhibits the production of a toxic form of the beta-amyloid protein in the brain that is thought to be a cause of the death of brain cells in AD. Unlike other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors that simply suppress the activity of the enzyme, phenserine's dual mechanism of action suggests that it not only has the potential to improve memory and cognition, but also to slow the progression of AD. Compared to currently marketed drugs for AD, phenserine is more brain-targeted versus the rest of the body and is more rapidly cleared from the blood. In preclinical studies, phenserine demonstrated a brain-to-blood ratio of 10:1. These properties of phenserine could potentially maximize the therapeutic effects of the drug in the brain and reduce side effects by clearing the drug from the blood quickly. Since undesirable side effects and drug interactions often arise due to the presence of drugs in the body for an extended period, phenserine's rapid disappearance from the blood suggests that it will represent a more tolerable treatment option to existing therapies. Even though phenserine is rapidly cleared from the body, the drug remains bound to the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the brain allowing it to have a long duration of therapeutic action. Phenserine also has the unusual ability to inhibit the formation of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP), the larger protein that is the source of the neurotoxic peptide, beta-amyloid, which is deposited in the brain as amyloid plaques. The amyloid plaques apparently cause eventual death of brain cells in AD persons and are thought to be an underlying cause of the disease. Studies conducted at laboratories at the NIA in human neuroblastoma cell cultures in vivo in rodents show that the compound reduces the formation of beta-amyloid peptide. These results suggest that Phenserine may have the ability to slow the progression of AD in addition to providing symptomatic relief for the cognitive changes. Phenserine itself has been made by the conversion of physostigmine salt such as physostigmine salicylate to eseroline which is then reacted in a organic solvent in the presence of a base catalyst at a basic pH with an isocyanate such as phenyl isocyanate to produce phenserine and its analogs. This process involves various processing steps in producing the phenserine or its analogs from the physostigmine salt. In the first step of this reaction, the physostigmine salt is converted to the physostigmine free base and this free base is then hydrolyzed to eseroline by treatment with a base in an organic solvent. The eseroline base produced by this method, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,498,726, utilizes extensive work-up involving numerous steps to separate it from the reaction mixture so that it can be later converted to phenserine. In another method, the eseroline base was also prepared by reacting the physostigmine with a metal alkoxide in an alcohol such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,306,825, or by hydrolysis of physostigmine in a water miscible organic solvent with aqueous sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,673, European Patent Publication 0,298,202 or via its eseroline fumarate salt (Heterocycles 1987, 26:5 pages 1271-1275). In these processes, the crude reaction mixture is neutralized with mineral acids or organic acids such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,978,673 and 5,498,726. It is also necessary to prevent oxidation of the eseroline base in the solution by, for example, either applying a vacuum to the reaction mixture or by carrying out the reaction under an inert atmosphere such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,306,825 and 5,498,726. These processes involve isolation of the eseroline base from the reaction mixture in which it was formed leading to significant degradation unless strict precautions are taken to exclude air. In the next step of this reaction, eseroline is reacted with an isocyanate to produce phenserine or a derivative thereof. This reaction is generally carried out in the presence of water immiscible organic solvents such as ethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, benzene, and toluene or petroleum ether in the presence of traces of an alkaline substance such as an alkali metal hydroxide. (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,978,673, 5,306,828 and 5,498,726). Other U.S. patents, such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,705,657 and 5,726,323 describe the use of quaternary phosphonium salts and quaternary ammonium salts with a metal cyanate or bicyclic amidine catalyst for the formation of phenserine. See, also, U.S. Pat. No. 6,495,700 Bi issued Dec. 17, 2002 for “A Process for Producing Phenserine and its Analog”, the contents of which are incorporated by this reference. The non-natural (+) isomer of phenserine, i.e., (+) 9-N-phenylcarbinol esroline or (+)-phenserine, is disclosed in PCT International Patent Publication WO 03/082270 Al (published on Oct. 9, 2003), the contents of which is incorporated in its entirety by this reference. (+)-Phenserine, while lacking significant acetylcholinesterase inhibitor activity, reduces the production of β-APP. It is believed that the reduction in β-APP, and thus Aβ, is produced through translational regulation of the β-APP mRNA (Shaw et al. (20001) Phenserine regulates translation of b-amyloid precursor protein MRNA by a putative interleukin-1 responsive element, a target for drug development, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98(13):7605-7610). While not intending to be bound by one theory of the invention, the following may help to explain it. In persons with Alzheimer's disease, amyloid fibrils (aggregates of Aβ protein subunits) are deposited in the brain. A similar process occurs at an earlier age in people with Down Syndrome. Rumble et al. “Amyloid Aβ protein and its precursor in Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease” 320(22):1446-1452 (Jun. 1, 1989). Phenserine and (+)9-N-phenylcarbinol esroline are believed to inhibit the formation of the amyloid fibrils in Down Syndrome in a similar manner as they do in Alzheimer's disease. Further, the cerebrovascular amyloid protein from a case of adult Down syndrome has been isolated and purified. Amino acid sequence analysis showed it to be homologous to that of the beta protein of Alzheimer's disease. Glenner G G & Wong C W “Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome: sharing of a unique cerebrovascular amyloid fibril protein,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 122(3):1131-5 (Aug. 16, 1984). The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions (and methods for manufacturing such compositions for the treatment or prevention of Down syndrome) comprising an effective amount of phenserine, ((−)-N-phenylcarbamoyl eseroline), (+)9-N-phenylcarbinol esroline, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle. “Treating” or “treatment” does not require a complete cure. It means that the symptoms of the underlying disease are at least reduced and/or delayed, and/or that one or more of the underlying cellular, physiological, or biochemical causes or associated conditions, or mechanisms causing the symptoms are reduced and/or delayed. It is understood that reduced, as used in this context, means relative to the state of the untreated disease, including the molecular state of the untreated disease, not just the physiological state of the untreated disease. Compositions within the scope of the invention include compositions wherein the active ingredient is contained in an effective amount to achieve its intended purpose. Effective concentrations may range from 0.001 wt. % to 1.0 wt, %. The compounds can be administered in any pharmaceutically acceptable amount, for example, in amounts ranging from 0.001 gram to about 1 gram per kilogram of body weight. Based on the information which is presented herein, the determination of effective amounts is well within the skill of the ordinary practitioner in the art. In one exemplary embodiment, phenserine is administered at a dosage of between 5 mg and 60 mg twice a day, for example, 5 mg bid, 10 mg bid, 15 mg bid, 20 mg bid, 25 mg bid, 30 mg bid, 35 mg bid, 40 mg bid, 45 mg bid, and 50 mg bid. (+)9-N-phenylcarbinol esroline, which lacks anticholinesterase activity, but inhibits β-APP production, may be administered at higher doses than phenserine, since this enantiomer does not produce cholinergic over stimulation. The compounds are generally used in pharmaceutical compositions (wt %) containing the active ingredient with a carrier or vehicle in the composition in an amount of about 0.1 to 99 wt % and preferably about 25-85 wt %. The compounds may be administered in any desired form, including parenterally, orally (e.g., capsules or tablets), injection, or by suppository using known methods (REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, 18th Ed. (1990, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.)). Either fluid or solid unit dosage forms can be readily prepared for oral administration. For example, the active compounds can be admixed with conventional ingredients such as dicalcium phosphate, magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium stearate, calcium sulfate, starch, talc, lactose, acacia, methyl cellulose and functionally similar materials as pharmaceutical excipients or carriers. A sustained release formulation may optionally be used. In some people, sustained release formulations may even be preferred. Capsules may be formulated by mixing the compound with a pharmaceutical diluent which is inert and inserting this mixture into a hard gelatin capsule having the appropriate size. If soft capsules are desired, a slurry of the compound with an acceptable vegetable, light petroleum or other inert oil can be encapsulated by forming into a gelatin capsule. Suspensions, syrups and elixirs may be used for oral administration of fluid unit dosage forms. A fluid preparation including oil may be used for oil soluble forms. A vegetable oil such as corn oil, peanut oil or sunflower oil, for example, together with flavoring agents, sweeteners and any preservatives produces an acceptable fluid preparation. A surfactant may be added to water to form a syrup for fluid unit dosages. Hydro-alcoholic pharmaceutical preparations may be used having an acceptable sweetener (such as sugar, saccharin, or a biological sweetener) and a flavoring agent in the form of an elixir. Pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral and suppository administration can also be obtained using techniques standard in the art. Preferred uses of the compounds according to the invention are as pharmaceutical agents suitable for oral administration. The compounds may also be used in transdermal parenteral formulations. Accordingly, compositions suitable for administration to these areas are particularly included within the invention. The above parenteral solutions or suspensions may be administered transdermally and delivered with a skin patch. If desired they may be given by injection in an appropriate vehicle such as sesame oil. Accordingly, incorporation of the active compounds and a slow release matrix may be implemented for administering transdermally. The compounds may be administered transdermally in amounts of about 0.01 to 99% of the composition and preferably about 25 to 85 wt % of the active ingredient in the vehicle or carrier. Transdermal therapeutic systems are self-contained dosage forms that, when applied to intact skin, deliver drug(s) at a controlled rate to the systemic circulation. Advantages of using the transdermal routing include: enhanced therapeutic efficacy, reduction in the frequency of dosing, reduction of side effects due to optimization of blood-concentration vs. time profile, increased person compliance due to elimination of multiple dosing schedules, bypassing the hepatic “first pass” metabolism, avoiding gastro-intestinal incompatibilities and providing a predictable and extendable duration of activity. However, the main function of the skin is to act as a barrier to entering compounds. As a consequence, transdermal therapy has been preferred for a limited number of drugs that possess the desirable physicochemical properties for diffusion across the skin barrier. One effective method of overcoming the barrier function of the skin is to include a penetration enhancer in the formulation of the transdermal therapeutic system. A penetration or permeation enhancer is a chemical compound that, when included in a formulation, temporarily increases the permeability of the skin to a drug line allowing more of the drug to be absorbed in a shorter period of time. Several different types of penetration enhances have been reported such as dimethylsulfoxide (“DMSO”), n-decylmethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, 1-dodecylazacycloheptane-2-one (“AZONE”), propylene glycol, ethanol, pyrrolidones such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (“NMP”), and surfactants. Such compounds can be present in the reservoir alone or in combination with pharmaceutical carriers. The pharmaceutical carriers acceptable for the purposes of this invention include known art carriers that do not adversely affect the drug, the host, or the material comprising the drug delivery device. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers include sterile water, saline, dextrose, dextrose in water or saline condensation products of castor oil and ethylene oxide combining about 30 to 35 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of castor oil, liquid acid, lower alkanols, oils such as corn oil, peanut oil, sesame oil and the like, with emulsifiers such as mono- or di-glyceride of a fatty acid; or a phosphatide, for example, lecithin, and the like; glycols, polyalkylene glycols, aqueous media in the presence of a suspending agent, for example, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), and the like, alone, or with suitable dispensing agents such as lecithin, polyoxyethylene stearate, and the like. The carrier may also contain adjuvants such as preserving agents, stabilizing agents, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and the like together with penetration enhancer and the compounds of this invention. The effective dose for mammals may vary due to such factors as age, weight, activity level or condition of the subject being treated. Typically, an effective dosage of a compound according to the present invention is about 1 to 800 milligrams when administered by either oral or rectal dose from 1 to 3 times daily. This is about 0.002 to about 50 milligrams per kilogram of the subject's weight administered per day. Preferably about 10 to about 300 milligrams are administered orally or rectally 1 to 3 times a day for an adult. The required dose is considerably less when administered parenterally. Preferably, about 0.01 to about 150 milligrams may be administered intramuscularly or transdermally, one or two times a day for an adult human. Phenserine and/or (+)-phenserine may be prepared as pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters, and reference herein to a compound is intended to include such salts and esters of the compound, whether or not such salts or esters are specifically referenced or not. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include tartrate, formate, citrate, salicylate, fumerate, oxalate, phosphate, succinate, maleate, phenylsuccinate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfonate, benzenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, hydroidate, sulfamate, sulfate, acetate, triflouroacetate, trichloroacetate, gluconate, benzoate, lactate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, choline hydrochlorate, p-toluenesulfonate, cyclolexylsulfonate, cyclohexylsulfamate, quinate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, clavulanate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isethionate, lactobionate, laurate, malate, mandelate, mesylate, methylbromide, methylnitrate, methylsulfate, monopotassium maleate, mucate, nitrate, N-methylglucamine, glucoheptonate, laurylsulphonate, pamoate (embonate), palmitate, pantothenate, diphosphate, polygalacturonate, potassium, sodium, stearate, subacetate, tannate, teoclate, triethiodide, trimethylammonium, oleate and/or valerate. The invention is further explained with the aid of the following illustrative Examples. EXAMPLE I Compositions of Tablets: Compound Amount (mg/tablet or capsule) In the first phase: (28 tablets) L-tartrate-phenserine 5 mg Carrier or excipient 85 mg In the second phase: (28 tablets) L-tartrate-phenserine 10 mg Carrier or excipient 80 mg In the third phase: (at least 28 tablets) L-tartrate-phenserine 15 mg Carrier or excipient 75 mg EXAMPLE II Compositions of Tablets: Compound Amount (mg/tablet or capsule) In the first phase: (28 tablets) L-tartrate-phenserine 10 mg Carrier or excipient 80 mg In the second phase: (28 tablets) L-tartrate-phenserine 15 mg Carrier or excipient 75 mg In the third phase: (at least 28 tablets) L-tartrate-phenserine 20 mg Carrier or excipient 70 mg EXAMPLE III Compositions of Tablets: Compound Amount (mg/tablet or capsule) In the first phase: (28 tablets) L-tartrate-phenserine 10 mg Carrier or excipient 80 mg In the second phase: (28 tablets) L-tartrate-phenserine 20 mg Carrier or excipient 60 mg In the third phase: (at least 28 tablets) L-tartrate-phenserine 30 mg Carrier or excipient 50 mg The first phase tablets are administered to the person suffering from Down Syndrome twice a day for the first 14 days. The second phase tablets are administered twice a day for the next 14 days and the third phase tablets are then administered for at least about 14 days. The number of tablets or capsules in phases one, two and/or three may be appropriate for any period of time greater than about 2 weeks, for example, 28 tablets for 14 days, 56 tablets for 28 days, etc. All references, including publications, patents, and patent applications, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.

<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>In Down syndrome (“trisomy 21”), the affected individual carries an extra copy of chromosome 21, and its presence interferes with several important body systems. Down syndrome is associated with a number of medical problems such as hearing and vision defects, heart abnormalities, infection, leukemia, thyroid disorders, and of developing Alzheimer-type dementia earlier in life than non-Down individuals. No medical therapy for Down syndrome exists beyond treating the associated disorders. A need exists in the art for active agent for treating Down Syndrome and preventing or delaying the associated medical problems and exacerbation of disorders associated with the syndrome.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention provides a method of therapy for cognitive impairments associated with Down Syndrome, the method comprising treating a person with Down Syndrome with an effective amount of phenserine, ((−)-N-phenylcarbamoyl eseroline), (+)9-N-phenylcarbinol esroline (“POSIPHEN™”), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or combinations thereof. The salts and free base are both effective. By “effective amount” is meant the amount of active ingredient administered to the person, which will be effective to improve aspects of the syndrome in the person. The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of phenserine, ((−)-N-phenylcarbamoyl eseroline), (+)9-N-phenylcarbinol esroline, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising effective amounts of phenserine and its salts, and a method or use for the treatment of cognitive impairments associated with Down Syndrome which comprises treating a person with an effective amount of phenserine, (+)9-N-phenylcarbinol esroline, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the invention includes a method of manufacturing a dosage form for the treatment of Down Syndrome, wherein the method includes incorporating an effective amount of phenserine, (+)9-N-phenylcarbinol esroline, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or combinations thereof into a pharmaceutically acceptable dosage form for eventual administration to the subject.

20061004

20091201

20090507

91655.0

A61K31403

HENLEY III, RAYMOND J

METHOD OF TREATING DOWN SYNDROME

SMALL

ACCEPTED

A61K

ACCEPTED

Method for Making a Field Effect Transistor with Diamond-Like Carbon Channel and Resulting Transistor

The field effect transistor comprises a source and a drain connected by a channel controlled by a gate electrode separated from the channel by a gate insulator. The channel is formed by a diamond-like carbon layer. The method for making the transistor successively comprises deposition of a diamond-like carbon layer on a substrate, deposition of a gate insulating layer and deposition of at least one conducting layer. The conducting layer is etched to form the gate electrode. Then an insulating material is deposited on the flanks of the gate electrode to form a lateral insulator. Then the gate insulating layer is etched and the diamond-like carbon layer is etched so as to delineate the channel. Then a semi-conducting material designed to form the source and a semi-conducting material designed to form the drain are deposited on each side of the channel.

1. Method for making a field effect transistor comprising a source and a drain connected by a channel controlled by a gate electrode separated from the channel by a gate insulator, the channel being formed by a diamond-like carbon layer, method successively comprising deposition of a diamond-like carbon layer on a substrate, deposition of an insulating gate layer on the diamond-like carbon layer, deposition, on the insulating gate layer, of at least one conducting layer and etching of the latter so as to form the gate electrode, deposition of an insulating material on flanks of the gate electrode to form a lateral insulator, etching of the gate insulating layer, etching of the diamond-like carbon layer so as to delineate the channel, deposition, on each side of the channel, of a semi-conducting material designed to form the source and of a semi-conducting material designed to form the drain. 2. Method according to claim 1, wherein etching of the diamond-like carbon layer is isotropic so as to obtain a retraction of the diamond-like carbon layer under the gate insulating layer. 3. Method according to claim 2, comprising anisotropic etching of the semi-conducting materials in the zones of the substrate not covered by the gate electrode and the lateral insulator. 4. Field effect transistor comprising a channel formed by a diamond-like carbon layer, transistor obtained by a method according to claim 1. 5. Transistor according to claim 4, wherein the channel comprises N-type dopants so as to form a PMOS type transistor. 6. Transistor according to claim 4, wherein the channel comprises P-type dopants so as to form a NMOS type transistor. 7. CMOS logic gate, comprising at least one PMOS type transistors according to claim 5 and at least one NMOS type transistor, the PMOS and NMOS type transistors having substantially the same dimensions. 8. CMOS logic gate, comprising at least one PMOS type transistor and at least one NMOS type transistor according to claim 6, the PMOS and NMOS type transistors having substantially the same dimensions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a method for making a field effect transistor comprising a source and a drain connected by a channel controlled by a gate electrode separated from the channel by a gate insulator, the channel being formed by a diamond-like carbon layer. STATE OF THE ART A field effect transistor comprises a source and a drain that are connected by a channel. A gate electrode, separated from the channel by a gate insulator, enables the on or off state of the channel to be controlled. Conventionally, the source, drain and channel of field effect transistors are made from a semi-conducting material, for example silicon. To produce a CMOS type inverter, a PMOS type transistor and a NMOS type transistor are assembled. Optimum operation of the inverter requires the saturation current in the PMOS transistor to be equal to the saturation current in the NMOS transistor. In a NMOS type transistor, the electric current flowing in the channel is an electron current, whereas in a PMOS type transistor, the electric current flowing in the channel is a hole current. The current is proportional to the mobility of the corresponding charge carriers. The mobility of electrons in silicon being greater than the mobility of holes in silicon, the dimensions of NMOS and PMOS type transistors are adapted so as to obtain equal saturation currents in the NMOS and PMOS transistors. Thus, the PMOS type transistor of a CMOS inverter, for example, has a larger channel width than the channel width of the associated NMOS type transistor. Miniaturization of the CMOS inverter is then limited by the dimensions of the PMOS transistor. Field effect transistors comprising channels made of diamond are well known. The document U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,315, for example, describes a field effect transistor of metal/insulator/semi-conductor (MIS) type arranged on an insulating layer of diamond formed on a silicon substrate. A layer of P-doped semi-conducting diamond forms a channel. A source and a drain are formed by layers of N-doped semi-conducting diamond. A gate insulator made of diamond is arranged on the channel and a gate electrode is arranged on this gate insulator. The document U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,315 also describes a transistor having an N-doped channel and a P-doped source and drain. Fabrication of the transistor consists in successively making the channel, the source and drain, the gate insulator and the gate. Such a transistor can present stray capacitances between drain and gate and between source and gate, which downgrades the performances of the transistor. OBJECT OF THE INVENTION It is one object of the invention to remedy these shortcomings and in particular to enable transistors and logic gates of small dimensions presenting weak stray capacitances to be produced. According to the invention, this object is achieved by the appended claims and in particular by the fact that the method successively comprises deposition of a diamond-like carbon layer on a substrate, deposition of an insulating gate layer on the diamond-like carbon layer, deposition, on the insulating gate layer, of at least one conducting layer and etching of the latter so as to form the gate electrode, deposition of an insulating material on flanks of the gate electrode to form a lateral insulator, etching of the gate insulating layer, etching of the diamond-like carbon layer so as to delineate the channel, deposition, on each side of the channel, of a semi-conducting material designed to form the source and of a semi-conducting material designed to form the drain. It is a further object of the invention to provide a transistor obtained by the method according to the invention and a CMOS type logic gate comprising such transistors. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other advantages and features will become more clearly apparent from the following description of particular embodiments of the invention given as non-restrictive examples only and represented in the accompanying drawings, in which: FIGS. 1 to 5 illustrate a particular embodiment of a method for making a transistor according to the invention. FIG. 6 schematically represents a CMOS type inverter comprising transistors according to the invention. DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS The field effect transistor according to the invention comprises a channel formed by a diamond-like carbon layer. The channel can be doped by N-type dopants to form a PMOS type transistor or by P-type dopants to form a NMOS type transistor. For a doping of 1015 atoms per cubic centimeter, the diamond-like carbon has an electron mobility of 1800 cm2/Vs and a hole mobility of 1800 cm2/Vs at ambient temperature. Two transistors, respectively NMOS and PMOS type transistors having channels of equal widths, then have identical saturation currents. This enables logic gates to be constructed, for example a CMOS inverter, comprising PMOS and NMOS type transistors having the same dimensions and a surface that is 28% smaller than the surface of a silicon-base CMOS inverter. According to the invention, a diamond-like carbon layer 1 is deposited on a substrate 2, as represented in FIG. 1. The substrate can comprise an insulating thin layer on its surface, for example a layer of oxide having a high dielectric constant, for example alumina. Then a gate insulating layer 3 is deposited on the diamond-like carbon layer 1. A conducting layer 4 is then deposited on the gate insulating layer 3. As represented in FIG. 1, the conducting layer 4 can be formed by superposition of a first conducting layer 4a and of a second layer 4b that can be conducting or not, which layer can be used as masking layer for etching or embedding. The conducting layer 4a can be deposited by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition or by epitaxy. An etching step enables the conducting layer 4 to be laterally delineated by means of a mask (not shown) so as to form the gate electrode 5. Then deposition of an insulating material on the flanks of the gate electrode 5 enables a lateral insulator 6 of the gate electrode 5 to be formed. The lateral electrical insulator 6 can be achieved by depositing a layer having a thickness corresponding to the thickness of the conducting layer 4 around the gate electrode 5, followed by etching by means of a mask (not shown). In FIG. 2 etching of the gate insulating layer 3 in the zones of the substrate 2 not covered by the gate electrode 5 and the insulator 6 is represented. This etching can be performed using chlorinated mixtures and a hot cathode type technique. Etching of the diamond-like carbon layer 1, represented in FIG. 3, enables the channel 7 to be delineated laterally. To etch diamond-like carbon, the latter merely has to be oxidized. The 2C+O2=2CO or the C+O2=CO2 reaction is fostered. A mixture of oxygen and argon can be used, acting as carrier gas and enabling the oxygen to be diluted in order to finely adjust the etching rate. The diamond-like carbon layer 1 can be etched by anisotropic or isotropic etching, as represented in FIG. 3. By isotropic etching, a removal 8 of the diamond-like carbon layer 1 is obtained underneath the gate insulating layer 3, preferably creating a retraction extending up to underneath the gate electrode 5. Isotropic etching can be performed by low-energy oxygen plasma or by means of an oxygen flow directed onto the diamond-like carbon layer 1. Anisotropic etching can be performed by reactive ion etching using an oxygen plasma. The substrate 2 can be densified by oxygen plasma at the end of etching of the diamond-like carbon layer 1. FIG. 4 represents deposition, for example by epitaxy on the substrate 2 on each side of the channel 7, of a semi-conducting material 9a and 9b designed to respectively form the source and drain. Anisotropic etching of the semi-conducting material 9a and 9b in the zones of the substrate 2 that are not covered by the gate electrode and the lateral insulator 6 enables the semi-conducting material 9a and 9b to be delineated laterally and the source 10 and drain 11 to be formed, as represented in FIG. 5. Etching of the semi-conducting material in particular enables a transistor of small size to be obtained. Fabrication of the transistor is completed by formation of contact elements connected to the source 10 and drain 11, by deposition of a metal 12 on the substrate 2, planarization, for example by mechanical-chemical means, and etching of the metal 12. As an alternative, the source 10 and drain 11 can be made of different materials. In this case, it is possible for example to perform masking of the zone corresponding to the drain 11 during deposition of the semi-conducting material 9a designed to form the source 10, then to remove the mask, and then to mask the semi-conducting material 9a during deposition of the semi-conducting material 9b, and then remove this second mask. The materials 9a and 9b can then be etched in anisotropic manner to respectively delineate the source 10 and drain 11, as previously. The semi-conducting material 9a can for example be diamond, forming the source 10 of a NMOS or a PMOS type transistor. The semi-conducting material 9b can for example be diamond, germanium, gallium arsenide or indium antimonide to form the drain 11 of a NMOS type transistor, and diamond or germanium to form the drain 11 of a PMOS type transistor. The method described above in particular enables the source and drain to be automatically aligned with respect to the gate. This prevents the formation of stray capacitances between drain and gate and between source and gate, which adversely affect the performances of the transistor. Indeed, unlike the method for production according to the document U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,315 in which the source and drain are produced before the gate is produced, these steps are reversed in the method described above. The assembly formed by the gate electrode 5, the lateral insulator 6 and the corresponding part of the gate insulator 3, serves the purpose of masking to etch the diamond-like carbon layer 1 so as to delineate the channel 7. Then the source and drain are positioned around the channel, at the same level, under said assembly. In FIG. 6, a PMOS type transistor 13 and a NMOS type transistor 14, forming a CMOS inverter, respectively comprise a source 10, a drain 11 and a gate electrode. Their gate electrodes 5 are connected to a common conductor 15. The PMOS and NMOS transistors have substantially the same dimensions, in particular their channel widths L are identical.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The invention relates to a method for making a field effect transistor comprising a source and a drain connected by a channel controlled by a gate electrode separated from the channel by a gate insulator, the channel being formed by a diamond-like carbon layer.

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>Other advantages and features will become more clearly apparent from the following description of particular embodiments of the invention given as non-restrictive examples only and represented in the accompanying drawings, in which: FIGS. 1 to 5 illustrate a particular embodiment of a method for making a transistor according to the invention. FIG. 6 schematically represents a CMOS type inverter comprising transistors according to the invention. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20060919

20090630

20070920

58696.0

H01L21336

HUBER, ROBERT T

METHOD FOR MAKING A FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR WITH DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON CHANNEL AND RESULTING TRANSISTOR

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

H01L

ACCEPTED

Optical System, Optical Pickup Apparatus, and Optical Disk Apparatus

The present invention discloses an optical system for extracting signal light components from a beam including the signal light components and stray light components. The optical system includes a condensing optical element situated on an optical path of the beam for condensing the beam, a polarization changing unit for changing the state of polarization of at least one of the signal light components and the stray light components included in the incident beam transmitted through the condensing optical element, and an extracting element for extracting the signal light components included in the beam transmitted through the polarization changing unit.

1. An optical system for extracting signal light components from a beam including the signal light components and stray light components, the optical system comprising: a condensing optical element situated on an optical path of the beam for condensing the beam; a polarization changing unit for changing the state of polarization of at least one of the signal light components and the stray light components included in the incident-beam transmitted through the condensing optical element; and an extracting element for extracting the signal light components included in the beam transmitted through the polarization changing unit. 2. The optical system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polarization changing unit includes first and second polarization changing elements; wherein the first and second polarization changing elements each include first and second areas that are divided by a line perpendicularly intersecting with the optical axis of the condensing optical element; wherein the first polarization changing element is positioned between a first focus point and a second focus point that is situated closer to the condensing optical element than the first focus point; wherein the first focus point is a position at which the signal light components are condensed, and the second focus point is a position at which the stray light components are condensed; wherein the second polarization changing element is positioned between the first focus point and a third focus point that is situated closer to the extracting element than the first focus point, the third focus point being another position at which the stray light components are condensed. 3. The optical system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first polarization changing element has an optical characteristic of changing the polarization of the beam incident on at least one of the first area and the second area of the first polarization changing element; wherein the second polarization changing element has a same optical characteristic as the optical characteristic of the first polarization changing element. 4. The optical system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the polarization changing unit is configured to change the state of polarization of at least one of the signal light components and the stray light components included in the incident beam by providing a phase difference to the incident beam; wherein the total of the phase difference provided to the incident beam at the first area of the first polarization changing element and the phase difference provided to the incident beam at the second area of the second polarization changing element is at least one of 0 wavelength and ½ wavelength. 5. The optical system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the first polarization changing element provides a phase change of +¼ wavelength to the incident beam at the first area of the first polarization changing element and provides a phase difference of −¼ wavelength to the incident beam at the second area of the first polarization changing element. 6. The optical system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the first polarization changing element provides a phase change of +½ wavelength to the incident beam at the first area of the first polarization changing element and provides no phase difference to the incident beam at the second area of the first polarization changing element. 7. The optical system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the polarization changing unit is configured to change the state of polarization of at least one of the signal light components and the stray light components included in the incident beam by rotating the polarization direction of the incident beam, wherein the first polarization changing element rotates the polarization direction of the incident beam at the first area of the first polarization changing element to an angle of +45 degrees and rotates the polarization direction of the incident beam at the second area of the first polarization changing element to an angle of −45 degrees. 8. The optical system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polarization changing unit includes first and second polarization changing elements; wherein the first and second polarization changing elements each include first and second areas that are divided by a line perpendicularly intersecting with the optical axis of the condensing optical element; wherein the first and second areas have different optical characteristics; wherein the first polarization changing element is positioned between a first focus point and a second focus point that is situated closer to the condensing optical element than the first focus point; wherein the first focus point is a position at which the signal light components are condensed, and the second focus point is a position at which the stray light components are condensed; wherein the second polarization changing element is positioned between the first focus point and a third focus point that is situated closer to the extracting element than the first focus point, the third focus point being another position at which the stray light components are condensed. 9. The optical system as claimed in claim 8, wherein the first polarization changing element has an optical characteristic of changing the polarization of the beam incident on at least one of the first area and the second area of the first polarization changing element; wherein the second polarization changing element has a same optical characteristic as the optical characteristic of the first polarization changing element. 10. The optical system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the polarization changing unit is configured to change the state of polarization of at least one of the signal light components and the stray light components included in the incident beam by providing a phase difference to the incident beam, wherein the total of the phase difference provided to the incident beam at the first area of the first polarization changing element and the phase difference provided to the incident beam at the second area of the second polarization changing element is 0 wavelength or ½ wavelength. 11. The optical system as claimed in claim 10, wherein the first polarization changing element provides a phase change of +¼ wavelength to the incident beam at the first area of the first polarization changing element and provides a phase difference of −¼ wavelength to the incident beam at the second area of the first polarization changing element. 12. The optical system as claimed in claim 10, wherein the first polarization changing element provides a phase change of +½ wavelength to the incident beam at the first area of the first polarization changing element and provides no phase difference to the incident beam at the second area of the first polarization changing element. 13. The optical system as claimed in claim 8, wherein the polarization changing unit is configured to change the state of polarization of at least one of the signal light components and the stray light components included in the incident beam by rotating the polarization direction of the incident beam, wherein the total of the rotation angle of the polarization direction of the incident beam at the first area of the first polarization changing element and the rotation angle of the polarization direction of the incident beam at the second area of the second polarization changing element is +90 degrees or −90 degrees. 14. The optical system as claimed in claim 13, wherein the first polarization changing element rotates the polarization direction of the incident beam at the first area of the first polarization changing element to an angle of +45 degrees and rotates the polarization direction of the incident beam at the second area of the first polarization changing element to an angle of −45 degrees. 15. The optical system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first and second polarization changing elements are formed as a united body via a transparent member having a refractive index greater than 1. 16. The optical system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first polarization changing element, the second polarization changing element, and the extracting element are formed as a united body via a transparent member having a refractive index greater than 1. 17. The optical system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first and second polarization changing elements are inclined with respect to the optical axis of the condensing optical element. 18. The optical system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first polarization changing element, the second polarization changing element, and the extracting element are each situated on a plane of corresponding prisms. 19. The optical system as claimed in claim 18, wherein the corresponding prisms are formed as a united body. 20. An optical system for extracting signal light components from a beam including the signal light components and stray light components, the optical system comprising: a condensing optical element situated on an optical path of the beam for condensing the beam; a polarization changing unit including a combination of a polarization changing element and a reflecting part for changing the state of polarization of at least one of the signal light components and the stray light components included in the incident beam transmitted through the condensing optical element; and an extracting element for extracting the signal light components included in the beam transmitted through the polarization changing unit. 21. The optical system as claimed in claim 20, wherein the polarization changing element includes first and second areas that are divided by a line perpendicularly intersecting with the optical axis of the condensing optical element; wherein the polarization changing element is positioned between a first focus point and a second focus point that is situated closer to the condensing optical element than the first focus point; wherein the first focus point is a position at which the signal light components are condensed, and the second focus point is a position at which the stray light components are condensed; wherein the reflecting part is positioned at the first focus point. 22. The optical system as claimed in claim 21, wherein the polarization changing element has an optical characteristic of changing the polarization of the beam incident on at least one of the first area and the second area of the polarization changing element; wherein the reflecting part has an optical characteristic of reflecting the beam from the first area of the polarization changing element to the second area of the polarization changing element. 23. The optical system as claimed in claim 21, wherein the polarization changing element provides a phase change of +½ wavelength to the incident beam at the first area of the polarization changing element and provides no phase difference to the incident beam at the second area of the polarization changing element. 24. The optical system as claimed in claim 21, wherein the polarization changing element and the reflecting part are formed as a united body via a transparent member having a refractive index greater than 1. 25. The optical system as claimed in claim 21, further comprising a transparent member positioned between the first focus point and the second focus point, wherein the transparent member has a refractive index greater than 1. 26. An optical pickup apparatus comprising: a light source for irradiating a beam; an optical system including an objective lens for condensing the beam to a target recording layer of an optical disk having a plurality of recording layers, and the optical system as claimed in claim 2; and an optical detecting system for generating signals in accordance with the amount of light of the extracted signal light components. 27. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 26, further comprising: a separating optical element positioned between the condensing optical element and the first polarization changing element; wherein the separating optical element is inclined 45 degrees with respect to the optical axis of the condensing lens; wherein the beam from the light source is incident on the condensing optical element via the separating optical element; wherein the beam from the condensing optical element is incident on the objective lens. 28. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 26, wherein the dividing line for each of the first and second polarization changing elements extends in a direction corresponding to the tracking direction. 29. An optical pickup apparatus comprising: a light source for irradiating a beam; an optical system including an objective lens for condensing the beam to a target recording layer of an optical disk having a plurality of recording layers; the optical system as claimed in claim 20; and an optical detecting system for generating signals in accordance with the amount of light of the extracted signal light components. 30. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 29, wherein the extracting element is a beam splitter situated on an optical path between the light source and the objective lens, wherein the condensing optical element is a coupling lens situated on an optical path between the beam splitter and the objective lens. 31. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 29, wherein the dividing line for the polarization changing element extends in a direction corresponding to the tracking direction. 32. An optical disk apparatus comprising: the optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 26; and a processing apparatus for reading out information recorded in the optical disk in accordance with the signals generated by the optical detecting system. 33. An optical disk apparatus comprising: the optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 29; and a processing apparatus for reading out information recorded in the optical disk in accordance with the signals generated by the optical detecting system. 34. An optical system for extracting signal light components from a beam including the signal light components and stray light components, the optical system comprising: a condensing optical element situated on an optical path of the beam for condensing the beam, the condensing optical element condensing the signal light components at a first focus point and the stray light components at a second focus point; a first polarization changing element positioned between the condensing optical element and the second focus point that is situated closer to the condensing optical element than the first focus point, the first polarization changing element including first and second areas that are divided by a line perpendicularly intersecting with the optical axis of the condensing optical element, the first polarization changing element having an optical characteristic of changing the polarization direction of the beam incident on the first area to an angle of 90 degrees; a first separating element positioned between the first and second focus points, the first separating element being operable to reflect or absorb the stray light components condensed more toward the condensing optical element than the first focus point; a second separating element positioned between the first focus point and a third focus point at which the stray light components transmitted through first separating element are condensed, the second separating element being operable to reflect or absorb the stray light components transmitted through the first separating element; and a second polarization changing element including first and second areas that are divided by a line perpendicularly intersecting with the optical axis of the condensing optical element, the second polarization changing element having an optical characteristic of changing the polarization direction of the beam incident on at least one of the first area and the second area of the second polarization changing element to an angle of 90 degrees. 35. The optical system as claimed in claim 34, wherein the first polarization changing element provides a phase change of ½ wavelength to the incident beam at the first area of the first polarization changing element and provides no phase difference to the incident beam at the second area of the first polarization changing element. 36. The optical system as claimed in claim 34, wherein the first and second separating elements are formed as a united body via a transparent member having a refractive index greater than 1. 37. The optical system as claimed in claim 34, further comprising: a transparent member positioned between the second focus point and the third focus point, the transparent member having a refractive index greater than 1. 38. The optical system as claimed in claim 34, wherein the first polarization changing element, the first separating element, the second separating element, and the second polarization changing element are formed as a united body via a transparent member having a refractive index greater than 1. 39. The optical system as claimed in claim 34, wherein the first and second separating elements are inclined with respect to the optical axis of the condensing optical element. 40. The optical system as claimed in claim 34, wherein the first polarization changing element is situated on a plane of a first prism, wherein the first separating element is situated on a plane of a second prism, wherein the second separating element is situated on a plane of a third prism, wherein the second polarization changing element is situated on a plane of a fourth prism. 41. The optical system as claimed in claim 40, wherein the first to fourth prisms are formed as a united body. 42. An optical pickup apparatus comprising: a light source for irradiating a beam; an optical system including an objective lens for condensing the beam to a target recording layer of an optical disk having a plurality of recording layers, and the optical system as claimed in claim 34; and an optical detecting system for generating signals in accordance with the amount of light of the extracted signal light components. 43. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 42, wherein the dividing line for each of the first and second polarization changing elements extends in a direction corresponding to the tracking direction. 44. An optical disk apparatus comprising: the optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 42; and a processing apparatus for reading out information recorded in the optical disk in accordance with the signals generated by the optical detecting system. 45. An optical pickup apparatus provided with a light source, a collimator lens, a detector and separating part, an objective lens, an optical detecting system, and an optical detector for recording and reading-out information to and from an optical disk having a plurality of layers, the optical pickup apparatus comprising: a condensing optical element for condensing a beam reflected from the plural layers of the optical disk, the beam including a signal light beam Lm that is reflected from an mth layer of the plural layers, a first stray light beam Lm+1 that is reflected from a m+1th layer of the plural layers, and a second stray light beam Lm−1 that is reflected from a m−1th layer of the plural layers, the signal light beam Lm being condensed at a first focus point fm, the first stray light beam Lm+1 being condensed at a second focus point fm+1, and the second stray light beam Lm−1 being condensed at a third focus point fm−1; a front shielding part positioned between the first focus point fm and the second focus point fm+1 for shielding the beam oriented to a first area; and a rear shielding part positioned between the first focus point fm and the third focus point fm−1 for shielding the beam oriented to a second area; wherein the first and second areas are divided by an optical axis of the condensing optical element. 46. An optical pickup apparatus provided with a light source, a collimator lens, a detector and separating part, an objective lens, an optical detecting system, and an optical detector for recording and reading-out information to and from an optical disk having a plurality of layers, the optical pickup apparatus comprising: a condensing optical element for condensing a beam reflected from the plural layers of the optical disk, the beam including a signal light beam Lm that is reflected from an mth layer of the plural layers, a first stray light beam Lm+1 that is reflected from a m+1th layer of the plural layers, and a second stray light beam Lm−1 that is reflected from a m−1th layer of the plural layers, the signal light beam Lm being condensed at a first focus point fm, the first stray light beam Lm+1 being condensed at a second focus point fm+1, and the second stray light beam Lm−1 being condensed at a third focus point fm−1; a beam splitting part positioned closer to the condenser part than the second focus point fm+1 for splitting the beam into first and second areas divided by an optical axis of the condensing optical element; a front shielding part positioned between the first focus point fm and the second focus point fm+1 on the side of the first area for shielding the first stray light beam Lm+1; and a rear shielding part positioned between the first focus point fm and the third focus point fm−1 on the side of the second area for shielding the second stray light beam Lm−1. 47. An optical pickup apparatus provided with a light source, a collimator lens, a detector and separating part, an objective lens, an optical detecting system, and an optical detector for recording and reading out information to and from an optical disk having a plurality of layers, the optical pickup apparatus comprising: a condensing optical element for condensing a beam reflected from the plural layers of the optical disk, the beam including a signal light beam Lm that is reflected from an mth layer of the plural layers, a first stray light beam Lm+1 that is reflected from a m+1th layer of the plural layers, and a second stray light beam Lm−1 that is reflected from a m−1th layer of the plural layers, the signal light beam Lm being condensed at a first focus point fm, the first stray light beam Lm+1 being condensed at a second focus point fm+1, and the second stray light beam Lm−1 being condensed at a third focus point fm−1; a beam splitting part positioned between the first focus point fm and the second focus point fm+1 for splitting the beam into first and second areas divided by an optical axis of the condensing optical element; and a shielding part positioned between the first focus point fm and the third focus point fm−1 for shielding the first stray light beam Lm+1 and the second stray light beam Lm−1. 48. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 47, wherein the beam splitting part includes a pair of optical wedges in which the thinner sides of the optical wedges are matched so that the optical wedges are symmetric to each other with respect to the optical axis of the condensing optical element. 49. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 47, wherein the beam splitting part includes a pair of optical wedges in which the thicker sides of the optical wedges are matched so that the optical wedges are symmetric to each other with respect to the optical axis of the condensing optical element. 50. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 48, wherein the beam splitting part and the shielding part are formed as a united body. 51. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 49, wherein the beam splitting part and the shielding part are formed as a united body. 52. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 47, wherein the beam splitting part includes a diffraction grating for providing different diffraction with respect to the first and second areas. 53. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 52, wherein the diffraction grating is configured to diffract the beam so that the diffracted beam is inverted. 54. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 53, wherein the diffraction grating and the shielding part are formed as a united body. 55. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 52, wherein the light source is situated at the focus point fm if the diffraction grating is not provided, wherein the light source irradiates a linearly polarized light in a direction that cannot be diffracted by the diffraction grating. 56. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 52, wherein the diffraction grating and the shielding part are formed as a united body. 57. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 52, wherein the diffraction grating, the shielding part, the light source, and the optical detector are formed as a united body. 58. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 45, further comprising: another condensing optical element provided in front of the optical detector, wherein the optical detector includes a part that is divided into two parts by a line parallel to the tracking direction. 59. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 45, wherein the optical detector includes a part that is divided by a line perpendicularly intersecting with the tracking direction. 60. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 46, further comprising: another condensing optical element provided in front of the optical detector with respect to a portion of the beam split by the beam splitting part, wherein the signal light beam condensed by the other condensing optical element is detected by the optical detecting part that includes a part divided into two parts by a line parallel to the tracking direction. 61. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 46, wherein in a case where no other condensing optical element is provided in front of the optical detecting part, the optical detecting part for detecting a portion of the beam split by the beam splitting part includes a part divided into two parts by a line parallel to the tracking direction. 62. The optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 46, further comprising: another condenser part provided in front of the optical detector for detecting a portion of the beam split by the beam splitting part via the other condenser part; and another optical detector for detecting the another portion of the bundle of light split by the beam splitting part signal light. 63. An optical recording apparatus comprising: the optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 45. 64. An optical reproduction apparatus comprising: the optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 45. 65. An optical recording and reproduction apparatus comprising: the optical pickup apparatus as claimed in claim 45.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to an optical system, an optical pickup apparatus, and an optical disk apparatus, and more particularly to an optical system for extracting signal light components from a beam, an optical pickup apparatus including the optical system, and an optical disk apparatus including the optical pickup apparatus. BACKGROUND ART In recent years and continuing, optical disks (e.g., CDs (Compact Disc) and DVDs (Digital Versatile Disc)) serving to record computer programs, audio information, video information (hereinafter referred to as “contents”) are drawing greater attention owing to the advances in digital technology and the improvements in data compression technology. Accordingly, as the optical disks become less expensive, optical disk apparatuses for reading out the information recorded in the optical disks have grown to become widely used. The amount of information to be recorded in the optical disks is growing year by year. Therefore, further increase in the recording capacity of a single optical disk is expected. As for measures that are being developed for increasing the recording capacity of the optical disk, there is, for example, increasing the number of recording layers. Accordingly, vigorous research is being made on optical disks having plural recording layers (hereinafter referred to as “multilayer disk”) and optical disk apparatuses that access the multilayered disks. In the multilayer disks, there is a possibility that the signals from a target recording layer be adversely affected by spherical aberration if the spaces between the recording layers are too large. Accordingly, there is a trend of reducing the space between the recording layers. However, reducing the space between the recording layers causes cross-talk between the recording layers (so-called “interlayer cross-talk”). As a result, the beam returning (reflected) from the multilayer disk contains not only desired beams reflected from a target recording layer (hereinafter referred to as “signal light”) but also a significant amount of undesired beams reflected from recording layers besides the target recording layer (hereinafter referred to as “stray light”). This leads to the decrease in S/N ratio of reproduction signals. For example, FIGS. 50A and 50B are schematic drawings for describing an operation of reading out information from a dual layer recording medium. FIG. 50A is a ray diagram showing a case of reading information recorded in a first recording layer L′ 0, and FIG. 50B is a ray diagram showing a case of reading information recorded in a second recording layer L′ 1 (See also FIG. 2). In FIG. 50A, the objective lens 104 is positioned away from the substrate surface to form a fine beam spot on the first layer L′ 0. In FIG. 50B, the objective lens 104 is positioned closer to the substrate surface to form a fine beam spot on the second layer L′ 1. As shown in both FIGS. 50A and 50B, the signal light rays reflected from the first and second layers L′ 0, L′ 1 are changed to parallel rays when they are transmitted through the objective lens 104, and are condensed and detected at the same light reception surface 108 if the detection lens 106 is arranged at a fixed position. FIG. 51 shows the results observing the degradation of jitter of the signal reproduced from the first layer MB0 in a case of reducing the thickness of an intermediate layer between the first and second layers MB0 and MB1 of a dual layer DVD disk. In a case of reading out information from the first layer MB0, stray light is generated from the second layer MB1, as shown with the dotted lines in FIG. 51A. In a case of reading out information from the second layer MB1, stray light is generated from the first recording layer MB0, as shown with the dotted lines in FIG. 51B. A portion of the stray light overlaps with a beam reflected from the target recording layer and is detected at the optical detector 108. This stray light is generally detected as the offset for various signals (described in further detail in “Analyses for Design of Drives and Disks for Dual-layer Phase Change Optical Disks”, pp. 281-283, Shintani et. al). Furthermore, in a case of reducing the thickness of the intermediate layer, interference between the signal light and the stray light before reaching the optical detecting unit 108. This interference creates noise components for focus error signals, track error signals, and disk reproduction signals (jitter). For example, in observing the jitter of the signals reproduced from the first recording layer MB0, FIG. 52 shows that the jitter is adversely affected when the intermediate layer is formed with a thickness less than 30 μm. This phenomenon is typically referred to as cross-talk. Accordingly, in a case of reducing the thickness of the intermediate layer of a dual layer recording medium, it is desired to eliminate or reduce the stray light in an optical pickup apparatus. In one related art example, offset caused by stray light may be eliminated by providing a diffraction grating in an optical detecting system for dividing the signal light and the stray light into primary light and secondary light, detecting the stray light from plural layers with different optical detectors, and calculating the difference between the signal light and the stray light (see Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2001-273640). However, with this related art example, not only is the stray light diffracted by the diffraction grating but the signal light is also subjected to the diffraction. This causes loss of signal light components included in the beam reflected from the optical disk. Furthermore, this related art cannot eliminate the changes in the quantity of light caused by the interference between the signal light and stray light prior to reaching the optical detecting surface, to thereby cause the strength of the signal light to vary. In another related art example, the effects of the stray light may be reduced by providing a condenser lens and a pin hole in an optical detecting system (see Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2003-323736). However, with this related art example, the strongest component of the stray light may pass through the pin hole and be detected by the optical detector. Therefore, detection of the stray light cannot be sufficiently prevented. Furthermore, since the objective lens typically is driven in the tracking direction, deviation of the optical axis is likely to occur. In such a case, the signal light may be blocked due to the position of the pin hole, to thereby lead to a change in the strength of the signal light. As another related art example, Japanese Registered Patent No. 2624255 proposes an apparatus for reducing interlayer cross-talk when reading out from a multilayer disk. This apparatus requires to further reduce the diameter of a pin hole of its detector for reducing the components of the stray light that is incident on the detector. However, reducing the diameter of the pin hole also causes loss of the components of the signal light that is incident on the detector. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION It is a general object of the present invention to provide an optical system, an optical pickup apparatus, and an optical disk apparatus that substantially obviate one or more of the problems caused by the limitations and disadvantages of the related art. Features and advantages of the present invention are set forth in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent from the description and the accompanying drawings, or may be learned by practice of the invention according to the teachings provided in the description. Objects as well as other features and advantages of the present invention can be realized and attained by an optical system, an optical pickup apparatus, and an optical disk apparatus particularly pointed out in the specification in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to practice the invention. To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the present invention provides an optical system for extracting signal light components from a beam including the signal light components and stray light components, the optical system including: a condensing optical element situated on an optical path of the beam for condensing the beam; a polarization changing unit for changing the state of polarization of at least one of the signal light components and the stray light components included in the incident beam transmitted through the condensing optical element; and an extracting element for extracting the signal light components included in the beam transmitted through the polarization changing unit. Furthermore, an optical system for extracting signal light components from abeam including the signal light components and stray light components, the optical system comprising: a condensing optical element situated on an optical path of the beam for condensing the beam; a polarization changing unit including a combination of a polarization changing element and a reflecting part for changing the state of polarization of at least one of the signal light components and the stray light components included in the incident beam transmitted through the condensing optical element; and an extracting element for extracting the signal light components included in the beam transmitted through the polarization changing unit. Furthermore, the present invention provides an optical pickup apparatus including: a light source for irradiating a beam; an optical system including an objective lens for condensing the beam to a target recording layer of an optical disk having a plurality of recording layers; the optical system according to an embodiment of the present invention; and an optical detecting system for generating signals in accordance with the amount of light of the extracted signal light components. Furthermore, the present invention provides an optical disk apparatus including: the optical pickup apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention; and a processing apparatus for reading out information recorded in the optical disk in accordance with the signals generated by the optical detecting system. Furthermore, the present invention provides an optical system for extracting signal light components from a beam including the signal light components and stray light components, the optical system including: a condensing optical element situated on an optical path of the beam for condensing the beam, the condensing optical element condensing the signal light components at a first focus point and the stray light components at a second focus point; a first polarization changing element positioned between the condensing optical element and the second focus point that is situated closer to the condensing optical element than the first focus point, the first polarization changing element including first and second areas that are divided by a line perpendicularly intersecting with the optical axis of the condensing optical element, the first polarization changing element having an optical characteristic of changing the polarization direction of the beam incident on the first area to an angle of 90 degrees; a first separating element being positioned between the first and second focus points, the first separating element being operable to reflect or absorb the stray light components condensed more toward the condensing optical element than the first focus point; a second separating element positioned between the first focus point and a third focus point at which the stray light components transmitted through first separating element are condensed, the second separating element being operable to reflect or absorb the stray light components transmitted through the first separating element; and a second polarization changing element including first and second areas that are divided by a line perpendicularly intersecting with the optical axis of the condensing optical element, the second polarization changing element having an optical characteristic of changing the polarization direction of the beam incident on at least one of the first area and the second area of the second polarization changing element to an angle of 90 degrees. Furthermore, the present invention provides an optical pickup apparatus including: a light source for irradiating a beam; an optical system including an objective lens for condensing the beam to a target recording layer of an optical disk having a plurality of recording layers, and the optical system according to an embodiment of the present invention; and an optical detecting system for generating signals in accordance with the amount of light of the extracted signal light components. Furthermore, the present invention provides an optical disk apparatus including: the optical pickup apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention; and a processing apparatus for reading out information recorded in the optical disk in accordance with the signals generated by the optical detecting system. Furthermore, the present invention provides an optical pickup apparatus provided with a light source, a collimator lens, a detector and separating part, an objective lens, an optical detecting system, and an optical detector for recording and reading out information to and from an optical disk having a plurality of layers, the optical pickup apparatus including: a condensing optical element for condensing a beam reflected from the plural layers of the optical disk, the beam including a signal light beam Lm that is reflected from an mth layer of the plural layers, a first stray light beam Lm+1 that is reflected from a m+1th layer of the plural layers, and a second stray light beam Lm−1 that is reflected from a m−1th layer of the plural layers, the signal light beam Lm being condensed at a first focus point fm, the first stray light beam Lm+1 being condensed at a second focus point fm+1, and the second stray light beam Lm−1 being condensed at a third focus point fm−1; a front shielding part positioned between the first focus point fm and the second focus point fm+1 for shielding the beam oriented to a first area; and a rear shielding part positioned between the first focus point fm and the third focus point fm−1 for shielding the beam oriented to a second area; wherein the first and second areas are divided by an optical axis of the condensing optical element. Furthermore, the present invention provides an optical pickup apparatus provided with a light source, a collimator lens, a detector and separating part, an objective lens, an optical detecting system, and an optical detector for recording and reading out information to and from an optical disk having a plurality of layers, the optical pickup apparatus including: a condensing optical element for condensing a beam reflected from the plural layers of the optical disk, the beam including a signal light beam Lm that is reflected from an mth layer of the plural layers, a first stray light beam Lm+1 that is reflected from a m+1th layer of the plural layers, and a second stray light beam Lm−1 that is reflected from a m−1th layer of the plural layers, the signal light beam Lm being condensed at a first focus point fm, the first stray light beam Lm+1 being condensed at a second focus point fm+1, and the second stray light beam Lm−1 being condensed at a third focus point fm−1; a beam splitting part positioned closer to the condenser part than the second focus point fm+1 for splitting the beam into first and second areas divided by an optical axis of the condensing optical element; a front shielding part positioned between the first focus point fm and the second focus point fm+1 on the side of the first area for shielding the first stray light beam Lm+1; and a rear shielding part positioned between the first focus point fm and the third focus point fm−1 on the side of the second area for shielding the second stray light beam Lm−1. Furthermore, the present invention provides an optical pickup apparatus provided with a light source, a collimator lens, a detector and separating part, an objective lens, an optical detecting system, and an optical detector for recording and reading out information to and from an optical disk having a plurality of layers, the optical pickup apparatus including: a condensing optical element for condensing a beam reflected from the plural layers of the optical disk, the beam including a signal light beam Lm that is reflected from an mth layer of the plural layers, a first stray light beam Lm+1 that is reflected from a m+1th layer of the plural layers, and a second stray light beam Lm−1 that is reflected from a m−1th layer of the plural layers, the signal light beam Lm being condensed at a first focus point fm, the first stray light beam Lm+1 being condensed at a second focus point fm+1, and the second stray light beam Lm−1 being condensed at a third focus point fm−1; a beam splitting part positioned between the first focus point fm and the second focus point fm+1 for splitting the beam into first and second areas divided by an optical axis of the condensing optical element; and a shielding part positioned between the first focus point fm and the third focus point fm−1 for shielding the first stray light beam Lm+1 and the second stray light beam Lm−1. Furthermore, the present invention provides an optical recording apparatus including: the optical pickup apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. Furthermore, the present invention provides an optical reproduction apparatus includes: the optical pickup apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. Furthermore, the present invention provides an optical recording and reproduction apparatus including: the optical pickup apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing showing an exemplary configuration of an optical disk apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing for describing a configuration of an optical disk according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3A is a schematic drawing for describing an optical system and an optical pickup apparatus including the optical system according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3B is a schematic drawing for describing an optical system and an optical pickup apparatus including the optical system according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 4A and 4B are schematic drawings for describing signal light (signal light components) and stray light (stray light components); FIGS. 5A and 5B are schematic drawings for describing an exemplary operation of the optical system shown in FIG. 3A; FIGS. 5C and 5D are schematic drawings for describing an exemplary operation of the optical system shown in FIG. 3B; FIG. 6A is a schematic drawing for describing a ¼ wave plate according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 6B and 6C are schematic drawings for describing ½ wave plates according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 7A is a schematic drawing for describing another ¼ wave plate according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 7B and 7C are schematic drawings for describing optical polarizing elements according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 8A is a table showing the operation (effect) of the optical system shown in FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 8B is a table showing the operation (effect) of the optical system shown in FIG. 3B according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 9A and 9B are graphs for describing focus error signals and total signals obtained by the reproduction signal process circuit shown in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 10A and 10B are graphs for describing focus error signals and total signals obtained according to a conventional example; FIG. 11 is a flowchart for describing the processes (operation) of an optical disk apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention in a case of receiving an access request from an upper level apparatus; FIG. 12A is a schematic drawing for describing a first modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 12B is a schematic drawing for describing a first modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3B according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 13A is a schematic drawing for describing a second modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 13B is a schematic drawing for describing a second modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3B according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 14 is a graph for describing the relationship between the beam diameter and the thickness of an intermediate layer of an optical disk according to the optical systems shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B. FIG. 15A is a schematic drawing for describing a third modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 15B is a schematic drawing for describing a third modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3B according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 16A is a schematic drawing for describing a fourth modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 16B is a schematic drawing for describing a fourth modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3B according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 17A is a schematic drawing for describing a fifth modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 17B is a schematic drawing for describing a fifth modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3B according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 18A is a schematic drawing for describing a sixth modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 18B is a schematic drawing for describing a sixth modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3B according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 19 is a schematic drawing for describing a first modified example of the optical pickup apparatus shown in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 20 is a table showing the operation (effect) of the optical system shown in FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the present invention in a case where a ¼ wave plate is rotated 180 degrees; FIG. 21 is a schematic drawing for describing a case where the ¼ wave plate shown in FIG. 3A is replaced by a ½ wave plate according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 22 is a schematic drawing for describing a case where the other ¼ wave plate shown in FIG. 3A is replaced by another ½ wave plate according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 23 is a table showing the operation (effect) of the optical system using the ½ wave plates shown in FIGS. 21 and 22 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 24 is a table showing the operation (effect) of the optical system in a case where the other ½ wave plate is rotated 180 degrees according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 25 is a schematic drawing for describing a case where the ¼ wave plate shown in FIG. 3A is replaced by a rotator according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 26 is a schematic drawing for describing a case where the other ¼ wave plate shown in FIG. 3A is replaced by another rotator according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 27 is a table showing the operation (effect) of the optical system using the rotators shown in FIGS. 25 and 26 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 28 is a table showing the operation (effect) of the optical system in a case where the other rotator is rotated 180 degrees according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 29 is a schematic drawing for describing a second modified example of the optical pickup apparatus shown in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 30 is a schematic drawing for describing a ½ wave plate included in the optical system shown in FIG. 29 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 31 is a schematic drawing for describing the operation (effect) of the optical system shown in FIG. 29 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 32 is a table showing the operation (effect) of the optical system shown in FIG. 29 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 33 is a schematic drawing for describing a third modified example of the optical pickup apparatus shown in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 34 is a schematic drawing for describing the operation (effect) of the optical system shown in FIG. 33 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 35 is a table showing the operation (effect) of the optical system shown in FIG. 33 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 36 is a schematic drawing for describing basic configuration of an optical pickup apparatus according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 37 is a schematic drawing of a configuration for preventing loss in the amount of light (light quantity) according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 38 is a schematic drawing for describing a modified example of an optical pickup apparatus according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 39 is a schematic drawing for describing another modified example of an optical pickup apparatus according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 40 is a schematic drawing for describing another modified example of an optical pickup apparatus according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 41 is a schematic drawing for describing a further modified example of the optical pickup apparatus shown in FIG. 41 according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 42A and 42B are schematic drawings for describing an example of forming the beam splitting part and the shielding part(s) shown in FIGS. 40 and 41 into a united body according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 43 is a schematic drawing for describing another modified example of an optical pickup apparatus according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 44 is a schematic drawing for describing another modified example of an optical pickup apparatus according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 45A, 45B and 45C are schematic drawings for describing the positional relationships of the beam, the shielding part(s), and the beam splitting part according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 46A and 46B are schematic drawings showing an exemplary configuration for obtaining track error signals according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 47A and 47B are schematic drawings showing an exemplary configuration for obtaining both focus error signals and track error signals according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 48 is a schematic drawing showing an overall configuration of an optical pickup apparatus according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 49 is a schematic drawing for describing an example of an optical unit according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 50 is a schematic drawing for describing an example of a diffraction grating according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 51A and 51B are schematic drawings for describing an operation of reading out and recording information from and to an optical disk (dual layer information recording medium); FIG. 52 is a graph showing the results of observing the degradation of jitter of signals reproduced from a first layer L′ 0 in a case of reducing the thickness of an intermediate layer of a dual layer DVD disk; and FIGS. 53A and 53B shows modified examples of the configuration shown in FIG. 39 where the beam splitting part and the shielding part are formed as a united body. BEST MODE FOR-CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The present invention is described in detail based on the embodiments illustrated in the drawings. FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an optical disk apparatus 20 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The optical disk apparatus 20 includes, for example, a spindle motor 22 serving as a motor for driving the rotation of an optical disk 15, an optical pickup apparatus 23, a seek motor 21 for driving the optical pickup 23 in a sledge direction, a laser control circuit 24, an encoder 25, a drive control circuit 26 (including, for example, a motor driver 27 and a servo controller 33), a reproduction signal process circuit 28, a buffer RAM 34, a buffer manager 37, an interface 38, a flash memory (or ROM) 39 a CPU 40, and a RAM 41. The arrows illustrated in FIG. 1 indicate an exemplary flow of signals and information and do not indicate all connections among the illustrated components (blocks). Furthermore, the optical disk apparatus 20 according to an embodiment of the present invention is applicable to a multilayer disk. Furthermore, the optical disk apparatus 20 includes an apparatus dedicated for recording information in an optical disk (optical disk apparatus), an apparatus dedicated for reading out information from an optical disk (optical reproduction apparatus), and an apparatus dedicated to record/reproduce information from to/from an optical disk. As shown in FIG. 2, the optical disk 15 includes, for example, a first substrate M0, a first recording layer L0, an intermediate recording layer ML, a second recording layer L1, and a second substrate M1 that are layered in this order from the light incident direction (arrow direction in FIG. 2) of the optical disk 15. Furthermore, a translucent film MB0 that is formed of, for example, a metal material (e.g. silver, aluminum) or a dielectric material (e.g. silicon) is provided between the first recording layer L0 and the intermediate layer ML. Furthermore, a reflection film MB1 formed of, for example, a metal material (e.g. silver, aluminum), is provided between the second recording layer L1 and the second substrate M1. The intermediate layer ML includes a UV curing resin material that has a refractive index that is similar to that of the substrates. That is, the optical disk 15 is a single sided dual layer disk. Each recording layer has one or more tracks formed with spiral or concentric guiding grooves. The optical disk 15 is set in a manner that the first recording layer L0 is situated closer to the optical disk apparatus 20 than the second recording layer L1. Accordingly, a portion of the band of rays incident on the optical disk 15 is reflected at the translucent film MB0, and the remaining portion of the band of rays are transmitted through the translucent film MB0. Then, the band of rays transmitted through the translucent film MB0 are reflected by the reflection film MB1. In this embodiment, the optical disk 15 is a DVD type information recording medium. The optical pickup apparatus 23 is for irradiating a laser beam onto one of the two recording layers of the optical disk 15 to which access is sought (hereinafter referred to as “target recording layer”) and for receiving the light reflected from the optical disk 15. As shown in FIG. 3A, the optical pickup apparatus 23 includes, for example, a light source unit 51, a coupling lens 52, a polarization beam splitter 54, a ¼ wave plate 55, an objective lens 60, an optical system 70 (also referred to as an optical polarization system), a condenser lens (detection lens) 58, an optical detecting unit serving PD (also referred to as a photo detector) and a drive system including a focusing actuator AC and a tracking actuator (not shown) for driving the objective lens 60. The light source unit 51 includes, for example, a semiconductor laser LD serving as a light source for irradiating a laser beam having a wavelength complying with the optical disk 15 (in this example, approximately 660 nm). In this embodiment of the present invention, the direction of the laser beam of the maximum strength irradiated from the light source unit 51 is in the +X direction. Furthermore, the light source unit 51 irradiates, for example, a bundle of polarized rays that is parallel to the incident plane of the polarization beam splitter 54 (P polarized light). The coupling lens 52, being positioned at the +X side of the light source unit 51, makes the beam irradiated from the light source unit 51 into substantially parallel rays. The polarization beam splitter 54 is positioned at the +X side of the coupling lens 54. The reflectance of the polarization beam splitter 54 varies depending on the polarization state of the incident band of rays. In this example, the polarization beam splitter 54 is set to have decreasing reflectance with respect to the P polarized light and an increasing reflectance with respect to the S polarized light. That is, a large portion of the beam irradiated from the light source unit 51 can transmit through the polarization beam splitter 54. The ¼ wave plate is positioned at the +X side of the polarization beam splitter 54. The ¼ wave plate 55 provides a phase difference of a ¼ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the ¼ wave plate 55. The objective lens 60, being positioned at the +X side of the ¼ wave plate 55, condenses the beam transmitted through the ¼ wave plate onto the target recording layer. The optical system 70, being positioned at the −Z side of the polarization beam splitter 54, selectively allows a portion of the reflected beam reflected from the target recording layer (via the polarization beam splitter 54) to transmit therethrough. The configuration of the optical system 70 is described in detail below. The condenser lens 58, being positioned at the −Z side of the optical system 70, condenses the reflected beam transmitted through the optical system 70 onto the optical detecting surface of the optical detecting unit PD. The optical detecting unit PD has plural optical detectors (or an optical detecting area) for generating signals (photo-electric conversion signals) that are optimum for detecting, for example, RF signals, wobble signals, and servo signals in the reproduction signal process circuit 28. The focusing actuator AC is for precisely driving (moving) the objective lens 60 in the focus direction, that is, the direction of the optical axis of the objective lens 60. For the sake of convenience, in a case where the target recording layer is the first recording layer L0, the optimum position of the objective lens 60 with respect to the focus direction is referred to as “first lens position”, and in a case where the target recording layer is the second recording layer L1, the optimum position of the objective lens 60 with respect to the focus direction is referred togas “second lens position”. The distance between the objective lens 60 and the optical disk 15 is shorter in a case where the objective lens 60 is in the second lens position when compared to a case where the objective lens 60 is in the first lens position (See FIGS. 4A and 4B). The tracking actuator (not shown) is for precisely driving (moving) the objective lens 60 in the tracking direction. Next, the beam reflected from the optical disk 15 is described with reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B. As shown in FIG. 4A, in a case where the target recording layer is the first recording layer L0, the position of the objective lens 60 is defined to the first lens position. Accordingly, the objective lens 60 condenses the beam irradiated from the light source unit 51 onto the first recording layer L0. Then, a portion of the beam is reflected from the translucent film MB0 and is incident on the objective lens 60. Such portion of the beam reflected from the translucent film MB0 includes signal light components (signal light). Meanwhile, the remaining portion of the beam is transmitted through the translucent film MB0, is reflected from the reflection film MB1, and is incident on the objective lens 60. The remaining portion of the beam reflected from the reflection film MB1 includes stray light components (stray light). That is, regardless of whether the target recording layer is the first recording layer L0 or the second recording layer L1, the beam reflected from the optical disk 15 includes a beam reflected from the translucent film MB0 (hereinafter referred to as “first reflected light”) and a bundle of rays reflected from the reflection film MB1 (hereinafter referred to as “second reflected light”). In this example, in a case where the target recording layer is the first recording layer L0, the first reflected light includes the signal light components (signal light) and the second reflected light includes the stray light components (stray light). Meanwhile, in a case where the target recording layer is the second recording layer L1, the second reflected light include the signal light components (signal light) and the first reflected light include the stray light components (stray light). Since the stray light components lead to deterioration of S/N ratio when detecting various signals in the reproduction signal process circuit 28, it is desired to extract the signal light components from the beam reflected from the optical disk 15. Next, the optical system 70 according to another embodiment of the present invention is described. In this embodiment, the optical system 70 shown in FIG. 3B includes a lens (condensing optical element) 61, two ¼ wave plates (62, 63), and a polarizing optical element (extracting element) 64 The lens 61, being situated at the −Z side of the polarization beam splitter 54, condenses the returning beam reflected from the polarization beam splitter 54. Since the translucent film MB0 and the reflection film MB1 are separated from each other in the focus direction, the focus point of the first reflected light and the focus point of the second reflected light do not match, that is, the focus point of the first reflected light and the focus point of the second reflected light are separated from each other in the optical axis direction of the lens 61. For example, as shown in FIG. 5A, in a case where the target recording layer is the first recording layer L0, the focus point of the second reflected light transmitted through the lens 61 is set as “f+1” and the focus point of the first reflected light transmitted through the lens 61 is set as “f0”. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 5B, in a case where the target recording layer is the second recording layer L1, the focus point of the second reflected light transmitted through the lens 61 is set as “f0” and the focus point of the first reflected light transmitted through the lens 61 is set as “f−1”. That is, the focus point of the signal light (first focus point) is set as “f0”. Meanwhile, the focus point of the stray light reflected from a recording layer which is situated farther from the objective lens 60 compared to the target recording layer (second focus point) is set as “f+1”. The focus point of the stray light reflected from a recording layer which is situated closer to the objective lens 60 compared to the target recording layer (third focus point) is set as “f−1”. Furthermore, the +X side of the optical axis of the lens 61 is hereinafter also referred to “area 1”, and the −X side of the optical axis of the lens 61 is hereinafter also referred to as “area 2” (See FIGS. 5A and 5B). The ¼ wave plate (first polarization changing element) 62 is positioned on the −Z side of the lens 61 and is situated between the second focus point f+1 and the first focus point f0 (See FIG. 5A). For example, as shown in FIG. 6A, the ¼ wave plate 62 is divided into two areas (62a, 62b) by a dividing line 62d extending in the Y direction. In this example, the area on the +X side with respect to the dividing line 62d is indicated as area 62a, and the area on the −X side with respect to the dividing line 62d is indicated as area 62b. The area 62a provides a phase difference of +¼ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the ¼ wave plate. It is to be noted that “+¼ wavelength” according to an embodiment of the present invention includes “+¼×(2n+1) wavelength”, wherein “nn” is a natural number. The area 62b provides a phase difference of −¼ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the ¼ wave plate 62. It is to be noted that “−¼ wavelength” according to an embodiment of the present invention includes “−¼×(2n+1) wavelength”, wherein “n” is a natural number. In a case where the objective lens 60 shifts in the tracking direction, the returning beam incident on the ¼ wave plate 62 shifts to a direction corresponding to the tracking direction (in this example, the Y direction). The ¼ wave plate 63 (second polarization changing element) is positioned in the −Z direction of the ¼ wave plate 62 and is situated between the first focus point f0 and the third focus point f−1 (See FIG. 5B). For example, as shown in FIG. 7A, the ¼ wave plate 63 is divided into two areas (63a, 63b) by a dividing line 63d extending in the Y direction. In this example, the area on the +X side with respect to the dividing line 63d is indicated as area 63a, and the area on the −X side with respect to the dividing line 63d is indicated as area 63b. The area 63a provides a phase difference of +¼ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the ¼ wave plate 63. The area 63b provides a phase difference of −¼ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the ¼ wave plate 63. In other words, the ¼ wave plate 63 has the same optical characteristics as the ¼ wave plate 62. In this case also, the returning beam incident on the ¼ wave plate 63 shifts to a direction corresponding to the tracking direction (in this example, the Y direction) when the objective lens 60 shifts in the tracking direction. For example, a twist nematic liquid crystal, a sub-wavelength wire-grid, or a photonic crystal may be used as the ¼ wave plate 62, 63. The polarization optical element 64, being positioned at the −Z side of the ¼ wave plate 63, only allows S polarized components included in the beam from the ¼ wave plate 63 to transmit therethrough. Next, the operation of the above-described optical pickup apparatus 23 is described with reference to FIGS. 5A, 5B, and FIG. 8A. In the table shown in FIG. 8A as well as the tables in the following drawings according to an embodiment of the present invention, the letter “S” indicates “S polarized light”, the letter “P” indicates “P polarized light”, the letter “R” indicates “right circularly polarized light”, and the letter “L” indicates “left circularly polarized light”. Furthermore, in the table shown in FIG. 6A as well as the tables in the following drawings according to an embodiment of the present invention, it is to be noted that, with respect to the optical axis direction of the lens 61, the optical path between the lens 61 and the second focus point f+1 is referred to as “optical path A”, the optical path between the second focus point f+1 and the ¼ wave plate 62 is referred to as “optical path B”, the optical path between the ¼ wave plate 62 and the first focus point f0 is referred to as “optical path C”, the optical path between the first focus point f0 and the ¼ wave plate 63 is referred to as “optical path D”, the optical path between the ¼ wave plate 63 and the third focus point f−1 is referred to as “optical path E”, the optical path between the third focus point f−1 and the polarization optical element 64 is referred to as “optical path F”, and the optical path between the polarization optical element 64 and the condenser lens 58 is referred to as “optical path G” (See FIGS. 5A and 5B). The beam of the direct polarized light (in this example, P polarized light) irradiated from the light source unit 51 is made into a bundle of substantially parallel rays by the coupling lens 52. Then, the parallel rays become incident on the polarization beam splitter 54. A large portion of the beam is transmitted through the polarization beam splitter 54 maintaining its parallel state, is circularly polarized by the ¼ wave plate 55, and is condensed into a fine beam spot on the target recording layer of the optical disk 15 via the objective lens 60. The beam reflected from the optical disk 15 (including signal light components and stray light components) becomes circularly polarized in an opposite rotating direction (with respect to that of the circularly polarized rays irradiated to the optical disk 15) and is again made into substantially parallel rays by the objective lens 60. Then, the reflected bundle of parallel rays are made into linearly polarized light (in this example, S polarized light) that perpendicularly intersect with the direction of the irradiated rays at the ¼ wave plate 55. Then, the reflected beam becomes incident on the polarization beam splitter 54. The beam reflected in the −Z direction by the polarization beam splitter 54 is condensed at the lens 61. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the lens 61, becomes incident on the ¼ wave plate 62. The signal light and the stray light included in the reflected beam are both S polarized light at the optical paths A, B between the lens 61 and the ¼ wave plate 62 (See FIGS. 5A and 5B). The ¼ wave plate 62 provides a phase difference of +¼ wave length with respect to the beam incident on the area 62a and provides a phase difference of −¼ wave length with respect to the beam incident on the area 62b (See FIG. 6A). Thereby, the signal light and the stray light are both circularly polarized light in the clockwise direction (right circularly polarized light) in the area 1 at the optical path C and are both circularly polarized light in the clockwise direction (right circularly polarized light) in the area 2 at the optical path C. Furthermore, in the area 1 at the optical path D, although the stray light remains as a circularly polarized light in the clockwise direction (right circularly polarized light), the signal light becomes a circularly polarized light in the counter-clockwise direction (left circularly polarized light). Furthermore, in the area 2 at the optical path D, although the stray light remains as a circularly polarized light in the counter-clockwise direction (left circularly polarized light), the signal light becomes a circularly polarized light in the clockwise direction (right circularly polarized light). Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the ¼ wave plate 62, becomes incident on the ¼ wave plate 63. The ¼ wave plate 63 provides a phase difference of +¼ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the area 63a and provides a phase difference of −¼ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the area 63b (See FIG. 7A). In the optical paths between the ¼ wave plate 63 and the polarization optical element 64 (optical paths E and F), the signal light is an S polarized light and the stray light is a P polarized light. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the ¼ wave plate 63, becomes incident on the polarization optical element 64. The polarization optical element 64 only allows the S polarized components included in the beam from the ¼ wave plate 63 to transmit therethrough. Accordingly, the beam at the optical path G only includes signal light components. In other words, the signal light components included in the reflected beam are extracted. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the polarization optical element 64, is received by the optical detecting unit PD via the condenser lens 58. A photo-electric conversion process is performed on the reflected beam at each optical detector (or optical detecting area) in the optical detecting unit PD. Then, the optical detecting unit PD outputs photo-electric converted signal to the reproduction signal process circuit 28. Since only signal light components (signal light) included in the reflected beam are received at the optical detecting unit PD, the optical detecting unit PD can output the photo-electric converted signals having high S/N ratio. Next, the optical system 70 according to a modified embodiment of the present invention is described. In this modified embodiment of the present invention, the optical system 70 shown in FIG. 3B includes a lens (condensing optical element) 61, two ½ wave plates (62a, 62b), and two polarizing optical element (64a, 64b). The lens 61, being situated at the −Z side of the polarization beam splitter 54, condenses the returning beam reflected from the polarization beam splitter 54. Since the translucent film MB0 and the reflection film MB1 are separated from each other in the focus direction, the focus point of the first reflected light and the focus point of the second reflected light do not match, that is, the focus point of the first reflected light and the focus point of the second reflected light are separated from each other in the optical axis direction of the lens 61. For example, as shown in FIG. 5C, in a case where the target recording layer is the second recording layer L1, the focus point of the first reflected light transmitted through the lens 61 is set as “f+1” and the focus point of the second reflected light transmitted through the lens 61 is set as “f0”. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 5D, in a case where the target recording layer is the first recording layer L0, the focus point of the first reflected light transmitted through the lens 61 is set as “f0” and the focus point of the second reflected light transmitted through the lens 61 is set as “f−1”. That is, the focus point of the signal light is set as “f0”. Meanwhile, the focus point of the stray light reflected from a recording layer which is situated closer to the objective lens 60 compared to the target recording layer is set as “f+1”. The focus point of the stray light reflected from a recording layer which is situated farther from the objective lens 60 compared to the target recording layer is set as “f−1”. Furthermore, the +X side of the optical axis of the lens 61 is hereinafter also referred to “area 1”, and the −X side of the optical axis of the lens 61 is hereinafter also referred to as “area 2” (See FIGS. 5C and 5D). The ½ wave plate (first polarization changing element) 62a is positioned on the −Z side of the lens 61 and is situated between the lens 61 and the focus point f+1 (See FIG. 5C). For example, as shown in FIG. 6B, the ½ wave plate 62a is divided into two areas (621, 622) by a dividing line 623 extending in the Y direction. In this example, the area on the +X side with respect to the dividing line 623 is indicated as area 621, and the area on the −X side with respect to the dividing line 623 is indicated as area 622. The area 621 allows the incident light to transmit therethrough as is. The area 622 provides a phase difference of ½ wavelength (+½ wavelength) with respect to the beam incident on the ½ wave plate 62a. It is to be noted that “+½ wavelength” includes “+½×(2n+1) wavelength”, wherein “n” is a natural number. In a case where the objective lens 60 shifts in the tracking direction, the returning beam incident on the ½ wave plate 62a shifts to a direction corresponding to the tracking direction (in this example, the Y direction). The polarizing optical element 64a (first separating element) is positioned between the focus point f+1 and the focus point f0 (See FIG. 5B). For example, as shown in FIG. 7B, the polarizing optical element 64a is divided into two areas (641, 642) by a dividing line 643 extending in the Y direction. In this example, the area on the +X side with respect to the dividing line 643 is indicated as area 641, and the area on the −X side with respect to the dividing line 643 is indicated as area 642. The area 641 allows S polarized light to transmit therethrough and either reflects or absorbs P polarized light. The area 642 allows P polarized light to transmit therethrough and either reflects or absorbs S polarized light. In a case where the objective lens 60 shifts in the tracking direction, the returning beam incident on the polarizing optical element 64a shifts to a direction corresponding to the tracking direction. The polarizing optical element 64b (second separating element) is positioned between the focus point f0 and the focus point f−1 (See FIG. 5C). For example, as shown in FIG. 7C, the polarizing optical element 64b is divided into two areas (645, 646) by a dividing line 647 extending in the Y direction. In this example, the area on the +X side with respect to the dividing line 647 is indicated as area 645, and the area on the −X side with respect to the dividing line 647 is indicated as area 646. The area 645 allows P polarized light to transmit therethrough and either reflects or absorbs S polarized light. The area 646 allows S polarized light to transmit therethrough and either reflects or absorbs P polarized light. In a case where the objective lens 60 shifts in the tracking direction, the returning beam incident on the polarizing optical element 64b shifts to a direction corresponding to the tracking direction. The ½ wave plate (second polarization changing element) 62b is situated between the polarizing optical element 64b and the condensing lens 58 (See FIG. 5D). For example, as shown in FIG. 6C, the ½ wave plate 62b is divided into two areas (625, 626) by a dividing line 627 extending in the Y direction. In this example, the area on the +X side with respect to the dividing line 627 is indicated as area 625, and the area on the −X side with respect to the dividing line 627 is indicated as area 626. The area 625 provides a phase difference of ½ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the ½ wave plate 62b. The area 626 allows the incident light to transmit therethrough. In a case where the objective lens 60 shifts in the tracking direction, the returning beam incident on the ½ wave plate 62b shifts to a direction corresponding to the tracking direction. For example, a twist nematic liquid crystal, a sub-wavelength wire-grid, or a photonic crystal may be used as the ½ wave plate 62a, 62b. Next, the operation of the above-described optical pickup apparatus 23 according to the modified embodiment of the present invention is described with reference to FIGS. 5C, 5D, and FIG. 8B. Here, with respect to the optical axis direction of the lens 61, the optical path between the lens 61 and the ½ wave plate 62a is referred to as “optical path A”, the optical path between the ½ wave plate 62a and the focus point f+1 is referred to as “optical path B”, the optical path between the focus point f+1 and the polarizing optical element 64a is referred to as “optical path C”, the optical path between the polarizing optical element 64a and the focus point fD is referred to as “optical path D”, the optical path between the focus point f0 and the polarizing optical element 64b is referred to as “optical path E”, the optical path between the polarizing optical element 64b and the ½ wave plate 62b is referred to as “optical path F”, and the optical path between the ½ wave plate 62b and the condenser lens 58 is referred to as “optical path G” (See FIGS. 5C and 5D). The beam of the direct polarized light (in this example, P polarized light) irradiated from the light source unit 51 is made into a bundle of substantially parallel rays by the coupling lens 52. Then, the parallel rays become incident on the polarization beam splitter 54. A large portion of the beam is transmitted through the polarization beam splitter 54 maintaining its parallel state, is circularly polarized by the ¼ wave plate 55, and is condensed into a fine beam spot on the target recording layer of the optical disk 15 via the objective lens 60. The beam reflected from the optical disk 15 (including signal light components and stray light components) becomes circularly polarized in an opposite rotating direction (with respect to that of the circularly polarized rays irradiated to the optical disk 15) and is again made into substantially parallel rays by the objective lens 60. Then, the reflected bundle of parallel rays are made into linearly polarized light (in this example, S polarized light) that perpendicularly intersect with the direction of the irradiated rays at the ¼ wave plate 55. Then, the reflected beam becomes incident on the polarization beam splitter 54. The beam reflected in the −Z direction by the polarization beam splitter 54 is condensed at the lens 61. [In a Case where the Target Recording Layer is L0] Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the lens 61, becomes incident on the ½ wave plate 62a. The signal light and the stray light included in the reflected beam are both S polarized light at the optical path A between the lens 61 and the ½ wave plate 62a (See FIG. 5D). The ½ wave plate 62 allows the beam incident on the area 621 to transmit therethrough and provides a phase difference of ½ wave length with respect to the beam incident on the area 622. Thereby, the signal light and the stray light are both S polarized light in the area 1 at the optical path B and are both P polarized light in the area 2 at the optical path B. Furthermore, both the signal light and the stray light remain as S polarized light in the area 1 at the optical path C, and both the signal light and the stray light remain as P polarized light in the area 1 at the optical path C. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the ½ wave plate 62a, becomes incident on the polarizing optical element 64a. Since both the signal light and the stray light incident on the area 641 are S polarized light, each of the lights is transmitted through the area 641. Since both the signal light and the stray light incident on the area 642 are P polarized light, each of the lights is transmitted through the area 642. Accordingly, both the signal light and the stray light remain as S polarized light in the area 1 at the optical path D, and both the signal light and the stray light remain as P polarized light in the area 2 at the optical path D. Furthermore, although the stray light remain as S polarized light in the area 1 at the optical path E, the signal light becomes P polarized-light in the area 1 at the optical path E. Furthermore, although the stray light remain as P polarized light in the area 2 at the optical path E, the signal light becomes S polarized light in the area 2 at the optical path E. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the polarizing optical element 64a, becomes incident on the polarizing optical element 64b. Since the stray light incident on the area 645 is S polarized light, the incident stray light is reflected or absorbed at the area 645. Since the signal light incident on the area 645 is P polarized light, the incident signal light is transmitted through the area 645. Since the signal light incident on the area 646 is S polarized light, the incident signal light is transmitted through the area 646. Accordingly, the reflected beam incident on the area 1 at the optical path F only includes P polarized signal light, and the reflected beam incident on the area 2 at the optical path F only includes S polarized signal light. In other words, the signal light (signal light components) and the stray light (stray light components) included the reflected beam are extracted. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the polarizing optical element 64b, is incident on the ½ wave plate 62b. The ½ wave plate 62b provides a phase difference of ½ wave length with respect to the beam incident on the area 625 and allows the beam incident on the area 626 to transmit therethrough. Thereby, the signal light becomes S polarized light in the area 1 at the optical path G, and the signal light remains as S polarized light in the area 2 at the optical path G. [In a Case Where the Target Recording Layer is L1] Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the lens 61, becomes incident on the ½ wave plate 62a. The signal light and the stray light included in the reflected beam are both S polarized light at the optical path A between the lens 61 and the ½ wave plate 62a (See FIG. 5C). The ½ wave plate 62a allows the beam incident on the area 621 to transmit therethrough and provides a phase difference of ½ wave length with respect to the beam incident on the area 622. Thereby, the signal light and the stray light are both S polarized light in the area 1 at the optical path B and are both P polarized light in the area 2 at the optical path B. Furthermore, both the signal light and the stray light remain as S polarized light in the area 1 at the optical path C, and both the signal light and the stray light remain as P polarized light in the area 1 at the optical path C. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the ½ wave plate 62a, becomes incident on the polarizing optical element 64a. Since the signal light incident on the area 641 is S polarized light, the signal light transmits through the area 642. On the other hand, since the stray light incident on the area 641 is P polarized light, the stray light is reflected or absorbed at the area 641. Since the signal light incident on the area 642 is P polarized light, the signal light is transmitted through the area 642. On the other hand, since the stray light incident on the area 642 is S polarized light, the stray light is reflected or absorbed at the area 642. Accordingly, the reflected beam includes only S polarized signal light in the area 1 at the optical path D, and the reflected beam includes only P polarized signal light in the area 2 at the optical path D. Accordingly, the beam at the optical path D include only signal light (signal light components). That is, the signal light and the stray light included in the reflected beam can be extracted. The signal light becomes P polarized light in the area 1 at the optical path E. Furthermore, the signal light in the area 2 at the optical path E becomes S polarized light. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the polarizing optical element 64a, becomes incident on the polarizing optical element 64b. Since the signal light incident on the area 645 is P polarized light, the incident signal light transmits through the area 645. Since the signal light incident on the area 646 is S polarized light, the incident signal light transmits through the area 646. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the polarizing optical element 64b, is incident on the ½ wave plate 62b. The ½ wave plate 62b provides a phase difference of ½ wave length with respect to the beam incident on the area 625 and allows the beam incident on the area 626 to transmit therethrough. Thereby, the signal light becomes S polarized light in the area 1 at the optical path G, and the signal light remains as S polarized light in the area 2 at the optical path G. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the ½ wave plate 62b, is received by the optical detecting unit PD via the condenser lens 58. A photo-electric conversion process is performed on the reflected beam at each optical detector (or optical detecting area) in the optical detecting unit PD. Then, the optical detecting unit PD outputs photo-electric converted signal to the reproduction signal process circuit 28. Since only signal light components (signal light) included in the reflected beam are received at the optical detecting unit PD, the optical detecting unit PD can output the photo-electric converted signals having high S/N ratio. Next, returning to FIG. 1, the reproduction signal process circuit 28 according to an embodiment of the present invention obtains, for example, servo signals (including, for example, focus error signals and track error signals), address information, synchronization signals, and RF signals based on signals (photo-electric converted signals) output from the optical detecting unit PD. Since the photo-electric converted signals output from the optical detecting unit PD have high S/N ratio, the reproduction signal process circuit 28 can accurately obtain servo signals, address information, synchronization information (synchronization signals), and RF signals. For example, as shown in FIG. 9A, the linear portion of the focus error signal is longer compared to that of a conventional example (shown in FIG. 10A). This allows the amount of deviation (positional deviation) of focus to be accurately detected. The vertical axis in FIG. 9A is standardized. For example, in a case where the optical detecting unit PD is divided into two optical detecting areas by a dividing line extending in a direction corresponding to the tracking direction, the vertical axis of FIG. 9A is expressed as (Sa−Sb)/(Sa+Sb) wherein the signals output from the respective divided areas are Sa, Sb. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 9B, the total signal (total of adding the photo-electric converted. signals) including the RF signals is also stable compared to that of the conventional example (shown in FIG. 10B), the RF signals can be accurately obtained. The vertical axis in FIG. 9B is normalized, in which the maximum value of the total signal is set as 1. FIGS. 9A and 9B is based on data in a case where the thickness of the intermediate layer ML is approximately 9 μm, the NA (numerical aperture) of the objective lens is approximately 0.65, and the wavelength of the laser beam is approximately 660 nm. The obtained servo signals are output to the drive control circuit 26, the obtained address information is output to the CPU 40, and the synchronization signals are output to the encoder 25 or the drive control circuit 26, for example. Furthermore, the reproduction signal process circuit 28 performs a decoding process and an error detection process on the RF signals. In a case where an error is detected, an error correction process is performed on the RF signals. Then, the corrected signals are stored as reproduction data in the buffer RAM 34 via the buffer manager 37. The address signals included in the reproduction data is output to the CPU 40. The drive control circuit 26 generated drive signals of the tracking actuator for correcting the positional deviation of the objective lens 60 with respect to the tracking direction based on the track error signals from the reproduction signal process circuit 28. Furthermore, the drive control circuit 26 generates drive signals of the focusing actuator AC for correcting focus deviation of the objective lens 60 based on the focus error signals from the reproduction signal process circuit 28. The drive signals of each of the actuators are output to the optical pickup apparatus 23. Thereby, tracking control and focus control is performed. Furthermore, the drive control circuit 26 generates drive signals for driving the seek motor 21 and drive signals for driving the spindle motor 22 based on the instructions from the CPU 40. The drive signals of each of the motors are output to the seek motor 21 and the spindle motor 22, respectively. The buffer RAM 34 temporarily stores data to be recorded in the optical disk 15 (recording data) and data to be reproduced from the optical disk 15 (reproduction data). The buffer manager 37 manages the input/output of data to the buffer RAM 34. The encoder 25 extracts recording data stored in the buffer RAM 34 via the buffer manager 37 based on the instructions from the CPU 40. The encoder 25 performs data modulation and addition of error correction codes on the extracted recording data, to thereby generate signals (write signals) for writing the data onto the optical disk 15. The generated write signals are output to the laser control circuit 24. The laser control circuit 24 controls the irradiation power of the semiconductor laser LD. For example, in recording data in the optical disk 15, the laser control circuit 24 generates drive signals for driving semiconductor laser LD based on write signals, recording conditions, and the irradiation characteristics of the semiconductor laser LD. The interface 38 serves as an interface for performing bi-directional communication with an upper level apparatus (or a host) 90 such as a personal computer. The interface 38 complies with interface standards such as ATAPI (AT Attachment Packet Interface), SCSI (Small Computer System Interface), and USB (Universal Serial Bus). The flash memory (ROM) 39 stores, for example, various programs written in a code readable for the CPU 40, recording conditions (e.g. recording power, recording strategy information) and irradiation characteristics of the semiconductor laser LD. The CPU 40 controls various parts in accordance with the various programs stored in the flash memory 39, and stores data used for the control in the RAM 41 and the buffer RAM 34. Next, with reference to FIG. 11, an operation of the optical disk apparatus 20 according to an embodiment of the present invention is described in a case where the optical disk apparatus 20 receives an access request from the upper apparatus 90. The flowchart of FIG. 11 shows an algorithm including a series of steps executed by the CPU 40. Upon receiving a recording command or a reproduction command from the upper apparatus 90 (hereinafter referred to as “request command”), the operation of the CPU 40 is started by setting a header address of the program corresponding to the flowchart shown in FIG. 11 to a program counter of the CPU 40. In Step S401, the CPU 40 instructs the drive control circuit 26 to rotate the optical disk 15 at a predetermined linear (or angular speed). The CPU 40 also reports the reception of the request command from the upper apparatus 90 to the reproduction signal process circuit 28. Then, in Step S403, the CPU 40 extracts a designated address from the request command, and identifies the target recording layer (whether it is the first recording layer L0 or the second recording layer L1) based on the designated address. Then, in Step S405, the CPU 40 reports information regarding the identified target recording layer to, for example, the drive control circuit 26. Then, in Step S409, the CPU 40 instructs the drive control circuit 26 to form a beam spot in the vicinity of a target position corresponding to the designated address. Thereby, the seek operation is executed. If it is unnecessary to execute the seek operation, the processes in Step S409 may be skipped. Then, in Step S411, the CPU 40 allows recording of data or reproduction of data in accordance with the request command. Then, in Step S413, the CPU 40 determines whether the recording process or the reproduction process is completed. If the recording process or the reproduction process is not completed, the CPU 40 determines that the completion of the recording process or the reproduction process as negative and reattempts the determination after a predetermined time elapses. If the recording process or the reproduction process is completed, the CPU 40 determines that the completion of the recording process or the reproduction process as affirmative, to thereby end the operation. In the optical disk apparatus 20 according to an embodiment of the present invention, the reproduction signal process circuit 28, the CPU 40, and the program executed by the CPU 40 are included in a process apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. Moreover, the processes (steps) executed by the CPU 40 may also be partly or entirely executed using other additional hardware. With the above-described optical pickup apparatus 23 according to an embodiment of the present invention, the bundle of linearly polarized rays (in this example, P polarized light) irradiated from the light source unit 51 is condensed to form a fine beam spot on the target recording layer of the optical disk 15 via the coupling lens 52, the polarization beam splitter 54, the ¼ wave plate 55, and the objective lens 60. The reflected beam (including signal light and stray light) reflected from the optical disk 15 is made into linearly polarized light (in this example, S polarized light) that perpendicularly intersects with the direction of the rays irradiated from the light source unit 51 and is incident on the polarization beam splitter 54. The beam reflected in the −Z direction in the polarization beam splitter 54 becomes converged light at the lens 61 (condensing optical element) and is incident on the ¼ wave plate 62 (first polarization changing element). The ¼ wave plate 62 provides a phase difference of +¼ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the area 62a and provides a phase difference of −¼ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the area 62b. The reflected beam, which is transmitted through the ¼ wave plate 62, is incident on the ¼ wave plate 63 (second polarization changing element). The ¼ wave plate 63 provides a phase difference of +¼ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the area 63a and provides a phase difference of −¼ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the area 63b. Accordingly, the signal light transmitted through the ¼ wave plate 63 becomes S polarized light and the stray light transmitted through the ¼ wave plate 63 becomes P polarized light. The reflected beam, which is transmitted through the ¼ wave plate 63, is incident on the polarizing optical element 64 (extracting element). The polarizing optical element 64 allows only the signal light in the reflected beam to transmit therethrough. In other words, The polarizing optical element 64 extracts the signal light from the reflected beam. The reflected beam, which is transmitted through the polarizing optical element 64, is received by the optical detecting unit PD via the condenser lens 58. Since the reflected beam received by the optical detecting unit PD only includes signal light (signal light components), photo-electric converted signals having high S/N ratio can be output. Therefore, predetermined signals from the optical disk 15 having plural recording layers can be accurately obtained. Furthermore, since the dividing lines of the ¼ wave plate 62 and the ¼ wave plate 63 match the direction corresponding to the tracking direction, the signal light and the stray light can be precisely separated even in case where the objective lens 60 shifts to the tracking direction. Furthermore, since the photo-electric converted signals having high S/N ratio are output from the optical pickup apparatus 23, access to an optical disk having plural recording layers can be precisely and stably executed. Therefore, information can be precisely reproduced from the optical disk having plural recording layers. In one example, as shown in FIG. 12, the ¼ wave plate 62 and the ¼ wave plate 63 may also be formed as a united body via a transparent member TB having a refractive index greater than 1. This allows the dividing line 62d and the dividing line 63d to be easily positioned to face each other during a manufacturing process. Thus, the positions of each polarizing optical member can easily be defined. In other words, the assembly process and the positional adjustment process can be simplified. In this case, since the polarizing optical members are to be mounted onto the transparent member TB, it is preferable to use a sub-wavelength wire-grid or a photonic crystal since the sub-wavelength wire-grid and the photonic crystal can be formed relatively easily. In another example according to the modified embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 13B, in addition to forming the polarizing optical elements as a united body via the transparent member TB having a refractive index greater than 1, the transparent member TB may also be provided between the focus point f+1 and the polarizing optical element 64a and between the polarizing optical element 64b and the focus point f−1, respectively. This enlarges the beam diameter of the reflected beam incident on each of the polarizing optical elements owing that the distance between the focus point f+1 and the focus point f0 and the distance between the focus point f0 and the focus point f−1 each becomes greater compared to the above-described embodiment of the present invention. Therefore, even in a case where the intermediate layer ML of the optical disk 15 is thin, the permissible error in matching the dividing lines of the ¼ wave plate 62, 63 can be increased. In other words, the assembly process and the positional adjustment process can be simplified. The relationship between the beam diameter and the thickness of the intermediate layer ML is shown in FIG. 14 in an exemplary case where the transparent member TB has a refractive index of 1.46. In another example, as shown in FIG. 15A, the ¼ wave plate 62, the ¼ wave plate 63, and the polarizing optical element 64 may be formed as a united body. In this case, the ¼ wave plate 62, the ¼ wave plate 63, and the polarizing optical element 64 are formed as a united body by providing a transparent, member TB having a refractive index greater than 1, for example, between the ¼ wave plate 62 and the ¼ wave plate 63 and the polarizing optical element 64 and also between the focus point f+1 and the ¼ wave plate 62. Thereby, the assembly process and the positional adjustment process can be simplified. In another example, the ¼ wave plates 62, 63, and the polarizing optical element 64 each may be formed as a prism. As shown in FIG. 16A, the prisms may be formed as a united body. In this case, the ¼ wave plates 62, 63, and the polarizing optical element 64 may be formed as a prism by using, for example, a multilayer dielectric film. In another example, as shown in FIG. 17A, the ¼ wave plates 62, 63 may be inclined. This provides astigmatism to the reflected beam transmitted through the ¼ wave plates 62, 63. Accordingly, in a case where an astigmatism method is employed for performing focus error detection, a lens (e.g. cylindrical lens) for providing astigmatism shall not be required. That is, the number of components can be reduced. In another example, as shown in FIG. 18A, in addition to having the ¼ wave plates 62, 63 inclined, the ¼ wave plates may also be formed as a united body via a transparent member TB. As shown in FIG. 19, a polarization separating optical element 66 (separating optical element) may be disposed between the lens 61 and the ¼ wave plate 62, so that a beam irradiated from the light source unit 51 is reflected by the polarization separating optical element 66, is made into substantially parallel rays by the lens 61, and is incident on the ¼ wave plate 55. Thereby, the coupling lens 52 and the polarization beam splitter 54 shall not be required. Accordingly, size reduction and cost reduction of the optical pickup apparatus can be achieved. With the above-described optical pickup apparatus 23 according to the modified embodiment of the present invention, the bundle of linearly polarized rays (in this example, P polarized light) irradiated from the light source unit 51 is condensed to form a fine beam spot on the target recording layer of the optical disk 15 via the coupling lens 52, the polarization beam splitter 54, the ¼ wave plate 55, and the objective lens 60. The reflected beam (including signal light and stray light) reflected from the optical disk 15 is made into linearly polarized light (in this example, S polarized light) that perpendicularly intersects with the direction of the rays irradiated from the light source unit 51 and is incident on the polarization beam splitter 54. The beam reflected in the −Z direction in the polarization beam splitter 54 becomes converged light at the lens 61 (condensing optical element) and is incident on the ½ wave plate 62a (first polarization changing element). The ½ wave plate 62a allows the beam incident on the area 621 to transmit therethrough and provides a phase difference of ½ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the area 622. The reflected beam, which is transmitted through the ½ wave plate 62a, is incident on the polarizing optical element 64a (first separating optical element). The polarizing optical element 64a allows the S polarized light to transmit through the area 641 and the P polarized light to transmit through the area 642. The reflected beam, which is transmitted through the polarizing optical element 64a, is incident on the polarizing optical element 64b (second separating optical element). The polarizing optical element 64b allows P polarized light to transmit through the area 645 and S polarized light to transmit through the area 646. The beam, which is transmitted through the polarizing optical element 64b, is incident on the ½ wave plate 62b (second polarization changing element). The ½ wave plate 62b provides a phase difference of ½ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the area 625 and allows the beam incident on the area 626 to transmit therethrough. Thereby, the reflected beam, which is transmitted through the ½ wave plate 62b, only includes signal light. In other words, the signal light and the stray light included in the reflected beam can be extracted. The reflected beam, which is transmitted through the ½ wave plate 62b, is received by the optical detecting unit PD via the condenser lens 58. Since the reflected beam received by the optical detecting unit PD only includes signal light (signal light components), photo-electric converted signals having high S/N ratio can be output. Therefore, predetermined signals from the optical disk 15 having plural recording layers can be accurately obtained. Furthermore, since the dividing lines of each ½ wave plate and each polarizing optical element match the direction corresponding to the tracking direction, the signal light and the stray light can be precisely separated even in case where the objective lens 60 shifts to the tracking direction. Furthermore, since the photo-electric converted signals and RF signals having high S/N ratio are output from the optical pickup apparatus 23, access to an optical disk having plural recording layers can be precisely and stably executed. According to the above-described modified embodiment of the present invention, the polarizing optical element 64b is described as allowing P polarized light to transmit through the area 645 and the S polarized light to be reflected or absorbed at the area 645 while allowing S polarized light to transmit through the area 646 and P polarized light to be reflected or absorbed at the area 646, the polarizing optical element 64b may also allow S polarized light to transmit through the area 645 and the P polarized light to be reflected or absorbed at the area 645 while allowing P polarized light to transmit through the area 646 and S polarized light to be reflected or absorbed at the area 646. In this case, the beam received by the optical detecting unit PD is P polarized light. In another example according to the modified embodiment of the present invention, the characteristics of each ½ wave plate and each polarizing optical element at the areas 1 and 2 may be opposite with respect to the above-described modified embodiment of the present invention. That is, the signal light and the stray light are extracted by changing at least one of the polarization states of the signal light and the stray light so that the polarization state of the signal light and the polarization state of the stray light are different from each other. In another example according to the modified embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 12B, the polarizing optical element 64a and the polarizing optical element 64b may also be formed as a united body via a transparent member TB having a refractive index greater than 1. This allows the dividing line 643 and the dividing line 647 to be easily positioned to face each other during a manufacturing process. Thus, the positions of the ¼ wave plate 62 and the ¼ wave plate 63 can easily be defined. In other words, the assembly process and the positional adjustment process can be simplified. In this case, since the ¼ wave plate 62 and the ¼ wave plate 63 are to be mounted onto the transparent member TB, it is preferable to use a sub-wavelength wire-grid or a photonic crystal since the sub-wavelength wire-grid and the photonic crystal can be formed relatively easily. In another example, as shown in FIG. 13A, in addition to forming the ¼ wave plate 62 and the ¼ wave plate 63 as a united body via the transparent member TB having a refractive index greater than 1, the transparent member TB may also be provided between the focus point f+1 and the ¼ wave plate 62 and between the ¼ wave plate 63 and the focus point f−1, respectively. This enlarges the beam diameter of the reflected beam incident on the ¼ wave plates 62, 63 owing that the distance between the focus point f+1 and the focus point fD and the distance between the focus point f0 and the focus point f−1 each becomes greater compared to the above-described modified embodiment of the present invention. Therefore, even in a case where the intermediate layer ML of the optical disk 15 is thin, the permissible error in matching the dividing lines of each polarizing optical element can be increased. In other words, the assembly process and the positional adjustment process can be simplified. The relationship between the beam diameter and the thickness of the intermediate layer ML is shown in FIG. 14 in an exemplary case where the transparent member TB has a refractive index of 1.46. In another example according to the modified embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 15B, the respective ½ wave plates and the respective polarizing optical elements may be formed as a united body. Thereby, the assembly process and the positional adjustment process can be simplified. In another example according to the modified embodiment of the present invention, the respective ½ wave plates and the respective polarizing optical elements may be formed as a prism. As shown in FIG. 16B, the prisms may be formed as a united body. Thereby, the assembly process and the positional adjustment process can be simplified. In this case, the respective ½ wave plates and the respective polarizing optical elements may be formed as a prism by using, for example, a multilayer dielectric film. In another example according to the modified embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 17B, the polarizing optical elements may be inclined. This provides astigmatism to the reflected beam transmitted through the polarizing optical elements. Accordingly, in a case where an astigmatism method is employed for performing focus error detection, a lens (e.g. cylindrical lens) for providing astigmatism shall not be required. That is, the number of components can be reduced. In another example according to the modified embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 18B, the polarizing optical elements may also be formed as a united body via a transparent member TB. Thereby, the assembly process and the positional adjustment process can be simplified. [Inverted ¼ Wave Plate] In another example according to an embodiment of the present invention, the ¼ wave plate 63 of the optical system 70 may be positioned so that the optical axis is rotated 180 degrees. That is, the area 63a may be the area in the −X side with respect to the dividing line 63d and the area 63b may be the area in the +X side with respect to the dividing line 63d. In this case, the signal light transmitted through the ¼ wave plate 63 becomes P polarized light and the stray light transmitted through the ¼ wave plate 63 becomes S polarized light. Therefore, it becomes necessary to change the transmittance axis 90 degrees so that the P polarized light components transmit through the polarizing optical element 64. Next, the operation of the optical system 70 is described with reference to FIG. 20. The beam reflected in the −Z direction by the polarization beam splitter 54 is condensed at the lens 61. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the lens 61, becomes incident on the ¼ wave plate 62. The signal light and the stray light included in the reflected beam are both S polarized light at the optical paths A, B between the lens 61 and the ¼ wave plate 62 (See FIGS. 5A and 5B). The ¼ wave plate 62 provides a phase difference of +¼ wave length with respect to the beam incident on the area 62a and provides a phase difference of −¼ wave length with respect to the beam incident on the area 62b (See FIG. 6A). Thereby, the signal light and the stray light are both circularly polarized light in the clockwise direction in the area 1 at the optical path C and are both circularly polarized light in the clockwise direction in the area 2 at the optical path C. Furthermore, in the area 1 at the optical path D, although the stray light remains as a circularly polarized light in the clockwise direction, the signal light becomes a circularly polarized light in the counter-clockwise direction. Furthermore, in the area 2 at the optical path D, although the stray light remains as a circularly polarized light in the counter-clockwise direction, the signal light becomes a circularly polarized light in the clockwise direction. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the ¼ wave plate 62, becomes incident on the ¼ wave plate 63. The ¼ wave plate 63 provides a phase difference of +¼ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the area 63a and provides a phase difference of −¼ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the area 63b (See FIG. 7A). In the optical paths between the ¼ wave plate 63 and the polarization optical element 64 (optical paths E and F), the signal light is an S polarized light and the stray light is a P polarized light. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the ¼ wave plate 63, becomes incident on the polarization optical element 64. The polarization optical element 64 only allows the S polarized components included in the beam from the ¼ wave plate 63 to transmit therethrough. Accordingly, the beam at the optical path G only includes signal light components. In other words, the signal light components included in the reflected beam are extracted. Accordingly, the effects of the above-described embodiment of the present invention can be attained. [¼ Wave Plate→½ Wave Plate] Alternatively, the ¼ wave plate 62 of the optical system 70 may be replaced by a ½ wave plate (hereinafter referred to as “½ wave plate 172”), and the ¼ wave plate 63 may be replaced by another ½ wave plate (hereinafter referred to as “½ wave plate 173”). For example, as shown in FIG. 21, the ½ wave plate 172 is divided into two areas (172a, 172b) by a dividing line 172d extending in the Y direction. In this example, the area on the +X side with respect to the dividing line 172d is indicated as area 172a, and the area on the −X side with respect to the dividing line 172d is indicated as area 172b. The area 172a provides a phase difference of ½ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the ½ wave plate 172. The area 172b allows the beam incident on the ½ wave plate 172 to transmit therethrough. In a case where the objective lens 60 shifts in the tracking direction, the returning beam incident on the ½ wave plate 172 shifts to a direction corresponding to the tracking direction (in this example, the Y direction). For example, as shown in FIG. 22, the ½ wave plate 173 is divided into two areas (173a, 173b) by a dividing line 173d extending in the Y direction. In this example, the area on the +X side with respect to the dividing line 173d is indicated as area 173a, and the area on the −X side with respect to the dividing line 173d is indicated as area 173b. The area 173a allows the beam incident on the ½ wave plate 173 to transmit therethrough. The area 173b provides a phase difference of ½ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the ½ wave plate 173. That is, the area 173a of the ½ wave plate 173 has the same optical characteristics as the area 172b of the ½ wave plate 172, and the area 173b of the ½ wave plate 173 has the same optical characteristics as the area 172a of the ½ wave plate 172. In a case where the objective lens 60 shifts in the tracking direction, the returning beam incident on the ½ wave plate 173 shifts to a direction corresponding to the tracking direction (in this example, the Y direction). The results of the optical system 70 in this example are shown in FIG. 23. The beam reflected in the −Z direction by the polarization beam splitter 54 is condensed at the lens 61. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the lens 61, becomes incident on the ½ wave plate 172. As shown in FIG. 23, the signal light and the stray light included in the reflected beam are both S polarized light at the optical paths A, B between the lens 61 and the ½ wave plate 172. The ½ wave plate 172 provides a phase difference of ½ wave length with respect to only the beam incident on the area 172a. Thereby, the signal light and the stray light are both P polarized light in the area 1 at the optical path C and are both S polarized light in the area 2 at the optical path C. Furthermore, in the area 1 at the optical path D, although the stray light remains as P polarized light, the signal light becomes S polarized light. Furthermore, in the area 2 at the optical path D, although the stray light remains as S polarized light, the signal light becomes P polarized light. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the ½ wave plate 172, becomes incident on the ½ wave plate 173. The ½ wave plate 173 provides a phase difference of ½ wavelength with respect to only the beam incident on the area 173b. Thereby, in the optical paths between the ½ wave plate 173 and the polarization optical element 64 (optical paths E and F), the signal light becomes S polarized light and the stray light becomes P polarized light. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the ½ wave plate 173, becomes incident on the polarization optical element 64. The polarization optical element 64 only allows the S polarized components included in the beam from the ½ wave plate 173 to transmit therethrough. Accordingly, the beam at the optical path G only includes signal light components. In other words, the signal light components included in the reflected beam are extracted. Accordingly, the effects of the above-described embodiment of the present invention can be attained. [Inverted ½ Wave Plate] In another example according to an embodiment of the present invention, the ½ wave plate 173 may be positioned so that the optical axis is rotated 180 degrees. That is, the area 173a may be the area in the −X side with respect to the dividing line 173d and the area 173b may be the area in the +X side with respect to the dividing line 173d. In this case, the signal light transmitted through the ½ wave plate 173 becomes P polarized light and the stray light transmitted through the ½ wave plate 173 becomes S polarized light. Therefore, it becomes necessary to change the transmittance axis 90 degrees so that the P polarized light components transmit through the polarizing optical element 64. The results of the optical system 70 in this example are shown in FIG. 24. The beam reflected in the −Z direction by the polarization beam splitter 54 is condensed at the lens 61. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the lens 61, becomes incident on the ½ wave plate 172. As shown in FIG. 24, the signal light and the stray light included in the reflected beam are both S polarized light at the optical paths A, B between the lens 61 and the ½ wave plate 172. The ½ wave plate 172 provides a phase difference of +½ wave length with respect to only the beam incident on the area 172a. Thereby, the signal light and the stray light are both P polarized light in the area 1 at the optical path C and are both S polarized light in the area 2 at the optical path C. Furthermore, in the area 1 at the optical path D, although the stray light remains as P polarized light, the signal light becomes S polarized light. Furthermore, in the area 2 at the optical path D, although the stray light remains as S polarized light, the signal light becomes P polarized light. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the ½ wave plate 172, becomes incident on the ½ wave plate 173. The ½ wave plate 173 provides a phase difference of ½ wavelength with respect to only the beam incident on the area 173a. Thereby, in the optical paths between the ½ wave plate 173 and the polarization optical element 64 (optical paths E and F), the signal light becomes P polarized light and the stray light becomes S polarized light. In a case where a sub-wavelength wire-grid or a photonic crystal is used as the ½ wave plate, the ½ wave plate can be fabricated easier the more the effective area becomes narrower. Therefore, the ½ wave plates 172, 173 may, for example, be provided with an effective area having a diameter that is substantially equal to the effective beam diameter of the signal light and have a transparent member formed as the outer area surrounding the effective area. In this case, although the stray light deviating from the effective area may transmit through the ½ wave plates 172, 173 as is, the stray light is S polarized light in the optical paths between the ½ wave plate 173 and the polarization optical element 64 (optical paths E and F) (i.e. same as the stray light of S polarized light transmitted through the effective area). Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the ½ wave plate 173, becomes incident on the polarization optical element 64. The polarization optical element 64 only allows the P polarized components included in the beam from the ½ wave plate 173 to transmit therethrough. Accordingly, the beam at the optical path G only includes signal light components. In other words, the signal light components included in the reflected beam are extracted. Accordingly, the effects of the above-described embodiment of the present invention can be attained. [¼ Wave Plate→Rotator] Alternatively, the ¼ wave plate 62 of the optical system 70 may be replaced by a rotator (hereinafter referred to as “rotator 182”), and the ¼ wave plate 63 may be replaced by another rotator (hereinafter referred to as “rotator 183”). For example, as shown in FIG. 25, the rotator 182 is divided into two areas (182a, 182b) by a dividing line 182d extending in the Y direction. In this example, the area on the +X side with respect to the dividing line 182d is indicated as area 182a, and the area on the −X side with respect to the dividing line 182d is indicated as area 182b. The area 182a rotates the polarization direction of the incident beam to an angle of +45 degrees, and the area 182b rotates the polarization direction of the incident beam to an angle of −45 degrees. In a case where the objective lens 60 shifts in the tracking direction, the returning beam incident on the rotator 182 shifts to a direction corresponding to the tracking direction (in this example, the Y direction). For example, as shown in FIG. 26, the rotator 183 is divided into two areas (183a, 183b) by a dividing line 183d extending in the Y direction. In this example, the area on the +X side with respect to the dividing line 183d is indicated as area 183a, and the area on the −X side with respect to the dividing line 183d is indicated as area 183b. The area 183a rotates the polarization direction of the incident beam to an angle of +45 degrees, and the area 183b rotates the polarization direction of the incident beam to an angle of −45 degrees. That is, the rotator 183 has the same optical characteristics as the rotator 182. In a case where the objective lens 61 shifts in the tracking direction, the returning beam incident on the rotator 183 shifts to a direction corresponding to the tracking direction (in this example, the Y direction). The results of the optical system 70 in this example are shown in FIG. 27. Here, for the sake of convenience, the angle of the polarization direction is described based on the polarization direction of S polarized light. Therefore, in a case where a linear polarized light has a polarization direction of +90 degrees or −90 degrees, the linear polarized light is P polarized light. The beam reflected in the −Z direction by the polarization beam splitter 54 is condensed at the lens 61. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the lens 61, becomes incident on the rotator 182. As shown in FIG. 27, the signal light and the stray light included in the reflected beam are both S polarized light at the optical paths A, B between the lens 61 and the rotator 182. The rotator 182 rotates the polarization direction to an angle of +45 degrees with respect to the beam incident on the area 182a, and rotates the polarization direction to an angle of −45 degrees with respect to the beam incident on the area 182b. Thereby, the signal light and the stray light are both linear polarized light having a polarization angle of +45 degrees in the area 1 at the optical path C and are both linear polarized light having a polarization angle of −45 degrees in the area 2 at the optical path C. Furthermore, in the area 1 at the optical path D, although the stray light remains as a linear polarized light having a polarization angle of +45 degrees, the signal light becomes a linear polarized light having a polarization angle of −45 degrees. Furthermore, in the area 2 at the optical path D, although the stray light remains as a linear polarized light having a polarization angle of −45 degrees, the signal light becomes a linear polarized light having a polarization angle of +45 degrees. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the rotator 182, becomes incident on the rotator 183. The rotator 183 rotates the polarization direction to an angle of +45 degrees with respect to the beam incident on the area 183a, and rotates the polarization direction to an angle of −45 degrees with respect to the beam incident on the area 183b. Thereby, in the optical paths between the rotator 183 and the polarization optical element 64 (optical paths E and F), the signal light becomes a linear polarized light having a polarization angle of 0 degrees (i.e. S polarized light) and the stray light becomes a linear polarized light having a polarization angle of +90 degrees or −90 degrees (i.e. P polarized light). Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the rotator 183, becomes incident on the polarization optical element 64. The polarization optical element 64 only allows the S polarized components included in the beam from the rotator 183 to transmit therethrough. Accordingly, the beam at the optical path G only includes signal light components. In other words, the signal light components included in the reflected beam are extracted. Accordingly, the effects of the above-described embodiment of the present invention can be attained. [Inverted Rotator] In another example according to an embodiment of the present invention, the rotator 183 may be positioned so that the optical axis is rotated 180 degrees. That is, the area 183a may be the area in the −X side with respect to the dividing line 183d and the area 183b may be the area in the +X side with respect to the dividing line 183d. In this case, the signal light transmitted through the rotator 183 becomes P polarized light and the stray light transmitted through the rotator 183 becomes S polarized light. Therefore, it becomes necessary to change the transmittance axis 90 degrees so that the P polarized light components transmit through the polarizing optical element 64. The results of the optical system 70 in this example are shown in FIG. 28. The beam reflected in the −Z direction by the polarization beam splitter 54 is condensed at the lens 61. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the lens 61, becomes incident on the rotator 182. As shown in FIG. 28, the signal light and the stray light included in the reflected beam are both S polarized light (i.e. linear polarized light having a polarization angle of 90 degrees) at the optical paths A, B between the lens 61 and the rotator 182. The rotator 182 rotates the polarization direction to an angle of +45 degrees with respect to the beam incident on the area 182a, and rotates the polarization direction to an angle of −45 degrees with respect to the beam incident on the area 182b. Thereby, the signal light and the stray light are both linear polarized light having a polarization angle of +45 degrees in the area 1 at the optical path C and are both linear polarized light having a polarization angle of −45 degrees in the area 2 at the optical path C. Furthermore, in the area 1 at the optical path D, although the stray light remains as a linear polarized light having a polarization angle of +45 degrees, the signal light becomes a linear polarized light having a polarization angle of −45 degrees. Furthermore, in the area 2 at the optical path D, although the stray light remains as a linear polarized light having a polarization angle of −45 degrees, the signal light becomes a linear polarized light having a polarization angle of +45 degrees. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the rotator 182, becomes incident on the rotator 183. The rotator 183 rotates the polarization direction to an angle of −45 degrees with respect to the beam incident on the area 183a, and rotates the polarization direction to an angle of +45 degrees with respect to the beam incident on the area 183b. Thereby, in the optical paths between the rotator 183 and the polarization optical element 64 (optical paths E and F), the signal light becomes a linear polarized light having a polarization angle of +90 degrees or −90 degrees (i.e. P polarized light) and the stray light becomes a linear polarized light having a polarization angle of 0 degrees (i.e. S polarized light). In a case where a sub-wavelength wire-grid or a photonic crystal is used as the rotator, the rotator can be fabricated easier the more the effective area becomes narrower. Therefore, the rotators 182, 183 may, for example, be provided with an effective area having a diameter that is substantially equal to the effective beam diameter of the signal light and have a transparent member formed as the outer area surrounding the effective area. In this case, although the stray light deviating from the effective area may transmit through the rotators 182, 183 as is, the stray light is S polarized light in the optical paths between the rotator 183 and the polarization optical element 64 (optical paths E and F) (i.e. same as the stray light of S polarized light transmitted through the effective area). Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the rotator 183, becomes incident on the polarization optical element 64. The polarization optical element 64 only allows the P polarized components included in the beam from the rotator 183 to transmit therethrough. Accordingly, the beam at the optical path G only includes signal light components. In other words, the signal light components included in the reflected beam are extracted. Accordingly, the effects of the above-described embodiment of the present invention can be attained. FIG. 29 shows another example of the optical pickup apparatus 23 according to an embodiment of the present invention. In the optical pickup apparatus 23 shown in FIG. 29, the condenser lens (detection lens) 58 and the optical detecting unit PD are disposed at the +Z side of the polarizing optical element 64, and the above-described ¼ wave plates 62, 63 and the polarizing optical element 64 are replaced by employing a ½ wave plate 67 and a mirror 65. In this case the optical system 70 includes the polarization beam splitter 54, the lens 61, the ½ wave plate 67, and the mirror 65. The ½ wave plate 67 is positioned at the −Z side of the lens 61 and is situated between the focus point f+1 and the focus point f0. For example, as shown in FIG. 30, the ½ wave plate 67 is divided into two areas (67a, 67b) by a dividing line 67d extending in the Y direction. In this example, the area on the +X side with respect to the dividing line 67d is indicated as area 67a, and the area on the −X side with respect to the dividing line 67d is indicated as area 67b. The area 67a provides a phase difference of +½ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the ½ wave plate 67. The area 67b provides no phase difference with respect to the beam incident on the ½ wave plate 67. In a case where the objective lens 60 shifts in the tracking direction, the returning beam incident on the ½ wave plate 67 shifts to a direction corresponding to the tracking direction (in this example, the Y direction). For example, a twist nematic liquid crystal, a sub-wavelength wire-grid, or a photonic crystal may be used as the ½ wave plate 67. With reference to FIG. 31, the mirror 65 is situated at a focus point f0. The mirror 65 reflects a beam from the area 67a of the ½ wave plate 67 to the area 67b of the ½ wave plate 67 and reflects a beam from the area 67b of the ½ wave plate 67 to the area 67a of the ½ wave plate 67. Next, the operation of the above-described optical system according to an embodiment of the present invention is described with reference to FIGS. 31 and 32. Here, with respect to the optical axis direction of the lens 61, the optical path advancing from the polarization beam splitter 54 to the focus point f+1 is referred to as “optical path A”, the optical path advancing from the focus point f+1 to the ½ wave plate 67 is referred to as “optical path B”, the optical path advancing from the ½ wave plate 67 to the focus point f0 is referred to as “optical path C”, the optical path advancing from the focus point f0 to the ¼ wave plate 67 is referred to as “optical path D”, the optical path advancing from the ½ wave plate 67 to the focus point f+1 is referred to as “optical path E”, the optical path advancing from the focus point f+1 to the polarization beam splitter 54 is referred to as “optical path F”, and the optical path advancing from the polarization beam splitter 54 to the condenser lens 58 is referred to as “optical path G” (See FIGS. 31 and 32). The beam reflected in the −Z direction by the polarization beam splitter 54 is condensed at the lens 61. Then, the reflected beam, which are transmitted through the lens 61, becomes incident on the ½ wave plate 67. As shown in FIG. 32, the signal light and the stray light included in the reflected beam are both S polarized light at the optical paths A, B. The ½ wave plate 67 provides a phase difference of +½ wave length with respect to the beam incident on the area 67a and provides no phase difference with respect to the beam incident on the area 67b. Thereby, the signal light and the stray light are both P polarized light in the area 1 at the optical path C and are both S polarized light in the area 2 at the optical path C. Then, the beam from the ½ wave plate 67 becomes incident on the ½ wave plate 67. The mirror 65 reflects a beam from the area 67a of the ½ wave plate 67 to the area 67b of the ½ wave plate 67 and reflects a beam from the area 67b of the ½ wave plate 67 to the area 67a of the ½ wave plate 67. Thereby, in the area 1 at the optical path D, although the stray light remains as a P polarized light, the signal light becomes a S polarized light. Furthermore, in the area 2 at the optical path D, although the stray light remains as a S polarized light, the signal light becomes a P polarized light. Then, the beam, which are reflected from the mirror 65, becomes incident on the ½ wave plate 67. The ½ wave plate 67 provides a phase difference of +½ wavelength with respect to the beam incident on the area 67a and provides no phase difference with respect to the beam incident on the area 67b. Accordingly, in the optical paths E and F, the signal light becomes a P polarized light and the stray light becomes an S polarized light. Then, the beam from the ½ wave plate 63 becomes incident on the polarization beam splitter 54 via the lens 61. The polarization beam splitter 54 only allows the P polarized components to transmit therethrough and be incident on the condenser lens 58. Accordingly, the beam at the optical path G only includes signal light components. Therefore, the effects of the above-described embodiment of the present invention can be attained. Hence, the number of components as well as the size of the optical pickup apparatus can be reduced. Alternatively, the coupling lens 52 may be disposed at the +X of the polarization beam splitter 54 as shown in FIG. 33. In this case, the coupling lens 52 provides the same functions as the lens 61 with respect to the reflected beam. That is, the optical system 70 in this case includes the polarization beam splitter 54, the coupling lens 52, the ½ wave plate 67, and the mirror 65. As shown in FIGS. 34 and 35, the optical system 70 in this case can attain the same effects as the optical system 70 shown in FIG. 29. Hence, the number of components as well as the size of the optical pickup apparatus can be further reduced. Moreover, since the dividing lines of the ½ wave plate 67 match the direction corresponding to the tracking direction, the signal light and the stray light can be precisely separated even in case where the objective lens 60 shifts to the tracking direction. In the optical system 70 shown in FIGS. 29 and/or 33, the ½ wave plate 67 and the mirror 65 may alternatively be formed as a united body. In this case, the ½ wave plate 67 and the mirror 65 may be formed as a united body via a transparent member TB having a refractive index greater than 1. Thereby, the assembly process and the positional adjustment process can be simplified. Furthermore, in the optical system 70 shown in FIGS. 29 and/or 33, a transparent member TB having a refractive index greater than 1 may be provided between the focus point f+1 and the f0. Thereby, the assembly process and the positional adjustment process can be simplified. Although the optical system 70 shown in FIGS. 29 and 33 uses the mirror 65 as a reflecting part, a prism may alternatively be used. That is, other reflecting parts may be employed as long as the reflecting part can reflect a beam from the area 67a of the ½ wave plate 67 to the area 67b of the ½ wave plate 67 and reflect a beam from the area 67b of the ½ wave plate 67 to the area 67a of the ½ wave plate 67. Although the above-described embodiments of the present invention describe the objective lens as an a focal system (infinite system), the objective lens may also be a focal system (finite system). Even in this case, the effects of the above-described embodiment of the present invention can be attained. Although the optical disk apparatus 20 according to an embodiment of the present invention is described above as an apparatus that can record and reproduce information to/from the optical disk 15, the optical disk apparatus 20 includes other optical apparatuses as long as the apparatus can at least reproduce information of an optical disk. Furthermore, although the optical disk 15 is described as having two layers, the optical disk 15 is not limited to having two layers. The optical disk 15 may alternatively have three or more layers. In this case, when the target recording layer is situated between two recording layers, the reflected beam includes a first stray light (first stray light components) which condenses at a position closer to the focus point of the signal light and a second stray light (second stray light components) which condenses at a position farther from the focus point of the signal light. Furthermore, the optical disk 15 according to an embodiment of the present invention includes not only DVD type optical disks, but also CD type optical disks and next generation information recording media corresponding to a light beam having a wavelength of approximately 405 nm. Furthermore, although the optical pickup apparatus 23 is described using an example of a single semiconductor laser, plural lasers may also be employed. For example, multiple semiconductor lasers that emit beams of different wavelengths may be used. In such a case, one semiconductor laser may emit a beam having a wavelength of approximately 405 nm, another semiconductor laser may emit a beam having a wavelength of approximately 660 nm, and yet another semiconductor laser may emit a beam having a wavelength of approximately 780 nm. In other words, the optical disk apparatus 20 according to an embodiment of the present invention includes an optical disk apparatus that is compatible with various optical disks of different standards, in which one of the optical disk may be an optical disk having plural recording layers. FIG. 36 is a schematic drawing showing an exemplary configuration of an optical detecting system 200 included in an optical pickup apparatus 23 according to yet another embodiment of the present invention. It is to be noted that like components are denoted with like reference numerals as of the above-described embodiments of the present invention and are further explained. In FIG. 36, reference numeral 111 indicates a front shielding part, and reference numeral 112 indicates a rear shielding part. FIG. 36 is a cross-sectional view in a case of viewing from the tracking direction of the optical disk 15. The optical detecting system 200 is for separating and detecting the signal light and the stray light reflected from the optical disk 15. In a case where a beam including a bundle of signal light rays (hereinafter also referred to as “signal light beam”) and a bundle of stray light rays (hereinafter also referred to as “stray light beam”) reflected from an optical disk 20 is incident on a condenser lens 106, the magnification of the beam differs depending on the position of the layer (surface) from which the beam is reflected. That is, among the beam incident on the condenser lens 106, the signal light beam Lm reflected from a target recording layer has a magnification different from that of the stray light beam Lm±n reflected from other layers of the optical disk 20 (besides the target recording layer) in a case where “m” is set as the layer counted from the top surface of a target recording layer, “m” is an integer in which its maximum value is the total number of layers of the recording medium 15, and “n” is a given integer (on condition that the relationships of n≧1 and m>n are satisfied). Accordingly, the focus point for each bundle transmitted through the condenser lens 106 is different. In this example, the focus point fm corresponds to the signal light beam Lm, and focus point fm±n corresponds to the stray light beam Lm±n. In this embodiment of the present invention, n is set to satisfy a relationship of n=1 for the sake of convenience. It is to be noted that there is no stray light on the negative (minus) side when m=1. On the other hand, there is no stray light on the positive (plus) side when m is the maximum value. As described above with reference to FIGS. 50A and 50B, the position of the focus point fm is positioned at a fixed position in the optical detecting system regardless of the value of m owing to the fact that the signal light beam Lm is set to become parallel with respect to the optical axis of the condenser lens. Furthermore, unless there is a significant difference in the thickness of the intermediate layer the optical disks subjected to recording/reproduction, the space (distance) between the respective focus points fm+1, fm, and fm−1 can fall within a predictable range since the positions of the focus points fm+1 and fm−1 are defined in accordance with the thickness of the intermediate layer of the optical disk 15. In other words, it may be said that these focus points are substantially fixed points irrespective of the value of m. The stray light beam Lm+n reflected from a layer situated farther from the objective lens 104 compared to the target recording layer to which a light beam is condensed (see FIGS. 51A and 51B) forms a focus point fm+n that is situated closer to the condenser lens 106 than the focus point fm of the signal light beam Lm. The focus point that is situated closest to the positive side of the focus point fm is fm+1. On the other hand, the stray light beam Lm−n reflected from a layer situated closer to the objective lens 104 compared to the target recording layer to which a light beam is condensed (see FIGS. 51A and 51B) forms a focus point fm−n that is situated closer to the optical detector 108 than the focus point fm of the signal light beam Lm. The focus point that is situated closest to the negative side of the focus point fm is fm−1. With reference to FIGS. 36 and 37, the upper half area with respect to the center axis C (optical axis of the condenser lens 106) of the propagating direction of the beam is referred to as “area A”, and the lower half area with respect to the center axis C of the propagating direction of the beam is referred to as “area B”. The front shielding part 111 according to an embodiment of the present invention is positioned between the focus point fm+1 and the focus point fm for shielding the beam transmitted through the condenser lens 106 in the area A. Furthermore, the rear shielding part 112 is positioned between the focus point fm and the focus point fm+1 for shielding the beam transmitted through the condenser lens 106 in the area B. The signal light beam Lm and the stray light beam Lm−n included in the beam transmitted through the portion of the area A of the condenser lens 106 are shielded by the front shielding part 111. Since the stray light beam Lm+n is condensed (converged) before reaching the front shielding part 111, the position of the stray light beam Lm+n is inverted to the area B. Thereby, the stray light beam Lm+n is shielded at the rear shielding part 112. The stray light beam Lm-n included in the beam transmitted through the portion of the area B of the condenser lens 106 is shielded at the rear shielding part 112. Since the stray light beam Lm+n is condensed (converged) before reaching the front shielding part 111, the position of the stray light beam Lm+n is inverted to the area A. Thereby, the stray light beam Lm+n is shielded at the front shielding part 111. The focus of the signal light beam Lm is joined at a point between the front shielding part 111 and the rear shielding part 112. Thereby, the position of the signal light beam Lm is inverted to the area A. Accordingly, only the signal light beam Lm is transmitted through the front and rear shielding parts 111 and 112 and is detected at the optical detector 118. Although the front shielding part 111 is positioned on the side of the area A in the foregoing description, the signal light beam Lm transmitted through the portion of the area A of the condenser lens 106 can be detected by the optical detector 108 by positioning the front shielding part 111 on the side of the area B and positioning the rear shielding part 112 on the side of the area A. The foregoing optical detecting system according to an embodiment of the present invention may also be applied to an optical system for recording and reading out information from an optical disk such as a dual layer optical disk. Here, the layer of the optical disk 20 (in this example, a dual layer optical disk) which is situated closer to the objective lens 104 is referred to as the first layer L0, and the layer of the dual optical disk which is situated farther from the objective lens 104 is referred to as the second layer L1. In a case where the beam spot is formed on the first recording layer L0, the beam reflected from the optical disk 15 includes the signal light beam Lm of the first recording layer L0 and the stray light beam Lm+1 of the second recording layer L1. Since the single light bundle Lm is condensed at a point between the front shielding part 111 and the rear shielding part 112, the signal light beam Lm can reach the optical detector 108. Meanwhile, since the stray light beam Lm+1 is shielded by the rear shielding part 112 and the front shielding part 111, the stray light beam Lm+1 cannot reach the optical detector 108. Thereby, satisfactory signals can be obtained. In a case where the beam spot is formed on the second recording layer L1, the beam reflected from the optical disk 15 includes the signal light beam Lm of the second recording layer L1 and the stray light beam Lm−1 of the first recording layer L1. Since the single light bundle Lm is condensed at a point between the front shielding part 111 and the rear shielding part 112, the signal light beam Lm can reach the optical detector 108. Meanwhile, since the stray light beam Lm−1 is shielded by the front shielding part 111 and the rear shielding part 112, the stray light beam Lm−1 cannot reach the optical detector 108. Thereby, satisfactory signals can be obtained. Accordingly, the foregoing configuration according to the foregoing embodiment of the present invention can be suitably applied to a dual layer optical disk for removing stray light (stray light components). It is however to be noted that the configuration according to the yet another embodiment of the present invention can be applied to other multilayered recording media. Furthermore, although the rear shielding part is described and illustrated in the drawings as a component that is separate from the optical detector, the rear shielding part and the optical detector may be formed as a united body. Furthermore, the same effects may be attained by making a portion of the optical detector on the shielding side into a state unable to detect the beam incident on said portion (for example, providing an optical detecting area only at the area opposite to the area in which the rear shielding part is situated). FIG. 37 is a schematic drawing of another configuration according to yet another embodiment of the present invention for preventing loss in the quantity of light (light, quantity). In FIG. 37, reference numeral 113 indicates a beam splitting part for splitting abeam. FIG. 37 shows another example of the optical detecting system 200 for separating and detecting signal light and stray light. In this example, the optical detecting system 200 has a beam splitting part 113 provided between the condenser lens 106 and the front shielding part 112 for splitting incident beam into two areas (area A, area B). The beam splitting part 113 in this example is a reflecting unit. In this example, as shown in FIG. 37, the area A is situated on the right side of the bent center axis C with respect to the upward reflected beam and is situated on the left side of the bent center axis C with respect to the downward reflected beam. This also applies to the indications in the below-described drawings FIGS. 38-47A. Furthermore, it is to be noted that the optical systems and components situated below the beam splitting part is indicated by adding to an apostrophe “′” to its reference numerals. This configuration with respect to the upper half area of the center axis (area A) is substantially the same as the configuration shown in FIG. 37 except that the corresponding areas for the front shielding part 111 and the rear shielding part 112 have their positions switched. As shown in FIG. 37, the beam transmitted through the portion of the area A of the condenser lens 6 is reflected to the optical detector 108 by the beam-splitting part 113. The front shielding part 111 is positioned between the focus point fm+1 and the focus point fm for shielding the area B. The rear shielding part 112 is positioned between the focus point fm and the focus point fm−1 for shielding the area A. Since the stray light beam Lm+n is condensed before reaching the front shielding part 111, the position of the stray light beam Lm+n is inverted to the area B. Thereby, the stray light beam Lm+n is shielded at the front shielding part 111. The stray light beam Lm−n is shielded at the rear shielding part 112. The focus of the signal light beam Lm is joined at a point between the front shielding part 111 and the rear shielding part 112. Thereby, the position of the signal light beam Lm is inverted to the area B. Accordingly, only the signal light beam Lm is transmitted through the front and rear shielding parts 111 and 112 and is detected at the optical detector 108. The beam transmitted through the portion of the area B of the condenser lens 6 is reflected to the optical detector 108′ by the beam splitting part 113. The front shielding part 111′ is positioned between the focus point fm+1 and the focus point fm for shielding the area A. The rear shielding part 112′ is positioned between the focus point fm and the focus point fm−1 for shielding the area B. Since the stray light beam Lm+n is condensed before reaching the front shielding part 111′, the position of the stray light beam Lm+n is inverted to the area A. Thereby, the stray light beam Lm+n is shielded at the front shielding part 111′. The stray light beam Lm−n is shielded at the rear shielding part 112′. The focus of the signal light beam Lm is joined at a point between the front shielding part 111′ and the rear shielding part 112′. Thereby, the position of the signal light beam Lm is inverted to the area A. Accordingly, only the signal light beam Lm is transmitted through the front and rear shielding parts 111′ and 112′ and is detected at the optical detector 108′. Since the signal light beam Lm transmitted through the portion of the area A of the condenser lens 6 can be detected at the optical detector 108 and the signal light beam Lm transmitted through the portion of the area B of the condenser lens 6 can be detected at the optical detector 108′, the signal light beam included in a beam can be sufficiently detected. Although the beam splitting part 13 is illustrated as a right-angle prism having two outer faces in FIG. 37, the beam splitting part 13 may also be a combination of two flat reflecting mirrors in which the crossing angle of the two flat reflecting mirrors is not limited to a right angle. In other words, in the beam splitting part 13, other reflectors such as the combination of two flat reflecting mirrors may alternatively be employed as long as the crossing position of its two flat reflecting mirrors matches the center axis C and its components (e.g. shielding part) are positioned so that they do not contact or obstruct other components. FIG. 38 is a schematic drawing of another configuration according to yet another embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 38, reference numeral 114 indicates a shielding part for shielding a beam. FIG. 38 shows another example of the optical detecting system 200 for separating and detecting signal light and stray light. In this configuration, the position of the beam splitting part 113 is positioned farther from the condenser lens 106 so that the beam splitting part 113 is situated between the focus-point fm+1 and the focus point fm. As a result, with respect to the beam reflected in the upward direction by the beam splitting part 113, the stray light beams of both Lm+1 and Lm−1 are situated in the area A. Meanwhile, the signal light beam Lm is situated in the area B after passing the focus point fm. Accordingly, a shielding part 114 is positioned at a position beyond the focus point fm with respect to the condenser lens 106 for shielding the area A. Thereby, only the signal light beam Lm is able to reach the optical detector 108. This applies to the beam reflected in the downward direction, in which a shielding part 114′ is positioned at a position beyond the focus point fm with respect to the condenser lens 106 for shielding the area B. Thereby, only the signal light beam Lm is able to reach the optical detector 108′. Since the shielding parts 114, 114′ provide the same functions as the rear shielding part 112, 112′ shown in FIGS. 36 and 37, the shielding parts 114, 114′ may be formed as a united body with the optical detecting parts 108, 108′, respectively. FIG. 39 is a schematic drawing of another configuration according to yet another embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 39, reference numeral 115 indicates another beam splitting part for splitting a beam. FIG. 39 shows another example of the optical detecting system 200 for separating and detecting signal light and stray light. The beam splitting part 115 is positioned between the focus point fm+1 and the focus point fm for splitting the beam into two areas (area A, area B). As shown in FIG. 39, the beam splitting part 115 includes a pair of optical wedges in which the thinner sides of the optical wedges are matched so that the optical wedges are symmetric to each other with respect to center axis C (optical axis of the condenser lens 106). In a case where the beam transmitted through the portion of the area A of the condenser lens 106 does not condense (converge) before reaching the beam splitting part 115, the beam is refracted and directed to the optical detector 108 by the beam splitting part 115. The shielding part 114 is positioned between the focus point fm and the focus point fm−1 for shielding the area A. In a case where the beam transmitted through the portion of the area B of the condenser lens 106 does not condense (converge) before reaching the beam splitting part 115, the beam is refracted and directed to the optical detector 108′ by the beam splitting part 115. The shielding part 114′ is positioned between the focus point fm and the focus point fm−1 for shielding the area B. Since the stray-light beam Lm+n transmitted through the portion of the area A of the condenser lens 106 is converged before reaching the beam splitting part 115, the position of the stray light beam Lm+n is inverted to the area B. Thereby, the stray light beam Lm+n is shielded at the shielding part 114′. The stray light beam Lm-n is shielded at the shielding part 114. The focus of the signal light beam Lm is joined at a point between the beam splitting part 115 and the shielding part 114. Thereby, the position of the signal light beam Lm is inverted to the area B. Accordingly, only the signal light beam LM is transmitted through the shielding part 114 and is detected at the optical detector 108. Since the stray light beam Lm+n transmitted through the portion of the area B of the condenser lens 106 is converged before reaching the beam splitting part 115, the position of the stray light beam Lm+n is inverted to the area A. Thereby, the stray light beam Lm+n is shielded at the shielding part 114. The stray light beam Lm−n is shielded at the shielding part 114′. The focus of the signal light beam Lm is joined at a point between the beam splitting part 115 and the shielding part 114. Thereby, the position of the signal light beam Lm is inverted to the area A. Accordingly, only the signal light beam Lm is transmitted through the shielding part 114′ and is detected at the optical detector 108′. Since the signal light beam Lm transmitted through the portion of the area A of the condenser lens 106 can be detected at the optical detector 108 and the signal light beam Lm transmitted through the portion of the area B of the condenser lens 106 can be detected at the optical detector 108′, the signal light beam included in a beam can be sufficiently detected. Furthermore, the configuration of the optical detecting system can be simplified since substantially all of the stray light beams Lm+n can be shielded by preparing the two of the same shielding parts 114, 114′. Alternatively, the beam splitting part 115 may be situated closer to the condenser lens 106 than the focus point fm+1. In this case, the principle is substantially the same as the configuration shown in FIG. 37 in which the front and rear shielding parts are to be provided in correspondence with the respective split beam. In this case the rear shielding parts corresponding to the respective split beam may be formed as a united body since they are positioned close to each other. FIG. 40 is a schematic drawing of another configuration according to yet another embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 40, reference numeral 116 indicates a diffraction grating serving as a beam splitting part. FIG. 40 shows another example of the optical detecting system 200 for separating and detecting signal light and stray light. The diffraction grating 116 used in this example is a blazed grating. The blazed grating uses the Bragg diffraction conditions to enhance diffraction efficiency of a given order. Although the below-described grating is explained as blazed grating designed for a first order (−1 order, +1 order) diffraction, other order of diffraction may also be applied. Furthermore, it is preferred to employ a blazed grating that satisfies all Bragg conditions with respect to incident beam in a given cycle and not one of a tilted fixed cycle. The diffraction grating 116 in this example provides different diffraction with respect to each area by generating a diffracted light exhibiting a strong +1 order diffraction with respect to the beam of the area A and generating a diffracted light exhibiting a strong −1 order diffraction with respect to the beam of the area B. The beam splitting part (i.e. diffraction grating) 116 is positioned between the focus point fm+1 and the focus point fm for splitting the beam into two areas (area A, area B). In a case where the beam transmitted through the portion of the area A of the condenser lens 106 does not condense (converge) before reaching the beam splitting part 116, the beam is diffracted and directed to the optical detector 108 by the beam splitting part 115. The shielding part 114 is positioned between the focus point fm and the focus point fm−1 for shielding the area A. In a case where the beam transmitted through the portion of the area B of the condenser lens 106 does not condense (converge) before reaching the beam splitting part 116, the beam is diffracted and directed to the optical detector 108′ by the beam splitting part 116. The shielding part 114′ is positioned between the focus point fm and the focus point fm−1 for shielding the area B. Since the stray light beam Lm+n transmitted through the portion of the area A of the condenser lens 106 is converged before reaching the beam splitting part 116, the position of the stray light beam Lm+n is inverted to the area B. Thereby, the stray light beam Lm+n is shielded at the shielding part 114′. The stray light beam Lm−n is shielded at the shielding part 114. The focus of the signal light beam Lm is joined at a point between the beam splitting part 116 and the shielding part 114. Thereby, the position of the signal light beam Lm is inverted to the area B. Accordingly, only the signal light beam Lm is transmitted through the shielding part 114 and is detected at the optical detector 108. Since the stray light beam Lm+n transmitted through the portion of the area B of the condenser lens 106 is converged before reaching the beam splitting part 116, the position of the stray light beam Lm+n is inverted to the area A. Thereby, the stray light beam Lm+n is shielded at the shielding part 114. The stray light beam Lm−n is shielded at the shielding part 114′. The focus of the signal light beam Lm is joined at a point between the beam splitting part 116 and the shielding part 114. Thereby, the position of the signal light beam Lm is inverted to the area A. Accordingly, only the signal light beam Lm is transmitted through the shielding part 114′ and is detected at the optical detector 108′. Since the signal light beam Lm transmitted through the portion of the area A of the condenser lens 106 can be detected at the optical detector 108 and the signal light beam Lm transmitted through the portion of the area B of the condenser lens 106 can be detected at the optical detector 108′, the signal light beam included in a beam can be sufficiently detected. Furthermore, the configuration of the optical detecting system can be simplified since substantially all of the stray light beams Lm+n can be shielded by preparing the two of the same shielding parts 114, 114′. Furthermore, the size of the configuration of the optical detecting system can be reduced since the blazed grating has a flat structure. Alternatively, the beam splitting part 116 may be situated closer to the condenser lens 106 than the focus point fm+1. In this case, the principle is substantially the same as the configuration shown in FIG. 39 in which the front and rear shielding parts are to be provided in correspondence with the respective split beam. FIG. 41 is a modified example of the configuration shown in FIG. 40. In FIG. 41, reference numeral 117 indicates another diffraction grating, and reference numeral 118 indicates another shielding part. FIG. 41 shows another example of the optical detecting system 200 for separating and detecting signal light and stray light. The diffraction grating 117 in this modified example provides different diffraction with respect to each area by generating a diffracted light exhibiting a strong −1 order diffraction with respect to the beam of the area A and generating a diffracted light exhibiting a strong +1 order diffraction with respect to the beam of the area B. Accordingly, each signal light beam diffracted at the diffraction grating (blazed grating) 117 once intersects before reaching the shielding part 118. The beam splitting part (i.e. diffraction grating) 117 is positioned between the focus point fm+1 and the focus point fm for splitting the beam into two areas (area A, area B). In a case where the beam transmitted through the portion of the area A of the condenser lens 106 does not condense (converge) before reaching the beam splitting part 117, the beam is diffracted and directed to the optical detector 108′ by the beam splitting part 117. The shielding part 118 is positioned between the focus point fm and the focus point fm−1, in which a lower part 118a of the shielding part 118 shields the area A. In a case where the beam transmitted through the portion of the area B of the condenser lens 106 does not condense (converge) before reaching the beam splitting part 117, the beam is diffracted and directed to the optical detector 108′ by the beam splitting part 117. The shielding part 118 is positioned between the focus point fm and the focus point fm−1, in which an upper part 118b shields the area B. Although the upper and lower parts 118a, 118b of the shielding part 118 may be provided as separate components, the upper and lower parts 118a, 118b are formed as a united body since they are situated close to each other. Since the stray light beam Lm+n transmitted through the portion of the area A of the condenser lens 106 is converged before reaching the beam splitting part 117, the position of the stray light beam Lm+n is inverted to the area B. Thereby, the stray light beam Lm+n is shielded at the shielding part 118. The stray light beam Lm−n is shielded at the shielding part 118. The focus of the signal light beam Lm is joined at a-point between the beam splitting part 117 and the shielding part 118. Thereby, the position of the signal light beam Lm is inverted to the area B. Accordingly, only the signal light beam Lm is transmitted through the shielding part 118 and is detected at the optical detector 108′. Since the stray light beam Lm+n transmitted through the portion of the area B of the condenser lens 106 is converged before reaching the beam splitting part 117, the position of the stray light beam Lm+n is inverted to the area A. Thereby, the stray light beam Lm+n is shielded at the shielding part 118. The stray light beam Lm−n is shielded at the shielding part 118. The focus of the signal light beam Lm is joined at a point between the beam splitting part 117 and the shielding part 118. Thereby, the position of the signal light beam Lm is inverted to the area A. Accordingly, only the signal light beam Lm is transmitted through the shielding part 118 and is detected at the optical detector 108. Since the signal light beam Lm transmitted through the portion of the area A of the condenser lens 106 can be detected at the optical detector 108′ and the signal light beam Lm transmitted through the portion of the area B of the condenser lens 106 can be detected at the optical detector 108, the signal light beam included in a beam can be sufficiently detected. Furthermore, the configuration of the optical detecting system can be simplified since substantially all of the stray light beams Lm+n can be shielded by preparing a single shielding part 118. Furthermore, the size of the configuration of the optical detecting system can be reduced since the blazed grating has a flat structure. Alternatively, an optical path similar to the above-described configuration using the beam splitting part 118 may be obtained by using a configuration similar to the configuration using the beam splitting part 115 including a pair of optical wedges (see FIG. 39). In this case, however, the thicker sides of the optical wedges are matched so that the optical wedges are symmetric to each other with respect to center axis C (optical axis of the condenser lens 106). Accordingly, the refraction direction of the beam becomes opposite to that shown in FIG. 39, to thereby allow a single shielding part to be used. FIGS. 42A and 42B are schematic drawings of a configuration where a beam splitting part and a shielding part is formed as a united body. FIG. 42A corresponds to FIG. 40, and FIG. 42B corresponds to FIG. 41. In FIGS. 42A and 42B, reference numerals 119 and 120 indicate a beam splitting unit. FIGS. 42A and 42B show another example of the optical detecting system 200 for separating and detecting signal light and stray light. In this example, by employing a diffraction grating 19a, 20a as a beam splitting part, the diffraction grating 19a, 20a and the shielding parts 19b, 19b′, 20 can be mounted to form a united body. Thereby, the beam splitting unit 119, 120 can be provided as a single component. FIG. 43 shows another example of the optical detecting system 200 for separating and detecting signal light and stray light. In this example, the configuration shown in FIG. 40 is used. As shown in FIG. 43, a light source 101 is positioned between the shielding parts 114, 114′. Furthermore, a beam splitting part 116 used in this example is a blazed type polarization grating. The beam splitting part 116 allows a bundle of light emitted from the light source 101 in the polarizing direction to transmit therethrough without diffraction and diffracts a bundle of light emitted from the light source 101 in a direction perpendicularly intersecting with the polarization direction. The beam emitted from the light source 101 is directed to the condenser lens 106 without being affected by the grating 116. Next, the operation after the beam is transmitted through the condenser lens 106 is described below (although not shown in the drawings). First, the beam, which is changed into parallel rays by the condenser lens 106, is circularly polarized by λ/4 wave plate and is condensed to an objective lens 104, to thereby be irradiated onto the optical disk 15. The signal light beam reflected from the optical disk 15 becomes parallel rays at the objective lens. By passing through the λ/4 wave plate, the parallel rays become linear polarized light that perpendicularly intersect with the polarization direction of the beam irradiated from the light source 101. The linear polarized rays are transmitted through the condenser lens 106, to thereby be split and diffracted by the diffraction grating of the beam splitting part 116. Accordingly, the diffracted rays are detected by the optical detectors 108, 108′. As described above, the stray light beam reflected from the optical disk 15 can be shielded by the shielding parts 114 so that only the signal light beam can be detected at the optical detector 108, 108′. The light source 101, the beam splitting part (diffraction grating) 116, the shielding part 114, and the optical detectors 108, 108′ may be formed as a united body. Thereby, a small-sized optical pickup apparatus can be obtained. FIG. 44 shows another example of the optical detecting system 200 for separating and detecting signal light and stray light. In FIG. 44, reference numeral 121 indicates a second condenser lens, reference numeral 122 indicates a divided optical detector, reference letter S indicates an output signal received from the optical detector. FIG. 44 shows another example of the optical detecting system 200 for separating and detecting signal light and stray light and also for obtaining focus error signals. In this example, the second condenser lens 121 is positioned between the rear shielding part 112 and the divided optical detector. The signal light beam Lm is detected at the divided optical detector 122 situated at the focus point of the signal light beam Lm. Next, a method (principle) for obtaining focus error signal according to an embodiment of the present invention is described. In a case where the beam transmitted through the objective lens 104 is condensed onto the optical disk 15, the signal light beam Lm reflected from the optical disk 15 is condensed to an area between an optical detector part 122a and an optical detector part 122b of the divided optical detector 122. The difference (Sa−Sb) between the output of the optical detector part 122a (Sa) and the output of the optical detector part 122b (Sb) becomes 0. Meanwhile, in a case where the objective lens 104 is positioned farther from the optical disk 15, the beam condensed at the second condenser lens 121 converges before reaching the divided optical detector 122 such that hemispherical beams become incident on the optical detector part 122b (illustrated with a dotted line on the right side of the second condenser lens 121 in FIG. 44). That is, the difference of output becomes less than 0 (Sa−Sb<0). On the other hand, in a case where the objective lens 104 is positioned closer to the optical disk 15, the beam condensed at the second condenser lens 121 converges after (beyond) the divided optical detector 122 such that hemispherical beams (prior to becoming condensed) become incident on the optical detector part 122a (illustrated with a broken line on the right side of the second condenser lens 121 in FIG. 44). That is, the difference of output becomes greater than 0 (Sa−Sb>0). Accordingly, by calculating the difference of output (Sa−Sb), signals indicating the focus of the objective lens 104 with respect to the optical disk 15 (focus error signals) can be obtained. In this case, the signal light beam can be obtained by Sa+Sb. The configuration of detecting focus error signal may be applied not only to the configuration shown in FIG. 36, but also to the configurations shown in FIGS. 37 to 42. In this example, since the second condenser lens 121 is positioned between the rear shielding part 112 and the dividing optical detecting part 122, the rear shielding part 112 and the dividing optical detecting part 122 cannot be formed into a united body. It is, however, possible to form the second condenser lens 121 and the rear shielding part 112 as a united body. In the incident side of the second condenser lens 121, the second condenser lens 121 may have a lens function at least on one side with respect to the optical axis. The second condenser lens may be formed in various shapes as long as the beam do not transmit to the other side with respect to the optical axis. FIG. 45A-45C are schematic drawings for describing the positional relationships of the beam, the shielding part(s), and the beam splitting part according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 45A shows the relationship between the front and rear shielding parts and the beam, FIG. 45B shows the relationships between the beam splitting part and the beam, and FIG. 45C shows a case where the optical axis deviates in the tracking direction with respect to FIGS. 45A and 45B. In FIGS. 45A-45C, reference numeral 124 indicates a beam spot, reference numeral 125 indicates a dividing line, and reference numeral 126 indicates a beam splitting line. FIGS. 45A-45C serve to describe another example of the optical detecting system 200 for separating and detecting signal light and stray light in which the absolute quantity of the signal light beam do not change even in case where the optical axis of the objective lens shifts in the tracking direction. The beam reflected from the optical disk 15 is diffracted at the grooves of the optical disk 15, to thereby form a pattern similar to a shape of a baseball (track pattern) as shown in FIG. 45B. Among the areas delineated by curved lines in FIG. 45b, the center area is a pattern obtained from the light reflected from a track area of the optical disk 15, and the side areas are patterns obtained from light diffracted by the step (land) area provided on both sides of the track area. Typically, the side areas have a greater quantity of light than the center area. The following is described on the premise that the side areas have a greater quantity of light than the center area. In this example, the dividing line 125 for dividing the beam for the front and rear shielding parts 111, 112 (see FIG. 45A) and the splitting line 126 for splitting the beam of the beam splitting part (See FIG. 45B) are oriented in the tracking direction of the signal light beam. As shown in FIG. 45C, in a case where the optical axis deviates in the tracking direction, the beam moves toward the direction of the dividing line 125 or the splitting line 126 with respect to the optical system. Accordingly, even in a case where the objective lens 104 shifts in the tracking direction and the optical axis occurs for the signal light beam, the distribution of the beam above and below the dividing line 125 and the splitting line 126 do not change. Therefore, signals can be satisfactorily detected without any change in the quantity of light of the signal light beams reaching the optical detector 122. FIGS. 46A and 46B are drawings for describing an operation of obtaining track error signals. FIG. 46A is a ray diagram and FIG. 46B is a plan view of an optical detector according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 46A-46B serve to describe another example of the optical detecting system 200 for separating and detecting signal light and stray light and also obtaining track error signals. In this example, another divided optical detector 122 (122c, 122d) detects signal light beam Lm. The divided optical detector 122 is divided into at least two areas along a data recording direction (Y direction) by the dividing line 125 or a line perpendicularly intersecting with the splitting line 126. Next, a method (principle) for obtaining track error signal according to an embodiment of the present invention is described. The signal light beam transmitted through the shielding part(s) becomes a hemispherical divergent beam and is detected at the divided optical detector 122. In a case where a beam spot is formed on a center of a groove of the optical disk 15, the track pattern becomes symmetric at its left and right sides. Accordingly, the difference (Sc−Sd) between the output of the optical detector part 122c (Sc) and the output of the optical detector part 122d (Sd) is 0. In a case where the beam spot deviates from the center of the groove, the track patterns becomes non-symmetric at its left and right sides as shown in FIG. 45C. Accordingly, the difference Sc−Sd becomes greater than 0 (Sc−Sd>0) or less than 0 (Sc−Sd<0). Accordingly, by calculating the difference of output (Sc−Sd), signals indicating the position of the beam spot tracked on the optical disk 15 (track error signals) can be obtained. In this case, the signal light beam can be obtained by Sc+Sd. FIGS. 47A and 47B are schematic drawings for describing an operation of obtaining both the focus error signals and the track error signals. FIGS. 47A-47B serve to describe another example of the optical detecting system 200 for separating and detecting signal light and stray light and also obtaining focus error signals and track error signals. In this example, the beam splitting part 113 is positioned between the condenser lens 106 and the front shielding part 111 for dividing the beam into two areas (area A and area B). This portion is the substantially the same as the configuration shown in FIG. 37. The condenser lens 106 is positioned between the rear shielding part 112 and the optical detector for receiving the signal light beam transmitted through the portion of the area A of the condenser lens 106. Thereby, at the focus point of the signal light beam Lm, the signal light beam Lm is detected at the divided optical detector 123 (123a, 123b). Furthermore, the signal light beam Lm transmitted through the portion of the area B of the condenser lens 106 is detected at the divided optical detector 123′ (123′ c, 123′ d) which is divided into at least two parts along the data recording direction (Y direction in FIG. 47B). Accordingly, respective signals can be obtained without stray light beams, in which the focus error signals are obtained by Sa−Sb, the track error signals are obtained by Sc−Sd, and the reproduction signals area obtained by Sa+Sb+Sc+Sd. As another example, FIGS. 53A and 53B shows modified examples of the configuration shown in FIG. 39, in which the beam splitting part and the shielding part are formed as a united body. In FIGS. 53A and 53B, reference numerals 124 and 125 indicate a beam splitting unit including a prism (124a, 125a) and a shielding part (124b, 125b). Since the operation of the configuration shown in FIGS. 53A and 53B is substantially the same as that shown in FIGS. 42A and 42B, further explanation thereof is omitted. In the configuration shown in FIG. 53A, although the thickness of the prism 124a of the beam splitting unit 124 may be large, a portion of the effective beam may be cut off (for example, see dash-dot line in FIG. 53A). Furthermore, it is to be noted that, although the beam may be refracted even after transmitting through the beam splitting unit, the refracted beam are omitted in the drawings. FIG. 48 is a schematic drawing showing an overall configuration of an optical pickup apparatus according to yet another embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 48, reference numeral 101 indicates a light source, reference numeral 102 indicates a coupling lens, reference numeral 103 indicates a detector and separating part, reference numeral 104 indicates an objective lens, reference numeral 105 indicates an optical disk, reference numeral 106 indicates a detecting lens, reference numeral 107 indicates a diffraction grating, and reference numeral 108 indicates an optical detector. With reference to FIG. 48, the optical pickup according to an embodiment of the present invention includes, for example: a light source 101 for irradiating light for reading out and recording information from and to the optical disk 105; a coupling lens 102 for making the divergent beam from the light source 101 into substantially parallel beam; a detector and separating part 103 for separating the beam irradiated from the light source 101 to the optical disk 105 and the beam reflected from the optical disk 105; an objective lens 104 for condensing incident beam to/from the optical disk 105; a detecting lens 106 for condensing the beam reflected from a signal layer (recording layer) to an optical detector(s) 108; a diffraction grating 107 for generating focus error signals and tracking error signals for maintaining a predetermined position in the tracking direction; and the optical detector(s) 108 for obtaining signal information from the optical disk 105. The objective lens 104 in this example is driven in the optical axis direction by an actuator for focus a light beam to a spot on a signal information surface (recording surface) of the optical disk 105. The beam irradiated from the light source 101 is made into substantially parallel rays at the coupling lens 103 and is transmitted through the detector and separating part 103, to thereby form a fine beam spot on the information recording surface (recording surface) of the optical disk 105. The beam reflected from the optical disk 105 is again made into substantially parallel rays by the objective lens 104, then is then reflected by the detector and separating part 103, then is condensed at the condenser lens 106, and then is diffracted by the diffraction grating 107, to thereby be detected by an optical detecting surface of the optical detector(s) 108. In the foregoing example, the optical path (optical system) in which the beam are irradiated from the light source 101 to the optical disk 105 may be referred to as an irradiation path (optical irradiation system) or an advancing path. Meanwhile, the optical path (optical system) in which the beam are reflected from the optical disk 105 may be referred to as a detection path (optical detecting system) or a returning path. An embodiment of an optical unit including, for example, the light source 101, the diffraction grating 107, and the optical detector is shown in FIG. 49. In this example, the divergent light irradiated from the light source 101 transmits through the diffraction grating 107, advances to a coupling lens (not shown) provided in the optical pickup, and to an optical disk (not shown). The beam reflected from the optical disk transmits again through the coupling lens and is incident on the diffraction grating 107 in the form of converged light. The diffraction grating 107 is divided (separated) into plural areas with respect to the incident beam. The beam, which is divided (separated) in correspondence with the divided areas, is received by the optical detector (divided optical detector) 108. In one example, as shown in FIG. 50, the diffraction grating 107 is divided into three parts. By detecting the light diffracted at the area AB (by using knife edge diffraction), focus error signals are obtained, and by receiving the light at respective areas C and D, tracking error signals are obtained. Further, the present invention is not limited to these embodiments, but variations and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The present application is based on Japanese Priority Application Nos. 2005-056976, 2005-070366, 2005-074031; 2005-103441, 2005-135509, and 2005-248548 filed on Mar. 2, 2005, Mar. 14, 2005, Mar. 15, 2005, Mar. 31, 2005, May 9, 2005, and Aug. 30, 2005, respectively, with the Japanese Patent Office, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>In recent years and continuing, optical disks (e.g., CDs (Compact Disc) and DVDs (Digital Versatile Disc)) serving to record computer programs, audio information, video information (hereinafter referred to as “contents”) are drawing greater attention owing to the advances in digital technology and the improvements in data compression technology. Accordingly, as the optical disks become less expensive, optical disk apparatuses for reading out the information recorded in the optical disks have grown to become widely used. The amount of information to be recorded in the optical disks is growing year by year. Therefore, further increase in the recording capacity of a single optical disk is expected. As for measures that are being developed for increasing the recording capacity of the optical disk, there is, for example, increasing the number of recording layers. Accordingly, vigorous research is being made on optical disks having plural recording layers (hereinafter referred to as “multilayer disk”) and optical disk apparatuses that access the multilayered disks. In the multilayer disks, there is a possibility that the signals from a target recording layer be adversely affected by spherical aberration if the spaces between the recording layers are too large. Accordingly, there is a trend of reducing the space between the recording layers. However, reducing the space between the recording layers causes cross-talk between the recording layers (so-called “interlayer cross-talk”). As a result, the beam returning (reflected) from the multilayer disk contains not only desired beams reflected from a target recording layer (hereinafter referred to as “signal light”) but also a significant amount of undesired beams reflected from recording layers besides the target recording layer (hereinafter referred to as “stray light”). This leads to the decrease in S/N ratio of reproduction signals. For example, FIGS. 50A and 50B are schematic drawings for describing an operation of reading out information from a dual layer recording medium. FIG. 50A is a ray diagram showing a case of reading information recorded in a first recording layer L′ 0 , and FIG. 50B is a ray diagram showing a case of reading information recorded in a second recording layer L′ 1 (See also FIG. 2 ). In FIG. 50A , the objective lens 104 is positioned away from the substrate surface to form a fine beam spot on the first layer L′ 0 . In FIG. 50B , the objective lens 104 is positioned closer to the substrate surface to form a fine beam spot on the second layer L′ 1 . As shown in both FIGS. 50A and 50B , the signal light rays reflected from the first and second layers L′ 0 , L′ 1 are changed to parallel rays when they are transmitted through the objective lens 104 , and are condensed and detected at the same light reception surface 108 if the detection lens 106 is arranged at a fixed position. FIG. 51 shows the results observing the degradation of jitter of the signal reproduced from the first layer MB 0 in a case of reducing the thickness of an intermediate layer between the first and second layers MB 0 and MB 1 of a dual layer DVD disk. In a case of reading out information from the first layer MB 0 , stray light is generated from the second layer MB 1 , as shown with the dotted lines in FIG. 51A . In a case of reading out information from the second layer MB 1 , stray light is generated from the first recording layer MB 0 , as shown with the dotted lines in FIG. 51B . A portion of the stray light overlaps with a beam reflected from the target recording layer and is detected at the optical detector 108 . This stray light is generally detected as the offset for various signals (described in further detail in “Analyses for Design of Drives and Disks for Dual-layer Phase Change Optical Disks”, pp. 281-283, Shintani et. al). Furthermore, in a case of reducing the thickness of the intermediate layer, interference between the signal light and the stray light before reaching the optical detecting unit 108 . This interference creates noise components for focus error signals, track error signals, and disk reproduction signals (jitter). For example, in observing the jitter of the signals reproduced from the first recording layer MB 0 , FIG. 52 shows that the jitter is adversely affected when the intermediate layer is formed with a thickness less than 30 μm. This phenomenon is typically referred to as cross-talk. Accordingly, in a case of reducing the thickness of the intermediate layer of a dual layer recording medium, it is desired to eliminate or reduce the stray light in an optical pickup apparatus. In one related art example, offset caused by stray light may be eliminated by providing a diffraction grating in an optical detecting system for dividing the signal light and the stray light into primary light and secondary light, detecting the stray light from plural layers with different optical detectors, and calculating the difference between the signal light and the stray light (see Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2001-273640). However, with this related art example, not only is the stray light diffracted by the diffraction grating but the signal light is also subjected to the diffraction. This causes loss of signal light components included in the beam reflected from the optical disk. Furthermore, this related art cannot eliminate the changes in the quantity of light caused by the interference between the signal light and stray light prior to reaching the optical detecting surface, to thereby cause the strength of the signal light to vary. In another related art example, the effects of the stray light may be reduced by providing a condenser lens and a pin hole in an optical detecting system (see Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2003-323736). However, with this related art example, the strongest component of the stray light may pass through the pin hole and be detected by the optical detector. Therefore, detection of the stray light cannot be sufficiently prevented. Furthermore, since the objective lens typically is driven in the tracking direction, deviation of the optical axis is likely to occur. In such a case, the signal light may be blocked due to the position of the pin hole, to thereby lead to a change in the strength of the signal light. As another related art example, Japanese Registered Patent No. 2624255 proposes an apparatus for reducing interlayer cross-talk when reading out from a multilayer disk. This apparatus requires to further reduce the diameter of a pin hole of its detector for reducing the components of the stray light that is incident on the detector. However, reducing the diameter of the pin hole also causes loss of the components of the signal light that is incident on the detector.

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing showing an exemplary configuration of an optical disk apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing for describing a configuration of an optical disk according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3A is a schematic drawing for describing an optical system and an optical pickup apparatus including the optical system according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3B is a schematic drawing for describing an optical system and an optical pickup apparatus including the optical system according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 4A and 4B are schematic drawings for describing signal light (signal light components) and stray light (stray light components); FIGS. 5A and 5B are schematic drawings for describing an exemplary operation of the optical system shown in FIG. 3A ; FIGS. 5C and 5D are schematic drawings for describing an exemplary operation of the optical system shown in FIG. 3B ; FIG. 6A is a schematic drawing for describing a ¼ wave plate according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 6B and 6C are schematic drawings for describing ½ wave plates according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 7A is a schematic drawing for describing another ¼ wave plate according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 7B and 7C are schematic drawings for describing optical polarizing elements according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 8A is a table showing the operation (effect) of the optical system shown in FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 8B is a table showing the operation (effect) of the optical system shown in FIG. 3B according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 9A and 9B are graphs for describing focus error signals and total signals obtained by the reproduction signal process circuit shown in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 10A and 10B are graphs for describing focus error signals and total signals obtained according to a conventional example; FIG. 11 is a flowchart for describing the processes (operation) of an optical disk apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention in a case of receiving an access request from an upper level apparatus; FIG. 12A is a schematic drawing for describing a first modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 12B is a schematic drawing for describing a first modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3B according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 13A is a schematic drawing for describing a second modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 13B is a schematic drawing for describing a second modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3B according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 14 is a graph for describing the relationship between the beam diameter and the thickness of an intermediate layer of an optical disk according to the optical systems shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B . FIG. 15A is a schematic drawing for describing a third modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 15B is a schematic drawing for describing a third modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3B according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 16A is a schematic drawing for describing a fourth modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 16B is a schematic drawing for describing a fourth modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3B according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 17A is a schematic drawing for describing a fifth modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 17B is a schematic drawing for describing a fifth modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3B according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 18A is a schematic drawing for describing a sixth modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 18B is a schematic drawing for describing a sixth modified example of the optical system shown in FIG. 3B according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 19 is a schematic drawing for describing a first modified example of the optical pickup apparatus shown in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 20 is a table showing the operation (effect) of the optical system shown in FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the present invention in a case where a ¼ wave plate is rotated 180 degrees; FIG. 21 is a schematic drawing for describing a case where the ¼ wave plate shown in FIG. 3A is replaced by a ½ wave plate according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 22 is a schematic drawing for describing a case where the other ¼ wave plate shown in FIG. 3A is replaced by another ½ wave plate according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 23 is a table showing the operation (effect) of the optical system using the ½ wave plates shown in FIGS. 21 and 22 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 24 is a table showing the operation (effect) of the optical system in a case where the other ½ wave plate is rotated 180 degrees according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 25 is a schematic drawing for describing a case where the ¼ wave plate shown in FIG. 3A is replaced by a rotator according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 26 is a schematic drawing for describing a case where the other ¼ wave plate shown in FIG. 3A is replaced by another rotator according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 27 is a table showing the operation (effect) of the optical system using the rotators shown in FIGS. 25 and 26 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 28 is a table showing the operation (effect) of the optical system in a case where the other rotator is rotated 180 degrees according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 29 is a schematic drawing for describing a second modified example of the optical pickup apparatus shown in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 30 is a schematic drawing for describing a ½ wave plate included in the optical system shown in FIG. 29 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 31 is a schematic drawing for describing the operation (effect) of the optical system shown in FIG. 29 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 32 is a table showing the operation (effect) of the optical system shown in FIG. 29 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 33 is a schematic drawing for describing a third modified example of the optical pickup apparatus shown in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 34 is a schematic drawing for describing the operation (effect) of the optical system shown in FIG. 33 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 35 is a table showing the operation (effect) of the optical system shown in FIG. 33 according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 36 is a schematic drawing for describing basic configuration of an optical pickup apparatus according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 37 is a schematic drawing of a configuration for preventing loss in the amount of light (light quantity) according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 38 is a schematic drawing for describing a modified example of an optical pickup apparatus according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 39 is a schematic drawing for describing another modified example of an optical pickup apparatus according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 40 is a schematic drawing for describing another modified example of an optical pickup apparatus according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 41 is a schematic drawing for describing a further modified example of the optical pickup apparatus shown in FIG. 41 according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 42A and 42B are schematic drawings for describing an example of forming the beam splitting part and the shielding part(s) shown in FIGS. 40 and 41 into a united body according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 43 is a schematic drawing for describing another modified example of an optical pickup apparatus according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 44 is a schematic drawing for describing another modified example of an optical pickup apparatus according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 45A , 45 B and 45 C are schematic drawings for describing the positional relationships of the beam, the shielding part(s), and the beam splitting part according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 46A and 46B are schematic drawings showing an exemplary configuration for obtaining track error signals according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 47A and 47B are schematic drawings showing an exemplary configuration for obtaining both focus error signals and track error signals according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 48 is a schematic drawing showing an overall configuration of an optical pickup apparatus according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 49 is a schematic drawing for describing an example of an optical unit according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 50 is a schematic drawing for describing an example of a diffraction grating according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 51A and 51B are schematic drawings for describing an operation of reading out and recording information from and to an optical disk (dual layer information recording medium); FIG. 52 is a graph showing the results of observing the degradation of jitter of signals reproduced from a first layer L′ 0 in a case of reducing the thickness of an intermediate layer of a dual layer DVD disk; and FIGS. 53A and 53B shows modified examples of the configuration shown in FIG. 39 where the beam splitting part and the shielding part are formed as a united body. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20060919

20100209

20081009

70527.0

G11B700

HUBER, PAUL W

OPTICAL SYSTEM, OPTICAL PICKUP APPARATUS, AND OPTICAL DISK APPARATUS

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

G11B

ACCEPTED

Guidance Display Device

It is provided a guidance display device which displays appropriate guidance for an entire screen, on the screen including plural display regions. A guidance display region (21) for guiding a user's operation, including: guidance content holding units (105) and (106) which previously hold guidance display contents respectively corresponding to display regions (101) and (102) to be operated by the user and included in one screen; a guidance synthesis unit (109) which obtains the guidance display contents respectively corresponding to the display regions (101) and (102) from the guidance content holding units (105) and (106), and synthesizes the obtained guidance display contents into one; and a guidance display unit (110) which displays the guidance display contents synthesized by the guidance synthesis unit (109) on the screen.

1. A guidance display device for guiding a user's operation, said guidance display device comprising: a guidance content holding unit operable to hold, in advance, guidance display contents respectively corresponding to display regions which are included in one screen and are to be operated by the user; a guidance synthesis unit operable to obtain, from said guidance content holding unit, the guidance display contents respectively corresponding to the display regions, and to synthesize the obtained guidance display contents into one; and a guidance display unit operable to display, on the screen, the guidance display contents synthesized by said guidance synthesis unit. 2. The guidance display device according to claim 1, further comprising a determination unit operable to determine an obtainment order for obtaining the guidance display contents respectively corresponding to the display regions, wherein said guidance synthesis unit is operable to sequentially synthesize the guidance display contents obtained in accordance with the obtainment order determined by said determination unit. 3. The guidance display device according to claim 2, wherein said determination unit is operable to determine the obtainment order for obtaining the guidance display contents, in accordance with an order in which the user operates the respective display regions. 4. The guidance display device according to claim 2, wherein said determination unit is operable to determine the obtainment order for obtaining the guidance display contents, in accordance with a focus position of one of the display regions on the screen. 5. The guidance display device according to claim 2, wherein said determination unit is operable to determine the obtainment order for obtaining the guidance display contents, in accordance with an order in which events are transmitted to a GUI component. 6. The guidance display device according to claim 2, wherein said determination unit is operable to determine the obtainment order for obtaining the guidance display contents, in accordance with an arrangement relation of the display regions. 7. The guidance display device according to claim 6, wherein the arrangement relation of the display regions has a hierarchical window structure. 8. The guidance display device according to claim 6, further comprising an arrangement relation management unit operable to manage the arrangement relation of the display regions, and to make a request of said guidance synthesis unit to start the synthesizing of the guidance display contents in the case where the arrangement relation is changed, wherein said guidance synthesis unit is operable to obtain, from said guidance content holding unit, guidance display contents respectively corresponding to the display regions having the changed arrangement relation, in the case of receiving the request from said arrangement relation management unit, and to synthesize the obtained guidance display contents. 9. The guidance display device according to claim 1, further comprising a region independent guidance content holding unit operable to hold region independent guidance contents that do not correspond respectively to the display regions, wherein said guidance synthesis unit is operable to synthesize the guidance display contents obtained from said guidance content holding unit and the region independent guidance contents obtained from said region independent guidance content holding unit. 10. The guidance display device according to claim 1, further comprising a guidance display position management unit operable to manage a use state and a display position of each of the guidance display contents, the use state indicating that each guidance display content is to be displayed or not to be displayed, wherein said guidance display unit is operable to display the guidance display contents in accordance with the use state and the display position managed by said guidance display position management unit. 11. A guidance display method for guiding a user's operation, said guidance display method comprising: a guidance content holding step of causing a memory to hold, in advance, guidance display contents respectively corresponding to display regions which are included in one screen and are to be operated by the user; a guidance synthesis step of obtaining, from the memory, the guidance display contents respectively corresponding to the display regions and of synthesizing the obtained guidance display contents into one; and a guidance display step of displaying, on the screen, the guidance display contents synthesized in said guidance synthesis step. 12. A program for causing a computer to execute steps included in the guidance display method according to claim 11. 13. An LSI as a guidance display device for guiding a user's operation, said LSI comprising, in an integrated manner, the following: a guidance content holding unit operable to hold, in advance, guidance display contents respectively corresponding to display regions which are included in one screen and are to be operated by the user; a guidance synthesis unit operable to obtain, from the guidance content holding unit, the guidance display contents respectively corresponding to the display regions, and to synthesize the obtained guidance display contents into one; and a guidance display unit operable to display, on the screen, the guidance display contents synthesized by said guidance synthesis unit.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a guidance display device and a guidance display method for guiding a user's operation on a screen-by-screen basis, particularly to a technology for displaying guidance in the case where one screen includes plural display regions to be operated by the user. BACKGROUND ART A personal computer (hereinafter also referred to as PC) uses a larger display component than a mobile information terminal such as a cellular phone. Therefore, there has been a case where plural applications share one screen. The display regions of respective applications are included in one screen and guidance is displayed for each display region. On the other hand, the screen of a display component (such as a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)) of the mobile information terminal is smaller in size and lower in resolution with the conventional technology so that guidance display is performed with one application occupying the entire screen. However, recent advances in the enlargement of the screen size and increase of the screen resolution have allowed plural applications to share one screen. In this case, it is desired also in the mobile information terminal to include display regions of respective applications in one screen and to display guidance for each display region. The screen size of the mobile information terminal, however, cannot be enlarged as in the case of the PC. Consequently, the guidance has been displayed in a very limited space. A guidance display device which displays guidance of operations in a conventional information processing terminal such as a cellular phone adopts a method of determining soft key display contents and displaying the determined contents on a screen using a calling state function priority table showing priorities of displaying functions to be displayed for respective calling states of the cellular phone and a soft key function priority table showing functions with respective priorities to be assigned to respective soft keys (e.g. refer to Patent Reference 1). A function which varies depending on a state can be assigned to one soft key, as an operation action taken when the soft key is pressed. In the cellular phone disclosed in the Patent Reference 1, functions are assigned to four soft keys. The positions in which guidance corresponding to the assigned functions are displayed are then determined and the guidance is displayed at the determined positions. Furthermore, another conventional guidance display device adopts a method with which a control unit, which manages a current state of a cellular phone and a valid key, obtains guidance information relating to the current state of the valid key from a guidance database, copies a layout of the key and displays the guidance information (e.g. refer to Patent Reference 2). The conventional guidance display device disclosed in the Patent Reference 2 judges whether or not a guidance display is necessary based on an internal state of the terminal, obtains the guidance information corresponding to the current state from an operation guidance information database, displays the obtained guidance information, and judges whether or not a key operation is a valid input when the key is operated. Furthermore, other conventional guidance display device adopts a method of displaying, from among guidance display contents for each window, guidance display contents corresponding to an active window (e.g. refer to Patent Reference 3). The conventional guidance display method disclosed in the Patent Reference 3 displays, from among the guidance contents for respective sets of windows, guidance contents corresponding to an active window which receives a keyboard input. Patent Reference 1: Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 9-149129 Patent Reference 2: Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2000-91940 Patent Reference 3: Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 10-97402 DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION Problems that Invention is to Solve However, it is necessary for the aforementioned conventional technologies to determine, at the system design level, guidance display contents corresponding to respective states of the system in accordance with a screen layout and an operation specification. Accordingly, the following problems are raised in the case where one screen is made up of plural display regions. It should be noted that “one screen” indicates not a display component (a display) such as a LCD and a liquid crystal of an information processing terminal such as a cellular phone, but contents to be displayed on a display of a device. For example, the one screen is made up of one or more display regions (700, 701, 702 and 703) as shown in FIG. 1. The display regions to be operated by a user are the display region 701 shown in FIG. 1A and the display region 702 shown in FIG. 1B. The screen shown in FIG. 1C is generated by superimposing the display region 702 on the display region 701. Conventionally, it is necessary to generate guidance for the display region 701 shown in FIG. 1A and guidance for the display region 701 shown in FIG. 1B at the system design level. The first problem is that an appropriate displaying of guidance on the screen cannot be performed if there is even a portion of the display regions on the screen where an operation specification, display contents and the like relating to the displaying of guidance is not clear in advance. For example, on the screen as shown in FIG. 1, an appropriate displaying of guidance cannot be performed if the display contents and the operation specification of the display region 702 are not clear even if the display contents and operation specifications of other display regions 700 and 701 have been known. Specifically, FIG. 1 shows a screen on which contents of image data made up of four display regions 700 to 703 are browsed and up-and-down keys are used for an operation of switching image data (such as data 1 and data 2) to be browsed. The application for actually displaying image data can be freely replaced by downloading and the like. The display contents of the downloaded application are then displayed in the display region 702, and guidance of an entire screen is displayed in the display region 703. The guidance display of the upward and downward arrows indicating valid and invalid of the up-and-down keys used for data switching can be previously set. However, the guidance of a key used for operation of the downloaded application and the guidance indicating a state of the downloaded application is not clear until the application is downloaded so that they cannot be determined at the system design level. For example, the application having a playback function displays a “playback” as key operation guidance as shown in FIG. 1, and the application having an editing function displays an “editing” in this case. Further, in the case where the application does not receive any key operations, there is a possibility that nothing is displayed. Similarly, with respect to the guidance indicating a state of an application, the application having a playback function displays the states such as “playback” and “stop”. Also, there is a possibility that the application which requires time for playback displays “in preparation” and the like. As described above, the guidance display contents on the entire screen vary depending on a specification of the application to be downloaded so that the conventional technology which requires to predetermine the guidance display contents cannot perform appropriate displaying of guidance. The second problem is that, for example, in the case where the layout of the display regions on the screen is changed as shown in FIG. 2 due to a customization and a change of display size by the user, a displaying of guidance appropriate to the changed layout cannot be performed. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 2, the pre-change layout screen includes four display regions 800 to 803, in which the display region 802 is included in the display region 801. The post-change layout screen newly adds the display regions 804 and 805, in which the display region 802 is no longer included in the display region 802 and the display regions 802, 803 and 804 are arranged in parallel on the display region 805. Also, the contents of the guidance to be displayed on respective display regions are predetermined. The display region 801 displays upward-and-downward arrows indicating valid and invalid of the up-and-down keys used for data switching operation. The display region 802 displays “playback” indicating that display data has been played back by a soft key and “stop” indicating a state where the playback has been stopped. The display region 804 displays upward-and-downward arrows indicating valid and invalid of the up-and-down keys used for group switching operation. The display region 805 displays rightward-and-leftward arrows indicating valid and invalid of the right-and-left keys used for selecting a display region to be operated from among the display regions 801, 802 and 804. In such case, in the pre-change layout screen, the display regions which require guidance are only the display regions 801 and 802 having the inclusion relation. In the case where the display region 802 is to be operated, the appropriate guidance to be displayed on the entire screen is contents combining the display of upward-and-downward arrows in the display region 801 and the display of “playback” and “stop” in the display region 802 as shown in FIG. 2. On the other hand, in the post-change layout screen, the display region 802 is included in the display region 805 so that the appropriate guidance to be displayed on the entire screen, in the case where the display region 802 is to be operated, is contents combining the rightward, leftward, upward and downward arrows in the display region 805 and the display of “playback” and “stop” in the display region 802. In addition, since the display regions 801, 802 and 804 are arranged in parallel on the post-change layout screen, the display regions to be operated are changed. In the case where the operation targets are changed to the display regions 801 and 804, it is necessary to respectively display, as the guidance of the entire screen, contents combining the guidance displays of the display regions 801 and 805 and the display regions 804 and 805. Accordingly, even if the contents to be displayed as guidance on each display region are previously known, the displaying of guidance on the entire screen varies depending on a layout of each display region. Therefore, in the case where the post-change layout is not previously known, an appropriate displaying of guidance cannot be performed with the conventional technology. In order to overcome the conventional problems, an object of the present invention is to provide a guidance display device which can appropriately display guidance display contents corresponding to changes of screen display contents, layout, operation specification and the like. Means to Solve the Problems In order to overcome the aforementioned object, a guidance display device according to the present invention is a guidance display device for guiding a user's operation, the guidance display device including: a guidance content holding unit which holds, in advance, guidance display contents respectively corresponding to display regions which are included in one screen and are to be operated by the user; a guidance synthesis unit which obtains, from the guidance content holding unit, the guidance display contents respectively corresponding to the display regions, and to synthesize the obtained guidance display contents into one; and a guidance display unit which displays, on the screen, the guidance display contents synthesized by the guidance synthesis unit. Accordingly, the guidance display contents can be appropriately combined and easily synthesized in accordance with a screen layout and an operation state without changing the guidance display contents stored in the guidance content holding unit. Also, even in the case where the display regions having the display contents and operation specification are integrated on the screen or where unnecessary display regions are deleted from the screen, an appropriate displaying of guidance can be realized by adding or deleting guidance content holding units corresponding to the display regions without changing the guidance display contents relating to other display regions. It should be noted that the present invention can be realized not only as such guidance display device, but also as a guidance display method having characteristic units included in the guidance display device as steps, as a program causing a computer to execute those steps, and as an LSI which integrates the characteristic units included in the guidance display device. Also, it is obvious that such program can be distributed via a recording medium such as a CD-ROM and a transmission medium such as the Internet. Effects of the Invention As is obvious from the aforementioned explanation, the guidance display device of the present invention can perform appropriate displaying of guidance through synthesizing based on information relating to the guidance displays of respective regions on a screen. Therefore, the guidance can be displayed even in the case, for example, where an application displayed in a portion of the screen is changed by downloading another application, or where the display contents and operation specification of only a portion of display regions on the screen are changed by a user's customization. Further, an appropriate displaying of guidance can be realized even in the case where a layout on the screen is dynamically changed in accordance with a screen size and a direction of the screen. Furthermore, an appropriate displaying of guidance is automatically performed by setting only the guidance display contents for the respective display regions without taking the operation state, layout and the like into consideration. Therefore, the development of software for performing guidance display becomes easier and a memory to be used can be saved since there is no need of holding guidance information for each operation state and layout. Accordingly, the present invention can perform simple and appropriate guidance display by obtaining the guidance display contents respectively corresponding to the display regions from the guidance content holding unit and by synthesizing the obtained guidance display contents into one. Therefore, a practical value of the present invention is very high in today's expansion of use of mobile information terminals such as a cellular phone. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of a screen display including plural display regions. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of a layout change of the screen display. FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an overall structure of a communication system to which a guidance display device according to the first embodiment of the present invention is adopted. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a structure of the guidance display device according to the first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of guidance contents according to the first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a guidance synthesizing processing according to the first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an example of a guidance synthesis result according to the first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a structure of a guidance display device according to a second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a structure of a screen in the case where an arrangement relation such as layout is changed. FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example of holding information of a guidance display position management unit according to the second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an example of guidance contents according to the second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an example of a guidance synthesis result according to the second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 13 is a diagram showing another example of the guidance synthesis result according to the second embodiment of the present invention. NUMERICAL REFERENCE 21, 22 Guidance display device 100˜103, 700˜703, and 800˜805 Display region 104˜107 Guidance content holding unit 108 Region independent guidance content holding unit 109 Guidance synthesis unit 109a Determination unit 110 Guidance display unit 501 Arrangement relation management unit 502 Guidance display position management unit BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail with reference to drawings hereinafter. FIRST EMBODIMENT FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an overall structure of a communication system 1 to which a guidance display device according to the first embodiment of the present invention is adopted. The communication system 1 is made to achieve smooth user operations by displaying guidance in the case where previously stored data such as video and music contents is reproduced using a downloaded application. The communication system 1 includes an application distribution server 80 which distributes a requested application AP via a wireless network 90 such as the Internet, and a cellular phone 10. The cellular phone 10 carried by a user is a communication device which transmits and receives various types of data such an E-mail in which audio and DSP are added into a packet, and displays guidance in the case where the previously stored data such as video and music contents are played back using the downloaded application AP. The cellular phone 10 includes: an antenna ex201 for transmitting and receiving radio waves with a base station; a camera unit ex203 which can capture a still picture and a moving picture including a CCD ex129 and a flash; a body part made up of a set of operation keys ex204; a speech output unit ex208 for outputting music and communication speech and made up of a speaker and the like; a speech input unit ex205 for inputting a speech and made up of a microphone and the like; a slot unit ex206 for allowing a recording medium ex207 such as SD card to be installed; and a display unit ex202 for displaying a still picture captured by the camera unit ex203, a still picture received via the antenna ex201 and the like and made up of a LCD and the like. Note that, a touch panel is attached on a surface of the display unit ex202. Also, the cellular phone 10 includes a storage unit 16 in the body, and automatically stores the downloaded application AP into an “application” holder set in the storage unit 16 and the captured still picture, moving picture and the like into “group 1”, “group 2” and . . . folders set in the storage unit 16. FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a functional structure of the guidance display device included in the cellular phone 10 shown in FIG. 3. It should be noted that components included in the guidance display device are realized by the downloaded application AP, a CPU which executes the application AP, a memory and the like. Furthermore, a portion of or all of the constituents of the guidance display device may be structured as an integrated LSI. As shown in FIG. 4, the guidance display device 21 includes guidance contents holding units 104 to 107 respectively corresponding to the display regions 100 to 103, a region independent guidance content holding unit 108, a guidance synthesis unit 109, a determination unit 109a, and a guidance display unit 110. In FIG. 4, the display regions 100 to 103 are display regions which constitute a screen shown in FIG. 3. Here shows an example of one screen made up of four display regions. They are also applied to the display regions 700 to 703 shown in FIG. 1 and display regions 800 to 805 shown in FIG. 2. In other words, the display regions to be operated by the user are the display region 101 and the display region 102. While the display region is rectangular in shape in this example, the shape is not necessarily to be rectangular but it can be an arbitrary shape such as an ellipse and a polygon. The display regions 100 to 103 may be realized, for example, as a widget which is a GUI component and as a window. The guidance content holding units 104 to 107 correspond respectively to the display regions 100 to 103, hold guidance contents relating to the respective display regions, and are realized using an information storage device such as a memory. In the first embodiment, it is explained about an example in which the guidance content holding units 104 to 107 correspond respectively to the display regions 100 to 103. However, their correspondence is not only limited to one-to-one correspondence, but also to many-to-one correspondence or many-to-many correspondence. Furthermore, all display regions on the screen do not necessarily correspond to guidance content holding units. A display region in which guidance is not necessary to be displayed does not need to correspond to a guidance content holding unit. For example, the display region shown in FIG. 3 is a guidance display region itself in which the guidance display contents are determined based on the guidance contents of other display regions (101 and 102) so that it can be determined that the guidance contents of the display region 103 do not exist. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of guidance contents stored in the guidance content holding unit. Note that, since the display region 101 and the display region 102 are operated by the user in the example shown in FIG. 3, FIG. 5 shows an example of guidance contents respectively stored in the guidance content holding units 101 and 102. As shown in FIG. 5, a display state of display and no-display and a display content, for each item displayed as guidance, are stored as guidance contents. In the example shown in FIG. 5, the items displayed as guidance are upward, downward, rightward and leftward arrows, a soft key, a state display of an application, and an operation description, and a display state, and a display content are stored for each item. Specifically, the following is stored in the display region 101: a display state “display” and a display content “/” for the item “upward arrow”; a display state “-” and the display content “/” for the item “rightward arrow”: the display state “display” and the display content “/” for the item “downward arrow”; the display state “-” and the display content “/” for the item “leftward arrow”; the display state “-” and the display content “-” for the item “soft key”; the display state “-” and the display content “-” for the item “state display”; and the display state “-” and the display content “-” for the item “operation guide”. Also, the following is stored in the display region 102: the display state “-” and the display content “/” for the item “upward arrow”; the display state “-” and the display content “/” for the item “rightward arrow”: the display state “-” and the display content “/” for the item “downward arrow”; the display sate “-” and the display content “/” for the item “leftward arrow”; the display state “display” and the display content “playback” for the item “soft key”; the display state “display” and the display content “stop” for the item “state display”; and the display state “-” and the display content “-” for the item “operation guide”. Here, “/” in the diagram indicates that a setting is unnecessary and “-” indicates that a setting has not been made. Also, with respect to the guidance contents for the display regions 101 and 102 shown in the diagram, the downloaded application searches for data to be processed, previously obtains, for each piece of data to be processed, as data for guidance required for the user when the data is processed, and holds the obtained data. It should be noted that such guidance contents do not need to hold information relating to all items. As shown in FIG. 5, for the unintended guidance items, information such as display state and display content may be kept as “-” indicating that a setting has not been made. While the present example explains the case where the number and types of the items are standardized, the number and types of items may vary for each guidance content holding unit or the number and types of items may be dynamically changeable. Also, while the display state and the display content are separately managed, they may be unified as one attribute and may be indicated as display in the case where the display content has been set and as no-display in the case where the display content has not been set. Further, information other than the display state and display content may be added. Furthermore, in the case where the display content is fixed so that the setting is unnecessary, the display content part may be omitted as shown in the upward arrow item in FIG. 5. Additionally, the items on this list are not necessarily to be displayed all the time on the guidance so that items that are not displayed on the actual guidance may be included. While the display contents are indicated as character strings in FIG. 5, they may be an ID which indicates such as image data, moving picture data and sound data. The region independent guidance content holding unit 108 is a portion in which the guidance contents which do not correspond to the display regions are stored and is used for holding contents of guidance that do not relate to the display regions now on display such as guidance on a previous screen, a communication state and a sound volume relation. In other words, the region independent guidance content holding unit 108 holds guidance contents that are independent from the display regions 100 to 103, such as a remaining amount of battery and an item of within communication distance/outside communication distance. Since the guidance contents stored in the region independent guidance content holding unit 108 are same as those stored in the guidance content holding units 104 to 107 in which the example is provided in FIG. 5, the same explanations are omitted here. Note that, while it is explained about an example of the case of one region independent guidance content holding unit, there may be plural region independent guidance content holding units or no region independent guidance holding unit. The guidance synthesis unit 109 obtains guidance contents in a predetermined order from the guidance content holding units 104 to 107 and the region independent guidance content holding unit 108, synthesizes the obtained contents, and notifies the guidance display unit 110 of the synthesis result. In the case where the guidance synthesis unit 109 synthesizes the guidance contents, the determination unit 109a determines a next display region from which guidance information is obtained from among the display regions to be operated by the user, using one of the following methods 1 to 3. 1. The determination unit 109a determines a display region from which guidance is obtained based on operation states such as a focus of the display region to be operated by the user and a position of a mouse pointer. 2. The determination unit 109a determines a display region from which guidance is obtained based on an event transmission order. 3. A display region from which guidance is obtained is determined based on an arrangement relation (parenthood or coordinates) of the display regions. The guidance display unit 110 displays the guidance contents on the screen based on the synthesis result notified from the guidance synthesis unit 109. Next, it is explained about operations of synthesis processing performed by the guidance synthesis unit 109. FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing the operations of synthesis processing performed by the guidance synthesis unit 109. The guidance synthesis unit 109 starts processing in the case where an event occurs so that guidance display and update are necessary to be performed, for example, when an initial screen is displayed, when a screen is transited, when a content stored in each guidance content holding unit (104 to 107) is changed, when an operation state such as a focus position and a cursor/a mouse pointer is changed by an operation of the user (S201). Here, the guidance synthesis unit 109 itself may start synthesizing the guidance contents by monitoring such aforementioned states, or may include a processing unit of monitoring the aforementioned states and notify changes in the states of the guidance synthesis unit 109. Note that, it is assumed herein that the guidance synthesis unit 109 monitors the states. The case of setting a block for monitoring the states is explained in the second embodiment so that the detailed explanation is omitted here. The guidance synthesis unit 109 determines from which one of the guidance content holding units 104 to 107 and the region independent guidance content holding unit 108 a guidance content is firstly obtained (S202). The guidance synthesis unit 109 determines this first holding unit based on the operation states. For example, in the case where a focus position is used as an operation state, the guidance synthesis unit 109 determines a display region having the focus, and determines a guidance content holding unit corresponding to the display region as the first guidance content obtainment location. Also, a position of a mouse pointer, a cursor and the like may be used as the operation state other than the focus position. For example, in the case where the display region is a region such as a window and a widget which can receive an event, a display region to which an event is sent at first may be determined as the first guidance content obtainment location. Note that, while the first obtainment location is determined in accordance with the operation state in the aforementioned example, the following method may be also used: a method of starting obtaining guidance contents, for example, from the guidance content holding unit corresponding to the display region placed foremost in the display using the arrangement relation of the display regions; a method of attaching a priority to each guidance content holding unit and obtaining guidance contents from the guidance content holding unit with the higher priority; a method of starting obtaining guidance contents from the position instructed by an application and the like; and a method of starting obtaining from the guidance content holding unit in which the held contents are changed. Furthermore, the region independent guidance content holding unit 108 may be determined as the first obtainment location in place of one of the guidance content holding units. Next, the guidance synthesis unit 109 obtains guidance contents from the guidance content holding unit determined as the obtainment location (S203) in Step S202 for the first time and in Step S206 from the second time and after. The guidance synthesis unit 109 then synthesizes the guidance content obtained in Step S203 with the synthesis result of the previously obtained guidance contents (S204). In the case of the first synthesis, there is no synthesis result of the previously obtained guidance contents so that the currently obtained guidance content is determined as the synthesis result of this time. FIG. 7 shows an example of guidance synthesis processing. In this example, there are seven items to be displayed as guidance and display contents of the respective items, and they are determined through synthesis processing. In this case, the display state and display content of each item in the previous synthesis result are firstly checked. If the display state and display content have been determined (e.g. the item “soft key” in FIG. 7), the details are determined as the current synthesis result. If the display state and display content are not determined in the previous synthesis result (e.g. the item “operation guide” in FIG. 7), the display state and display content of the currently obtained guidance content are determined as the current synthesis result. It should be noted that, while the previously obtained guidance content synthesis results are prioritized in FIG. 7, the synthesis may be performed preferring the currently obtained guidance content or the priority may be switched for each item. The guidance synthesis unit 109 notifies the guidance display unit 110 of such obtained synthesis result as information to be used for a next synthesis or as determined information so that the obtained synthesis result is stored in a storage device such as a memory. It should be noted that, while a method of performing synthesis every time when the content is obtained is explained in this example, the method may be changed to a method of firstly performing obtainments of contents and then uniformly synthesizing the obtained contents. The guidance synthesis unit 109 then determines whether or not all guidance contents have been defined (S205). This determination is made depending on whether or not there is an item in which a display state and display content have not been defined in the synthesis result obtained in Step S204. For example, as in the case of the synthesis result shown in FIG. 5, the state display has not been defined so that it is determined that the guidance content has not been defined and the process moves to another obtainment location search (S206). It should be noted that the determination made on whether or not the guidance content has been defined is omitted and a synthesis processing may be performed until the last one of next guidance content obtainment locations. In the case where all guidance contents are defined (YES in S205), the guidance synthesis unit 109 notifies the guidance display unit 110 of the guidance contents synthesized in Step S204 as the guidance contents (S209). The guidance display unit 110 then displays the notified guidance contents on the screen. On the other hand, in the case where all of the guidance contents have not been defined (NO in S205), the guidance synthesis unit 109 searches for a next guidance content obtainment location (S206). Here, in the case where there is no appropriate next guidance content obtainment location, the process moves to the next step by determining that there is no obtainment location. Explaining about a method of searching for an obtainment location in the case where a synthesis is performed in order of the event delivery, the method is realized by which the guidance synthesis unit 109 refers information for managing event transmission for transmitting, to one of the display regions, an event transmitted to a display region corresponding to the guidance content holding unit which is a previous obtainment location. This “transmission” indicates to transmit the event again to another display region in the case where the event transmitted at first is not used in the display region. In general, when an event is used for a specific display region, a re-transmission of the event is not performed because it is considered that the event has been processed. Also, in the case where there is a region independent guidance content holding unit 108 which do not correspond to the display region, the region independent guidance content holding unit 108 is determined as the next obtainment location when the next obtainment location is not found after searching from among the guidance content holding units. In the case where the next obtainment location is not found after searching from among both of the guidance content holding units and the region independent guidance content holding unit 108, it is determined that there is no next obtainment location. Also, in the case where there are plural region independent guidance content holding units 108, a synthesis order is determined by attaching a priority and the like to them. It should be noted that the region independent guidance content holding unit 108 may be obtained prioritizing to the guidance content holding unit instead. Further, in the case where the display region is a window, in a general window system, events are sequentially transmitted to a parent window. Therefore, a parent window of a display region corresponding to the guidance content holding unit which is the previous obtainment location may be obtained and the guidance content holding unit corresponding to the obtained parent window may be determined as a next obtainment location. Further, in addition to the method according to the event delivery order, another method of searching for a next guidance content obtainment location may include determining, based on an arrangement relation of display regions, for example, a display region that is placed below the current display region in order as the next obtainment location, determining a display region displayed sequentially from the one displayed just behind the forefront as the next obtainment location, or attaching a priority to the guidance content holding unit and determining the next obtainment location in accordance with the priority. The guidance synthesis unit 109 determines whether or not there is a next guidance content obtainment location (S207). In the case where there is a next guidance content obtainment location (NO in S207), the guidance synthesis unit 109 returns to Step S203 and obtains guidance contents from the next guidance content obtainment location. On the other hand, in the case where it is determined that there is no next guidance content obtainment location (YES in S207), the guidance synthesis unit 109 defines a portion, from among the guidance contents, which has not been defined (S208). This processing is performed by defining the display state of the undefined portion as no-display. Not only limited to defining the undefined portion as no-display, it should be noted that a setting value of a default may be previously determined and the setting value may be determined as the content. Accordingly, all contents are defined so that the guidance display unit 109 moves to Step S209 and notifies the guidance display unit 110 of the defined guidance contents as display contents. More specifically, the flow of synthesis processing is described hereinafter. First, a display region 102 displayed in the forefront is determined as the synthesis start position (S202). Next, the guidance contents of the display region 102 are obtained (S203). Since there is no previous synthesis result, the currently obtained guidance contents (the display region 102) are determined as the synthesis result (S204). After that, since the result in Step S205 is NO, the process moves to Step S206 and the next obtainment location is set to the display region 101. The result in Step S207 is NO, the process moves to Step S203 and the guidance contents of the display region 101 are obtained. The obtainment guidance contents are synthesized as shown in FIG. 8 in Step S204. Next, the process moves to NO in Step S206 and to YES in Step S207. The undefined portions (rightward and leftward arrows, an operation guide) are displayed as no-display in Step S208. Specifically, in the case where the display states and display contents of “display” and “playback” that have been previously defined are synthesized with those of “-” and “/”, the previously defined “display” and “playback” are preferentially selected. The previously obtained synthesis result is preferentially selected in the case where the display states and display contents of the previously obtained synthesis result are contrary to the display states and display contents of the currently obtained contents as in the case of “display” and “no-display”. Consequently, the defined guidance is displayed to the display region 103 shown in FIG. 3. According to this structure, the guidance synthesis unit 109 synthesizes the guidance contents of respective display regions at the timing of displaying them on the screen. Therefore, the guidance display contents are automatically determined in accordance with operation states such as a layout and a focus position of a display region. As the result, an appropriate guidance display can be realized even in the case where the layout of the screen or the guidance contents corresponding to respective display regions are not clear at the designing level. SECOND EMBODIMENT FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a structure of a guidance display device according to the second embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 8, the same constituents as shown in FIG. 4 are indicated with same reference numbers and the explanations about the same constituents are omitted herein. As shown in FIG. 8, the guidance display device 22 further includes an arrangement relation management unit 501 and a guidance display position management unit 502 in addition to the constituents of the guidance display device 21 according to the first embodiment. The arrangement relation management unit 501 manages an arrangement relation of display regions, and notifies the guidance synthesis unit 109 to start synthesizing guidance contents in the case where there is a change in the arrangement relation such as a layout as shown in FIG. 9. Also, since the arrangement relation management unit 501 manages the arrangement relation of the display regions, in the case where the determination unit 109a performs guidance synthesis processing according to the arrangement relation of the display regions, the determination unit 109a may make an inquiry to the arrangement relation management unit 501 about an obtainment location of the next guidance content in Step S206 in FIG. 6. Here, with respect to the arrangement relation of the display regions, the display region 802 is included in the display region 801, for example, in the pre-change layout (a vertical display) of the screen shown in FIG. 9. In the post-change layout, the display region 802 and the display region 801 do not have an inclusive relation, and the display regions 802, 803 and 804 are arranged in parallel on the display region 805. The guidance display position management unit 502 manages a position and a size to and by which each item of the guidance content is to be displayed. The guidance display unit 110 obtains a display layout of each item from the guidance display position management unit 502 in the case of displaying the guidance, and displays the guidance in accordance with the obtainment layout. FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example of a structure of the display layout information stored in the guidance display position management unit 502 shown in FIG. 8. As shown in FIG. 10, the guidance display position management unit 502 holds, as information of the display layout, for each item, a use state showing display/no-display, a display position (initial point coordinates of a rectangular display position on the screen), and a display size (size indicated by width and height). The guidance display unit 110 displays guidance on the screen in accordance with the information of the display layout shown in FIG. 10. For example, in the case of the upward arrow, an arrow with the size of vertical 10 and horizontal 10 is displayed at a position of rightward 50 and downward 0 from the top left of the display region in which the guidance is to be displayed. It should be noted that unnecessary information may be removed from among the use state, the display position and the display size in FIG. 10. Also other information such as a transparency and an animation speed may be added. Furthermore, the information of the guidance display position management unit 502 may be determined at the system design level or may be set freely in accordance with a designation by an application or a user. Next, the arrangement relation of the display regions in the case where the layout is changed is explained as shown in FIG. 9. It should be noted that the arrangement relation before the layout change is same as shown in FIG. 3, the arrangement relation after the layout change shall be explained. In the example of the post-change layout shown in FIG. 9, the guidance for the user is displayed to the display regions 801, 802, 804 and 805. The guidance contents of respective display regions are shown in FIG. 11. FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an example of the guidance contents stored in the guidance content holding units. It should be noted that, since the display regions 801, 802, 804 and 805 are operated by the user in the example of the post-change layout shown in FIG. 9, FIG. 11 shows the example of the guidance contents respectively stored in the corresponding guidance content holding units. In the case of the example of FIG. 11, there are, as items displayed as guidance, upward, downward, rightward, and leftward arrows, a soft key, a state display of an application and an operation description. A display state and a display content are stored for each item. Specifically, the following is respectively stored in the display regions 801 and 804: a display state “display” and a display content “/” for the item “upward arrow”; a display state “-” and a display content “/” for the item “rightward arrow”; a display state “display” and a display content “/” for the item “downward arrow”; a display state “-” and a display content “/” for the item “leftward arrow”; a display state “-” and a display content “-” for the item “soft key”; a display state “-” and a display content “-” for the item “state display”; and a display state “-” and a display content “-” for the item “operation guide”. Further, the following is stored in the display region 802: a display state “-” and a display content “/” for the item “upward arrow”; a display state “-” and a display content “/” for the item “rightward arrow”; a display state “-” and a display content “/” for the item “downward arrow”; a display state “-” and a display content “/” for the item “leftward arrow”; a display state “display” and a display content “display” for the item “soft key”; a display state “display” and a display content “stop” for the item “state display”; and a display state “-” and a display content “-” for the item “operation guide”. Furthermore, the following is stored in the display region 805: a display state “-” and a display content “/” for the item “upward arrow”; a display state “display” and a display content “/” for the item “rightward arrow”; a display state “-” and a display content “/” for the item “downward arrow”; a display state “-” and a display content “/” for the item “leftward arrow”; a display state “-” and a display content “-” for the item “soft key”; a display state “-” and a display content “-” for the item “state display”; and a display state “-” and a display content “-” for the item “operation guide”. Next, the operations of the synthesis processing are explained. First, it shall be explained about the case where the display region 802 is to be operated. First, the display region 802 placed foremost in display is determined as the synthesis start position (S202). The guidance contents for the determined display region 802 are then obtained (S203). In this case, since there is no previously obtained synthesis result, the currently obtained contents for the display region 802 are determined as the synthesis result (S204). Therefore, the process moves to NO in Step S205 and then to Step S206. The display region 805 is then determined as a next obtainment location (S206). After that, since the result in Step S207 is NO, the guidance contents for the display region 805 are obtained (S203) and the obtained contents are synthesized as shown in FIG. 12 (S204). The process then moves to NO in S205 and YES in S207, and undefined portions (upward and downward arrows and the operation guide) are displayed as “no-display”. The following explains about the case where the display region 804 is to be operated. In this case, the determination unit 109a firstly determines the forefront display region 804 as the synthesis start position (S202). The guidance contents for the determined display region 804 are then obtained (S203). In Step S204, since there is no previously obtained synthesis result, the guidance synthesis unit 109 determines the obtainment contents for the display region 804 as the synthesis result. The process then moves NO in S205 and the determination unit 109a determines the display region 805 as the next obtainment location (S) 206. The process then moves to SNO. The guidance synthesis unit 109 obtains the guidance contents for the display region 805 (S203). The guidance synthesis unit 109 then synthesizes the obtained guidance contents as shown in FIG. 13 (S204). After that, the process moves to NO in Step S206 and to YES in Step 207. The undefined portions of items (the soft key, the state display and the operation guide) are displayed as no-display in Step S208. It should be noted that the same explanation is applied to the case of the display region 801 to be operated. In this case, the display region 804 may be changed to the display region 801. According to the aforementioned structure, in the case where the arrangement relation management unit 501 changes the layout of display regions, the guidance contents are automatically re-synthesized so that the guidance contents can be automatically changed to the appropriate guidance contents. Furthermore, in that case, respective items can be displayed in accordance with the guidance display size and position in the post-changed layout without changing the guidance contents stored in the guidance display content holding unit, by changing the display layout information of the guidance display position management unit 502. Note that, while it is explained about the case where the layout is changed from vertical to horizontal, even in the case where, for example, the display device is rotated to 180 degrees and folded, the conventional soft key is not allowed for use so that guidance indicating a change to a soft key on the newly assigned main unit side may be displayed. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The guidance display device according to the present invention has guidance content synthesis function of plural regions and is useful for a cellular phone which displays an operation guidance, key guidance and the like in a region on a screen, a portable mobile device and the like. Also, it can be applied for use such as a menu display and the like for operating plural applications. Furthermore, it is appropriate for displaying guidance in various home electric appliances, information processing device, an industrial appliance and the like.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>A personal computer (hereinafter also referred to as PC) uses a larger display component than a mobile information terminal such as a cellular phone. Therefore, there has been a case where plural applications share one screen. The display regions of respective applications are included in one screen and guidance is displayed for each display region. On the other hand, the screen of a display component (such as a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)) of the mobile information terminal is smaller in size and lower in resolution with the conventional technology so that guidance display is performed with one application occupying the entire screen. However, recent advances in the enlargement of the screen size and increase of the screen resolution have allowed plural applications to share one screen. In this case, it is desired also in the mobile information terminal to include display regions of respective applications in one screen and to display guidance for each display region. The screen size of the mobile information terminal, however, cannot be enlarged as in the case of the PC. Consequently, the guidance has been displayed in a very limited space. A guidance display device which displays guidance of operations in a conventional information processing terminal such as a cellular phone adopts a method of determining soft key display contents and displaying the determined contents on a screen using a calling state function priority table showing priorities of displaying functions to be displayed for respective calling states of the cellular phone and a soft key function priority table showing functions with respective priorities to be assigned to respective soft keys (e.g. refer to Patent Reference 1). A function which varies depending on a state can be assigned to one soft key, as an operation action taken when the soft key is pressed. In the cellular phone disclosed in the Patent Reference 1, functions are assigned to four soft keys. The positions in which guidance corresponding to the assigned functions are displayed are then determined and the guidance is displayed at the determined positions. Furthermore, another conventional guidance display device adopts a method with which a control unit, which manages a current state of a cellular phone and a valid key, obtains guidance information relating to the current state of the valid key from a guidance database, copies a layout of the key and displays the guidance information (e.g. refer to Patent Reference 2). The conventional guidance display device disclosed in the Patent Reference 2 judges whether or not a guidance display is necessary based on an internal state of the terminal, obtains the guidance information corresponding to the current state from an operation guidance information database, displays the obtained guidance information, and judges whether or not a key operation is a valid input when the key is operated. Furthermore, other conventional guidance display device adopts a method of displaying, from among guidance display contents for each window, guidance display contents corresponding to an active window (e.g. refer to Patent Reference 3). The conventional guidance display method disclosed in the Patent Reference 3 displays, from among the guidance contents for respective sets of windows, guidance contents corresponding to an active window which receives a keyboard input. Patent Reference 1: Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 9-149129 Patent Reference 2: Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2000-91940 Patent Reference 3: Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 10-97402

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of a screen display including plural display regions. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of a layout change of the screen display. FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an overall structure of a communication system to which a guidance display device according to the first embodiment of the present invention is adopted. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a structure of the guidance display device according to the first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of guidance contents according to the first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a guidance synthesizing processing according to the first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an example of a guidance synthesis result according to the first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a structure of a guidance display device according to a second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a structure of a screen in the case where an arrangement relation such as layout is changed. FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example of holding information of a guidance display position management unit according to the second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an example of guidance contents according to the second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an example of a guidance synthesis result according to the second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 13 is a diagram showing another example of the guidance synthesis result according to the second embodiment of the present invention.

20060921

20101228

20080228

96622.0

G06F3048

PHANTANA ANGKOOL, DAVID

GUIDANCE DISPLAY DEVICE

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

G06F

ACCEPTED

Tape printer

A tape printer for use with a tape cassette and an ink ribbon cassette, the printer comprising a housing and a printhead having a line of printing elements thereon, wherein said printer comprises at least one cassette receiving portion in said housing for receiving the tape cassette and the ink ribbon cassette, such that the cassettes are receivable in a direction which is substantially perpendicular to the line of printing elements on the printhead when the printhead is in a printing position.

1. A tape printer for use with a tape cassette and an ink ribbon cassette, said printer comprising a housing and a printhead having a line of printing elements thereon, wherein said printer comprises at least one cassette receiving portion in said housing for receiving the tape cassette and the ink ribbon cassette, such that the cassettes are receivable in a direction which is substantially perpendicular to the line of printing elements on the printhead when the printhead is in a printing position. 2. A tape printer according to claim 1, wherein there are two cassette receiving portions in the housing, a first cassette receiving portion for receiving a tape cassette and a second cassette receiving portion for receiving an ink ribbon cassette. 3. A tape printer according to claim 2, wherein said print head is movable between a non-printing position and a printing position. 4. A tape printer according to claim 3, wherein the housing comprises two parts, one of the parts being movable relative to the other. 5. A tape printer according to claim 4, wherein said print head is mounted on said movable part. 6. A tape printer according to claim 5, wherein said movable part is rotatable relative to said other part between a first position and a second position, said movable part being in a printing position in said first position and in a non-printing position in said second position. 7. A tape printer according to claim 4, wherein said movable part comprises the second cassette receiving portion and said other part comprises said first cassette receiving portion. 8. A tape printer according to claim 4, wherein the tape printer further comprises a cassette holder, said cassette holder comprising the second cassette receiving portion and being movable between a first closed position and a second open position, said cassette holder being arranged to receive an ink ribbon cassette when said holder is in said second position. 9. A tape printer according to claim 8, wherein said cassette holder is arranged to move from said first position to said second position when said movable part is opened and said cassette receiving portion is arranged to move from said second position to said first position when said movable part is closed. 10. A tape printer according to claim 9, wherein said movable part is rotatable through a first angle and said cassette holder is rotatable through a second angle between the first and second positions, said first angle being greater than said second angle. 11. A tape printer according to claim 10, wherein said movable part and said cassette holder are mounted to said other part on a common axis. 12. A tape printer according to claim 8, wherein said cassette holder comprises an upper wall and a lower wall between which an ink ribbon cassette is receivable. 13. A tape printer according to claim 12, wherein the cassette holder further comprises two side wall portions on one side of said holder disposed between the upper and lower walls, a gap being provided between said two wall portions. 14. A tape printer according to claim 12, wherein guide members are provided on at least one of the upper and lower walls. 15. A tape printer according claim 4, wherein said movable part comprises an upper wall, a lower wall and a first and second cavity with a printhead mounting portion therebetween on which the printhead is mounted. 16. (canceled) 17. A tape printing system comprising a tape printer according to claim 1 in combination with a tape cassette housing a supply of tape and an ink ribbon cassette housing a supply of ink ribbon. 18. A tape printing system according to claim 17, wherein the ink ribbon cassette comprises a body having an ink ribbon supply portion housing an ink ribbon supply spool, an ink ribbon take-up portion housing an ink ribbon take-up spool, and wherein an opening is provided between the ink ribbon supply portion and the ink ribbon take-up portion which passes over the entire width of the cassette body from a rear side to a front side in a direction perpendicular to axes of rotation of said spools, with ink ribbon passing from said ink ribbon supply portion to said ink ribbon take-up portion across said opening, said ink ribbon cassette further comprising a gear coupled to said ink-ribbon take-up spool at an upper or a lower portion thereof for coupling with a drive gear in the tape printer. 19. A tape printing system according to claim 17, wherein the tape cassette comprises a body housing a tape supply spool and a platen mounted in an opening of said body for cooperation with said print head in use. 20. (canceled) 21. An ink ribbon cassette for a tape printer, said cassette comprising a body having an ink ribbon supply portion housing an ink ribbon supply spool, an ink ribbon take-up portion housing an ink ribbon take up spool, and a member connecting said two portions, wherein an opening is provided in the body between the ink ribbon supply portion and the ink ribbon take up portion which extends over the entire width of the cassette body from a rear side to a front side in a direction perpendicular to axes of rotation of said spools, with ink ribbon passing from said ink ribbon supply portion to said ink ribbon take-up portion across said opening, said ink ribbon cassette further comprising a gear coupled to said ink-ribbon take-up spool at an upper or a lower portion thereof for coupling with a drive gear in a tape printer. 22. (canceled) 23. A method of loading a tape cassette and an ink ribbon cassette into a tape printer, said tape printer comprising a printhead having a line of printing elements thereon, said method comprising the step of inserting said tape cassette and said ink ribbon cassette into said tape printer in a direction which is substantially perpendicular to the line of printing elements on the printhead when the printhead is in a printing position. 24. (canceled) 25. A tape cassette for a tape printer, the tape cassette comprising a body having a base, a top, and sides extending from the base to the top, the body housing a roll of print receiving medium having an axis of rotation extending in a first direction, the body having a guide member on each of two opposing sides extending along said sides in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction for guiding the tape cassette into a tape printer in the second direction and locating the tape cassette in the tape printer. 26. A tape cassette according to claim 25, further comprising a supply spool extending in the first direction, the roll of print receiving medium being mounted on the supply spool. 27. A tape cassette according to claim 25, further comprising a platen extending in the first direction and mounted in an opening of the body for cooperation with a print head of a tape printer in use. 28. A tape cassette according to claim 25, wherein each guide member comprises a first elongate member disposed in a plane perpendicular to the opposing sides and a second elongate member disposed in a plane parallel to the opposing sides.

FIELD OF INVENTION The present invention relates to a tape printer. Particularly but not exclusively, the present invention relates to a handheld tape printer for use with a cassette housing a print receiving medium and a separate cassette housing a print forming medium, such as an image transfer tape. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Known tape printers may be divided into two types: tape printers for use with a cassette which houses both a print receiving medium (hereinafter referred to as a tape which may be a continuous tape or may comprise a web carrying die cut labels) and a print forming medium (hereinafter referred to as an ink ribbon); and tape printers which are arranged for use with a cassette housing the tape and a separate cassette housing the ink ribbon. The advantage of the latter arrangement is that the ink ribbon cassette may be replaced with another cassette containing ink ribbon of either the same or a different type without replacing the tape cassette. This is advantageous in, for example, multicoloured printing in which the ink ribbon cassette may be replaced with another cassette containing ink ribbon of a different colour. Alternatively, the tape cassette may be replaced without replacing the ink ribbon cassette. This feature is advantageous if a different type of tape is required, such as a tape of a different width or a tape comprising a different material. Furthermore, a single ink ribbon cassette may be used for a plurality of tape cassettes with the ink ribbon in the ink ribbon cassette being longer than the tape in the tape cassette. In the present specification, systems which use a cassette containing both the tape and ink ribbon are referred to as D1-type systems and systems which use separate tape and ink ribbon cassettes are referred to as D2-type systems. The most common arrangement for both D1 and D2 type systems comprises a tape printer having a cassette receiving portion in an upper surface thereof. The cassette receiving portion houses a printhead and a platen. In known D1-type systems the cassette housing the tape and ink ribbon is inserted into the receiving portion from a top side in a direction which is parallel to an axis of rotation of the platen and also parallel to a line of print elements on the printhead such that when the cassette is received by the cassette receiving portion, the tape and the ink ribbon pass in overlap between the printhead and platen with the ink ribbon on the same side of the tape as the printhead. On receiving the cassette in the cassette receiving portion, the printhead and/or the platen roller are moveable so as to pinch the ink ribbon and tape therebetween for printing. In known D2-type arrangements the printer comprises a cassette receiving portion for receiving the tape cassette and the ink ribbon cassette. The cassette receiving portion houses a platen and a printhead and the tape cassette and the ink ribbon cassette are inserted from a top side in a direction parallel to an axis rotation of the platen and also parallel to a line of printing elements on the printhead. When received in the cassette receiving portion, the tape and the ink ribbon pass in overlap between the printhead and the platen with the printhead and/or the platen being moveable so as to pinch the tape and ink ribbon therebetween for printing. A disadvantage of this type of vertical loading arrangement is that the tape and/or ink ribbon may catch on elements of the printer such as the printhead and/or platen thus damaging the tape and/or ink ribbon. Furthermore, the cassettes used in such arrangements have portions of the tape/ink ribbon extending outside the housing of the cassette. Accordingly, the tape and/or ink ribbon may be damaged during storage as well as during use. A D1-type arrangement which seeks to solve the above identified problem is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,435,657. This patent discloses a printer for use with a cartridge housing an ink ribbon and tape. A platen is provided in the cassette which co-operates with the tape and ink ribbon, the tape being disposed on a side closest to the platen relative to the ink ribbon. The printer has an opening on a side thereof for receiving the cassette which may be laterally inserted into the printer. When laterally inserted into the printer, the platen of the cassette operates with a printhead in the printer and a gear on the platen co-operates with a gear in the printer for advancing the tape and ink ribbon. WO 99/44834 discloses a D2-type printer in which an ink ribbon cassette is laterally insertable in a side thereof. The tape is supplied as a spool which is insertable in a spool receiving portion from a top side of the printer. The printer houses a printhead and a platen for co-operation with the tape and ink ribbon which pass therebetween. In the arrangement disclosed in WO 99/44834 the platen and printhead are arranged such that the axis of rotation of the platen and a line of print elements on the printhead are parallel to the direction of insertion of the ink ribbon cassette. Accordingly, the above described problem of the ink ribbon catching the platen and/or the printhead remains in this arrangement. Furthermore, as the tape is not housed in a cassette it may be damaged during storage and use. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An aim of the embodiments described hereinafter is to solve the problems outlined above. According to the present invention there is provided a tape printer for use with a tape cassette and an ink ribbon cassette, said printer comprising a housing and a printhead having a line of printing elements thereon, wherein said printer comprises at least one cassette receiving portion in said housing for receiving the tape cassette and the ink ribbon cassette, such that the cassettes are receivable in a direction which is substantially perpendicular to the line of printing elements on the printhead when the printhead is in a printing position. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a tape printing system comprising a tape printer as defined above in combination with a tape cassette housing a supply of tape and an ink ribbon cassette housing a supply of ink ribbon. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided an ink ribbon cassette for a tape printer, said cassette comprising a body having an ink ribbon supply portion housing an ink ribbon supply spool, an ink ribbon take-up portion housing an ink ribbon take up spool, and a member connecting said two portions, wherein an opening is provided in the body between the ink ribbon supply portion and the ink ribbon take up portion which extends over the entire width of the cassette body from a rear side to a front side in a direction perpendicular to axes of rotation of said spools, with ink ribbon passing from said ink ribbon supply portion to said ink ribbon take-up portion across said opening, said ink ribbon cassette further comprising a gear coupled to said ink-ribbon take-up spool at an upper or a lower portion thereof for coupling with a drive gear in a tape printer. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of loading a tape cassette and an ink ribbon cassette into a tape printer, said tape printer comprising a printhead having a line of printing elements thereon, said method comprising the step of inserting said tape cassette and said ink ribbon cassette into said tape printer in a direction which is substantially perpendicular to the line of printing elements on the printhead when the printhead is in a printing position. Embodiments of the present invention solve the above identified problems by providing a tape printer for use with a tape cassette and an ink ribbon cassette, in which the tape cassette and ink ribbon cassette are laterally insertable into the printer in a direction which is perpendicular to an axis of rotation of a platen and a line of print elements on a printhead within the printer. Accordingly, embodiments provide a D2-type system in which the tape cassette and ink ribbon cassette are loadable into the printer without the possibility of the tape and ink ribbon catching on elements of the printer such as the printhead and/or platen. Embodiments of the present invention are user friendly and allow easy loading and unloading of cassettes into a tape printer. Furthermore, embodiments of the present invention have the advantage over D1-type arrangements in that the tape cassette or the ink ribbon cassette can be replaced individually according to the requirements of a user. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a tape cassette for a tape printer, the tape cassette comprising a body having a base, a top, and sides extending from the base to the top, the body housing a roll of print receiving medium having an axis of rotation extending in a first direction, the body having a guide member on each of two opposing sides extending along said sides in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction for guiding the tape cassette into a tape printer in the second direction. The two elongate guide members aid in both guiding the tape cassette into the tape printer and also aligning the tape cassette with a print head of the tape printer. The guide members also prevent movement of the cassette when inserted into the tape printer for better quality printing. The provision of an elongate guide member on opposing sides prevents rotational movement of the cassette. Preferably, the tape cassette further comprises a supply spool extending in a first direction, the roll of print receiving medium being mounted on the supply spool. The tape cassette may also comprise a platen extending in the first direction and mounted in an opening of the body for cooperation with a print head of a tape printer in use. Advantageously, the guide members should be adapted to prevent movement of the cassette in both vertical and horizontal directions when inserted into the tape printer. One such arrangement is provided by guide members comprising a first elongate member disposed in a plane perpendicular to the side walls of the cassette and a second elongate member disposed in a plane parallel to the side walls so as to prevent movement in both vertical and horizontal directions when the cassette is inserted in a printer. The guide members thus have a substantially T-shaped cross-section. With such an arrangement the cassette is very precisely positioned in the cassette-receiving bay relative to the print head for high quality printing. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a better understanding of the present invention and to show how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made by way of example to the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a D2-type printing system according to a first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2a is a schematic diagram illustrating loading of an ink ribbon cassette in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 2b is an enlarged view of a locking mechanism shown in FIG. 2a; FIG. 3a shows a schematic diagram further illustrating loading of the ink ribbon cassette of FIG. 2 with the ink ribbon cassette mounted in a cover of the printer; FIG. 3b shows the printer of FIG. 3a with the cover of the printer in a closed position; FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of a D2-type printing system according to a second embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 shows another view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 4; FIG. 6a shows a schematic diagram illustrating loading or an ink ribbon cassette in the embodiment of FIGS. 4 and 5; FIG. 6b shows an enlarged portion of FIG. 6a illustrating alignment members in an ink ribbon cassette holder and on the ink ribbon cassette; FIG. 7a shows a schematic diagram further illustrating loading of the ink ribbon cassette of FIG. 6, with the ink ribbon cassette in the ink ribbon cassette holder and a cover in an open position; FIG. 7b shows the printer of FIG. 7a with the cover in a closed position; FIG. 8 shows the embodiment of FIGS. 4 to 7 with an alternate cutting unit; FIG. 9 shows a schematic diagram of a D2-type printing system according to a third embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 10 shows another view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 9; FIG. 11 shows a schematic diagram illustrating loading of an ink ribbon cassette in the embodiment of FIGS. 9 and 10; FIG. 12 shows another view similar to that of FIG. 11 but with the housing transparent to show the internal features of the printer; FIG. 13a shows a schematic diagram illustrating the movement of a printhead into a printing position in the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 9 to 12, with the printhead in a non-printing position; FIG. 13b shows the printer of FIG. 13a with the printhead in an intermediate position between the non-printing position and a printing position; FIG. 14 shows a schematic diagram of the printhead in its printing position with the housing of the printer made transparent for clarity; FIG. 15 shows the schematic diagram of FIG. 14 but without the printer housing made transparent; FIG. 16 shows a schematic diagram of a D2-type printing system according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 17 shows a different view of the fourth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 18 shows a schematic diagram illustrating loading of an ink ribbon cassette in the embodiment of FIGS. 16 and 17; FIG. 19 shows the schematic diagram of FIG. 18 with the printer housing made transparent for clarity; FIG. 20 shows a schematic diagram illustrating the ink ribbon cassette and printhead of the arrangement shown in FIGS. 16 to 19; FIG. 21a shows a schematic diagram illustrating the movement of the printhead between a nonprinting position and a printing position in the fourth embodiment, the printhead being in the nonprinting position; FIG. 21b shows the printhead in an intermediate position between the nonprinting position and the printing position; FIG. 22 shows a schematic diagram illustrating the fourth embodiment in its printing arrangement with both the cassettes loaded and the printhead in its printing position, the printer housing being made transparent for clarity; FIG. 23 shows the schematic diagram of FIG. 22 but with the housing not being made transparent; FIG. 24 shows a schematic diagram illustrating a tape cassette; FIG. 25 shows the tape cassette of FIG. 24 with an upper side removed to illustrate the interior of the tape cassette; FIG. 26 shows an exploded view of the tape cassette of FIGS. 24 and 25; FIG. 27 shows a schematic diagram illustrating an ink ribbon cassette; FIG. 28 shows the ink ribbon cassette of FIG. 27 with a front side removed to illustrate the interior of the ink ribbon cassette; FIG. 29 shows an exploded view of the ink ribbon cassette of FIGS. 27 and 28. In the drawings, like parts are labelled with the same reference numeral. Furthermore, it is to be noted that the drawings are only schematic. In particular, the drawings show the cassette receiving part of printers according to embodiments of the present invention. For clarity, other parts of the printer such as a keyboard and a display have not been illustrated. It is intended that the cassette receiving parts illustrated may be incorporated into a hand held printer or into a PC printer. For example, in one embodiment, the portion of the printer comprising the keyboard and display extends from a side of the cassette receiving part opposite the cutter mechanism in the illustrated embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION FIGS. 1 to 3 show schematic diagrams of a D2-type printing system according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The printing system comprises a printer 2, a tape cassette 4 (an embodiment of which is illustrated in more detail in FIGS. 24 to 26 and described later) and an ink ribbon cassette 6 (an embodiment of which is illustrated in more detail in FIGS. 27 to 29 and described later). The printer 2 has a housing comprising two parts which are rotatable relative to each other. In the illustrated embodiment the housing comprises a cover 10 which is rotatable relative to a body 12 of the printer 2. The cover 10 may be a cover. An opening 8 on a side of the body 12 is provided for laterally inserting the tape cassette 4. The tape cassette 4 further comprises a platen roller 11. The cover 10 comprises a printhead 14 mounted thereon. When in an open position as illustrated in FIG. 2a, the cover 10 is arranged to receive the ink ribbon cassette 6. Closing the cover 10 having the ink ribbon cassette 6 mounted thereon brings the printhead 14 into engagement with the platen 11 mounted in the tape cassette 4 with ink ribbon and tape disposed therebetween. The closing operation is illustrated in FIGS. 3a and 3b. A cutter 16 is provided on a side of the tape printer 2 adjacent to a tape exit 18 for cutting a label. In an alternative arrangement the tape cassette is received in the cover and the ink ribbon cassette is received in the body of the printer. In such an arrangement, the printhead is provided in the body of the printer. An embodiment of the tape cassette is illustrated in FIGS. 24 to 26. The tape cassette 4 comprises a housing which has an upper side 5, a lower side 7 and lateral sides 9, 11, 13, 15. The lower side 7 and the lateral sides 9, 11, 13, 15 are integral and the upper side 5 is attachable thereto for easy construction. The lower side 7 has a curved wall 17 on an inner surface thereof for receiving the tape 19 therein. Two opposed lateral sides 9, 11 have guide members 21 thereon for guiding the tape cassette on insertion into the printer to provide good alignment of the cassette with the printhead in the printer. A tape supply spool 23 is provided within said housing and carries a supply of tape 19. The upper and lower sides have a through hole 25 positioned to correspond to the position of the spool 23 when loaded in the housing. One of said sides 15 has an opening 27 providing a tape exit at a corner of the housing. Adjacent the tape exit, a platen 29 is disposed for cooperation with the printhead 14 in the printer 2. The platen is mounted adjacent said opening between said upper and lower sides for rotational motion with the axis of rotation of said platen being perpendicular to said upper and lower surfaces and also perpendicular to the direction of insertion of said cassette 4 into said printer 2. The tape is arranged to pass from said supply spool and around a portion of said platen such that a portion of tape disposed in the platen is exposed in the opening in the housing for printing thereon. An embodiment of the ink ribbon cassette is illustrated in FIGS. 27 to 29. The ink ribbon cassette 6 comprises a housing having a front and rear parts 31, 33 which are attachable to each other for easy manufacture. The housing has an ink ribbon supply portion 20, an ink ribbon take-up portion 22 and an opening 24 therebetween. The ink ribbon supply portion 20 houses an ink ribbon supply spool 35 while the ink ribbon take up portion 22 houses an ink ribbon take up spool 37. The ink ribbon supply spool 35 carries a supply of ink ribbon 39. The ink ribbon 39 passes through a slit 41 in the ink ribbon supply portion 20 of the housing and across the opening 24 between the ink ribbon supply portion 20 and the ink ribbon take-up portion 22 of the housing. The ink ribbon passes through a slit 43 in the ink ribbon take-up portion 22 of the housing to the ink ribbon take-up spool 37 housed therein. The ink ribbon supply portion 20 of the housing and the ink ribbon take-up portion 22 of the housing are connected at upper and lower sides by upper and lower cross members 26, 28. In the particular embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the upper cross member 28 is integral with an upper surface 30 of the housing. The upper surface passes over the opening 24 between the two portions 20, 22 of the housing and provides extra strength to prevent the cross members snapping during handling. A lower surface 45 may also be provided, as shown in FIGS. 27 to 29, passing under the opening 24 between the two portions of the housing to add further strength to the housing of the cassette. The cross members 26, 28 form a substantially rectangular window with sides of the ink ribbon supply portion 20 and ink ribbon take-up portion 22 of the housing. The opening 24 in the body of the cassette extends over the entire width of the cassette body from a rear side to a front side in a direction perpendicular to axes of rotation of the spools 35, 37. The ink ribbon 39 passes across the substantially rectangular window whereby in use the print head 14 in the printer 2 passes through the opening 24 in the housing and cooperates with the ink ribbon in the window for printing. The housing of the ink ribbon cassette further comprises a locking mechanism 32 as shown in FIG. 2b which cooperates with the housing of the printer to hold the cassette 6 in place. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the locking mechanism 32 comprises an opening in the side of the cassette housing which cooperates with a projection 34 mounted on the housing of the printer 2 to form a snap-fit holding feature. In the illustrated embodiment, the projection is mounted on the cover 10 of the printer 2 for holding the cassette 6 in a cassette receiving portion in the cover of the printer. The ink ribbon cassette further comprises a gear 23 coupled to said ink-ribbon take-up spool 37 at a lower portion thereof for coupling with a drive gear in a tape printer for printing. The ink ribbon cassette further comprises a gear 25 coupled to said ink-ribbon supply spool 35 at a lower portion thereof for coupling with a drive gear in a tape printer. This mechanism allows for rewinding of the ink ribbon and also can be utilized to pre-tension the ink ribbon prior to printing. The ink ribbon cassette further comprises two sprockets 47, 49 with flanges 51, 53, the sprockets being coupled to the ink-ribbon supply spool 35 and the ink ribbon take up spool 37 respectively. The sprockets are biased by helical springs 55, 57 to form a rewind brake. The cassette receiving portion of the cover comprises two cavities 36, 38 with a printhead mounting portion 40 therebetween. The print head mounting portion 40 passes from a lower surface of the cover 10 to a position spaced apart from the upper surface of the cover 10. A gap is therefore provided between the print head mounting portion 40 and the upper surface of the cover 10 for accommodating the upper surface 30 of the ink ribbon cassette 6. In an alternative embodiment in which an ink ribbon cassette is provided with a lower surface, a gap is also provided between the print head mounting portion and the lower surface of the cover for accommodating the lower surface of the ink ribbon cassette. The print head 14 is mounted on the print head mounting portion 40. When the ink ribbon cassette 6 is inserted in the cassette receiving portion, the ink ribbon supply portion 20 of the cassette housing is accommodated in one of the cavities 36 of the cassette receiving portion and the ink ribbon take-up portion 22 of the cassette housing is accommodated in the other one of the cavities 38 of the cassette receiving portion. The print head mounting portion 40 passes through the opening 24 between the two portions of the cassette 20, 22 whereby the printhead 14 is disposed against the ink ribbon in the window of the cassette housing. The snap-fit mechanism 32, 34 holds the cassette 6 in the cassette receiving portion in this position. When the cover 10 is closed as illustrated in FIGS. 3a and 3b, the printhead 14 cooperates with the platen in the tape cassette 4 with the tape and ink ribbon disposed therebetween for printing. The tape passes though a tape exit 18 comprising an opening in a side of the body 12 of the printer 2 and after printing a printed label is cut from the tape by operation of a cutting mechanism 16 located adjacent the tape exit 18. FIGS. 4 to 7 show schematic diagrams of a D2-type printing system according to a second embodiment of the present invention. The printing system comprises a similar structure to that of the first embodiment. The second embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that the ink ribbon cassette 106 is not mounted directly in the cover 10 carrying the printhead 14, but rather is mounted in an ink ribbon cassette holder 42 which moves together with the cover 10 when opening the cover, but with limited rotation relative to the cover. When closing the cover 10, the ink ribbon cassette holder 42 holding the ink ribbon cassette 106 is engaged by the cover 10 and is pushed into a closed position with the printhead 14 passing through an opening in the holder 42 and ink ribbon cassette 106 to co-operate with the platen roller in the tape cassette 4. FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate two views of the printer 2 with a tape cassette 4 and an ink ribbon cassette 106 mounted therein. FIG. 6 illustrates how the ink ribbon cassette 106 is mounted in the printer 2. The ink ribbon cassette 106 is similar in structure to that previously described in relation to the first embodiment. The housing has the same two portion structure with an opening therebetween. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 6a and 6b, the cassette has an upper surface 30 extending over the opening between the two housing portions and a lower surface 44 extending below the opening between the two housing portions. One or more alignment members 46 are provided on the housing of the cassette for cooperation with alignment members 48 in the ink ribbon cassette holder of the printer for correctly aligning the ink ribbon cassette. In the illustrated embodiment, the alignment members 46 comprise grooves in the upper and lower surfaces of the cassette which cooperate with ribs 48 in the cassette holder in the printer. An alternative would be to provide ribs on the cassette and grooves in the cassette holder. The ink ribbon cassette holder comprises an upper surface 50, a lower surface 52 and two wall portions 54 disposed therebetween on one side of the holder. An opening is provided between the two wall portions on said one side through which the printhead passes when the cover is closed. In another embodiment two further wall portions may be provided on an opposite side of the holder to said wall portions 54, with an opening therebetween through which the printhead may pass when the cover is closed. The cassette holder 42 is mounted in the body 12 of the printer for limited rotation relative to the body whereby when the cover 10 is opened the cassette holder rotates though an angle less than the angle through which the cover rotates. The cassette holder 54 and the cover 10 are mounted on a common axis for rotation. The cover 10 can rotate through an angle of up to approximately 90° but more usually up to 70° and more usually still up to 50°. The holder 54 can rotate though an angle of up to 45° but more usually up to 35° and more usually still up to 25°, i.e. approximately half the angle though which the cover rotates. The cover 10 has a similar structure to that previously described in relation to the first embodiment. That is, the cover 10 comprises a receiving portion having two cavities 36, 38 with a print head support portion 40 therebetween. A gap is provided between the print head mounting portion and the lower surface of the cover for accommodating the lower surface of the ink ribbon cassette holder and the lower surface of the ink ribbon cassette 106. Another gap is provided between the print head mounting portion and the upper surface of the cover for accommodating the upper surface of the ink ribbon cassette holder and the upper surface of the ink ribbon cassette 106. FIGS. 7a and 7b show the operation of closing the cover 10. FIG. 7a shows the printer in an open position. On closing, the cover is rotated in a clockwise direction thus causing the print head 14 mounted on the print head mounting portion 40 to pass though the opening in the cassette holder 42 and the opening in the ink ribbon cassette 106. As the cover 10 is rotated it cooperates with the cassette holder 42 thereby receiving the cassette holder and the cassette in the receiving portion and pushing the cassette within the holder into its printing position. In this closed position shown in FIG. 7b, the print head cooperates with the platen in the tape cassette 4 with the tape and ink ribbon disposed therebetween. The cover 10 holds the ink ribbon cassette 106 in this position after closing. While the first embodiment is more simple in design and construction than the second embodiment and is therefore easier and cheaper to manufacture, the holder of the second embodiment may provide improved alignment of the ink ribbon cassette when in the printing position thereby improving print quality. The second embodiment may also provide an easier and more user friendly arrangement for loading the ink ribbon cassette into the printer. FIG. 8 shows the embodiment of FIGS. 4 to 7 with an alternate cutting unit 116 which is more compact. FIGS. 9 to 15 show schematic diagrams of a D2-type printing system according to a third embodiment of the present invention. The printing system comprises a tape cassette 4, a tape printer and an ink ribbon cassette 206. The tape printer has an opening 8 in a side thereof for laterally inserting the tape cassette 4. The tape printer has another opening 58 for lateral insertion of the ink ribbon cassette 206. The tape printer further comprises a printhead 14 mounted on a rotatable mechanism 60 for rotating the printhead into a printing position via a lever 56 mounted for rotation on the printer. The printhead 14 passes through an opening in the ink ribbon cassette 206 to co-operate with the platen mounted in the tape cassette 4 such that the tape and ink ribbon are disposed therebetween. The structure of the tape cassette 4 and the ink ribbon cassette 206 is similar to that described previously in the first and second embodiments. The printer differs from those described in the first and second embodiments in that the ink ribbon cassette 206 is not mounted in a cover but rather is mounted directly in the body 12 of the printer. The housing of the printer does not comprise two parts which are rotatable relative to each other, but rather comprises a single body 12. An ink ribbon cassette receiving portion 58 is provided in the body. This is similar in structure to the ink ribbon cassette holder described in relation to the second embodiment and is illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12. FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate the rotatable mechanism 60 on which the printhead 14 is mounted. In a first position illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12, the printhead 14 is positioned on an opposite side of said ink ribbon cassette receiving portion 58 to the tape cassette receiving portion 8. After inserting the ink ribbon cassette 206 into the receiving portion in the printer, the mechanism 60 is rotated in a clockwise direction by a lever 56 whereby the printhead 14 mounted on an arm 62 of the mechanism 60 passes through the opening in the ink ribbon cassette as shown in FIG. 13 to cooperate with the platen in the tape cassette 4 with the tape and ink ribbon disposed therebetween. In the printing position, the rotatable mechanism holds/clamps the ink ribbon cassette in position as shown in FIGS. 14 and 15. As the third embodiment does not comprise a two part housing as compared with the first and second embodiments it may be easier and cheaper to manufacture. Furthermore, as the ink ribbon cassette receiving portion is fixed rather than movable relative to the body of the printer in the third embodiment, this may aid in more consistent alignment. FIGS. 16 to 23 show schematic diagrams of a D2-type printing system according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. The fourth embodiment is similar in construction to the third embodiment, the difference being in the structure of the mechanism on which the printhead 14 is mounted. In the third embodiment, the printhead is mounted on a rotatable mechanism 60. In contrast, in the fourth embodiment the printhead is mounted on a mechanism 64 which moves along a straight line in a direction which is perpendicular to a line of printing elements on the printhead and which is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the platen in the tape cassette when the tape cassette is loaded in the printer. The mechanism comprises a lever 64 which is moveable in and out of an opening in the tape printer body 12. After inserting the ink ribbon cassette 306 and tape cassette 4 into the printer, pushing the lever 64 in an inwards direction causes the printhead 14 to pass though an opening in the ink ribbon cassette 306 and co-operate with the platen in the tape cassette with the tape and ink ribbon disposed therebetween. FIGS. 16 and 17 show two general views of the printing system in its printing arrangement with the tape cassette 4 and the ink ribbon cassette 306 mounted in the printer and the printhead mechanism 64 in its locked printing position. FIGS. 18 to 23 show in more detail the procedure for inserting the ink ribbon cassette. First, as illustrated in FIGS. 18 and 19, the handle/lever 64 on which the printhead 14 is mounted is moved from its locked position in which the printhead is in its printing position to a position on an opposite side of the ink ribbon cassette receiving portion 304 from said tape cassette receiving portion 8. The ink ribbon cassette 306 can then be inserted into the ink ribbon cassette receiving portion 304. After inserting the ink ribbon cassette 306, the printhead mechanism 64 is actuated by a user whereby the printhead 14 is moved into a printing position and is locked in position by a locking mechanism. In this position, the print head mechanism 64 also holds the ink ribbon cassette in position. The printhead can be locked in position with a push lock system. The ink ribbon cassette may be similar in structure to that previously described. The cassette 306 illustrated in FIGS. 19 to 23 is of a modified design. However, the cassette still comprises a housing having a two portion structure with an opening therebetween as previously described. The fourth embodiment has a more simple printhead mechanism than the third embodiment and may therefore be easier and cheaper to manufacture. Furthermore, as there are no tortional forces on the printhead mechanism during use then there is less likelihood of damage to the mechanism over a period of time. However, as the lever 64 in the fourth embodiment extends from the body of the printer in the position illustrated in FIGS. 18 and 19, then the lever may become damaged e.g. if the printer is dropped. In a fifth embodiment not illustrated, a printer may be provided with a housing comprising a single opening through which both the ink ribbon cassette and the tape cassette may be inserted. In such an arrangement, a fixed printhead may be provided in the printer. An ink ribbon cassette similar to that illustrated in FIG. 2a is loaded into the printer first in a lateral direction whereby the printhead in the printer passes through the opening in the cassette and cooperates with the ink ribbon. A tape cassette similar to that previously described is subsequently inserted through the same opening until the platen in the tape cassette cooperates with the printhead with the ink ribbon and tape disposed therebetween. In a modification of this loading procedure, the ink ribbon is partially inserted and then the tape cassette actually pushes the ink ribbon cassette into its printing position when the tape cassette is inserted. In another alternative, the ink ribbon cassette may be attached to the tape cassette prior to insertion of the combined tape and ink ribbon cassettes in a similar manner to that described above. While this invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Known tape printers may be divided into two types: tape printers for use with a cassette which houses both a print receiving medium (hereinafter referred to as a tape which may be a continuous tape or may comprise a web carrying die cut labels) and a print forming medium (hereinafter referred to as an ink ribbon); and tape printers which are arranged for use with a cassette housing the tape and a separate cassette housing the ink ribbon. The advantage of the latter arrangement is that the ink ribbon cassette may be replaced with another cassette containing ink ribbon of either the same or a different type without replacing the tape cassette. This is advantageous in, for example, multicoloured printing in which the ink ribbon cassette may be replaced with another cassette containing ink ribbon of a different colour. Alternatively, the tape cassette may be replaced without replacing the ink ribbon cassette. This feature is advantageous if a different type of tape is required, such as a tape of a different width or a tape comprising a different material. Furthermore, a single ink ribbon cassette may be used for a plurality of tape cassettes with the ink ribbon in the ink ribbon cassette being longer than the tape in the tape cassette. In the present specification, systems which use a cassette containing both the tape and ink ribbon are referred to as D1-type systems and systems which use separate tape and ink ribbon cassettes are referred to as D2-type systems. The most common arrangement for both D1 and D2 type systems comprises a tape printer having a cassette receiving portion in an upper surface thereof. The cassette receiving portion houses a printhead and a platen. In known D1-type systems the cassette housing the tape and ink ribbon is inserted into the receiving portion from a top side in a direction which is parallel to an axis of rotation of the platen and also parallel to a line of print elements on the printhead such that when the cassette is received by the cassette receiving portion, the tape and the ink ribbon pass in overlap between the printhead and platen with the ink ribbon on the same side of the tape as the printhead. On receiving the cassette in the cassette receiving portion, the printhead and/or the platen roller are moveable so as to pinch the ink ribbon and tape therebetween for printing. In known D2-type arrangements the printer comprises a cassette receiving portion for receiving the tape cassette and the ink ribbon cassette. The cassette receiving portion houses a platen and a printhead and the tape cassette and the ink ribbon cassette are inserted from a top side in a direction parallel to an axis rotation of the platen and also parallel to a line of printing elements on the printhead. When received in the cassette receiving portion, the tape and the ink ribbon pass in overlap between the printhead and the platen with the printhead and/or the platen being moveable so as to pinch the tape and ink ribbon therebetween for printing. A disadvantage of this type of vertical loading arrangement is that the tape and/or ink ribbon may catch on elements of the printer such as the printhead and/or platen thus damaging the tape and/or ink ribbon. Furthermore, the cassettes used in such arrangements have portions of the tape/ink ribbon extending outside the housing of the cassette. Accordingly, the tape and/or ink ribbon may be damaged during storage as well as during use. A D1-type arrangement which seeks to solve the above identified problem is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,435,657. This patent discloses a printer for use with a cartridge housing an ink ribbon and tape. A platen is provided in the cassette which co-operates with the tape and ink ribbon, the tape being disposed on a side closest to the platen relative to the ink ribbon. The printer has an opening on a side thereof for receiving the cassette which may be laterally inserted into the printer. When laterally inserted into the printer, the platen of the cassette operates with a printhead in the printer and a gear on the platen co-operates with a gear in the printer for advancing the tape and ink ribbon. WO 99/44834 discloses a D2-type printer in which an ink ribbon cassette is laterally insertable in a side thereof. The tape is supplied as a spool which is insertable in a spool receiving portion from a top side of the printer. The printer houses a printhead and a platen for co-operation with the tape and ink ribbon which pass therebetween. In the arrangement disclosed in WO 99/44834 the platen and printhead are arranged such that the axis of rotation of the platen and a line of print elements on the printhead are parallel to the direction of insertion of the ink ribbon cassette. Accordingly, the above described problem of the ink ribbon catching the platen and/or the printhead remains in this arrangement. Furthermore, as the tape is not housed in a cassette it may be damaged during storage and use.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>An aim of the embodiments described hereinafter is to solve the problems outlined above. According to the present invention there is provided a tape printer for use with a tape cassette and an ink ribbon cassette, said printer comprising a housing and a printhead having a line of printing elements thereon, wherein said printer comprises at least one cassette receiving portion in said housing for receiving the tape cassette and the ink ribbon cassette, such that the cassettes are receivable in a direction which is substantially perpendicular to the line of printing elements on the printhead when the printhead is in a printing position. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a tape printing system comprising a tape printer as defined above in combination with a tape cassette housing a supply of tape and an ink ribbon cassette housing a supply of ink ribbon. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided an ink ribbon cassette for a tape printer, said cassette comprising a body having an ink ribbon supply portion housing an ink ribbon supply spool, an ink ribbon take-up portion housing an ink ribbon take up spool, and a member connecting said two portions, wherein an opening is provided in the body between the ink ribbon supply portion and the ink ribbon take up portion which extends over the entire width of the cassette body from a rear side to a front side in a direction perpendicular to axes of rotation of said spools, with ink ribbon passing from said ink ribbon supply portion to said ink ribbon take-up portion across said opening, said ink ribbon cassette further comprising a gear coupled to said ink-ribbon take-up spool at an upper or a lower portion thereof for coupling with a drive gear in a tape printer. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of loading a tape cassette and an ink ribbon cassette into a tape printer, said tape printer comprising a printhead having a line of printing elements thereon, said method comprising the step of inserting said tape cassette and said ink ribbon cassette into said tape printer in a direction which is substantially perpendicular to the line of printing elements on the printhead when the printhead is in a printing position. Embodiments of the present invention solve the above identified problems by providing a tape printer for use with a tape cassette and an ink ribbon cassette, in which the tape cassette and ink ribbon cassette are laterally insertable into the printer in a direction which is perpendicular to an axis of rotation of a platen and a line of print elements on a printhead within the printer. Accordingly, embodiments provide a D2-type system in which the tape cassette and ink ribbon cassette are loadable into the printer without the possibility of the tape and ink ribbon catching on elements of the printer such as the printhead and/or platen. Embodiments of the present invention are user friendly and allow easy loading and unloading of cassettes into a tape printer. Furthermore, embodiments of the present invention have the advantage over D1-type arrangements in that the tape cassette or the ink ribbon cassette can be replaced individually according to the requirements of a user. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a tape cassette for a tape printer, the tape cassette comprising a body having a base, a top, and sides extending from the base to the top, the body housing a roll of print receiving medium having an axis of rotation extending in a first direction, the body having a guide member on each of two opposing sides extending along said sides in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction for guiding the tape cassette into a tape printer in the second direction. The two elongate guide members aid in both guiding the tape cassette into the tape printer and also aligning the tape cassette with a print head of the tape printer. The guide members also prevent movement of the cassette when inserted into the tape printer for better quality printing. The provision of an elongate guide member on opposing sides prevents rotational movement of the cassette. Preferably, the tape cassette further comprises a supply spool extending in a first direction, the roll of print receiving medium being mounted on the supply spool. The tape cassette may also comprise a platen extending in the first direction and mounted in an opening of the body for cooperation with a print head of a tape printer in use. Advantageously, the guide members should be adapted to prevent movement of the cassette in both vertical and horizontal directions when inserted into the tape printer. One such arrangement is provided by guide members comprising a first elongate member disposed in a plane perpendicular to the side walls of the cassette and a second elongate member disposed in a plane parallel to the side walls so as to prevent movement in both vertical and horizontal directions when the cassette is inserted in a printer. The guide members thus have a substantially T-shaped cross-section. With such an arrangement the cassette is very precisely positioned in the cassette-receiving bay relative to the print head for high quality printing.

20061106

20110802

20070726

92789.0

B41J1100

FERGUSON SAMRETH, MARISSA LIANA

TAPE PRINTER, TAPE PRINTING SYSTEM, INK RIBBON CASSETTE FOR A TAPE PRINTER, METHOD OF LOADING A TAPE CASSETTE AND AN INK RIBBON CASSETTE INTO A TAPE PRINTER, AND TAPE CASSETTE FOR A TAPE PRINTER

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

B41J

ACCEPTED

Vehicle and a strengthening member for a vehicle

The present invention provides a road vehicle comprising at least one strengthening member fixed to a structure of the vehicle, preferably extending adjacent to the front windscreen of the vehicle, between lateral edges of the front windscreen, wherein the strengthening member is dimensioned so that it will not prevent the driver seeing an object which is at least two metres from the front windscreen, when the driver uses binocular vision and without requiring the driver to move the driver's head. The present invention may further provide a road vehicle comprising at least one strengthening member which, in a first, storage position is retracted and in a second, extended position, extends between structures of the vehicle, and operating means for moving the strengthening member from the first position to the second position, wherein, if the reinforcing member is for extending adjacent the front windscreen in the extended position, it permits the driver to see through the front windscreen in the second position. A particular type of strengthening member is formed of at least two first linearly extending structural units for extending from the front structure of the vehicle and second linearly extending structural unit joining the at least two first linearly extending units, the second structural units being not horizontal, and wherein the first linearly extending structural units of strengthening member have a width not exceeding 65 mm in the horizontal plane.

1. A road vehicle comprising at least one strengthening member fixed to a structure of the vehicle and extending in front of the driver's position, wherein the strengthening member is dimensioned so that it will not prevent the driver seeing an object which is at least two meters from the front windscreen, when the driver uses binocular vision and without requiring the driver to move the driver's head. 2. A road vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the strengthening member is mounted within the passenger-carrying compartment of the road vehicle. 3. A road vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the strengthening member extends between the front structure of the vehicle and a top frame of the front windscreen. 4. A road vehicle according to claim 1, when the strengthening member has the form of triangular prism which has been sheared in a vertical plane or a truncated sheared triangular pyramid. 5. A road vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the strengthening member is formed of at least two first linearly extending structural units extending from the front structure of the vehicle to the top frame of the front windscreen and second linearly extending structural unit joining the at least two first linearly extending units. 6. A road vehicle according to claim 5, wherein the second structural units are not horizontal. 7. A road vehicle according to claim 5, wherein the first linearly extending structural units of the strengthening member have a width not exceeding 65 mm, preferably not exceeding 50 mm in the horizontal plane. 8. A road vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the strengthening member does not contact the front windscreen along the whole length of the strengthening member. 9. A vehicle comprising at least one strengthening member which, in a first, storage position is retracted and in a second, extended position, extends between structures of the vehicle, and operating means for moving the strengthening member from the first position to the second position, wherein, if the reinforcing member is for extending adjacent a front windscreen in the extended position, it permits the driver to see through the front windscreen in the second position. 10. A vehicle according to claim 9, being a passenger carrying road vehicle. 11. A road vehicle according to claim 9, wherein the strengthening member in the first and second position is mounted inside the passenger compartment of the vehicle. 12. A road vehicle according to claim 9, wherein the operating means comprises detector means for determining if a vehicle has impacted an object or if the vehicle is starting to rotate at a dangerous angle, or if the vehicle is about to impact an object in front of the vehicle. 13. A road vehicle according to claim 9, wherein, in the second position, the strengthening member extends adjacent the front windscreen and behind it. 14. A road vehicle according to claim 9, wherein the operating means is for moving the strengthening member from the first position to the second position in a time period of less than 1 second. 15. A road vehicle according to claim 9, wherein the strengthening member is moved from the first position to the second position by pivoting, sliding or extending in linear direction. 16. A strengthening member for use in a road vehicle, for fixing to a structure of the vehicle, and for extending in front of the driver's position, the strengthening member being dimensioned so that, when in use, it will not prevent the driver seeing an object which is at least 2 m from the front windscreen, when the driver uses binocular vision and without requiring the driver to move the driver's head. 17. A strengthening structure for mounting in a vehicle, the strengthening structure comprising a strengthening member and operating means for moving the strengthening member from a first, storage position to a second, extended position, the operating means and the strengthening member being configured to engage structures of the vehicle. 18. A strengthening member for mounting in a vehicle, formed of at least two first linearly extending structural units for extending from the front structure of the vehicle and second linearly extending structural unit joining the at least two first linearly extending units, the second structural units being not horizontal, and wherein the first linearly extending structural units of the strengthening member have a width not exceeding 65 mm, preferably not exceeding 50 mm in the horizontal plane. 19-21. (canceled)

The present invention relates to structural reinforcements for the vulnerable areas of a vehicle, such as a road vehicle. Many fatalities occur annually in road vehicle accidents. A proportion of these fatalities result from “looking but not seeing”, caused by obstruction of field of vision by structures of the vehicle such as a-pillars, or from rollover roof crush or impact through the windscreen, which form the most dangerous forms of accident. A number of systems have been employed in the past to reduce the effect of these accidents. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,653,497 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,860,689 the windscreen is protected from roof crush by placing an impact resistant barrier around the periphery of the windscreen. The strengthening this provides only extends to the windscreen itself and there is some problem with an effect on peripheral vision through the windscreen. It is also known in the field of motor racing to customise vehicles by welding in extra strengthening members. However, these strengthening members are not appropriate for normal vehicles, because they are very obstructive and potentially dangerous for persons traveling the vehicle. They can obstruct the space within the vehicle and obstruct vision. Sports utility vehicles (SUV) are commonly provided with roll bars which are intended to provide vertical protection in a rollover accident, but are unable to protect against windscreen impacts. A number of systems have been provided in which the bonnet of a vehicle is raised upon impact, for example by the operation of impact sensors, but the protective effect is not found to be sufficient and the driver is not able to see through the bonnet when it is raised, which is extremely hazardous. This can be a problem particularly for drivers with short backs or where the seat is too low. EP-A-1186483 discloses pop-up roll bars which may be located behind the seat of a vehicle, particularly a soft-top vehicle which spring into position behind the driver's head in the case of impact. However, they are not able to provide any protection to a windscreen impact from the front and have limited protection against roof crush. The present inventor has set out to provide a strengthening member for a vehicle for protecting the driver or passengers in the vehicle from rollover roof crush and from penetration of objects through the windscreen. Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present invention provides a road vehicle comprising at least one strengthening member fixed to a structure of the vehicle, and extending in front of the driver's position, the strengthening member being dimensioned so that it will not prevent the driver seeing an object which is at least 2 m from the front windscreen, when the driver uses binocular vision and without requiring the driver to move the driver's head. The inventor has realised that the conventional belief that optimum vision can only be obtained if there are no structural components between the driver and the windscreen is not correct. The inventor has realised that a strengthening member can be designed which has minimal visual impact but which significantly enhances the strength of the vehicle, in particular resistance to impacts from the front and roof crush. The first aspect of the invention also provides a strengthening member for use in a road vehicle, for fixing to a structure of the vehicle, and for extending in front of the driver's position, the strengthening member being dimensioned so that, when in use, it will not prevent the driver seeing an object which is at least 2 m from the front windscreen, when the driver uses binocular vision and without requiring the driver to move the driver's head. In a conventional road vehicle, the present invention preferably provides at least one strengthening member extending between the front structure of a vehicle and a top frame of the front windscreen. The strengthening member of the present invention can also be applied to vehicles, which are not constructed in the same way as a normal road vehicle, for example formula racing cars or unconventional energy saving vehicles, which are currently being experimented with. Many of these vehicles have a pod-like curved windscreen which extends around the driver and/or passengers. Where the vehicle has a windscreen, whether in a conventional vehicle or an unconventional vehicle, the strengthening member is preferably fixed to a structure of the vehicle and extending adjacent the front windscreen, the strengthening member extending between lateral edges of the front windscreen. In some racing cars, there is no windscreen at all, in which case the strengthening member can be provided extending in front of the driver's position. By “in front of the driver” it is meant that the strengthening member is located ahead of the driver's position, along the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, when seen in side view. It is not necessary that the strengthening member is placed directly in front of the driver's position. Many vehicles are designed with a notional centre line. The driver's position is conventionally located to one side of this centre line. In this case, the strengthening member may be located on the centre line, on the same side of the centre line of the driver's position or to the other side. Preferably, it is located substantially on the centre line. The present inventor has also realised that movable strengthening members can be provided which move from a storage position in which they are not substantially visible to the driver when looking straight ahead, to a reinforcing position extending between structural members of the vehicle. In this aspect of the invention, the reinforcing member is substantially or completely invisible during normal use of the vehicle, being only put into position in the case of an accident. Accordingly, in the second aspect, the present invention provides a vehicle comprising at least one strengthening member which, in a first, storage position is retracted and in a second, extended position, extends between structures of the vehicle, and operating means for moving the strengthening member from the first position to the second position, wherein if the reinforcing member is for extending adjacent the front windscreen in the extended position, it remains possible for the driver to see through at least part of the front windscreen. The second aspect of the invention further provides a strengthening structure for mounting in a vehicle, the strengthening structure comprising a strengthening member and operating means for moving the strengthening member from a first, storage position to a second, extended position, the operating means and the strengthening member being configured to engage structures of the vehicle. One embodiment of the design of strengthening member for use in the first aspect of the invention is considered to be inventive its own right. Accordingly, a third aspect of the inventions provides a strengthening member for mounting in a vehicle, formed of at least two first linearly extending structural units for extending from the front structure of the vehicle and second linearly extending structural units joining the at least two first linearly extending units, the second structural units being not horizontal, and wherein the first linearly extending structural units of the strengthening member have a width in the horizontal plane not exceeding 65 mm, preferably not exceeding 50 mm. The horizontal plane is taken to be the plane which will be horizontal when the strengthening member is put in position. Preferably, in the third aspect of the invention, there are at least three first linearly extending structural units. In the second and third aspects, the vehicle is preferably a road vehicle. However, the inventions are inherently applicable to all cabin-spaces with occupants of vehicles or vessels, whether static or traveling on road, racetrack, in the air and space, or at sea. In the first, second and third aspects, the vehicle is preferably a passenger carrying road vehicle. Preferred features of the first, second and third aspects of the invention will be described below in more detail. Throughout the present description, reference will be made to conventional passenger motor cars. Conventional passenger motor cars have eight parts which are traditionally thought to have an influence on roof crush resistance: The outer a-pillar, the outer b-pillar, the side panel, the inner rear reinforcement hinge pillar, the reinforcement lower hinge pillar, the b-pillar, the inner a-pillar, the roof side frame and roof side panel. Reference will be made to these structures throughout where necessary. First Aspect—Fixed Strengthening Member Preferably, as noted above, the vehicle has a windscreen and the strengthening member extends adjacent to the front windscreen of the vehicle, extending between lateral edges of the front windscreen. By “extends adjacent the front windscreen” it is meant that the strengthening member is located either in front of the windscreen or between the driver and the front windscreen. Preferably, the strengthening member is place either abutting the front windscreen or spaced from it by a small distance, for example in the range 2-20 cm, as explained further below. It is particularly preferred that the reinforcing member is located inside the passenger compartment of the vehicle. This has the particular advantage of being able to arrest the windscreen in the case of a collision, as will be described further below. It also places the strengthening member in a position in which it is less likely to obstruct vision of the offside carriage way of a road. The strengthening member must be fixed to at least one structure of the vehicle. This may be the front structure of the vehicle or a top frame of the front windscreen. Preferably, as noted above, in a conventional vehicle, the strengthening member extends between and is fixed to the front structure of the vehicle and the top frame of the window. This provides a strong structure and the greatest degree of crush resistance in the case of the rollover. The strengthening member is optionally removable to be taken out and re-installed manually. The strengthening member may then be securely locked in place, for example with a rapid solid bolt-system/slither, made to suit each individual road-car or motor-sport-car design (easy clip quick-lock/screw-lock bolt system similar to convertible roof fastening mechanisms). Further, the whole windscreen with the strengthening member and optionally two A-pillars may thus be removable, for example for convertibles. The strengthening member may be integrally formed with at least one of the windscreen, the instrument panel beam or a front exterior structure of the vehicle. It is noted that, in many vehicles the front windscreen is swept back at a substantial angle to the vertical. This means that the top part of the windscreen and the top frame of the front windscreen are located relatively close to the level of the driver's head. By providing the strengthening member adjacent the top frame of the front windscreen, good support in the case of a rollover can be provided. Additional strengthening members can be provided as discussed further below. It is possible that the strengthening member should only extend for a part of the length of the front windscreen. Preferably, however, it extends for at least 75% of the length of the front windscreen. A strengthening member can have structural and deflective safety properties while having an opening, or a partial opening, at some area in front of or below the typical position of the interior rear-view-mirror. The strengthening member suitably extends in the direction of the front-rear axis of the vehicle. However, it may be slightly inclined with respect to this axis, when seen in top plan view, if appropriate. Additional strengthening members may be provided extending between the top frame of the front windscreen, along the roof structure to the top frame of the rear windscreen, and/or from the top frame of the rear windscreen to a rear structure of the vehicle. These may be formed continuously with the strengthening member which is placed adjacent the front windscreen. They may be formed of separate components which are then placed extending contiguously with one another. They may be connected by any suitable method, for example bonding, welding, gluing or mechanical fixing. It is particularly preferred that the present invention provides a strengthening member according to the first aspect of the invention in the form of an arch. It may provide a smoothly curving arch. By “smoothly curving” it is meant that at least one edge of the arch comprises no section in which the radius of curvature is less than 5 mm and preferably not less 10 mm, most preferably not less than 20 mm. The strengthening member may be built up from a single structural member or a plurality of structural members connected together. The strengthening member may be made of at least one structural member which, in cross section has a smoothly curving profile on the faces which face into the passenger compartment. The strengthening member may be made of structural members which, in cross section, are solid or hollow. In order to allow the strengthening member to be placed adjacent the front windscreen, the three-dimensional configuration of the strengthening member is preferably designed as follows. The member may become narrower in the direction towards the front of the vehicle. It is parts of the structure which are furthest from the driver which are most likely to interfere with the driver's vision and it is desired to make these as small as possible. The structure may become narrower from top to bottom, in the direction of the width of the vehicle. This allows parts near the base of the windscreen, which are most likely to obstruct the driver's vision, to be made small whilst providing a strong engagement with other parts of the vehicle at the top. This can be achieved by giving the strengthening member a V shape or Y shape when seen from the front. In side-view, the strengthening member may become narrower from the bottom to top, to provide a rigid strut like structure. Alternatively, it may be substantially the same length in the direction of the vehicle, from top to bottom, as long as this does not interfere with driver's vision. The strengthening member may, in side view, be swept back from bottom to top, as this is the configuration of windscreens of almost all vehicles. In one embodiment, the strengthening member has the form of a triangular prism which has been sheared in the vertical plane, or a truncated sheared triangular pyramid. In all embodiments, the strengthening member is preferably not solid, to further reduce visual obstruction. It may be made of perforated material or webs of solid material surrounding spaces. Alternatively, it may be constructed out of linearly extending structural units combined together to provide a strong structure with minimal visual intrusion. The strengthening member may be formed of at least two first linearly extending structural units extending from the front structure of the vehicle to the top frame of the front windscreen and second linearly extending structural units joining the at least two first linearly extending structural units. In this case, the second structural units are preferably mounted so that they are not horizontal. This further reduces the tendency to obscure parts of the field of vision of the driver. There may be three of the first linearly extending structural units, each joined to the other two by second structural units. The three linearly extending structural units may be positioned in a triangular arrangement. A strengthening member can be produced by cutting and folding from one sheet of material into the final shape. Laser-cutting, hydro-forming, welding if required, or any manufacturing technique may be used. Honeycomb sandwich structure composite materials of any nature may be used for example steel/titanium/carbon fibre/Kevlar/plexi/reinforced polyamide 66/Glassfibre-reinforced PP, or any new alloy). To further minimise visual obstruction, the strengthening member may be configured with a front structural unit and a rear structural unit, the front and rear structural unit lying substantially in line with the normal position of the driver for driving. In this way, although there are two structural members giving strength, only a single unit is seen by the driver when viewed with one eye and visual intrusion is minimized when viewed with both eyes. Preferably, the first linearly extending structural units of the strengthening member have a width in the horizontal plane not exceeding 65 mm, preferably not exceeding 5 cm, most preferably not exceeding 3.5 cm, to minimise visual obstruction. The first linearly extending structural units of the strengthening member preferably have a width in the horizontal plane which does not exceed the distance between the eyes of the driver. Most drivers have an eye separation falling in the range 5.5-6.5 cm. The width of the structural unit is preferably less than this and preferably less than 65% of minimum normal eye separation. The horizontal plane is taken to be the plane which will be horizontal when the strengthening member is in position in a vehicle in the normal upright configuration of the vehicle. Preferably, the second structural units have a width in the horizontal plane which is less than 65 mm, preferably less than 50 mm. Preferably, they are not horizontally aligned. Preferably, the separation between the first linearly extending structural units in the horizontal, plane is at least 65 mm. If the maximum width of the structural units is equal to 50% of the eye separation of the driver, the driver will be able to see, using at least one eye, any object which is the same distance away from the structural units as the distance from the driver to the structural unit. As the normal distance from the driver to the strengthening member will be less than 1 m, the driver will be able to see objects which are around 1 m or more away from the strengthening member. It is noted that, where the strengthening member is placed adjacent the front windscreen, for example centrally, it should have a lower visual intrusion than the type of front a-pillar conventionally used. These are typically constructed of solid, visually obstructive material and of a thickness wider in the horizontal-plane than the eye separation of a driver. In practice, the vision of the driver is considered to be acceptable if not more than 6° of visual field is obstructed by the strengthening member. The strengthening member is preferably mounted so that it does not contact the front windscreen along the whole length of the strengthening member. Preferably the strengthening member contacts the windscreen for less than 50% preferably less than 40% and preferably less than 20% of its length. Preferably, parts of the windscreen where the strengthening member contacts the windscreen are restricted to upper parts of the windscreen, for example in the area of the centrally mounted rear view mirror. This further reduces visual obstruction. It also has the benefit of not increasing the stiffness of the lower part of the windscreen, but providing increased ability to absorb impact. In particular, it has been observed that in many types of impact collision with the windscreen, for example during collision with a cyclist or pedestrian, the cyclist or pedestrian frequently contacts the lower part of the windscreen. This in fact is often made head first, causing many fatalities. By providing a space between the strengthening member and the lower part of the windscreen, the lower part of the windscreen is enabled to flex a short distance, absorbing some of the energy of collision. However, it is then arrested by the strengthening member before moving backwards any further, preventing the windscreen or the object striking the driver. The strengthening member itself may be designed with energy—absorbing properties. In particular, the portion of the strengthening member furthest away from the driver may be made so that it will flex or crumple upon impact, to absorb impact. This is particularly the case where the strengthening member is designed so that it increases in width from front to back, so that the front is relatively lightly constructed. It is desirable to design the strengthening member so that it will deflect for approximately 10-20 cm in case of collision from the front or a rollover preferably 10-12 cm. However, preferably it will not move so far as to endanger the driver. The strengthening members according to the present invention may be manufactured from cast, pressed, forged or built up structures. Strengthening members according to the present invention may be finished on the inside, where they face the passenger compartment, with impact absorbing material, for example expanded elastomeric material or padding similar to the upholstery of the interior of a vehicle, and in accordance with legislation relating to vehicle construction. A strengthening member according to the present invention should extend from at least one fixed structure adjacent a panel or window of the vehicle, for example a frame for a window. This gives it a firm fixing position. Preferably, it extends between structures of the vehicle located on opposite edges of the panel or vehicle, to form a strong bridge between these structures, thereby augmenting the structural strength of the vehicle. Additional strengthening members may also be provided. At least one strengthening member may be provided in contact with the vehicle roof. This is particularly applicable in hard top/cabriolet cars. The strengthening member may continue spanning the roof as the spread profiles backwards along the central roofline/cover connecting with the roof cross profiles between the pillars for additional support. Preferably, the strengthening member contacts the upper rear window frame. Preferably, there is a strengthening member in contact with the rear windscreen along substantially its whole length to the lower end of the rear window area. When a strengthening member is provided adjacent the roof, this can provide additional reinforcement, for supporting roof box loads. It also provides a possibility of a central longitudinal roof rail for more secure attachment of miscellaneous cargo carrying devices on the roof. This can provide resistance to impacts against the front windscreen, roof or rear windscreen. The structure can integrate with existing vehicle structures to enhance the total strength of the whole combination. Connection between strengthening members and the rear windscreen or the roof may be of any suitable means, for example, adhesive or mechanical connections. Longitudinal strengthening members may be additionally provided extending for example along the transverse edges of the front windscreen, roof, or rear windscreen. Transverse strengthening members may be provided extending from the a-pillar, b-pillar or c-pillar towards a strengthening member mounted adjacent the front windscreen, roof or rear windscreen as appropriate. This can provide additional rigidity and strength. Further, internal strengthening members extending from the vehicle chassis to the roof or to a strengthening member adjacent to the roof may be provided within the vehicle to provide additional resistance to crushing. The additional strengthening members may be constructed in the same way as the strengthening member of the invention. For example, for lightness, they are preferably constructed out of light material. Preferably, they are constructed with lightening spaces in their structure. Preferably, they are constructed from a plurality of linearly extending structural units. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the structural design of the strengthening member of the invention may be applied to the structure of conventional pillars of the vehicle, including the a-pillars, b-pillars or c-pillars. In this way, the visual obstruction to the driver to the sides can be improved. In particular, these components of the vehicle are preferably each configured so that they do not prevent the driver seeing an object which is at least two metres from the respective structure of the vehicle, and preferably at least one metre from the respective structure of the vehicle, when the driver uses binocular vision and without requiring the driver to move the driver's head. Each of the a-pillars, b-pillars or c-pillars is preferably not solid, to further reduce visual obstruction. Each may be formed of perforated material or webs of solid material surrounding spaces. They may each be constructed from a linearly extending structural units combined together to provide a strong structure with minimal visual intrusion. They may each be formed of at least two first linearly extending structural units and other linearly extending structural units joining the at least two linearly extending structural units. In this case, the second structural units are preferably mounted so that they are not horizontal. Preferably, structural units of the a-pillar have a width not exceeding 65 mm, preferably not exceeding 50 mm, most preferably not exceeding 3.5 cm, to minimise visual obstruction. Preferably, at least the a-pillars are mounted so that they are adjacent the front windscreen along the whole length of the a-pillars, the a-pillars preferably contacting the windscreen for less than 50%, preferably less than 40% and preferably less than 20% of their length. In one preferred embodiment, all of the strengthening member according to the invention adjacent front windscreen, the a-pillars and the b-pillars and, optionally, the c-pillars are formed according to the principles of the constructions of the strengthening member of the invention. Preferably, they are all constructed with lightening spaces in them, being preferably all constructed from a plurality of linearly extending members. This can give a very open “cage like” structure to the vehicle, with very high degrees of vision to the front, to the sides and, optionally, to the rear as well. High strength for resisting impact can however be provided. If necessary, high strength/low weight materials may be used. It is noted that the vision in the direction of the c-pillars is probably the least important and these parts can be made of solid structures in the conventional manner, to save costs. It is an advantage of the present invention that, where a strengthening member is provided adjacent the front windscreen, it may be possible to form the a-pillars of the vehicle in a less bulky fashion than is the current practice. That is, they can be made smaller or they can be made of structures having spaces therein. In this way, good vision to the side can be obtained. Tens of thousands of fatal accidents a year can be attributed to collisions with objects to the side of a vehicle. The additional strength provided to the centre of the windscreen by the strengthening member of the present invention will allow the a pillars to be less visually obstructive and to reduce this kind of accident. The windscreen may also be made wider than is normal. It may be so wide as to be directly adjacent to the side-windows of the doors, when seen from the exterior. The preferred method of securing the position of the windscreen onto the strengthening member and a-pillars is bonding on the outer edge of the strengthening member and a-pillars. A space between these members and the windscreen may be provided in selected places in order to benefit from the laminated windscreens inherent shock cushioning. To further optimise the field of vision properties during all driving conditions, the windscreen may be formed or coated with a suitable material to reduce glare and dazzle, for example ITS variable electro-photo-chromatic ray screening capabilities to protect the driver from strong sunlight and reflections. The safety benefit which can be obtained with the present invention include: Superior field of vision is possible for all driver/pilots compared to conventional designs Rollover roof crush protection Deflection protection from windscreen impacts. The provision of a physical barrier for external objects (including large mammals pedestrians etc.) penetrating into the passenger cabin through the windscreen, roof or rear window. Reduced ejection of driver/passengers in a crash, if they are not wearing seat belts. Windscreen support to improve resistance to cracks from stresses and impacts. Possible central secure attachment of heavy roof load/slid boxes, allowing an increased carriage of weight. Increased reinforcement to windscreen/frame/support-structure with significantly reduced risk of object impact/penetration in collision conditions with rollover impacts at multiple angles. Increased confidence of vehicle passengers relating to protection from top impacts, so that they will more readily wear seat belts. In a preferred embodiment, the driver's seat is located in a fixed position, so that the position of the driver with respect to the strengthening member is substantially fixed. In this case, it will also be preferable that the controls of the vehicle are adjustable. For example, the steering wheel, seat, control handles and pedals may be adjustable so that they are at the right place for the driver. Such a positional alignment can be implemented automatically by sensors and electro-motors. Also, or alternatively, the angle of the central strengthening member may be turned around its own axis, for example by a bolt/joint-system, manually or automatically, in order to align in the centre middle between the eyes of the driver, for optimal transparency. The strengthening member (and, optionally, the a pillars) may be asymmetrically aligned towards the position of the eyes of the driver for optimised transparency. The angle of the pillars may thus secure that the material width in the horizontal plane is always significantly less than the width between the drivers' eyes, and most preferably less than 40 mm, whilst allowing the structural units to have sufficient thickness to have strength. The space between structural units of the strengthening member should be 65 mm or slightly more in the horizontal plane in order to secure that material does not block the lines of vision as the individual pupils of the eyes are considered to be spaced no more than 65 mm. The present invention may also provide additional benefits including increase in chassis rigidity and torsional stability for improved road handling under load and less tiring road and wind noise, and improved driver alertness due to reduced strain from fear of collision. This can increase resistance to fatigue, better sensory perception, better coordination and better reaction times, due to efficient and rational cognition. In order to prevent the additional structure provided by the strengthening member increasing the weight of the vehicle excessively and raising the centre of gravity of the vehicle, it is desired to form it from light but very strong material. The strengthening member may be formed of any suitable material, including modern light and strong materials such as metals, metal alloys (e.g. boron steel), composites including for example steel/titanium/aluminum/zinc/copper/steel and/or KEVLAR/synthetic-fibre/hyperstructures or other composite materials made using synthetic polymeric materials, or wood/polymeric material composite. Carbon fibre may be used. Transparent contemporary generation strength plastics may be used provided that the structures are aligned such that, with respect to the driver's position, they do not optically distort the driver's perception of the road, nor reflect sun-light unfavourably. Where an additional strengthening member is mounted adjacent to the roof, it is preferably in contact with the roof to increase the strengthening effect and to reduce physical intrusion into the passenger compartment. This can reduce the danger of impact with passenger's heads and structures of the vehicle. The strengthening member may be provided with an impact-reducing surface on the inside, for example energy absorbing material such as padded upholstery or other resilient surfaces. The structural elements of the strengthening member are suitably rounded in shape so that no sharp edges are presented which may cause injury to passengers. A strengthening member according to the present invention may be provided for any suitable type of vehicle, including sports utility vehicles, multipurpose passenger vehicles (MPVs) sports cars, saloon cars/hatch backs, station wagon/estate cars, buses, trucks, people carriers or any other type of vehicle, as well as aircraft, spacecraft, trains or ships The present invention may be used for conventional designs of vehicle which have a front structure for housing an engine or for providing storage space and a rear structure for providing storage space or housing an engine. However, the invention may be applied to unconventional designs of vehicle in which the front structure of the vehicle comprises part of the vehicle frame. For example, the present invention may also be used in experimental types of vehicle in which machinery is mounted in longitudinally extending frame, the superstructure being built on the frame. The present invention can advantageously provide a strengthening member extending from a front part of such a frame (a front structure of the vehicle) for providing an additional protection behind the very large front windscreen. The strengthening member of the present invention can be provided at relatively low cost. It can be provided as an additional item for insertion into an existing vehicle. Alternatively, it may be integrated with the vehicle structure during production in a simple, efficient fashion. The reinforcing member of the present invention may provide a suitable mounting for additional devices, selected from: 1. a centre mounted windscreen wiper, having a high or centre windscreen pivot point; 2. a front windscreen de-mister; 3. a mounting for a rear view mirror; 4. a mounting for small high performance beam lights and/or hazard blinkers; 5. a mounting for instruments or warning lamps for the driver. These may be closer to the visual field of the driver than the dashboard. 6. monitor screens (for example rear view/dead-spot cameras of Siemens/VDO type; 7. sensors of various capacities. Third Aspect of the Invention The strengthening member of the third aspect of the invention may have any appropriate features as described above for the strengthening member of the first aspect of the invention. Second Aspect of the Invention—Movable Strengthening Member As noted above, the second aspect of the invention provides a vehicle with a strengthening member with two positions. The strengthening member is preferably positioned adjacent to the front windscreen in the second position, to resist impact. The vehicle is suitably a road vehicle, preferably a passenger carrying road vehicle. The operating means for moving the strengthening member from the first position to the second position may be activated by any suitable means. For example, it may be activated by the driver or by automatic means. Automatic means are preferable, as they may be configured with a much faster reaction time. For example, a detector means may be provided for determining if the vehicle has impacted an object, for example, a large mammal or cyclist or if the vehicle is starting to rotate at a dangerous angle which may lead to rollover. Alternatively, an object sensor may be provided for detecting objects located in front of the vehicle. For example, a short-range radar detector, or thermal detector may be provided configured to detect the spectrum of heat generated by a living body. Any combination of these sensors may be provided. Suitable sensors are available to the person skilled in the art and they can be set at the correct sensitivity in order to move the strengthening member from the storage position to the first position to the second position under the correct conditions. Suitable sensors have been designed in connection with the ERTICO programme. The first position may store the strengthening member either inside the passenger compartment of the vehicle, or outside the passenger-carrying compartment. Similarly, the strengthening member may lie inside the passenger compartment of the vehicle or outside it in the second position. Preferably the strengthening member is mounted inside the passenger compartment in the first position. This has the advantage that in the case of a collision, for example caused by an object striking the windscreen, if the reinforcing member is located within the vehicle, it will have time to react whereas if it were outside the vehicle, it would be too late. However, it may still be positioned outside the range of movement of driver/passengers therefore not producing further hazards. As noted above in relation to the first aspect of the invention, a combination of a windscreen and a reinforcing member located behind the windscreen can provide a cushioning effect in that if the vehicle strikes a pedestrian, the pedestrian will initially contact the windscreen causing it to flex backwards and reduce the impulse delivered to the pedestrian, the windscreen and pedestrian being arrested by the reinforcing member. The strengthening member is preferably configured so that, in the second position, it extends between any suitable structures of the vehicle, so that it is supported at both ends, giving a strong structure. The structural members may include windows or panels of the vehicle structure, but it is particularly preferred that the strengthening member should extend between frame components which are relatively rigid. The strengthening member may be mounted so that it moves to a second position in which it extends between the chassis and the roof or between the top structure of the rear windscreen and the rear of the vehicle. This may provide additional resistance to crushing. The strengthening member may be stored in the first position for example behind the seats of the vehicle. Receiving structures may be formed in the roof or along the top structure of the rear window to receive the reinforcing member. For example, the strengthening member may be mounted so that, in the first position it is mounted behind or within the seat of the driver or the passengers and/or a head rest of the seat, and in the second position locks into to solid supports formed in the roof structure. This can provide direct protection to passenger's or driver's head in case of a roll over. The operating means for moving the strengthening member from the first position to the second position may be any suitable means, for example, resilient means may be provided. The resilient means may bias the strengthening member from the first position to the second position, movement of the strengthening member being prevented until the means for the moving the strengthening member is activated, for example as described above. The operating means for moving the strengthening member from the first position to the second position preferably moves the strengthening member very quickly from the first position to the second position. Suitably the strengthening member is moved from the first position to the second position in a time period of less than one second, more preferably less than 0.5 seconds and preferably around 0.1 seconds. The strengthening member may be moved from the first position to the second position by any suitable type of motion. For example, it may be pivoted about a pivot located near or at an end of the strengthening member. For example, at least one, preferably 2 and preferably at least 3 or 4 strengthening members may be pivoted centrally adjacent to the front windscreen. At least one strengthening member and preferably at least 2 strengthening members may be provided pivoted at each respective edge of the front windscreen. The pivot may be located on the lower edge or adjacent the upper edge of the windscreen. The pivoting motion may be driven by a drive acting on the pivot itself or by a linkage acting at a position on the strengthening member displaced from the pivot, for example at the end of the strengthening member. The strengthening member may be moved into position by extending substantially linearly. For example, it may comprise a telescopic structure having at least one part telescopically moveable with respect to a second part. The strengthening member may comprise a first part and a second part movable along the first part, the movement of the second part being guided by movement of a sliding member formed in one of the first and second parts in a track formed in the other of the second and first parts. The strengthening member may be moved into position by sliding it into position. It may slide for example from a respective lateral edge of the windscreen. It may slide from the top edge of the windscreen or from the bottom edge of the windscreen. The extending rollbars disclosing EP-A-1186483 may be adapted for use in the present invention. In order to be used in the present invention, they must be configured so that they extend between structures of the vehicle in the extended position. The first and second parts may be mounted adjacent the top of the windscreen in the first position or adjacent the bottom of the windscreen of the first position. They may be configured to move to any point to reach the second position. For example, they may be configured to move to respective corners of the windscreen, for example corners opposite to the corner at which the respective parts are located in the first position. Preferably, the strengthening member comprises a plurality of strengthening member units articulated together and which are moved by a combination of any of rotation, extension, or sliding. In this way, a strengthening pattern can be provided comprising a number of strengthening member units extending over the area of the front windscreen. Preferably, an engagement member is provided for fixing the strengthening member in position in the second position. For example, the strengthening member may be configured to move from the first position so that it engages a fixed engagement member and is held in position by the engagement member when in the second position. A locking member which is integral with the strengthening member may be provided, for example being in the form of a toggle lock. The strengthening member itself is suitably of a shape such that, when in the second position, it does not substantially obstruct the vision of the driver. Preferably, the strengthening member is configured so that, in the second position, it is still possible for the driver to see through at least part of the lower half of the windscreen. This is the part of the windscreen through which the driver normally looks when in the driving seat and it is important that it should be possible to see through it even when the strengthening member has been extended, in the case of an accident. It is preferable that the strengthening member is dimensioned so that it will not prevent the driver seeing an object which is at least two metres from the windscreen, when the driver uses binocular vision and without requiring the driver to move the driver's head. A balance will be sought between the need to provide a strengthening member which is sufficiently large to be strong with the desire to minimise obstruction of the field of vision. Suitably, the strengthening member will have a width as seen by the driver of less than 5 cm. This can be achieved where a plurality of strengthening members or strengthening member units are provided which together form a protection adjacent the front windscreen. In a preferred embodiment, the strengthening member may be configured so that it is attached to a web of material which the driver can see, the web of material being drawn across at least part of the front windscreen when the strengthening member is extended to the second position. This web can be provided in order to catch debris, for example broken glass which can be very hazardous. It may be formed of a mesh or of a transparent or semi-transparent material, so that it does not obstruct the vision of the driver excessively. It may be made of any suitable material, for example a carbon fibre or Kevlar™ mesh. In one embodiment of the invention, a strengthening member is provided which is movable between a first position stored in the front of the vehicle windscreen and substantially not visible to the driver and a second position in which it extends adjacent to and in front of the vehicle windscreen. This can be used in combination with a system for raising the bonnet at the same time as the strengthening member is moved from the first position to the second position. The raised bonnet can provide a cushioning effect. The distance by which the bonnet raises may be controlled so that it does not obscure the vision of the driver excessively. If the bonnet is raised in this fashion, it is suitably pivoted at the front and raised at the rear, so that wind resistance does not cause it to tear. The bonnet may be constructed in a conventional way or it may be provided with additional strengthening. It may be ribbed for additional strength. Alternatively, it may be perforated so that it is partly transparent to further reduce impact on the visual field of the driver. It may partly or completely be constructed of transparent material. The inventor has realised that the increased stiffness provided to the vehicle frame can be used to provide a mounting for an aerofoil extending to the rear of the vehicle. This aerofoil may be integral with the bumper structure of the vehicle. Preferably, the aerofoil is constructed so that air can flow over its top and bottom surfaces in such a way as to generate down force on the rear of the vehicle. This can be valuable when increased road holding is required. For example, this may be required when negotiating tight bends or when braking sharply. However, an aerofoil constructed in this way can lead to increased air resistance. Accordingly, it is further preferred that closing means be provided which can be used to selectively close the airflow over the top surface of the aerofoil. For example, a shutter may be provided which has a first position in which it does not interfere with airflow over the top of the aerofoil and a second position in which it closes the airflow over the top surface of the aerofoil. Suitably, the shutter in the second position touches the leading edge of the aerofoil, to provide a smooth transition with minimal air resistance. The shutter may slide or rotate into position. To optimise stability during avoidance maneuvers or cornering, the shutter may be split along the centre line of the vehicle, the split sections being operable independently to the left and right of the line. The split aerofoil may be selectively operable in a cornering mode, in which one is operated differentially with respect to the other, or in a braking mode, in which both sides are operated together. Thus, a down force can be applied on the inside wheels in curves or to equalise the load on both side wheels when braking. The closing means may be operated by any one of: A driver operated mechanism An automatic mechanism. The automatic mechanism may respond to motion sensors which detect the motion of the car (rapid turning, rapid braking), sensors for sensing application of the brake pedal, sudden movements of the steering wheel etc. This structure is considered to be inventive in its own right and the present invention accordingly further provides a vehicle comprising a rear bumper extending from the rear of the vehicle, the rear bumper being configured as an aerofoil having a top surface and a lower surface, the aerofoil being mounted so that, in at least one position, air can pass over the top surface. In this aspect of the invention, shutter means are preferably provided for preventing airflow over the top surface. The first, second and third aspects of the invention may be combined in a vehicle. A vehicle may comprise a strengthening member as defined for the first or second aspect of the invention, as well as a structure according to the second aspect of the invention. The present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 shows a sketch isometric view of the strengthening member according to the first aspect of the present invention. FIG. 2 shows the strengthening member of FIG. 1 mounted in a vehicle. FIG. 3 shows how the strengthening member of the invention can be used to protect the windscreen against collision with large mammals. FIGS. 4-7 show front or rear views of windscreens including various different embodiments of the strengthening member according to the present invention. FIG. 8 shows the strengthening member of FIG. 1 constructed in three parts. FIGS. 9-14 shows schematic cross sections of a number of different types of vehicle incorporating strengthening members according to the present invention and optional internal additional strengthening members. FIG. 15 shows the effect of the strengthening member of the present invention on the field of vision of the driver. FIGS. 16-21 show different embodiments of strengthening member placed adjacent a windscreen. FIG. 22 is a sketch isometric view of a further embodiment of strengthening member for placing adjacent the windscreen, which is also according to the third aspect of the invention. FIG. 23 shows the effect of the visual field of the driver of the strengthening member of FIG. 22. FIGS. 24-25 show embodiments of the vehicle incorporating strengthening members of the present invention. FIGS. 26a and 26b show the relationship of the strengthening member of FIG. 22 and new designs of a pillar in a vehicle. FIGS. 27 and 28 show further embodiments of vehicle, incorporating a rear mounted aerofoil defining a bumper. FIGS. 29A-29C show the movement a strengthening member according to the second aspect of the invention from a first position to a second position according to the invention. FIG. 30 shows a schematic part cross sectional view showing further reinforcing members which may be incorporated in a vehicle. FIGS. 31-34 shows steps in the movement of a reinforcing member from a first position to a second position according to the invention. FIGS. 35-37 show an embodiment of a reinforcing member incorporated in the bonnet of a vehicle. FIGS. 38A-38C show steps in the movement of another embodiment of strengthening member according to the invention from a first position to a second position. FIG. 39 shows a further embodiment of a strengthening member. FIGS. 40A-40C, 41A-41C, 42A-42C, 43A-43C, 44A-44C 45A-45C, 46A-46C, 47A-47C, 48A-48C, 49A-49C, 50A-50C, 51A-51C, 52A-52C, 53A-53C and 54A-54C show steps in the movement of various embodiments of strengthening member according to the invention from a first position to a second position. FIGS. 55-62 show various embodiments of strengthening member according to the second aspect of the invention. FIGS. 61 and 62 show further embodiments of pivoting strengthening member according to the second aspect of the invention. FIGS. 63-74 show various embodiments of strengthening member according to the first aspect of the invention, mounted in a racing car. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS. 1 and 2 show a first embodiment of strengthening member and a vehicle comprising the strengthening member according to the present invention mounted inside the passenger compartment. A strengthening structure 1 comprises a strengthening member 2 according to the invention which, when assembled, extends adjacent the front windscreen 3 of the vehicle. The strengthening member 2 is connected to a second strengthening member which comprises a pair of ribs 4 which are substantially parallel to one another and which are placed inside and contacting the roof structure 5 of the vehicle. The two ribs 4 come together at a point where they contact a third strengthening member 6 which in use contacts the rear window 7 of the vehicle. The vehicle shown in FIG. 2 is accordingly provided with additional support for each of the windscreen 3, roof structure 5 and rear windscreen 7. The support is located between the edges of the structures and directly in contact with them, on the inside whereby considerable support can be obtained. It can be seen that the strengthening member 2 comprises a number of webs with lightening holes, for example 8 as shown in first section 2 in FIG. 1, to make the structure light and to minimize impact on the driver's field of view. However, with correct design as is well known in the art of the design of girders, beams and other strengthening members, this may have no substantial effect upon the strength of the design. In FIG. 1, the different part 2,3 and 6 are shown connected together. They may be connected together by a suitable means. Further, each of the strengthening member 2, 3 and 6 will be fixed firmly in use onto structural parts of the vehicle, including the section of the front structure adjacent to the dashboard, the top frame on the front window, the top frame of the rear window and the part of the rear structure adjacent to the rear window. They may be fixed using adhesive. FIG. 3 shows how the strengthening member 1 can provide additional protection in cases of collision with large objects. A collision, even at normal speeds, with an object which is high or large enough to impact the windscreen can result in severe damage to the vehicle and danger to the passengers. For example, the entire roof section may be torn from the vehicle. This kind of hazard can be produced in forested or isolated areas for example, by a large mammal, in the case of FIG. 3, a moose. It can be seen that in a collision, the animal would contact the windscreen but damage to the vehicle and hazard to the passengers will be minimized by the additional strength given to the windscreen by the strengthening member. FIGS. 4-7 show various embodiments of strengthening member 1. FIG. 4 shows a strengthening member which is substantially the same as shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 5 shows a similar structure but the upper part of the Y is solid, rather than comprising two separate arms. It is not necessary to have two separate arms if the main part of the strengthening member 2 is sufficiently strong, and a single rib 8 may be used as shown in FIG. 6. Alternatively, a pair of substantially parallel ribs 12 may be used as shown in FIG. 11. Similar structures may be adopted for the third section 6. Alternatively, a pair of substantially parallel ribs 9 may be used as shown in FIG. 7. Similar structures may be adopted for the third section 6. The whole windscreen frame can be manufactured all in one piece from any composite material. The integral structure may comprise any or all of the strengthening member, a pillars and Instrument Panel-beam (IP-beam). The instrument panel and dashboard can thus be integrated only requiring padded interior finish to comply with cushioning shock-absorption directives or feasible design finish preferences. Such one piece production is considered feasible for a balanced blend of composite materials, as a one piece design may facilitate integrity of strength, and be cost efficient with economy of scale aspects saving assembly time, material consumption and logistics. FIG. 8 shows a strengthening structure substantially as shown in FIG. 1 but in which the strengthening members 2, 3 and 6 are constructed separately and subsequently joined together. They may be joined by any suitable means, for example mechanical connections such as bolts, fitted joints or by adhesive or by welding. FIGS. 9-14 show how different embodiments of the strengthening member of the invention may be provided for various different types of vehicle. Each of the drawings in FIGS. 10-14 also show optional additional strengthening members extending from the chassis of the vehicle to the roof structure for additional crush resistance. FIG. 9 shows a soft-top vehicle in which there is only a strengthening member 10, adjacent the windscreen. All the other vehicles shown in FIGS. 10-14 have hard tops and each comprises a strengthening structure which extends continuously from the front structure to the rear structure, providing support for all of the front windscreen, roof structure and rear windscreen. FIG. 15 shows the field of view of a driver in a vehicle fitted with a strengthening member according to the present invention. The vehicle shown is a left hand drive type of vehicle. It can be seen that the field of view is still very wide to the driver's right. In fact, the angle of the driver, α, which is restricted in practice by the a-pillar of the vehicle is smaller than the angle β. In FIG. 16, the strengthening member 12 comprises a solid filament of transparent material. It can be seen that, along its front edge 13, it does not abut the windscreen 15 directly. It abuts the windscreen 15 in the section 14, at the top providing direct support for the windscreen. In practice, it is preferably adhered to the windscreen using conventional high strength adhesive. The lower edge 16 it is fixed to the structure underlying the dashboard. FIG. 17 shows a different embodiment of the strengthening member 17 which comprises an additional strut 18 which projects rearwardly and contacts the dashboard. FIG. 18 shows similar design of strengthening member 19 which comprises a lightening hole 20 in a position in which it will not substantially reduce the strength of the structure. FIG. 19 shows a different design in which a thin filament 21 underlies the top part windscreen, providing support, whilst a substantially vertical section 22 extends upwardly towards the roof providing strong additional support for the roof against rollover roof crush. FIG. 17 shows an embodiment in which a solid structure 23 is provided with a plurality of lightening holes 26. FIG. 18 shows a different embodiment 26 in which the lightening holes 25 are of a different shape. FIG. 22 is sketch isometric view of a particularly preferred embodiment of strengthening member 27 for use adjacent to the front windscreen of a vehicle. It is also an embodiment of a strengthening member according to the third aspect of the invention. It comprises a first longitudinally extending member 28 which is swept back at an angle corresponding to the angle of the windscreen of the vehicle to which it is to be fitted. There are a pair of second longitudinally extending units 29 and 30, which are swept back at the same or substantially the same angle as the first member 28. They are joined to the first member by struts 31 at the bottom and 32 near the top. The struts 31 and 32 are not horizontal, to minimise visual intrusion. The longitudinally extending members 28, 29 and 30 join a pair of a v-shaped mounting members 33 and 34 which are for engaging the structure of the vehicle above the windscreen (or the top of the windscreen) and the structure of the vehicle below the windscreen respectively. The top of the v-shaped member 34 is shown hatched to indicate an area where adhesive may be applied to form a bond with the top structure of the vehicle. Alternatively, mechanical connections such as screws and bolts may be used. Similar connecting means may be used in the lower v-shaped part 33. Members 28, 29 and 30 have more than 65 mm open space between them. Members 28, 29 and 30 are narrower than 65 mm, preferably narrower than 55 mm or 50 mm in the horizontal plane when seen from the drivers' position, and more preferably less than 40 mm. The struts 31 and 32 at their narrowest are narrower than 65 mm and preferably narrower than 50 mm. This lattice design can be cut and folded from one sheet of material into the final shape. Laser-cutting, hydro-forming, welding if required, or any manufacturing technique may be used. Honeycomb sandwich structure composite materials of any nature may be used depending on strength/cost requirements (Steel/titanium/Kevlar/Kevlar/plexi/reinforced polyamide 66/Glassfibre-reinforced PP, or any new alloy). The width of each of the longitudinally extending members 28,29 and 30 and the struts 32, 31 presented to the driver does not exceed more than 50% of the minimum normal eye spacing of drivers, being not less than about 3 cm. All of the members are tilted so that they do not form an obstruction to seeing horizontally extending objects. Many objects on the road are either generally vertically extending, such as cyclists, the sides of vehicles, roadside furniture, or horizontally extending for example the super structure of many vehicles. FIG. 23 shows how the obstruction of the driver's field of view is minimised by the structure of FIG. 22. The structure 27 is located adjacent to the front windscreen 36 located approximately 1 m from the driver 37. The width W of the longitudinally extending numbers of the structure 27 presented to the driver are less than 3 cm, so that the area (shown cross hatched) which is not visible to either eye of the driver 37 is minimised. It can be seen that the area which is not visible to the driver extends for a distance of approximately 1 m from the structure. As this distance is less than the normal distance to the front bumper of the vehicle, it is clear that no object which is on the road will be obscured. FIG. 23 also shows that the a-pillar 38 may be constructed using a similar structure to that shown in FIG. 22 so that the obstruction of vision by the a-pillar is minimised as well Each a-pillar 38 is most preferably constructed so that it comprises a first longitudinally extending member which is swept back at an angle corresponding to the angle of the windscreen of the vehicle to which it is to be fitted. There may be one or two second longitudinally extending units which are swept back at the same or substantially the same angle as the first member 28. They are joined to the first member by struts at the bottom and near the top. The struts are not horizontal. The longitudinally extending members have more than 65 mm open space between them. The longitudinally extending members are narrower than 65 mm, preferably narrower than 50 mm in the horizontal plane width when seen from the drivers' position, or more preferably less than 40 mm. As for the strengthening member 27, the a-pillar can be cut and folded from one sheet of material into the final shape. Laser-cutting, hydro-forming, welding if required, or any manufacturing technique may be used. The whole area of the drivers field of vision subtended by the a-pillar 38 is shown at 39. It can be seen that this comprises a central area, lightly hatched, 40 which in practice will be visible to the driver using the design according to FIG. 22. This area would not be visible using a conventional design of a-pillar. The area, deeply hatched, not visible is clearly very small and does not extend for a significant distance beyond the a-pillar. As can be seen in FIG. 23, the relative positions of linearly extending structural units of each of the a-pillars and the strengthening member are adjusted so that at least two line up in the filed of vision to thereby minimise obstruction of the field of view of the driver. As a result, the arrangement is not symmetrical. The structural units of the strengthening member 27 and the a-pillars 38 are aligned asymmetrically with respect to the centre line of the vehicle, so that they align with the driver's filed of vision to minimise visual impact The windscreen 36 is made so wide as to be directly adjacent to the side-windows of the doors, when seen from the exterior (wider than most standard cars made in 2005). Member 38 on the right side of the vehicle, and member 38 on the left side of the vehicle are each bonded to the windscreen which leaves member 27 with some space to the windscreen in order to benefit from the laminated windscreens inherent shock cushioning properties in the event of collisions for example, with pedestrians. In the a-pillars 38, one or two of the longitudinally extending members are bonded to the windscreen, the others being spaced from it to provide a shock absorbing capacity. FIG. 24 shows a schematic side view of a vehicle comprising a plurality of strengthening members. There is a strengthening member 41 according to the present invention adjacent the windscreen and an additional strengthening member 42 adjacent the roof. The a-pillar 43 is constructed with spaces in it, shown in FIG. 22 to enhance the view forward and to the side as described above. The b-pillars 45, c-pillars 44 and the rear structure 46 are formed in a conventional manner. However, the inventor has realised that all of these structures may be made of light material with spaces in the structure to enhance the view all round as shown in FIG. 25. Here there is a strengthening member 47 according to the invention adjacent to the front windscreen, a strengthening member 48 adjacent the roof, a strengthening member 49 adjacent the rear windscreen and perforated structures 50, 51 and 52 defining the a-, b-, and c-pillars. This creates a very open “cage” through which the driver obtains a clear all round view. FIGS. 26A and 26B show further views of a vehicle incorporating a strengthening member according to FIG. 22 and a-pillars constructed according to the same principles as the structure shown in FIG. 22. FIGS. 27 and 28 show views of vehicles corresponding to FIGS. 24-25 further incorporating a rear mounted aerofoil 53. The rear mounted aerofoil 53 also defines the rear bumper structure. Conventional materials for the rear bumper structure may be provided. However, an upper surface 53A of the rear mounted aerofoil is configured so that it is spaced from a surface 53B of the vehicle, to define an airflow passage. This airflow passage is configured so that air flowing under the vehicle is deflected over the top surface of the rear mounted aerofoil. The passage is configured so that a down force may be generated, for pushing the rear of the vehicle more firmly in contact with the road. This can be beneficial for steering and braking. A dotted line 53C shows the extended position of a shutter. This shutter may have a first position (not shown) in which it is stored, for example behind the rear wheels of the vehicle, and a second position in which it extends across the opening to the airflow passage formed between the surfaces 53A and 53B. In this way, airflow over the top of the aerofoil can be prevented. This allows drag created by the aerofoil to be minimised in conditions where the additional down force on the rear of the vehicle is not required. The shutter may be divided along the centre line of the vehicle into left and right portions. In a first mode, the left and right portions may be operated together to enhance breaking. In a second control mode, the left and right portions may be independently operable to enhance load on one side of the vehicle, on the inside of a curve during cornering, to improve road holding. FIGS. 29A-29C show how a strengthening member according to the second aspect of the invention can be moved from a first, storage position adjacent the roof 54 of a vehicle, to a position inside the windscreen 55 of the vehicle when operating means for moving the movable strengthening member 56 are activated. Further details are provided in FIGS. 31-34, which show how the strengthening member 56 slides a long curved path from a storage position adjacent a strengthening member 57 which is adjacent the roof, to a second position in which it lies behind the windscreen 55 and extends between the front structure of the vehicle below the windscreen and the front structure of the vehicle above the windscreen, thereby providing a firmly anchored reinforcement behind the windscreen. FIG. 29A and FIG. 29B can also be descriptive of a static strengthening member according to the first aspect of the invention where the central Alpha-pillar is not entirely connected all the way from the upper windscreen-frame to the lower windscreen-frame/dashboard/instrument-panel-pillar. The strengthening member can have structural and deflective safety properties while having an opening, or a partial opening, at some area in front of or below the typical position of the interior rear-view-mirror. FIG. 30 shows how an internal fixed engagement structure 58 can be provided which, in the second position engages the bottom of the strengthening member at the point 59 so that a strong resilient structure is provided. For example, the strengthening member may abut the engagement structure or lock into it. FIGS. 35-37 show an embodiment of the second aspect of the invention in which a large object such as a moose 59 is detected by a sensor 60 mounted in the vehicle, so that a moving means described below is actuated. The detection may be for example by short range radar or by a thermal detecting system which is configured to be able to identify the infrared emission of a mammal. The detector may be configured to distinguish the infrared emission of for example an exhaust pipe which is as a relatively high temperature from that of a mammal which is at normal body temperature. When the object 59 is detected, the bonnet 61 of the car is raised to provide a deflecting structure. However, it is not raised so high that it will interfere with the line of vision of the driver. The windscreen still has to be protected. The windscreen is protected in this case by a further strengthening member 62 which is stored underneath the bonnet 61 in a storage position and which is moved by the moving means to the position shown in FIG. 36 when the object is detected. The top view shown in FIG. 37 shows that the strengthening member 62 comprises a grid of longitudinal members which are parallel to the direction of motion of the car and horizontal members 63 which are transverse to the direction movement of the car. This forms a form of grid across the windscreen for protecting the whole of the windscreen from impact. A strengthening member 64 according to the first aspect of the invention and extending from the front of the vehicle to the rear of the vehicle is provided to provide a further support which the reinforcing member 62 can engage. FIGS. 38A-38C show a further embodiment of strengthening member according to the second aspect of the invention. The vehicle is shown rolling from a critical position in FIG. 38A at which a sensor can detect that rollover is inevitable. When this condition is detected, operating means in the form of springs (not shown) are activated to move a strengthening member 65 comprising a plurality of strengthening member units 66 from a storage position in which the sections are stored adjacent the a pillars and the roof of the vehicle. FIG. 38 shows an intermediate position during the movement of the strengthening member units 66 and FIG. 38C shows the strengthening member in the final position. Engagement members can be provided for example on the roof structure at the points 67 and on the structure in front of the windscreen at the points 68 which are configured so that they engage the strengthening member 65 when it is in the final position so that it will lock into position. There may be a simple arrangement whereby a part of the strengthening member moves into a position in which it physically engages the engagement member, movement of the strengthening member with respect to the engagement member in the direction of impact being prevented by simple obstruction. It can be seen that the strengthening member shown in FIGS. 38A-C comprises a fixed structure 69 in which the telescopic central strengthening member unit 70 is stored. As this is at the top of the windscreen, it does not interfere with the normal vision of the driver. FIG. 39 shows a corresponding design, except that there is no central telescopic member unit 70. FIGS. 40A-40C, 41A-41C, 42A-42C, 43A-43C, 44A-44C, 45A-45C, 46A-46C, 47A, 47C, 48A, 48C, 49A, 49C, 50A-50C, 51A-51C, 52A-52C, 53A-53C, 54A-54C each show further embodiments of strengthening member according to the second aspect of the invention. In each case, the figure designated A shows the vehicle at an angle at which a sensor will detect that rollover is inevitable. At this point, operating means (not shown) which may be the form of a motor, spring loaded drive or any other suitable means, moves a strengthening member. In the position shown in the figure designated C, the strengthening member locks into position adjacent engaging members, which are not shown in detail, to provide a strong support. In FIG. 40C, the strengthening member comprises a rigid bar 71 which draws a flexible see-through mesh 72 across the front windscreen, through which the driver can see but which will arrest broken glass and other debris which might strike the driver. In FIG. 41C, the strengthening member is provided by strengthening member units which are in the form of articulated arms with sliding pivots 74 which move from a storage position adjacent the edges of the windscreen to a second position shown in FIG. 41C in which they lock into position behind the windscreen. The sliding pivots 74 may form a toggle lock so that the strengthening member 73 is held rigidly in the position shown FIG. 41C. In FIG. 42C, it can be seen that the strengthening member comprises strengthening member units which slide from storage positions adjacent the screen to define a grid extending across parts of the screen, through which the driver can still see. Similarly, in FIG. 43C the strengthening member comprises a number of units which extend, slide or pivot into position. Similar comments apply to the remaining embodiments. In FIGS. 55-57, various further types of strengthening member are shown. FIG. 58 shows how a plurality of strengthening member units 75 can be provided which pivot upwards from a storage position adjacent the lower edge of a windscreen to a second position in which they lie adjacent to the windscreen. FIG. 59 shows in more detail a strengthening member according to the second aspect of the invention. The strengthening member is comprised of a number of strengthening member units. There are two linearly extending strengthening member units 76 which are mounted in telescopically loaded mountings 77. In the storage position (not shown) the strengthening member units 76 do not extend beyond the lower edge of the windscreen and are not visible to the driver. When an impact, approaching object or rollover condition is detected, the strengthening members are released and moved, under the influence of the springs to the second position in which they come to rest in corners of the windscreen where they engage against parts of the frame in which the windscreen is held so that movement of the extended strengthening member units into the vehicle is prevented. There is a further strengthening member unit 78 which comprises a three component telescopically extending unit. In the storage position (not shown) it is mounted in a spring load storage means 79. When a crash, approaching object or rollover is detected, the strengthening member unit 78 is released and, under influence of the spring, extends upwardly until it engages a structure 79 which holds it so that movement back into the passenger compartment is prevented. In this way, a strong structure is established across most of the windscreen. In FIG. 60, a strengthening member is shown which comprises two strengthening member units 80. Each strengthening member unit 80 comprises an arm having two arm sections 81, 82 which are hinged in the middle at a hinge 83. The free end of each arm 82 is pivoted adjacent a lower edge of the windscreen at 84. The free end of the other arm 81 is mounted on a slider 85. The slider is acted against by a spring 86. The spring is held in a spring housing 87 which itself is pivoted at the bottom 88. In the storage position (not shown) each slider 85 is held near the base of the unit 87 so that the spring 86 is tightly compressed. In this position, each arm 82 comes to rest adjacent the lower edge of the windscreen but not visible to the driver. When an impact, rollover or approaching object is detected, an actuator releases each slide 85 so that it moves very quickly along the unit 87 to the top, raising each arm 82 and 81 so that a brace structure is formed adjacent the windscreen for resisting impacts. In the second position, the top parts of the arms 82 each come to rest in engaging means 89 which hold them so that movement in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle is resisted. FIG. 61 shows a further embodiment of strengthening member according to the second aspect of the invention. In this case, pivoting strengthening members 90 are moved from a first position in which they lie adjacent to the front windscreen but below the level thereof, upwards to a second, reinforcing position by operating means in the form of a common spring 91. FIG. 62 shows a variation of this design in which the pivot points 92 of pivoting strengthening members 93 are located further apart than shown in FIG. 61. FIGS. 63-74 show various embodiments of strengthening member according to the first aspect of the invention, mounted in a racing car. In each case, a fixed strengthening member is mounted in front of the driver and is configured so that it will not substantially interfere with the field of vision of the driver. Further, it is mounted in each case so that it does not substantially interfere with airflow entering the intake for the engine/cooler at the rear of the vehicle. FIGS. 63,64 and 65 show various views of a first embodiment, in which a narrow, longitudinally extending web at the front of the member protects the driver from impact from objects to the front. It is supported at the rear by narrow lateral members 95. FIGS. 66,67 and 67 show views from different directions of a second embodiment of reinforcing member according to the first aspect of the invention applied to a racing car. It simply comprises an upstanding strengthening member 96 extending from front to rear of the vehicle. A lightening hole 97 is formed at the bottom to reduce the weight while allowing a strong, arched structure to be formed. FIGS. 69 and 70 show a further embodiment of strengthening member 97 which is similar to that shown in FIGS. 63-65. Similarly, FIGS. 71 and 72 show a fourth embodiment of strengthening member 98 which is similar to that shown in FIGS. 63-65. The strengthening members of FIGS. 63, 64, 65, 66, 67 and 68 may be made static, according to the first aspect of the invention and as seen in the drawings, or as an active pop-out dynamic system according to the second aspect of the invention. They may be pre-tensioned, or activated by other means. They may be triggered by ITS micro chipped sensor systems similar to all systems for FIG. 29 through to FIG. 62. FIGS. 73 and 74 show a strengthening member which has two forwardly mounted strengthening member units 99 which are connected at the rear to a lateral arch member 100. Strengthening members and strengthening structures described individually above may be combined in any suitable configurations in a vehicle. For example, a dynamic pop-out protective curtain as shown in FIGS. 40A, 40B and 40C may be used in combination with the strengthening member of FIGS. 26A and 26B. They may be used in combination with air-bags on the outside and/or inside of the windscreen. The present invention has been described above by way of example only and modification can be made within the invention, which extends to equivalents of the features described. The invention also consists in any individual features described or implicit herein or shown or implicit in the drawings or any combination of any such features or any generalisation of any such features or combinations.

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIGS. 1 and 2 show a first embodiment of strengthening member and a vehicle comprising the strengthening member according to the present invention mounted inside the passenger compartment. A strengthening structure 1 comprises a strengthening member 2 according to the invention which, when assembled, extends adjacent the front windscreen 3 of the vehicle. The strengthening member 2 is connected to a second strengthening member which comprises a pair of ribs 4 which are substantially parallel to one another and which are placed inside and contacting the roof structure 5 of the vehicle. The two ribs 4 come together at a point where they contact a third strengthening member 6 which in use contacts the rear window 7 of the vehicle. The vehicle shown in FIG. 2 is accordingly provided with additional support for each of the windscreen 3 , roof structure 5 and rear windscreen 7 . The support is located between the edges of the structures and directly in contact with them, on the inside whereby considerable support can be obtained. It can be seen that the strengthening member 2 comprises a number of webs with lightening holes, for example 8 as shown in first section 2 in FIG. 1 , to make the structure light and to minimize impact on the driver's field of view. However, with correct design as is well known in the art of the design of girders, beams and other strengthening members, this may have no substantial effect upon the strength of the design. In FIG. 1 , the different part 2 , 3 and 6 are shown connected together. They may be connected together by a suitable means. Further, each of the strengthening member 2 , 3 and 6 will be fixed firmly in use onto structural parts of the vehicle, including the section of the front structure adjacent to the dashboard, the top frame on the front window, the top frame of the rear window and the part of the rear structure adjacent to the rear window. They may be fixed using adhesive. FIG. 3 shows how the strengthening member 1 can provide additional protection in cases of collision with large objects. A collision, even at normal speeds, with an object which is high or large enough to impact the windscreen can result in severe damage to the vehicle and danger to the passengers. For example, the entire roof section may be torn from the vehicle. This kind of hazard can be produced in forested or isolated areas for example, by a large mammal, in the case of FIG. 3 , a moose. It can be seen that in a collision, the animal would contact the windscreen but damage to the vehicle and hazard to the passengers will be minimized by the additional strength given to the windscreen by the strengthening member. FIGS. 4-7 show various embodiments of strengthening member 1 . FIG. 4 shows a strengthening member which is substantially the same as shown in FIG. 1 . FIG. 5 shows a similar structure but the upper part of the Y is solid, rather than comprising two separate arms. It is not necessary to have two separate arms if the main part of the strengthening member 2 is sufficiently strong, and a single rib 8 may be used as shown in FIG. 6 . Alternatively, a pair of substantially parallel ribs 12 may be used as shown in FIG. 11 . Similar structures may be adopted for the third section 6 . Alternatively, a pair of substantially parallel ribs 9 may be used as shown in FIG. 7 . Similar structures may be adopted for the third section 6 . The whole windscreen frame can be manufactured all in one piece from any composite material. The integral structure may comprise any or all of the strengthening member, a pillars and Instrument Panel-beam (IP-beam). The instrument panel and dashboard can thus be integrated only requiring padded interior finish to comply with cushioning shock-absorption directives or feasible design finish preferences. Such one piece production is considered feasible for a balanced blend of composite materials, as a one piece design may facilitate integrity of strength, and be cost efficient with economy of scale aspects saving assembly time, material consumption and logistics. FIG. 8 shows a strengthening structure substantially as shown in FIG. 1 but in which the strengthening members 2 , 3 and 6 are constructed separately and subsequently joined together. They may be joined by any suitable means, for example mechanical connections such as bolts, fitted joints or by adhesive or by welding. FIGS. 9-14 show how different embodiments of the strengthening member of the invention may be provided for various different types of vehicle. Each of the drawings in FIGS. 10-14 also show optional additional strengthening members extending from the chassis of the vehicle to the roof structure for additional crush resistance. FIG. 9 shows a soft-top vehicle in which there is only a strengthening member 10 , adjacent the windscreen. All the other vehicles shown in FIGS. 10-14 have hard tops and each comprises a strengthening structure which extends continuously from the front structure to the rear structure, providing support for all of the front windscreen, roof structure and rear windscreen. FIG. 15 shows the field of view of a driver in a vehicle fitted with a strengthening member according to the present invention. The vehicle shown is a left hand drive type of vehicle. It can be seen that the field of view is still very wide to the driver's right. In fact, the angle of the driver, α, which is restricted in practice by the a-pillar of the vehicle is smaller than the angle β. In FIG. 16 , the strengthening member 12 comprises a solid filament of transparent material. It can be seen that, along its front edge 13 , it does not abut the windscreen 15 directly. It abuts the windscreen 15 in the section 14 , at the top providing direct support for the windscreen. In practice, it is preferably adhered to the windscreen using conventional high strength adhesive. The lower edge 16 it is fixed to the structure underlying the dashboard. FIG. 17 shows a different embodiment of the strengthening member 17 which comprises an additional strut 18 which projects rearwardly and contacts the dashboard. FIG. 18 shows similar design of strengthening member 19 which comprises a lightening hole 20 in a position in which it will not substantially reduce the strength of the structure. FIG. 19 shows a different design in which a thin filament 21 underlies the top part windscreen, providing support, whilst a substantially vertical section 22 extends upwardly towards the roof providing strong additional support for the roof against rollover roof crush. FIG. 17 shows an embodiment in which a solid structure 23 is provided with a plurality of lightening holes 26 . FIG. 18 shows a different embodiment 26 in which the lightening holes 25 are of a different shape. FIG. 22 is sketch isometric view of a particularly preferred embodiment of strengthening member 27 for use adjacent to the front windscreen of a vehicle. It is also an embodiment of a strengthening member according to the third aspect of the invention. It comprises a first longitudinally extending member 28 which is swept back at an angle corresponding to the angle of the windscreen of the vehicle to which it is to be fitted. There are a pair of second longitudinally extending units 29 and 30 , which are swept back at the same or substantially the same angle as the first member 28 . They are joined to the first member by struts 31 at the bottom and 32 near the top. The struts 31 and 32 are not horizontal, to minimise visual intrusion. The longitudinally extending members 28 , 29 and 30 join a pair of a v-shaped mounting members 33 and 34 which are for engaging the structure of the vehicle above the windscreen (or the top of the windscreen) and the structure of the vehicle below the windscreen respectively. The top of the v-shaped member 34 is shown hatched to indicate an area where adhesive may be applied to form a bond with the top structure of the vehicle. Alternatively, mechanical connections such as screws and bolts may be used. Similar connecting means may be used in the lower v-shaped part 33 . Members 28 , 29 and 30 have more than 65 mm open space between them. Members 28 , 29 and 30 are narrower than 65 mm, preferably narrower than 55 mm or 50 mm in the horizontal plane when seen from the drivers' position, and more preferably less than 40 mm. The struts 31 and 32 at their narrowest are narrower than 65 mm and preferably narrower than 50 mm. This lattice design can be cut and folded from one sheet of material into the final shape. Laser-cutting, hydro-forming, welding if required, or any manufacturing technique may be used. Honeycomb sandwich structure composite materials of any nature may be used depending on strength/cost requirements (Steel/titanium/Kevlar/Kevlar/plexi/reinforced polyamide 66/Glassfibre-reinforced PP, or any new alloy). The width of each of the longitudinally extending members 28 , 29 and 30 and the struts 32 , 31 presented to the driver does not exceed more than 50% of the minimum normal eye spacing of drivers, being not less than about 3 cm. All of the members are tilted so that they do not form an obstruction to seeing horizontally extending objects. Many objects on the road are either generally vertically extending, such as cyclists, the sides of vehicles, roadside furniture, or horizontally extending for example the super structure of many vehicles. FIG. 23 shows how the obstruction of the driver's field of view is minimised by the structure of FIG. 22 . The structure 27 is located adjacent to the front windscreen 36 located approximately 1 m from the driver 37 . The width W of the longitudinally extending numbers of the structure 27 presented to the driver are less than 3 cm, so that the area (shown cross hatched) which is not visible to either eye of the driver 37 is minimised. It can be seen that the area which is not visible to the driver extends for a distance of approximately 1 m from the structure. As this distance is less than the normal distance to the front bumper of the vehicle, it is clear that no object which is on the road will be obscured. FIG. 23 also shows that the a-pillar 38 may be constructed using a similar structure to that shown in FIG. 22 so that the obstruction of vision by the a-pillar is minimised as well Each a-pillar 38 is most preferably constructed so that it comprises a first longitudinally extending member which is swept back at an angle corresponding to the angle of the windscreen of the vehicle to which it is to be fitted. There may be one or two second longitudinally extending units which are swept back at the same or substantially the same angle as the first member 28 . They are joined to the first member by struts at the bottom and near the top. The struts are not horizontal. The longitudinally extending members have more than 65 mm open space between them. The longitudinally extending members are narrower than 65 mm, preferably narrower than 50 mm in the horizontal plane width when seen from the drivers' position, or more preferably less than 40 mm. As for the strengthening member 27 , the a-pillar can be cut and folded from one sheet of material into the final shape. Laser-cutting, hydro-forming, welding if required, or any manufacturing technique may be used. The whole area of the drivers field of vision subtended by the a-pillar 38 is shown at 39 . It can be seen that this comprises a central area, lightly hatched, 40 which in practice will be visible to the driver using the design according to FIG. 22 . This area would not be visible using a conventional design of a-pillar. The area, deeply hatched, not visible is clearly very small and does not extend for a significant distance beyond the a-pillar. As can be seen in FIG. 23 , the relative positions of linearly extending structural units of each of the a-pillars and the strengthening member are adjusted so that at least two line up in the filed of vision to thereby minimise obstruction of the field of view of the driver. As a result, the arrangement is not symmetrical. The structural units of the strengthening member 27 and the a-pillars 38 are aligned asymmetrically with respect to the centre line of the vehicle, so that they align with the driver's filed of vision to minimise visual impact The windscreen 36 is made so wide as to be directly adjacent to the side-windows of the doors, when seen from the exterior (wider than most standard cars made in 2005). Member 38 on the right side of the vehicle, and member 38 on the left side of the vehicle are each bonded to the windscreen which leaves member 27 with some space to the windscreen in order to benefit from the laminated windscreens inherent shock cushioning properties in the event of collisions for example, with pedestrians. In the a-pillars 38 , one or two of the longitudinally extending members are bonded to the windscreen, the others being spaced from it to provide a shock absorbing capacity. FIG. 24 shows a schematic side view of a vehicle comprising a plurality of strengthening members. There is a strengthening member 41 according to the present invention adjacent the windscreen and an additional strengthening member 42 adjacent the roof. The a-pillar 43 is constructed with spaces in it, shown in FIG. 22 to enhance the view forward and to the side as described above. The b-pillars 45 , c-pillars 44 and the rear structure 46 are formed in a conventional manner. However, the inventor has realised that all of these structures may be made of light material with spaces in the structure to enhance the view all round as shown in FIG. 25 . Here there is a strengthening member 47 according to the invention adjacent to the front windscreen, a strengthening member 48 adjacent the roof, a strengthening member 49 adjacent the rear windscreen and perforated structures 50 , 51 and 52 defining the a-, b-, and c-pillars. This creates a very open “cage” through which the driver obtains a clear all round view. FIGS. 26A and 26B show further views of a vehicle incorporating a strengthening member according to FIG. 22 and a-pillars constructed according to the same principles as the structure shown in FIG. 22 . FIGS. 27 and 28 show views of vehicles corresponding to FIGS. 24-25 further incorporating a rear mounted aerofoil 53 . The rear mounted aerofoil 53 also defines the rear bumper structure. Conventional materials for the rear bumper structure may be provided. However, an upper surface 53 A of the rear mounted aerofoil is configured so that it is spaced from a surface 53 B of the vehicle, to define an airflow passage. This airflow passage is configured so that air flowing under the vehicle is deflected over the top surface of the rear mounted aerofoil. The passage is configured so that a down force may be generated, for pushing the rear of the vehicle more firmly in contact with the road. This can be beneficial for steering and braking. A dotted line 53 C shows the extended position of a shutter. This shutter may have a first position (not shown) in which it is stored, for example behind the rear wheels of the vehicle, and a second position in which it extends across the opening to the airflow passage formed between the surfaces 53 A and 53 B. In this way, airflow over the top of the aerofoil can be prevented. This allows drag created by the aerofoil to be minimised in conditions where the additional down force on the rear of the vehicle is not required. The shutter may be divided along the centre line of the vehicle into left and right portions. In a first mode, the left and right portions may be operated together to enhance breaking. In a second control mode, the left and right portions may be independently operable to enhance load on one side of the vehicle, on the inside of a curve during cornering, to improve road holding. FIGS. 29A-29C show how a strengthening member according to the second aspect of the invention can be moved from a first, storage position adjacent the roof 54 of a vehicle, to a position inside the windscreen 55 of the vehicle when operating means for moving the movable strengthening member 56 are activated. Further details are provided in FIGS. 31-34 , which show how the strengthening member 56 slides a long curved path from a storage position adjacent a strengthening member 57 which is adjacent the roof, to a second position in which it lies behind the windscreen 55 and extends between the front structure of the vehicle below the windscreen and the front structure of the vehicle above the windscreen, thereby providing a firmly anchored reinforcement behind the windscreen. FIG. 29A and FIG. 29B can also be descriptive of a static strengthening member according to the first aspect of the invention where the central Alpha-pillar is not entirely connected all the way from the upper windscreen-frame to the lower windscreen-frame/dashboard/instrument-panel-pillar. The strengthening member can have structural and deflective safety properties while having an opening, or a partial opening, at some area in front of or below the typical position of the interior rear-view-mirror. FIG. 30 shows how an internal fixed engagement structure 58 can be provided which, in the second position engages the bottom of the strengthening member at the point 59 so that a strong resilient structure is provided. For example, the strengthening member may abut the engagement structure or lock into it. FIGS. 35-37 show an embodiment of the second aspect of the invention in which a large object such as a moose 59 is detected by a sensor 60 mounted in the vehicle, so that a moving means described below is actuated. The detection may be for example by short range radar or by a thermal detecting system which is configured to be able to identify the infrared emission of a mammal. The detector may be configured to distinguish the infrared emission of for example an exhaust pipe which is as a relatively high temperature from that of a mammal which is at normal body temperature. When the object 59 is detected, the bonnet 61 of the car is raised to provide a deflecting structure. However, it is not raised so high that it will interfere with the line of vision of the driver. The windscreen still has to be protected. The windscreen is protected in this case by a further strengthening member 62 which is stored underneath the bonnet 61 in a storage position and which is moved by the moving means to the position shown in FIG. 36 when the object is detected. The top view shown in FIG. 37 shows that the strengthening member 62 comprises a grid of longitudinal members which are parallel to the direction of motion of the car and horizontal members 63 which are transverse to the direction movement of the car. This forms a form of grid across the windscreen for protecting the whole of the windscreen from impact. A strengthening member 64 according to the first aspect of the invention and extending from the front of the vehicle to the rear of the vehicle is provided to provide a further support which the reinforcing member 62 can engage. FIGS. 38A-38C show a further embodiment of strengthening member according to the second aspect of the invention. The vehicle is shown rolling from a critical position in FIG. 38A at which a sensor can detect that rollover is inevitable. When this condition is detected, operating means in the form of springs (not shown) are activated to move a strengthening member 65 comprising a plurality of strengthening member units 66 from a storage position in which the sections are stored adjacent the a pillars and the roof of the vehicle. FIG. 38 shows an intermediate position during the movement of the strengthening member units 66 and FIG. 38C shows the strengthening member in the final position. Engagement members can be provided for example on the roof structure at the points 67 and on the structure in front of the windscreen at the points 68 which are configured so that they engage the strengthening member 65 when it is in the final position so that it will lock into position. There may be a simple arrangement whereby a part of the strengthening member moves into a position in which it physically engages the engagement member, movement of the strengthening member with respect to the engagement member in the direction of impact being prevented by simple obstruction. It can be seen that the strengthening member shown in FIGS. 38 A-C comprises a fixed structure 69 in which the telescopic central strengthening member unit 70 is stored. As this is at the top of the windscreen, it does not interfere with the normal vision of the driver. FIG. 39 shows a corresponding design, except that there is no central telescopic member unit 70 . FIGS. 40A-40C , 41 A- 41 C, 42 A- 42 C, 43 A- 43 C, 44 A- 44 C, 45 A- 45 C, 46 A- 46 C, 47 A, 47 C, 48 A, 48 C, 49 A, 49 C, 50 A- 50 C, 51 A- 51 C, 52 A- 52 C, 53 A- 53 C, 54 A- 54 C each show further embodiments of strengthening member according to the second aspect of the invention. In each case, the figure designated A shows the vehicle at an angle at which a sensor will detect that rollover is inevitable. At this point, operating means (not shown) which may be the form of a motor, spring loaded drive or any other suitable means, moves a strengthening member. In the position shown in the figure designated C, the strengthening member locks into position adjacent engaging members, which are not shown in detail, to provide a strong support. In FIG. 40C , the strengthening member comprises a rigid bar 71 which draws a flexible see-through mesh 72 across the front windscreen, through which the driver can see but which will arrest broken glass and other debris which might strike the driver. In FIG. 41C , the strengthening member is provided by strengthening member units which are in the form of articulated arms with sliding pivots 74 which move from a storage position adjacent the edges of the windscreen to a second position shown in FIG. 41C in which they lock into position behind the windscreen. The sliding pivots 74 may form a toggle lock so that the strengthening member 73 is held rigidly in the position shown FIG. 41C . In FIG. 42C , it can be seen that the strengthening member comprises strengthening member units which slide from storage positions adjacent the screen to define a grid extending across parts of the screen, through which the driver can still see. Similarly, in FIG. 43C the strengthening member comprises a number of units which extend, slide or pivot into position. Similar comments apply to the remaining embodiments. In FIGS. 55-57 , various further types of strengthening member are shown. FIG. 58 shows how a plurality of strengthening member units 75 can be provided which pivot upwards from a storage position adjacent the lower edge of a windscreen to a second position in which they lie adjacent to the windscreen. FIG. 59 shows in more detail a strengthening member according to the second aspect of the invention. The strengthening member is comprised of a number of strengthening member units. There are two linearly extending strengthening member units 76 which are mounted in telescopically loaded mountings 77 . In the storage position (not shown) the strengthening member units 76 do not extend beyond the lower edge of the windscreen and are not visible to the driver. When an impact, approaching object or rollover condition is detected, the strengthening members are released and moved, under the influence of the springs to the second position in which they come to rest in corners of the windscreen where they engage against parts of the frame in which the windscreen is held so that movement of the extended strengthening member units into the vehicle is prevented. There is a further strengthening member unit 78 which comprises a three component telescopically extending unit. In the storage position (not shown) it is mounted in a spring load storage means 79 . When a crash, approaching object or rollover is detected, the strengthening member unit 78 is released and, under influence of the spring, extends upwardly until it engages a structure 79 which holds it so that movement back into the passenger compartment is prevented. In this way, a strong structure is established across most of the windscreen. In FIG. 60 , a strengthening member is shown which comprises two strengthening member units 80 . Each strengthening member unit 80 comprises an arm having two arm sections 81 , 82 which are hinged in the middle at a hinge 83 . The free end of each arm 82 is pivoted adjacent a lower edge of the windscreen at 84 . The free end of the other arm 81 is mounted on a slider 85 . The slider is acted against by a spring 86 . The spring is held in a spring housing 87 which itself is pivoted at the bottom 88 . In the storage position (not shown) each slider 85 is held near the base of the unit 87 so that the spring 86 is tightly compressed. In this position, each arm 82 comes to rest adjacent the lower edge of the windscreen but not visible to the driver. When an impact, rollover or approaching object is detected, an actuator releases each slide 85 so that it moves very quickly along the unit 87 to the top, raising each arm 82 and 81 so that a brace structure is formed adjacent the windscreen for resisting impacts. In the second position, the top parts of the arms 82 each come to rest in engaging means 89 which hold them so that movement in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle is resisted. FIG. 61 shows a further embodiment of strengthening member according to the second aspect of the invention. In this case, pivoting strengthening members 90 are moved from a first position in which they lie adjacent to the front windscreen but below the level thereof, upwards to a second, reinforcing position by operating means in the form of a common spring 91 . FIG. 62 shows a variation of this design in which the pivot points 92 of pivoting strengthening members 93 are located further apart than shown in FIG. 61 . FIGS. 63-74 show various embodiments of strengthening member according to the first aspect of the invention, mounted in a racing car. In each case, a fixed strengthening member is mounted in front of the driver and is configured so that it will not substantially interfere with the field of vision of the driver. Further, it is mounted in each case so that it does not substantially interfere with airflow entering the intake for the engine/cooler at the rear of the vehicle. FIGS. 63,64 and 65 show various views of a first embodiment, in which a narrow, longitudinally extending web at the front of the member protects the driver from impact from objects to the front. It is supported at the rear by narrow lateral members 95 . FIGS. 66,67 and 67 show views from different directions of a second embodiment of reinforcing member according to the first aspect of the invention applied to a racing car. It simply comprises an upstanding strengthening member 96 extending from front to rear of the vehicle. A lightening hole 97 is formed at the bottom to reduce the weight while allowing a strong, arched structure to be formed. FIGS. 69 and 70 show a further embodiment of strengthening member 97 which is similar to that shown in FIGS. 63-65 . Similarly, FIGS. 71 and 72 show a fourth embodiment of strengthening member 98 which is similar to that shown in FIGS. 63-65 . The strengthening members of FIGS. 63, 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 and 68 may be made static, according to the first aspect of the invention and as seen in the drawings, or as an active pop-out dynamic system according to the second aspect of the invention. They may be pre-tensioned, or activated by other means. They may be triggered by ITS micro chipped sensor systems similar to all systems for FIG. 29 through to FIG. 62 . FIGS. 73 and 74 show a strengthening member which has two forwardly mounted strengthening member units 99 which are connected at the rear to a lateral arch member 100 . Strengthening members and strengthening structures described individually above may be combined in any suitable configurations in a vehicle. For example, a dynamic pop-out protective curtain as shown in FIGS. 40A, 40B and 40 C may be used in combination with the strengthening member of FIGS. 26A and 26B . They may be used in combination with air-bags on the outside and/or inside of the windscreen. The present invention has been described above by way of example only and modification can be made within the invention, which extends to equivalents of the features described. The invention also consists in any individual features described or implicit herein or shown or implicit in the drawings or any combination of any such features or any generalisation of any such features or combinations. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="tail"?

20070226

20090224

20070823

81087.0

B60J100

CHENEVERT, PAUL A

VEHICLE AND A STRENGTHENING MEMBER FOR A VEHICLE

MICRO

ACCEPTED

B60J

ACCEPTED

Tire Deformation Calculating Method And Tire Deformation Calculating Apparatus

A deformation of a rotating tire on a road surface is calculated the following. At first, time series data of acceleration extracted from measurement data of acceleration corresponding to one round of tire rotation is subjected to a time integration of second order to obtain displacement data so as to calculate the deformation at the tread portion. The time series data of acceleration and the displacement data in the non-contact region excluding a road surface contact region on the tire circumference at the tread portion are respectively approximated to calculate a first and a second approximation curves. The two approximation curves are subtracted respectively from the time series data of acceleration and the calculated displacement data, thereby extracting time series data of acceleration due to tire deformation and obtaining the deformation at the tread portion.

1. A tire deformation calculating method for calculating a deformation of a tire which is rotating on a road surface, the method comprising: an acquiring step for acquiring measurement data of acceleration at a predetermined portion of the rotating tire for a duration corresponding to at least one round of tire rotation; a signal processing step for extracting, from the acquired measurement data of acceleration, time series data of acceleration due to tire deformation; and a deformation calculating step for subjecting the time series data of acceleration due to tire deformation to a time integration of second order to obtain displacement data so as to calculate the deformation at the predetermined portion of the tire. 2. The tire deformation calculating method according to claim 1, wherein in the acquiring step the acceleration at a tread portion of the tire is acquired, and in the deformation calculating step the deformation at the tread portion of the tire is calculated. 3. The tire deformation calculating method according to claim 2, wherein: a region on the tire circumference at the tire tread portion is divided into a first region including a contact region in contact with the road surface, and a second region including other than the first region; in the signal processing step the measurement data of acceleration in the second region is approximated to calculate a first approximation curve defined on the first and second regions, and subtracts the first approximation curve from a waveform of the acceleration acquired in the acquiring step to extract time series data of acceleration due to tire deformation in the first and second regions; on the other hand, a region on the tire circumference at the tire tread portion is divided into a third region including a contact region in contact with the road surface, and a fourth region including other than the third region; and the deformation calculating step approximates the displacement data in the fourth region to calculate a second approximation curve defined on the third and fourth regions, and subtracts the second approximation curve from a waveform of the displacement data so as to calculate the deformation of the tire. 4. The tire deformation calculating method according to claim 3, wherein the first approximation curve is obtained by providing a plurality of nodes in the second region, and by approximating the measurement data of acceleration in the first region in addition to the second region. 5. The tire deformation calculating method according to claim 3, wherein the first approximation curve is calculated by applying weighting coefficients to the time series data of acceleration in the first region and to the time series data of acceleration in the second region; and a greater weighting coefficient is applied to the time series data of acceleration in the second region than a weighting coefficient applied to the time series data of acceleration in the first region to approximate the time series data of acceleration in the first and second regions. 6. The tire deformation calculating method according to claim 3, wherein the second region has an angle in a circumferential direction of at least 60 degree in an absolute value, the angle defined relative to a center position of the contact region of the tire. 7. The tire deformation calculating method according to claim 3, wherein the second approximation curve is obtained by providing a plurality of nodes in the fourth region, and by approximating the displacement data in the third region in addition to the fourth region. 8. The tire deformation calculating method according to claim 3, wherein the second approximation curve is calculated using a least squares method by applying weighting coefficients to the displacement data in the third region and to the displacement data in the fourth region, and a greater weighting coefficient is applied to the displacement data in the fourth region than a weighting coefficient applied to the displacement data in the third region to approximate the displacement data in the third and fourth regions. 9. The tire deformation calculating method according to claim 2, wherein the measurement data of acceleration is acquired by an acceleration sensor that is arranged in the tire tread portion. 10. The tire deformation calculating method according to claim 1, wherein the measurement data of acceleration is at least one of acceleration data in a radial direction perpendicular to a circumferential direction of the tire, acceleration data in the circumferential direction of the tire, and acceleration data in a width direction of the tire. 11. The tire deformation calculating method according to claim 1, wherein the measurement data of acceleration includes the acceleration data in a radial direction perpendicular to a circumferential direction of the tire, or includes, in addition to the acceleration data in the radial direction, the acceleration data in the circumferential direction of the tire; the deformation of the tire is the deformation at the tread portion of the tire in the radial and circumferential directions, or the deformation in the radial direction; and from the deformation, the contact length of the tire during rotation is calculated. 12. The tire deformation calculating method according to claim 11, wherein if the measurement data of acceleration is the acceleration data in the radial direction perpendicular to the circumferential direction of the tire, the contact length is calculated by determining two positions at which the time series data of acceleration due to tire deformation crosses an acceleration of 0, and by using the two positions as positions corresponding to a leading edge and a trailing edge of the contact region of the tire. 13. The tire deformation calculating method according to claim 12, wherein the time series data of acceleration due to tire deformation to be used for calculating the contact length is obtained by subjecting the deformation calculated in the deformation calculating step to a differentiation of second order with respect to time. 14. The tire deformation calculating method according to claim 11, wherein the contact length is calculated by obtaining a deformation shape of the tire from the displacement data obtained in the deformation calculating step and by assuming positions at which the deformation shape crosses a line which is a certain distance away from a lowest point of the tire toward upward direction of the tire as a leading edge and a trailing edge of the contact region of the tire. 15. A tire deformation calculating apparatus for calculating a deformation of a tire which is rotating on a road surface, the apparatus comprising: an acquiring unit for acquiring measurement data of acceleration at a predetermined portion of the rotating tire for a duration corresponding to at least one round of tire rotation; a signal processing unit for extracting, from the acquired measurement data of acceleration, time series data of acceleration due to tire deformation; and a deformation calculating unit for subjecting the time series data of acceleration due to tire deformation to a time integration of second order to obtain displacement data so as to calculate the deformation at the predetermined portion of the tire.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a tire deformation calculating method and a tire deformation calculating apparatus that calculate a deformation on a tire circumference at a predetermined portion of a tire which is rotating on a road surface by using measurement data of acceleration acquired by an acceleration sensor or other suitable devices provided on the predetermined portion of the tire. In particular, the present invention relates to a tire deformation calculating method and a tire deformation calculating apparatus that calculate a deformation on a tire circumference at a tread portion of a tire which is rotating on a road surface by using measurement data of acceleration acquired by an acceleration sensor or other suitable devices provided on the tread portion of the tire. BACKGROUND ART Conventionally, finite element models have been used to simulate a rotating tire, in order to acquire a contact length or distribution of deformation (deformation shape) on a tire circumference at a tread portion of the tire. In such acquiring methods, however, because of the time required for preparing finite element models as well as required for simulation computing, it has been difficult to obtain the deformation shape of the tread portion or the contact length in a short period of time. For this reason, the contact length and the deformation shape of a stationary tire has been used as substitutes for those of a rotating tire. However, in consideration that the deformation shape on the tire circumference affects the contact length and the contact region contour, and therefore has a significant effect on the tire performance, there has been a need for acquiring the contact length and the deformation shape that are measured with the rotating tire in order to determine the tire performance accurately. The following Patent Documents 1 to 3 disclose, for instance, a method in which an acceleration sensor is attached to a tire to acquire measurement data of acceleration of the tire during rotation, and from the acquired measurement data, power spectrums and vibration spectrums are obtained to estimate the status of the road during the tire rotation, and a method in which a timing at which a tread portion is in contact with a road surface is determined from measurement data of acceleration in a radial direction. However, any one of the Patent Documents 1 to 3 does not allow the deformation shape and the contact length of a rotating tire to be calculated from the measurement data of acceleration, though it is possible to estimate the status of the road surface using the measurement data. Patent Document 1: JP 2002-340863 A Patent Document 2: JP 2003-182476 A Patent Document 3: JP 2002-511812 A DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention In view of the above problems, the present invention has an object to provide a tire deformation calculating method and a tire deformation calculating apparatus that calculate a deformation of a tire which is rotating on a road surface by using measurement data of acceleration at a predetermined position on the tire, and in particular, to provide a tire deformation calculating method and a tire deformation calculating apparatus that calculate a deformation of a tire which is rotating on a road surface by using measurement data of acceleration at a tread portion of the tire. Means to Solve the Problems To solve the above problems, the present invention provides a tire deformation calculating method for calculating a deformation of a tire which is rotating on a road surface, the method comprising: an acquiring step for acquiring measurement data of acceleration at a predetermined portion of the rotating tire for a duration corresponding to at least one round of tire rotation; a signal processing step for extracting, from the acquired measurement data of acceleration, time series data of acceleration due to tire deformation; and a deformation calculating step for subjecting the time series data of acceleration due to tire deformation to a time integration of second order to obtain displacement data so as to calculate the deformation at the predetermined portion of the tire. Then, in the acquiring step, for example, the acceleration at a tread portion of the tire is acquired, and in the deformation calculating step, the deformation at the tread portion of the tire is calculated. Then, a region on the tire circumference at the tire tread portion is divided into a first region including a contact region in contact with the road surface, and a second region including other than the first region; in the signal processing step the measurement data of acceleration in the second region is approximated to calculate a first approximation curve defined on the first and second regions, and subtracts the first approximation curve from a waveform of the acceleration acquired in the acquiring step to extract time series data of acceleration due to tire deformation in the first and second regions. On the other hand, a region on the tire circumference at the tire tread portion is divided into a third region including a contact region in contact with the road surface, and a fourth region including other than the third region; and the deformation calculating step approximates the displacement data in the fourth region to calculate a second approximation curve defined on the third and fourth regions, and subtracts the second approximation curve from a waveform of the displacement data so as to calculate the deformation of the tire. Moreover, by subjecting the obtained data of the deformation of the tire to a differentiation of second order with respect to time, time series data of acceleration corresponding to deformation of the tire, that is, more accurate and noise-free time series data of acceleration due to tire deformation can be obtained. The first approximation curve is preferably obtained by providing a plurality of nodes in the second region, and by approximating the measurement data of acceleration in the first region in addition to the second region. More preferably, the first approximation curve is calculated by applying weighting coefficients to the time series data of acceleration in the first region and to the time series data of acceleration in the second region; and a greater weighting coefficient is applied to the time series data of acceleration in the second region than a weighting coefficient applied to the time series data of acceleration in the first region to approximate the time series data of acceleration in the first and second regions. Preferably, the second region has an angle in a circumferential direction of at least 60 degree in an absolute value, the angle defined relative to a center position of the contact region of the tire. Preferably, the second approximation curve is obtained by providing a plurality of nodes in the fourth region, and by approximating the displacement data in the third region in addition to the fourth region. More preferably, the second approximation curve is calculated using a least squares method by applying weighting coefficients to the displacement data in the third region and to the displacement data in the fourth region, and a greater weighting coefficient is applied to the displacement data in the fourth region than a weighting coefficient applied to the displacement data in the third region to approximate the displacement data in the third and fourth regions. The measurement data of acceleration is acquired, for example, by an acceleration sensor that is arranged in the tire tread portion. The measurement data of acceleration is preferably at least one of acceleration data in a radial direction perpendicular to a circumferential direction of the tire, acceleration data in the circumferential direction of the tire, and acceleration data in a width direction of the tire. Preferably, the measurement data of acceleration includes the acceleration data in a radial direction perpendicular to a circumferential direction of the tire, or includes, in addition to the acceleration data in the radial direction, the acceleration data in the circumferential direction of the tire; the deformation of the tire is the deformation at the tread portion of the tire in the radial and circumferential directions, or the deformation in the radial direction; and from the deformation, the contact length of the tire during rotation is calculated. In the tire deformation calculating method, if the measurement data of acceleration is the acceleration data in the radial direction perpendicular to the circumferential direction of the tire, the contact length is preferably calculated by determining two positions at which the time series data of acceleration due to tire deformation crosses an acceleration of 0, and by using the two positions as positions corresponding to a leading edge and a trailing edge of the contact region of the tire. Specifically, the time series data of acceleration due to tire deformation to be used for calculating the contact length is preferably obtained by subjecting the deformation calculated in the deformation calculating step to a differentiation of second order with respect to time. Alternatively, the contact length is preferably calculated by obtaining a deformation shape of the tire from the displacement data obtained in the deformation calculating step and by assuming positions at which the deformation shape crosses a line which is a certain distance away from a lowest point of the tire toward upward direction of the tire as a leading edge and a trailing edge of the contact region of the tire. The invention also provides a tire deformation calculating apparatus for calculating a deformation of a tire which is rotating on a road surface, the apparatus comprising: an acquiring unit for acquiring measurement data of acceleration at a predetermined portion of the rotating tire for a duration corresponding to at least one round of tire rotation; a signal processing unit for extracting, from the acquired measurement data of acceleration, time series data of acceleration due to tire deformation; and a deformation calculating unit for subjecting the time series data of acceleration due to tire deformation to a time integration of second order to obtain displacement data so as to calculate the deformation at the predetermined portion of the tire. EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION The present invention enables calculation of a deformation of a tire that is rotating on a road surface by using measurement data of acceleration obtained at a predetermined portion, for example, at a tread portion. Particularly, if the predetermined portion of the tire is the tread portion, a region on a tire circumference at the tire tread portion is divided into a first region including a contact region in contact with the road surface, and a second region including other than the first region, and by approximating the measurement data of acceleration in the second region, a first approximation curve defined in the first and second regions is calculated. Accordingly, background components including acceleration components of the centrifugal force (centripetal force) due to rotation of the tire and acceleration components of the gravitational force can be effectively obtained. In particular, since the first approximation curve is calculated through approximation of the time series data of acceleration in the first and second regions by providing a plurality of nodes in the second region and since the first approximation curve is calculated by applying a greater weighting coefficient to the time series of acceleration in the second region than a weighting coefficient applied to the time series data in the first region, the background components can be obtained with higher accuracy. In addition, a region on a tire circumference at the tire tread portion is divided into a third region including a contact region in contact with the road surface, and a fourth region including other than the third region and by approximating displacement data in the fourth region, a second approximation curve defined in the third and fourth regions is calculated. The background components can thereby be obtained in such a manner that the deformation of the tire cyclically changes with the rotation of the tire. In particular, since the second approximation curve is calculated through approximation of the displacement data in the third and fourth regions by providing a plurality of nodes in the fourth region, and since the second approximation curve is calculated by applying a greater weighting coefficient to the time series data of acceleration in the fourth region than a weighting coefficient applied to the time series data of acceleration in the third region, the background components can be obtained with higher accuracy. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an example of a tire deformation calculating apparatus implementing a tire deformation calculating method of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing the steps of the tire deformation calculating method according to the present invention. FIGS. 3A to 3D are graphs each showing a signal waveform obtained by the tire deformation calculating method according to the present invention. FIGS. 4A to 4C are graphs each showing a signal waveform obtained by the tire deformation calculating method of the present invention. FIGS. 5A and 5B are explanatory charts illustrating a method of calculating a contact length using the tire deformation calculating method of the present invention. FIG. 6 shows an example of a contact length calculated by the tire deformation calculating method of the present invention. FIGS. 7A and 7B show tire deformation shapes obtained by the tire deformation calculating method of the present invention. FIGS. 8A and 8B show deformation in the circumferential direction and in the width direction of the tire obtained by the tire deformation calculating method of the present invention. LEGEND 1 tire 2 acceleration sensor 3 receiver 4 amplifier 10 tire deformation calculating apparatus 12 data acquiring unit 14 signal processing unit 16 deformation calculating unit 18 data output unit 20 memory 22 CPU 24 display BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Hereinafter, the tire deformation calculating method and the tire deformation calculating apparatus according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments shown in the attached drawings. FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a structure of an embodiment of the tire deformation calculating apparatus according to the present invention that implements the tire deformation calculating method according to the present invention. The embodiment described below uses the measurement data of acceleration which is measured on an inner circumference surface at a tread portion of a tire. However, in the practice of the present invention, the measurement data of acceleration to be used is not limited to that obtained at the tread portion. The measurement data of acceleration may be those obtained inside the tread portion, at the belt portion, at the side portion or the like. A tire deformation calculating apparatus 10 shown in FIG. 1 is employed as an apparatus for calculating a deformation of a tire 1 by using measurement data of acceleration obtained at a tread portion of the tire 1. The acceleration at the tread portion of the tire 1 is the measurement data of acceleration that has been detected by an acceleration sensor 2 fixed on an inner circumference surface in a tire cavity region inside the tire and amplified by an amplifier 4. The measurement data acquired by the acceleration sensor 2 is the data that has been transmitted by a transmitter (not-shown) provided on the rotating tire to a receiver 3 and amplified by the amplifier 4. For example, a transmitter may be provided on a wheel assembled to the tire to transmit the measurement data from the acceleration sensor 2 to the receiver 3, or a transmitting function may be added to the acceleration sensor 2 so that the data is transmitted from the acceleration sensor 2 to the receiver 3. Alternatively, an amplifier and a transmitter may be both provided on the wheel and the data received by the receiver is supplied to the tire deformation calculating apparatus 10. The acceleration sensor 2 is exemplified by a semiconductor acceleration sensor, for example, disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-134727 (JP 2004-340616 A) filed by the present applicant. The semiconductor acceleration sensor includes, specifically, an Si wafer having a diaphragm formed inside the outer peripheral frame portion of the Si wafer, and a pedestal for fixing the outer peripheral frame portion of the Si wafer. A weight is provided at the center part of one surface of the diaphragm, and a plurality of piezoresistors are formed on the diaphragm. When acceleration is applied to this semiconductor acceleration sensor, the diaphragm is deformed to cause the resistance values of the piezoresistors to change. In order to detect such changes as acceleration information, a bridge circuit is formed. By fixing the acceleration sensor to the tire inner circumference surface, the acceleration applied to the tread portion during tire rotation can be measured. Other sensors that may be used as the acceleration sensor 2 include known acceleration pickups that use piezoelectric elements, and known distortion gage type acceleration pickups that incorporate distortion gages. The measurement data acquired by the acceleration sensor may be transmitted by a transmitter provided on the acceleration sensor. The tire deformation calculating apparatus 10, to which the measurement data of acceleration amplified by the amplifier 4 is supplied, has a data acquiring unit 12, a signal processing unit 14, a deformation calculating unit 16, and a data output unit 18. These units are configured by subroutines and subprograms executable on a computer. In other words, the above individual units are operated by execution of software on a computer that has a CPU 20 and a memory 22, thus forming the tire deformation calculating apparatus 10. Alternatively, instead of using a computer, the tire deformation calculating apparatus of the present invention may be configured as a dedicated apparatus in which functions of individual units are configured by a dedicated circuit. The data acquiring unit 12 is employed as a unit for acquiring, as input data, measurement data of acceleration for a duration corresponding to at least one tire circumference, amplified by the amplifier 4. The data supplied from the amplifier 4 is in a form of analog data which is then converted to digital data by sampling with a predetermined sampling frequency. The signal processing unit 14 is employed as a unit for extracting time series data of acceleration based on the tire deformation from the digitized measurement data of acceleration. The signal processing unit 14 carries out smoothing processing on the measurement data of acceleration and calculates an approximation curve to the smoothed signals so as to obtain a background component 1. The background component 1 is removed from the measurement data of acceleration that has been subjected to smooth processing, so that the time series data of acceleration based on the tire deformation is obtained. Specific processing will be described later. The deformation calculating unit 16 is employed as a unit for calculating deformation of the tire by subjecting the time series data of acceleration based on the tire deformation to time integration of second order to determine displacement data. The time series data of acceleration based on the tire deformation is subjected to integration of second order with respect to time. Then an approximation curve on the data obtained through integration of second order is calculated to determine a background component 2. The obtained background component 2 is removed from the displacement data obtained through integration of second order, so that the deformation of the tire is calculated. Further, the calculated data of deformation of the tire is then subjected to differentiation of second order with respect to time, so that data of acceleration corresponding to the tire deformation, that is, time series data of acceleration based on the tire deformation that does not include noise components is calculated. Specific processing will be described later. The data output unit 18 is employed as a unit for obtaining, as output data, a contact length and a deformation shape of the tire at the tread portion from the calculated tire deformation and the time series data of acceleration due to tire deformation. The obtained output data is sent to the display 24 and used in, such as, displaying a graph. FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing the steps of the tire deformation calculating method that are carried out in the tire deformation calculating apparatus 10 described above. FIGS. 3A to 3D and FIGS. 4A to 4C are graphs each showing an example of results obtained in the steps of the tire deformation calculating method. In the graphs, any of the results shown are those obtained by calculating the deformation in the radial direction at the tread portion of the tire from the measurement data of acceleration in the radial direction of the tire, among several kinds of measurement data obtainable by the acceleration sensor 2. It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the case in which deformation in the radial direction is calculated using the measurement data of acceleration in the radial direction of the tire. It is possible to obtain the deformation in the circumferential direction or in the width direction from the measurement data of acceleration in the circumferential direction or in the width direction of the tire. Further it is also possible to acquire two kinds of measurement data of acceleration both in the circumferential direction and in the width direction at the same time to calculate the deformation both in the circumferential direction and in the width direction at the same time. First, acceleration amplified by the amplifier 4 is supplied to the data acquiring unit 12 and is sampled with a predetermined sampling frequency to obtain digitized measurement data (step S100). Next, the acquired measurement data is then supplied to the signal processing unit 14 and is subjected to smoothing process with a filter (step S102). The measurement data supplied to the signal processing unit 14, as it contains many noise components as shown in FIG. 3 A, is then subjected to smoothing processing to provide smoothed data as shown in FIG. 3 B. The filters that may be used include, for example, digital filters that assume a certain frequency as a cut-off frequency. The cut-off frequency changes depending on rotation speeds or noise components. For example, if the rotation speed is 60(Km/h), the cut-off frequency is between 0.5 and 2 (kHz). Alternatively, instead of using the digital filters, moving average process, trend model process, and other suitable processes may be used as the smoothing processing. In the time series graphs shown in FIG. 3 B, the time axis is given in the horizontal axis and a position on the tire circumference is represented in θ (degree) in the horizontal axis. The position of θ (degree) on the tire circumference represents angle given relative to a point 0 (see FIG. 1) that is located opposite to the center position (θ=180 degree) of the contact patch of the tire. The position of θ (degree) on the tire circumference is obtainable by detecting a mark provided on the tire with mark detecting means (not shown) and assuming the relative positional relation between the circumferential position of the mark and the circumferential position of the acceleration sensor 2, allowing determination of the position of θ (degree) on the circumference of the rotating tire. Alternatively, the position of θ (degree) on the circumference of the rotating tire may be determined relative to the position of minimum values in the time series graph, which is assumed to be the center position (θ=180 degree) of the contact patch. In FIG. 3B, the center position of the contact patch corresponds to positions of θ=180 degree, 540 degree, and 900 degree. The FIG. 3B shows the measurement data of acceleration for a duration corresponding to approximately three rounds of tire rotation. Then, the background component 1 is calculated from the smoothed measurement data of acceleration (step S104). The background component 1 of the acceleration in the radial direction includes acceleration components of the centrifugal force (centripetal force) due to rotation of the tire and acceleration components of the gravitational force (note that these components are also included in the background component of the acceleration in the circumferential direction). In FIG. 3C, the waveform of the background component 1 is indicated with dotted lines. The background component 1 is obtained so as to approximate the measurement data of acceleration in the region (second region) on the circumference, that is defined by excluding angle ranges of equal to or greater than 0 degree and less than 90 degree in absolute values relative to the center position of the contact patch having a θ of 180 degree, 540 degree, and 900 degree. More specifically, the region of the tire circumference is divided into a first region including a contact region in contact with a road surface and a second region including other than the first region. The regions that are defined as the first region include a region having a θ of greater than 90 degree and less than 270 degree, a region having a θ of greater than 450 degree and less than 630 degree, and a region having a θ of greater than 810 degree and less than 980 degree. On the other hand, the regions that are defined as the second region include a region having a θ of equal to or greater than 0 degree and equal to or less than 90 degree and equal to or greater than 270 degree and equal to or less than 360 degree; a region having a θ of equal to or greater than 360 degree and equal to or less than 450 degree and equal to or greater than 630 degree and equal to or less than 720 degree; and a region having a θ of equal to or greater than 720 degree and equal to or less than 810 degree and equal to or greater than 980 degree and equal to or less than 1070 degree. The background component 1 is obtained by calculating a first approximation curve on the data in the first and the second regions by means of least squires method using a plurality of positions (θ, or time corresponding to θ) on the circumference in the second region as the nodes and using a predetermined function groups for example spline functions of third order. The nodes provide constraint conditions on the horizontal axis, that give local curvatures (jog) of the spline functions. In the example shown in FIG. 3B, the positions as indicated by “Δ” in FIG. 3B, that is, the positions of time where θ is 10 degree, 30 degree, 50 degree, 70 degree, 90 degree, 270 degree, 290 degree, 310 degree, 330 degree, 350 degree, 370 degree, 390 degree, 410 degree, 430 degree, 450 degree, 630 degree, 650 degree, 670 degree, 690 degree, 710 degree, 730 degree, 750 degree, 770 degree, 790 degree, 810 degree, 990 degree, 1010 degree, 1030 degree, 1050 degree, and 1070 degree are defined as the node positions. By carrying out function approximation on the data n in FIG. 3B with the spline functions of third-order having the above nodes, the approximation curve as indicated by dotted lines in FIG. 3C is calculated. In the function approximation, there are no nodes in the first regions, and only the plurality of nodes in the second regions are used, and in least squares method that is carried out in conjunction with the function approximation, weighting coefficients are used. In calculation, the weighting coefficients are set in such a manner that if the weighting coefficient for the second regions is set to 1, the weighting coefficient for the first regions is set to 0.01. The reason why the weighting coefficient for the first regions is smaller than the weighting coefficient for the second regions, and no nodes are set in the first regions in calculating the background component 1, as described above, is to calculate the first approximation curve from the measurement data of acceleration mainly in the second regions. In the second regions, the acceleration components of the rotating tire is dominated by the acceleration components of the centrifugal force (centripetal force) and the acceleration components of the gravitational force, because the deformation of the tread portion due to contact is small and changes smoothly on the circumference. In contrast, in the first regions, the deformation of the tread portion due to contact is big and changes rapidly. Accordingly, the change in the acceleration components due to contact deformation are greater than the change in the acceleration components of the centrifugal force (centripetal force) due to tire rotation and the acceleration components of the gravitational force. In other words, the measurement data of acceleration in the second regions is generally the acceleration components of the centrifugal force (centripetal force) due to tire rotation and the acceleration components of the gravitational force, and by calculating the first approximation curve mainly using the measurement data of acceleration in the second regions, the acceleration components of the centrifugal force (centripetal force) due to tire rotation and the acceleration components of the gravitational force not only in the second region, but also in the first region can be estimated accurately. Although in FIG. 3C, the first region is assumed to be the range having an angle of at least 0° and less than 90° in absolute values relative to the contact center positions (θ=180 degree, 540 degree, and 900 degree), in the practice of the present invention, the first region may be at least within a range having an angle of equal to or greater than 0 degree and less than 60 degree in absolute values relative to the contact center positions. Next, the first approximation curve representing the calculated background component 1 is subtracted from the measurement data of acceleration processed in step S102, so that the acceleration components due to tire rotation and the acceleration components of the gravitational force are removed from the measurement data (step S106). FIG. 3D shows the time series data of acceleration after the removal. In this manner, the acceleration components due to contact deformation of the tire tread portion are extracted. Subsequently, the calculated time series data of acceleration due to contact deformation is then subjected to time integration of second order in the deformation calculating unit 16 to generate displacement data (step S108). Since the acceleration data to be subjected to integration generally contains noise components, when integration of second order is carried out, the noise components are also subjected to integration, which prevents generation of accurate displacement data. FIG. 4A shows a result of integration of second order performed on the time series data of acceleration shown in FIG. 3C with respect to time. As shown in FIG. 4A, it is observed that displacement increases with time. This is because, the time series data of acceleration to be subjected to integration contains noise components and those noise components are increasingly accumulated through integration. In general, if deformation or displacement at a given point of the tread portion of a tire that is rotating in a steady manner is observed, cyclical changes are typically demonstrated with a duration corresponding to one round of tire rotation as one cycle. This means, as a general rule, displacement does not increase with time. Therefore, in order to allow the displacement data obtained through time integration of second order to demonstrate cyclical changes with a duration corresponding to one round of tire rotation as one cycle, the following processes are carried out on the displacement data. Noise components contained in the displacement data are calculated as the background component 2 in a similar manner as used for calculating the background component 1 in step S104 (step S110). Specifically, a region of the tire circumference is divided into a third region including a contact region in contact with a road surface and a fourth region including other than the third region. The regions which are defined as the third region include a region having a θ of greater than 90 degree and less than 270 degree, a region having a θ of greater than 450 degree and less than 630 degree, and a region having a θ of greater than 810 degree and less than 980 degree. On the other hand, the regions that are defined as the fourth region include a region having a θ of equal to or greater than 0 degree and equal to or less than 90 degree, and equal to or greater than 270 degree and equal to or less than 360 degree; a region having a θ of equal to or greater than 360 degree and equal to or less than 450 degree, and equal to or greater than 630 degree and equal to or less than 720 degree; and a region having a θ of equal to or greater than 720 degree and equal to or less than 810 degree, and equal to or greater than 980 degree and equal to or less than 1070 degree. The background component 2 is obtained by using a plurality of positions (θ, or time corresponding to θ) on the circumference in the fourth region as nodes so as to calculate a second approximation curve on the data in the third and fourth regions through least squares method using a set of predetermined functions. The third region may be the same with or different from the above-described first region. Also, the fourth region may be the same with or different from the above-described second region. As described above, the nodes provide constraint conditions on the horizontal axis, that give local curvatures (jog) of the spline functions. FIG. 4B shows the second approximation curve representing the background component 2 with a dotted line. In the example shown in FIG. 4B, the positions as indicated by “A” in FIG. 4B, that is, the positions of time where θ is 10 degree, 30 degree, 50 degree, 70 degree, 90 degree, 270 degree, 290 degree, 310 degree, 330 degree, 350 degree, 370 degree, 390 degree, 410 degree, 430 degree, 450 degree, 630 degree, 650 degree, 670 degree, 690 degree, 710 degree, 730 degree, 750 degree, 770 degree, 790 degree, 810 degree, 990 degree, 1010 degree, 1030 degree, 1050 degree, and 1070 degree are defined as the node positions. By carrying out function approximation on the data shown in FIG. 4A with the third-order spline functions routing through the above described nodes, a second approximation curve as indicated by dotted lines in FIG. 4B is calculated. When carrying out function approximation, there are no nodes in the third regions, and only the plurality of nodes in the fourth regions are used. In least squares method that is carried out in conjunction with the function approximation, the weighting coefficient for the fourth region is set to 1, and the weighting coefficient for the third regions is set to 0.01. The reason why the weighting coefficient for the third regions is smaller than the weighting coefficient for the fourth regions, and no nodes are set in the third regions in calculating the background component 2, is to calculate the background component 2 by using the displacement data mainly in the fourth regions. In the fourth regions, because deformation of the tread portion due to contact is small and such deformation changes smoothly on the circumference, the tire deformation is small on the circumference and such changes are also extremely small. In contrast, in the third regions, the tire tread portion is greatly displaced based on deformation due to contact and changes rapidly. For this reason, the deformation due to contact is great on the circumference and changes rapidly. In other words, the deformation of the tread portion in the fourth region is substantially constant as compared to the third deformation. Accordingly, by calculating the second approximation curve mainly using the displacement data obtained in the fourth regions through integration of second order, the deformation of the rotating tire can be obtained accurately, not only in the fourth regions, but also in the third regions including the contact region. FIG. 4B shows the second approximation curve calculated mainly using the displacement data in the fourth regions with dotted lines. In the fourth regions, the second approximation curve substantially coincides with the displacement data (solid lines). Lastly, the approximation curve calculated as the background component 2 is subtracted from the displacement data calculated in step S110, so that the distribution of deformation of the tread portion due to contact deformation is calculated (step S112). FIG. 4C shows the distribution of deformation of the tread portion due to contact, calculated by subtracting the second approximation curve (dotted line) from the displacement signal (solid line) shown in FIG. 3B. FIG. 4C shows the distribution of deformation when the predetermined measurement positions on the tread portion rotate and displace on the circumference, for a duration corresponding to three rounds of tire rotation (three times of contact). As is observed, the deformation changes each time when the measurement portion of the tire is made to contact due to rotation of the tire. The deformation thus calculated is summarized in the data output unit 18 as the data for output and outputted to a display 24 or a printer (not shown). The deformation obtained in this manner accurately coincides with the deformation obtained through simulation using finite element models of the tire. Finally, the time series data of deformation in the tread portion shown in FIG. 4C is subjected to differentiation of second order with respect to time so as to calculate the time series data of acceleration corresponding to the deformation of the tread portion with noise components being eliminated from the acceleration shown in FIG. 3D, that is, the time series data of acceleration due to contact deformation of the tread portion (see subsequently described FIG. 5A) free from noise components (step S114). In addition, in the data output unit 18, the contact region and the contact length of the rotating tire can be obtained by using the deformation. FIG. 5A illustrates a method of calculating a contact region and a contact length. First, two points are determined in the time series data of acceleration extracted in step S114, at which acceleration crosses 0 with a sharp change. The time series data of acceleration is the data based on the contact deformation of the tire tread portion, and does not contain noise components. Next, positions in the displacement data that are corresponding to the two points as obtained above are determined, so that such positions are defined as positions of a contact leading edge and a contact trailing edge, as shown in FIG. 5A. The reason why the portions at which the time series data of acceleration changes sharply can be determined as the contact leading edge and the contact trailing edge, is that the tire is deformed rapidly each time when the tread portion rotates to enter the contact region or exit the contact region. Further, it is possible to clearly determine the positions at which the time series data of acceleration crosses 0. The lower graph in FIG. 5A shows the deformation shape of the tire deformed due to contact. The graphs are shown by converting a polar coordinate system that is represented by the radial direction and the circumferential direction of the tire into an orthogonal coordinate system that is represented by the vertical direction and the longitudinal direction of the tire. By determining the positions of the contact leading edge and the contact trailing edge on the graph, the contact length can be evaluated. The contact length calculated in this manner, accurately coincides with the contact length obtained through simulation using finite element models of the tire. Further, instead of using the method shown in FIG. 5A, a method shown in FIG. 5B may be used to obtain the contact region and the contact length. Specifically, FIG. 5B is a graph showing the deformation shape of the tire. The horizontal axis is given through normalization of the positions in longitudinal direction of the tire by dividing the position by an outer diameter R of the tire tread portion, and the vertical axis is given through normalization of the position in the vertical direction of the tire by dividing the positions by the outer diameter R, while the position of the center of the tire contact is defined as the origin. As shown in FIG. 5B, the positions at which the tire deformation shape crosses a liner line that is a predetermined distance δ upwardly away from the lowest point in the vertical direction are defined as the normalized position corresponding to the contact leading edge and the normalized positions corresponding to the contact trailing edge respectively. The normalized positions are obtained respectively and then multiplied by the outer diameter R to obtain the positions of the contact leading edge and the contact trailing edge, thus allowing the contact region and the contact length of the tire to be obtained. The predetermined distance 5 used in defining the leading edge position and the trailing edge position is, for example, preferably within a range of 0.001 to 0.005. Alternatively, the positions at which a square value of the distance of the tread portion upward away from the lowest point crosses a predetermined value may be assumed as the contact leading edge and the contact trailing edge. In this case, the predetermined value is, for example, within a range of 0.00002(cm2) to 0.00005(cm2), and preferably, 0.00004(cm2). A significantly high correlation has been observed between the measurement result obtained through an extensive examination of the contact length using various loads applied to a stationary tire and the result of the contact length obtained in the above described method. FIG. 6 shows examples of contact region and contact length obtained by the above described method. In FIG. 6, thicker lines highlight the contact region. All of the above examples calculate the deformation in the tire radial direction by using the measurement data of acceleration in the radial direction at the tire tread portion. However, in the practice of the present invention, it is also possible to acquire the measurement data of acceleration in the circumferential direction or in the width direction (parallel with the rotation axis of the tire) at the same time to calculate the deformation in the tire circumferential direction or width direction using the method shown in FIG. 2. In summary, the tire deformation calculating method of the present invention enables calculation of the tire deformation by using at least one of the measurement data of acceleration in the radial direction perpendicular to the tire circumferential direction, the measurement data of acceleration in the tire circumferential direction, and the measurement data of acceleration in the tire width direction. In addition, if the measurement data of acceleration includes the acceleration data in tire circumferential direction, in addition to the acceleration data in the radial direction perpendicular to the tire circumferential direction, the deformation in the radial direction and in the circumferential direction of the tire tread portion can be obtained as the tire deformation. At the same time, the deformation thus obtained can be used to accurately calculate the contact length of the tire during rotation. FIGS. 7A and 7B are examples of graphs showing the locus of deformation of the inner circumference surface at the tread portion acquired using the tire deformation calculating method of the present invention. The tire deformation calculated using the acceleration in the radial direction and the acceleration in the tire circumferential direction is shown. The acceleration is measured by an acceleration sensor attached to the center portion of the inner circumference of the tread portion. The example shown in FIG. 7A is acquired with a tire size of 205/70R15 95H, a rotation speed of 60(km/hour), an inflation pressure of 200 (kPa), and a load of 4(kN). The example shown in FIG. 7B is acquired with a tire size of 205/70R15 95H, a rotation speed of 40(km/hour), a pneumatic pressure of 200(kPa), and a slip angle of 0. From FIG. 7A, and FIG. 7B, it is observed that changes in the slip angle, or changes in the load can cause changes in the deformation shape. FIGS. 8A and 8B are examples of graphs showing the locus of deformation of the inner circumference surface at the tread portion acquired using the tire deformation calculating method of the present invention. Shown in the graphs are the tire deformation in the tire circumferential direction and the tire deformation in the width direction calculated using the acceleration in the circumferential direction and the acceleration in the width direction. The example shown in FIG. 8A, is acquired with a tire size of 205/70R15 95H, a rotation speed of 60(km/h), an inflation pressure of 200(kPa), and a load of 4(kN). The example shown in FIG. 8B is acquired with a tire size of 205/70R15 95H, a rotation speed of 40(km/h), an inflation pressure of 200(kPa), and a slip angle of 0. In FIG. 8A, it is observed that provision of slip angles causes tire deformation in the serial side (left side in FIG. 8A). It is also observed in FIG. 8B, with an increase in the load, the deformation is increased in the tire circumferential direction and in the width direction, causing the tire tread portion to be deformed in the serial side of the tire width direction. As described, the deformation of the tire tread portion can be calculated in any direction of the radial direction, the circumferential direction and the width direction, so that the deformation shape or locus of the rotating tire can be obtained. In addition, in the practice of the present invention, by arranging a plurality of acceleration sensors on the inner circumference surface of the tire circumference at the tread portion, a plurality of measurement points on the circumference at the tread portion are measured at the same time. Further, a plurality of acceleration sensors may be provided in the tire width direction to obtain the distribution of the contact length or the contact region in the width direction, so that the contact region contour of the rotating tire can be obtained. The measurement data of acceleration used in the present invention, may be acquired through the acceleration sensor attached to the inner circumference surface of the tread portion, or through an acceleration sensor embedded inside the tire. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY As described heretofore, the present invention enables calculation of deformation of a tire which is rotating on a road surface by using measurement data of acceleration at a predetermine portion of the tire, for example, at a tread portion. Accordingly, information having significant effect on the tire performance, such as the contact length and the contact region contour of the tire during rotation, and, in addition, the tire deformation in the contact region, can be obtained.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Conventionally, finite element models have been used to simulate a rotating tire, in order to acquire a contact length or distribution of deformation (deformation shape) on a tire circumference at a tread portion of the tire. In such acquiring methods, however, because of the time required for preparing finite element models as well as required for simulation computing, it has been difficult to obtain the deformation shape of the tread portion or the contact length in a short period of time. For this reason, the contact length and the deformation shape of a stationary tire has been used as substitutes for those of a rotating tire. However, in consideration that the deformation shape on the tire circumference affects the contact length and the contact region contour, and therefore has a significant effect on the tire performance, there has been a need for acquiring the contact length and the deformation shape that are measured with the rotating tire in order to determine the tire performance accurately. The following Patent Documents 1 to 3 disclose, for instance, a method in which an acceleration sensor is attached to a tire to acquire measurement data of acceleration of the tire during rotation, and from the acquired measurement data, power spectrums and vibration spectrums are obtained to estimate the status of the road during the tire rotation, and a method in which a timing at which a tread portion is in contact with a road surface is determined from measurement data of acceleration in a radial direction. However, any one of the Patent Documents 1 to 3 does not allow the deformation shape and the contact length of a rotating tire to be calculated from the measurement data of acceleration, though it is possible to estimate the status of the road surface using the measurement data. Patent Document 1: JP 2002-340863 A Patent Document 2: JP 2003-182476 A Patent Document 3: JP 2002-511812 A

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an example of a tire deformation calculating apparatus implementing a tire deformation calculating method of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing the steps of the tire deformation calculating method according to the present invention. FIGS. 3A to 3 D are graphs each showing a signal waveform obtained by the tire deformation calculating method according to the present invention. FIGS. 4A to 4 C are graphs each showing a signal waveform obtained by the tire deformation calculating method of the present invention. FIGS. 5A and 5B are explanatory charts illustrating a method of calculating a contact length using the tire deformation calculating method of the present invention. FIG. 6 shows an example of a contact length calculated by the tire deformation calculating method of the present invention. FIGS. 7A and 7B show tire deformation shapes obtained by the tire deformation calculating method of the present invention. FIGS. 8A and 8B show deformation in the circumferential direction and in the width direction of the tire obtained by the tire deformation calculating method of the present invention. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20060921

20080513

20070913

72051.0

G06F1740

ALLEN, ANDRE J

TIRE DEFORMATION CALCULATING METHOD AND TIRE DEFORMATION CALCULATING APPARATUS

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

G06F

ACCEPTED

Clamping tool for chain ends of accessories

A clamping tool of chain ends of an accessory in which a holder provided at one end of a chain portion of the accessory is engaged with a holder receiver provided at the other end of the chain portion to be interlocked with each other, wherein the holder and the holder receiver are respectively provided as attracting members with magnets attracting each other or with a magnet and a metal material attracted by the magnet at positions capable of guiding the holder and the holder receiver to a proper engaging location. In accordance with the invention, a pair of interlocking members can be guided to and located at proper interlocking positions with respect to each other without depending on visual observation.

1. A clamping tool of chain ends of an accessory in which a holder provided at one end of a chain portion of the accessory is engaged with a holder receiver provided at the other end of the chain portion to be interlocked with each other, wherein the holder and the holder receiver are respectively provided as attracting members with magnets attracting each other or with a magnet and a metal material attracted by the magnet at positions capable of guiding the holder and the holder receiver to a proper engaging location. 2.-6. (canceled) 7. The clamping tool of chain ends of an accessory according to claim 1, wherein the accessory is a necklace, a bracelet or an anklet. 8. The clamping tool of chain ends of an accessory according to claim 1, wherein the chain portion is a member formed from a chain, a string, a belt, yarn or a comparatively small number of stick-shaped bodies unfixedly connected. 9. The clamping tool of chain ends of an accessory according to claim 8, wherein the chain portion is formed from metal, an inorganic material selected from silicic materials including at least precious stone, a vegetable material, or a resin material. 10. The clamping tool of chain ends of an accessory according to claim 1, wherein the holder and the holder receiver form a mechanism that engagement of the holder and the holder receiver enables interlock of the clamping tool to be achieved while releasing the engagement allows the clamping tool to be released. 11. The clamping tool of chain ends of an accessory according to claim 1, wherein the holder is a spring-close type alligator clip in which a pair of jaw members is rotatably held so as to be able to be opened and closed and the holder receiver is an interlocking member fitted in between the pair of opening jaw members to be interlocked. 12. The clamping tool of chain ends of an accessory according to claim 11, wherein the alligator clip is a nonintersecting alligator clip having the pair of jaw members rotatably held substantially in parallel. 13. The clamping tool of chain ends of an accessory according to claim 11, wherein the alligator clip is an intersecting alligator clip having the pair of jaw members rotatably held so as to intersect. 14. The clamping tool of chain ends of an accessory according to claim 11, wherein one attracting member is provided in the alligator clip and the other attracting member is provided at a tip of the interlocking member. 15. The clamping tool of chain ends of an accessory according to claim 11, wherein an attracting member provided in the alligator clip is fixed to any one of the pair of jaw members or a holding member for holding the attracting member is held on a holding shaft for rotatably holding the pair of jaw members. 16. The clamping tool of chain ends of an accessory according to claim 11, wherein an attracting member provided in the alligator clip or a holding member for holding the attracting member is connected to the pair of jaw members by means of a linking arm to form a link mechanism in which the attracting member operates to project from an opening in opening the pair of jaw members. 17. The clamping tool of chain ends of an accessory according to claim 16, wherein the linking arm of the link mechanism is a spring for closing the alligator clip.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a clamping tool for chain ends of accessories. More particularly, the invention relates to a clamping tool for clamping ends of a chain portion of accessories, which are formed from a chain or has a chain-shaped part, such as a necklace, a bracelet, an anklet and the like, for example. 2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, proposed have been clamping tools, one of which uses a spring and is referred to as a pulling ring type and the other of which uses a planer spring and is referred to as an insert type, and the like. [Literature 1] JP-A-08-126506 Literature 1, for example, discloses an example of the pulling ring type clamping tool. In Literature 1, disclosed is a clamping tool for a necklace or the like in which a fixed disk provided with a clamping ring having a penetrating hole and an inserting hole having a notched part is fitted with a rotary disk provided with an inserting hole having a notched part. [Literature 2] JP-A-09-289911 In Literature 2, disclosed is a clamping tool for a necklace or the like comprising a male member provided with a projection whose tip is expanded and a female member provided with a channel part capable of fitting the projection in. One end of the channel part is opened to the outer periphery of the female member and a spring wire is formed on an inner side of the channel part so that the projection of the male member can be snap-fitted to the channel part. The clamping tool disclosed in Literature 1, however, applies a way of interlocking a pair of interlocking members by visual observation. The interlocking members are actually so small that the pair of interlocking members cannot be easily located in proper positions with respect to each other to be interlocked. Further, in the case of accessories such as a necklace in which a clamping tool is interlocked behind a neck of a person putting the accessory on, an interlocking operation cannot be visually observed, so that it is especially difficult to carry out the interlocking operation. Moreover, it is also difficult to confirm whether the interlocking members are properly interlocked or not. On the other hand, an object of the clamping tool disclosed in Literature 2 is to simplify interlock of the clamping tool. As can be seen from description of “perform attachment and detachment (of the male member to the female member) by feeling without looking” in Literature 2, however, the male member and the female member should be located at proper interlocking positions with respect to each other by groping. This means that the operation in Literature 2 is substantially almost same as that of the related art disclosed in Literature 1 in difficulty of the operation and confirmation whether the interlocking members are properly interlocked or not. In accordance with the reasons mentioned above, the clamping tools disclosed in Literatures 1 and 2 are troublesome in properly interlocking, and in addition, are difficult in confirmation whether the interlocking members are properly interlocked or not. Moreover, as a result of the difficulty, there have been many cases that a necklace or the like is put on without properly interlocking the interlocking members and this causes unconscious loss of the necklace. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the invention is to arrange, in an accessory having a chain or a chain-shaped part, a pair of interlocking members forming a clamping tool of ends of the chain portion so as to be located at proper positions with respect to each other without depending on visual observation or groping. Another object of the invention is to enable location of the pair of interlocking members at the proper interlocking positions to be confirmed by a signal sound. A first aspect of the invention is a clamping tool of chain ends of an accessory in which a holder provided at one end of a chain portion of the accessory is engaged with a holder receiver provided at the other end of the chain portion to be interlocked with each other, wherein the holder and the holder receiver are respectively provided as attracting members with magnets attracting each other or with a magnet and a metal material attracted by the magnet at positions capable of guiding the holder and the holder receiver to a proper engaging location. In the clamping tool of chain ends of an accessory in accordance with the first aspect of the invention, only locating the holder and the holder receiver, which form the clamping tool, so as to be roughly close to each other enables the holder and the holder receiver to be located at proper engagement positions owing to a guiding operation of the attracting members. The attracting members make a click sound of connection when they are attracted by each other in addition to the guiding operation. Accordingly, the sound of connection can be used as a signal sound to confirm that the holder and the holder receiver are located at proper interlocking positions. As a result, visual observation is not necessary in locating the holder and the holder receiver, which are small members, at the proper engagement positions for interlock. This allows the clamping tool of an accessory to be simply, easily, and further, certainly interlocked, even in the case of an accessory such as a necklace whose clamping tool is interlocked behind a neck of a person putting the accessory on, for example. In comparison between the clamping tool in accordance with the first aspect and the interlocking tool in Literature 2 in the case that the accessory is a necklace, the latter is required to “locate” a male member and a female member “at proper interlocking positions by groping” while the former is enough to “roughly closely locate” the holder and the holder receiver “by groping”. In addition, in the former case, a signal sound indicating that “the interlock is completed” is outputted. Thus, there is a big difference in convenience in use between the above tools. In a second aspect of the invention, the holder according to the first aspect is a spring-close type alligator clip in which a pair of jaw members is rotatably held so as to be able to be opened and closed and the holder receiver is an interlocking member fitted in between the pair of opening jaw members to be interlocked. With the alligator clip type holder in accordance with the second aspect, it is generally easy to operate the clamping tool. Even when an accessory such as a necklace has a clamping tool, which should be interlocked behind a neck of a person putting the accessory on, for example, operations of interlocking the clamping tool and releasing interlock of the clamping tool can be further simply and certainly performed because of the alligator clip type of holder in addition to an effect of the first aspect. In a third aspect of the invention, one attracting member is provided in the alligator clip according to the second aspect and the other attracting member is provided at a tip of the interlocking member. In the case of the alligator clip type holder in accordance with the second aspect, the alligator clip is opened so that the interlocking member, which is the holder receiver, would be fitted in the opening to be interlocked. Accordingly, providing one attracting member in the alligator clip and the other attracting member at a tip of the interlocking member allows the guiding operation of the attracting members and the interlocking operation of the holder to be closely integrated, so that convenience in use is especially improved. In a fourth aspect of the invention, an attracting member provided in the alligator clip according to the third aspect is fixed to any one of the pair of jaw members or a holding member for holding the attracting member is held on a holding shaft for rotatably holding the pair of jaw members. A way of fixing or stably holding one attracting member provided in the alligator clip at a proper location so as to be attracted by the other attracting member provided at a tip of the interlocking member is not limited. As described in the fourth aspect, for example, however, preferably exemplified can be a mode in which the attracting member is fixed to any one of the jaw members or a holding member for holding the attracting member is held on a holding shaft for rotatably holding the pair of jaw members. In a fifth aspect of the invention, an attracting member provided in the alligator clip accordingly to the third aspect or a holding member for holding the attracting member is connected to the pair of jaw members by means of a linking arm to form a link mechanism in which the attracting member operates to project from an opening in opening the pair of jaw members. The alligator clip in accordance with the third aspect has a mechanism for opening/closing the pair of jaw members in a spring-close way and further has a structure in which an attracting member is provided in the alligator clip (between the pair of jaw members). Accordingly, arranging a link mechanism so that the attracting member would be operated to project from the opening in opening the pair of jaw members enables attraction between the projecting attracting member and the attracting member on the interlocking member side to be further easily performed. This allows the guiding operation of the attracting members in the interlocking operation to be especially effectively achieved. In a sixth aspect of the invention, the linking arm of the link mechanism according to the fifth aspect is a spring for closing the alligator clip. In the case that the link mechanism in accordance with the fifth aspect is provided in the alligator clip, the alligator clip per se is originally arranged to be of a spring-close type. This allows the linking arm of the link mechanism to be also used as a spring for closing the alligator clip. It is of course possible, however, to separately provide the linking arm of the link mechanism and the spring for closing the alligator clip. In consideration of design, each of the case of using the linking arm of the link mechanism as a spring for closing the alligator clip as in the sixth aspect and the case of separately providing the linking arm of the link mechanism and the spring for closing the alligator has its advantages and disadvantages in operation and effect. The above and other advantages of the invention will become more apparent in the following description and the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a front view of a clamping tool, which is in a state of separation, in accordance with Embodiment 1. FIG. 2 is a perspective view in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 illustrates an opening state of an alligator clip in accordance with Embodiment 1. FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a holding member in accordance with Embodiment 1. FIG. 5 is a front view of a clamped clamping tool in accordance with Embodiment 1. FIG. 6 is a front view of a clamped clamping tool in accordance with Embodiment 2. FIG. 7 is a front view of a clamped clamping tool in accordance with Embodiment 3. FIG. 8 illustrates an opening state of an alligator clip in accordance with Embodiment 3. FIG. 9 is a front view of a clamped clamping tool in accordance with Embodiment 4. FIG. 10 illustrates an opening state of an alligator clip in accordance with Embodiment 4. FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an alligator clip in accordance with Embodiment 4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Now, described will be embodiments in accordance with the first to sixth aspects of the invention including the best modes for carrying out the invention. [Clamping Tool for Chain Ends of Accessories] A clamping tool for chain ends of accessories in accordance with the invention comprises a holder provided at one end of a chain portion of an accessory and a holder receiver provided at the other end of the chain portion. The holder and the holder receiver can be engaged with each other for interlock. “Accessory” in the above context is not limited so long as it is an accessory in the shape of a chain or an accessory having a chain-shaped portion, and is preferably exemplified by a necklace, a bracelet, an anklet or the like, for example. Further, “a chain” in the invention means a long and narrow member capable of freely bending as a whole and is not limited to a usual member in the shape of a chain. That is to say, “a chain” in the invention includes, other than a usual member in the shape of a chain, a member formed from a solid material into a long and narrow member capable of freely bending in the shape other than a chain, a member in the shape of a string, a belt or yarn, which is formed from a fiber material and such, a member formed from a comparatively few stick-shaped bodies unfixedly connected and such. Moreover, a material for forming the member includes a various kind of silicic materials including precious stone, other inorganic materials, vegetable materials, plastic materials and the like other than metal without any limitation. [Holder and Holder Receiver] Kinds and structures of the holder and the holder receiver are not limited as long as the holder and the holder receiver apply a mechanism such that arbitrarily-shaped portions are engaged to achieve interlock of a clamping tool and release of the engagement allows the interlock of the clamping tool to be released. The holder and the holder receiver in predetermined proper engagement positions (or in an engaged state) are capable of certain interlock of the clamping tool. The holder and the holder receiver are provided with the respective attracting members mentioned later. The clamping tools in accordance with various kinds of conventional art such as those in the above description can be also the holder and the holder receiver subject to the invention when they are equivalent to the holder and the holder receiver in the above context. In the clamping tool for chain ends of accessories in accordance with the invention, exemplified is especially preferable holder and holder receiver in which the holder is a spring-close type alligator clip for rotatably holding a pair of jaw members so that the pair of jaw members can be opened and closed while the holder receiver is an interlocking member fitted in between the pair of opening jaw members to be interlocked. [Alligator Clip and Interlocking Member] A spring-close type alligator clip or an interlocking member means the one having at lease a following structure. That is to say, there can be two kinds of spring-close type alligator clips considered: one is a nonintersecting type in which a pair of jaw members is rotatably held basically in parallel (a basic structure like a usual clothespin); and one is an intersecting type in which a pair of jaw members is rotatably held so as to intersect (a basic structure like a scissors, for example). Both of the above are included in the alligator clip in accordance with the invention. The spring-close type alligator clip comprises a pair of jaw members for gripping an interlocking part of an interlocking member. The pair of jaw members is rotatably held on a holding shaft (one same holding shaft, usually) so that tips of the jaw members (gripping parts for the interlocking member) would be urged to move from location in an opening state to location in a closed state by means of a spring means provided between the jaw members. When the tips of the pair of jaw members are in the closed state, namely, in a condition that the alligator clip is in the closed state, an operation of closing rear ends of the pair of jaw members against urging force of the spring means basically allows the alligator clip to be in an opening state in the case of the above-mentioned nonintersecting alligator clip. On the other hand, in the case of the intersecting alligator clip, an operation of opening a rear end of the pair of jaw members against urging force of the spring means allows the alligator clip to be in an opening state. In the case of the spring-close type nonintersecting alligator clip, gripping a handle portion of the jaw members by means of a hand and fingers to rotate the same in a closing direction allows the alligator clip to be in the opening state. Releasing the handle portion gripped by a hand and fingers after locating the alligator clip at a position engaging with the interlocking member in the opening state allows the alligator clip to be engaged with the interlocking member by the urging force of the spring means, so that the clamping tool is clamped. The interlocking member is not limited so long as it is in a proper shape capable of insertion between the jaw members of the opening alligator clip and it is provided with an engaging portion in the shape capable of certain engagement with the jaw members of the alligator clip. The tips of the jaw members can be formed into a fixed proper engagement shape for the purpose of achieving certainty in engagement. The interlocking member should include an attracting member corresponding to the attracting member on an alligator clip side as mentioned later. Accordingly, a variety of design can be considered in relation to the engaging-shaped portions of the interlocking member and setting of the attracting member. [Attracting Member and Holding Member] An attracting member is provided to each of the holder provided at one end of a chain of an accessory (the above-mentioned alligator clip, for example) and the holder receiver provided on the other end of the chain (the interlocking member, for example). The attracting members may be formed from a combination between an N-pole magnet and an S-pole magnet, which are attracted by each other, or may be formed from a combination between a magnet and a fixed metal material (an iron material, for example) attracted by the magnet. As positions for providing the attracting members of the holder and the holder receiver, selected are proper positions capable of guiding the holder and the holder receiver to a proper engaging location. Such a location is difficult to be uniformly regulated since it varies in accordance with shapes or forms of engagement of the holder and the holder receiver. In the case that the clipping tool for chain ends of accessories is formed from the alligator clip and the interlocking member, it is preferable in view of the reason described in relation to the third aspect to provide one attracting member inside the alligator clip and the other attracting member at the tip of the interlocking member. In the above case, the location of the attracting member provided inside the alligator clip is not limited. For example, the attracting member may be provided in an inner part of one or both of the pair of jaw members. Embodiment 4 mentioned later exemplifies a case of fixing the attracting member to an inner part of one of the jaw members of the alligator clip. In this case, it is not necessary to provide a holding member mentioned below, so that a structure of the alligator clip can be simplified. Further, it may be possible to provide a proper holding member located between the pair of jaw members to be used as the attracting member. More preferably, the attracting member may be provided at the end of the holding member on a front end side of the alligator clip, as shown in common in Embodiments 1 to 3 described later. The jaw members can directly hold such a holding member. The holding shaft rotatably holding the pair of jaw members often passes through the holding member in the case that the holding member is provided. Accordingly, the holding member can be rotatably held by means of the holding shaft. In the clipping tool for chain ends of accessories in accordance with the invention, the holder such as an alligator clip, for example, is provided on one end of a chain of an accessory as described above. More concretely, an end of a chain can be connected to an arbitrary portion of an arbitrary member on the holder side. For example, an end of a chain of an accessory can be connected to one or both of the jaw members (more preferably, the rear end thereof) of the alligator clip. In the above-mentioned structure in which the holding member is provided, it may be also possible to connect an end of a chain with the holding member (more preferably, the rear end thereof). Further, in a structure of the spring-close type alligator clip, a spring for closing the alligator clip can be mounted to the pair of jaw members directly (namely, without providing any member between the spring and the pair of jaw members). Moreover, in the case of providing the holding member, a spring for urging the pair of jaw members may be provided with the holding member being a fulcrum. In the case of providing a spring with the holding member being a fulcrum, the holding shaft rotatably holding the pair of jaw members can be used as a fulcrum of the spring, for example. A spring to be directly mounted to the pair of jaw members should be usually connected to the jaw members. The spring provided with the holding member being fulcrum is not necessarily connected to the jaw members as long as at least an end of the spring is in contact with the jaw member. [Link Mechanism] As described above, there is a case that a holding member, which is an attracting member per se, is provided inside the alligator clip other than a pair of jaw members forming the alligator clip. There is also another case that a holding member provided on its front end side with an attracting member, is provided inside the alligator clip. In these cases, preferable is a link mechanism in which connecting the holding member with the pair of jaw members by means of a linking arm allows the attracting member provided at the front end of the holding member to be operated so as to project from the opening when the alligator clip is opened. In such a link mechanism, the holding member is to relatively move in a specific direction (a front-rear direction) with respect to the pair of jaw members in opening and closing of the alligator clip. Accordingly, the holding shaft of the jaw members should be arranged to be slidable in the front-rear direction with respect to the holding member in the case that the holding shaft passes through the holding member. As a structure capable of the slide, exemplified can be a structure in which the holding member is provided with a guide groove having a width in the front-rear direction thereof to provide the holding shaft of the jaw members through the guide groove so that the holding shaft can move along the guide groove, for example. In a case of forming the link mechanism, the linking arm can be also used as a spring for closing the alligator clip. Arranging the linking arm to be also used as a spring for closing the alligator clip allows the number of components to be reduced and the structure to be simplified. In the above description, described has been a structure in which the holding shaft of the pair of jaw members is used as the fulcrum of a spring. In the case that the linking arm is also used as a spring for closing the alligator clip, however, it is difficult to use the holding shaft of the jaw members as the fulcrum of a spring. This is because there is a requirement on one hand that the rotational shaft of the linking arm should not be slidable with respect to the holding member while the holding shaft of the jaw members should be slidable with respect to the holding member on the other hand. [Stability of Holding Member] In the case of providing the above-mentioned holding member, the holding member forms the attracting member on the holder side per se or holds the attracting member on the holder side. Accordingly, an unstable spatial position of the holding member inside the holder (the alligator clip) is not preferable for the purpose of stably secure a guiding operation of the attracting member for guiding the holder and the holder receiver to the proper engagement positions. As for a stable spatial position of the holding member, in the above-mentioned various kinds of modes for carrying out the invention, there is first a case that the holding shaft of the pair of jaw members is provided through the holding member, and thereby, gives a holding operation upon the holding member. There is a second case that the holding member is used as the fulcrum of the spring for closing the alligator clip, so that the holding operation is given upon the holding member by means of the spring. There is also a third case that forming the link mechanism causes the holding operation upon the holding member by means of the linking arm. The holding shaft of the jaw members, the fulcrum of the spring for closing the alligator clip and the rotational shaft of the linking arm are in a relation capable of using together in a various kinds of combinations mentioned above. Accordingly, not all of the first to third holding operations are given upon the holding member. At lease two of the holding operations, however, are given usually. This allows a spatial position of the holding member to be stable owing to at least two-point holding. In the case that the link mechanism is not formed while the holding shaft of the jaw members, which passes through the holding member, is used as the fulcrum of the spring for closing the alligator clip, the holding member is one-point held on the holding shaft. In this case, the stability of the spatial position of the holding member is suspected. For the stability of the spatial position of the holding member, however, certain effective countermeasures can be taken in design as in Embodiment 3 mentioned later, for example, when it is taken into consideration that the stability is required at a time point of opening the alligator clip (at a time point that a guiding operation of the attracting member is required). Embodiments Now, embodiments of the invention will be described on the basis of the drawings. In all of the following embodiments, used is the above-mentioned spring-close type nonintersecting alligator clip. It goes without saying that the scope of the invention is not limited by the following embodiments. Embodiment 1 Structure of Embodiment 1 FIG. 1 is a front view of a clamping tool 1 for the chain ends of an accessory (a necklace) in accordance with Embodiment 1. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the clamping tool. An alligator clip 3, which is a holder forming the clamping tool 1, and an interlocking member 4, which is a holder receiver, are formed on the respective ends of a chain portion 2 of the accessory. In the alligator clip 3, a holding shaft 5 rotatably holds a pair of jaw members 6 so that the pair of jaw members 6 would not intersect. The outer shape of the pair of jaw members 6 is close to a half cylinder as shown in FIG. 2. Accordingly, rotatably holding the pair of jaw members 6 on the same holding shaft 5 allows the alligator clip 3 to be in the shape of a substantial cylinder as a whole. The pair of jaw members 6 rotates about the holding shaft 5 so as to be able to perform opening and closing operations of a front end (the left end portion in the drawings) of the alligator clip 3. FIGS. 1 and 2 show the alligator clip 3 in a closing state. FIG. 3 shows the alligator clip 3 in an opening state. The holding shaft 5 is provided with a spring 7, which is in the shape of a line in substantially one body with the pair of jaw members 6 and respective tips of which are in contact with the pair of jaw members 6, so that the spring 7 would be wound around the holding shaft 5. The spring 7 bears no load when the alligator clip 3 is in the closing state. In an operation of rotating the rear ends (a handle portion) of the pair of jaw members 6 in a closing direction to open the alligator clip 3 as shown in FIG. 3, the spring 7 resists by means of urging force in a direction shown by an arrow X in FIG. 3. Thus, the closing state shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is a natural state of the clamping tool 1. A holding member 8 is provided at the center part of the substantially cylinder-shaped alligator clip 3 formed from the pair of jaw members 6. The holding member 8 is a plate-shaped member provided at the center thereof with a notch 9 as shown in detail in FIG. 4. The rear end of the holding member 8 is connected with an end of the chain portion 2 of the accessory. On the front end of the holding member 8, fixed is a disk-shaped N-pole magnet 10. The N-pole magnet 10 is recessed a little to an inner side (a rear side) of the front end of the alligator clip 3 when the alligator clip 3 is in the closing state. The holding member 8 is arranged to be mounted to the alligator clip 3 as described hereinafter. That is to say, the holding member 8 is first provided with a guide groove 11 through which the holding shaft 5 passes. The guide groove 11 has a constant width in a front-rear direction of the holding member 8. Accordingly, the holding shaft 5 can slide in the guide groove 11 in the front-rear direction. An arm shaft 12 is second provided in parallel to the holding shaft 5 so as to pass through a part of the holding member 8, the part being closer to the rear end than the guide groove 11. On the arm shaft 12, one end of each of a pair of linking arms 13 is rotatably held in the center notch of the holding member 8. The other end of each of the linking arms 13 is rotatably held at the rear end (a handle portion) of each of the pair of jaw members 6. The holding member 8 is mounted to the alligator clip 3 in a state of two-point holding by means of the holding shaft 5, the arm shaft 12 and the linking arms 13, as described above. Accordingly, a relative relation of spatial positions between the holding member 8 and the alligator clip 3 does not irregularly vary or fluctuate except in an expected sliding operation in the front-rear direction even when the opening/closing operation of the alligator clip 3 is performed as described later. In the opening state of the alligator clip 3 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, an open angle of the pair of linking arms 13 about the arm shaft 12 defines a width of projection of the holding member 8 from the opening of the alligator clip 3. Therefore, the open angle of the pair of linking arms 13 is designed so that the width of the projection would be comparatively large. On the other hand, an open angle of the linear spring 7 about the holding shaft 5 is designed so as to be comparatively small for the purpose of preventing resistant to the opening operation of the alligator clip 3 from being excessive. Clamping portions 14 in the shape of an inward flange are respectively formed at positions on upper and lower ends shown in the drawings along the half-circular front ends of the pair of the jaw members 6. In a part forming the opening of the alligator clip 3, the clamping portions 14 respectively projecting a little to an inner circumferential side of the circular opening are formed at the upper end of the upper jaw member 6 and at the lower end of the lower jaw member 6 in FIG. 1. On the other hand, the interlocking member 4 used as the holder receiver is in the shape of a column or a cylinder whose diameter is substantially same as that of the alligator clip 3. On the front end side (a side facing the alligator clip 3) of the interlocking member 4, fixed is an S-pole magnet 16 in the same shape as the N-pole magnet 10 through a neck portion 15 having a smaller diameter. As show in FIG. 5, the clamping portions 14 of the pair of jaw members 6 are caught on the neck portion 15 when the alligator clip 3 is closed to engage with the interlocking portion 4. As for the N-pole magnet 10 and the S-pole magnet 16, it may be possible to provide the S-pole magnet on the holding member 8 side and the N-pole magnet on the interlocking member 4 side. Further, any one of the magnets may be formed from a metal material attracted by a magnet while the other is formed from a magnet. Function of Embodiment 1 The clamping tool 1 for a necklace in Embodiment 1, which has the above-mentioned structure, is used as follows. That is to say, in putting a necklace on, one hand grips the alligator clip 3 while the other hand grips the interlocking portion 4 so that the alligator clip 3 and the interlocking portion 4 would be placed behind the neck where the alligator clip 3 and the interlocking portion 4 are located roughly closely to each other. At that time, using the hand gripping the alligator clip 3 to rotate the handle portions (the rear ends) of the pair of jaw members 6 in the closing direction allows the alligator clip 3 to be in the opening state shown in FIG. 3 against the urging force of the spring 7. At the same time, an operation of the linking arms 13 causes the holding member 8 to be pushed to the opening side of the alligator clip 3, so that the N-pole magnet 10 fixed at the front end of the holding member 8 projects from the opening of the alligator clip 3. Accordingly, the N-pole magnet 10 at the front end of the holding member 8 and the S-pole magnet 16 at the front end of the interlocking member 4 are attracted by each other, and thereby, connected to each other. Such a connecting operation allows the alligator clip 3 and the interlocking member 4 to be automatically guided to and located at the proper engagement positions shown in FIG. 5. Moreover, the N-pole magnet 10 and the S-pole magnet 16 are in the same shape of a disk, so that the above location is extremely accurate. It can be easily confirmed by a click of a signal sounded in attraction between the N-pole magnet 10 and the S-pole magnet 16 (a sound in a collision between the magnets) that the alligator clip 3 and the interlocking member 4 are located at the proper engagement positions. The hand rotating the handle portions of the alligator clip 3 is released after confirming the signal sound. The alligator clip 3 then returns to the closing state due to the urging force of the spring 7 as shown in FIG. 5. At the same time, the front end portion of the interlocking member 4 is drawn into the inside of the alligator clip 3 together with the holding member 8. As a result, the clamping portions 14 of the pair of jaw members 6 engage with the neck portion 15 of the interlocking member 4. This allows the ends of the chain portion of a necklace to be simply and certainly interlocked without visual observation. In putting the necklace off, the alligator clip 3 and the interlocking member 4 interlocking with each other are gripped by the respective hands, the hand gripping the alligator clip 3 is used to let the alligator clip 3 be in the opening state similarly to the above, and then, the alligator clip 3 and the interlocking member 4 can be separated from each other against the attractive force between the N-pole magnet 10 and the S-pole magnet 16. In other words, interlock of the clamping tool 1 cannot be released unless an operation of opening the alligator clip 3 against the urging force of the spring 7 is performed. Embodiment 2 FIG. 6 shows a clamping tool 21 for chain ends of an accessory in accordance with Embodiment 2. FIG. 6 shows a state that the alligator clip 3 and the interlocking member 4 of the clamping tool 21 interlock with each other. In Embodiment 2, the holding shaft 5 rotatably holding the pair of jaw members 6 is not provided with a spring, which is provided in Embodiment 1. The arm shaft 12 is provided with a spring 22 whose tips are integrally and rotatably held on the pair of jaw members 6 instead of the linking arm. The spring 22 has urging force for maintaining the closing state of the alligator clip 3, similarly to the spring 7 in Embodiment 1. At the same time, the spring 22 forms a link mechanism similar to that of the linking arms 13 in Embodiment 1 since the tips of the spring 22 are rotatably held on the jaw members 6. The open angle of the spring 22 is comparatively large similarly to the case of the pair of linking arms 13 in Embodiment 1. Accordingly, the holding member 8 (the N-pole magnet 10) projects much in the opening state of the alligator clip 3 although this is not shown in the drawings. Further, the number of components is reduced more than the case of Embodiment 1. The resistance of the spring 22 to an operation of rotating the handle portions of the pair of jaw members 6 in the closing direction, however, is larger a little since the open angle of the spring 22 is large. The structure, operation and effect in Embodiment 2 are same as those in Embodiment 1 except the above point. Embodiment 3 FIGS. 7 and 8 show a clamping tool 31 for chain ends of an accessory in accordance with Embodiment 3. FIG. 7 shows an interlocking state of the alligator clip 3 and the interlocking member 4 of the clamping tool 31. FIG. 8 shows the alligator clip 3 and the interlocking member 4, which separate from each other, and the alligator clip 3 in the opening state. In Embodiment 3, the arm shaft 12 and the linking arms 13 in Embodiment 1 are not provided. A handle portion (a rear end) of the holding member 8 is formed longer instead of the above. As a result, in comparison with the case of Embodiment 1, there are following two points different in operation as shown in FIG. 8. First, the N-pole magnet 10 fixed to the holding member 8 does not project from the opening of the alligator clip 3 in the opening state of the alligator clip 3. The certainty of a guiding operation of the N-pole magnet 10 and the S-pole magnet 16 when the interlocking member 4 is located roughly closely to the opening alligator clip 3, however, is as good as the case of Embodiment 1. Second, the holding member 8 is structurally held at one point on the alligator clip 3 by means of the holding shaft 5. In the opening state of the alligator clip 3, however, the rear end of the holding member 8, which is formed relatively long, is held so as to be gripped between the handle portions (the rear ends) of the pair of jaw members 6. This allows substantial two-point holding to be achieved. Accordingly, when a guiding operation of the N-pole magnet 10 and the S-pole magnet 16 is required, the holding member 8 is not likely to irregularly vary or fluctuate to impede the guiding operation. In Embodiment 3, the structure, operation and effect other than the above point are same as those in Embodiment 1. Embodiment 4 FIGS. 9 to 11 show a clamping tool 41 for chain ends of an accessory in accordance with Embodiment 4. FIG. 9 shows an interlocking state between the alligator clip 3 and the interlocking member 4 of the clamping tool 41. FIG. 10 shows a separating state of the alligator clip 3 and the interlocking member 4 as well as the alligator clip 3 in the opening state. FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the alligator clip 3 in the closing state. In Embodiment 4, a structure of the interlocking member 4 is same as that of Embodiments 1 to 3, but a structure of the alligator clip 3 is different from any one of Embodiments 1 to 3. That is to say, in Embodiment 4, there is no link mechanism as in Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2. Moreover, no holding member 8 as in Embodiments 1 to 3 exists. Accordingly, a structure of the clamping tool 41 can be greatly simplified in Embodiment 4. In other words, in the alligator clip 3, the pair of jaw members 6 is rotatably held on the holding shaft 5 in nonintersecting arrangement. Furthermore, the holding shaft 5 is provided with a spring 7, which is in the shape of a line in substantially one body with the pair of jaw members 6 and respective tips of which are in contact with the pair of jaw members 6, so that the spring 7 would be wound around the holding shaft 5. Similarly to the case in Embodiment 1, the spring 7 bears no load when the alligator clip 3 is in the closing state (in FIG. 9). The spring 7, however, resists an operation of rotating the rear ends of the pair of jaw members 6 in a closing direction (refer to FIG. 10). Thus, the closing state shown in FIGS. 9 and 11 is a natural state of the clamping tool 41. A disk-shaped N-pole magnet 10 is fixed on an inner side of one jaw member 6. A connecting part of the N-pole magnet 10 connected with the jaw member 6 is fixed by means of a pair of flanges 42 formed in parallel along the inner circumferential surface of the jaw member 6. A fixed location of the N-pole magnet 10 is recessed a little to an inner side (a rear end side) of the front end of the alligator clip 3 when the alligator clip 3 is in the closing state, as shown in FIG. 9. Accordingly, the N-pole magnet 10 does not project from the opening of the alligator clip 3 in the opening state of the alligator clip 3. The certainty of a guiding operation of the N-pole magnet 10 and the S-pole magnet 16 when the interlocking member 4 is located roughly closely to the opening alligator clip 3, however, is as good as the case of Embodiment 1. In Embodiment 4, the clamping portion 14 similar to that of Embodiment 1 is only provided in the jaw member 6 on which no N-pole magnet 10 is fixed among the pair of jaw members 6. Accordingly, the clamping portion of the jaw member 6 on which the N-pole magnet 10 is fixed is not likely to obstruct an attracting operation between the S-pole magnet 16 and the N-pole magnet 10 when the alligator clip 3 is closed to engage with the interlocking member 4 as shown in FIG. 9. Simultaneously, the clamping portion 14 provided in the jaw member 6 on which no N-pole magnet 10 is fixed is caught on the neck portion 15 of the interlocking member 4, so that engagement between the alligator clip 3 and the interlocking member 4 can be secured. The structure, operation and effect in Embodiment 4 are same as those in Embodiment 1 except the above point.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a clamping tool for chain ends of accessories. More particularly, the invention relates to a clamping tool for clamping ends of a chain portion of accessories, which are formed from a chain or has a chain-shaped part, such as a necklace, a bracelet, an anklet and the like, for example. 2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, proposed have been clamping tools, one of which uses a spring and is referred to as a pulling ring type and the other of which uses a planer spring and is referred to as an insert type, and the like. [Literature 1] JP-A-08-126506 Literature 1, for example, discloses an example of the pulling ring type clamping tool. In Literature 1, disclosed is a clamping tool for a necklace or the like in which a fixed disk provided with a clamping ring having a penetrating hole and an inserting hole having a notched part is fitted with a rotary disk provided with an inserting hole having a notched part. [Literature 2] JP-A-09-289911 In Literature 2, disclosed is a clamping tool for a necklace or the like comprising a male member provided with a projection whose tip is expanded and a female member provided with a channel part capable of fitting the projection in. One end of the channel part is opened to the outer periphery of the female member and a spring wire is formed on an inner side of the channel part so that the projection of the male member can be snap-fitted to the channel part. The clamping tool disclosed in Literature 1, however, applies a way of interlocking a pair of interlocking members by visual observation. The interlocking members are actually so small that the pair of interlocking members cannot be easily located in proper positions with respect to each other to be interlocked. Further, in the case of accessories such as a necklace in which a clamping tool is interlocked behind a neck of a person putting the accessory on, an interlocking operation cannot be visually observed, so that it is especially difficult to carry out the interlocking operation. Moreover, it is also difficult to confirm whether the interlocking members are properly interlocked or not. On the other hand, an object of the clamping tool disclosed in Literature 2 is to simplify interlock of the clamping tool. As can be seen from description of “perform attachment and detachment (of the male member to the female member) by feeling without looking” in Literature 2, however, the male member and the female member should be located at proper interlocking positions with respect to each other by groping. This means that the operation in Literature 2 is substantially almost same as that of the related art disclosed in Literature 1 in difficulty of the operation and confirmation whether the interlocking members are properly interlocked or not. In accordance with the reasons mentioned above, the clamping tools disclosed in Literatures 1 and 2 are troublesome in properly interlocking, and in addition, are difficult in confirmation whether the interlocking members are properly interlocked or not. Moreover, as a result of the difficulty, there have been many cases that a necklace or the like is put on without properly interlocking the interlocking members and this causes unconscious loss of the necklace.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>An object of the invention is to arrange, in an accessory having a chain or a chain-shaped part, a pair of interlocking members forming a clamping tool of ends of the chain portion so as to be located at proper positions with respect to each other without depending on visual observation or groping. Another object of the invention is to enable location of the pair of interlocking members at the proper interlocking positions to be confirmed by a signal sound. A first aspect of the invention is a clamping tool of chain ends of an accessory in which a holder provided at one end of a chain portion of the accessory is engaged with a holder receiver provided at the other end of the chain portion to be interlocked with each other, wherein the holder and the holder receiver are respectively provided as attracting members with magnets attracting each other or with a magnet and a metal material attracted by the magnet at positions capable of guiding the holder and the holder receiver to a proper engaging location. In the clamping tool of chain ends of an accessory in accordance with the first aspect of the invention, only locating the holder and the holder receiver, which form the clamping tool, so as to be roughly close to each other enables the holder and the holder receiver to be located at proper engagement positions owing to a guiding operation of the attracting members. The attracting members make a click sound of connection when they are attracted by each other in addition to the guiding operation. Accordingly, the sound of connection can be used as a signal sound to confirm that the holder and the holder receiver are located at proper interlocking positions. As a result, visual observation is not necessary in locating the holder and the holder receiver, which are small members, at the proper engagement positions for interlock. This allows the clamping tool of an accessory to be simply, easily, and further, certainly interlocked, even in the case of an accessory such as a necklace whose clamping tool is interlocked behind a neck of a person putting the accessory on, for example. In comparison between the clamping tool in accordance with the first aspect and the interlocking tool in Literature 2 in the case that the accessory is a necklace, the latter is required to “locate” a male member and a female member “at proper interlocking positions by groping” while the former is enough to “roughly closely locate” the holder and the holder receiver “by groping”. In addition, in the former case, a signal sound indicating that “the interlock is completed” is outputted. Thus, there is a big difference in convenience in use between the above tools. In a second aspect of the invention, the holder according to the first aspect is a spring-close type alligator clip in which a pair of jaw members is rotatably held so as to be able to be opened and closed and the holder receiver is an interlocking member fitted in between the pair of opening jaw members to be interlocked. With the alligator clip type holder in accordance with the second aspect, it is generally easy to operate the clamping tool. Even when an accessory such as a necklace has a clamping tool, which should be interlocked behind a neck of a person putting the accessory on, for example, operations of interlocking the clamping tool and releasing interlock of the clamping tool can be further simply and certainly performed because of the alligator clip type of holder in addition to an effect of the first aspect. In a third aspect of the invention, one attracting member is provided in the alligator clip according to the second aspect and the other attracting member is provided at a tip of the interlocking member. In the case of the alligator clip type holder in accordance with the second aspect, the alligator clip is opened so that the interlocking member, which is the holder receiver, would be fitted in the opening to be interlocked. Accordingly, providing one attracting member in the alligator clip and the other attracting member at a tip of the interlocking member allows the guiding operation of the attracting members and the interlocking operation of the holder to be closely integrated, so that convenience in use is especially improved. In a fourth aspect of the invention, an attracting member provided in the alligator clip according to the third aspect is fixed to any one of the pair of jaw members or a holding member for holding the attracting member is held on a holding shaft for rotatably holding the pair of jaw members. A way of fixing or stably holding one attracting member provided in the alligator clip at a proper location so as to be attracted by the other attracting member provided at a tip of the interlocking member is not limited. As described in the fourth aspect, for example, however, preferably exemplified can be a mode in which the attracting member is fixed to any one of the jaw members or a holding member for holding the attracting member is held on a holding shaft for rotatably holding the pair of jaw members. In a fifth aspect of the invention, an attracting member provided in the alligator clip accordingly to the third aspect or a holding member for holding the attracting member is connected to the pair of jaw members by means of a linking arm to form a link mechanism in which the attracting member operates to project from an opening in opening the pair of jaw members. The alligator clip in accordance with the third aspect has a mechanism for opening/closing the pair of jaw members in a spring-close way and further has a structure in which an attracting member is provided in the alligator clip (between the pair of jaw members). Accordingly, arranging a link mechanism so that the attracting member would be operated to project from the opening in opening the pair of jaw members enables attraction between the projecting attracting member and the attracting member on the interlocking member side to be further easily performed. This allows the guiding operation of the attracting members in the interlocking operation to be especially effectively achieved. In a sixth aspect of the invention, the linking arm of the link mechanism according to the fifth aspect is a spring for closing the alligator clip. In the case that the link mechanism in accordance with the fifth aspect is provided in the alligator clip, the alligator clip per se is originally arranged to be of a spring-close type. This allows the linking arm of the link mechanism to be also used as a spring for closing the alligator clip. It is of course possible, however, to separately provide the linking arm of the link mechanism and the spring for closing the alligator clip. In consideration of design, each of the case of using the linking arm of the link mechanism as a spring for closing the alligator clip as in the sixth aspect and the case of separately providing the linking arm of the link mechanism and the spring for closing the alligator has its advantages and disadvantages in operation and effect. The above and other advantages of the invention will become more apparent in the following description and the accompanying drawings.

20060927

20090721

20070809

58662.0

A44C500

ROJAS, BERNARD

CLAMPING TOOL FOR CHAIN ENDS OF ACCESSORIES

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

A44C

ACCEPTED

Generation of a Desired Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Field

The present invention relates to a method and a system for synthesizing a prescribed three-dimensional electromagnetic field based on generalized phase contrast imaging. Such a method and apparatus may be utilized in advanced optical micro and nano-manipulation, such as by provision of a multiple-beam optical tweezer.

1: A phase contrast system for synthesizing an output electromagnetic field u(x″, y″, z″), comprising a first phase modifying element for phase modulation of an input electromagnetic field by phasor values eiΦ(x,y), first Fourier or Fresnel optics for Fourier or Fresnel transforming the phase modulated electromagnetic field positioned in the propagation path of the phase modulated field, a spatial filter for filtering the Fourier or Fresnel transformed electromagnetic radiation by in a region of spatial frequencies comprising DC in the Fourier or Fresnel plane phase shifting with a predetermined phase shift value θ the modulated electromagnetic radiation in relation to the remaining part of the electromagnetic radiation, and multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant B, and in a region of remaining spatial frequencies in the Fourier or Fresnel plane, multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant A, second Fourier or Fresnel optics for forming an electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) by Fourier or Fresnel transforming the phase shifted Fourier or Fresnel transformed electromagnetic field, and a second phase modifying element for phase modulating the electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) into the electromagnetic field o(x′, y′)eiψ(x′,y′) propagating as the desired output electromagnetic field u(x″,y″,z″). 2: A phase contrast system according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second phase modifying elements is further adapted for phase modulation by first phasor values for a first polarization and second phasor values for a second orthogonal polarization of the input electromagnetic field. 3: A phase contrast system according to claim 2, wherein the second phase modifying element is further adapted for phase modulation by first phasor values eiψ1(x′, y′) for a first polarization and second phasor values eiψ2(x′, y′) for a second orthogonal polarization of the input electromagnetic field. 4: A phase contrast system according to claim 2, further comprising an element for directing the phase modified orthogonal fields into separate paths of propagation, e.g. to be applied in a non-interfering counter-propagating geometry. 5: A phase contrast system according to claim 1, wherein A=1. 6: A phase contrast system according to claim 1, wherein B=1. 7: A phase contrast system according to claim 1, wherein θ=π. 8: A phase contrast system according to claim 1, wherein the phasor values eiΦ(x,y) of the first phase modifying element and the phase shift value θ substantially fulfil that o(x′,y′)≅A[exp(i{tilde over (φ)}(x′,y′))+K| α|(BA−1exp(iθ)−1)] wherein A is an optional amplitude modulation of the spatial phase filter outside the zero-order diffraction region, B is an optional amplitude modulation of the spatial phase filter in the zero-order diffraction region, α=| α|exp(iΦ α) is the average of the phasors eiΦ(x,y) of the resolution elements of the phase modifying element, and {tilde over (φ)}=φ−φ α, and K=1−J0(1.22πη), wherein J0 is the zero-order Bessel function and η relates the radius R1 of the zero-order filtering region to the radius R2 of the main-lobe of the Airy function of the input aperture, η=R1/R2=(0.61)−1 ΔrΔfr. 9: A phase contrast system according to claim 1, wherein the phase shift value θ substantially fulfills the equation K ⁢  α _  = 1 2 ⁢  sin ⁢ ⁢ θ / 2  . 10: A phase contrast system according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second phase modifying element comprises a complex spatial electromagnetic field modulator that is positioned in the path of the input electromagnetic field and comprises modulator resolution elements (xm, ym), each modulator resolution element (xm, ym) modulating the phase and the amplitude of the electromagnetic field incident upon it with a predetermined complex value am(xm, ym)eiφ(xm, ym). 11: A phase contrast system according to claim 1, further comprising a light source for emission of the input electromagnetic field, the light source comprising a laser array, such as a VCSEL array. 12: An optical micro-manipulation or multi-beam optical tweezer system including the phase contrast system of claim 1. 13: A laser machining tool including the phase contrast system of claim 1. 14: A method of synthesizing an output electromagnetic field u(x″, y″, z″), comprising: phase modulating an input electromagnetic field by phasor values eiφ(x,y), Fourier or Fresnel transforming the phase modulated electromagnetic field, filtering the Fourier or Fresnel transformed electromagnetic radiation by in a region of spatial frequencies comprising DC in the Fourier or Fresnel plane phase shifting with a predetermined phase shift value θ the modulated electromagnetic radiation in relation to the remaining part of the electromagnetic radiation, and multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant B, and in a region of remaining spatial frequencies in the Fourier or Fresnel plane, multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant A, forming an electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) by Fourier or Fresnel transforming the phase shifted Fourier or Fresnel transformed electromagnetic field, and phase modulating the electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) into the output electromagnetic field o(x′, y′)eiψ(x′, y′)) propagating as the desired output electromagnetic field u(x″,y″, z″). 15: A method according to claim 14, further comprising: dividing the electromagnetic field o(x′,y′) into pixels in accordance with the disposition of resolution elements (x, y) of a first phase modifying element having a plurality of individual resolution elements (x, y), each resolution element (x, y) modulating the phase of electromagnetic radiation incident upon it with a predetermined phasor value eiφ(x,y), calculating the phasor values eiφ(x,y) of the phase modifying element and the phase shift value θ substantially in accordance with o(x′,y′)≅A[exp(i{tilde over (φ)}(x′,y′))+K| α|(BA−1exp(iθ)−1)] wherein A is an optional amplitude modulation of the spatial phase filter outside the zero-order diffraction region, B is an optional amplitude modulation of the spatial phase filter in the zero-order diffraction region, α=| α|exp(iφ α) is the average of the phasors eiφ(x,y) of the resolution elements of the phase modifying element, and {tilde over (φ)}=φ−φ α, and K=1−J0(1.22πη), wherein J0 is the zero-order Bessel function, and η relates the radius R1 of the zero-order filtering region to the radius R2 of the main-lobe of the Airy function of the input aperture, η=R1/R2=(0.61)−1 ΔrΔfr, selecting, for each resolution element, one of two phasor values which represent a particular grey level, and supplying the selected phasor values eiφ(x,y) to the respective resolution elements (x, y) of the first phase modifying element, and supplying selected phasor values eiψ(x′,y′) to respective resolution elements (x′, y′) of a second phase modifying element having a plurality of individual resolution elements (x′, y′), each resolution element (x′, y′) modulating the phase of electromagnetic radiation incident upon it with the respective phasor value eiψ(x′,y′) for generation of the output field o(x′, y′)eiψ(x′, y′).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method and a system for synthesizing a prescribed three-dimensional electromagnetic field based on generalized phase contrast imaging. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION It is well known to form an image by phase contrast imaging methods in which phase modulation of light is converted into intensity modulation. As opposed to intensity modulation, phase modulation does not involve loss of energy. A generalized phase contrast imaging method and system for synthesizing a prescribed intensity pattern is disclosed in WO 96/34207, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The generalized method is not based on the so-called Zernike approximation that the phase shift φ is less than 1 radian. An improved method is provided without this approximation and based on imaging with a simple one-to-one mapping of resolution elements or pixels of a spatial phase modulator and resolution elements of the generated intensity pattern. The disclosed phase contrast imaging method of synthesizing a prescribed intensity pattern I(x′,y′), comprises the steps of: dividing the intensity pattern I(x′,y′)=|(x′,y′)|2 into pixels in accordance with the disposition of resolution elements (x,y) of a spatial phase mask having a plurality of individual resolution elements (x,y), each resolution element (x,y) modulating the phase of electromagnetic radiation incident upon it with a predetermined phasor value eiφ(x,y), radiating electromagnetic radiation towards the spatial phase mask, Fourier or Fresnel transforming the modulated electromagnetic radiation, phase shifting with a spatial phase filter (SPF) in a region of spatial frequencies comprising DC in the Fourier or Fresnel plane, the modulated electromagnetic radiation by a predetermined phase shift value θ in relation to the remaining part of the electromagnetic radiation, and forming the intensity pattern by Fourier or Fresnel transforming, respectively, the phase shifted Fourier or Fresnel transformed modulated electromagnetic radiation, whereby each resolution element (x,y) of the phase mask is imaged on a corresponding resolution element (x′,y′) of the image, calculating the phasor values eiφ(x,y) of the phase mask and the phase shift value θ in accordance with o(x′,y′)=eiφ(x′,y′)+ α(eiθ−1) for selected phase shift values θ, α being the average of the phasors eiφ(x,y) of the resolution elements of the phase mask, selecting, for each resolution element, one of two phasor values which represent a particular grey level, and supplying the selected phasor values eiφ(x,y) to the resolution elements (x,y) of the spatial phase mask. In one embodiment disclosed in WO 96/34207, the spatial phase mask is positioned at the front focal plane of a lens while the spatial phase filter is positioned in the back focal plane of the lens, whereby a first electromagnetic field at the spatial phase mask is Fourier transformed by the lens into a second electromagnetic field at the spatial phase filter. Thus, specific spatial frequencies of the first electromagnetic field will be transmitted through the spatial phase filter at specific positions of the phase filter. For example, the energy of the electromagnetic radiation at zero frequency (DC) is modified and transformed onto the intersecting point of the Fourier plane and the optical axis of the lens also denoted the zero-order diffraction region by the phase filter. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The above-mentioned method operates on a plane incoming electromagnetic field with the aim to generate a two-dimensional intensity pattern. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and a system synthesizing a prescribed three-dimensional electromagnetic field for further flexibility, for example to be able to focus light energy in a three-dimensional volume. Such a method and apparatus may be utilized in advanced optical micro- and nano-manipulation, such as by provision of a multiple-beam optical tweezer. According to a first aspect of the invention the above-mentioned and other objects are fulfilled by a phase contrast system for synthesizing an output electromagnetic field u(x″,y″,z″), comprising a first phase modifying element for phase modulation of an input electromagnetic field by phasor values eiφ(x,y), first Fresnel optics for Fresnel transforming the phase modulated electromagnetic field positioned in the propagation path of the phase modulated field, a spatial filter for filtering the Fresnel transformed electromagnetic radiation by in a region of spatial frequencies comprising DC in the Fresnel plane phase shifting with a predetermined phase shift value θ the modulated electromagnetic radiation in relation to the remaining part of the electromagnetic radiation, and multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant B, and in a region of remaining spatial frequencies in the Fresnel plane, multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant A, second Fresnel optics for forming an electromagnetic field o(x′,y′) by Fresnel transforming the phase shifted Fresnel transformed electromagnetic field, and a second phase modifying element for phase modulating the electromagnetic field o(x′,y′) into the output electromagnetic field o(x′,y′)eiψ(x′,y′) propagating as the desired output electromagnetic field u(x″,y″,z″). In one embodiment of the invention, a phase contrast system is provided for synthesizing an output electromagnetic field u(x″,y″,z″), comprising a first phase modifying element for phase modulation of an input electromagnetic field by phasor values eiφ(x,y), first Fourier optics for Fourier transforming the phase modulated electromagnetic field positioned in the propagation path of the phase modulated field, a spatial filter for filtering the Fourier transformed electromagnetic radiation by in a region of spatial frequencies comprising DC in the Fourier plane phase shifting with a predetermined phase shift value θ the modulated electromagnetic radiation in relation to the remaining part of the electromagnetic radiation, and multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant B, and in a region of remaining spatial frequencies in the Fourier plane, multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant A, second Fourier optics for forming an electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) by Fourier transforming the phase shifted Fourier transformed electromagnetic field, and a second phase modifying element for phase modulating the electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) into the output electromagnetic field o(x′, y′)eiψ(x′, y′) propagating as the desired output electromagnetic field u(x″,y″,z″). According to a second aspect of the present invention, the above and other objects are fulfilled by a method of synthesizing an output electromagnetic field u(x″, y″, z″), comprising the steps of phase modulating an input electromagnetic field by phasor values eiφ(x,y), Fresnel transforming the phase modulated electromagnetic field, filtering the Fresnel transformed electromagnetic radiation by in a region of spatial frequencies comprising DC in the Fresnel plane phase shifting with a predetermined phase shift value θ the modulated electromagnetic radiation in relation to the remaining part of the electromagnetic radiation, and multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant B, and in a region of remaining spatial frequencies in the Fresnel plane, multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant A, forming an electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) by Fresnel transforming the phase shifted Fresnel transformed electromagnetic field, and phase modulating the electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) into the output electromagnetic field o(x′, y′)eiψ(x′, y′) propagating as the desired output electromagnetic field u(x″,y″,z″). In an embodiment of the present invention, a method of synthesizing an output electromagnetic field u(x″, y″, z″) is provided, comprising the steps of phase modulating an input electromagnetic field by phasor values eiφ(x,y), Fourier transforming the phase modulated electromagnetic field, filtering the Fourier transformed electromagnetic radiation by in a region of spatial frequencies comprising DC in the Fourier plane phase shifting with a predetermined phase shift value θ the modulated electromagnetic radiation in relation to the remaining part of the electromagnetic radiation, and multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant B, and in a region of remaining spatial frequencies in the Fourier plane, multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant A, forming an electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) by Fourier transforming the phase shifted Fourier transformed electromagnetic field, and phase modulating the electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) into the output electromagnetic field o(x′, y′)eiψ(x′, y′) propagating as the desired output electromagnetic field u(x″,y″,z″). The method may further comprise the steps of dividing the electromagnetic field o(x′,y′) into pixels in accordance with the disposition of resolution elements (x, y) of a first phase modifying element having a plurality of individual resolution elements (x, y), each resolution element (x, y) modulating the phase of electromagnetic radiation incident upon it with a predetermined phasor value eiφ(x,y), calculating the phasor values eiφ(x,y) of the phase modifying element and the phase shift value θ substantially in accordance with o(x′,y′)≅A[exp(i{tilde over (φ)}(x′,y′))+K| α|(BA−1exp(iθ)−1)] wherein A is an optional amplitude modulation of the spatial phase filter outside the zero-order diffraction region, B is an optional amplitude modulation of the spatial phase filter in the zero-order diffraction region, α=| α|exp (iφ α) is the average of the phasors eiφ(x,y) of the resolution elements of the phase modifying element, and {tilde over (φ)}=φ−φ α, and K=1−J0(1.22 πη), wherein J0 is the zero-order Bessel function, and η relates the radius R1 of the zero-order filtering region to the radius R2 of the main-lobe of the Airy function of the input aperture, η=R1/R2=(0.61)−1 ΔrΔfr, selecting, for each resolution element, one of two phasor values which represent a particular grey level, and supplying the selected phasor values eiφ(x,y) to the respective resolution elements (x, y) of the first phase modifying element, and supplying selected phasor values eiψ(x′,y′) to respective resolution elements (x′, y′) of a second phase modifying element having a plurality of individual resolution elements (x′, y′), each resolution element (x′, y′) modulating the phase of electromagnetic radiation incident upon it with the respective phasor value eiψ(x′,y′) for generation of the output field o(x′, y′)eiψ(x′, y′). The mathematical expressions will be further explained below. The axis of propagation of a plane electromagnetic field is perpendicular to the electric and magnetic fields. It should be noted that, in each resolution element of the first phase modifying element, one of two phasor values which represent a particular grey level of the amplitude component of the electromagnetic field o(x′,y′) may be selected. In an embodiment of the present invention, the spatial phase filter substantially does not attenuate the electromagnetic fields incident upon it outside the phase shifting regions, i.e. A is equal to one or approximately equal to one. In an embodiment of the present invention, the spatial phase filter substantially does not attenuate the electromagnetic fields incident upon it inside the phase shifting region, i.e. B is equal to one or approximately equal to one. It is also preferred that the phase shift value θ substantially fulfils the equation K ⁢  α _  = 1 2 ⁢  sin ⁢ θ 2  for a lossless filter with A=1 and B=1. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the phase shift θ is equal to π or approximately equal to π. Accordingly the previous equation leads to K α= 1/2 and the phase values, φ(x, y), of the first phase modifying element may be calculated in accordance with { K ⁢ ⁢ Λ - 1 ⁢ ∫ ∫ Λ ⁢ cos ⁡ ( ϕ ⁡ ( x , y ) ) ⁢ ⅆ x ⁢ ⅆ y = 1 / 2 K ⁢ ⁢ Λ - 1 ⁢ ∫ ∫ Λ ⁢ sin ⁡ ( ϕ ⁡ ( x , y ) ) ⁢ ⅆ x ⁢ ⅆ y = 0 where Λ is the illuminated area of the first phase modifying element. The electromagnetic field or radiation may be of any frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e. the gamma frequency range, the ultraviolet range, the visible range, the infrared range, the far infrared range, the X-ray range, the microwave range, the HF (high frequency) range, etc. The present invention is also applicable to particle radiation, such as electron radiation, neutron radiation, etc. Preferably, the electromagnetic fields are monochromatic or quasi-monochromatic so that the energy of the electromagnetic fields is concentrated in a narrow frequency bandwidth. Since the phase contrast generated amplitude pattern is reconstructed by interference of two electromagnetic fields generated by different phase shifting of different parts of the incoming field, it is required that the frequency range of the emitted electromagnetic field is sufficiently narrow to ensure that the two electromagnetic fields are coherent so that their superposition generates the desired amplitude pattern. If the frequency range is too broad, the two fields will be incoherent and the phase information will be lost as superposition of non-coherent fields results in a summation of the intensities of the two fields. It is required that the difference between individual delays of electromagnetic fields to be superpositioned is less than the wavelength of the fields. This is a relaxed requirement that allows the electromagnetic fields to be relatively broad-banded. For example in the visible range, a Xe-lamp or a Hg-lamp can be used as a light source in a system according to the present invention with the advantage compared to a laser light source that speckle noise is reduced. The requirements of the spatial coherence of the electromagnetic fields depend upon the space bandwidth product of the corresponding system and how close the required system performance is to the theoretically obtainable performance of the system. Preferably, the electromagnetic radiation is generated by a coherent source of electromagnetic radiation, such as a laser, a semi-conductor laser, a strained multi-quantum well laser, a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL), a maser, a phase-locked laser diode array, a light emitting diode, a pulsed laser, such as a sub-picosecond laser, etc, or an array of such sources. However, as already mentioned, a high-pressure arc lamp, such as an Hg lamp, a Xe lamp, etc, may also be used and even an incandescent lamp may be used as a source of electromagnetic radiation. Each phase modifying element changes the phase of an electromagnetic field incident upon it. Optionally, it may also change the amplitude of an electromagnetic field incident upon it. Each phase modifying element may transmit or reflect the incident electromagnetic field. Each phase modifying element may be divided into a number of resolution elements, each of which modulates the incident electromagnetic field by changing its phase by a specific predetermined value. The predetermined values are assigned to each resolution element in different ways depending upon the technology applied in the component. For example in spatial light modulators, each resolution element may be addressed either optically or electrically. The electrical addressing technique resembles the addressing technique of solid-state memories in that each resolution element can be addressed through electronic circuitry to receive a control signal corresponding to the phase change to be generated by the addressed resolution element. The optical addressing technique addresses each resolution element by pointing a light beam on it, the intensity of the light beam corresponding to the phase change to be generated by the resolution element illuminated by the light beam. Spatial phase modulation may be realized utilizing a fixed phase mask, a liquid crystal device based on liquid crystal display technology, a MEMS (micro electro-mechanical system), a MOEMS (micro opto-electro-mechanical system), such as a dynamic mirror device, a digital micro-mirror array, a deformable mirror device, etc, a membrane spatial light modulator, a laser diode array (integrated light source and phase modulator), smart pixel arrays, etc. Seiko-Epson produces a transmitting liquid crystal SLM (LC-SLM) having a high resolution matrix of transparent liquid crystal elements wherein the relative permittivity of each element can be electrically modulated in order to vary the refractive index and thereby the optical path length of the element. Meadowlark produces a parallel-aligned liquid crystal (PAL-SLM) with a high fill factor, but this device has a very low resolution in that it contains only 137 phase-modulating elements. Hamamatsu Photonics produces a dynamically controllable PAL-SLM with VGA or XGA resolution. Texas Instruments produces a Digital Mirror Device (DMD) having an array of mirrors each of which can be tilted between two positions. The spatial phase filter is typically a fixed phase mask, such as an optically flat glass plate coated with a dielectric layer in the region wherein the modulated electromagnetic field is phase shifted θ in relation to the remaining part of the electromagnetic field. However, the spatial phase modulators mentioned in the previous section may also be used for spatial phase filters. In addition, non-linear materials providing self-phase modulation, such as Kerr-type materials, can also be used for introducing the phase shift θ. An imaging system maps the phase modulating resolution elements of the first phase modifying element onto the second phase modifying element. This imaging system may comprise a 4f-lens configuration (two Fourier transforming lenses utilizing transmission of light or one Fourier transforming lens utilizing reflection of light) or a single imaging lens. However, any optical imaging system providing a filtering plane for the spatial phase filter may be applied in a phase contrast imaging system. In the method and system according to the present invention, the electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) is generated by superposition of electromagnetic fields in the image plane of the imaging system. The first phase modifying element changes the phase values of an electromagnetic field incident upon it and the imaging system directs the electromagnetic field with changed phases reflected from or transmitted through the phase modifying element towards the spatial phase filter. The phase filter phase shifts a part of the electromagnetic field and the imaging system is adapted to superimpose in the image plane the phase shifted part of the electromagnetic field with the part of the electromagnetic field that is not phase shifted by the spatial phase filter. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the first phase modifying element is positioned at the front focal plane of a lens while the spatial phase filter is positioned in the back focal plane of the lens, whereby a first electromagnetic field at the phase modifying element is Fourier transformed by the lens into a second electromagnetic field at the phase filter. Thus, specific spatial frequencies of the first electromagnetic field will be transmitted through the spatial phase filter at specific positions of the phase filter. For instance, the energy of the electromagnetic field at zero frequency (DC) is transmitted through the phase filter at the intersecting point of the Fourier plane and the optical axis of the lens also denoted the zero-order diffraction region. It is an advantage of the invention that utilisation of arrays of sources is facilitated in that the positioning and/or shapes of the phase shifting regions of the phase filter may be matched to the geometry of the source. For example, if a linear array of VCSELs forms the source, the phase shifting regions of the spatial phase filter form a corresponding linear array of phase shifting regions, each of the regions being positioned at the zero-order diffraction region of a respective VCSEL in the VCSEL array. Further, the shape of each phase shifting region may match the shape of the zero-order diffraction region of the respective VCSEL. Likewise, a phase filter may match a source with a specific geometrical shape with a continuous phase shifting region covering an area of the phase filter that corresponds to the zero-order diffraction region of the source. Thus, the energy of the electromagnetic fields of the system may be distributed over a large area compared to the area of a zero-order diffraction region of a single plane electromagnetic field of a known phase contrast imaging system. Thus, the phase shifting regions of the spatial phase filter may form a rectangular array, a circular array, a linear array, two linear crossing arrays, a continuous region, a ring, etc. At least two substantially plane electromagnetic fields with different axes of propagation may be generated in a time multiplexed manner, e.g. by a scanning mirror or prism, deflecting or reflecting a beam of electromagnetic field in different directions of propagation. The capability of handling high energy levels of electromagnetic fields of the present invention may be utilized for provision of a 3D laser cutter comprising a system according to the present invention. Further, the capability of handling high energy levels in combination with the capability of generating a desired three-dimensional field comprising desired light beams may be utilized for provision of an optical tweezer or an array of optical tweezers according to the present invention. In an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the apertures of the system is of insignificant importance to the operation of the system and calculation of the phasor values, K is equal to one or approximately equal to one. For a more detailed understanding of the invention, the Zernike approximation is reviewed below, followed by a generalization where the above-mentioned mathematical expressions are derived for an on-axis centred phase contrast filtering implementation. The Zernike phase contrast method allows for the visualization of phase perturbations by the use of a Fourier plane phase shifting filter. The Dutch physicist Fritz Zernike received the Nobel Prize in 1953 for inventing this method, which led to a break-through in medicine and biology by making essentially transparent cell or bacteria samples clearly visible under a microscope. Its successful operation, however, requires that the spatial phase distribution, φ(x,y), at the input is limited to a “small-scale” phase approximation where the largest phase is typically taken to be significantly less than π/3. According to this assumption, a Taylor expansion to first order is sufficient for the mathematical treatment so that the input wavefront can be written as exp(iφ(x,y))≈1+iφ(x,y) (1) The light corresponding to the two terms in this “small-scale” phase approximation can be separated spatially by use of a single lens where the phase distribution is located in the front focal plane and the corresponding spatial Fourier transformation is generated in the back focal plane of the lens. In this first order approximation the constant term represents the amplitude of on-axis light focused by the lens in the back focal plane and the second spatially varying term represents the off-axis light. Zernike realized that a small phase shifting quarter wave plate acting on the focused light makes it possible to obtain an approximately linear visualization of small phase structures by generating interference between the two-phase quadrature terms in Eq. (1): I(x′,y′)≈1+2φ(x′,y′) (2) It should be noted that a three-quarter waveplate works equally well to produce contrast, but the plus sign in Eq. (2) is negated leading to so-called negative phase contrast. A substantial improvement in the visibility of the Zernike phase contrast visualization in Eq. (2) requires strong damping of the focused light in addition to the phase shift required to generate the contrast. In the general case, where we are not limited to a small-scale input phase perturbation we cannot assume that a series expansion to first order as in the Zernike approximation is a sufficient representation of a given phase perturbation. Higher order terms in the expansion need to be taken into account, so the expansion takes the form: exp ⁡ ( ⅈϕ ⁡ ( x , y ) ) = ⁢ 1 + ⅈϕ ⁡ ( x , y ) - 1 2 ⁢ ϕ 2 ⁡ ( x , y ) - ⁢ 1 6 ⁢ ⅈϕ 3 ⁡ ( x , y ) + 1 24 ⁢ ϕ 4 ⁡ ( x , y ) + … ( 3 ) However, here the spatially varying terms can not be considered as separate from the supposedly focused light represented by the first term in this Taylor series expansion, as is implied by the Zernike approach, and all of these spatially varying terms contribute to the intensity of the on-axis focused light. For a significant modulation in the input phase, this contribution of the spatially varying terms can result in a significant modulation of the focal spot amplitude in the back focal plane of the lens. These terms can in fact result in either constructive or destructive interference with the on-axis light, although the net result will be an attenuation of the focused light amplitude, which only has a maximum value for a perfect unperturbed plane wave at the input. For phase objects not fulfilling the Zernike approximation we must, therefore, find an alternative mathematical approach to that of the Taylor expansion given in Eq. (3). We have chosen a Fourier analysis as a more suitable technique for completely separating the on-axis and higher spatial frequency components. This gives the following form for exp(iφ(x,y)), where (x,y)∈Ω: exp ⁡ ( ⅈϕ ⁡ ( x , y ) ) = ⁢ ( ∫ ∫ Ω ⁢ ⅆ x ⁢ ⅆ y ) - 1 ⁢ ∫ ∫ Ω ⁢ exp ⁡ ( ⅈϕ ⁡ ( x , y ) ) ⁢ ⅆ x ⁢ ⅆ y + ⁢ “ higher ⁢ ⁢ frequency ⁢ ⁢ terms ” ( 4 ) In this Fourier decomposition the first term is a complex valued constant linked to the on-axis focused light from a phase object defined within the spatial region, Ω, and the second term describes light scattered by spatially varying structures in the phase object. Comparing Eq. (3) and Eq. (4) it is apparent that the first term of Eq. (3) is a poor approximation to the first term of Eq. (4) when operating beyond the Zernike small-scale phase regime. An important issue to consider when analysing the effect of spatial filtering of the light diffracted by phase perturbations is the definition of what spatially constitutes focused and scattered light. In the previous description of Zernike phase contrast it was assumed that the focused light is spatially confined to a somewhat unphysical delta function. As we know, any aperture truncation inherent in any practical optical system will lead to a corresponding spatial broadening of the focused light. It is therefore essential that we define the terms “focused light” and “scattered light” explicitly for such a system. In this context it is necessary to look more carefully at the sequence of apertures confining the light wave propagation through a typical optical set-up. A commonly applied architecture that provides an efficient platform for spatial filtering is illustrated in FIG. 1 and is based on the so-called 4-f configuration. An output interferogram of an unknown phase object or phase disturbance is obtained by applying a truncated on-axis filtering operation in the spatial frequency domain between two Fourier transforming lenses (L1 and L2). The first lens performs a spatial Fourier transform so that directly propagated light is focused into the on-axis filtering region whereas spatially varying object information generates light scattered to locations outside this central region. We can describe a general Fourier filter in which different phase shifts and amplitude damping factors are applied to the “focused” and “scattered” light. In FIG. 1, we show a circularly symmetric Fourier filter described by the amplitude transmission factors A and B for the “scattered” and “focused” light respectively and by the relative phase shift θ. These filter parameters can be chosen to replicate any one of a large number of commonly used filter types (i.e. phase contrast, dark central ground, point diffraction and field-absorption filtering). By applying a given Fourier filter and a second Fourier lens, we obtain an interference pattern in the observation plane. The focused on-axis light acts as the synthetic reference wave (SRW) in the common path interferometer (CPI) system, this interferes with the scattered light to generate the output interference pattern. In the following section we discuss the importance of the SRW and show how it influences, among other things, the choice of the Fourier filter parameters. Having described the generic optical system that makes up the CPI, we turn to a detailed analytical treatment of the important elements in this system. Assuming a circular input aperture with radius, Δr, truncating the phase disturbance modulated onto a collimated, unit amplitude, monochromatic field of wavelength, λ, we can describe the incoming light amplitude a(x,y) by, a(x,y)=circ(r/Δr)exp(iφ(x,y)) (5) at the entrance plane of the optical system shown in FIG. 1 using the definition that the circ-function is unity within the region, r=√{square root over (x2+y2)}≦Δr, and zero elsewhere. Similarly, we assume a circular on-axis centred spatial filter of the form: H(fx,fy)=A[1+(BA−1exp(iθ)−1)circ(fr/Δfr)] (6) where B∈[0; 1] is the chosen filter transmittance of the focused light, θ∈[0;2π] is the applied phase shift to the focused light and A∈[0;1] is a filter parameter describing field transmittance for off-axis scattered light as indicated in FIG. 1. The spatial frequency coordinates are related to spatial coordinates in the filter plane such that: (fx,fy)=(λf)−1(xf,yf) and fr=√{square root over (fx2+fy2)}. Performing an optical Fourier transform of the input field from Eq. (5) followed by a multiplication with the filter parameters in Eq. (6) and a second optical Fourier transform (corresponding to an inverse Fourier transform with inverted coordinates) we obtain an expression for the intensity I(x′,y′)=|o(x′,y′)|2 describing the interferogram at the observation plane of the 4-f set-up: I(x′,y′)=∥A2|exp(i{tilde over (φ)}(x′,y′))circ(r′Δr)+| α|(BA−1exp(iθ)−1)g(r′)|2 (7) where g(r′) is the synthetic reference wave (SRW) and the terms α and {tilde over (φ)}(x′,y′) are given by: { α _ = ( π ⁡ ( Δ ⁢ ⁢ r ) 2 ) - 1 ⁢ ∫ ∫ x 2 + y 2 ≤ Δ ⁢ ⁢ r ⁢ exp ⁡ ( ⅈϕ ⁡ ( x , y ) ) ⁢ ⅆ x ⁢ ⅆ y =  α _  ⁢ exp ⁡ ( ⅈϕ α _ ) ϕ ~ ⁡ ( x ′ , y ′ ) = ϕ ⁡ ( x ′ , y ′ ) - ϕ α _ ( 8 ) It should be noted that to achieve a tractable analytic expression in Eq. (7) it has been assumed that the spatial frequency content of the phase object is sufficiently described by the term, α, within the on-axis centred filtering region characterized by the spatial frequency range Δfr. The generally complex valued and object dependent term, α, corresponding to the amplitude of the focused light plays a significant role in the expression for the interference pattern described by Eq. (7). Referring to the discussion in the introduction, we are now able to confirm that the frequent assumption, that the amplitude of the focused light is approximately equal to the first term of the Taylor expansion in Eq. (1), can generally result in misleading interpretations of the interferograms generated at the CPI output. Of similar importance in the analysis of Eq. (7) is the term g(r′) describing the spatial profile of the SRW, diffracted from the aperture formed by the on-axis centred filtering region. It is the interference between this SRW term, carrying the information about the filtering parameters, and the imaged phase object that generates the output interferogram. Thus, it is important to obtain an accurate description for the SRW and thereby an accurate derivation for Eq. (7). The zero-order Hankel transform followed by a series expansion in the spatial dimension, r′, will be used to describe the SRW. This is a relatively simple approach, which to the knowledge of the author has not previously been applied to this problem. For a circular input aperture with radius, Δr, we can describe the radius of the corresponding central phase shifting region of the Fourier filter (characterized by the parameters B and θ) in terms of a radial spatial frequency range Δfr. We can thus obtain the following expression for the SRW by use of the zero-order Hankel transform: g(r′)=2πΔr∫0ΔfrJ1(2πΔrfr)J0(2πr′fr)dfr (9) In order to simplify the analysis, we introduce a term η, which explicitly relates the radius of the central filtering region, R1, to the radius of the main-lobe of the Airy function, R2, resulting from the Fourier transform of the circular input aperture alone. We can thus express η in terms of Δr and Δfr such that: η=R1/R2=(0.61)−1ΔrΔfr (10) where the factor of 0.61 arises from the radial distance to the first zero crossing of the Airy function corresponding to half of the Airy mainlobe factor, of 1.22. If we make this substitution in Eq. (9) and then perform a series expansion in r′, we obtain the following expression for the SRW: g(r′)=1−J0(1.22πη)−[(0.61πη)2J2(1.22πη)](r′/Δr)2+{[(0.61)3/4][2J3(1.22πη)−0.61πηJ4(1.22πη)]}(r′/Δr)4 (11) In this expansion, the SRW is expressed in radial coordinates normalised to the radius of the imaged input aperture. This can easily be scaled to allow for a magnification within the imaging system, though for the remainder of our analysis a direct imaging operation is assumed. From Eq. (11) it is apparent that the SRW will change as a function of the radius of the central filtering region. Additionally, it is clear that the SRW profile is not necessarily flat over the system output aperture. This is an important, yet often neglected, factor in determining the performance of a CPI. Depending on the accuracy needed for the description of the interferograms one can choose to include a number of spatial higher order terms from the expansion in Eq. (11). The influence of the higher order terms has the largest impact along the boundaries of the imaged aperture. For η-values smaller than 0.627 and when operating within the central region of the image plane, spatial higher order terms are of much less significance and we can safely approximate the synthetic reference wave with the first and space invariant term in Eq. (11): g(r′∈ central region)≈1−J0(1.22πη) (12) so that we can simplify Eq. (7) to give: I(x′,y′)≅A2|exp(i{tilde over (φ)}(x′,y′))+K| α|(BA−1exp(iθ)−1)|2 (13) where K=1−J0(1.22πη). The influence of the finite on-axis filtering radius on the focused light is thus effectively included as an extra “filtering parameter” so that the four-parameter filter set (A,B,θ, K(η)) together with the complex object dependent term, α, effectively defines the type of filtering scheme we are applying. Having determined a suitable operating range for the CPI in terms of the production of a good SRW, we must now examine the role that the remaining filter parameters play in the optimisation of a CPI. From Eq. (13) we see that the filter parameters (A,B,θ) can be combined to form a single complex valued term, C, the combined filter term, such that: C=|C|exp(iψC)=BA−1exp(iθ)−1 (14) therefore, Eq. (13) can be simplified to give: I(x′,y′)=A2|exp(i{tilde over (φ)}(x′,y′)−iψC)+K| α∥C∥2 (15) where { BA - 1 = 1 + 2 ⁢  C  ⁢ cos ⁢ ⁢ ( ψ C ) +  C  2 sin ⁢ ⁢ θ = ( BA - 1 ) - 1 ⁢  C  ⁢ sin ⁡ ( ψ C ) ( 16 ) Since it is a complex variable, the combined filter term C, which effectively describes the complex filter space, can be considered to consist of a vector of phase ψC and length |C| as shown in Eq. (14). Thus in order to obtain an overview of the operating space covered by all the possible combinations of three independent filter parameters (A,B,θ) we can now instead choose to consider a given filter in terms of the two combined parameters ψC and |C|. However, referring to Eq. (15), it can be seen that the filter parameter, A, also appears independently of the combined filter term, C. Fortunately, this issue can be resolved by considering that the term BA−1 from Eq. (14) must be constrained in the following way: { BA - 1 < 1 ⇒ A = 1 B =  C + 1  BA - 1 = 1 ⇒ A = 1 , B = 1 BA - 1 > 1 ⇒ B = 1 , A =  C + 1  - 1 ( 17 ) These constraints arise from the adoption of a maximum irradiance criterion minimising unnecessary absorption of light in the Fourier filter, which reduces both irradiance and the signal to noise ratio in the CPI output. In the previous sections we derived expressions relating the spatial average value of a given phase disturbance to obtain peak irradiance and optimal visibility in combination with high accuracy in systems with unknown wavefront phase disturbances. We saw that if a CPI is applied to wavefront sensing or the visualisation of unknown phase objects the Generalised Phase Contrast (GPC) method specifies the filter phase and aperture size parameters for achieving optimal performance in extracting and displaying the phase information carried by the incoming wavefront. On the other hand, in cases where we have control over the incoming wavefront or phase modulation the GPC method provides extra means of optimisation by encoding the phase distribution itself in addition to modifying the filter parameters. The two main scenarios: A) synthesizing the spatial phase for intensity display or B) measuring the spatial phase with high accuracy, strongly influences which of the parameters in the analysis that should be kept fixed and which could be changed or adapted. The first approach is particularly useful when the filter parameters have a restricted dynamic range or are fixed. The rigorous derivation of the equations for choosing these parameters will be derived in this section. When synthesizing an input phase distribution for optimal visibility of an output intensity pattern the situation is more relaxed than the situation involving accurate interferometric measurements of unknown phase disturbances. The parameter η can therefore in most cases be chosen to completely encompass the zero-order light with the result that the term, K, tends to unity as the Bessel function tends to zero in Eq. (12). For this particular case, the SRW becomes a flat top profile where we can achieve nearly 100% light efficiency. For smaller and irregular phase patterns fine-tuning of η in the region 0.4-0.6 provides for an efficient operating regime while maintaining minimal losses. In order to optimize a synthesized light distribution for maximum contrast, we wish to generate an intensity distribution with a lowest intensity equal to zero, i.e. in at least one point (x0′,y0′): I(x0′,y0′;{tilde over (φ)}0)=0 (20) where {tilde over (φ)}0 is the relative phase shift generating zero-intensity in (x0′,y0′) of the observation plane. Applying this dark background condition in Eq. (13) we can obtain the following expression for a no-loss phase-only filter with filter transmission parameters, A=B=1: K| α|(1−exp(iθ))=exp(i{tilde over (φ)}0) (21) A key point arising from Eq. (21) is that we now have a simple way of expressing a new design criterion relating the spatial average value of any input phase pattern to the zero-order phase shift of a matched Fourier phase filter. Since K is by definition positive and by taking the modulus of Eq. (21) we obtain: K| α|=2 sin(θ/2)|−1 (22) Eq. (22) is a key result for the fully transmissive wavefront engineered GPC mapping that makes it possible to deduce the range of valid phase parameters fulfilling our design criteria from Eq. (20). The largest possible value that the term, K| α|, takes on is unity, this leads to the following solution interval for Eq. (22) within a full phase-cycle: θ=[π/3;5π/3] (23) From Eq. (22) we also observe that K| α| can take on a value limited to the interval: K| α|=[½;1] (24) Eq. (22) and the solution intervals described by Eqs. (23)-(24) specify the design parameters for achieving optimal performance in extracting and displaying the phase information carried by the incoming wavefront. Moreover, Eq. (22) hints towards extra means of optimisation by encoding the phase modulation depth itself in addition to the no-loss phase-only filter. This last approach is particularly useful when the filter phase has a restricted dynamic range or is fixed. Now, assuming that we have a fixed and fully transmissive phase-only filter, the best choice for the filter parameter is a value that allows for the largest dynamic range of phasor values at the input. Accordingly, the smallest possible real value, K α=½, is desirable implying that θ=π, leading to the output intensity distribution: I(x′,y′)=2[1−cos(φ(x′,y′))] (25) Inserting K α=½ in Eq. (8) we obtain the following two requirements for the input encoded phase function φ(x,y): { K ⁢ ⁢ Λ - 1 ⁢ ∫ ∫ Λ ⁢ cos ⁡ ( ϕ ⁡ ( x , y ) ) ⁢ ⅆ x ⁢ ⅆ y = 1 / 2 K ⁢ ⁢ Λ - 1 ⁢ ∫ ∫ Λ ⁢ sin ⁡ ( ϕ ⁡ ( x , y ) ) ⁢ ⅆ x ⁢ ⅆ y = 0 ( 26 ) where Λ is the illuminated area of the phase modifying element. We observe that it is only the first requirement in Eq. (26) that is directly related to the output intensity in Eq. (25) via the cosine term. Since there are always two choices for a given phasor value that result in the same cosine value (excluding 0 and π), we notice that the second requirement can subsequently be fulfilled independently of the first requirement simply by complex conjugating an appropriate number of phasor values. This fact is a key feature of the GPC-method since it makes it possible to solely concentrate on the first requirement in the process of synthesizing a desired an virtually no-loss grey level intensity pattern. The first requirement in Eq. (26) can be fulfilled by several means, including: dynamic phase range adjustment, fill factor encoding, phase-histogram adjustment, spatial scaling of phasor pattern, raster encoding etc. In a histogram adjustment technique one will typically start out with a desired relative intensity distribution I(z′,y′)desired where the maximum achievable intensity level is unknown but relative intensity levels are known and the lowest intensity level is fixed by the background criterion of Eq. (20). The procedure is now to adjust the histogram for I(x′,y′)desired while maintaining identical relative intensity level ratios until the first requirement in Eq. (26) is fulfilled. Subsequently, the second requirement in Eq. (26) is fulfilled by complex conjugating an appropriate part of the phasors. The simplest procedure is to complex conjugate every second identical phasor value independently of the spatial location. However, this “phasor flipping” procedure can also be turned into an advantageous tool (an extra degree of freedom) for manipulating the spatial frequency content in order to optimize the separation of low and high spatial frequency terms at the Fourier filter plane by taking the spatial phasor location into account. E.g. neighbouring phasor values can be chosen to have a maximum difference between them, thereby introducing high spatial frequency modulation easing the filtering in the spatial Fourier domain. In most cases, however, equalized output intensity levels are sufficient. In the succeeding analysis, we therefore focus on the encoding of the input phase levels to achieve binary output intensity levels. A derivation based on ternary phase levels allows for the widest range of binary intensity pattern encoding and automatically provides for the simplified but important binary phase level encoding as a special case. For the ternary phase encoding, we consider the illuminated portion of the input aperture area, Λ, as divided into sub-areas Λ0, Λ1 and Λ2 with respective phase values φ0, φ1 and φ2. We are aiming for the derivation of general expressions relating the addressing parameters for the phase modulation to the range of possible phase parameters of the Fourier filter obeying the design criterion we have already set out. We can express the total truncated area and its average phase modulation, as the sum of the phase-weighted sub-areas: Λ0exp(i{tilde over (φ)}0)+Λ1exp(i{tilde over (φ)}1)+Λ2exp(i{tilde over (φ)}2)=Λ| α| (27) This can be further simplified by expressing the sub-areas as fractions of the total area, Λ, such that F1=Λ1/Λ and F2=Λ2/Λ: (1−F1−F2)exp(i{tilde over (φ)}0)+F1exp(i{tilde over (φ)}1)+F2exp(i{tilde over (φ)}2)=| α| (28) As previously mentioned we are interested in binary intensity patterns with levels corresponding to the input phase values. In this case the dark background region is defined by (Λ0,{tilde over (φ)}0) and the bright output level of intensity, I, is determined by (Λ1,{tilde over (φ)}1) and (Λ2{tilde over (φ)}2) at the input plane. For the binary output intensity condition it follows that: I({tilde over (φ)}1)=I({tilde over (φ)}2) (29) This equality corresponds to a symmetric condition that can be easily verified applying the phasor chart analysis technique demonstrated in section 4. Due to this symmetry we can simplify the analysis by applying the following substitution: Δφ={tilde over (φ)}1−{tilde over (φ)}0={tilde over (φ)}0−{tilde over (φ)}2 (30) so that Eq. (28) can be rewritten as: F1(exp(iΔφ)−1)+F2(exp(−iΔφ)−1)=K−1(1−exp(iθ))−1−1 (31) It is now a straightforward task to solve Eq. (31) for the real part and the imaginary part respectively, to obtain the following set of equations: { F 1 + F 2 = ( 2 ⁢ K - 1 ) ⁢ ( 2 ⁢ K ⁡ ( 1 - cos ⁡ ( Δ ⁢ ⁢ ϕ ) ) ) - 1 F 1 - F 2 = sin ⁢ ⁢ ( θ ) ⁢ ( 2 ⁢ K ⁢ ⁢ sin ⁡ ( Δ ⁢ ⁢ ϕ ) ⁢ ( 1 - cos ⁡ ( θ ) ) ) - 1 ( 32 ) This can also be expressed in terms of the fractional areas, such that: { F 1 = ( 4 ⁢ K ) - 1 ⁡ [ ( 2 ⁢ K - 1 ) ⁢ ( 1 - cos ⁡ ( Δ ⁢ ⁢ ϕ ) ) - 1 + sin ⁢ ⁢ ( θ ) ⁢ ( sin ⁢ ⁢ ( Δϕ ) ⁢ ( 1 - cos ⁢ ⁢ ( θ ) ) ) - 1 ] F 2 = ( 4 ⁢ K ) - 1 ⁡ [ ( 2 ⁢ K - 1 ) ⁢ ( 1 - cos ⁡ ( Δ ⁢ ⁢ ϕ ) ) - 1 - sin ⁢ ⁢ ( θ ) ⁢ ( sin ⁢ ⁢ ( Δϕ ) ⁢ ( 1 - cos ⁢ ⁢ ( θ ) ) ) - 1 ] ( 33 ) Since we have focused on solutions where identical intensity levels are obtained in both the F1-region and the F2-region we can define the resulting illumination compression factor, C, in the following way: C=(F1+F2)−1=(1−(2K)−1)−1(1−cos(Δφ)) (34) The minimum compression factor corresponds to uniform illumination at the output such that F1+F2=1, whereas the maximum compression factor is found to be C→∞ for K=½. An interesting special case can be deduced from Eq. (31) by setting F2=0, where we find that: F=F1=(K(1−exp(iθ))−1)(K(1−exp(iΔφ))(1−exp(iθ)))−1 (35) implying that for the binary phase modulation case we must have: Δφ=θ (36) in order for the fill factor, F, to be real-valued. This result turns out to be the special case that corresponds to the set of solutions where a binary phase pattern serves as the input. The second phase modifying element imposes a spatial phase shift, ψ(x′,y′), on the phase contrast generated electromagnetic field o(x′, y′). This superposition generates an arbitrary controllable complex field, o(x′,y′)eiψ(x′,x′) with amplitude given by the square-rooted intensity, |o(x′,y′)|=√{square root over (I(x′,y′))}, and phasor given by the remaining part under division with the amplitude term, o(x′, y′)eiψ(x′,y′)/|o(x′,y′)|. The resulting arbitrary controllable complex field, o(x′, y′)eiψ(x′,y′) is capable of re-distributing the light into an arbitrary three-dimensional focusing within a selected volume of operation. This focusing within a volume is a result of complex wave propagation and can be deduced by use of Maxwell's equations. A simplified scalar description of this complex wave propagation into a 3D field distribution can be obtained by use of a simple plane wave Fourier decomposition: u(x″,y″,z″)≅∫∫ℑ(p(x′,y′)eiψ(x′,y′))e−i2 π(fxx″+fyx″)·e−i2π(λ−2−fxx−fy2)z″dfxdfy (37) operating on the Fourier transform, ℑ, of the controllable complex electromagnetic field leaving the second phase modifying element. Any subsequent focusing optics can be included in the Fourier decomposition of Eq. (37). At least one of the first and second phase modifying elements may further be adapted for phase modulation by first phasor values for a first polarization and second phasor values for a second orthogonal polarization of the input electromagnetic field. Individual phase modulation of orthogonal polarizations of an electromagnetic field may for example be performed by a birefringent spatial light modulator, such as a spatial light modulator based on liquid crystal technology. This allows for an extended functionality where the generated 3D field distribution can be divided into two orthogonal and non-interfering polarisation components that can e.g. be applied in a counter-propagating geometry. Preferably, the second phase modifying element is adapted for phase modulation by first phasor values eiψ1(x′,y′) for a first polarization and second phasor values eiψ2(x′, y′) for a second orthogonal polarization of the input electromagnetic field. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 illustrates schematically a known 4f phase contrast imaging system, FIG. 2 illustrates schematically an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 3 illustrates schematically an embodiment of the present invention generating the desired three-dimensional field by focusing of o(x′, y′)eiψ(x′,y′), and FIG. 4 illustrates schematically an embodiment with a birefringent spatial light modulator. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 shows a known 4f CPI phase contrast imaging system 1. A laser (not shown) emits a light beam, which is expanded by a beam expander (not shown) into a plane light wave of uniform intensity and directs it towards a first phase modifying element 4. The light beam is transmitted through the first phase modifying element 4 and a Fourier transforming lens L1. The first phase modifying element 4 is positioned in the front focal plane of the lens L1 and a spatial phase filter 6 is positioned in the back focal plane of the lens L1 that is also the front focal plane of a lens L2. The Fourier transforming lenses L1, L2 need not have identical focal lengths. Different focal lengths lead to a magnification ratio different from one. The spatial phase filter 6 phase shifts by θ, and optionally attenuates (by a factor B), the zero order diffraction part 8 of the light phase modulated by the first phase modifying element. Optionally, the remaining diffraction part of the light modulated by the phase modifying element may be attenuated by a factor A. The electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) is generated in the back focal plane 9 of the lens L2. FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 illustrate schematically an embodiment 10 of the present invention, comprising a 4f CPI phase contrast imaging configuration as illustrated in FIG. 1. Corresponding parts in the figures are designated with identical reference numerals. It is obvious for the person skilled in the art that the 4f configuration may be substituted by the 2f or 1f configurations disclosed in WO 96/34207. The operation of the 4f CPI phase contrast imaging system is explained with reference to FIG. 1 and is not repeated. Again the electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) is generated in the back focal plane 9 of the lens L2 in front of the second phase modifying element 14. The first phase modifying element 4 has a plurality of individual resolution elements (x, y), each resolution element (x, y) modulating the phase of electromagnetic radiation incident upon it with a predetermined phasor value eiφ(x,y). As already disclosed, the phasor values eiφ(x,y) of the phase modifying element and the phase shift value θ are calculated substantially in accordance with o(x′,y′)≅A[exp(i{tilde over (φ)})(x′,y′))+K| α|(BA−1exp(iθ)−1)] wherein A is an optional amplitude modulation of the spatial phase filter outside the zero-order diffraction region, B is an optional amplitude modulation of the spatial phase filter in the zero-order diffraction region, α=| α|exp(iφ α) is the average of the phasors eiφ(x,y) of the resolution elements of the phase modifying element, and {tilde over (φ)}=φ−φ α, and K=1−J0(1.22πη), wherein J0 is the zero-order Bessel function, and η relates the radius R1 of the zero-order filtering region to the radius R2 of the main-lobe of the Airy function of the input aperture, η=R1/R2=(0.61)−1 ΔrΔfr. For each resolution element (x, y), one phasor value is selected from two phasor values representing a particular grey level. The computer 12 supplies the selected phasor values eiφ(x,y) to the respective resolution elements (x, y) of the first phase modifying element 4, and supplies the determined θ value to the spatial phase filter 6. The second phase modifying element 14 also has a plurality of individual resolution elements (x′, y′), each resolution element (x′, y′) modulating the phase of electromagnetic radiation incident upon it with a predetermined phasor value eiψ(x′,y′). The computer 12 supplies determined phasor values eiψ(x′,y′) to respective resolution elements (x′, y′) of the second phase modifying element 14 for modulation of the phase of the electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) incident upon it with the respective phasor value eiψ(x′,y′) for generation of the desired output field o(x′, y′)eiψ(x′,y′) emitted from the second phase modifying element 14. Thus, any desired amplitude as a function of (x′, y′) and any desired phase as a function of (x′, y′) of the output field o(x′, y′)eiψ(x′,y′) may be synthesized by the method and apparatus according to the present invention. The output field o(x′, y′)eiψ(x′, y′) propagates and generates the desired three-dimensional field u(x″, y″, z″), i.e. the light is re-distributed into an arbitrary three-dimensional field distribution within a selected volume. A simplified scalar description of this complex wave propagation into a three-dimensional field distribution can be obtained by use of a simple plane wave Fourier decomposition: u(x″,y″,z″)≅∫∫ℑ(o(x′,y′)eiψ(x′,y′))e−i2π(fxx″+fyx″)·e−i2π(λ−22−fy2)z″dfxdfy where ℑ is the Fourier transformation of the controllable complex field o(x′, y′)eiψ(x′,y′) leaving the second phase modifying element 14. A further optical system, such as a lens 16, a microscope objective lens, a curved mirror, an aspheric lens, etc, may focus the electromagnetic field o(x′,y′)eiψ(x′,y′) within the selected volume, Any subsequent focusing optics can be included in the Fourier decomposition of the above equation. Further, the computer 12 may comprise light control means for controlling the power of the light-emitting source generating the field incident on the first phase modifying element 4. The computer may also comprise input means, such as a keyboard, a mouse, a 3D mouse, 3D virtual reality equipment, a diskette drive, a USB interface, an optical disc drive, a network interface, a modem, etc, for receiving a three-dimensional field to be synthesized by the system 10. From the received three-dimensional field, the computer may be adapted to calculate phasor values eiφ(x,y) and eiψ(x′, y′) to be transmitted to the respective resolution elements (x, y) and (x′, y′) of the first and second phase modifying element 4, 14, and the phase shift θ of the spatial phase filter 6 for transmission to the spatial phase filter 6 in accordance with the above-mentioned equations. In the embodiment shown schematically in FIG. 4, the second phase modifying element 14 is a birefringent spatial light modulator, such as a spatial light modulator based on liquid crystal technology, that is capable of phase modulation by first phasor values for a first polarization of the incident electromagnetic field and second phasor values for a second orthogonal polarization of the incident electromagnetic field, i.e. individual phase modulation of orthogonal polarizations of the incident electromagnetic field is performed. The beam splitter 18 splits the electromagnetic field into two orthogonal and non-interfering polarisation components 20, 22 and relay optics directs the components 20, 22 into a counter-propagating geometry. PROPOSED APPLICATIONS 3D optical micro- and nanomanipulation in real-time. 3D optical multi-beam tweezing for manipulation of micro-objects, such as micro-components, biological cells, etc, using electromagnetic gradient forces proportional to the optical intensity pointing in the direction of the intensity gradient. Optical fractionation, sorting, sifting etc. Efficient and dynamic spot-array generators to provide bias or holding beams for 3D arrays of photonic elements, such as bistable elements, photonic switches and smart pixels. Generation of structured light for machine vision applications. E.g. periodic and skew periodic mesh grid illumination in 3D that can be updated in parallel. Photolithographic applications (laser 3D direct writing in parallel without the need for sequential scanning). E.g. high power laser direct writing of waveguides in Ge-doped silica. Volume light intensity modulation in general by use of pure phase modulation (radiation focusators). 3D laser beam shaping in real time. 3D image projection without the need for a laser-scanning device. Dynamic Infrared Scene Projection (DIRSP). Exposure device for grating and mask production. LIDAR applications. Laser printing in parallel. Laser show applications. Atmosphere research.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It is well known to form an image by phase contrast imaging methods in which phase modulation of light is converted into intensity modulation. As opposed to intensity modulation, phase modulation does not involve loss of energy. A generalized phase contrast imaging method and system for synthesizing a prescribed intensity pattern is disclosed in WO 96/34207, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The generalized method is not based on the so-called Zernike approximation that the phase shift φ is less than 1 radian. An improved method is provided without this approximation and based on imaging with a simple one-to-one mapping of resolution elements or pixels of a spatial phase modulator and resolution elements of the generated intensity pattern. The disclosed phase contrast imaging method of synthesizing a prescribed intensity pattern I(x′,y′), comprises the steps of: dividing the intensity pattern I(x′,y′)=|(x′,y′)| 2 into pixels in accordance with the disposition of resolution elements (x,y) of a spatial phase mask having a plurality of individual resolution elements (x,y), each resolution element (x,y) modulating the phase of electromagnetic radiation incident upon it with a predetermined phasor value e iφ(x,y) , radiating electromagnetic radiation towards the spatial phase mask, Fourier or Fresnel transforming the modulated electromagnetic radiation, phase shifting with a spatial phase filter (SPF) in a region of spatial frequencies comprising DC in the Fourier or Fresnel plane, the modulated electromagnetic radiation by a predetermined phase shift value θ in relation to the remaining part of the electromagnetic radiation, and forming the intensity pattern by Fourier or Fresnel transforming, respectively, the phase shifted Fourier or Fresnel transformed modulated electromagnetic radiation, whereby each resolution element (x,y) of the phase mask is imaged on a corresponding resolution element (x′,y′) of the image, calculating the phasor values e iφ(x,y) of the phase mask and the phase shift value θ in accordance with in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? o ( x′,y′ )= e iφ(x′,y′) + α ( e iθ −1) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? for selected phase shift values θ, α being the average of the phasors e iφ(x,y) of the resolution elements of the phase mask, selecting, for each resolution element, one of two phasor values which represent a particular grey level, and supplying the selected phasor values e iφ(x,y) to the resolution elements (x,y) of the spatial phase mask. In one embodiment disclosed in WO 96/34207, the spatial phase mask is positioned at the front focal plane of a lens while the spatial phase filter is positioned in the back focal plane of the lens, whereby a first electromagnetic field at the spatial phase mask is Fourier transformed by the lens into a second electromagnetic field at the spatial phase filter. Thus, specific spatial frequencies of the first electromagnetic field will be transmitted through the spatial phase filter at specific positions of the phase filter. For example, the energy of the electromagnetic radiation at zero frequency (DC) is modified and transformed onto the intersecting point of the Fourier plane and the optical axis of the lens also denoted the zero-order diffraction region by the phase filter.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The above-mentioned method operates on a plane incoming electromagnetic field with the aim to generate a two-dimensional intensity pattern. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and a system synthesizing a prescribed three-dimensional electromagnetic field for further flexibility, for example to be able to focus light energy in a three-dimensional volume. Such a method and apparatus may be utilized in advanced optical micro- and nano-manipulation, such as by provision of a multiple-beam optical tweezer. According to a first aspect of the invention the above-mentioned and other objects are fulfilled by a phase contrast system for synthesizing an output electromagnetic field u(x″,y″,z″), comprising a first phase modifying element for phase modulation of an input electromagnetic field by phasor values e iφ(x,y) , first Fresnel optics for Fresnel transforming the phase modulated electromagnetic field positioned in the propagation path of the phase modulated field, a spatial filter for filtering the Fresnel transformed electromagnetic radiation by in a region of spatial frequencies comprising DC in the Fresnel plane phase shifting with a predetermined phase shift value θ the modulated electromagnetic radiation in relation to the remaining part of the electromagnetic radiation, and multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant B, and in a region of remaining spatial frequencies in the Fresnel plane, multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant A, second Fresnel optics for forming an electromagnetic field o(x′,y′) by Fresnel transforming the phase shifted Fresnel transformed electromagnetic field, and a second phase modifying element for phase modulating the electromagnetic field o(x′,y′) into the output electromagnetic field o(x′,y′)e iψ(x′,y′) propagating as the desired output electromagnetic field u(x″,y″,z″). In one embodiment of the invention, a phase contrast system is provided for synthesizing an output electromagnetic field u(x″,y″,z″), comprising a first phase modifying element for phase modulation of an input electromagnetic field by phasor values e iφ(x,y) , first Fourier optics for Fourier transforming the phase modulated electromagnetic field positioned in the propagation path of the phase modulated field, a spatial filter for filtering the Fourier transformed electromagnetic radiation by in a region of spatial frequencies comprising DC in the Fourier plane phase shifting with a predetermined phase shift value θ the modulated electromagnetic radiation in relation to the remaining part of the electromagnetic radiation, and multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant B, and in a region of remaining spatial frequencies in the Fourier plane, multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant A, second Fourier optics for forming an electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) by Fourier transforming the phase shifted Fourier transformed electromagnetic field, and a second phase modifying element for phase modulating the electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) into the output electromagnetic field o(x′, y′)e iψ(x′, y′) propagating as the desired output electromagnetic field u(x″,y″,z″). According to a second aspect of the present invention, the above and other objects are fulfilled by a method of synthesizing an output electromagnetic field u(x″, y″, z″), comprising the steps of phase modulating an input electromagnetic field by phasor values e iφ(x,y) , Fresnel transforming the phase modulated electromagnetic field, filtering the Fresnel transformed electromagnetic radiation by in a region of spatial frequencies comprising DC in the Fresnel plane phase shifting with a predetermined phase shift value θ the modulated electromagnetic radiation in relation to the remaining part of the electromagnetic radiation, and multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant B, and in a region of remaining spatial frequencies in the Fresnel plane, multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant A, forming an electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) by Fresnel transforming the phase shifted Fresnel transformed electromagnetic field, and phase modulating the electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) into the output electromagnetic field o(x′, y′)e iψ(x′, y′) propagating as the desired output electromagnetic field u(x″,y″,z″). In an embodiment of the present invention, a method of synthesizing an output electromagnetic field u(x″, y″, z″) is provided, comprising the steps of phase modulating an input electromagnetic field by phasor values e iφ(x,y) , Fourier transforming the phase modulated electromagnetic field, filtering the Fourier transformed electromagnetic radiation by in a region of spatial frequencies comprising DC in the Fourier plane phase shifting with a predetermined phase shift value θ the modulated electromagnetic radiation in relation to the remaining part of the electromagnetic radiation, and multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant B, and in a region of remaining spatial frequencies in the Fourier plane, multiplying the amplitude of the modulated electromagnetic radiation with a constant A, forming an electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) by Fourier transforming the phase shifted Fourier transformed electromagnetic field, and phase modulating the electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) into the output electromagnetic field o(x′, y′)e iψ(x′, y′) propagating as the desired output electromagnetic field u(x″,y″,z″). The method may further comprise the steps of dividing the electromagnetic field o(x′,y′) into pixels in accordance with the disposition of resolution elements (x, y) of a first phase modifying element having a plurality of individual resolution elements (x, y), each resolution element (x, y) modulating the phase of electromagnetic radiation incident upon it with a predetermined phasor value e iφ(x,y) , calculating the phasor values e iφ(x,y) of the phase modifying element and the phase shift value θ substantially in accordance with in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? o ( x′,y′ )≅ A [exp( i {tilde over (φ)}( x′,y′ ))+ K| α |( BA −1 exp( i θ)−1)] in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? wherein A is an optional amplitude modulation of the spatial phase filter outside the zero-order diffraction region, B is an optional amplitude modulation of the spatial phase filter in the zero-order diffraction region, α =| α |exp (iφ α ) is the average of the phasors e iφ(x,y) of the resolution elements of the phase modifying element, and {tilde over (φ)}=φ−φ α , and K=1−J 0 (1.22 πη), wherein J 0 is the zero-order Bessel function, and η relates the radius R 1 of the zero-order filtering region to the radius R 2 of the main-lobe of the Airy function of the input aperture, η=R 1 /R 2 =(0.61) −1 ΔrΔf r , selecting, for each resolution element, one of two phasor values which represent a particular grey level, and supplying the selected phasor values e iφ(x,y) to the respective resolution elements (x, y) of the first phase modifying element, and supplying selected phasor values e iψ(x′,y′) to respective resolution elements (x′, y′) of a second phase modifying element having a plurality of individual resolution elements (x′, y′), each resolution element (x′, y′) modulating the phase of electromagnetic radiation incident upon it with the respective phasor value e iψ(x′,y′) for generation of the output field o(x′, y′)e iψ(x′, y′) . The mathematical expressions will be further explained below. The axis of propagation of a plane electromagnetic field is perpendicular to the electric and magnetic fields. It should be noted that, in each resolution element of the first phase modifying element, one of two phasor values which represent a particular grey level of the amplitude component of the electromagnetic field o(x′,y′) may be selected. In an embodiment of the present invention, the spatial phase filter substantially does not attenuate the electromagnetic fields incident upon it outside the phase shifting regions, i.e. A is equal to one or approximately equal to one. In an embodiment of the present invention, the spatial phase filter substantially does not attenuate the electromagnetic fields incident upon it inside the phase shifting region, i.e. B is equal to one or approximately equal to one. It is also preferred that the phase shift value θ substantially fulfils the equation K ⁢  α _  = 1 2 ⁢  sin ⁢ θ 2  for a lossless filter with A=1 and B=1. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the phase shift θ is equal to π or approximately equal to π. Accordingly the previous equation leads to K α = 1 / 2 and the phase values, φ(x, y), of the first phase modifying element may be calculated in accordance with { K ⁢ ⁢ Λ - 1 ⁢ ∫ ∫ Λ ⁢ cos ⁡ ( ϕ ⁡ ( x , y ) ) ⁢ ⅆ x ⁢ ⅆ y = 1 / 2 K ⁢ ⁢ Λ - 1 ⁢ ∫ ∫ Λ ⁢ sin ⁡ ( ϕ ⁡ ( x , y ) ) ⁢ ⅆ x ⁢ ⅆ y = 0 where Λ is the illuminated area of the first phase modifying element. The electromagnetic field or radiation may be of any frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e. the gamma frequency range, the ultraviolet range, the visible range, the infrared range, the far infrared range, the X-ray range, the microwave range, the HF (high frequency) range, etc. The present invention is also applicable to particle radiation, such as electron radiation, neutron radiation, etc. Preferably, the electromagnetic fields are monochromatic or quasi-monochromatic so that the energy of the electromagnetic fields is concentrated in a narrow frequency bandwidth. Since the phase contrast generated amplitude pattern is reconstructed by interference of two electromagnetic fields generated by different phase shifting of different parts of the incoming field, it is required that the frequency range of the emitted electromagnetic field is sufficiently narrow to ensure that the two electromagnetic fields are coherent so that their superposition generates the desired amplitude pattern. If the frequency range is too broad, the two fields will be incoherent and the phase information will be lost as superposition of non-coherent fields results in a summation of the intensities of the two fields. It is required that the difference between individual delays of electromagnetic fields to be superpositioned is less than the wavelength of the fields. This is a relaxed requirement that allows the electromagnetic fields to be relatively broad-banded. For example in the visible range, a Xe-lamp or a Hg-lamp can be used as a light source in a system according to the present invention with the advantage compared to a laser light source that speckle noise is reduced. The requirements of the spatial coherence of the electromagnetic fields depend upon the space bandwidth product of the corresponding system and how close the required system performance is to the theoretically obtainable performance of the system. Preferably, the electromagnetic radiation is generated by a coherent source of electromagnetic radiation, such as a laser, a semi-conductor laser, a strained multi-quantum well laser, a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL), a maser, a phase-locked laser diode array, a light emitting diode, a pulsed laser, such as a sub-picosecond laser, etc, or an array of such sources. However, as already mentioned, a high-pressure arc lamp, such as an Hg lamp, a Xe lamp, etc, may also be used and even an incandescent lamp may be used as a source of electromagnetic radiation. Each phase modifying element changes the phase of an electromagnetic field incident upon it. Optionally, it may also change the amplitude of an electromagnetic field incident upon it. Each phase modifying element may transmit or reflect the incident electromagnetic field. Each phase modifying element may be divided into a number of resolution elements, each of which modulates the incident electromagnetic field by changing its phase by a specific predetermined value. The predetermined values are assigned to each resolution element in different ways depending upon the technology applied in the component. For example in spatial light modulators, each resolution element may be addressed either optically or electrically. The electrical addressing technique resembles the addressing technique of solid-state memories in that each resolution element can be addressed through electronic circuitry to receive a control signal corresponding to the phase change to be generated by the addressed resolution element. The optical addressing technique addresses each resolution element by pointing a light beam on it, the intensity of the light beam corresponding to the phase change to be generated by the resolution element illuminated by the light beam. Spatial phase modulation may be realized utilizing a fixed phase mask, a liquid crystal device based on liquid crystal display technology, a MEMS (micro electro-mechanical system), a MOEMS (micro opto-electro-mechanical system), such as a dynamic mirror device, a digital micro-mirror array, a deformable mirror device, etc, a membrane spatial light modulator, a laser diode array (integrated light source and phase modulator), smart pixel arrays, etc. Seiko-Epson produces a transmitting liquid crystal SLM (LC-SLM) having a high resolution matrix of transparent liquid crystal elements wherein the relative permittivity of each element can be electrically modulated in order to vary the refractive index and thereby the optical path length of the element. Meadowlark produces a parallel-aligned liquid crystal (PAL-SLM) with a high fill factor, but this device has a very low resolution in that it contains only 137 phase-modulating elements. Hamamatsu Photonics produces a dynamically controllable PAL-SLM with VGA or XGA resolution. Texas Instruments produces a Digital Mirror Device (DMD) having an array of mirrors each of which can be tilted between two positions. The spatial phase filter is typically a fixed phase mask, such as an optically flat glass plate coated with a dielectric layer in the region wherein the modulated electromagnetic field is phase shifted θ in relation to the remaining part of the electromagnetic field. However, the spatial phase modulators mentioned in the previous section may also be used for spatial phase filters. In addition, non-linear materials providing self-phase modulation, such as Kerr-type materials, can also be used for introducing the phase shift θ. An imaging system maps the phase modulating resolution elements of the first phase modifying element onto the second phase modifying element. This imaging system may comprise a 4f-lens configuration (two Fourier transforming lenses utilizing transmission of light or one Fourier transforming lens utilizing reflection of light) or a single imaging lens. However, any optical imaging system providing a filtering plane for the spatial phase filter may be applied in a phase contrast imaging system. In the method and system according to the present invention, the electromagnetic field o(x′, y′) is generated by superposition of electromagnetic fields in the image plane of the imaging system. The first phase modifying element changes the phase values of an electromagnetic field incident upon it and the imaging system directs the electromagnetic field with changed phases reflected from or transmitted through the phase modifying element towards the spatial phase filter. The phase filter phase shifts a part of the electromagnetic field and the imaging system is adapted to superimpose in the image plane the phase shifted part of the electromagnetic field with the part of the electromagnetic field that is not phase shifted by the spatial phase filter. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the first phase modifying element is positioned at the front focal plane of a lens while the spatial phase filter is positioned in the back focal plane of the lens, whereby a first electromagnetic field at the phase modifying element is Fourier transformed by the lens into a second electromagnetic field at the phase filter. Thus, specific spatial frequencies of the first electromagnetic field will be transmitted through the spatial phase filter at specific positions of the phase filter. For instance, the energy of the electromagnetic field at zero frequency (DC) is transmitted through the phase filter at the intersecting point of the Fourier plane and the optical axis of the lens also denoted the zero-order diffraction region. It is an advantage of the invention that utilisation of arrays of sources is facilitated in that the positioning and/or shapes of the phase shifting regions of the phase filter may be matched to the geometry of the source. For example, if a linear array of VCSELs forms the source, the phase shifting regions of the spatial phase filter form a corresponding linear array of phase shifting regions, each of the regions being positioned at the zero-order diffraction region of a respective VCSEL in the VCSEL array. Further, the shape of each phase shifting region may match the shape of the zero-order diffraction region of the respective VCSEL. Likewise, a phase filter may match a source with a specific geometrical shape with a continuous phase shifting region covering an area of the phase filter that corresponds to the zero-order diffraction region of the source. Thus, the energy of the electromagnetic fields of the system may be distributed over a large area compared to the area of a zero-order diffraction region of a single plane electromagnetic field of a known phase contrast imaging system. Thus, the phase shifting regions of the spatial phase filter may form a rectangular array, a circular array, a linear array, two linear crossing arrays, a continuous region, a ring, etc. At least two substantially plane electromagnetic fields with different axes of propagation may be generated in a time multiplexed manner, e.g. by a scanning mirror or prism, deflecting or reflecting a beam of electromagnetic field in different directions of propagation. The capability of handling high energy levels of electromagnetic fields of the present invention may be utilized for provision of a 3D laser cutter comprising a system according to the present invention. Further, the capability of handling high energy levels in combination with the capability of generating a desired three-dimensional field comprising desired light beams may be utilized for provision of an optical tweezer or an array of optical tweezers according to the present invention. In an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the apertures of the system is of insignificant importance to the operation of the system and calculation of the phasor values, K is equal to one or approximately equal to one. For a more detailed understanding of the invention, the Zernike approximation is reviewed below, followed by a generalization where the above-mentioned mathematical expressions are derived for an on-axis centred phase contrast filtering implementation. The Zernike phase contrast method allows for the visualization of phase perturbations by the use of a Fourier plane phase shifting filter. The Dutch physicist Fritz Zernike received the Nobel Prize in 1953 for inventing this method, which led to a break-through in medicine and biology by making essentially transparent cell or bacteria samples clearly visible under a microscope. Its successful operation, however, requires that the spatial phase distribution, φ(x,y), at the input is limited to a “small-scale” phase approximation where the largest phase is typically taken to be significantly less than π/3. According to this assumption, a Taylor expansion to first order is sufficient for the mathematical treatment so that the input wavefront can be written as in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? exp( i φ( x,y ))≈1 +i φ( x,y )  (1) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? The light corresponding to the two terms in this “small-scale” phase approximation can be separated spatially by use of a single lens where the phase distribution is located in the front focal plane and the corresponding spatial Fourier transformation is generated in the back focal plane of the lens. In this first order approximation the constant term represents the amplitude of on-axis light focused by the lens in the back focal plane and the second spatially varying term represents the off-axis light. Zernike realized that a small phase shifting quarter wave plate acting on the focused light makes it possible to obtain an approximately linear visualization of small phase structures by generating interference between the two-phase quadrature terms in Eq. (1): in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? I ( x′,y′ )≈1+2φ( x′,y′ )  (2) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? It should be noted that a three-quarter waveplate works equally well to produce contrast, but the plus sign in Eq. (2) is negated leading to so-called negative phase contrast. A substantial improvement in the visibility of the Zernike phase contrast visualization in Eq. (2) requires strong damping of the focused light in addition to the phase shift required to generate the contrast. In the general case, where we are not limited to a small-scale input phase perturbation we cannot assume that a series expansion to first order as in the Zernike approximation is a sufficient representation of a given phase perturbation. Higher order terms in the expansion need to be taken into account, so the expansion takes the form: exp ⁡ ( ⅈϕ ⁡ ( x , y ) ) = ⁢ 1 + ⅈϕ ⁡ ( x , y ) - 1 2 ⁢ ϕ 2 ⁡ ( x , y ) - ⁢ 1 6 ⁢ ⅈϕ 3 ⁡ ( x , y ) + 1 24 ⁢ ϕ 4 ⁡ ( x , y ) + … ( 3 ) However, here the spatially varying terms can not be considered as separate from the supposedly focused light represented by the first term in this Taylor series expansion, as is implied by the Zernike approach, and all of these spatially varying terms contribute to the intensity of the on-axis focused light. For a significant modulation in the input phase, this contribution of the spatially varying terms can result in a significant modulation of the focal spot amplitude in the back focal plane of the lens. These terms can in fact result in either constructive or destructive interference with the on-axis light, although the net result will be an attenuation of the focused light amplitude, which only has a maximum value for a perfect unperturbed plane wave at the input. For phase objects not fulfilling the Zernike approximation we must, therefore, find an alternative mathematical approach to that of the Taylor expansion given in Eq. (3). We have chosen a Fourier analysis as a more suitable technique for completely separating the on-axis and higher spatial frequency components. This gives the following form for exp(iφ(x,y)), where (x,y)∈Ω: exp ⁡ ( ⅈϕ ⁡ ( x , y ) ) = ⁢ ( ∫ ∫ Ω ⁢ ⅆ x ⁢ ⅆ y ) - 1 ⁢ ∫ ∫ Ω ⁢ exp ⁡ ( ⅈϕ ⁡ ( x , y ) ) ⁢ ⅆ x ⁢ ⅆ y + ⁢ “ higher ⁢ ⁢ frequency ⁢ ⁢ terms ” ( 4 ) In this Fourier decomposition the first term is a complex valued constant linked to the on-axis focused light from a phase object defined within the spatial region, Ω, and the second term describes light scattered by spatially varying structures in the phase object. Comparing Eq. (3) and Eq. (4) it is apparent that the first term of Eq. (3) is a poor approximation to the first term of Eq. (4) when operating beyond the Zernike small-scale phase regime. An important issue to consider when analysing the effect of spatial filtering of the light diffracted by phase perturbations is the definition of what spatially constitutes focused and scattered light. In the previous description of Zernike phase contrast it was assumed that the focused light is spatially confined to a somewhat unphysical delta function. As we know, any aperture truncation inherent in any practical optical system will lead to a corresponding spatial broadening of the focused light. It is therefore essential that we define the terms “focused light” and “scattered light” explicitly for such a system. In this context it is necessary to look more carefully at the sequence of apertures confining the light wave propagation through a typical optical set-up. A commonly applied architecture that provides an efficient platform for spatial filtering is illustrated in FIG. 1 and is based on the so-called 4-f configuration. An output interferogram of an unknown phase object or phase disturbance is obtained by applying a truncated on-axis filtering operation in the spatial frequency domain between two Fourier transforming lenses (L 1 and L 2 ). The first lens performs a spatial Fourier transform so that directly propagated light is focused into the on-axis filtering region whereas spatially varying object information generates light scattered to locations outside this central region. We can describe a general Fourier filter in which different phase shifts and amplitude damping factors are applied to the “focused” and “scattered” light. In FIG. 1 , we show a circularly symmetric Fourier filter described by the amplitude transmission factors A and B for the “scattered” and “focused” light respectively and by the relative phase shift θ. These filter parameters can be chosen to replicate any one of a large number of commonly used filter types (i.e. phase contrast, dark central ground, point diffraction and field-absorption filtering). By applying a given Fourier filter and a second Fourier lens, we obtain an interference pattern in the observation plane. The focused on-axis light acts as the synthetic reference wave (SRW) in the common path interferometer (CPI) system, this interferes with the scattered light to generate the output interference pattern. In the following section we discuss the importance of the SRW and show how it influences, among other things, the choice of the Fourier filter parameters. Having described the generic optical system that makes up the CPI, we turn to a detailed analytical treatment of the important elements in this system. Assuming a circular input aperture with radius, Δr, truncating the phase disturbance modulated onto a collimated, unit amplitude, monochromatic field of wavelength, λ, we can describe the incoming light amplitude a(x,y) by, in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? a ( x,y )= circ ( r/Δr )exp( i φ( x,y ))  (5) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? at the entrance plane of the optical system shown in FIG. 1 using the definition that the circ-function is unity within the region, r=√{square root over (x 2 +y 2 )}≦Δr, and zero elsewhere. Similarly, we assume a circular on-axis centred spatial filter of the form: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? H ( f x ,f y )= A [1+( BA −1 exp( i θ)−1) circ ( f r /Δf r )]  (6) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? where B∈[0; 1] is the chosen filter transmittance of the focused light, θ∈[0;2π] is the applied phase shift to the focused light and A∈[0;1] is a filter parameter describing field transmittance for off-axis scattered light as indicated in FIG. 1 . The spatial frequency coordinates are related to spatial coordinates in the filter plane such that: (f x ,f y )=(λf) −1 (x f ,y f ) and f r =√{square root over (f x 2 +f y 2 )}. Performing an optical Fourier transform of the input field from Eq. (5) followed by a multiplication with the filter parameters in Eq. (6) and a second optical Fourier transform (corresponding to an inverse Fourier transform with inverted coordinates) we obtain an expression for the intensity I(x′,y′)=|o(x′,y′)| 2 describing the interferogram at the observation plane of the 4-f set-up: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? I ( x′,y′ )=∥ A 2 |exp( i {tilde over (φ)}( x′,y′ )) circ ( r′Δr )+| α |( BA −1 exp( i θ)−1) g ( r ′)| 2 (7) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? where g(r′) is the synthetic reference wave (SRW) and the terms α and {tilde over (φ)}(x′,y′) are given by: { α _ = ( π ⁡ ( Δ ⁢ ⁢ r ) 2 ) - 1 ⁢ ∫ ∫ x 2 + y 2 ≤ Δ ⁢ ⁢ r ⁢ exp ⁡ ( ⅈϕ ⁡ ( x , y ) ) ⁢ ⅆ x ⁢ ⅆ y =  α _  ⁢ exp ⁡ ( ⅈϕ α _ ) ϕ ~ ⁡ ( x ′ , y ′ ) = ϕ ⁡ ( x ′ , y ′ ) - ϕ α _ ( 8 ) It should be noted that to achieve a tractable analytic expression in Eq. (7) it has been assumed that the spatial frequency content of the phase object is sufficiently described by the term, α , within the on-axis centred filtering region characterized by the spatial frequency range Δf r . The generally complex valued and object dependent term, α , corresponding to the amplitude of the focused light plays a significant role in the expression for the interference pattern described by Eq. (7). Referring to the discussion in the introduction, we are now able to confirm that the frequent assumption, that the amplitude of the focused light is approximately equal to the first term of the Taylor expansion in Eq. (1), can generally result in misleading interpretations of the interferograms generated at the CPI output. Of similar importance in the analysis of Eq. (7) is the term g(r′) describing the spatial profile of the SRW, diffracted from the aperture formed by the on-axis centred filtering region. It is the interference between this SRW term, carrying the information about the filtering parameters, and the imaged phase object that generates the output interferogram. Thus, it is important to obtain an accurate description for the SRW and thereby an accurate derivation for Eq. (7). The zero-order Hankel transform followed by a series expansion in the spatial dimension, r′, will be used to describe the SRW. This is a relatively simple approach, which to the knowledge of the author has not previously been applied to this problem. For a circular input aperture with radius, Δr, we can describe the radius of the corresponding central phase shifting region of the Fourier filter (characterized by the parameters B and θ) in terms of a radial spatial frequency range Δf r . We can thus obtain the following expression for the SRW by use of the zero-order Hankel transform: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? g ( r ′)=2 πΔr ∫ 0 Δf r J 1 (2 πΔrf r ) J 0 (2 πr′f r ) df r (9) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? In order to simplify the analysis, we introduce a term η, which explicitly relates the radius of the central filtering region, R 1 , to the radius of the main-lobe of the Airy function, R 2 , resulting from the Fourier transform of the circular input aperture alone. We can thus express η in terms of Δr and Δf r such that: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? η= R 1 /R 2 =(0.61) −1 ΔrΔf r (10) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? where the factor of 0.61 arises from the radial distance to the first zero crossing of the Airy function corresponding to half of the Airy mainlobe factor, of 1.22. If we make this substitution in Eq. (9) and then perform a series expansion in r′, we obtain the following expression for the SRW: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? g ( r ′)=1 −J 0 (1.22πη)−[(0.61πη) 2 J 2 (1.22πη)]( r′/Δr ) 2 +{[(0.61) 3 /4][2 J 3 (1.22πη)−0.61 πηJ 4 (1.22πη)]}( r′/Δr ) 4 (11) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? In this expansion, the SRW is expressed in radial coordinates normalised to the radius of the imaged input aperture. This can easily be scaled to allow for a magnification within the imaging system, though for the remainder of our analysis a direct imaging operation is assumed. From Eq. (11) it is apparent that the SRW will change as a function of the radius of the central filtering region. Additionally, it is clear that the SRW profile is not necessarily flat over the system output aperture. This is an important, yet often neglected, factor in determining the performance of a CPI. Depending on the accuracy needed for the description of the interferograms one can choose to include a number of spatial higher order terms from the expansion in Eq. (11). The influence of the higher order terms has the largest impact along the boundaries of the imaged aperture. For η-values smaller than 0.627 and when operating within the central region of the image plane, spatial higher order terms are of much less significance and we can safely approximate the synthetic reference wave with the first and space invariant term in Eq. (11): in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? g ( r ′∈ central region)≈1 −J 0 (1.22πη)  (12) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? so that we can simplify Eq. (7) to give: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? I ( x′,y′ )≅ A 2 |exp( i {tilde over (φ)}( x′,y′ ))+ K | α |( BA −1 exp( i θ)−1)| 2 (13) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? where K=1−J 0 (1.22πη). The influence of the finite on-axis filtering radius on the focused light is thus effectively included as an extra “filtering parameter” so that the four-parameter filter set (A,B,θ, K(η)) together with the complex object dependent term, α , effectively defines the type of filtering scheme we are applying. Having determined a suitable operating range for the CPI in terms of the production of a good SRW, we must now examine the role that the remaining filter parameters play in the optimisation of a CPI. From Eq. (13) we see that the filter parameters (A,B,θ) can be combined to form a single complex valued term, C, the combined filter term, such that: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? C=|C |exp( i ψ C )= BA −1 exp( i θ)−1  (14) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? therefore, Eq. (13) can be simplified to give: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? I ( x′,y′ )= A 2 |exp( i {tilde over (φ)}( x′,y′ )− i ψ C )+ K | α ∥ C ∥ 2 (15) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? where { BA - 1 = 1 + 2 ⁢  C  ⁢ cos ⁢ ⁢ ( ψ C ) +  C  2 sin ⁢ ⁢ θ = ( BA - 1 ) - 1 ⁢  C  ⁢ sin ⁡ ( ψ C ) ( 16 ) Since it is a complex variable, the combined filter term C, which effectively describes the complex filter space, can be considered to consist of a vector of phase ψ C and length |C| as shown in Eq. (14). Thus in order to obtain an overview of the operating space covered by all the possible combinations of three independent filter parameters (A,B,θ) we can now instead choose to consider a given filter in terms of the two combined parameters ψ C and |C|. However, referring to Eq. (15), it can be seen that the filter parameter, A, also appears independently of the combined filter term, C. Fortunately, this issue can be resolved by considering that the term BA −1 from Eq. (14) must be constrained in the following way: { BA - 1 < 1 ⇒ A = 1 B =  C + 1  BA - 1 = 1 ⇒ A = 1 , B = 1 BA - 1 > 1 ⇒ B = 1 , A =  C + 1  - 1 ( 17 ) These constraints arise from the adoption of a maximum irradiance criterion minimising unnecessary absorption of light in the Fourier filter, which reduces both irradiance and the signal to noise ratio in the CPI output. In the previous sections we derived expressions relating the spatial average value of a given phase disturbance to obtain peak irradiance and optimal visibility in combination with high accuracy in systems with unknown wavefront phase disturbances. We saw that if a CPI is applied to wavefront sensing or the visualisation of unknown phase objects the Generalised Phase Contrast (GPC) method specifies the filter phase and aperture size parameters for achieving optimal performance in extracting and displaying the phase information carried by the incoming wavefront. On the other hand, in cases where we have control over the incoming wavefront or phase modulation the GPC method provides extra means of optimisation by encoding the phase distribution itself in addition to modifying the filter parameters. The two main scenarios: A) synthesizing the spatial phase for intensity display or B) measuring the spatial phase with high accuracy, strongly influences which of the parameters in the analysis that should be kept fixed and which could be changed or adapted. The first approach is particularly useful when the filter parameters have a restricted dynamic range or are fixed. The rigorous derivation of the equations for choosing these parameters will be derived in this section. When synthesizing an input phase distribution for optimal visibility of an output intensity pattern the situation is more relaxed than the situation involving accurate interferometric measurements of unknown phase disturbances. The parameter η can therefore in most cases be chosen to completely encompass the zero-order light with the result that the term, K, tends to unity as the Bessel function tends to zero in Eq. (12). For this particular case, the SRW becomes a flat top profile where we can achieve nearly 100% light efficiency. For smaller and irregular phase patterns fine-tuning of η in the region 0.4-0.6 provides for an efficient operating regime while maintaining minimal losses. In order to optimize a synthesized light distribution for maximum contrast, we wish to generate an intensity distribution with a lowest intensity equal to zero, i.e. in at least one point (x 0 ′,y 0 ′): in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? I ( x 0 ′,y 0 ′;{tilde over (φ)} 0 )=0  (20) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? where {tilde over (φ)} 0 is the relative phase shift generating zero-intensity in (x 0 ′,y 0 ′) of the observation plane. Applying this dark background condition in Eq. (13) we can obtain the following expression for a no-loss phase-only filter with filter transmission parameters, A=B=1: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? K | α |(1−exp( i θ))=exp( i{tilde over (φ)} 0 )  (21) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? A key point arising from Eq. (21) is that we now have a simple way of expressing a new design criterion relating the spatial average value of any input phase pattern to the zero-order phase shift of a matched Fourier phase filter. Since K is by definition positive and by taking the modulus of Eq. (21) we obtain: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? K | α |=2 sin(θ/2)| −1 (22) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? Eq. (22) is a key result for the fully transmissive wavefront engineered GPC mapping that makes it possible to deduce the range of valid phase parameters fulfilling our design criteria from Eq. (20). The largest possible value that the term, K| α |, takes on is unity, this leads to the following solution interval for Eq. (22) within a full phase-cycle: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? θ=[π/3;5π/3]  (23) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? From Eq. (22) we also observe that K| α | can take on a value limited to the interval: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? K | α |=[½;1]  (24) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? Eq. (22) and the solution intervals described by Eqs. (23)-(24) specify the design parameters for achieving optimal performance in extracting and displaying the phase information carried by the incoming wavefront. Moreover, Eq. (22) hints towards extra means of optimisation by encoding the phase modulation depth itself in addition to the no-loss phase-only filter. This last approach is particularly useful when the filter phase has a restricted dynamic range or is fixed. Now, assuming that we have a fixed and fully transmissive phase-only filter, the best choice for the filter parameter is a value that allows for the largest dynamic range of phasor values at the input. Accordingly, the smallest possible real value, K α =½, is desirable implying that θ=π, leading to the output intensity distribution: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? I ( x′,y′ )=2[1−cos(φ( x′,y′ ))]  (25) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? Inserting K α =½ in Eq. (8) we obtain the following two requirements for the input encoded phase function φ(x,y): { K ⁢ ⁢ Λ - 1 ⁢ ∫ ∫ Λ ⁢ cos ⁡ ( ϕ ⁡ ( x , y ) ) ⁢ ⅆ x ⁢ ⅆ y = 1 / 2 K ⁢ ⁢ Λ - 1 ⁢ ∫ ∫ Λ ⁢ sin ⁡ ( ϕ ⁡ ( x , y ) ) ⁢ ⅆ x ⁢ ⅆ y = 0 ( 26 ) where Λ is the illuminated area of the phase modifying element. We observe that it is only the first requirement in Eq. (26) that is directly related to the output intensity in Eq. (25) via the cosine term. Since there are always two choices for a given phasor value that result in the same cosine value (excluding 0 and π), we notice that the second requirement can subsequently be fulfilled independently of the first requirement simply by complex conjugating an appropriate number of phasor values. This fact is a key feature of the GPC-method since it makes it possible to solely concentrate on the first requirement in the process of synthesizing a desired an virtually no-loss grey level intensity pattern. The first requirement in Eq. (26) can be fulfilled by several means, including: dynamic phase range adjustment, fill factor encoding, phase-histogram adjustment, spatial scaling of phasor pattern, raster encoding etc. In a histogram adjustment technique one will typically start out with a desired relative intensity distribution I(z′,y′) desired where the maximum achievable intensity level is unknown but relative intensity levels are known and the lowest intensity level is fixed by the background criterion of Eq. (20). The procedure is now to adjust the histogram for I(x′,y′) desired while maintaining identical relative intensity level ratios until the first requirement in Eq. (26) is fulfilled. Subsequently, the second requirement in Eq. (26) is fulfilled by complex conjugating an appropriate part of the phasors. The simplest procedure is to complex conjugate every second identical phasor value independently of the spatial location. However, this “phasor flipping” procedure can also be turned into an advantageous tool (an extra degree of freedom) for manipulating the spatial frequency content in order to optimize the separation of low and high spatial frequency terms at the Fourier filter plane by taking the spatial phasor location into account. E.g. neighbouring phasor values can be chosen to have a maximum difference between them, thereby introducing high spatial frequency modulation easing the filtering in the spatial Fourier domain. In most cases, however, equalized output intensity levels are sufficient. In the succeeding analysis, we therefore focus on the encoding of the input phase levels to achieve binary output intensity levels. A derivation based on ternary phase levels allows for the widest range of binary intensity pattern encoding and automatically provides for the simplified but important binary phase level encoding as a special case. For the ternary phase encoding, we consider the illuminated portion of the input aperture area, Λ, as divided into sub-areas Λ 0 , Λ 1 and Λ 2 with respective phase values φ 0 , φ 1 and φ 2 . We are aiming for the derivation of general expressions relating the addressing parameters for the phase modulation to the range of possible phase parameters of the Fourier filter obeying the design criterion we have already set out. We can express the total truncated area and its average phase modulation, as the sum of the phase-weighted sub-areas: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? Λ 0 exp( i {tilde over (φ)} 0 )+Λ 1 exp( i {tilde over (φ)} 1 )+Λ 2 exp( i {tilde over (φ)} 2 )=Λ| α |  (27) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? This can be further simplified by expressing the sub-areas as fractions of the total area, Λ, such that F 1 =Λ 1 /Λ and F 2 =Λ 2 /Λ: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? (1 −F 1 −F 2 )exp( i {tilde over (φ)} 0 )+ F 1 exp( i {tilde over (φ)} 1 )+ F 2 exp( i {tilde over (φ)} 2 )=| α |  (28) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? As previously mentioned we are interested in binary intensity patterns with levels corresponding to the input phase values. In this case the dark background region is defined by (Λ 0 ,{tilde over (φ)} 0 ) and the bright output level of intensity, I, is determined by (Λ 1 ,{tilde over (φ)} 1 ) and (Λ 2 {tilde over (φ)} 2 ) at the input plane. For the binary output intensity condition it follows that: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? I ({tilde over (φ)} 1 )= I ({tilde over (φ)} 2 )  (29) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? This equality corresponds to a symmetric condition that can be easily verified applying the phasor chart analysis technique demonstrated in section 4. Due to this symmetry we can simplify the analysis by applying the following substitution: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? Δφ={tilde over (φ)} 1 −{tilde over (φ)} 0 ={tilde over (φ)} 0 −{tilde over (φ)} 2 (30) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? so that Eq. (28) can be rewritten as: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? F 1 (exp( i Δφ)−1)+ F 2 (exp(− i Δφ)−1)= K −1 (1−exp( i θ)) −1 −1  (31) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? It is now a straightforward task to solve Eq. (31) for the real part and the imaginary part respectively, to obtain the following set of equations: { F 1 + F 2 = ( 2 ⁢ K - 1 ) ⁢ ( 2 ⁢ K ⁡ ( 1 - cos ⁡ ( Δ ⁢ ⁢ ϕ ) ) ) - 1 F 1 - F 2 = sin ⁢ ⁢ ( θ ) ⁢ ( 2 ⁢ K ⁢ ⁢ sin ⁡ ( Δ ⁢ ⁢ ϕ ) ⁢ ( 1 - cos ⁡ ( θ ) ) ) - 1 ( 32 ) This can also be expressed in terms of the fractional areas, such that: { F 1 = ( 4 ⁢ K ) - 1 ⁡ [ ( 2 ⁢ K - 1 ) ⁢ ( 1 - cos ⁡ ( Δ ⁢ ⁢ ϕ ) ) - 1 + sin ⁢ ⁢ ( θ ) ⁢ ( sin ⁢ ⁢ ( Δϕ ) ⁢ ( 1 - cos ⁢ ⁢ ( θ ) ) ) - 1 ] F 2 = ( 4 ⁢ K ) - 1 ⁡ [ ( 2 ⁢ K - 1 ) ⁢ ( 1 - cos ⁡ ( Δ ⁢ ⁢ ϕ ) ) - 1 - sin ⁢ ⁢ ( θ ) ⁢ ( sin ⁢ ⁢ ( Δϕ ) ⁢ ( 1 - cos ⁢ ⁢ ( θ ) ) ) - 1 ] ( 33 ) Since we have focused on solutions where identical intensity levels are obtained in both the F 1 -region and the F 2 -region we can define the resulting illumination compression factor, C, in the following way: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? C =( F 1 +F 2 ) −1 =(1−(2 K ) −1 ) −1 (1−cos(Δφ))  (34) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? The minimum compression factor corresponds to uniform illumination at the output such that F 1 +F 2 =1, whereas the maximum compression factor is found to be C→∞ for K=½. An interesting special case can be deduced from Eq. (31) by setting F 2 =0, where we find that: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? F=F 1 =( K (1−exp( i θ))−1)( K (1−exp( i Δφ))(1−exp( i θ))) −1 (35) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? implying that for the binary phase modulation case we must have: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? Δφ=θ  (36) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? in order for the fill factor, F, to be real-valued. This result turns out to be the special case that corresponds to the set of solutions where a binary phase pattern serves as the input. The second phase modifying element imposes a spatial phase shift, ψ(x′,y′), on the phase contrast generated electromagnetic field o(x′, y′). This superposition generates an arbitrary controllable complex field, o(x′,y′)e iψ(x′,x′) with amplitude given by the square-rooted intensity, |o(x′,y′)|=√{square root over (I(x′,y′))}, and phasor given by the remaining part under division with the amplitude term, o(x′, y′)e iψ(x′,y′) /|o(x′,y′)|. The resulting arbitrary controllable complex field, o(x′, y′)e iψ(x′,y′) is capable of re-distributing the light into an arbitrary three-dimensional focusing within a selected volume of operation. This focusing within a volume is a result of complex wave propagation and can be deduced by use of Maxwell's equations. A simplified scalar description of this complex wave propagation into a 3D field distribution can be obtained by use of a simple plane wave Fourier decomposition: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? u ( x″,y″,z″ )≅∫∫ℑ( p ( x′,y′ ) e iψ(x′,y′) ) e −i2 π(f x x″+f y x″)· e −i2π(λ −2 −f x x −f y 2 )z″ df x df y (37) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? operating on the Fourier transform, ℑ, of the controllable complex electromagnetic field leaving the second phase modifying element. Any subsequent focusing optics can be included in the Fourier decomposition of Eq. (37). At least one of the first and second phase modifying elements may further be adapted for phase modulation by first phasor values for a first polarization and second phasor values for a second orthogonal polarization of the input electromagnetic field. Individual phase modulation of orthogonal polarizations of an electromagnetic field may for example be performed by a birefringent spatial light modulator, such as a spatial light modulator based on liquid crystal technology. This allows for an extended functionality where the generated 3D field distribution can be divided into two orthogonal and non-interfering polarisation components that can e.g. be applied in a counter-propagating geometry. Preferably, the second phase modifying element is adapted for phase modulation by first phasor values e iψ1(x′,y′) for a first polarization and second phasor values e iψ2(x′, y′) for a second orthogonal polarization of the input electromagnetic field.

20070802

20100413

20071122

57770.0

G02F100

BEN, LOHA

GENERATION OF A DESIRED THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

G02F

ACCEPTED

Method for producing resin composition pellet with lengh of fibrous filler controlled

An object of the present invention is to economically produce a resin composition pellet with the degradation of resin suppressed, by using an ordinary extruder, the resin composition pellet being filled with a desired filling amount of a uniformly compounded fibrous filler, and having a required weight average fiber length, in particular, to produce a resin composition pellet used for a socket of a planar socket pin in which the pitch interval of a lattice area of a semiconductor device is 2.0 mm or less, the thickness of the lattice area is 0.5 mm or less, and the height of the socket is 5.0 mm or less. To achieve the object, in supplying 80 to 55% by weight of resin and 20 to 45% by weight of the fibrous filler with a weight average fiber length of 1 mm or more to an extruder to produce a resin composition pellet in which a weight average fiber length of a fibrous filler is 180 to 360 μm, a part of an amount (x) of the resin is supplied through a main feed port of the extruder, and the fibrous filler and a remaining amount (1−x) of the resin are supplied through a side-feed port so that x/(1−x) becomes 50/50 to 10/90% by weight.

1. A method for producing a resin composition pellet in which a weight average fiber length (l) of a fibrous filler (B) is 180 to 360 μm, comprising supplying 80 to 55% by weight of resin (A) and 20 to 45% by weight of the fibrous filler (B) with a weight average fiber length (L) of 1 mm or more (herein, a total of the resin (A) and the fibrous filler (B) is 100% by weight) to an extruder, wherein: a part of an amount (x) of the resin (A) is supplied through a main feed port of the extruder; and the fibrous filler (B) and a remaining amount (1−x) of the resin (A) are supplied through a side-feed port provided backward in an extrusion direction from the main feed port so that x/(1−x) becomes 50/50 to 10/90% by weight. 2. A method for producing a resin composition pellet according to claim 1, wherein a proportion of the fibrous filler (B) with a fiber length exceeding 300 μm in the resin composition pellet is 5 to 40% by weight. 3. A method for producing a resin composition pellet according to claim 1, wherein the resin composition pellet is obtained by one-pass treatment with the extruder. 4. A method for producing a resin composition pellet according to claim 1, wherein the resin (A) comprises a liquid crystalline polymer. 5. A method for producing a resin composition pellet according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous filler (B) comprises at least one of a glass fiber and a carbon fiber. 6. A method for producing a resin composition pellet according to claim 1, wherein the resin composition pellet is used for a planar socket in which a pitch interval of a lattice area provided with a number of pin holes is 2.0 mm or less, a thickness of the lattice area is 0.5 mm or less, and a height of the socket is 5.0 mm or less. 7. A method for producing a resin composition pellet according to claim 1, wherein the extruder comprises a twin-screw extruder, a ratio between a screw length and a screw diameter (UD) is 20 or more, a screw has a plasticizing zone and a kneading zone, and the side-feed port is positioned on a downstream side of the plasticizing zone. 8. A method for producing a resin composition pellet according to claim 1, wherein a melt viscosity of the resin composition pellet is 10 to 55 Pa·s. 9. A method for producing a resin composition pellet according to claim 1, wherein a molded product obtained by molding a resin composition pellet by injection has a flexural modulus of 15,000 MPa or more, a flatness before solder reflow treatment of 0.09 mm or less, and a difference in flatness before and after heating corresponding to the solder reflow treatment at a peak temperature of 230 to 280□C of 0.02 mm or less.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for economically producing a resin composition pellet having a particular weight average fiber length, and furthermore having a particular fiber length distribution, by adding a fibrous filler to resin with an extruder. The resin composition pellet is suitable for molding a socket for a pin of a semiconductor device, in particular, a socket in which a pitch interval of a lattice area provided with a number of pin holes is 2 mm or less. 2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, in the case of kneading glass fibers or the like with a resin using an extruder, when injection molding is performed using a pellet obtained by inputting the resin through a main feed port and side-feeding fibers, under the condition that the melt viscosity of the resin is very low, the following problem arises. In the case of molding, for example, a socket of a semiconductor device with a narrow pitch interval, a completely filled molded product is not obtained since sufficient flowability is not obtained. Alternatively, the deformation amount of warping of a socket obtained due to the high injection pressure caused by forceful filling increases. JP 06-240114 A (see claim 1, Table 1 of Example 1) describes that a resin composition pellet which is obtained by filling (A) 100 parts by weight of at least one liquid crystalline resin selected from a liquid crystalline polyester resin and/or a liquid crystalline polyester amide resin forming an anisotropic molten phase with (B) 5 to 300 parts by weight of glass fibers with an average fiber diameter of 3 to 15 μm, and in which the weight average fiber length is in a range of 0.02 to 0.55 mm, the proportion of glass fibers with a fiber length exceeding 1 mm is 0 to 15% by weight, and the proportion of glass fibers with a fiber length of 0.1 mm or less is 0 to 50% by weight, is injection-molded, and the flow length during injection molding, the shrinkage ratio of a molded product, surface impact strength, and the like have been obtained. However, according to this technique, the weight ratio and average fiber length of the glass fibers are not controlled freely in desired glass fiber filling. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a method for economically producing a resin composition pellet while suppressing the degradation of the resin, by a simple method using an ordinary extruder, the resin composition pellet being filled with a desired filling amount of a uniformly compounded fibrous filler, and having a required weight average fiber length (l) and particular properties in the case of being subjected to injection molding. In particular, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a resin composition pellet with a fibrous filler compounded therein, the resin composition pellet being used for a planar socket in which the pitch interval of a lattice area of a semiconductor device is 2.0 mm or less, the thickness of the lattice area is 0.5 mm or less, and the height of the socket is 5.0 mm or less. The inventors of the present invention have found that the above-mentioned problems can be solved by supplying a small amount of resin through a main feed port, and side-feeding a fibrous filler with the remaining a large amount of resin, and thus, have achieved the present invention. That is, a first invention provides a method for producing a resin composition pellet in which a weight average fiber length (l) of a fibrous filler (B) is 180 to 360 μm, including supplying 80 to 55% by weight of resin (A) and 20 to 45% by weight of the fibrous filler (B) with a weight average fiber length (L) of 1 mm or more (herein, a total of the resin (A) and the fibrous filler (B) is 100% by weight) to an extruder, in which: a part of an amount (x) of the resin (A) is supplied through a main feed port of the extruder; and the fibrous filler (B) and a remaining amount (1−x) of the resin (A) are supplied through a side-feed port provided backward in an extrusion direction from the main feed port so that x/(1−x) becomes 50/50 to 10/90% by weight. A second invention provides a method for producing a resin composition pellet according to the first invention, in which a proportion of the fibrous filler (B) with a fiber length exceeding 300 μm in the resin composition pellet is 5 to 40% by weight. A third invention provides a method for producing a resin composition pellet according to the first or second invention, in which the resin composition pellet is obtained by one-pass treatment with the extruder. A fourth invention provides a method for producing a resin composition pellet according to any one of the first to third inventions, in which the resin (A) is a liquid crystalline polymer. A fifth invention provides a method for producing a resin composition pellet according to any one of the first to fourth inventions, in which the fibrous filler (B) is glass fibers and/or carbon fibers. A sixth invention provides a method for producing a resin composition pellet according to any one of the first to fifth inventions, wherein the resin composition pellet is used for a planar socket in which a pitch interval of a lattice area provided with a number of pin holes is 2.0 mm or less, a thickness of the lattice area is 0.5 mm or less, and a height of the socket is 5.0 mm or less. A seventh invention provides a method for producing a resin composition pellet according to any one of the first to sixth inventions, in which the extruder is a twin-screw extruder, a ratio between a screw length and a screw diameter (L/D) is 20 or more, a screw has a plasticizing zone and a kneading zone, and the side-feed port is positioned on a downstream side of the plasticizing zone. An eighth invention provides a method for producing a resin composition pellet according to any one of the first to seventh inventions, in which a melt viscosity of the resin composition pellet is 10 to 55 Pa·s. A ninth invention provides a method for producing a resin composition pellet according to any one of the first to eighth inventions, in which a molded product obtained by molding a resin composition pellet by injection molding has a flexural modulus of 15,000 MPa or more, a flatness before solder reflow treatment of 0.09 mm or less, and a difference in flatness before and after heating corresponding to the solder reflow treatment at a peak temperature of 230 to 280° C. of 0.02 mm or less. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a view showing an example of an extruder used in the present invention. FIG. 2 is a view showing an example of an injection-molded product according to the present invention. Explanation of mark: main feed port 1, plasticizing zone 2, side-feed port 3, kneading zone 4, extrusion die 5, screw 6, cylinder 7, vent port 8, decompression device 9, resin well 10, pitch interval 11, and lattice area 12 BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Hereinafter, the present invention will be described by way of an embodiment. Extruder The extruder according to the present invention includes a main feed port 1, a plasticizing zone 2, a side-feed port 3, a kneading zone 4, an extrusion die 5 for an obtained resin composition, a screw 6, a cylinder 7, and a vent port 8 and a decompression device 9 provided if required. The side-feed port 3 may be positioned at one place or a plurality of places. It is not necessary to use as the extruder the one having a special configuration. For example, a conventionally used one can be used as it is. More specifically, the extruder may be of a single-screw type or a twin-screw type. In the twin-screw type, a single flight to a triple flight of co-rotating type can be used, and a parallel axis or a oblique axis of counter-rotating type, and an incomplete intermeshing type may be used. There are no particular limits to the screw diameter of an extruder, the ratio of a screw length/a screw diameter (L/D), the screw design, the screw rotation number, the screw driving force, and the heating and cooling ability, and those which enable the present invention to be carried out may be selected. Usually, as screw elements for determining a screw design, there are an element for transportation comprising a forward flight, an element for the plasticizing zone, and an element for the kneading zone. In the present invention, the screw designs of the plasticizing zone and the kneading zone in the extruder should be appropriately designed in accordance with the properties of resin and the kind of a filler. However, in order to control a fibrous filler (B) with a weight average fiber length (L) to a predetermined weight average fiber length (l) and a fiber length distribution, as described later, the length of the screw (L/D), the length of the plasticizing zone (L/D), the length of the kneading zone (L/D), and the screw design are selected regarding the extruder so that the present invention can be carried out, since they also have an influence. In the case of a twin-screw extruder, generally, in the plasticizing zone and the kneading zone, screw elements such as a reverse flight, a seal ring, a forward kneading disk, and a reverse kneading disk are configured in combination. In order to compound 20 to 45% by weight of the fibrous filler (B) such as glass fibers in the resin (A) with a relatively low melt viscosity such as a liquid crystalline polymer, and extrude them in a strand shape, it is preferable that the kneading zone be set to be longer than the plasticizing zone. Furthermore, in order to provide a vent port to perform evacuation under reduced pressure, it is preferable that a seal section to be completely filled with the molten resin composition in the extruder be provided. In the case of a twin-screw extruder, it is preferable to use as the shape of a screw constituting the seal section each of those which have the ability to increase a pressure geometrically with respect to the rotation of the screw, such as a reverse flight, a seal ring, and a reverse kneading disk. Furthermore, if required, an element such as a kneading disk may be combined. Usually, evacuation under reduced pressure is performed on a downstream side of the kneading zone, and the kneading zone also functions as the seal section. In the case of performing evacuation under reduced pressure of resin supplied through a main feed port and plasticized, before inputting a fibrous filler, it is preferable that the seal section be provided between the vent port and the side-feed port. The L/D (screw length/screw diameter) of the extruder is 20 or more, preferably 20 to 80, and more preferably 25 to 60. The L/D of the plasticizing zone is preferably 2 to 15, and more preferably 3 to 10, although depending upon the design of the screw and operation conditions. An excessively small length (L/D) of the plasticizing zone is not preferable because the plasticization of the resin becomes insufficient, and the side-fed fibrous filler is broken too much. An excessively large length (L/D) of the plasticizing zone is not preferable because the resin is decomposed to cause inconvenience such as the decrease in physical properties and the generation of gas. The L/D of the kneading zone is preferably 2 to 25, and more preferably 5 to 15, although depending upon the design of the screw and operation conditions. An excessively small length (L/D) of the kneading zone is not preferable because the breakage of the fibrous filler becomes insufficient, and the flowability decreases. An excessively large the length (L/D) of the kneading zone is not preferable because heat generation increases to cause inconvenience such as the decomposition and carbonization of the resin, and the generation of gas. The supply of the resin to the main feed port 1 and the supply of the filler and resin to the side-feed port 3 are performed via a constant-mass or constant-capacity supply device. The constant supply device may be any of a belt style, a screw style, and a vibration style. The filler and the resin are supplied separately or in the mixture to the side-feed port 3, preferably using individual constant supply devices. More specifically, a side surface feed method involving supplying from a side surface of a cylinder barrel of an extruder with a screw feeder, a method involving supplying from the upper portion of a cylinder to an extruder with a vertical screw feeder, a method involving directly dropping a sub-material to a feed port, and the like. The side-feed port 3 is preferably provided in the upper portion. In the side-feed port 3, a water-cooling jacket may be provided if required to suppress the change in the resin and the filler, although there is no limit. Resin There is no particular limit to the resin (A) used in the present invention. However, it is preferable to use the resin with a melt viscosity of 1,000 Pa·s or less, more preferably 50 to 500 Pa·s, and still more preferably 10 to 100 Pa·s at a temperature higher by 15° C. than a melting point, and at a shear rate converted to 100/s. Examples of the resin (A) include a liquid crystalline polymer, a linear chain PPS, nylon 6, nylon 66, and nylon 610. Of those, the liquid crystalline polymer is preferable. Examples of the liquid crystalline polymer include liquid crystalline polyester and liquid crystalline polyamide. Specific examples thereof include: a combination of a para-hydroxybenzoic acid residue and a 2,6-hydroxynaphthalene carboxylic acid residue; a combination of a para-hydroxybenzoic acid residue, a residue of an aromatic divalent hydroxy compound such as biphenol or hydroquinone, and a residue of an aromatic dicarboxylic acid such as terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid; a combination of a para-hydroxybenzoic acid residue, an aliphatic diol residue, and an aromatic dicarboxylic acid residue; and a combination further including a p-aminophenol residue or a copolymerized polyethyleneterephthalate and p-hydroxybenzoic acid which has a partially aliphatic group to the above combinations. At least the resin (A) supplied through the side-feed port 3 is powder with a grain diameter of 50 μm or more, preferably 500 μm or more, and more preferably a pellet with a length of a smallest side or a diameter of 1 mm or more. When the grain diameter and the like are smaller than the above ranges, the resin is melted immediately after side-feeding, which makes it difficult to feed the fibrous filler with the weight average fiber length (L), and uniformly knead it to a weight average fiber length (l) in a predetermined range. Furthermore, it becomes difficult to obtain a predetermined fiber length distribution. In the case where the resin (A) is a mixture of at least two kinds, the kind of the resin supplied through the main feed port 1 may be the same as or different from the kind of the resin supplied through the side-feed port 3. For example, in the case where the resin (A) is a mixture of a liquid crystalline polymer 1 and a liquid crystalline polymer 2, the liquid crystalline polymer 1 may be supplied through the main feed port 1, and the liquid crystalline polymer 2 and the fibrous filler may be supplied through the side-feed port 3. Fibrous Filler Examples of the kind of the fibrous filler (B) include glass fibers, carbon fibers, polyethylene fibers, polypropylene fibers, polyester fibers, polyamide fibers, fluorine fibers and the like. Glass fibers and carbon fibers are preferable. The fibrous filler may be a mixture of at least two kinds. The fibrous filler (B) may be pretreated with various kinds of silane-based or titanium-based coupling agents. The glass fibers may be treated with epoxy-based, urethane-based, or acryl-based coating, or a binder. The weight average fiber length (L) of the fibrous filler (B) before side-feeding is 1 mm or more, preferably 1 to 10 mm, and more preferably 2 to 10 mm. The fiber has an ordinary diameter (e.g., 3 to 15 μm). When the average diameter of the fiber is much smaller than 3 μm, the effect as a reinforcing material is small, and in the case of a liquid crystalline polymer, an anisotropy reduction effect is small. On the other hand, when the average diameter is much larger than 15 μm, the moldability decreases, and the outer appearance of the surface degrades. Furthermore, a chopped strand is preferable, which is uniformly aligned without a distribution in the length of the fibrous filler (B) before side-feeding. Resin Composition The mass ratio between the resin (A) and the fibrous filler (B) in a resin composition pellet to be obtained is 55 to 80% by weight of the resin (A) and 45 to 20% by weight of the fibrous filler (B), preferably, 60 to 70% by weight of the resin (A) and 40 to 30% by weight of the fibrous filler (B) (herein, the total of the resin (A) and the fibrous filler (B) is 100% by weight). When the proportion of the fibrous filler (B) is too large, the stiffness of a molded product to be obtained becomes large, while the flowability of the resin composition degrades to be difficult to be molded. When the proportion of the fibrous filler (B) is too small, the physical properties such as the stiffness of a molded product decrease, and warping deformation also degrades. According to the present invention, a part (x) of the resin (A) is supplied through the main feed port of the extruder, and the fibrous filler (B) and the remaining (1−x) of the resin (A) are supplied through the side-feed port provided backward in the extrusion direction from the main feed port in such a manner that the weight ratio x/(1−x) is 50/50-10/90, preferably 40/60-15/85. When the amount of the resin (A) supplied through the side-feed port is larger or smaller than the above range, because of too much breakage or insufficient breakage, it is difficult to break the fibrous filler (B) to a predetermined weight average fiber length (l), and furthermore to a predetermined fiber length distribution. In order to supply the fibrous filer (B) through the side-feed port, the fibrous filler is fed simultaneously with the resin or at a position upstream from the resin, whereby the breakage of the fibrous filler becomes appropriate. The side-feed port 3 may be positioned at one place or two places. In the case where the side-feed ports 3 are positioned at two places, it is preferable to supply the fibrous filler through the side-feed port on the upstream side, and to supply the resin through the side-feed port on a downstream side. It is preferable that a screw positioned between the side-feed ports at two places be set to be a transportation zone of a full-flight, and that the kneading zone be positioned further downstream from these side-feed ports on the downstream side. Furthermore, the weight average fiber length (l) and the fiber length distribution can be finely adjusted in an intended property range by varying more or less the supply ratio of each feed port of the resin (A). The weight average fiber length (l) of the fibrous filler (B) in the obtained pellet is 180 to 360 μm, preferably 200 to 300 μm, and more preferably 200 to 270 μm. When the weight average fiber length (l) in the pellet is much shorter than the above range, sufficient stiffness at a high temperature cannot be obtained. When the weight average fiber length is much longer than the above range, the flowability becomes insufficient in the case of molding a molded product having a narrow flow path. It is also important to consider the fiber length distribution. It is preferable that, in the fibrous filler (B) in the resin composition pellet, the proportion of the filler having a fiber length exceeding 300 μm be 5 to 40% by weight, preferably 10 to 30% by weight. When the proportion of the filler having a fiber length exceeding 300 μm is much larger than the above range, the flowability becomes insufficient in the case of molding a molded product having a narrow flow path. When the proportion of the filler having a fiber length exceeding 300 μm is much smaller than the above range, physical properties such as the stiffness and the flatness of an injection-molded product degrade. The weight average fiber length (l) and its distribution are obtained by a mass measurement method or computer processing of an image observed with a microscope, after the resin is burnt or dissolved. To the extent that the weight average fiber length (l) and its distribution of the fibrous filler (B) in the resin composition pellet are maintained in the above ranges, a part of the strand obtained from an extruder die 5 or the pellet obtained therefrom may be circulated in such a manner as to be added to the remaining (1−x) of the resin (A) to be side-fed. However, one-pass processing through the extruder is preferable. According to the one-pass processing, the physical properties of resin are hard to decrease. When the ratio at which the obtained pellet is circulated is too large, and the number of circulations is too large, the resin degrades to decrease the molecular weight or generate gas, and the fibrous filler (B) is broken too much, with the result that the weight average fiber length (l) and its distribution cannot be maintained in the above ranges. Regarding the operation conditions of the extruder, the cylinder temperature is, for example, in a range of a melting point of the resin (A) to be a base (according to DSC measurement at a temperature rise speed of 20° C./min) to a melting point+50° C., and the screw rotation number is, for example, 150 to 500 rpm. A resin additive and the like may be compounded as the sub-material in the resin. Examples of the resin additive exclude low bulk density powder (described later), and include a plasticizer, a thermal stabilizer, a lubricant, a blocking inhibitor, a crystallization nucleating agent, an antioxidant, a UV stabilizer, an antistatic agent, a flame retardant, a dripping agent, an anti-hydration agent, an antibacterial agent, a deodorizer, a deodorant, a filler (inorganic additive or organic additive) other than the fibrous filler (B), an extender, a coloring agent, or a mixture thereof. Those sub-materials are supplied through the main feed port 1 and/or the side-feed port 3 if required. The resin compositions with those additives added thereto are also included in the scope of the resin composition according to the present invention. Molding of a Resin Composition Pellet Regarding the resin composition pellet obtained in the above, there is no particular limit to a molding method. However, injection molding and the like are preferably used. The melt viscosity (at a temperature higher by 15° C. than the melting point; shear rate 1,000/s) of the resin composition pellet is measured to be 55 Pa·s or less by a method described in a section of Examples. When the melt viscosity is too high, it is difficult to perform the injection molding because of the extremely high filling pressure, and the warping deformation amount of a molded product becomes large when forceful filling is performed. The molded product obtained by subjecting the resin composition pellet to injection molding has a flexural modulus of 15,000 MPa or more, a flatness of 0.09 mmor less before solder reflow treatment, and a difference in flatness of 0.02 mm or less before and after heating corresponding to solder reflow treatment at a peak temperature of 230 to 280° C. Herein, the peak temperature refers to the highest reached temperature in the solder reflow treatment. Regarding the solder reflow treatment, for example, the treatment by heating with infrared rays (IR) is preferably used. The heating corresponding to the solder reflow treatment refers to the heating at the above-mentioned temperature for a period of time required for reflow under the condition that a solder is not attached, and a component to be soldered is not mounted. The required heating time may be appropriately determined considering the size and shape of a molded product, the kind and printing amount of a solder to be printed, the shape, size, heat resistance, a component to be mounted, productivity and the like, assuming the case of actual soldering as usual. Molding of a Socket for a Semiconductor Device There is no particular limit to a method for obtaining the above-mentioned molded product having excellent flatness, particularly, a socket for a semiconductor device. However, an economical injection molding method is used preferably. In order to obtain a socket having excellent flatness by injection molding, it is important to use the above-mentioned resin composition, and it is preferable to select molding conditions under which a residual internal stress does not occur. In order to decrease the molding pressure to reduce the residual internal stress of a socket to be obtained, the cylinder temperature of a molding machine is preferably equal to or higher than the melting point TOC of the resin (A). When the cylinder temperature is too high, there arises a problem such as the drooling of resin from a cylinder nozzle involved in the decomposition or the like of the resin. Therefore, the cylinder temperature is T° C. to (T+30)° C., preferably T° C. to (T+15)° C. Furthermore, the mold temperature is preferably 70 to 100° C. A low mold temperature is not preferable because the flow defect occurs in the resin composition for molding. An excessively high mold temperature is not preferable because there arises a problem such as the generation of flash. The injection speed is preferably 150 mm/s or more. When the injection speed is low, only a molded product which is not completely filled is obtained. When the molded product is forcefully filled completely, the residual internal stress of the molded product to be obtained increases owing to the high injection pressure, resulting in a socket with unsatisfactory flatness. In the planar socket of the present invention, the pitch interval of a lattice area provided with a number of pin holes for a semiconductor device is 2.0 mm or less, preferably 1.5 mm or less; the thickness of the lattice area is 0.5 mm or less, preferably 0.2 mm or less, and the height of the socket is 5.0 mm or less, preferably 3.0 mm or less. According to the present invention, one kind of the fibrous filler (B), such as commercially available glass fibers, is used and feeding of the fibrous filler can be performed satisfactorily, with an ordinary extruder having a side-feed port. Thus, a resin composition can be obtained by one-pass treatment with an extruder, so that the degradation of the resin is suppressed, and a resin composition pellet suitable for the above application can be produced very easily, stably, and economically. EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically by way of examples. It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to these examples. Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-4 (1) Materials to be Used Resin (A) A liquid crystalline polymer pellet: Vectra E950i produced by Polyplastics Co., Ltd. (melting point: 335° C., melt viscosity: Pa·s (350° C., shear rate 100/s), pellet size: about 5-3 mm×about 3-2 mm×about 3-1 mm) Fibrous Filler (B) Glass fibers (abbreviated as “GF”): CS03JA419 produced by Asahi Fiber Glass Co., Ltd. (chopped strand with a fiber diameter of 10 μm and a fiber length of 3 mm). Resin Additive Lubricant: Unister H-476 produced by NOF Corporation. (2) Extruder A twin-screw extruder PTE 65 produced by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (screw diameter: 65 mm, L/D 36.8). FIG. 1 schematically shows a screw of an extruder. Main feed port 1: C1 Plasticizing zone 2: C4-C5 (Configuration: forward kneading, reverse kneading from the upstream side, length: 300 mm) Side-feed port 3: C7 Kneading zone 4: C8-C11 (Configuration: forward kneading, reverse kneading, forward kneading, reverse kneading, reverse flight, forward kneading, reverse kneading, reverse flight from the upstream side, length: 520 mm) Feeder to the main feedport: Screw-type loss-in-weight feeder produced by Kubota Corporation Feeder to the side-feed port For pellet resin: twin-screw side feeder produced by Kubota Corporation For glass fibers: belt-type loss-in-weight feeder produced by Kamacho Scale Co., Ltd. (3) Extrusion condition Cylinder temperature: The temperature of only the cylinder C1 provided with the main feed port 1 is 200° C., and the temperatures of the other cylinders are each 350° C. Die temperature: 350° C. (4) Method of Kneading and Extruding Resin Composition Using the above-mentioned twin-screw extruder, the pellets of the liquid crystalline polymer were supplied through the main feed port 1 and the side-feed port 3, a lubricant was supplied through the main feed port 1, and glass fibers were supplied through the side-feed port 3. Side-materials were supplied through a side-material feed port using a double-spindle side feeder, and the supply amounts of the liquid crystalline polymer pellets, lubricant, and glass fibers were controlled with a weight feeder so as to have the ratio shown in Table 1. The screw rotation number and throughput rate were set as shown in Table 1. The molten resin composition discharged in a strand shape from the die 5 was cooled with spray water while being transported by a mesh belt conveyer produced by Tanaka Seisakusho, and thereafter, cut to be pellets. (Melt Viscosity of a Resin Composition) The above-mentioned pellets were measured for a melt viscosity using a capillary type rheometer (Capiro Graph 1B produced by Toyo Seiki Kogyou Co., Ltd.) with L=20 mm and d=1 mm, at a temperature of 350° C. and a shear rate of 1,000/s in accordance with ISO 11443. (Measurement of Weight Average Fiber Length (l) of Glass Fibers in Pellets) Five grams of the resin composition pellets were heated at 600° C. for 2 hours to be incinerated. The remained ash was dispersed thoroughly in 5% polyethylene glycol aqueous solution, and transferred to a petri dish with a pipette, and glass fibers were observed with a microscope. Simultaneously, the weight average fiber length (l) of the glass fibers was measured using an image analysis apparatus LUZEX FS produced by NIRECO Corporation. In the analysis of an image, a sub-routine was applied in which overlapped fibers were separated from each other, and each length was obtained. The measurement was performed excluding the glass fibers of 50 μm or less. (Injection Molding of Pellets) The following test chip was produced from the pellets obtained in the above extrusion by using an injection molding machine, and evaluated to obtain results shown in Table 2. Injection molding machine: FANUC α-50C (having an intermediate diameter and a long nozzle) produced by FANUC Ltd. Cylinder temperature: 350° C. (on a nozzle side)-350° C.-340° C.-330° C. Mold temperature: 80° C. Injection speed: 200 mm/sec Dwell pressure: 29 MPa Filling time: 0.08 sec Dwell time: 1 sec Cooling time: 5 sec Screw rotation number: 120 rpm Screw back pressure: 0.5 MPa (Flexural Modulus of a Molded Product) Measured in accordance with ISO 178. (Measurement of the Flatness of a Socket) A planar socket (number of pin holes: 494, thickness of the lattice area: 0.18 mm) as shown in FIG. 2 was injection-molded from resin composition pellets under the following molding condition: entire size of 39.82 mm×36.82 mm×1 mm (thickness), an opening (hole for setting a semiconductor device) of 19.02 mm×19.02 mm at the center, a lattice area provided with a number of pin holes in the circumferential portion of the opening, and a pitch interval of the lattice area of 1.2 mm. A film gate located at opposite face of a resin well was used as a gate, and the thickness of the gate was 3 mm. FIG. 2(a) is a top view of the socket in which a number of pinholes are provided in a lattice shape. FIG. 2(d) shows the detail of an A portion in FIG. 2(a). FIG. 2(b) is a side view seen from the film gate side. FIG. 2(c) is a side view having a resin well in an upper portion. FIG. 2(e) shows the detail of a B portion in FIG. 2(c). The socket thus obtained was allowed to stand still on a horizontal desk, and the height of the socket was measured by using an image measuring machine Quick Vision 404 PROCNC produced by Mitsutoyo Corportion. In this case, the region placed 0.5 mm from the end face of the socket was measured at an interval of 10 mm, and the difference between the maximum height and the minimum height was set to be flatness. Furthermore, using a large tabletop reflow soldering device RF-300 produced by Japan Pulse Laboratories, Inc., the socket was heated under the condition corresponding to solder reflow (i.e., peak temperature: 250° C., and heating time: 5 minutes at the same temperature) without solder printing and components mounted thereon. After that, the flatness was measured by the above-mentioned method, which was set to be the difference in flatness before and after solder reflow. TABLE 1 (feeding method, composition, and extrusion conditions) Addition amount from Addition amount from main feed port 1 side-feed port 3 Resin supply Rotation Throughput (% by weight) (% by weight) ratio number rate Resin (X) Lubricant Resin (1-X) GF X/(1-X) (rpm) (kg/h) Example 1 29.7 0.3 30 40 49.7/50.3 290 350 Example 2 19.7 0.3 40 40 33/67 290 350 Example 3 9.7 0.3 50 40 16.2/83.7 290 350 Example 4 19.7 0.3 50 30 24.6/75.4 290 250 Comparative 34.7 0.3 25 40 58.1/41.9 290 350 Example 1 Comparative 44.7 0.3 25 30 55.9/44.1 290 250 Example 2 Comparative 59.7 0.3 0 40 — 290 250 Example 3 Comparative 59.7% by weight of resin, 0.3% by weight of a lubricant, 290 250 Example 4 and 40% by weight of GF were added through the main feed port 1. TABLE 2 (Resin composition, pellet of the resin composition, physical properties of injection-molded product, etc.) Weight Difference in average Proportion of Flatness flatness fiber fibers of 300 μm Melt Flexural before before and length or more viscosity modulus reflow after reflow (μm) (% by weight) (Pa · s) (GPa) (mm) (mm) Example 1 337 34.2 47 16.0 0.075 0.014 Example 2 245 22.5 40 15.6 0.047 0.010 Example 3 206 19.4 38 14.3 0.057 0.009 Example 4 279 26.8 44 15.8 0.059 0.010 Comparative 374 43.6 47 16.9 0.092 0.010 Example 1 Comparative 415 55.1 49 18.0 Cannot be filled completely Example 2 Comparative 420 57.9 51 18.3 Cannot be filled completely Example 3 Comparative 150 10.4 35 13.2 0.071 0.068 Example 4 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY According to the present invention, a resin composition pellet with the degradation of resin suppressed can be economically produced by a simple method using an ordinary extruder, the resin composition pellet being filled with a desired filling amount of a uniformly compounded fibrous filler, and having a required weight average fiber length (l) and particular properties in the case of being subjected to injection molding. In particular, a resin composition pellet with a fibrous filler compounded therein can be produced, which is used for a semiconductor planar socket in which the pitch interval of a lattice area is 2.0 mm or less, the thickness of the lattice area is 0.5 mm or less, and the height of the entire product is 5.0 mm or less.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for economically producing a resin composition pellet having a particular weight average fiber length, and furthermore having a particular fiber length distribution, by adding a fibrous filler to resin with an extruder. The resin composition pellet is suitable for molding a socket for a pin of a semiconductor device, in particular, a socket in which a pitch interval of a lattice area provided with a number of pin holes is 2 mm or less. 2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, in the case of kneading glass fibers or the like with a resin using an extruder, when injection molding is performed using a pellet obtained by inputting the resin through a main feed port and side-feeding fibers, under the condition that the melt viscosity of the resin is very low, the following problem arises. In the case of molding, for example, a socket of a semiconductor device with a narrow pitch interval, a completely filled molded product is not obtained since sufficient flowability is not obtained. Alternatively, the deformation amount of warping of a socket obtained due to the high injection pressure caused by forceful filling increases. JP 06-240114 A (see claim 1, Table 1 of Example 1) describes that a resin composition pellet which is obtained by filling (A) 100 parts by weight of at least one liquid crystalline resin selected from a liquid crystalline polyester resin and/or a liquid crystalline polyester amide resin forming an anisotropic molten phase with (B) 5 to 300 parts by weight of glass fibers with an average fiber diameter of 3 to 15 μm, and in which the weight average fiber length is in a range of 0.02 to 0.55 mm, the proportion of glass fibers with a fiber length exceeding 1 mm is 0 to 15% by weight, and the proportion of glass fibers with a fiber length of 0.1 mm or less is 0 to 50% by weight, is injection-molded, and the flow length during injection molding, the shrinkage ratio of a molded product, surface impact strength, and the like have been obtained. However, according to this technique, the weight ratio and average fiber length of the glass fibers are not controlled freely in desired glass fiber filling.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>An object of the present invention is to provide a method for economically producing a resin composition pellet while suppressing the degradation of the resin, by a simple method using an ordinary extruder, the resin composition pellet being filled with a desired filling amount of a uniformly compounded fibrous filler, and having a required weight average fiber length (l) and particular properties in the case of being subjected to injection molding. In particular, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a resin composition pellet with a fibrous filler compounded therein, the resin composition pellet being used for a planar socket in which the pitch interval of a lattice area of a semiconductor device is 2.0 mm or less, the thickness of the lattice area is 0.5 mm or less, and the height of the socket is 5.0 mm or less. The inventors of the present invention have found that the above-mentioned problems can be solved by supplying a small amount of resin through a main feed port, and side-feeding a fibrous filler with the remaining a large amount of resin, and thus, have achieved the present invention. That is, a first invention provides a method for producing a resin composition pellet in which a weight average fiber length (l) of a fibrous filler (B) is 180 to 360 μm, including supplying 80 to 55% by weight of resin (A) and 20 to 45% by weight of the fibrous filler (B) with a weight average fiber length (L) of 1 mm or more (herein, a total of the resin (A) and the fibrous filler (B) is 100% by weight) to an extruder, in which: a part of an amount (x) of the resin (A) is supplied through a main feed port of the extruder; and the fibrous filler (B) and a remaining amount (1−x) of the resin (A) are supplied through a side-feed port provided backward in an extrusion direction from the main feed port so that x/(1−x) becomes 50/50 to 10/90% by weight. A second invention provides a method for producing a resin composition pellet according to the first invention, in which a proportion of the fibrous filler (B) with a fiber length exceeding 300 μm in the resin composition pellet is 5 to 40% by weight. A third invention provides a method for producing a resin composition pellet according to the first or second invention, in which the resin composition pellet is obtained by one-pass treatment with the extruder. A fourth invention provides a method for producing a resin composition pellet according to any one of the first to third inventions, in which the resin (A) is a liquid crystalline polymer. A fifth invention provides a method for producing a resin composition pellet according to any one of the first to fourth inventions, in which the fibrous filler (B) is glass fibers and/or carbon fibers. A sixth invention provides a method for producing a resin composition pellet according to any one of the first to fifth inventions, wherein the resin composition pellet is used for a planar socket in which a pitch interval of a lattice area provided with a number of pin holes is 2.0 mm or less, a thickness of the lattice area is 0.5 mm or less, and a height of the socket is 5.0 mm or less. A seventh invention provides a method for producing a resin composition pellet according to any one of the first to sixth inventions, in which the extruder is a twin-screw extruder, a ratio between a screw length and a screw diameter (L/D) is 20 or more, a screw has a plasticizing zone and a kneading zone, and the side-feed port is positioned on a downstream side of the plasticizing zone. An eighth invention provides a method for producing a resin composition pellet according to any one of the first to seventh inventions, in which a melt viscosity of the resin composition pellet is 10 to 55 Pa·s. A ninth invention provides a method for producing a resin composition pellet according to any one of the first to eighth inventions, in which a molded product obtained by molding a resin composition pellet by injection molding has a flexural modulus of 15,000 MPa or more, a flatness before solder reflow treatment of 0.09 mm or less, and a difference in flatness before and after heating corresponding to the solder reflow treatment at a peak temperature of 230 to 280° C. of 0.02 mm or less.

20060928

20100105

20070823

57329.0

B29C4500

KENNEDY, TIMOTHY J

METHOD FOR PRODUCING A PELLET FROM A FIBER-FILLED RESIN COMPOSITION AND INJECTION-MOLDED PRODUCTS THEREOF

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

B29C

ACCEPTED

Nonhuman Animals for Antibody Production, and Methods and Systems for Producing Anitbodies Using Such Animals

Membrane proteins that are background antigens were solubilized, and transgenic animals were produced using genes encoding these soluble proteins. Antibodies against the background antigen membrane proteins comprised in the immunogens were not found in these transgenic animals, and even when genes encoding soluble proteins were used, immunotolerance against the full-length membrane proteins could be induced. Moreover, by expressing the background antigen membrane proteins as soluble proteins inside the bodies of transgenic animals, unfavorable phenotypes that appear when the full-length membrane proteins are expressed could be avoided, and such animals were made widely available as immunized animals.

1. A nonhuman animal carrying a gene encoding a soluble form of a membrane protein. 2. The nonhuman animal of claim 1, which is a transgenic animal into which a gene encoding a soluble protein has been introduced exogenously. 3. The nonhuman animal of claim 2, which is a progeny of the transgenic animal into which a gene encoding a soluble protein has been introduced exogenously. 4. The nonhuman animal of any one of claim 1, wherein the membrane protein is derived from a virus. 5. The nonhuman animal of claim 4, wherein the virus is a baculovirus. 6. The nonhuman animal of claim 5, wherein the membrane protein is gp64. 7. The nonhuman animal of claim 6, wherein the soluble protein is gp64 that lacks a transmembrane region. 8. The nonhuman animal of claim 6, wherein the soluble protein comprises an extracellular region of gp64. 9. The nonhuman animal of claim 1, wherein the nonhuman animal is a mouse. 10. The nonhuman animal of claim 6, wherein the male is fertile. 11. A method for producing an antibody, which comprises the steps of: immunizing the nonhuman animal of claim 1 with an immunogen comprising a target antigen; and obtaining an antibody against the target antigen or a gene encoding such an antibody. 12. The method of claim 11 for producing an antibody, wherein the immunogen is a viral particle or a portion thereof. 13. The method of claim 12 for producing an antibody, wherein the virus is a baculovirus. 14. The method of claim 11 for producing an antibody, wherein the target antigen is a membrane protein. 15. A system for producing an antibody, which comprises the nonhuman animal of claim 1.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/JP2005/006298, filed on Mar. 31, 2005, which claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application Serial No. 2004-107669, filed on Mar. 31, 2004. The contents of both of the foregoing applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to systems and such for antibody production in which animals are immunized with immunogens comprising, other than target antigens, background antigens to produce antibodies specific to the target antigens, and particularly relates to systems and such in which immunized animals carry genes encoding soluble forms of membrane proteins so that immunotolerance against the background antigens comprising the membrane proteins is induced in the immunized animals. BACKGROUND ART Antibody production is very difficult when it is difficult to express and purify the target antigens necessary to produce the antibodies. This tendency is pronounced for membrane proteins. Therefore, a technique has been developed which uses proteins that are difficult to express or purify, such as seven-transmembrane proteins, as antigens by expressing the antigenic proteins on the membrane surface of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV), which belongs to Baculovirus (Non-Patent Document 1). However, although baculovirus expression systems are useful as expression systems for various proteins comprising membrane proteins, there are many gp64 membrane proteins (Non-Patent Documents 2 and 3) on the surface of baculoviruses, and these contaminate the expression products obtained from baculovirus expression systems. gp64 is a 64-kDa protein, a major component of the surface of budding viruses, and known to be a protein involved in envelope fusion at low pH. This gp64 is more easily recognized as non-self than human-derived antigenic proteins, and when gp64 contaminates immunogens, antibodies are produced more readily against gp64 than against the target antigens. Therefore, when preparing immunogens using a baculovirus expression system, it is difficult to produce and obtain specific antibodies against antigenic proteins (Non-Patent Document 4). As a means to solve this problem, the present inventors generated gp64 transgenic mice (hereinafter referred to as “Tgm”). Before their immune system develops, these Tgm (hereinafter referred to as “gp64Tgm”) carry an exogenous gp64 in the same way as the endogenous genes. Therefore, these Tgm show immunotolerance against gp64, just as they do for the endogenous genes. Thus they recognize target antigenic proteins expressed using baculovirus, enabling the advantageous production of specific antibodies (Patent Document 1). However, the gp64Tgm showed a phenotype with no testes development nor sperm formation. Therefore, the maintenance of the strain was restricted to females, and although the strain could be maintained, efficient breeding was not possible. In addition, there were some difficulties when producing crossbred animals by crossing with other knockout mice or Tgm. [Patent Document 1] WO 03/104453. [Non-Patent Document 1] Biotechnology, vol. 13, 1079-84, 1995. [Non-Patent Document 2] Journal of Immunological Methods, vol. 234, 123-135, 2000. [Non-Patent Document 3] Journal of Virology, vol. 70, No. 7, 4607-4616, 1996. [Non-Patent Document 4] Journal of Virology, vol. 69, No. 4, 2583-2595, 1995. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention As described above, the aforementioned gp64Tgm are useful as animals to be immunized for producing specific antibodies against proteins expressed using baculoviruses, but gp64Tgm had a problem of being infertile. Therefore, an objective of the present invention is to generate even more useful Tgm without unfavorable phenotypes such as inhibited testes development, and to provide methods and such for producing antibodies using these novel Tgm, so that the expression and maintenance of such exogenous membrane proteins in transgenic animals are enabled. Means to Solve the Problems The present inventors predicted that the inhibition of testes development is caused by gp64 expression on cell membranes in the testes. Soluble gp64 (hereinafter referred to as “sgp64”), produced by deleting the transmembrane region from (full-length) gp64, was linked to the pCAGGS vector (Gene, vol. 108, 193-200, 1991) to construct an sgp64 expression vector (hereinafter referred to as “pCAG-sgp64 vector”). When sgp64Tgm were produced by introducing this vector into mice, male Tgm maintained their fertility, and the present inventors successfully overcame the conventional problem of inhibited testes development. These sgp64Tgm and control non-transgenic mice were immunized using a budding baculovirus, sera were collected, and the presence of immunotolerance against gp64 was examined. As a result, antibodies against gp64 were produced in control non-transgenic mice, but were hardly detected in sgp64Tgm. In other words, the present inventors were able to avoid the male infertility observed in conventional gp64Tgm by using sgp64, and were able to establish transgenic mice effective for producing antibodies using antigens expressed in baculovirus. The present invention is based on these findings, and more specifically, relates to the following: (1) a nonhuman animal carrying a gene encoding a soluble form of a membrane protein; (2) the nonhuman animal of (1), which is a transgenic animal into which a gene encoding a soluble protein (also referred to as “soluble form protein” in the present application) has been introduced exogenously; (3) the nonhuman animal of (2), which is a progeny of the transgenic animal into which a gene encoding a soluble protein has been introduced exogenously; (4) the nonhuman animal of any one of (1) to (3), wherein the membrane protein is derived from a virus; (5) the nonhuman animal of (4), wherein the virus is a baculovirus; (6) the nonhuman animal of (5), wherein the membrane protein is gp64; (7) the nonhuman animal of (6), wherein the soluble protein is gp64 that lacks a transmembrane region; (8) the nonhuman animal of (6), wherein the soluble protein comprises an extracellular region of gp64; (9) the nonhuman animal of any one of (1) to (8), wherein the nonhuman animal is a mouse; (10) the nonhuman animal of any one of (6) to (9), wherein the male is fertile; (11) a method for producing an antibody, which comprises the steps of: immunizing the nonhuman animal of any one of (1) to (10) with an immunogen comprising a target antigen; and obtaining an antibody against the target antigen or a gene encoding such an antibody; (12) the method of (11) for producing an antibody, wherein the immunogen is a viral particle or a portion thereof; (13) the method of (12) for producing an antibody, wherein the virus is a baculovirus; (14) the method of any one of (11) to (13) for producing an antibody, wherein the target antigen is a membrane protein; and (15) a system for producing an antibody, which comprises the nonhuman animal of any one of (1) to (10). To facilitate the understanding of the present invention, the meaning of some of the presupposed terms are explained. In the present invention, the term “target antigen” denotes antigens recognized by subject antibodies. The target antigens can be selected from any substance having antigenicity. Specifically, proteins, sugar chains, lipids, inorganic substances, or such are known as substances showing antigenicity. The target antigens may be naturally occurring or artificially synthesized. The artificially synthesized target antigens comprise recombinant proteins prepared by genetic engineering technology, and many kinds of chemically-synthesized organic compounds. The term “background antigen” denotes substances comprising antigenic determinants for which antibody generation is not desired, or denotes the antigenic determinants themselves. For example, any antigenic substance that is not a target antigen, but which contaminates the target antigen, is a background antigen. Typical background antigens are proteins contaminated within crudely purified target antigens. More specifically, host cell-derived proteins in a recombinant protein are examples of background antigens. The term “background antigen” may also be defined to mean antigens that are comprised within an immunogen for inducing subject antibody generation, and that induce production of a non-subject antibody. Generally, a background antigen is thought to indicate an antigenic substance other than a target antigen. In the present invention, however, antigenic determinants present on target antigen molecules may also be comprised in the background antigens. For example, if an antigenic determinant for which antibody generation is undesired is present on a target antigen molecule, the antigenic determinant is comprised in the background antigens of the present invention. The term “immunotolerance” denotes a condition in which an immune response, specific to an antigen that is an immunotolerance target (an immunotolerance antigen), is lost or decreased. When the level of a subject's immune response to an immunotolerance antigen is reduced compared to that of a normal immunized animal, the subject can be regarded to comprise immunotolerance against the immunotolerance antigen. For example, when the amount of an antibody generated against an immunotolerance antigen is decreased in response to the administration of an immunotolerance antigen, the level of immune response is then considered to be low. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1-a shows the nucleotide sequence of the soluble gp64 gene used in the Examples. Nucleotides 1 to 720 are shown. FIG. 1-b shows the nucleotide sequence of the soluble gp64 gene used in the Examples. Nucleotides 721 to 1486 are shown. FIG. 2 shows a schematic map of the pCAG-sgp64 vector. FIG. 3 is a photograph showing a Western blot with anti-mouse IgG to confirm that immunotolerance against gp64 is induced in sgp64Tgm. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention provides transgenic animals useful for producing antibodies against target antigens when using immunogens that have, other than the target antigens, membrane proteins contaminating as background antigens, and also provides methods and systems for antibody production using such transgenic animals. As described above, in the present invention, the background antigens are membrane proteins. Examples of cases where membrane proteins contaminate as background antigens comprise the contamination of membrane proteins derived from host organisms used to prepare target antigens, and the contamination of membrane proteins derived from viruses used for the expression systems. For example, when the target antigen is expressed together with viral vector-derived membrane proteins, such as the case in which a baculovirus expression system is used to prepare a membrane protein as a target antigen, large quantities of vector-derived membrane proteins contaminate as background antigens. Herein, “membrane protein” ordinarily means a protein that constitutes a biological membrane, and for example, it refers to a protein embedded in a biological membrane; however, in the present invention, it also comprises proteins linked to a cell membrane surface via an anchor and the like, such as GPI-anchored proteins. Moreover, virus-derived membrane proteins ordinarily refer to proteins that constitute the envelope of budding viruses. For example, in baculoviruses, a protein called gp64 corresponds to a membrane protein. The structure of many of these membrane proteins comprises a region embedded in the cell membrane (transmembrane region), a region exposed on the outer side of the cell membrane (extracellular region), and a region positioned on the inner side of the cell membrane (intracellular region). Functionally, membrane proteins comprise proteins constituting membranes, receptors, proteins involved in signal transduction and the like such as transporters, and proteins such as membrane enzymes that perform specific reactions. Therefore, when such an exogenous membrane protein is introduced into an animal to be immunized, its expression in any biological membrane of the animal to be immunized will not only induce immunotolerance, but may also confer other unfavorable characteristics. For example, the problem of male infertility arises in mice into which the baculovirus-derived membrane protein gp64 has been introduced. In the nonhuman animals of the systems for antibody production of the present invention, immunotolerance is induced against virus-derived membrane proteins that may be contaminating immunogens as the aforementioned background antigens. For example, nonhuman animals in which immunotolerance against baculovirus-derived membrane protein gp64 has been induced are used as the immunized animals when using immunogens prepared with the baculovirus expression systems. In the past, methods where immunized animals carry a gene encoding a full-length membrane protein, which is a background antigen, had been developed as methods for inducing immunotolerance; however, in the present invention, nonhuman animals carry a gene encoding a solubilized membrane protein (hereinafter referred to as a “soluble protein”). A “soluble protein” (also referred to as “soluble form protein” in the present application) refers to a membrane protein originally expressed on a biological membrane (insoluble protein) that has been modified so that it may be expressed outside a biological membrane. As described above, since membrane proteins comprise those that function as receptors or transporters that may be involved in signal transduction and those that function as switches in the living body, such as membrane enzymes, when such membrane proteins are expressed in the biological membranes of the animals to be immunized, they not only induce immunotolerance against background antigens in the animals to be immunized but can also confer unfavorable characteristics to the animals. To avoid such inconveniences, in the present invention, the membrane proteins are converted to soluble forms so that they may be expressed outside biological membranes. In addition, compared to conventional methods that use full-length membrane proteins and express them on biological membranes, which are localized sites, the present invention allows membrane proteins to be expressed systemically in the cytoplasm in their soluble form; therefore, the efficiency of immunotolerance induction is expected to improve. In the present invention, genetic engineering methods for modifying genes encoding membrane proteins are used to modify the membrane proteins into soluble forms. An example of a genetic engineering method for solubilizing membrane proteins is the deletion of a transmembrane region. The degree of transmembrane region deletion may be deletion of a portion of the transmembrane region, or deletion of the entire transmembrane region, so long as the membrane protein can be expressed extracellularly. Since transmembrane regions generally form an α-helical structure comprising 20 to 30 amino acids, proteins can also be solubilized by introducing mutations to change this structure. As regions other than the transmembrane region, there are the intracellular region and the extracellular region; however, when modifying membrane proteins into soluble proteins, the intracellular region is not necessary, and soluble proteins may be limited to the extracellular region alone, which is equipped with antigenic determinants that can induce immunotolerance. Moreover, the extracellular region may also be limited to regions that may induce immunotolerance, such as regions that maintain antigenicity and are equipped with antigenic determinants capable of inducing immunotolerance against membrane proteins. In addition to deleting the transmembrane region and such from membrane proteins and such, the aforementioned soluble proteins may comprise a chimeric protein into which other peptides and such have been added or inserted. The peptides added/inserted to the chimeric proteins may be antigenic determinants of other background antigens (these “other background antigens” may or may not be membrane proteins). Thus, immunotolerance against multiple background antigens can be induced by equipping a single protein with antigenic determinants against multiple background antigens. As an example of the construction of a soluble protein, the case of baculovirus membrane protein gp64 will be used and explained. gp64 is encoded by the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; its transmembrane region is encoded by nucleotides 1465 to 1515, and its extracellular region is encoded by nucleotides 1 to 1464. Therefore, to solubilize gp64, the aforementioned transmembrane region can be deleted, the sequence encoding the amino acids responsible for the α-helix structure can be substituted with that of other amino acids, or so forth. Also, the entire protein, comprising 488 amino acid residues that are encoded by nucleotides 1 to 1464 shown in SEQ ID NO: 3, may be used for the aforementioned extracellular region, or the length of the extracellular region can be shortened to within a range that can maintain cross-reactivity with gp64 and induce immunotolerance against gp64. Furthermore, one or more modifications such as amino acid deletion, substitution, addition, or insertion can be made to the amino acid sequence of the extracellular region of gp64 (amino acid residues 1 to 488 in the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 3), within a range that allows the induction of immunotolerance against gp64 in the immunized animals described below. In the present invention, immunotolerance is induced by making nonhuman animals carry genes encoding such soluble proteins. Nonhuman animals that can be used in the present invention comprise, for example, monkeys, pigs, dogs, rats, mice, and rabbits. For example, rodents such as rats, mice, and hamsters are preferable as nonhuman animals. To induce immunotolerance by preparing transgenic animals, it is advantageous to use nonhuman animals which mature fast and for which gene manipulation technologies have been established, such as rodents. Mice in particular are nonhuman animals that meet these requirements at a high level. Nonhuman animals carrying a gene encoding the aforementioned soluble protein can be obtained by producing transgenic animals into which a gene encoding the soluble protein has been introduced as an exogenous gene. For example, transgenic mice can be produced according to known methods (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 7380-7384 (1980)). Specifically, subject genes are introduced into mammalian totipotent cells, and then the cells are brought up into individuals. A subject transgenic mouse can be obtained from the individuals thus obtained by screening for individuals in which the introduced gene has been integrated into both somatic cells and germ cells. Fertilized eggs, early embryos, and cultured cells with multipotency such as ES cells, and such, can be used as the totipotent cells for introducing a gene. More specifically, they can be produced by the method in the Examples described below. The nonhuman animals carrying a gene encoding a soluble protein of the present invention may be offspring of the above-mentioned transgenic animals. Once transgenic animals are established, transmission to the offspring of the characteristics (in the present invention, the characteristic of immunotolerance) caused by the introduced gene is usually easy. However, since the previously developed transgenic animals into which baculovirus gp64 has been introduced had developed the problem of male infertility, it was difficult to efficiently reflect the characteristic of immunotolerance in their offspring. On the other hand, in the present invention, by producing transgenic animals using genes encoding soluble forms of the membrane proteins, the expression of unfavorable characteristics found in the transgenic animals into which genes encoding full-length membrane proteins have been introduced was avoided. As one example, the use of a gene encoding a soluble form of the baculovirus gp64 protein in the production of transgenic animals has made it simple to transmit characteristics to the offspring by maintaining male fertility and efficient reproduction. Since transgenic animals carrying soluble gp64 can reproduce efficiently, and their offspring also carry the characteristic of immunotolerance, they become useful as animals to be immunized for antibody production and such, as described below. Therefore, by making nonhuman animals carry a gene encoding a soluble protein rather than a full-length membrane protein, immunized animals in which immunotolerance has been induced against that membrane protein can be more widely and easily used. Nonhuman animals carrying a gene encoding a soluble form of a membrane protein of the present invention can be produced based on gene deficient animals in which the target antigenic protein is deleted (so-called knockout animals). Nonhuman animals carrying a gene encoding the soluble form of the membrane protein may also be produced by crossing background antigen-expressing transgenic animals with such target antigenic protein knockout animals. This enables the characteristics of background antigen expression and target antigenic protein deletion to be conferred to the nonhuman animals. In such animals carrying both characteristics, immunotolerance against background antigens is induced, while the target antigen is more readily recognized as a foreign substance since the animals do not innately carry the target antigen; therefore, the desired antibodies can be obtained efficiently. In the nonhuman animals of the present invention, in which immunotolerance against background antigens is induced, suppression of antibody production against all background antigens that may be comprised in an immunogen is not necessarily important. Production of antibodies that recognize background antigens is tolerated if it is within a range that does not interfere with production and collection of antibodies against the target antigen. Therefore, for example, even animals to be immunized in which immunotolerance has been induced against only the major background antigens may be utilized as favorable immunized animals of the present invention. The present invention relates to methods for producing antibodies by utilizing nonhuman animals that carry genes encoding the abovementioned soluble forms of membrane proteins. These methods comprise the step of immunizing nonhuman animals carrying a gene encoding the abovementioned soluble form of a membrane protein with an immunogen comprising, other than a target antigen, this membrane protein as a background antigen, and the step of obtaining antibodies against the previously-described target antigen or genes encoding these antibodies. The immunogens of the present invention comprise, other than a target antigen, at least a membrane protein as a background antigen. Generally, a target antigen comprises substances derived from biological materials. Biological materials are complex mixtures comprising various components. Thus, target antigens are usually prepared using various mixtures as starting materials. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain highly-purified target antigens. In other words, it involves a lot of time and effort to isolate a large quantity of a highly pure target antigen. The present invention provides methods that enable efficient acquisition of antibodies against target antigens using such immunogens which have, other than a target antigen, membrane proteins contaminating as background antigens. More specifically, examples of the immunogens of the present invention comprise cells, cell culture solutions, cell lysates, viruses, and crude antigens, in which membrane proteins may be contaminating as background antigens. When using cells or viruses, a gene encoding a desired antigen can be introduced into the cells or viruses by gene recombination techniques, and those that artificially express the desired antigen can be used. Whole cells or viruses as well as portions thereof can be used as the immunogens. Furthermore, just cell membrane or viral envelope portions may be used as the immunogens. When such whole cells or viruses, or portions thereof, such as their cell membrane or viral envelope, are used as the immunogen, membrane proteins comprised in the cell membrane or viral envelope contaminate as background antigens. One preferable immunogen of the present invention is a viral particle or portion thereof. Viruses are comprised of relatively simple components, including nucleic acids, and limited proteins, saccharides, and such. Consequently, the types of background antigens that may interfere with target antigen acquisition are also limited. Background antigens from viral particles or portions thereof that interfere with the acquisition of target antigen comprise membrane proteins on the surface of the particles. When administered to the animals to be immunized, the particle surfaces are highly antigenic, and can readily induce antibody production. Therefore, the methods for producing antibodies based on the present invention can be carried out more favorably if, even from among these few background antigens, immunotolerance in the animals to be immunized is induced against background antigens that are membrane proteins on the particle surface and the like. In the present invention, baculovirus is one among the preferred among the viruses that can be used as immunogens. Baculoviruses are insect viruses that comprise a structure whereby a double-stranded DNA genome is covered with a capsid protein. Expression systems using Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV), a type of baculovirus, are useful as systems for expressing exogenous genes. NPV comprises strong promoter activity. Therefore, any protein can be produced in large quantities by inserting an exogenous gene into the NPV genome. Specifically, strong expression of any exogenous gene is induced by recombinantly substituting the gene coding for the protein called polyhedron with the exogenous gene. The foreign genes that are expressed in the aforementioned baculovirus expression systems are not particularly limited, and any gene may be used; however, since baculoviruses can be utilized as systems suitable for expressing membrane proteins, an example of a suitable gene is a gene encoding a membrane protein. In the baculovirus expression systems, a subject membrane protein can be expressed along with a baculovirus envelope protein in a form that retains its structure. Another advantage of the baculovirus expression systems is that the expression products can be easily recovered as budding viral particles. As methods for expressing membrane proteins which are the target antigens using baculoviruses, for example, the method using budding baculoviruses described in WO 98/46777 and Loisel et al. (Loisel, T. P. et al., Nature Biotech. 15: 1300-1304 (1997)) can be used. More specifically, a recombinant vector for insect cells comprising a gene encoding an exogenous protein is constructed, and introduced, along with baculoviral DNA, into insect cells such as Sf9. The exogenous membrane protein encoded by the recombinant vector is expressed on mature viral particles (virions), which are released by infected cells to the outside of cells prior to infected cell death. Recombinant viruses that express the exogenous protein can thus be obtained. In the present invention, a budding virus is a virus that is released from infected cells by budding. Generally, viruses covered with an envelope can bud from cells infected with these viruses, and are released continuously, even when the cells have not been destroyed. On the other hand, adenoviruses that are not covered by an envelope, and herpes viruses that are covered by a nuclear envelope, are released from the cells all at once, upon cell destruction. Budding viruses are particularly preferable in the present invention. In addition, those skilled in the art can suitably select hosts to be infected with a recombinant virus, depending on the type of virus used, so long as viral replication is possible in the host. For example, insect cells such as Sf9 cells can be used when using baculoviruses. Generally, protein expression systems using baculoviruses and insect cells are considered to be useful systems because modifications that occur at the same time as translation or post-translationally, such as fatty acid acetylation or glycosylation, are carried out in the same way as with mammalian cells and because the expression level of heterologous proteins in such systems is greater than that in mammalian cell systems (Luckow V. A. and Summers M. D., Virol. 167: 56 (1988)). The viruses expressing exogenous proteins, which are the target antigens, can be obtained by, for example, culturing a host that has been infected with a recombinant virus comprising a gene that encodes an exogenous protein. Alternatively, using methods such as the above-mentioned methods of WO 98/46777 and Loisel et al (Loisel, T. P. et al., Nature Biotech. 15: 1300-1304 (1997)), a recombinant vector encoding an exogenous protein can be introduced into an insect cell along with a baculovirus, and exogenous proteins can be expressed on the envelope of the baculovirus released outside of the cell. In addition, using methods like that of Strehlow et al. (D. Strehlow et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97: 4209-4214 (2000)), packaging cells such as PA317 can be infected with recombinant Moloney murine leukemia viruses, which are constructed using vectors derived from Moloney viruses into which exogenous protein-encoding genes have been introduced, and the exogenous proteins can be expressed on the envelope of viruses released outside of the cells. These are examples of viruses for expressing exogenous proteins and the viruses of the present invention that express exogenous proteins, useful as immunogens, are not limited to those that are constructed using the above methods. Recombinant viruses constructed as described above can be purified using known methods, as necessary. For example, known methods for purifying viruses comprise augmented density gradient centrifugation (Albrechtsen et al., J. Virological Methods 28: 245-256 (1990); Hewish et al., J. Virological Methods 7: 223-228 (1983)), size exclusion chromatography (Hjorth and Mereno-Lopez, J. Virological Methods 5: 151-158 (1982); Crooks et al., J. Chrom. 502: 59-68 (1990); Mento S. J. (Viagene, Inc.) 1994 Williamsburg Bioprocessing Conference), affinity chromatography using monoclonal antibodies, sulphated fucose-containing polysaccharides and the like (Najayou et al., J. Virological Methods 32: 67-77 (1991); Diaco et al., J. Gen. Virol. 67: 345-351 (1986); Fowler, J. Virological Methods 11: 59-74 (1986); Japanese Patent Saikohyo Publication No. (JP-A) 97/032010 (unexamined Japanese national phase publication corresponding to a Japanese international publication)), and DEAE ion exchange chromatography (Haruna et al., Virology 13: 264-267 (1961)). Thus, purification can be carried out using the above methods or combinations thereof. Animals to be immunized are immunized using immunogens prepared as described above. The immunized animals used in the present invention are nonhuman animals in which immunotolerance against a background antigen membrane protein comprised in an immunogen has been induced. Induction of immunotolerance against a background antigen membrane protein can be carried out as described above, by making animals to be immunized carry a gene encoding a soluble form of this membrane protein. When a baculovirus expression system, which was shown above as an expression system suitable for membrane protein preparation, is used for immunogen preparation, preferably, nonhuman animals made to carry a gene encoding a soluble gp64 and induced to have immunotolerance against gp64 are used as the immunized animals. Herein, nonhuman animals carrying a gene encoding the full-length gp64 may be used as the immunized animals, however, the use of soluble gp64 transgenic animals and such is preferred since they can be widely used, and can be produced efficiently since both males and females are fertile. Therefore, for example, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, nonhuman animals carrying a gene encoding a soluble gp64 are used as immunized animals, and a budding baculovirus made to express a membrane protein as the target antigen is used as the immunogen to carry out the immunizations. By using the antibody-production methods of the present invention, the inhibitory effect on the acquisition of antibodies against a target antigen due to contamination of membrane proteins as background antigens can be suppressed. Consequently, the use of this invention enables sufficient application of the advantages of a baculovirus expression system as an exogenous protein expression system, even in the preparation of immunogens. Well-known methods can be used for the methods of immunizing to obtain antibodies. Animals can be immunized with an immunogen using known methods. General methods comprise injecting a sensitizing antigen into a mammal by subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection. Specifically, an immunogen is diluted with an appropriate volume of Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS), physiological saline, or such and as desired, the suspension is mixed with an appropriate volume of a conventional adjuvant. This is emulsified and administered to the mammals. For example, Freund's complete adjuvant can be used as an adjuvant. In addition, after this, an immunogen that has been mixed with an appropriate volume of Freund's incomplete adjuvant is preferably administered several times every four to 21 days. In this way immunization occurs, and the increased level of a desired antibody in the serum can be confirmed using conventional methods. An increase in the level of a desired antibody in the serum is confirmed, blood is collected from the immunized mammals, and the serum is separated. As polyclonal antibodies, serum comprising polyclonal antibodies can be used. Where necessary, fractions comprising polyclonal antibodies can be isolated from this serum, and this fraction can also be used. Methods for producing monoclonal antibodies can be combined with the antibody production methods of the present invention. After confirming the increase in the level of the intended antibody in the serum of a mammal that was sensitized by the above-described antigen, the antibody-producing cells are extracted from the mammal and cloned to obtain monoclonal antibodies. Spleen cells and such can be used as antibody-producing cells. Antibody-producing cells can be cloned by cell fusion methods. Mammalian myeloma cells and such can be used as parent cells to be fused with the above-mentioned antibody-producing cells. Even more preferably, myeloma cells that comprise unique auxotrophy or drug resistance can be examples of useful selective markers for fusion cells (hybridoma cells). By basically following the methods known in the art, fusion cells can be obtained from the antibody-producing cells and the myeloma cells described above. Methods for producing monoclonal antibodies by using the cell fusion techniques have been established, for example, by Milstein et al. (Galfre, G. and Milstein, C., Methods Enzymol. (1981) 73, 3-46). The hybridoma cells produced by cell fusion techniques are selected by culturing in a selective medium. A selective medium is chosen in accordance with the characteristic features and such of the myeloma cells used for the cell fusion. HAT medium (a medium comprising hypoxanthine, aminopterine, and thymidine), for example, can be used as a selective medium. The hybridoma cells are cultured in the HAT medium for a time sufficient to kill all cells other than the intended hybridoma cells (e.g. all non-fused cells). Generally, hybridoma cells can be selected by continuing culture for several days to several weeks. Then, a standard limiting dilution method is carried out to screen and clone the hybridoma cells that produce the subject antibodies. Subsequently, the hybridoma cells thus obtained can be intraperitoneally transplanted into mice to obtain ascites fluid comprising the monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies can also be purified from the ascites fluid. For example, monoclonal antibodies can be purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation methods, protein A or protein G columns, DEAE ion exchange chromatography, or affinity columns coupled with a target antigen. Monoclonal antibodies obtained in this way can also be made into recombinant antibodies produced using gene recombination technologies (for example, see Borrebaeck, C. A. K. and Larrick, J. W., Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, UK, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1990). Recombinant antibodies are produced by cloning the DNAs that encode them from antibody-producing cells, such as hybridomas and antibody-producing sensitized lymphocytes, then incorporating these DNAs into a suitable vector, and introducing this vector into a host. Furthermore, antibody fragments and modified antibodies can be obtained by combining antibody alteration and modification techniques with the antibody production method of the present invention. For example, an antibody fragment can be an Fab, F(ab′)2, Fv, or a single chain Fv (scFv) where the Fvs of an H chain and L chain are linked by a suitable linker (Huston, J. S. el al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., (1988) 85, 5879-5883). Antibodies bound to various molecules such as polyethylene glycols (PEG), can also be used as the modified antibodies. Such modified antibodies can be obtained by chemically modifying the obtained antibodies. These methods have already been established in the art. The methods for producing antibodies of the present invention can be combined with modification techniques used for human antibodies. Human antibodies of interest can be obtained by using transgenic animals carrying the complete repertoire of human antibody genes as a basis (see International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 93/12227, WO 92/03918, WO 94/02602, WO 94/25585, WO 96/34096, and WO 96/33735), introducing a gene encoding a soluble form of a background antigen, making them carry the ability to produce human antibodies and the immunotolerance against the background antigen, and immunizing them with a desired antigen. The antibodies obtained by the methods of the present invention can be chimeric antibodies comprising non-human antibody-derived variable regions, derived from the immunized animals, and human antibody-derived constant regions. In addition, they can also be humanized antibodies comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of non-human antibodies derived from the immunized animals and the framework regions (FRs) and constant regions derived from human antibodies. These modified antibodies can be produced using known methods. Specifically, for example, a chimeric antibody is an antibody comprising the antibody heavy chain and light chain variable regions of an immunized animal, and the antibody heavy chain and light chain constant regions of a human. A chimeric antibody can be obtained by (1) ligating a DNA encoding a variable region of an immunized animal-derived antibody to a DNA encoding a constant region of a human antibody; (2) incorporating this into an expression vector; and (3) introducing the vector into a host for production of the antibody. A humanized antibody, which is also called a reshaped human antibody, is a modified antibody. A humanized antibody is constructed by transplanting a complementarity determining region (CDR) of an antibody derived from an immunized animal, into the CDR of a human antibody. Conventional genetic recombination techniques for the preparation of such antibodies are known. Specifically, a DNA sequence designed to ligate a mouse antibody CDR with a human antibody framework region (FR) is synthesized by PCR, using several oligonucleotides constructed to comprise overlapping portions at their ends. A humanized antibody can be obtained by (1) ligating the resulting DNA to a DNA which encodes a human antibody constant region; (2) incorporating this into an expression vector; and (3) introducing the vector into a host to produce the antibody (see, European Patent Application Publication No. EP 239,400, and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 96/02576). Those human antibody FRs that are ligated via the CDR, such that the CDR forms a favorable antigen-binding site, are selected. As necessary, amino acids in the framework region of an antibody variable region may be substituted such that the CDR of a reshaped human antibody forms an appropriate antigen-binding site (Sato, K. et al., Cancer Res. (1993) 53, 851-856). Furthermore, genes coding for the antibodies can be obtained from the antibody-producing cells of an immunized animal. Methods used to obtain genes that code for antibodies are not limited. For example, genes coding for antibodies can be obtained by amplification using the PCR method, by using as templates those genes that code for variable regions or CDRs. Primers for the amplification of genes that code for antibodies are known in the art. Subject antibodies can be produced by expressing genes thus obtained in an appropriate expression system. Alternatively, the genes obtained by the present invention can be utilized to produce various modified antibodies (chimeric antibodies comprising human antibody-derived constant regions and humanized antibodies in which the CDRs of an immunized animal-derived antibody is transplanted to the CDRs of a human antibody). The present invention provides systems for antibody production that comprise nonhuman animals carrying a gene encoding a soluble form of a membrane protein. When an immunogen is prepared using a viral expression vector, in certain cases, membrane proteins derived from that virus or from host cells into which the viral expression vector has been introduced may contaminate as background antigens. These background antigen membrane proteins are not products of the exogenous target antigen gene, and in most cases, they are derived from the expression system, such as from the vector or host. Therefore, the background antigen membrane proteins that may contaminate are identified for every expression system. Then, a gene encoding a soluble form of this membrane protein is introduced into nonhuman animals by transgenic techniques, and whether immunotolerance against the membrane protein has been induced is confirmed in the obtained transgenic animals. Whether or not immunotolerance has been induced in the nonhuman animals can be confirmed as indicated in the Examples, by confirming the production of antibodies against the background antigen membrane protein in the serum. Because the background antigen membrane protein is expressed in its soluble form, the expression of unfavorable phenotypes, such as the loss of fertility in males observed with the baculovirus gp64, is avoided in these nonhuman animals in which the induction of immunotolerance against the background antigen has been confirmed; such animals may thus be provided as widely useful animals to be immunized. Therefore, systems that can support efficient antibody production can be constructed by combining the animals to be immunized that carry a gene encoding a soluble form of a membrane protein of the present invention with an expression system that produces this membrane protein as a background antigen. For example, by combining a baculovirus expression system described in detail above with nonhuman animals carrying a gene encoding a soluble gp64, the advantages of a baculovirus expression system can be reflected in antibody production. More specifically, in a baculovirus expression system, desired proteins, particularly membrane proteins, can be expressed as target antigens along with gp64 while maintaining their three-dimensional structure, and the expression products can be easily collected as budding viruses. These budding viruses are used as the immunogens and immunization is performed on the nonhuman animals carrying a gene encoding a soluble gp64 as the immunized animals. Since immunotolerance against gp64 is induced in these nonhuman animals carrying a gene encoding a soluble gp64, even if a large amount of gp64 is expressed on the budding virus serving as the immunogen, antibody production against this gp64 is suppressed and antibodies against the membrane protein serving as the target antigen can be produced. Therefore, even when gp64 is present on a baculovirus as a background antigen, by using nonhuman animals carrying a gene encoding a soluble gp64, antibody production against the target antigen can be favorably induced. As a result, the antibodies obtainable by the present system will be extremely pure antibodies against the target antigen. All prior art references cited herein are incorporated by reference into this description. EXAMPLES Example 1 Construction of an sgp64 Transgenic Vector The transmembrane region (nucleotides 1465 to 1539) was deleted from the gp64 gene (SEQ ID NO: 1; full length: 1539 bp) to prepare by PCR a gene fragment comprising only the extracellular region (soluble gp64; 1464 bp; SEQ ID NO: 3). More specifically, a 5′ primer in which the 5′-terminal sequence of gp64, the restriction enzyme EcoRI recognition sequence, and a KOZAK sequence are linked (64F1: 5′-GAATTCCACCATGGTAAGCGCTATTGTT-3′; SEQ ID NO: 5); a 3′ primer in which the EcoRI recognition sequence is 5′-end linked to the sequence immediately before the transmembrane region of gp64 (s64R1: 5′-GAATTCTCATTATACATGACCAAACATGAACGA-3′; SEQ ID NO: 6) (FIG. 1-a and FIG. 1-b); and the pCAG-gp64 vector serving as a template DNA were used, and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed under the following conditions: the composition of the PCR reaction solution was 5 μL of 10× ExTaq buffer (TaKaRa), 4 μL of dNTP mixture comprised in the ExTaq kit, 1 μL of 64F1 primer (10 μmole/L), 1 μL of s64R1 primer (10 μmole/L), 1 μL of pCAG-gp64 (500 pg/μL), 0.5 μL of ExTaq (5 units/μL, TaKaRa), and 37.5 μL of H2O. The reaction was carried out by heating at 94° C. for five minutes, and then performing 25 cycles of 94° C. for 15 seconds, 57° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 30 seconds. The mixture was then treated at 72° C. for seven minutes, and stored at 4° C. The amplified band was subcloned into pGEM-Teasy (Promega) and E. coli (DH5α, TOYOBO) were transformed with this. Colony PCR was performed using the T7 primer (5′-TAATACGACTCACTATA-3′, SEQ ID NO: 7) and SP6 primer (5′-CATACGATTTAGGTGACACTATAG-3′, SEQ ID NO: 8), the nucleotide sequences of clones found to carry the insert were analyzed with an ABI Prism 377 DNA sequencer using the BigDye Cycle Sequence kit (Applied Biosystems) and the T7 primer or the SP6 primer, and a clone carrying the desired gene was confirmed. The fragment comprising gp64 was cut out from this clone by EcoRI restriction enzyme treatment, inserted into pCAGGS vector treated with the restriction enzyme EcoRI, and E. coli (DH5α) were transformed with this. The direction of insertion of the gp64 fragment was determined from the size of the band (approximately 2.1 kb) obtained by XhoI and XbaI restriction enzyme treatment and the pCAG-sgp64 vector was produced (FIG. 2). The clone as designed was cultured overnight at 37° C. using 250 mL of LB medium and purified using Endofree MAXI kit (QIAGEN) to obtain the plasmid (581.6 of μg). Example 2 Establishment of sgp64Tgm A DNA injection fragment for use in Tgm production was prepared by treating the pCAG-sgp64 vector with the restriction enzymes SalI and PstI, then cutting out the fragment comprising the sgp64 gene (approximately 3.7 kb), collecting the fragment using a Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN), and then diluting this fragment to 3 ng/PL using PBS. Mouse pronuclear stage embryos into which the DNA fragment was to be inserted were collected as follows: BALB/cA female mice (Japan Clea) were subjected to superovulation treatment (5 IU of eCG (Serotropin, Teikoku Zoki) was administered intraperitoneally, and 48 hours later, 5 IU of hCG (Puberogen, Sankyo) was administered intraperitoneally), and then mated with male mice of the same strain (Japan Clea). The next morning, the oviducts of female mice found to have a vaginal plug were perfused to collect the pronuclear stage embryos. The DNA fragment was injected into pronuclear stage embryos using a micromanipulator (“Modern Techniques in Gene Targeting” (Yodosha), 190-207, 2000). The following day, embryos that had developed to the two-cell stage were transplanted into the left and right oviducts of one-day pseudopregnant recipient females at ten or so embryos per oviduct (20 or so embryos per individual). Recipient females that did not deliver litters by the expected delivery date were subjected to caesarian section and the pups were nursed by foster parents. Based on the above methods, the DNA fragment was injected into 497 BALB/cA pronuclear stage mice embryos, and of these the 430 that developed into two-cell stage embryos were transplanted into the oviducts of pseudopregnant recipient females. As a result, 66 pups were obtained. Gene introduction into the obtained pups was confirmed as described below. The mouse tails were collected and treated at 55° C. overnight with Lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.1 M NaCl, 20 mM EDTA, 1% SDS, Proteinase K 1 mg/mL; TaKaRa). Genomic DNA was then extracted using an automatic nucleic acid isolation system (KURABO, NA-1000P), and the introduced gene was confirmed by Southern blotting and PCR. Confirmation of the introduced gene by Southern blotting was performed by treating the extracted genomic DNA (15 μg) with the restriction enzyme EcoRI, electrophoresing in an agarose gel, and transferring onto a nylon membrane (Hybond N+; Amersham) by the alkaline blotting method. An approximately 1.5 kb restriction enzyme EcoRI-treated fragment of the pCAG-sgp64 vector comprising sgp64 was used as a probe. This was labeled with 32p and Southern blotting was performed by hybridizing it with the blotted genomic DNA. Hybridization was carried out overnight at 45° C. using 5× SSPE, 50% formamide, 5× Denhardt, and 0.5% SDS as the hybridization solution. The nylon membranes were washed in 2× SSC containing 0.1% SDS at 65° C. for 30 minutes, and then in 1× SSC containing 0.1% SDS at 65° C. for 30 minutes. Thereafter, signals were detected using BAS2000 (FUJIX). Confirmation of the introduced gene by PCR was carried out using the above-mentioned 64F1 as the sense primer, and the above-mentioned s64R1 as the antisense primer, under the following conditions: the composition of the PCR reaction solution was 1 μL of genomic DNA (100 ng/μL), 5 μL of 10× ExTaq buffer (TaKaRa), 4 μL of dNTP mixture comprised in the ExTaq kit, 1 μL of 64F1 primer (10 μmole/L), 1 μL of s64R1 primer (10 μmole/L), 0.5 μL of ExTaq (5 units/μL, TaKaRa), and 37.5 μL of H2O. The reaction was carried out by heating at 94° C. for five minutes, and then performing 35 cycles of 94° C. for 15 seconds, 57° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 30 seconds; subsequently, the mixture was treated at 72° C. for seven minutes, and then stored at 4° C. The amplified product was subjected to electrophoresis, and the presence or absence of a band of approximately 1.5 kb was verified. This method confirmed that three of the 66 pups were Tgm carrying the sgp64 gene (hereinafter, Tgm obtained by inserting the DNA fragment will be referred to as “founder mice”) (Table 1). One of the three founder mice was male, and the other two were female. TABLE 1 Number of viable eggs/ Number Number Number of Number of number of eggs of eggs of eggs pups weanlings receiving injection transplanted implanted (female, male) (female, male) Founder 1st 120/133 114 61 29 (15, 14) 28 (14, 14) 0 2nd 78/88 76 22 4 (2, 2) 4 (2, 2) 0 3rd 102/111 101 55 12 (7, 5) 11 (7, 4) 1 female, 1 male 4th 130/165 126 64 21 (11, 10) 15 (8, 7) 1 female Total 430/497 417 202 66 (35, 31) 58 (31, 27) 2 females, 1 male When eight weeks old, the obtained founder mice were mated with BALB/cA mice. Specifically, of the three founder mice, 26 pups were obtained by mating the male founder mouse (line number 41) with five females, and of these pups, 12 were Tgm (F1 mice). Nine of the 16 pups obtained from the first female founder mouse (line number 36) were Tgm (F1 mice, including males and females), and four of these were males (Table 2). Eight of the 15 pups obtained from the other female founder mouse (line number 51) were Tgm (F1 mice, including males and females), and one of these was a male (Table 2). TABLE 2 Number of Line number Sex deliveries Litter size Number of Tgm (F1) 36 Female 2 7 females, 5 females, 4 males 9 males 41 Male 5 11 females, 4 females, 8 males 15 males 51 Female 2 8 females, 7 females, 1 male 7 males Example 3 Fertility of Male Tgm The fertility of the male Tgm (F1 mice) obtained in Example 2 was examined. Fertility was confirmed by mating eight-week-old male sgp64Tgm (F1 mice) with BALB/cA mice, and confirming the presence and number of pups. Male Tgm (F1 mice) obtained from each of the three founder lines (one animal from each line) were mated with two females to give nine pups (five females, four males), nine pups (two females, seven males), and ten pups (six females, four males) respectively, and of these, nine pups (five females, four males), eight pups (two females, six males), and five pups (four females, one male) were Tgm (Table 3). The male Tgm in all three lines were confirmed to have normal fertility. Fertility results of male sgp64Tgm (F1 mice) TABLE 3 Number of Line number deliveries Litter size Number of Tgm 36 2 5 females, 4 males 5 females, 4 males 41 2 2 females, 7 males 2 females, 6 males 51 2 6 females, 4 males 4 females, 1 male Example 4 Confirmation of Tolerance to gp64 by Western Blotting To confirm induction of tolerance to gp64, sgp64Tgm were immunized with a budding baculovirus (pepT1-AcMNPV (pepT1-BV)), as set out below. Immunization was carried out by producing an emulsion according to standard methods using Freund's complete adjuvant (Difco) and incomplete adjuvant (Difco), and administering it subcutaneously. The first immunizing dose was 1 mg/animal, and the second immunizing dose was 0.5 mg/animal. The second immunization was carried out 14 days after the first. After 17 days from the first immunization, blood was sampled from the orbit, and serum was collected. As controls, non-transgenic mice were immunized similarly, and their sera were collected. The following Western blot analysis was carried out to confirm tolerance to gp64 in the Tgm: pepT1-BV used as the antigen was subjected to SDS-PAGE at 1 μg/lane using a 12% gel and under reducing conditions. After electrophoresis, electroblotting onto a PVDF membrane was carried out. The serum collected above was diluted to 1/1000, and reacted with this membrane, which was then washed three times for five minutes at room temperature using PBS-T (PBS containing 0.05% Tween20). After washing, biotin-anti-mouse IgG(y) (Zymed) diluted to 1/1000, and streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase (Zymed) were reacted with the membrane. Alkaline Phosphatase Staining Kit (Nakalai) was used for staining. In the case of non-transgenic mice (non-Tgm), staining with anti-mouse IgG resulted in strong staining for all three mice (FIG. 3). On the other hand, there was hardly any gp64 staining for the sgp64Tgm, and this confirmed the induction of tolerance to gp64 in sgp64Tgm. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention provided new transgenic animals that overcome the problem of male infertility, which existed in conventional transgenic animals into which the gene for the baculovirus membrane protein gp64 had been introduced. The above-mentioned problem was solved by expressing a soluble gp64 (that is, expressing gp64 outside the cell membrane), which was prepared by methods such as deleting a sequence encoding the transmembrane region from the gene encoding the gp64 membrane protein. Therefore, the emergence of unfavorable phenotypes, such as the unfavorable characteristic of male infertility in transgenic animals into which a gene encoding a full-length membrane protein has been introduced, can be avoided in transgenic animals into which a gene encoding a soluble form of the membrane protein has been introduced, as in the present invention. As described above, just as for transgenic animals into which genes encoding a full-length membrane protein had been introduced, transgenic animals into which genes encoding a soluble protein had been introduced have been confirmed to have induced immunotolerance to the membrane protein. Therefore, when the immunogens have contaminating membrane proteins as background antigens, it is advantageous to use, as animals to be immunized, the transgenic animals which carry genes encoding soluble proteins that lack a transmembrane region, and such, of these membrane proteins as exogenous genes. That is, since immunotolerance against background antigen membrane proteins is induced, antibodies specific to the desired antigen are produced advantageously, and since unfavorable phenotypes of transgenic animals into which the full-length membrane protein has been introduced can be avoided in these immunized animals, they will be utilized even more readily as systems for antibody production. The antibodies produced using the animals of the present invention are not contaminated or very slightly contaminated by antibodies against background antigens, and they are therefore provided as highly pure antibodies.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Antibody production is very difficult when it is difficult to express and purify the target antigens necessary to produce the antibodies. This tendency is pronounced for membrane proteins. Therefore, a technique has been developed which uses proteins that are difficult to express or purify, such as seven-transmembrane proteins, as antigens by expressing the antigenic proteins on the membrane surface of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV), which belongs to Baculovirus (Non-Patent Document 1). However, although baculovirus expression systems are useful as expression systems for various proteins comprising membrane proteins, there are many gp64 membrane proteins (Non-Patent Documents 2 and 3) on the surface of baculoviruses, and these contaminate the expression products obtained from baculovirus expression systems. gp64 is a 64-kDa protein, a major component of the surface of budding viruses, and known to be a protein involved in envelope fusion at low pH. This gp64 is more easily recognized as non-self than human-derived antigenic proteins, and when gp64 contaminates immunogens, antibodies are produced more readily against gp64 than against the target antigens. Therefore, when preparing immunogens using a baculovirus expression system, it is difficult to produce and obtain specific antibodies against antigenic proteins (Non-Patent Document 4). As a means to solve this problem, the present inventors generated gp64 transgenic mice (hereinafter referred to as “Tgm”). Before their immune system develops, these Tgm (hereinafter referred to as “gp64Tgm”) carry an exogenous gp64 in the same way as the endogenous genes. Therefore, these Tgm show immunotolerance against gp64, just as they do for the endogenous genes. Thus they recognize target antigenic proteins expressed using baculovirus, enabling the advantageous production of specific antibodies (Patent Document 1). However, the gp64Tgm showed a phenotype with no testes development nor sperm formation. Therefore, the maintenance of the strain was restricted to females, and although the strain could be maintained, efficient breeding was not possible. In addition, there were some difficulties when producing crossbred animals by crossing with other knockout mice or Tgm. [Patent Document 1] WO 03/104453. [Non-Patent Document 1] Biotechnology, vol. 13, 1079-84, 1995. [Non-Patent Document 2] Journal of Immunological Methods, vol. 234, 123-135, 2000. [Non-Patent Document 3] Journal of Virology, vol. 70, No. 7, 4607-4616, 1996. [Non-Patent Document 4] Journal of Virology, vol. 69, No. 4, 2583-2595, 1995.

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 - a shows the nucleotide sequence of the soluble gp64 gene used in the Examples. Nucleotides 1 to 720 are shown. FIG. 1 - b shows the nucleotide sequence of the soluble gp64 gene used in the Examples. Nucleotides 721 to 1486 are shown. FIG. 2 shows a schematic map of the pCAG-sgp64 vector. FIG. 3 is a photograph showing a Western blot with anti-mouse IgG to confirm that immunotolerance against gp64 is induced in sgp64Tgm. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20070626

20110621

20080214

57757.0

A01K67027

WILSON, MICHAEL C

TRANSGENIC MICE EXPRESSING BACULOVIRUS SOLUBLE GP64 AND METHODS OF USING SUCH MICE TO MAKE ANTIBODIES

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

A01K

ACCEPTED

Image Wavelength Conversion Device, Method Of Manufacturing The Device, And Image Conversion System Using The Device

An image wavelength conversion device for converting an infrared light image into a visible light, a method of manufacturing the device, and an image conversion system using the device are provided. The image wavelength conversion device is formed by an optical waveguide array 3 in which one end and the other end of each of a multitude of quasi-phase-matching sum frequency generating optical waveguides are aligned in a two-dimensional plane. One plane of the optical waveguide array 3 forms an incident plane which includes respective waveguides as elements thereof, and the other plane of the optical waveguide array 3 forms an exit plane which includes waveguides corresponding to the waveguides of the incident plane as elements thereof. From an incident light (λ1) and an excitation light (λ2) incident to an arbitrary element of the incident plane, an output light (λ3) having the relationship of (λ1)−1+(λ2)−1=(λ3)−1 is generated in the corresponding waveguide element. λ1, λ2, and λ3 here represent the wavelength of the incident light, the wavelength of the excitation light, and the wavelength of the output light, respectively.

1. An image wavelength conversion device, wherein one end and the other end of each of a multitude of quasi-phase-matching sum frequency generating optical waveguides are aligned in a two-dimensional plane to form an optical waveguide array, wherein one plane of the optical waveguide array forms an incident plane which includes respective waveguides as elements thereof, and the other plane of the optical waveguide array forms an exit plane which includes waveguides corresponding to the waveguides of the incident plane as elements thereof, and wherein, from an incident light (λ1) and an excitation light (λ2) incident to an arbitrary element of the incident plane, an output light (λ3) is generated in the corresponding waveguide element, the output light (λ3) having the relationship of (λ1)−1+(λ2)−1=(λ3)−1 in which λ1, λ2, and λ3 represent the wavelength of the incident light, the wavelength of the excitation light, and the wavelength of the output light, respectively. 2. The image wavelength conversion device according to claim 1, wherein the incident light is an invisible light ranging from the infrared light to the millimeter wave and the excitation light has a wavelength for making the output light a visible light, and wherein the incident light is most preferably an infrared light of 3.5 μm and the excitation light and the output light are 0.8 μm and 0.65 μm, respectively. 3. The image wavelength conversion device according to claim 1, wherein the optical waveguide array having a constant opening corresponding to the incident light is arranged in an m×n matrix state, and the mixing for generating the sum frequency is performed in each of the waveguides. 4. A method of manufacturing an image wavelength conversion device, comprising steps of: preparing a nonlinear optical crystal wafer; forming a polarization-inverted portion on the nonlinear optical crystal wafer with a constant period in a constant direction; preparing optical waveguide elements by separating the nonlinear optical crystal wafer into a multitude of optical waveguides having a constant length in a constant direction; joining the optical waveguide elements, with the optical waveguide elements being optically separated from one another; and forming a collective plane including one end plane of each of the elements into an incident plane, and forming a collective plane including the other end plane of each of the elements into an exit plane. 5. An image wavelength conversion device system comprising: an image wavelength conversion device including an incident plane and an exit plane formed by two-dimensionally aligning one end and the other end of each of a multitude of quasi-phase-matching sum frequency generating optical waveguides; an image forming optical system for forming an image (wavelength λ1) on the incident plane of the image wavelength conversion device; an excitation light optical system for applying an excitation light (wavelength λ2) to the incident plane of the image wavelength conversion device; and image receiving means for receiving an image of a third wavelength (wavelength λ3) appeared on the exit plane of the image wavelength conversion device.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to an image wavelength conversion device which converts the wavelength of the light forming an image by using the sum frequency optical mixing effect so as to convert an image formed by an electromagnetic wave of a constant wavelength into an image formed by an electromagnetic wave of another wavelength, a method of manufacturing the device, and an image conversion system using the device. BACKGROUND ART To achieve a high-efficiency SHG device, the phase needs to be matched between the fundamental wave and the second higher harmonic wave (hereinafter simply referred to as the SH wave), and a variety of studies relating to this have been made. Among others, the QPM-SHG device using the quasi-phase-matching (hereinafter simply referred to as the QPM) is most superior. The QPM is a method of compensating the difference in the propagation coefficient between the fundamental wave and the SH wave through the periodic polarization inversion so as to match the phase. Further, it has been generally known that, if a light of the first wavelength is mixed with and excited by an excitation light of the second wavelength by using a nonlinear optical crystal having the nonlinear optical effect (the sum frequency optical mixing effect), a light of the third wavelength can be obtained, and that a constant relationship is obtained among them. That is, in the sum frequency optical mixing (photon mixing) having the nonlinear optical effect, if the first light (wavelength λ1) and the second light (wavelength λ2) are mixed and propagated, the third light (wavelength λ3) is obtained, and the relationship 1/λ1+1/λ2=1/λ3 is established among them. Those relating to Patent Document 1, Non-Patent Document 1, and Non-Patent Document 2 relate to the device having the sum frequency optical mixing effect. The optical device which converts an image formed by an electromagnetic wave of a constant wavelength into an image formed by an electromagnetic wave of another wavelength, particularly when the above first wavelength forms the infrared light, i.e., when the infrared imaging measurement is performed, is an extremely important technique as the “eye” in the field of the global environment and the space environment remote sensing. Currently, infrared cameras using the pyro device array, for example, are used. These publicly known infrared cameras are extremely expensive and thus difficult to be easily applied to other fields than specialized industries such as the space and defense industries, and also have difficulty in responding at a high speed equal to or faster than a nanosecond. Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-31827 Non-Patent Document 1: “Design of Highly Efficient SHG Bule Light Source by Using a Propagation-Mode Control Method,” Makoto Minakata and Shigehiro Nagano, Shizuoka University Electronics Research Institute Study Report, 1999, Vol. 34 Non-Patent Document 2: “Study on Small Size Polarization Domain Inversion for High-Efficiency SHG Device,” Shigehiro Nagano, Makoto Minakata, et al., Shizuoka University Electronics Research Institute Study Report, 2001, Vol. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION Problem to be Solved by the Invention Visualization of an invisible image including an infrared light image or conversion of the image into data (real-time processing) has been strongly requested not only in the above fields but also in other fields. For example, research and development have rapidly progressed recently on the technique or device for easily visualizing an invisible electromagnetic wave image including a millimeter wave, a terahertz wave, or the like, but the achievement of the technique or device lags behind and thus has been strongly longed for. A principal object of the present invention is to provide an optical device which converts an image formed by an electromagnetic wave of a constant wavelength into an image formed by an electromagnetic wave of another wavelength by using the sum frequency optical mixing effect. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of manufacturing the above device. Still another object of the present invention is to provide an image conversion system using the above device. Means to Solve the Problem To achieve the above objects, in an image wavelength conversion device according to the present invention as described in claim 1, one end and the other end of each of a multitude of quasi-phase-matching sum frequency generating optical waveguides are aligned in a two-dimensional plane to form an optical waveguide array. Further, one plane of the optical waveguide array forms an incident plane which includes respective waveguides as elements thereof, and the other plane of the optical waveguide array forms an exit plane which includes waveguides corresponding to the waveguides of the incident plane as elements thereof. Furthermore, from an incident light (λ1) and an excitation light (λ2) incident to an arbitrary element of the incident plane, an output light (λ3) is generated in the corresponding waveguide element. The output light (λ3) has the relationship of (λ1)−1+(λ2)−1=(λ3)−1, wherein λ1, λ2, and λ3 represent the wavelength of the incident light, the wavelength of the excitation light, and the wavelength of the output light, respectively. According to an image wavelength conversion device of the present invention as described in claim 2, in the device described in claim 1, the incident light is an invisible light ranging from the infrared light to the millimeter wave and the excitation light has a wavelength for making the output light a visible light, and the incident light is most preferably an infrared light of 3.5 μm and the excitation light and the output light are 0.8 μm and 0.65 μm, respectively. According to an image wavelength conversion device of the present invention as described in claim 3, in the device described in claim 1, the optical waveguide array having a constant opening corresponding to the incident light is arranged in an m×n matrix state, and the mixing for generating the sum frequency is performed in each of the waveguides. A method according to the present invention as described in claim 4 is a method of manufacturing an image wavelength conversion device. The method includes: a step of preparing a nonlinear optical crystal wafer; a step of forming a polarization-inverted portion on the nonlinear optical crystal wafer with a constant period in a constant direction; a step of preparing optical waveguide elements by separating the nonlinear optical crystal wafer into a multitude of optical waveguides having a constant length in a constant direction; a step of joining the optical waveguide elements, with the optical waveguide elements being optically separated from one another; and a step of forming a collective plane including one end plane of each of the elements into an incident plane, and forming a collective plane including the other end plane of each of the elements into an exit plane. An image wavelength conversion device system according to the present invention as described in claim 5 includes: an image wavelength conversion device including an incident plane and an exit plane formed by two-dimensionally aligning one end and the other end of each of a multitude of quasi-phase-matching sum frequency generating optical waveguides; an image forming optical system for forming an image (wavelength λ1) on the incident plane of the image wavelength conversion device; an excitation light optical system for applying an excitation light (wavelength λ2) to the incident plane of the image wavelength conversion device; and image receiving means for receiving an image of a third wavelength (wavelength λ3) appeared on the exit plane of the image wavelength conversion device. EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION The photon mixing device of the present invention can perform the wavelength conversion to convert infrared light image data into visible light image data at a higher speed than a conventional device. Further, the photon mixing device of the present invention can achieve high resolution and high sensitivity of the infrared light image, and thus can produce a low-cost, practical infrared camera. Furthermore, according to the image wavelength conversion device system of the present invention using the above infrared camera, it is possible to provide an infrared camera of an extremely small size, as compared with a conventional infrared camera. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic view for explaining the concept of an image wavelength conversion device according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic view for explaining the operation of the above image wavelength conversion device. FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the manufacturing process of the image wavelength conversion device according to the present invention. FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an image conversion system using the above device. REFERENCE NUMERALS 1 conversion target graphic image 2 half mirror or filter 3 image wavelength conversion device (optical waveguide array) 4 half mirror or filter 5 screen 6 excitation light 7 removed excitation light 9 camera part 10 objective lens 11 beam splitter 12 image wavelength conversion device 14 beam splitter 15 CCD 16 excitation light source (laser diode) 17 collimator lens 20 display device BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION With reference to the drawings and the like, description will be made below of embodiments of an image wavelength conversion device according to the present invention. FIG. 1 is a schematic view for explaining the concept of the image wavelength conversion device according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic view for explaining the operation of the above image wavelength conversion device. In the image wavelength conversion device according to the present invention, a domain-inverted nonlinear optical crystal capable of performing the sum frequency optical mixing (photon mixing) with the nonlinear optical effect is used for an optical waveguide. FIG. 1 shows an image wavelength conversion device 3 formed by a multitude (m×n) of optical waveguides. An optical waveguide 3a is extracted and shown in FIG. 1. As illustrated in FIG. 2, an image (λ1=3.5 μm) of a graphic image 1 is formed on the incident plane of the image wavelength conversion device 3 through a half mirror or filter 2. The half mirror or filter 2 transmits the light of λ1 and reflects the light of λ2. Meanwhile, it is assumed that an excitation light (λ2=0.8 μm) has entered to the entire surface of the incident plane of the image wavelength conversion device 3. From the exit end of the optical waveguide, in which the light emitted from the graphic image 1 and the excitation light have entered, a light having the above-described sum frequency and a wavelength corresponding to ω3(λ3=0.65 μm) appears. ω3=ω1+ω2 is equivalent to (λ1)−1+(λ2)−1=(λ3)−1. Among the lights emitted from the image wavelength conversion device 3, the light having the wavelength λ3 is transmitted through a half mirror or filter 4 and is projected on a screen 5. The light of the wavelength λ3 is a visible light and thus can be observed with eyes. For the sake of simplification, projection means is omitted in FIG. 2. The excitation light not contributed to the sum frequency mixing is removed as needed by the half mirror or filter 4. That is, according to the above-described image wavelength conversion device, through the photon mixing of the infrared image of 3.5 μm and the excitation light of 0.8 μm, the conversion into the visible image (graphic image) of 0.65 μm can be performed. With reference to FIG. 3, the manufacturing process of the image wavelength conversion device will be then described, taking an example in which a LiNbO3 crystal (hereinafter referred to as the LN crystal) is used. (Step of Preparing an Ln Wafer) An LN crystal wafer for forming a substrate is a thin plate cut out (cut into a round slice) from an ingot of 4 to 5 inches in diameter and approximately 30 cm in length, which has been produced by the Czochralski method (a pulling method using a seed crystal), to be parallel to a plane perpendicular to the Z-axis (the direction of pulling the crystal). Both surfaces of the above thin plate are subjected to the optical polishing. (Step of Inverting Polarization) After the ingot of the base crystal has been pulled and grown, an electric field is externally applied to the ingot to perform a single domain operation (the operation for aligning the polarization direction Ps to a single direction). The thickness of the wafer forming the substrate is approximately 500 to 200 microns. A photoresist pattern, which includes lines and spaces each having a width of a few microns (a period of approximately 12 microns), is formed on the substantially entire surface of the above optical crystal wafer by the ultraviolet laser drawing method. (In a photoresist of a polymer film, only a part of the photoresist applied with a laser light reacts to the light and disappears through the development using a chemical solution.) After the periodic resist pattern has been drawn, a gold or aluminum electrode is vapor-deposited on the entire surface. The electrode is also vapor-deposited on the reverse surface. A high voltage pulse (20 KV/mm and 2 to 5 m/sec) is applied between the electrodes on the front and reverse surfaces to perform overall polarization inversion. A part of the surface of the crystal not formed with the resist is applied with the high voltage, and the polarization is inverted. However, the electrode portion on the resist is not applied with the sufficiently high voltage required for the inversion. Thus, the polarization inversion does not occur. The present drawing illustrates a so-called lift-off method, in which the resist portion is omitted. The wafer coated with the resist is placed on a stage, in which the simultaneous movement in the x and y directions in a plane perpendicular to the laser light beam is precisely controlled by a computer. The laser light is applied directly from the above to the wafer coated with the resist, and at the same time, the wafer is moved by a desired distance. Thereby, a pattern of an arbitrary size can be drawn. In the present experiment, a laser light of equal to or lower than 1 mW having a wavelength of 473 nm was applied to a positive type photoresist coated on the wafer. The periodic resist pattern can be formed by scanning the beam in a zigzag manner. (Step of Forming the Optical Waveguides) The optical waveguides each having a thickness of a few microns to ten-odd microns are formed over the entire surface of the wafer by the photolithography method to be perpendicular to the periodic polarization inversion. In the formation, a part of the resist excluding the optical waveguides is first irradiated according to the laser exposure method, developed, and removed to be patterned. Thereafter, tantalum is vapor-deposited on the wafer, and the optical waveguide portions are exposed by the lift-off method. In this case, the number of the optical waveguides is approximately 1400. Then, the wafer is immersed in a phosphoric acid solution heated up to approximately 240 degrees for a desired time period (approximately twenty minutes to one hour, although the time period differs depending on the size of the wafer). Thereafter, the tantalum is removed, and the heat treatment is performed at 400 degrees for approximately one hour to form the optical waveguides. Through this operation, Li in the crystal is exchanged with a proton in the phosphoric acid, and the optical waveguides having a high refractive index can be easily formed in the LN wafer. (Polishing the Back Surface and Cutting-Off) Thereafter, a portion of POLISH 1 in an enlarged cross-sectional view on the right side in the drawing is polished and removed. The substrate on the upper side and the upper surfaces of the optical waveguides are adhered together, and unnecessary portions are removed after completion of the polishing. A multitude of sheet-like chips each having an approximate size of 35 mm×20 mm are cut off to form one-dimensional arrays. Eventually, the LN wafer is cut into sheet-like chips each having an approximate size of 35 mm×20 mm×50 μm (thickness). Approximately eight sheet-like chips are obtained from one wafer. (Formation of a Laminated Portion) The device is formed by “laminating the thin one-dimensional arrays.” Each of intervals between the optical waveguides of the one-dimensional arrays is approximately 20 microns, and is uniform and homogeneous. The interference between the optical waveguides can be ignored. Alternatively, each of intervals between the laminated layers of the imaging arrays is approximately 50 microns, and an ultraviolet curing resin is used as the material for use in the lamination. A multitude of these chips are laminated to form an SFG device 3 of FIG. 2. In the chip having the width of 35 mm, 640 of the optical waveguides each having a width of 30 microns are aligned at an interval of 20 microns (the width of 35 mm was selected in consideration of 50 μm×640=32 mm). With reference to FIG. 4, description will be then made of an image conversion system using the above image wavelength conversion device. This system is an infrared imaging system formed by using the image wavelength conversion device as described above. In an image wavelength conversion device 12, 640×480 of the optical waveguides each having an optical waveguide opening of 30 μm are integrated. FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the image conversion system using the above device. An image including an infrared light (λ1=3.5 μm) is focused and formed on the incident plane of the image wavelength conversion device 12 through an objective lens 13 and a beam splitter 11. Meanwhile, an excitation light (λ2=0.8 μm) emitted from a laser diode 16, which is an excitation light source, illuminates the incident plane of the image wavelength conversion device 12 through a collimator lens 17 and the beam splitter 11. As a result, an image of a visible light (λ3=0.65 μm) appeared on the exit plane of the image wavelength conversion device 12 is focused and formed on a CCD 15, which is made of silicon and is an imaging device, through the lens 10 and a beam splitter 14. The excitation light (λ2=0.8 μm) not contributed to the sum frequency mixing is reflected and removed by the beam splitter 14. The output from the CCD 15, which is the imaging device, is displayed on a display 20. The image wavelength conversion device 12 forming the main part of the present system is extremely small, e.g., (32 mm×25 mm×20 mm). Therefore, a camera part 9 can be formed into a size approximately equal to or smaller than the size of currently commercially available digital video cameras. MODIFIED EXAMPLE The detailed description has been made of the visualization of the infrared light of λ2=3.5 μm. Similarly, an infrared image of 1 to 5 μm can be visualized, and wide application to the conversion of another wavelength is possible. Although the example of using the LiNbO3 crystal has been illustrated, a LiTaO3 crystal can be similarly used. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The photon mixing device according to the present invention can perform the wavelength conversion to convert infrared light image data into visible light image data at a higher speed than a conventional device, and thus can be widely applied in the field of image transmission. Further, the photon mixing device according to the present invention can achieve high resolution and high sensitivity of the infrared light image, and thus can produce a low-cost, practical infrared camera, which can be widely used in a dark-field monitoring device or in such a field as monitoring of a phenomenon in an adverse environment. Furthermore, according to the image wavelength conversion device system of the present invention using the above infrared camera, it is possible to provide an infrared camera of an extremely small size, as compared with a conventional infrared camera. Accordingly, the image wavelength conversion device system can be used in a field which requires monitoring by a plurality of cameras from multiple directions.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>To achieve a high-efficiency SHG device, the phase needs to be matched between the fundamental wave and the second higher harmonic wave (hereinafter simply referred to as the SH wave), and a variety of studies relating to this have been made. Among others, the QPM-SHG device using the quasi-phase-matching (hereinafter simply referred to as the QPM) is most superior. The QPM is a method of compensating the difference in the propagation coefficient between the fundamental wave and the SH wave through the periodic polarization inversion so as to match the phase. Further, it has been generally known that, if a light of the first wavelength is mixed with and excited by an excitation light of the second wavelength by using a nonlinear optical crystal having the nonlinear optical effect (the sum frequency optical mixing effect), a light of the third wavelength can be obtained, and that a constant relationship is obtained among them. That is, in the sum frequency optical mixing (photon mixing) having the nonlinear optical effect, if the first light (wavelength λ 1 ) and the second light (wavelength λ 2 ) are mixed and propagated, the third light (wavelength λ 3 ) is obtained, and the relationship 1/λ 1 +1/λ 2 =1/λ 3 is established among them. Those relating to Patent Document 1, Non-Patent Document 1, and Non-Patent Document 2 relate to the device having the sum frequency optical mixing effect. The optical device which converts an image formed by an electromagnetic wave of a constant wavelength into an image formed by an electromagnetic wave of another wavelength, particularly when the above first wavelength forms the infrared light, i.e., when the infrared imaging measurement is performed, is an extremely important technique as the “eye” in the field of the global environment and the space environment remote sensing. Currently, infrared cameras using the pyro device array, for example, are used. These publicly known infrared cameras are extremely expensive and thus difficult to be easily applied to other fields than specialized industries such as the space and defense industries, and also have difficulty in responding at a high speed equal to or faster than a nanosecond. Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-31827 Non-Patent Document 1: “Design of Highly Efficient SHG Bule Light Source by Using a Propagation-Mode Control Method,” Makoto Minakata and Shigehiro Nagano, Shizuoka University Electronics Research Institute Study Report, 1999, Vol. 34 Non-Patent Document 2: “Study on Small Size Polarization Domain Inversion for High-Efficiency SHG Device,” Shigehiro Nagano, Makoto Minakata, et al., Shizuoka University Electronics Research Institute Study Report, 2001, Vol.

<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a schematic view for explaining the concept of an image wavelength conversion device according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic view for explaining the operation of the above image wavelength conversion device. FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the manufacturing process of the image wavelength conversion device according to the present invention. FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an image conversion system using the above device. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?

20070619

20090127

20071213

99500.0

G02F1365

LEPISTO, RYAN A

IMAGE WAVELENGTH CONVERSION DEVICE, METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE DEVICE, AND IMAGE CONVERSION SYSTEM USING THE DEVICE

SMALL

ACCEPTED

G02F

ACCEPTED

Vehicle mirror with powered extension incorporating slip clutch

The invention relates to an exterior vehicle mirror having a mirror assembly mounted to a vehicle. A drive assembly comprises a drive screw coupled to a motor and a drive nut threadably mounted on the drive screw. The rotation of the drive screw by the motor causes the drive nut to traverse the drive screw. As the drive nut traverses the drive screw, it causes the extension and retraction of the mirror assembly. A slip clutch is interposed between the motor and the drive screw to enable the motor to continue to operate without damage if the mirror assembly reaches full extension or retraction.

1. A vehicular mirror assembly, comprising: a base; a mirror housing having a reflective element therein, the mirror housing being mounted to the base for at least a normal path of movement between a retracted position where the mirror housing is adjacent the base and an extended position where the mirror housing is distal to the base; an actuator operatively mounted between the base and the mirror housing for selectively moving the mirror housing with respect to the base through the normal path of movement; and a slip clutch associated with the actuator for accommodating impeded movement of the mirror housing with respect to the base. 2. A vehicular mirror assembly according to claim 1, wherein the impeded movement comprises attempted movement of the mirror housing by the actuator beyond an outermost limit of the extended position. 3. A vehicular mirror assembly according to claim 1, wherein the impeded movement comprises attempted movement of the mirror housing by the actuator beyond an innermost limit of the retracted position. 4. A vehicular mirror assembly according to claim 1, wherein the impeded movement comprises movement of the mirror housing by the actuator within the normal path of movement when acted upon by an opposing force. 5. A vehicular mirror assembly according to claim 4, wherein the opposing force is an external force applied to the mirror housing during movement through the normal path of movement. 6. A vehicular mirror assembly according to claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises a drive assembly comprising a drive screw driven by a motor, and a drive nut threadably received thereon and connected to the mirror housing for extending the mirror housing between the retracted and extended positions when the drive nut moves longitudinally along the drive screw under action by the motor. 7. A vehicular mirror assembly according to claim 6, wherein the slip clutch enables the drive screw to be rotated with the rotation of the motor when the movement of the drive nut is not impeded. 8. A vehicular mirror assembly according to claim 6, wherein the slip clutch enables the motor to rotate when the movement of the drive nut is impeded. 9. A vehicular mirror assembly according to claim 6, wherein the slip clutch enables the drive screw to be rotated when the drive nut is moved longitudinally along the drive screw and the motor does not rotate. 10. A vehicular mirror assembly according to claim 6, wherein the drive screw comprises at least one cylindrical surface, the slip clutch comprises at least one arcuate finger, and the at least one arcuate finger is biased into contact with the at least one cylindrical surface so that the slip clutch rotates with the cylindrical surface during the normal path of movement and slips with respect to the cylindrical surface during impeded movement to prevent damage to the motor. 11. A vehicular mirror assembly according to claim 10, wherein a spring biases the at least one arcuate finger into contact with the at least one cylindrical surface. 12. A vehicular mirror assembly according to claim 10, wherein the at least one cylindrical surface comprises a plurality of coaxial, spaced cylindrical surfaces. 13. A slip clutch for a vehicular mirror assembly, the vehicular mirror assembly comprising a base, a mirror housing having a reflective element therein, the mirror housing being mounted to the base for at least a normal path of movement between a retracted position where the mirror housing is adjacent the base and an extended position where the mirror housing is distal to the base, and an actuator operatively mounted between the base and the mirror housing for selectively moving the mirror housing with respect to the base through the normal path of movement, wherein the slip clutch is associated with the actuator for accommodating impeded movement of the mirror housing with respect to the base. 14. A slip clutch according to claim 13, wherein the impeded movement comprises attempted movement of the mirror housing by the actuator beyond an outermost limit of the extended position. 15. A slip clutch according to claim 13, wherein the impeded movement comprises attempted movement of the mirror housing by the actuator beyond an innermost limit of the retracted position. 16. A slip clutch according to claim 13, wherein the impeded movement comprises movement of the mirror housing by the actuator within the normal path of movement when acted upon by an opposing force. 17. A slip clutch according to claim 16, wherein the opposing force is an external force applied to the mirror housing during movement through the normal path of movement. 18. A slip clutch according to claim 13, wherein the actuator comprises a drive assembly comprising a drive screw driven by a motor, and a drive nut threadably received thereon and connected to the mirror housing for extending the mirror housing between the retracted and extended positions when the drive nut moves longitudinally along the drive screw under action by the motor. 19. A slip clutch according to claim 18, wherein the slip clutch enables the drive screw to be rotated with the rotation of the motor when the movement of the drive nut is not impeded. 20. A slip clutch according to claim 18, wherein the slip clutch enables the motor to rotate when the movement of the drive nut is impeded. 21. A slip clutch according to claim 18, wherein the slip clutch enables the drive screw to be rotated when the drive nut is moved longitudinally along the drive screw and the motor does not rotate. 22. A slip clutch according to claim 18, wherein the drive screw comprises at least one cylindrical surface, the slip clutch comprises at least one arcuate finger, and the at least one arcuate finger is biased into contact with the at least one cylindrical surface so that the slip clutch rotates with the cylindrical surface during the normal path of movement and slips with respect to the cylindrical surface during impeded movement to prevent damage to the motor. 23. A slip clutch according to claim 22, wherein a spring biases the at least one arcuate finger into contact with the at least one cylindrical surface. 24. A slip clutch according to claim 22, wherein the at least one cylindrical surface comprises a plurality of coaxial, spaced cylindrical surfaces.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/320,292, filed Jun. 19, 2003, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of Invention The invention relates to an external vehicle mirror and, more particularly, to an external vehicle mirror having powered extension functionality accomplished by a single motor. In another aspect, the invention relates to a slip clutch for the powered extension function. 2. Description of the Related Art External mirrors are ubiquitous for contemporary vehicles and have long been used to aid the driver in operating the vehicle, especially in improving the rearward view of the driver. Over time, more and more functionality has been incorporated into the external mirrors. For example, it is common to extend the external mirror away from the vehicle, which is useful when towing a trailer. Mirrors incorporating both a powered fold and powered extension functionality are well-known. Examples of such mirrors are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,276,808 and 6,213,609, assigned to the assignee of the current application, and are incorporated by reference. In one embodiment of the powered extension function, the mirror is extended away from the vehicle by the motor-driven rotation of an elongated drive screw which causes a threaded drive nut to travel along the drive screw. The drive nut is connected to a frame piece to which is attached the reflective element, which translates relative to the drive screw with the movement of the drive nut. Depending upon the direction of rotation of the drive screw, the mirror is either extended away from the vehicle or retracted toward the vehicle. In operating the powered extension function, the motor is frequently operated for a preselected time interval sufficient to fully extend or retract the mirror. However, this can result in the motor continuing to operate after the mirror has reached its limit of travel. When this occurs, the motor will be prevented from turning, which can cause overworking of the motor, contributing to overheating and/or premature failure. One approach to eliminating this problem is to utilize an electronic feedback system which can determine when the motor has begun to overwork and will terminate the operation of the motor. However, these systems can be complicated, can be expensive, require additional steps in the fabrication of the mirror, and additional weight to the mirror assembly, and can themselves fail. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In a first aspect, a vehicular mirror assembly comprises a base, a mirror housing having a reflective element therein, the mirror housing being mounted to the base for at least a normal path of movement between a retracted position where the mirror housing is adjacent the base and an extended position where the mirror housing is distal to the base, an actuator operatively mounted between the base and the mirror housing for selectively moving the mirror housing with respect to the base through the normal path of movement, and a slip clutch associated with the actuator for accommodating impeded movement of the mirror housing with respect to the base. The impeded movement can comprise attempted movement of the mirror housing by the actuator beyond an outermost limit of the extended position, attempted movement of the mirror housing by the actuator beyond an innermost limit of the retracted position, or movement of the mirror housing by the actuator within the normal path of movement when acted upon by an opposing force, wherein the opposing force is an external force applied to the mirror housing during movement through the normal path of movement. The actuator can comprise a drive assembly comprising a drive screw driven by a motor, and a drive nut threadably received thereon and connected to the mirror housing for extending the mirror housing between the retracted and extended positions when the drive nut moves longitudinally along the drive screw under action by the motor. The slip clutch can enable the drive screw to be rotated with the rotation of the motor when the movement of the drive nut is not impeded, or can enable the motor to rotate when the movement of the drive nut is impeded, or can enable the drive screw to be rotated when the drive nut is moved longitudinally along the drive screw and the motor does not rotate. The drive screw can comprise at least one cylindrical surface, the slip clutch can comprise at least one arcuate finger, and the at least one arcuate finger can be biased into contact with the at least one cylindrical surface. A spring can bias the at least one arcuate finger into contact with the at least one cylindrical surface. The at least one cylindrical surface can comprise a plurality of coaxial, spaced cylindrical surfaces. A second aspect of the invention comprises a slip clutch for a vehicular mirror assembly, the vehicular mirror assembly comprising a base, a mirror housing having a reflective element therein, the mirror housing being mounted to the base for at least a normal path of movement between a retracted position where the mirror housing is adjacent the base and an extended position where the mirror housing is distal to the base, and an actuator operatively mounted between the base and the mirror housing for selectively moving the mirror housing with respect to the base through the normal path of movement, wherein the slip clutch is associated with the actuator for accommodating impeded movement of the mirror housing with respect to the base. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings: FIG. 1 is a left-front perspective view of an exterior power extend mirror according to the invention and comprising a mirror assembly mounted to a support bracket adapted to mount to a motor vehicle, with the mirror assembly shown in a retracted position. FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the power fold mirror of FIG. 1 and illustrates the major components comprising a drive assembly connecting the mirror assembly to the support bracket and for extending the mirror assembly relative to the vehicle, with the drive assembly comprising a drive screw having a drive nut that couples with a mirror bracket to extend the mirror housing. FIG. 3 is a partially-exploded close-up view of the drive assembly of FIG. 2 illustrating a motor, a gear assembly, a slip clutch assembly, and the drive screw. FIG. 4 is a side view of the drive assembly of FIG. 3 showing the relative location of the motor, gear assembly, slip clutch assembly, and drive screw. FIG. 5 is an exploded view of the slip clutch assembly of FIG. 4. FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a transfer gear comprising a portion of the gear assembly of FIG. 4. FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the drive assembly of FIG. 3 taken a long line 7-7. FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the drive screw of FIG. 4. DESCRIPTION OF AN EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION FIG. 1 illustrates a vehicle mirror 10 having a power extend function according to the invention. The vehicle mirror 10 comprises a mirror assembly 12 and is mounted to a vehicle (not shown) by a suitable base such as a support bracket or arm 14. A powered drive assembly is used to selectively extend the mirror 10 away from the vehicle, thereby enhancing the rearward view of the driver, and retract the mirror 10 toward the vehicle, when an enhanced rearward view is not needed. Referring to FIG. 2, the mirror assembly 12 comprises a drive assembly 15, which is used to extend the mirror assembly between retracted and extended positions, as shown and described in the U.S. application for patent filed Apr. 22, 2003, entitled “Vehicular Mirror System With At Least One Of Power-Fold And Power-Extend Functionality” and which is incorporated fully herein by reference. The drive assembly 15 comprises a slip clutch for accommodating impeded movement of the mirror assembly 12 with respect to the support bracket 14, as hereinafter described. The slip clutch of the present invention can find applicability in a variety of extendable mirror constructions, including mirror constructions such as are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,598,983; 6,582,087; 6,497,491; 6,439,730; 6,394,616; 6,390,635; 6,325,518; 6,276,808; 6,239,928; 6,213,609; 6,139,159; 6,116,743; 6,113,241; 5,969,890; 5,903,402; and 5,483,385, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. The mirror assembly 12 comprises a mirror housing 16 in which is received a mirror bracket 18 to which is mounted a well-known reflective element assembly (not shown). The support arm 14 comprises a shoulder 48 adapted to mount to the vehicle and a base 50 extending laterally from the shoulder. Referring to FIG. 2, the drive assembly 15 comprises a drive screw 62 coupled to an electric motor assembly 64, which rotates the drive screw 62 about the longitudinal axis of the drive screw 62. An internally threaded drive nut 66 is threadably received on the drive screw 62 and comprises a pin 68 extending laterally from the drive nut 66 along an axis that is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the drive screw 62. The pin 68 is adapted for attachment to the mirror bracket 18. Other means for connecting the mirror bracket 18 to the drive nut 66 can be utilized, such as providing the mirror bracket 18 with a drive nut formed integrally therein. Referring now to FIG. 3, the electric motor assembly 64 comprises a motor assembly casing 20 and the drive screw 62. The motor assembly casing 20 comprises a base 22 and a cover 24. The base 22 is an irregularly-shaped body having a perimeter wall 32 and a bottom wall 34 forming a motor chamber 38 therein. The motor chamber 38 is adapted to hold a motor 40 and a gear assembly 41 in cooperating relationship as hereinafter described. The base 22 terminates at one corner in a semi-annular collar portion 36. The collar portion 36 terminates inwardly in an annular bearing wall 98. An annular end wall 52 is provided further inwardly of the bearing wall 98 in coaxial alignment with the bearing wall 98 and the collar portion 36. The end wall 52 terminates in a circular well 100. The cover 24 is an irregularly-shaped body having a generally flattened profile and comprising a plate 26 having a shape cooperative with the perimeter wall 32 and a semi-annular collar portion 28. The cover 24 is adapted to closely fit with the base 22 to form the motor chamber 38. The collar portion 28 is adapted for cooperative communication with the collar portion 36 to form an annular collar defining a screw aperture 30 therethrough which communicates with the motor chamber 38. The cover 24 and the base 22 are provided with suitable means, such as tabs, posts, and apertures, to ensure a proper fit of the cover 24 to the base 22, and with suitable mounting apertures for attaching the motor assembly casing 20 to the base 50. Referring also to FIG. 4, the motor 40 comprises a generally conventional 12-volt electric motor of suitable size and power for the purposes described herein, having a motor shaft 42. A motor worm 44 comprises a conventional worm gear, and is fixedly mounted to the motor shaft 42 for rotation therewith. Referring also to FIG. 6, a transfer gear 70 comprises a generally cylindrical gear having a cogwheel portion 72 and a worm portion 74 in coaxial alignment. The cogwheel portion 72 is adapted for threaded communication with the motor worm 44 so that the transfer gear 70 will rotate with the rotation of the motor worm 44. The worm portion 74 terminates in a first stub axle 92 in coaxial alignment therewith. The cogwheel portion 72 similarly terminates in a second stub axle (not shown). The first stub axle 92 is adapted to be received in a mating well (not shown) in the cover 24 for rotation therein. The second stub axle is adapted to be received in a mating well (not shown) in the base 22 for rotation therein. Referring now to FIG. 5, a slip clutch assembly 76 comprises a toothed cogwheel portion 78 and a toothed clutch portion 80 in coaxial alignment. The cogwheel portion 78 terminates in a coaxial annular wall 54. An aperture 86 extends coaxially through the cogwheel portion 78, the clutch portion 80, and the annular wall 54. The clutch portion 80 has a diameter somewhat smaller than the diameter of the cogwheel portion 78, and comprises a plurality of longitudinal fingers 82 extending away from the cogwheel portion 78 separated by longitudinal slots 84 which enable the fingers 82 to flex radially inwardly. A coil spring 88 has an aperture 90 therethrough adapted for frictional insertion over the clutch portion 80. The coil spring 88 exerts a compressive force to the clutch portion 80 which urges the fingers 82 to deflect radially inwardly. The cogwheel portion 78 is adapted for threaded communication with the worm portion 74 so that the slip clutch assembly 76 will rotate with the rotation of the transfer gear 70. As shown in FIG. 4, the transfer gear 70 is oriented generally orthogonally to the motor worm 44, and the slip clutch assembly 76 is oriented generally orthogonally to the transfer gear 70. Referring now to FIG. 7, the drive screw 62 is an elongated, rod-like member comprising a shaft bearing portion 94 at a first end and a threaded portion 96. The drive screw 62 preferably comprises a high-strength plastic fabricated through a suitable molding processor, such as injection molding. The bearing portion 94 comprises a smooth shaft 104 terminating in a bearing end 112. Adjacent the bearing end 112 is an annular retainer flange 110. Spaced away from the retainer flange 110 is a plurality of annular, plate-like bearing flanges 108, shown in FIG. 7 as numbering three, in parallel, spaced-apart relationship. The annular bearing flanges 108 are adapted for frictional communication with the fingers 82 as hereinafter described. Alternatively, a single, solid, cylinder-shaped flange having a length equivalent to the overall length of the three flanges 108 can be used. However, the plurality of flanges 108 minimizes the presence of dimensional imperfections in a solid flange that would adversely impact the performance of the clutch resulting during the fabrication process. Adjacent the bearing flanges 108 is an annular end flange 106. The threaded portion 96 is adapted for threadable communication with the drive nut 66. The pitch of the threads comprising the threaded portion 96 and of the threads comprising the drive nut 66 are adapted so that, if sufficient longitudinally-directed force is applied to the drive nut 66, the drive screw 62 will be urged to rotate, provided that the longitudinally-directed force is sufficient to overcome the frictional force between the slip clutch assembly 76 and the shaft bearing portion 94 as the drive screw 62 rotates. The threaded portion 96 is also provided with a truncated flat 102 extending the length thereof, which enables the drive screw 62 to be injection molded with the mold separating in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the drive screw 62. This eliminates undercuts occurring with uninterrupted threads which would prevent the drive screw 62 from being properly ejected from the mold cavity. Referring again to FIG. 4 and to FIG. 6, the drive screw 62 is mounted in the motor assembly casing 20 by inserting the bearing end 112 in a well 100 adapted for rotation of the bearing end 112 therein. The smooth shaft 104 is held in a bearing 98 intermediate the collar portion 36 and the motor chamber 38 for slidable rotation of the smooth shaft 104 therein. The end flange 106 bears against the bearing 98 as shown in FIG. 6 to retain the bearing end 112 in the well 100 and prevent the drive screw 62 from translating relative to the motor assembly casing 20. The bearing portion 94 is inserted into the aperture 86 of the slip clutch assembly 76 so that the retainer flange 110 bears against the annular wall 54 to retain the slip clutch assembly 76 in contact with the end wall 52 and prevent of the translation of the slip clutch assembly 76 relative to the motor assembly casing 20. As so assembled, the fingers 82 will be urged radially inwardly to frictionally bear against the bearing flanges 108 by the compressive force of the coil spring 88. Thus, the drive screw 62 will be urged to rotate by the rotation of the slip clutch assembly 76. However, should the drive screw 62 be prevented from rotation, such as by interference with the linear movement of the drive nut 66, the frictional force between the fingers 82 and the bearing flanges 108 will be overcome, thereby allowing the slip clutch assembly 76 to continue to rotate. The compressive force exerted by the coil spring 88, and the number, spacing, and size of the bearing flanges 108 can be selected to adjust the frictional force that must be overcome in order to enable the rotation of the slip clutch assembly 76 relative to the drive screw 62. The slip clutch assembly described herein enables the motor to continue to operate after the mirror has reached its fully extended or fully retracted position, thereby reducing motor wear and premature failure. The slip clutch assembly is simple, and readily adjustable by appropriate selection of the coil spring for adjustment of the frictional force that must be overcome. The slip clutch assembly, in combination with the selection of an appropriate thread pitch for the drive screw and the drive nut, enables the manual extension and retraction of the mirror. While the invention has been specifically described in connection with certain specific embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that this is by way of illustration and not of limitation, and the scope of the appended claims should be construed as broadly as the prior art will permit.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of Invention The invention relates to an external vehicle mirror and, more particularly, to an external vehicle mirror having powered extension functionality accomplished by a single motor. In another aspect, the invention relates to a slip clutch for the powered extension function. 2. Description of the Related Art External mirrors are ubiquitous for contemporary vehicles and have long been used to aid the driver in operating the vehicle, especially in improving the rearward view of the driver. Over time, more and more functionality has been incorporated into the external mirrors. For example, it is common to extend the external mirror away from the vehicle, which is useful when towing a trailer. Mirrors incorporating both a powered fold and powered extension functionality are well-known. Examples of such mirrors are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,276,808 and 6,213,609, assigned to the assignee of the current application, and are incorporated by reference. In one embodiment of the powered extension function, the mirror is extended away from the vehicle by the motor-driven rotation of an elongated drive screw which causes a threaded drive nut to travel along the drive screw. The drive nut is connected to a frame piece to which is attached the reflective element, which translates relative to the drive screw with the movement of the drive nut. Depending upon the direction of rotation of the drive screw, the mirror is either extended away from the vehicle or retracted toward the vehicle. In operating the powered extension function, the motor is frequently operated for a preselected time interval sufficient to fully extend or retract the mirror. However, this can result in the motor continuing to operate after the mirror has reached its limit of travel. When this occurs, the motor will be prevented from turning, which can cause overworking of the motor, contributing to overheating and/or premature failure. One approach to eliminating this problem is to utilize an electronic feedback system which can determine when the motor has begun to overwork and will terminate the operation of the motor. However, these systems can be complicated, can be expensive, require additional steps in the fabrication of the mirror, and additional weight to the mirror assembly, and can themselves fail.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In a first aspect, a vehicular mirror assembly comprises a base, a mirror housing having a reflective element therein, the mirror housing being mounted to the base for at least a normal path of movement between a retracted position where the mirror housing is adjacent the base and an extended position where the mirror housing is distal to the base, an actuator operatively mounted between the base and the mirror housing for selectively moving the mirror housing with respect to the base through the normal path of movement, and a slip clutch associated with the actuator for accommodating impeded movement of the mirror housing with respect to the base. The impeded movement can comprise attempted movement of the mirror housing by the actuator beyond an outermost limit of the extended position, attempted movement of the mirror housing by the actuator beyond an innermost limit of the retracted position, or movement of the mirror housing by the actuator within the normal path of movement when acted upon by an opposing force, wherein the opposing force is an external force applied to the mirror housing during movement through the normal path of movement. The actuator can comprise a drive assembly comprising a drive screw driven by a motor, and a drive nut threadably received thereon and connected to the mirror housing for extending the mirror housing between the retracted and extended positions when the drive nut moves longitudinally along the drive screw under action by the motor. The slip clutch can enable the drive screw to be rotated with the rotation of the motor when the movement of the drive nut is not impeded, or can enable the motor to rotate when the movement of the drive nut is impeded, or can enable the drive screw to be rotated when the drive nut is moved longitudinally along the drive screw and the motor does not rotate. The drive screw can comprise at least one cylindrical surface, the slip clutch can comprise at least one arcuate finger, and the at least one arcuate finger can be biased into contact with the at least one cylindrical surface. A spring can bias the at least one arcuate finger into contact with the at least one cylindrical surface. The at least one cylindrical surface can comprise a plurality of coaxial, spaced cylindrical surfaces. A second aspect of the invention comprises a slip clutch for a vehicular mirror assembly, the vehicular mirror assembly comprising a base, a mirror housing having a reflective element therein, the mirror housing being mounted to the base for at least a normal path of movement between a retracted position where the mirror housing is adjacent the base and an extended position where the mirror housing is distal to the base, and an actuator operatively mounted between the base and the mirror housing for selectively moving the mirror housing with respect to the base through the normal path of movement, wherein the slip clutch is associated with the actuator for accommodating impeded movement of the mirror housing with respect to the base.

20051219

20070918

20060810

62928.0

G02B7182

ROBINSON, MARK A

VEHICLE MIRROR WITH POWERED EXTENSION INCORPORATING SLIP CLUTCH

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

G02B

ACCEPTED

Delivery of immune response modifier compounds

Delivery of one or more immune response modifiers (IRMs) across a biological barrier by the use of a microneedle device.

1. An IRM delivery device adapted for delivery of an IRM compound comprising a microneedle device having at least one microneedle that penetrates a biological barrier by no more than 500 μm, and at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 7, 8, and/or 9 agonist, with the proviso that when the IRM compound is located in a reservoir or coating on the microneedle device along with a vaccine the IRM compound is other than imiquimod or resiquimod. 2. The IRM delivery device of claim 1 wherein the microneedle device comprises a plurality of microneedles. 3. The IRM delivery device of claim 2 wherein the microneedle device comprises at least 5 microneedles. 4. The IRM delivery device of claim 3 wherein the microneedle device comprises at least 100 microneedles. 5. The IRM delivery device of claim 1 wherein the at least one IRM compound is coated onto at least a portion of the microneedle device. 6. The IRM delivery device of claim 1 wherein the microneedle device comprises a reservoir in fluid communication with at least one microneedle, where the reservoir contains the at least one IRM compound. 7. The IRM delivery apparatus of claim 6 further comprising a pump and/or a microprocessor. 8. The IRM delivery device of claim 1 wherein at least one microneedle is hollow. 9. The IRM delivery device of claim 1 wherein at least one microneedle is porous. 10. The IRM delivery device of claim 1 comprising more than one IRM compound. 11. The IRM delivery device of claim 1 further comprising at least one additional drug. 12. The IRM delivery device of claim 11 wherein the additional drug is a vaccine. 13. The IRM delivery device of claim 11 wherein both the at least one IRM compound and the additional drug are coated onto at least a portion of the microneedle device. 14. The IRM delivery device of claim 12 wherein the at least one IRM compound is coated onto at least a portion of the microneedle device and wherein the vaccine is not in contact with the IRM delivery device. 15. The IRM delivery device of claim 12 wherein the vaccine is a DNA vaccine. 16. The IRM delivery device of claim 12 wherein the vaccine is a cell-based vaccine. 17. The IRM delivery device of claim 11 wherein the additional drug is a TNF receptor agonist. 18. The IRM delivery device of claim 17 wherein the TNF receptor agonist is a CD40 agonist. 19. The IRM delivery device of claim 11 wherein the additional drug includes both a vaccine and a TNF receptor agonist. 20. The IRM delivery device of claim 12 wherein the at least one IRM compound is physically or chemically linked to a vaccine so as to form a unified pair. 21. The IRM delivery device of claim 1 wherein the IRM compound is a non-TLR 7 agonist. 22. The IRM delivery device of claim 21 wherein the IRM compound is a TLR 8 agonist. 23. The IRM delivery device of claim 21 wherein the IRM compound is a TLR 9 agonist. 24. The IRM delivery device of claim 1 wherein the IRM compound is a CTL cell activator. 25. The IRM delivery device of claim 1 wherein at least one IRM compound is selected from the group consisting of imidazoquinoline amines including, but not limited to, amide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline amines, aryl ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, heterocyclic ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, amido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline ethers, and thioether substituted imidazoquinoline amines; tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines including, but not limited to, amide substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamide substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, aryl ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, heterocyclic ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, amido ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamido ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline ethers, and thioether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines; imidazopyridine amines including, but not limited to, amide substituted imidazopyridines, sulfonamido substituted imidazopyridines, and urea substituted imidazopyridines; 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines; 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines; imidazonaphthyridine amines; tetrahydroimidazonaphthyridine amines; oxazoloquinoline amines; thiazoloquinoline amines; oxazolopyridine amines; thiazolopyridine amines; oxazolonaphthyridine amines; thiazolonaphthyridine amines; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and combinations thereof. 26. The IRM delivery device of claim 1 wherein the IRM is selected from the group consisting of amide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline amines, aryl ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, heterocyclic ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, amido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline ethers, and thioether substituted imidazoquinoline amines; tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines including, but not limited to, amide substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamide substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, aryl ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, heterocyclic ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, amido ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamido ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline ethers, and thioether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines; imidazopyridine amines including, but not limited to, amide substituted imidazopyridines, sulfonamido substituted imidazopyridines, and urea substituted imidazopyridines; 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines; 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines; imidazonaphthyridine amines; tetrahydroimidazonaphthyridine amines; oxazoloquinoline amines; thiazoloquinoline amines; oxazolopyridine amines; thiazolopyridine amines; oxazolonaphthyridine amines; thiazolonaphthyridine amines; pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and combinations thereof. 27. The IRM delivery device of claim 1 wherein at least one IRM compound is selected from the group consisting of purines, imidazoquinoline amides, benzimidazoles, 1H-imidazopyridines, adenines, and derivatives thereof. 28. The IRM delivery device of claim 1 wherein at least one IRM compound comprises a 2-aminopyridine fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring. 29. The IRM delivery device of claim 1 wherein at least one IRM compound comprises a 4-aminopyrimidine fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring. 30. The IRM delivery device of claim 1 wherein at least one IRM compound comprises a CpG compound or derivative thereof. 31. The IRM delivery device of claim 1 wherein at least one IRM compound is 2-propyl[1,3]thiazolo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 32. The IRM delivery device of claim 1 wherein at least one IRM compound is 4-amino-α,α-dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline-1-ethanol, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 33. An IRM delivery device adapted for delivery of an IRM compound comprising a microneedle device having at least one microneedle that penetrates a biological barrier by no more than 500 μm, and at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 7, 8, and/or 9 agonist, with the proviso that a vaccine is not in contact with the microneedle device prior to administration of the IRM compound. 34. An IRM delivery device adapted for delivery of an IRM compound comprising a microneedle device having at least one microneedle that penetrates a biological barrier by no more than 500 μm, and at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 8, and/or 9 agonist, but not a TLR 7 agonist. 35. A method for the delivery of an IRM compound into or across a biological barrier comprising: contacting a biological barrier with a microneedle device comprising at least one microneedle that penetrates the barrier by no more than 500 μm; administering at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 7, 8, and/or 9 agonist into or across the biological barrier; and optionally administering a vaccine; with the proviso that when the IRM compound is located in a reservoir or coating on the microneedle device along with the vaccine, the IRM compound is other than imiquimod or resiquimod. 36. The method of claim 35 wherein the biological barrier is the skin and the at least one IRM compound is delivered intracutaneously. 37. The method of claim 36 wherein contacting the skin with a microneedle device occurs prior to contacting the skin with at least one IRM compound. 38. The method of claim 36 wherein contacting the skin with at least one IRM compound comprises applying the at least one IRM compound topically to the skin. 39. The method of claim 38 wherein the at least one IRM compound is contained in a solution, ointment, gel, foam, or emulsion. 40. The method of claim 36 wherein contacting the skin with at least one IRM compound occurs prior to contacting the skin with a microneedle device. 41. The method of claim 40 wherein contacting the skin with at least one IRM compound comprises applying the at least one IRM compound topically to the skin. 42. The method of claim 41 wherein the at least one IRM compound is contained in a solution, ointment, gel, foam, or emulsion. 43. The method of claim 36 wherein contacting the skin with a microneedle device occurs coincident with contacting the skin with at least one IRM compound. 44. The method of claim 43 wherein the at least one IRM compound is coated on at least a portion of the microneedle device. 45. The method of claim 36 further comprising the intracutaneous administration of a vaccine. 46. The method of claim 35 wherein at least one IRM compound is a small molecule immune response modifier. 47. The method of claim 35 wherein at least one IRM compound is selected from the group consisting of imidazoquinoline amines including, but not limited to, amide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline amines, aryl ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, heterocyclic ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, amido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline ethers, and thioether substituted imidazoquinoline amines; tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines including, but not limited to, amide substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamide substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, aryl ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, heterocyclic ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, amido ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamido ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline ethers, and thioether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines; imidazopyridine amines including, but not limited to, amide substituted imidazopyridines, sulfonamido substituted imidazopyridines, and urea substituted imidazopyridines; 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines; 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines; imidazonaphthyridine amines; tetrahydroimidazonaphthyridine amines; oxazoloquinoline amines; thiazoloquinoline amines; oxazolopyridine amines; thiazolopyridine amines; oxazolonaphthyridine amines; thiazolonaphthyridine amines; a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and combinations thereof. 48. The method of claim 47 wherein the IRM is selected from the group consisting of amide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline amines, aryl ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, heterocyclic ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, amido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline ethers, and thioether substituted imidazoquinoline amines; tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines including, but not limited to, amide substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamide substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, aryl ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, heterocyclic ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, amido ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamido ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline ethers, and thioether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines; imidazopyridine amines including, but not limited to, amide substituted imidazopyridines, sulfonamido substituted imidazopyridines, and urea substituted imidazopyridines; 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines; 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines; imidazonaphthyridine amines; tetrahydroimidazonaphthyridine amines; oxazoloquinoline amines; thiazoloquinoline amines; oxazolopyridine amines; thiazolopyridine amines; oxazolonaphthyridine amines; thiazolonaphthyridine amines; pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and combinations thereof 49. The method of claim 35 wherein at least one IRM compound is selected from the group consisting of purines, imidazoquinoline amides, benzimidazoles, 1H-imidazopyridines, adenines, and derivatives thereof. 50. The method of claim 35 wherein at least one IRM compound comprises a 2-aminopyridine fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring. 51. The method of claim 35 wherein at least one IRM compound comprises a 4-aminopyrimidine fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring. 52. A method for the delivery of an IRM compound into or across a biological barrier comprising: contacting a biological barrier with a microneedle device comprising at least one microneedle that penetrates the barrier by no more than 500 μm; administering at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 7, 8, and/or 9 agonist into or across the biological barrier; and optionally administering a vaccine; with the proviso that the vaccine is not in contact with the microneedle device prior to administration of the IRM compound. 53. A method for the delivery of an IRM compound into or across a biological barrier comprising: contacting a biological barrier with a microneedle device comprising at least one microneedle that penetrates the barrier by no more than 500 μm; and administering at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 8, and/or 9 agonist, but not a TLR 7 agonist, into or across the biological barrier. 54. A method of treating a lesion on the skin or mucosa comprising application of a microneedle device to the lesion in conjunction with the application of at least one IRM compound. 55. The method of claim 54 wherein the lesion is a neoplastic condition. 56. The method of claim 55 wherein the lesion is associated with melanoma. 57. The method of claim 55 wherein the lesion is associated with basal cell carcinoma, actinic keratosis, or squamous cell carcinoma. 58. The method of claim 54 wherein the lesion is associated with a viral infection. 59. The method of claim 58 wherein the lesion is a wart. 60. A kit comprising a microneedle device and one or more IRM compounds separate from the microneedle device.

This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application 60/497,628, filed Aug. 25, 2004, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND There has been a major effort in recent years, with significant successes, to discover new drug compounds that act by stimulating certain key aspects of the immune system, as well as by suppressing certain other aspects (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,039,969 and 6,200,592). These compounds, referred to herein as immune response modifiers (IRMs), appear to act through basic immune system mechanisms known as toll-like receptors to induce selected cytokine biosynthesis and may be used to treat a wide variety of diseases and conditions. For example, certain IRMs may be useful for treating viral diseases (e.g., human papilloma virus, hepatitis, herpes), neoplasias (e.g., basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, actinic keratosis, melanoma), and TH2-mediated diseases (e.g., asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, multiple sclerosis), and are also useful as vaccine adjuvants. Many of the IRM compounds are small organic molecule imidazoquinoline amine derivatives (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,338), but a number of other compound classes are known as well (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,446,153; U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,425; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,929) and more are still being discovered. Other IRMs have higher molecular weights, such as oligonucleotides, including CpGs (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,1994,388). In view of the great therapeutic potential for IRMs, and despite the important work that has already been done, there is a substantial ongoing need for new means of controlling the delivery and activity of IRMs in order to expand their uses and therapeutic benefits. SUMMARY The usefulness of immune response modifiers (IRMs) in particular can be expanded and improved by delivering them across biological barriers with microneedle devices. Such delivery across biological barriers includes, for example, delivery of an IRM compound into or across the stratum corneum of the skin. This is particularly beneficial because the body's immune system cells upon which the IRMs act are highly available in this intracutaneous region. Moreover, while it permits enhanced activation of these cells, it can do so without requiring substantial systemic exposure. It is also useful for delivery directly into lesions that may otherwise have a thickened layer of keratinized skin reducing penetration of topical IRM formulations, such as can be the case with warts and various skin cancers. Although published application US 2002/0193729 discloses in a laundry list two individual IRM compounds, imiquimod and resiquimod (4-Amino-α,α-dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline-1-ethanol) for possible delivery in combination with a vaccine in a microneedle coating or reservoir, there are no examples using these compounds and apparently no recognition of the substantial benefits possible by delivering these and other IRMs using microneedles or that IRMs do not need to be coated or reservoired on the microneedles with a vaccine. Moreover, certain preferred IRMs and combinations described below—for example, non-TLR 7 agonists such as those that predominantly activate TRL 8 and/or 9 for certain uses, as well as those that activate CTL cell response—are certainly not recognized. For example, IRM compounds that activate a strong cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) response may be particularly desirable as vaccine adjuvants, especially for therapeutic viral and/or cancer vaccines. IRM compounds that are TLR 8 agonists may be particularly desirable for use with therapeutic cancer vaccines. IRM compounds that are TLR 7 agonists and/or TLR 9 agonists may be particularly desirable for use with prophylactic vaccines. IRM compounds that are both TLR 7 and TLR 8 agonists may be particularly desirable for use with therapeutic viral vaccines and/or cancer vaccines. IRM compounds that are non-TLR 7 agonists, and do not induce substantial amounts of interferon-alpha, may be desirable for use with certain vaccines such as bacterial vaccines. IRM compounds that are conjugated to a vaccine antigen are particularly potent. IRM compounds given in combination with a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor agonist, such as a CD40 agonist, are particularly potent, and may also be used in combination with a vaccine antigen. And all of these foregoing IRM compound types and combinations, although not required to be, can be beneficially delivered using a microneedle device to improve penetration into or across a biological barrier, such as the stratum corneum of the skin. IRM compounds that activate different TLRs and how to identify them are disclosed in, for example, pending applications WO 03/043573, U.S. 60/447179, U.S. 60/432650, U.S. 60/432651, and U.S. 60/450484, and IRM conjugates with vaccine antigens are disclosed is U.S. 60/403846, and IRM combinations with TNF receptor agonists are disclosed in U.S. 60/437398. Accordingly, the present invention provides IRM delivery devices that include a microneedle device and at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 7, 8, and/or 9 agonist. In some embodiments, the present invention provides an IRM delivery device adapted for delivery of an IRM compound that includes a microneedle device having at least one microneedle that penetrates a biological barrier by no more than 500 μm, and at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 7, 8, and/or 9 agonist, with the proviso that when the IRM compound is located in a reservoir or coating on the microneedle device along with a vaccine the IRM compound is other than imiquimod or resiquimod. That is, a vaccine is not required to be associated with the device, but if it is used and it is in a reservoir or coating on the device, then the IRM compound can be any that is a TLR 6, 7, 8, and/or 9 agonist except for imiquimod and resiquimod. In some embodiments, the present invention provides an IRM delivery device adapted for delivery of an IRM compound that includes a microneedle device having at least one microneedle that penetrates a biological barrier by no more than 500 μm, and at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 7, 8, and/or 9 agonist, with the proviso that a vaccine is not in contact with the microneedle device prior to administration of the IRM compound. Thus, vaccines may or may not be administered with the IRM. If a vaccine is used, it may or may not be in contact with the device. That is, it may or may not be in a reservoir or coating on the device. If a vaccine is in a reservoir or a coating on the device, the IRM compound is other than imiquimod or resiquimod. In some embodiments, the present invention provides an IRM delivery device adapted for delivery of an IRM compound that includes a microneedle device having at least one microneedle that penetrates a biological barrier by no more than 500 μm, and at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 8, and/or 9 agonist. In some embodiments, the IRM delivery device may have a plurality of microneedles. This plurality of microneedles may be organized in an array. In some embodiments of the IRM delivery device, at least one IRM compound may be coated onto at least a portion of the microneedle device. In some embodiments, the microneedle device may include a reservoir in fluid communication with at least one microneedle. This reservoir may contain the at least one IRM compound. The IRM delivery apparatus of this embodiment may further include a pump or a microprocessor or both. A “pump” includes any non-diffusional mechanism for transporting the IRM and/or drug via the microneedles into or through the skin, such as, e.g., a mechanical pump or iontophoresis. In some embodiments of the IRM delivery device, at least one microneedle may be hollow. In some embodiments of the IRM delivery device, at least one microneedle may be solid. In some embodiments of the IRM delivery device, at least one microneedle may be porous. In some embodiments, the IRM delivery device may include more than one IRM compound. More than one IRM compound may be coated onto at least a portion of the microneedle device. In some embodiments, the IRM delivery device may further include an additional drug. The at least one IRM compound and the additional drug may be coated onto at least a portion of the microneedle device. The additional drug may be a vaccine, including, for example, a DNA vaccine or a cell-based vaccine. The at least one IRM compound may be physically or chemically linked to the vaccine so as to form a unit. Both the at least one IRM compound and the vaccine may be coated onto at least a portion of the microneedle device. The additional drug may be a TNF receptor agonist, including, for example, a CD40 agonist. The additional drug may include both a vaccine and a TNF receptor agonist. In another aspect, the present invention also provides a method for the delivery of an IRM compound into or across a biological barrier that includes: contacting a biological barrier with a microneedle device having at least one microneedle that penetrates the barrier by no more than 500 μm; and administering at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 7, 8, and/or 9 agonist into or across the biological barrier; and optionally administering a vaccine; with the proviso that when the IRM compound is located in a reservoir or coating on the microneedle device along with the vaccine, the IRM compound is other than imiquimod or resiquimod. In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for the delivery of an IRM compound into or across a biological barrier that includes: contacting a biological barrier with a microneedle device having at least one microneedle that penetrates the barrier by no more than 500 μm; administering at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 7, 8, and/or 9 agonist into or across the biological barrier; and optionally administering a vaccine; with the proviso that the vaccine is not in contact with the microneedle device prior to administration of the IRM compound. In still another aspect, the present invention provides a method for the delivery of an IRM compound into or across a biological barrier that includes: contacting a biological barrier with a microneedle device having at least one microneedle that penetrates the barrier by no more than 500 μm; and administering at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 8, and/or 9 agonist into or across the biological barrier. In a preferred embodiment of the method, the biological barrier may be the skin and the at least one IRM compound may be delivered intracutaneously. In some embodiments of the method, the contacting of the skin with a microneedle device occurs prior to contacting the skin with at least one IRM compound. This contacting of the skin with at least one IRM compound may be by applying the at least one IRM compound topically to the skin. The at least one IRM compound may be contained in a solution, ointment, gel, foam, or emulsion. In some embodiments of the method, the contacting of the skin with at least one IRM compound occurs prior to the contacting the skin with a microneedle device. This contacting of the skin with at least one IRM compound may be by applying the at least one IRM compound topically to the skin. The at least one IRM compound may be contained in a solution, ointment, gel, foam, or emulsion. Examples of IRM compound that may be applied topically before or after the microneedles include but are not limited imiquimod cream (e.g., Aldara™) and resiquimod gel formulation. In some embodiments of the method, the contacting of the skin with a microneedle device may occur coincident with contacting the skin with at least one IRM compound; the at least one IRM compound may be coated on at least a portion of the microneedle device. Some embodiments of the method further include the intracutaneous administration of a vaccine. In another aspect, the present invention also provides a method of treating a lesion on the skin or mucosa with the application of a microneedle device to the lesion in conjunction with the application of at least one IRM compound. In some embodiments, the lesion may be a neoplastic condition, associated with melanoma, associated with basal cell carcinoma, actinic keratosis, or squamous cell carcinoma, or the lesion may be associated with a viral infection, including, for example, a wart. In another aspect, the present invention also provides kits including a microneedle device and one or more immune response modifier (IRM) compounds. In some embodiments of the present invention, at least one IRM compound may be an agonist of at least one TLR, preferably an agonist of TLR6, TLR7, or TLR8. The IRM may also in some cases be an agonist of TLR 9. In some embodiments of the present invention, at least one IRM compound may be a small molecule immune response modifier (e.g., molecular weight of less than about 1000 daltons). In other embodiments of the present invention, at least one IRM compound may be a CpG compound or derivative thereof. In some embodiments of the present invention, at least one IRM compound may include a 2-aminopyridine fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring, or a 4-aminopyrimidine fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring. In some embodiments of the present invention, at least one IRM compound may be an imidazoquinoline amine including, but not limited to, amide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline amines, aryl ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, heterocyclic ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, amido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline ethers, and thioether substituted imidazoquinoline amines; a tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amine including, but not limited to, amide substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamide substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, aryl ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, heterocyclic ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, amido ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamido ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline ethers, and thioether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines; an imidazopyridine amine including, but not limited to, amide substituted imidazopyridines, sulfonamido substituted imidazopyridines, and urea substituted imidazopyridines; 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines; 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines; imidazonaphthyridine amines; tetrahydroimidazonaphthyridine amines; oxazoloquinoline amines; thiazoloquinoline amines; oxazolopyridine amines; thiazolopyridine amines; oxazolonaphthyridine amines; thiazolonaphthyridine amines; pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, at least one IRM compound may be a purine, imidazoquinoline amide, benzimidazole, 1H-imidazopyridine, adenine, or a derivative thereof. The term “comprises” and variations thereof do not have a limiting meaning where these terms appear in the description and claims, As used herein, “a,” “an,” “the,” “at least one,” and “one or more” are used interchangeably. Also herein, the recitations of numerical ranges by endpoints include all numbers subsumed within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, 5, etc.). The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describe each disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. Various other features and advantages of the present invention should become readily apparent with reference to the following detailed description, examples, claims and appended drawings. In several places throughout the specification, guidance is provided through lists of examples. In each instance, the recited list serves only as a representative group and should not be interpreted as an exclusive list. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a diagrammatic cross-section of skin after having been penetrated with a microneedle device and an IRM compound subsequently applied. FIG. 2 shows a diagrammatic cross-section of skin penetrated with a microneedle device and an IRM compound coated onto the needles. FIG. 3 shows a diagrammatic cross-section of skin penetrated with a microneedle device and an IRM compound being delivered via channels from a reservoir. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides an IRM delivery device to be used for the delivery of cytokine inducing and/or suppressing immune response modifier (IRM) compounds across a variety of biological barriers. In a preferred embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 1-3, the IRM delivery device of the present invention may be used to affect the delivery of an IRM compound across the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of the skin) into the intracutaneous space. If desired, the IRM can also be delivered transdermally through the skin for systemic administration. The present invention also provides methods for the delivery of IRM compounds, alone or in combination with a variety of other agents, across a biological barrier through the use of a microneedle device. The microneedle device effectively pierces the biological barrier such that DIM compounds, alone or in combination with other agents, can pass through the biological barrier into the tissues below. The microneedle device may be used at the site of interest before or after applying one or more IRM compounds to the site of interest. Alternatively, the microneedle device may be used at the site of interest coincident with contacting the site of interest with one or more IRM compounds. Biological barriers can include, but are not limited to, the skin (or parts thereof), mucosal tissue (including, for example, oral, nasal, ocular, vaginal, urethral, gastrointestinal, and respiratory surfaces), the blood-brain barrier, periodontal surfaces, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, or cell membranes. A target biological barrier may be located within normal, intact tissue. A target biological barrier may be located within damaged or diseased tissue, such as a wound or lesion. When internal delivery to a biological barrier is desired, surgical access to the desired delivery site may be provided. Access to an internal site may also be provided through laproscopic instruments and/or catheters. A preferred embodiment of the present invention provides methods for the intracutaneous delivery of one or more IRM compounds, alone or in combination with a variety of other agents, across the stratum corneum. In the methods of the present invention, microneedle devices and IRM delivery devices are used to pierce a biological barrier. Typically, a microneedle device or IRM delivery device is pressed against the stratum corneum, effectively piercing the stratum corneum, such that IRM compounds, alone or in combination with other agents, can pass through the stratum corneum into the tissues below. The length of the microneedles can be adjusted to achieve a desired penetration depth. While the microneedle devices and IRM delivery device disclosed herein can be applied to any biological barrier, they are typically applied to skin. Mammalian skin contains two layers, the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made up of five layers, the stratum corneum, the stratum lucidum, the stratum granulosum, the stratum spinosum and the stratum germinativum. The dermis is made up of two layers, the upper papillary dermis and the deeper reticular dermis. The stratum corneum is the outer layer, and is generally between 10 and 50 cells, or between 10 and 20 micrometers thick. Unlike other tissue in the body, the stratum corneum contains cells (called keratinocytes) filled with bundles of cross-linked keratin and keratohyalin surrounded by an extracellular matrix of lipids. It is this structure that gives skin its barrier properties and which prevents therapeutic intracutaneous or transdermal administration of many drugs. Below the stratum corneum are the other four layers of epidermis, which together typically are between 50 and 100 micrometers thick. The viable epidermis contains no blood vessels. Beneath the epidermis is the dermis, which is between 1 millimeters and 3 millimeters thick and contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. The thickness of the dermis and epidermis varies from individual to individual, and within an individual, at different locations on the body. For example, it has been reported that in humans the epidermis varies in thickness from about 40 micrometers to about 90 micrometers and the dermis varies in thickness ranging from just below the epidermis to a depth of from less than 1 millimeters in some regions of the body to just under 2 millimeters to about 4 millimeter in other regions of the body. As used herein, “intracutaneous” is intended to mean administration of an agent into or across the stratum corneum into the skin. Intracutaneous delivery can include delivery into the epidermis (also referred to as intraepidermal delivery) or dermis (also referred to as intradermal delivery). An example of such intracutaneous delivery is shown in FIG. 1, where the skin has been penetrated by microneedles (not shown) that have been removed leaving microperforations 10 through which IRM compound 12 is delivered via a topical preparation 14. An agent delivered intracutaneously may, depending on the physical and chemical nature of the agent, remain near the delivery site for an extended period or be rapidly absorbed into the blood capillaries and/or lymphatic vessels to become systemically bioavailable. An agent delivered intracutaneously may also be taken up directly by cells located within the skin, including, for example, antigen presenting cells (APC), such as epidermal Langerhan's cells and dermal dendritic cells. As used herein, “transdermal” is intended to mean the administration of an agent across the skin for systemic delivery. As used herein, a “microneedle device” includes at least one, but usually a plurality of microneedles attached to or protruding from the surface of a substrate. While it is possible a microneedle device could have only one or two microneedles, a microneedle device will typically have more than two microneedles, and will usually have many tens, hundreds, or thousands of needles. The microneedles may be arranged in any desired pattern over the surface of the substrate. For example, the microneedles may be arranged in an array pattern or the microneedles may be distributed randomly over the surface of the substrate. As used herein the “substrate” of a microneedle device includes the base to which the microneedles are attached or integrally formed. Such substrates can be constructed from a variety of materials, including, for example, metals, ceramics, semiconductors, organics, polymers, and composites. The substrate and/or microneedles, as well as other components, may be formed from flexible materials to allow the device to fit the contours of the biological barrier. As used herein, the term “microneedle” refers to any needle-like structure having a height above the substrate surface from which they protrude of about 500 micrometers or less. In some instances, the height of the microneedle may be about 250 micrometers, about 100 micrometers, or less. When the a microneedle of the present invention is used for the intracutaneous delivery of an IRM compound, the height of the microneedle is preferably sufficient to pass through the stratum corneum and into the dermis. It is also, however, preferable that the height of the microneedles is not sufficiently large to stimulate nerves in deeper tissue and cause pain when inserted at a delivery site. Such use of microneedles for the intracutaneous delivery of IRM compounds has many advantages. For example, the delivery of IRM compounds can be accomplished without pain and without bleeding. Thus the methods and IRM delivery apparatus of the present invention allow for the delivery of an IRM compound to a subject in a minimally invasive manner. With the delivery of IRM compounds, one is no longer relying on diffusion to transport the IRM compound through the stratum corneum. Thus, the amount of IRM compound to be administered may be reduced and IRM compounds administered intracutaneously can be absorbed more rapidly. The selection of the microneedles to serve for the delivery of an IRM compound can vary widely within the scope of the invention. Microneedles may be manufactured from a variety of materials. Material selection may be based on a variety of factors including, for example, the ability of the material to accurately reproduce a desired pattern, the strength and toughness of the material when formed into the microneedles, the compatibility of the material with, for example, human or animal skin, and the compatibility of the materials with any fluids that will be expected to contact the microneedle devices. Microneedles may be constructed from, for example, glassy materials, metals, ceramics, semiconductors, organics, polymers, including biodegradable polymers, composites, and combinations of such materials. Preferred materials of construction can include pharmaceutical grade stainless steel, gold, titanium, nickel, iron, gold, tin, chromium, copper, alloys of these or other metals, silicon, silicon dioxide, and polymers. Representative biodegradable polymers include polymers of hydroxy acids such as lactic acid and glycolic acid polylactide, polyglycolide, polylactide-co-glycolide, and copolymers with PEG, polyanhydrides, poly(ortho)esters, polyurethanes, poly(butyric acid), poly(valeric acid), and poly(lactide-co-caprolactone). Representative non-biodegradable polymers include polycarbonate, polymethacrylic acid, ethylenevinyl acetate, polytetrafluorethylene (TEFLON), and polyesters. Among polymeric materials it may be preferred that the microneedles be manufactured of thermoplastice materials. Such suitable polymeric materials for the microneedles of the present invention may include, but are not limited to: acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes, polyphenyl sulfides, polycarbonates, polypropylenes, acetals, acrylics, polyetherimides, polybutylene terephthalates, polyethylene terephthalates, etc. Polymeric microneedles may be manufactured from a single polymer or a mixture/blend of two or more polymers. Generally, microneedles should have the mechanical strength to remain intact while being inserted into the skin and while being removed from the skin. Also, in some embodiments, it may be desirable to leave the microneedle device attached to the skin to provide continuous delivery of an MM compound. For such continuous delivery, it is desired that the microneedles remain intact while remaining in place for up to a number of days. Another approach is for some or all of the microneedle to detach and remain in the skin, for example if a biodegradable material is used. The microneedle structure of the microneedle devices of the present invention can be porous, solid, or hollow. As used herein, the term “porous” means having pores or voids throughout at least a portion of the microneedle structure, sufficiently large and sufficiently interconnected to permit passage of fluid and/or solid materials through the microneedle. As used herein, the term “hollow” means having one or more substantially annular bores or channels through the interior of the microneedle structure, having a diameter sufficiently large to permit passage of fluid and/or solid materials through the microneedle. The annular bores may extend throughout all or a portion of the needle in the direction of the tip to the base, extending parallel to the direction of the needle or branching or exiting at a side of the needle, as appropriate. A solid or porous microneedle can be hollow. One of skill in the art can select the appropriate porosity and/or bore features required for specific applications. In some microneedle devices, the movement of a fluid toward or away from the microneedles may be accomplished by a capillary wicking action. In such instances, coatings may be provided, for example, hydrophilic coatings, that enhance the capillary wicking action. The microneedles may have straight or, as shown in FIGS. 2-3, tapered shafts 20 and 30, respectively. Microneedles may be formed with shafts that have a circular cross-section in the perpendicular, or the cross-section can be non-circular. The cross-sectional dimensions may be between 10 nanometers and 1 millimeter, preferably between 1 micrometer and 200 micrometers, and more preferably between 10 micrometers and 100 micrometers. Microneedles can be oriented perpendicular or at an angle to the substrate. FIG. 2 shows an arrangement where the microneedles 20 extend from a substrate 24 and are coated with IRM compound 22 being delivered. As shown in FIG. 3, a microneedle device may include a fluid reservoir 36 in communication with the microneedles 30 attached to a substrate 34 for delivery an IRM compound 32 intradermally. If hollow microneedles are used, as shown, the hollow center may be in fluid communication with the fluid reservoir. The fluid reservoir may contain one or more IRM compounds and/or other agents, including for example a vaccine or another drug. A microneedle device may also include a pump and/or microprocessor (not shown). For the delivery of more than one IRM compound, the IRM compounds may be contained within the fluid reservoir, the IRM compounds may be coated onto the microneedle device, or, a combination thereof may be used, in which one or more IRM compounds are contained within a reservoir and one or more IRM compounds are coated onto the microneedle device. When more that one IRM compound is delivered, the same or different concentrations and timings of delivery may be used for the various IRM compounds. Microneedle devices of the present invention may be sterilizable using standard methods. Microneedle devices may be designed for a single-use, with the device being disposed of after initial use. Alternatively, the devices of the present invention may be designed for repeated use. Examples of microneedle devices are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,893,392, 3,034,507, 3,167,073, 3,072,122, 3,964,482; 5,250,023; 5,591,139; 5,848,991; 5,879,326; 5,928,207; 6,256,533; 6,312,612; 6,331,266; 6,334,856; 6,379,324; 6,471,903; 6,503,231; 6,511,463; 6,533,949; 6,558,361; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0128599; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0193729; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0045837; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0135161; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/424,774; WO 00/35530; and WO 03/20359. The IRM microneedle delivery devices of the present invention include a microneedle device and at least one IRM compound. It should be understood that the microneedle devices of the IRM delivery devices of the present invention include, not only any of the microneedle devices described herein, but also any additional microneedle devices known or that become known, and are not necessarily limited to use of the particular microneedle devices disclosed herein. Immune response modifiers (“IRM”) useful in the present invention include compounds that act on the immune system by inducing and/or suppressing cytokine biosynthesis. IRM compounds possess potent immunostimulating activity including, but not limited to, antiviral and antitumor activity, and can also down-regulate other aspects of the immune response, for example shifting the immune response away from a TH-2 immune response, which is useful for treating a wide range of TH-2 mediated diseases. IRM compounds can also be used to modulate humoral immunity by stimulating antibody production by B cells. Further, various IRM compounds have been shown to be useful as vaccine adjuvants (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,083,505, U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,705, and WO 02/24225). In particular, certain IRM compounds effect their immunostimulatory activity by inducing the production and secretion of cytokines such as, e.g., Type I interferons, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, MIP-1, and/or MCP-1, and can also inhibit production and secretion of certain TH-2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-5. Some IRM compounds are said to suppress IL-1 and TNF (U.S. Pat. No. 6,518,265). For some embodiments, the preferred IRM compounds are so-called small molecule IRMs, which are relatively small organic compounds (e.g., molecular weight under about 1000 daltons, preferably under about 500 daltons, as opposed to large biologic protein, peptides, and the like). Although not bound by any single theory of activity, some IRMs are known to be agonists of at least one Toll-like receptor (TLR). IRM compounds that are agonists for TLRs selected from 6, 7, 8, and/or 9 may be particularly useful for certain applications. In some applications, for example, when an IRM compound is administered in association with a vaccine coated on or in a reservoir of a microneedle device, the preferred IRM compound is not a TLR7 agonist and is a TLR 8 or TLR 9 agonist. Some small molecule IRM compounds are agonists of TLRs such as 6, 7, and/or 8, while oligonucleotide IRM compounds are agonists of TLR9, and perhaps others. Thus, in some embodiments, the IRM that is included in the IRM delivery apparatus may be a compound identified as an agonist of one or more TLRs. For example, without being bound to any particular theory or mechanism of action, IRM compounds that activate a strong cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) response may be particularly desirable as vaccine adjuvants, especially for therapeutic viral and/or cancer vaccines because a therapeutic effect in these settings is dependent on the activation of cellular immunity. For example, studies have shown that activation of T cell immunity in a given patient has a significant positive effect on the prognosis of the patient. Therefore the ability to enhance T cell immunity is believed to be critical to producing a therapeutic effect in these disease settings. IRM compounds that are TLR 8 agonists may be particularly desirable for use with therapeutic cancer vaccines because antigen presenting cells that express TLR8 have been shown to produce IL-12 upon stimulation through TLR8. IL-12 is believed to play a significant role in activation of CTLs, which are important for mediating therapeutic efficacy as described above. IRM compounds that are TLR 7 agonists and/or TLR 9 agonists may be particularly desirable for use with prophylactic vaccines because the type I interferon induced by stimulation through these TLRs is believed to contribute to the formation of neutralizing Th1-like humoral and cellular responses. IRM compounds that are both TLR 7 and TLR 8 agonists may be particularly desirable for use with therapeutic viral vaccines and/or cancer vaccines because TLR7 stimulation is believed to induce the production of type I IFN and activation of innate cells such as macrophages and NK cells, and TLR8 stimulation is believed to activate antigen presenting cells to initiate cellular adaptive immunity as described above. These cell types are able to mediate viral clearance and/or therapeutic growth inhibitory effects against neoplasms. IRM compounds that are non-TLR 7 agonists, and do not induce substantial amounts of interferon alpha, may be desirable for use with certain vaccines such as bacterial vaccines because TLR7 induces type I IFN production, which down-regulates the production of IL-12 from macrophages and DCs. IL-12 contributes to the subsequent activation of macrophages, NK cells and CTLs, all of which contribute to anti-bacterial immunity. Therefore the induction of anti-bacterial immunity against some kinds of bacteria may be enhanced in the absence of IFNa. For purposes of the present application, one way to determine if an IRM compound is considered to be an agonist for a particular TLR is if it activates an NFkB/luciferase reporter construct through that TLR from the target species more than about 1.5 fold, and usually at least about 2 fold, in TLR transfected host cells such as, e.g., HEK293 or Namalwa cells relative to control transfectants. For information regarding TLR activation, see, e.g., applications WO 03/043573, U.S. 60/447179, U.S. 60/432650, U.S. 60/432651, and U.S. 60/450484, WO 03/043588 and the other IRM patents and applications disclosed herein (hereby incorporated by reference). Preferred IRM compounds include a 2-aminopyridine fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring. Examples of classes of small molecule IRM compounds include, but are not limited to, derivatives of imidazoquinoline amines including but not limited to amide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline amines, aryl ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, heterocyclic ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, amido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline ethers, and thioether substituted imidazoquinoline amines; tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines including but not limited to amide substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamide substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, aryl ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, heterocyclic ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, amido ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamido ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline ethers, and thioether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines; imidazopyridine amines including but not limited to amide substituted imidazopyridines, sulfonamido substituted imidazopyridines, and urea substituted imidazopyridines; 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines; 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines; imidazonaphthyridine amines; tetrahydroimidazonaphthyridine amines; oxazoloquinoline amines; thiazoloquinoline amines; oxazolopyridine amines; thiazolopyridine amines; oxazolonaphthyridine amines; and thiazolonaphthyridine amines, such as those disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,689,338; 4,929,624; 4,988,815; 5,037,986; 5,175,296; 5,238,944; 5,266,575; 5,268,376; 5,346,905; 5,352,784; 5,367,076; 5,389,640; 5,395,937; 5,446,153; 5,482,936; 5,693,811; 5,741,908; 5,756,747; 5,939,090; 6,039,969; 6,083,505; 6,110,929; 6,194,425; 6,245,776; 6,331,539; 6,376,669; 6,451,810; 6,525,064; 6,545,016; 6,545,017; 6,558,951; and 5,573,273; European Patent 0 394 026; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0055517; and International Patent Publication Nos. WO 01/74343; WO 02/46188; WO 02/46189; WO 02/46190; WO 02/46191; WO 02/46192; WO 02/46193; WO 02/46749; WO 02/102377; WO 03/020889; WO 03/043572 and WO 03/045391. Additional examples of small molecule IRMs said to induce interferon (among other things), include purine derivatives (such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,376,501, and 6,028,076), imidazoquinoline amide derivatives (such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,069,149), and benzimidazole derivatives (such as those described in U.S. Pat. 6,387,938). 1H-imidazopyridine derivatives (such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,518,265) are said to inhibit TNF and IL-1 cytokines. Examples of small molecule IRMs that include a 4-aminopyrimidine fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring include adenine derivatives (such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,376,501; 6,028,076 and 6,329,381; and in WO 02/08595). In some applications, for example, when an IRM compound is administered in association with a vaccine as a coating on or from a reservoir in a microneedle device, the preferred IRM compound is other than imiquimod or S-28463 (i.e., resiquimod: 4-Amino-α,α-dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline-1-ethanol). Examples of particular IRM compounds include 2-propyl[1,3]thiazolo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine, which is considered predominantly a TLR 8 agonist (and not a substantial TLR 7 agonist), 4-amino-α,α-dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline-1-ethanol, which is considered predominantly a TLR 7 agonist (and not a substantial TLR 8 agonist), and 4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-α,α-dimethyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline-1-ethanol, which is a TLR 7 and TLR 8 agonist. In addition to its TLR 7 activity (and TLR 6 activity, but low TLR 8 activity), 4-amino-α,α-dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline-1-ethanol has beneficial characteristics, including that it has a much lower CNS effect when delivered systemically compared to imiquimod. Other examples of specific IRM compounds include, e.g., N-[4-(4-Amino-2-butyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-1-yl)butyl]-N′-cyclohexylurea, 2-Methyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine, 1-(2-Methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine, N-{2-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl]-1,1-dimethylethyl}methanesulfonamide N-[4-(4-amino-2-ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl)butyl]methanesulfonamide, 2-methyl-1-[5-(methylsulfonyl)pentyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine, N-[4-(4-amino-2-propyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl)butyl]methanesulfonamide, 2-butyl-1-[3-(methylsulfonyl)propyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline-4-amine, 2-butyl-1-{2-[(1-methylethyl)sulfonyl]ethyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine, N-{2-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl]-1,1-dimethylethyl}-N′-cyclohexylurea, N-{2-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl]-1,1-dimethylethyl}cyclohexanecarboxamide, N-{2-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl]ethyl}-N′-isopropylurea. Resiquimod, 4-amino-2-ethoxymethyl-α,α-dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline-1-ethanol, may also be used in certain situations where a combination TLR 7 and TLR 8 agonist is desired, for example in application of the microneedle device into a viral or neoplastic lesion, or in combination with particular therapeutic viral or cancer vaccines, or delivered via a topical preparation to a site before or after application of the microneedle device. Other IRM compounds include large biological molecules such as oligonucleotide sequences. Some IRM oligonucleotide sequences contain cytosine-guanine dinucleotides (CpG) and are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,1994,388; 6,207,646; 6,239,116; 6,339,068; and 6,406,705. Some CpG-containing oligonucleotides can include synthetic immunomodulatory structural motifs such as those described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,426,334 and 6,476,000. Other IRM nucleotide sequences lack CpG and are described, for example, in International Patent Publication No. WO 00/75304. With the devices and methods of the present invention, one or more IRM compounds as described herein may be delivered across a biological barrier. Such IRM compounds may be in any pharmaceutically acceptable form, as will be familiar to those of skill in the art. The microneedle device may release the IRM compound immediately or, in some embodiments, a microneedle device may be left in place for an extended period (e.g., beyond 30 seconds, usually 5 to 20 minutes or more) for delivery of the IRM compound, with the IRM compound moving through or around the microneedles to pass through the pierced sites into the target tissue. For example, one or more IRM compounds may be coated onto at least a portion of the microneedles, or one or more IRM compounds may be contained in a fluid reservoir component of a microneedle device, in either case there may also be included one or more other drugs, including vaccines, e.g., as a co-coating or in a reservoir. In some embodiments, when one or more vaccines is to be delivered along with one or more IRM compounds, the vaccine need not be associated with or in contact with the IRM delivery device, e.g., the one or more vaccines is not co-coated onto the IRM delivery device or is not contained in a fluid reservoir. In some embodiments, a microneedle device may be removed from a target site, such as the skin, after piercing a biological barrier, such as the stratum corneum. An IRM compound, alone or in combination with another drug, including one or more vaccines, may then be applied to the pierced site, such that the IRM compound and other drug(s), if present, can pass through the pierced biological barrier. The IRM compound may be applied in any convenient manner, and the type of vehicle and duration of application will depend on the particular therapeutic outcome desired. For example, IRM compound may be applied in the form of a solution that is swabbed onto the treated target site or as a composition, such as, for example, a cream, gauze, emulsion, foam, gel, or lotion that is topically applied onto the treated site. Alternatively, an IRM compound may be applied to the surface in a form such that it remains in contact with the target site for an extended time. For example, such extended contact may be affected by applying the IRM compound in the form of a transdermal delivery patch affixed to the target site. The IRM compound, and other drug(s), including vaccine(s), if used, may also be applied as set forth above, but prior to piercing with the microneedle device. Alternatively, the IRM compound may be applied before or after piercing with the microneedle device, and another drug delivered from the microneedle device itself (i.e., as a needle coating or from a reservoir or other deposit); or the reverse, with the IRM coated, reservoired or deposited on or in the microneedle device and another drug delivered to the site before or after piercing with the microneedle device. Thus, it is to be understood that the methods of the present invention, include, but are not limited to, contacting a target site, such as the skin, with a microneedle device prior to, coincident with, or after the target site is contacted with one or more IRM compounds. In addition to one or more IRM compounds, the devices and methods of the present invention can include additional agents. Such additional agents may be additional drugs, including, for example, a vaccine or a tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) agonist. Vaccines that may be delivered in conjunction with one or more IRM compounds and a microneedle device include any material that raises either humoral and/or cell mediated immune response, such as live or attenuated viral and bacterial immunogens and inactivated viral, tumor-derived, protozoal, organism-derived, fungal, and bacterial immunogens, toxoids, toxins, polysaccharides, proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, cellular vaccines, such as using dendritic cells, DNA vaccines, recombinant proteins, glycoproteins, and peptides, and the like, for use in connection with, e.g., BCG, cholera, plague, typhoid, hepatitis A, B, and C, influenza A and B, parainfluenza, polio, rabies, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, tetanus, diphtheria, hemophilus influenza b, tuberculosis, meningococcal and pneumococcal vaccines, adenovirus, HIV, chicken pox, cytomegalovirus, dengue, feline leukemia, fowl plague, HSV-1 and HSV-2, hog cholera, Japanese encephalitis, respiratory syncytial virus, rotavirus, papilloma virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), anthrax, and yellow fever. Such additional agents can include, but are no limited to, drugs, such as antiviral agents or cytokines. The vaccine may be separate or may be physically or chemically linked to the IRM, such as by chemical conjugation or other means, so that they are delivered as a unit. TNFR agonists that may be delivered in conjunction with IRMs using microneedles include, but are not limited to, CD40 receptor agonists. It is also possible to deliver an IRM in conjunction with microneedle device and a vaccine, and a TNFR agonist. The devices and methods of the present invention can be used for delivering an IRM compound and a vaccine into or across a biological barrier, including the intracutaneous delivery of an IRM compound and a vaccine. In some instances, for the delivery of an IRM compound and a vaccine as a co-coating on or from a reservoir of the microneedle device, the IRM compound is not a TLR7 agonist such as imiquimod or resiquimod (i.e., S-28463 or 4-Amino-α,α-dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline-1-ethanol)), but is a TLR6, TLR8, and/or TLR9 agonist, and more preferably, a TLR 8 and/or TLR 9 agonist. In some instances, the intracutaneous delivery of an IRM compound and a vaccine by the devices and methods of the present invention may induce an immune response that is equal to or greater than the immune response induced by the delivery of the same or greater amount of an IRM compound and vaccine delivered by conventional subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. The devices and methods of the present invention can be used for delivering an IRM compound across a biological barrier, including the intracutaneous delivery of an IRM compound, for the treatment of a symptom of a pathological condition. In some instances of the intracutaneous delivery of an IRM compound by the devices and methods of the present invention, a smaller effective amount of an IRM compound may be needed to treat a symptom of a pathological condition in comparison to the effective amount needed to treat the same symptom of a pathological condition with topical administration alone. IRMs such as imiquimod—a small molecule, imidazoquinoline IRM, marketed as ALDARA (3M Pharmaceuticals, St. Paul, Minn.)—have been shown to be useful for the therapeutic treatment of warts, as well as certain cancerous or pre-cancerous lesions (See, e.g., Geisse et al., J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 47(3): 390-398 (2002); Shumack et al., Arch. Dermatol., 138: 1163-1171 (2002); and WO 03/045391. Other diseases for which IRM compounds may be used as treatments include, but are not limited to: Viral diseases, such as genital warts, common warts, plantar warts, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, herpes simplex virus type I and type II, molluscum contagiosum, variola, HIV, CMV, VZV, rhinovirus, adenovirus, coronavirus, influenza, para-influenza; Bacterial diseases, such as tuberculosis, and mycobacterium avium, leprosy; Other infectious diseases, such as fungal diseases, chlamydia, candida, aspergillus, cryptococcal meningitis, pneumocystis carnii, cryptosporidiosis, histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, trypanosome infection, leishmaniasis; Neoplastic diseases, such as intraepithelial neoplasias, cervical dysplasia, actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia, Karposi's sarcoma, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, myelogeous leukemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and other cancers; TH-2 mediated, atopic, and autoimmune diseases, such as atopic dermatitis or eczema, eosinophilia, asthma, allergy, allergic rhinitis, systemic lupus erythematosis, essential thrombocythaemia, multiple sclerosis, Ommen's syndrome, discoid lupus, alopecia areata, inhibition of keloid formation and other types of scarring, and enhancing would healing, including chronic wounds; and The delivery of IRM compounds across biological barriers, including the intracutaneous delivery of IRM compounds, may be particularly helpful in individuals having compromised immune functioning, such as those with HIV AIDS, transplant patients, and cancer patients. An amount of an IRM compound effective for a given therapeutic or prophylactic application is an amount sufficient to achieve the intended therapeutic or prophylactic application. The precise amount of IRM compound used will vary according to factors known in the art including, but not limited to, the physical and chemical nature of the IRM compound, the intended dosing regimen, the state of the subject's immune system (e.g., suppressed, compromised, stimulated), the method of administering the MM compound, and the species to which the formulation is being administered, the type of formulation being administered, the condition being treated, and any other active agents which are being co-administered with the IRM. Accordingly it is not practical to set forth generally the amount that constitutes an amount of IRM compound effective for all possible applications. Those of ordinary skill in the art, however, can readily determine the appropriate amount with due consideration of such factors. In some embodiments, the present invention includes kits that include at least one microneedle device and at least one IRM compound. Such kits may include additional drugs, including, for example, a vaccine. Kits may also include a printed label or written instructions for the use of the microneedle device for the delivery of one or more IRM compounds across a biological barrier. The methods, materials, and articles of the present invention may be applicable for any suitable subject. Suitable subjects include, but are not limited to, animals such as, but not limited to, humans, non-human primates, rodents, dogs, cats, horses, cows, pigs, sheep, goats, cows, birds, or fish. The complete disclosures of the patents, patent documents and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each were individually incorporated. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, shall control. Various modifications and alterations to this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. Illustrative embodiments and examples are provided as examples only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. The scope of the invention is limited only by the claims set forth as follows.

<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>There has been a major effort in recent years, with significant successes, to discover new drug compounds that act by stimulating certain key aspects of the immune system, as well as by suppressing certain other aspects (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,039,969 and 6,200,592). These compounds, referred to herein as immune response modifiers (IRMs), appear to act through basic immune system mechanisms known as toll-like receptors to induce selected cytokine biosynthesis and may be used to treat a wide variety of diseases and conditions. For example, certain IRMs may be useful for treating viral diseases (e.g., human papilloma virus, hepatitis, herpes), neoplasias (e.g., basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, actinic keratosis, melanoma), and TH2-mediated diseases (e.g., asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, multiple sclerosis), and are also useful as vaccine adjuvants. Many of the IRM compounds are small organic molecule imidazoquinoline amine derivatives (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,338), but a number of other compound classes are known as well (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,446,153; U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,425; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,929) and more are still being discovered. Other IRMs have higher molecular weights, such as oligonucleotides, including CpGs (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,1994,388). In view of the great therapeutic potential for IRMs, and despite the important work that has already been done, there is a substantial ongoing need for new means of controlling the delivery and activity of IRMs in order to expand their uses and therapeutic benefits.

<SOH> SUMMARY <EOH>The usefulness of immune response modifiers (IRMs) in particular can be expanded and improved by delivering them across biological barriers with microneedle devices. Such delivery across biological barriers includes, for example, delivery of an IRM compound into or across the stratum corneum of the skin. This is particularly beneficial because the body's immune system cells upon which the IRMs act are highly available in this intracutaneous region. Moreover, while it permits enhanced activation of these cells, it can do so without requiring substantial systemic exposure. It is also useful for delivery directly into lesions that may otherwise have a thickened layer of keratinized skin reducing penetration of topical IRM formulations, such as can be the case with warts and various skin cancers. Although published application US 2002/0193729 discloses in a laundry list two individual IRM compounds, imiquimod and resiquimod (4-Amino-α,α-dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline-1-ethanol) for possible delivery in combination with a vaccine in a microneedle coating or reservoir, there are no examples using these compounds and apparently no recognition of the substantial benefits possible by delivering these and other IRMs using microneedles or that IRMs do not need to be coated or reservoired on the microneedles with a vaccine. Moreover, certain preferred IRMs and combinations described below—for example, non-TLR 7 agonists such as those that predominantly activate TRL 8 and/or 9 for certain uses, as well as those that activate CTL cell response—are certainly not recognized. For example, IRM compounds that activate a strong cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) response may be particularly desirable as vaccine adjuvants, especially for therapeutic viral and/or cancer vaccines. IRM compounds that are TLR 8 agonists may be particularly desirable for use with therapeutic cancer vaccines. IRM compounds that are TLR 7 agonists and/or TLR 9 agonists may be particularly desirable for use with prophylactic vaccines. IRM compounds that are both TLR 7 and TLR 8 agonists may be particularly desirable for use with therapeutic viral vaccines and/or cancer vaccines. IRM compounds that are non-TLR 7 agonists, and do not induce substantial amounts of interferon-alpha, may be desirable for use with certain vaccines such as bacterial vaccines. IRM compounds that are conjugated to a vaccine antigen are particularly potent. IRM compounds given in combination with a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor agonist, such as a CD40 agonist, are particularly potent, and may also be used in combination with a vaccine antigen. And all of these foregoing IRM compound types and combinations, although not required to be, can be beneficially delivered using a microneedle device to improve penetration into or across a biological barrier, such as the stratum corneum of the skin. IRM compounds that activate different TLRs and how to identify them are disclosed in, for example, pending applications WO 03/043573, U.S. 60/447179, U.S. 60/432650, U.S. 60/432651, and U.S. 60/450484, and IRM conjugates with vaccine antigens are disclosed is U.S. 60/403846, and IRM combinations with TNF receptor agonists are disclosed in U.S. 60/437398. Accordingly, the present invention provides IRM delivery devices that include a microneedle device and at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 7, 8, and/or 9 agonist. In some embodiments, the present invention provides an IRM delivery device adapted for delivery of an IRM compound that includes a microneedle device having at least one microneedle that penetrates a biological barrier by no more than 500 μm, and at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 7, 8, and/or 9 agonist, with the proviso that when the IRM compound is located in a reservoir or coating on the microneedle device along with a vaccine the IRM compound is other than imiquimod or resiquimod. That is, a vaccine is not required to be associated with the device, but if it is used and it is in a reservoir or coating on the device, then the IRM compound can be any that is a TLR 6, 7, 8, and/or 9 agonist except for imiquimod and resiquimod. In some embodiments, the present invention provides an IRM delivery device adapted for delivery of an IRM compound that includes a microneedle device having at least one microneedle that penetrates a biological barrier by no more than 500 μm, and at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 7, 8, and/or 9 agonist, with the proviso that a vaccine is not in contact with the microneedle device prior to administration of the IRM compound. Thus, vaccines may or may not be administered with the IRM. If a vaccine is used, it may or may not be in contact with the device. That is, it may or may not be in a reservoir or coating on the device. If a vaccine is in a reservoir or a coating on the device, the IRM compound is other than imiquimod or resiquimod. In some embodiments, the present invention provides an IRM delivery device adapted for delivery of an IRM compound that includes a microneedle device having at least one microneedle that penetrates a biological barrier by no more than 500 μm, and at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 8, and/or 9 agonist. In some embodiments, the IRM delivery device may have a plurality of microneedles. This plurality of microneedles may be organized in an array. In some embodiments of the IRM delivery device, at least one IRM compound may be coated onto at least a portion of the microneedle device. In some embodiments, the microneedle device may include a reservoir in fluid communication with at least one microneedle. This reservoir may contain the at least one IRM compound. The IRM delivery apparatus of this embodiment may further include a pump or a microprocessor or both. A “pump” includes any non-diffusional mechanism for transporting the IRM and/or drug via the microneedles into or through the skin, such as, e.g., a mechanical pump or iontophoresis. In some embodiments of the IRM delivery device, at least one microneedle may be hollow. In some embodiments of the IRM delivery device, at least one microneedle may be solid. In some embodiments of the IRM delivery device, at least one microneedle may be porous. In some embodiments, the IRM delivery device may include more than one IRM compound. More than one IRM compound may be coated onto at least a portion of the microneedle device. In some embodiments, the IRM delivery device may further include an additional drug. The at least one IRM compound and the additional drug may be coated onto at least a portion of the microneedle device. The additional drug may be a vaccine, including, for example, a DNA vaccine or a cell-based vaccine. The at least one IRM compound may be physically or chemically linked to the vaccine so as to form a unit. Both the at least one IRM compound and the vaccine may be coated onto at least a portion of the microneedle device. The additional drug may be a TNF receptor agonist, including, for example, a CD40 agonist. The additional drug may include both a vaccine and a TNF receptor agonist. In another aspect, the present invention also provides a method for the delivery of an IRM compound into or across a biological barrier that includes: contacting a biological barrier with a microneedle device having at least one microneedle that penetrates the barrier by no more than 500 μm; and administering at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 7, 8, and/or 9 agonist into or across the biological barrier; and optionally administering a vaccine; with the proviso that when the IRM compound is located in a reservoir or coating on the microneedle device along with the vaccine, the IRM compound is other than imiquimod or resiquimod. In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for the delivery of an IRM compound into or across a biological barrier that includes: contacting a biological barrier with a microneedle device having at least one microneedle that penetrates the barrier by no more than 500 μm; administering at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 7, 8, and/or 9 agonist into or across the biological barrier; and optionally administering a vaccine; with the proviso that the vaccine is not in contact with the microneedle device prior to administration of the IRM compound. In still another aspect, the present invention provides a method for the delivery of an IRM compound into or across a biological barrier that includes: contacting a biological barrier with a microneedle device having at least one microneedle that penetrates the barrier by no more than 500 μm; and administering at least one IRM compound that is a TLR 6, 8, and/or 9 agonist into or across the biological barrier. In a preferred embodiment of the method, the biological barrier may be the skin and the at least one IRM compound may be delivered intracutaneously. In some embodiments of the method, the contacting of the skin with a microneedle device occurs prior to contacting the skin with at least one IRM compound. This contacting of the skin with at least one IRM compound may be by applying the at least one IRM compound topically to the skin. The at least one IRM compound may be contained in a solution, ointment, gel, foam, or emulsion. In some embodiments of the method, the contacting of the skin with at least one IRM compound occurs prior to the contacting the skin with a microneedle device. This contacting of the skin with at least one IRM compound may be by applying the at least one IRM compound topically to the skin. The at least one IRM compound may be contained in a solution, ointment, gel, foam, or emulsion. Examples of IRM compound that may be applied topically before or after the microneedles include but are not limited imiquimod cream (e.g., Aldara™) and resiquimod gel formulation. In some embodiments of the method, the contacting of the skin with a microneedle device may occur coincident with contacting the skin with at least one IRM compound; the at least one IRM compound may be coated on at least a portion of the microneedle device. Some embodiments of the method further include the intracutaneous administration of a vaccine. In another aspect, the present invention also provides a method of treating a lesion on the skin or mucosa with the application of a microneedle device to the lesion in conjunction with the application of at least one IRM compound. In some embodiments, the lesion may be a neoplastic condition, associated with melanoma, associated with basal cell carcinoma, actinic keratosis, or squamous cell carcinoma, or the lesion may be associated with a viral infection, including, for example, a wart. In another aspect, the present invention also provides kits including a microneedle device and one or more immune response modifier (IRM) compounds. In some embodiments of the present invention, at least one IRM compound may be an agonist of at least one TLR, preferably an agonist of TLR6, TLR7, or TLR8. The IRM may also in some cases be an agonist of TLR 9. In some embodiments of the present invention, at least one IRM compound may be a small molecule immune response modifier (e.g., molecular weight of less than about 1000 daltons). In other embodiments of the present invention, at least one IRM compound may be a CpG compound or derivative thereof. In some embodiments of the present invention, at least one IRM compound may include a 2-aminopyridine fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring, or a 4-aminopyrimidine fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring. In some embodiments of the present invention, at least one IRM compound may be an imidazoquinoline amine including, but not limited to, amide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline amines, aryl ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, heterocyclic ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, amido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline ethers, and thioether substituted imidazoquinoline amines; a tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amine including, but not limited to, amide substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamide substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, aryl ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, heterocyclic ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, amido ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamido ether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline ethers, and thioether substituted tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amines; an imidazopyridine amine including, but not limited to, amide substituted imidazopyridines, sulfonamido substituted imidazopyridines, and urea substituted imidazopyridines; 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines; 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines; imidazonaphthyridine amines; tetrahydroimidazonaphthyridine amines; oxazoloquinoline amines; thiazoloquinoline amines; oxazolopyridine amines; thiazolopyridine amines; oxazolonaphthyridine amines; thiazolonaphthyridine amines; pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, at least one IRM compound may be a purine, imidazoquinoline amide, benzimidazole, 1H-imidazopyridine, adenine, or a derivative thereof. The term “comprises” and variations thereof do not have a limiting meaning where these terms appear in the description and claims, As used herein, “a,” “an,” “the,” “at least one,” and “one or more” are used interchangeably. Also herein, the recitations of numerical ranges by endpoints include all numbers subsumed within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, 5, etc.). The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describe each disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. Various other features and advantages of the present invention should become readily apparent with reference to the following detailed description, examples, claims and appended drawings. In several places throughout the specification, guidance is provided through lists of examples. In each instance, the recited list serves only as a representative group and should not be interpreted as an exclusive list.

20060130

20150224

20060831

82428.0

A61M2500

CRAIGO, WILLIAM A

DELIVERY OF IMMUNE RESPONSE MODIFIER COMPOUNDS

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

A61M

ACCEPTED

Wrapping for used chewing gum

The wrapping for used chewing gum is formed by an upper part (1) and a lower part (2) of identical form and size, applied together by their full surfaces, where both parts (1), (2) are provided with opposite situated vertical pre-scored lines (3) and where parts (1,2) are attached together along their margins partially, from one-third to one-half of the circumference of the parts (1,2).

1. The wrapping for used chewing gum, characterized in that, is formed by upper part (1) and lower part (2) of identical form and size, applied together by their full surfaces, where both parts (1), (2) are provided with opposite situated vertical pre-scored lines (3) and where parts (1,2) are attached together along their margins partially, from one third to one half of circumference of parts (1,2).

TECHNICAL FIELD The invention applies to wrapping for used chewing gum and solves easy hygienic and ecological disposal of used chewing gum for improvement of environment. DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART Used chewing gums, which were thrown out in places opened to the public, for example on pavements, floors of public buildings or on grass plots contributes to pollution of environment and substantially decrease utility and aesthetic value of public accessible places. Removal of used chewing gums is problematic, because they usually firmly stick to surface on which they lie. It is known, that for removal of sticky chewing gums from pavements or floors, different machines are used. This machines use dissolving agent or local cooling to make mechanical releasing easier. High price and high operating costs are few disadvantages of using such machines. Other disadvantage is, that cleaning is made periodically. To prevent above mentioned problems, keepers or owners of publically open places often use hygienic devices such as small containers, in which an exchangeable insert is pushed in. Disadvantage of those devices is that their usage is limited to placing into buildings, such as banks, hotels, restaurants and the like. This way does not solve discarding of used chewing gums in open areas, on pavements and grass plots. Other known solution is a device that includes many wrapping papers. Each paper can be ripped off and used as a wrap for used chewing gum. Disadvantages of this solution are complicated handling, necessity of using both hands to open the wrapping paper, using bare hands or putting paper on to consumer's lips, that was already polluted by long time carrying in pocket or in bag. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION The aforesaid disadvantages are eliminated by the wrapping for used chewing gum according to invention, the disclosure of which consist in that it is formed by upper part and lower part of identical form and size. Parts are applied together by their full surfaces. Both parts are provided with opposite situated vertical pre-scored lines, where parts are attached together along their margins partially, from one third to one half of circumference. Advantage of the wrapping for used chewing gum according to the invention is its hygienic, simple and practical use. Only one hand is sufficient for discarding of chewing gum. Opening of the wrapping is made by depressing with two fingers without direct contact of mouth and hands. It is also of an advantage that the wrapping can be carried in pocket, purse and the like with already used chewing gum for subsequent throwing-out into a wastebasket without risk of their fouling. The next advantage is aesthetic viewpoint, when form of the wrapping remains kept, therefore it affects as no waste. The main advantage of this invention is that the wrapping allows subsequent ecological disposal of used chewing gums, in case of throwing-out besides the wastebasket the gum does not stick to floor or to pavement, the wrapping can be easily cleaned by sweeping, therefore it finally conduces to environmental protection. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the attached drawings there is a schematically shown sample equipment embodiment according to invention, where in FIG. 1 is a top view of expanded wrapping form before boding of parts, in the FIG. 2 a front view of bonded wrapping, in the FIG. 3 its side view and in the FIG. 4 the opened wrapping in front view. EXAMPLE OF EMBODIMENT According to sample embodiment the wrapping for used chewing gum is formed by the upper part 1 and the lower part 2. Both parts 1, 2 are of circular shape with identical diameter 30 mm and are made from one piece of recycled paper, which had been folded by such way to put both parts 1, 2 together with their whole surfaces. Both Parts 1, 2 are attached along their margins partially from one third to one half of circumference and are glued and secured together by means of the false flaps 4. Both parts 1, 2 are provided with vertical pre-scored lines 3 and the pre-scored lines 3 help to open the wrapping, by depressing two sides of the wrapping with two fingers. Used chewing gum is then spit into the wrapping from mouth without direct contact with fingers. Consequently the wrapping is thrown into a wastebasket. Alternatively, for more aesthetic reason, the circular wrapping can be replaced by a square or rectangular one, eventually by a wrapping with rounded edges, furthermore a cylindrical, elliptical, floral and further ones. The paper wrapping can be replaced by a wrapping of other material and the parts 1, 2 can be circumferentially bonded by stitching, by a lock or by welding. For easy carrying of the wrapping in pocket or in purse a coin-sized wrapping is used to advantage. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The wrapping according to the invention can be used for discharging of used chewing gums of all types. It can be attached directly when chewing gum is sold or can be available in restaurants, cultural centers and other places.

<SOH> TECHNICAL FIELD <EOH>The invention applies to wrapping for used chewing gum and solves easy hygienic and ecological disposal of used chewing gum for improvement of environment.

20060223

20110614

20070719

65158.0

A23G400

SMITH, CHAIM A

WRAPPING FOR USED CHEWING GUM

SMALL

ACCEPTED

A23G

ACCEPTED

Methods And Devices Comprising Soluble Conjugated Polymers

Methods, compositions and articles of manufacture involving soluble conjugated polymers are provided. The conjugated polymers have a sufficient density of polar substituents to render them soluble in a polar medium, for example water and/or methanol. The conjugated polymer may desirably comprise monomers which alter its conductivity properties. In some embodiments, the inventors have provided cationic conjugated polymers (CCPs) comprising both solubilizing groups and conductive groups, resulting in conductive conjugated polymers soluble in polar media. The different solubility properties of these polymers allow their deposition in solution in multilayer formats with other conjugated polymers. Also provided are articles of manufacture comprising multiple layers of conjugated polymers having differing solubility characteristics. Embodiments of the invention are described further herein.

1. A method of forming adjacent layers of materials on a substrate, comprising: providing a first solution comprising a first material that is a water-soluble cationic conjugated polymer and a first solvent; providing a second solution comprising a second material and a second solvent; depositing a first layer of one of said first and second solutions onto a substrate; depositing a second layer of the other of said first and second solutions onto the first layer; wherein the material deposited in the first layer does not dissolve in the solvent deposited in the second layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first solvent comprises water. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first solution comprises a detergent. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the first solution onto the substrate comprises spin-casting. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a film. 6. A method of adding a polymer layer to a substrate, comprising: providing a first solution of a cationic water-soluble conjugated polymer in a solvent; providing a substrate comprising a material not soluble in the solvent; depositing the first solution on the substrate. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the solvent comprises water. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein depositing the first solution onto the substrate comprises spin-casting. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the substrate is a film. 10. A multilayer electronic device comprising a layer of a water-soluble cationic conjugated polymer. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is rigid. 12. The method of claim 6, wherein the substrate is rigid. 13. A substrate comprising a polymeric layer produced by the method of claim 1. 14. An electrical component comprising the substrate of claim 13. 15. The electrical component of claim 14, wherein the component is selected from the group consisting of a laser, a photodiode, a light-emitting diode (“LED”), an optical interconnect, a transducer, a semiconductor chip, a semiconductor thin-film, and a polymeric photoswitch. 16. The electrical component of claim 15, wherein the component is a photodiode. 17. The electrical component of claim 15, wherein the component is a light-emitting diode (LED). 18. The electrical component of claim 15, wherein the component is a laser. 19. The electrical component of claim 15, wherein the component is a transducer. 20. The electrical component of claim 15, wherein the component is a polymeric photoswitch.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH Work leading to this invention was performed under support from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research and under support from the University of California under the UC SMART Program. The U.S. Government may have limited rights in this invention. TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to soluble conjugated polymers. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Polymeric semiconductors have been incorporated into a wide array of electronic, optical and optoelectronic materials and devices. One limitation on manufacturing processes involving semiconducting polymers is the difficulties in preparing multilayer materials. Solution processing is one of the simplest, most economical, and most controllable methods for depositing layers of a conjugated polymer of interest. However, because most conjugated polymers are soluble in organic and/or nonpolar media, depositing a solution of one conjugated polymer onto a previously deposited layer of another conjugated polymer can solubilize it and result in interfacial mixing. This can lead to disruption of the desired device orientation/structure/geometry, process irreproducibility, and reduced efficiency of resulting devices. Thus traditional manufacturing methods for multilayer devices typically involve only one solution processing step for depositing polymers, with remaining layers deposited by more problematic methods, including sputtering, thermal vapor deposition, and chemical deposition methods, which can be more costly and less controllable. There is a need in the art for conjugated polymers having different physical properties, for methods of making and using them, and for compositions, articles of manufacture and machines comprising such compounds. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Methods, compositions and articles of manufacture involving soluble conjugated polymers are provided. The conjugated polymers have a sufficient density of polar substituents to render them soluble in a polar medium, for example water and/or methanol. The conjugated polymer may desirably comprise monomers which alter its conductivity properties. In some embodiments, the inventors have provided cationic conjugated polymers (CCPs) comprising both solubilizing groups and conductive groups, resulting in conductive conjugated polymers soluble in polar media. The different solubility properties of these polymers allow their deposition in solution in multilayer formats with other conjugated polymers. Also provided are articles of manufacture comprising multiple layers of conjugated polymers having differing solubility characteristics. Embodiments of the invention are described further herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 depicts the HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy levels of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl (“PFO”), poly(9,9-dihexyl-fluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (“PFO-BT”), poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (“MEH-PPV”) and poly{[9,9-bis(6′-(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorine-2,7-diyl]-alt-[2,5-bis(p-phenylene)-1,3,4-oxadiazole]}(“PFON+(CH3)3I−—PBD”) compared to the work function of Ba (all referenced with respect to the vacuum). FIG. 2 shows the current density (mA/cm2) vs. applied voltage (V) and luminance (cd/m2) vs. applied voltage (V) for devices made using blue-emitting PFO with and without PFON+(CH3)3I−—PBD as an electron-transport layer (ETL). FIG. 3 shows the luminous efficiency (cd/A) as a function of current density (mA/cm2) for devices made with (a) PFO, (b) PFO-BT and (c) MEH-PPV with and without ETL. Insets: (a) Power efficiency (lm/W) vs. bias (V) for devices made by PFO with and without ETL; (b) and (c) brightness (cd/m2) vs. current density (mA/cm2) for devices made by PFO-BT and MEH-PPV with and without ETL, respectively. FIGS. 4 (a) and (b) are atomic force microscope (AFM) images show the surface of the ETL and that of the emissive polymer. The ETL layer provides an increased amount of features on the scale shown, providing more effective electron injection is achieved simply because of the increased contact area between ETL and cathode. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The inventors have provided conjugated polymers having desirable properties. The conjugated polymers have a sufficient density of polar substituents to render them soluble in a polar medium. The polymers thus have desirable solubility properties allowing for their use with polymers of differing solubilities in methods involving multiple solution processing steps. The different solubility properties of these polymers allow their deposition in solution in multilayer formats with other conjugated polymers. In some embodiments, the polar substituents can be charged groups, for example cationic or anionic groups. The conjugated polymers may have a sufficient density of solubilizing polar groups to render them soluble in a highly polar solvent such as water and/or methanol. This can be particularly advantageous for preparing multilayer polymeric devices via novel solution processing methods, also provided. The conjugated polymer may desirably comprise monomers which alter its conductivity properties. The conjugated polymer can comprise monomers which improve its ability to inject and/or transport electrons. The conjugated polymer can comprise monomers which improve its ability to inject and/or transport holes. The conductivity of such polymers can be controlled through the type and/or amount of monomer(s) used, which may be selected to match with other materials of interest in electronic devices. The composition of the polymer may also be chosen to prevent conductivity of certain species. For example, the composition of the polymer may be chosen so that it has hole-blocking properties, which can be desirable in certain device configurations, for example in polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs). In some embodiments, the inventors have provided cationic conjugated polymers (CCPs) comprising both solubilizing groups and conductive groups, resulting in conductive conjugated polymers soluble in polar media. These conductive polymers are desirably soluble in water and/or lower alcohols, particularly methanol. In some embodiments the CCPs can comprising monomers which perturb the polymer's ability to form rigid-rod structures, allowing them to form a greater range of three-dimensional structures. The monomers are aromatic molecules having attachment points to the adjacent subunits of the polymer which form an angle of greater than about 25° from linear. The monomers may introduce a torsional twist in the conjugated polymer, thereby further disrupting the ability of the polymer to form a rigid-rod structure. Also provided are articles of manufacture comprising multiple layers of conjugated polymers having differing solubility characteristics. Multiple polymer layers produced by methods described herein can be incorporated in any of a variety of articles and machines. Embodiments of the invention can comprise multiplex formats. For example, a plurality of different LEDs can be used simultaneously in a display format. Multiplex embodiments may employ 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 1000, 5000, 10000, 50000, 200000, one million or more distinct articles provided by one or more embodiments described herein. Other aspects of the invention are discussed further herein. Before the present invention is described in further detail, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular methodology, articles, compositions or apparatuses described, as such methods, articles, compositions or apparatuses can, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Use of the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a conjugated polymer” includes a plurality of conjugated polymers, reference to “a solvent” includes a plurality of such solvents, reference to “an LED” includes a plurality of LEDs, and the like. Additionally, use of specific plural references, such as “two,” “three,” etc., read on larger numbers of the same subject unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “or” when used herein as the sole conjunction means “and/or” unless stated otherwise. The term “including” and related terms such as “includes” as used herein are not limiting and allow for the presence of elements in addition to those specifically recited. Terms such as “connected,” “attached,” and “linked” are used interchangeably herein and encompass direct as well as indirect connection, attachment, linkage or conjugation unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Where a range of values is recited, it is to be understood that each intervening integer value, and each fraction thereof, between the recited upper and lower limits of that range is also specifically disclosed, along with each subrange between such values. The upper and lower limits of any range can independently be included in or excluded from the range, and all such ranges are encompassed within the invention. Where a value being discussed has inherent limits, for example where a component can be present at a concentration of from 0 to 100%, or where the pH of an aqueous solution can range from 1 to 14, those inherent limits are specifically disclosed as are ranges based on those inherent limits. Where a value is explicitly recited, it is to be understood that values which are about the same quantity or amount as the recited value are also within the scope of the invention, as are ranges based thereon with any other value as described herein. Where a combination or group of elements is disclosed, each subset of those elements is also specifically disclosed and is within the scope of the invention. Conversely, where different elements or groups of elements are disclosed, combinations thereof are also disclosed. Where any element of an invention is disclosed as having a plurality of alternatives, examples of that invention in which each alternative is excluded singly or in any combination with the other alternatives are also hereby disclosed; more than one element of an invention can have such exclusions, and all combinations of elements having such exclusions are hereby disclosed. Unless defined otherwise or the context clearly dictates otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described. All publications mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference for the purpose of disclosing and describing the particular materials and methodologies for which the reference was cited. The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention. Definitions In describing the present invention, the following terms will be employed, and are intended to be defined as indicated below. “Alkyl” refers to a branched, unbranched or cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group of 1 to 24 carbon atoms optionally substituted at one or more positions, and includes polycyclic compounds. Examples of alkyl groups include optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, hexyloctyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, tetracosyl and the like, as well as cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, and norbornyl. The term “lower alkyl” refers to an alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Exemplary substituents on substituted alkyl groups include hydroxyl, cyano, alkoxy, ═O, ═S, —NO2, halogen, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, carboxyalkyl, amine, amide, thioether and —SH. “Alkoxy” refers to an “—Oalkyl” group, where alkyl is as defined above. A “lower alkoxy” group intends an alkoxy group containing one to six, more preferably one to four, carbon atoms. “Alkenyl” refers to an unsaturated branched, unbranched or cyclic hydrocarbon group of 2 to 24 carbon atoms containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond and optionally substituted at one or more positions. Examples of alkenyl groups include ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl (allyl), 1-methylvinyl, cyclopropenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, isobutenyl, 1,4-butadienyl, cyclobutenyl, 1-methylbut-2-enyl, 2-methylbut-2-en-4-yl, prenyl, pent-1-enyl, pent-3-enyl, 1,1-dimethylallyl, cyclopentenyl, hex-2-enyl, 1-methyl-1-ethylallyl, cyclohexenyl, heptenyl, cycloheptenyl, octenyl, cyclooctenyl, decenyl, tetradecenyl, hexadecenyl, eicosenyl, tetracosenyl and the like. Preferred alkenyl groups herein contain 2 to 12 carbon atoms. The term “lower alkenyl” intends an alkenyl group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms. The term “cycloalkenyl” intends a cyclic alkenyl group of 3 to 8, preferably 5 or 6, carbon atoms. Exemplary substituents on substituted alkenyl groups include hydroxyl, cyano, alkoxy, ═O, ═S, —NO2, halogen, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, amine, thioether and —SH. “Alkenyloxy” refers to an “—Oalkenyl” group, wherein alkenyl is as defined above. “Alkylaryl” refers to an alkyl group that is covalently joined to an aryl group. Preferably, the alkyl is a lower allyl. Exemplary alkylaryl groups include benzyl, phenethyl, phenopropyl, 1-benzylethyl, phenobutyl, 2-benzylpropyl and the like. “Alkylaryloxy” refers to an “—Oalkylaryl” group, where alkylaryl is as defined above. “Alkynyl” refers to an unsaturated branched or unbranched hydrocarbon group of 2 to 24 carbon atoms containing at least one —C≡C— triple bond, optionally substituted at one or more positions. Examples of alkynyl groups include ethynyl, n-propynyl, isopropynyl, propargyl, but-2-ynyl, 3-methylbut-1-ynyl, octynyl, decynyl and the like. Preferred alkynyl groups herein contain 2 to 12 carbon atoms. The term “lower alkynyl” intends an alkynyl group of 2 to 6, preferably 2 to 4, carbon atoms, and one —C≡C— triple bond. Exemplary substituents on substituted alkynyl groups include hydroxyl, cyano, alkoxy, ═O, ═S, —NO2, halogen, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, amine, thioether and —SH. “Amide” refers to —C(O)NR′R″, where R′ and R″ are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, and alkylaryl. “Amine” refers to an —N(R′)R″ group, where R′ and R″ are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, and alkylaryl. “Aryl” refers to an aromatic group that has at least one ring having a conjugated pi electron system and includes carbocyclic, heterocyclic, bridged and/or polycyclic aryl groups, and can be optionally substituted at one or more positions. Typical aryl groups contain 1 to 5 aromatic rings, which may be fused and/or linked. Exemplary aryl groups include phenyl, furanyl, azolyl, thiofuranyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, biphenyl, indenyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, naphthyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, pyridopyridinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, purinyl, tetralinyl and the like. Exemplary substituents on optionally substituted aryl groups include alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarboxy, alkenyl, alkenyloxy, alkenylcarboxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylaryl, alkylaryloxy, fused saturated or unsaturated optionally substituted rings, halogen, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, —S(O)R, sulfonyl, —SO3R, —SR, —NO2, —NRR′, —OH, —CN, —C(O)R, —OC(O)R, —NHC(O)R, —(CH2)nCO2R or —(CH2)nCONRR′ where n is 0-4, and wherein R and R′ are independently H, alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl. “Aryloxy” refers to an “—Oaryl” group, where aryl is as defined above. “Carbocyclic” refers to an optionally substituted compound containing at least one ring and wherein all ring atoms are carbon, and can be saturated or unsaturated. “Carbocyclic aryl” refers to an optionally substituted aryl group wherein the ring atoms are carbon. “Halo” or “halogen” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo. “Halide” refers to the anionic form of the halogens. “Haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted at one or more positions with a halogen, and includes alkyl groups substituted with only one type of halogen atom as well as alkyl groups substituted with a mixture of different types of halogen atoms. Exemplary haloalkyl groups include trihalomethyl groups, for example trifluoromethyl. “Heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group wherein one or more carbon atoms and associated hydrogen atom(s) are replaced by an optionally substituted heteroatom, and includes alkyl groups substituted with only one type of heteroatom as well as alkyl groups substituted with a mixture of different types of heteroatoms. Heteroatoms include oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. As used herein, nitrogen heteroatoms and sulfur heteroatoms include any oxidized form of nitrogen and sulfur, and any form of nitrogen having four covalent bonds including protonated and alkylated forms. An optionally substituted heteroatom refers to a heteroatom having one or more attached hydrogens optionally replaced with alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl and/or hydroxyl. “Heterocyclic” refers to a compound containing at least one saturated or unsaturated ring having at least one heteroatom and optionally substituted at one or more positions. Typical heterocyclic groups contain 1 to 5 rings, which may be fused and/or linked, where the rings each contain five or six atoms. Examples of heterocyclic groups include piperidinyl, morpholinyl and pyrrolidinyl. Exemplary substituents for optionally substituted heterocyclic groups are as for alkyl and aryl at ring carbons and as for heteroalkyl at heteroatoms. “Heterocyclic aryl” refers to an aryl group having at least 1 heteroatom in at least one aromatic ring. Exemplary heterocyclic aryl groups include furanyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrrolyl, N-lower alkyl-pyrrolo, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, bipyridyl, tripyridyl, tetrapyridyl, phenazinyl, phenanthrolinyl, purinyl and the like. “Hydrocarbyl” refers to hydrocarbyl substituents containing 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, including branched, unbranched and cyclic species as well as saturated and unsaturated species, for example alkyl groups, alkylidenyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkylaryl groups, aryl groups, and the like. The term “lower hydrocarbyl” intends a hydrocarbyl group of one to six carbon atoms, preferably one to four carbon atoms. A “substituent” refers to a group that replaces one or more hydrogens attached to a carbon or nitrogen. Exemplary substituents include alkyl, alkylidenyl, alkylcarboxy, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkenylcarboxy, alkenyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylaryl, alkylaryloxy, —OH, amide, carboxamide, carboxy, sulfonyl, ═O, ═S, —NO2, halogen, haloalkyl, fused saturated or unsaturated optionally substituted rings, —S(O)R, —SO3R, —SR, —NRR′, —OH, —CN, —C(O)R, —OC(O)R, —NHC(O)R, —(CH2)nCO2R or —(CH2)nCONRR′ where n is 0-4, and wherein R and R′ are independently H, alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl. Substituents also include replacement of a carbon atom and one or more associated hydrogen atoms with an optionally substituted heteroatom. “Sulfonyl” refers to —S(O)2R, where R is alkyl, aryl, —C(CN)═C-aryl, —CH2CN, alkylaryl, or amine. “Tioamide” refers to —C(S)NR′R″, where R′ and R″ are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, and alkylaryl. “Thioether” refers to —SR, where R is alkyl, aryl, or alkylaryl. “Multiplexing” herein refers to an assay or other analytical method in which multiple analytes can be assayed simultaneously. “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs singly or multiply and instances where it does not occur at all. For example, the phrase “optionally substituted alkyl” means an alkyl moiety that may or may not be substituted and the description includes both unsubstituted, monosubstituted, and polysubstituted alkyls. Conjugated Polymer Soluble in Polar Media Conjugated polymers (CPs) soluble in polar media are provided and can be used in embodiments described herein. The CPs comprise polar groups as solubilizing functionalities linked to polymer subunits to increase polymer solubility in polar media. Any or all of the subunits of the CP may comprise one or more pendant solubilizing groups. Exemplary polar groups include those introducing one or more dipole moments to the CP, for example halides, hydroxyls, amines, amides, cyano, carboxylic acids, and thiols. Preferably the polar groups are charged groups, more preferably cationic groups. Any suitable cationic groups may be incorporated into CCPs. Exemplary cationic groups which may be incorporated include ammonium groups, guanidinium groups, histidines, polyamines, pyridinium groups, and sulfonium groups. The solubilizing functionality may be linked to the conjugated polymer backbone by a linker, preferably an unconjugated linker, for example alkyl groups, polyethers, alkylamines, and/or polyamines. One synthetic approach to introducing a charged group into a conjugated polymer is as follows. A neutral polymer is first formed by the Suzuki coupling of one or more bis- (or tris- etc.) boronic acid-substituted monomer(s) with one or more monomers that have at least two bromine substitutions on aromatic ring positions. Bromine groups are attached to any or all of the monomers via linkers. Conversion to cationic water-soluble polymers is accomplished by addition of condensed trimethylamine, which replaces the pendant bromines with ammonium groups. In some embodiments, the conjugated polymer may desirably comprise conductive monomers which alter the conductivity of the overall polymer, increasing its ability to transport an electrical species. For example, the conjugated polymer can comprise monomer(s) which improve its ability to inject and/or transport electrons. The conjugated polymer can comprise monomer(s) which improve its ability to inject and/or transport holes. More than one type of conductive monomer can be incorporated in the conjugated polymer. The conductivity of such polymers can be controlled through the type and/or amount of monomer(s) used, which can be selected to provide an electronic configuration compatible with other materials of interest in a given electronic device. The conductive monomers may be electron-deficient monomers or electron-rich monomers. Electron-deficient monomers can be used to increase the ability of the polymer to inject and/or transport electrons, and to improve its ability to serve as an electron-transport layer. Electron-deficient monomers include unsaturated and/or aromatic groups appropriately substituted with electron-withdrawing groups. A number of electron-deficient monomers are known in the art. Exemplary electron-deficient monomers include benzothiadiazole, oxadiazole, quinoxaline, cyano-substituted olefins, squaric acid, and maleimide. Electron-rich monomers can be used to increase the ability of the polymer to inject and/or transport holes, and to improve its ability to serve as a hole-transport layer. Electron-rich monomers include unsaturated and/or aromatic groups appropriately substituted with electron-donating groups, for example alkyl groups. A number of electron-rich monomers are known in the art. Exemplary electron-rich monomers include 9,9-dialkylfluorenes, 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylidene, 2,5-dioctyloxy-1,4-phenylidene, and terthiophenes. The composition of the polymer can also be chosen to prevent conductivity of certain species. For example, the composition of the polymer can be chosen so that it has hole-blocking properties, which can be desirable in certain device configurations, for example in polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs). In some embodiments the polymers can comprise angled linkers with a substitution pattern (or regiochemistry) capable of perturbing the polymers' ability to form rigid-rod structures, allowing them to have a greater range of three-dimensional structures. The polymers can comprise at least three subunits with at least one angled linker, which may be internal and/or an end unit, and may comprise at least 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25 or more subunits. The polymers may comprise up to about 100, 200, 300, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000, 20000, 50000 or more subunits. The angled linker(s) are optionally substituted aromatic molecules having at least two separate bonds to other polymer components (e.g., monomers, block polymers, end groups) that are capable of forming angles relative to one another which disrupt the overall ability of the polymer to form an extended rigid-rod structure (although significant regions exhibiting such structure may remain.) The angled linkers may be bivalent or polyvalent. The angle which the angled linkers are capable of imparting to the polymeric structure is determined as follows. Where the two bonds to other polymeric components are coplanar, the angle can be determined by extending lines representing those bonds to the point at which they intersect, and then measuring the angle between them. Where the two bonds to other polymeric components are not coplanar, the angle can be determined as follows: a first line is drawn between the two ring atoms to which the bonds attach; two bond lines are drawn, one extending from each ring atom in the direction of its respective bond to the other polymeric component to which it is joined; the angle between each bond line and the first line is fixed; and the two ring atoms are then merged into a single point by shrinking the first line to a zero length; the angle then resulting between the two bond lines is the angle the angled linker imparts to the polymer. The angle which an angled linker is capable of imparting to the polymer is typically less than about 155°, and may be less than about 150°, less than about 145°, less than about 140°, less than about 135°, less than about 130°, less than about 125°, less than about 120°, less than about 115°, less than about 110°, less than about 105°, less than about 100°, less than about 95°, less than about 90°, less than about 85°, less than about 80°, less than about 75°, less than about 70°, less than about 65°, less than about 60°, less than about 55°, or less than about 50°. The angled linker may form an angle to its adjacent polymeric units of about 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 45°, 50°, 60° or more. The angled linker may introduce a torsional twist in the conjugated polymer, thereby further disrupting the ability of the polymer to form a rigid-rod structure. For angled linkers having an internally rotatable bond, such as polysubstituted biphenyl, the angled linker must be capable of imparting an angle of less than about 155° in at least one orientation. For six-membered rings, such angles can be achieved through ortho or meta linkages to the rest of the polymer. For five-membered rings, adjacent linkages fall within this range. For eight-membered rings, linkages extending from adjacent ring atoms, from alternate ring atoms (separated by one ring atom), and from ring atoms separated by two other ring atoms fall within this range. Ring systems with more than eight ring atoms may be used. For polycyclic structures, even more diverse linkage angles can be achieved. Exemplary linking units which meet these limitations include benzene derivatives incorporated into the polymer in the 1, 2 or 1,3-positions; naphthalene derivatives incorporated into the polymer in the 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,6-, 1,7-, 1,8-positions; anthracene derivatives incorporated into the polymer in the 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,6-, 1,7-, 1,8-, and 1,9-positions; biphenyl derivatives incorporated into the polymer in the 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,6-, 3,3′-, 3,4-, 3,5-, 2,2′-, 2,3′-, 2,4′-, and 3,4′-positions; and corresponding heterocycles. The position numbers are given with reference to unsubstituted carbon-based rings, but the same relative positions of incorporation in the polymer are encompassed in substituted rings and/or heterocycles should their distribution of substituents change the ring numbering. The CP can be a copolymer, and may be a block copolymer, a graft copolymer, or both. The solubilizing functionalities, the conductive subunits and/or the angled linkers may be incorporated into the CP randomly, alternately, periodically and/or in blocks. Exemplary polymers which may form the backbone of the compounds of the present invention include, for example, polypyrroles, polyfluorenes, polyphenylene-vinylenes, polythiophenes, polyisothianaphthenes, polyanilines, poly-p-phenylenes and copolymers thereof. Other exemplary polymeric subunits and repeating units are shown in the accompanying tables. TABLE 1 Typical aromatic repeat units for the construction of conjugated segments and oligomeric structures. TABLE 2 Examples of conjugated segments and oligomeric structures of CP The CP contains a sufficient density of solubilizing functionalities to render the overall polymer soluble in a polar medium. The CP preferably contains at least about 0.01 mol % of the monomers substituted with at least one solubilizing functionality, and may contain at least about 0.02 mol %, at least about 0.05 mol %, at least about 0.1 mol %, at least about 0.2 mol %, at least about 0.5 mol %, at least about 1 mol %, at least about 2 mol %, at least about 5 mol %, at least about 10 mol %, at least about 20 mol %, or at least about 30 mol %. The CP may contain up to 100 mol % of the solubilizing functionality, and may contain about 99 mol % or less, about 90 mol % or less, about 80 mol % or less, about 70 mol % or less, about 60 mol % or less, about 50 mol % or less, or about 40 mol % or less. The CP preferably contains at least about 0.01 mol % of the conductive monomers, and may contain at least about 0.02 mol %, at least about 0.05 mol %, at least about 0.1 mol %, at least about 0.2 mol %, at least about 0.5 mol %, at least about 1 mol %, at least about 2 mol %, at least about 5 mol %, at least about 10 mol %, at least about 20 mol %, or at least about 30 mol %. The CP may contain up to 100 mol % of the conductive monomers, and may contain about 99 mol % or less, about 90 mol % or less, about 80 mol % or less, about 70 mol % or less, about 60 mol % or less, about 50 mol % or less, or about 40 mol % or less. The polymer may contain at least about 0.01 mol % of the angled linker, and may contain at least about 0.02 mol %, at least about 0.05 mol %, at least about 0.1 mol %, at least about 0.2 mol %, at least about 0.5 mol %, at least about 1 mol %, at least about 2 mol %, at least about 5 mol %, at least about 10 mol %, at least about 20 mol %, or at least about 30 mol %. The polymer may contain up to 100 mol % of the angled linker, and may contain about 99 mol % or less, about 90 mol % or less, about 80 mol % or less, about 70 mol % or less, about 60 mol % or less, about 50 mol % or less, or about 40 mol % or less. Desirably, the CPs described herein are soluble in aqueous solutions and other highly polar solvents, and preferably are soluble in water. By “water-soluble” is meant that the material exhibits solubility in a predominantly aqueous solution, which, although comprising more than 50% by volume of water, does not exclude other substances from that solution, including without limitation buffers, blocking agents, cosolvents, salts, metal ions and detergents. In one embodiment, an exemplary CCP is represented by Formula A: wherein: CP1, CP2, CP3, and CP4 are optionally substituted conjugated polymer segments or oligomeric structures, and may be the same or different from one another. CP1, CP2, CP3, and CP4 may be aromatic repeat units, and may be selected from the group consisting of benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, fluorene, thiophene, furan, pyridine, and oxadiazole, each optionally substituted. Typical aromatic repeat units are shown in Table 1 below, and representative polymeric segments and oligomeric structures are shown in Table 2. One or more of CP1-4 may be conductive monomers comprising electron-injecting and/or transporting properties or hole-injecting and/or transporting properties. The conductive monomers may be evenly or randomly distributed along the polymer main chain. CP1, CP2, CP3 and CP4 are each optionally substituted at one or more positions with one or more groups selected from —R1-A, —R2—B, —R3—C and —R4-D, which may be attached through bridging functional groups -E- and —F—, with the proviso that the polymer as a whole must be substituted with a plurality of cationic groups. R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkynyl, and aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, and polyalkylene oxide, each optionally substituted, which may contain one or more heteroatoms, or may be not present. R1, R2, R3 and R4 can be independently selected from C1-22 alkyl, C1-22 alkoxy, C1-22 ester, polyalkylene oxide having from 1 to about 22 carbon atoms, cyclic crown ether having from 1 to about 22 carbon atoms, or not present. Preferably, R1, R2, R3 and R4 may be selected from straight or branched alkyl groups having 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, or alkoxy groups with 1 to about 12 carbon atoms. It is to be understood that more than one functional group may be appended to the rings as indicated in the formulas at one or more positions. A, B, C and D are independently selected from H, —SiR′R″R′″, —N+R′R″R′″, a guanidinium group, histidine, a polyamine, a pyridinium group, and a sulfonium group. R′, R″ and R′″ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-12 alkyl and C1-12 alkoxy and C3-10 cycloalkyl. It is preferred that R′, R″ and R′″ are lower alkyl or lower alkoxy groups. E and F are independently selected from not present, —O—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(R)(R′)—, —N(R′)—, and —Si(R′)(R″), wherein R′ and R″ are as defined above. X is O, S, Se, —N(R′)— or —C(R′)(R″)—, and Y and Z are independently selected from —C(R)═ and —N═, where R, R′ and R″ are as defined above. m and n are independently 0 to about 10,000, wherein m+n>1. Preferably m and n are each independently 0 to about 20 and more preferably from 0 to about 10. Each repeat of m and n may be the same as or different than the other repeats. a, b, c and d are independently 0 to about 250. At least one of a, b, c and d must be greater than or equal to one. G and G1 are capping units and may be the same or different. The capping units may be activated units that allow further chemical reaction to extend the polymer chain, or may be nonactivated termination units. G and G1 can be independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted aryl, halogen substituted aryl, boronic acid substituted aryl, and boronate radical substituted aryl. Conjugated polymers may also be provided in purified form. Any available method or combination of methods may be used for purification. Exemplary methods include precipitation, extraction, and sublimation. Solutions of the CP are also provided. Solutions may be provided in a container of any suitable form. Solutions may be packaged in a container designed for incorporation into a solution processing apparatus, for example a printer. In some embodiments, the solution may be provided in an inkjet cartridge designed to be used with an inkjet printer. The Polar Solvent The conjugated polymer is soluble in a polar medium, a medium comprising at least one polar solvent. By “polar” is meant having a net dipole moment. Exemplary polar solvents include dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, formic acid, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, water, alcohols and polyalcohols, particularly lower alcohols (C1-4), particularly methanol. Preferably the polar solvent has a polarity of at least that of ethanol or ethyl acetate. In some embodiments, the polar solvent used to dissolve the CP is selected based on its inability to dissolve a second conjugated polymer onto which the CP is to be deposited. The polar solvent in certain embodiments and solution formed therefrom in some embodiments is wettable on the surface to which it is to be applied, such that when it is deposited it flows generally uniformly and evenly over the surface, and preferably is controllable in thickness. Combinations of solvents may also be used. Preferably the solvent is sufficiently wettable on the substrate that the solution spreads appropriately when deposited thereon. One or more wetting agents may be included in the solution to improve its ability to wet a surface and/or lowers its surface tension. For example, a solution comprising water may have an alcohol, a surfactant, or a combination of materials added thereto serving as wetting agents. Methods of Use The CPs described herein can be used in a variety of methods. Methods of particular interest include deposition of the CPs into electronic devices, particularly in devices comprising multiple layers of conjugated polymers. Any of a variety of deposition methods can be used in a given device, including without limitation vacuum sputtering (RF or Magnetron), electron beam evaporation, thermal vapor deposition, chemical deposition, sublimation, and solution processing methods. Any deposition method known or discoverable in the art can be used to deposit the soluble polar polymers provided herein, although solution methods are currently preferred. These layers are commonly deposited by spin-coating, drop-casting, sequential spin-casting, formation of Langinuir-Blodgett films or electrostatic adsorption techniques.[28] Articles of manufacture may be fabricated by stepwise deposition of polymer layers; the water solubility of flexible CPs provided herein allows for the sequential deposition of layers of different materials with different solubilities, providing certain advantages during manufacturing, including for the deposition of thin layers of material. In particular embodiments, solution processing methods can be used to incorporate CPs into an article of manufacture. Printing techniques may advantageously be used to deposit the CPs, e.g., inkjet printing, offset printing, etc. Where the CPs are used in multilayer devices comprising multiple conjugated polymeric layers, one or more of these layers may comprise nonpolar conjugated polymers which may not be soluble in a polar medium of interest. These include, for example, MEH-PPV, P3ATs [poly(3-alkylthiophenes), where alkyl is from 6 to 16 carbons], such as poly(2,5-dimethoxy-p-phenylene vinylene)-“PDMPV”, and poly(2,5-thienylenevinylene); poly(phenylenevinylene) or “PPV” and alkoxy derivatives thereof; PFO, PFO-BT, and polyanilines. The nonpolar conjugated polymer can be deposited by any suitable technique; in some embodiments it is deposited or cast directly from solution. Typically, organic solvents are used, typically with low polarity. Exemplary organic solvents include: halohydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride; aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene, benzene, toluene; and other hydrocarbons including decaline. Mixed solvents can also be used. The differing solubility properties of nonpolar and polar polymers allow for deposition of multiple polymeric layers via solution processing methods, which can simplify manufacturing and reduce costs. The water-soluble polymers described herein allow for the solution deposition of alternating layers of polymers of differing solubilities to form bilayer or multilayer devices. When depositing the conjugated polymer on a substrate, the solution can be relatively dilute, such as from 0.1 to 20% w/w in concentration, especially 0.2 to 5% w. In some embodiments, film thicknesses may be at least about 50, 100, or 200 nm. In some embodiments, film thicknesses of less than about 400, 200, or 100 nm can be used. The polymer solution can be formed into a selected shape if desired, e.g. a fiber, film or the like by any suitable method, for example extrusion. After deposition of a solution comprising a conjugated polymer, the solvent is removed. Any available method or combination of methods may be used for removing the solvent. Exemplary solvent removal methods include evaporation, heating, extraction, and subjecting the solution to a vacuum. In some embodiments, the conjugated polymer may be deposited on a substrate. The substrate can comprise a wide range of material, either biological, nonbiological, organic, inorganic, or a combination of any of these. In some embodiments, the substrate can be transparent. The substrate can be a rigid material, for example a rigid plastic or a rigid inorganic oxide. The substrate can be a flexible material, for example a transparent organic polymer such as polyethyleneterephthalate or a flexible polycarbonate. The substrate can be conductive or nonconductive. The CPs can be deposited on a substrate in any of a variety of formats. For example, the substrate may be a polymerized Langmuir Blodgett film, functionalized glass, Si, Ge, GaAs, indium doped GaN, GaP, SiC (Nature 430:1009, 2004), SiO2, SiN4, semiconductor nanocrystals, modified silicon, or any of a wide variety of gels or polymers such as (poly)tetrafluoroethylene, (poly)vinylidenedifluoride, polystyrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyacrylic, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, poly(lactide coglycolide), polyanhydrides, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), polyethyleneterephthalate, polysiloxanes, polymeric silica, latexes, dextran polymers, epoxies, polycarbonates, agarose, poly(acrylamide) or combinations thereof. Conducting polymers and photoconductive materials can be used. The substrate can take the form of a photodiode, an optoelectronic sensor such as an optoelectronic semiconductor chip or optoelectronic thin-film semiconductor, or abiochip. The CPs may be used in methods which screen the CPs for any property of interest. For example, the CPs may be tested for binding to a target, for energy transfer to a chromophore, for increased fluorescent efficiency, for decreased self-quenching, for absorbance wavelength, emission wavelength, conductive properties, ability to inject and/or transport electrons, ability to block holes, ability to inject and/or transport holes, and/or work function, etc. Articles of Manufacture The CPs can be incorporated into any of various articles of manufacture including optoelectronic or electronic devices, biosensors, diodes, including photodiodes and light-emitting diodes (“LEDs”), optoelectronic semiconductor chips, semiconductor thin-films, and chips, and can be used in array or microarray form. The polymer can be incorporated into a polymeric photoswitch. The polymer can be incorporated into an optical interconnect or a transducer to convert a light signal to an electrical impulse. The CPs can serve as liquid crystal materials. The CPs may be used as electrodes in electrochemical cells, as conductive layers in electrochromic displays, as field effective transistors, and as Schottky diodes. The CPs can be used as lasing materials. Optically pumped laser emission has been reported from MEH-PPV in dilute solution in an appropriate solvent, in direct analogy with conventional dye lasers [D. Moses, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 3215 (1992); U.S. Pat. No. 5,237,582]. Semiconducting polymers in the form of neat undiluted films have been demonstrated as active luminescent materials in solid state lasers [F. Hide, M. A. Diaz-Garcia, B. J. Schwartz, M. R. Andersson, Q. Pei, and A. J. Heeger, Science 273, 1833 (1996); N. Tessler, G. J. Denton, and R. H. Friend, Nature 382, 695 (1996)]. The use of semiconducting polymers as materials for solid state lasers is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,881,083 issued Mar. 9, 1999 to Diaz-Garcia et al. and titled “Conjugated Polymers as Materials for Solid State Lasers.” In semiconducting polymers, the emission is at longer wavelengths than the onset of significant absorption (the Stokes shift) resulting from inter- and intramolecular energy transfer. Thus there is minimal self-absorption of the emitted radiation [F. Hide et al., Science 273, 1833 (1996)], so self-absorption does not make the materials lossy. Moreover, since the absorption and emission are spectrally separated, pumping the excited state via the π to π* transition does not stimulate emission, and an inverted population can be obtained at relatively low pump power. Light-emitting diodes can be fabricated incorporating one or more layers of CPs, which may serve as conductive layers. Light can be emitted in various ways, e.g., by using one or more transparent or semitransparent electrodes, thereby allowing generated light to exit from the device. The mechanism of operation of a polymer LED requires that carrier injection be optimized and balanced by matching the electrodes to the electronic structure of the semiconducting polymer. For optimum injection, the work function of the anode should lie at approximately the top of the valence band, Ev, (the π-band or highest occupied molecular orbital, HOMO) and the work function of the cathode should lie at approximately the bottom of the conduction band, Ec, (the π*-band or lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, LUMO). LED embodiments include hole-injecting and electron-injecting electrodes. A conductive layer made of a high work function material (above 4.5 eV) may be used as the hole-injecting electrode. Exemplary high work function materials include electronegative metals such as gold or silver, and metal-metal oxide mixtures such as indium-tin oxide. An electron-injecting electrode can be fabricated from a low work function metal or alloy, typically having a work function below 4.3. Exemplary low work function materials include indium, calcium, barium and magnesium. The electrodes can be applied by any suitable method; a number of methods are known to the art (e.g. evaporated, sputtered, or electron-beam evaporation). In some embodiments, polymer light-emitting diodes have been fabricated using a semiconducting polymer cast from solution in an organic solvent as an emissive layer and a water-soluble (or methanol-soluble) conjugated copolymer as an electron-transport layer (ETL) in the device configuration: ITO(indium tin oxide)/PEDOT(poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)/emissive polymer/ETL/Ba/Al. The inventors have successfully fabricated multi-layer PLEDs using a semiconducting polymer (red, green or blue emitting), cast from solution in an organic solvent, as the emissive layer and a water-soluble (or methanol-soluble) cationic conjugated copolymer as electron-transport layer. The results demonstrate that devices with the ETL have significantly lower turn-on voltage, higher brightness and improved luminous efficiency. Although the examples demonstrate the use of an electron-transport layer formed from the soluble conductive polymer, any form of conducting layer can be used. Thus, judicious choice of monomers as described herein can result in polymers with hole-injecting and/or transporting properties, as well as polymers with electron-injecting and/or transporting properties. The device geometry and deposition order can be selected based on the type of conductive polymer being used. More than one type of conductive polymer can be used in the same multilayer device. A multilayer device may include more than one layer of electron-injecting conjugated polymers, more than one layer of hole-injecting conjugated polymers, or at least one layer of a hole-injecting polymer and at least one layer of an electron-injecting conjugated polymer. In PLEDs, the device efficiency is reduced by cathode quenching since the recombination zone is typically located near the cathode.[20] The addition of an ETL moves the recombination zone away from the cathode and thereby eliminates cathode quenching. In addition, the ETL can serve to block the diffusion of metal atoms, such as barium and calcium, and thereby prevents the generation of quenching centers[20] during the cathode deposition process. In some embodiments, the principal criteria when a soluble conjugated polymer is used as an electron transport layer (ETL) in polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) are the following: (1) The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the ETL must be at an energy close to, or even within the π*-band of the emissive semiconducting polymer (so electrons can be injected); and (2) The solvent used for casting the electron injection material must not dissolve the underlying emissive polymer. Similarly, the principal criteria for a polymer based hole transport layer (HTL) for use in polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) is that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the HTL must be at an energy close to, or even within the valence band of the emissive semiconducting polymer. Solubility considerations can dictate the deposition order of the particular CPs ans solvents used to produce a desired device configuration. Any number of layers of CPs with different solubilities may be deposited via solution processing by employing these techniques. The PLEDs comprising CPs described herein can be incorporated in any available display device, including a full color LED display, a cell phone display, a PDA (personal digital assistant), portable combination devices performing multiple functions (phone/PDA/camera/etc.), a flat panel display including a television or a monitor, a computer monitor, a laptop computer, a computer notepad, and an integrated computer-monitor systems. The PLEDs may be incorporated in active or passive matrices. EXAMPLES The following examples are set forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete description of how to make and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what is regarded as the invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some experimental error and deviation should be accounted for. Unless otherwise indicated, parts are parts by weight, temperature is degree centigrade and pressure is at or near atmospheric, and all materials are commercially available. Experimental In one embodiment, polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) have been fabricated using a semiconducting polymer cast from solution in an organic solvent as an emissive layer and a water-soluble (or methanol-soluble) conjugated copolymer as an electron-transport layer (ETL) in the device configuration: ITO/PEDOT/emissive polymers/ETL/Ba/Al. The results demonstrate that devices with the ETL have significantly lower turn-on voltage, higher brightness and improved luminous efficiency. See figures. Example 1 Fabrication of PLEDs The water soluble conjugated copolymer, poly{[9,9-bis(6′-(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)-fluorine-2,7-diyl]-alt-[2,5-bis(p-phenylene)-1,3,4-oxadiazole])}(PFON+(CH3)3I−—PBD) was synthesized using the palladium catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction[13,14] and used as an electron transport layer (ETL). Poly(9,9-dihexyl-fluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (PFO-BT) was also synthesized using the Suzuki coupling reaction.[15] Poly(9,9-dioctyfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFO) and poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) were purchased from American Dye Source, Inc. (Canada). The molecular structures of PFO, PFO-BT, MEH-PPV and PFON+(CH3)3I−—PBD are shown below: The HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO energy levels are shown in FIG. 1 (the work functions of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) and barium are also shown for comparison). PEDOT:PSS on indium tin oxide (ITO) was used as the hole-injecting bilayer electrode. PLEDS were fabricated with and without the ETL layer in the following device structures: (ITO)/PEDOT:PSS/Emissive polymer/Ba/Al and (ITO)/PEDOT:PSS/Emissive Polymer/ETL/Ba/Al. Details of device fabrication and testing have been reported elsewhere; all fabrication steps were carried out inside a controlled atmosphere dry box under nitrogen atmosphere.[16,17] The ETL was deposited on top of the emissive layer by spin-casting from solution in methanol (0.6% wt.-%) to form a PFON+(CH3)3I−—PBD layer with thickness of approximately 30 nm and then annealed at 90° C. for 2 hours to remove residual solvent. Hydrophilic methanol was used as the solvent (rather than water) to achieve better inter-layer wetting while maintaining well-defined multi-layers. The term “emissive polymer/ETL” is used to designate devices with an ETL. Example 2 Characterization of PLEDs Comprising a Water-Soluble CCP FIG. 2 shows the current density vs. voltage and brightness vs. voltage characteristics of devices made using PFO with and without the ETL. The PFO/ETL devices turned on at ˜3V (the turn-on voltage is defined as the voltage at the brightness of 0.1 cd/m2), whereas the turn-on voltage is at 5V for PFO devices made without the ETL.[18] At 6 V, the luminance (L) obtained from the PFO/ETL devices is L=3450 cd/m2, compared to L=30 cd/m2 for devices without the ETL. Similar improvements were observed from the devices made with green and red emitting conjugated polymers. For MEH-PPV/ETL devices, L=5600 cd/m2 at 5 V compared to L=3550 cd/m2 for similar devices fabricated without the ETL. Therefore, the addition of the ETL results in lower turn-on voltage and higher brightness. The dramatic improvement in brightness and the reduced turn-on voltage result from improved electron injection (there is a good match of the LUMO of the ETL to the π*-band of the emissive polymer(s)) and from the hole blocking capability of the ETL (LUMO energy at −6.24 eV relative to the vacuum). The luminous efficiency (LE in cd/A) vs. current density (J in mA/cm2) for devices with and without the ETL are shown in FIGS. 3a, 3b and 3c. As shown in FIG. 3, devices with ETL have higher luminous efficiency, higher power efficiency, and correspondingly higher brightness at a given voltage. The improvements in LE and PE can be understood in greater detail by comparing the LUMO energy level of the emissive polymer with that of PFON+(CH3)3I−—PBD and the work-function of barium (see FIG. 1). The energy barrier between the LUMO of PFO and the work function of barium is ˜0.6 eV. Thus, by adding the PFON+(CH3)3I−—PBD layer as the ETL, electron injection is enhanced. For PFO-BT and MEH-PPV, there is no energy barrier for electron injection. However, the hole-blocking feature of the PFON+(CH3)3I−—PBD layer leads to better balanced electron and hole currents. In addition, the enhanced electron injection can also facilitate hole injection.[21] Therefore, the larger and more nearly balanced electron and hole currents lead to higher luminous efficiencies in the devices with the ETL. Interfacial energetics are known to play an important role in the emission characteristics of organic LEDs.[22] [23] By adding the ETL between the cathode and the emissive polymer, the contacts at both interfaces are improved. Atomic force microscope (AFM) images show that the surface of the ETL is more rough than that of the emissive polymer. See FIG. 4. As a result, more effective electron injection is achieved simply because of the increased contact area between ETL and cathode. CONCLUSION The water- and methanol-soluble conjugated polymer, PFON+(CH3)3I−—PBD, was used as an electron-transporting layer in multi-layer PLEDs. By casting the ETL from solution in methanol and the emissive layer from solution in an organic solvent, interfacial mixing was avoided. Using blue, green or red emitting semiconducting polymers as the emissive layer and PFON+(CH3)3I−—PBD as the ETL, significant improvements in performance were demonstrated. More importantly, our results indicate that multi-layer PLEDs can be fabricated by deposition of multiple solutions. Although the invention has been described in some detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, those of skill in the art will realize, in light of the teachings herein, that certain changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the claims. REFERENCES [1] C. Tang, S. VanSlyke, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1987, 51, 913. [2] J. Burroughes, D. Bradley, A. Brown, R. Marks, K. Mackay, R. Friend, P. Burn, A. Holmes, Nature 1990, 347, 539. [3] N. S. Sariciftci, A. S. Heeger, in Handbook of Organic Conductive Molecules and Polymers (Ed: H. S, Nalwa), Wiley, UK 1997, Vol. 1, Ch. 8. [4] D. D. C. Bradley M. Synth. Met. 1993, 54, 401. [5] M. K. Fung, S. L. Lai, S. W. Tong, M. Y. Chan, C. S. Lee, and S. T. Lee. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 81, 1497. [6] H. Yan, Q. Huang, J. Cui, J. G. C. Veinot, M. M. Kern, T. J. Marks, Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 835. [7] X. Gong, D. Moses, and A. J. Heeger. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 183. [8] T. M. Brown, R. H. Friend, I. S. Millard, D. J. Lacey, J. H. Burroughes, and F. Cacialli Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 79, 174. [9] M. Y. Chan, S. L. Lai, M. K. Fung, S. W. Tong, C. S. Lee, and S. T. Lee Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82, 1784. [10] L. S. Hung, C. H. Chen. Mater. Sci. And Eng., 2002, R39, 143. [11] M. Hwang, M. Hua, S. Chen, Polymer 1999, 40, 3233. [12] Y. Yang and Q. Pei. J. Appl. Phys. 1995, 77 4807 [13] X. Zhan, Y. Liu, X. Wu, S. Wang, and D. Zhu, Macro, 2002, 35, 2529. [14] P. Iyer, G. C. Bazan, to be published. [15] J. Hunag, Y. H. Niu, W. Yang, Y. Q. Mo, M. Yuan, Y. Cao, Macro. 2002, 35, 6080. [16] X. Gong, J. C. Ostrowsld, G. C. Bazan, D. Moses, and A. J. Heeger, Adv. Func. Mater. 2003, 13, 439. [17] X. Gong, J. C. Ostrowski, M. R. Robinson, D. Moses, G. C. Bazan, and Alan J. Heeger. Adv. Mat. 2002, 14, 581. [18] M. T. Bernius, M. Inbasekaran, J. O'Brien, W. S. Wu, Adv. Mater., 2000, 12, 1737. [19] D. O'Brien, M. S. Weaver, D. G. Lidzey, and D. D. C. Bradley. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1996. 69, 881. [20] V.-E. Choong, Y. Park, Y. Gao, T. Wehrmeister, K. Müllen, B. R. Hsieh, and C. W. Tang, Appl Phys. Lett. 1996. 69, 1492. [21] K. Murata, S. Cina, and N. C. Greenham, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001.79, 1193. [22] J. Cui, Q. Huang, J. G. C. Veinot, H. Yan, T. J. Marks. Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 565. [23] N. C. Greenham, S. C. Moratti, D. D. C. Bradley, R. H. Friend & A. B. Holmes. Nature, 1993. 365, 628. [24] P. E. Burrows, V. Bulovic, S. R. Forrest, L. S. Sapochak, D. M. McCarty, and M. E. Thompson, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1994. 65, 2922. [25] L. M. Do, E. M. Han, Y. Niidome, and M. Fujihira. T. Kanno, S. Yoshida, A. Maeda, and A. J. Ikushima J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1996. 76, 5118. [26] J. McElvain, H. Antoniadis, M. R. Hueschen, J. N. Miller, D. M. Roitman, J. R. Sheats, and R. L. Moon, J. Appl. Phys. 1996, 80, 6002. [27] S. Liu, X. Z. Jiang, H. Ma, M. S. Liu, and A. K.-Y. Jen, Macro., 2000. 33, 3514. [28] Baur, J. W.; Kim, S. H.; Balanda, P. B.; Reynolds, J. R.; Rubner, M. F. Thin-Film light-emitting devices based on sequentially adsorbed multilayers of water-soluble poly(p-phenylene)s. Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 1452.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Polymeric semiconductors have been incorporated into a wide array of electronic, optical and optoelectronic materials and devices. One limitation on manufacturing processes involving semiconducting polymers is the difficulties in preparing multilayer materials. Solution processing is one of the simplest, most economical, and most controllable methods for depositing layers of a conjugated polymer of interest. However, because most conjugated polymers are soluble in organic and/or nonpolar media, depositing a solution of one conjugated polymer onto a previously deposited layer of another conjugated polymer can solubilize it and result in interfacial mixing. This can lead to disruption of the desired device orientation/structure/geometry, process irreproducibility, and reduced efficiency of resulting devices. Thus traditional manufacturing methods for multilayer devices typically involve only one solution processing step for depositing polymers, with remaining layers deposited by more problematic methods, including sputtering, thermal vapor deposition, and chemical deposition methods, which can be more costly and less controllable. There is a need in the art for conjugated polymers having different physical properties, for methods of making and using them, and for compositions, articles of manufacture and machines comprising such compounds.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Methods, compositions and articles of manufacture involving soluble conjugated polymers are provided. The conjugated polymers have a sufficient density of polar substituents to render them soluble in a polar medium, for example water and/or methanol. The conjugated polymer may desirably comprise monomers which alter its conductivity properties. In some embodiments, the inventors have provided cationic conjugated polymers (CCPs) comprising both solubilizing groups and conductive groups, resulting in conductive conjugated polymers soluble in polar media. The different solubility properties of these polymers allow their deposition in solution in multilayer formats with other conjugated polymers. Also provided are articles of manufacture comprising multiple layers of conjugated polymers having differing solubility characteristics. Embodiments of the invention are described further herein.

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H01S304

WALTERS JR, ROBERT S

Methods And Devices Comprising Soluble Conjugated Polymers

SMALL

CONT-ACCEPTED

H01S

ACCEPTED

Two stage sewage grinder pump

A two-stage sewage grinder pump (10) having two impellers (30, 32) and a grinder (60) attached to the motor shaft (24). Preferably, both impellers are vortex impellers and are positioned between the grinder and the motor. The motor housing includes a discharge conduit (70) that is monolithic with the motor housing (20). An anti-siphon valve (71) is integral with the discharge conduit. An integral discharge flange (75) and check valve (78) are attached to the discharge conduit to connect the sewage grinder pump to a sewage outlet.

1-3. (canceled) 4. A sewage grinder pump comprising: a motor housing; a pump housing, having an inlet communicated to a first stage volute, a discharge of the first stage volute communicated through an inter-stage conduit to an inlet of a second stage volute and a discharge of the second stage volute communicated to an outlet; a motor enclosed within the motor housing, the motor having a shaft extending therefrom into the pump housing; a centrifugal impeller positioned in the first stage volute; a centrifugal impeller Positioned in the second stage volute, each of the centrifugal impellers being attached to the motor shaft; and a grinder positioned in the pump housing inlet and attached to the motor shaft, the grinder and the centrifugal impellers having a common axis of rotation inside the pump housing. 5. The sewage grinder pump according to claim 4, wherein the motor shaft extends vertically. 6. The sewage grinder pump according to claim 4, wherein the first and second stage of centrifugal impellers are positioned along the motor shaft between the motor and the grinder. 7. The sewage grinder pump according to claim 4, wherein at least one of the of centrifugal impellers is a vortex impeller. 8-9. (canceled) 10. The sewage grinder pump according to claim 4, wherein the grinder further comprises a means for throttling inlet flow. 11-13. (canceled) 14. The sewage grinder pump according to claim 4, further comprising a discharge conduit monolithic with the motor housing and communicated to the pump housing outlet. 15. The sewage grinder pump according to claim 14, wherein the discharge conduit has an anti-siphon valve integral therewith, the anti-siphon valve comprising a valve seat and a movable valve element. 16. The sewage grinder pump according to claim 15, wherein the anti-siphon valve further comprises a means for bleeding fluid. 17. The sewage grinder pump according to claim 15, wherein the anti-siphon valve further comprises a stop, the stop being positioned between the movable valve element and the interior of the discharge conduit. 18. The sewage grinder pump according to claim 15, wherein the movable valve element lies in a plane that is inclined from vertical. 19. The sewage grinder pump according to claim 14, further comprising: a discharge flange attached to the motor housing, the discharge flange in fluid communication with the discharge conduit; and a check valve integral with the discharge flange. 20. The sewage grinder pump according to claim 19, wherein the discharge flange has a lift handle monolithic therewith. 21. A method for grinding and pumping sewage comprising: providing the sewage grinder pump of claim 4; operating the motor to rotate the attached impellers and grinder; introducing sewage into the pump housing inlet; rotating the grinder in the pump housing inlet to grind any solids contained in the sewage; passing the around sewage from the grinder into the first stage volute; rotating the first stage impeller to increase the pressure of the ground sewage; passing the around and Pressurized sewage from the first stage volute into the second stage volute; rotating the second stage impeller to further increase the pressure of the ground and pressurized sewage; and discharging the ground and twice-pressurized sewage through the pump housing outlet. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the step of discharging the ground and twice-pressurized sewage comprises discharging the ground and twice-pressurized sewage through a discharge conduit that is monolithic with the motor. 23. The method according to claim 22, further comprising the step of relieving vacuum within the discharge conduit through an anti-siphon valve that is integral with the discharge conduit. 24. The method according to claim 22, wherein the step of discharging the ground and twice-pressurized sewage includes preventing back flow into the discharge conduit with a check valve that is integral with a discharge flange attached to the discharge conduit. 25. The method according to claim 21, wherein the step of providing the sewage grinder pump comprises providing a motor of about 2 horsepower and the step of operating the motor comprises rotating the motor and attached impellers to produce at least about 200 feet head at zero flow and at least about 30 gallons per minute maximum flow. 26. The method according to claim 21, wherein the step of providing the sewage grinder pump comprises attaching the second stage impeller to the shaft proximate the motor, attaching the first stage impeller to the shaft proximate the second stage impeller, and attaching the grinder to the shaft proximate the first stage impeller. 27-53. (canceled)

This application claims priority from provisional application Ser.No. 60/511,288, filed Oct. 14, 2003, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates generally to sewage grinder pumps and more particularly to two-stage high head low flow sewage grinder pumps. Many residential sewer systems use only the force of gravity to provide for discharging its wastewater into progressively larger sewer mains and ultimately to a dedicated treatment plant that is usually located in a low-lying area such that gravity can assist the flow of sewage. However, in a hilly land area, in a below-grade setting, along long horizontal pipe runs or perhaps due to smaller-diameter piping restrictions, gravity often will not suffice. In such situations, a lift-station or a stand-alone sewage ejector pump is required if gravity alone will not allow flow of sewage at a speed of at least 2 feet per second, which is considered to be a minimum required velocity to maintain suspended sewage solids in suspension. One type of ejector pump is a submersible grinder pump. In areas of low pressure, one can employ such a fixture to move the sewage from a given location to a sewage collection system. The pump may be installed below the nearest available sewer line. The pump will either lift the waste to the level of the main drain or move the sewage though the piping. Grinder pumps cut and grind solid materials into tiny pieces and are designed to reduce sewage particulate to a slurry. This overcomes sewage passageways restrictions and allows free movement of the fluid. A commonly used submersible grinder pump is a centrifugal pump with a recessed vortex impeller. In these systems, one can expect a power range of 2 to 7.5 horsepower (HP). Residences generally use the 2 HP models, principally due to its compatibility with typical residential electric-circuit configurations that provide comparatively low power. However, one may require a larger HP centrifugal pump, an intermediate lift station, or a progressing cavity style pump when sewer system pressures or flow resistance exceeds the capabilities of a 2 HP centrifugal pump. In residential applications, such systems are often unaffordable. The progressing cavity pump's major advantage is its ability to work under relatively high pressures and allow service to areas with high-pressure requirements without the need for additional lift stations or relatively high HP pumps. Unfortunately, wear items that readily fail at high pressures, such as that pump's wobble stator arrangement, are a significant disadvantage. Alternatively, centrifugal pumps offer higher flow rates than progressing cavity style pumps, have the ability to handle abrasives and slurries, and can operate at stall head or zero flow for extended periods without causing pump damage. For example, design pressures can be readily exceeded and can remain high until an upset condition, such as excessive simultaneous operations following a power outage, or high infiltration caused by poor installation, is resolved. However, a 2 HP residential centrifugal pump will have a significantly lower pressure limitation than a progressing cavity pump and is not suited for pressure sewer systems that achieve a total system head (distance pump is capable of lifting fluid) greater than 120 feet at the pump. Thus, in a pressure sewer system where upset conditions produce high system pressures, both the progressing cavity and typical single-stage centrifugal grinder pumps lack relevant design efficiencies and possess limiting capabilities. However, since the centrifugal pump with recessed vortex impeller is more robust and reliable, a welcome pump design modification will combine this advantage with the high-pressure advantage of the progressing cavity pump to produce a pump that is affordable and still suitable to residential applications. The foregoing illustrates limitations known to exist in present sewage grinder pumps. Thus, it is apparent that it would be advantageous to provide an alternative directed to overcoming one or more of the limitations set forth above. Accordingly, a suitable alternative is provided including features more fully disclosed hereinafter. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one aspect of the present invention, this is accomplished by providing a sewage grinder pump comprising: a housing; a motor enclosed within the housing, the motor having a shaft extending therefrom; a plurality of impellers attached to the motor shaft; and a grinder attached to the motor shaft, the grinder and the plurality of impellers having a common axis of rotation. In another aspect of the present invention, this is accomplished by providing a sewage grinder pump comprising: a housing; a motor enclosed within the housing, the motor having a shaft extending therefrom; a pump attached to the motor shaft; and a grinder attached to the motor shaft, the housing having a discharge conduit monolithic therewith, the discharge conduit being in fluid communication with the pump. In another aspect of the present invention, this is accomplished by providing a method for grinding and pumping sewage comprising: providing a motor having a shaft extending therefrom with a first stage impeller, a second stage impeller and a grinder attached thereto; operating the motor to rotate the attached impellers and grinder; introducing sewage into the grinder; grinding any solids contained in the sewage in the grinder; passing sewage from the grinder into the first stage impeller; increasing the pressure of the sewage by rotation of the first stage impeller; passing sewage from the first stage impeller into the second stage impeller; increasing the pressure of the sewage further by rotation of the second stage impeller; and discharging the pressurized sewage into a sewer system. In another aspect of the present invention, this is accomplished by providing a sewage grinder pump comprising: a housing; a motor enclosed within the housing, the motor having a shaft extending therefrom, the motor being about 2 horsepower; two impellers attached to the motor shaft, a first stage impeller and a second stage impeller, the sewage grinder pump having a stall head greater than about 200 13feet and a maximum flow greater than about 30 gallons per minute; and a grinder attached to the motor shaft. In another aspect of the present invention, this is accomplished by providing a sewage grinder pump comprising: a housing; a motor enclosed within the housing, the motor having a shaft extending therefrom; a pump attached to the motor shaft; a grinder attached to the motor shaft; and a discharge flange in fluid communication with the pump, the discharge flange having a check valve integral therewith. In another aspect of the present invention, this is accomplished by providing a sewage grinder pump comprising: a housing; a motor enclosed within the housing, the motor having a shaft extending therefrom; a pump operably attached to the motor shaft; a grinder operably attached to the motor shaft; and a discharge conduit in fluid communication with the pump, the discharge conduit having an anti-siphon valve integral therewith, the antisiphon valve having a valve seat and a movable valve. In another aspect of the present invention, this is accomplished by providing a method of installing a sewage grinder pump in a basin, the basin having a sewage outlet connection, the method comprising: providing a sewage grinder pump; selecting an appropriate discharge flange from a plurality of discharge flanges comprising at least one discharge flange having a first configuration and at least one discharge flange having a second configuration; attaching the discharge flange to the sewage grinder pump; positioning the sewage grinder pump with the attached discharge flange within the basin; attaching the discharge flange to a sewage outlet connection. In another aspect of the present invention, this is accomplished by providing a sewage grinder pump comprising: a housing; a motor enclosed within the housing, the motor having a shaft extending therefrom; a pump operably attached to the motor shaft; a grinder operably attached to the motor shaft; and a discharge flange attached to the housing, the discharge flange being in fluid communication with the pump, the discharge flange having a connector assembly, the connector assembly adapted to connect the discharge flange to a sewage outlet, the connector assembly including an elastomeric seal for sealingly engaging the sewage outlet. The foregoing and other aspects will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawing figures. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a two-stage sewage grinder pump according to the present invention installed in a basin; FIG. 2 is a top view of the sewage grinder pump shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a front view of the sewage grinder pump shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the sewage grinder pump shown in FIG. 2 taken along line 4-4; FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the sewage grinder pump shown in FIG. 2 taken along line 5-5; FIG. 6 is a rear view of the sewage grinder pump shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the lower portion of the sewage grinder pump shown in FIG. 5; FIG. 8 is a bottom view of the sewage grinder pump shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 9 is a bottom view of the first stage impeller shown in FIGS. 4 and 5; FIG. 10 is a bottom view of the second stage impeller shown in FIGS. 4 and 5; FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of the anti-siphon valve shown in FIG. 3, taken on line 11-11; FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the anti-siphon valve shown in FIG. 3, taken on line 12-12; FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a check valve integral with a discharge conduit; FIG. 14 is a front view of a single stage sewage grinder pump; FIG. 15 is a top view of an additional embodiment of the two-stage sewage grinder pump according to the present invention; FIG. 16 is a front view of the two-stage sewage grinder pump shown in FIG. 15. FIG. 17 is a horizontal cross-sectional view of a portion of the sewage grinder pump and basin shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 18 is a vertical cross-sectional view of the details of the connection of the sewage grinder pump to the sewage discharge; and FIG. 19 is a general plot showing the relationship between pressure head versus flow rate for the sewage grinder pump shown in FIG. 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 1 shows a basin 100 with a sewage grinder pump 10 according to the present invention installed within the basin The basin 100 has a sewage inlet 102 that receives sewage from a home, business or other source. Sewage flows into basin 100 through the sewage inlet 102 and drops to the bottom of the basin. Sewage grinder pump 10 sits within the basin 100 on pump supports 108, 109, attached to support wall 114, that raise the pump inlet 41 above the bottom of the basin. The pump discharge fluid conduit 80 is connected to sewage outlet 110. An isolation valve 104 with an extended operator handle 106 is provided to isolate sewage grinder pump 10 from the sewage outlet 110 to allow maintenance or removal of the sewage grinder pump. Sewage grinder pump 10 is further supported within basin 100 by a suspension cable 12. A pair of electrical conduits 14 provide electrical power and control signals to sewage grinder pump 10. In operation, as the sewage level in basin 100 rises to a predetermined level, the pump control system turns the pump on. Sewage and any entrained solids enter the pump inlet 41 where the solids are reduced in size in grinder 60. The pressure of the sewage and the contained comminuted solids is then raised by the two stages of vortex impellers 30, 32. Preferably, the pump motor 22 is a 2 HP motor and the sewage grinder pump 10 has a shut-off head greater than about 200 feet and a maximum flow greater than about 30 gallons per minute, as shown in FIG. 19. In one embodiment, sewage grinder pump 10 is provided with a plurality of pumping stages, see FIGS. 1 through 8. In an alternate embodiment, sewage grinder pump 10′ is provided as a single stage pump, see FIG. 14. Referring to FIGS. 2 through 8, the major components of sewage grinder pump 10 are shown. The major components of pump 10 are the pump housing 40, the motor housing 20 and discharge conduit 70 monolithic therewith, and discharge flange 75. Discharge flange 75 is provided in multiple configurations, see FIGS. 15 and 16. The pump housing 40 houses the grinder 60 and two stages of vortex impellers 30, 32. Starting with the pump housing 40, shown in an enlarged cross-section in FIG. 7, the pump housing has an inlet section 41, an inter-stage conduit 42 and an outlet 44. The grinder 60 is positioned within the inlet section 41 and includes a rotating cutter 66 positioned within a stationary shredding ring 64. The rotating cutter 66 includes a plurality of cutters 68 (shown in FIG. 8) and has a plurality of slots 61 formed in the outer periphery of the rotating cutter 66. The slots 61 extend from the outer face of the rotating cutter 66 to the inner face of the rotating cutter. The stationary shredding ring 64 has a plurality of channels 46 formed in the inner periphery of the stationary shredding ring 64. Channels 46 also extend from the outer face of the shredding ring 64 to the inner face of the shredding ring. In addition to the comminuting action of the cutters 68, additional shredding takes place between the slots 61 and the channels 46. Also, the slots 61 and channels 46 act to throttle the inlet flow to the first stage impeller 30. From the grinder 60, the sewage flows into the first stage volute 55. First stage impeller 30 increases the pressure and discharges into discharge passage 43, where the sewage passes into the inter-stage conduit 42 and enters the second stage volute 56 via second stage inlet 45. Second stage impeller 32 increases the pressure to the final discharge pressure and the sewage passes into the second stage outlet 47 and into pump housing outlet 44. Preferably, impellers 30, 32 are both vortex impellers. As shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, the impellers are similar. Each impeller has a plurality of pumping vanes 31, 33, respectively, on the pumping face of the impeller. If needed, second stage impeller can include pump out vanes (not numbered) on the rear face of the impeller. In one embodiment, the first stage impeller 30 is ¼ inch larger in diameter than the second stage impeller 32. The first stage volute 55 is also slightly larger than the second stage volute 56. Typically, the pressure increase is divided about 50-50 between the first stage and the second stage. Referring again to FIG. 7, motor shaft 24 is attached to motor 22. The upper end of motor shaft 24 is enclosed within seal plate 52 that is attached to motor enclosure 20 by a plurality of bolts (not numbered). Within seal plate 52, the shaft 24 is rotatably supported by bearing 48. Below bearing 48 is a stationary seal 51 with a rotating mechanical seal 49 biased into contact with the stationary seal 51 by spring 50. The second stage impeller 32 is threaded onto shaft sleeve 53 and sleeve 53 is then threaded onto shaft 24. First stage impeller 30 is attached to shaft 24 by rotating cutter 66, which is attached to shaft 24 by bolt 58. A suction cover 62 is attached to the lower end of pump housing 40. Rotating cutter 66 and stationary shredding ring 64 fit within a central aperture in suction cover 62. Impellers 30, 32 and grinder 60 are preferably attached to the same shaft and, more preferably, the impellers 30, 32 are positioned between the motor 22 and the grinder 66. The discharge conduit 70 is monolithic with motor housing 20. Preferably, motor housing 20 and discharge conduit 70 are a monolithic casting. The discharge conduit 70 is positioned external to the portion of motor housing 20 that encloses motor 22. The discharge 70 connects the pump housing outlet 44 to the inlet 81 of the discharge flange 75. Discharge conduit 70 has an anti-siphon valve 71 integral therewith. Details of anti-siphon 71 are shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. Anti-siphon valve 71 is positioned in a side of the discharge conduit 70 and acts to prevent siphoning from basin 100 in the event a break occurs in a downstream section of the sewer pipe. Anti-siphon valve 71 includes a removable cover 67 attached over an opening in the side of discharge conduit 70. The cover 67 forms a downwardly directed outlet 63. The inside of cover 67 forms a valve seat 72 for movable valve 73. Movable valve 73 is formed from an elastomeric material sandwiched between stainless steel washers riveted together. An end portion of movable valve 73 is sandwiched between cover 67 and discharge conduit 70. The section of movable valve 73 adjacent to the stainless steel washers forms a living hinge 91 that permits movable valve 73 to move off the valve seat 72. Movable valve 73 opens in the direction indicated by arrow 65. The center of movable valve includes a bleeder 69 that forms a bleed path to allow both air and liquid to pass through the movable valve. This helps to prevent sticking of the anti-siphon valve 71 and can bleed any air within the pump and discharge conduit upon startup. Formed in discharge conduit 70 are stops 74 that prevent movable valve 73 from inadvertently being pulled into the flowing liquid within discharge conduit 70. Attached to the top of motor housing 20 is discharge flange 75. Discharge flange 75 has a lift handle 76 formed therein. Within discharge flange 75 is a fluid conduit 80 having an inlet 81 and an outlet 82. The inlet 81 of fluid conduit 80 is connected to the discharge of discharge conduit 70. Integral with discharge flange 75 is a check valve 78. Check valve 78 includes a removable valve seat 79 positioned within the inlet 81 of the fluid conduit 80. A movable valve 77 is attached to the valve seat 79. Check valve movable valve 77 is similar to anti-siphon movable valve 73, but does not include bleeder 69. Because check valve 78 is integral with discharge flange 75, installation of sewage grinder pump 10 is simplified by eliminating the need to provide additional piping with a separate check valve. Other configurations of pumps can be accommodated by providing discharge flanges 75 in various configurations (see FIGS. 13 and 16). The sewage grinder pump 10 of the present invention can be retro-fitted as a replacement for other style pumps. One such retro-fit pump 200 is shown in FIG. 16. To retro-fit a pump, a sewage grinder pump 200 comprising a pump and motor housing similar to that shown in the FIGURES for sewage grinder pump 10 is supplied. An appropriate discharge flange 75 is selected from a plurality of discharge flanges having various configurations. The discharge flange 75 is attached to pump housing 20. Next the pump 200 is positioned within the basin and the discharge flange 75 is attached to the sewage outlet connection. In one embodiment, discharge flange 75 includes a connector assembly 84 for connecting the discharge of sewage grinder pump 10 to the sewage outlet 110 via a connecting conduit 116 and isolation valve 104. The connector assembly 84 includes a flange 89 that slidably engages a connecting flange 112 attached to support wall 114 (see FIG. 17). In the face of connector assembly 84 (as shown in FIG. 6), an elastomeric seal 86 having a central aperture is attached to flange 89 by a retainer ring 90. The elastomeric seal 86 has a conical shape so that a central portion 88 of the elastomeric seal extends outwardly from flange 89 and engages the surface of connecting conduit mounting assembly 117 to seal the discharge of sewage grinder pump 10 to the connecting conduit 116. Sewage grinder pump 10 is installed by lowering the pump 10 into the basin 100 using suspension cable 12 and lift handle 76. Flange 89 is slid into the C-shaped basin connecting flange 112 with the elastomeric seal 86 engaging the connecting conduit mounting assembly 117 about the connecting conduit 116 to seal sewage grinder pump 10 to the sewage outlet. Flange 89 sits upon upper support 108 and a flange on the lower end of motor housing 20 sits upon lower support 109 to support sewage grinder pump 10 within basin 100.

<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>This invention relates generally to sewage grinder pumps and more particularly to two-stage high head low flow sewage grinder pumps. Many residential sewer systems use only the force of gravity to provide for discharging its wastewater into progressively larger sewer mains and ultimately to a dedicated treatment plant that is usually located in a low-lying area such that gravity can assist the flow of sewage. However, in a hilly land area, in a below-grade setting, along long horizontal pipe runs or perhaps due to smaller-diameter piping restrictions, gravity often will not suffice. In such situations, a lift-station or a stand-alone sewage ejector pump is required if gravity alone will not allow flow of sewage at a speed of at least 2 feet per second, which is considered to be a minimum required velocity to maintain suspended sewage solids in suspension. One type of ejector pump is a submersible grinder pump. In areas of low pressure, one can employ such a fixture to move the sewage from a given location to a sewage collection system. The pump may be installed below the nearest available sewer line. The pump will either lift the waste to the level of the main drain or move the sewage though the piping. Grinder pumps cut and grind solid materials into tiny pieces and are designed to reduce sewage particulate to a slurry. This overcomes sewage passageways restrictions and allows free movement of the fluid. A commonly used submersible grinder pump is a centrifugal pump with a recessed vortex impeller. In these systems, one can expect a power range of 2 to 7.5 horsepower (HP). Residences generally use the 2 HP models, principally due to its compatibility with typical residential electric-circuit configurations that provide comparatively low power. However, one may require a larger HP centrifugal pump, an intermediate lift station, or a progressing cavity style pump when sewer system pressures or flow resistance exceeds the capabilities of a 2 HP centrifugal pump. In residential applications, such systems are often unaffordable. The progressing cavity pump's major advantage is its ability to work under relatively high pressures and allow service to areas with high-pressure requirements without the need for additional lift stations or relatively high HP pumps. Unfortunately, wear items that readily fail at high pressures, such as that pump's wobble stator arrangement, are a significant disadvantage. Alternatively, centrifugal pumps offer higher flow rates than progressing cavity style pumps, have the ability to handle abrasives and slurries, and can operate at stall head or zero flow for extended periods without causing pump damage. For example, design pressures can be readily exceeded and can remain high until an upset condition, such as excessive simultaneous operations following a power outage, or high infiltration caused by poor installation, is resolved. However, a 2 HP residential centrifugal pump will have a significantly lower pressure limitation than a progressing cavity pump and is not suited for pressure sewer systems that achieve a total system head (distance pump is capable of lifting fluid) greater than 120 feet at the pump. Thus, in a pressure sewer system where upset conditions produce high system pressures, both the progressing cavity and typical single-stage centrifugal grinder pumps lack relevant design efficiencies and possess limiting capabilities. However, since the centrifugal pump with recessed vortex impeller is more robust and reliable, a welcome pump design modification will combine this advantage with the high-pressure advantage of the progressing cavity pump to produce a pump that is affordable and still suitable to residential applications. The foregoing illustrates limitations known to exist in present sewage grinder pumps. Thus, it is apparent that it would be advantageous to provide an alternative directed to overcoming one or more of the limitations set forth above. Accordingly, a suitable alternative is provided including features more fully disclosed hereinafter.

<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In one aspect of the present invention, this is accomplished by providing a sewage grinder pump comprising: a housing; a motor enclosed within the housing, the motor having a shaft extending therefrom; a plurality of impellers attached to the motor shaft; and a grinder attached to the motor shaft, the grinder and the plurality of impellers having a common axis of rotation. In another aspect of the present invention, this is accomplished by providing a sewage grinder pump comprising: a housing; a motor enclosed within the housing, the motor having a shaft extending therefrom; a pump attached to the motor shaft; and a grinder attached to the motor shaft, the housing having a discharge conduit monolithic therewith, the discharge conduit being in fluid communication with the pump. In another aspect of the present invention, this is accomplished by providing a method for grinding and pumping sewage comprising: providing a motor having a shaft extending therefrom with a first stage impeller, a second stage impeller and a grinder attached thereto; operating the motor to rotate the attached impellers and grinder; introducing sewage into the grinder; grinding any solids contained in the sewage in the grinder; passing sewage from the grinder into the first stage impeller; increasing the pressure of the sewage by rotation of the first stage impeller; passing sewage from the first stage impeller into the second stage impeller; increasing the pressure of the sewage further by rotation of the second stage impeller; and discharging the pressurized sewage into a sewer system. In another aspect of the present invention, this is accomplished by providing a sewage grinder pump comprising: a housing; a motor enclosed within the housing, the motor having a shaft extending therefrom, the motor being about 2 horsepower; two impellers attached to the motor shaft, a first stage impeller and a second stage impeller, the sewage grinder pump having a stall head greater than about 200 13 feet and a maximum flow greater than about 30 gallons per minute; and a grinder attached to the motor shaft. In another aspect of the present invention, this is accomplished by providing a sewage grinder pump comprising: a housing; a motor enclosed within the housing, the motor having a shaft extending therefrom; a pump attached to the motor shaft; a grinder attached to the motor shaft; and a discharge flange in fluid communication with the pump, the discharge flange having a check valve integral therewith. In another aspect of the present invention, this is accomplished by providing a sewage grinder pump comprising: a housing; a motor enclosed within the housing, the motor having a shaft extending therefrom; a pump operably attached to the motor shaft; a grinder operably attached to the motor shaft; and a discharge conduit in fluid communication with the pump, the discharge conduit having an anti-siphon valve integral therewith, the antisiphon valve having a valve seat and a movable valve. In another aspect of the present invention, this is accomplished by providing a method of installing a sewage grinder pump in a basin, the basin having a sewage outlet connection, the method comprising: providing a sewage grinder pump; selecting an appropriate discharge flange from a plurality of discharge flanges comprising at least one discharge flange having a first configuration and at least one discharge flange having a second configuration; attaching the discharge flange to the sewage grinder pump; positioning the sewage grinder pump with the attached discharge flange within the basin; attaching the discharge flange to a sewage outlet connection. In another aspect of the present invention, this is accomplished by providing a sewage grinder pump comprising: a housing; a motor enclosed within the housing, the motor having a shaft extending therefrom; a pump operably attached to the motor shaft; a grinder operably attached to the motor shaft; and a discharge flange attached to the housing, the discharge flange being in fluid communication with the pump, the discharge flange having a connector assembly, the connector assembly adapted to connect the discharge flange to a sewage outlet, the connector assembly including an elastomeric seal for sealingly engaging the sewage outlet. The foregoing and other aspects will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawing figures.

20060406

20080415

20070329

75483.0

B02C2100

ROSENBAUM, MARK

TWO STAGE SEWAGE GRINDER PUMP

UNDISCOUNTED

ACCEPTED

B02C

ACCEPTED

Band device of joining pipe for preventing from leakage

The present invention provides a pipe joint which provides a superior seal after joining pipes, thus preventing water from leaking. The pipe joint includes a body part (10) and a coupling part (20). The pipe joint further includes a locking means (30) to couple both ends of the body part (10) to each other, and a reinforcing unit (40) which is reduced in thickness at both ends thereof. The pipe joint further includes sealing units (11) and (41) which are provided inside the body part (10) and the reinforcing unit (40). In the pipe joint of the present invention, the body part and the coupling parts comprise an integrated plate. Therefore, the durability of the product is improved and, as well, the productivity of the pipe joint increases. As such, the pipe joint of the present invention greatly affects both producers and consumers due to its economic efficiency.

1. A pipe joint, comprising: a body part provided by rolling a planar material to form a cylindrical structure; a coupling part having a bent surface at each of both ends of the body part, with a plurality of locking holes provided on the bent surface of the coupling part; locking means tightened into the locking holes to couple the both ends of the body part to each other; and a reinforcing unit comprising a separate curved plate, the reinforcing unit being reduced in thickness at both ends thereof to be in close contact with an inner surface of the body part. 2. The pipe joint according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing unit further comprises a stop means having a stepped shape. 3. The pipe joint according to claim 1, wherein the body part is stepped around a predetermined portion thereof so that upper and lower parts of the body part differ in inner and outer diameters from each other. 4. The pipe joint according to any one of claims 1 through 3, further comprising: a sealing unit provided inside each of the body part and the reinforcing unit to provide a sealing effect after joining pipes. 5. The pipe joint according to claim 4, wherein the sealing unit comprises a close contact means to increase a contact force at a contact surface thereof. 6. The pipe joint according to any one of claims 1 through 3, wherein each of the coupling parts comprises a bending part to be attached to the body part.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates, in general, to pipe joints to couple pipes to each other and, more particularly, to a pipe joint which joins pipes, such as branch pipes and drain pipes provided in a lower portion of a manhole, and provides a superior seal after joining the pipes, thus preventing water from leaking at a junction of the joined pipes, and which can easily join pipes even though the pipes are different diameters. BACKGROUND ART Generally, manholes to drain rainwater and sewage have pipe joining structures in which pipes 1, such as branch pipes, provided in a lower portion of the manhole, and drain pipes coupled to the branch pipes, are coupled to each other. Typically, pipe joints are used at junctions between the pipes 1, such as the branch pipes and the drain pipes of the manholes, to prevent water from leaking. The above-mentioned pipe joints can be adapted to join pipes 1 of various diameters. A representative example of conventional pipe joints will be described herein below with reference to FIG. 1 showing its general construction. A conventional pipe joint includes a main body 2 which has at an inner surface thereof a cushion unit 5 made of rubber. The pipe joint further includes coupling parts 3 which have bent shapes and are coupled at both ends of the main body 2 by welding. The pipe joint further includes an extension part 4 which is provided on one end of the main body 2 while extending from the coupling part 3. As shown in FIG. 2, the conventional pipe joint having the above-mentioned construction is mounted around a junction of pipes 1. In detail, the coupling parts 3 are coupled to each other by locking bolts 6 and locking nuts 7. The extension part 4 of the main body 2 is inserted between an end of the cushion unit 11 and the opposite end of the main body 2, thus being in close contact together into a stacked shape. By the above-mentioned coupling method, even though the pipes 1 have various diameters, the pipe joint can join the pipes 1 within a range capable of overlapping the extension part 4 and the opposite end of the main body 2. However, in the case that two pipes 1, in which one pipe 1 is inserted into the other pipe 1, are joined using the conventional pipe joint, a gap undesirably occurs between an inner surface of the main body 2 of the pipe joint and an outer surface of the small pipe 1. In other words, because the main body 2 of the conventional pipe joint has a cylindrical shape having a constant diameter, although the cushion unit 5 provided inside the main body 2 has superior elasticity, it is very difficult to firmly seal the junction between the two pipes 1 coupled to each other to be stepped. Furthermore, if the extension part 4 of the main body 2 is inserted too far between the opposite end of the main body 2 and the end of the cushion unit 5, a part of the cushion unit 5 may detach from the inner surface of the main body 2. Thus, the detached part of the cushion unit 5 may undesirably fold two or three times. In this case, gaps are caused in the detached part of the cushion unit 5. Water leakage may occur at such gaps. In addition, because an area of a part of each coupling part 3, welded with the main body 2, is narrow, when the coupling parts 3 are coupled to each other by the locking bolts 6 and the locking nuts 7, the welded parts of the coupling parts 3 may break. Alternatively, the coupling parts 3 do not withstand the resistance of the main body 2 and, thereby, a gap between them may get wider. DISCLOSURE TECHNICAL PROBLEM Accordingly, the present invention has been made keeping in mind the above problems occurring in the prior art, and an object of the present invention is to provide a pipe joint which can be easily adapted to join pipes of various diameters, and in which even though a junction between the pipes is stepped, the junction is efficiently sealed, thus ensuring water tightness at the junction of the pipes. Another object of the present invention is to provide a pipe joint in which a body part and coupling parts are configured as an integrated plate or the coupling parts are integrally coupled to the body part, thus providing superior durability, and increasing the productivity due to an improvement in a manufacturing process. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a conventional pipe joint; FIG. 2 is a sectional view to show the operation of the conventional pipe joint; FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of a pipe joint, according to a first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the operation of the pipe joint of the first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of a pipe joint, according to a second embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 6 is a latitudinal sectional view to show the operation of the pipe joint according to the second embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 7 is a longitudinal sectional view to show the operation of the pipe joint according to the second embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 8 is a perspective view showing a reinforcing unit of the pipe joint according to the second embodiment of the present invention. BEST MODE In order to accomplish the above object, a pipe joint of the present invention is characterized in that both ends of a body part, to which coupling parts having bent shapes are integrally provided, are coupled by a locking means, and a reinforcing unit, which is gradually reduced in thickness from a center to both ends thereof, is provided. In particular, the body part has a cylindrical shape. The body part may have constant inner and outer diameters at upper and lower parts thereof. Alternatively, the body part may be stepped around a predetermined portion thereof so that upper and lower parts differ in inner and outer diameters. Thus, the pipe joint can be adapted to join pipes of various diameters and, as well, it can easily join pipes having different diameters. Furthermore, in the pipe joint of the present invention, a sealing unit is provided inside each of the body part and the reinforcing unit to prevent water leakage from occurring at a junction between pipes. As well, the sealing unit includes a close contact means to increase a contact force at a contact surface being in close contact with the body part. Hereinafter, the construction of the pipe joint of the present invention will be described in detail, with reference to the accompanying drawings. As shown in FIGS. 3 through 7, the pipe joint of the present invention can be embodied in various shapes according to a shape of a body part 10, 10a of which upper and lower parts are constant or different in inner and outer diameters. The pipe joint according to each of the embodiments of the present invention includes the body part 10, 10a which is provided by rolling a planar material into a predetermined curvature. The pipe joint further includes coupling parts 20, 20a which are integrated with the body part 10, 10a. A plurality of locking holes 21, 21a is provided on the coupling part 20, 20a. The pipe joint further includes a locking means 30, 30a to couple the coupling parts 20, 20a to each other, and a reinforcing unit 40, 40a which is in close contact with an inner surface of the body part 10, 10a while joining pipes 1. The body part 10, 10a is made of an elastic metal or a synthetic resin having high hardness. Due to the above-mentioned special shape of the body part 10, 10a in which a planar material having a predetermined width is rolled, pipes 1 of various diameters can be joined. As shown in FIGS. 5 through 7, in the case of the body part 10a of the present invention having upper and lower parts differing in inner and outer diameters, a stepped part 12a protrudes inwards and outwards. In this case, separate coupling parts 20a each having a bending part 22a are provided, unlike the body part 10 having the constant inner and outer diameter in which the coupling parts 20 are formed by being bent at both ends of the planar material constituting the body part 10. The coupling parts 20 are integrated with the body part 10a by a coupling method, such as welding. The bending part 22a of each of the coupling parts 20a has a width (approximately 100 mm or more) greater than that of conventional arts. The bending part 22a is curved into the same curvature as that of the body part 10a to ensure stability while being attached to the body part 10a. In addition, stepped parts 23a and 44a are respectively provided on each coupling part 20a and the reinforcing unit 40a in the same manner as that described for the stepped part 12a of the body part 10a. Due to the stepped parts 12a, 23a and 44a, the pipe joint of the present invention can simply join pipes 1 having different diameters. Even when a pipe 1 is inserted into another pipe 1, the water tightness of the pipes 1 is reliably maintained. In the above-mentioned embodiments of the present invention, the sealing units 11, 11a, 41, 41a, which are made of a rubber or a synthetic resin, such as polyethylene (PE), are provided inside the body part 10, 10a and the reinforcing unit 40, 40a to provide the sealing effect. Furthermore, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 6, a plurality of close contact means 50, 50a each having a groove shape is formed on a surface of the sealing unit 11, 11a, which is in close contact with the inner surface of the body part 10, 10a, to be spaced apart from each other at regular intervals. The close contact means 50, 50a increases a contact force at a contact surface between the reinforcing unit 40, 40a and the body part 10, 10a and serves as a cushion material between the outer surfaces of the pipes 1 and the inner surface of the body part 10, 10a. In the meantime, in the embodiment in which the body part 10 has constant inner and outer diameter, upper and lower parts of the sealing material 11 may differ in thickness. Then, this pipe joint can execute the same role as that of the embodiment in which the upper and lower parts of the body part 10a differ in inner and outer diameters from each other. As shown in FIGS. 3 through 8, the reinforcing unit 40, 40a of the present invention is gradually reduced in thickness from the center to both ends thereof. Furthermore, the reinforcing unit 40, 40a is made of a metal or a synthetic resin having a predetermined hardness to be curved into the same curvature as that of the body part 10a. The reinforcing unit 40, 40a having the above-mentioned structure is in close contact with the inner surface of the body part 10, 10a to reinforce the sealing effect at the coupling parts 20, 20a. Additionally, the reinforcing unit 40, 40a further includes a stop means 42, 42a having a stepped shape. When the reinforcing unit 40, 40a is mounted to the body part 10, 10a, a lower end of the body part 10, 10a is stopped by the stop means 42, 42a. As such, the stop means 42, 42a serves to help longitudinally position the reinforcing unit 40, 40a. Preferably, a positioning means 43, 43a having a stepped shape and a role as a basic line is longitudinally provided on an outer surface of the reinforcing unit 40, 40a. Thus, the positioning means 43, 43a serves to help horizontally position the reinforcing unit 40, 40a which is mounted to the body part 10, 10a. The body part 10, 10a of the pipe joint of the present invention is firmly mounted around a junction between the pipes 1 by the locking means 30, 30a, such as a locking bolt 31, 31a and a locking nut 32, 32a, which is tightened into each of the locking holes 21, 21a of the coupling parts 20, 20a. Preferably, the locking holes 21, 21a of at least one side of the opposite coupling parts 20, 20a are defined into angled shapes, such as rectangular or hexagonal shapes. The locking nuts 32, 32a of the locking means 30, 30a are also angled to correspond to the angled locking holes 21, 21a, thus easily tightening of the locking means 30, 30a into the locking holes 21, 21a. The operation of the pipe joint of the present invention will be described herein below. The pipe joint of the present invention can easily solve problems, such as water leakage, occurring due to a difference in diameter between two pipes 1 when the two pipes 1 are coupled to each other such that one is inserted into the other. First, the body part 10, 10a is placed around the junction of the pipes 1. The body part 10, 10a, the reinforcing unit 40, 40a, or the sealing units 11, 41, 11a and 41a, which are respectively provided inside the body part 10, 10a and the reinforcing unit 40, 40a, surround the outer surface of the junction of the pipes 1 to be in close contact with each other. In a detailed description, the reinforcing unit 40, 40a is positioned at a predetermined position around the coupling parts 20, 20a of the body part 10, 10a, which surrounds the junction of the pipes 1, by using the stop means 40, 40a and the positioning means 42, 42a. In the above state, the locking means 30, 30a is tightened into each of the locking holes 21, 21a of the coupling parts 20, 20a. Then, the body part 10, 10a come into close contact with the outer surface of the pipes 1 while a gap between the coupling parts 10, 10a becomes narrowed. At this time, the sealing unit 11, 41, 11a and 41a, which are provided inside the body part 10, 10a and the reinforcing unit 40, 40a, are compressed between the outer surface of the pipes 1 and the inner surfaces of the body part 10, 10a and the reinforcing unit 40, 40a, respectively. As well, the desired contact force is maintained at the body part 10, 10a and the reinforcing unit 40, 40a by the close contact means 50, 50a provided in each of the sealing means 11, 41, 11a and 41a. Here, in the embodiment in which the upper and lower parts of the body part 10a differ in inner and outer diameters, the bending part 22a of each of the coupling parts 20a has a sufficiently wide contact area. Therefore, even if the locking means 40, 40a are strongly tightened, the coupling of the coupling part 20a to the body part 10a is stably maintained, thus ensuring the durability of the pipe joint. Furthermore, due to the special structure in which the reinforcing unit 40, 40a and the body part 10, 10a overlap each other around the coupling part 20, 20a, the pipe joint of the present invention can be adapted to pipes 1 having diameters larger than the body part 10, 10a and, as well, it can prevent water leakage from occurring at a junction between the pipes. Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in the accompanying claims. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY As described above, the present invention provides a pipe joint which joins pipes, such as branch pipes and drain pipes in a manhole, and by which pipes having various diameters as well as pipes having different diameters can be easily joined, thus reducing the time required for joining pipes. Particular, even when the pipes are joined into a stepped shape, a gap between the pipe joint and the pipes is firmly sealed, thus preventing water from leaking. In addition, in the pipe joint of the present invention, a body part and coupling parts comprise an integrated plate or the coupling parts are integrally coupled to the body part. Therefore, the durability of the product is improved and, as well, the productivity of the pipe joint is increased by an improvement in a manufacturing process. As such, the pipe joint of the present invention greatly affects both producers and consumers due to its economic efficiency.

<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Generally, manholes to drain rainwater and sewage have pipe joining structures in which pipes 1 , such as branch pipes, provided in a lower portion of the manhole, and drain pipes coupled to the branch pipes, are coupled to each other. Typically, pipe joints are used at junctions between the pipes 1 , such as the branch pipes and the drain pipes of the manholes, to prevent water from leaking. The above-mentioned pipe joints can be adapted to join pipes 1 of various diameters. A representative example of conventional pipe joints will be described herein below with reference to FIG. 1 showing its general construction. A conventional pipe joint includes a main body 2 which has at an inner surface thereof a cushion unit 5 made of rubber. The pipe joint further includes coupling parts 3 which have bent shapes and are coupled at both ends of the main body 2 by welding. The pipe joint further includes an extension part 4 which is provided on one end of the main body 2 while extending from the coupling part 3 . As shown in FIG. 2 , the conventional pipe joint having the above-mentioned construction is mounted around a junction of pipes 1 . In detail, the coupling parts 3 are coupled to each other by locking bolts 6 and locking nuts 7 . The extension part 4 of the main body 2 is inserted between an end of the cushion unit 11 and the opposite end of the main body 2 , thus being in close contact together into a stacked shape. By the above-mentioned coupling method, even though the pipes 1 have various diameters, the pipe joint can join the pipes 1 within a range capable of overlapping the extension part 4 and the opposite end of the main body 2 . However, in the case that two pipes 1 , in which one pipe 1 is inserted into the other pipe 1 , are joined using the conventional pipe joint, a gap undesirably occurs between an inner surface of the main body 2 of the pipe joint and an outer surface of the small pipe 1 . In other words, because the main body 2 of the conventional pipe joint has a cylindrical shape having a constant diameter, although the cushion unit 5 provided inside the main body 2 has superior elasticity, it is very difficult to firmly seal the junction between the two pipes 1 coupled to each other to be stepped. Furthermore, if the extension part 4 of the main body 2 is inserted too far between the opposite end of the main body 2 and the end of the cushion unit 5 , a part of the cushion unit 5 may detach from the inner surface of the main body 2 . Thus, the detached part of the cushion unit 5 may undesirably fold two or three times. In this case, gaps are caused in the detached part of the cushion unit 5 . Water leakage may occur at such gaps. In addition, because an area of a part of each coupling part 3 , welded with the main body 2 , is narrow, when the coupling parts 3 are coupled to each other by the locking bolts 6 and the locking nuts 7 , the welded parts of the coupling parts 3 may break. Alternatively, the coupling parts 3 do not withstand the resistance of the main body 2 and, thereby, a gap between them may get wider.

20060412

20090303

20070308

81287.0

F16L2500

RIPLEY, JAY R

BAND DEVICE OF JOINING PIPE FOR PREVENTING FROM LEAKAGE

SMALL

ACCEPTED

F16L

ACCEPTED

Dispenser pump

Disclosed is a dispenser pump (1) comprising a manually insertable pump shaft (6) aid pump shaft (6) is surrounded by at least three sleeve sections (16, 17, 18) that can be slid into each other in a telescopic manner. A return spring (8) is preferably disposed between pump shaft (6) and the sleeve sections (16, 17, 18). All parts of the dispenser pump (1), which enter in contact with a liquid that is to be pumped, are made of plastic.

1-18. (canceled) 19. Dispenser pump for delivery of liquid from a container, comprising: a pump housing which is attachable to a container, a pump shaft which is movable relative to the pump housing, a dispenser head on the pump shaft, a first sleeve section which extends from the dispenser head toward the pump housing and radially surrounds the pump shaft, a second sleeve section which is connected to the first sleeve section and extends towards the pump housing and which is movable into the first sleeve, the first sleeve section in any axial position of the pump shaft extending peripherally over the second sleeve section, and a third sleeve section which is connected to the second sleeve section and extends towards the pump housing and which is movable into the second sleeve section, the second sleeve section in any axial position of the pump shaft extending peripherally over the third sleeve section, so that the first, second and third sleeve section form a telescopically extendable splash protection around the pump shaft between the pump housing and the dispenser head. 20. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 19, wherein the first sleeve section is attached to the dispenser head. 21. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 19, wherein the first sleeve section has an inner projection which is engageable with the second sleeve section on an end area thereof which is adjacent to the second sleeve section, so that the second sleeve section cannot be pulled out of the first sleeve section. 22. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 19, wherein the second sleeve section has an inner projection which is engageable with the third sleeve section on an end thereof in an area adjacent to the third sleeve section, so that the third sleeve section cannot be pulled out of the second sleeve section. 23. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 21, wherein the second sleeve section has an outer projection on an end area thereof that is adjacent to the first sleeve area, and wherein the inner projection and the outer projection each fit behind one another. 24. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 23, wherein at least one of the inner projection and the outer projection is an annular shoulder. 25. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 19, wherein the third sleeve section is attached to the pump housing. 26. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 19, wherein the third sleeve section is mounted on a collar of the pump housing. 27. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 19, wherein at least overlapping areas of the sleeve sections are at least essentially the same length when the pump shaft is drawn in. 28. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 19, wherein the sleeve sections are lockable in a position pushed into one another. 29. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 19, further comprising a guide sleeve which projects from the pump housing toward the dispenser head and surrounds the pump shaft. 30. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 29, wherein the third sleeve section radially surrounds the guide sleeve at a distance and an annular space is formed therebetween. 31. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 19, further comprising, a spring which pretensions the pump shaft, wherein the spring is located radially outward of the pump shaft 32. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 19, further comprising, a spring which pretensions the pump shaft, wherein the spring is located between the pump housing and the dispenser head. 33. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 32, wherein the spring is radially surrounded by the sleeve sections. 34. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 31, wherein the spring is radially surrounded by the sleeve sections. 35. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 34, wherein the spring is located radially between the pump shaft and the sleeve sections. 36. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 33, wherein the spring is located radially between the pump shaft and the sleeve sections. 37. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 31, wherein the spring is a helical spring. 38. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 32, wherein the spring is a helical spring. 39. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 19, further comprising a valve with a plastic valve ball. 40. Dispenser pump as claimed in claim 19, wherein all the parts in a location exposed to liquid being dispensed are made of plastic.

This invention relates to a dispenser pump as claimed in the preamble of claim 1 and 12. The term “dispenser pump” is defined especially as a metering pump or manually activated pump for delivery of liquids, such as washing lotions for cleaning the human body, body care products, cleaning products, cosmetics, but also lubricants or the like. EP 0 806 249 B1 which forms the point of departure for this invention discloses a dispenser pump for delivery of liquid from a container. The pump housing can be attached to the container and holds a pump shaft which can be manually pressed into the pump housing against spring force by the user's pressing on the dispenser button attached to the pump shaft. Two sleeve sections which can be pushed into one another as splash protection are mounted between the pump housing and the dispenser head. The reset spring is conventionally located in the pump cavity through which the liquid to be pumped flows. Increasingly aggressive viscous liquids, especially in the form of washing lotions or the like, which are to be delivered by dispenser pumps in increasingly larger metered volumes per pump stroke have recently been increasingly offered. In order to convey a liquid of higher viscosity with the same operating force per pump stroke and/or to convey a larger amount per stroke, a larger pump stroke is necessary. Reducing the size of the pump stroke with the result of increasing the diameter of the pump cylinder on the other hand would have extreme disadvantages or problems in order to be able to intake liquids or other products of higher viscosity and to deliver them with an acceptable expenditure of force. In the known dispenser pumps, splash protection leads to a superproportional increase of the overall axial height when the pump stroke is increased. Furthermore, it is disadvantageous in the known dispenser pump that very aggressive liquids can attack the metallic reset spring or a metallic check valve. The object of this invention is to devise a dispenser pump which is suited for viscous, aggressive liquids, and especially in which a compact and durable structure with splash protection can be implemented. The aforementioned object is achieved by a dispenser pump as claimed in claim 1 or 12. Advantageous developments are the subject matter of the dependent claims. The first aspect of this invention is that the dispenser pump has at least one further sleeve section which is connected to the second sleeve section toward the pump housing and which can be pushed into it so that three or more sleeve sections form a telseopically extendable splash protection around the pump shaft between the pump housing and the dispenser head. Thus, when the pump stroke is increased, the additional overall axial height which is necessary beyond the increase of the pump stroke is greatly reduced compared to the prior art and accordingly enables a compact structure of the dispenser pump. Furthermore a simple and thus economical structure with effective splash protection results. A second aspect of this invention which can also be implemented independently consists in placing a spring which is intended for resetting the pump shaft radially outside of the pump shaft and/or between the pump housing and the dispenser head, therefore outside of the areas which come into contact with the liquid to be pumped. In this way it is possible to prevent the spring which conventionally consists of metal from being attacked by increasingly aggressive liquids. Preferably the check valve, especially its valve ball, is likewise made of plastic. In this way it is possible to prevent aggressive liquids from attacking the dispenser pump and/or metal ions from being taken up by the liquids and thus contaminating them. Preferably all parts of the dispenser pump which come into contact with the liquid are made free of metal, especially from plastic. Other advantages, features, properties and aspects of this invention become apparent from the following description of one preferred embodiment using the drawings. The sole figure shows the following: a schematic, extract section of a dispenser pump as claimed in the invention with an assigned container which contains the liquid to be pumped. The illustrated dispenser pump 1 is used to deliver a liquid 2 such as a washing lotion for cleaning the human body, a body care product, a cleaning product or the like. The liquid 2 can be especially relatively viscous and/or aggressive. The container 3 is assigned to the dispenser pump 1; the dispenser pump 1 if necessary is detachably mounted on it. Thus, for example, replacement of the container 3 and/or refilling of the liquid 2 can take place. The dispenser pump 1 has a pump housing 4 which can be attached to the container 3, in the illustrated embodiment by means of a collar section or threaded section 5 which is preferably directly molded on. The dispenser pump 1 furthermore has a pump shaft 6 and a dispenser head 7 which is located on its free end. The pump shaft 6 can be pressed in manually against the force of a spring 8 which causes resetting. The spring 8 pretensions the pump shaft 6 with the dispensing head 7 up into the initial position in the representation. The dispenser pump 1 has an intake fitting 9 which is connected to the liquid 2 to be pumped or which extends into it, with an intake tube or the like which is connected to it and which is not shown, an inlet or return valve 10 with a valve ball 11, a delivery space 12 and a pump plunger 13. The pump plunger 13 can be moved back and forth in the delivery space 12 by means of the pump shaft 6, in the illustrated embodiment up and down, and the pump plunger 13 for alternating clearance and closing of the through openings 14 can be moved to a limited degree into the interior 15 of the hollow pump shaft 6 relative to the pump shaft 6 and/or a valve means is implemented in some other way so that when the pump plunger 13 moves up, liquid 2 is intaken into the delivery space 12 and when the pump plunger 13 moves down, liquid 2 is pressed or conveyed through the interior 15 of the pump shaft 6 and is delivered by way of the dispenser head 7. For the details of a possible implementation of the pump mechanism, reference is made in addition to EP 0 806 249 B1 which is hereby introduced in its full scope as a supplementary disclosure which is also critical to the invention. The dispenser pump 1 has a first sleeve section 16, a second sleeve section 17 and a third sleeve section 18 which can be telescopically pushed into or pulled apart from one another and which surround the pump shaft 6 radially, spaced apart in the illustrated embodiment. The first sleeve section 16 extends from the dispenser head 7 to the pump housing 4 and is especially molded onto or attached to the dispensing head 7. The first sleeve section 16 extends peripherally over or around the second sleeve section 17 which for its part extends peripherally over or around the third sleeve section 18. The third sleeve section 18 is held by the pump housing 4, especially is permanently connected to it, preferably molded onto it. The dispenser pump 1 is conventionally used for a vertical container 3 so that the axis of the pump shaft 6 or of the pump motion runs essentially vertically. The sleeve sections 16, 17, 18 which overlap one another from top to bottom form effective protection, especially against splashing, but also optionally against dirt or the like, so that penetration of splashes, dirt or the like between the moveable pump shaft 6 which can also optionally be turned and the pump housing 4 or the slide guide 19 of the pump housing 4 can be effectively prevented for the pump shaft 6. In order to ensure that the sleeve sections 16 to 18 overlap one another in any axial position of the pump shaft 6, therefore do not slip out completely in the axial direction, the first sleeve section 16 on its free end area adjacent to the second sleeve section 17 has an inner projection 20 which fits behind an outer projection 21 on the second sleeve section 17, and the second sleeve section 17 on its end area adjacent to the third sleeve section 18 has an inner projection 22 which fits behind an outer projection 23 on the third sleeve section 18. The inner projections 20, 22 and/or the outer projections 21, 23 are made preferably as annular shoulders, annular ridges, cone sections or the like, preferably continuously around the periphery, in order on the one hand to extend underneath with interlocking in the axial direction against axial separation of the sleeve sections 16 to 18 and on the other hand to form a labyrinth seal for effective protection against splashing or the like. The annular surfaces of the inner projections 20, 22 and/or of the outer projections 21, 23, which surfaces run onto one another during assembly of the sleeve sections 16, 17, 18 when they are inserted axially into one another, are preferably bevelled or made conical in order to form insertion bevels which facilitate assembly so that the sleeve sections 16, 17, 19 can be pushed into one another, especially catching or snapping. If necessary the inner projections 20, 22 and/or the outer projections 21, 23 can also be made, not continuously over the entire periphery, but optionally only in areas or sections over the periphery. Instead of the inner projections 20, 22 and/or the outer projections 21, 23, the sleeve sections 16, 17, 18 can also be protected by other structural measures against slipping out completely, for example by wall-side recesses, individual projections or other measures. In the illustrated embodiment the sleeve sections 16, 17, 18 in cross section are made preferably essentially hollow-cylindrically with a circular cross section. But the sleeve sections 16, 17, 18 can also have other cross sectional shapes, for example a polygonal, elliptical or oval cross section or some other, also irregular cross sectional shape. The figure shows the dispenser pump 1 with the pump shaft 6 extended, therefore in the initial position. When the dispenser pump 1 is actuated, the user pressing especially on the dispenser head 7, the pump shaft 6 is pushed into the pump housing 4. In doing so the sleeve sections 16, 17, 18 are pushed into one another or together and overlap one another at least essentially over the same axial length. The ratio of the overall axial length in the retracted state to the overall axial length of the sleeve sections 16, 17, 18 in the extended state is much smaller than in the prior art, so that for a given pump stroke (difference between the extended state and retracted state) a much smaller overall axial height of the dispenser pump 1 can be implemented compared to the prior art. The spring 8 consists preferably of metal, especially spring steel, as is conventional. It is made as a helical spring in the illustrated embodiment. The spring 8 is located radially outside the pump shaft 6 and between the pump housing 4 and the dispenser head 7. Thus, the spring 8 does not come into contact with the liquid 2, in contrast to the prior art. Accordingly the spring 8 cannot be attacked by aggressive liquids. The spring 8 is covered by the sleeve sections 16, 17, 18 and thus is protected against splashing and the like. The spring 8 is supported on the one hand on the dispenser head 7 and on the other on the pump housing 4. On the side of the pump housing 4 the spring 8 is preferably slipped onto a guide sleeve 24 which is held by the pump housing 4 and which extends from the pump housing 4 roughly up to the length of the third sleeve section 18 to the dispenser head 7 and in the area of its free end on the inside holds an annular seal 25 which forms the already mentioned slide guide 19 for the pump shaft 6. The spring 8 is therefore located in the area of its lower or housing-side end in the annulus between the guide sleeve 24 and the third sleeve section 18, otherwise in the annulus between the pump shaft 6 and the other guide sleeves 16, 17. The valve 10, especially its valve ball 11, is made preferably of plastic. With a corresponding choice of the plastic it is possible in this way to prevent increasingly aggressive liquids 2 from attacking the valve ball 11. In particular, all the parts or areas of the dispenser pump 1 which come into contact with the liquid 2 are made from suitable plastic, so that no metal parts come into contact with increasingly more aggressive liquids 2. It follows from the aforementioned that the dispenser pump 1 as claimed in the invention is suited for delivery of viscous and aggressive liquids 2. The diameter of the delivery space 12 and of the pump plunger 13 which significantly affects the stiffness of the dispenser pump 1 is chosen to be relatively small especially for viscous or highly viscous liquids 2, in order to enable relatively easy actuation of the dispenser pump 1. In order to achieve the desired delivery amount of preferably at least 2 ml, especially at least 3 ml or more, per pump stroke, the pump stroke is lengthened accordingly. Proceeding from a certain pump stroke an overall axial height or length of the dispenser pump 1 which is much smaller compared to the prior art can be implemented by the sleeve sections 16, 17, 18 which can be pushed telescopically into one another and which are provided as claimed in the invention. In the illustrated embodiment there are three sleeve sections 16, 17, 18. Of course if necessary there can also be four or more sleeve sections. Instead of the sleeve sections 16, 17, 18 which are made at least essentially rigid, to protect against splashing if necessary there can also be a bellows-like protective element which is not shown or the like.