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49vg8x

asksocialscience_train

Why are economists seen as apart from other social sciences? I asked a question in the /r/badeconomics discussion thread about this article. http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/04/economists-still-think-economics-is-the-best/390063/ and received responses like >Charitable explanation: The other social sciences are far less useful then economics. and >Economics is pretty isolated from the other social sciences. Can't blame the researchers. Most economists are anal about causality; endogeneity is always a huge concern in econ but other social scientists don't seem to care enough about. And I would say the financial crisis is a very good reason not to pay attention to other fields. There's a huge gulf in how economic researchers interested in the financial crisis understand it (money market run) compared to well, the understanding of almost everyone else (bad bets on subprime mortgages). and >It's not an unheard of criticism. Even Piketty calls out mainstream econ's apparent distaste for inputs that come from sociology, anthropology and behavioral studies, and considers it detrimental to econ as a whole. and >It is BS. Economics is the strongest of the social sciences (especially now). Just because people didn't listen to economists and had a financial crisis doesn't mean the field should change in any way. Why are economists less likely to draw from other social sciences? Why is economics so seemingly insular?

d0vb6cd

d0vhcgk

There is a language and paradigm gap. Economics requires a fair amount of mathematics, and those sufficiently trained in math have made the jump (Kahneman). Additionally, mainstream economics has rejected much of Marx's work and diverged from the rest of the social sciences where parts of his work are foundational texts. Lastly, the other social sciences are several decades behind on empirical work. They do simple linear regressions and ignore questions of causality and endogeneity, which hasn't been acceptable in economics for the longest time. Source: I study economic theory and political economy. Here is an example paper to illustrate the math requirements: http://economics.mit.edu/files/10405

I won't address the substance of what people said on other subreddits. Economics is really the most like physics, in that it comes up with neat equations that are useable for predictions. There's actually a great sociology article that lays out a lot of the differences called "'Dirty Hands' versus 'Clean Models': Is Sociology in Danger of Being Seduced by Economics?" This chart sort of summarizes its arguments of the differences. But the long and the short of it is that, for most people who use rational choice theory, rational choice theory can be used to sufficiently explain many human phenomena. Originally, rational choice theory was confined to mainly the allocation of scarce resources (the traditional domain of economics) but increasingly it's being used to explain much more. Gary Becker really started that revolution in mainstream economics, looking at so much more than market behavior and consumption patterns. The above article was written at a time when it looked like rational choice was going to take over sociology, when James Coleman was bringing rat choice models into sociology, when he was regularly collaborating with Becker himself, and they were found new journals, like Social Science Research. It didn't catch on in sociology, but what sociologists wouldn't for the most part do (in part because our training in rational choice is *horrible*--other than people who went to UChicago in the 1980's and 1990's, it seems like most sociologists only treat rational choice as a laughable boogey man), economists did themselves in what's called "Economic Imperialism". That's not an insult, that's the name of an economics article praising this development. Here's the abstract, which I think gives a sense of why many economists think so highly of themselves and so poorly of other social scientists. I mean, just peep the first line: >Economics is not only a social science, it is a genuine science. Like the physical sciences, economics uses a methodology that produces refutable implications and tests these implications using solid statistical techniques. In particular, economics stresses three factors that distinguish it from other social sciences. Economists use the construct of rational individuals who engage in maximizing behavior. Economic models adhere strictly to the importance of equilibrium as part of any theory. Finally, a focus on efficiency leads economists to ask questions that other social sciences ignore. These ingredients have allowed economics to invade intellectual territory that was previously deemed to be outside the discipline's realm. I'd say that's a different way of saying the "clean models" thing. Economists are well aware of this drift into areas once covered by other fields. The well-known microeconomist Bryan Caplan has a very insightful blog post called "In a Perfect World, I'd Call Myself a Sociologist". There's an old joke that goes something like, "The difference between economists and everyone else is that economist assume people are fundamental the same." This lets them try to answer a lot of questions that other social sciences feel like they can't. And it also means that they often don't need to read other fields' "theories" because in rational choice they already have a convincing theory, to say nothing about methods. While economists might accept some lab experiments from psychology, they tend to prefer causal methods and discount even quantitive methods from other social sciences that aren't experimental or quasi-experimental (IVs, regression discontinuity, etc), for applied micro, at least. While some have argued that economic theory is actually largely qualitative and only hidden under a thin veneer of equations--this is the argument of economics' most famous Cassandra, Deirdre McCloskey, in her excellent *Secret Sins of Economists* (full PDF here)--there of course hasn't been any openly qualitative economics in generations, which means that many discount economics work out of hand (McCloskey's pamphlet of a book is a great read; for critics of economics, it lays out some clear virtues, and for proponents of economics, it makes some strong arguments for certain vices). While there has been challenges from within economics to several parts of rational choice theory's core assumptions--that all people all the same and culture has some clear importance in behavior has recently been challenged (probably most famously in the really dope article "In Search of Homoeconomicus"), as has the whole idea that people are rational utility maximizers (basically by the whole field of behavioral economics)--this of course hasn't caused an abandonment or even retreat from economics's core ideas or the increased adoption of theory from other social sciences (except some social psychology). But while others will point to methods (which are undeniably more statistically sophisticated) or training (which is undeniably more rigorous for the modal student), I really think it's economics' clear, universalist theory that really sets it apart.

wovuiu

asksciencefiction_train

[MCU] If there is Professor Hulk, does it mean that Hulk whose personality we've seen in Ragnarok is now technically dead?

ikdh6p2

ikdiv3g

No. The personality is gone, but Banner achieved a continuity of consciousness for both of his selves in professor Hulk. It'd be like if you went to sleep a ten year old and woke up a 30 year old with all that entails. That personality has ceased to exist but *you*, the consciousness inside the body, are still present. Hulk's personality is, ultimately, a lot less developed and less complex than Banner's, and as such it didn't add much to the cumulative whole. Professor Hulk mostly has Banner's personality, but he does have some of Hulk's confidence and the relaxedness we saw in Ragnarok.

> I agreed with that last paragraph at first, but the more I watch the previous MCU movies, the more I see Hulk's personality in Endgame. > He's obviously not a rage-monster anymore, but Ragnarok made it clear that Hulk wasn't the same "age" as Banner. He was basically a newborn in the early MCU, and his time on Sakaar allowed him to "grow up" into being a toddler or a young child. Hulk's personality isn't all about rage, any more than mine is just because I cried a lot as a baby. But what do we know about Hulk's personality? He likes crowds, he likes being the center of attention, he likes being physical (e.g. sparring with Valkyrie), and he expresses his feelings in big, vocal ways. > Now think of Banner's personality in the early MCU. He was a decent guy, sure, but he was also very quiet, very standoffish. Even among the people he liked (Tony, Natasha, etc) he was kind of shy, stammering through whatever he wanted to say. He wasn't a stereotypical nerd like Steve Urkel, but he's definitely got that geeky awkwardness. Even when he was excited by something (think about when he and Tony were designing Ultron), his personality and presence was dwarfed by Tony's. > Now think of Hulk in Endgame. He's got a ***HUGE*** personality! He laughs, he jokes, he's constantly upbeat and cheerful. He loves talking to his fans, and reaching out to new people (e.g. giving Scott his tacos). Even his body language is BIG, with broad gestures compared to Banner's curled-into-himself poses. Endgame's Hulk is undeniably the most outgoing and openly friendly person to ever join the Avengers. > Those aren't Banner's personality traits, they're Hulk's. That's the adult that Hulk was "growing up" into. The character in Endgame got Banner's intellect, but Hulk's personality. By /u/Nerrolken, (but I first saw it here).

lzy08q

askbaking_train

KitchenAid worth it for an infrequent baker? I usually make quite elaborate cakes etc once a month maximum, so haven’t got a stand mixer yet because I thought that it wouldn’t be worth the money to be used so rarely, but after I made french buttercream with a little hand mixer and my arm nearly fell off (beating for 10 mins after adding the syrup) I’ve been thinking that maybe it’s not such a bad idea? Then I looked at the prices of the KitchenAid Artisan and I’m not so sure? What would you advise? Or is there another type/brand of stand mixer I should consider that is a bit more affordable? I have looked for refurbished KitchenAids but there seem to be none available in the U.K. at the moment?

gq4teg8

gq5hmuh

I got a Kenwood k mix which I love and is a bit cheaper than the kitchen aid. Also shop around and wait until if goes on sale. I got my Kenwood from John Lewis, was going to get it from Currys because it was on sale but it wasn't in stock. But because John Lewis price match I got it for the sake price. Think it was about £300 instead of £500

Have you tried kitchenaide, they sell refurbished also. Maybe even Amazon sells refurbished. And also I really appreciate mine

yujhnb

explainlikeimfive_train

eli5: Why did we go from calling sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) to sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

iwadqxb

iwaurgg

Also, why did we start calling "radio-controlled helicopters" "drones"?

The short answer is: a disease is a body process that can harm or kill you. It just happens in the body. An infection is caught from someone else (COVID, flu, syphilis, gonorrhea, etc). Generally speaking, an infection can be cured and be gone, but a disease must be managed. ~Jail Nurse

244sm8

askculinary_train

Why is Korean cuisine not as well documented or "prestigious"? Not too sure if this is the proper place to ask a question like this. Maybe it would be better off in /r/CulinaryHistory or /r/asianeats? I just thought that there would be more people here knowledgeable about this topic. Anyways, I've always loved eating Korean food, but recently I've been more interested in other aspects Korean cuisine, so I tried to do some research about it. I noticed that there isn't much documentation on Korean food, and that as a whole, Korean cuisine isn't held to the same regard as many other Asian cuisines (which is not to say it is not as delicious as other Asian cuisines). I was curious about this, and looked for some statistics to support that claim. According to the San Pellegrino 50 best restaurants in Asia, Korea only had one spot: Jungsik in Seoul came in at 20. In comparison, Japan had 10 restaurants in the top 50, Hong Kong 9, Singapore 8, China 7, India and Thailand 6 apiece, and Taiwan, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia with 1 each. With the Michelin guide, Japan had 32 *** restaurants, and 317 total Michelin-starred restaurants. Hong Kong and Macau were the only other Asian countries to even have Michelin-starred restaurants, so I figured there were problems using these statistics for much of anything. It turns out that due to the lack of a "red" Michelin Guide on the country, there are no Michelin Starred restaurants in countries like Singapore, etc. Within the United States however, the only Korean restaurant with Michelin stars is the Tribeca branch of Jungsik (2 stars) and maybe Momofuku Ko (2 stars) would qualify as well, but it seems to be more multicultural. This may be a bad example and just be due to my ignorance, but you have people like David Thompson who went to Thailand and learned Thai cuisine, and Ivan Orkin who's making ramen in Tokyo, but I've never heard of people who went to Korea to learn. Even David Chang seems to be influenced mostly by Japanese cuisine. When searching for things about Japanese or Chinese cuisine, I can find a multitude of professional resources and readings. When searching for Korean cuisine, all I really find are food blogs. Even the /r/KoreanFood subreddit is much less active than the /r/JapaneseFood subreddit. I'm sure there are many reasons such as the general awareness of Korean culture isn't as high as the awareness of Japanese culture, because Japanese culture was introduced earlier with anime and such. Or maybe Korean immigrants tend to stay together, so their culture doesn't spread out as much or as quickly, I don't know. But I was just interested in this fact, and would love to hear other opinions, and would love to be directed to some good Korean cuisine resources.

ch3xkj7

ch3xh2u

just watch KBS channel's culinary programs .. theres a long running one called Korean Cuisine and Dining probably in their 100s episode now EDIT: I've googled it there are plenty of episodes uploaded on youtube

I like Korean food (I lived there for a few years), but there's no subtlety to it - pickle the fuck out of it, drown it in chili paste, deep fry it, and kimchi with everything. And Koreans are very rarely willing to deviate from the traditional recipes.

nw8jxo

askphysics_train

My parents don't want me to study physics at university I talked to my parents about university today and they don't want me to study physics. Physics is the subject that I'm best at, and most passionate about, so I really want to study it. Their main problem with it was that I don't really know what I want to do as a career after uni, so I was hoping I could get some suggestions here so I can convince them. Any help would mean a lot to me

h17p41s

h186ld7

You could do PLENTY OF THINGS! Just think about how many branches of physics there are. Research, both public and private, teaching in schools or universities, work in corporations (physics graduate often end up doing statistical analysis). There may seems like just three things but each one has a lot of possibilities (theoretical, condensed matter, astrophysics and cosmology, health physics, nuclear physics, high energy physics and more)

Physics degrees are among the most flexible of all degrees. You're not stuck going into research or academia if that's not what you want. Physics graduates also have some of the highest scores on the LSAT (if you want to go into law) and MCAT (if you want to go into medicine), and physics graduates are in high demand on Wall Street due to advanced math and analysis skills that lend well to becoming a great investor. Not to mention that a physics degree can be a great first step towards a graduate degree in many other fields (particularly engineering, which is always in high demand). That all being said, you may want to figure out at least a rough picture for what you want before diving in, as burnout rates are fairly high - especially among those without a light at the end of the tunnel to look forward to. I recommend not being too specific with these goals, but having something in mind helps quite a lot. Earning a BS in physics is an amazing and fun experience, but it can also be extremely stressful and at times may cripple your self confidence as you struggle to overcome the gaps in your knowledge.

8yichy

askphilosophy_train

I'm sorry if this is a stupid question, but why does it matter if life has meaning? And what does that even mean? I read philosophy (mostly summaries from the Stanford Encyclopedia, but I read a full book if it interests me) casually. I'm sort of confused on the philosophy that seems to dominate people's understanding of philosophy in popular culture, people like Camus and Sarte arguing about "the meaning of life". I'm confused because I always found this term to be extremely vague, but more troubling for me was how it seemed to be unimportant, especially compared to normative, moral questions. If morality realism is true, then it makes sense to just "do what is right", and if it isn't true then there isn't really much of a reason to do anything is there? I understand this is a question that could easily be solved by "reading a book", but Philosophy isn't something I feel like I have much time for as I'm a Senior in High School preparing to major in Computer Science, and I want to focus on that.

e2b9436

e2b6guu

Susan Wolf argues that meaning is an important category because it fulfils what Bernard Williams calls our 'categorical desires'. From Wolf's "One Thought Too Many" article (p. 157-8): >[Categorical desires] root one, motivationally, to the world both interestedly and disinterestedly. A person who has no categorical desires or no prospect of those desires ever being satisfied may find himself not caring, not only about his own life, but about anything at all. Although it is terribly sad to contemplate a person with such an outlook, I take it that Williams would not find such a person irrational, and I am inclined to agree. ... If he does not care about anything at all, it is not obvious that there is any reason why he should. And if he does not care about himself or the world, it is hard to see why he would or should care about morality. Those projects, relationships, and goals that one finds meaningful are those things that "root one to the world". Williams calls them the kind of thing that either answers the question, "why should I go on living?" or keeps the question from being asked in the first place. The meaning Wolf talks about—and she takes Williams to be talking about—is different than the Sartre/Camus discussion because they're largely rejecting an external *telos* or purpose/meaning to life. What is often called "meaning of life", whereas Wolf is concerned with "meaning *in* life"—but if we're not talking about the level meaning enters into lives, her answer still seems suitable to your question.

Suppose life has no meaning. On most plausible ways of understanding that claim, it follows that life is pointless. If life is pointless, then your life is pointless. Now suppose you believe that. Or at least, you commit to acting as though you believe it. What follows? It's not at all obvious what follows. Here's what could happen: Perhaps you become lazy, you don't think carefully about how to spend your life, or what things to value and pursue. You plan very little. It looks like this way of living a life can reflect a belief, held by the person doing these things, that life is meaningless (or, at least, that *that* person's life is meaningless - that'd probably be more accurate). What follows from that? Well, living like that makes almost irresistibly tempting the thought that that person is wasting their life, and that they have made a mistake about how to live. Those thoughts seem to presuppose at least that that person's life could have had meaning, had that person lived differently. And that's the attractive element to some of what the existentialist will say, at least on my understanding of that school of thought. Lives can be lived in ways that seem meaningless or lacking in point and purpose. They don't have to be. (They can also be needlessly erased or tragically ended early, and in those circumstances we respond with thoughts like 'that's a wasted life' - wasted not in the sense of that person having wasted it, but that that person *could have but for that bad luck or unfortunate outcome* a meaningful life.) If you live a certain way, you can make your life ethically more successful than it would otherwise be. You give your life more meaning than it would otherwise have. That doesn't guarantee that all life has meaning, but it states an ethical challenge we can try to meet. EDIT: If you're interested in similar lines of thought see this article.

q37zeg

askbaking_train

I've tried making homemade caramel a couple times, but I feel like it tastes more like "caramelized sugar" than actual *caramel*, if that makes any sense I know that title might confuse people, because actual caramel *is* caramelized sugar. I guess what I mean is that it has the texture of caramel (or caramel sauce, if I add too much cream), but the flavor is just kind of a basic sugar flavor. The flavor (but not the texture) is almost like rock candy on one side, or candy corn on the other. It doesn't have the flavor that I expect from caramel, which is more distinctive than just "chewy sugar." This is the recipe I used the second time (minus the salt). I was gonna mark this as Recipe Troubleshooting, but from what I've seen elsewhere, this is a pretty straight-down-the-middle list of ingredients. It's making me wonder whether commercial caramel just tastes different from homemade (because of preservatives or whatever), or is there something more specific you need to do when you're making it?

hfq1zim

hfq9o7h

Oh another comment- commercial caramels usually have caramel flavor in them, so also keep that in mind!

Bro, add the salt. That’s the issue. Always add salt.

2ekzoi

askculinary_train

Weekly discussion - OK, fine. Cast iron. I don't know what caused the dozen questions this weekend (most of which the mods deleted), but clearly this is the season for cast iron. Fine, I give. Let's talk about cast iron.

ck0niuf

ck0tsll

I really like it. Its like a friend that just keeps being your friend even after you have not been cool to them a lot of times and they should have stopped talking to you long ago. I make cornbread with bacon on the bottom. Eggs. One pan meals. Tomato sauce. Shrimp stir fry. Reheat rice whilst adding peas and seasoning. Almost anything.

My husband won't let me use cast iron on our glass flat top stove. He thinks it will get to hot and crack the glass. Is it ok to use it on flat tops or is he right on this?

lh056q

askengineers_train

Can I get hired as an electrical engineer with a criminal record? I'm a second year EE student with a 3.9 GPA. Absolutely love my major. Long story short, I had a history with heroin although I was never caught with it on my possession. But I did manage to wrack up a record of petty misdemeanor crimes associated with my drug use (larceny, retail fraud, possession of paraphernalia and the like; I was charged with one violent felony but the case was dismissed, not sure if that will be a factor so I'm mentioning it). Its been a few years since I've been charged with any new crimes, I'm rehabilitated and clean and I've changed my life around entirely. Im a resident of Michigan, if that is relevant. I love engineering, I love math, I love science and I love applying it to the real world to solve problems and design things. I couldn't imagine doing anything else as a career. So, after my long-winded preamble here is my question: am I wasting my time? Will my record affect my job prospects? Guidance from anyone in a similar situation or relevant experiences would seriously help. This keeps me up at nights sometimes and the anxiety is overwhelming. Thanks in advance to anyone who responds

gmvnsbr

gmvk85r

Get it expunged. Hire a criminal attorney. Most cases, 1000-1500$. If it been a few years and you make a valid case(your attorney) it will get dismissed and expunged. Any non security requirements job, you can say legally you never committed a crime. Security clearance is another story. Dv and drug offenses are automatic disqualifications, an cannot lie about it, drug use. As george said once, its not a lie if you believe it but be aware in some case you maybe submitted to polys. I didn’t go college straight out hs, I had life that didn’t yield anything glamorous but cleared my record and got it expunged while I fell in love with engineering. You don’t have to get it expunged... but then again why take the chance on letting hiring manager decide and base their judgment on someone that isn’t you.

I’m a hiring manager at an engineering firm in the auto industry in Michigan. It wouldn’t stop me from hiring you provided everything else looked good.

u5mxtg

askculinary_train

Is adding "starchy" pasta water to pasta dishes to thicken and make the sauce cling to the pasta a myth? I add the pasta water to my pasta dishes sometimes and sometimes I add just normal water. I notice no difference either way in the end products. Has anyone actually made any side to side tests for comparison? It seems like one of those things chefs say that they heard from their teacher but havent tested or confirmed and isnt actually true. I have heard some people say to boil the pasta in a small sauce pan so there will be larger content of starch to pasta, but the people who came up with this idea that it helps to thicken the sauce are italians who tell you to use a large amount of water for your pasta, a big pot to let the pasta room to swim. I have used smaller amount of water also but didnt notice any difference.

i53d9m2

i53ja5u

Of course it’s real, it is an essential technique used by any good pasta chef. If its not working for you, it must be your technique. Try checking this video out for starters https://youtu.be/AztjQDIi3Sw

Use less pasta water. It may sound crazy but try cooking your pasta in a large deep-dish saute pan with only enough water as needed. You water will end up to be far starchier. Also, this trick works better with less acidic sauces. Tomato sauce won't thicken as easily as alfredo. The cheap jar tomato sauce with citric acid added is worst of all.

rsjiok

askengineers_train

Do you guys think that mechanical engineering will have a big job market in the future so basically i love cars and designing things and i hope to work with cars in the future especially engines, but im worried that when cars become fully electric i wouldn't have many jobs to do maybe im just like focusing on the car aspect of it but im not really sure if there will be much use for what i want to study.

hqocuuf

hqp8b1i

Yes

Don’t be a “Mechanical Engineer”, be a problem solver. Be a quick learner, and someone that knows how to work collaboratively with others. Learn to be an effective communicator and a leader. Those skills will always be in demand.

a1lwmm

askculinary_train

The plastic in my food processor melted. AGAIN. Hey ho! I make nut butters with my food processor. This makes me happy. Six months ago the plastic melted around the spinning hub. The engine unit was not damaged, only the parts of the bowl where it connects to the engine's rotating hub thing. The plastic on the S-knife also melted. I got replacement parts and adjusted my approach. I put olive oil around the spinning parts to reduce friction and never ran the processor on high speeds. Still, the same meltdown happened today. I am very disappointed. I need nut butter to make me happy. I ask myself in frustration, why isn't there a single solid food processor on the market made of a heat-resistant material, like steel or whatever? Surely I'm not the first human in history to desire a sturdy processor??? :[

eark272

eari1ow

It's not going to happen. You're using a screwdriver as a pry-bar and wondering why it keeps getting bent. If you make large amounts of nut butter, you'll need an actual nut grinder. Amazon has a bunch but they're pricey.

If you're willing to spend money on it, and don't use it for much other than blending, then a thermomix is really the dogs bollocks. Better than most robo coupes in my opinion. But this is a very high end product, you probably want to find an older model second hand, and doesn't (as far as I know) have chopping accessories like a robo coupe has.

1003si2

changemyview_train

CMV: I don't feel like I belong anywhere politically As the title indicates, I (USA) feel politically homeless. I was a left leaning centrist when I registered to vote in 2008 as a Democrat and voted for Obama in that election. By 2012, I was a staunch libertarian and identified a lot with that party platform (that being said, I never agreed with the "taxation is theft" mantra. I knew the importance, just hated how taxation was applied and what it went to pay for) In 2015, I started shifting left with the rise of Bernie Sanders, and my 2016 mantra of No Clinton/No Trump. Over the pandemic, I re-evaluated some of my beliefs and now I believe in: * Civil Rights for All * Systematic racism is real and a problem in America * Medicare for all * Abortion should be legal and is a private decision between women and their doctors * I dislike a lot about modern capitalism * The military budget should be cut and America should stay out of foreign affairs * I believe we need severe police/judicial/prison reform I know this sounds like I'm on the left, however, I don't feel like I belong on the left either because: * I still believe in gun rights (You should have to pass a bg check and comprehensive safety course first obviously) * I loathe Identity Politics/Culture War and think both are pointless distractions created by the ruling class to sew discord amongst the working class * I am skeptical of unions (Workers should have every right to unionize if they want, but I want no part of them) * I believe hate speech is free speech (you have every right to say hateful things, you also have every right to face backlash/ostracization for having backward beliefs) * I believe that while yes, systematic racism/classism is real, it shouldn't absolve anyone of personal responsibility * I still think capitalism has a place in society. It should just be for things like "what brand of peanut butter/car/art supplies should I buy?" rather than for things like healthcare I post this to change my view, as I'd like to be proven wrong as to where I belong politically, and learn something new from other people's perspective. ​ Thank you!

j2h1f9l

j2ff6ev

My guy, you are a white bread American liberal and not much more. Only a bigoted right winger would call you left.

It sounds like you’re a democrat that has been convinced by right wing pundits that democrats are all the loudest voices you see on Twitter. Almost every bullet point you out there would be broadly agreed with in the democratic base

nql8bx

askhr_train

Virginia [VA] Today I found out I’m getting paid less than the guy I trained. What should I do? A little back story. I’m 21 and work on a tree crew. (young to be a crew leader I suppose) I came on this job at pretty much ground level, I’ve worked my tail off because I was told I’m being trained to be the head groundsman. They hired a new guy about a month ago. I trained him on the chipper, stump grinder, chainsaw, pretty much anything a tree crew would use. Today I found out he is getting paid 2 dollars more an hour. I’m at a loss for words honestly. I’m just not sure what to think. He barely had any experience at all and somehow he gets paid more. What should I do?

h0b579m

h0bc0yp

Look for another job. Clearly they do not value you. Any negotiation for a higher wage is just extra work to get what they should have given you to begin with. So-- get that resume out, AND tell them you should be making more.

This happens in every industry including health professionals and IT. Only way to get raises is to jump ship.

oktisl

askbaking_train

What is with everyone reducing sugar in recipes by HUGE amounts? Is this a regional difference in preference? This is a serious question, I am not trying to shame anyone here. I live in the US, and apparently our desserts here are notorious for being very sweet, or even overly sweet. To me, it's "normal sweet", most of the time, but it seems that for most people from the UK or AU (where else?) are disgusted by this level of sweetness. So I am wondering why this is the case. Are desserts in these other countries not normally this sweet? When I think of dessert, it's something that *should* be very sweet, but also eaten in small amounts, and enjoyed in moderation. Certainly not something you eat every day. So I also wonder if desserts are typically eaten more often in these other countries? Is it an everyday thing? Do you eat larger portions? I'm really curious to hear from people that have experience with both US-based desserts, and UK-based desserts. I don't know anyone here in the US who has ever reduced sugar in recipes by huge amounts, or complained about something being overly sweet. I do realize this is also just personal preference for some people as well, but it mostly seems to be a regional thing to me, that is what I am really asking about it here.

h5cqt8n

h5bemtj

Hiya neighbour! Canadian-Chinese over here with my two cents: in most Asian cultures, our desserts are way less sweet, we’re more of a eat-fruit-for-dessert type kind of people. That being said, we do appreciate many western pastries, my personal faves being strawberry shortcake and a solid creme brûlée. I find that the dessert is more enjoyable when it’s not just overpowered with sweetness, but when you can taste the complexities and layers of the other flavours that make each dessert so unique. As a baker, I also cut down on the sugar by half or so; I find that when I don’t, the end result just taste like textured sugar when I really want to give other flavours a chance to shine!

Asian, I generally cut down sugar by 1/3 in American recipes (some chefs are exempted from this rule lol). It is as much personal preference as is regional influences. I for instance *strongly despise* American buttercream. I might get downvotes for this but it is too sickeningly sweet, and is really only good for piping flowers. How people enjoy it will remain a mystery to me, because it’s whole flavor is sugar. Even Krispy Kreme is considered sweet where I’m from. Sugar glazes are not favored unless there is a counteracting flavor to it.

5vv629

asksciencefiction_train

[Harry Potter] Why didn't Voldemort arrange for at least his inner circle to have Horcruxes of their own? Surely the advantages of sharing this with his most trusted zealots would outweigh any risks as he was after all one of the most powerful wizards of his time.

de567qh

de570hp

Who knew about the Horcruxes? Dumbledore and Harry had to do some super sleuthing to figure it out, which implies that Snape doesn't know. Maybe this is something that Voldemort didn't want anyone to know about until they were reviving him.

Like many people have been saying he didn't want rivals and he wanted to be the only one to live forever. Also, importantly, he doesn't care about his followers. If a close follower dies there is always someone else to replace them. Case in point he kills his own men a few times (Snape included). In Voldemorts eyes, every follower is replaceable

st2y9a

askphilosophy_train

What jobs can a philosophy college student can get? I'm looking for options of jobs that make some kind of money, it doesn't need to be much but the only thing I can think of is YouTube, any help?

hx2wqtg

hx2ysnv

I have a philosophy background and I'm thriving in my current job as a product manager. It's a non-coding position in tech with salaries as high as software engineers. Read this: https://news.greylock.com/reid-hoffman-the-philosopher-entrepreneur-41306d8c2e0a Reid Hoffman is the co-founder of LinkedIn and one of the most successful tech entrepreneurs of all time. He has a philosophy background and makes a strong case for the business value of philosophy.

As an undergrad philosophy major who struggled with post-grad employment - **legal support roles.** You might be able to find a part-time job doing some support work for a lawyer if you're still in school, but after you graduate, it's a great field to get into with not-negligible compensation and potential for career growth (I'm making a bit more than $25/hour after changing roles with 6 months of experience and the work I did as a philosophy student has definitely helped me succeed). In particular, Conflicts Departments (basically, looking for conflicts of interest) have been very interested in my research training as a phil major, but many fields (legal writing/paralegal work, trial support etc.) might be impressed if you can pitch it correctly. **Tutoring** is another great one if you're a current student as well - my school had a program where we worked with underserved students to help get them up to grade-level standards for reading and math. Philosophy heavily involves breaking concepts down to their most basic level and charitably understanding others' perspectives, which are very useful skills in tutoring. Assuming your writing skills are above-average (which makes sense as a humanities major), you could also try getting into peer tutoring either through your university (if they have a writing center or similar service) or privately by making posts in FB groups, putting up flyers in student housing, etc. **In general, the best thing you can do is figure out how to specifically pitch the skills and modes of thinking that are developed when studying philosophy.** Philosophy requires ***critical thinking, writing/communication skills, attention to detail,*** and ***analyzing/synthesizing complex ideas and concepts.*** Once you've got your basic interview skills down, focusing on how to communicate these advantages to potential employers is super important because philosophy doesn't really provide much *practical* training (compared to a more traditional comms or business or engineering major) - this means that you'll need help them understand that you have specific advantages over other majors, what these advantages are, and how they will benefit them should they choose to hire you. The below links have been very helpful for me in developing an "identity" on the job market as a phil major and hopefully you'll find something of value here as well (second one is for grad students but some of the advise still maps): https://www.apaonline.org/page/nonacademic?&hhsearchterms=%22philosophy+and+job+and+market%22#illustrations https://philosopherscocoon.typepad.com/blog/2021/09/how-to-make-yourself-hireable-outside-of-academia-as-a-philosophy-grad-student-or-phd.html Good luck!

315qy8

asksciencefiction_train

[Forrest Gump] Why didn't anybody at the bus stop recognise the bilionare philanthropist CEO war hero, who travelled the world playing professional sport and was decorated by multiple US presidents?

cpypx0b

cpynypd

Well, Forest was never the face of the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company, Forest left it to Dan to run while he disappeared from the public eye. Even in the internet age, no one would even remember the name of one of the founders of a random fishing company who left just as it became famous. Here is a list of the world's top billionaires. Apart from the computing people, have you heard of any of them, let alone be able to recognise them on the street. Secondly, have you ever heard of Glenn Cowan, the well-known US table-tennis player of the 70's who travelled to China on the famous Ping-Pong Diplomacy tour of 1971 that was in all the papers at the time, met the Chinese Premier, helped to thaw Sino-American relations, and featured on the cover of magazines? No, neither has anyone else probably, unless they have a very specific interest in the subject. The things Forest was famous for, despite being pretty impressive at the time, were just obscure enough and brief enough that people just don't remember them.

I don't know if you are familiar with Baron Münchhausen. However, the book "Forrest Gump" is clearly in the same tradition as Baron Münchhausen, ie., Forrest is a liar who invents all this stories. The movie is a little more ambiguous. It is not clear whether these stories happened or not. It is quite ambiguous. For every proof that the stories happened (cover of magazine, apple shares), there is some proof that they are fake (Forrest being unable to play ping pong near the end, no one recognizing him). If they are all fake, it is not like Forrest invented them or knows he is lying. Forrest is an idiot. Maybe these stories were all told to him and he exaggerated all of them. Imagine a kid that runs for the first time and his father/mother is so proud and tells the kid that it is the fastest runner on the planet. Or if the kid runs for half a mile and the father tells him that the kid must have run nearly around the world. Of course if the kid grows up, it realizes that these stories are made up. but Forrest never grows up. He always stays the kid. And believes everything. If you go down this road than you can play a game and try to come up with reasons why all of the evidence is fake. The apple shares? A friend printed them at home as a birthday present to fuck with Forrest, who believes they are real. All the billions of dollars? maybe it was just a few 100 000$ but Forrest thinks that this must be the biggest amount of money ever! These things are mirrored by the two people on the bench, sitting next to Forrest: there is the guy, who believes everything a fake. there is Forrest who believes everything to be true, and the lady, who doesn't care if it is true or fake. These three people are a mirror to the audience. It is your choosing if you wanna be the guy, the lady or forrest. Do you wanna believe it or not. Your choice. Whatever you do, you are right.

2518c4

askhistorians_train

The AskHistorians Podcast - Episode 10 Discussion Thread - AskHistorians at the Pub! Episode 010 is up! The AskHistorians Podcast is a project that highlights the users and answers that have helped make /r/AskHistorians one of the largest history discussion forum on the internet. You can subscribe to us via iTunes, Stitcher or RSS. If there is another index you'd like the cast listed on, let me know! **Previous Episodes** **This week's Episode:** Trying something new this week! /u/TasfromTas, /u/AnOldHope, /u/400-Rabbits & /u/caffarelli got together to talk alcohol, reddit, moderator lyfe and upcoming episodes. /u/AnOldHope did an impromptu AMA too, which was hilariously informative. Please ask any followup questions in this thread. Also feel free to leave any feeback on the format and so on. If you like the podcast, please rate & review us on iTunes. Thanks all! **Coming up next week:** We have an interview with Shakespeare Gurl on Japanese Pirates!

chct8qg

chcneoc

Anyone who makes it to the end of this podcast probably deserves a prize. :P

Hi! I'm fairly new here. Just found out there was a Podcast because of your post! I will be checking it out for sure! >If there is another index you'd like the cast listed on, let me know! If there is interest from others, would you be willing to index on Downcast? Maybe I'm the only one that uses it . . . so don't do it just for me! For now, I'm downloading it from iTunes! Thanks, and keep up the good work!

sn4ura

askbaking_train

I want to make tiramisu for the first time. What brand of ladyfingers would you recommend? I don't feel like making my own this time, and was not sure what would work/taste best.

hw0hyh7

hw0vm8d

I use balocco or vicenzovo savoiardi, whichever my supermarket has in stock.

Any will do. I used Aldi's last time because the other two supermarkets I went to had them sold out. Didn't notice any difference. They don't even come in brands where I am.

j6y54n

askculinary_train

What foods should white pepper be used on instead of black pepper? I’m trying to get a better understanding of how white pepper is used. I rarely see it used and I’ve never used it but, I’ll be using it in a Thai chicken recipe I found.

g81czyp

g81epdk

White food...

bechamel sauce

l9smfj

askculinary_train

What are other examples of "secret" spices like nutmeg in Mac and cheese? I have seen nutmeg in a regular bechamel, but never saw it in Mac n cheese until today. What are other examples of nuanced little spices or "secret" ingredients used in common dishes in the industry?

glk04wc

glkhe97

Reductions. Made some chicken? Finely dice onion or shallot and some garlic, add some butter, cook through, 3 minutes. Add some alcohol like red or white wine, cook till reduced by 90%, add some stock, reduce by half add some more butter. Great Pansauce or a start to many other sauces.

Idk if this is used anywhere in industry, but I put a splash of honey whiskey into my sauteed/caramelized onions when they are about 75% done. It'll deglaze for you, and add it's smokey, sweet flavors in and make people question how come your onions are so much better than any they make

t1um4e

explainlikeimfive_train

Explain like I'm five years old : how are we sure that we all see the same colors ? I'm not sure how should I phrase it but lets give it a try. How are we sure that the color I see as green, for exemple, is the same color as someone else's green? Is it possible that the color I call green is an other color for someone else's eyes but we name it the same because we grew up with people naming this color "green"? I really hope im being clear enough

hyk6jwj

hyiza2h

This is actually a common philosophical question. You can read about it in books about consciousness such as I Am A Strange Loop. One thing to note though. Not only do we all agree on what color something is, everyone also shares a huge amount of connotations associated with the color. We all agree on what different colors and combinations mean, etc. In this way, our experience must be much the same. However, we ultimately don't know what someone's subjective experience is like. Someone else's experience, at its core, could be unimaginably alien to someone else.

Color wheel would make no sense if humans generally didn’t experience the same qualia for a specific instance of sight How often do you see people complaining that it’s hard to perceive black text on a white background? Never, because no one’s black is perceived as something like a yellow

zvque9

changemyview_train

CMV: “Everything happens for a reason” is such an awful quote. Say something really bad happened to you like your house burned down, you were fired from your job, you got an amputation, you got a horrible disease or anything really bad and someone comes up to you and says “everything happens for a reason.” What justification could that quote have to this really horrible event that happened to said person it was inflicted upon? They lost their limb, but it happened “for a reason”. No, it didn’t happen for a reason, it’s not exactly going to teach them to not take what they had for granted or whatever bs people say to sound “wise”. It’s going to make their life more difficult now that they have to learn how to function without something they’ve had for a long time. Or someone’s house burned down. Everything they cared for is now is ashes. You can’t just go up to a person and tell them not to be attached to the things they looked at as important just because you read a book on a prophet that said humans shouldn’t be attached to material items. Or say someone got cancer. There is a chance you might not die, but there’s also a chance you will die. Not only that, but you have to drop all plans you had, go through chemotherapy, lose your hair, take endless drugs. How is that an “everything happens for a reason”. You MIGHT DIE! Your relatives and friends will be sad! Fired from a job? Great. Now you have to put it 100+ applications. Sure, you might get a BETTER job, but in the economy today, you’re going to suffer until you find that job.

j1qxpfu

j1rqdmz

For the last 12 years I've had the roughest time of my life. It's been absolutely horrible and completely brutal... But hindsight is a hell of a thing. I can safely say that, to get where I am, every bad thing that's happened to me needed to happen.

Thing is that things do happen for a reason, it's just not a future reason. Everything happens for a reason, your house burned down. Reason: electrical outlet was loose. Reason: Electrician didn't tighten it properly. Reason: He wasn't taught appropriately. Reason: His teacher had never seen that particular problem happen, so didn't know to emphasize it. Reason: In home electricity was relatively new when he learned it. Reason: .... Everything happens for a reason, but the reason almost invariably traces back to something boring. And generally there are a hundred different boring, everyday 'reasons' that all just happen to combine into any particular outcome. A car accident is never someone as mysterious as it seems...someone neglected some car maintenance, someone else was on their phone distracting the driver, a road sign that locals know should have been replaced years ago hasn't made it through committee, it rained earlier that day, a third car load of people left the shopping center a few minutes earlier than they normally would have because someone forgot their wallet....and now three people are dead. Everything does happen for a reason, but it's called 'cause and effect', not some predestined plan. It may \*also\* be a predestined plan, being driven by a supernatural entity who is using cause and effect in ways we couldn't begin to understand, but it's pretty meaningless if it is since we wouldn't have any idea how to recognize that...it's just a bunch of people trying to read patterns into pattern-less events, even while they fail to recognize the real patterns happening all around them...politicians taking advantage of their short attention spans, racism, sexism, body-shaming, religious values twisted into unrecognizable patterns of abuse and neglect, etc.

bhtqlk

askengineers_train

On a scale of 1 to 10 how stressful is your job and why?

elw8i64

elvssbi

A 2, at most. I am continually amazed that this gig even exists. Last gig I would say 8 or 9.

8. I don't think the people in my group have the expertise they need to be doing what they are doing. I'm not in charge though. It just wears on me.

tk52hv

askbaking_train

Could I swap white sugar for brown sugar to make a vanilla cake? Ran out of granulated sugar and I’ve only got brown sugar on me I googled it and found out that there would be little change if I did. But just asking here just to be sure

i1oemv5

i1o9jhs

You can certainly use brown sugar as a sub to white but brown sugar will not only alter the taste profile but alter the mouth feel since brown sugar in baking tends to result in a more moist and dense baked good. YMMV

Yes but there will be a slight change of taste. Now, we're talking brown sugar (as in, light brown sugar), right? Cause dark brown sugar will impact the taste and structure a bit more.

l7wxjs

askhr_train

[IA] Employee acting erratically, lashing out at coworkers. May be medically-related. We have an employee (let's call them Pat) that had a major medical event about 2 years ago. Since then, Pat experiences migraines, during which they become volatile towards everyone around them except for managers; other staff members are afraid of them and seek out a manager when they have an episode (even managers that they don't report to help). In addition to migraines, they have mentioned "anxiety attacks" which come with similar volatility (it's unclear how linked they are to the migraines). The episodes seem to be happening more frequently as of late. Managers have recommended to Pat to see a medical professional, to which they get one of the following answers: * Doctors told me they can't do anything with my migraines * I don't have a regular doctor, I only ever go to Urgent Care when I need to * Most recently, "I have a day off, maybe I'll get in somewhere tomorrow" (this was yesterday) This all leaves me with a few questions: * Can we require Pat to see a doctor about any of this? * Can we take Pat off the schedule for the next couple of days to give us time to sort this out? We're also considering calling our attorney to make sure we don't mess anything up, but I'd love to get suggestions or hear someone's past experience. Thanks!

glb96px

gl9i73c

There are many many different types of mental illness that can present in different ways and it should not be assumed Pat's seemingly selective reactions show an ability for them to control their actions. Too many of the comments here are from people who apparently think they know enough to speak for the entire DSM. Follow FMLA and ADA and use your attorney

This is a sticky mess. Don't take any action without speaking to your legal department or a lawyer. Remember: volatile is not _violent_, but everyone has a right to a violence-free workplace. If Pat can't handle that, Pat needs to stay home until Pat can.

gmpf1l

askculinary_train

How rare can I cook thawed frozen salmon/tuna? I usually cook fish 2 ways: the sad way and the nice way. The sad way is place it frozen in the microwave with a few frozen vegetables in a special container and it basically comes out steamed. The nice way is to leave it out of the freezer for a few hours (4-5) and then cook it on a pan, maybe with a nice sesame crust. However I’m always wondering how much should I cook it and if it’s fine to have a very raw center or if it’s dangerous. I like it because is super tender but I worry about viruses and microbes. I know that frozen fish in theory kills the bacterias but I honestly can’t know how it was frozen and at what temperatures.

fr5gtsm

fr5d9uk

All sushi grade fish has been frozen for two weeks or more to kill parasites. People that only eat sushi near the coast don’t know what they’re talking about.

It's fine. Thaw it under cold running water or the fridge, not on the counter. Cook to 115 degrees F for tenderness that you're looking for.

7m1hno

askphilosophy_train

What’s the most insightful observation you’ve ever come across studying philosophy? Also, merry Christmas!

drqn6i8

drqnatv

The most fundamental insight I gained is that, in order to live well, we must develop our capacities for reasoning as much as possible. We must also use that capacity to examine our own knowledge, character, and living practices every day. A developed capacity for reasoning must be part of every decision we make and every action we take. The philosophical source in my life for this is Socrates' ideal of living an examined life.

Not sure if it's the most insightful, but one of the most memorable ones is 185th statement from Wittgenstein's *On Certainty*: > It would strike me as ridiculous to want to doubt the existence of Napoleon; but if someone doubted the existence of the earth 150 years ago, perhaps I should be more willing to listen, for now he is doubting our whole system of evidence. **It does not strike me as if this system were more certain than a certainty within it**.

9cjt3y

explainlikeimfive_train

Explain like I'm five years old: Why is it that we’re able to determine the origin of a sound in all directions despite only having two ears at left and right of our heads? And similarly, do people with one damaged ear still differentiate between sounds coming from left/right, or is that ability lost?

e5bc55d

e5b990c

I would attempt to explain, but seriously I don't think anyone could Explain like I'm five years old better than this video from smarter every day.

You determin the location the sound is coming from by having an ear on each side of you head (gives you information that the sound comes from the left or the right) and the shape of your ear (for up and down in space). The determination of up and down is learned when you grow up (sound waves bouncing off you ear into your earcanal corresponding to a specific hight) and you can actually lose this ability an relearn it, if you suffer damage to your auricle.

77hda6

askphilosophy_train

How to deal with unproductive gadflies like followers of Stephen Molyneux, Ben Shapiro, and Jordan Peterson? Studying philosophy as an undergrad, I have collected a couple acquaintances who always come to me in hopes bouncing their terrible ideology off of me in debate. God knows why. I'm faaaar from qualified; let alone the most qualified. This gets especially annoying because they are all of the Stephen Molyneux, Ben Shapiro, Jordan Peterson brand of sophists who smugly parrot their terrible arguments and claim to be doing philosophy. Most of the time, they're simply so lost in their own rhetoric, there is no ground on which to stand for either of us. They treat debate as some kind of contest, and through sleight of hand (whether purposeful or a byproduct of their own ignorance), they just make a mess of the argument. I don't know how to handle this. On one hand, I show compassion to them, treat them as friends (as much as I can). Closing them off or antagonizing them will only further their martyr complex. I also want to engage in this misinformation as I fear how quickly it speads on the Internet and whatnot. On the other hand, it is almost never productive. Sorry this is a hybrid rant and question. What do you all do when people come at you like this?

domy9dl

doole79

So I went to college in the days before YouTube, which was great, but we still had our gadflies. The best way to deal with them is not to do it. If it feeds their martyr complex, ignore them all the harder. They'll never matter in any way that's really relevant.

I might understand why you're digging at Stephen Molyneux and Ben Shapiro, as they carry more of a dogmatic/rhetorical function than critical one, which is evident by the fact that they are not actual academics, but pretty much quite a chunk of my professors that I've talked to in both universities I've studied would share Peterson's criticisms of both postmodernism and Marxism, albeit without using Jungian/psychological terminology and with a more nuanced position. I can remember at least three of my professors discussing postmodernism using the line of argumentation not quite too far from Peterson's. So the kind of sentiment Peterson carries is not too rare among academics, especially of Anglo-American line of philosophical thought, its just that Peterson is the most popular one who applies it. As an illustration, remember that thinkers like Smith, Quine, Armstrong, Chomsky and Searle opposed Derrida's philosophical system on the basis of nuanced readings or close examination, but by comparing him to Dadaist or incomprehensible pseudo-philosopher. Critics of a philosophical system often use prima facie notions of a system they criticize, and this is not always bad, although this does have a problem of being unconvincing to people who are embedded within the philosophical system that is criticized, thus being more oriented at people who are yet undecided which position they should adopt. The only author that does contrary, to my knowledge, is Hans Albert, who really digs into the system he criticizes, although sadly most of his works are untranslated from German.

q80388

legaladvice_train

House 200 to 300 sq ft smaller than appraisal seller's gave me. Can I be compensated after a year? Roseville, CA Last year, I bought a house being sold as 2300 sqft based on the appraisal given to me by the seller. I was wary about this because I saw that the house was listed as 1885 sq ft on one of the real estate websites, so I asked. The seller's realtor and my realtor assured me that an appraisal can't lie and that the house was actually 2300 sqft. I was also told that there was no reason to get my own appraisal from my mortgage lender, to save the money and not worry about it. Stupidly, I listened. Now (one year later), I'm redoing the floors, so the house was measured and I found out that the actual square footage is from 200 to 300 square feet less? Do I have any legal recourse? Can I be compensated? Or did I sign off my right to compensation by not getting my own appraisal? I appreciate any help I can get on this. Thanks

hgm3jdr

hgmhb7f

The recourse you receive is $600 (that you didn't spend on getting an appraisal done). I'm not sure correcting that sq foot number would have made a material difference in the final price. People viewed the house and made their offers based on that viewing. It does not follow that you can say 'it's 10% smaller so I can pay 10% less'. I'm curious about what the error actually was, do you have any details? It is a vague statement (200 or 300 sq ft, which is it? and that is different than the 2300 sq ft and the 1885 sq ft you mention) and that is actually pretty small, it could be the back wall is 2ft closer than what someone measured. Or did they include a closed-in patio, a crawl space, or an attic space?

Presumably you're not redoing the floors underneath the bathtubs, showers, certain appliances, the width of the walls between rooms, etc. Those small differences add up.

zy5fty

asksciencefiction_train

[MCU] Why did the Original Ant man use his powers for medical purposes? With the ability to shrink down to smaller sizes, wouldn’t it make more sense for Hank to use his power for medical purposes? Shrinking down to get inside a human body to repair wounds seems more practical that warfare.

j241e5g

j2434nx

Military R&D is prioritized. Look at real life. We got nuclear power after developing the nuclear bomb. The power of the atom was first harnessed as a weapon before it was harnessed as an energy source. The space race was a guise for developing missiles and rocketry technology. If you can launch a payload into orbit, you can deorbit it and hit anywhere on the planet. Getting something to the moon and back was a massive technological flex. Even systems you may use every day like the Internet and GPS had origins related to the military. The development of the early Internet was funded by the US department of defence for a new communication system. GPS was designed to guide long range missiles and vehicles for example. Fun fact, the civilian version of GPS disables itself above a certain altitude because they don't want civilians using it for something like a homemade drone bomber or similar. The intention of the shrinking suit was to be used for espionage in, you guessed it, war. Any other potential uses someone could think of for it later were a nice bonus, should someone decide they actually wanted to pursue those applications.

Well, if you’ve seen the first episode of The Boys 3rd season, Termite Man makes a pretty good case for not going into a living person while shrunk.

w41dg2

askculinary_train

I placed my meat grinding attachment in the dishwasher, is there any chance to save it? Hi! Recently, laziness got to me after grinding some beef for burgers and I let my meat grinder (which attaches to a Kitchen Aid Mixer) sit in the sink for far too long before washing it (the smell was horrifying). After cleaning it the best I could, I thought to myself that I would feel better about using it in the future if I put it through the dishwasher on the sanitize rinse. Well, after the cycle complete, the attachment has lost all its shine and is kind of powdery. Is there any hope to use this attachment again? Or will I need to completely replace it? Picture of meat grinder Link to attachment (note this isn't the exact brand, but like everything on Amazon these days, it all appears to be the same) Thanks!

igzicu9

igziuut

Edit: /u/rourobouros might be correct, I'm not familiar with "pot metal". It's aluminum, not chrome, and yes, aluminum will oxidize like this in the dishwasher. Did you include detergent when you ran the cycle? I always though it was only the enzymes in the detergent that caused this oxidation, not the water temperature or pressure. And it's completely harmless, btw, just unsightly. You can scrub it all off. It will take considerable effort. Edit: That Amazon description says this: > Not Dishwasher Safe! Recommend washing by hand, clean it with soap, warm water (shall not exceed 122 ℉ So yeah, maybe the temperature alone can cause this after all.

Your unit is made of "pot metal" which is easy to cast (so inexpensive) and is largely zinc. The dishwasher removed the polished surface. There's really nothing wrong with it, though it should not go into the dishwasher and now you know why. The other comment, recommending you run sandwich bread (preferably very very stale) may be helpful. Or (and) scrub well with a steel wool or copper scrubbing pad. It will never look like chrome again. But it's no less safe to use than it was.

tx6f4t

asksciencefiction_train

[MCU] Is there anything left of Ego's power in Quill after Guardians managed to defeat his father?

i3jubci

i3jumh9

We don’t know at this point.

Probably not. Ego seemed pretty convinced that Quill was going to lose all of his power if he died.

gl06n8

askacademia_train

I Feel Like My Advisor is Delusional and I'm Losing My Mind Hello I am currently stuck working on my thesis proposal. I know what the thesis will be, more or less inside and out. I have a committee, including 'important people in the field'. It's more than half done, I have most of the materials, I just can't push myself to finish it for a number of reasons. The main trouble I have is that I think parts of it (parts that are really important for motivating it and pushed hard by my advisor and important to motivation to the thesis/funding) are largely 'crank-ish'. That is to say, I think they are really grandiose, nonsensical, and delusional. I can't make much sense of these claims when I actually look into the details of how it would work. When I ask him reasonably basic questions about the problem it is addressing, it's mostly apparent that he doesn't understand basic aspects of the problem and how they could or couldn't work. Generally speaking, I feel like someone working with a scientist from a science fiction movie where they say cool sounding future stuff, but when I look up what they're talking about it's mostly gibberish or reheated ideas that aren't quite coherent. I have also had problems more than a couple times in the past where his skills/opinions don't line up with his claimed past in pretty brazen/flagrant ways. I don't want to get too specific, but stuff has been flubbed in ways that really shouldn't happen to anybody who isn't a complete beginner, and he'll get angry or deny it when I point out the obvious mistake that is happening. On the other hand, I can totally say the opposite as well, where I can say almost for a fact that he has to be brilliant in some categories, even if not when it comes to basic skills/critical thinking in others. This just makes things more confusing, since I pretty regularly hear things I know are 100% wrong or nonsensical in categories that are more well understood. I really don't know what to do. Just trying to talk to people (including my advisor) over their egos is super intellectually exhausting to begin with, and now there is an added layer of me feeling potentially coached to pretend that what I'm working on makes more sense than it actually does or becoming delusional or a crank myself, which I really don't want. It's wreaking havoc on my mental health and sort of feeding itself as a problem on my psyche, and making it harder and harder to make progress. I don't want to get up in front of people and try to argue it's a good idea in ways that I don't think make sense, but I also want to get a PhD to make good on all the time I have put into this, and it's tearing me apart. I am seeing a therapist/taking medication now, but it's only helping a tiny amount. I just really don't know what to do.

fqw0d4o

fqvcsbx

Listen to /u/WrestlingStuffGuy, this is the best and most cogent response. I'll add some impressions based on my own experience, but I can't speak to your specific situation based on what you've written here. I've seen this type of junior scientist angst so many times and it really is stressful. But out of all those incidents, I would say they were 90% caused by misunderstandings or issues on the student's side (and I am including myself here as the student in some of these cases). I might take a closer look at what you are contributing to the issue. Thinking now of all the cases I've experienced, I'd say about 70% of the time it's more of a misunderstanding about how science works, from the student's perspective. By this I mean that students come in with some pretty idealized notions of how research is done and when they see how people need to "sell" their ideas, it sounds like malarky, when it's just salesmanship. Whether we should do this or need this is another discussion, but it is how things work. In this 70% of cases, there is also often an unrealistic expectation of global knowledge of their professors (this is *very* common, in my experience). When students see their advisors don't know everything or maybe just aren't very articulate about all they know, they feel like they are in the presence of a fraud. Lastly, scientists often work with a lot of collaborators. This way, they can take advantage of methods they don't know or data they don't have access to. They trust these collaborators and don't always have an expert-level grasp of all the concepts and material of the projects they supervise. For the remaining 30%, I'd say it's 2/3 students who really do have a sense of grandiosity about their knowledge (as /u/WrestlingStuffGuy speculates might be the case here), and 1/3 professors who really are out of touch. I've never seen a case of an actual crack-pot, but I have seen professors who overextend themselves and really don't take enough time to familiarize themselves with all the aspects of a project, even one they designed. They aren't frauds by any means, but they followed their instincts more than they looked in the literature.

You need to figure this out, but we can't do it for you. If you think you can write a reasonably clear and concise email, you can ask your advisor to what extent the proposal is speculative, and for the names of any people he knows who might have thought about it. If not, make a meeting with someone who is roughly in the area and give a short explanation as to why you're worried. In both cases, I'd try to (honestly) present yourself as worried, rather than feeling a need to push a particular claim - nobody likes feeling defensive. As others have said, the situation you're describing is a bit ambiguous. In particular: (1) Grant proposals often contain a bit of advertising nonsense. This is annoying and obviously not good, but you shouldn't take grandiose claims there at face value. (2) It is very common for experts to have a weak grasp (or memory) of important basic facts, and to make basic mistakes every once in a while. I don't want to get into the weeds in this comment, so I'll just say that your understanding of a topic changes over time & you eventually realize which details you can let slide. (3) Sometimes people get defensive. Not nice, but there you go. All of this is frustrating, and (except for the last) a bit hard to judge for inexperienced people. That's OK - they are all common worries, and you should be able to find a sympathetic ear even if your advisor is not sympathetic.

zgjoz

asksocialscience_train

Has there ever been any research into the ability to feel 'true love', and its prevalence, in the general population? I was reading the comment section in this article where a young woman had this to say: >Gentlemen, I am a woman in my late 20s and I truly feel that there is a lot of romance in this article. I also believe that "love" is a very complex emotion. I love my family and many of my friends, however I have trouble believing in "true love," that thing that fairy tales are made of. I know that some day I will get married, and I know that it will be a careful, pragmatic decision based of the acceptability of my partner as a parent, however, I also know that I will take into consideration how we get along. I may not end up feeling that "spark" of "true love," but loving them as a friend is a must. I would rather have Will than Ross any day of the week! Love is obviously a complex emotion, but from personal experience I would argue that true, romantic love (beyond the initial infatuation) is like orgasm: when you've felt it, you *know* you've felt it. However, I've also encountered many accounts from people (including significantly older people) who seem to be convinced that 'true love' exists in the same realm as Sasquatch and Santa Claus. While I'm aware that sociopaths lack the ability to feel emotionally attached to others, this seems to be much more prevalent among normal, caring individuals then I would at first suspect. So what do the social sciences have to say about this difficult-to-answer question? Are some people naturally, or due to upbringing, incapable of feeling romantic love? Or have they just not met Mr./Ms. Right yet?

c64j5sy

c64pln9

I think in order to conduct any kind of study like this, one would really need to define love. Quantify it. Which in my opinion would be pretty much impossible. You could look at the idea of love across different cultures. See what kinds of affection people give to one another- between friends, between family, and between sexual partners. Look at what words people use- I believe some cultures don't have a word for 'love' as the Western world knows it. Stuff like that. Maybe you could get a better idea if the concept of love is a human universal or not.

Try reading works by Helen Fisher. She's trained as an anthropologist in evolution of emotions and gender differences, but has done a significant amount of work on the topic of romantic love and approaches the issue from a lot of disciplines, such as evolutionary anthro, sociology, and neuroscience.

ax7u98

askbaking_train

Chocolate chip cookies didn't turn out right... Hello! So yesterday I followed this recipe to make chocolate chip cookies: https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/10813/best-chocolate-chip-cookies/ The only change to the recipe I made was that I did 1 1/2 cups of brown sugar and 1/2 cup of white sugar to make them chewier (as many people on the recipe's review section suggested). They turned out tasting great, but not looking how the pictures showed them to look and the texture was a bit different then the recipe described. The ending up not "melting" as they baked, they just stayed in the form I globed them on to the tray. They didn't end up having that flat cookie look with golden edges. The texture was pretty consistent throughout the whole cookie, they didn't have crispy edges and chewy centers. Is this because of the extra brown sugar? Or could something else have caused this? Thank you for any suggesting/replies!

ehrwpjt

ehrsbsl

this could be a couple things- how you cream the sugar and the butter. how cold or warm the butter is. how long the dough got to hydrate. how much flour is in the recipe. you could have measured things wrong. also, using cups is really inaccurate, so if could just be that your "cups" are too big. it could have also been your bake/oven. for my own almost perfect cookie recipe that I've been developing over the years, my ratios of butter-sugar-flour aren't too far off what this recipe has, and my cookies melt nicely. in general, fat and sugar melt, and flour holds structure, so if you were to try again i would say to take out 1/2 C flour.

In my experience, the "melting" comes from the butter. I'm not entirely sure why it wouldn't spread as long as you creamed it with the sugar though.

ndbo9n

askengineers_train

Engineers who graduated without internships or research experience, how long did it take you to find a job? I'm a rising senior EE, and despite dozens upon dozens of applications, I didn't get an internship this summer. There's a research project I'm doing under a professor, but I despise working on it and I'm probably going to drop it soon. After graduation, how long did it take ya'll in a similar boat to get a job? I've been so stressed about this the past couple weeks that I've almost been unable to move. For context, I have a 3.60 GPA, so I don't know if COVID just has the job market moving slow or if I'm doing something wrong.

gy9youz

gya55xw

I never had an internship, just research and study abroad. I graduated in May of 2019, but accepted a geological engineering job in January of 2019. Had a 3.6 as well, a lot of my friends with higher GPAs and internships didnt get jobs until right before or some time after graduating. Everyone's journey is gonna be different. Just keep on applying to as many places as possible, and try to minimize stressing over things you have no control over. Where ever/whenever you get your position is independent of how much stress you have about it. Good luck !!

No internships and no research. Had years of irrelevant retail leadership (which a lot of interviewers actually liked and commented on) and a bitchin automation/controls senior project that made for great interview conversations. Graduated December 2020 and started a full time job in mid February 2021, I interviewed with 4 companies with 3 of those rejecting me after the first interview, had 2 more scheduled that I ended up cancelling (they were both out of town and I got a decent offer in my hometown). Sent out about 80 applications in total. Most important thing is making your resume standout from the crowd. Get used to rejection, but don't give up, you'll find something eventually. And start applying early, I didn't start looking until I was almost graduated and that was my biggest regret, some people I graduated with had jobs lined up 6 months before graduation. Good luck!

bdskbj

askscience_train

AskScience AMA Series: We're Nick Magliocca and Kendra McSweeney and our computer model shows how the War on Drugs spreads and strengthens drug trafficking networks in Central America, Ask Us Anything! Our findings published on April 1, 2019, in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences demonstrate that cocaine trafficking, or 'narco-trafficking, through Central America to the United States is as widespread and difficult to eradicate as it is *because* of interdiction, and increased interdiction will continue to spread narco-traffickers to new areas in their pursuit of moving drugs north. We developed a simulation model, called NarcoLogic, that found the result of the 'cat-and-mouse' game of narco-trafficking and counterdrug interdiction strategies is a larger geographic area for trafficking with little success in stopping the drug from reaching the United States. In reality, narco-traffickers respond to interdiction by adpating their routes and modes of transit, adjusting their networks to exploit new locations. The space drug traffickers use, known as the 'transit zone', has spread from roughly 2 million square miles in 1996 to 7 million square miles in 2017. As a result, efforts by the United States to curtail illegal narcotics from getting into the country by smuggling routes through Central America over the past decades have been costly and ineffective. The model provides a unique virtual laboratory for exploring alternative interdiction strategies and scenarios to understand the unintended consequences over space and time. Our paper describes the model, its performance against historically observed data, and important implications for U.S. drug policy: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2019/03/26/1812459116. Between the two of us, we'll be available between 1:30 - 3:30 pm ET (17:30-19:30 UT). Ask us anything!

el1lhml

el0tb4z

Nick and Kendra signing-off! Thanks Ask Science and you all for your interest!

If the problem is interdiction, consequently also drugs demand? What's the behavior of this two factors together?

55petf

asksciencefiction_train

[MCU/Marvel Comics]Spiderman is from Queens. Captain America is from Brooklyn. Daredevil is from Manhattan, and Stark Tower is in Manhattan. Are there superheroes from the Bronx or Staten Island?

d8cz1z5

d8ciu03

In 616, There are a lot of Inhumans in the Bronx thanks to a Terrigen bomb being set off there. A Z-lister known as Staten Island Star) is from Staten Island.

I couldn't find any, but both Stan Lee and Bob Kane are from there.

ucflhk

asksciencefiction_train

[DC Comics] Why are criminals afraid of Batman even though he does not kill anyone?

i6af3u3

i6a6iik

Imagine you're a small time criminal. You have a few assault charges, a few disorderly conducts, nothing big. You work for one of your old buddies who helps collect debts, and they're connected enough to keep you out of jail long term. Then you go to collect a debt on a guy, and then batman comes in. You decide not to run because he doesn't kill people. He snaps a rope around your neck, and clocks you, knocking you down, and you smash to the concrete floor. Price of a broken knee. 50,000. Orbital floor fracture. 5000. Yearly cost of opiates for brain damage. 14,000 a year. Cost of acute spine damage repair. 140,000. Total cost, 209,000 dollars in the first year, 14000 for the rest of your life. Can you afford that price? And the pain, every day for the rest of your life? Or will you run?

Them some scary hospital bills.

5tlzso

asksciencefiction_train

[Lovecraftian Stories] What would a "benevolent" eldritch abomination be like? After all, we're ants to them, but humans aren't *always* cruel or indifferent to ants: Sometimes we feed them, protect them or simply take care not to step on their hill. Hypothetically, if an eldritch abomination that was "good" (I put the word in quotes since, obviously, such a being would not have the same morality, motivations and mindset as a human, but *we* would consider it benevolent) be like?

ddnuskz

ddnmyhb

I'm not sure we could tell the difference between a benevolent abomination and a hostile one. Here's the thing: human beings are insane. We're so completely unsuited to living in reality that when we're forced to acknowledge it (eg. seeing a shoggoth or an avatar of Yog-Sothoth), it can break us. We're weak in that way. And it makes us incapable of taking the steps we need in order to survive in the universe. We're destined to go extinct long before the Beetle Folk evolve for the Yith to take over. Anything a benevolent abomination could do to help us would be utterly traumatising. Imagine an oblivious child, walking along a high ledge on the edge of a building. All someone can do to help is warn them about the fall, terrifying them in the process, or yank them to safety and risk bruising them badly.

Perhaps in his own way the Crawling Chaos, Nyarlathotep is Benevolent, I mean hes pretty high up on the cosmic food chain but he just enjoys fucking with humans, granted hes driving us completely insane, but hes not exactly blowing us away with a thought now is he?

eabvv7

askdocs_train

In my 30 years on this planet I have never experienced anything as bizarre as this today. So I'm typing away on my keyboard this morning and in an instant, I went from normal to VERY nauseous, started sweating profusely, and collapsed to the floor thinking I was going to die. What the hell happened? Age: 30 Height: 5 foot 10 inches Weight: 200 pounds Gender: Male Smoking: Never Medications: None Conditions: So basically, I'm currently suffering from a foot injury, and I'm limping on this foot and it's painful to walk. All good, I've been injured before, but this morning I'm typing away on my keyboard and in instant, like 0 to 100, I went from completely normal to a "you're about to die feeling". Besides being incredibly scary, I was so nauseous and felt so sick, like the kind of sick you feel when you have the flu. Although I tried to throw up, I couldn't, I started sweating like crazy and then had to sit on the floor...kneeling was not even good enough, I had to sit, my head was spinning, I legit felt like I was about to die. I managed to get myself up to the couch, my brother saw me and said I looked incredibly pale, got me a piece of toast and water and like within a few minutes I felt back to normal. I wanted to call an ambulance during the episode (whatever it was) but then I felt instantly better, so I was like, what am I going to tell the paramedics when they arrive? Throughout the day (up until now) I've felt better, but what happened? Im eating okay...I didn't eat anything out of the ordinary, was it my foot injury? I mean it hurts really bad to walk, but man, was that episode scary.

fap6lbe

fapnjlq

Not a doctor. It sounds like a vasovagal response. But again, I’m not a doctor. Good luck. If it happens again, I’d definitely get checked out.

I get this. It is literally a vasovagal response to my ridiculous anxiety. BUT please get it checked. I have had more pokes, probes, scans, monitors hooked up and any other thing you can have happen to ensure there is nothing else going on. Now, I just lay down, get a cold cloth, wait for my strength to slowly come back, and go to bed and sleep. (Very rare, like once every 2 years or so) But please see a doctor to rule out any physical causes.

txr4r3

askculinary_train

I have many sweet potatoes but sadly, I do not like them because of the sweetness. I’m determined to battle food waste and eat them anyway. How do you cook sweet potatoes in a way which will do the least to bring out their sweetness? I’d prefer not to use too many ingredients but ultimately I’ll do all I can to make them palatable. I have several. I have some ideas already: thinly slice into McDonald’s style chips and cover in spicy seasoning and bake. Is there any clever food science that will numb the sweetness that I don’t know about?

i3nvawa

i3nwvwz

Season them with savory ingredients. Try lots of herbs like sage, thyme, morajam, or even try them with curry. I also boil them with a couple regular potatoes and add a lot of butter. I'm not a big fan of them myself, but cooked with a couple regular potatoes really helped for me.

I like to cube them and bake them with a little oil, salt and then sprinkle them with pomegranate molasses. You get crispy, a little sweet, salty and tangy.

dey95n

askbaking_train

Looking Into Baking as a Career I’ve entered my senior year in high school and I’m considering baking as something to go into because I’ve realized that I enjoy giving my baked things to my friends(pies, brownies etc). What do you think is the best way to get into this profession, college or trying to get a job somewhere?

f30kyd2

f30exmk

Try to get a part time job a popular bakery so you can observe the work first hand. I love baking too but if I had to make 300 muffins and 100 cookies by 7 am I'd hate it pretty quickly.

Here is a great and super informative thread from a few months back. OP was also interested in pursuing a baking career and there is some useful stuff in there. Good luck!

mmx5vr

asksciencefiction_train

[MCU] Which Olympic Events Would Steve Rogers NOT win? If team sports are included, could he bring a gold medal to the worst qualifying team from a non-host nation?

gtu5c0n

gtu5ut8

Wouldn't his blood show abnormalities that would prevent him from participating? Not sure if I'm mixing the Olympics with the UFC but I've heard about guys who have had elevated testosterone being suspended. Cap must have an elevated everything. Anyway, he could absolutely solo any team sport. He's superhuman in both body and mind. In a fraction of a second he can calculate the precise way to kick a ball to score a goal from the halfway line. Maybe the 616 version would struggle with carrying a crappy team.

Probably some of the Equestrian events, particularly dressage. I don't think I've ever seen him showing any more than a normal ability with horses, and most of those events require a lot of practice and coordination between horse and rider. Though I'd have to check the rules. He might be able to do some of the jumping events carrying the horse instead of the other way around.

nn6e4b

changemyview_train

CMV: If one of my co-workers resigns and/or is fired, and I am forced either formally or informally to do parts of their job, I should receive additional pay in proportion to what they were paid for those duties. If your place of employment loses an employee and requires you to pick up the slack in their place, they should give you more money. They should have the money available after all because they aren’t paying that person. Why is it fair to make you do something essentially for free that they were paying someone to do before? To be clear this arrangement doesn’t have to be a formal order to officially do the job of the former employee. If your daily responsibilities grow simply by nature of that person being out, then you have a pretty good case for additional pay as well. If there are two cooks in the kitchen and now there is only one it is obvious that the remaining one is doing at least some of the work of the other person especially if the output has not slipped. In the case of cost-cutting layoffs, all bets are off because obviously, the point of letting the other person go was to save money. The person doing extra work still has a legit gripe, but a different one than in the case of a vacancy because the money is not assumed to be available in that situation. If you are a manager or a person in a flexible role whose job is to pick up slack then this doesn’t apply. But many people are forced to go above and beyond their job descriptions and do tasks that companies have literally already budgeted and allocated money for. That money should be attached to the individual responsibilities in the case of a vacancy, not the person.

gzsvbq1

gzsucya

One important thing to keep in mind is that the hiring process is an expensive one, typically scaling with the salary of the position in question. A company can very easily spend $10k-$20k simply on hiring and training a new employee, so just because they had budgeted for a role to be filled does not mean there is room in the budget to pay double while they fill the role. It might cost them 3 months of pay\* just to bring a new person on. \*This is in typical roles, some are even more extreme. I was hired for a role that had a full year and a half of training at full salary before people were able to start doing any of their normal duties.

Is your view that there should be some sort of mandatory policy requirement that the employee should be provided extra compensation? Or just that you believe it is morally unjust that sometimes additional work is foisted on some employees?

7i1s5i

askscience_train

How is an antenna able to receive and transmit data? And how is the antenna able to convert that data to something the radio can read? How is a metal rod able to receive radiowaves. It is because of its ability to receive EM waves easily due to its material and texture? In a radio, we can listen to the DJ, but how are we able to hear so audibly when the audio message is sent through radiowaves or microwaves?

dqvjyim

dqvmx8k

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio) When radio waves hit an antenna, an alternating voltage will be produced across it as the varying electromotive force of the photons moves electrons in the antenna back and forth. This voltage can be detected by electronic circuitry, and converted into some human-readable form. To transmit radio waves you do the opposite, apply a varying voltage to the antenna to move the electrons batch and forth, and then radio waves will emanate from it. To transmit something like audio, you can modulate the amplitude envelope of the varying voltage. If you modulate it with a voltage signal from a microphone, and then apply that modulation to a speaker when you receive it, you'll have a voice-over-radio system. You can also modulate by frequency, and you can send digital information by modulating high and low for ones and zeros.

Yeah, most antennas are just a piece of metal. The shape is the most important part. Some antennas (lots, actually) have other materials in them as well, and I'll mention that after. So: an EM wave is basically a voltage traveling through the air at the speed of light. That's pretty unintuitive, but it becomes more obvious when you think about it. If you could freeze time and measure the voltage (from the EM field) at any one spot, you could follow an EM wave by watching the voltage go up and down. Now freeze time around an antenna. Picture a normal car whip antenna, just a wire sticking straight up. The antenna is inside the wave, and takes on that voltage. The voltage goes up and down as the wave passes, so electrons are sucked into and out of the antenna. The next simplest antenna is a dipole. The voltage induced in the antenna is the red curve that moves up and down. See how it causes electrons to flow back and forth across the resistor? A radio measures that flow. All the antenna does is produce that flow. It's up to the radio to measure and amplify that flow. In fact the antenna doesn't even provide the resistor- it's up to the radio to have the right resistance, and match exactly what the antenna is tuned to expect. Normally this is 50 ohms. The reason why is complicated, which is to say people argue about it a *lot*. So, if the antenna was too big, or the wrong shape, or facing the wrong way, it might end up overlapping another part of the wave. If that happened, electrons would flow between that part of the antenna and the other part instead of through the resistor, and you wouldn't be able to measure anything. That's why metal heats up in a microwave. Microwaves use very similar frequencies to a household router, but are hundreds or thousands of times more powerful. When you expose a fork to that, it sits over a couple different waves at the same time- so the middle may be at -5 V, while the forks and handle are at +5V. Because metal has such a low resistance (WAY lower than water), that low voltage can still cause a LOT of current to flow, and the fork gets very hot. This is even more complicated than it sounds, and you can also get *high* voltages in this situation- those cause sparks.] Modern antennas take advantage of that fact by carefully designing antennas to not cancel out. You can only measure so much of the wave before it passes, so they cheat and measure several parts of the wave at once- each time removing a as much energy as possible, without cancelling anything out. [Yagi-Uda antennas are one of the most commonly-seen antennas, and work basically like this Note: many people will call this a lie. They are mostly right, but its a decent explanation anyways.] Yagis are one of the special antennas- some of the cross-wires are electrically insulated, and only serve to reflect EM waves- exactly like the dish on a [parabolic antenna. Incidentally, parabolic antennas work exactly like you would think they do. Now we're getting into the really weird antennas. Some of them used to be really common, and some still are, but antennas nowadays are mostly just metal shapes- we got a lot better at making them very sneaky. Cell phone antennas, and famously iphone antennas, are often built into the metal chassis- you can see where each end is insulated from the rest of the chassis. One extremely popular and now totally obsolete antenna is the ferrite loop. These were used for AM radio, which is a much lower frequency than WiFi, cellular or even FM. Lower frequency means longer wavelength- more distance between the high and low voltages. For medium-wave Heard of shortwave? Same idea.] that distance can be hundreds of meters, and you can't hope to make an antenna that long. Ferrite loop antennas wrapped dozens of meters (or more!) of wire around a [ferrite rod. The ferrite acts like a funnel for EM waves, increasing the antennas sensitivity by a huge amount. You know how you can pick up a bunch of paperclips with a magnet? Same deal. Each paperclip funnels the magnetic field through itself, so it's still strong when it reaches the other end and weaker right beside the paperclip. The ferrite loop antenna works the exact same way. Helical antennas are another weird one: they're extremely directional, kind of like a laser for EM waves. Usually used to track satellites, since they can be hundreds or thousands of miles away, and transmit at low power compared to earth transmitters. Now, these things are black magic, but given the basics you can at least see *why* they work if not exactly how. The magnetic field at different places on the helix is different, and reinforces or cancels itself out. If the wave comes from a different direction, different spots will be cancelling. Every bit of metal on earth acts like a little antenna, but if they aren't plugged into a radio you'd never notice. For the most part they just absorb waves and immediately emit them back. If the wave is much bigger than the metal, the whole object will be at the same voltage and no electricity will flow inside it. For big metal things, electricity may flow inside them, but not enough to matter. > In a radio, we can listen to the DJ, but how are we able to hear so audibly when the audio message is sent through radiowaves or microwaves? Math, mostly. AM radio is the simplest: sound controls whether or not the transmitter is on. So when the sound wave is high, the transmitter is busily sending lots of waves out the antenna. When its low, the transmitter turns off. Your car radio receives those waves and turns them into another on-off signal, and uses that to control the speakers. The exact way you do it is called envelope detection. There are a lot of ways to do this. One way is to use a rectifier, which is a device that turns AC waves into DC. When the rectifier is fed fully-on 800 kHz radio, it outputs, say, ~3 V. When it's not getting any waves it outputs 0 V. That signal is fed from the rectifier through an audio amplifier that increases the voltage to 10+ volts and sends it to your speakers. FM radio is ~~worse~~ more complicated. *Hella* complicated. So goddamn complicated we don't totally understand some things about it- like, when you lose reception on a station, why does it go from clear to static so fast? Why doesn't the static slowly increase? It's called the lock-on effect, but most of the reason is that the way you hear sound is weird: loud noises all sound about the same volume while quiet noises sound VERY quiet. That's why sound is in dB (Decibels) instead of Pascals.] Anyway, FM (Frequency Modulated) means that instead to the transmitter turning on or off, the frequency of the transmitter gets higher or lower. Radios are very clever and can translate that very easily, and even use it to tune to stations automatically. WiFi, cellular, and all digital radio (including the way that FM radio stations can transmit the station name, song title and artist) are all much more complex. I could go on for hours about just [fountain codes. The folks who do things like this have long beards (mandatory for the women too), fancy degrees and pointy hats with wide brims. They are to be treated with respect and discouraged from talking. Once they start going it sounds like they're casting a spell [sleep, usually].

h0fixm

askbaking_train

How do you make cookies taste like crunchy store bought cookies like Chips Ahoy? Hello, I really want to make cookies like Chips Ahoy and other store bought crunchy cookies, but when I try to cook them enough to get crunchy, they just get burnt instead. I also can't replicate the flavor of Chips Ahoy. Here are the ingredients in the cookies: UNBLEACHED ENRICHED FLOUR (WHEAT FLOUR, NIACIN, REDUCED IRON, THIAMINE MONONITRATE VITAMIN B1 , RIBOFLAVIN VITAMIN B2 , FOLIC ACID), SEMISWEET CHOCOLATE CHIPS (SUGAR, CHOCOLATE, COCOA BUTTER, DEXTROSE, MILK, SOY LECITHIN), SUGAR, CANOLA OIL, PALM OIL, HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP, LEAVENING (BAKING SODA, AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE), SALT, ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR, CARAMEL COLOR, NATURAL FLAVOR https://www.walmart.com/ip/CHIPS-AHOY-Original-Chocolate-Chip-Cookies-1-Pack-13-oz/22880503 Has anyone made a recipe that tasted like these cookies and had the same texture as them? I would like for them to be very crumbly and crunchy. Thank you very much

ftlsu71

ftm55c6

What recipe do you use?

This blogger has been working on such a thing for a while now. I bookmarked them to try. The reviews on social media seem promising: https://www.google.com/amp/s/buttermilkpantry.wordpress.com/2020/06/05/mini-crunchy-chocolate-chip-cookies-famous-amos-style/amp/

svwgvq

explainlikeimfive_train

Explain like I'm five years old: Why do stars remain in the same position in the sky if the Earth and Solar System are moving at incredibly high speeds through the universe?

hxin4qh

hximtyl

They don't. The universe is just really really big, so even if the solar system and all the other star systems move very fast, it takes a long time for them to change relative position to one another. But they do. [This]( https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/deep-space/a20347/how-the-big-dipper-has-changedand-will-changeover-200000-years/ ) article has some GIFs (and an in-depth explanation)

They do. But incredibly slowly. Certain stars and constellations can only be seen during certain seasons of the year. Yet we are so so far away from these stars any movement on our part is miniscule. Imagine looking down a LONG highway at some small sign or something. You can move left or right but the sign doesn't move much. Now imagine instead of a long highway it's a couple hundreds of light-years away.

r1if1m

askengineers_train

Do most Engineers eventually go into Management ?

hlz2cyj

hlz6kj7

27 years as a engineer... and no. I have been a department manager (for 7 years) and while I did well in the position, I did not appreciate the ever moving goal posts from upper management. I voluntarily took a step back to a Senior Staff Engineer and have been happy ever since. While my bonus and raises haven't been as good (i've reached the point that the pay is good enough to not need significant raises... but keeping up with inflation would be nice) i'm still doing okay. Anyways good luck!

If I end up in management, then I have severely screwed up.

pldzfx

askengineers_train

Did anyone do an undergrad in Engineering then went to Med school? What one had harder learning content and materials?

hca7lkk

hcabmgg

Peter Attia, who hosts the Attia Drive podcast (highly recommend) went from ME in undergrad to med school.

I had an anesthesiologist tell me his undergrad was in EE. He went to Stanford.

qrbpro

askengineers_train

Why is the drop out rate so high? Many people go into engineering but once they get to sophomore or junior year they drop out for another major. Is it true that engineering requires ALOT of commitment? I watched some videos on YouTube about thermodynamics and that looks so hard.

hk5zt3d

hk6dgqx

The reality is that yes, it is difficult (ME grad). But if you actually enjoy math and physics the challenge does not get in the way of enjoying college. I think the real reason the dropout rate is so high is because people fantasize about “being an engineer”. If you don’t actually like the detail oriented and problem solving mindset then you will likely drop out quickly. However, I believe the real factor in being successful is having an interest and passion. ^note on this because I love to rant. If you don’t quite have a passion, but are a hard worker, don’t expect things to change when you go full time. After graduation engineering jobs require a constant drive to find the cause of problems and create a solution - if you don’t enjoy that process you will burn out quick.

Engineering was hard AF. I graduated over 20 years ago and to this day I still have nightmares about not being ready for a test or forgetting how to do all that crazy math. I’m a physician now. I’ve never once had a bad dream about med school. That should say something.

6n4kk0

askengineers_train

PepsiCo told me they require candidates out of college to first work in a lower role (warehousing, manufacturing, supply chain, etc.) before becoming a Process Improvement Engineer. Is this common? I graduated in May with a BS in Chemical Engineering and have been trying to get an engineering job. I received a call from PepsiCo's talent acquisition and they told me that they have their hires work in other roles before getting into the Process Improvement Engineer role, in order to learn how things work. I haven't received more info yet, but hearing this worries me that they just use this as a dangling carrot to get educated candidates to work warehousing and manufacturing labor jobs where they might remain for years.   Is this common or is it a red flag? I'd be interested if it's an actual engineering training program for a short time, but I'm afraid that they just get you to work there with an "opportunity" to become a process engineer.

dk79y3j

dk7643b

BMW does this. Namely the plant in South Carolina. They'll have you work on the floor between 1 or 2 months. I think it's a fantastic idea. How the hell do you chang processes you've never done?

Amazon requires this too. Had a few friends apply for IT jobs on their cloud services side and they were told they had to work a year in a warehouse and their signing bonus would be available after that year. They all pretty much laughed at Amazon and took jobs at other firms.

rpyrhh

askengineers_train

If you could give one piece of advice to an entry level engineer, what would it be? I need wisdoms pls.

hq78qhq

hq7blav

You're not smarter than people because of your degree. Listen, learn, and don't be an ass.

when you stop learning, switch jobs

eb0wwp

askacademia_train

I hear lots of talk about Imposter Syndrome, but have you ever dealt with an actual imposter? I mean impostor in the sense that they say they have credential X, but it turns out that it is astronomically unlikely that they actually do. Concrete example: https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2007/4/26/mit-admissions-dean-resigns-after-fake/ I'm asking because I think I've run into such a person. I have no intention do anything about it because, I'm not 100% sure, I feel like it is none of my business and I have too many deadlines and unanswered emails to voluntarily get involved in anything. Is this a once in a decade event or does this type of thing happen all the time?

fb11irh

fb15c3v

I've had thousands of students, so have seen the entire range of ability. Most students that make it to the upper level of undergraduate coursework are very capable, and as others have said tend to be most critical of themselves. That is the core of imposter syndrome, and we all have it to some degree. I have to constantly remind students that they wouldn't be where they are without real ability and good decision-making. I'd say this high-achieving group constitutes about two-thirds of my students (not that they are always high-achieving in every single course, but overall in the degree they are generally successful). There's also a group that doesn't do well overall in the degree, but they are usually accepting of the reasons as to why. They aren't faking anything, they just aren't working hard enough, are in the wrong major, have struggles outside of school that semester, etc. They may blame the professor, the University, themselves, or life, but no matter what they're at least understanding that there is a problem they need to address. This is probably a third of my students. This group in my opinion may be in denial, but they are not imposters. There's a very tiny fraction, maybe 1%, that could talk their way into anything, convince everyone they're very knowledgeable, and really can fake it. If you were in a class with them, you'd think they were the top student because of how they speak, when they're often in the bottom 25%. But in their mind they aren't faking anything and they don't even recognize the issue, they really know everything and are at the top of the field. They are very personable, get along with faculty, contribute in lecture, lead clubs, have "ideas" (typically ideas that are quite out there). But academically they're typically in the C or D range. Now maybe these students will one day become the next great thinkers of our time, but I've not seen it yet. I would say I see about one student like this a semester. Honestly I don't see how this group could fake their way into a Medical, Masters, or PhD program where there is real rigor. I've personally not seen anyone in my field I would consider an actual imposter. Some less capable than others, for sure, but to get where we are you have to have some reflection and ability. And these "imposters" probably find some similar work related to the field, and end up doing pretty well as they can talk their way through most issues. I'd say many would do very well in business, but not academia.

I know a fella who has a doctorate from a highly ranked program, and is now a tenured professor at a well regarded SLAC. His wife was also in his graduate program, though she dropped out to raise the kids when they got married and immediately started reproducing. He is totally repping her scholarship. I'm sure he does some of the grunt work, and he stays current enough to be able to speak convincingly about it and the field, but it's clearly her scholarship.

ka4490

askculinary_train

Gourmet/unusual vinegars A family member has asked me to give them gourmet/exotic vinegars for the holiday. They specifically want both gourmet AND exotic, and I am lost. The most exotic vinegar I have is champagne, and I got it from Safeway. 😂 Can anyone give me a crash course in identifying quality vinegars and what I should be mindful of when selecting them?

gf85f6m

gf8c6ng

Well, you can make vinegar out of anything sugary, including fruits. It’s essentially wine that’s been allowed to keep aging/fermenting until the sugars have all been converted to acids. Just thinking off the top of my head you could explore some higher end versions of: - rice wine vinegar - red or white wine vinegar - apple cider vinegar - balsamic vinegar or balsamic glaze - pear vinegar Try seeing if there’s an asian market in your area. They usually stock a variety of vinegars for various uses. Failing that, search for a high end grocery store in your area, like a trader joes or whole foods and check if they have an organic food section. I think Safeway is mostly west of the Mississippi, but if you happen to be in the Maryland/VA area where we have some, check out Balducci’s in McLean. Edit: Forgot about Wegman’s! Their store out in Fair Oaks has insanely good selections for things.

This is what I would want. https://truebalsamic.com/?gclid=CjwKCAiAiML-BRAAEiwAuWVggqILtOyKOvte1B7sxghPYWL2H4hzaH2n-TF9h18hAakNXzevF040ZhoCVmsQAvD\_BwE

s0ut4o

askbaking_train

What to do with leftover baked goods when you live alone? I live alone and baking is one of my favorite ways to relieve stress. As a particularly heavy academic season is setting in I am baking two or three times a week. The problem is my college is remote right now so I don’t have any friends to share my baked goods with and I live alone. There isn’t anywhere to donate baked goods to near here (they only accept packaged foods for safety reasons.) I can’t eat two dozen cupcakes every week but I also feel very badly throwing away perfectly good food. Anyone have workarounds for this? Thank you in advance!

hs5nsgy

hs4tg7o

As a long time postal worker I can safely say that you could drop off at the depot or just give some to your letter carrier. It’s a nice thing to get a sweet snack while out on a route. It wouldn’t hurt to meet your letter carrier the first time so they can know what to expect. Leaving out cold water, soda, juice or energy drinks is nice too.

I can DM you my address if you like.

i492rn

askculinary_train

Culinary Podcasts We frequently talk about cooking videos on YouTube, but there are also a lot of interesting audio podcasts about food out there. Instead of focusing on recipes, they cover topics in the science, business, history, and social aspects of food and cooking. Which are your favorites? What makes them different and particularly worth listening to? What have you learned from them that you think we ought to know too?

g0h6a07

g0jautg

There was a period in my life that I would religiously listen to NPR for the splendid table, then click and clack, then wait wait don't tell me So yeah there is something so soothing to the voice of the woman in splendid table

It's not do much a learning podcast as comedy, but Off Menu is great. It's hosted by James Acaster and Ed Gamble and they have guests on to talk about their dream meal