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[ "Q:\n\nAlter Column Datatype from Int to Ntext and vice-versa\n\nI have a SQL table: \nCREATE TABLE [UserTable]\n(\n [ID] [int] NULL,\n [Name] [nvarchar](50) NULL,\n [City] [nvarchar](50) NULL\n) ON [PRIMARY]\n\nIn this table the ID column has the datatype int. ", "I want to alter the data type of the ID column to Ntext.", "\nFor that I am using the following Sql Query:\nALTER TABLE UserTable\nALTER COLUMN ID NTEXT\n\nThis query gives the following error message:\n\nMsg 206, Level 16, State 2, Line 1\n Operand type clash: int is\n incompatible with ntext\n\nWhile when I alter ID column Datatype from Int to navarchar it works fine.", "\nAfter that I am trying to Alter ID(now the data type of the Id column is Nvarchar) Column data type to Ntext by Alter Query it alters ID column data type successfully.", "\nWhy can't we alter column data type directly Int to Ntext, while we can do this via INT to Nvarchar after that Nvarchar to Ntext?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou're trying to do an implicit conversion which is disallowed from int to ntext. ", "Why, I don't know, but I guess because it's 2 steps (int->string, string->LOB).", "\nAlso, don't use ntext. ", "It's deprecated. ", "Use nvarchar(max) which should allow implicit conversion.", "\nFinally, if ID is the primary key then why do want a LOB type? ", "You do have a primary key...?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "A federal judge has condemned Attorney General Bill Barr for \"misleading\" the public with his handling of the Mueller Report. ", "ABC News Chief Legal Correspondent Dan Abrams joins MSNBC’s Ari Melber to discuss a top federal judge’s “grave concern” and lack of “trust” about Barr’s “objectivity.” ", "Abrams argues there is “nothing more insulting” to Barr than assert he “politicized” the process and Department of Justice. ", "Former Federal Prosecutor Joyce Vance argues Barr’s actions are “so egregious” a federal judge is telling “the American people” they “cannot trust the Attorney General to be truthful.”" ]

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[ "Airaid Premium Air Filters are the best washable and reusable filter you can buy. ", "Every Airaid Air Filter is hand-made with the finest materials available. ", "It will trap far more dust and dirt than the competition, and provide you with superb air flow for excellent engine performance. ", "Best yet, it's guaranteed to last as long as your vehicle.", "\n\nThe Airaid Premium Air Filter stands out from the pack with its unique SynthaFlow filtration media. ", "While the competition's \"performance\" filters use only cotton-gauze material, Airaid interlaces SynthaFlow between the gauze. ", "Proprietary SynthaFlow captures the smallest dust particles that would otherwise pass through inferior filters, slowly ruining your engine's performance. ", "Airaid Air Filters capture almost twice the percentage of 2-micron particulates and over six times the amount of 0.5-micron particulates than the competition. ", "This means your engine runs on cleaner air, which keeps it running more powerfully and efficiently.", "\n\nBy simply cleaning every 30,000-50,000 miles, your Airaid Air Filter will provide you with a lifetime of top-quality filtration. ", "For the best cleaning and protection, use Airaid's Air Filter Tune-Up Kit." ]

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[ "Thanks. ", " This is exactly what I wanted.", "\nJohn\n\n\n \n\tEnron North America Corp.\n\t\n\tFrom: Sunil Dalal @ ENRON 09/20/2000 04:05 PM\n\t\n\nTo: John Arnold/HOU/ECT@ECT\ncc: Frank Hayden/Corp/Enron@Enron \nSubject: Re: \n\nJohn, the matrix that was sent to you includes YTD P&L for all the traders in \nthe matrix. ", " Trader P&L contribution to desk P&L, however, was not backed out \non that particular matrix. ", " That matrix effectively shows one trader's \ncorrelation to all others. ", " What is does not show is one trader's P&L to the \ndesk P&L. I have included a spreadsheet with each trader's P&L backed out of \nAGG-GAS P&L to demonstrate their relationship. ", " Please call Frank or myself \nif you have questions. ", " Thanks.", "\n\n\n\n\n \n\t\n\t\n\tFrom: Frank Hayden 09/19/2000 06:42 PM\n\t\n\nTo: Sunil Dalal/Corp/Enron@ENRON\ncc: \n\nSubject: Re:\n\nquestions and answers?", "\n---------------------- Forwarded by Frank Hayden/Corp/Enron on 09/19/2000 \n06:42 PM ---------------------------\n\n\nJohn Arnold@ECT\n09/19/2000 05:33 PM\nTo: Frank Hayden/Corp/Enron@ENRON\ncc: \n\nSubject: Re: \n\nThx for the spreadsheet. ", " 2 questions : What time frame does this entail and \ndoes the correlation between the trader and AGG GAS include that trader's \ncontribution to the floor's P&L. In other words, is my P&L correlated with \nthe floor or is it correlated to the rest of the floor absent me?", "\n\n\n \n\tEnron North America Corp.\n\t\n\tFrom: Frank Hayden @ ENRON 09/19/2000 02:41 PM\n\t\n\nTo: John Arnold/HOU/ECT@ECT\ncc: \nSubject:" ]

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[ "Vitolo picks up an injury in Atletico Madrid training Atletico Madrid He lasted just 20 minutes\n\nVitolo picked up an injury and departed Atletico Madrid's training session on Saturday just 20 minutes after it started.", "\n\nThe Spaniard was one of his team's top performers when he came on in their 0-0 draw against Villarreal on Friday night.", "\n\nVitolo will most probably undergo medical tests on Monday to assess the extent of his injury and everything points to him missing the Champions League game against Lokomotiv Moscow on Wednesday.", "\n\nThe former Sevilla winger suffered a muscle injury back on September 28 and he was sidelined for 23 days, missing Atleti's games against Real Valladolid, Valencia and Bayer Leverkusen.", "\n\nHis knock comes in a tough period for Diego Simeone's side, who have struggled to turn their chances into goals in the last few games." ]

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[ "<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\">\n\n<link rel=\"apple-touch-icon-precomposed\" sizes=\"144x144\" href=\"../../assets/img/favicon-144.png\">\n<link rel=\"apple-touch-icon-precomposed\" sizes=\"114x114\" href=\"../../assets/img/favicon-144.png\">\n<link rel=\"apple-touch-icon-precomposed\" sizes=\"72x72\" href=\"../../assets/img/favicon-72.png\">\n<link rel=\"apple-touch-icon-precomposed\" href=\"../../assets/img/favicon-32.png\">\n<link rel=\"shortcut icon\" href=\"../../assets/img/favicon-32.png\">\n\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"../../assets/css/vk.css\"/>\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"../../assets/css/prism.css\"/>\n\n\n<vk-title>vkCmdBeginQuery | NVK</vk-title>\n\n<vk-centered>\n\n <vk-navigation>\n <vk-search-title>Search</vk-search-title>\n <vk-search>\n <input type=\"text\" id=\"search\" autocomplete=\"off\" />\n <vk-search-results>\n <ol id=\"search-list\">\n <li id=\"no-search-results\">No Results</li>\n </ol>\n </vk-search-results>\n </vk-search>\n <vk-section-title style=\"margin-top: 1em;\">Categories</vk-section-title>\n <vk-categories></vk-categories>\n</vk-navigation>\n\n\n <vk-struct>\n\n <vk-name>vkCmdBeginQuery</vk-name>\n\n <vk-description>Begin a query</vk-description>\n\n <vk-section-title>Syntax</vk-section-title>\n <vk-syntax>\n <pre><code class=\"language-js\">void vkCmdBeginQuery();\n</code></pre>\n </vk-syntax>\n\n <vk-section-title>Parameters</vk-section-title>\n\n <vk-properties>\n <vk-property-entry>\n <vk-property-parameter>commandBuffer</vk-property-parameter>\n <vk-property-type type=\"object\"><a href=\"../handles/VkCommandBuffer.html\">VkCommandBuffer</a></vk-property-type>\n <vk-property-description> is the command buffer into which this command will be recorded.</vk-property-description>\n </vk-property-entry>\n <vk-property-entry>\n <vk-property-parameter>queryPool</vk-property-parameter>\n <vk-property-type type=\"object\"><a href=\"../handles/VkQueryPool.html\">VkQueryPool</a></vk-property-type>\n <vk-property-description> is the query pool that will manage the results of the query.</vk-property-description>\n </vk-property-entry>\n <vk-property-entry>\n <vk-property-parameter>query</vk-property-parameter>\n <vk-property-type type=\"number\">Number</vk-property-type>\n <vk-property-description> is the query index within the query pool that will contain the results.</vk-property-description>\n </vk-property-entry>\n <vk-property-entry>\n <vk-property-parameter>flags</vk-property-parameter>\n <vk-property-type type=\"number\"><a href=\"../enums/VkQueryControlFlagBits.html\">VkQueryControlFlagBits</a></vk-property-type>\n <vk-property-description> is a bitmask of <b>VkQueryControlFlagBits</b> specifying constraints on the types of queries that <i>can</i> be performed.</vk-property-description>\n </vk-property-entry>\n \n </vk-properties>\n\n </vk-struct>\n\n</vk-centered>\n\n<script>\nconst IS_ROOT = false;\n</script>\n\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"../../assets/js/prism.min.js\"></script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"../../assets/js/index.js\"></script>\n" ]

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[ "There was a stunning admission from ABC senior national correspondent Terry Moran during Sunday’s This Week when he conceded that, if Special Counsel Robert Mueller found no evidence of collusion with Russia by the Trump campaign, then the President would be \"cleared\" and there would be a “reckoning for the media” and the others who pushed the notion.", "\n\nMoran’s concession came after fill-in host Martha Raddatz wondered if it would even be a big deal if nothing was found. ", "Moran suggested it would be “huge” because the left had elevated Mueller to “folk hero” status because of the investigation.", "\n\nIn no uncertain terms, Moran laid out how serious it would be for those desperately searching for collusion:\n\nNo, but the most central and most serious question in this investigation, the reason Robert Mueller started it is, did the current president of the United States assist the Kremlin in an attack on our democracy? ", "And if Mueller, after two years, comes back and says, “I don't have the evidence to support that charge,” that's a reckoning. ", "That's a reckoning for progressives and Democrats who hoped that Mueller would essentially erase the 2016 election. ", "It's a reckoning for the media. ", "It’s a reckoning around the country if, in fact, after all this time there was no collusion.", "\n\nSeemingly unhappy with Moran’s conclusion, Raddatz turned to chief Justice correspondent Pierre Thomas to save the narrative.", "\n\nThomas held out hope for evidence of collusion by noting how “the Mueller report is shrouded in secrecy”, despite admitting “the fact is if you look at all the charges so far, no one Mueller has charged so far has been charged with directly conspiring with the Russians.”", "\n\n“There’s just a lot we don't know, and there are certain facts that Mueller has hinted to throughout the case. ", "Like the fact that Paul Manafort allegedly gave polling data to a suspected Russian intelligence officer. ", "Roger Stone, a confidant of the President, communicating with one of the Russian hackers,” Thomas continued. “", "So again, stay tuned. ", "We have to see what the report says.”", "\n\nRaddatz turned back to Moran to hype the plethora of investigations House Democrats were feverishly opening in hopes of finding something to impeach Trump with. “", "There are certainly other investigations about the Trump businesses, about Trump Tower Moscow which may draw the interest of prosecutors and Congressional investigators and certainly, these issues need to be brought to light,” he said.", "\n\nBut Moran did caution Democrats that opening all those investigations could backfire in the eyes of the public. ", "Advising: “In fact, Democrats have to worry they don't look like they're just throwing anything against the wall and hope it will stick and get back to the old type of politics. ", "If they want to beat Donald Trump, beat him. ", "Beat him on the issues, beat him on politics. ", "Don't beat him with investigations.”", "\n\nIt’s rare that folk in the liberal media will admit that there has been no evidence of collusion. ", "And rarer still, a discussion about what it meant for the media rabidly pursuing that outcome.", "\n\nThe transcript is below, click \"expand\" to read:" ]

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[ "package com.mrpowergamerbr.loritta.commands.vanilla.minecraft\n\nimport com.mrpowergamerbr.loritta.", "Loritta\nimport com.mrpowergamerbr.loritta.commands.", "AbstractCommand\nimport com.mrpowergamerbr.loritta.commands.", "CommandContext\nimport com.mrpowergamerbr.loritta.utils.", "Constants\nimport com.mrpowergamerbr.loritta.utils.locale.", "LegacyBaseLocale\nimport com.mrpowergamerbr.loritta.utils.remove\nimport net.perfectdreams.loritta.api.commands.", "CommandCategory\nimport java.awt.", "Color\nimport java.awt.image.", "BufferedImage\nimport java.io.", "File\nimport javax.imageio.", "ImageIO\n\nclass McConquistaCommand : AbstractCommand(\"mcconquista\", listOf(\"mcprogresso\", \"mcadvancement\", \"mcachievement\"), CommandCategory.", "MINECRAFT) {\n\toverride fun getDescription(locale: LegacyBaseLocale): String {\n\t\treturn locale[\"MCCONQUISTA_Description\"]\n\t}\n\n\toverride fun getExamples(): List<String> {\n\t\treturn listOf(\"@Loritta Ser muito fofa!\")", "\n\t}\n\n\toverride fun getUsage(): String {\n\t\treturn \"texto\"\n\t}\n\n\toverride fun needsToUploadFiles(): Boolean {\n\t\treturn true\n\t}\n\n\toverride suspend fun run(context: CommandContext,locale: LegacyBaseLocale) {\n\t\tif (context.args.size > 1) {\n\t\t\tval image = context.getImageAt(0) ?: ", "run { Constants.", "INVALID_IMAGE_REPLY.invoke(context); return; }\n\n\t\t\tval advancementText = context.rawArgs.remove(0).joinToString(\" \")\n\n\t\t\tval template = ImageIO.read(File(Loritta.", "ASSETS + \"mcconquista.png\")) // Template\n\n\t\t\tval graphics = template.graphics\n\n\t\t\tval minecraftia = Constants.", "MINECRAFTIA\n\t\t\t\t\t.deriveFont(24f) // A fonte para colocar no progresso\n\n\t\t\tgraphics.font = minecraftia\n\t\t\tgraphics.color = Color(255, 255, 0)\n\n\t\t\tgraphics.drawString(context.legacyLocale[\"MCCONQUISTA_AdvancementMade\"], 90, 41 + 14)\n\t\t\tgraphics.color = Color(255, 255, 255)\n\n\t\t\tvar remadeText = \"\"\n\t\t\tvar x = 90\n\t\t\tfor (ch in advancementText) {\n\t\t\t\tif (x + graphics.fontMetrics.charWidth(ch) > 468) {\n\t\t\t\t\tremadeText = remadeText.substring(0, remadeText.length - 3) + \"...\"\n\t\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\tx += graphics.fontMetrics.charWidth(ch)\n\t\t\t\tremadeText += ch\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\tgraphics.drawString(remadeText, 90, 74 + 14)\n\t\t\tgraphics.drawImage(image.getScaledInstance(70, 70, BufferedImage.", "SCALE_SMOOTH), 16, 14, null)\n\n\t\t\tcontext.sendFile(template, \"advancement.png\", context.getAsMention(true))\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tcontext.explain()\n\t\t}\n\t}\n}" ]

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[ "From the shop\n\nSee also\n\nThis is one of the images which Burns included in a book, called 'Picturesque Bits from Old Edinburgh' and published in 1868. ", "Although the photographs record the historic buildings of the Old Town, Burns wanted them to be a reminder of the 'pain in the present'; the squalid and overcrowded conditions in which the poor lived. ", "There is nevertheless a lot of charm in this picture and, although, there are no figures in the street, it is clearly inhabited.", "\n\nPicturesque\n\nA term applied to certain landscape images and garden or architectural designs. ", "The idea became prominent in the 18th century to describe irregular or rough scenes that were deemed worthy to be painted. ", "This includes subjects such as ruined castles or ramshackle cottages.", "\n\nPicturesque\n\nDetails\n\nAcc. ", "No.", "PGP R 814\n\nMediumAlbumen print\n\nSize10.6 x 8.5 cm\n\nCreditGift of Mrs. Riddell in memory of Peter Fletcher Riddell 1985\n\nArchibald Burns (Scottish, died about 1880)\n\nArchibald Burns was a professional photographer in Edinburgh, best known for his landscape and architectural images. ", "He published an illustrated book in 1868, called 'Picturesque Bits from Old Edinburgh'. ", "This was a photographic guide to the Old Town, which paid attention to social issues such as overcrowding and poor sanitation. ", "Apart from being documentary, Burns's work is quite obviously picturesque. ", "For an added nostalgic look, he often used salted paper which makes pictures appear old and faded." ]

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[ "How Fog Could Help Solve California’s Drought (And Make Delicious Vodka)\n\nAs Robert Redford’s character in All Is Lost proved, in dire situations, water can be teased out of thin air. ", "In the movie, Redford collects condensation from a makeshift seawater desalination system he rigs up in his lifeboat. ", "In California, it’s being harvested from the fog that rolls in off the Pacific.", "\n\nImages from a drought-stricken California shocked the rest of the country when they circulated last year: dry and cracked riverbeds, brown golf courses, shriveled crops. ", "The drought that has plagued the state since 2011 is showing signs of easing up thanks to the relief brought by El Niño, but it’s far from over. ", "As Jay Famiglietti, senior water scientist at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, told NPR, because California grows so much of the nation’s food, which requires vast amounts of water, it’s likely to continue suffering “chronic water scarcity.”", "\n\nMight there be a solution right beneath our noses? ", "Or, rather, hanging above our heads? ", "Fog, the atmospheric phenomenon that makes San Francisco such a picturesque—if damp—place to live, is essentially low-lying clouds made up of countless water droplets. ", "A Canadian nonprofit called FogQuest is working with local researchers to test fog harvesting systems in key areas across the state. ", "The Bay Area, now has several fog catchers designed to capture moisture from the ever-present mist. ", "Erected in strategic locations, they are made up of large plastic mesh sheets that collect the water droplets in the air, which then drip down into a tank.", "\n\nIn the past decade, FogQuest has installed fog catchers in such places as Ethiopia, Guatemala, and Chile’s Atacama Desert, parts of which get little more than a millimeter of rainfall per year. ", "The contraptions require no electricity and collected an average of half a gallon per square yard of mesh in a Bay Area trial run. ", "The water can be used for drinking, cooking, washing, gardening. ", "In Chile, there is even a beer brewed with fog water. ", "In California, it’s now being used to make artisanal vodka.", "\n\nAlameda-based Hangar 1 is launching Fog Point Vodka, distilled from a local biodynamic wine and brought down to proof with water collected from FogQuest fog catchers. ", "The result is a spirit that shows elegant minerality—the winemaker and a local FogQuest volunteer disagree about whether that gentle salinity comes from the wine or the fog water, which could be influenced by the sea. ", "In any case, it isn’t just a gimmick, insists head distiller Caley Shoemaker. ", "The hope is that it will shine a light on this simple, technology.", "\n\n“We work with a lot of local farmers,” says Shoemaker, who sources fresh citrus for macerating into the brand’s flavored vodkas locally.", "“The drought is something they’re all dealing with.” ", "She had been mulling just how she could address the concerns of local farmers when she learned that it was possible to turn mist into usable water. ", "FogQuest ended up providing her with 330 gallons of fog water.", "\n\n“It could be a great resource for local farmers or vineyards,” says FogQuest’s cofounder and executive director, Robert Schemenauer, adding that several are researching the technology and have already bought mesh from FogQuest. “", "Over the years, fog water has been used for a variety of purposes, including agriculture and reforestation, in various countries.”", "\n\nThe concept of collecting water from fog is nothing new, he explains. ", "Some 2,000 years ago, the Romans who colonized the African coastal islands found that they could collect water from the trees after a fog drifted in. ", "In the 19th century, California scientists noticed that Redwood trees were getting watered without rain.", "\n\nToday, says Schemenauer, small farmers in California could use the technology to reduce their water usage. ", "But, he warns, harvesting fog takes time and results can vary greatly depending on the fog catcher’s location. ", "Naturally, certain spots get more fog than others. ", "He’s optimistic about the technology’s potential but stresses that “it’s definitely not the only answer to this crisis.”", "\n\nDaniel Fernandez, a FogQuest collaborator and professor at California State University, Monterey Bay, now has dozens of fog-catching sites along central and northern California. ", "As he collects moisture, his ultimate goal is to gather data on the technology’s potential. ", "He says fog water has been used to grow vegetable gardens in Latin America; he even grew a little potted chard watered by the steady drip of a small fog collector on the roof of a building on campus. ", "But he believes the technology’s greatest benefit to Californians may be as a teaching tool.", "\n\n“The technology is more successful when we don’t expect it to provide the levels of water that the average person in the U.S. uses,” he says. “[", "But] implementing fog technology may make farmers grow wiser in terms of limiting water use.”", "\n\nIn a TEDx talk he gave in 2011, Fernandez showed a film clip of a Buddhist temple in Nepal, where a man described in precise detail how every liter of fog water collected was used—so many liters for cooking and tea, so many for washing. ", "Perhaps, Fernandez muses, collecting moisture in such a painstaking way, droplet by droplet plucked from low-lying clouds, could inspire us to become more conscious of our own water consumption." ]

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[ "RUSS launches crowd-funding appeal for self-build training facility\n\nRUSS hopes to raise £57,000 to build the Knowledge Hub, the first of its kind in London, in Ladywell, Lewisham.", "\n\nThe training facility will be designed and built by RUSS and will be situated on its Church Grove site, a project which will see 33 new self-build homes built from 2018.", "\n\nRUSS’s model aims to create truly affordable homes for people in housing need locally, with the aim to roll out this out to other London boroughs.", "\n\nThe self-builders’ training unit will be a single-storey property, utilised during the main construction process of the Church Grove project.", "\n\nThe facility will be the base for regular workshops, events and build-days, and will serve as a showcase for natural building materials, including timber systems and straw bale.", "\n\nRUSS will use the facility to test ideas and consult with the local community on future community incentives.", "\n\nWould-be self-builders will have opportunity to gain first-hand experience of building a property, gain knowledge of what’s involved with the construction of a new home, and join together with the wider community.", "\n\nThe facility, which will double-up as a community centre for locals and residents of Church Grove, will be a base for knowledge sharing, in hopes of inspiring future projects.", "\n\nKareem Dayes, the chairman of RUSS commented: “Lewisham has a history of self-building. ", "In 1985 a group of council tenants with no previous building experience built their own homes on land provided by Lewisham Council. ", "They were led by architect Water Segal, who developed a simple and cost-effective building design that anyone could self-build.”" ]

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[ "All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.", "\n\nIntroduction {#sec007}\n============\n\nQuality primary care is an essential component of strong health care systems with good health outcomes \\[[@pone.0191181.ref001]\\]. ", "In 1978 at Alma Ata, the World Health Organization (WHO) promoted \"primary care\" as essential for all health systems. ", "Research from industrialized countries has shown that stronger primary care systems are associated with lower costs and better population health outcomes \\[[@pone.0191181.ref001]--[@pone.0191181.ref005]\\]. ", "Studies in the United States and in low- and middle-income countries have also suggested that greater primary care availability is correlated with improved health and a decrease in utilization of high cost health services \\[[@pone.0191181.ref006]--[@pone.0191181.ref008]\\]. ", "In 2008, the World Health Organization reiterated their call for all countries to strengthen primary care systems and use primary care as a model to provide care that is equitable and efficient \\[[@pone.0191181.ref009], [@pone.0191181.ref010]\\].", "\n\nPrimary care in Vietnam is mainly provided by a network of more than 11,000 commune health care centers that provide basic and essential health services to people in every commune. ", "A commune health center (CHC) is usually staffed with a general doctor and some ancillary staff such as a midwife, nurse, assistant doctor of traditional medicine or pharmacist. ", "This network is supplemented by additional outpatient \"polyclinics\" (staffed by multiple primary care and subspecialist physicians) and district hospitals. ", "People with public health insurance may seek health care services at their registered primary health facility, normally their local commune health center, and can then be referred to a higher level if needed such as district, provincial or central hospitals. ", "Although those with public health insurance generally have free or low-cost access to primary care services through the CHCs, many people believe the quality to be poor and so bypass their CHC at the grassroots level and instead choose to self-pay for services directly at private clinics or hospitals. ", "This pattern of care-seeking behavior has led to serious overcrowding in most upper level referral hospitals, despite potential compromises in quality due to extensive waiting times and short consultations under extreme time pressure. ", "As a result, Vietnam has begun a variety of interventions since 2013 to improve the primary care system \\[[@pone.0191181.ref011], [@pone.0191181.ref012]\\]. ", "Correspondingly, there is now a great need for valid tools to measure the quality of primary care and assist in evaluating these interventions and their effectiveness.", "\n\nThere are a variety of tools for measuring elements of primary care, however, the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT) developed by Barbara Starfield at the Johns Hopkins Primary Care Policy Center focuses on the core principles of primary care and is one of the few tools designed to assess both structural and process features of primary care \\[[@pone.0191181.ref013], [@pone.0191181.ref014]\\]. ", "The PCAT family of instruments includes four surveys: the adult consumer-client survey (PCAT-AE), the child consumer-client survey (PCAT-CE), a provider survey and a facility survey. ", "The PCAT-AE is designed to collect information from consumers regarding their experience using health care resources, and it may be used to survey target populations \\[[@pone.0191181.ref014]\\].", "\n\nThe PCAT gauges the organizational resources and processes of grassroots health care by evaluating four essential features or core domains of primary care: first contact care (access), longitudinality (continuity), comprehensiveness and coordination. ", "Three other derivative domains are also included in the PCAT: family-centered care, community-oriented care and culturally competent care \\[[@pone.0191181.ref015]\\]. ", "Each domain is represented by one or two small scales. ", "Six scales represent the four core domains of primary care: first contact, longitudinal care, coordination of services (coordination domain), comprehensive services available and comprehensive services provided (comprehensiveness domain). ", "Three additional scales represent the three ancillary domains of family centeredness, community orientation and cultural competence. ", "Thus, the original PCAT-AE consists of nine scales representing seven domains \\[[@pone.0191181.ref014]\\].", "\n\nThe PCAT-AE has been used and validated in multiple countries and is perhaps one of the most widely studied and applied tools for measuring quality of primary care across the globe \\[[@pone.0191181.ref016]--[@pone.0191181.ref019]\\]. ", "Given the proven utility of the tool worldwide, we presumed it to be a useful tool to gauge the quality of primary care as an emerging component of the healthcare system in Vietnam. ", "Although the PCAT-AE has been validated in a variety of countries, specificities of local health systems and patients' cultural understanding of key concepts may make some elements of the tool less useful or valid. ", "In this study, we developed the Vietnamese Primary Care Assessment Tool based on the consumer-client version of the adult expanded PCAT (VN PCAT-AE) and examined its internal consistency and validity.", "\n\nMethod {#sec008}\n======\n\nTranslation and adaptation of the PCAT for Vietnam {#sec009}\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nA toolkit developed by the Johns Hopkins Primary Care Policy Center for use of the PCAT in international settings contains a set of recommended steps for valid linguistic and cultural translation of the tool (available upon request from the Center). ", "In our initial adaptation of the tool for Vietnam, all of the recommended translation steps were successfully performed at least once as part of the translation process as shown in the [Fig 1](#pone.0191181.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Details of the process used are as follows:\n\n- **Step 1: Forward translation** performed by a bilingual physician and a PhD student whose native tongue was Vietnamese, with experience translating documents from Vietnamese to English, and who was also familiar with use of the PCAT. ", "Translation prioritized preserving the intent over the literal meaning of the items.", "\n\n- **Step 2: Qualitative review** of the translated survey completed by a group of doctors and researchers from Hanoi Medical School in a focus group discussion; every translated item was reviewed to ensure its clarity, use of common language and conceptual adequacy.", "\n\n- **Step 3: Backward translation** completed by a woman whose native language is American English and has lived in the US long enough to know the language and routines of daily life but was not already familiar with the specific wording of the original PCAT terms.", "\n\n- **Step 4: Doctors and health experts in Vietnam and translators jointly reviewed** the forward and backward translations to assess items that were not effectively translated and those which were confusing or generated concerns. ", "A few modifications were made and a consensus translation was produced that was determined appropriate for use in Vietnam.", "\n\n- **Step 5: Lay panel review** occurred by two different panels of non-subjects (consumers and physicians) to review the translation, identify troublesome items, and propose alternatives.", "\n\n- **Step 6: Pilot testing** was implemented using a final translated version. ", "The translated version was administered to 104 representative patients who were native Vietnamese speakers and representative in terms of age, gender, and socioeconomic status. ", "Basic descriptive analyses were conducted to ensure adequate distribution of responses. ", "Respondents were debriefed to identify any wording or comprehension problems.", "\n\n{#pone.0191181.g001}\n\nBased on challenges experienced in early efforts to utilize the tool, some important steps were repeated to improve and ensure the high quality of the questionnaire including another qualitative review to re-address the cultural relevance of each item. ", "The research team produced a list of problematic items and proposed solutions, with subsequent backward translation. ", "An expert panel, including family medicine leaders from all medical universities in Vietnam with the specialty of family medicine, reviewed the suitability of each item as well as the words used in the questionnaire, resulting in an updated translation of the questionnaire.", "\n\nAn additional pilot study was then conducted with 30 people living in two communes, and some words and cultural references in specific items were identified for further revision. ", "A final revision was done by the research team after review of all the items and obtaining additional advice from international experts with experience in PCAT validation. ", "The final translated version of the questionnaire for this study was then produced.", "\n\nThe most contentious issue throughout the process was what term to use in place of \"primary care provider (PCP)\" as this is a completely unknown term in the Vietnamese context. ", "Efforts to address this also impacted the decision to repeat some translation and validation steps. ", "Ultimately through the lay and expert review processes, the term \"general doctor\" was chosen to most closely represent this concept. ", "Additional substantive changes were to replace or reword items that are not typically present in Vietnam with those that were more contextually relevant. ", "For instance, descriptions of the types of facilities in the affiliation section were changed to use more appropriate terminology relevant to Vietnam. ", "Similarly, some clinical services in the comprehensiveness domain were replaced to ensure items were sufficiently relevant to the Vietnamese context, similar to changes in PCAT versions from other countries\\[[@pone.0191181.ref020]\\]. ", "Different country versions of the PCAT often have varying numbers of items to assess this domain, and so two items in the Comprehensiveness (services available) domain (G21 and G22) were completely eliminated and not replaced in the final expert review round due to consensus on the extreme scarcity of the services. [", "Table 1](#pone.0191181.t001){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the original and translated items for the items that were most substantially modified.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0191181.t001\n\n###### Changes in the final translated questionnaires from the original PCAT.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0191181.t001){#pone.0191181.t001g}\n\n Item code Original question Final translated question\n ----------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n **A. EXTENT OF AFFILIATION WITH A PLACE/DOCTOR** \n A5 What kind of office is your PCP?A hospital emergency roomA clinic at a hospitalA particular doctor's office outside a hospitalA particular doctor's office inside a hospitalA group officeA neighborhood health clinicA work or school clinic What kind of office is your GENERAL DOCTOR?A commune health centerA ward health centerAn outpatient department of a district hospitalAn outpatient department of a provincial hospitalAn outpatient department of center hospitalA private clinic of a doctor outside of a hospitalA private clinic of a group doctors outside of a hospitalAnother type of place (Please specify)Not sure/don't remember\n **G. COMPREHENSIVENESS (SERVICES AVAILABLE)** \n G3 Checking to see if your family is eligible for any social service programs or benefits Checking to see if your family is eligible for any social service programs or benefits such as: economic, medical, food supports\n G9 Tests for lead poisoning Counseling and treatment for alcoholism\n G14 Allergy shots Allergy treatment\n G15 Splinting for a sprained ankle Temporary fix for broken bone\n G16 Removal of wart Gastric catheter insertion/ nasogastric tube\n G24 Suggestions for nursing homecare for someone in your family Postpartum care of umbilical cord\n G25 WIC services (supplemental milk and food program) Monitoring of a normal pregnancy\n **H. COMPREHENSIVENESS (SERVICES PROVIDED)** \n H2 Home safety, like getting and checking smoke detectors and storing medicines safely Home safety, like preventing accidents, burning, electric shock and storing medicines safely...\n H3 Advice on seat-belt use or child safety seats Advice on helmet use or safety seats\n H9 Ask if you have a gun, its storage or its security Advice on storing labour equipment safely\n H11 How to prevent falls How to prevent falls for the elderly\n **J. COMMUNITY ORIENTATION** \n J18 Ask family members to be on the Board of Directors or advisory committee? ", " Collect feedback from patients on health staff performance?", "\n\nRemaining as consistent as possible with the original tool, the translated questionnaire contained 9 scales with 84 questions representing the primary care domains using a 4-point Likert scale response format (1 = definitely not; 2 = probably not; 3 = probably; and 4 = definitely). ", "An additional \"don't know/don't remember\" option was provided for each item. ", "The questionnaire also included demographic questions such as age, gender, and occupation as well as health condition and degree of affiliation with a usual source of care.", "\n\nThree questions were refined to identify an individual's usual source of care as a particular person or place and the strength of that affiliation: (1) \"Is there a doctor or place that you usually go if you are sick or need advice about your health?\" (", "2) \"Is there a doctor or place that knows you best as a person?\" ", "and (3) \"Is there a doctor or place that is most responsible for your health care?\" ", "A person was considered to have a usual source of care if he or she answered affirmatively to any one of these three questions, and no usual source of care if they provided a negative answer to all three questions. ", "An algorithm based on the responses to these three questions was then used to categorize the strength of affiliation with a primary care source. ", "If all three physicians/places were the same, this was considered evidence of a very strong affiliation. ", "If the response to the first question was the same as for either of the other two questions, then that site was used although the affiliation was categorized as less strong. ", "If the response to the first question was different from the other two responses but the other two responses were the same, then the site where both were the same was used as their primary care source and categorized as a weak affiliation. ", "If all three responses were different, then the site identified in the first question was used and categorized as a very weak affiliation. ", "All subsequent questions asked were intended to refer to this specific person or place. ", "For those with no identifiable source of primary care, subsequent questions were asked about the last place that was visited.", "\n\nData collection {#sec010}\n---------------\n\nTo evaluate the feasibility, internal consistency and validity of the Vietnamese Primary Care Assessment Tool (VN PCAT-AE), a quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted. ", "A multistage and purposive sampling approach was used to select the study sites. ", "Three provinces were chosen purposively to capture the diverse characteristics of central Vietnam: Khanh Hoa, Thua Thien Hue and Quang Tri. ", "To obtain a sample representing the diversity of the country, we purposively selected two to four districts from each province, depending on the number of commune health centers with working physicians. ", "In addition, within these constraints, we chose at least one lowland district, one mountainous district and one urban district when possible. ", "Specifically, in Thua Thien Hue, the survey was done with 24 communes in four districts (six communes per district); in Quang Tri, 14 communes in three districts (one district with six communes and two other districts with four communes); and in Khanh Hoa, two districts with a total of 18 communes were selected, for an overall total of 56 communes.", "\n\nFrom each commune, 30 households were selected. ", "Half (15) of the households were selected from a list of patients recently treated at the local CHC. ", "The other households were selected from a commune household list. ", "Another 15 from each list were placed on reserve lists for later use in the case of refusals or non-respondents. ", "On the patient list from the CHC, we started with the household of the first person on the examination list of the CHC (i.e. the most recent patient), and then selected every 10^th^ patient who followed (patients 11, 21, 31...) until the intended sample size was reached. ", "Using a similar technique, we selected every tenth household from a separate list of households in the commune.", "\n\nEach selected household was visited and the head of household surveyed, as well as one other willing adult (≥18 years old) if available during this home visit. ", "Data collection was conducted from January through August of 2014 and questionnaires were administered through in-person interviews. ", "Only participants who had utilized health care services at a health facility at least once over the past two years were surveyed.", "\n\nBefore the interview, participants received a full explanation of the study's content and purpose and signed a consent form if they agreed to participate. ", "Refusals were rare and so a response rate was not specifically tracked, but surveyors estimated the refusal and non-response rates at less than 5%. ", "If a household refused or could not be reached after three attempts, then another household was chosen at random from the reserve list. ", "Participants were compensated for their time with small gifts of appreciation (worth \\$2.50 USD) upon completion of the interview.", "\n\nThis study obtained ethical approval from the Scientific Committee of Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy on 18th March 2014 and IRB review from Boston University (H-31432).", "\n\nData analysis {#sec011}\n-------------\n\nAll collected questionnaires were cleaned and scanned into a computer for storage and convenient review in the future, followed by entry into EpiData by a group of six students working in pairs. ", "Double data entry was used to check for errors in data entry. ", "Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 23.0.", "\n\nSubsequent full validation involved several steps. ", "First, individual items were evaluated on several criteria. ", "Items with a high percentage (≥20%) of item non-response or \"don't know/don't remember\" responses, or items with a large floor or ceiling effect (\\>80% of respondents chose the lowest or highest answering category) were removed. ", "Next, the item-total correlation for the remaining items in each scale was calculated (item-total correlation before review). ", "Items were removed if the item-total correlation was below 0.30 or if Cronbach's coefficient alpha for that scale improved substantially when the item was removed. ", "Finally, item-discriminant validity was tested: for each item, the item-total correlation (item-total correlation after review) with the hypothesized scale should be substantially higher than the correlation with the other scales. ", "In the second phase, Cronbach's coefficient alpha was used to examine how well all items measured the same construct (internal consistency). ", "A value of 0.70 is very often seen as a minimum\\[[@pone.0191181.ref021]\\].", "\n\nThe recoding progress and calculation for the sum mean score of domains and subdomains of primary care strictly complied with the guideline PCAT manual issued by John Hopkins University in 1998. ", "For calculating the sum mean scores of domains and subdomains, a mean value was assigned to \"not sure/don't remember\" answers as well as to missing values.", "\n\nResults {#sec012}\n=======\n\nCharacteristics of study population {#sec013}\n-----------------------------------\n\n[Table 2](#pone.0191181.t002){ref-type=\"table\"} describes the characteristics of the 3289 participants with valid questionnaires. ", "For the extent of affiliation with a place or doctor, results suggested that most participants have a strong (35%) or very strong (29%) affiliation with their doctor, while approximately a third report a weak (29%) or very weak (6.1%) affiliation.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0191181.t002\n\n###### Characteristics of the participants (n = 3289).", "\n\n![](", "pone.0191181.t002){#pone.0191181.t002g}\n\n Characteristics n \\%\n ---------------------------------------------------------- ------ ------\n **Gender (n = 3289)** \n  Male 1421 43.2\n  Female 1868 56.8\n **Age (years) (n = 3286)**, Mean: 50.1 (SD:16.6) \n  18 to 39 1387 42.2\n  40 to 59 951 28.9\n  60 and over 948 28.8\n **Education (n = 3267)** \n  Completed primary school 986 30.2\n  Completed secondary school 843 25.8\n  Completed high school 491 15.0\n  Completed some university/college 290 8.9\n  Did not complete primary school 572 17.5\n  Illiterate 85 2.6\n **Occupation (n = 3268)** \n  Employed full-time 1725 52.9\n  Employed part-time 509 15.6\n  Not employed 585 17.9\n  Retired/in school 441 13.5\n **Living area (n = 3289)** \n  Urban 1194 36.3\n  Rural 2095 63.7\n **Self-rated health (n = 3286)** \n  Excellent 12 0.4\n  Very good 185 5.6\n  Good 1454 44.2\n  Fair 1330 40.5\n  Poor 305 9.3\n **Chronic problem in last year (n = 3284)** \n  Yes 422 13.2\n  No 2769 86.8\n **Trouble with healthcare payment (n = 3006)** \n  Yes 532 17.7\n  No 2474 82.3\n **Source of healthcare payment** \n  Government health insurance 2469 75.3\n  Private health insurance 90 2.8\n  Free or discounted by the health facility 941 28.8\n  Out of pocket 1591 48.6\n **Time affiliated with health facility (n = 3285)** \n  Less than 6 months 427 13.3\n  6 months---1 year 335 10.4\n  1--2 years 642 20.0\n  3--4 years 500 15.6\n  5 years or more 1311 40.8\n **Reason to choose this health facility (n = 3283)** \n  Patient or someone in family chose it 1837 56.3\n  Patient was assigned to it 1428 43.7\n **Extent of Affiliation with a Place/Doctor (n = 3289)** \n  Very weak affiliation 202 6.1\n  Weak affiliation 972 29.6\n  Strong affiliation 1146 34.8\n  Very strong affiliation 969 29.5\n **Types of health facility (n = 3289)** \n  Commune health center 1506 45.8\n  Polyclinic 215 6.5\n  District hospital 389 11.8\n  Provincial hospital 147 4.5\n  Central hospital 83 2.5\n  Private clinic 198 6.0\n  Pharmacy 127 3.9\n  Other type of health facility 624 19.0\n\nSD: Standard deviation\n\nEvaluation of the individual items {#sec014}\n----------------------------------\n\nEvaluation of the individual items shows that fourteen items were problematic ([Table 3](#pone.0191181.t003){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Because of a high percentage of \"don't know/don't remember\" or missing answers (≥20%), two items were removed from the domain of First contact---accessibility (C8 and C10), in addition to three items from the domain Comprehensiveness (services available) (G16, G17, G18) and one item (J12) from the domain of Community orientation.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0191181.t003\n\n###### Item mean (SD), percentage '*don't know*, *don't remember/ missing*', floor/ceiling effect, item total correlation before review, item-total correlation after review and range of item correlation with other domains.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0191181.t003){#pone.0191181.t003g}\n\n Item Item mean (SD) \\% missing/ % don\\'t know, don\\'t remember Floor/ ceiling effect Item total correlation before review Item total correlation after review Range of item correlation with other domains (min/max)\n ----- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- -------------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------\n **B. First contact---utilization** \n B1 When you need a regular general checkup, do you go to your GENERAL DOCTOR before going somewhere else? ", " 2.72 (1.42) 0.0/1.8 38.3/51.8 0.84 0.84 0.03/0.22\n B2 When you have a new health problem, do you go to your GENERAL DOCTOR before going somewhere else? ", " 3.17 (1.25) 0.0/0.7 22.6/65.3 0.81 0.81 0.02/0.17\n B3 When you have to see a specialist, does your GENERAL DOCTOR have to approve or give you a referral? ", " 2.43 (1.39) 0.2/2.4 45.3/38.8 0.79 0.79 0.02/0.27\n **C. First contact---accessibility** \n C1 Is your GENERAL DOCTOR open on Saturday or Sunday? ", " 2.98 (1.31) 0.1/3.6 27.8/57.5 0.60 0.66 -0.02/-0.15\n C2 Is your GENERAL DOCTOR open on at least some weekday evenings until 8 PM? ", " 2.83 (1.32) 0.2/6.1 30.0/49.4 0.52 0.59 -0.002/0.09\n C3 When your GENERAL DOCTOR is open and you get sick, would someone from there see you the same day? [", "\\*](#t003fn002){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 3.79 (0.63) 0.2/1.2 3.7/87.2 Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed\n C4 When your GENERAL DOCTOR is open, can you get advice quickly over the phone if you need it? ", " 1.67 (1.10) 0.2/9.9 69.3/13.4 0.51 0.54 0.09/0.38\n C5 When your GENERAL DOCTOR is closed, is there a phone number you can call when you get sick? ", " 2.13 (1.36) 0.2/6.2 56.4/30.1 0.60 0.65 0.09/0.38\n C6 When your GENERAL DOCTOR is closed on Saturday and Sunday and you get sick, would someone from there see you the same day? ", " 3.07 (1.20) 0.1/7.6 21.3/54.1 0.60 0.73 0.10/0.32\n C7 When your GENERAL DOCTOR is closed and you get sick during the night, would someone from there see you that night? ", " 3.04 (1.18) 0.0/9.2 21/50.7 0.55 0.70 0.11/0.38\n C8 Is it easy to get an appointment for a general check-up there? [", "\\*](#t003fn002){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 2.42 (1.37) 0.1/93.2 45/36.5 Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed\n C9 Once you get to your GENERAL DOCTOR, do you have to wait more than 30 minutes before you are checked by the doctor or nurse? [", "\\*](#t003fn002){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 2.71 (1.30) 0.4/4.7 28.5/45.9 0.39 Not assessed Not assessed\n C10 Do you have to wait a long time or talk to too many people to make an appointment with your GENERAL DOCTOR? [", "\\*](#t003fn002){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.76 (1.14) 0.1/92.4 64.3/14.9 Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed\n C11 Is it difficult for you to get medical care from your GENERAL DOCTOR when you think it is needed? [", "\\*](#t003fn002){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 3.42 (1.00) 0.3/1.4 9.7/69.9 0.26 Not assessed Not assessed\n C12 When you have to go to your GENERAL DOCTOR, do you have to take off from work or school to go? [", "\\*](#t003fn002){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 2.18 (1.36) 0.0/0.7 52.2/32.6 0.24 Not assessed Not assessed\n **D. ONGOING CARE** \n D1 When you go to your GENERAL DOCTOR's, are you taken care of by the same doctor or nurse each time? ", " 2.41 (1.40) 0.1/1.6 46.4/39.4 0.49 0.50 0.03/0.23\n D2 Do you think your GENERAL DOCTOR understands what you say or ask? [", "\\*](#t003fn002){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 3.81 (0.49) 0.1/0.7 1.3/88.4 Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed\n D3 Are your questions to your GENERAL DOCTOR answered in ways that you understand? [", "\\*](#t003fn002){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 3.81 (0.51) 0.1/0.6 1.3/84.3 Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed\n D4 If you have a question, can you call and talk to the doctor or nurse who knows you best? ", " 2.13 (1.32) 0.3/5.9 53.7/27.3 0.46 0.48 0.13/0.31\n D5 Does your GENERAL DOCTOR give you enough time to talk about your worries or problems? ", " 3.42 (0.91) 0.2/1.2 7.6/63.9 0.37 0.37 0.00/0.26\n D6 Do you feel comfortable telling your GENERAL DOCTOR about your worries or problems? ", " 3.47 (0.90) 0.0/0.9 7.8/67.8 0.35 0.36 0.01/0.18\n D7 Does your GENERAL DOCTOR know you very well as a person, rather than as someone with a medical problem? ", " 2.17 (1.29) 0.1/2.7 49.2/26.7 0.69 0.69 0.10/0.32\n D8 Does your GENERAL DOCTOR know who lives with you? ", " 2.27 (1.35) 0.2/4.1 48.5/32.8 0.70 0.72 0.05/0.36\n D9 Does your GENERAL DOCTOR know what problems are most important to you? ", " 2.12 (1.22) 0.2/5.8 47.3/21 0.56 0.58 0.05/0.30\n D10 Does your GENERAL DOCTOR know your complete medical history? ", " 2.40 (1.24) 0.1/5.3 37.5/27.4 0.61 0.61 0.10/0.31\n D11 Does your GENERAL DOCTOR know about your work or employment? ", " 2.76 (1.33) 0.5/2.8 32.2/47.2 0.62 0.62 0.09/0.31\n D12 Would your GENERAL DOCTOR know if you had trouble getting or paying for medicines you needed? ", " 1.68 (1.04) 0.3/7.4 63.9/11.4 0.56 0.58 0.10/0.26\n D13 Does your GENERAL DOCTOR know about all the medications you are taking? ", " 2.33 (1.24) 0.5/3.8 38.9/27.5 0.51 0.53 0.02/0.34\n D14 Could you change your GENERAL DOCTOR if you wanted to? ", " 2.55 (1.34) 0.2/2.7 37.7/39.9 -0.04 Not assessed Not assessed\n D15 Would you change from your GENERAL DOCTOR to somewhere else if it was easy to do? ", " 2.62 (1.33) 0.1/3.1 34.4/42.0 0.25 Not assessed Not assessed\n **E. COORDINATION** \n E6 Did your GENERAL DOCTOR suggest you go to the specialist or special service? (", "848) 2.38 (1.47) 0.0/0.1 52.1/43.9 0.75 0.75 0.03/0.35\n E7 Did your GENERAL DOCTOR know you made these visits to the specialist or special service? (", "843) 2.50 (1.40) 0.0/0.7 42.9/42.4 0.76 0.76 0.06/0.32\n E8 Did your GENERAL DOCTOR discuss with you different places you could have gone to get help with that problem? (", "837) 2.50 (1.40) 0.1/1.3 43.2/40.9 0.73 0.73 0.05/0.25\n E9 Did your GENERAL DOCTOR or someone working with your GENERAL DOCTOR help you make the appointment for that visit? (", "799) 1.46 (0.98) 0.1/5.8 74.7/9.7 0.58 0.58 0.05/0.20\n E10 Did your GENERAL DOCTOR write down any information for the specialist about the reason for the visit? (", "824) 2.14 (1.39) 0.1/2.8 55.6/32.0 0.71 0.71 -0.03/0.36\n E11 Does your GENERAL DOCTOR know what the results of the visit were? (", "824) 2.14 (1.33) 0.4/2.6 52.1/28.0 0.65 0.65 0.03/0.23\n E12 After you went to the specialist or special service, did your GENERAL DOCTOR talk with you about what happened at the visit? (", "829) 1.88 (1.26) 0.1/2.5 62.7/22.4 0.63 0.63 0.02/0.30\n E13 Does your GENERAL DOCTOR seem interested in the quality of care you get from that specialist or special service? (", "796) 1.87 (1.20) 0.4/6.6 56.8/16.8 0.65 0.65 0.02/0.37\n **G. COMPREHENSIVENESS (SERVICES AVAILABLE)** \n G1 Answers to questions about nutrition or diet 3.39 (1.10) 0.0/3.3 15.4/72.1 0.34 0.34 0.09/0.25\n G2 Immunizations (shots) 3.20 (1.24) 0.1/3.9 22.1/67.3 0.52 0.52 0.06/0.26\n G3 Checking to see if your family is eligible for any social service programs or benefits such as: economic, medical, food supports 2.26 (1.34) 0.3/11.3 48.5/31.6 0.4 0.4 0.10/0.30\n G4 Dental check up 3.09 (1.28) 0.0/4.3 24.6/61.8 0.62 0.62 0.03/0.16\n G5 Treatment by a dentist 2.14 (1.33) 0.1/11.1 53.3/28.6 0.46 0.46 -0.05/-0.22\n G6 Family planning or birth control methods 3.25 (1.16) 0.2/8.0 18.4/64.4 0.59 0.59 0.02/0.27\n G7 Substance or drug abuse counseling or treatment 2.27 (1.29) 0.1/17.5 45.6/27.2 0.62 0.62 0.09/0.38\n G8 Counseling for mental health problems 2.40 (1.30) 0.1/17.0 41.2/30.7 0.65 0.65 0.03/0.37\n G9 Counseling and treatment for alcoholism 2.12 (1.27) 0.5/15.4 51/24.3 0.62 0.62 0.10/0.45\n G10 Sewing up a cut that needs stitches 3.44 (1.05) 0.4/4.1 13.4/73.1 0.64 0.64 0.01/0.17\n G11 Counseling and testing for HIV/AIDS 2.55 (1.31) 0.5/14.8 36.9/36.9 0.61 0.61 0.00/0.28\n G12 Ear check up 3.24 (1.20) 0.1/4.7 20.2/66.7 0.65 0.65 0.02/0.14\n G13 Eye check up 3.27 (1.18) 0.1/4.3 19.1/67.9 0.64 0.64 0.01/0.15\n G14 Allergy treatment 3.23 (1.17) 0.3/11.7 18.1/64.2 0.47 0.47 0.00/0.14\n G15 Temporary fix for broken bone 3.27 (1.13) 0.4/6.3 16.4/64.7 0.63 0.63 -0.02/0.20\n G16 Gastric catheter insertion/ nasogastric tube[\\*](#t003fn002){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.95 (1.25) 0.3/20.0 59/22 Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed\n G17 PAP tests for cervical cancer[\\*](#t003fn002){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.82 (1.18) 0.1/25.9 62.8/17 Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed\n G18 Rectal exams or sigmoidoscopy exams to test for bowel cancer[\\*](#t003fn002){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.76 (1.13) 0.2/27.1 64.2/14.4 Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed\n G19 Smoking counseling 2.18 (1.29) 0.4/14.3 49.6/25.7 0.57 0.57 0.12/0.46\n G20 Prenatal care 3.25 (1.15) 0.4/7.8 18/63.8 0.69 0.69 0.08/0.24\n G23 Changes in mental or physical abilities that are normal with getting older 2.63 (1.33) 0.2/9.9 36.2/40.2 0.44 0.44 0.00/0.36\n G24 Postpartum care of umbilical cord 3.17 (1.19) 0.0/8.9 19.8/60.4 0.70 0.70 0.10/0.23\n G25 Monitoring of a normal Pregnancy 3.34 (1.12) 0.0/7.0 16.4/68.2 0.67 0.67 0.11/0.28\n **H. COMPREHENSIVENESS (SERVICES PROVIDED)** \n H1 Advice about healthy foods and unhealthy foods 3.41 (1.13) 0.1/1.1 16.7/75.1 0.43 0.43 0.07/0.30\n H2 Home safety, like preventing accidents, burning, electric shock and storing medicines safely... 2.03 (1.31) 0.0/4.9 58.7/26.1 0.68 0.68 0.11/0.32\n H3 Advice on helmet use or safety seats 1.70 (1.18) 0.2/4.7 71.0/17.9 0.67 0.67 0.09/0.33\n H4 Ways to handle family conflicts that may arise from time to time 1.51 (1.01) 0.5/5.3 76.7/11 0.64 0.64 0.13/0.33\n H5 Advice about appropriate exercise for you 2.82 (1.36) 0.2/3.0 33.1/51.9 0.56 0.56 -0.02/0.27\n H6 Tests for cholesterol levels in your blood 2.07 (1.33) 0.3/8.0 57.5/27.3 0.48 0.48 0.00/0.27\n H7 Checking on and discussing the medications you are taking 2.76 (1.35) 0.3/2.6 33.9/48.2 0.55 0.55 0.06/0.29\n H8 Possible exposures to harmful substances in your home, at work, or in your neighborhood 1.73 (1.14) 0.2/0.2 67.3/15.4 0.69 0.69 0.08/0.37\n H9 Advice on storing labour equipmentsafely 1.64 (1.14) 0.2/4.8 73.3/15.9 0.71 0.71 0.10/0.37\n H10 How to prevent hot water burns 1.91 (1.28) 0.3/5.0 63.8/23.2 0.74 0.74 0.12/0.32\n H11 How to prevent falls for the elderly 2.22 (1.38) 0.5/4.9 53.6/33.2 0.68 0.68 0.09/0.29\n **I. FAMILY-CENTEREDNESS** \n I1 Does your GENERAL DOCTOR ask you about your ideas and opinions when planning treatment and care for you or a family member? ", " 2.30 (1.37) 0.3/2.5 49.3/34.2 0.80 0.80 0.09/0.36\n I2 Has your GENERAL DOCTOR asked about illnesses or problems that might run in your family? ", " 2.51 (1.38) 0.3/3.2 41.7/40.8 0.77 0.77 0.10/0.31\n I3 Would your GENERAL DOCTOR meet with members of your family if you thought it would be helpful? ", " 2.23 (1.28) 0.3/5.9 47.3/25.6 0.77 0.77 0.09/0.39\n **J. COMMUNITY ORIENTATION** \n J1 Does anyone at your GENERAL DOCTOR's office ever make home visits? ", " 1.52 (1.07) 0.0/0.8 79.4/13.7 0.59 0.59 0.13/0.43\n J2 Does your GENERAL DOCTOR know about the important health problems of your neighbourhood? ", " 2.41 (1.25) 0.1/7.9 38.0/28.4 0.64 0.64 0.11/0.44\n J3 Does your GENERAL DOCTOR get opinions and ideas from people that will help to provide better health care? ", " 3.11 (1.12) 0.1/6.1 17.8/50.7 0.74 0.74 0.10/0.37\n Does your GENERAL DOCTOR do any of the following to help determine the effectiveness of his/her services/programs? ", " \n J11 Surveys of patients to see if the services are meeting people's needs? ", " 2.56 (1.32) 0.0/4.0 37.3/37.5 0.72 0.72 0.01/0.34\n J12 Surveys in the community to find out about health problems s/he should know about? [", "\\*](#t003fn002){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 2.15 (1.23) 0.1/20.0 47.9/21.7 Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed\n J18 Collect feedback from patients on health staff performance? ", " 2.47 (1.28) 0.1/14.7 37.9/31.7 0.72 0.72 0.06/0.36\n **K. CULTURALLY COMPETENT** \n K1 Would you recommend your GENERAL DOCTOR to a friend or relative? ", " 2.44 (1.35) 0.1/1.4 42.9/35.5 0.84 0.84 0.03/0.26\n K2 Would you recommend your GENERAL DOCTOR to someone who does not speak Vietnamese well? ", " 1.91 (1.20) 0.0/6.1 59.4/17.8 0.86 0.86 0.03/0.23\n K3 Would you recommend your GENERAL DOCTOR to someone who uses folk medicine, such as herbs or homemade medicines, or has special beliefs about health care? ", " 2.04 (1.24) 0.1/7.2 54.8/20.4 0.85 0.85 0.06/0.18\n\nSD: Standard deviation;\n\n**\\***: Removed from further analysis\n\nNext, items with a large floor or ceiling effect (\\>80%) were identified, including one item from the domain of First contact---accessibility (C3) and two items from the domain of Ongoing care (D2 and D3). ", "Item-total correlations for the remaining items in each scale were then used to identify those whose item-total correlation was below 0.30 including two items from the domain of First contact---accessibility (C11, C12) and two items from the domain of Ongoing care (D14 and D15). ", "Finally, Cronbach's alpha was assessed (see [Table 4](#pone.0191181.t004){ref-type=\"table\"}) and improved substantially (from 0.65 to 0.71) for the first contact-access domain when item C9 was removed. ", "For all items, the item-total correlation with the hypothesized scale was higher than the correlation with the other scales (see [S1 Table](#pone.0191181.s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0191181.t004\n\n###### Descriptive statistics of the domains scales.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0191181.t004){#pone.0191181.t004g}\n\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Domain Number of items in the original version\\ Number of items in the Vietnamese version\\ Mean (SD) Cronbach's Alpha\n (Total: 86) (Total: 70) \n ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------------\n First contact---utilization 3 3 2.78 (1.10) 0.74\n\n First contact---access 12 6 2.62 (0.83) 0.71\n\n Ongoing Care 15 11 2.49 (0.68) 0.77\n\n Coordination 8 8 2.12 (0.90) 0.84\n\n Comprehensiveness (Services Available) 25 20 2.91 (0.71) 0.90\n\n Comprehensiveness (Services Provided) 11 11 2.18 (0.77) 0.84\n\n Family-Centeredness 3 3 2.36 (1.05) 0.68\n\n Community Orientation 6 5 2.40 (0.83) 0.71\n\n Culturally Competent 3 3 2.14 (1.08) 0.80\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSD: Standard deviation\n\nInternal consistency of the different scales {#sec015}\n--------------------------------------------\n\nBased on these parameters, 70 items of the VN PCAT-AE were determined to be appropriate for use in this population, to represent four core domains with six scales and three derivative domains with three scales ([Table 4](#pone.0191181.t004){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Except for the scale of Family Centeredness, all of the retained scales have a Cronbach's alpha above 0.70.", "\n\nEvaluation within subpopulations {#sec016}\n--------------------------------\n\nThe robustness of the results was explored in different subpopulations such as rural and urban populations, provinces, populations from the CHC consumer's list and from the community household list. ", "The obtained results are highly stable, however there were a few items that showed a poorer fit in some subpopulations: item C2 and item G2 in Quang Tri province, item G1 in Khanh Hoa province and item G23 in the urban population.", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec017}\n==========\n\nStrictly applying standardized guidelines for translation and adaptation followed by a routine psychometric validation method, we confirmed the Vietnamese PCAT (VN PCAT-AE) to be a valid and reliable instrument for the Vietnamese context, making this the first proven tool developed in Vietnam for comprehensive evaluation of primary care.", "\n\nThe VN PCAT-AE successfully measures all of the important domains of primary care with six scales representing four core primary care domains: first contact accessibility and utilization (first contact domain), ongoing care, coordination care, comprehensiveness-services available and comprehensiveness-services provided (comprehensiveness domain). ", "It also successfully measures another three derivative domains of family centeredness, community orientation and cultural competence.", "\n\nThe VN PCAT-AE retains most major characteristics of the original PCAT version with 70 valid items. ", "It is quite similar to PCAT versions in Argentina and South Africa with a few items determined not to be appropriate in these settings and with the addition of questions more relevant to their contexts \\[[@pone.0191181.ref020], [@pone.0191181.ref022]\\]. ", "In other countries, some researchers have shortened the questionnaires by rearranging items into different scales or the addition or subtraction of scales \\[[@pone.0191181.ref016], [@pone.0191181.ref017], [@pone.0191181.ref019]\\]. ", "We however sought to maintain the integrity of the original tool to the utmost degree possible.", "\n\nIt is also important to note, however, that the total absence or gross inadequacy of services in a specific domain in a certain country or setting is likely to result in psychometric qualities that threaten the validity of the tool in that domain. ", "In Vietnam, despite of a series of great strides and improvements over the last 20 years, the primary care system is still in an early phase of development and many improvements have not yet been widely and systematically implemented throughout the entire country. ", "In particular, a substantial floor effect may be found as a vast majority of patients in this study reported the absence of a variety of services. ", "For instance, many questions related to appointments were removed from the access domain because of the absence of appointment systems in Vietnam, and thus resulted in removing half of the questions from this domain. ", "While the access domain in the VN PCAT-AE remains an overall valid measure of validity, with the removal of so many items related to appointments, it may no longer maintain the same level of integrity in this domain compared with the original tool.", "\n\nWith primary care services in Vietnam improving, however, it is possible that some questions removed from the tool may become more valid in the future as the primary care system becomes more sophisticated and thus future researchers may want to consider reintegrating some of these questions in the tool and reassessing their validity. ", "Recent positive changes in policy and planning by the Ministry of Health and other government entities for family medicine development and strengthening of the primary care network are anticipated to lead to significant system improvements in the future.", "\n\nThis study has several potential limitations. ", "Firstly, the sample was not recruited randomly in an effort to purposively capture the diverse characteristics of the population in the Central region. ", "Secondly, it was a home survey in which the head of household and one additional adult member were surveyed at time of the visit without a systemic method in place for choosing the additional adult member if more than one might be available, and therefore potentially introducing another source of bias.", "\n\nIn spite of these limitations, the Vietnamese PCAT version VN PCAT-AE demonstrates adequate validity and reliability to be used as an effective tool for comprehensively measuring the quality of primary care in Vietnam from the consumer perspective.", "\n\nSupporting information {#sec018}\n======================\n\n###### Item correlation with domain scores after review (item convergent validity and item discriminant validity).", "\n\n(DOCX)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### Vietnam PCAT consumer data.", "\n\n(SAV)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nWe would like to acknowledge Elizabeth Henry, Ly Lai and Kristin Shaw from Boston University, the many staff in the Family Medicine department at Hue University of Medicine & Pharmacy, and the many family medicine leaders across Vietnam who reviewed and made comments on this tool for their support throughout this work.", "\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Ballistic injury simulation using the material point method.", "\nThe Material Point Method is used in the computational simulation of ballistic projectile damage to the heart. ", "A transversely isotropic hyperelastic material model is used to model the myocardium. ", "Computed estimates of tissue damage are used to characterize damaged tissue. ", "The method's potential to estimate the damaged tissue in the complete torso is considered." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "» 2005 » November\n\nThe Montreal Canadiens took part in their first shoot out in the history of the franchise last night in Pittsburgh. ", "It took 17 games to finally have one and the Habs came out on the losing end, with the only goal scored by Sidney Crosby.", "\n\nCrosby absolutely destroyed Jose Theodore with a double fake shot and went to the backhand to tuck it in right under the bar and send the water bottle flying. ", "Despite losing the shoot out, it was extremely exciting to watch.", "\n\nClaude Julien selected Michael Ryder, Alex Kovalev and Alexander Perezhogin as his shooters. ", "It’s hard to argue as Ryder is a sniper , Perezhogin is a sniper and Kovalev is the insurance policy in the middle. ", "All failed to score. ", "It was the Canadiens first shoot out ever and Julien will have a chance to redeem himself soon enough. ", "Perhaps Koivu or Ribeiro would have been a stronger choice.", "\n\nThe Canadiens rallied again from a 2-0 defecit and managed to send it to overtime after Chris Higgins buried a one timer late in the 3rd. ", "Jocelyn Thibault played extremely well the whole game. ", "The Canadiens were dealt a 5 minute major for a totally clean hit by Steve Begin. #", "22 absolutely leveled Maxim Talbot who had his head down and in an awkward position. ", "Welcome to the NHL Max.", "\n\nThe Habs still managed a point on the road, and are still undefeated in regulation. ", "Next up Toronto and 2 important divisional points.", "\n\nThe Montreal Canadiens head into Steel Town tonight to take on the Penguins. ", "The Penguins are coming off a 5-0 beat down by the lowly Thrashers and the Canadiens come into to town on a 5 game winning tear. ", "All signs point to an easy Habs victory.", "\n\nSidney Crosby will play his first career game against the team he idolized and wanted to be drafted by. ", "He will have to forget those feelings tonight as his struggling Penguins team will have their hands full with the hot streak Habs.", "\n\nThe Canadiens are juggling their goaltending situation around as Yann Danis was sent down to Hamilton, Cristobal Huet makes his first bench warming debut tonight. ", "He returned 1 month earlier than expected and the Canadiens now have some decisions to make regarding their goalies.", "\n\nThe Canadiens may have a chance to break their 1 goal game winning style tonight against a weak Penguins defence. ", "Claude Julien will be pushing the guys to put up some numbers and not have to come from behind in the 3rd period for the win.", "\n\nMario loves playing against Montreal and you have to expect Crosby to be fired up as well. ", "If we can contain them it shouldn’t be too hard to grab 2 more road points." ]

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[ "Oh I know, I've got 3 hours under my belt. ", "My grandpa got his license in 1975 and flew unto the mid 90s. ", "I flew with him every chance I got over the years and read all his plane magazines more then once. ", "I took my first flight lesson when I was 16, but didn't continue because of the cost. ", "Sadly, my grandpa died in 2010, I was hoping to get my license and take him flying before he passed away. ", "In 2011, my loving wife got me my 2nd flight lesson for my birthday. ", "She promised me I can get my license after she gets out of nursing school. ", "In 2012, I took my 2 boys up flying with an instructor for father's day (3rd lesson), so I could share my love of flight with them. ", "It was really cool that I gave them their first plane ride, they really enjoyed it. ", "A month ago they went up in a helicopter for the 2nd time, first time was 3 years ago on vacation. ", "The only flying I do regularly now is RC, which I share with my boys too." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Pin 1K Shares\n\n“You cannot turn it off successfully, however, until there is something you want to be or something you want to do, right then and there that is more important than the television.”", "\n\n– Manly P. Hall\n\nThe average person (in America or Britain) spends nine years of their life watching TV – with three years wasted on ‘rubbish’ and repeats. ", "Let that soak in for a moment. ", "Now here’s 7 reasons you should not necessarily completely stop watching television but perhaps cut down:\n\n1. ", "IT’S SIMILAR TO BEING ASLEEP\n\nMany people may not realise that when they turn on the television in their home, what they see as a constant flow of images is actually flickering. ", "Although we do not see this consciously, the repetitive pattern of flickering images creates a state that is similar to hypnosis in the television viewer. ", "The Impact of Television Advertising: Learning Without Involvement have shown that within 30 seconds of television viewing, brain waves switch from predominantly beta waves, indicating alert and conscious attention, to predominantly alpha waves, indicating an unfocused, receptive lack of attention. ", "A state of mind not far from sleep. ", "The question is, do you want to spend even more of your precious time asleep?", "\n\n2. ", "MISSING OUT ON SOCIAL INTERACTION\n\nEvery hour you spend in front of the TV is another hour you’re not making the most of your life. ", "You could be playing with your family, conversing with friends, reading, painting, starting a business or another activity you enjoy. ", "Connection is one of the basic human needs we all have and it will never be fulfilled by your television set. ", "Want to know how little time you actually have free to yourself in life, outside of working, sleeping and eating that is? ", "Save this video to watch later.", "\n\n3. ", "PROGRAMMING YOURSELF WITH NEGATIVITY\n\nJust about every television show, from comedies to drama to reality TV and the news, is negative. ", "If you look at almost any TV show there is a complete lack of positive redeeming messages. ", "While there are exceptions to this rule they are few and far between, so choose carefully what you decide to spend your time watching when you do.", "\n\n4. ", "TV CAN POISON YOUR BELIEF SYSTEMS\n\nIn comedies, we laugh at the stupid/overweight/socially awkward/racial stereotype/different people. ", "The news is filled with stories of pain/suffering/disaster/death, and arguing and drama has to be about problems in order to create the drama. ", "Very often they are first world dilemmas that as a result are causing petty arguments, does this type of drama happen in your household? ", "All of this is affecting your outlook on life and the way you see the world.", "\n\n5. ", "IT CREATES UNREALISTIC EXPECTATIONS\n\nTelevision distorts our understanding of reality. ", "It’s filled with beautiful people doing amazing things and having great adventures every show. ", "Ask any TV/movie/reality star, they’ll tell you that the images you see of them on the screen and magazine covers are photoshopped/edited and the scenes scripted to create drama, fake drama.", "\n\n6. ", "FEELINGS OF INADEQUACY\n\nLife is never going to be like a TV show and this can make people very disillusioned when they compare it with their real life. ", "The messages within television imply on a regular basis that we’re not pretty/smart/funny enough. ", "Our lives can feel quite empty when compared to the perfection of the TV world. ", "Oh and here’s another advert for a product that will make you feel better. ", "Happiness I can assure you, does not derive from material objects.", "\n\n7. ", "IS IT REALLY RELAXING?", "\n\nMy personal argument for watching TV is that it’s easy. ", "You stop working for the day and get to relax and turn off your brain for a while, but the reality is that what is easy for us is hardly ever the best thing.", "\n\n\n\n“Everything you want is on the other side of fear.” – ", "Jack Canfield.", "\n\nI also get to relax when I’m out at a martial arts or dance class. ", "I get to relax when I’m hanging out with friends or spending time with my girlfriend. ", "I also get to relax when reading a book, listening to uplifting audio or even watching uplifting videos (like TED talks or educational materials).", "\n\nWe get one life to live and it’s up to us to make the most of it.", "\n\nI know personally that thanks to the incredible psychological hooks that television uses, it’s very hard to stop watching it. ", "However, every hour of the day is an investment that pays off right now and in our future. ", "Invest wisely with your time and you’ll uncover new experiences. ", "Those experiences are the times and memories that will be cherished, more likely at least than the time spent watching a superficial reality.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nI finish with a 9 minute highlight of Manly Palmer Hall’s lecture “How to turn of the TV and live happily ever after”\n\nFor those wishing to read more into this, here’s a wikipedia article for Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television and here’s the book on amazon\n\nSources:\n\nPersonal Excellence\n\nThe Impact of Television Advertising: Learning Without Involvement\n\nThanks for reading.", "\n\n[title subtitle=”What’s your experience with television?”]Share your thoughts[/title]\n\n[separator type=”thin”]" ]

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[ "#include \"flash_fs.h\"\n#include \"c_string.h\"\n\n#if defined( BUILD_WOFS )\n#include \"romfs.h\"\n#elif defined( BUILD_SPIFFS )\n#include \"spiffs.h\"\n#endif\n\nint fs_mode2flag(const char *mode){\n if(c_strlen(mode)==1){\n \tif(c_strcmp(mode,\"w\")==0)\n \t return FS_WRONLY|FS_CREAT|FS_TRUNC;\n \telse if(c_strcmp(mode, \"r\")==0)\n \t return FS_RDONLY;\n \telse if(c_strcmp(mode, \"a\")==0)\n \t return FS_WRONLY|FS_CREAT|FS_APPEND;\n \telse\n \t return FS_RDONLY;\n } else if (c_strlen(mode)==2){\n \tif(c_strcmp(mode,\"r+\")==0)\n \t return FS_RDWR;\n \telse if(c_strcmp(mode, \"w+\")==0)\n \t return FS_RDWR|FS_CREAT|FS_TRUNC;\n \telse if(c_strcmp(mode, \"a+\")==0)\n \t return FS_RDWR|FS_CREAT|FS_APPEND;\n \telse\n \t return FS_RDONLY;\n } else {\n \treturn FS_RDONLY;\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Look, Simba. ", "Everything the light touches is the university. ", "Wow. ", "That's the engineering buildings. ", "You must never go there.", "\n\n1,274 shares" ]

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[ "Gilla na Naomh Ua hEidhin\n\nGilla na Naomh Ua hEidhin was King of Uí Fiachrach Aidhne until his death in 1100.", "\n\nGilla na Naomh was the third Ua hEidhin king to rule Aidhne, and was king for sixty-two years, one of the longest in attested Irish history. ", "\n\nIn 1055 he killed Domnhall Ruadh Ua Briain in unexplained circumstances. ", "In 1067 the battle of Turlach Adhnaigh occurred in his territory. ", "The Annals of the Four Masters make the following note of it:\n\nThe battle of Turlach Adhnaigh, between Áed in Gai Bernaig, King of Connaught, and Aedh, the son of Art Uallach Ua Ruairc, and the men of Breifne along with him; where fell Áed in Gai Bernaig, King of the province of Connaught, the helmsman of the valour of Leath-Chuinn; and the chiefs of Connaught fell along with him, and, among the rest, Aedh Ua Con Ceanainn, lord of Uí Díarmata, and many others. ", "It was to commemorate the death of Aedh Ua Conchobhair this quatrain was composed:\"Seven years, seventy, not a short period/And a thousand, great the victory/From the birth of Christ/not false the jurisdiction/Till the fall of Aedh, King of Connaught.\"", "\n\nThe same source records another battle in Aidhne in 1094.", "\n\nA battle was gained by Tadhg, son of Ruaidhri Ua Conchobhair, and the Sil-Muireadhaigh, over the people of Thomond and West Connaught, in which three hundred were slain; and they plundered all West Connaught. ", "This was called the battle of Fidhnacha. ", "Of the chieftains who were slain in this battle were Amhlaeibh Ua hAichir, Donnsleibhe Ua Cinnfhaelaidh, and the son of Gillafursa Ua Maelmhuaidh.", "\n\nGilla na Naomh died in 1100 and was buried in Clonmacnoise.", "\n\nReferences\n http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/genealogy/hynes_family.htm\n Irish Kings and High-Kings, Francis John Byrne (2001), Dublin: Four Courts Press, \n CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork\n\nCategory:People from County Galway\nCategory:11th-century Irish monarchs\nCategory:1100 deaths\nCategory:Year of birth unknown" ]

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[ "Weather Forecast\n\nSynopsis: A surface high pressure center will settle into the\nwestern Gulf late today, as a strengthening surface low moves up\nthe Mid-Atlantic coastline. ", "This will set up freshening northerly\nbreezes this afternoon, which will become strong this evening.", "\nWinds will ease and turn northeast on Friday, as the western Gulf\nsurface high passes across north Florida. ", "Easterly breezes will\nfreshen on Saturday, as strong high pressure consolidates near\nNorth Carolina. ", "This will move off into the Atlantic on Sunday and\nMonday, but a trailing high pressure ridge will settle down the\nFlorida Peninsula, with easing winds over the Keys waters.", "\n\nThis forecast is for a single location. ", "For safety concerns, mariners should be aware of the weather over a larger area. ", "Forecast information for a larger area can be found within the associated Zone Forecast which includes this point\n\nThis is the last regularly scheduled Tropical Weather Outlook of\nthe 2018 Atlantic hurricane season. ", "Routine issuance of the\nTropical Weather Outlook will resume on June 1, 2019. ", "During the\noff-season, Special Tropical Weather Outlooks will be issued as\nconditions warrant." ]

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[ "Deoclona\n\nDeoclona is a moth genus. ", "It is placed in the family Autostichidae.", "\n\nSpecies\n Deoclona complanata (Meyrick, 1922)\n Deoclona eriobotryae (Busck, 1939)\n Deoclona xanthoselene (Walsingham, 1911)\n Deoclona yuccasella Busck, 1903\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Deocloninae" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do I read all the routeUp objects?", "\n\nI want to read routeUp node`s all the objects.", "How can I read it?", "\nThis is the database :\nenter image description here\n\nA:\n\nTo get all the object within your routeUp node, please use the following code:\nDatabaseReference rootRef = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference();\nDatabaseReference routeRef = rootRef.child(\"route\");\nValueEventListener valueEventListener = new ValueEventListener() {\n @Override\n public void onDataChange(DataSnapshot dataSnapshot) {\n for(DataSnapshot dSnapshot : dataSnapshot.getChildren()) {\n for(DataSnapshot ds : dSnapshot.child(\"routeUp\").getChildren()) {\n String haltName = ds.child(\"haltName\").getValue(String.class);\n Log.d(TAG, haltName);\n }\n }\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onCancelled(@NonNull DatabaseError databaseError) {\n Log.d(TAG, databaseError.getMessage());\n }\n};\nrouteRef.addListenerForSingleValueEvent(valueEventListener);\n\nThe output in your logcat will be:\nKaduwela\n//an so on\n\n" ]

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[ "A work I did for 1st place winner of my Facebook art raffle . ", "I think I'm quite lucky to be requested to draw her, cos she's one of my favorites. ", "Not to mention I really enjoy drawing her in this pose Maybe this is a sign that I should continue watching RWBY" ]

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[ "Total Pageviews\n\nOnce again, the Governator of California would like to have a few words with the brony fandom as a whole. ", "This one delves into art memes, and some of the more seedy aspects of the fandom. ", "Those of weak will need not watch. ", "For everyone else, enjoy a nostalgia bomb of socks, maid outfits, and sweaters. (", "Time in the pony fandom goes faster. ", "It has been proven by science. ", "So yes, these are nostalgia already)." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIf $\\sum_{j=1}^n v_j^*v_j=1_A=\\sum_{j=1}^n v_jv_j^*$ in a C* algebra A, then $\\sum_{j=1}^n v_j$ is unitary.", "\n\nLet $v_1,v_2, \\cdot v_n$ be partial isometries in a unital $C^*$-algebra $A$ and suppose that $$\\sum_{j=1}^n v_j^*v_j=1_A=\\sum_{j=1}^n v_jv_j*$$ Show that $\\sum_{j=1}^n v_j$ is unitary.", "\n\nThis a exercise from the book \"An Introduction to K-theory for $C^*$-algebras\". ", "\nIf we let $p_i=v_i^*v_i$, $p_i$ is a projection as $v_i$ is partial isometry. ", "Since\n$\\sum_{j=1}^n p_j=1$ we have $p_ip_j=0$ for each $i \\neq j$. If I can show $v_i^*v_j=0$, then clearly $\\sum_{j=1}^n v_j$ is unitary. ", "I could not proceed from here.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe equality $p_kp_j=0$ is \n$$\nv_k^*v_kv_j^*v_j=0.", "\n$$\nMultiply by $v_k$ on the left and $v_j$ on the right to get\n$$\n(v_kv_k^*)v_k\\,v_j^*(v_jv_j^*)=0. ", "\n$$\nNow you use that \n$$\n(v_kv_k^*)v_k=v_k. ", "\n$$\nThis works for any partial isometry: if you have $v^*v=p$ and $vv^*=q$ with $p,q$ projections, then \n$$\n0=p-p^2=v^*v-v^*vv^*v=v^*(1-q)v=v^*(1-q)^*(1-q)v.", "\n$$\nThen $(1-q)v=0$, which is $v=qv$. \n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAngularJS dynamic/wildcard routes\n\nI'm completely new to Angular, and am trying to sort out some dynamic/wildcard routes so I don't have to define each page manually.", "\nI've got a module like so:\nfunction() {\n \"use strict\";\n angular.module(\"app\", [\"ngRoute\", \"ngAnimate\", \"ui.bootstrap\", \"easypiechart\", \"ui.tree\", \"ngMap\", \"ngTagsInput\", \"angular-loading-bar\", \"app.controllers\", \"app.directives\", \"app.localization\", \"app.nav\", \"app.ui.ctrls\", \"app.ui.directives\", \"app.ui.services\", \"app.ui.map\", \"app.form.validation\", \"app.ui.form.ctrls\", \"app.ui.form.directives\", \"app.tables\", \"app.task\", \"app.chart.ctrls\", \"app.chart.directives\", \"app.page.ctrls\"]).config([\"$routeProvider\", function($routeProvider) {\n var routes, setRoutes;\n return routes = [\"dashboard\", \"pages/404\", \"actions/ActionOne\", \"actions/ActionTwo\"], setRoutes = function(route) {\n // ^ and ^\n var config, url;\n return url = \"/\" + route, config = {\n templateUrl: \"views/\" + route + \".html\"\n }, $routeProvider.when(url, config), $routeProvider\n }, routes.forEach(function(route) {\n return setRoutes(route)\n }), $routeProvider.when(\"/\", {\n redirectTo: \"/dashboard\"\n }).when(\"/404\", {\n templateUrl: \"views/pages/404.html\"\n }).otherwise({\n redirectTo: \"/404\"\n })\n }])\n\nActionOne and ActionTwo are examples of some action pages, but there could be a couple dozen or so, and they change sometimes.", "\nHow can I set this up to support a wildcard (e.g., actions/:action) so I can use that parameter to dynamically determine the route?", "\n\nA:\n\nRealized I can't add it into the array of routes defined here; used the designated when() syntax, and all is well:\nfunction() {\n \"use strict\";\n angular.module(\"app\", [\"ngRoute\", \"ngAnimate\", \"ui.bootstrap\", \"easypiechart\", \"ui.tree\", \"ngMap\", \"ngTagsInput\", \"angular-loading-bar\", \"app.controllers\", \"app.directives\", \"app.localization\", \"app.nav\", \"app.ui.ctrls\", \"app.ui.directives\", \"app.ui.services\", \"app.ui.map\", \"app.form.validation\", \"app.ui.form.ctrls\", \"app.ui.form.directives\", \"app.tables\", \"app.task\", \"app.chart.ctrls\", \"app.chart.directives\", \"app.page.ctrls\"]).config([\"$routeProvider\", function($routeProvider) {\n var routes, setRoutes;\n return routes = [\"dashboard\", \"pages/404\", \"pages/500\"], setRoutes = function(route) {\n var config, url;\n return url = \"/\" + route, config = {\n templateUrl: \"views/\" + route + \".html\"\n }, $routeProvider.when(url, config), $routeProvider\n }, routes.forEach(function(route) {\n return setRoutes(route)\n }), $routeProvider.when(\"/\", {\n redirectTo: \"/dashboard\"\n }).when(\"/actions/:name\", {\n templateUrl: \"views/pages/action.html\"\n }).when(\"/controls/:name\", {\n templateUrl: \"views/pages/control.html\"\n }).when(\"/404\", {\n templateUrl: \"views/pages/404.html\"\n }).otherwise({\n redirectTo: \"/404\"\n })\n }])\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAndroid Multitouch Issues\n\nThis is a fairly simple question I am sure, but I can't seem to figure out a way around this little thing. ", "First, here is my code:\nswitch (event.getAction() & MotionEvent.", "ACTION_MASK) {\n\n case MotionEvent.", "ACTION_DOWN:\n Log.w(\"Platformer\", \"primary down\");\n break;\n\n case MotionEvent.", "ACTION_UP:\n Log.w(\"Platformer\", \"primary up\");\n break;\n\n case MotionEvent.", "ACTION_POINTER_1_DOWN:\n Log.w(\"Platformer\", \"secondary down\");\n break;\n\n case MotionEvent.", "ACTION_POINTER_1_UP:\n Log.w(\"Platformer\", \"secondary up\");\n break;\n }\n\nAll I wanted it to do was when I pressed down, it would show me in the log whether the primary or secondary pointer was down, and when I release, do the same thing. ", "The problem is, it always works on the down, but on up, whatever the 1st finger that comes up is, regardless of if it was the primary or secondary pointer originally, it returns that the secondary pointer was removed. ", "Any idea around this? ", "I am guessing it is something simple, but I don't know where to look truthfully. ", "Thanks in advance.", "\nWWaldo\n\nA:\n\nACTION_UP means that the gesture is over, that is, all pointers are up.", "\nACTION_POINTER_UP means that a non-primary pointer is up, you'll have to check the event to figure out which, i.e.:\nint pointerIndex = (event.getAction() & MotionEvent.", "ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_MASK) >> \n MotionEvent.", "ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT;\nint pointerId = event.getPointerId(pointerIndex)\n\nACTION_POINTER_1_UP and ACTION_POINTER_2_UP are deprecated now.", "\nYou should note that this is extremely buggy on Android versions less than Gingerbread. ", " I find that if I lift the first of two touches and place it back down, the pointers swap index and ID. ", " Very frustrating.", "\n\nA:\n\nUse getPointerId to get which pointer is being selected.", "\nEdit\nTo answer the question in the comment, try:\n for (int i = 0; i < ev.getPointerCount(); i++) {\n switch (ev.getAction() & MotionEvent.", "ACTION_MASK) {\n case MotionEvent.", "ACTION_DOWN:\n case MotionEvent.", "ACTION_POINTER_DOWN:\n Log.d(TAG,\"down \"+ ev.getPointerId(i));\n break;\n case MotionEvent.", "ACTION_MOVE:\n Log.d(TAG,\"move \"+ ev.getPointerId(i));\n break;\n case MotionEvent.", "ACTION_UP:\n case MotionEvent.", "ACTION_POINTER_UP:\n Log.d(TAG,\"up \"+ ev.getPointerId(i));\n break; \n }\n }\n\n" ]

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[ "Products of the general character of the aforementioned CORIAN™ and FOUNTAINHEAD® products have been long known and are commonly available such as for use as kitchen and bathroom surfaces. ", "Broadly speaking, these materials are formed of particle filled resins, the most common resins being polyesters and acrylates, and the fillers ranging widely, often used to give particular visual effects to the product. ", "Many prior patents directed to these types of products exist, bearing titles such as “Resinous Product Simulating Onyx” in Schaefer U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,396,067; “Filled Polymethylmethacrylate Article and Process for its Manufacture” in Duggins et al U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,827,933; “Process for the Production of Marbleized Reinforced Polyacrylic Compositions” in Miller U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,663,493; “Thick, Cured Polymethylmethacrylate Article and Process for its Preparation” in Slocum Re. ", "27,093; “Reinforced Resin Compositions” in Rees et al U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,789,051; “Use of Alumina Trihydrate in a Polymethylmethacrylate Article” in Duggins U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,847,865, these being just a few examples of the many, many U.S. patents which exist in this field.", "\nThe aforementioned products have achieved remarkable commercial success, especially for tabletops and kitchen and bathroom surfaces, and are normally available in a great variety of appearances. ", "For example, the aforementioned FOUNTAINHEAD® product is a solid, non-porous surfacing material available in a variety of colors and patterns which run throughout its thickness, giving it a soft, deep translucent and natural feeling of warmth. ", "Yet this material is tough and resists heat, stains, mildew and impact, and can be easily repaired if damaged. ", "The FOUNTAINHEAD® product line includes soft, neutral solid colors and “granite-like” patterns, as well as grays, black and whites.", "\nCommonly used pigments in these products are composed of small particles of inorganic compounds, often metallic oxides, which are roughly spherical in shape. ", "Other pigments are also sometimes used, as well as fillers and larger pieces of colored material to provide different visual effects. ", "Alumina trihydrate (ATH) is often included as a filler for its particular fire-retardant properties.", "\nPearlescent buttons have been made for many years by injection molding or the like, using pearlescent and iridescent pigments, and such pigments have been used in other fields as well, such as in the manufacture of bowling balls.", "\nCommercially available pigments of this type, called by various names such as opalescent, pearlescent, iridescent, interference and thermochromatic pigments, are used to give the products in which they are used a sheen, reflectivity and three dimensional look, and it would be desirable to be able to provide such an appearance in surfacing materials of the type with which the present invention is concerned, as broadly described above. ", "However, until the present time this has not been successful for a variety of reasons, including the fact that many of such pigments, here referred to simply as “pearlescent”, become buried in the body of the product so that their light reflecting properties become lost.", "\nIn addition, these commonly available pearlescent pigments are shear sensitive so that their pearlescent effect is killed by the addition of common opacifiers used in these products, such as titanium dioxide and ATH." ]

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[ "27.1.2017. ", "| Vijesti\n\nVelika vijest:\n\nMarcos Guilherme novo pojačanje Dinama\n\nGNK Dinamo dogovorio je sve detalje s brazilskim Atletico Paranaenseom oko prelaska Marcosa Guilhermea u redove prvaka Hrvatske.", "\n\nRiječ je o 21-godišnjem ofenzivnom igraču s preko 150 natjecateljskih utakmica i članu U-20 reprezentacije Brazila.", "\n\n- Marcos Guilherme izuzetno je talentirani igrač, članu mlade reprezentacije koja je igrala finale SP-a 2015. ", "godine i koji posjeduje veliko prvoligaško iskustvo. ", "Po svom godištu definitivno spada u priču koju stvaramo u Maksimiru – rekao je Marijan Vlak, sportski direktor kluba koji dolazak Brazilca smatra uspjehom struke.", "\n\n- Uložen je ogroman napor, ali time je i zadovoljstvo veće. ", "Guilhermea smo dugo pratili i dojam je iznad očekivanja. ", "Može pokriti sve tri pozicije u ofenzivi, ali uglavnom je igrao na lijevom krilu. ", "Radi se o dešnjaku koji je izuzetno brz, stvara višak igrača, dobar je u kontranapadu te transformaciji igre. ", "Nemam apsolutno nikakve dvojbe kako je dolazak Guilhermea u Dinamo odlična priča – zaključio je sportski direktor.", "\n\nZadovoljstvo dolaskom mladog reprezentativca Brazila ne krije niti glavni direktor kluba Tomislav Svetina: - Dugo smo radili na dolasku Marcosa Guilhermea u Dinamo i to nije bio lak posao. ", "Ipak je riječ o jednom od najpotentnijih mladih igrača Brazila koji će biti veliko pojačanje za Dinamo. ", "Osim što je trener Petev dobio sjajnog igrača u svlačionici, dolazak Guilhermea velik je dobitak i za ugled kluba.", "\n\n- Naime, Dinamo je stalnim prisustvom na europskoj sceni, odgojem mladih igrača te sjajnim transferima koji su odjeknuli u svijetu stekao odličnu reputaciju koja nam olakšava put do ovakvih igrača poput Marcosa Guilhermea – poručio je direktor Svetina pa dodao za kraj: - Zahvalio bih svima u klubu koji su aktivno sudjelovali u realizaciji ovog transfera, a pogotovo našem Marku Vukeliću Bimbu.", "\n\nMarcos Guilherme stavio je potpis na ugovor s Dinamom nakon liječničkog pregleda, a zatim će se u subotu pridružiti novim suigračima u turskom Beleku.", "\n\n- Zahvalan sam Dinamu na prilici koju su mi pružili. ", "Trudit ću se opravdati vaše povjerenje na terenu. ", "Ajmo Dinamo! - ", "prvi je komentar novog igrača modrog kluba Marcosa Guilhermea." ]

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[ "Citation\n\nAbstract\n\nCryo-electron microscopy is an increasingly popular tool for studying the structure and dynamics of biological macromolecules at high resolution. ", "A crucial step in automating single-particle reconstruction of a biological sample is the selection of particle images from a micrograph. ", "We present a novel algorithm for selecting particle images in low-contrast conditions; it proves more effective than the human eye on close-to-focus micrographs, yielding improved or comparable resolution in reconstructions of two macromolecular complexes." ]

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[ "A plasmonic random laser tunable through stretching silver nanowires embedded in a flexible substrate.", "\nA mechanically-tunable random laser based on a waveguide-plasmonic scheme has been investigated. ", "This laser can be constructed by spin coating a solution of polydimethylsiloxane doped with the rhodamine 6G organic dye and silver nanowires onto a silicone rubber slab. ", "The excellent overlap of the plasmon resonance peak of the silver nanowires with both the pump wavelength and the photoluminescence spectrum provides the low threshold and tuning properties of the random laser. ", "The random laser wavelength can be tuned from 558 to 565 nm by stretching the soft substrate, which causes reorientation and breakage of the silver nanowires. ", "The polarization state of the random laser can also be changed from random polarization to partial polarization by stretching. ", "The laser performance remains unchanged after the stretching and restoration experiments. ", "These results not only enable easy realization of an ultrathin flexible plasmonic random laser but also provide insights into the mechanisms of three-dimensional plasmonic feedback random lasers." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nBreakpoint not hitting on ItemDataBound function\n\nI have a grid control called RadGrid1 and with a breakpoint in RadGrid1_ItemDataBound, but when I run my aspx application, the breakpoint is not being triggered. ", " \nmy code is: \n<telerik:RadGrid ID=\"RadGrid1\" runat=\"server\" Width=\"980px\" CssClass=\"GridDisplay\" \n AllowAutomaticDeletes=\"false\" AllowAutomaticInserts=\"false\" AllowAutomaticUpdates=\"true\" AllowPaging=\"true\" \n AutoGenerateColumns=\"False\" AutoGenerateDeleteColumn=\"false\" AutoGenerateEditColumn=\"false\" ItemStyle-Height=\"20px\" \n ClientSettings-ActiveRowIndex=\"true\" EnableViewState = \"false\" OnDeleteCommand = \"RadGrid1_OnDelete\" \n OnItemCreated = \"RadGrid1_ItemCreated\" OnItemDatabound = \"RadGrid1_ItemDatabound\" OnNeedDataSource = \"RadGrid1_NeedDataSource\">\n\n <telerik:GridTemplateColumn DataField=\"Confirmed\" HeaderText=\"Confirmed\" UniqueName=\"Confirmed\" Visible=\"true\">\n <ItemTemplate>\n <asp:CheckBox ID=\"chkVerified\" runat=\"server\" AutoPostBack=\"true\" \n Checked='<%# bool.", "Parse(Eval(\"Verified\").ToString()) %>'\n Enabled='<%# !!", "Convert.", "ToBoolean(Convert.", "ToInt32(Eval(\"Verified\").ToString())) %>'\n ToolTip='<%# Eval(\"NoConfirmDesc\").ToString() %>'\n />\n </ItemTemplate>\n </telerik:GridTemplateColumn>\n\naspx.cs\nprivate void RadGrid1_ItemDataBound(object sender, Telerik.", "Web.", "UI.GridItemEventArgs e)\n{\n if (e.Item is GridDataItem)\n { }\n} \n\nA:\n\nIn aspx, the handler for Databound event is called RadGrid1_ItemDatabound\nOnItemDatabound = \"RadGrid1_ItemDatabound\"\n\nbut in code behind, your method is spelled with capital B in databound\nvoid RadGrid1_ItemDataBound\n\nMake sure you place the breakpoint inside the right method.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "<!", "DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n <meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n <title>jQuery Smoove - Gorgeous CSS3 Scroll Effects Test Suite</title>\n <!-- ", "Load local jQuery. ", "This can be overridden with a ?", "jquery=___ param. --", ">\n <script src=\"../libs/jquery-loader.js\"></script>\n <!-- ", "Load local QUnit. --", ">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"../node_modules/qunitjs/qunit/qunit.css\" media=\"screen\">\n <script src=\"../node_modules/qunitjs/qunit/qunit.js\"></script>\n <!-- ", "Load local lib and tests. --", ">\n <script src=\"../src/jquery.smoove.js\"></script>\n <script src=\"smoove_test.js\"></script>\n <!-- ", "Removing access to jQuery and $. ", "But it'll still be available as _$, if\n you REALLY want to mess around with jQuery in the console. ", "REMEMBER WE\n ARE TESTING A PLUGIN HERE, THIS HELPS ENSURE BEST PRACTICES. ", "REALLY. --", ">\n <script>window._$ = jQuery.noConflict(true);</script>\n</head>\n<body>\n <div id=\"qunit\"></div>\n <div id=\"qunit-fixture\">\n <div id=\"t1\"></div>\n <div id=\"t2\" data-move=\"10px,10px\" data-transition=\"none\"></div>\n </div>\n</body>\n</html>\n" ]

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[ "]]>http://knue.com/kyle-park-teases-new-album-what-goes-around-comes-around/feed/0Josh Abbott Band's 'Oh Tonight' Included on 'The Longest Ride' Soundtrackhttp://knue.com/josh-abbott-bands-oh-tonight-included-on-the-longest-ride-soundtrack/\nhttp://knue.com/josh-abbott-bands-oh-tonight-included-on-the-longest-ride-soundtrack/#commentsThu, 09 Apr 2015 15:46:18 +0000Buddy Loganhttp://radiotexaslive.com/?p=24855Continue reading…]]>Josh Abbott and the boys are making waves. ", "The guys who'll be headlining Red Dirt BBQ & Music Festival on May 2nd in Tyler, TX, revealed their hugely popular 'Oh Tonight' will be featured in the soundtrack of the major motion picture \"The Longest Ride.\"", "\n\n]]>http://knue.com/top-5-josh-abbott-songs-red-dirt-bbq-music-festival/feed/0Josh Abbott BandJosh Abbott Shares His St. Jude Experience: 'That Place Is Just Incredible'http://knue.com/josh-abbott-st-jude-experience/\nhttp://knue.com/josh-abbott-st-jude-experience/#commentsFri, 06 Mar 2015 17:30:31 +0000Sterling Whitakerhttp://tasteofcountry.com/?p=268377Continue reading…]]>Texas country star Josh Abbott is just one of the many celebrities who supports the efforts of St. Jude Children's Hospital, and he says the treatment and research facility is unlike any other.", "\n\n]]>http://knue.com/josh-abbott-st-jude-experience/feed/0Timothy Hiatt, Getty ImagesJosh Abbott Band to Headline Second Red Dirt BBQ & Music Festivalhttp://knue.com/josh-abbott-band-to-headline-second-red-dirt-bbq-music-festival/\nhttp://knue.com/josh-abbott-band-to-headline-second-red-dirt-bbq-music-festival/#commentsFri, 13 Feb 2015 13:30:55 +0000Chase Colstonhttp://knue.com/?p=309286Continue reading…]]>We've made you wait all week, and now the wait is over.", "\n\n]]>http://knue.com/josh-abbott-invites-longtime-fan-and-cancer-patient-on-stage-to-sing/feed/0YouTube#CrudeFest2015 Lineup Announced!http://knue.com/crude-fest-2015-lineup/\nhttp://knue.com/crude-fest-2015-lineup/#commentsThu, 20 Nov 2014 22:40:22 +0000Buddy Loganhttp://radiotexaslive.com/?p=22366Continue reading…]]>It's West Texas' biggest Texas and Red Dirt music festival, and for those of us who have come to expect Crude Fest to bring out all the biggest stars and hottest up-and-coming acts, 2015 will not disappoint.", "\n\n]]>http://knue.com/crude-fest-2015-lineup/feed/0Tops in Texas: Wade Bowen Looks to Stay at No. ", "1 for Third Weekhttp://knue.com/tops-in-texas-wade-bowen-looks-to-stay-at-no-1-for-third-week/\nhttp://knue.com/tops-in-texas-wade-bowen-looks-to-stay-at-no-1-for-third-week/#commentsFri, 14 Nov 2014 21:28:45 +0000Buddy Loganhttp://radiotexaslive.com/?p=22238Continue reading…]]>This week Wade Bowen looks to hang onto the top spot for a third consecutive week, but to do it he'll have to hold off Josh Abbott Band, Pat Green and Stoney LaRue. ", "Can one of them beat out Wade, or will When I Woke Up Today hang on to the top spot again?Let’s find out.", "\n\n]]>http://knue.com/tops-in-texas-wade-bowen-looks-to-stay-at-no-1-for-third-week/feed/0FacebookJosh Abbott Band Visits the CMAshttp://knue.com/josh-abbott-band-backstage-at-the-cmas/\nhttp://knue.com/josh-abbott-band-backstage-at-the-cmas/#commentsFri, 14 Nov 2014 17:11:40 +0000Buddy Loganhttp://radiotexaslive.com/?p=22208Continue reading…]]>Am I the only who missed this memo? ", "Last week Josh Abbott and crew hung out with the CMAs. ", "The guys, who are making a big national push with Hangin' Around, took the opportunity to talk up Eli Young Band, pay respect to Zac Brown Band, and acknowledge all the new friends they're making across radio land, USA\n\n]]>http://knue.com/josh-abbott-band-backstage-at-the-cmas/feed/0YouTubeJosh Abbott Looking to Hire a Personal Assistanthttp://knue.com/josh-abbott-looking-to-hire-a-personal-assistant/\nhttp://knue.com/josh-abbott-looking-to-hire-a-personal-assistant/#commentsWed, 22 Oct 2014 15:52:36 +0000Buddy Loganhttp://radiotexaslive.com/?p=21741Continue reading…]]>When you start doing interviews with Maxim and you've got to call the interviewer back yourself to hit on her, that's when you know it's time to get a personal assistant. ", "So, today Josh Abbott is on the hunt for a PA, do you think you have what it takes?", "\n\n]]>http://knue.com/josh-abbott-looking-to-hire-a-personal-assistant/feed/0FacebookCasey Donahew + Josh Abbott at Cowboy'shttp://knue.com/josh-abbott-casey-donahew-at-cowboys-together/\nhttp://knue.com/josh-abbott-casey-donahew-at-cowboys-together/#commentsSun, 19 Oct 2014 00:40:23 +0000Buddy Loganhttp://radiotexaslive.com/?p=21679Continue reading…]]>This will go down as one of the biggest concerts to hit East Texas in 2014. ", "For one night only, on one stage, BOTH Josh Abbott and Casey Donahew will be performing at Cowboy's in Tyler. ", "Tickets are on sale now, get 'em right here.", "\n\n]]>http://knue.com/josh-abbott-casey-donahew-at-cowboys-together/feed/0Josh Abbott Talks: 'Tuesday Night' EP + Debut of 'She Don't Break'http://knue.com/josh-abbott-tuesday-night-ep-she-dont-break-hangin-around/\nhttp://knue.com/josh-abbott-tuesday-night-ep-she-dont-break-hangin-around/#commentsWed, 01 Oct 2014 15:50:28 +0000Buddy Loganhttp://radiotexaslive.com/?p=21241Continue reading…]]>Last week Josh Abbott Band's latest project hit stores and iTunes, on Saturday he called in to Radio Texas, LIVE! ", "to tell us all about, we also debuted a song called She Don't Break.", "\n\n]]>http://knue.com/josh-abbott-tuesday-night-ep-she-dont-break-hangin-around/feed/0FacebookJosh Abbott Band's 'Tuesday Night EP' Out Nowhttp://knue.com/josh-abbott-bands-tuesday-night-ep-out-now/\nhttp://knue.com/josh-abbott-bands-tuesday-night-ep-out-now/#commentsWed, 24 Sep 2014 00:11:19 +0000Buddy Loganhttp://radiotexaslive.com/?p=21085Continue reading…]]>Good news Josh Abbott Band fans! ", "The band's newest project, Tuesday Night EP,and first since 2011's Small Town Family Dream, hit stores and iTunes today. ", "Josh will be calling into Radio Texas, LIVE! ", "this Saturday to discuss it, in the meantime give it a preview -- or just download it.", "\n\n]]>http://knue.com/josh-abbott-bands-tuesday-night-ep-out-now/feed/0FacebookOur Top 5: Songs Covered by Texas Artistshttp://knue.com/top-5-covers-by-texas-artists/\nhttp://knue.com/top-5-covers-by-texas-artists/#commentsMon, 15 Sep 2014 17:45:13 +0000Natalie Rheahttp://radiotexaslive.com/?p=20771Continue reading…]]>I saw an artist perform the other day, who may or may not be on this list *cough cough* that did a phenomenal rendition of a song outside of their genre. ", "It got me thinking about the artists in our Texas Music scene - the songs they choose to cover at their shows and why they choose those particular songs.", "\n\n]]>http://knue.com/josh-abbott-band-tuesday-night-ep/feed/0Josh Abbott BandThe Josh Abbott Band Release Music Video for New Single, 'Hangin' Around'http://knue.com/josh-abbott-band-hangin-around-video/\nhttp://knue.com/josh-abbott-band-hangin-around-video/#commentsThu, 28 Aug 2014 17:00:35 +0000Gayle Thompsonhttp://theboot.com/?p=78317Continue reading…]]>The Josh Abbott Band is back and better than ever. ", "The Texas group is hitting the airwaves with their latest single, 'Hangin' Around,' which each of the six members says they fell in love with the first moment they heard it.", "\n\n]]>http://knue.com/josh-abbott-band-hangin-around-video/feed/0Josh Abbott BandFirst Listen: New Josh Abbott Band 'Hangin' Around'http://knue.com/first-listen-new-josh-abbott-band-hangin-around/\nhttp://knue.com/first-listen-new-josh-abbott-band-hangin-around/#commentsMon, 28 Jul 2014 21:52:54 +0000Buddy Loganhttp://radiotexaslive.com/?p=19992Continue reading…]]>It's been since last year and his chart topper, She Will Be Free, that we've heard any new music from Josh Abbott Band, but our wait is nearly over. ", "Today a preview of their new song Hangin' Around was shared via the JAB Twitter. ", "It'll hit radio next week, enjoy.", "\n\n]]>http://knue.com/first-listen-new-josh-abbott-band-hangin-around/feed/0FacebookJosh Abbott Band Invades East Texas this Wednesday (6/25)http://knue.com/josh-abbott-band-invades-east-texas-this-wednesday-625/\nhttp://knue.com/josh-abbott-band-invades-east-texas-this-wednesday-625/#commentsTue, 24 Jun 2014 16:01:52 +0000Buddy Loganhttp://radiotexaslive.com/?p=19146Continue reading…]]>If you were wondering what the biggest Wednesday night concert this summer would be, this is it. ", "This Wednesday (June 25) Josh Abbott Band is back live at Cowboy's nightclub in Tyler -- and he's bringing William Clark Green." ]

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[ " [DO NOT PUBLISH]\n\n\n IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n\n FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT\n ________________________ FILED\n U.S. COURT OF APPEALS\n No. ", "09-12531 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT\n MARCH 30, 2010\n Non-Argument Calendar\n JOHN LEY\n ________________________\n CLERK\n\n D. C. Docket No. ", "08-00255-CR-ORL-35DAB\n\n\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA,\n\n Plaintiff-Appellee,\n\n versus\n\nALBERTO DELGADO,\n\n Defendant-Appellant.", "\n\n\n ________________________\n\n Appeal from the United States District Court\n for the Middle District of Florida\n _________________________\n\n (March 30, 2010)\n\nBefore EDMONDSON, CARNES and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.", "\n\fPER CURIAM:\n\n\n\n Defendant, while on federal probation, was arrested for reckless driving.", "\n\nThe Federal Sentencing Guidelines recommended three to nine months\n\nimprisonment. ", "The District Court sentenced Defendant to a 12-month\n\nimprisonment and three years of supervised release. ", "Defendant appeals the District\n\nCourt's upward departure from the sentencing guidelines. ", "We see no reversible\n\nerror; we affirm.", "\n\n We review a sentence imposed by a district court under a deferential abuse\n\nof discretion standard. ", "Gall v. United States, 128 S. Ct. ", "586, 591 (2007).", "\n\n Defendant was on federal probation for drug-related offenses when he was\n\narrested for reckless driving. ", "According to a deputy sheriff who saw the entire\n\nincident, Defendant attempted to veer into another vehicle, a red Toyota, six or\n\nseven times. ", "After opening his door to yell at the driver of the Toyota, Defendant\n\ndrove off at a high rate of speed -- in the estimation of the deputy, exceeding 100\n\nmiles per hour while weaving through traffic. ", "The deputy followed Defendant\n\nhome, where Defendant was arrested.", "\n\n At the time of his arrest, Defendant told police that the driver of the red\n\nToyota was his ex-girlfriend and the mother of his children. ", "He also said that he\n\n\n\n 2\n\fwas racing another vehicle driven by her current boyfriend.", "\n\n At a hearing before a magistrate judge, Defendant claimed that his reckless\n\ndriving was a result of engine trouble and denied knowing the driver of the red\n\nToyota. ", "Defendant also denied telling the police officer anything about his ex-\n\ngirlfriend or her current boyfriend. ", "The magistrate judge found that Defendant's\n\ntestimony was \"unworthy of belief.\" ", "The magistrate judge's report and\n\nrecommendation said that Defendant had violated his probation.", "\n\n At the sentencing hearing in District Court, Defendant accepted the\n\nmagistrate judge's report and recommendation without objection. ", "The District\n\nCourt then calculated the sentencing guidelines range, again without objection.", "\n\nDefendant did object to the 12-month sentence.", "\n\n Defendant contends that the District Court exceeded the guideline\n\nrecommendation because the District Court thought Defendant was harassing his\n\nex-girlfriend. ", "According to Defendant, this reason was an improper one to extend\n\nthe sentence because it was an unreasonable interpretation of the facts. ", "The belief\n\nthat Defendant's history with his ex-girlfriend was a reason for departing upwards\n\nwas supported some by the final condition on the Supervised Release form: \"The\n\ndefendant is to have no contact with the victims, Joanie Benitez and Peter\n\nMartinez.\" ", "The government had brought up a series of Defendant's past domestic\n\n\n\n 3\n\fdisturbance incidents during the sentencing hearing, none of which were supported\n\nby evidence or police reports. ", "Defendant contends that the District Court\n\nimproperly considered these allegations when the District Court determined\n\nDefendant's sentence.", "\n\n The District Court, in an oral explanation of the sentence, explicitly stated\n\nthat it considered all of the section 3553(a) factors. ", "It then stated which factors led\n\nit to exceed the guideline recommendation. ", "The District Court concluded that\n\nDefendant (1) was a danger to the community, (2) demonstrated a lack of candor to\n\nboth the magistrate judge and the District Court, and (3) showed no remorse for his\n\nacts. ", "The District Court did not mention Defendant's past relationships, other than\n\nto order Defendant to stay away from his ex-girlfriend.", "\n\n We first review the District Court for procedural error. ", "Gall v. United\n\nStates, 128 S. Ct. ", "586, 597 (2007). ", "In Gall, the Supreme Court taught that reliance\n\non clearly erroneous facts would be a procedural error. ", "Id. We see none.", "\n\nDefendant has not presented sufficient evidence for us to determine that the\n\nDistrict Court relied on clearly erroneous facts.", "\n\n The plain language of the District Court shows that it did not rely on the\n\nidentity of the driver of the red Toyota in determining Defendant's sentence. ", "If the\n\nDistrict Court had relied on the identity of the driver, the Court, as the finder of\n\n\n\n 4\n\ffact, was entitled to disbelieve Defendant's testimony and credit his statement to\n\nthe police officer at the time of Defendant's arrest. ", "See, United States v. De Varon,\n\n175 F.3d 930, 945 (11th Cir. ", "1999)(en banc) (\"As the Supreme Court has\n\nrecognized, a trial court's choice between 'two permissible views of the evidence' is\n\nthe very essence of the clear error standard of review.\" (", "internal citation omitted)).", "\n\nAnd because the District Court was entitled to believe that Defendant was being\n\ntruthful when he was arrested, relying on that statement would not be reliance on a\n\nclearly erroneous fact.", "\n\n Next we assess the substantive reasonableness of the sentence. ", "Gall, 128 S.\n\nCt. ", "at 597. ", "Based on the three factors the District Court mentioned during the\n\nsentencing hearing, we see no abuse of discretion by the District Court in deviating\n\nupwards from the guidelines.", "\n\n Because we cannot say that the District Court failed to follow the proper\n\nsentencing procedures or abused its discretion in the substantive reasonableness of\n\nthe sentence, we affirm the District Court's sentence.", "\n\n AFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\n\n 5\n\f" ]

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[ "The risk of blood exposure incidents in dental practices in the Netherlands.", "\nAn awareness of the risk of blood-borne infections among dentists has been promoted by the Dutch Dental Association (NMT) as part of their quality and safety programme, and a nationally operating expert counselling centre was contracted to manage all reported incidents. ", "We analysed data on hepatitis B vaccination status, sex and age for all reported incidents recorded by this centre during 2008. ", "We compared this with data collected at same time during a national survey to assess the performance of the centre. ", "The number of blood exposure injuries among dentists and their assistants, and reporting behaviour, were also assessed. ", "In 2008, 387 incidents were reported to the counselling centre. ", "The percentage of high-risk incidents was 16, with a risk of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV infections. ", "In the hepatitis B cases, 12% had no or insufficient immunization. ", "Eight per cent of those injured were unable to start HIV Post-Exposition Prophylaxis because they reported too late. ", "Of the 1442 surveys sent, 487 (34%) were returned. ", "Dentists estimated levels of hepatitis B vaccination at 98%. ", "Thirty-two per cent reported to have had one or more injuries in their practice in 2008. ", "Of these, 37% were counselled by the expert centre, 18% were counselled by others and 45% sought no medical attention. ", "The performance of the counselling centre received a positive score (95%). ", "A need for more information about vaccination and blood-borne infections in dentistry (52%) was reported. ", "Nationwide data show blood exposure incidents occur frequently in dental settings, with a considerable number of high-risk incidents. ", "Administering anaesthetics and cleaning-up are major risk factors. ", "There is a need to intensify measures for safe working conditions in dental care settings in the Netherlands, irrespective of the type of dental practice." ]

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[ "Itakpe mine\n\nThe Itakpe mine is a large iron mine located in central Nigeria in the Kogi State. ", "Itakpe represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Nigeria and in the world having estimated reserves of 3 billion tonnes of ore grading 32% iron metal.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Iron mines in Nigeria\nCategory:Economy of Kogi State" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUse of a portal as a weapon\n\nLet's say that a scientist has found a way to create and control portals. ", "\n(for this instance, the portals are the ones from the game PORTAL) If the need arise, could said scientist put an object is said portal then close it, and what would happen to said object?", "\n\nA:\n\nIn general, the use of teleporters as weapons is known as telefragging, and is so commonly brought up in science-fiction works involving teleportation that it has its own TV Tropes page. ", "The specific version here also has a TV Tropes page: \"Portal Cutting\".", "\nThe theory behind portal-cutting is, if a portal is closed while something is halfway through it, that thing will be sliced cleanly in two, with one half remaining on one side of the portal and the other half remaining on the other side. ", "Naturally, if the object in question is a person, the results will not be pretty. ", "You know those sliding elevator doors? ", "Imagine getting sliced in half by them. ", "Yeah. ", "Not pretty.", "\nSo yes, your scientist could most certainly weaponize this. ", "And not just by cutting his enemies in half, either. ", "He could set up one portal above a shark tank, or on the side of a 100-story building, or over a vat of molten iron, or in the middle of frozen Siberia, or whatever, then fire a second portal beneath his enemy's feet and send them plunging into it.", "\nFor maximum fun, you could even just fire portals above and below them and trap them in an infinite loop of falling (let's face it, everyone who's played Portal has done this at some point). ", "Within a matter of seconds they'll be falling fast enough that if you move one of the portals, they'll slam into the nearest surface at lethal speeds. ", "Alternatively, trap something else in an infinite loop, and you won't be able to get past it without getting hit by an object travelling at terminal velocity.", "\nNote that portal-cutting is not, in fact, possible in Portal, where closing a portal with an object halfway inside it will just push the object away. ", "Presumably, this was so Valve didn't have to mess around with dynamically slicing game objects in half; an in-universe explanation would be that Aperture's portal technology uses wormholes, which would close like that anyway, as @Joe Bloggs describes in the comments. ", "HOWEVER...\nEven if your portal system does work like Portal's, you can still weaponize it. ", "There's the infinite-loop trick, or, depending on the speed that objects get pushed out at, you could potentially have \"portal cannons\" that eject stuff at high speed. ", "Or just go down the Looney Tunes route and eject really heavy things from high up. ", "A giant anvil or grand piano dropped from the top of a wall ought to hurt plenty (and would probably be as funny as the infinite-falling trick).", "\n\nA:\n\nGiven the mechanics from the game Portal:\nOne portal would not do anything, connecting it to another would simply connect space at either portal. ", "This has various potential uses as a weapon, mainly from connecting a hazardous environment to the space near the object.", "\nSome potential uses:\n\nCreate a portal below an object, the object would fall in. ", "When the object is halfway in, close the portals. ", "The object would be cut in two.", "\nCreate a portal below an object, the object would fall in. ", "Have the other portal somewhere high up, the object would then drop from a great height.", "\nCreate a portal next to an object, with the other portal in or close to to a blast furnace. ", "The object would then be blasted with heat.", "\nCreate a portal next to an object and the other in a container with hazardous liquid, acid, scalding water, water under very high pressure, etc.", "\nCreate a portal next to an object and the other in a (large) vacuum, the object could be sucked into the vacuum.", "\n\nEdit: now with more obscure science:\nAs you stated, the person with this portal gun is a scientist, so he or she will probably have access to, and can figure out how to use some cool lab stuff to their advantage.", "\nAccelerating a charged object to arbitrary speeds:\nSimilar to how a cathode ray tube works: First you create two portals on two (perfectly) parallel plates, on the surfaces facing eachother.", "\nThen you have a ring of conductive material around one of the portals (slightly behind it), and a very light object, with a vacuum inbetween the portals. ", "Apply identical charges to the ring and the object, and apply and adjust a magnetic field to keep the object centered while it gets repulsed again each time it passes through the portals, you now have a particle (for macroscopic particles) accelerator which should be able to (given a strong magnetic field to deflect the object) launch the object at something at relativistic speeds. (", "caveat: I don't know how electric fields would behave around the portal borders)\nThe same goes for gravitational acceleration, though it's much harder to deflect a non-charged object, but so long as you charge the object you can just accelerate it using gravity and then deflect it with a magnetic field.", "\nCreate arbitrarily strong magnetic fields (and use it to disintegrate stuff)\nIf you've got a coil around the space in between two portals, the magnetic field lines would run from one portal to the other. ", "If you move the portals closer together, there's in effect 'more coil' per unit length of magnetic field line, which would increase the strength of the magnetic field to ridiculous amounts. ", "Ridiculously strong magnetic fields can break stuff.", "\nYou'll probably need near infinite energy, so you'll also need a portal in your hydro-electric dam.", "\nTravel through time and kill their grandparents\nYou'll need some serious space-ship power for this, but hey, you've got a free ride to the moon already so launching it is much easier.", "\nAlso, given your ability to launch stuff at arbitrarily high speeds, propulsion shouldn't be much of a problem.", "\nOnce you achieve relativistic speeds, space-time starts behaving weirdly, and teleportation can become time travel. ", "But it's complicated, further reading: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cone\n\nA:\n\nYes. ", "Portals in the game portal also appear to violate conservation of energy so can be used for that as well.", "\nWeapon placement\nFire one portal at the moon or at an object in orbit and open another in a chamber at sealevel, put anything you like in orbit, for example a huge number of Rods From God ready to deploy.", "\nCannon on demand\nTake one incredibly powerful piece of artilery and one end of a portal in front of the gun.", "\nThen whenever you want to destroy something open the other end of the portal facing your target and let your gun fire.", "\nLava\nCreate a portal at the bottom of a pool of lava.", "\nTo deploy simply open a second portal above or near your target and spew lava at them.", "\nGenerate unlimited free energy.", "\nBuild a tall circular vacuum chamber surrounded by loops of conductive wire. ", "Take a huge circular, extremely heavy magnetic weight and open portals at the top and bottom. ", "The power you can generate is limited only by the size of the weight.", "\nNot a weapon itself but super useful for almost all purposes.", "\nSuper Vacuum\nFire one portal at the moon, open a second anywhere near your target, watch as they get sucked into orbit.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Arc Developments\n\nArc Developments was a British game developer best known for developing Johnny Bazookatone. ", "The company was founded by a group of former Elite employees. ", "Since then, the company has ported many games to various systems and computers, but they also developed their own titles, such as Johnny Bazookatone. ", "They rarely put credits in their games for an unknown reason.", "\n\nGames developed by Arc Developments\n\nCategory:Defunct video game companies\nCategory:Video game companies of the United Kingdom\nCategory:Video game companies established in 1988\nCategory:Video game companies disestablished in 1998\nCategory:1988 establishments in the United Kingdom\nCategory:1998 disestablishments in the United Kingdom" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Introduction {#S1}\n============\n\nWhile the majority of bone fractures and bone defects heal, nonunion is a common complication of a fracture; it indicates that fracture healing is not happening in a timely fashion. ", "For example, nonunion occurs in about 10% of all tibia fractures (Antonova et al., [", "@B1]) requiring additional interventions. ", "A recent study analyzing about 5,000 fracture cases in Scotland, revealed a general non-union rate of 1.9% which is much lower than previously believed. ", "On the other hand, it was also reported that for certain fracture types the non-union rate rose up to 9% (Mills et al., [", "@B48]). ", "Similarly, there exist many strategies with varying degrees of success for the posttraumatic management of large segmental defects. ", "In clinical practice, the gold standard is still autogenous or allogenic bone grafting, but these come with obvious drawbacks such as comorbidities and limited material availability (Giannoudis et al., [", "@B16]). ", "Bone transport methods such as Ilizarov have proven popular for some time but they require extensive care and are not exempt from complications (Catagni et al., [", "@B9]). ", "Pharmacologic options such as BMP2 and PTH can improve bone healing to a certain degree, but it has been shown that bone regenerates better in presence of a mechanical support, such as a scaffold, for the cells to migrate on (Lichte et al., [", "@B39]). ", "The research community is thus massively investigating into tissue engineered constructs with successes and failures (Keating et al., [", "@B33]; Hulsart-Billstrom et al., [", "@B25]).", "\n\nIndependently of the treatment strategy, a hallmark of failure to heal is an insufficient vascular supply which leads to hypoxia and reduced nutrient availability at the site of injury. ", "Various treatment strategies have focused on supporting neovascularization within the fracture gap, for example, by local administration of proangiogenic growth factors such as HIF-1α (Stewart et al., [", "@B62]) or vascular endothelial growth factor (Herrmann et al., [", "@B20]). ", "Alternatively, transplantation of endothelial cells or endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are under investigation and have been extensively reviewed elsewhere (Rao and Stegemann, [@B54]; Sun et al., [", "@B63]; Kawakami et al., [", "@B30]).", "\n\nEndothelial progenitor cells have first been discovered in the CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) population in peripheral blood (Asahara et al., [", "@B3]). ", "CD34+ cells, enriched from blood or bone marrow, were successfully transplanted to treat ischemic diseases (Kalka et al., [", "@B29]; Kawamoto et al., [", "@B32]; Iwasaki et al., [", "@B27]) as well as to support vascularization in tissue engineered constructs (Rozen et al., [", "@B57]; Atesok et al., [", "@B4]; Seebach et al., [", "@B59]; Herrmann et al., [", "@B19]; Bates et al., [", "@B5]; Giles et al., [", "@B17]; Liu et al., [", "@B41]; Nau et al., [", "@B51]). ", "Aforementioned studies have focused on local cell transplantation. ", "Only few studies have investigated a systemic transplantation of CD34+ cells addressing the natural homing capacity of these cells (Matsumoto et al., [", "@B44]; Terayama et al., [", "@B67]). ", "Due to the limited availability of cells, most approaches have used *ex vivo* expanded cells. ", "This is associated with several drawbacks including long expansion times, costs and safety issues which arise upon manipulation of cells.", "\n\nGranulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is an important mediator of granulopoiesis. ", "G-CSF-deficient mice suffer from neutropenia and impaired mobilization of neutrophils in the blood (Lieschke et al., [", "@B40]). ", "In clinics, G-CSF and biosimilars are used to treat patients with neutropenia during intensive chemotherapy and for mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells in the circulation (Gazitt, [@B15]; Mehta et al., [", "@B45]; Hsu and Cushing, [@B23]).", "\n\nWith the discovery of EPCs in the CD34+ HPC fraction (see above), G-CSF became of interest for the treatment of diseases involving impaired vascularization. ", "G-CSF treatment can be applied to increase the frequency of EPCs in the circulation and by this to improve the yield of donor cells for transplantation approaches. ", "For the treatment of critical limb ischemia, a phase I/IIa clinical trials has been performed to assess transplantation of G-CSF mobilized cells and suggested safety and feasibility of this approach (Kawamoto et al., [", "@B31]). ", "In the field of bone regeneration, Kuroda et al. ([", "@B37], [@B36]) reported on beneficial effects of transplantation of G-CSF mobilized CD34+ cells in nonunion patients. ", "The application of G-CSF mobilized EPCs in orthopedics has also been addressed in a recent review (Kawakami et al., [", "@B30]).", "\n\nBeside for cell therapies, G-CSF has also been utilized to booster the mobilization of endogenous cells. ", "This was first demonstrated in the context of cardiovascular and ischemic diseases and was recently reviewed (D'Amario et al., [", "@B12]). ", "It was shown that systemic G-CSF administration promoted reendothelialization in a mouse model of vascular injury (Yoshioka et al., [", "@B71]) as well as vascularization in hindlimb ischemia (Capoccia et al., [", "@B8]; Jeon et al., [", "@B28]). ", "In addition, drug-delivery and tissue engineering approaches have focused on the local delivery of G-CSF to the respective defect site in the context of wound healing (Tanha et al., [", "@B64]), hindlimb ischemia (Layman et al., [", "@B38]) and chronic myocardial infarction (Spadaccio et al., [", "@B61]). ", "In the context of bone regeneration, Ishida et al. ([", "@B26]) demonstrated that treatment of a segmental bone defect in the rabbit ulna with a G-CSF loaded gelatin hydrogel resulted in accelerated bone formation. ", "In line with this, it was shown that local delivery of G-CSF to osteoporotic bone fractures (Liu et al., [", "@B42]) and a rat calvarial defect (Minagawa et al., [", "@B49]) promoted new bone formation in both models. ", "Assuming that an enhanced accumulation of stem cells in the circulation would facilitate their homing capacity, Marmotti et al. ([", "@B43]) investigated the effect of preoperative administration of G-CSF in patients undergoing high tibial valgus osteotomy with bone graft substitution. ", "This preliminary clinical study suggested that G-CSF pretreatment might accelerate the integration of graft material (Marmotti et al., [", "@B43]).", "\n\nWhile most of the aforementioned studies have addressed either transplantation of G-CSF-mobilized cells or local delivery of G-CSF, we were here interested to investigate systemically administered G-CSF and hypothesized that stimulation of CD34+ progenitor cells by G-CSF might promote the healing of large bone defects. ", "First, we aimed to characterize the time course and composition of the G-CSF mobilized cell population. ", "Finally, we performed a pilot study to test the influence of G-CSF administration on the healing of a critical size femoral defect in rats.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#S2}\n=====================\n\nAnimal Experiments {#S2-1}\n------------------\n\nAll procedures were performed in accordance with the Swiss Animal Protection Law (2014_30F; 2012_36) in an Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care Internal (AAALAC International) approved facility. ", "Animals were group-housed and received standard diet (Extrudat 3436, Provimi-Kliba) and water ad libidum. ", "Adult specific pathogen free female F344 Fisher rats were obtained from Charles River (Germany). ", "Animals were healthy based on health certificates provided by the breeder and clinical examination upon study entry.", "\n\nG-CSF Mobilized Cell Population {#S2-2}\n-------------------------------\n\nTwenty-nine female rats (age: 19 ± 1 weeks, 156--187 g) were used to assess the time course and composition of the G-CSF mobilized cell population and randomly assigned to five experimental groups (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ", "Animals received daily subcutaneous (sc) injections of 50 µg/kg bodyweight G-CSF \\[Filgrastim, Teva Pharma; 50 µg/ml in 5% glucose solution (Braun)\\] for 5 consecutive days, which refers to a previously described treatment protocol (Kong et al., [", "@B34]; Shyu et al., [", "@B60]). ", "Prior to injection, animals were lightly sedated (\\<5 min) with isofluran (1--2 vol%, Baxter AG). ", "30--100 µl of blood was collected from the tail vein to measure leukocyte counts using VetABC hematology analyzer (Medical Solution GmbH). ", "At study end points, animals were anesthetized with isoflurane, the whole blood collected by heart puncture and animals euthanatized by an overdose of pentobarbital (Esconarkon^®^, Streuli Pharma AG).", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nPilot Study on the Effect of G-CSF Treatment on Bone Formation in a Critical Size Segmental Femoral Defect {#S2-3}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn a pilot study investigating the effect of G-CSF treatment on bone formation, 10 skeletally mature female rats (age: 23.1 ± 0.2 weeks, 186--226 g) were randomly divided into two groups. ", "Animals were injected subcutaneously once daily for 5 consecutive days after surgery with G-CSF (50 µg/kg) or saline, respectively (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ", "At the day of surgery, 30--100 µl blood was collected from the tail vein to determine leukocyte counts. ", "Rats were premedicated with Carprofen (5 mg/kg, sc, Rimadyl, Pfizer) and Buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg, sc, Temgesic^®^, Rechitt Benckiser). ", "Under isoflurane anesthesia, the left femur was aseptically prepared and a skin incision was made. ", "The sc fascia lata was incised and the M. quadriceps and M. biceps femoris were separated bluntly to expose the femur. ", "The PEEK fixation plate (RIS.602.100) was fixed on the femur, with the center of the plate at the distal level of the lateral femoral crest using six self-cutting locking screws (RIS.402.120) after predrilling the screw holes (RIS.592.202). ", "Facilitated by a jig (RIS.302.104), a 4.5 mm defect was created by two osteotomies using a Gigly saw (RIS.590.110, all RISystem AG). ", "Finally, fascia and skin were closed in a continuous pattern using absorbable suture material (Vicryl rapide, 5-0, Ethicon Inc., Johnson & Johnson Medical). ", "To prevent hypothermia, a heated mat during surgery and an infrared lamp during the recovery period (approx. ", "30 min) were used. ", "All animals received 3 ml Ringer's solution (Braun) intraperitoneally. ", "Postoperative analgesia consisted of Buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg s.c.; ", "12/24 h post-OP) and Paracetamol (Dafalgan Sirup, Bristol-Myers Squibb SA; 7 ml/100 ml in drinking water; for 3 days post-OP). ", "Animals recovered rapidly after surgery and started normal load-bearing within 30 min. ", "All animals lost weight postoperatively (\\<5%) but recovered within 10 days. ", "The animals were kept in the study for as long as bone was forming in the defect \\[according to microcomputed tomography (microCT)\\]. ", "Once plateauing, the study was stopped (230 days).", "\n\n*In vivo* microCT {#S2-4}\n-----------------\n\nNew bone volume within the defect and gap size was monitored using *in vivo* microCT (VivaCT40, Scanco Medical). ", "The animals were scanned under isoflurane anesthesia at the indicated time points. ", "They were placed in a modified holder in lateral recumbency. ", "The operated leg was positioned to align the femur with the scanner axis, then fixed with masking tape to minimize metal and motion artifacts. ", "A 8 mm region, centered on the defect, was scanned with 200 ms integration time and 1,500 projections per rotation. ", "The X-ray tube was operated at 70 kV tension and 114 µA current. ", "The projections were then reconstructed across an image matrix of 2,048 × 2,048 pixels with an isotropic voxel size of 19 µm. ", "Scans showing evidence of motion artifacts were repeated. ", "The postoperative scans were rotated to align the femur longitudinally and the screws sagittally. ", "The subsequent scans were registered to their respective postoperative scan using rigid registration (Boyd et al., [", "@B6]).", "\n\nThe region of interest (ROI) for analysis was defined as the defect volume on the postoperative scan. ", "The ROI was propagated to the registered scans. ", "Scans were Gaussian-filtered (sigma = 0.8 support = 1) to reduce noise, bone was segmented (threshold = 515 mgHA/ccm); bone volume and density were computed within the ROI using direct voxel counting methods. ", "The gap size was then defined as the smallest distance found in the distance map (Hildebrand and Rüegsegger, [@B21]) of the empty space. ", "All image processing and analysis were performed with Image Processing Language (Scanco Medical). ", "The intervals between scans were adapted (in round number of weeks) during the study in function of the bone formation rate (keeping \\~ 0.1 mm^3^ difference between time points).", "\n\nThe contralateral femoral midshafts were also microCT scanned immediately postmortem using the same scan settings as described above. ", "Cortical bone parameters such as bone density, moment of inertia, and cortical thickness were computed using the standard methods.", "\n\nTissue Harvesting, Fixation and Histology {#S2-5}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nAfter 230 days, animals were euthanized with an overdose of CO~2~. Both femora were fixed for two months in 70% ethanol. ", "After fixation, the operated femora were embedded in methyl methacyrlate (Sigma) and stained with Giemsa/eosin as described before (Rochford et al., [", "@B56]).", "\n\nELISA Quantification of G-CSF in Serum {#S2-6}\n--------------------------------------\n\nAn ELISA (Quantikine, R&D) was used according to the manufacturer's protocol to determine the concentration of human G-CSF in rat serum collected upon euthanasia. ", "Absorbance was measured using Viktor3 Plate Reader (Perkin Elmer).", "\n\nFlow Cytometry Analysis of Blood Samples {#S2-7}\n----------------------------------------\n\nAnticoagulated blood was diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and overlaid on Ficoll density medium (1.083 g/l, Sigma-Aldrich). ", "After centrifugation at 800 *g*, mononuclear cells (MNCs) were collected from the interphase and washed twice \\[PBS/5% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Pan)\\]. ", "Cell counts were determined using an automated cell counter (Scepter, Millipore). ", "For cell surface marker staining, 1 × 10^5^ MNCs were washed with buffer (PBS/1% FBS) and incubated with CD32 antibody (BD) for 5 min on ice to reduce unspecific antibody binding. ", "Afterward cells were stained for 30 min on ice with the following antibodies: CD45-PeCy5 (ThermoFisher Scientific), CD34-APC (Antibodies Online), CD11b-FITC (BD). ", "Unstained and isotype controls (mouse IgG1-PeCy5 (ThermoFisher), rabbit IgG-Alexa647 (Bioconcept), mouse IgG2a, k-FITC (BD)) were performed. ", "Antibodies were used according to the manufacturer's recommendations. ", "To investigate LDL uptake, 1 × 10^5^ MNCs were washed and exposed to 10 µg/ml dil-labeled acLDL (ThermoFisher) for 4 h at 37°C. ", "LDL which was not taken up was removed by washing. ", "Cells were exposed to CD32 antibody, stained for CD11b-FITC, washed and analyzed using a FACS Aria III (BD). ", "Leukocyte counts measured in blood from the tail vein were used to calculate results for the respective cell populations as cell number/μl blood.", "\n\nStatistics {#S2-8}\n----------\n\nStatistical analyses were performed using GraphPad software. ", "Data were tested for normal distribution using the Shapiro--Wilk normality test. ", "Differences between groups were tested using Kruskal--Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparison test or one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison test. ", "To determine the time ranges where the differences between groups were statistically significant, longitudinal *in vivo* microCT data for bone volume, bone formation, gap size and gap closing speed were modeled using Bayesian generalized linear mixed modeling in R (Team, [@B65]) package mgcv (Wood, [@B69]). ", "The *p*-value for difference was extrapolated at every time point from the fitted curves and confidence intervals of the models. ", "Correlations were calculated using Pearson's correlation test. ", "Data are presented as mean ± SEM.", "\n\nResults {#S3}\n=======\n\nKinetic of G-CSF Induced Cell Mobilization {#S3-1}\n------------------------------------------\n\nSerum levels of human G-CSF reached a peak value at day 1 after the last injection with G-CSF (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}B, *p* \\< 0.01). ", "At day 5, the serum G-CSF concentration was not significant different from untreated control animals indicating a fast pharmacokinetic. ", "Next, we examined the increase of the blood leukocyte count over time (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ", "Significant elevated leukocyte counts were detected on the last day of G-CSF administration (day 0) and lasted for 10 days. ", "At day 11, the leukocyte number decreased to the range of untreated animals. ", "The peak in leukocyte accumulation was reached at day 1 with 7340 ± 299 leukocytes/μl blood which was significantly higher than the initial value of 4437 ± 125 leukocytes/μl (*p* \\< 0.001).", "\n\nAnalysis of different cell populations revealed a cell-specific kinetic of mobilization (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "While CD45+CD34− cells were not upregulated (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}B), HPCs (CD45+CD34+) were significantly enriched at day 1 with 112 ± 27 cells/μl compared to 44 ± 6 cells/μl (*p* \\< 0.05) in control animals (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ", "The accumulation of CD45+CD34+ cells further increased at day 5 and similarly high levels (*p* \\< 0.001) were detected at day 11. ", "An upregulation was also detected for CD11b+leukocytes (Figures [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}D,E). ", "Here, the enrichment peaked at day 1, whereas at day 5 and day 11 no significant increase of CD11b+ cells was detected. ", "Among the LDL+ cells, only the CD11b+ population was significant increased by G-CSF treatment (day 1: 449 ± 36 cells/μl vs. control: 252 ± 38 cells/μl, *p* \\< 0.05, Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}G), while no differences were observed for CD11b−LDL+ cells (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}H).", "\n\n{#F2}\n\nThe Effect of G-CSF Induced Cell Mobilization on Bone Healing {#S3-2}\n-------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe studied the influence of G-CSF treatment on the healing of a critical size bone defect in a femoral defect model in skeletally mature rats. ", "Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}B shows a representative radiograph of the 4.5 mm defect fixed with a PEEK plate immediately after surgery. ", "Blood sampling at surgery day showed that animals of both groups had similar leukocyte counts at the beginning of the study (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}C).", "\n\n{#F3}\n\nBone volume and density were longitudinally evaluated by microCT. ", "Early bone formation into the defect was observed from both defect edges, forming conical-shaped in growth. ", "Bone formation slowed down progressively over time and all rats finished the study with non-unions (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ", "Analysis of the evolution of the gap size (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}B) demonstrated a significant smaller gap size in G-CSF-treated animals starting from day 20. ", "Next, we assessed the reduction in gap size per day and found a significant faster gap reduction in G-CSF-treated animals at early time points, namely between day 10 and 40 postsurgery (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ", "In line with this, bone volume in control animals showed slower bone formation (day 211: 2.35 ± 0.14 mm^3^) compared to G-CSF-treated animals (4.45 ± 0.83 mm^3^, *p* \\< 0.01, Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}D). ", "Again, analysis of the daily bone formation indicated a significant faster bone formation in G-CSF-treated animals from day 10 to day 60 (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}E). ", "These data suggested that G-CSF treatment would primarily affect the early stages of the healing process. ", "Therefore, we examined the bone formation in the first 40 days after osteotomy in more detail. ", "Bone formation at day 40 was significantly correlated with the result at the end of the study in G-CSF-treated animals (r^2^ = 0.87; *p* \\< 0.05) but not in control animals (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}F).", "\n\n{#F4}\n\nIn addition, the contralateral femoral midshafts were microCT scanned to investigate potential systemic effects of the G-CSF treatment. ", "The cortical parameters (bone density, cortical thickness, moment of inertia) were identical between G-CSF and vehicle animals (data not shown). ", "Furthermore, the bone formation outcomes from the defect site did not correlate with the contralateral bone parameters.", "\n\nThe result of more efficient bone formation upon G-CSF treatment was confirmed by histology (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In both experimental groups, new bone containing bone marrow cavities had formed, as indicated by the new tissue at the interior site of the osteotomy lines, which were still visible in cortexes (Figures [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}C,D). ", "In control animals, the remaining bone gap was predominantly filled with adipose tissue (Figures [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}C,F), while in G-CSF-treated animals fibrous tissue rich in collagen fibers was observed (Figures [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}D,H). ", "Likewise, areas of active bone formation, indicated by strong blue staining of the cartilaginous tissue template (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}G), were observed in the G-CSF group. ", "In control animals, bone surfaces were mostly covered by flat, resting osteoblasts (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}E).", "\n\n{#F5}\n\nDiscussion {#S4}\n==========\n\nMobilization of CD34+ Cells by G-CSF Administration {#S4-1}\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nDespite its fast pharmacokinetic, G-CSF induced an elevation of blood leukocytes. ", "The short serum half-life of injected G-CSF is in agreement with an earlier study reporting a half-life of 1.8--2.4 h for Neupogen (recombinant G-CSF) (Crobu et al., [", "@B11]). ", "In this study, a peak accumulation of neutrophils appeared already on the second day of injections (Crobu et al., [", "@B11]). ", "In another study, observing MNCs as well as CD34+ cells during 5 days of daily G-CSF injections, the highest values were detected on the last day of intramuscular injections (Deng et al., [", "@B13]). ", "We detected the peak of total leukocyte accumulation one day after 5 consecutive days of sc G-CSF injections. ", "Since we did not measure leukocyte counts during the G-CSF administration, it cannot be excluded that an even higher leukocyte mobilization was induced at earlier time points. ", "However, CD45+CD34+ cells showed a continuous increase until day 11 suggesting that their mobilization peak indeed occurred at later time points. ", "The variability in leukocyte mobilization kinetics between different studies is relatively minor considering their differences in doses, duration and G-CSF administration (Velders et al., [", "@B68]; Kong et al., [", "@B34]; Capoccia et al., [", "@B8]; Herbert et al., [", "@B18]; Deng et al., [", "@B13]; Teipel et al., [", "@B66]).", "\n\nOur data suggest that the kinetics of cell mobilization varies in function of the leukocyte population (short peak mobilization of CD11b+ cells vs. long lasting mobilization of CD34+ cells), which might be explained by the different life span of the cell types. ", "We also evaluated whether mature endothelial cells (CD11b−LDL+) would be targeted by G-CSF treatment. ", "No mobilization of endothelial cells into the circulation was observed, but it is likely that G-CSF had a local effect on endothelial cells since various studies have reported a positive effect of G-CSF on proliferation and migration of endothelial cells (Bussolino et al., [", "@B7]; Park et al., [", "@B53]).", "\n\nThe Role of Innate Immune Cells in Bone Healing {#S4-2}\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nWe have shown that CD11b+ innate immune cells were significantly increased by G-CSF administration reaching a peak level one day after the last injection. ", "Stimulation of innate immune cells might affect the early proinflammatory phase of bone healing. ", "A study of tibial fractures in mice demonstrated that infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes into the adjacent muscle was crucial for the healing process and blocking of cell recruitment led to impaired bone healing (Chan et al., [", "@B10]). ", "It was also suggested that monocytes may be directly involved in bone formation by triggering the osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs (Omar et al., [", "@B52]). ", "CD11b+ cells can also contribute to neovascularization. ", "It was suggested that monocytes may represent a source of EPCs (Rehman et al., [", "@B55]) and it was proposed that G-CSF might change the gene expression profile of monocytes toward an increased expression of proangiogenic genes (Meier et al., [", "@B46]). ", "Interestingly, in the context of hindlimb ischemia it was suggested that the proangiogenic effect after G-CSF treatment was rather mediated by monocytes than by incorporating EPCs (Capoccia et al., [", "@B8]) suggesting that also mobilized monocytes may have the ability to promote vascularization and by this bone healing. ", "Future studies will be required to assess the underlying mechanisms which have led to the improved bone formation upon G-CSF treatment in the current study.", "\n\nImproved Bone Formation by G-CSF Injections {#S4-3}\n-------------------------------------------\n\nOur study clearly indicates that G-CSF promotes bone formation in a large segmental defect model. ", "This is in line with earlier studies demonstrating beneficial effects of transplanted CD34+ cells, which were enriched by G-CSF mobilization from the bone marrow in some of the studies (Kuroda et al., [", "@B35]; Kawakami et al., [", "@B30]). ", "It was shown that systemically injected CD34+ cells have the potential to integrate into the newly formed tissue of a bone defect and to enhance vascularization two weeks after induction of a femoral fracture in nude rats, ultimately leading to improved bone healing (Matsumoto et al., [", "@B44]). ", "In the current pilot study, we did not assess the early vascularization in the bone defect, but it can be assumed that the increased frequency of circulating CD34+ cells has here likewise promoted vascularization and bone formation. ", "While this will be addressed in future studies, evaluation of bone formation over time by microCT revealed significantly faster bone formation in G-CSF-treated animals at early time points, starting at day 10 after induction of the bone defect. ", "Based on our data on cell mobilization, this corresponds with the peak mobilization of CD34+ cells by G-CSF and therefore strongly suggests a clear relationship between cell mobilization and bone formation.", "\n\nThe aforementioned cell therapies are based on the transplantation of CD34+ cells, which is associated with several hurdles including low cell numbers, *ex vivo* manipulation of cells and immunogenicity. ", "These disadvantages can be circumvented by direct application of G-CSF to mobilize endogenous cells in the same patient. ", "The targeted approach in our current study has the additional benefit that G-CSF as well as some biosimilars are clinically approved, enabling fast translation of the treatment strategy into clinics. ", "In the context of bone repair, it has been demonstrated that mobilization of EPCs into the circulation is part of the natural healing response (Mifune et al., [", "@B47]), indicating that such treatment follows the physiological healing process. ", "Indeed, a preliminary clinical study has suggested beneficial effects of a G-CSF treatment on bone formation in patients undergoing high tibial valgus osteotomy with bone graft substitution (Marmotti et al., [", "@B43]). ", "Cell mobilization by systemic G-CSF administration has also been applied in other fields with promising effects, including cardiovascular disease, wound healing and ischemic diseases (Fine et al., [", "@B14]; D'Amario et al., [", "@B12]; Huang et al., [", "@B24]). ", "However, the clinical benefits are yet not fully clear and further investigations are required. ", "Also, systemic administration of G-CSF may cause side effects, these might however be reduced by applying novel derivatives of G-CSF with longer half-life and higher mobilization efficiency (Misra et al., [", "@B50]).", "\n\nImproved bone formation was also seen in several studies which have locally applied G-CSF to the defect site (Ishida et al., [", "@B26]; Minagawa et al., [", "@B49]; Liu et al., [", "@B41],[@B42]). ", "In particular, Ishida et al. ", "demonstrated an increased capillary density in the bone defect, detected after local G-CSF administration but also in a control group receiving sc G-CSF. ", "With respect to these results it may be assumed that also in our study the G-CSF treatment promoted bone formation by enhancing early neo-vascularization. ", "Nevertheless, future studies will be required to investigate the time course of vascularization through angiography during healing (Stewart et al., [", "@B62]) and to examine the role of mobilized cells herein, but this would require considerably more animals.", "\n\nIn this pilot study, we examined bone healing in a 4.5-mm femoral defect in skeletally mature rats. ", "After internal fixation, this defect was left empty, and animals were solely treated with systemic application of G-CSF or saline. ", "No bridging of the defects was observed in the current study. ", "A defect size above 4 mm has been identified earlier as a critical size defect (Sato et al., [", "@B58]). ", "Of note, the older age of the animals used in our study might have further slowed down the healing process and by this also prevented complete healing in the G-CSF treatment group (Histing et al., [", "@B22]). ", "While the nature of the chosen animal model did not allow us to observe the effect of systemic G-CSF treatment on bone healing, it is yet a highly clinically relevant model.", "\n\nPerspectives {#S4-4}\n------------\n\nWe have shown a positive influence of G-CSF induced cell mobilization on bone formation and gap reduction, although this treatment alone was not sufficient to heal a critical size bone defect in the current model. ", "A possibility for improvement of the treatment protocol would be to elongate the serum accumulation of G-CSF, either by repeated injections or by using the PEGylated form of G-CSF which is significantly longer retained in the circulation (Arvedson et al., [", "@B2]). ", "In addition, several strategies have been recently reported to improve the efficiency of cell mobilization, including the administration of Plerixafor, a clinically approved inhibitor of CXCR4 (Worel et al., [", "@B70]). ", "Eventually, it will be interesting to combine G-CSF treatment with autologous, allogenic or synthetic bone graft material providing also mechanical support. ", "Autologous bone grafts are still the gold standard treatment for critical size defects and non-unions, however associated with several drawbacks including donor site morbidity and limited availability. ", "Allogeneic and synthetic grafts may overcome some of these drawbacks but are inferior in supporting vascularization. ", "In this context, an additional G-CSF treatment may be advantageous. ", "In conclusion, we here report that short time G-CSF administration significantly accelerated and promoted bone formation in a critical size bone defect. ", "Since G-CSF is clinically approved, this is of major interest for the treatment of patients with critically-sized defects, non-unions and/or those individuals with a severe damage of defect-supplying vasculature.", "\n\nEthics Statement {#S5}\n================\n\nAll animal experiments were approved by Graubünden Animal Commission (2014_30F; 2012_36) and performed in accordance with the Swiss Animal Protection Law in an Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care Internal (AAALAC International) approved facility.", "\n\nAuthor Contributions {#S6}\n====================\n\nAll authors have approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. ", "The authors contributed to the work as follows: MHe and VS: design and conception of work, acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the article, revision; SZ: design and conception of work, acquisition of data, revision; UE: design of work, acquisition of data, revision; MHi, KC, and UM: acquisition and interpretation of data, revision; MA: design and conception of work, interpretation of data, revision; SV: design and conception of work, acquisition and interpretation of data, revision; VS: design and conception of work, acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the paper, revision.", "\n\nConflict of Interest Statement {#S7}\n==============================\n\nThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.", "\n\nThe authors further wish to thank N. Goudsouzian, M. Bluvol, and C. Sprecher for excellent technical assistance. ", "A special thanks to A. Furter, D. Perren, P. Faoro, R. Müller, and U. Lanker for taking care of the animals. ", "Parts of this work were presented at the following conferences: IBMS Herbert Fleisch Workshop 2013 in Brugge, Belgium, the eCells & Materials Conference 2016 in Davos, Switzerland, the annual meeting of the German Trauma and Orthopedic Societies (DKOU) 2016 in Berlin, Germany, and at ORS 2016 in Orlando, FL, USA.", "\n\n**Funding.** ", "The authors thank AO Foundation and AO Trauma for funding. ", "The FACS AriaIII was kindly donated by the Innovationsstiftung Graubünden.", "\n\n[^1]: Edited by: Martijn van Griensven, Technische Universität München, Germany\n\n[^2]: Reviewed by: Hermann Agis, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Joaquim Miguel Oliveira, University of Minho, Portugal\n\n[^3]: ^†^Present address: Marietta Herrmann, IZKF Research Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Vincent A. Stadelmann, SCANCO Medical AG, Bruettisellen, Switzerland\n\n[^4]: ^‡^These authors are shared senior authors.", "\n\n[^5]: Specialty section: This article was submitted to Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, a section of the journal Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Q:\n\nCustomize number display on dial pad on Android 4\n\nIs it possible to customize how numbers are displayed when dialing a number?", "\nFor example:\nInstead of grouping them with spaces like 555 123 123, I'd like it to have no grouping: 555123123.", "\nOn 2.3 you could do that from the locale, US had spaces and UK did not.", "\nOn 4.1 it seems that both US and UK have the same spaces.", "\nCan it be changed?", "\nThank you.", "\n\nA:\n\nTo the date, there is no functionality to disable this feature. ", "Actually this was implemented to make it easier for the user to recognize and remeber the number easily. ", "\nI did some search and found out that other people have the same problem as well. ", "\nWhat I suggest is to move on to a custom dialer app which suit you the best, if this grouping feature really annoys you. ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Ontogenetic events in androgenesis of Brazilian barley genotypes.", "\nThis paper describes a simple procedure for obtention of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) doubled haploid plants from Brazilian hybrid genotypes. ", "Anatomical and histological examinations showed the reversion of barley pollen to an sporophytic mode of development. ", "A sequence of mitosis led to the formation of multicellular pollen grains. ", "Regeneration of plants occurred either by direct embryogenesis or callus formation followed by differentiation through direct embryogenesis or organogenesis. ", "Plants were formed in the same medium used for induction dispensing an additional regeneration step. ", "This procedure makes doubled haploid production simpler and faster. ", "Plantlets were transferred to another medium for rooting and after that planted in pots with vermiculite and nutrient solution." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "THRESHOLD: Working Song Titles Posted\n\nCurrently working on their tenth studio album at Thin Ice Studios in Surrey, England, British progressive metallers THRESHOLD have confirmed that all drum & bass tracks have been recorded and the band is moving on to guitars & keyboards. ", "The as yet untitled album is due for release on Nuclear Blast Records later this year.", "\n\nWorking song titles on the as-yet-untitled new album are as follows:\n\n• Watchtower On The Moon\n• Unforgiven\n• The Box\n• Turned To Dust\n• Lost In Your Memory\n• Autumn Red\n• The Mystery Show\n• I Wish I Could\n• Siren Sky" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "It is known to convert an article of apparel such as a jacket into a sleeping bag. ", "Examples of these can be found in U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "4,575,876, 5,560,043 and 6,061,831. ", "In all of these patents, a major portion of the sleeping bag is a separate article concealed within the jacket. ", "This makes for a very bulky and heavier jacket. ", "Also, such sleeping bags are not well insulated.", "\nThere is a need to provide a jacket wherein a major portion of the sleeping bag can be fabricated by interconnecting usual jacket parts together without having to carry large portions of a sleeping bag concealed within the jacket.", "\nThere is also a need to provide an article of apparel which is comprised of a jacket convertible into a sleeping bag and wherein the sleeping bag is extendable for the comfort of wearer persons of different sizes." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0\n/*\n * linux/fs/lockd/host.c\n *\n * Management for NLM peer hosts. ", "The nlm_host struct is shared\n * between client and server implementation. ", "The only reason to\n * do so is to reduce code bloat.", "\n *\n * Copyright (C) 1996, Olaf Kirch <okir@monad.swb.de>\n */\n\n#include <linux/types.h>\n#include <linux/slab.h>\n#include <linux/in.h>\n#include <linux/in6.h>\n#include <linux/sunrpc/clnt.h>\n#include <linux/sunrpc/addr.h>\n#include <linux/sunrpc/svc.h>\n#include <linux/lockd/lockd.h>\n#include <linux/mutex.h>\n\n#include <linux/sunrpc/svc_xprt.h>\n\n#include <net/ipv6.h>\n\n#include \"netns.h\"\n\n#define NLMDBG_FACILITY\t\tNLMDBG_HOSTCACHE\n#define NLM_HOST_NRHASH\t\t32\n#define NLM_HOST_REBIND\t\t(60 * HZ)\n#define NLM_HOST_EXPIRE\t\t(300 * HZ)\n#define NLM_HOST_COLLECT\t(120 * HZ)\n\nstatic struct hlist_head\tnlm_server_hosts[NLM_HOST_NRHASH];\nstatic struct hlist_head\tnlm_client_hosts[NLM_HOST_NRHASH];\n\n#define for_each_host(host, chain, table) \\\n\tfor ((chain) = (table); \\\n\t (chain) < (table) + NLM_HOST_NRHASH; ++(chain)) \\\n\t\thlist_for_each_entry((host), (chain), h_hash)\n\n#define for_each_host_safe(host, next, chain, table) \\\n\tfor ((chain) = (table); \\\n\t (chain) < (table) + NLM_HOST_NRHASH; ++(chain)) \\\n\t\thlist_for_each_entry_safe((host), (next), \\\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(chain), h_hash)\n\nstatic unsigned long\t\tnrhosts;\nstatic DEFINE_MUTEX(nlm_host_mutex);\n\nstatic void\t\t\tnlm_gc_hosts(struct net *net);\n\nstruct nlm_lookup_host_info {\n\tconst int\t\tserver;\t\t/* search for server|client */\n\tconst struct sockaddr\t*sap;\t\t/* address to search for */\n\tconst size_t\t\tsalen;\t\t/* it's length */\n\tconst unsigned short\tprotocol;\t/* transport to search for*/\n\tconst u32\t\tversion;\t/* NLM version to search for */\n\tconst char\t\t*hostname;\t/* remote's hostname */\n\tconst size_t\t\thostname_len;\t/* it's length */\n\tconst int\t\tnoresvport;\t/* use non-priv port */\n\tstruct net\t\t*net;\t\t/* network namespace to bind */\n};\n\n/*\n * Hash function must work well on big- and little-endian platforms\n */\nstatic unsigned int __nlm_hash32(const __be32 n)\n{\n\tunsigned int hash = (__force u32)n ^ ((__force u32)n >> 16);\n\treturn hash ^ (hash >> 8);\n}\n\nstatic unsigned int __nlm_hash_addr4(const struct sockaddr *sap)\n{\n\tconst struct sockaddr_in *sin = (struct sockaddr_in *)sap;\n\treturn __nlm_hash32(sin->sin_addr.s_addr);\n}\n\nstatic unsigned int __nlm_hash_addr6(const struct sockaddr *sap)\n{\n\tconst struct sockaddr_in6 *sin6 = (struct sockaddr_in6 *)sap;\n\tconst struct in6_addr addr = sin6->sin6_addr;\n\treturn __nlm_hash32(addr.s6_addr32[0]) ^\n\t __nlm_hash32(addr.s6_addr32[1]) ^\n\t __nlm_hash32(addr.s6_addr32[2]) ^\n\t __nlm_hash32(addr.s6_addr32[3]);\n}\n\nstatic unsigned int nlm_hash_address(const struct sockaddr *sap)\n{\n\tunsigned int hash;\n\n\tswitch (sap->sa_family) {\n\tcase AF_INET:\n\t\thash = __nlm_hash_addr4(sap);\n\t\tbreak;\n\tcase AF_INET6:\n\t\thash = __nlm_hash_addr6(sap);\n\t\tbreak;\n\tdefault:\n\t\thash = 0;\n\t}\n\treturn hash & (NLM_HOST_NRHASH - 1);\n}\n\n/*\n * Allocate and initialize an nlm_host. ", " Common to both client and server.", "\n */\nstatic struct nlm_host *nlm_alloc_host(struct nlm_lookup_host_info *ni,\n\t\t\t\t struct nsm_handle *nsm)\n{\n\tstruct nlm_host *host = NULL;\n\tunsigned long now = jiffies;\n\n\tif (nsm !", "= NULL)\n\t\trefcount_inc(&nsm->sm_count);\n\telse {\n\t\thost = NULL;\n\t\tnsm = nsm_get_handle(ni->net, ni->sap, ni->salen,\n\t\t\t\t\tni->hostname, ni->hostname_len);\n\t\tif (unlikely(nsm == NULL)) {\n\t\t\tdprintk(\"lockd: %s failed; no nsm handle\\n\",\n\t\t\t\t__func__);\n\t\t\tgoto out;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\thost = kmalloc(sizeof(*host), GFP_KERNEL);\n\tif (unlikely(host == NULL)) {\n\t\tdprintk(\"lockd: %s failed; no memory\\n\", __func__);\n\t\tnsm_release(nsm);\n\t\tgoto out;\n\t}\n\n\tmemcpy(nlm_addr(host), ni->sap, ni->salen);\n\thost->h_addrlen = ni->salen;\n\trpc_set_port(nlm_addr(host), 0);\n\thost->h_srcaddrlen = 0;\n\n\thost->h_rpcclnt = NULL;\n\thost->h_name\t = nsm->sm_name;\n\thost->h_version = ni->version;\n\thost->h_proto = ni->protocol;\n\thost->h_reclaiming = 0;\n\thost->h_server = ni->server;\n\thost->h_noresvport = ni->noresvport;\n\thost->h_inuse = 0;\n\tinit_waitqueue_head(&host->h_gracewait);\n\tinit_rwsem(&host->h_rwsem);\n\thost->h_state = 0;\n\thost->h_nsmstate = 0;\n\thost->h_pidcount = 0;\n\trefcount_set(&host->h_count, 1);\n\tmutex_init(&host->h_mutex);\n\thost->h_nextrebind = now + NLM_HOST_REBIND;\n\thost->h_expires = now + NLM_HOST_EXPIRE;\n\tINIT_LIST_HEAD(&host->h_lockowners);\n\tspin_lock_init(&host->h_lock);\n\tINIT_LIST_HEAD(&host->h_granted);\n\tINIT_LIST_HEAD(&host->h_reclaim);\n\thost->h_nsmhandle = nsm;\n\thost->h_addrbuf = nsm->sm_addrbuf;\n\thost->net\t = ni->net;\n\tstrlcpy(host->nodename, utsname()->nodename, sizeof(host->nodename));\n\nout:\n\treturn host;\n}\n\n/*\n * Destroy an nlm_host and free associated resources\n *\n * Caller must hold nlm_host_mutex.", "\n */\nstatic void nlm_destroy_host_locked(struct nlm_host *host)\n{\n\tstruct rpc_clnt\t*clnt;\n\tstruct lockd_net *ln = net_generic(host->net, lockd_net_id);\n\n\tdprintk(\"lockd: destroy host %s\\n\", host->h_name);\n\n\thlist_del_init(&host->h_hash);\n\n\tnsm_unmonitor(host);\n\tnsm_release(host->h_nsmhandle);\n\n\tclnt = host->h_rpcclnt;\n\tif (clnt !", "= NULL)\n\t\trpc_shutdown_client(clnt);\n\tkfree(host);\n\n\tln->nrhosts--;\n\tnrhosts--;\n}\n\n/**\n * nlmclnt_lookup_host - Find an NLM host handle matching a remote server\n * @sap: network address of server\n * @salen: length of server address\n * @protocol: transport protocol to use\n * @version: NLM protocol version\n * @hostname: '\\0'-terminated hostname of server\n * @noresvport: 1 if non-privileged port should be used\n *\n * Returns an nlm_host structure that matches the passed-in\n * [server address, transport protocol, NLM version, server hostname].", "\n * If one doesn't already exist in the host cache, a new handle is\n * created and returned.", "\n */\nstruct nlm_host *nlmclnt_lookup_host(const struct sockaddr *sap,\n\t\t\t\t const size_t salen,\n\t\t\t\t const unsigned short protocol,\n\t\t\t\t const u32 version,\n\t\t\t\t const char *hostname,\n\t\t\t\t int noresvport,\n\t\t\t\t struct net *net)\n{\n\tstruct nlm_lookup_host_info ni = {\n\t\t.server\t\t= 0,\n\t\t.sap\t\t= sap,\n\t\t.salen\t\t= salen,\n\t\t.protocol\t= protocol,\n\t\t.version\t= version,\n\t\t.hostname\t= hostname,\n\t\t.hostname_len\t= strlen(hostname),\n\t\t.noresvport\t= noresvport,\n\t\t.net\t\t= net,\n\t};\n\tstruct hlist_head *chain;\n\tstruct nlm_host\t*host;\n\tstruct nsm_handle *nsm = NULL;\n\tstruct lockd_net *ln = net_generic(net, lockd_net_id);\n\n\tdprintk(\"lockd: %s(host='%s', vers=%u, proto=%s)\\n\", __func__,\n\t\t\t(hostname ? ", "hostname : \"<none>\"), version,\n\t\t\t(protocol == IPPROTO_UDP ? \"", "udp\" : \"tcp\"));\n\n\tmutex_lock(&nlm_host_mutex);\n\n\tchain = &nlm_client_hosts[nlm_hash_address(sap)];\n\thlist_for_each_entry(host, chain, h_hash) {\n\t\tif (host->net !", "= net)\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\tif (!", "rpc_cmp_addr(nlm_addr(host), sap))\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\n\t\t/* Same address. ", "Share an NSM handle if we already have one */\n\t\tif (nsm == NULL)\n\t\t\tnsm = host->h_nsmhandle;\n\n\t\tif (host->h_proto !", "= protocol)\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\tif (host->h_version !", "= version)\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\n\t\tnlm_get_host(host);\n\t\tdprintk(\"lockd: %s found host %s (%s)\\n\", __func__,\n\t\t\thost->h_name, host->h_addrbuf);\n\t\tgoto out;\n\t}\n\n\thost = nlm_alloc_host(&ni, nsm);\n\tif (unlikely(host == NULL))\n\t\tgoto out;\n\n\thlist_add_head(&host->h_hash, chain);\n\tln->nrhosts++;\n\tnrhosts++;\n\n\tdprintk(\"lockd: %s created host %s (%s)\\n\", __func__,\n\t\thost->h_name, host->h_addrbuf);\n\nout:\n\tmutex_unlock(&nlm_host_mutex);\n\treturn host;\n}\n\n/**\n * nlmclnt_release_host - release client nlm_host\n * @host: nlm_host to release\n *\n */\nvoid nlmclnt_release_host(struct nlm_host *host)\n{\n\tif (host == NULL)\n\t\treturn;\n\n\tdprintk(\"lockd: release client host %s\\n\", host->h_name);\n\n\tWARN_ON_ONCE(host->h_server);\n\n\tif (refcount_dec_and_mutex_lock(&host->h_count, &nlm_host_mutex)) {\n\t\tWARN_ON_ONCE(!list_empty(&host->h_lockowners));\n\t\tWARN_ON_ONCE(!list_empty(&host->h_granted));\n\t\tWARN_ON_ONCE(!list_empty(&host->h_reclaim));\n\n\t\tnlm_destroy_host_locked(host);\n\t\tmutex_unlock(&nlm_host_mutex);\n\t}\n}\n\n/**\n * nlmsvc_lookup_host - Find an NLM host handle matching a remote client\n * @rqstp: incoming NLM request\n * @hostname: name of client host\n * @hostname_len: length of client hostname\n *\n * Returns an nlm_host structure that matches the [client address,\n * transport protocol, NLM version, client hostname] of the passed-in\n * NLM request. ", " If one doesn't already exist in the host cache, a\n * new handle is created and returned.", "\n *\n * Before possibly creating a new nlm_host, construct a sockaddr\n * for a specific source address in case the local system has\n * multiple network addresses. ", " The family of the address in\n * rq_daddr is guaranteed to be the same as the family of the\n * address in rq_addr, so it's safe to use the same family for\n * the source address.", "\n */\nstruct nlm_host *nlmsvc_lookup_host(const struct svc_rqst *rqstp,\n\t\t\t\t const char *hostname,\n\t\t\t\t const size_t hostname_len)\n{\n\tstruct hlist_head *chain;\n\tstruct nlm_host\t*host = NULL;\n\tstruct nsm_handle *nsm = NULL;\n\tstruct sockaddr *src_sap = svc_daddr(rqstp);\n\tsize_t src_len = rqstp->rq_daddrlen;\n\tstruct net *net = SVC_NET(rqstp);\n\tstruct nlm_lookup_host_info ni = {\n\t\t.server\t\t= 1,\n\t\t.sap\t\t= svc_addr(rqstp),\n\t\t.salen\t\t= rqstp->rq_addrlen,\n\t\t.protocol\t= rqstp->rq_prot,\n\t\t.version\t= rqstp->rq_vers,\n\t\t.hostname\t= hostname,\n\t\t.hostname_len\t= hostname_len,\n\t\t.net\t\t= net,\n\t};\n\tstruct lockd_net *ln = net_generic(net, lockd_net_id);\n\n\tdprintk(\"lockd: %s(host='%.*s', vers=%u, proto=%s)\\n\", __func__,\n\t\t\t(int)hostname_len, hostname, rqstp->rq_vers,\n\t\t\t(rqstp->rq_prot == IPPROTO_UDP ? \"", "udp\" : \"tcp\"));\n\n\tmutex_lock(&nlm_host_mutex);\n\n\tif (time_after_eq(jiffies, ln->next_gc))\n\t\tnlm_gc_hosts(net);\n\n\tchain = &nlm_server_hosts[nlm_hash_address(ni.sap)];\n\thlist_for_each_entry(host, chain, h_hash) {\n\t\tif (host->net !", "= net)\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\tif (!", "rpc_cmp_addr(nlm_addr(host), ni.sap))\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\n\t\t/* Same address. ", "Share an NSM handle if we already have one */\n\t\tif (nsm == NULL)\n\t\t\tnsm = host->h_nsmhandle;\n\n\t\tif (host->h_proto !", "= ni.protocol)\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\tif (host->h_version !", "= ni.version)\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\tif (!", "rpc_cmp_addr(nlm_srcaddr(host), src_sap))\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\n\t\t/* Move to head of hash chain. */", "\n\t\thlist_del(&host->h_hash);\n\t\thlist_add_head(&host->h_hash, chain);\n\n\t\tnlm_get_host(host);\n\t\tdprintk(\"lockd: %s found host %s (%s)\\n\",\n\t\t\t__func__, host->h_name, host->h_addrbuf);\n\t\tgoto out;\n\t}\n\n\thost = nlm_alloc_host(&ni, nsm);\n\tif (unlikely(host == NULL))\n\t\tgoto out;\n\n\tmemcpy(nlm_srcaddr(host), src_sap, src_len);\n\thost->h_srcaddrlen = src_len;\n\thlist_add_head(&host->h_hash, chain);\n\tln->nrhosts++;\n\tnrhosts++;\n\n\trefcount_inc(&host->h_count);\n\n\tdprintk(\"lockd: %s created host %s (%s)\\n\",\n\t\t__func__, host->h_name, host->h_addrbuf);\n\nout:\n\tmutex_unlock(&nlm_host_mutex);\n\treturn host;\n}\n\n/**\n * nlmsvc_release_host - release server nlm_host\n * @host: nlm_host to release\n *\n * Host is destroyed later in nlm_gc_host().", "\n */\nvoid nlmsvc_release_host(struct nlm_host *host)\n{\n\tif (host == NULL)\n\t\treturn;\n\n\tdprintk(\"lockd: release server host %s\\n\", host->h_name);\n\n\tWARN_ON_ONCE(!host->h_server);\n\trefcount_dec(&host->h_count);\n}\n\n/*\n * Create the NLM RPC client for an NLM peer\n */\nstruct rpc_clnt *\nnlm_bind_host(struct nlm_host *host)\n{\n\tstruct rpc_clnt\t*clnt;\n\n\tdprintk(\"lockd: nlm_bind_host %s (%s)\\n\",\n\t\t\thost->h_name, host->h_addrbuf);\n\n\t/* Lock host handle */\n\tmutex_lock(&host->h_mutex);\n\n\t/* If we've already created an RPC client, check whether\n\t * RPC rebind is required\n\t */\n\tif ((clnt = host->h_rpcclnt) !", "= NULL) {\n\t\tif (time_after_eq(jiffies, host->h_nextrebind)) {\n\t\t\trpc_force_rebind(clnt);\n\t\t\thost->h_nextrebind = jiffies + NLM_HOST_REBIND;\n\t\t\tdprintk(\"lockd: next rebind in %lu jiffies\\n\",\n\t\t\t\t\thost->h_nextrebind - jiffies);\n\t\t}\n\t} else {\n\t\tunsigned long increment = nlmsvc_timeout;\n\t\tstruct rpc_timeout timeparms = {\n\t\t\t.to_initval\t= increment,\n\t\t\t.to_increment\t= increment,\n\t\t\t.to_maxval\t= increment * 6UL,\n\t\t\t.to_retries\t= 5U,\n\t\t};\n\t\tstruct rpc_create_args args = {\n\t\t\t.net\t\t= host->net,\n\t\t\t.protocol\t= host->h_proto,\n\t\t\t.address\t= nlm_addr(host),\n\t\t\t.addrsize\t= host->h_addrlen,\n\t\t\t.timeout\t= &timeparms,\n\t\t\t.servername\t= host->h_name,\n\t\t\t.program\t= &nlm_program,\n\t\t\t.version\t= host->h_version,\n\t\t\t.authflavor\t= RPC_AUTH_UNIX,\n\t\t\t.flags\t\t= (RPC_CLNT_CREATE_NOPING |\n\t\t\t\t\t RPC_CLNT_CREATE_AUTOBIND),\n\t\t};\n\n\t\t/*\n\t\t * lockd retries server side blocks automatically so we want\n\t\t * those to be soft RPC calls. ", "Client side calls need to be\n\t\t * hard RPC tasks.", "\n\t\t */\n\t\tif (!", "host->h_server)\n\t\t\targs.flags |= RPC_CLNT_CREATE_HARDRTRY;\n\t\tif (host->h_noresvport)\n\t\t\targs.flags |= RPC_CLNT_CREATE_NONPRIVPORT;\n\t\tif (host->h_srcaddrlen)\n\t\t\targs.saddress = nlm_srcaddr(host);\n\n\t\tclnt = rpc_create(&args);\n\t\tif (!", "IS_ERR(clnt))\n\t\t\thost->h_rpcclnt = clnt;\n\t\telse {\n\t\t\tprintk(\"lockd: couldn't create RPC handle for %s\\n\", host->h_name);\n\t\t\tclnt = NULL;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\tmutex_unlock(&host->h_mutex);\n\treturn clnt;\n}\n\n/*\n * Force a portmap lookup of the remote lockd port\n */\nvoid\nnlm_rebind_host(struct nlm_host *host)\n{\n\tdprintk(\"lockd: rebind host %s\\n\", host->h_name);\n\tif (host->h_rpcclnt && time_after_eq(jiffies, host->h_nextrebind)) {\n\t\trpc_force_rebind(host->h_rpcclnt);\n\t\thost->h_nextrebind = jiffies + NLM_HOST_REBIND;\n\t}\n}\n\n/*\n * Increment NLM host count\n */\nstruct nlm_host * nlm_get_host(struct nlm_host *host)\n{\n\tif (host) {\n\t\tdprintk(\"lockd: get host %s\\n\", host->h_name);\n\t\trefcount_inc(&host->h_count);\n\t\thost->h_expires = jiffies + NLM_HOST_EXPIRE;\n\t}\n\treturn host;\n}\n\nstatic struct nlm_host *next_host_state(struct hlist_head *cache,\n\t\t\t\t\tstruct nsm_handle *nsm,\n\t\t\t\t\tconst struct nlm_reboot *info)\n{\n\tstruct nlm_host *host;\n\tstruct hlist_head *chain;\n\n\tmutex_lock(&nlm_host_mutex);\n\tfor_each_host(host, chain, cache) {\n\t\tif (host->h_nsmhandle == nsm\n\t\t && host->h_nsmstate !", "= info->state) {\n\t\t\thost->h_nsmstate = info->state;\n\t\t\thost->h_state++;\n\n\t\t\tnlm_get_host(host);\n\t\t\tmutex_unlock(&nlm_host_mutex);\n\t\t\treturn host;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\tmutex_unlock(&nlm_host_mutex);\n\treturn NULL;\n}\n\n/**\n * nlm_host_rebooted - Release all resources held by rebooted host\n * @net: network namespace\n * @info: pointer to decoded results of NLM_SM_NOTIFY call\n *\n * We were notified that the specified host has rebooted. ", " Release\n * all resources held by that peer.", "\n */\nvoid nlm_host_rebooted(const struct net *net, const struct nlm_reboot *info)\n{\n\tstruct nsm_handle *nsm;\n\tstruct nlm_host\t*host;\n\n\tnsm = nsm_reboot_lookup(net, info);\n\tif (unlikely(nsm == NULL))\n\t\treturn;\n\n\t/* Mark all hosts tied to this NSM state as having rebooted.", "\n\t * We run the loop repeatedly, because we drop the host table\n\t * lock for this.", "\n\t * To avoid processing a host several times, we match the nsmstate.", "\n\t */\n\twhile ((host = next_host_state(nlm_server_hosts, nsm, info)) !", "= NULL) {\n\t\tnlmsvc_free_host_resources(host);\n\t\tnlmsvc_release_host(host);\n\t}\n\twhile ((host = next_host_state(nlm_client_hosts, nsm, info)) !", "= NULL) {\n\t\tnlmclnt_recovery(host);\n\t\tnlmclnt_release_host(host);\n\t}\n\n\tnsm_release(nsm);\n}\n\nstatic void nlm_complain_hosts(struct net *net)\n{\n\tstruct hlist_head *chain;\n\tstruct nlm_host\t*host;\n\n\tif (net) {\n\t\tstruct lockd_net *ln = net_generic(net, lockd_net_id);\n\n\t\tif (ln->nrhosts == 0)\n\t\t\treturn;\n\t\tpr_warn(\"lockd: couldn't shutdown host module for net %x!\\n\",\n\t\t\tnet->ns.inum);\n\t\tdprintk(\"lockd: %lu hosts left in net %x:\\n\", ln->nrhosts,\n\t\t\tnet->ns.inum);\n\t} else {\n\t\tif (nrhosts == 0)\n\t\t\treturn;\n\t\tprintk(KERN_WARNING \"lockd: couldn't shutdown host module!\\n\");\n\t\tdprintk(\"lockd: %lu hosts left:\\n\", nrhosts);\n\t}\n\n\tfor_each_host(host, chain, nlm_server_hosts) {\n\t\tif (net && host->net !", "= net)\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\tdprintk(\" %s (cnt %d use %d exp %ld net %x)\\n\",\n\t\t\thost->h_name, refcount_read(&host->h_count),\n\t\t\thost->h_inuse, host->h_expires, host->net->ns.inum);\n\t}\n}\n\nvoid\nnlm_shutdown_hosts_net(struct net *net)\n{\n\tstruct hlist_head *chain;\n\tstruct nlm_host\t*host;\n\n\tmutex_lock(&nlm_host_mutex);\n\n\t/* First, make all hosts eligible for gc */\n\tdprintk(\"lockd: nuking all hosts in net %x...\\n\",\n\t\tnet ? ", "net->ns.inum : 0);\n\tfor_each_host(host, chain, nlm_server_hosts) {\n\t\tif (net && host->net !", "= net)\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\thost->h_expires = jiffies - 1;\n\t\tif (host->h_rpcclnt) {\n\t\t\trpc_shutdown_client(host->h_rpcclnt);\n\t\t\thost->h_rpcclnt = NULL;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\t/* Then, perform a garbage collection pass */\n\tnlm_gc_hosts(net);\n\tnlm_complain_hosts(net);\n\tmutex_unlock(&nlm_host_mutex);\n}\n\n/*\n * Shut down the hosts module.", "\n * Note that this routine is called only at server shutdown time.", "\n */\nvoid\nnlm_shutdown_hosts(void)\n{\n\tdprintk(\"lockd: shutting down host module\\n\");\n\tnlm_shutdown_hosts_net(NULL);\n}\n\n/*\n * Garbage collect any unused NLM hosts.", "\n * This GC combines reference counting for async operations with\n * mark & sweep for resources held by remote clients.", "\n */\nstatic void\nnlm_gc_hosts(struct net *net)\n{\n\tstruct hlist_head *chain;\n\tstruct hlist_node *next;\n\tstruct nlm_host\t*host;\n\n\tdprintk(\"lockd: host garbage collection for net %x\\n\",\n\t\tnet ? ", "net->ns.inum : 0);\n\tfor_each_host(host, chain, nlm_server_hosts) {\n\t\tif (net && host->net !", "= net)\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\thost->h_inuse = 0;\n\t}\n\n\t/* Mark all hosts that hold locks, blocks or shares */\n\tnlmsvc_mark_resources(net);\n\n\tfor_each_host_safe(host, next, chain, nlm_server_hosts) {\n\t\tif (net && host->net !", "= net)\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\tif (host->h_inuse || time_before(jiffies, host->h_expires)) {\n\t\t\tdprintk(\"nlm_gc_hosts skipping %s \"\n\t\t\t\t\"(cnt %d use %d exp %ld net %x)\\n\",\n\t\t\t\thost->h_name, refcount_read(&host->h_count),\n\t\t\t\thost->h_inuse, host->h_expires,\n\t\t\t\thost->net->ns.inum);\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\t}\n\t\tif (refcount_dec_if_one(&host->h_count))\n\t\t\tnlm_destroy_host_locked(host);\n\t}\n\n\tif (net) {\n\t\tstruct lockd_net *ln = net_generic(net, lockd_net_id);\n\n\t\tln->next_gc = jiffies + NLM_HOST_COLLECT;\n\t}\n}\n" ]

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[ "The need for practical and affordable devices suitable for muscular toning and body conditioning is a well established one. ", "There are a wide variety of available exercise machines, many of which focus on one conditioning, perhaps a second, related set of muscles conditioning. ", "There are none presently known which are adaptable to provide one platform for the conditioning of two or even three exercises. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,393,286, issued Feb. 28, 1995, discloses an elaborate machine which appears to effect two types of muscle conditioning: a scissors' unit for exercising the hands; a leg exercising unit, and a cooperating back rest unit to give a resisting force against the backward movement of the backrest by the legs.", "\nAlso, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,518,482 (to Yi F. Hsieh) is directed to a chair based exercise device which permits working the gluteus maximus muscles, the top and back thigh muscles (FIG. ", "3), the inner thigh abductor muscles (FIG. ", "4), and outer thigh abductor muscles (FIG. ", "5).", "\nIt is a principal object of the present invention to provide a single exercise platform which provides for several types of exercise, all being combined into one portable and readily storable device.", "\nAnother object of the present invention is to provide a sit-down exercise device that in a first mode permits either inner/outer thigh abductors conditioning, and alternately, pectoral muscles (chest muscle) conditioning and rear shoulder toning; respectively, employing dual, specially-configured lever arms.", "\nIt is another object of the present invention that with a facile shift of the seat that the device, permits either bench pressing or leg pressing exercises.", "\nIt is still another object of the present invention is to provide a combination exercise platform in which the mast component is movable arcuately to provide a resistance force when in the leg-pressing mode or in the bench-pressing mode.", "\nAnother object of the intention is to provide a mid-station, attached currently to the rear of the chair, permitting a series of exercises from both a sitting or a standing position using one or more easily attached tensioning bands.", "\nA yet further object of the present invention is to provide a multiple-role exercise device which can be made portable and compacted for convenient storage when not in use." ]

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[ "[android-components](../../../index.md) / [mozilla.components.browser.state.action](../../index.md) / [EngineAction](../index.md) / [LinkEngineSessionAction](./index.md)\n\n# LinkEngineSessionAction\n\n`data class LinkEngineSessionAction : `[`EngineAction`](../index.md) [(source)](https://github.com/mozilla-mobile/android-components/blob/master/components/browser/state/src/main/java/mozilla/components/browser/state/action/BrowserAction.kt#L539)\n\nAttaches the provided [EngineSession](../../../mozilla.components.concept.engine/-engine-session/index.md) to the session with the provided [sessionId](session-id.md).", "\n\n### Constructors\n\n| Name | Summary |\n|---|---|\n| [&lt;init&gt;](-init-.md) | `LinkEngineSessionAction(sessionId: `[`String`](https://kotlinlang.org/api/latest/jvm/stdlib/kotlin/-string/index.html)`, engineSession: `[`EngineSession`](../../../mozilla.components.concept.engine/-engine-session/index.md)`, skipLoading: `[`Boolean`](https://kotlinlang.org/api/latest/jvm/stdlib/kotlin/-boolean/index.html)` = false)`<br>Attaches the provided [EngineSession](../../../mozilla.components.concept.engine/-engine-session/index.md) to the session with the provided [sessionId](session-id.md). ", "|\n\n### Properties\n\n| Name | Summary |\n|---|---|\n| [engineSession](engine-session.md) | `val engineSession: `[`EngineSession`](../../../mozilla.components.concept.engine/-engine-session/index.md) |\n| [sessionId](session-id.md) | `val sessionId: `[`String`](https://kotlinlang.org/api/latest/jvm/stdlib/kotlin/-string/index.html) |\n| [skipLoading](skip-loading.md) | `val skipLoading: `[`Boolean`](https://kotlinlang.org/api/latest/jvm/stdlib/kotlin/-boolean/index.html) |\n" ]

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[ "I Will Go\n\nI Will Go is the third album released by the Christian music band Starfield.", "\n\nTrack listing \n\"From the Corners of the Earth\" - 3:42\n\"Hosanna\" - 4:04\n\"Reign in Us\" - 5:34\n\"Holy Is Our God\" - 5:33\n\"I Will Go\" - 3:17\n\"Remain\" - 4:56\n\"All We Need\" - 5:31\n\"Great in All the Earth\" - 4:48\n\"The Loveliest Sound\" - 4:11\n\"Hiding Place\" - 4:34\n\nCredits\n Bob Boyd — mastering\n Lee Bridges — mixing\n Ed Cash — guitar, producer, engineer, mixing\n Jesse Chambers — A&R\n Rob Hawkins — guitar\n Chris Janz — assistant engineer\n Tony Lucido — bass guitar\n Jon Neufeld — electric guitar, vocals, group member\n Tim Neufeld — acoustic guitar, vocals, group member\n Brad O'Donnell — A&R\n Allen Salmon — guitar, programming, backing vocals, producer, engineer, mixing, drum engineering\n Matt Stanfield — programming\n Andy Walker — programming, production assistant\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2008 albums\nCategory:Starfield (band) albums\nCategory:Sparrow Records albums" ]

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[ "Pages\n\nTuesday, April 9, 2013\n\nSlavery Awareness Day\n\nWhat do you think of when you think of slavery? ", "What period of time do you associate slavery with? ", "Do you know that there are more than 27 million slaves today? ", "Yes, I said today, in the world we live in! ", "The world we know that is so far advanced with technology and we have everything we could ever need or want at our very fingertips. ", "The truth is there are different types of slavery and it effects men, woman and children. ", "I encourage you to watch this video from the \"End It Movement.\"", "\n\nSo, what's our next step? ", "How do we help? ", "Go to slaveryfootprint.org to take a test to see how many of the materials you purchase contribute to slavery all across the world. ", "How many slaves work for you? ", "Stand up and help End It! ", "To learn more about the\" End It Movement \"go to enditmovement.com." ]

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[ "Kentucky Route 299\n\nKentucky Route 299 (KY 299) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Kentucky. ", "The highway connects mostly rural areas of Calloway and Marshall counties.", "\n\nRoute description\nKY 299 begins at an intersection with KY 94 northwest of Wiswell, within Calloway County. ", "It travels to the north and crosses over the West Fork Clarks River. ", "It continues to the north and intersects KY 121. ", "The two highways travel concurrently to the east-southeast. ", "In Stella, they split, with KY 299 resuming it northward trek. ", "Southwest of the Murray-Calloway County Airport, it intersects KY 80. ", "The highway crosses over the West Fork Rockhouse Creek. ", "It enters Kirksey, where it intersects KY 464 (Backusburg Road/Kirksey–Almo Road). ", "After it crosses over the North Fork Duncan Creek, it enters Marshall County and meets its northern terminus, an intersection with KY 402 (Brewers Highway).", "\n\nMajor intersections\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\n0299\nCategory:Transportation in Estill County, Kentucky\nCategory:Transportation in Powell County, Kentucky" ]

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[ "Maiden pole position – and a double – for Richardson Racing’s Luke Browning amid changeable circuit conditions.", "\n\nAlvarez the highest-placed title contender in third, with Maloney fifth and Foster ninth.", "\n\nOpening race around 2.7-mile Hampshire circuit gets underway at 13:40 BST.", "\n\nRichardson Racing’s Luke Browning set pole position for the first and third F4 British Championship certified by FIA – powered by Ford EcoBoost races of the weekend at Thruxton, mastering the conditions on an ever-drying track throughout the session.", "\n\nIt marks the Kingsley-based racer’s maiden pole, and gives him the best chance of stealing a march on the UK’s fastest circuit after setting a best time of 1:15.288s around the 2.7-mile Hampshire speed bowl to just edge out JHR’s Carter Williams.", "\n\nInevitably, the drying circuit meant those with their Hankook slicks in the best condition toward the end of the session would have the best chance at top spot.", "\n\nInitially, it was Double R Racing’s Sebastian Alvarez that set the pace in the damp, with fellow title protagonists Zane Maloney (Carlin) and team-mate Louis Foster (Double R) behind for company.", "\n\nAs the times started to drop, the entire dynamic of that top three began to shift, with Arden Motorsport hitting the front in a 1-2-3, Tommy Foster aiming for a repeat of his pole here in May ahead of Alex Connor and Bart Horsten.", "\n\nThen JHR converted their pace during practice into qualifying form, with Josh Skelton atop the times, then team-mate Williams as the Californian continued to make substantial improvements to his benchmark time on each subsequent flying lap.", "\n\nHe was pipped at the post by Browning, however, whilst a similarly late improvement from Alvarez promoted him to third, and demoted Skelton to fourth ahead of Maloney.", "\n\n“It was a little bit scary to start off with,” said Browning.", "\n\n“We managed to turn it round and I thought ‘just get out there, I’ve got nothing to lose’. ", "I’ve got to say a massive thanks to the team, they’ve not gone home [overnight].”", "\n\nHorsten eventually led the Red Arrows’ charge in sixth, with Alex Walker (JHR) a career-best seventh as he continues to adjust to life in the Ford EcoBoost-powered series.", "\n\nThen came the Fosters – Tommy ahead of Louis in the final reckoning – with Connor rounding out the top ten.", "\n\nRoberto Faria (Fortec) was eleventh, with team-mate Mariano Martinez rounding out the field behind Double R’s Reema Juffali.", "\n\nThe front row remains the same for the ITV4-televised final race on Sunday, with the only major change at the front of the field a reversal of the Skelton-Alvarez battle.", "\n\nThe opening race of the weekend is scheduled to get underway at 13:40 BST.", "\n\nProvisional Grid – Race 1\n\nPos. ", "Driver Team Time 1 Luke BROWNING Richardson Racing 1:15.288s 2 Carter WILLIAMS JHR Developments +0.170s 3 Sebastian ALVAREZ Double R Racing +0.206s 4 Josh SKELTON JHR Developments +0.487s 5 Zane MALONEY (R) Carlin +0.642s 6 Bart HORSTEN Arden Motorsport +0.644s 7 Alex WALKER (R) JHR Developments +0.678s 8 Tommy FOSTER Arden Motorsport +0.691s 9 Louis FOSTER Double R Racing +0.876s 10 Alex CONNOR (R) Arden Motorsport +1.228s 11 Roberto FARIA (R) Fortec Motorsport +1.520s 12 Reema JUFFALI Double R Racing +2.219s 13 Mariano MARTINEZ Fortec Motorsport +2.371s\n\nProvisional Grid – Race 3" ]

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[ "Phased array antennas are electronically controlled scanning beam antennas including phase shifters or delay lines, usually tunable by electronic or electromechanical means, that provide a differential phase shift or delay on the signals feeding adjacent antenna elements or groups of elements.", "\nDDD technique is a currently used technique for improving performance of wireless communication systems, in particular in downlink direction, by adding a delay diversity to the space and/or polarization diversity provided by transmitting antenna arrays. ", "In other words, different elements in the array transmit differently delayed replicas of the same signal. ", "At a receiver, the differently delayed replicas give rise to alternate constructive and destructive combinations. ", "In the DDD technique, the delays are time-varying and are obtained by tunable delay lines connected in the signal paths towards different antenna elements.", "\nA wireless communication system exploiting the DDD technique is disclosed for instance in WO 2006/037364 A.\nAssuming for sake of simplicity that the signals to be delayed can be considered single-frequency signals, so that applying a time delay is equivalent to applying a phase shift, a delay line with length L introduces a phase shift φ=−β·L, or a delay τ=L*dβ/dω, on the signal propagating through it, β being the propagation constant of the line and ω being the signal angular frequency. ", "Thus, in order to vary the phase shift (or the delay), either β or L is to be varied. ", "The most commonly used solutions rely on a variation of β.", "\nSeveral tunable delay lines based on the variation of β are known in the art and are commercially available. ", "A class of such delay lines rely upon the variation of the position of a dielectric or metal member within the waveguide cavity.", "\nThe paper “Dielectric Based Frequency Agile Microwave Devices”, by Y. Poplavko, V. Kazmirenko, Y. Prokopenko, M. Jeong, and S. Baik, presented at the 15th International Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications, 2004, MIKON-2004, pages 828-831, discloses a tunable phase-shifter consisting of a partially dielectrically filled waveguide, where two dielectric plates are placed inside the waveguide and the phase shifting tuning is obtained by changing the width of the air gap between said dielectric plates, thereby controlling the effective dielectric constant ∈eff of the structure. ", "This is obtained by moving at least one of the two dielectric plates up and down by means of a piezoelectric actuator. ", "The waveguide structure has fixed impedance matching sections.", "\nUS 2003/0042997 A1 discloses a tunable phase-shifter consisting of a partially dielectric filled waveguide having an air-dielectric sandwich structure comprising either two dielectric members or a dielectric member and a metal plate separated by an air gap. ", "The tuning of the phase shifting is obtained by changing the width of the air gap by moving either at least one or the dielectric members, or at least one out of the dielectric member and the metal plate, by means of a piezoelectric actuator.", "\nThe paper “Partially Dielectric-Slab-Filled Waveguide Phase Shifter”, by C. T. M. Chang, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. ", "MTT-22, No. ", "5, May 1974, pages 481-485, discloses a possible way to optimize matching between a dielectric slab-filled waveguide and an unloaded waveguide. ", "An intermediate block is inserted between the dielectric slab-filled waveguide and the unloaded waveguide, which is a dielectric slab of an opportune width. ", "Experimental results show that VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) is kept to less than 1.15 (|S11|>23 dB).", "\nThe paper “An Approximate Analysis of Dielectric-Ridge Loaded Waveguide”, R. M. Arnold and F. J. Rosenbaum, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Oct. 1972, pages 699-701, analyzes the behavior of a waveguide partially filled with a dielectric slab. ", "By varying the filling ratio it is possible to control the phase shift of an electromagnetic signal propagating inside the waveguide. ", "The maximum phase shift obtained is about 100° between the case in which the dielectric slab is totally inserted into the waveguide and the case in which the dielectric slab is flush with the waveguide wall.", "\nPCT patent application PCT/EP2006/005202, published as WO 2007137610, discloses a tunable delay line including a ridge waveguide with a dielectric perturbing member separated by a small air gap from a longitudinal end surface of the ridge and movable relative to the ridge for varying the width of the air gap and hence the propagation characteristics of the guide and the delay imparted by the line." ]

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[ "Attentional control in learning to discriminate bars and gratings.", "\nTransfer effects of learning a spatial-frequency and a bar-width discrimination task on the performance in three other discrimination tasks (relative bar position, local width, and global-size discrimination) have been investigated. ", "In the spatial-frequency discrimination learning task, subjects were trained with grating stimuli which varied in spatial frequency, relative bar position, and grating patch size, but only spatial frequency was relevant for discrimination. ", "The bar-width discrimination learners had to judge the width of single grating bars appearing at random positions distributed around a display center. ", "During the course of 10 consecutive days, all subjects showed a significant reduction of discrimination thresholds. ", "Regarding learning transfer, we find that practicing the spatial-frequency discrimination task yields quite strong improvement of bar-width discrimination and, vice versa, learning bar-width discrimination also leads to strong improvement of spatial-frequency discrimination performance, indicating involvement of coding pathways which are shared by both tasks. ", "On the other hand, there is no performance improvement when subjects do different tasks (grating patch size and relative bar position discrimination) with the same stimulus material as the learning stimuli. ", "The finding of task-driven selective learning for only one local stimulus attribute among other local and global attributes shows that feature-based attentional preselection of basic stimulus attributes is involved in learning. ", "Moreover, differential learning effects for two different local stimulus features indicate that, governed by top-down control, different neural pathways starting from the same low-level code base may be formed in the course of discrimination training." ]

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[ "Time: Wed Jul 16 05:59:08 1997\nby primenet.com (8.8.5/8.8.5) with ESMTP id FAA26433\nfor [address in tool bar]; Wed, 16 Jul 1997 05:56:32 -0700 (MST)\nby usr09.primenet.com (8.8.5/8.8.5) with SMTP id FAA09391;\nWed, 16 Jul 1997 05:55:56 -0700 (MST)\nDate: Wed, 16 Jul 1997 05:55:32 -0700\nTo: (Recipient list suppressed)\nFrom: Paul Andrew Mitchell [address in tool bar]\nSubject: SLS: Man Who Sparked Bomb Probe Dies (fwd)\n<snip>\n>\n>.c The Associated Press\n>\n>OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) - Glenn Wilburn, who was so angry over the death of his\n>grandsons in the Oklahoma City bombing and so mistrustful of the official\n>investigation that he forced the opening of a new grand jury probe, died\n>Tuesday. ", "He was 46.", "\n>\n>Wilburn's death from pancreatic cancer came just a day after the panel began\n>hearing witnesses looking into the possibility there was a larger conspiracy\n>and that federal agents had prior knowledge of the attack.", "\n>\n>Wilburn's grandsons, 3-year-old Chase and 2-year-old Colton Smith, were\n>killed in the day-care center of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building when\n>it was destroyed by a truck bomb April 19, 1995.", "\n>\n>``I believe Glenn to be the 169th victim of the bombing. ", "He was so angry,''\n>Kathy Wilburn said a few weeks before her husband's death. ", "``I'm going to\n>have him buried out by Chase and Colton.''", "\n>\n>Hours after Wilburn's death, state Rep. Charles Key, who joined in the\n>petition for a new grand jury, went before the panel and gave it a list of\n>potential witnesses.", "\n>\n>``It's all for him and people like him, the family members and survivors,''\n>Key said of Wilburn, an Oklahoma City accountant. ", "``That's what this is about\n>is people like Glenn Wilburn and Chase and Colton Smith.''", "\n>\n>In the two years since the blast, Wilburn had devoted much of his time to\n>investigating alternate theories of the bombing.", "\n>\n>Using the death of his grandsons as a lever with reluctant witnesses, he\n>talked to several people who claimed to have seen others with Timothy McVeigh\n>before the bombing. ", "He and Key collected about 13,000 signatures that forced\n>the empaneling of the special grand jury, which convened June 30.", "\n>\n>Although the federal indictment against McVeigh and Terry Nichols alleged\n>they plotted the bombing with ``others unknown,'' federal authorities now\n>doubt a larger conspiracy. ", "And they vehemently deny any prior knowledge.", "\n>\n>The grand jury is expected to call at least six witnesses this week. ", "The\n>first two witnesses called Monday were men who claim they saw at least one\n>other person with McVeigh the morning of the blast.", "\n>\n>McVeigh was convicted and condemned to die last month for murder and\n>conspiracy in the bombing. ", "Nichols' trial on the same charges is set to begin\n>Sept. 29.", "\n>\n>In addition to his wife, Wilburn is survived by two sons and a stepdaughter.", "\n>\n>AP-NY-07-15-97 1446EDT\n>\n>\n>-> Send \"subscribe snetnews \" to majordomo@world.std.com\n>-> Posted by: Finchley@aol.com\n>\n>\n>\n========================================================================\nPaul Andrew Mitchell : Counselor at Law, federal witness\nB.A., Political Science, UCLA; M.S., Public Administration, U.C. Irvine\ntel: (520) 320-1514: machine; fax: (520) 320-1256: 24-hour/day-night\nemail: [address in tool bar] : using Eudora Pro 3.0.3 on 586 CPU\nwebsite: http://www.supremelaw.com : visit the Supreme Law Library now\nship to: c/o 2509 N. Campbell, #1776 : this is free speech, at its best\nTucson, Arizona state : state zone, not the federal zone\nPostal Zone 85719/tdc : USPS delays first class w/o this\nAs agents of the Most High, we came here to establish justice. ", "We shall\nnot leave, until our mission is accomplished and justice reigns eternal.", "\n========================================================================\n[This text formatted on-screen in Courier 11, non-proportional spacing.]" ]

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[ "This invention relates to multilayer ceramic printed circuit boards including co-fired passive components. ", "More particularly, this invention relates to multilayer ceramic printed circuit boards including embedded resistors and method of making them.", "\nLow temperature multilayer ceramic circuit boards are known that are suitable for use with low melting temperature conductive metals, such as silver, gold and copper. ", "They have a low thermal coefficient of expansion (TCE) and thus they may be compatible with silicon or gallium arsenide. ", "The ceramic circuit boards are made from glasses that can be fired at low temperatures, i.e., less than 1000xc2x0 C. The multilayer circuit boards are made in known manner by admixing suitable glass powders with an organic vehicle, including resin, solvents, dispersants and the like, and casting the resultant slurry into a thin tape called green tape. ", "A circuit may be screen printed onto the green tape using a conductive ink formulation comprising a conductive metal powder, an organic vehicle and a powdered glass, usually the same or a similar glass to that used to make the green tape.", "\nWhen more than one green tape is to be stacked, via holes are punched into the tape which are filled with a via fill ink, also made with a conductive material, an organic vehicle and a glass, which will provide electrical contact between the circuits on the various green tape layers. ", "The patterned green tapes are aligned and compressed or laminated under pressure prior to firing.", "\nMore recently, the multilayer ceramic circuit boards have been adhered to a metal support substrate to increase the strength of the multilayer board. ", "The support board has a metal core that is coated with a bonding glass that adheres the ceramic tapes to the support substrate during co-firing. ", "The use of a bonding glass has another advantage in that it greatly reduces the shrinkage of the green tapes during firing in the x and y dimensions, so that most of the shrinkage occurs only in the z, or thickness, dimension. ", "The glasses used for the green tapes must have a TCE matched to the metal support however, to prevent delamination or cracking of the fired glass. ", "Mixtures of crystallizable and non-crystallizable glasses, optionally including inorganic fillers, are also known that have the desired TCE characteristics.", "\nUp to the present time, when multilayer ceramic circuit boards are to include passive components such as resistors or capacitors, discrete components have been mounted to the top surface of the fired boards using solder or epoxy adhesives to adhere the components to the multilayer ceramic. ", "The incorporation of these discrete components increases the number of steps needed to make them, i.e., the components must be aligned and adhered to the ceramic multilayer board, and connected to a source of power. ", "Further in order to accommodate a number of discrete devices, the multilayer boards have to be large. ", "Thus the costs of making such boards is high.", "\nIt would be advantageous to be able to screen print passive components onto multilayer, low temperature co-fired ceramic circuit boards because the packing density can be increased, reducing the size and cost of the packaging. ", "Using the recently developed low firing temperature glasses and a metal support board that reduces shrinkage in the x and y dimensions, screen printing of such components to tight tolerances and high precision placement becomes feasible. ", "Further, because fewer interconnects need to be made, reliability would also be improved.", "\nIn a copending application filed concurrently herewith, the present inventors have interleaved two types of green tapes so that large numbers of green tapes can be stacked without shrinkage in two dimensions.", "\nThus it would be highly desirable to develop appropriate ink compositions that can be screen printed onto green tape layers to form embedded resistors to tight tolerances with high precision placement.", "\nWe have found a method of making thick film resistor ink compositions based on ruthenium oxide (RuO2) and appropriate glasses that sinter at low temperatures, e.g., 850-900xc2x0 C., together with suitable organic vehicles. ", "The resistor inks can be screen printed onto known low firing temperature green tape stacks, preferably supported on a metal support substrate and covered with one or two green tapes to produce embedded resistors having a wide range of resistor values and thermal coefficient of resistance (TCR) values. ", "Small amounts of barium titanate can also be added to the resistor inks to adjust TCR values. ", "The resistors can be connected to a source of power by means of a conductive layer screen printed on top of the fired, supported green tape stack. ", "After printing the resistors and other circuitry, the multiple green tape layers are aligned, laminated together, applied to a metal support substrate via a bonding glass, and co-fired in air at a temperature of about 700-900xc2x0 C. The resultant embedded resistors are stable and reliable." ]

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[ "Cristián Rojas\n\nCristián Manuel Rojas Sanhueza (born 19 December 1985 in Antofagasta, Chile), known as Cristián Rojas, is a Chilean footballer currently playing for Deportes Antofagasta of the Primera División in Chile.", "\n\nTeams\n Deportes Antofagasta 2005–2010\n Cobreloa 2010–2012\n Curicó Unido 2012\n Deportes Antofagasta 2013–present\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:1985 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Chilean footballers\nCategory:Cobreloa footballers\nCategory:C.D. Antofagasta footballers\nCategory:Curicó Unido footballers\nCategory:Chilean Primera División players\nCategory:Primera B de Chile players\nCategory:Association football midfielders" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nLaravel find is returning 2 rows when using find\n\nI have the following to select my categories:\ndd(Categories::find($id)->get();\ndd($category);\n\nBut it is selecting 2 rows\n\nWhen I use \ndd(Categories::where('id',$id)->get());\ndd($category);\n\nit works and returns\n\nMy table stucture \n Schema::create('categories', function (Blueprint $table) {\n $table->increments('id');\n $table->string('category');\n $table->integer('parent')->nullable();\n $table->softDeletes();\n $table->timestamps();\n });\n\n DB::statement(\"ALTER TABLE categories ADD image LONGBLOB\");\n\nA:\n\nNormally find() extract single model by its primary key. ", "The return\n value is a single model, a collection or null\nget() extract the query which you have built\n\nYou are messing up get and find\ntry\nCategories::find($id)\n\nor\nCategories::where('id','=',$id)->first();\n\n" ]

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[ "Super Trouper (album)\n\nSuper Trouper is the seventh studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA, first released in 1980. ", "It features the No.1 singles \"The Winner Takes It All\" and \"Super Trouper\". ", "The album became the biggest-selling album of 1980 in the UK.", "\n\nOverview\nLed by the international hit \"The Winner Takes It All\", Super Trouper was the group's sixth chart-topping album in the UK. ", "It was also the best-selling album in Britain for 1980. ", "Super Trouper was first released on CD in 1983 by Polar Music International, in the early 1980s by Polydor, and in the late 1980s by Atlantic Records for the US. ", "The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form four times; first in 1997, then in 2001, again in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set and as a Deluxe Edition (containing a bonus DVD) in 2011. ", "The previous year's divorce between Björn and Agnetha was explored in \"The Winner Takes It All\", and the members' lives in Stockholm high society circles coloured the lyrics for \"On and On and On\". ", "Other well-known songs on the album include the hit single title track \"Super Trouper\", as well as the electro-dance of \"Lay All Your Love on Me\".", "\n\nProbably due to the disco backlash of the time, the album saw ABBA returning to a more straightforward pop sound, as opposed to the preceding (and noticeably more dance-oriented) Voulez-Vous album. ", "The album closed with \"The Way Old Friends Do\", which was recorded live a year earlier during their 1979 concert tour. ", "Although not released as a single with this album, the song was later released as a single in 1992 to promote the compilation More ABBA Gold: More ABBA Hits. ", "The song was later covered by The Alexander Brothers, The Kingston Trio, Philomena Begley and Faryl Smith.", "\n\nAlbum cover and title\nSuper Trouper is a registered trademark owned by Strong Entertainment Lighting, for their brand of followspots, i.e., directional spotlights used to follow a performer on stage. ", " Album cover designer, Rune Söderqvist, decided to use the spotlight theme and photograph the group, surrounded by circus performers, at Piccadilly Circus, London. ", " After discovering that there was a law preventing any entertainers or animals appearing in central London, they instead invited the members of two local circuses to Europa Film Studios, Stockholm to take the photograph there. ", "Several of ABBA's friends were also invited to take part and the following also appear on the cover: Görel Hanser (vice-president of Polar Music who subsequently married the band's photographer Anders Hanser), Berka Bergkvist (another Polar Music employee), Tomas Ledin, and Anders Anderson (ABBA's manager's son).", "\nAt the same time, Lasse Hallström also filmed scenes that were eventually used in the videos for \"Happy New Year\", \"Felicidad\" and \"Super Trouper\" even though the latter had not even been composed at the time.", "\n\nTrack listing\nAll tracks written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus except where noted.", "\n\nNon-album tracks\n \"Elaine\"\nA song recorded in 1980 and released as B-side \"The Winner Takes It All\" single.", "\n \"Put On Your White Sombrero\"\nA song based on waltz with a Latin American sound recorded in 1980 with lead vocal by Lyngstad. ", "The track was replaced at a late stage by this album's title track, \"Super Trouper\". ", "The arrangement of \"Put On Your White Sombrero\" was later remodelled into a new ABBA song, \"Cassandra\", which became the B-Side to \"The Day Before You Came\". ", "The song remained unreleased until 1994.", "\n\nPersonnel\nABBA\nAgnetha Fältskog - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals\nAnni-Frid Lyngstad - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals\nBjörn Ulvaeus - acoustic guitar, co-lead vocals , backing vocals\nBenny Andersson - synthesizers, keyboards, co-lead vocals , backing vocals\n\nAdditional personnel\nOla Brunkert – drums\nLars Carlsson – horn\nRutger Gunnarsson – bass, guitar\nJanne Kling – flute, saxophone\nPer Lindvall – drums\nJanne Schaffer – guitar\nÅke Sundqvist – percussion\nMike Watson – bass\nLasse Wellander – guitar\nKajtek Wojciechowski – saxophone\nProducers: Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus\nEngineer: Michael B. Tretow\nArranger: Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus\nDesign: Rune Söderqvist\nMastering for 1980's USA Atlantic CD version by Zal Schreiber of Atlantic Studios, NYC\nRemastered for the 1997 Remasters by Jon Astley and Tim Young with Michael B. Tretow\nRemastered for the 2001 Remasters by Jon Astley with Michael B. Tretow\nRemastered for the 2005 Complete Studio Recordings Box Set by Henrik Jonsson\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nDecade-end charts\n\nSales and certifications\n\n!", "scope=\"row\"|Spain (PROMUSICAE)\n|Platinum\n|100,000\n|-\n|-\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n abba4therecord.com – webpage showing Voulez-Vous releases worldwide\n\nCategory:ABBA albums\nCategory:Polar Music albums\nCategory:1980 albums\nCategory:Albums recorded at Polar Studios\nCategory:Albums produced by Björn Ulvaeus\nCategory:Albums produced by Benny Andersson\nCategory:Atlantic Records albums\nCategory:Epic Records albums" ]

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[ "Once your mob partners start going to prison, it’s hard to stay out yourself. ", "Vincent D’Acunto has learned the hard way. ", "On August 9, D’Acunto, former secretary-treasurer of United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) Local 2D, was sentenced in U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York to 10 months in prison, to be followed by three years of supervised release, for his role in a racketeering conspiracy involving members of the Genovese crime family. ", "A Genovese soldier, Vincent Esposito, was sentenced this July to two years in prison for running an extortion racket on behalf of the union. ", "These and related actions follow a joint investigation by the FBI, the NYPD and the U.S. Labor Department’s Office of Labor-Management Standards and Office of Inspector General.", "\n\nUnion Corruption Update has been covering this sequence of events since the initial indictments were handed down in January 2018. ", "Two of the defendants were Frank Cognetta and Vincent D’Acunto, respectively, secretary-treasurer of United Food and Commercial Workers Local 1D and 2D, each based in Brooklyn. ", "Both had pleaded guilty in March to conspiracy charges. ", "In the case of D’Acunto, the mob had a strong hand in things. ", "According to prosecutors, he conspired with Genovese family defendants Steven Arena and Vincent Esposito, plus four other reputed Genovese made men, in a scheme lasting during 2001-17 in which Arena and Esposito extorted millions of dollars in union funds from an unnamed Local 2D officer. ", "The takedown of Esposito was an especially sweet victory because he is the son of the late Genovese boss of all bosses, Vincent “the Chin” Gigante." ]

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[ "UNPUBLISHED\n\nUNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n\nFOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT\n\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA,\nPlaintiff-Appellee,\n\nv. No. ", "97-4188\n\nBRENDA S. BEDNORZ,\nDefendant-Appellant.", "\n\nAppeal from the United States District Court\nfor the District of South Carolina, at Spartanburg.", "\nHenry M. Herlong, Jr., District Judge.", "\n(CR-96-707)\n\nSubmitted: August 19, 1997\n\nDecided: September 3, 1997\n\nBefore HALL, HAMILTON, and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges.", "\n\n_________________________________________________________________\n\nAffirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.", "\n\n_________________________________________________________________\n\nCOUNSEL\n\nBenjamin T. Stepp, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Greenville,\nSouth Carolina, for Appellant. ", "David Calhoun Stephens, Assistant\nUnited States Attorney, Greenville, South Carolina, for Appellee.", "\n\n_________________________________________________________________\n\nUnpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. ", "See\nLocal Rule 36(c).", "\n\n_________________________________________________________________\n\fOPINION\n\nPER CURIAM:\n\nBrenda S. Bednorz pleaded guilty to knowingly making and pos-\nsessing forged securities with intent to deceive another in violation of\n18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 513 (1994). ", "The court sentenced Bednorz to impris-\nonment for twelve months and one day, followed by supervised\nrelease for three years. ", "Bednorz appeals her conviction and sentence.", "\nBednorz's attorney filed a brief in accordance with Anders v.\nCalifornia, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), addressing whether the district court\ncomplied with the requirements of Fed. ", "R. Crim. ", "P. 11 in accepting\nBednorz's guilty plea and whether the court erred in failing to depart\nfrom the guidelines when sentencing her. ", "Counsel asserts that there\nare no meritorious grounds for appeal. ", "Bednorz was informed of her\nright to file a pro se supplemental brief, which she failed to file. ", "We\naffirm.", "\n\nBednorz contends that the district court improperly conducted the\nRule 11 hearing in accepting her guilty plea. ", "In reviewing the ade-\nquacy of compliance with Rule 11, this court accords great deference\nto the trial court's decision as to how best to conduct the colloquy\nwith the defendant. ", "See United States v. DeFusco , 949 F.2d 114, 116\n(4th Cir. ", "1991). ", "Rule 11 violations are evaluated under the harmless\nerror standard. ", "See DeFusco, 949 F.2d at 117. ", "This court may vacate\na conviction resulting from a guilty plea only if the trial court's viola-\ntions of Rule 11 affected the defendant's substantial rights. ", "See id.\n\nA review of the record discloses that the district court conducted\na clear and thorough hearing, insuring that Bednorz understood the\nrights that she would forego by pleading guilty, the elements of the\ncharge to which she was pleading guilty, the penalties she faced, the\neffect of supervised release, the impact of the sentencing guidelines,\nand the effect of the plea agreement. ", "Further, the court ascertained\nthat Bednorz's plea was voluntary and that a factual basis existed for\nher plea.* ", "We find that the district court fully complied with Rule 11\n_________________________________________________________________\n*Bednorz, who was an office manager and bookkeeper for a real estate\nagency, forged company checks to herself and others, embezzling\napproximately $13,000.", "\n\n 2\n\fand that this claim is without merit. ", "See DeFusco, 949 F.2d at 116-17.", "\nFurther, we determine that because Bednorz's substantial rights were\nnot in any way compromised, any alleged error during the Rule 11\ncolloquy was harmless. ", "See id.\n\nBednorz also contends that the district court erred in refusing to\ngrant a downward departure based on her extraordinary family\nresponsibilities or based on the extraordinary combination of circum-\nstances in her case that were not otherwise taken into account in the\nsentencing guidelines. ", "Bednorz's counsel argued for a departure on\nthis basis at sentencing, and the court denied the request, finding that\nBednorz did not demonstrate sufficient justification. ", "See generally\nUnited States v. Bell, 974 F.2d 537, 538-39 (4th Cir. ", "1992) (holding\nthat negative effect of parent's incarceration on child does not justify\ndownward departure). ", "The court sentenced Bednorz at the low end of\nthe appropriate range under the guidelines.", "\n\nThe denial of a request for a downward departure is reviewable\nonly if the district court mistakenly believed that it lacked the author-\nity to depart. ", "See United States v. Underwood , 970 F.2d 1336, 1338\n(4th Cir. ", "1992). ", "The record reflects that the district court was aware\nof its authority to depart but chose not to depart after considering the\nstatements of Bednorz and counsel for both parties. ", "Therefore, Bed-\nnorz's sentence, which fell within the guidelines range, is not review-\nable. ", "See Underwood, 970 F.2d at 1338.", "\n\nIn accordance with the requirements of Anders , we have examined\nthe entire record and find no meritorious issues for appeal. ", "Accord-\ningly, Bednorz's convictions and sentence are affirmed. ", "This court\nrequires that counsel inform his client, in writing, of her right to peti-\ntion the Supreme Court of the United States for further review. ", "If the\nclient requests that a petition be filed, but counsel believes that such\na petition would be frivolous, then counsel may move in this court for\nleave to withdraw from representation. ", "Counsel's motion must state\nthat a copy thereof was served on the client.", "\n\nWe dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal conten-\ntions are adequately presented in the materials before the court and\nargument would not aid the decisional process.", "\n\nAFFIRMED\n\n 3\n\f" ]

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[ "Influence of formulation variables on the morphology of biodegradable microparticles prepared by spray drying.", "\nThe preparation of microparticles of the biodegradable poly-DL-lactide (PLA) and polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) polymers using spray-drying technology was studied. ", "Formulation parameters investigated include polymer type, polymer molecular weight, polymer concentration, and viscosity. ", "Microparticles were characterized using electron microscopy, particle size analysis, and gel permeation chromatography. ", "Kinematic viscosity was determined for each of the sprayed polymer solutions. ", "Polymer molecular weight and polymer concentration were found to be important parameters when preparing PLA and PLGA microparticles using spray-drying technology." ]

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[ "eds digit of 607?", "\n6\nWhat is the tens digit of 434?", "\n3\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 12656?", "\n6\nWhat is the thousands digit of 3130?", "\n3\nWhat is the tens digit of 1224?", "\n2\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 6906?", "\n9\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 2687?", "\n6\nWhat is the tens digit of 55948?", "\n4\nWhat is the tens digit of 23094?", "\n9\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 1102?", "\n1\nWhat is the tens digit of 40654?", "\n5\nWhat is the tens digit of 14073?", "\n7\nWhat is the units digit of 3946?", "\n6\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 10071?", "\n1\nWhat is the tens digit of 874?", "\n7\nWhat is the units digit of 39488?", "\n8\nWhat is the tens digit of 6713?", "\n1\nWhat is the units digit of 673?", "\n3\nWhat is the thousands digit of 53627?", "\n3\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 48580?", "\n4\nWhat is the thousands digit of 2015?", "\n2\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 294?", "\n2\nWhat is the tens digit of 5913?", "\n1\nWhat is the tens digit of 1299?", "\n9\nWhat is the units digit of 589?", "\n9\nWhat is the units digit of 124467?", "\n7\nWhat is the tens digit of 712?", "\n1\nWhat is the thousands digit of 24017?", "\n4\nWhat is the units digit of 37936?", "\n6\nWhat is the tens digit of 11764?", "\n6\nWhat is the tens digit of 913?", "\n1\nWhat is the units digit of 5431?", "\n1\nWhat is the thousands digit of 26453?", "\n6\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 3722?", "\n7\nWhat is the thousands digit of 1138?", "\n1\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 60548?", "\n6\nWhat is the tens digit of 1372?", "\n7\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 411?", "\n4\nWhat is the units digit of 9247?", "\n7\nWhat is the units digit of 828?", "\n8\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 25846?", "\n8\nWhat is the units digit of 129?", "\n9\nWhat is the tens digit of 775?", "\n7\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 574?", "\n5\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 2111?", "\n1\nWhat is the thousands digit of 2755?", "\n2\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 3239?", "\n2\nWhat 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{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'In this note we establish several versions of a compactness theorem for submanifolds. ", "In particular we require only bounds on the second fundamental form and do not assume volume or diameter bounds. ", "As an application we prove a compactness theorem for mean curvature flows and use it to construct smooth blow-up limits as singularity models.'", "\naddress: |\n Department of Mathematics\\\n Michigan State University\\\n East Lansing, Michigan 48824\nauthor:\n- 'Andrew A. Cooper'\nbibliography:\n- 'mcf.bib'\ntitle: A Compactness Theorem for the Second Fundamental Form\n---\n\n[^1]\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nA celebrated theorem of Cheeger and Gromov states that families of Riemannian manifolds with uniform $C^\\ell$ bounds on the curvature tensor and a uniform lower bound on the injectivity radius are precompact in a certain sense:\n\n\\[cheeger.gromov\\] Let $(N_k,h_k,x_k)$ be a sequence of complete pointed Riemannian manifolds such that $|\\nabla^\\ell{\\operatorname{Rm}}(N_k,h_k)|\\leq C$ for each $1\\leq\\ell\\leq \\ell_0$ and ${\\operatorname{inj}}(h_k)\\geq \\eta>0$. Then there is complete $C^{\\ell_0+1}$ Riemannian manifold $(N_\\infty, h_\\infty, x_\\infty)$ such that\n\n1. ", " $N_\\infty$ admits a sequence of relatively compact open sets $V_1\\subset V_2\\subset\\cdots\\subset N_\\infty$ which exhausts $N_\\infty$ and embeddings $\\psi_k:(V_k,x_\\infty)\\hookrightarrow (N_k,x_k)$, such that for each $R>0$ the $h_k$-metric ball $B(x_k,R)$ is contained in $\\psi_k(V_k)$ for all $k\\geq k_0(R)$\n\n2. ", " $\\psi_k^*h_k\\rightarrow h_\\infty$ in the $C^{\\ell_0+1,\\gamma}$ topology on compact subsets of $N_\\infty$, for any $0\\leq \\gamma<1$\n\nThis theorem has been used extensively in the theory of singularities of the Ricci flow [@hamiltoncompactness] and to prove topological finiteness theorems [@cheegerthesis]. ", "Our goal is to establish an analogous compactness theorem for Riemannian immersions.", "\n\nGiven an immersion $F:M\\looparrowright (N,h)$ of a compact $m$-manifold $M$, we may equip $M$ with a background Riemannian metric and isometrically embed $(N,h)$ into some Euclidean space ${\\mathbb{R}}^K$. This allows us to consider the space $C^\\ell(M,N)$ of $C^\\ell$ maps from $M$ to $N$. The curvature of the image submanifold $F(M)$ is invariant under reparametrization of $M$; thus bounds on the curvature of $F(M)$ do not allow us to appeal directly to the Arzela-Ascoli theorem for compactness of families of immersions $F:M\\looparrowright N$. In fact by composing with a diffeomorphism of $M$, we may make any derivative of $F$ arbitrarily large without changing the extrinsic curvature. ", "The content of the our main theorem is that this diffeomorphism-invariance can be corrected for in a way that allows us to use Arezela-Ascoli, albeit at the cost of possible topological change.", "\n\n\\[geometric.convergence.ambient\\] Let $M_k^m$ be smooth closed $m$-manifolds and $(N_k,h_k)$ smooth Riemannian ${m+n}$-manifolds such that $|\\nabla^\\ell{\\operatorname{Rm}}(N_k,h_k)|\\leq C_\\ell$, $0\\leq\\ell\\leq\\ell_0$, and ${\\operatorname{inj}}(N_k,h_k)\\geq \\eta>0$. Suppose $F_k:(M_k,p_k)\\looparrowright (N_k,h_k,x_k)$ are a sequence of pointed immersions of $M_k$ into $(N_k,h_k)$ such that the second fundamental forms and their covariant derivatives are bounded pointwise, i.e. $|\\nabla^\\ell{\\operatorname{II}}_k|\\leq C_\\ell$, $0\\leq\\ell\\leq\\ell_0$. Then there exist a $C^{\\ell_0+1}$ $m$-manifold $(M_\\infty,p_\\infty)$ and a complete Reimannian manifold $(N_\\infty,h_\\infty,x_\\infty)$ such that:\n\n1. ", " $M_\\infty$ admits an exhausting sequence $W_1\\subset W_2\\subset\\cdots$ of relatively compact open sets and embeddings $\\phi_k:(W_k,p_\\infty)\\hookrightarrow (M_k,p_k)$, such that for any $R>0$, the $F_k^*h_k$-metric ball $B(p_k,R)$ is contained in $\\phi_k(W_k)$ for all $k\\geq k_0(R)$\n\n2. ", " $N_\\infty$ admits an exhausting sequence $V_1\\subset V_2\\subset\\cdots$ of relatively compact open sets and embeddings $\\psi_k:(V_k,x_\\infty)\\hookrightarrow (N_k,x_k)$, such that for any $R>0$, the $h_k$-metric ball $B(x_k,R)$ is contained in $\\psi_k(V_k)$ for all $k\\geq k_0(R)$\n\n3. ", " $\\psi_k^*h_k\\rightarrow h_\\infty$ on compact sets in the $C^{\\ell_0+1,\\gamma}$ topology for any $\n 0\\leq\\gamma<1$\n\n4. ", " $\\phi_k(W_k)\\subset \\psi_k(V_k)$.\n\n5. ", " $\\psi_k^{-1}\\circ F_k\\circ\\phi_k\\rightarrow F_\\infty$ on compact sets in the $C^{\\ell_0+1,\\gamma}$ topology for any $0\\leq\\gamma<1$\n\n6. ", " $(M_\\infty, F_\\infty^*h_\\infty)$ is a complete Riemannian manifold\n\nHere the $C^{\\ell_0+1,\\gamma}$ topology is that given by isometrically embedding $N_\\infty$ into some Euclidean space ${\\mathbb{R}}^K$ and equipping $M_\\infty$ with a background metric.", "\n\nWe refer to convergence as in the conclusion of Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.ambient\\] as [*convergence in $C^{\\ell_0+1,\\gamma}$ in the geometric sense*]{}. ", "We note that in case $m=0$, $M_k=\\{p_k\\}$, our theorem recovers the Cheeger-Gromov theorem.", "\n\nIn section \\[section.finiteness\\], we apply Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.ambient\\] to prove some finiteness theorems for classes of immersions $F:M\\looparrowright N$. In particular, we establish\n\n\\[regular.homotopy.finite.fixedtargetdomain\\] Let $\\mathcal{C}=\\{c_i\\}$ be a collection of regular homotopy classes of maps $F:M\\rightarrow (N,h)$, up to diffeomorphism of $M$. If $\\mathcal{C}$ is infinite, then there is no choice of immersed representatives $F_i\\in c_i$ which satisfies ${\\operatorname{vol}}(F_i(M))\\leq C_1$, $|{\\operatorname{II}}(F_i(M))|\\leq C_2$.\n\nIn section \\[section.blowup\\], by keeping track of the dependence of the maps $\\psi_k,\\phi_k$ and the neighbourhoods $W_k, V_k$, we prove a compactness theorem for mean curvature flows in the $C^{\\ell,\\alpha}$ geometric sense, and use it to construct smooth singularity models for finite-time singularities of the mean curvature flow. ", "This project was discussed by Chen and He .", "\n\n\\[smoothblowup\\] Let $F:M^m\\times[0,T)\\rightarrow (N^{m+n},h)$ be a mean curvature flow of compact submanifolds in a Riemannian manifold with bounded geometry. ", "Suppose $T<\\infty$ is the first singular time. ", "Then there exists a smooth mean curvature flow $F_\\infty:M^m\\times(-\\infty,0)\\rightarrow ({\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n},dx^2)$ which models the singularity of $F$ at time $T$.\n\nThe sense in which $F_\\infty$ models the singularity will be discussed in detail in section \\[section.blowup\\]. ", "We note that singularities of the mean curvature flow have been studied extensively using the [*tangent flow*]{}, which is a non-smooth mean curvature flow. ", "We will discuss how our [*smooth blow-up*]{} relates to the tangent flow.", "\n\nThe Construction\n================\n\nThe idea of the proof of the Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.ambient\\] is due essentially to Langer [@langer85]. ", "We will go over the construction in detail for the case when the ambient manifold is Euclidean, and then indicate how the construction can be extended to an arbitrary Riemannian manifold with bounded geometry.", "\n\n### Euclidean Case {#section.euclidean.construction}\n\nWe begin by considering the case of the graph of a map $f:{\\mathbb{R}}^m\\rightarrow{\\mathbb{R}}^n$, as in [@reilly73]. ", "We need to compare the standard square-norm of certain objects, e.g. $\\left|D^2f\\right|^2=\\sum_{\\substack{1\\leq \\alpha\\leq n\\\\1\\leq i,j\\leq m}}\\left(\\frac{\\partial^2f_\\alpha}{\\partial x_i\\partial x_j}\\right)^2$, with the norms of the tensors ${\\operatorname{II}}$ and $\\nabla{\\operatorname{II}}$ in the metric $g$ induced by the immersion. ", "To keep the norms straight, in this section we use $|\\cdot|$ for the standard square-norm and $|\\cdot|_g$ for the norm in $g$:$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\left|{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|_g^2=&h_{ij\\alpha}h_{kl\\beta}g^{\\alpha\\beta}g^{ik}g^{jl}\\\\\n \\left|\\nabla{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|^2_g=&\\nabla_ih_{jk\\alpha}\\nabla_ph_{qr\\beta}g^{ip}g^{jq}g^{kr}g^{\\alpha\\beta}\\end{aligned}$$\n\n\\[hessianbound\\]Let $f:D_r^m\\rightarrow {\\mathbb{R}}^n$ be a $C^2$ function on the disc of radius $r$. Then$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\left|D^2 f\\right|^2\\leq (1+|Df|^2)^3\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|_g^2\\end{aligned}$$where ${\\operatorname{II}}$ is the second fundamental form of the graph of $f$.\n\nThe graph of $f$ has immersion map $F(x_1,\\ldots,x_m)=(x_1,\\ldots,x_m,f_1,\\ldots,f_n)$. We use the following tangent and normal frames, where $1\\leq i\\leq m$ and $1\\leq \\alpha\\leq n$:$$\\begin{aligned}\n e_i=&(0,\\ldots,0,1,0,\\ldots,0,\\frac{\\partial f_1}{\\partial x_i},\\ldots,\\frac{\\partial f_n}{\\partial x_i})=(0,\\ldots,0,1,0,\\ldots,0,D_i f)\\\\\n \\nu_\\alpha=&(-\\frac{\\partial f_\\alpha}{\\partial x_1},\\ldots,-\\frac{\\partial f_\\alpha}{\\partial x_m},0,\\ldots,0,1,0,\\ldots,0)=(-D f_\\alpha,0,\\ldots,0,1,0,\\ldots,0)\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThese choices induce the metric on the tangent bundle of the graph, which we denote by $g$ with Latin indices: $$g_{ij}=e_i\\cdot e_j=\\delta_{ij}+D_i f\\cdot D_j f$$\n\nWe also get a metric on the normal bundle, which we denote by $g$ with Greek indices:$$g_{\\alpha\\beta}=\\nu_\\alpha\\cdot\\nu_\\beta=\\delta_{\\alpha\\beta}+D f_\\alpha\\cdot D f_\\beta$$ We will use $g^{ij}$ to denote the inverse matrix to $g_{ij}$ and $g^{\\alpha\\beta}$ to denote the inverse to $g_{\\alpha\\beta}$. We compute the second fundamental form. ", "Note that $D^2F=(0,D^2 f)$. So we have$$\\begin{aligned}\n {\\operatorname{II}}(e_i,e_j)=&{\\operatorname{proj}}^\\perp(D^2F(e_i,e_j))\\\\\n =&(D_{ij}^2F\\cdot\\nu_\\beta)g^{\\alpha\\beta}\\nu_\\alpha\\\\\n =&\\frac{\\partial^2 f_\\beta}{\\partial x_i\\partial x_j}g^{\\alpha\\beta}\\nu_\\beta\\end{aligned}$$\n\nIn components, $h_{ij\\alpha}=\\frac{\\partial^2 f_\\alpha}{\\partial x_i\\partial x_j}$.\n\nThen the norm-squared of the second fundamental form is$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\left|{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|_g^2=&\\frac{\\partial^2 f_\\alpha}{\\partial x_i\\partial x_j}\\frac{\\partial^2 f_\\beta}{\\partial x_k\\partial x_l}g^{\\alpha\\beta}g^{ik}g^{jl}\\end{aligned}.$$ We can think of $\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|_g^2$ as the norm-squared of $D^2 f$ in the metric $g$ as opposed to the standard metric. ", "We will compare $g^{\\alpha\\beta}$ and $g^{ij}$ to the standard metric by giving estimates for the eigenvalues of $g^{\\alpha\\beta}$ and $g^{ij}$. To do this we estimate the eigenvalues of $g_{ij}$ and $g_{\\alpha\\beta}$.\n\nSince $g_{\\alpha\\beta}=\\delta_{\\alpha\\beta}+Df_\\alpha\\cdot Df_\\beta$, we have that each eigenvalue $\\lambda$ of $g_{\\alpha\\beta}$ has $$1\\leq \\lambda\\leq 1+|Df|^2$$ and similiarly the eigenvalues $\\mu$ of $g_{ij}$ are bounded by $$1\\leq \\mu\\leq 1+|D f|^2.$$\n\nThus the eigenvalues of the inverse matrices $g^{\\alpha\\beta}$ and $g^{ij}$ are bounded away from zero and infinity:$$\\label{inveigen}\\begin{aligned}\n 1 \\geq \\lambda^{-1}\\geq& \\frac{1}{1+|D f|^2}\\\\\n 1 \\geq \\mu^{-1}\\geq& \\frac{1}{1+|D f|^2}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nSo we can estimate$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\left|{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|_g^2=&\\frac{\\partial^2 f_\\alpha}{\\partial x_i\\partial x_j}\\frac{\\partial^2 f_\\beta}{\\partial x_k\\partial x_l}g^{\\alpha\\beta}g^{ik}g^{jl}\\\\\n \\ \\geq & \\ \\sum_{\\substack{1\\leq\\alpha\\leq n\\\\1\\leq i,j\\leq m}}\\left(\\frac{\\partial^2 f_\\alpha}{\\partial x_i\\partial x_j}\\right)^2\\frac{1}{(1+|D f|^2)(1+|D f|^2)^2}\\\\\n = & \\left|D^2 f\\right|^2\\frac{1}{(1+|D f|^2)^3}\\end{aligned}$$ which establishes our lemma.", "\n\nWe may similarly bound the higher derivatives of $ f$ in terms of $Df$ and the covariant derivatives of ${\\operatorname{II}}$:\n\n\\[higherderivs\\]For any $\\ell\\geq 2$, we can bound $\\left|D^\\ell f\\right|$ in terms of $|D f|$, $\\left|D^2 f\\right|$, . . ., ", "$|D^{\\ell-1} f|$, $\\left|\\nabla^{\\ell-2}{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|_g$, and absolute constants depending on $m$, $n$, and $\\ell$. In particular, the $\\ell=3$ case is$$\\left|D^3 f\\right|\\leq (1+|D f|^2)^2\\left|\\nabla{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|_g+2\\sqrt{2m+4\\sqrt{mn}+n}\\left|D^2 f\\right|^2|D f|$$\n\nWe will do the $\\ell=3$ computation explicitly; the others are similar but more tedious.", "\n\nAs in the proof of Lemma \\[hessianbound\\], we start by estimating $\\left|\\nabla{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|_g$ below. ", "To do this, we need to compute the Christoffel symbols for the tangent and normal bundles. ", "First we compute the tangential Christoffel symbols. ", "We compute $\\nabla_{e_i}e_j$, the projection to the tangent space of $D_{e_i}e_j$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\nabla_{e_i}e_j=&{\\operatorname{proj}}^T(D_{e_i}e_j)\\\\\n =&{\\operatorname{proj}}^T(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_i}(0,\\ldots, 0,1,0,\\ldots,0,D_j f))\\\\\n =&{\\operatorname{proj}}^T((0,D^2_{ij} f))\\\\\n =&g^{kl}((0,D^2_{ij} f)\\cdot e_l) e_k\\\\\n =&g^{kl}(D^2_{ij} f\\cdot D_l f) e_k\\end{aligned}$$ so $\\Gamma_{ij}^k=g^{kl}(D^2_{ij} f\\cdot D_l f)$. Similarly to compute $\\Gamma_{i\\alpha}^\\beta$:$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\nabla_{e_i}\\nu_\\alpha = &{\\operatorname{proj}}^\\perp(D_{e_i}\\nu_\\alpha)\\\\\n =&{\\operatorname{proj}}^\\perp(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_i}(-D f_\\alpha,0,\\ldots,0,1,0,\\ldots,0))\\\\\n =&{\\operatorname{proj}}^\\perp(-\\frac{\\partial^2 f_\\alpha}{\\partial x_i\\partial x_1},\\ldots,-\\frac{\\partial^2 f_\\alpha}{\\partial x_i\\partial x_m},0)\\\\\n =&g^{\\beta\\gamma}((-\\frac{\\partial^2 f_\\alpha}{\\partial x_i\\partial x_1},\\ldots,-\\frac{\\partial^2 f_\\alpha}{\\partial x_i\\partial x_m},0)\\cdot \\nu_\\gamma)\\nu_\\beta\\\\\n =&g^{\\beta\\gamma}(\\sum_r\\frac{\\partial^2 f_\\alpha}{\\partial x_i\\partial x_r}\\frac{\\partial f_\\gamma}{\\partial x_r})\\\\\n =&g^{\\beta\\gamma}(D^2_{i\\cdot} f_\\alpha\\cdot D f_\\gamma)\\nu_\\beta\\end{aligned}$$ so $\\Gamma_{i\\alpha}^\\beta=g^{\\beta\\gamma}(D^2_{i\\cdot} f_\\alpha\\cdot D f_\\gamma)$.\n\nThen $\\left|\\nabla{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|_g^2$ is given by$$\\label{nablaII}\\begin{aligned}\n \\left|\\nabla{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|_g^2=&(\\frac{\\partial h_{jk\\alpha}}{\\partial x_i} +h_{lk\\alpha}\\Gamma_{ij}^l + h_{jl\\alpha}\\Gamma_{ik}^l + h_{jk\\beta}\\Gamma_{i\\alpha}^\\beta)\\\\\n &\\cdot(\\frac{\\partial h_{qr\\gamma}}{\\partial x_p} +h_{lr\\gamma}\\Gamma_{pq}^l + h_{ql\\gamma}\\Gamma_{pr}^l + h_{qr\\delta}\\Gamma_{p\\gamma}^\\delta)g^{ip}g^{jq}g^{kr}g^{\\alpha\\gamma}\\\\\n \\geq&\\frac{1}{(1+|D f|^2)^4}(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_i} h_{jk\\alpha}+h_{lk\\alpha}\\Gamma_{ij}^l + h_{jl\\alpha}\\Gamma_{ik}^l + h_{jk\\beta}\\Gamma_{i\\alpha}^\\beta)^2\\end{aligned}$$ By (\\[nablaII\\]) and Cauchy-Schwarz, we have$$(1+|D f|^2)^4\\left|\\nabla{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|_g^2+2\\left|D^3 f\\right||B|\\geq \\left|D^3 f\\right|^2$$ where $B_{ijk\\alpha}=h_{lk\\alpha}\\Gamma_{ij}^l+h_{jl\\alpha}\\Gamma_{ik}^l + h_{jk\\beta}\\Gamma_{i\\alpha}^\\beta$. It will suffice to bound $|B|$ above. ", "Our estimates (\\[inveigen\\]) for the eigenvalues of $g^{ij}$ and $g^{\\alpha\\beta}$ imply $\\left|g^{ij}\\right|^2\\leq m$ and $\\left|g^{\\alpha\\beta}\\right|^2\\leq n$. $$\\begin{aligned}\n |B|^2=&\\sum_{\\substack{1\\leq\\alpha\\leq n\\\\1\\leq i,j,k\\leq m}}(h_{lk\\alpha}\\Gamma_{ij}^l+h_{jl\\alpha}\\Gamma_{ik}^l + h_{jk\\beta}\\Gamma_{i\\alpha}^\\beta)^2\\\\\n =&\\sum_{\\substack{1\\leq\\alpha\\leq n\\\\1\\leq i,j,k\\leq m}}(\\frac{\\partial f_\\alpha}{\\partial x_l\\partial x_k}g^{ls}(D^2_{ij} f\\cdot D_s f)+\\frac{\\partial f_\\alpha}{\\partial x_j\\partial x_l}g^{ls}(D^2_{ik} f\\cdot D_s f)\\\\\n &+\\frac{\\partial f_\\beta}{\\partial x_j\\partial x_k}g^{\\beta\\gamma}(D^2_{i\\cdot} f_\\alpha\\cdot D f_\\gamma))^2\\\\\n \\ \\leq& \\ 2\\left|D^2 f\\right|^2\\left|g^{ij}\\right|^2\\left|D^2 f\\right|^2|D f|^2\\\\\n &\\ +4\\left|D^2 f\\right|^2\\left|g^{ij}\\right|\\left|g^{\\alpha\\beta}\\right|^2|D f|^2+\\left|D^2 f\\right|^2\\left|g^{\\alpha\\beta}\\right|^2\\left|D^2 f\\right|^2|D f|^2\\\\\n \\ \\leq& \\ \\left|D^2 f\\right|^4|D f|^2(2m+4\\sqrt{mn}+n)\n \\end{aligned}$$\n\nThus we have$$\\left|D^3 f\\right|^2\\leq (1+|D f|^2)^4\\left|\\nabla{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|_g^2+2\\sqrt{2m+4\\sqrt{mn}+n}\\left|D^3 f\\right|\\left|D^2 f\\right|^2|D f|$$\n\nThe claimed estimate for $\\left|D^3 f\\right|$ follows from this and the quadratic formula.", "\n\nNext we want to realize any immmersion $F:M\\rightarrow{\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}$ as a collection of graphs over discs.", "\n\nWe introduce the following notation and notions, following [@langer85]. ", "Given $q\\in M$, denote by $A_q$ any Euclidean isometry which takes $F(q)$ to the origin and $T_{F(q)}F(M)$ to the plane $\\{(x_1,\\ldots,x_m,0)\\}$. Let $\\pi$ be the projection of ${\\mathbb{R}}^{n+m}$ to the plane $\\{(x_1,\\ldots,x_m,0)\\}$. Define the [*Langer chart at $q$*]{} $U_{r,q}\\subset M$ to be the component of $(\\pi\\circ A_q\\circ F)^{-1}(D_r)$ which contains $q$.\n\nWe call $F:M\\rightarrow {\\mathbb{R}}^{n+m}$ a $(r,\\alpha)$-immersion if for each $q\\in M$ there is some $ f_q:D_r^m\\rightarrow{\\mathbb{R}}^n$ with $Df_q(0)=0$ and $|D f_q|\\leq \\alpha$ so that $A_q\\circ F(U_{r,q})={\\operatorname{graph}}( f_q)$.\n\n\\[arralpha\\] Let $\\alpha>0$. Then for any $C^2$-immersed submanifold $F:M^m\\rightarrow {\\mathbb{R}}^{n+m}$ and any $r$ satisfying $$\\begin{aligned}\n r\\leq \\frac{\\alpha}{\\left(1+\\alpha^2\\right)^{3/2}}\\frac{1}{\\sup_M\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|_g}\n \\end{aligned}$$ $F$ is a $(r,\\alpha)$-immersion.", "\n\nLet $q\\in M$ be arbitrary. ", "Every submanifold is locally a graph over its tangent plane; thus $A_q(F(U_{r,q}))$ can be written as a graph over $D_r$ for small enough $r$. So we set $S_q=\\sup\\{r|F(U_{r,q})={\\operatorname{graph}}( f_{r,q})\\}$. For any large $K$, if $F(U_{r,q})=\\text{graph}( f_{r,q})$ and $|D f_{r,q}|\\leq \\frac{K}{2}$, we can extend $ f_{r,q}$ to have a larger domain and still $|D f|\\leq K$. Thus we have$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\lim_{r\\rightarrow S_q}\\inf_{ f}\\sup_{D_r}|D f|=\\infty\\end{aligned}$$ where the infimum is taken over all $f$ with $Df(0)=0$ of which $A_qF(U_{r,q})$ is a graph. ", "Thus for our given $\\alpha$ there exists some $r_q, f_{q}:D_{r_q}\\rightarrow {\\mathbb{R}}^n$ with $\\sup_{D_{r_q}}|D f_{q}|=\\alpha$. Now we use the fundamental theorem of calculus and Lemma \\[hessianbound\\] to get$$\\label{fundamental.theorem}\\begin{aligned}\n \\alpha=\\sup_{D_{r_q}}|D f_{q}|\\leq r\\sup_{D_{r_q}}\\left|D^2 f_{q}\\right|\\leq r_q \\left(1+\\alpha^2\\right)^{3/2}\\sup_{D_{r_q}}\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}_{ f_q}\\right|_g\\end{aligned}$$ which implies that $$\\label{Sq}\n r_q\\geq \\frac{\\alpha}{\\left(1+\\alpha^2\\right)^{3/2}}\\frac{1}{\\sup_{D_{r_q}}\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}_{ f_q}\\right|_g}\\geq\\frac{\\alpha}{\\left(1+\\alpha^2\\right)^{3/2}}\\frac{1}{\\sup_M\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|_g}.$$ So for $r$ less than the right-hand side of (\\[Sq\\]), there is some $ f:D_r\\rightarrow{\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}$ of which $A_q F(U_{r,q})$ is the graph, with $Df(0)=0$ and $|Df|\\leq \\alpha$.\n\nWe will also make use of the following lemma, which relates the Langer atlas to the metric structure of $(M,F^*dx^2)$.\n\n\\[balls\\] Let $\\alpha\\leq \\sqrt{3}$. In a $(r,\\alpha)$-immersion $F:M^m\\rightarrow{\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}$, for any $0<\\rho\\leq \\frac{r}{2}$, $\\ell\\in \\mathbb{N}$, $q_0\\in M$, we have that any metric ball $B(q_0,\\ell\\frac{\\rho}{2})\\subset M$ can be covered using at most $K^\\ell$ Langer charts $U_{p,\\frac{\\rho}{4}}$ of radius $\\frac{\\rho}{4}$, such that $p\\in B(q_0,\\ell\\rho)$, where $K=K(m,\\alpha)$ is a constant depending only on the dimension $m$ and the constant $\\alpha$. Moreover, we can assume that if $\\ell_1\\leq \\ell_2$, the covering of $B(q_0,\\ell_2\\frac{\\rho}{2})$ in $K^{\\ell_2}$ Langer charts of radius $\\frac{\\rho}{4}$ contains the $K^{\\ell_1}$ Langer charts used to cover $B(q_0,\\ell_1\\frac{\\rho}{2})$.\n\nWe proceed by induction. ", "If $\\ell=2$, we have $B(q_0,\\rho)\\subset \\subset U_{q_0,\\rho}\\subset U_{q_0,2\\rho}$. Since $\\rho\\leq \\frac{r}{2}$, the projection of $F(U_{q_0,2\\rho})$ to $T_{F(q_0)}F(M)$ is the $m$-ball of radius $2\\rho$. Let $K$ be the number of $m$-balls of radius $\\frac{\\rho}{4\\sqrt{1+\\alpha^2}}$ which can cover $D^m_{2\\rho}$. Each ball of radius $\\frac{\\rho}{4\\sqrt{1+\\alpha^2}}$ is contained in the projection of some $U_{p,\\frac{\\rho}{4}}$, $p\\in U_{q_0,2\\rho}$. Thus we have that $B(q_0,\\rho)$ can be covered by $K$ Langer charts of radius $\\frac{\\rho}{4}$. It is clear that the centers of these Langer charts can be taken to lie in $B(q_0,\\rho)$.\n\nNow suppose $B(q_0,\\ell\\frac{\\rho}{2})\\subset \\bigcup_{i=1}^{K^\\ell}U_{p_i,\\frac{\\rho}{4}}$. Then $B(q_0,(\\ell+1)\\frac{\\rho}{2})$ is contained in a $\\frac{\\rho}{2}$ neighborhood of $\\bigcup_{i=1}^{K^\\ell}U_{p_i,\\frac{\\rho}{4}}$. On the other hand, the $\\frac{\\rho}{2}$ neighborhood of each $U_{p_i,\\frac{\\rho}{4}}$ is contained in $B(p_i,\\sqrt{1+\\alpha^2}\\frac{\\rho}{4}+\\frac{\\rho}{2})$. Since $\\alpha\\leq \\sqrt{3}$, we have $$B(q_0,(\\ell+1)\\frac{\\rho}{2})\\subset \\bigcup_{i=1}^{K^\\ell}B(p_i,\\rho)$$ Each term in the union on the right-hand side can, by the definition of $K$, be covered by $K$ Langer charts of radius $\\frac{\\rho}{4}$, centered within distance $\\rho$ of one of the $p_i$. This completes the inductive step.", "\n\n### General Case {#section.ambient.construction}\n\nThe general case of Lemma \\[hessianbound\\] is:\n\n\\[hessianbound.ambient\\] Let $(N^{m+n},h)$ a Riemannian manifold, $x$ a point in $N$, $y:{\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}\\rightarrow (U,x)$ a coordinate chart of $N$. If $ f:D_r^m\\rightarrow{\\mathbb{R}}^{n}$ is a $C^2$ function, then there exists $C$ depending on $|Dy|$ and $|D(y^{-1})|$ so that $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\left|D^2 f\\right|^2\\leq C(1+|D f|^2)^3\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|^2\\end{aligned}$$ where ${\\operatorname{II}}$ is the second fundamental form of $y({\\operatorname{graph}}f)$.\n\nLet $\\overline{{\\operatorname{II}}}$ be the second fundamental form of ${\\operatorname{graph}}f$ considered as a submanifold of $({\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n},y^*h)$. Then $\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|=\\left|\\overline{{\\operatorname{II}}}\\right|$, so we will compute $\\left|\\overline{{\\operatorname{II}}}\\right|^2$ as in the proof of Lemma \\[hessianbound\\]. ", "We will abuse notation and write $h$ for $y^*h$. We will write $\\overline{g}_{ij}$ for the metric induced on ${\\operatorname{graph}}f$ by $h$, and $\\overline{g}_{\\alpha\\beta}$ for the metric on the normal bundle of ${\\operatorname{graph}}f$ with respect to $h$. We let $\\theta$ be the least eigenvalue of $h$ and $\\Theta$ the greatest eigenvalue of $h$.\n\nThe tangent bundle of ${\\operatorname{graph}}f$ is spanned, as before, by $$e_i=(0,\\ldots,0,1,0,\\ldots,0,D_i f)$$ So the induced metric is$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\overline{g}_{ij}=&h(e_i,e_j)\\\\\n =&h_{ij}+ h(D_i f,D_j f)+h_{pj}\\frac{\\partial f_p}{\\partial x_i}+ h_{iq}\\frac{\\partial f_q}{\\partial x_j}\n \\end{aligned}$$ and the eigenvalues $\\overline{\\mu}=\\overline{g}(X,X)$ of $\\overline{g}_{ij}$ are therefore bounded by$$\\label{ambient.eigenvalue1}\\begin{aligned}\n \\theta \\leq h(X,X)\\leq \\overline{\\mu}\\ \\leq& \\ h(X,X)\\left(1+|D f|_{h}+|D f|^2_{h}\\right)\\\\\n \\ \\leq& \\ \\Theta\\left(1+\\Theta^{\\frac{1}{2}}|D f|+\\Theta |D f|^2\\right)\\end{aligned}$$ where $|\\cdot|_{h}$ denotes the norm induced by $h$.\n\nThe normal bundle $N_h$ is characterised by $N_h=\\{X|h(X,e_i)\\}=0$. Equivalently $N_h=h^{-1}N_{dx^2}$, where $N_{dx^2}$ is the normal bundle of the graph with respect to the standard metric $dx^2$ and we consider $h$ as a bundle map over the identity $h:T{\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}\\rightarrow T{\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}$. We may thus take a normal frame $\\overline{\\nu}_\\alpha=h^{-1}(\\nu_\\alpha)$. Then to compute the eigenvalues of the normal metric $\\overline{g}_{\\alpha\\beta}$, we consider $X\\in {\\mathbb{R}}^n$ with $|X|^2=1$: $$\\label{ambient.eigenvalue2}\\begin{aligned}\n \\overline{g}(X,X)=\\overline{g}_{\\alpha\\beta}X^\\alpha X^\\beta =&h(\\overline{\\nu}_\\alpha,\\overline{\\nu}_\\beta)X^\\alpha X^\\beta\\\\\n =&h(h^{-1}(\\nu_\\alpha),h^{-1}(\\nu_\\beta))X^\\alpha X^\\beta\\\\\n =&\\nu_\\alpha\\cdot h^{-1}(\\nu_\\beta)X^\\alpha X^\\beta\\\\\n =&(-D(X\\cdot f),X)\\cdot y^{-1}(-D(X\\cdot f),X)\\\\\n =&h^{-1}((-D(X\\cdot f),X),(-D(X\\cdot f),X))\\end{aligned}$$ Thus we have$$\\frac{1}{\\Theta} \\leq \\overline{g}(X,X)\\leq \\frac{1}{\\theta} (1+|D f|^2)$$\n\nNow just as in the proof of Lemma \\[hessianbound\\], we use (\\[ambient.eigenvalue1\\]) and (\\[ambient.eigenvalue2\\]) to bound the Hessian of $ f$ in terms of $\\left|\\overline{{\\operatorname{II}}}\\right|$, $|D f|$, and $\\theta,\\Theta$. The eigenvalues of $h^{-1}$ are clearly controlled by $|Dy|$ and $|Dy^{-1}|$.\n\nSimilarly one can extend Lemma \\[higherderivs\\] to a general ambient manifold:\n\n\\[higherderivs.ambient\\] Let $(N,h)$, $x$, and $y$ be as above. ", "If $ f:D_r^m\\rightarrow{\\mathbb{R}}^{n}$ is a $C^\\ell$ function, then we can bound $\\left|D^\\ell f\\right|$ in terms of $|D f|,\\ldots, \\left|D^{\\ell-1} f\\right|$, $\\left|\\nabla^{\\ell-2}{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|$, $|Dy|,\\ldots,\\left|D^{\\ell-1}y\\right|$, and $\\left|D(y^{-1})\\right|,\\ldots,\\left|D^{\\ell-1}(y^{-1})\\right|$, where ${\\operatorname{II}}$ and $\\nabla$ are the second fundamental form and covariant derivative on $y({\\operatorname{graph}}f)$.\n\nThe proof of Cheeger-Gromov’s theorem involves the following proposition, which is analogous to our Lemma \\[arralpha\\]. ", "An exposition can be found in chapter 10, section 3 of [@petersenriemannian].", "\n\n\\[CG.charts\\] Suppose $(N^{m+n},h)$ is a Riemannian manifold with ${\\operatorname{inj}}(N,h)\\geq \\eta>0$ and $\\left|\\nabla^\\ell{\\operatorname{Rm}}(N,h)\\right|\\leq C$ for $1\\leq\\ell\\leq\\ell_0$. Then there exist $r_0$ and $Q$ depending on $C,\\eta,\\ell_0,m,n$ such that for any $0<r\\leq r_0$, each $x\\in N$ admits a chart $y_x:(U_x,x)\\rightarrow ({\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n},0)$ such that $y_x(U_x)$ contains $D_r^{m+n}\\subset{\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}$ and such that $\\left|Dy_x\\right|,\\ldots,\\left|D^{\\ell_0+2}y_x\\right|$ and $\\left|D(y^{-1}_x)\\right|,\\ldots,\\left|D^{\\ell_0+2}(y^{-1}_x)\\right|$, and the derivatives of the transition maps are all bounded by $Q$\n\nMoreover we may take a subatlas with the property that the centers of the charts are some definite $0<\\delta\\leq \\frac{r_0}{4}$ apart.", "\n\nWe refer to such an atlas as the Cheeger-Gromov atlas.", "\n\nWe are now ready to prove the version of Lemma \\[arralpha\\] for a general ambient manifold. ", "Toward this end, given $q\\in M$, $r>0$, let the Langer chart $U_{r,q}$ be the component of $F^{-1}(y_{F(q)}(\\pi^{-1}(D_r^m)))$ which contains $q$, where $\\pi:{\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}\\rightarrow{\\mathbb{R}}^m$ is projection to the first $m$ coordinates.", "\n\n\\[arralpha.ambient\\] Let $F:M^m\\rightarrow (N^{m+n},h)$ be an immersion such that $\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|\\leq C_1$, ${\\operatorname{inj}}(N,h)\\geq \\eta>0$, and $\\left|{\\operatorname{Rm}}(N,h)\\right|\\leq C_2$. For any $\\alpha>0$, there is $r_1>0$ depending on $C_1,C_2,m,n,\\alpha,\\eta$ such that for any $0<r\\leq r_1$, $q\\in M$, $y_{F(q)}^{-1}(F(U_{r,q}))={\\operatorname{graph}}f$ for some $ f:D_r^m\\rightarrow{\\mathbb{R}}^n$ with $|D f|\\leq\\alpha$.\n\nLet $\\alpha>0, q\\in M$ be arbitrary. ", "For small $r$, $y_{F(q)}^{-1}(F(U_{r,q}))$ is a graph over $D_r^m$. So let $S_q$ be the supremum of such $r$. If $S_q < r_0$, then the argument in the proof of Lemma \\[arralpha\\] gives a lower bound on $S_q$ depending only on $\\alpha,C_1,C_2$, and in particular independent of $q$.\n\nIf $S_q=r_0$, we can write $y_{F(q)}^{-1}(F(U_{r_0,q}))$ as a graph of some $ f:D_{r_0}^m\\rightarrow{\\mathbb{R}}^n$. If $|D f|\\leq \\alpha$, we are done. ", "If $\\sup_{D_{r_0}^m}|D f|> \\alpha$, there is some smaller disc $D_r^m$ with $\\sup_{D_r^m}|D f|=\\alpha$; then the argument in the proof of Lemma \\[arralpha\\] gives a lower bound on $S_q$ depending only on $\\alpha, C_1,C_2$.\n\nProof of Theorems \\[geometric.convergence.euclidean\\] and \\[geometric.convergence.ambient\\]\n===========================================================================================\n\nImmersions into ${\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}$\n------------------------------------\n\nWe now prove the following theorem, which is the special case of Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.ambient\\] when $(N_k,h_k)\\equiv ({\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n},dx^2)$.\n\n\\[geometric.convergence.euclidean\\] Let $M_k^m$ be a sequence of smooth $m$-manifolds. ", "Suppose $F_k:(M_k,p_k)\\rightarrow({\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n},0)$ is an immersion of $M_k$ into ${\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}$ such that the second fundamental forms ${\\operatorname{II}}_k$ and their covariant derivatives $\\nabla^\\ell{\\operatorname{II}}_k$ are bounded pointwise, $1\\leq\\ell\\leq\\ell_0$. Then there exists a smooth $m$-manifold $(M_\\infty,p_\\infty)$ which admits a sequence of relatively compact open subsets $W_1\\subset W_2\\subset \\cdots$ which exhausts $M_\\infty$ and embeddings $\\phi_k:(W_k,p_\\infty)\\hookrightarrow (M_k,p_k)$ such that:\n\n1. ", " $F_k\\circ\\phi_k$ subconverge in the $C^{\\ell_0+1,\\gamma}$ topology for any $\n 0\\leq\\gamma<1$ on compact subsets of $M_\\infty$ to some $F_\\infty:(M_\\infty,p_\\infty)\\rightarrow({\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n},0)$.\n\n2. ", " For each $R>0$, the metric ball $B_k(p_k,R)\\subset (M_k,F_k^*dx^2)$ is contained in $\\phi_k(W_k)$ for all $k\\geq k_0(R)$.\n\n3. ", " $(M_\\infty, F_\\infty^*dx^2)$ is a complete Riemannian manifold.", "\n\nIn case $M_\\infty$ is compact we may take one of the $W_k$ to be $M_\\infty$ itself.", "\n\nBefore proving this theorem, we note that given Lemmas \\[arralpha\\] and \\[balls\\], the proof is essentially finished already. ", "This is because we have shown we can choose a parametrization, at least on Langer charts of a definite positive size, in which each immersion is the graph a function which has small first derivative and bounded higher derivatives; thus Arzela-Ascoli guarantees convergence on each Langer chart. ", "By passing to a subsequence we can add Langer charts so that the convergence agrees on overlaps. ", "The following merely formalizes this argument.", "\n\nLet $\\alpha<\\frac{1}{10}$, $r$ given by the lemmas, and $\\delta=\\frac{r}{10}$.\n\nFor each $\\ell\\in \\mathbb{N}$, define $$W_{\\ell,k}=\\bigcup_{i=1}^{K^\\ell} U_{q_k^i,\\frac{3\\delta}{4}}$$ where the $q_k^i$ are those points, given by Lemma \\[balls\\], for which $B(p_k,\\ell\\frac{\\delta}{2})\\subset \\bigcup U_{q_k^i,\\frac{\\delta}{4}}$. Let $U_k^i=U_{q_k^i,\\delta}$ and $\\tilde{U}_k^i=U_{q_k^i,\\frac{3\\delta}{4}}$.\n\nFix $\\ell$. For each $1\\leq i\\leq K^\\ell$, $|F_k(q_k^i)|\\leq d_k(q_k^i,p_k)\\leq \\ell\\delta$. Lemma \\[arralpha\\] gives Euclidean isometries $A_k^i$ which take $F_k(q_k^i)$ to the origin and $T_{F_k(q_k^i)}F_k(M_k)$ to ${\\mathbb{R}}^m\\times\\{0\\}$. Since these Euclidean isometries are bounded, a subsequence of them must converge, for each $i$, to some $A_\\infty^i$, which is a Euclidean isometry; moreover since there are finitely many $i$ for a fixed $\\ell$, this convergence may be taken to be uniform in $i$. In particular the $A_k^i$ are a Cauchy sequence.", "\n\nLemma \\[arralpha\\] also produces $f_k^i:D_\\delta^m\\rightarrow{\\mathbb{R}}^n$ so that ${\\operatorname{graph}}f_k^i=A_k^i\\circ F_k(U_k^i)$, so that $\\left|Df_k^i\\right|\\leq \\alpha$ and $\\left|D^2f_k^i\\right|\\leq \\left(1+\\alpha^2\\right)^\\frac{3}{2}C$. Since the $\\{A_k^i\\}$ are a Cauchy sequence, for $k,k'$ large enough depending on $\\epsilon$, $A_k^i\\circ (A_k^i)^{-1}$ is $\\epsilon$-close to the identity on ${\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}$. Thus we may take $k,k'$ large enough that $A_{k'}^i\\circ (A_k^i)^{-1} ({\\operatorname{graph}}f_k^i|_{D_{\\frac{3\\delta}{4}}})$ is a graph over $D_\\frac{3\\delta}{4}$. For any two indices $i,j\\leq K^\\ell$ with $U_k^i\\cap U_k^j$ nonempty, we have that $$\\begin{aligned}\n A_k^j\\circ (A_k^i)^{-1} ({\\operatorname{graph}}f_k^i|_{\\pi \\circ A_k^i(F_k(U_k^i\\cap U_k^j))})={\\operatorname{graph}}f_k^j|_{\\pi \\circ A_k^j(F_k(U_k^i\\cap U_k^j))}\n \\end{aligned}.$$\n\nWe can therefore take $k,k'$ large enough so that $$A_{k'}^i\\circ (A_k^j)^{-1} ({\\operatorname{graph}}f_k^j|_{\\pi\\circ A_k^j(F_k(\\tilde{U}_k^i\\cap \\tilde{U}_k^j))})$$ is a graph over $D_{\\frac{3\\delta}{4}}\\cap (\\pi\\circ A_{k'}^j(F_{k'}(\\tilde{U}_{k'}^i\\cap\\tilde{U}_{k'}^j)))$.\n\nThe previous paragraph allows us to choose $k_0(\\ell)$ so that for any $k,k'\\geq k_0$, $F_k(W_{\\ell,k})$ is a graph over $F_{k'}(W_{\\ell,k'})$. In particular, $W_{\\ell,k}$ and $W_{\\ell,k'}$ are diffeomorphic and we can write $W_\\ell$ unambiguously. ", "We write $\\phi_{\\ell,k}$ for the identification of $W_\\ell$ with $W_{\\ell,k}\\subset M_k$. By construction, $W_\\ell\\subset W_{\\ell+1}$. In fact, since the $M_k$ are without boundary, for each $W_\\ell$ we have $\\overline{W}_\\ell\\subset W_{\\ell'}$ for some $\\ell'> \\ell$. We therefore can pass to a subsequence so that $\\overline{W}_\\ell\\subset W_{\\ell+1}$.\n\nBy construction it is clear that $\\phi_{\\ell+1,k}|_{W_\\ell}=\\phi_{\\ell,k}$, so we can pass to a diagonal subsequence $\\phi_k=\\phi_{k,k}:W_k\\hookrightarrow M_k$. Setting $M_\\infty=\\bigcup_{k=1}^\\infty W_k$, we have the claimed $M_\\infty$ exhausted by the sequence $\\{W_k\\}$.\n\nWe now prove the convergence of $F_k\\circ \\phi_k$ on compact sets in $C^{\\ell_0+1,\\gamma}(M_\\infty,{\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n})$ for any $0\\leq\\gamma<1$. Given a compact set $C\\subset M_\\infty$, $C$ is contained in some $W_K$. $F_k(\\phi_k(W_k))=F_k(W_{k,k})$ is a graph over $F_{k_0}(W_{k_0,k_0})$ for $k\\geq k_0(\\ell)$; moreover by construction the function of which it is a graph has first derivative bounded by $2\\alpha$ and higher derivatives up to order $\\ell_0+2$ bounded by Lemma \\[higherderivs\\]. ", "Thus by Arzela-Ascoli, the $F_k\\circ\\phi_k$ converge in $C^{\\ell_0+1,\\gamma}(W_\\ell,{\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n})$ for any $0\\leq \\gamma<1$. The limit maps $F_\\infty:W_\\ell\\rightarrow {\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}$, by construction, agree. ", "So we have the claimed $F_\\infty:M_\\infty\\rightarrow{\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}$. This completes the proof of Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.euclidean\\].", "\n\nThe Cheeger-Gromov charts given by Proposition \\[CG.charts\\] are exactly analogous to the Langer charts $U_{r,q}$. The injectivity bound is used by Cheeger-Gromov to ensure these charts can be taken to be of a definite size; here we are able to exploit, via Lemma \\[hessianbound\\], the bound on ${\\operatorname{II}}$ to achieve this purpose.", "\n\nIn fact we have\n\n\\[injectivity\\] The injectivity radius of the induced metric $F^*h$ of an immersed submanifold $F:M\\rightarrow(N,h)$ is bounded below:$$\\begin{aligned}\n {\\operatorname{inj}}(M,F^*h)\\geq \\frac{C}{\\sup_M\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|}\n \\end{aligned}$$ where $C$ depends on the injectivity radius of $(N,h)$. In case $(N,h)=({\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n},dx^2)$, $C=\\frac{1}{2\\sqrt{2}}$.\n\nWe prove the Euclidean case; the general case is similar. ", "Taking $\\alpha=1$ and $r$ given by Lemma \\[arralpha\\], we have for any $q\\in M$ that $B(q,r)\\subset U_{r,q}$ is a graph over the tangent plane at $F(q)$. Thus ${\\operatorname{inj}}(q)\\geq r$.\n\n### General Case {#general-case}\n\nThe proof of Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.ambient\\] proceeds along the same lines as in Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.euclidean\\], using the lemmas in section \\[section.ambient.construction\\] in place of those in section \\[section.euclidean.construction\\]. ", "$M_\\infty$ is constructed as the union of limits of Langer charts and $N_\\infty$ is constructed as the union of limits of Cheeger-Gromov charts.", "\n\nWe could prove convergence as above given good-enough integral bounds ($L^p, p>m$) on the second fundamental form, as in [@langer85]. ", "In the first inequality of (\\[fundamental.theorem\\]), we would need to use the Sobolev inequality instead of the fundamental theorem.", "\n\nApplication: Topological Finiteness {#section.finiteness}\n===================================\n\nBefore considering applications of Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.ambient\\] to the mean curvature flow, which is our main purpose for it, we discuss in this section some topological finiteness theorems which may be of independent interest.", "\n\nWe begin by relating $C^{\\ell,\\alpha}$ geometric convergence in the sense of Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.ambient\\] to convergence in the function space $C^{\\ell,\\alpha}(M,N)$.\n\n\\[convergences\\] Let $\\{M_k\\}$ be a family of smooth $m$ manifolds and $\\{N_k\\}$ a family of smooth $m+n$ manifolds. ", "If the Riemannian immersions $F_k:(M_k,p_k)\\rightarrow (N_k,h_k,x_k)$ converge in $C^{\\ell,\\alpha}$ in the geometric sense to $F_\\infty:(M_\\infty,p_\\infty)\\rightarrow (N_\\infty,h_\\infty,x_\\infty)$, with $M_\\infty$ and $N_\\infty$ compact, then $\\psi_k^{-1}\\circ F_k\\circ \\phi_k$ converge to $F_\\infty$ in $C^{\\ell,\\alpha}(M_\\infty,N_\\infty)$.\n\nSince $M_\\infty$ and $N_\\infty$ are compact, $M_\\infty=W_k$ and $N_\\infty=V_k$ in the tail of the sequence; thus it makes sense to consider $\\psi_k^{-1}\\circ F_k\\circ \\phi_k$ in $C^{\\ell,\\alpha}(M_\\infty,N_\\infty)$. Then Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.ambient\\] gives the result.", "\n\nThe implicit function theorem gives the following, which says that the set of immersions which are regularly homotopic to a given immersion is open in $C^{1,\\alpha}$.\n\n\\[regular.homotopy.open\\] Let $M^m,N^{m+n}$ be smooth compact manifolds, $F\\in C^{1,\\alpha}(M,N)$ an immersion. ", "Then there is $\\epsilon(F)>0$ such that $||G-F||_{C^{1,\\alpha}}\\leq \\epsilon$ implies that $G$ is an immersion, which is regular-homotopic to $F$ through $C^{1,\\alpha}$ immersions.", "\n\nIn particular, the intersection of $C^{1,\\gamma}(M,N)$ with each regular-homotopy class is open in $C^{1,\\gamma}(M,N)$.\n\nWe now apply Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.ambient\\] and Propositions \\[convergences\\] and \\[regular.homotopy.open\\] to obtain a topological finiteness theorem, somewhat analogous to the results in Cheeger’s thesis [@cheegerthesis]. ", "We make the following definitions to allow us to state the finiteness theorem.", "\n\nTwo immersions $F,G:M\\rightarrow N$ are [*conjugate regular homotopic*]{} if there exist diffeomorphisms $\\phi:M\\rightarrow M$ and $\\psi:N\\rightarrow N$ so that $\\psi^{-1} \\circ F\\circ \\phi$ is regular isotopic to $G$. Two embeddings $F,G:M\\hookrightarrow N$ are [*conjugate ambient isotopic*]{} if there exist diffeomorphisms $\\phi,\\psi$ so that $\\psi^{-1}\\circ F\\circ \\phi$ is ambient isotopic to $G$.\n\n\\[regular.homotopy.finite\\] Consider the class $\\mathcal{F}$ of immersions $F:M\\rightarrow (N,h)$ which satisfy, for some $C_1,C_2,C_3,C_4,\\eta$,\n\n- ${\\operatorname{vol}}(N,h)\\leq C_1$, ${\\operatorname{inj}}(N,h)\\geq \\eta$, $\\left|{\\operatorname{Rm}}(N,h)\\right|\\leq C_2$\n\n- ${\\operatorname{vol}}(M,F^*h)\\leq C_3$, $\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}(F(M),h)\\right|\\leq C_4$\n\nThen there are finitely many diffeomorphism types of $M$, finitely many diffeomorphism types of $N$, and finitely many conjugate regular homotopy classes of $F$ represented in $\\mathcal{F}$.\n\nFor any immersion satisfying the hypothesized bounds, $(M,F^*h)$ is a Riemannian manifold with bounded curvature, volume, and by Corollary \\[injectivity\\], injectivity radius. ", "It follows from a standard Riemannian argument that each such $(M,F^*h)$ has bounded diameter. ", "Cheeger’s theorem states that there are finitely many diffeomorphism types of such $M$.[^2]\n\nSo we restrict our attention conjugate regular homotopy classes of immersions from some $M_0$ into some $N_0$. Then the proof of Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.ambient\\] allows us to reparametrize $F$ as a $(r,\\alpha)$ immersion; in particular, the reparametrized $F$ is bounded in $C^0$ by the diameter bound, bounded in $C^1$ since it is a $(r,\\alpha)$-immersion, and bounded in $C^2$ by the assumed bound on the second fundamental form.", "\n\nThat is, up to reparametrization the class $\\mathcal{F}$ is bounded in $C^2(M_0,N_0)$. Hence it is compact in $C^{1,\\gamma}(M_0,N_0)$ for any $0\\leq\\gamma< 1$. On the other hand, each regular homotopy class is open in $C^{1,\\gamma}(M_0,N_0)$. The theorem follows.", "\n\nBy fixing a target manifold, we get a finiteness theorem for regular homotopy classes up to parametrization of the domain:\n\n\\[regular.homotopy.finite.fixedtarget\\] For any compact Riemannian manifold $(N,h)$, let $\\mathcal{F}_{(N,h)}$ be the class of immersions $F:M\\rightarrow(N,h)$ which satisfy ${\\operatorname{vol}}(F(M))\\leq C_1$, $\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}(F(M))\\right|\\leq C_2$. There are finitely many regular homotopy classes, up to parametrization of the domain, represented in $\\mathcal{F}_{(N,h)}$.\n\nTo state Theorem \\[regular.homotopy.finite\\] in a manner more topologically useful, we fix the diffeomorphism type of $M$ and state the contrapositive to obtain:\n\n\\[regular.homotopy.finite.fixedtargetdomain2\\] Let $\\mathcal{C}=\\{c_i\\}$ be a collection of regular homotopy classes of maps $F:M\\rightarrow (N,h)$, up to diffeomorphism of $M$. If $\\mathcal{C}$ is infinite, then there is no choice of immersed representatives $F_i\\in c_i$ which satisfies ${\\operatorname{vol}}(F_i(M))\\leq C_1$, $\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}(F_i(M))\\right|\\leq C_2$.\n\nSimilarly, we may prove finiteness theorems for ambient isotopy classes of embeddings $F:M\\hookrightarrow (N,h)$. Since embeddedness is fragile, we require uniformity in the following sense:\n\nThe embedding constant of an immersion $F:M\\rightarrow (N,h)$ is $$\\kappa(F)=\\sup_{p,q\\in M} \\frac{d_g(p,q)}{d_h(F(p),F(q))}$$ where $d_g$ is the distance function on $M$ induced by $g=F^*h$ and $d_h$ is the distance function on $N$ induced by $h$.\n\n$F$ is an embedding if and only if $\\kappa(F)$ is finite. ", "$F$ is totally geodesic if and only if $\\kappa(F)=1$.\n\n\\[ambient.isotopy.open\\] Let $M^m$ be a smooth compact manifold, $F\\in C^{1,\\alpha}(M,N)$ an embedding. ", "Then there is $\\epsilon(F)>0$ such that $||G-F||_{C^{1,\\alpha}}\\leq \\epsilon$ implies that $G$ is an embedding which is ambient-isotopic to $F$.\n\nIn particular, the intersection of $C^{1,\\alpha}(M,N)$ with each ambient isotopy class is open in $C^{1,\\alpha}(M,N)$.\n\nThe proof is the same as that of Proposition \\[regular.homotopy.open\\], since an immersion which is locally ambient isotopic to an embedding must be an embedding which is ambient isotopic.", "\n\n\\[ambient.isotopy.finite\\] Consider the class $\\mathcal{F_{\\text{emb}}}$ of embeddings $F:M\\rightarrow (N,h)$ which satisfy, for some $C_1,C_2,C_3,C_4,C_5,\\eta$\n\n- ${\\operatorname{vol}}(N,h)\\leq C_1$, ${\\operatorname{inj}}(N,h)\\geq \\eta$, $\\left|{\\operatorname{Rm}}(N,h)\\right|\\leq C_2$\n\n- ${\\operatorname{vol}}(M,F^*h)\\leq C_3$, $\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}(F(M),h)\\right|\\leq C_4$, $\\kappa(F)<C_5$\n\nThen there are finitely many diffeomorphism types of $M$, finitely many diffeomorphism types of $N$, and finitely many conjugate ambient isotopy classes of $F$ represented in $\\mathcal{F_{\\text{emb}}}$.\n\nThe only difference between the proof of this theorem and Theorem \\[regular.homotopy.finite\\] is we must assume the embeddings are uniform so that the class $\\mathcal{F_{\\text{emb}}}$ will be closed.", "\n\nSimilarly, there are ambient-isotopy versions of Theorems \\[regular.homotopy.finite.fixedtarget\\] and \\[regular.homotopy.finite.fixedtargetdomain\\].", "\n\nTo conclude this section, we give examples of infinite collections of homotopy classes which have immersive representatives. ", "First consider $M=T^2$, $N=T^5$. By Whitney’s theorem, every map $F:M\\rightarrow N$ is homotopic to an immersion. ", "Moreover, since $T^2$ and $T^5$ are Eilenberg-Maclane spaces, we have $[M,N]={\\operatorname{Hom}}({\\mathbb{Z}}^2,{\\mathbb{Z}}^5)$.\n\nSimilarly, we may consider two hyperbolic manifolds $M^m=\\mathbb{H}^m/\\Gamma$, $N^n=\\mathbb{H}^{m+n}/\\Lambda$, where $\\Gamma$ is a lattice in $SO(m,1)$ and $\\Lambda$ is a lattice in $SO(m+n,1)$. If $n\\geq m$, Whitney’s theorem says that every map from $M$ to $N$ is homotopic to an immersion. ", "The homotopy classes of maps from $M$ to $N$ are given by ${\\operatorname{Hom}}(\\Gamma,\\Lambda)$. $\\Gamma$ and $\\Lambda$ can be chosen so that ${\\operatorname{Hom}}(\\Gamma,\\Lambda)$ is infinite.", "\n\nOr consider the case of a simply-connected four-manifold $X$ with non-torsion $H_2(X)$. By the theorem of Hurewicz, $|\\pi_2(X)|=\\infty$; Theorem \\[regular.homotopy.finite.fixedtargetdomain\\] says that in order to realize each one of these classes, the immersion must be allowed to have either arbitrarily large volume or arbitrarily large curvature.", "\n\nWe also note that in the case $M=S^1$ and $N$ is closed, every homotopy class admits a geodesic representative, so our finiteness theorems imply that for each $L>0$ there are at most finitely many distinct homotopy classes whose (shortest) geodesic representatives have length less than $L$.\n\nApplication: Singularities of the Mean Curvature Flow {#section.blowup}\n=====================================================\n\nWe now use Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.ambient\\] to construct singularity models for compact mean curvature flows $F:M\\times[0,T)\\rightarrow (N,h)$.\n\nFirst we state a compactness theorem for mean curvature flows, which follows directly from Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.ambient\\]:\n\n\\[geometric.convergence.", "MCF\\] Suppose that $F_j:M_j\\times[\\alpha,\\omega]\\rightarrow (N_j,h_j)$ are compact mean curvature flows such that $\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}_j(t)\\right|\\leq C$ for all $j$ and all $t\\in[\\alpha,\\omega]$ and $\\left|\\nabla^\\ell{\\operatorname{II}}_j(0)\\right|\\leq C_\\ell$ for each $\\ell$, and such that $(N_j,h_j)$ have uniformly bounded geometry. ", "Then there is a mean curvature flow $F_\\infty:M_\\infty\\times [\\alpha,\\omega]\\rightarrow (N_\\infty,h_\\infty)$ such that for each $t\\in[\\alpha,\\omega]$, $F_j(t)$ subconverges in $C^{\\ell}$ in the geometric sense to $F_\\infty(t)$, for any $\\ell$; moreover this convergence is uniform in $t$.\n\nBy the smoothness estimate for the mean curvature flow, the uniform bound on the second fundamental form gives uniform bounds on all its derivatives as well. ", "Thus at each $t\\in[\\alpha,\\omega]$, we may apply Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.ambient\\] to get $M_\\infty(t)$, $F_\\infty(t)$, and $(N_\\infty(t),h_\\infty(t))$. The time-derivatives $\\frac{\\partial^\\ell}{\\partial t^\\ell}F_j$ are, by the flow equation, uniformly bounded; thus $F_\\infty(t):M_\\infty(t)\\rightarrow (N_\\infty(t),h_\\infty(t))$ are a smooth one-parameter family. ", "Moreover, the construction of $M_\\infty(t)$ and $(N_\\infty(t),h_\\infty(t))$ and the maps $\\phi_j$ and $\\psi_j$ relies only on the curvature and injectivity bounds, which are uniform, so we may take $M_\\infty$, $(N_\\infty,h_\\infty)$, and $\\phi_j,\\psi_j$ independent of time.", "\n\nIt is clear that $F_\\infty:M_\\infty\\times[\\alpha,\\omega]\\rightarrow (N_\\infty,h_\\infty)$ is a mean curvature flow.", "\n\nThe Smooth Blow-up\n------------------\n\nNow suppose that $F:M\\times[0,T)\\rightarrow (N,h)$ is a compact mean curvature flow, $(p_j,t_j)$ are a sequence of points and times (the [*central sequence*]{}), and $\\alpha_j\\nearrow\\infty$ are a sequence of positive numbers such that $\\limsup_j\\frac{\\sup_{M\\times[0,t_j]}\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|}{\\alpha_j}<\\infty$. Then the rescales $$\\tilde{F}_j(s):F(t_j+\\frac{s}{Q_j^2})\\rightarrow (N,\\alpha_j^2h,F(p_j,t_j))$$ form a sequence as in Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.", "MCF\\] for any $[\\alpha,\\omega]\\subset(-\\alpha_j^2t_j,0]$. Note that if the geometry of $(N,h)$ is bounded, then the Cheeger-Gromov limit of $(N,\\alpha_j^2h,F(p_j,t_j))$ is $({\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n},{\\operatorname{dx}}^2)$.\n\nTo construct models for the singularities of the mean curvature flow, we must correctly pick the central sequence $(p_j, t_j)$ and the scale factors $\\alpha_j$. The choices we make are inspired by those used by Hamilton for the Ricci flow [@bensbook] [@hamiltoncompactness].", "\n\nThe construction depends on how severe the singularity is.", "\n\nFor any compact mean curvature flow $F:M\\times[0,T)\\rightarrow(N,h)$ with singular time $T<\\infty$ we have $$\\label{minrate}\n \\max_{M}\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}(\\cdot,t)\\right|\\geq \\frac{C}{\\sqrt{T-t}}$$ where the constant $C$ depends on the initial submanifold $M_0$.\n\nThe blow-up rate (\\[minrate\\]) is that of a shrinking sphere or cylinder; it represents the mildest sort of singularity that the MCF can encounter. ", "We define\n\nThe mean curvature flow $F:M\\times[0,T)\\rightarrow (N,h)$ achieves a type I singularity at $T$ if $$\\sup_{M\\times[0,T)}\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|^2(T-t)<\\infty$$ Otherwise we say the singularity is of type II.", "\n\nFirst consider the case of a type II singularity. ", "For any sequence $\\tilde{t}_j\\nearrow T$, let $p_j\\in M$ be such that $$\\label{typeIIpicking}\n (\\tilde{t}_j-t_j)\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}(p_j,t_j)\\right|^2=\\max_{M\\times[0,\\tilde{t}_j]}(\\tilde{t}_j-t)\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}(p,t)\\right|^2$$ Set $Q_j=\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}(p_j,t_j)\\right|$. By the type II assumption, $(\\tilde{t}_j-t_j)Q_j^2\\rightarrow\\infty$, so for any $t$ there is $j$ large enough that $t\\in(-Q_j^2t_j,(\\tilde{t}_j-t_j)Q_j^2)$. For such $j$, we compute$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\left|{\\operatorname{II}}_j(p,t)\\right|^2=Q_j^{-2}\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}(p,t_j+\\frac{t}{Q_j^2})\\right|^2\\ & \\leq\\ Q_j^2\\frac{(\\tilde{t}_j-t_j)\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}(p_j,t_j)\\right|^2}{\\tilde{t}_j-(t_j+\\frac{t}{Q_j^2})}\\\\\n &=\\frac{(\\tilde{t_j}-t_j)Q_j^2}{(\\tilde{t_j}-t_j)Q_j^2-t}\\end{aligned}$$ The right-hand side of this inequality approaches 1 as $j\\rightarrow\\infty$, hence is bounded by a continuous function of $t$. Therefore we may apply Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.", "MCF\\] to the $F_j$ to extract a limit mean curvature flow $F_\\infty$.\n\nIf the singularity is of type I, we pick $t_j=\\tilde{t}_j$ and $p_j$ so that $Q_j=\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}(p_j,t_j)\\right|=\\max_{M\\times[0,t_j]}\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|$. Then $Q_j\\rightarrow\\infty$.\n\nSince $M$ is compact, in either case we have that, after passing to a subsequence, $p_j\\rightarrow\\overline{p}$. We choose the rescales $\\tilde{F}_j$ about the central sequence $(\\overline{p},t_j)$. $$\\label{rescalesequence}\n \\tilde{F}_j(s)=F(t_j+\\frac{s}{Q_j^2})\\rightarrow (N,Q_j^2h,F(\\overline{p},t_j))$$\n\nIn the type I case, each $\\tilde{F}_j$ has second fundamental form bounded by 1 on the interval $[-Q_j^2t_j,0]$. In the type II case, $\\tilde{F}_j$ has second fundamental form bounded by 1 on the interval $[-Q_j^2t_j,Q_j^2(\\tilde{t}_j-t_j)]$\n\n\\[SBU\\] The geometric limit of the rescaled sequence (\\[rescalesequence\\]) is mean curvature flow $F_\\infty:M_\\infty\\times(-\\infty,C)\\rightarrow{\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}$. Here $C=0$ if the singularity is of type I and $C=\\infty$ if the singularity is of type II.", "\n\nMoreover, we have $\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}_\\infty(p_\\infty,0)\\right|=1$.\n\nNote that since $(N,h)$ has bounded geometry, the Cheeger-Gromov limit of $(N,Q_j^2h)$ is $({\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n},{\\operatorname{dx}}^2)$.\n\nThe only thing left to prove is that $\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}_\\infty(p_\\infty,0)\\right|=1$. For a fixed $k$, notice that the rescaled metric $g_k(0)=F_{t_k}^*(Q_k^2h)$ is a metric on $M$. Let $B_k$ denote the metric ball in the metric $g_k(0)$. Since $p_j\\rightarrow p$, we have that for any $R>0$, $p_j\\in B_k(\\overline{p},R)$ for all $j\\geq j_0(k,R)$. By geometric convergence the metrics $\\{g_j(0)\\}$ have the Cauchy property that $B_k(\\overline{p},R)\\subset B_j(\\overline{p},2R)$.\n\nOn the other hand, $p_j$ is a point where $\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}_j(p_j,0)\\right|=1$. Thus in the tail of the sequence there is a point of curvature 1 within $2R$ of $\\overline{p}$. This condition clearly persists to the limit, so there is a point of curvature 1 within $2R$ of $p_\\infty$. But $R$ was arbitrary, so letting $R\\rightarrow 0$ we see that $\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}_\\infty(p_\\infty,0)\\right|=1$.\n\nWe refer to the MCF $F_\\infty:M_\\infty\\times(-\\infty,C)\\rightarrow {\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}$ as a [*smooth blow-up*]{} of the original flow $F:M\\times[0,T)\\rightarrow (N,h)$.\n\nThough we have stated the construction of the smooth blow-up for compact mean curvature flows, note that the construction will also work provided the singularity is of [*compact type*]{}:\n\nWe say that a mean curvature flow $F:M\\times[0,T)\\rightarrow (N,h)$ has a compact-type singularity at $T<\\infty$ if:\n\n- $\\lim_{t\\rightarrow T}\\sup_M\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}(t)\\right|=\\infty$\n\n- For any $t_j\\nearrow T$, there exist $p_j$ with $\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}(p_j,t_j)\\right|=\\sup_{M\\times[0,t_j)}\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|$ and $p_j\\rightarrow p$\n\nIn general smooth blow-ups are nonunique, since Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.", "MCF\\] only gives subsequential convergence.", "\n\nThe diffeomorphisms $\\phi_k$ in the construction of the smooth blow-up amount to choosing the “correct\" parametrization of regions of the domain submanifold $M$ which are becoming singular. ", "Huisken-Sinestrari, in order to carry out their surgery theorem, explicitly construct such a parametrization of the singular region by means of a nearby shrinking cylinder . ", "The import of Theorem \\[geometric.convergence.", "MCF\\] is that such a parametrization can always be found.", "\n\nComparison to the Tangent Flow\n------------------------------\n\nThe smooth blow-up is inspired Hamilton’s idea for singularity models for the Ricci flow [@bensbook]. ", "In previous literature on the mean curvature flow, singularities have been understood using a rescaling procedured called the [*tangent flow*]{}, which we now describe.", "\n\nTo produce a tangent flow, we work in the category of [*Brakke flows*]{}, i.e. one-parameter families of integral currents which are locally maximally area-decreasing [@brakke78] [@ilmanen94]. ", "A mean curvature flow is, a fortiori, a Brakke flow. ", "We have the following theorem due to Brakke, which follows from the compactness theorem for integral currents of Federer-Fleming.", "\n\nLet $T_k(t)$ be a sequence of Brakke flows on $[\\alpha,\\omega]$. Then $T_k(t)$ subconverge as integral currents to a Brakke flow $T_\\infty(t)$ on $[\\alpha,\\omega]$.\n\nGiven a compact mean curvature flow $F_t:M\\times[0,T)\\rightarrow{\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}$, there is some point $x_0\\in {\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}$ such that $\\lim_{t\\rightarrow T} F(p,t)=x_0$ for some $p\\in M$ with $\\lim_{t\\rightarrow T}\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}(p,t)\\right|=\\infty$. We say that the singularity of the flow occurs at $x_0$. If $t_j\\nearrow T$ and $Q_j=\\sup_{M\\times[0,t_j]}\\left|{\\operatorname{II}}\\right|$, we define $$\\overline{F}_j(p,s)=Q_j^2\\left[F\\left(p,T+\\frac{s}{Q_j^2}\\right)-x_0\\right]$$ and call a subsequential Brakke flow limit of $\\overline{F}_j$ a [*tangent flow*]{} with center $(x_0,T)$ of the original flow $F_t$.\n\nThe primary advantage of using the tangent flow construction is that all Brakke flows which arise as tangent flows satisfy an elliptic equation called the [*self-shrinker*]{} equation.", "\n\nGiven a mean curvature flow $M(t)$ and any $(x_0,t_0)\\in{\\mathbb{R}}^ {m+n}\\times {\\mathbb{R}}$, we define Huisken’s monotonic quantity $$\\Theta_{M,x_0,t_0}(t)=\\int_{M(t)}(4\\pi (t_0-t))^{-\\frac{m}{2}}e^{\\frac{-|x-x_0|^2}{4(t_0-t)}}d{\\mathcal{H}}^m$$\n\n\\[huisken.monotonicity\\] Huisken’s monotonic quantity is monotone along a smooth mean curvature flow. ", "In particular it satisfies: $$\\frac{d}{dt}\\Theta_{M,x_0,t_0}(t)=-\\int_{M(t)}\\left|H+\\frac{1}{2(t_0-t)}(x-x_0)^\\perp\\right|^2(4\\pi (t_0-t))^{-\\frac{m}{2}}e^{\\frac{-|x-x_0|^2}{4(t_0-t)}}d{\\mathcal{H}}^m$$ here $(x-x_0)^\\perp$ is the projection of the vector $x-x_0$ to the normal bundle of $M$.\n\nFlows for which $\\Theta$ is constant are called [*self-shrinking*]{}. ", "In fact the mean curvature flow with intial data satisfying the elliptic equation $$\\label{self.shrinker.eqn}\n H=\\alpha x^\\perp$$ for some $\\alpha<0$ are necessarily self-shrinking; we call a submanifold, or more generally an integral current, satisfying (\\[self.shrinker.eqn\\]) a [*self-shrinker*]{}. ", "We have the following theorem:\n\n\\[tangent.flow.", "SS\\] Any tangent flow to a mean curvature flow is a self-shrinking flow.", "\n\nThe self-shrinking condition imposes fairly strong restrictions, as in the following theorem:\n\nA smooth mean-convex self-shrinking hypersurface must be one of the following:\n\n- a round sphere\n\n- a round cylinder\n\n- $\\Gamma\\times{\\mathbb{R}}^{m-1}$, where $\\Gamma$ is one of the Abresch-Langer curves\n\nHuisken [@huisken90] showed that in the type I case, the tangent flow construction in fact yields a smooth limit. ", "We now show that this construction is the same as the smooth blow-up.", "\n\n\\[SBU.SS\\] Suppose that $F_t:M\\times[0,T)\\rightarrow{\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}$ is a compact mean curvature flow with type I singularity at $T$. Then the smooth blow-up of $F_t$ is a self-shrinking flow.", "\n\nThe proof is the same as the proof of Theorem \\[tangent.flow.", "SS\\], with the necessary changes enabled by the type I assumption.", "\n\nGiven the central sequence $\\{(\\overline{p},t_j)\\}$, set $x_j=F(\\overline{p},t_j)$. Then there is a subsequential limit $x_0=\\lim_j x_j$. We compute:$$\\begin{aligned}\n |x_j-x_0|=&\\left|\\int_{t_j}^TH(\\overline{p},s)ds\\right|\\\\\n \\ \\leq& \\ \\int_{t_j}^T|H(\\overline{p},s)|ds\\\\\n \\ \\leq& \\ \\int_{t_j}^TC(T-s)^{-\\frac{1}{2}}ds\\\\\n =&C(T-t_j)^\\frac{1}{2}\\leq\\frac{C'}{Q_j}\\end{aligned}$$ Thus $\\{Q_j(x_0-x_j)\\}$ is a bounded sequence, so that again passing to a subsequence, we have some $\\overline{x}=\\lim_jQ_j(x_0-x_j)$.\n\nSet $\\alpha_j=Q_j^2(T-t_j)$. Then each $M_j$ exists on $(-Q_j^2t_j,\\alpha_j)$. By the type I assumption, we can pass to a subsequence so that the limit $\\lim_j\\alpha_j=C$ exists. ", "We consider Huisken’s monotonic quantity centered at $(\\overline{x},C)$: $$\\Theta_{M_\\infty,\\overline{x},C}(s)=\\int_{M_\\infty(s)}(4\\pi (C-s))^{-\\frac{m}{2}}e^{-\\frac{|x-\\overline{x}|^2}{4(C-s)}}d{\\mathcal{H}}^m$$\n\nGiven any $-Q_j^2t_j<a<b<\\alpha_j$ and a compact set $K\\subset{\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}$, we have by the scaling properties of Huisken’s quantity: $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{integrate.dt}\n \\int_a^b\\int_{M_j(s)\\cap K}\\left|H+\\frac{(x-Q_jx_0)^\\perp}{2(\\alpha_j-s)}\\right|^2(4\\pi (\\alpha_j-s))^{-\\frac{m}{2}}e^{-\\frac{|x-Q_jx_0|^2}{4(\\alpha_j-s)}}d{\\mathcal{H}}^mds\\\\\n =\\int_{t_j+\\frac{a}{Q_j^2}}^{t_j+\\frac{b}{Q_j^2}}\\int_{M(t)\\cap (Q_j^{-1}K+x_j)}\\left|H+\\frac{(x-x_0)^\\perp}{2(T-t)}\\right|^2(4\\pi (T-t))^{-\\frac{m}{2}}e^{-\\frac{|x-x_0|^2}{4(T-t)}}d{\\mathcal{H}}^m dt\n \\end{gathered}$$\n\nWe can estimate the right-hand side of (\\[integrate.dt\\]) by integrating over all of $M(t)$ and applying Theorem \\[huisken.monotonicity\\]: $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{monotonicity.comp}\n \\int_{t_j+\\frac{a}{Q_j^2}}^{t_j+\\frac{b}{Q_j^2}}\\int_{M(t)\\cap (Q_j^{-1}K+x_j)}\\left|H+\\frac{(x-x_0)^\\perp}{2(T-t)}\\right|^2(4\\pi (T-t))^{-\\frac{m}{2}}e^{-\\frac{|x-x_0|^2}{4(T-t)}}d{\\mathcal{H}}^m dt\\\\\n \\begin{aligned}\\ & \\leq\\ \\int_{t_j+\\frac{a}{Q_j^2}}^{t_j+\\frac{b}{Q_j^2}}\\int_{M(t)}\\left|H+\\frac{(x-x_0)^\\perp}{2(T-t)}\\right|^2(4\\pi (T-t))^{-\\frac{m}{2}}e^{-\\frac{|x-x_0|^2}{4(T-t)}}d{\\mathcal{H}}^m dt\\\\\n &=\\Theta_{M,x_0,T}(t_j+\\frac{a}{Q_j^2})-\\Theta_{M,x_0,T}(t_j+\\frac{b}{Q_j^2})\\end{aligned}\\end{gathered}$$ Since $t_j+\\frac{a}{Q_j^2}$ and $t_j+\\frac{b}{Q_j^2}$ both approach $T$ as $j\\rightarrow\\infty$, we have by Theorem \\[huisken.monotonicity\\] that the right-hand side of (\\[monotonicity.comp\\]) goes to 0 as $j\\rightarrow\\infty$.\n\nOn the other hand, the left-hand side of (\\[integrate.dt\\]) approaches $$\\int_a^b\\int_{M_\\infty(s)\\cap K}\\left|H+\\frac{(x-\\overline{x})^\\perp}{2(C-s)}\\right|^2(4\\pi (C-s))^{-\\frac{m}{2}}e^{-\\frac{|x-\\overline{x}|^2}{4(C-s)}}d{\\mathcal{H}}^mds$$\n\nSince $K$, $a$, and $b$ were arbitrary we have that for almost every $s$ and almost every $x\\in M_\\infty(s)$ that $\\left|H+\\frac{(x-\\overline{x})^\\perp}{2(C-s)}\\right|^2=0$. Thus $M_\\infty$ is a self-shrinking flow with center $(\\overline{x},C)$.\n\nWe therefore have the following characterization of singularity types in case $(N,h)=({\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n},{\\operatorname{dx}}^2)$.\n\nThe singularity of a compact mean curvature flow $F_t:M\\rightarrow{\\mathbb{R}}^{m+n}$ is of type I if and only if it admits a smooth blow-up which becomes extinct in finite time.", "\n\nAcknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}\n================\n\nThe author wishes to thank his adviser Jon Wolfson for his help and suggestions. ", "He also wishes to thank Thomas Parker and Natasa Sesum for several helpful discussions.", "\n\n[^1]: The author was partially supported by an RTG Research Training in Geometry and Topology NSF grant DMS 0353717 and as a graduate student on NSF grant DMS 0604759.", "\n\n[^2]: Alternatively, one can take some care in choosing $\\alpha$ to ensure that the Langer charts do not overlap too much, and thus that each contributes a definite volume $V$ depending on $r$ and $\\alpha$; then we can ensure the number of Langer charts required to cover $M$ is bounded by $\\frac{C_3}{V}$. The number of diffeomorphism types is then controlled by the combinatorics of how the Langer charts overlap. ", "This is Langer’s approach in [@langer85].", "\n" ]

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[ "August 30, 2016 AT 5:55 pm\n\nTekserve is Gone. ", "Long Live Tekserve! #", "retrocomputing\n\nTekserve is no more. ", "If you don’t know what that means, you only need watch the amazing video below produced by Gizmodo which interviews Tekserve’s co-founder Dick Demenus about the contents of his collection, including the peg-based “IBM program” seen below – whoah!", "\n\nTekserve has been in New York City, on 23rd Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenue, for nearly thirty years. ", "Today will be its last. ", "This morning, Tekserve began a live auction selling off everything in its store, including the private collection of its co-founder, Dick Demenus.", "\n\nDemenus describes his store as the “original Apple Store,” a repair shop that predated Apple’s Genius Bar by over a decade. ", "With a history in engineering, Demenus discovered a passion for Macs in the mid-80s, an interest that eventually led to the store’s founding.", "\n\nMake a robot friend with Adafruit’s CRICKIT – A Creative Robotics & Interactive Construction Kit. ", "It’s an add-on to our popular Circuit Playground Express, FEATHER and other platforms to make and program robots with CircuitPython, MakeCode, and Arduino. ", "Start controlling motors, servos, solenoids. ", "You also get signal pins, capacitive touch sensors, a NeoPixel driver and amplified speaker output. ", "It complements & extends your boards so you can still use all the goodies on the microcontroller, now you have a robotics playground as well." ]

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[ "History\n\nPreface\n\nThe history of the World Medical Association should be compulsory reading for national member associations, members of the WMA Council, officers, officials, associate members, and for all interested in the problems of organized medicine. ", "It is a mine of information set out clearly in chapters with a reference section. ", "Here can be found answers to the many questions asked about the WMA, its history, what it is, how it is organized, what are its objectives, what it has accomplished and hopes to accomplish, and how it is financed.", "\n\nHere is the fascinating story of how an idea born in the House of the British Medical Association in 1945 became a fact in Paris in 1947, and how the WMA has become the recognized authority to speak for the doctors of the world in international affairs.", "\n\nThose closely connected with the WMA will read this book with considerable pride, and it will bring back a host of memories of old friends, extremely hard work, hot discussions conducted in four languages going on to midnight, wonderful hospitality, long tiring journeys across half the world, but most of all of a group of doctors sustained by faith in an ideal. ", "This ideal is to sustain and increase the importance of the WMA in order to foster the essential unity of doctors all over the world - doctors differing in language and culture and in many other ways but united in their service to mankind irrespective of creed or colour or politics; and to educate, encourage, and assist them in a struggle to preserve their professional traditions from encroachment by many hostile forces.", "\n\nBackground and preliminary organization\n\nDuring World War II, the BMA House had been the focal spot at which doctors of all the allied nations congregated from time to time to discuss problems of medical practice and peacetime and to compare the conditions of medical service and medical education in their respective countries. ", "In July, 1945 an informal conference of doctors from several countries convened in London to initiate plans for an international medical organization to replace l'Association Professionnelle Internationale des Médecins\", which having been organized in 1926 and having reached a maximum membership of 23 countries, had suspended operations with the advent of World War II. ", "Accordingly, a second conference was held in London in September 1946. ", "Medical associations of 31 countries were invited and 29 of them sent representatives. ", "An Organizing Committee was appointed and directed to draft a Constitution, and plan for the First General Assembly. ", "This Conference decided that the name of the new organization should be \"The World Medical Association\" and that it should have broader activities and wider membership than the former l'Association Professionnelle Internationale des Médecins. ", "APIM officers attending the Conference agreed to dissolve the APIM in favor of the WMA, and generously turned over its remaining funds to the WMA.", "\n\nThe Conference further agreed that a provisional joint Secretariat should be established in London and Paris. ", "Dr Charles Hill, Secretary of the BMA, was designated as the English Secretary, and Dr Paul Cibrie, Secretary of La Confédération des Syndicats Médicaux Français, as the French Secretary. ", "Dr Otto Leuch was appointed as temporary Treasurer.", "\n\nThe second meeting of the Organizing Committee was held in Paris in November 1946. ", "Further progress was made on the Constitution and Bylaws and it was decided to invite the American Medical Association to name one of its members to serve on the Organizing Committee. ", "Dr Louis H. Bauer - the first Secretary General of the WMA - was named by the AMA to serve on the Committee, and Dr Elmer L. Anderson to serve a alternate.", "\n\nThe final draft of the Constitution and Bylaws was approved at the third meeting of the Organizing Committee held in London, April 1947, and plans were made to hold the First General Assembly in Paris, September 1947. ", "The draft set dues at 20 Swiss centimes per member of the national medical association with a minimum subscription of 1,000 SFrs, and a maximum of 10,000.", "\n\nThe fourth and final meeting of the Organizing Committee was held in Paris 1946 the day before the convening of the General Assembly (September 18, 1947). ", "The proposed Constitution and Bylaws was adopted on the first Assembly day with minor amendments. ", "The meeting became the First General Assembly of the WMA, and 27 national medical associations represented became the founder member associations.", "\n\nProf. Dr Eugène Marquis, France, was elected as the first President of WMA, Dr Jar. ", "Stucklik, Czechoslovakia, was elected President-Elect, Dr Otto Leuch, Switzerland, was elected Treasurer, and Dr Charles Hill, UK, was elected as temporary Honorary Secretary. ", "The first Council, composed of 10 members, was elected, and the World Medical Association was fully launched.", "\n\nThe Constitution, as adopted, provided, among other things, for membership of national medical associations fully representative of the medical profession in their countries or territories, but only one member association from each country. ", "The General Assembly was vested with the general control of the policies and the affairs of the association, and was to meet annually in a different country. ", "The executive body, the Council, was directed to administer the affairs of the association and report annually to the Assembly. ", "The Council to consist of three elected officers, and ten members elected by the Assembly.", "\n\nEnglish, French and Spanish were declared the official languages of the association, and a bulletin or journal was to be published and known as the official organ of the WMA.", "\n\nIn order to facilitate financial support from its member associations during a period when monetary exchange was restricted by many national governments, Switzerland and the USA were considered the most advantageous locations for the Headquarters Secretariat of the new association. ", "In 1948, the executive board, known as the Council, established the Secretariat of the WMA in New York City in order to provide close liaison with the United Nations and its various agencies. ", "Dr Louis H. Bauer was appointed as Secretary General. ", "The WMA Secretariat remained in New York City until 1974 when for reasons of economy, and in order to operate within the vicinity of Geneva-based international organizations (WHO, ILO, ICN, ISSA, etc.) ", "it was transferred to its present location in Ferney-Voltaire, France.", "\n\nIn July 1964 the WMA was incorporated as a non-profit educational and scientific organization under the laws of the State of New York, USA. ", "This Incorporation established the legal and financial status of the WMA in the USA, with elected members of Council to serve as the Association's Board of Directors. ", "It also made possible to obtain a tax-free status recognition on funds donated to the WMA and for donors of financial contributions. ", "WMA's Incorporation was adopted at the XIXth World Medical Assembly held in London, UK, 1965.", "\n\nThe annual meeting of delegates was changed in 1962 to \"World Medical Assembly\" following revision of the Constitution and Bylaws at the XVIth General Assembly.", "\n\nWMA Headquarters since foundation to 1974: NEW YORK CITY, USA\n\nFrom 1975 to present: FERNEY-VOLTAIRE, FRANCE\n\nThe golden years in medical ethics (Helsinki and others)\n\nDuring the post World War II and immediately after its foundation, the WMA showed concern over the state of medical ethics in general and over the world. ", "The WMA took up the responsibility for setting ethical guidelines for the world physicians. ", "It noted that in those years the custom of medical schools to administer an oath to its doctors upon graduation or receiving a license to practice medicine had fallen into disuse or become a mere formality. ", "The WMA was of the opinion that the establishment of a suitable oath or pledge to be administered as a part of the graduation or licensing ceremony would help to impress on newly qualified doctors the fundamental ethics of medicine and would assist in raising the general standards of professional conduct.", "\n\nThese facts moved the WMA to appoint a study committee to prepare a \"Charter of Medicine\" which could be adopted as an oath or promise that every doctor in the world would make upon receiving his medical degree or diploma. ", "To this effect, member associations were requested to submit the text of the oath or promise made by the doctors of their countries at the time the medical degree or diploma was issued. ", "It took two years of intensive study of the oaths and promises submitted by member associations to draft a modernized wording of the ancient oath of Hippocrates which was sent for consideration at the II General Assembly in Geneva in 1948. ", "The medical vow was adopted and the Assembly agreed to name it the \"Declaration of Geneva.\" ", "Member associations were invited to recommend the use of this vow to the medical schools and faculties of their countries.", "\n\nA report on \"War Crimes and Medicine\" received at the II General Assembly prompted the Council to appoint another Study Committee to prepare an International Code of Medical Ethics. ", "The draft was submitted to the midyear Council Session of 1949. ", "The Council was of the opinion that the draft Code would be incomplete unless the text of the \"Declaration of Geneva\" were added to it. ", "This was done and the amended draft was transmitted to the delegates at the III General Assembly who discussed it item by item in detail. ", "With minor amendments by the General Assembly the International Code of Medical Ethics was adopted.", "\n\nWith the adoption of these two documents, the WMA was on its way to take on other ethical problems confronted by the medical profession. ", "From 1949 to 1952, violations of medical ethics, and crimes committed by doctors in time of war were denounced to the WMA. ", "The need to implement safeguards in human experimentation was brought to the attention of the WMA. ", "At the same time, news were reaching WMA about the various activities incompetent organizations were promoting in the field of medical ethics and medical law. ", "This information caused the Council to establish a permanent Committee on Medical Ethics (1952).", "\n\nSince its establishment in 1952, the Committee on Medical Ethics has done a tremendous job in receiving, considering, discussing, accepting or refusing dozens of ethical matters brought to its attention. ", "Some of them have been adopted as declarations or statements of the WMA, and most of these have been kept them in line with the rapid developments of medical science. ", "Some are being worked on at this moment, and no doubt others will follow in due course after mature reflection, whenever novel circumstances dictate.", "\n\nThese documents have all received world-wide distribution and application. ", "By solid accomplishments in the field of medical ethics, the WMA has earned the right to call itself the international voice of organized medicine. ", "But medical ethics is not a simple matter of making declarations or drafting codes. ", "The WMA must remain alert to violations of the codes and prepared for swift action to counteract such violations. ", "Thus, WMA has and continues to extend its help and influence on behalf of physicians who are being hindered in the ethical performance of their practice." ]

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[ "Qualifications - Add a New One\n\nWhat is a Qualification?", "\n\nBeyond basic contact information in a volunteer’s profile, you can collect and store further information about a volunteer in a “Qualification”. ", "Typically, a Qualification is information that enables you to control which volunteers can see a particular Activity and whether or not they can self-schedule in the Activity. ", "Any training or orientation that you provide a volunteer is typically recorded as a Qualification. ", "You can also include things like skills, certification, age or really anything else.", "\n\nA Qualification appears as a list of choices, from which one selection can be made. ", "Multiple selections from a single qualification are not possible.", "\n\nAdd New\n\nGo to: Configuration >> Qualifications\n\nClick the [+] button in the “Qualification” header and click on “New Qualification” (or click the [+ New Qualification] button).", "\n\nRead only: Data entered by the administrator can be seen by the volunteer but not edited\n\nRead/write with approval: Data entered by the volunteer requires approval by the administrator\n\nRead/write without approval: Data entered by the volunteer does not require approval\n\nDisplay:\n\nMyVolunteerPage.com: Select whether or not this Qualification will appear to volunteers when they edit their profile and whether or not a value is required\n\nApplication Forms: Select the application forms on which this Qualification will appear and whether or not a value is required by those filling in an application (Just getting started – just choose application 1)\n\nType: Select the type of Qualification to create:\n\nExact Match: Items are displayed alphabetically. ", "If used in an Activity, the volunteer must have the exact level specified.", "\n\nRanked: Items are displayed in a specific order, determined by the administrator. ", "If used in an Activity, the volunteer must have at least the level specified. ", "When entering the items, they can be ranked from lowest (top of the list) to highest (bottom of the list).", "\n\nExpiry Setting: Specify whether or not the Qualification requires an expiry date if any value (item) is selected in the volunteer’s profile.", "\n\nItems: Create the items to appear in the drop-down list for the Qualification:\n\nIndividual items: Type in an item and click the [Add Item] button\n\nMultiple items: Click the [Add Multiple Items] button and specify the list of items to create. ", "Items can also be copied and pasted from Microsoft Excel. ", "Once entered, items can be rearranged or removed." ]

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[ "[unreadable] Persistent oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the cervix and cervical neoplasia are marked by a shift away from a cell-mediated (HPV-suppressive) and toward a humoral (HPV-permissive) immune response. ", "Interleukin 12 (IL12) is a cytokine that promotes a cell-mediated response by activating macrophages and natural killer cells and increases the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I cell surface receptors. ", "IL10, on the other hand, suppresses a cell-mediated response by down-regulating the expression of certain cytokines, MHC class II receptors, and co-stimulatory molecules on macrophages. ", "Prior epidemiologic investigations have shown that a family history of cervical cancer is associated with an increased risk of this disease but have not identified specific genes and genetic variants that may be responsible. ", "We hypothesize that variation in the genes encoding the cytokines IL10 and IL12 (IL10, IL12A and IL12B) is associated with invasive cervical cancer risk in women persistently infected with HPV. ", "To test this hypothesis we propose to examine the association between IL10, IL12A, and IL12B single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes and risk of invasive cervical cancer using a family-based study design. ", "We are currently recruiting invasive cervical cancer cases into an on-going population-based case-control study of HPV cofactors and anogenital cancers. ", "In the proposed study, mothers and fathers of 140 invasive cervical cancer cases 18-49 years of age will be recruited into a protocol consisting of blood or buccal cell collection and a telephone interview. ", "We will estimate the relative risk of invasive cervical cancer associated with carriership of 16 polymorphisms (expected to comprise approximately 23 haplotypes) based on the rules of Mendelian genetics. ", "The proposed study will contribute to our understanding of the role of immune response and genetics in invasive cervical cancer etiology, both of which may have a direct impact on vaccine development. [", "unreadable] [unreadable]" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }

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[ "Oral, more than transdermal, estrogen therapy improves lipids and lipoprotein(a) in postmenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled study.", "\nTo assess the effects of low-dose oral and transdermal estrogen therapy on the lipid profile and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels in healthy, postmenopausal women and to study the additional influence of gestodene administration. ", "In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 152 healthy, hysterectomized, postmenopausal women received daily either placebo (n = 49), 50 microg transdermal 17beta-estradiol (tE2, n = 33), 1 mg oral 17beta-estradiol (oE2, n = 37), or 1 mg oE2 combined with 25 microg gestodene (oE2 + G, n = 33) for 13 cycles of 28 days, followed by 4 cycles of placebo in each group. ", "Fasting serum concentrations of total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and Lp(a) were measured at baseline and in cycles 4, 13, and 17. ", "In cycle 13, a significant mean percentage decrease from baseline was found in all treatment groups compared with placebo in total cholesterol (tE2, -4.7%; oE2, -6.9%; oE2 + G, -10.5%) and LDL cholesterol (tE2, -5.8%; oE2, -12.6%; oE2 + G, -13.6%). ", "For both oral groups, the reductions were already significant in cycle 4. ", "None of the treatment groups showed a significant change in HDL cholesterol or triglycerides. ", "In cycle 13, Lp(a) was decreased compared with placebo in the oE2 group (-6.6%) and the oE2 + G group (-8.2%). ", "After washout, all observed changes had returned to baseline level, except for the decreases in total and LDL cholesterol in the oE2 + G group. ", "Oral E2 and E2 + G, and to a lesser extent transdermal E2, decreased total and LDL cholesterol. ", "Lp(a) was lowered only by the oral treatments." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "What Lies Beneath: Unveiling the New Realities of the Twisting Online Purchase Path\n\nThere was once a time when customers would only go to one website to shop, and marketers would easily have all the customer data they needed. ", "But that time is long gone. ", "The landscape for e-commerce has shifted dramatically. ", "Customers now make 54 percent of their purchases outside brand sites and in marketplaces, according to a recent report we released.", "\n\nToday, customers search and browse numerous sites, and finally end up buying… somewhere. ", "An average of 70 percent of online purchases happen within walled-garden marketplaces, such as Amazon, which makes it an overwhelming challenge for marketers to truly understand their customers path-to-purchase. ", "The only consumer insights available to marketers are from their own websites, limited sales data and spotty third-party sources. ", "All of this leads to marketers trying to figure out where customers purchase specific products, how they stack up against their competition and where they have opportunities to win market share.", "\n\nDoes Amazon Dominate the Online Marketplace? ", "Yes and No\n\nTo successfully uncover the hidden customer journey, Jumpshot studied anonymous consumer actions on mobile and desktop devices within 500 e-commerce sites and marketplaces in Q2 2018, analyzing visits and transactions for different brand categories across these sites. ", "The tech giant, Amazon, is the largest Internet retailer in the world with millions of products for customers to purchase, especially since they have more than 80 percent market share for various product categories, such as a significant 92 percent market share for health products (medicines).", "\n\nHowever, Amazon’s dominance has left little room for it to grow further. ", "Walmart and other retailers are surging online while Amazon’s market share has plateaued.", "\n\nTop Performers Vary Across Categories\n\nSo… who are the biggest winners in furniture and women’s clothing, and why? ", "For furniture, online sales comprise only 12% of the US home goods market, but as with other retail markets, more home goods spending is transitioning to online, and retailers such as Wayfair and Ikea are capitalizing.", "\n\nDue to following Amazon’s footsteps and being willing to take losses to expand by spending almost 12 percent of its revenue last year on advertising alone and building a large distribution network to compete with new players, Wayfair has gained market share growth at 21% percent. ", "Ikea, on the other hand, already had the ground game and name recognition in place to grow online, and is growing 5.3x faster than Amazon in online sales alone. ", "Both WayFair and Ikea have seen such market share growth by focusing on shifting consumer behavior and providing a better e-commerce experience.", "\n\nFrom boutique clothing shops to big-name department stores, there are hundreds, if not thousands of options to purchase clothing online. ", "Almost all retailers saw more growth online than offline, and Amazon’s growth hasn’t been able to compete so far with more established apparel retailers. ", "Amazon lost 30% of its market share of transactions YoY, despite adding many designers and branded storefronts to their portfolio.", "\n\nThings seem to be looking up for retailers such as H&M and JC Penney. ", "H&M’s move to online growth has offset some brick-and-mortar difficulty, but to adapt to the growing e-commerce market, they’ve invested heavily in logistical operations due to their mediocre offline sales. ", "As a result, H&M has grown its market share at a staggering pace of 77 percent YoY. JC Penney, too, has seen excellent YoY growth, but the numbers there seem to have been driven significantly by clearances and markdowns.", "\n\nTricks Up Their Sleeve: How Amazon Is Trying to Come Out On Top\n\nWith a decrease in market share for certain categories, Amazon is pulling out all the stops to be ahead of the e-commerce pack. ", "One method they have is to take advantage of an underutilized asset — the attention of its customers. ", "Amazon is dramatically increasing their focus on their search engine and sponsored placements.", "\n\nAmazon has now overtaken Google for the share of product searches as about 54 percent of product searches begin on Amazon, up from 46 percent in 2015. ", "On Amazon, almost 90 percent of product views come from Amazon’s product search and not merchandising, ads, or product aggregators. ", "That makes Amazon an incredibly valuable place for brands to get in front of buyers.", "\n\nAmazon is realizing the potential value those eyes can provide it. ", "Sponsored listings on product search terms now drive 6 percent of all product views on Amazon, and that number has grown 17 percent from the beginning of 2018. ", "Amazon makes billions quarterly from those ads, and revenues from sponsored listings should only increase. ", "Media agencies have reported that some brands are moving 50 to 60 percent of their Google search ad spend to the retailer.", "\n\nWhat Can You Do To Understand The Customer’s Path to Purchase?", "\n\nObviously, there’s a lot of competition and options out there. ", "It can definitely be a challenge trying to decipher what customers want out of their shopping experience. ", "However, it’s not an impossible challenge to overcome. ", "To succeed in the market today, marketers need to be knowledgeable, nimble and adaptable. ", "Keep note of our key takeaways to help you understand how to get the customers you want, and how to help your business thrive." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "<?", "php\n/**\n * kazakh language file\n *\n * @author Nurgozha Kaliaskarov astana08@gmail.com\n */\n$lang['acl_group'] = 'Группа:';\n$lang['acl_user'] = 'Пайдаланушы:';\n$lang['page'] = 'Бет';\n$lang['acl_perm1'] = 'Оқу';\n" ]

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[ "Controlling cohesive particle mixing and segregation.", "\nWe observe experimentally that particle systems that would otherwise mix can be made to segregate and vice versa simply by adding moisture. ", "Using a newly developed theoretical approach, we generate phase diagrams that exhibit both mixed and segregated phases and show how the location of phase boundaries may be manipulated via modifying the mechanical and surface properties of the particles. ", "These results have implications for industrial mixing/separation processes as well as novel particle production methods (e.g., engineered agglomerates with precisely prescribed compositions)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nRemove TAB trigger from auto-complete\n\nIf I set\n(ac-set-trigger-key \"C-o\")\n\nin .emacs, C-o does trigger auto-completion but TAB still does too. ", "It seems that C-o is added to the triggers, while I want it to substitute TAB, so that when I press TAB no auto-completion is performed. ", "\nWith YASnippet you can do something like:\n(define-key yas-minor-mode-map (kbd \"TAB\") nil)\n\nSo that the binding is removed, is there something similar for auto-complete?", "\n\nA:\n\nauto-complete defines three keymaps that might be relevant here:\n\nac-mode-map: This map is active when auto-complete-mode is enabled. ", "ac-set-trigger-key adds the binding for the trigger key to this map.", "\nac-completing-map: This map is active during completion. ", "By default, TAB is bound to ac-expand in this map.", "\nac-menu-map: This map is active while the popup showing possible completions is displayed (in addition to ac-completing-map), but only if ac-use-menu-map is set to a non-nil value.", "\n\nIf you want to make sure TAB won't do anything that's even remotely related to completion, you should probably \"unset\" the bindings in all of these maps (using the same technique you demonstrate for yas-minor-mode-map in your question).", "\n\nUPDATE:\nHere is a minimal configuration that keeps TAB from doing completion:\n(package-initialize)\n(require 'auto-complete-config)\n(ac-config-default)\n(define-key ac-mode-map (kbd \"TAB\") nil)\n(define-key ac-completing-map (kbd \"TAB\") nil)\n(define-key ac-completing-map [tab] nil)\n\nYou can try it out by starting Emacs via emacs -Q, copying the code into the *scratch* buffer and running M-x eval-buffer RET.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "# This file is just a pointer to the file\n#\n# \"Library/Rochester/setIntegrals0Theory/sc5_2_28_mo.pg\"\n#\n# You may want to change your problem set to use that problem\n# directly, especially if you want to make a copy of the problem\n# for modification.", "\n\nDOCUMENT();\nincludePGproblem(\"Library/Rochester/setIntegrals0Theory/sc5_2_28_mo.pg\");\nENDDOCUMENT();\n\n## These tags keep this problem from being added to the NPL database\n## \n## DBsubject(ZZZ-Inserted Text)\n## DBchapter(ZZZ-Inserted Text)\n## DBsection(ZZZ-Inserted Text)\n## MLT(integral_concept_areainterp)\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Counts of Saint-Pol\n\nThis is a list of rulers of the county of Saint-Pol, whose territory is now in northern France. ", "The central town of this medieval County of Saint-Pol is Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise.", "\n\nSaint-Pol\n*" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Ratings / Reviews\n\nReader Reviews\n\nAn Affair to RememberAcademy Award® NomineeTwo people meet on a luxury liner and fall in love, but because they have other lovers waiting for them, they cannot consummate their passion. ", "They vow to find each other again, and if the feelings are mutual, they will be together. ", "But, when a tragedy strikes, it could affect their love." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'The use of Lagrange multipliers in the context of quintessence/phantom scalar fields allows to constrain the behavior of the scalar field, which provides a powerful tool, not only for the reconstruction of cosmological solutions but also for the study of some problems in cosmology and gravitational physics. ", "In the present paper, we focus on the reconstruction of cosmological solutions capable of controlling the cosmological constant value by imposing a constraint on the scalar field, providing a relaxation mechanism of the value of the cosmological constant. ", "The formalism is also extended to the study of phantom scalar fields with a future singularity and their conformal transformation to the Jordan frame, where a type of modified gravity, constrained by the Lagrange multiplier, is obtained.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Diego Sáez-Gómez[^1]'\ntitle: 'Scalar-tensor theory with Lagrange multipliers: a way of understanding the cosmological constant problem, and future singularities'\n---\n\n=5000\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nIn the last decade, a large number of Dark Energy candidates have been proposed in order to achieve explain the observational data, and also solve some old theoretical problems as the cosmological constant (cc) problem. ", "However, the full understanding of the nature of Dark Energy is still very far of being complete. ", "Firstly because of the impossibility to distinguish between the diverse theoretical models and the absence of new predictions, but also because of the complexity of some of these models, as modified gravity (for recent reviews on modified gravity and the reconstruction of cosmological solutions, see [@Nojiri:2010wj]). ", "Nevertheless, it was proposed in [@Lagrange2] a model which might provide the necessary tools for a better understanding of some of the existing problems in cosmological models and in gravitational physics. ", "The model consists of a common quintessence/phantom scalar field, but as a novelty, the evolution of the scalar field has to satisfy a constraint introduced through a Lagrange multiplier, which basically behaves as an additional non-propagating scalar field, that retains a single dynamical degree of freedom. ", "By a particular choice of the constraint, the differential equations for the two scalar fields, the quintessence/phantom field and the Lagrange multiplier, become first order equations, so that there are no propagating wave-like degrees of freedom. ", "Such formalism can be easily extended to modified gravity instead of a scalar field, as it was proved in Ref.", " [@Lagrange1], which also provides interesting properties. ", "This approach has shown that cosmological solutions which reproduce dark energy epoch can be easily reconstructed, but also it provides the necessary tools to solve the problems of a particular model, as violations at local scales or additional propagating modes of the graviton, which can be avoided by the constraint of the Lagrange multiplier (see [@Lagrange2]-[@Gao:2010gj]). ", "Hence, the formalism can be used not only as a tool to reconstruct solutions but also to identify and isolate intrinsic problems of a particular model.\\\nThe main purpose of this paper is the reconstruction of models capable to reproduce late-time acceleration, providing a natural explanation of why the value of the observed cosmological constant (cc) at the present time is so small compared with the vacuum energy density predicted by quantum field theories. ", "By using the formalism of a scalar field constrained by a Lagrange multiplier, a relaxation mechanism of the value of the cc can be constructed, so that the cc problem can be dealt through the constraint on the scalar field, and a better understanding on its the evolution can be obtained (for other kind of relaxation mechanisms and their evolution, see [@Sola]). ", "Even, by such mechanism the inflationary epoch can be also reproduced, providing a unified picture of the entire Universe evolution. ", "These results can be easily extended in terms purely of the metric tensor, as it was shown in Ref.", " [@Lagrange1], which may provide a more natural explanation, where the gravitational field is subject to some constraints.\\\nOn the other hand, such model allows to study the behavior of some future singularities when a conformal transformation is applied, which relates the Einstein frame and the Jordan one. ", "Specifically, we focus on the reconstruction of $F(R)$ gravity from a phantom Universe described in the Einstein frame. ", "Phantom cosmological models have been widely studied, as they carry very interesting physical information (see Refs.", " [@phantom]-[@Scalar-tensor]). ", "It is well known that $F(R)$ gravity is equivalent to a scalar-tensor theories class with a non-minimally coupling scalar field and null kinetic term, such that the action in the Einstein frame with a scalar field can be transformed into a $f(R)$ action through a particular conformal transformation (see Refs.", " [@Barrow:1988xh; @Maeda:1988ab; @F(R)fromScalar]). ", "However, this is restricted to the cases of a quintessence field, free of future singularities (see Refs.", " [@F(R)vsScalar1]), while for the phantom case, the action becomes complex after being conformally transformed (see Ref.", " [@F(R)vsScalar2]), unless an additional component is included [@Saez-Gomez1]. ", "By using a Lagrange multiplier, a type of $F(R)$ gravity can be obtained in the Jordan frame starting from a phantom solution in the Einstein frame. ", "Hence, the conformal transformation of future singularities (for a classification of future singularities see Ref.", " [@Nojiri:2005sx]), specifically the Big Rip singularity, is studied, which provides a better understanding of the future singularities when a particular conformal transformation is applied.\\\nThe paper is organized as follows: in the next section, we introduce the quintessence/phantom models with a Lagrange multiplier. ", "Then, in section III we reconstruct cosmological solutions with a relaxing mechanism for the cosmological constant. ", "In section IV, we reconstruct $F(R)$ gravity in the Jordan frame starting from quintessence/phantom scalar fields in the Einstein frame. ", "Finally, in the last section we analyze the transformation of a phantom field with a Big Rip singularity into $f(R)$ gravity in the Jordan frame.", "\n\nScalar-tensor theory with Lagrange multiplier\n=============================================\n\nIn this section, we introduce the model where a minimally coupled scalar field is considered with the presence of a Lagrange multiplier that imposes a constraint on the scalar field. ", "In the next sections, the reconstruction of cosmological solutions is done, where the Lagrange multiplier plays an important role. ", "The general action considered here is given by, S=d\\^4x { -\\_\\^-V()-F(, \\_\\^,...)+\\_m}  . ", "\\[1.1\\] Here $\\kappa^2=8\\pi G$ and $\\lambda$ is the Lagrange multiplier, while $\\mathcal{L}_m$ refers to the matter lagrangian. ", "The function $F(\\phi, \\partial_{\\mu}\\phi\\partial^{\\mu}\\phi,...)$ is the constraint on the scalar field $\\phi$, while $\\omega(\\phi)$ and $V(\\phi)$ are the kinetic term and the scalar potential respectively. ", "Note that the Lagrange multiplier behaves as a second scalar field, which does not propagate. ", "By varying the action (\\[1.1\\]) with respect the metric $g_{\\mu\\nu}$, the field equations are obtained, $$R_{\\mu\\nu}-\\frac{1}{2}g_{\\mu\\nu}R=\\kappa^2\\left(T_{\\mu\\nu}^{(m)}+T_{\\mu\\nu}^{(\\phi,\\lambda)}\\right)\\ ,$$ where, $$T_{\\mu\\nu}^{(\\phi,\\lambda)}=\\omega(\\phi)\\partial_{\\mu}\\phi\\partial_{\\nu}\\phi-g_{\\mu\\nu}\\left(\\frac{\\omega(\\phi)}{2}\\partial_{\\mu}\\phi\\partial^{\\mu}\\phi+V(\\phi)+\\lambda F(\\phi, \\partial_{\\mu}\\phi\\partial^{\\mu}\\phi,...)\\right)+2\\lambda\\frac{\\delta F(\\phi, \\partial_{\\mu}\\phi\\partial^{\\mu}\\phi,...)}{\\delta g_{\\mu\\nu}}\\ , \\nn$$ T\\_\\^[(m)]{}=- . ", "\\[1.2\\] While the variation over $\\lambda$ gives the constraint equation on the scalar field $\\phi$, F(, \\_\\^,...)=0 . ", "\\[1.3\\] Hence, solving the equation (\\[1.3\\]), the evolution of the scalar field $\\phi$ is fixed, which affects the Einstein field equations (\\[1.2\\]). ", "For some specific functions $F$, one can obtain interesting properties and cosmological solutions, where a relaxation mechanism of the vacuum energy density can be implemented, as shown below. ", "In this paper, we are interested in studying spatially flat FLRW, whose metric is given by, ds\\^2=-dt\\^2+a(t)\\^2\\_[i=1]{}\\^3 dx\\^[i 2]{}  . ", "\\[1.4\\] Then, by introducing the metric (\\[1.4\\]) in the field equations (\\[1.2\\]) and specifying the function $F(\\phi, \\partial_{\\mu}\\phi\\partial^{\\mu}\\phi,...)$, the usual FLRW equations are obtained. ", "Let us consider a simple example in order to show the effects of the constraint equation (\\[1.3\\]), F(, \\_\\^,...)=F()=0 , \\[1.5\\] By solving this equation, the solution gives a constant scalar field $\\phi(t)=\\phi_0$, the roots of the equation (\\[1.5\\]). ", "Hence, the energy-momentum tensor gives an effective cosmological constant $T_{\\mu\\nu}^{(\\phi,\\lambda)}=-g_{\\mu\\nu}V_0$, which can compensate for the large contribution of the vacuum energy density. ", "Note that in general, equation (\\[1.5\\]) contains more than one positive root $\\phi_0$, so that each point provides an effective cosmological constant which may reproduce, or at least contribute, to the periods of accelerating expansion of the Universe history, unifying inflation and late-time acceleration under the same mechanism. ", "However, here we are interested on those cases with a non-constant scalar field as more interesting results may be obtained, so from now on we consider the constraint equation, F(, \\_\\^)=\\_\\^+ U()=0 . ", "\\[1.6\\] As we are considering an homogeneous and isotropic metric such as FLRW, the scalar field is taken only as a function of time dependent $\\phi=\\phi(t)$, so that the constraint (\\[1.6\\]) on the scalar field is, \\^2-U()=0 =dt . ", "\\[1.8\\] By the metric (\\[1.4\\]), and using the condition (\\[1.8\\]), the FLRW equations are given by, $$H^2=\\frac{\\kappa^2}{3}\\left[\\left(\\omega(\\phi)+2\\lambda\\right)U(\\phi)+V(\\phi)+\\sum_{i}\\rho_{i} \\right]\\ ,$$ -3H\\^2-2=\\^2 . ", "\\[1.7\\] Here, we are considering matter species described by perfect fluids, where the subscript $i$ refers to every kind of matter in the Universe with an equation of state given by $p_i=w_i\\rho_i$. Then, by using the above equations, the corresponding cosmological solution is obtained. ", "The evolution of every matter specie can be easily calculated by solving the continuity equation, +3H(1+w\\_i)\\_i=0 \\_i(t)=\\_[0i]{}\\^[-3(1+w\\_i)\\^t dt’H(t’)]{} , \\[1.9\\] where $\\rho_{0i}$ is an integration constant. ", "Then, we can give a reconstruction method, similar to the case of free scalar fields (Ref. [", "@Scalar-tensor]), in order to reconstruct the corresponding theory for some particular solutions $H(t)$ and $\\phi(t)$. As the expression for $\\phi$ can be inverted, the time coordinate is written as a function of the scalar field $t=t(\\phi)$, and by using the constraint equation (\\[1.8\\]) and the FLRW equations (\\[1.7\\]), the theory that reproduce a specific solution is described by, U()= , V()=+U()+\\_iw\\_i\\_[0i]{}\\^[-3(1+w\\_i)\\^[t()]{} dt’H(t’)]{} , \\[1.10\\] while the Lagrange multiplier yields, (t)=- . ", "\\[1.11\\] Note that $\\omega(\\phi)$ in the action (\\[1.1\\]) remains arbitrary, and we have assumed here a constant kinetic term $\\omega(\\phi)=\\omega$. Hence, we have implemented a method to reconstruct the corresponding action (\\[1.1\\]) for any given solution. ", "Let us consider the example described by the solutions, (t)=\\_0t , H(t)=H\\_0+ , \\[1.12\\] where $H_0$, $H_1$, and $\\phi_0$ are constants. ", "This solution describes a Universe that crosses through out two phases, the first one dominated by the second term in r.h.s. ", "of the Hubble expression (\\[1.12\\]), which produces a phase of decelerating expansion, identified with the radiation/matter dominated epochs. ", "Then, a second phase dominated by the constant $H_0$, which describes a de Sitter solution at late times is reproduced. ", "By using the expressions (\\[1.10\\]), the corresponding potentials for the scalar field are obtained, U()= , V()=++\\_iw\\_i\\_[0i]{} ()\\^[-3H\\_1(1+w\\_i)]{}\\^ . ", "\\[1.13\\] While the Lagrange multiplier (\\[1.11\\]) for this particular case is given by, (t)=- . ", "\\[1.14\\] Hence, we have reconstructed a theory, described by the action (\\[1.1\\]) and the potentials in (\\[1.13\\]), which reproduces the solution (\\[1.12\\]). ", "The behavior of the Lagrange multiplier is also fixed by (\\[1.14\\]). ", "Note that any kind of matter specie can be included in the equations (\\[1.13\\]). ", "We might include the vacuum energy density, whose EoS is given by the same one of a cosmological constant, i.e. $p_{vac}=-\\rho_{vac}$, and its contribution to the dark energy density would be compensated by the presence of the scalar field.\\\nBy this simple reconstruction method, we have shown that the constraint imposed on the evolution of the scalar field (\\[1.8\\]) affects the expansion history and by a suitable choice of the potentials (\\[1.10\\]), the large expected value of the vacuum energy density can be relaxed by a natural mechanism. ", "The next section is devoted to the analysis of some examples in more detail, where also the unification of inflation and dark energy is considered.", "\n\nRelaxing the cosmological constant\n==================================\n\nWe are interested here to study the relaxation mechanism of the vacuum energy density in detail with explicit examples that are able to reproduce the dark energy epoch, and even the inflationary era. ", "In the previous section, a general reconstruction method of cosmological solutions was presented, and some examples were studied. ", "Nevertheless, here we are more interested in studying the evolution of the vacuum energy density, and the scalar field contribution to the dark energy density, and how the implementation of a relaxation mechanism can be realized by using the Lagrange multiplier. ", "Let us consider the FLRW Universe described by the second equation in (\\[1.7\\]), -(3H\\^2+2)=w\\_m \\_m-\\_[vac]{}+\\^2-V() , \\[2.1\\] here we have used the constraint equation (\\[1.8\\]), $U(\\phi)=\\frac{1}{2}\\dot{\\phi}$. We have also included the energy density for matter $\\rho_m$, the vacuum energy density, $\\rho_{vac}=\\frac{\\Lambda}{\\kappa^2}$, and we have assumed a constant kinetic term, given by $\\omega(\\phi)=1$. We define an effective cosmological constant in the equation (\\[2.1\\]) that depends on time, and which can be written as, \\_[eff]{}(t)= -\\^2(\\^2-V())= -\\^2(U()-V()) . ", "\\[2.2\\] By the appropriate scalar potentials, we can implement a relaxation mechanism of the vacuum energy density. ", "Then, the FLRW equation (\\[2.1\\]) takes the form, -3H\\^2-2=\\^2w\\_m \\_m-\\_[eff]{} , \\[2.1a\\] Hence, the terms depending on $\\phi$ in (\\[2.2\\]) may act by relaxing the cosmological constant $\\Lambda$, such that the effective value coincides with the one observed, $\\Lambda_{eff}(t_0)\\sim H_0^2$, where the subscript $_0$ refers to the present epoch. ", "In this sense, we will give some examples, starting with simple models where there is only a constant contribution to the effective value of the cosmological constant, to more complex models that are also capable of unifying the inflationary and dark energy eras.", "\n\nExample 1\n---------\n\nLet us consider a model where the potential $U(\\phi)$ is given by, U()=+V() , \\[2.3\\] where $\\Lambda_{\\phi}$ is a positive constant. ", "Then, the effective cosmological constant (\\[2.2\\]) yields, \\_[eff]{}=-\\_ . ", "\\[2.4\\] Hence, the value of the cosmological constant is compensated by the contribution of the scalar field. ", "And in this case, the equation for the Hubble parameter (\\[2.1a\\]) turns out to be the same as for the $\\Lambda$CDM model, whose solution can be easily calculated, H(t)= ( t) . ", "\\[2.5\\] While the evolution of the scalar field can be calculated by introducing the potential (\\[2.3\\]) in the equation (\\[1.8\\]), and by specifying the potential $V(\\phi)$. If we consider for this case, $V(\\phi)=\\frac{1}{2}m^2\\phi^2$ with $m$ being a constant, the solution for the scalar field is given by, (t)=(m t) . ", "\\[2.6\\] On the other hand, the expression for the Lagrange multiplier can be easily calculated by introducing the above quantities in the first FLRW equation in (\\[1.7\\]), which yields $\\lambda(t)$. Hence, this simple model shows a way to relax the value of the vacuum energy density by means of the scalar field, and the corresponding Lagrange multiplier. ", "The evolution is the same as in the $\\Lambda$CDM model, and the effective cosmological constant can be adjusted with the observational data, setting the value of $\\Lambda_{\\phi}$. In the next examples, we study more complex models, where the effective cosmological constant can change with time, and the unification of the inflationary and dark energy epochs can be realized.", "\n\nExample 2\n---------\n\nWe are now interested to consider a model where the effective cosmological constant (\\[2.2\\]) is time-dependent. ", "Let us consider now the potentials, U()=2V()=m\\^2\\^2 , \\[2.7\\] where $m$ is a constant. ", "It is straightforward to calculate the evolution of the scalar field by solving the constraint equation (\\[1.8\\]), which gives, (t)=\\_0\\^[-t]{} . ", "\\[2.8\\] Here $\\alpha^2=8m^2$. Then, for this model, the effective cosmological constant (\\[2.2\\]) is now given by, \\_[eff]{}= -\\_\\^[-t]{} , \\[2.9\\] where $\\Lambda_{\\phi}=\\frac{\\kappa^2\\alpha^2}{16}\\phi_0^2$, and we assume $\\Lambda_{\\phi}<\\Lambda$. In this case, the effective cosmological constant evolves with time, whose behavior will depend on the value of $\\alpha$ that determines the growth rate of the effective cc. ", "In this model, the general solution of the equation (\\[2.1a\\]) is given by a much more complex function for the Hubble parameter than in the model analyzed above. ", "However, for short time intervals, the solution can be well approximated by the $\\Lambda$CDM solution, given in (\\[2.5\\]). ", "Note that the minimum value of the cc (\\[2.9\\]) is given at $t=0$, and the radiation/matter epochs can be reproduced. ", "Then, the cc constant grows and the Universe enters in the dark energy epoch, as one expects. ", "Note also that the value of $\\alpha$ has to be very small in units of $Gyrs^{-1}$ in order to match the observational value $\\rho_{\\Lambda_{eff}}\\sim 10^{-47}\\ GeV^{4}$ at the current epoch.", "\n\nExample 3\n---------\n\nAs a last example, we want to consider a model capable to unify inflation and dark energy epoch under the same mechanism, assuming that the vacuum energy density dominates during a short time of period right after the origin of the Universe providing a large value of the cosmological constant, then it decreases down a minimum limit until the present epoch, where it increases again. ", "Hence, the $U$ and $V$ potentials considered here are, U()= , V()= . ", "Here $\\Lambda_{\\phi}$, $\\phi_0$, $\\alpha$ and $t_0$ are constants. ", "Then, by the equation (\\[1.8\\]), the evolution of the scalar field is given by, (t)=\\_0 t . ", "\\[2.10\\] While the effective cosmological constant is now described by, \\_[eff]{}= -\\_ . ", "\\[2.11\\] This expression describes a cosmological constant that has a maximum value at $t=t_0$, where inflation occurs caused by the vacuum energy density, then the value of the effective cc decreases to a minimum, after which it starts to grow again. ", "Hence, this model is able to reproduce the unification of the accelerating epochs of the Universe. ", "It is straightforward to show that the minimum of the function (\\[2.11\\]) is given at $t_{min}=t_0+\\sqrt{t_0^2+\\frac{1}{\\alpha}}$, so that if we assume $\\Lambda_{\\phi}\\sim 2\\Lambda\\alpha\\left(t_0+\\sqrt{t_0^2+\\frac{1}{\\alpha}}\\right)$, the minimum value of the effective cc (\\[2.11\\]) can be fitted around zero at the present age of the Universe matching the small value given by the observational data. ", "Following this example, the value of the effective cc should increase in the future, the time it takes to observe the possible effects depends entirely on $\\alpha$. Hence, an example that provides a relaxation mechanism for the value of the vacuum energy density at the present time but which also reproduces the early accelerated epoch, has been reconstructed. ", "The results achieved here can be easily extended to modified gravities instead of the use of a scalar field, which can give a natural answer to the evolution of the Universe.", "\n\nReconstructing modified gravity with Lagrange multipliers\n=========================================================\n\nWe have shown that the use of Lagrange multipliers can provide a useful reconstruction technique, where interesting properties on the cosmological paradigm can be obtained. ", "Particularly, the relaxation of the value of the cosmological constant can be easily achieved by using a scalar field constrained by a Lagrange multiplier. ", "The same technique can be extended to modified gravity, as it was shown in Ref.", " [@Lagrange1].\\\nIn this section we are interested to transform the action (\\[1.1\\]) into the Jordan frame in order to obtain the corresponding $F(R)$ gravity. ", "It is well known that $F(R)$ gravity is equivalent to a type of Brans-Dicke theory with a potential and a null kinetic term written in the so-called Jordan frame, such that $F(R)$ gravity can be obtained from quintessence-like scalar fields by applying a particular conformal transformation on the Einstein frame (see Refs.", " [@F(R)fromScalar]-[@Saez-Gomez1]). ", "Here we are interested to extend this conformal transformation to the case of a minimally coupled scalar field in the presence of a Lagrange multiplier. ", "By applying a particular conformal transformation on the action (\\[1.1\\]), the corresponding $F(R)$ action is obtained [@F(R)fromScalar], g\\_=\\^2\\_ \\^2=d . ", "\\[3.1\\] Here the “tilde” on the metric refers to the Jordan frame. ", "Note that the transformation (\\[3.1\\]) suppresses the kinetic term proportional to $\\omega(\\phi)$ in order to ensure that the corresponding Brans-Dicke-like action in the Jordan frame is equivalent to $F(R)$ gravity (see Refs.", " [@Barrow:1988xh; @Maeda:1988ab]). ", "However, the terms in front of the Lagrange multiplier remains also in the Jordan frame, where the action in vacuum is transformed as, S\\_[J]{}=dx\\^4  , \\[3.2\\] where $\\tilde{V}(\\phi)=\\Omega^4(\\phi) V(\\phi)$ and $\\tilde{U}(\\phi)=\\Omega^4(\\phi) U(\\phi)$. By varying the action (\\[3.2\\]) with respect to $\\lambda$, the constraint equation is obtained, similarly to the case of the above sections. ", "Note that in general, the action (\\[3.2\\]) is not equivalent to any $F(R)$ gravity unless one imposes an additional condition on the conformal transformation (\\[3.1\\]). ", "By varying the action (\\[3.2\\]) with respect to the scalar field, the equation for $\\phi$ is obtained, ()-+=0 \\[3.3\\] Then, in order to obtain $F(R)$ gravity in the Jordan frame, the last term in (\\[3.3\\]) have to become null, which can be achieved by imposing $\\lambda=0$ that eliminates the constraint on the scalar field and the action in the Einstein frame (\\[1.1\\]) reduces to the usual action for a quintessence/phantom field, or we can impose that terms inside the brackets are null, which implies the condition, +\\_\\^- =0 . ", "\\[3.4\\] This condition basically restricts the form of the kinetic term $\\omega(\\phi)$, which remained arbitrary in the Einstein frame as showed in the previous sections. ", "Here, it will be shown that $F(R)$ gravity can be obtained from phantom universes in the Einstein frame by applying the conformal transformation obtained, contrary to the usual phantom case (see [@F(R)vsScalar2]). ", "Hence, by the condition (\\[3.4\\]), the equation (\\[3.3\\]) yields, ()-=0 =() . ", "\\[3.5\\] By solving this equation, we can obtain the corresponding action for $F(\\tilde{R})$, S\\_J =dx\\^4  . ", "\\[3.6\\] where, F()=- (()) , W()=\\^2(())()\\^2 . ", "\\[3.7\\] The action (\\[3.6\\]) corresponds to a type of $F(R)$ gravity introduced first in [@Lagrange1], where the scalar Ricci $\\tilde{R}$, and for instance the metric tensor, is constrained by the Lagrange multiplier, similar to the case of scalar fields studied above. ", "It is straightforward to show that assuming a flat FLRW Universe in the Jordan frame, a relaxation mechanism of the cc can be reconstructed starting from the action (\\[3.7\\]), but in this case, the relaxation is realized in terms of the metric instead of scalar fields, what can provide a more natural explanation to the observed value of the cosmological constant. ", "However, here we are interested to show the mathematical relation between the action defined in the Einstein frame in terms of a scalar field (\\[1.1\\]), and the $F(\\tilde{R})$ action obtained in the Jordan frame (\\[3.6\\]), and specially the relation between the corresponding cosmological solutions. ", "Note that we are referring here to the mathematical equivalence between both frames which may help to understand their physical relation, however, the physical equivalence of both frames is a wide open discussion beyond the aim of this paper (for a review see Ref.", " [@Faraoni:1998qx]). ", "It is well known that phantom scalar fields defined in the Einstein frame has not a $F(R)$ correspondence in the Jordan frame (see Ref.", " [@F(R)vsScalar2]), unless additional components are assumed (see Ref.", " [@Saez-Gomez1]). ", "However, in the case of the action (\\[1.1\\]), the conformally transform to $F(R)$ gravity is not restricted only to the non-phantom case. ", "Let us first write the relation between the cosmological solutions for each frame. ", "By assuming a flat FLRW metric in each frame, the metric components and coordinates in both frames are related by means of the conformal transformation (\\[3.1\\]), ()= , d= \\[3.8\\] Let us consider now an explicit example, where the corresponding $F(R)$ action is obtained as well as the cosmological solutions in the Jordan frame starting from the Hubble parameter in the Einstein frame, H=H(t) , (t)=\\_0 t . ", "\\[3.9\\] By the previous section the solution for the scalar field (\\[3.9\\]) corresponds to a constant potential $U(\\phi)=\\frac{\\phi_0^2}{2}$, according to the constraint equation (\\[1.8\\]). ", "We can now rewrite the equation (\\[3.4\\]) in terms of the variables defined in the Einstein frame according to the transformations (\\[3.8\\]), ()-\\^2+3H+4U()+=0 . ", "\\[3.10\\] Here the dots on the scalar field $\\phi$ refers to derivatives with respect the time $t$ defined in the Einstein frame. ", "By assuming the solution (\\[3.9\\]), the equation (\\[3.10\\]) is considerably simplified, \\_0(2-\\_0)+3\\_0H()=0 . ", "\\[3.11\\] By conformal transformation $\\Omega$ defined in (\\[3.1\\]), the equation (\\[3.11\\]) can be solved for the kinetic term $\\omega(\\phi)$, which gives ()=H\\^2(t()) . ", "\\[3.12\\] Hence, by introducing this function in the conformal transformation (\\[3.1\\]), we are able to obtain the corresponding $F(R)$ gravity in the Jordan frame (\\[3.6\\]). ", "Note also that for this explicit example, $\\omega(\\phi)>0$ independently of the cosmological solution $H(t)$ in the Einstein frame, such that a phantom Universe can be conformally transformed in terms of a $F(R)$ action in the Jordan frame, which supposes a difference with respect to the usual phantom scalar fields [@F(R)vsScalar2].", "\n\nPhantom fields and future singularity in the conformal frame\n============================================================\n\nLet us now analyze the transformation of an explicit Hubble parameter that contains a Big Rip singularity in the Einstein frame, H(t)\\~ a(t)=, \\[3.13\\] where $a_0$ is an integration constant and $t_s$ is the Rip time. ", "The solution (\\[3.13\\]) describes a super accelerating Universe in the Einstein frame that ends in the so-called Big Rip singularity at $t=t_s$. We are now interested to see how the singularity is transformed in the Jordan frame (\\[3.6\\]). ", "By introducing the expressions (\\[3.9\\]) and(\\[3.13\\]) in (\\[3.12\\]), the kinetic term takes the form, ()=\\\n. ", "\\[3.14\\] While the scalar potential $V(\\phi)$ for the solution (\\[3.13\\]) can be obtained by using the expression (\\[1.10\\]), V()= , \\[3.14b\\] where $V_0=\\frac{160+\\phi(107\\phi-320)}{16(2-\\phi_0)^2\\kappa^2}$. The conformal transformation (\\[3.1\\]) is given by, \\^2()=(t\\_s-)\\^ . ", "\\[3.15\\] Hence, the cosmological solution (\\[3.13\\]) is transformed in the Jordan frame through (\\[3.8\\]), which yields ()=a\\_0 \\^[-1+]{}  =\\~ . ", "\\[3.16\\] where $a_0=\\left(\\mp\\frac{2\\phi_0-4}{3\\phi_0}\\right)^{-1+\\frac{4\\phi_0-8}{\\pm3\\phi_0-4+2\\phi_0}}$. This solution describes an expanding or contracting Universe depending on the sign in (\\[3.14\\]) and on the value of the constant $\\phi_0$. Nevertheless, independently of the type of the cosmological evolution, the solution (\\[3.16\\]) contains a singularity at $\\tilde{t}=0$ that can be identified as a Big Bang (Crunch). ", "Therefore, the singularity in the Einstein frame (the Big Rip singularity) is transformed in the Jordan frame as an initial singularity, which means that the conformal transformation (\\[3.1\\]) does not remove the singular point but displaces it.\\\nIn order to reconstruct the $F(R)$ action in the Jordan frame, one has to solve the equation (\\[3.5\\]). ", "For the example studied here, the solution is given by, ()=\\_0  = . ", "\\[3.17\\] And the $F(\\tilde{R})$ action in the Jordan frame (\\[3.6\\]) yields, F()= , W()=()\\^ , \\[3.18\\] where $\\beta=\\frac{9(\\phi_0-2)^2\\phi_0^4}{16\\kappa^4V_0^2(\\pm\\phi_0+4-2\\phi_0)^2(\\pm\\phi_0+2-\\phi_0)^2}$. Hence, we have reconstructed the corresponding $F(\\tilde{R})$ gravity in the Jordan frame, whose cosmological solution is given in (\\[3.16\\]). ", "Therefore, an action with a phantom scalar field constrained by a Lagrange multiplier in the Einstein frame (\\[1.6\\]) can be conformally transformed to a $F(R)$ action in the Jordan frame. ", "It is important to point out that the singularity remains in the transformed frame, where appears as an initial singularity.", "\n\nDiscussions\n===========\n\nIn the present paper, we have studied the use of a Lagrange multiplier to reconstruct cosmological solutions, and to study some problems related to gravitational physics. ", "We have shown that the usual quintessence/phantom scalar fields, restricted by the presence of a Lagrange multiplier, can reproduce any kind of cosmological solution, while the evolution of the scalar field can be maintained under control, and useful information on the cosmological evolution can be analyzed. ", "In this context, we have proposed a relaxation mechanism of the cosmological constant (cc), which provide a way to study the evolution of the cc value. ", "Hence, a scalar field with no additional propagating wave modes, and whose equations are simpler than the usual case can parametrize and compensate the value of the vacuum energy density in a natural way, providing a method for a better understanding of the cc problem, whose cosmological evolution can be easily studied. ", "In this sense, we have provided several examples in order to show the evolution of the “dark energy” density, and how the value of the vacuum energy density is reduced. ", "The next step will be a deeper study of this kind of models, and its constraints with the observational data, but this is beyond of the purpose of this paper. ", "In addition, we have shown that solutions capable to unify inflation and late-time acceleration under the same mechanism can be reconstructed. ", "Naturally this approach is extended to $F(R)$ gravity, where the restriction affects to the metric tensor. ", "Such constraint is expected to become important at large scales, while at small scales the usual equations of General Relativity should be recovered. ", "As in the case of a scalar field, the Lagrange multiplier is a powerful tool to control the problems of a given model, and it gives important information on the evolution of the solutions.\\\nOn the other hand, the formalism has been also used to study the behavior of future singularities, specifically the so-called Big Rip singularity, when a conformal transformation that led to a type of $F(R)$ gravity in the Jordan frame is applied. ", "It is well known that the reconstruction of $F(R)$ gravity is technically not possible in the usual case of phantom scalar fields. ", "However, in this case, we can have a positive kinetic term of the scalar field defined in the Einstein frame due to the constraint equation provided by the Lagrange multiplier, which reproduce the phantom evolution in the original frame. ", "Hence, this allows to study the behavior of future singularities when this kind of conformal transformation is applied. ", "We have shown that the singularity in the Einstein frame remains also in the Jordan one, but with a different behavior. ", "By allowing the time coordinate scale with the conformal transformation, we have shown that the Big Rip singularity is transformed into a Big Bang (Crunch) singularity. ", "This may help for a better understanding of the physical relation between both frames, however such discussion is beyond the purpose of this paper (see Ref.", " [@Faraoni:1998qx]). ", "Other aspects about the relation between both conformal frames and its (un)physical equivalence are recently studied in Ref.", " [@Capozziello:2011wg].\\\nHence, the use of Lagrange multipliers provides a scalar field model with simpler equations and without additional wave modes, that can be used to study the evolution of the cc value and provide a way to analyze its evolution, and reconstruct the entire evolution of the Universe in a natural way. ", "In addition, we have shown that $F(R)$ gravity can be restored from a model containing a Big Rip singularity, which gives a better understanding on how future singularities behave.", "\n\nAcknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}\n===============\n\nI thank the referee of a previous version of this paper for comments and criticisms that led to its improvement. 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D **80** 044030 (2009) \\[arXiv:0903.2732\\].", "\n\nS. Nojiri, S. D. Odintsov, S. Tsujikawa, Phys.", " Rev.  D [**71**]{}, 063004 (2005). ", "\\[hep-th/0501025\\].", "\n\nV. Faraoni, E. Gunzig and P. Nardone, Fund.", " Cosmic Phys.", "  [**20**]{} (1999) 121 \\[gr-qc/9811047\\]. ", "S. Capozziello, D. Sáez-Gómez, \\[arXiv:1107.0948 \\[gr-qc\\]\\].", "\n\n[^1]: E-mail: saez@ieec.uab.es\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "\n396 S.E.2d 737 (1990)\nSTATE AUTOMOBILE MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY\nv.\nAnthony B. YOULER and Mildred S. Youler.", "\nNo. ", "19373.", "\nSupreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia.", "\nJuly 20, 1990.", "\n*739 Dale Buck, Jackson & Kelly, Martinsburg, for State Auto. ", "Mut. ", "Ins. ", "Co.\nD. Michael Burke, Lawrence M. Schultz, Askin, Pill, Scales & Burke, L.C., Martinsburg, for Anthony B. Youler and Mildred S. Youler.", "\nJames C. Peterson, amicus chair, Charleston, G. David Brumfield, President, Welch, Vincent J. King, Member, Charleston, for West Virginia Trial Lawyers Ass'n, filed an amicus curiae.", "\nMcHUGH, Justice:\nThis case is before this Court upon certified questions from the Circuit Court of Berkeley County, West Virginia.[1] The case presents issues of first impression to this Court pertaining to underinsured motorist coverage. ", "The three general areas of concern are: (1) delay in giving notice of an automobile accident to one's own insurer providing underinsured motorist coverage; (2) antistacking language in the policies; and (3) policy language allegedly requiring a setoff of the tortfeasor's liability insurance coverage against the underinsured motorist coverage. ", "We believe the circuit court answered the primary issues correctly in part and incorrectly in part, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.", "\n\nI.\n\nA. Damages and Insurance Coverage\n\nOn May 9, 1985, Anthony Youler was struck and injured by a car driven by an individual named Clifford Moore. ", "On May 20, 1985, Anthony Youler and Mildred *740 Youler, his mother whose business premises were also damaged by the incident, brought a civil action against Clifford Moore. ", "The complaint against Moore sought recovery of $500,000 of compensatory damages for Anthony Youler's personal injuries. ", "The complaint against Moore also sought recovery of $5,000 of property damage as well as $10,000 of consequential damages (loss of business profits) sustained by Mildred Youler.", "\nOn February 24, 1988, Moore's automobile liability insurance carrier, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, offered to the Youler's $50,000, the liability policy's bodily injury limits for one person. ", "The Youlers refused to accept the offer of $50,000 as full satisfaction of their claim. ", "The Youler's action against Moore has not yet gone to trial.", "\nThe Youlers were covered by the underinsured motorist provisions of two automobile insurance policies issued by State Automobile Mutual Insurance Company (\"State Auto\"). ", "Each of these two underinsured motorist policy endorsements contains limits of $100,000 for bodily injury of one person in an automobile accident.[2]\n\nB. Policy Language\n\nBoth of the Youlers' automobile insurance policies contain a part, applicable to all coverages, on \"Duties After an Accident or Loss[.]\" ", "One of the \"General Duties\" thereunder is that the insurer, State Auto, \"must be notified promptly of how, when and where the accident or loss happened.\" ", "In the same part of the policies, one of the \"Additional Duties for Uninsured [or Underinsured] Motorists Coverage\" is that a person seeking such coverage must also \"[p]romptly send [State Auto] copies of the legal papers if a suit is brought.\" ", "State Auto received notice of the accident in question, in the form of a copy of the Youlers' complaint against Moore, nearly three years after the accident occurred, specifically, on April 26, 1988. ", "Counsel for the Youlers, who had replaced their prior attorney, furnished the notice to State Auto.", "\nBoth of the Youlers' automobile insurance policies also contain what is commonly known as \"antistacking\" language applicable purportedly to all coverages, including uninsured/underinsured motorist coverages. ", "The antistacking language appears in the \"Two or More Auto Policies\" section of the \"General Provisions\" of each policy and reads as follows: \"If this policy and any other auto insurance policy issued to you by us apply to the same accident, the maximum limit of our liability under all the policies shall not exceed the highest applicable limit of liability under any one policy.", "\"[3]\nBoth of the Youlers' automobile insurance policies further contain what is commonly known as \"setoff\" or \"reduction\" language applicable to underinsured (or uninsured) motorist coverage. ", "The setoff language in each policy reads as follows: \"Any amounts otherwise payable for damages under this endorsement [on uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage] shall be reduced by all sums paid because of the bodily injury or property damage by or on behalf of persons or organizations who may be legally responsible.\" (", "emphasis added)\n\nC. Trial Court Proceedings\n\nAfter receiving notice of the Youlers' claim for underinsured motorist coverage, State Auto brought a declaratory judgment action in the Circuit Court of Berkeley County, West Virginia (\"the trial court\") to determine the rights and liabilities of the parties under the insurance policies issued by State Auto to the Youlers. ", "The Youlers thereafter answered State Auto's complaint *741 for declaratory relief and subsequently moved for summary judgment on their counterclaim for declaratory relief.", "\nState Auto contended before the trial court, and now contends before us, that: (1) the Youlers are not entitled to any underinsured motorist coverage under the two policies because the Youlers did not promptly notify State Auto of the accident and of the Youlers' action against Moore, as required by such policies; (2) if the Youlers are entitled to any underinsured motorist coverage, such coverage is limited initially by the antistacking language in the policies applicable purportedly to the underinsured motorist coverage, so that the limits of liability for underinsured motorist coverage are $100,000, not $200,000 by stacking or aggregating the limits of the two policies; and (3) Moore's $50,000 liability insurance coverage is to be set off against the $100,000 limits, leaving a $50,000 liability, at the most, of State Auto to the Youlers.", "\nThe Youlers, on the other hand, contended before the trial court, and now contend before us, that: (1) they are entitled to underinsured motorist coverage because State Auto was not prejudiced by the delay in receiving notice of the accident and of the Youlers' action against Moore; (2) the antistacking language in the policies applicable purportedly to the underinsured motorist coverage is void as repugnant to the full indemnification public policy of the underinsured motorist statute; and (3) Moore's $50,000 liability insurance coverage is not to be set off against the underinsured motorist coverage limits (of $200,000, by stacking the limits of the two policies), but against Anthony Youler's damages of $500,000, leaving a $450,000 uncompensated loss, $200,000 of which is to be paid by State Auto as within the stacked or aggregated limits of underinsured motorist coverage under the two policies.", "\nThe trial court denied the Youlers' motion for summary judgment, and, along with the parties, certified several questions to this Court.", "\n\nII.", "\n\nA. Notice to Insurer Providing Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist Coverage—When Duty to Notify Arises\n\nThe first two certified questions relate to when an insured's duty arises to notify his or her insurer providing uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage that the insured has sustained a loss as a result of an automobile accident allegedly due to the negligence of a third party.[4]\nThe unanimous opinion of the courts deciding the few reported cases on this particular issue is that the notice provisions of an automobile insurance policy ordinarily are activated in a case of uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage, not when there has been an accident, but when the insured, with reasonable diligence, ascertains that the alleged tortfeasor is uninsured or underinsured. ", "See, e.g., syl. ", "pt. ", "1, Haas v. Freeman, 236 Kan. 677, 693 P.2d 1199 (1985) (underinsured motorist); Chiro v. Merchants Mutual Insurance Co., 49 A.D.2d 686, 687, 371 N.Y.S.2d 30, 32 (1975) (mem. ", "decision), aff'd by mem. ", "decision, 40 N.Y.2d 852, 356 N.E.2d 480, 387 N.Y.S.2d 1009 (1976); Squires v. National Grange Mutual Insurance Co., 247 S.C. 58, 68, 145 S.E.2d 673, 678 (1965); Lee v. Lee, 732 S.W.2d 275, 276 (Tenn.1987); Finney v. Farmers Insurance Co., 21 Wash.App. ", "601, 607-09, 586 P.2d 519, 524 (1978), aff'd on other points, 92 Wash.2d 748, 600 P.2d 1272 (1979) (en banc). ", "We now adopt this rule.", "\n*742 Accordingly, the answer to certified question number 1, see supra note 4, is no, and the answer to certified question number 2, see supra note 4, is yes, subject to the discussion immediately infra in section II.B. of this opinion.", "\n\nB. Notice to Insurer Providing Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist Coverage—Effect of Delay in Notifying\n\nCertified question number 3 relates to whether prejudice to the insurer in a case of uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage is a material factor to be considered in determining if a delay in notifying such insurer of an accident justifies the denial of coverage.[5]\nA provision in an automobile insurance policy requiring the insured to give \"prompt\" notice or notice \"as soon as practicable\" to the insurer of an accident means that the notice must be given within a reasonable period of time. ", "See syl., ", "Ragland v. Nationwide Mutual Ins. ", "Co., 146 W.Va. ", "403, 120 S.E.2d 482 (1961); syl. ", "pt. ", "3, Black & White Cab Co. v. New York Indemnity Co., 108 W.Va. ", "93, 150 S.E. 521 (1929), as modified on denial of reh'g. ", "The particular language used in the automobile insurance policy as to the time in which notice must be given is not controlling; regardless of the language used, whether \"immediate,\" \"prompt,\" \"forthwith,\" \"as soon as practicable\" or words of similar import, the courts are generally in agreement that reasonable notice is sufficient. ", "Ragland, 146 W.Va. ", "at 409, 120 S.E.2d at 485.", "\nGenerally, whether notice has been given to an automobile insurer within a reasonable period of time is an issue to be resolved by the fact finder. ", "State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v. Scott, 236 Va. 116, 120, 372 S.E.2d 383, 385 (1988); State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Milam, 438 F.Supp. ", "227, 232 (S.D.W.Va. ", "1977) (anticipating West Virginia law).", "\nThe purpose of a notice provision in an automobile insurance policy is to give the insurer an opportunity to make a timely and adequate investigation of all the circumstances surrounding the event which resulted in a claim being made against the insurer. ", "Ragland, 146 W.Va. ", "at 407, 120 S.E.2d at 484. ", "There is a split of authorities on whether prejudice to these investigative interests of the insurer is a material factor in deciding whether uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage is justifiably denied because of the delay in notifying the insurer of the accident.", "\n*743 Some of the precedents hold that prejudice, or the absence thereof, to the investigative interests of the insurer, due to delayed notice of the accident, is immaterial in a case involving uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage, on the ground that lack of timely notice is a breach of a condition precedent of the insurance contract justifying, by itself, a denial of coverage. ", "See, e.g., State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Tarantino, 114 Ariz. 420, 423-25, 561 P.2d 744, 747-49 (1977) (in division) (prejudice presumed, apparently irrebuttably, after delay of four and one-half years); Gizzi v. State Farm Mutual Insurance Co., 56 A.D.2d 973, 973-74, 393 N.Y.S.2d 107, 108 (1977) (mem. ", "decision) (absent valid excuse, failure to satisfy notice requirement vitiates policy, and insurer need not show prejudice); Lee v. Lee, 732 S.W.2d 275, 277 (Tenn.1987) (failure to give notice within reasonable time justifies, by itself, denial of coverage); Dairyland County Mutual Insurance Co. v. Roman, 498 S.W.2d 154, 157 & n. 2 (Tex.1973) (provision in insurance contract requiring notice of accident to be given to insurer is condition precedent to coverage, and failure to perform condition constitutes absolute defense to liability on policy, even though insurer had actual notice of accident and was not prejudiced by lack of formal written notice from insured) (rule changed, however, by statute requiring insurer to show prejudice for certain types of coverage).", "\nSome of the precedents in cases involving uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage hold that prejudice to the insurer from delayed notice of the accident is a factor to be considered, but hold that there is a rebuttable presumption of prejudice and require the insured to show that the insurer was not prejudiced by the delay. ", "See, e.g., Klein v. Allstate Insurance Co., 367 So.2d 1085, 1086 (Fla.Dist.", "Ct.", "App. ", "1979); Gerrard Realty Corp. v. American States Insurance Co., 89 Wis.2d 130, 146-47, 277 N.W.2d 863, 871-72 (1979) (holding applies to all types of insurance after delay of more than one year).", "\nThe majority of the precedents, however, do not allow a denial of uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage for delayed notice of the accident to the insurer unless the delay was unreasonable, considering, among other things, whether the insurer was prejudiced, and the insurer bears the burden of proving prejudice. ", "See, e.g., State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Burgess, 474 So.2d 634, 636-38 (Ala.1985); Hanover Insurance Co. v. Carroll, 241 Cal.", "App.2d 558, 565-66, 50 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "704, 708-09 (1966), hearing denied (Cal. ", "June 17, 1966); Barnes v. Lumbermen's Mutual Casualty Co., 308 So.2d 326, 328 (La.Ct.", "App.1975); Ouellette v. Maine Bonding & Casualty Co., 495 A.2d 1232, 1234-35 (Me.1985); Motor State Insurance Co. v. Benton, 35 Mich.App. ", "287, 290, 192 N.W.2d 385, 387, leave to appeal denied, 386 Mich. 758 (1971); Reese v. Preferred Risk Mutual Insurance Co., 457 S.W.2d 205, 211 (Mo.Ct.", "App.1970), application to transfer denied (Mo. Sept. 14, 1970); Colangelo v. Bankers & Shippers Insurance Co., 185 N.J.Super. ", "205, 210-11, 447 A.2d 1356, 1359 (Law Div.1982); Pennsylvania General Insurance Co. v. Becton, 475 A.2d 1032, 1035 (R.I.1984); Squires v. National Grange Mutual Insurance Co., 247 S.C. 58, 67, 145 S.E.2d 673, 677 (1965); Washington Insurance Guaranty Association v. Hill, 19 Wash. App. ", "195, 196-98, 574 P.2d 405, 406 (1978).[6]\nAn increasing number of jurisdictions are following the already-majority view of considering prejudice to be a material factor in determining the reasonableness of the notice and requiring the insurer to bear the burden of showing prejudice from the delay in receiving notice of the accident. ", "See 2 A. Widiss, Uninsured and Underinsured Motorist Insurance § 16.2, at 8, § 42.1, at 108-09 (2d ed. ", "1990). ", "See also 8C J. Appleman & J. Appleman, Insurance Law and Practice § 5083.35, at 293-94 *744 (1981); A. Windt, Insurance Claims and Disputes § 1.04, at 13-14 (2d ed. ", "1988) (discussing various types of insurance). ", "We agree with the following comments by Professor Widiss:\nCourts should exercise restraint in regard to requiring strict technical compliance with coverage provisions that require the notice of an accident or proof of claim requirements. ", "An allocation of the burden of proof on this issue to the insurer seems warranted for several reasons, including (1) the insurer is in the best position to evaluate the consequences of not having received notice, (2) in general it is very difficult to show the negative effects of various events, in contrast with demonstrating what the actual consequences were, and (3) in cases in which there is a dearth of evidence as to the effect of the late notice the coverage is not lost. ", "When it is not evident that an insurer was prejudiced, an insurer should be required to show why the delay adversely affected its position. ", "In the absence of such proof, there should not be a forfeiture of the uninsured [or underinsured] motorist coverage.", "\n2 A. Widiss, Uninsured and Underinsured Motorist Insurance § 16.2, at 20 (2d ed. ", "1990). ", "In addition, some of the urgency that exists in a liability insurance notice case is missing in an underinsured motorist notice case because, as in the present case, another insurer (the automobile liability insurer of the alleged tortfeasor) is already investigating and defending against the claim.[7]\nThis Court therefore holds that in an uninsured or underinsured motorist case, prejudice to the investigative interests of the insurer is a factor to be considered, along with the reasons for delay and the length of delay, in determining the overall reasonableness in giving notice of an accident. ", "In the typical case, the insured must put on evidence showing the reason for the delay in giving notice. ", "Once this prerequisite is satisfied, the insurer must then demonstrate that it was prejudiced by the insured's failure to give notice sooner. ", "If the insurer fails to present evidence as to prejudice, then the insured's failure to give notice sooner will not be a bar to the insured's recovery. ", "If the insurer puts on evidence of prejudice, however, the reasonableness of the notice ordinarily becomes a question of fact for the fact finder to decide. ", "On remand, there should be further proceedings consistent with these guidelines.", "\nAccordingly, the answer to certified question number 3, see supra note 5, is yes, subject to the discussion in this section (section II.B.) of this opinion.", "\n\nIII.", "\n\nA. Stacking of Underinsured Motorist Coverages—Statutory and Case Law Background\n\nCertified question numbers 6, 7 and 7(a) relate to whether the limits of more than one underinsured motorist coverage may be combined or stacked by an insured.[8]\n*745 W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31(b) [1982], applicable to this case, provides, in relevant part, that a motor vehicle liability insurance policy\nshall provide an option to the insured with appropriately adjusted premiums to pay the insured all sums which he [or she] shall legally be entitled to recover as damages from the owner or operator of an uninsured or underinsured motor vehicle up to an amount not less than limits of bodily injury liability insurance and property damage liability insurance purchased by the insured.", "\n(emphasis added) W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31(b) [1982] also defines an \"underinsured motor vehicle\" as follows:\n`Underinsured motor vehicle' means a motor vehicle with respect to the ownership, operation, or use of which there is liability insurance applicable at the time of the accident, but the limits of that insurance are either (i) less than limits the insured carried for underinsured motorists' coverage, or (ii) has [sic; \"have\"] been reduced by payments to others injured in the accident to limits less than limits the insured carried for underinsured motorist's coverage.", "\nUnderinsured motorist coverage was added in 1982 to this statute; the statute previously addressed only uninsured motorist coverage. ", "It is obvious from the \"all sums ... as damages\" language of W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31(b), as amended, that the legislature has articulated a public policy of full indemnification or compensation underlying both uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage in the State of West Virginia. ", "That is, the preeminent public policy of this state in uninsured or underinsured motorist cases is that the injured person be fully compensated for his or her damages not compensated by a negligent tortfeasor, up to the limits of the uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage.", "\nBecause of this statutorily stated public policy of full indemnification, the Court in syllabus points 3-4 of Bell v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. ", "Co., 157 W.Va. ", "623, 207 S.E.2d 147 (1974), held that antistacking language in the automobile insurance policies applicable purportedly to the uninsured motorist policy endorsements was void as repugnant to the statute. ", "See also W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-17 [1957] (any insurance policy provision or condition not complying with insurance statutes will yield to the statutes).", "\nAfter Bell, specifically, in 1979, subsection (k) was added to W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31. ", "Subsection (k) provides that nothing contained in W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31 \"shall prevent any insurer from also offering benefits and limits other than those prescribed\" in that statute, \"nor shall this section be construed as preventing any insurer from incorporating in [sic] such terms, conditions and exclusions as may be consistent with the premium charged.\" ", "Under W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31(k), as amended, this Court has held that \"[i]nsurers may incorporate such terms, conditions and exclusions in an automobile insurance policy as may be consistent with the premium charged, so long as such [terms, conditions and] exclusions do not conflict with the spirit and intent of the uninsured and underinsured motorists statutes.\" ", "Syl. ", "pt. ", "3, Deel v. Sweeney, ___ W.Va. ___, ", "383 S.E.2d 92 (1989) (involving underinsured motorist coverage) (emphasis added). ", "We also stated in Deel v. Sweeney that \"[t]his Court will continue to be vigilant in holding the insurers' feet to the fire in instances where [terms, conditions,] exclusions or denials of coverage strike at the heart of the purposes of the uninsured and underinsured motorist statutes[`] provisions.\" ", "Id. at ___, 383 S.E.2d at 95 (emphasis added).", "\nAntistacking language in an automobile insurance policy which is applicable purportedly to uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage strikes at the heart of the purpose of the uninsured and underinsured motorist statute and conflicts with the spirit and intent of such statute, in that antistacking language thwarts the statutorily *746 stated public policy of full indemnification. ", "Therefore, Bell's holding on the invalidity of antistacking language in an uninsured motorist case remains valid, W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31(k), as amended, notwithstanding. ", "See Government Employees Insurance Co. v. Farmer, 330 So.2d 236, 238 (Fla. Dist.", "Ct.", "App.1976) (statutory language making underinsured motorist coverage \"subject to the terms and conditions of such coverage\" did not permit antistacking language in automobile insurance policies), cert. ", "denied, 341 So.2d 291 (Fla.1976), and cert. ", "denied, 342 So.2d 1101 (Fla.1977).", "\nThe rationale of Bell v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. ", "Co. applies to underinsured, as well as to uninsured, motorist coverage. ", "The statutory policy of full indemnification is stated in W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31(b), as amended, to apply to either of these types of coverage. ", "Consequently, the fact that uninsured motorist coverage is mandatory, while underinsured motorist coverage must be offered but may be declined, is a distinction without a difference here. ", "Once the insured elects to pay for the underinsured motorist coverage, he or she is protected by the public policy of full indemnification. ", "See, e.g., Hoeschen v. South Carolina Insurance Co., 378 N.W.2d 796, 800 (Minn.1985) (repeal of statute on mandatory offer of underinsured motorist coverage was not intended to permit insurer to prohibit stacking of optionally obtained underinsured motorist benefits). ", "See generally annotation, Combining or \"Stacking\" Uninsured [or Underinsured] Motorist Coverages Provided in Separate Policies Issued by Same Insurer to Same Insured, 25 A.L.R. 4th 6 (1983), especially § 6 on underinsured motorist coverage.", "\n\nB. Stacking of Underinsured Motorist Coverages—Invalidity of Antistacking Language in Policies\n\nIn light of the foregoing discussion, this Court holds that so-called \"antistacking\" language in automobile insurance policies is void under W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31(b), as amended, to the extent that such language is applicable purportedly to uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage, and an insured covered simultaneously by two or more uninsured or underinsured motorist policy endorsements may recover under all of such endorsements up to the aggregated or stacked limits of the same, or up to the amount of the judgment obtained against the uninsured or underinsured motorist, whichever is less, as a result of one accident and injury.", "\nThe case of Shamblin v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co., ___ W.Va. ___, ", "332 S.E.2d 639 (1985), is materially distinguishable. ", "In that case we upheld antistacking language applicable to automobile liability insurance coverage. ", "See syl. ", "pts. ", "4-5 of Shamblin. ", "However, as we stated in syllabus point 5 thereof, antistacking language in the case of liability insurance coverage \"does not violate any applicable insurance statute or regulation[.]\" ", "Here, in contrast, antistacking language in the case of uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage conflicts with the full indemnification public policy of W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31(b), as amended. ", "We also noted this distinction between liability insurance antistacking language and uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage antistacking language in note 9 of Shamblin, ___ W.Va. ", "at ___, 332 S.E.2d at 645. ", "See also 8C J. Appleman & J. Appleman, Insurance Law and Practice § 5083.35, at 293 n. 2 (1981) (there are public policy reasons, stated in statutes, not to limit uninsured or underinsured motorist coverages unduly, whereas liability insurance contracts are essentially private agreements not subject generally to same rules).", "\nAccordingly, the antistacking language in the case now before this Court, which is applicable purportedly to uninsured and underinsured motorist coverages, see supra section I.B. of this opinion and note 3, is void with respect to such coverages. ", "Thus, the answer to certified question number 6, see supra note 8, is yes; the answer to certified question number 7, see supra note 8, is yes, even if there is antistacking language; and the answer to certified question number 7(a), see supra note 8, is yes.", "\n\n\n*747 IV.", "\n\nA. Setoff of Tortfeasor's Liability Insurance Coverage—The Two Approaches\n\nCertified question number 8 relates to whether the tortfeasor's liability insurance coverage is to be set off against the limits of the underinsured motorist coverage or, instead, against the injured person's damages.[9]\nEssentially two approaches emerge from the language of the various state statutes on the manner in which the tortfeasor's liability insurance coverage is to be set off when underinsured motorist coverage is also sought.[10] One approach, espoused generally by insurers and explicitly required by several state statutes, is that the tortfeasor's liability insurance coverage is to be set off against the underinsured motorist coverage limits. ", "This type of underinsured motorist legislation, sometimes called reduction-type or decreasing-layer underinsured motorist coverage, is premised upon the idea that the purpose of underinsured motorist coverage is to put the insured in the same position he or she would have occupied had the tortfeasor's liability insurance limits been the same as the underinsured motorist coverage limits purchased by the insured. ", "Part of this level of coverage is provided in effect by the tortfeasor's liability insurance, and the remainder is provided by the underinsured motorist coverage. ", "See, e.g., Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v. Kenner, 570 A.2d 1172, 1175-77 (Del.1990) (3-2 decision) (underinsured motorist statute requires the total recovery, including amount from tortfeasor's liability insurance, to equal the limits selected by injured person); Connolly v. Royal Globe Insurance Co., 455 A.2d 932, 936 (Me.1983) (statute inherently requires setoff against underinsured motorist coverage by virtue of definition of underinsured motor vehicle); Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v. Souras, 78 Md.App. ", "71, 75-76, 77-78, 552 A.2d 908, 910, 911-12 (1989) (\"uninsured\" motorist statute, which operates as underinsured motorist coverage to extent that liability coverage is less than so-called uninsured motorist coverage); State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Kuehling, 475 So.2d 1159, 1162-63 (Miss.1985) (same); Descoteaux v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 125 N.H. 38, 44-45, 480 A.2d 14, 19 (1984) (same); Schmick v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 103 N.M. 216, 221-24, 704 P.2d 1092, 1097-1100 (1985) (statute inherently requires setoff against underinsured motorist coverage by virtue of definition of underinsured motor vehicle; recognizing, however, that rule in other states requiring setoff to be against damages is more equitable in that full compensation is thereby more likely); syl., ", "In re Nationwide Insurance Co., 45 Ohio St.3d 11, 543 N.E.2d 89 (1989) (underinsured motorist subrogation statute allows setoff of tortfeasor's liability insurance coverage against limits of underinsured motorist coverage, provided setoff is clearly set forth in insurance policy); Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co. v. Scott, 234 Va. 573, 576, 363 S.E.2d 703, 704-05 (1988) (\"uninsured\" motorist statute requires coverage of underinsured motor vehicle to extent that such vehicle is underinsured; defining \"underinsured motor vehicle\" as one to extent that liability insurance is less than so-called uninsured motorist coverage).[11]\n*748 The second approach to setoffs of liability insurance when underinsured motorist coverage is also sought is that the tortfeasor's liability insurance coverage is to be set off against the amount of damages sustained by the injured person, and the insurer providing the underinsured motorist coverage is liable to such injured person, its insured, for any excess, up to the limits of the underinsured motorist coverage. ", "This type of underinsured motorist legislation, sometimes called excess-type or floating-layer underinsured motorist coverage, is premised upon the idea that the injured person is entitled to recover under his or her own underinsured motorist coverage to the extent that the tortfeasor's liability insurance coverage is insufficient to compensate the injured person fully for his or her loss, subject only to the limits of the underinsured motorist coverage. ", "See, e.g., American States Insurance Co. v. Estate of Tollari, 362 N.W.2d 519, 521-22 (Iowa 1985); Wilson v. State Farm Insurance Co., 448 So.2d 1379, 1381 n. 1, 1383 (La.Ct.", "App.1984); Krombach v. Mayflower Insurance Co., 785 S.W.2d 728, 732-35 (Mo.Ct.", "App.1990); Mid-Century Insurance Co. v. Daniel, 101 Nev. 433, 435-37, 705 P.2d 156, 158-59 (1985); Garry v. Worldwide Underwriters Insurance Co., 120 Misc.2d 91, 91-93, 465 N.Y.S.2d 483, 484 (Sup.", "Ct.1983), aff'd by mem. ", "decision, 101 A.D.2d 717, 475 N.Y.S.2d 307 (1984); Sentry Insurance Co. v. Grenga, 556 A.2d 998, 998-1000 (R.I.1989); Garris v. Cincinnati Insurance Co., 280 S.C. 149, 151-55, 311 S.E.2d 723, 725-26 (1984); Stracener v. United Services Automobile Association, 777 S.W.2d 378, 381-84 (Tex.1989); Elovich v. Nationwide Insurance Co., 104 Wash.2d 543, 547-52, 707 P.2d 1319, 1322-25 (1985) (en banc); United Services Automobile Association v. Winbeck, 30 Wash.App. ", "769, 770-772, 637 P.2d 996, 997-98 (1981); Wood v. American Family Mutual Insurance Co., 148 Wis.2d 639, 654-57, 436 N.W.2d 594, 600-01 (1989); Kaun v. Industrial Fire & Casualty Insurance Co., 148 Wis.2d 662, 670-73, 436 N.W.2d 321, 324-26 (1989).[12]\n\nB. Setoff of Tortfeasor's Liability Insurance Coverage—the West Virginia Requirement\n\nW.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31(b), as amended, the relevant part of which is quoted at the outset of section III.A. of this opinion supra, as well as the setoff language in the insurance policies in this case, see supra section I.B. of this opinion, contemplate, we conclude, that the tortfeasor's liability insurance coverage is to be set off against the amount of damages sustained by the injured person, not against the underinsured motorist coverage limits. ", "As stated previously, the \"all sums ... as damages\" language of the statute evinces a public policy of full indemnification or compensation for damages uncompensated *749 by the negligent tortfeasor. ", "Thus, the statute requires the following computation of underinsured motorist coverage: the total amount of damages, reduced by the liability insurance coverage actually available to the injured person in question; the insurer providing underinsured motorist coverage is liable for the excess or uncompensated damages up to the underinsured motorist coverage limits. ", "This approach furthers the goal of full compensation, without duplicating benefits.", "\nWhile W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31(b), as amended, clearly requires this full compensation approach to the computation of underinsured motorist coverage when, as in this case, the injured person's underinsured motorist coverage limits exceed the alleged tortfeasor's motor vehicle liability insurance coverage limits actually available to the injured person in question, and, therefore, the alleged tortfeasor's vehicle was an \"underinsured motor vehicle\" as defined in that statute, this Court is aware of a possible internal inconsistency in this statute, by virtue of the legislature's definition of \"underinsured motor vehicle.\" ", "That definition, comparing the tortfeasor's liability insurance limits with underinsured motorist coverage limits, instead of comparing the liability limits with the total amount of damages sustained by the injured person, causes confusion in cases, unlike here, when the underinsured motorist coverage limits are equal to or less than the tortfeasor's liability limits, but such liability limits are less than the total amount of damages.[13]\nThe emphasis upon full compensation for damages was foreshadowed in Deel v. Sweeney, ___ W.Va. ___, ", "383 S.E.2d 92 (1989), wherein this Court stated: \"The purpose of optional underinsured motorist coverage is to enable the insured to protect himself [or herself], if he [or she] chooses to do so, against losses occasioned by the negligence of other drivers who are underinsured.\" ", "Id. at ___, 383 S.E.2d at 95 (emphasis added).", "\nMoreover, courts in other jurisdictions having underinsured motorist legislation very similar to W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31(b), as amended, have held that the liability insurance coverage is to be set off against total damages. ", "For example, in American *750 States Insurance Co. v. Estate of Tollari, 362 N.W.2d 519 (Iowa 1985), the underinsured motorist statute stated that it was \"for the protection of persons insured under such [motor vehicle liability insurance] policy who are legally entitled to recover damages from the owner or operator of ... an underinsured motor vehicle[.]\" ", "The Supreme Court of Iowa held in that case that \"a buyer of underinsurance coverage is entitled to recover on that clause [of the policy] for the amount of his [or her] loss that the tortfeasor's liability insurance does not reach, subject to the limit of the underinsurance clause.\" ", "Id. at 522. ", "The court added: \"Any other interpretation of underinsurance would mean the victim cannot recover part of the underinsurance limit he [or she] has bought and paid for, and that portion of the [underinsured motorist coverage] limits [, if reduced by the amount of the liability insurance coverage limits,] also would be illusory.\" ", "Id. A New York court similarly stated that to allow a reduction of the underinsured motorist coverage limits by the liability insurance coverage limits would allow the policy to take \"away the coverage that the statute required.\" ", "Garry v. Worldwide Underwriters Insurance Co., 120 Misc.2d 91, 91-93, 465 N.Y. S.2d 483, 484 (Sup.", "Ct.1983), aff'd by mem. ", "decision, 101 A.D.2d 717, 475 N.Y.S.2d 307 (1984). ", "Referring to the underinsured motorist coverage, the court in Garry observed: \"[T]he dollar amounts of such coverage, which are stated on the face of the policy, are rendered meaningless by said reduction\" of underinsured motorist coverage limits by the liability insurance coverage limits. ", "Id.\nIn the present case the Youlers' automobile insurance policies provide that automobile liability insurance coverage of a tortfeasor is to reduce \"[a]ny amounts otherwise payable for damages under this [uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage] endorsement[.]\" (", "emphasis added) This policy language clearly requires the tortfeasor's liability insurance coverage to be set off against damages, not against the underinsured motorist coverage limits.[14]\nState Auto points to the fact that W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31(b) was amended in 1988, after the operative facts in this case, to very explicitly preclude \"setoffs\" of liability insurance coverage against underinsured motorist coverage limits. ", "The language added, in two places, is as follows. ", "First, at the end of the statutory language, \"all sums ... as damages ... up to an amount not less than limits of ... liability insurance purchased by the insured,\" these words were added: \"without setoff against the insured's policy or any other policy.\" ", "Second, at the end of the definition of \"underinsured motor vehicle\" in this same statute, these words were added: \"No sums payable as a result of underinsured motorists' coverage shall be reduced by payments made under the insured's policy or any other policy.\" ", "State Auto argues that these additions in 1988 indicate a change in the law, so that prior thereto, and therefore in this case, the statute allowed a setoff of the tortfeasor's liability insurance coverage against the injured person's underinsured motorist coverage limits. ", "We disagree. ", "In light of the clear \"all sums ... as damages\" language in the statute prior to 1988, this Court believes that the 1988 additions in this regard to the statute constitute only a clarification of the legislature's original intent to preclude the type of setoff proposed by State Auto here. ", "See Mid-Century Insurance Co. v. Daniel, 101 Nev. 433, 436-37, 705 P.2d 156, 158-59 (1985) (plain language of original enactment, applicable at time of case, was to embrace excess-type underinsured motorist coverage, requiring setoff to be against damages; more explicit language in subsequent amendment to statute was merely a clarification of legislature's original *751 intent, not an indicator of a change in the law).", "\nThe goal of providing full indemnification to individuals injured by the negligent operation of motor vehicles by inadequately insured motorists \"would be well served by employing setoffs so [that] they apply to avoid the duplication of benefits, rather than the reduction of liability for the insurer[,] when the tortfeasor's liability insurance is not adequate to provide full indemnification.\" ", "2 A. Widiss, Uninsured and Underinsured Motorist Insurance § 41.7, at 101 (2d ed. ", "1990). ", "This Court holds that W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31(b), as amended, on uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage, contemplates recovery, up to coverage limits, from one's own insurer, of full compensation for damages not compensated by a negligent tortfeasor who at the time of the accident was an owner or operator of an uninsured or underinsured motor vehicle. ", "Accordingly, the amount of such tortfeasor's motor vehicle liability insurance coverage actually available to the injured person in question is to be deducted from the total amount of damages sustained by the injured person, and the insurer providing underinsured motorist coverage is liable for the remainder of the damages, but not to exceed the coverage limits.", "\nTherefore, the answer to certified question number 8, see supra note 9, is no. ", "The reduction is from damages, not from the underinsured motorist coverage limits.[15]\n\nV.\nHaving answered the certified questions, we dismiss this case from the docket of this Court and remand the case to the Circuit Court of Berkeley County for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.", "\nCertified questions answered; case remanded.", "\nNOTES\n[1] See W.Va.", "R.App.", "P. 13; W.Va.", "Code, 58-5-2 [1967].", "\n[2] The two policies were purchased by Mildred Youler and covered both her and her son, Anthony Youler. ", "The record presented to us does not disclose, and no issue is raised concerning, the premium costs for the two policies, as compared with the premium costs had one policy been issued for all of the Youlers' motor vehicles.", "\n[3] Each of the two policies also contains this antistacking language: \"The limits of liability applicable to Uninsured Motorists Coverage or Underinsured Motorists Coverage are the most we will pay regardless of the number of: ... [para.] ", "3. ", "Vehicles or premiums shown in the Schedule or in the Declarations[.]\"", "\n[4] The first two certified questions are as follows:\n\n1. ", "Does a Plaintiff/insured in an underinsured motorist claim have a duty to notify his insurance carrier of a potential claim prior to learning that the Defendant's liability insurance coverage is inadequate to cover losses suffered by the injured insured?", "\nAnswer by the Circuit Court: Yes.", "\n2. ", "Does a Plaintiff/insured have a duty to notify his insurance carrier of a potential underinsured motorist claim promptly upon learning that the Defendant's liability insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover losses incurred by the insured?", "\nAnswer by the Circuit Court: Yes, subject to No. ", "1.", "\n[5] Certified question number 3 is as follows:\n\n3. ", "If an insured fails to give `prompt' notice to his or her underinsured motorist carrier, is the carrier required to prove that prejudice has resulted from the delay in order to justify a denial of coverage?", "\nAnswer by the Circuit Court: Yes.", "\nCertified question number 4 reads as follows:\n4. ", "If an insured fails to give notice to his underinsured motorist carrier until nearly three (3) years have elapsed after an accident or loss, is the carrier required to prove that prejudice has resulted from the delay in order to justify a denial of coverage?", "\nAnswer by the Circuit Court: Refused to certify on the grounds that such a determination requires a case by case analysis.", "\nWe do not address this issue separately because the trial court did not decide the same and certify it to us (nor, apparently, did the parties agree to certify it). ", "See Wolfe v. City of Wheeling, ___ W.Va. ___, ___ ", "n. 5, 387 S.E.2d 307, 310 n. 5 (1989); Horace Mann Insurance Co. v. Leeber, ___ W.Va. ___, ___ ", "n. 11, 376 S.E.2d 581, 587 n. 11 (1988), and the cases cited there. ", "In any event, our textual discussion infra of certified question number 3 covers this general area and indicates that the length of the delay in notifying the insurer in a case of uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage is only one of the factors to be considered.", "\nCertified question number 5 reads as follows:\n5. ", "Is the underinsured motorist claim of an insured barred when the insured's attorney has failed to promptly notify the insured's automobile insurance carrier of the underinsured motorist claim?", "\nAnswer by the Circuit Court: No.", "\nWe do not address this issue separately; it is subsumed by our discussion of certified question number 3. ", "In a certified case this Court will not consider certified questions not necessary to a decision of the case, and upon receiving certified questions we retain some flexibility in determining how and to what extent they will be answered. ", "Gardner v. Norfolk & Western Ry., ___ ", "W.Va. ___, ___ ", "n. 6, 372 S.E.2d 786, 789 n. 6 (1988), cert. ", "denied, ___ U.S. ___, 109 S.Ct. ", "1132, 103 L.Ed.2d 193 (1989), and the cases cited there. ", "See also syl. ", "pt. ", "5, Anderson v. Moulder, ___ W.Va. ___, ", "394 S.E.2d 61 (1990); Deeds v. Lindsey, ___ W.Va. ___, ___ ", "n. 2, 371 S.E.2d 602, 604 n. 2 (1988).", "\n[6] See also Carver v. McKernan, 390 Mich. 96, 100, 211 N.W.2d 24, 26 (1973); Rampy v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 278 So.2d 428, 434, 435 (Miss.1973); Conklin v. Heymann, 124 N.J.Super. ", "227, 231-32, 305 A.2d 820, 822 (Law Div.1973); General Accident Fire & Life Assurance Corp. v. Shasky, 266 Or. ", "312, 321, 512 P.2d 987, 991 (1973).", "\n[7] W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31(d) [1982], effective at the time of the operative facts herein, required an insured seeking uninsured motorist coverage to serve upon his or her insurer a copy of the complaint and summons in the action against the uninsured motorist. ", "Effective June 10, 1988, this subsection of the statute was amended to require such service also when underinsured motorist coverage is sought. ", "Neither version of the statute specifies a time limit for such service. ", "We therefore believe the statute contemplates a reasonable period of time for such service. ", "See, e.g., State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Burgess, 474 So.2d 634, 637-38 (Ala.1985) (same factors, including prejudice, considered in determining reasonableness of notice of accident and of action against alleged tortfeasor).", "\n[8] Certified question numbers 6, 7 and 7(a) are as follows:\n\n6. ", "If an insured is covered simultaneously by two insurance policies providing for underinsured motorist coverage for which separate premiums have been paid on both policies, is the insured entitled to `stack' his available coverage to compensate his loss?", "\nAnswer by the Circuit Court: Yes.", "\n7. ", "If an insured is covered simultaneously by two insurance policies providing for underinsured motorist coverage for which separate premiums have been paid is the insured entitled to `stack' his available coverage to compensate his loss[,] provided the policies contain no anti-stacking language?", "\nAnswer by the Circuit Court: Yes.", "\n7(a). ", "If an insured is covered simultaneously by two insurance policies providing for underinsured motorist coverage for which separate premiums have been paid, is the insured entitled to stack his available coverage to compensate for his loss when each policy provides [as set forth in note 3, supra]?", "\nAnswer by the Circuit Court: Yes.", "\n[9] Certified question number 8 reads as follows:\n\n8. ", "May a motor vehicle insurance company reduce or offset its policy coverage limitations for underinsured motorist coverage by the amount recovered by the insured from a Defendant's liability insurance carrier?", "\nAnswer by the Circuit Court: Yes.", "\n[10] For a compilation and an analysis of the various states' underinsured motorist legislation, see 3 I. Schermer, Automobile Liability Insurance §§ 35.02, 35.04 (2d ed. ", "rev. ", "1990). ", "W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31(b), as amended, adding underinsured motorist coverage in 1982, is conspicuously absent from this otherwise thorough compilation and analysis.", "\n[11] See also Farmers Alliance Mutual Insurance Co. v. Miller, 869 F.2d 509, 512-14 (9th Cir.1989) (anticipating Montana law) (setoff against underinsured motorist coverage limits not precluded, inasmuch as such coverage is optional; not mentioning contrary opinion of Transamerica Insurance Group v. Osborn, 627 F.Supp. ", "1405 (D.Mont.1986), see infra note 12); Waylett v. United Services Automobile Association, 224 Neb. 741, 744-46, 401 N.W.2d 160, 162-63 (1987) (no public policy prohibits setoff against underinsured motorist coverage limits); Wert v. Picciano, 189 N.J.Super. ", "178, 182-85, 459 A.2d 697, 699-700 (Law Div.1982) (no public policy prohibits setoff against underinsured motorist coverage limits; stressing optional nature of this coverage); Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co. v. Massey, 82 N.C.App. ", "448, 449-50, 346 S.E.2d 268, 269-70 (1986) (voluntary coverage above statutory minimum is governed by terms of insurance contract, which required setoff of liability insurance against underinsured motorist coverage).", "\n[12] See also Price v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 116 Ill.App.3d 463, 466-68, 470, 72 Ill.Dec. 117, 120-21, 122, 452 N.E.2d 49, 52-53, 54 (1983) (statute now, however, provides for reduction-type coverage); Michigan Mutual Liability Co. v. Karsten, 13 Mich.App. ", "46, 49, 51-52, 163 N.W.2d 670, 671, 672-73, leave to appeal denied, 381 Mich. 792 (1968); syl. ", "pt. ", "2, Hoeschen v. South Carolina Insurance Co., 378 N.W.2d 796 (Minn.1985); syl., ", "Nurmi v. Foremost Insurance Co., 376 N.W.2d 293 (Minn.Ct. ", "App.1985); Weber v. American Family Mutual Insurance Co., 868 F.2d 286, 287-88 (8th Cir. ", "1989) (anticipating Missouri law); Wibbenmeyer v. American Family Mutual Insurance Co., 720 F.Supp. ", "141, 143 (E.D.Mo.1989) (anticipating Missouri law); Transamerica Insurance Group v. Osborn, 627 F.Supp. ", "1405, 1407-12 (D.Mont. ", "1986).", "\n\nSee generally 12A G. Couch, Couch[`s] Cyclopedia of Insurance Law §§ 45:649, 45:652 (2d ed. ", "M. Rhodes rev. ", "1981 & Supp.1989); 2 A Widiss Uninsured and Underinsured Motorist Insurance § 41.7 (2d ed. ", "1990); annotation, Uninsured and Underinsured Motorist Coverage: Recoverability, Under Uninsured or Underinsured Motorist Coverage, of Deficiencies in Compensation Afforded Injured Party by Tortfeasor's Liability Coverage, 24 A.L.R. 4th 13 (1983).", "\n[13] Amicus curiae in this case, the West Virginia Trial Lawyers Association, argues that the definition of an \"underinsured motor vehicle\" set forth in W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31(b), as amended, see supra text at the outset of section III.A. of this opinion, allows insurers to offer, and accept premiums for, \"illusory, if not fraudulent\" underinsured motorist coverage if that statute is construed as not recognizing \"underinsured motor vehicle\" status when the limits of the injured person's underinsured motorist coverage are equal to or less than the alleged tortfeasor's liability insurance coverage limits (but the amount of damages exceeds the liability insurance coverage limits). ", "For example, if the injured person has underinsured motorist coverage with bodily injury limits of $20,000 for one person, and the alleged tortfeasor has liability insurance coverage with bodily injury limits of $20,000 for one person (and the damages are $50,000), the injured person has paid premiums for essentially worthless underinsured motorist coverage if, because of the equal coverage limits, the alleged tortfeasor is held not to have operated an \"underinsured motor vehicle.\"", "\n\nWe do not here decide this question as to underinsured motor vehicle status. ", "It has not been certified to us, and the parties to the case have not briefed us on the same. ", "Moreover, the underinsured motorist coverage limits in this case ($200,000 upon stacking, $100,000 without stacking) are greater than the liability insurance coverage limits ($50,000); therefore, it is undisputed that an \"underinsured motor vehicle\" was involved herein. ", "We do note that there is a split of authorities on this issue. ", "See, e.g., 3 I. Schermer, Automobile Liability Insurance § 35.04[3A] (2d ed. ", "rev. ", "1990). ", "Again, we leave to another day the question of whether the proper comparison for underinsured status is between the tortfeasor's liability insurance limits and the amount of damages, as opposed to between the tortfeasor's liability insurance limits and the underinsured motorist coverage limits. ", "The problem as to the definition of \"underinsured motor vehicle\" suggests that legislative clarification is needed in that area.", "\nIn a case, such as this one, where the underinsured motorist coverage limits exceed the liability insurance coverage limits, any ambiguity as to the computation of underinsured motorist coverage, which may be caused by the statutory definition of \"underinsured motor vehicle,\" would be resolved by emphasizing the \"all sums... as damages\" language in the statute, because the uninsured/underinsured motorist statute, W.Va.", "Code, 33-6-31(b), as amended, \"is remedial in nature and, therefore, must be construed liberally in order to effect its purpose.\" ", "Syl. ", "pt. ", "7, Perkins v. Doe, ___ W.Va. ___, ", "350 S.E.2d 711 (1986).", "\n[14] Any \"setoff\" language in an automobile insurance policy which purportedly reduces the underinsured motorist coverage limits by the tortfeasor's automobile liability insurance coverage would be void as repugnant to the public policy of full indemnification set forth in W.Va. ", "Code, 33-6-31(b), as amended. ", "See syl. ", "pt. ", "1, Deel v. Sweeney, ___ W.Va. ___, ", "383 S.E.2d 92 (1989) (insurance policy provisions must be consistent with uninsured/underinsured motorist statute).", "\n[15] Certified question number 9 reads as follows:\n\n9. ", "In a case involving underinsured motorist coverage, is a settlement with a liability carrier[,] which is inadequate to compensate a tort victim[,] subject to the rules governing Mary Carter agreements with regard to disclosure of the settlement to opposing counsel and the jury?", "\nAnswer by the Circuit Court: Yes as to opposing counsel; discretion of court as to jury.", "\nWe decline to decide this question because the record presented to us does not contain sufficient information for us to address the same.", "\n" ]

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[ "[Sodiumnitroprusside in neurosurgery and intensive care of neurosurgical patients (author's transl)].", "\nSodium nitroprusside (Nipride) was used in 35 patients between 16 and 72 years for induced hypotension. ", "The fast and dose-dependent effect on the smooth muscles of the vessels made it superior to other methods of lowering blood pressure. ", "Sodium nitroprusside was used to achieve hypotension in 11 patients (group I) with an aneurysm of a cerebral vessel and in 16 patients (group II) with highly vascularized cerebral tumors. ", "In 8 patients (group III) from the neurosurgical intensive care unit a hypertensive crisis was interrupted. ", "10 patients (group IV) without induced hypotension were used as controls to compare the action of our standardized method of anesthesia on the observed parameters of blood pressure lowering. ", "The average dose of sodium nitroprusside was 2.74 mcg/kg/min. ", "in group I, 1.77 mcg/kg/min in group II and 1.27 mcg/kg/min in group III. ", "The initial blood pressure was lowered between 30--40% in the mean in all 3 groups. ", "Careful monitoring of the intra-arterial blood pressure, the central venous pressure, the cerebral fluid pressure, the arterial blood gases and the function of the kidneys during and after induced hypotension with sodium nitroprusside made it possible to take advantage of the blood pressure lowering effect also in patients with increased intracranial pressure." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMYSQL Merge rows based on occurence\n\nI have the following table:\nempid,paygrp,paycode,amount\n1 A 1 200\n1 A 2 300\n1 A 3 500\n1 B 4 600\n1 B 5 700\n\nis it possible to use sql statement to produce the following result?", "\n1 A 1 200 B 4 600\n1 A 2 300 B 5 700\n1 A 3 500\n\nA:\n\nYou need to do two queries for this:\nSELECT *\nFROM table\nWHERE paygrp='A';\n\nSELECT *\nFROM table\nWHERE paygrp='B';\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "\n259 So.2d 33 (1972)\n261 La. 116\nSTATE of Louisiana, Through the DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS\nv.\nJames B. McPHERSON, Jr.\nNo. ", "51091.", "\nSupreme Court of Louisiana.", "\nFebruary 28, 1972.", "\nRehearing Denied March 27, 1972.", "\n*34 Voelker, Ragland & Brackin, William B. Ragland, Jr., Lake Providence, for defendant-relator.", "\n*35 G. Ross Banister, Chester E. Martin, Jesse S. Moore, Jr., Johnie E. Branch, Jr., Alva Jones, Baton Rouge, for plaintiff-respondent.", "\nSUMMERS, Justice.", "\nThe Department of Highways instituted this expropriation suit to acquire 115.374 acres across the farm of J. B. McPherson, Jr., in Madison Parish as a right of way for the Delhi-Waverly section of Interstate 20. ", "The expropriation is sought in the manner authorized by Article VI, Section 19.1 of the Constitution and Title 48 of the Revised Statutes, Sections 441 to 460, inclusive.", "\nMcPherson's farm is roughly trapezoidal in shape with the short and parallel lines running north and south and the long lines running generally east and west. ", "It contains 1662 acres.", "\nThe order of taking is dated June 21, 1968 and divests the owner of a strip of land 300 feet wide extending in an eastwest direction, diagonally across the farm. ", "An irregular, somewhat rectangular area on the west side of the farm is also taken for construction of an interchange and overpass where La. Highway 577 runs across the 1-20 right of way in a northsouth direction.", "\nThe case was tried in June 1969. ", "At that time construction of this project was proceeding from west to east. ", "The right of way enters McPherson's property roughly 500 yards north of the southwest corner. ", "It proceeds from that point in an east-southeasterly direction a distance of two miles exiting defendant's property on its southern boundary approximately one-half mile west of the southeast corner. ", "Thereby defendant's property is divided into two segments. ", "A small triangular segment to the south of the expropriated right of way contains approximately 111.19 acres, and the northern remainder or parent tract contains the balance of the acreage north of the property taken.", "\nAt the time of the taking, the farm was bounded on the north by a railroad right of way. ", "Joe's Bayou, a well-defined, meandering stream, enters the property about two-thirds of a mile from its northwest corner, dips to the south about onehalf mile and then curves to the northwest, leaving the farm near its northwest corner.", "\nLa. Highway No. ", "577 serving the Waverly area also enters just east of the bayou and meanders in a southerly direction to the southwest corner of the farm, traversing the I-20 right of way near the southwest corner. ", "Several small tracts along this highway within the defendant's farm are owned by others. ", "Prior to the taking, on December 15, 1966, defendant sold a 20-acre tract in the southwest corner of the farm, which, together with a one-acre tract he did not own, forms the southwest quadrant of the interchange area.", "\nA slough draining the western and northwestern parts of the farm, runs through the interchange area to the farm's south boundary just east of Highway 577. ", "It has been deepened and widened and was 30 feet wide in 1968. ", "The slough has been incorporated into the parish drainage system.", "\nThe Department deposited $47,495 in the registry of the court as the value of the land taken. ", "This deposit is based upon an appraised value of $410 per acre, concurred in by two expert appraisers called by the Department. ", "Neither appraiser felt that McPherson should be awarded severance damage for diminution in value to the remaining property, being of the opinion that if any severance damage resulted it would be more than adequately offset by the enhanced value resulting to defendant's land by construction of the interchange.", "\nBy McPherson's testimony and the testimony of his expert appraisers it was established that the farm had been acquired in two purchases, one in August, 1965 and the other in September 1966, for about $325 per acre. ", "Thereafter McPherson improved the land by clearing trees from large *36 tracts, \"chunking\" (removing debris), constructing drains, installing culverts, leveling, filling, enlarging fields, and building field roads. ", "He accumulated a cotton allotment of 350 acres and produced the entire allotment. ", "The balance and greatest part of the cultivable land is devoted to the production of soybeans; the entire farm being operated as a single unit under intensive cultivation. ", "In addition to the capital improvements enhancing the property's value, a widespread and marked increase in land values during the period from the purchase to the taking was responsible for further increases in value.", "\nAppraisers called by McPherson impressed the trial judge, as they do us, as being extremely well qualified through education and practical experience. ", "Both were well acquainted with property values in the vicinage. ", "All appraisers considered the property's highest and best use to be for agricultural purposes—farming cotton and soybeans. ", "William P. Williams, one of the appraisers, used the market data and income approach for ascertaining the value of the land. ", "He concluded the value of the land was $455 per acre as of June 1968, the date of the taking. ", "Malcolm C. Sevier, the other appraiser, using the market data approach, concluded the land had a value of $500 per acre at the time of the taking.", "\nThe trial judge found the Sevier appraisal to be most realistic and accepted $500 as the value of the property taken. ", "He, therefore, awarded $57,745 to McPherson for this claim. ", "Without detailing the procedure used or the data accumulated by the appraisers to arrive at these values, we find them to be amply supported by the record.", "\nMcPherson also asserts that the taking diminishes the value of the remaining property. ", "A feature of the farm's value as a producing unit is its size and its development for cultivation. ", "An elevated road running diagonally across the farm, altering the size and shape of the fields and impairing the natural southerly drainage, materially and substantially affect the property's utility and its market value.", "\nA field road running across the farm from east to west, generally along the route of the proposed highway, will be expropriated; it will not be available after the taking to provide access within the farm to the north or to the south. ", "The south remainder, a triangular tract of 111.19 acres, is effectively severed from the parent tract on the north by the limited access highway. ", "Hereafter ingress and egress to and from the south remainder from the parent tract must be accomplished by using Highway 577 and traversing the overpass at the interchange. ", "Upon entering the south remainder from Highway 577, or leaving the south remainder to get to Highway 577, the only access route, it will be necessary to traverse the slough which runs the entire length north and south of the south remainder near its western boundary. ", "Thus, without a bridge to traverse the slough, defendant is effectively cut off from all that portion of the south remainder lying east of the slough, or approximately 100 acres.", "\nSince the south remainder will hereafter be triangular in shape, its utility for farming is greatly impaired. ", "The large, expensive implements required for the type soybean and cotton producing operation conducted by defendant cannot, without danger, negotiate the overpass in traffic to get to the south remainder from the parent tract, nor can these implements traverse the slough without a substantial bridge. ", "Hereafter the eastern extremity of the south remainder, converging into a narrow point, as it does, will not lend itself to the use of these large implements.", "\nDestruction of the field road, heretofore utilized by the defendant as an access route from Highway 577 on the west to the area of the farm north and south of the field road, and to the eastern reaches of the farm, will require the construction of another road to replace it along the *37 north line of the interstate highway. ", "This will provide access to the land to the north and east only. ", "A like road will be required along the south line of the interstate highway to provide access to the area to the south and to the eastern portion of the south remainder.", "\nThus, where formerly defendant had one field road with culverts, it will now be necessary that two field roads be provided. ", "Added to this, ditches and culverts will be required to coordinate drainage beneath the field roads with the culverts underlying the interstate highway. ", "More land must be withdrawn from production to permit construction of these facilities. ", "This altered drainage pattern will cause \"pooling\" of water at and near the culverts. ", "Crop production from the soil affected by the pooling will therefore be reduced.", "\nMcPherson's appraisers were of the opinion that these factors damaged the remainder of the property to the north and south of the right of way with a resulting diminution in its value. ", "In both Williams' and Sevier's opinion the south remainder was reduced in value by $22,348.20; Sevier considered the north remainder damaged to the extent of $7,511.25. ", "Sevier is corroborated in this last finding by Thomas Scott Dabney, an engineer who surveyed the property extensively to determine the effect of the highway construction on farm drainage.", "\nThe trial judge found that defendant had adequately established the need for a bridge across the slough and its cost. ", "He felt, however, that item of special damage was included in the $22,348.20 estimate for damage to the south remainder. ", "Accordingly, he disallowed the claim of $12,380— the cost of constructing the bridge.", "\nThe trial judge also rejected the Department's contention that McPherson's property in three quadrants of the interchange was enhanced in value and this enhancement was a special benefit which would more than offset the severance damage he claimed.", "\nA great deal of time was devoted to testimony showing considerable increase in value to property at some interchanges located on completed segments of the I-20 highway. ", "However, these conditions generally existed at interchanges in more populous localities and in areas where the interchanges served highways with higher traffic counts than that experienced on Highway 577. ", "In any event, the values are speculative, as the trial judge found, and the proof of enhanced value of defendant's property at the interchange was not established with sufficient certainty to support a finding. ", "That is, the effect of the Department's position was to say that when the interchange was completed, and when the traffic began to flow on I-20, McPherson's property at the interchange would be greatly enhanced in value. ", "None of the enhanced values predicted were a reality at the time of the trial.", "\nIn questions relating to the enhancement in value of McPherson's property at the interchange, the Department's witnesses acknowledged that other properties nearby, which belonged to persons whose property was not expropriated, would most likely enjoy an increase in value along with defendant's property when the increase occurred. ", "The advantage, if any, therefore, was not shown to be special to defendant. ", "Such an increase in property value, if it occurred, would probably inure to those generally situated in the vicinity of the interchange, not to plaintiff alone.", "\nMoreover, defendant's property in the vicinity of the interchange was of unusually high value before the taking. ", "A number of established residences were located within the perimeter of McPherson's property along Highway 577 at this juncture. ", "These tended to make McPherson's property near the interchange desirable for other residence sites and hence of greater value than property located at a distance from the interchange. ", "This present high value, then, is attributable to the established residential character of McPherson's property near the interchange, and it is not attributable *38 to the speculative increase to be brought about upon completion of the interchange.", "\nThe final question adjudicated by the trial court was the Department's claim that a sale of dirt by McPherson to the contractors for use on the interstate construction project amounting to almost $60,000 was a \"windfall\". ", "Hence the Department should receive credit for this windfall to offset the severance damage defendant claims.", "\nAside from the purchase of dirt by the contractor from McPherson's farm, the contractors on this segment of the project, and other contractors on other segments, purchased dirt from a number of property owners whose property was unaffected by the expropriations. ", "The trial judge concluded that McPherson should not be made to put back what he has received from dirt sales when others whose lands are not expropriated are not required to do the same.", "\nFurthermore, the Department had not suggested to what extent the sale of dirt was a windfall. ", "The judge pointed out that in any event the whole amount received for the sale of dirt was not a windfall, and the Department had utterly failed to establish by its proof or argument what portion of the $60,000 should be considered as a windfall and used as an offset against the severance damage claimed. ", "Failing to establish this claim with some degree of certainty was deemed sufficient to sustain its rejection.", "\nFrom a judgment in McPherson's favor for $87,704.45 (500 per acre or $57,845 for the land taken, $7,511.25 severance damage to the north remainder and $22,348.20 as severance damage to the south remainder), less credit for the deposit, and an additional award to cover fees of experts, the Department appealed to the Second Circuit. ", "McPherson answered the appeal, praying that the award for severance damage be increased, particularly to include the cost of the bridge.", "\nA motion to dismiss the Department's appeal was filed by McPherson based upon the Department's failure to timely pay the stenographer's fees to the clerk of the trial court. ", "The motion was denied by the Court of Appeal and it is not urged here.", "\n\nI\nThe Court of Appeal properly recognized (241 So.2d 543) that a defendant who contests the adequacy of the estimate of just compensation in an expropriation proceeding has the burden of proving that the land taken has a greater value than the amount deposited and he must also establish the extent of severance damage if any. ", "La.R.S. 48:453; State, Through Department of Highways v. Levy, 242 La. 259, 136 So.2d 35 (1962).", "\nAfter reviewing the qualifications of the respective experts who testified concerning values, the Court of Appeal found, as we do, that the qualifications of Williams and Sevier were indeed impressive. ", "Their familiarity with the lands and their knowledge of the effect of various factors, such as crop allotment quotas and soil quality, on the value of farm lands was considered superior to that of the State's appraisers. ", "Too, the study and accumulation of data utilized by the landowner's appraisers was found to be especially thorough.", "\nThe Court had no difficulty, therefore, in approving the judgment of the trial judge and his acceptance of the value established by the landowner's appraisers over those who testified on behalf of the Department. ", "Accordingly, the Court of Appeal approved those values.", "\nSevier, one of the experts tendered by McPherson, it will be recalled, appraised these lands at $500 per acre and the trial judge accepted this value in making his award. ", "However, the Court of Appeal was of the opinion that McPherson was bound by the testimony of his own witness, Williams, who appraised the property at *39 $455 per acre, the lesser of two appraisals by McPherson's experts. ", "In this holding we find the Court of Appeal erred.", "\nExpert opinions are not ordinarily conclusive. ", "They are generally regarded as advisory in character. ", "Unlike testimony to a fact, an opinion seeks only to assist the court in its effort to determine the ultimate fact. ", "Thus opinions as to value are not binding on the trier of fact. ", "Peiser v. Grand Isle, 224 La. 299, 69 So.2d 51 (1953); Housing Authority of New Orleans v. Gondolfo, 208 La. 1065, 24 So.2d 78 (1945); La. Power & Light Co. v. Dixon, 201 So.2d 346 (La.App.1967); State v. Wagner, 233 Minn. 241, 46 N.W.2d 676 (1951); 31 Am.", "Jur.2d, Expert and Opinion Evidence, § 183.", "\nAnd there is no rule that a party cannot prevail unless the evidence produced to establish his case is harmonious and consistent throughout. ", "Indeed, if that were the rule, success would rarely attend an attempt to prove an ultimate fact. ", "Primm v. Market St. Ry. ", "R. Co., 56 Cal.", "App.2d 480, 132 P.2d 842 (1943); Bitsekas v. Parechanian, 67 Cal.", "App. ", "148, 226 P. 974 (1924); Cf. ", "Biaggini v. Toye Bros. Yellow Cab Co., 163 So. ", "780 (La.App.1935); 30 Am.", "Jur.2d Evidence, § 1082.", "\nJustice does not require a court to accept as an absolute verity the opinion of the expert witness of a party simply because it involves a value of property lower than that of another expert tendered by the same party. ", "State, through Department of Highways v. Rapier, 246 La. 150, 164 So.2d 280 (1964).", "\nInstead, the effect to be given to opinion testimony is governed by the weight the trier of fact accords to that testimony. ", "The weight testimony is entitled to receive is determined by the professional qualifications and experience of the expert, the facts and studies upon which his opinion is based and, in case of land appraisals, his familiarity with the locality. ", "La. Power and Light Co. v. Dixon, 201 So.2d 346 (La.App.1967). ", "In all cases the possible bias of the witness in favor of the side for whom he testifies and the witness' character and credibility bear upon the weight of the testimony.", "\nThese are all matters for the trier of fact. ", "And when, as in this case, testimony of the witnesses is contradictory, the finding of the trier of fact will not be overturned unless manifest error appears in the record. ", "We find none here. ", "Housing Authority of New Orleans v. Gondolfo, 208 La. 1065, 24 So.2d 78 (1945); 31 Am. ", "Jur.2d, Expert and Opinion Evidence, §§ 181-184. ", "Accordingly, we agree with the trial judge that McPherson's property had a value of $500 per acre at the time of the taking.", "\n\nII\nThe Court of Appeal did not find it necessary to pass upon the correctness of the trial judge's award of severance damage being of the opinion that special benefits accruing to McPherson from dirt sales to the contractors in the amount of $60,000 was more than adequate to offset the claim for severance damage. ", "The trial court judgment rejecting this claim of special benefit from dirt sales was accordingly overruled.", "\nIn our opinion the award for severance damage by the trial court was well-founded, and the dirt sales are not special benefits to McPherson's property which may be offset against severance damage.", "\nBy statute no deduction can be made from the value of the property expropriated on account of benefits derived by the owner from the contemplated improvement or work. ", "La.R.S. 19:9; La. Civil Code art. ", "2633. ", "However, the jurisprudence has established the rule that when damage is sustained to the remainder of the property by reason of the taking, special benefits to the remainder of the property, as distinguished from general *40 benefits to property in the neighborhood, may be deducted from the damage to the remainder in the computation of severance damage. ", "The rule is stated in Louisiana Highway Commission v. Grey, 197 La. 942, 2 So.2d 654 (1941):\nWhen a part of a tract of land is taken for the public use, it frequently happens that the construction and maintenance of the public work for which the land is taken inflicts some injury upon the remainder of the tract or parcel. ", "And, while this is true, yet in other respects the remaining land may be benefited by the construction of the work. ", "The benefits or advantages, if any, which may result from the construction of the work are either general or special. ", "General benefits are those which are shared alike by all property owners in the neighborhood or community. ", "Such damage as a property owner may sustain as a result of the construction and use of a public work cannot be offset by these general benefits. ", "The reason is that the citizen whose property is taken cannot be compelled to bear more of the cost of the public improvement and general benefits resulting therefrom than is borne by other property owners whose property is neither taken nor damaged for the public purpose.", "\nIn deciding whether the benefit is general or special we do not by rule make a definitive distinction. ", "Each case must be determined on its own peculiar facts. ", "We do say, however, that for the benefit to be special it must be peculiar to the property itself by virtue of the improvement and not enjoyed in common with neighboring lands. ", "3 Nichols, The Law of Eminent Domain, § 8.6203 [1] (1965).", "\nThus, in the case before us where dirt is sold to the contractor from the remainder of McPherson's land, and the same contractor and others acquired dirt from other landowners in at least six other locations, in the area of the highway right of way, the benefit is not special to McPherson. ", "It is instead general to those located near the right of way who have the type soil desired and who are willing to sell.", "\nThe lands of the six other landowners who sold to the contractors were not affected by expropriation and were not damaged by the highway construction. ", "Therefore no deduction can be made from the price they receive for dirt sales. ", "Under these circumstances justice does not require that McPherson put back a substantial part of the amount realized from his dirt sale to offset severance damage to his property. ", "To permit such an offset would be to compel McPherson to bear a greater proportion of the cost of the public improvement than others.", "\nAlthough to some extent this dirt sale may have been brought about by the location of the highway construction project, the sale is due primarily to the soil's characteristics which make it desirable for use in the roadbed of the highway. ", "And this characteristic is uninfluenced by the highway construction, just as a gravel pit would not be. ", "In the true sense, therefore, the sale of this dirt is an advantage to the owner, not the property. ", "It is, we believe, analogous to a situation where a person's business, not his property, is improved by highway construction. ", "It is as though he were selling a product of his farm. ", "This improvement in business, as such, cannot be offset as a special benefit under the law. ", "3 Nichols, The Law of Eminent Domain, § 8.6203 [3] (1965); 27 Am.", "Jur.2d, Eminent Domain, § 368.", "\nThus a finding that the owner sold dirt from his remaining property to the contractor for the building of the highway is not the same as saying that the owner's remaining property was otherwise enhanced or specially benefited.", "\n\nIII\nFinding that the $60,000 dirt sale was a special benefit, more than sufficient to offset *41 the severance damage McPherson claimed, the Court of Appeal found it unnecessary to pass upon the claim of special benefits to the landowner resulting from the increased value of property at the interchange. ", "We do not agree. ", "Since we find the dirt sale was not a special benefit, we overrule the Court of Appeal in this respect and turn to the question of the effect the interchange will have on the value of McPherson's property.", "\nAs the recitation of facts sets forth, the Department's experts were generally of the opinion that when the highway was completed, and when traffic began to flow, McPherson's property at the interchange would benefit by a substantial enhancement in value. ", "McPherson's experts disagreed. ", "They were of the opinion that there was not then and there would be no enhanced value in the future of the interchange property due to the highway construction under progress. ", "None of the enhanced value the Department's experts referred to was yet a reality at the time of the trial.", "\nSince this claim of the Department has to do with mitigation of the severance damage claimed and established by McPherson, the condemning authority has the burden of proving the special benefits as an offset against severance damage otherwise allowable. ", "City of New Orleans v. Giraud, 238 La. 278, 115 So.2d 349 (1959). ", "In this proof it is the special benefit which exists at the time of the trial which is pertinent. ", "La.R.S. 48:453. ", "That is to say, speculative benefits can no more be considered than can speculative damages. ", "Nichols, The Law of Eminent Domain, § 8.6203 (1965).", "\nThus, no enhancement in value to the land surrounding the interchange having been shown as of the date of the trial, the speculation that an increase in value is forthcoming cannot be considered in mitigation of damages to the remainder. ", "Nichols, ibid, § 8.6201. ", "Such a rule is wellfounded. ", "It would be improper to make McPherson pay now, by set off, for a benefit he has not received and which is merely speculative. ", "Many circumstances could occur before the highway is completed which would prevent the predicted enhancement in value. ", "Conceivably, the highway may not be completed at all. ", "So the law wisely requires that the values be determined as of the date of trial.", "\nAside from the speculative character of the values at the interchange, another factor enters into the resolution of this issue. ", "The record does not adequately establish that the benefit to accrue to McPherson's property in the event of an increase in the value of lands at the interchange will be a special benefit. ", "As the testimony of the Department's own witnesses disclose, the enhancement in value will not be peculiar to McPherson's property alone. ", "To a diminishing extent, the property from the immediate vicinity of the interchange and for a distance therefrom along Highway 577 will also benefit when the interchange is completed should a benefit in fact result.", "\nExcept for the McPherson property and one other tract, the other property to be benefited by completion of the interchange is unaffected by expropriation and it will not be damaged by the construction of the highway. ", "In other words, in this neighborhood, all property will be enhanced but only McPherson must pay now by offset for a future speculative benefit. ", "We think not.", "\nUnder principles announced in Part II of this opinion these benefits to the neighborhood generally are not to be classified as special benefits to be offset against the claim of severance damage.", "\n\nIV\nIt was established without serious contradiction that it would cost $12,380 to *42 construct an adequate bridge across the slough to provide access to about 100 acres of land in the south remainder. ", "The trial judge was of the opinion that the experts had included this amount in the award for damage to the south remainder, and the claim was disallowed. ", "The Court of Appeal approved this finding. ", "However, our careful reading of the record compels us to conclude to the contrary. ", "No allowance for a bridge was made by the real estate experts in the $22,348.20 calculation of damage attributed to the south remainder. ", "To the contrary, these witnesses felt unqualified to estimate the cost of bridge construction, and so they computed the damage without regard to bridge cost, leaving the ascertainment of that claim to other proof. ", "Their calculation was made with the understanding that in addition thereto the bridge would be constructed. ", "The bridge cost was, therefore, the subject of separate proof by a contractor experienced and knowledgeable in this type construction. ", "This item should have been allowed also. ", "City of New Orleans v. Giraud, 238 La. 278, 115 So.2d 349 (1959).", "\n\nV\nMcPherson applied to this Court for review of the Court of Appeal decision, and we granted writs. ", "257 La. 601, 243 So.2d 272. ", "After the record was lodged here, the Department filed a motion to remand. ", "This motion was filed on December 1, 1971, two and one-half years after trial. ", "The object of the motion to remand was to permit the Department to offer evidence of \"actual\" special benefits \"accruing to the construction of the highway improvement.\"", "\nThe motion to remand is based upon an allegation that McPherson granted three options on January 19, 1971 and February 2, 1971 to sell 12.75 acres in three quadrants of the interchange for $65,000. ", "It is alleged that McPherson declined to convey the optioned property, and suit for specific performance of the obligation was then (December 1, 1971) pending in the District Court of Madison Parish. ", "By answer, McPherson opposed the motion to remand. ", "He alleged, alternatively, that if a remand were granted, he reserved the right to show that since the trial the south remainder had been rendered entirely worthless, and that 125 acres of the north remainder had been seriously damaged and reduced in value by pooling brought about by impaired drainage resulting from the highway construction.", "\nSix days were spent in the trial of this case. ", "Five volumes of testimony containing 1074 pages were recorded and transcribed. ", "In addition, many exhibits were introduced in evidence and referred to in the testimony. ", "The trial judge very generously granted a wide latitude to both parties in introducing evidence.", "\nWe have already pointed out that the relevant time for determination of special benefits in mitigation of severance damages is the date of the trial, La.R.S. 48:453. ", "Developments since the trial are therefore irrelevant to our findings.", "\nAlthough we are not unmindful of this Court's authority to remand for the reception of additional evidence in a proper case where the ends of justice are served, this is not such a case. ", "La.Code Civ.", "Proc. ", "art. ", "2164. ", "For one thing, the evidence proposed to be introduced by the Department is not relevant. ", "And, furthermore, under similar allegations, this litigation might be protracted indefinitely, even after adjudication on remand.", "\n\nDecree\nFor the reasons assigned, it is ordered, adjudged and decreed that there be judgment in favor of defendant, James B. McPherson, Jr., and against plaintiff, State of Louisiana, through the Department of Highways in the full sum of One hundred *43 thousand, eighty-four and 45/100 ($100,084.45) dollars, apportioned as follows:\n\n\n1. ", "Compensation for land\n taken $57,845.00\n2. ", "Severance damage to the\n north remainder 7,511.25\n3. ", "Severance damage to the\n south remainder 22,348.20\n4. ", "Cost of constructing\n bridge 12,380.00\n\nless a credit of Forty-seven thousand, four hundred eighty-five and no/100 ($47,485.00) dollars previously paid to defendant, together with five (5%) per cent per annum on the balance due from June 21, 1968 until paid.", "\nThe fees of defendant's experts are fixed as costs in the following amounts:\n\n\nWilliam P. Williams $1,488.00\nMalcolm C. Sevier 2,727.00\nT. S. Dabney 1,455.00\nJames Gregory 825.00\n\nAll costs to be paid by plaintiff.", "\nMcCALEB, C. J., dissents, being of the opinion that the award of the Court of Appeal is substantially correct.", "\nDIXON, J., recused, having performed judicial acts in case in another court.", "\nBARHAM, Justice (dissenting).", "\nWe granted this writ primarily to review the Court of Appeal's determination that the landowner's sale of dirt to a contractor for the construction of the highway for which a part of his land had been expropriated was a special benefit which would offset severance damages. ", "I agree with the majority's conclusion that an expropriatee is not to be charged with a special benefit for the sale of dirt from the remainder of his property for use in the project construction.", "\nHowever, two serious errors have been committed by the majority. ", "While it has correctly permitted the landowner to retain the $60,000.00 received for the sale of dirt, it has also, according to my review of the record, allowed him to recover severance damages from the State to the north remainder of his property for the depreciation in value caused by the excavations made by him for the removal of dirt. ", "Moreover, the majority has awarded full severance damages to the south remainder on the basis of appraisers' awards arrived at by ascertaining the difference in market value of the whole before the taking (less the value of the part taken) and the market value of the remainder at the time of the trial; and it has actually, after making this full award, also given severance damages to the same area on a cost-to-cure basis when the defect to be cured had been included in the market value appraisals.", "\nThe majority has found that the qualifications of the landowner's appraisers, Williams and Sevier, were \"indeed impressive\" and accepted them as the appraisers whose opinions are controlling of the case; however, it has rejected portions of the testimony of these witnesses. ", "In fact, it has accepted the calculations of value of one of these qualified experts on two issues, but not upon another important issue. ", "No mention is made of the contradiction in the testimony of these witnesses. ", "For the purposes of this dissent I will also accept these two witnesses to be well qualified, but I will review all of their testimony.", "\nFirst, I consider the question of severance damages to the north remainder of the property. ", "Although the majority and the trial court accepted both of the landowner's appraisers, Williams and Sevier, over all other expert witnesses in the case to establish market value of the part taken and, as I will show later, to establish the severance damages to the south remainder, for some reason in the determination of severance damages to the north remainder they failed even to mention Williams' testimony. ", "I cannot understand why the testimony *44 of such a qualified and eminent expert, accepted for all other purposes, has not been given any consideration on this issue.", "\nSevier testified that the north tract had been heavily affected by the taking and suffered severance damages because a new road and drainage ditch would have to be built in order to afford field access and proper drainage of rain water from the north remainder onto the south remainder. ", "Sevier opined that there was need for a large drainage ditch running parallel to the highway in order to collect all the water from the north remainder and carry it onto the south remainder. ", "An engineer was called to buttress this proposition.", "\nThe natural flow of rain water is from north to south, the land has been cultivated so as to lend itself to a north-south water flow, and no change in the north remainder's topography has been made by the taking. ", "The highway has been simply interposed between it and the south remainder. ", "On the north side of the highway is the usual road ditch for collecting rain water flow, and according to all of the testimony numerous culverts and drainage facilities have been placed under the highway to remove the water collected in the north ditch of the highway by its natural flow to the south. ", "It is admitted by all that even larger culverts were installed in the vicinity of the interchange in place of the small culverts which once carried water under Louisiana Highway 577 into a ditch on the south remainder, which I will discuss later. ", "The engineer sets forth an expensive plan for constructing roads and major drainage facilities on the north remainder, yet he admits that the natural flow of the water is to the south and that culverts will carry the water under the road, and finally seems to conclude that perhaps his expert opinion would contradict that of the highway engineers only to the extent of requiring two additional culverts under the highway.", "\nThe State's witnesses assigned a special benefit to the remainder because in reclassifying the remainder as commercial property rather than as farmland on account of its location at a major interchange after the taking, the market value was enhanced. ", "They also testified that at least the north remainder would have suffered no damage. ", "But conceding that we are faced with contradictions in regard to severance damage to the north, we have the answer by the landowner himself through the clear, unequivocal testimony of his expert Williams. ", "Williams negates absolutely, positively, and categorically the testimony of the landowner's other appraiser, Sevier, and the engineer. ", "According to Williams, the only damage to the north remainder is that caused by the landowner himself when he allowed 12 acres of the north remainder to be excavated to fulfill his contract for the sale of dirt. ", "Williams' expert conclusion is that the partial taking in no manner adversely affected the north remainder, and that the north remainder suffered no severance damage. ", "This is the most obvious instance where the majority has used only that evidence which would support the highest award to the landowner and has rejected all other.", "\nI am of the opinion that the north remainder suffered no severance damages.", "\nI move next to a consideration of severance damages to the south remainder, which consists of approximately 112 acres. ", "The trial judge stated: \"The defendant has clearly established with the appraisers, the engineer and the contractor, James Gregory, that to use, cultivate, or pasture the south remainder, much money must be spent for bridges, dirt work, and culverts, but I am of the opinion that these losses are adequately included in the awards for severance hereinabove provided.\" (", "Emphasis supplied.) ", "The expression \"awards for severance hereinabove provided\" refers to the trial court's award of $22,348.20 as severance damages to the south remainder under the estimate of diminished market value made by Williams and Sevier. ", "It is apparent from the above-quoted holding that the trial court rejected the cost-to-cure *45 method of assigning severance damages in favor of the before-and-after market value approach. ", "Both Williams and Sevier determined the severance damages to the south remainder by arriving at the difference between the market value of the entirety before the taking (less compensation for the part taken) and the market value of the remainder after the taking as that market value was affected by reason of the partial taking.", "\nThe majority has allowed double recovery—that is, recovery under both approaches. ", "As the trial court found, the value assigned as the cost to cure had already been considered and included in both appraisers' after-taking evaluations. ", "In order for an appraiser to make a before-and-after determination of value for severance damages, he must of necessity account for all of the defects in the property caused by the partial taking which have effect upon the market value of the remainder.", "\nThe majority has increased the landowner's own appraisers' evaluation of total severance damages to the south remainder by 50 per cent. ", "According to the appraisers' evaluation, the total severance damage to the south remainder, which was adopted by both the trial court and the majority here, was $22,348.20. ", "The majority now adds $12,380.00 for the cost of constructing an expensive highway bridge over a farm ditch in order to give access between two portions of farmland for farm vehicles. ", "Williams stated repeatedly that his appraisal of the after value of the south remainder had included an estimate for the cost of using culverts to bridge the ditch. ", "This realtor-appraiser is qualified to determine for the purpose of market value both the extent to which denial of accessibility devalued the property and the adequacy of culverts as a remedy of the defect for a prospective purchaser.", "\nSevier on several occasions definitely stated that he had included within his estimate of a $200.00 per acre loss in value to the south remainder the need for and the cost of giving access to both portions of that remainder by way of a bridge. ", "I will admit that on redirect examination after a recess the attorney for the landowner tried to rehabilitate Sevier in this regard by seeking a categorical response that the appraiser had not in fact considered the bridge in arriving at his remainder value. ", "This attempt at rehabilitation does not refute that testimony repeated on cross-examination to specific questions relating to the elements which constituted the appraiser's $200.00 per acre depreciation of the south remainder.", "\nOn cross-examination, knowing that he had to give facts to justify his expert opinion of the $200.00 per acre depreciation, Sevier in careful repetitive response to precise questions began to account for the defects which he considered depreciated the south remainder. ", "He first testified: \"Well, Seventy-five Dollars ($75.00) for the loss of cultivatable land, and the problems in farming, Seventy-five Dollars ($75.00) for his drainage problems, for his bridge and his access.\" (", "Emphasis supplied.) ", "Realizing that the $75.00 values would not total $200.00 per acre depreciation, Sevier immediately thereafter stated these values should have been $100.00, and then in answer to the question \"How about the bridge?\", ", "he answered: \"Well, I really am not qualified to say what a bridge would cost, but in my estimation, that would be included in the hundred dollars for the overpass et cetera.\"", "\nAppraisers who fix market value do not have to estimate cost to cure. ", "In fact, they should not, except as a check upon their appraisal of market value. ", "They should, as Sevier has just indicated, estimate the depreciation factor of the non-access upon the market value. ", "Appraisers do not have to defer to experts on cost to cure. ", "The market-value approach used by Williams and Sevier should not be supplemented by any estimates of cost to cure.", "\nIt is very clear, as the trial court concluded, that Sevier included in his appraisal *46 of the after value of the south remainder the lack of access between the two portions of that remainder, and that this lack of access was in fact a considerable devaluating factor in his computation of that value. ", "As previously noted, Williams' appraisal estimate included the depreciating factor of non-access. ", "The trial court was perfectly correct in deciding to disregard the testimony of the engineer and the bridge-builder of the cost to make the particular improvements they testified were necessary for the restoration of the south remainder to its before-taking condition.", "\nThe appraisers had already determined the market value difference between the before-taking condition and the after-taking condition caused by the partial taking. ", "The estimates by the engineer and the contractor of cost of restoration, of cure, were merely repetitive of the absence of access, the need for drainage, and the other devaluating factors which had already been considered and awarded by the two appraisers. ", "The trial court accepted, and we should accept, the best approach for determining severance damages—that is, the difference in the market value before the taking and the market value of the remainder after the taking, as reflected by the damage caused by the partial taking. ", "That approach fixes the severance damages at $22,348.20. ", "Certainly we cannot cumulate the value under that approach with the value under a cost-to-cure approach.", "\nI conclude that the north remainder suffered no severance damages, only damage which the landowner visited upon himself advisedly in exchange for the price he received for the dirt which was removed from his property. ", "Just as he cannot have the dirt sale charged against him as a special benefit, neither can he charge the damage suffered by the dirt removal to the State as an item of severance damages.", "\nI agree that the south remainder suffered severance damages because of the excess water which will collect and pond in certain places, the unusual shape which will make impossible ordinary farming methods, difficulty of access between it and the main farm to the north, and lack of access between the two portions of the south remainder. ", "However, like the trial court, I accept the landowner's appraisers' evaluation of severance damages of $22,348.20. ", "I must reject the special cost to cure, the bridge construction on the south remainder, as having already been included in the award of Sevier and Williams under their before-and-after market value approach. ", "The majority's award should be reduced by $7511.25 and $12,380.00, or a total of $19,891.25.", "\nFor these reasons I respectfully dissent.", "\n" ]

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[ "Try as you might, the horizon will continue to elude you despite your endless persistence. ", "Don't make the destination the sole meaning. ", "Take pleasure in the journey. ", "Swim a minute beside me...\n\nTuesday, June 10, 2003\n\nWax tablets would be a much healthier pursuit for me at this moment. ", "I've been trying to get my buddy Rob's Apple to do something for me all day. ", "Off and on for over 12 hours, the same problem has turned into a plague now... Soon, my part will be over, and complete or part of the way there, it will just have to be. ", "He is off to Santa Barbara for a \"C de P\" reunion, and I fly southbound. ", "Next stop New Orleans.", "\n\nOregon has been a wonderful break from the non-stop pace New York only knows how to offer! ", "Sleep has returned to my life as a regularly scheduled item, until haha I try to fix a computer, then magically, I stay up into the morning hours. ", "This is probably why I had a dream in which I stated, \"I hate computers.\" ", "I never exclaim things much less profound statements like that. (", "Note: I'm not sure what I just pressed, but my blog has just been published to the interenet unintentionally). ", "That would be proof that there is no joy in mudville this evening. ", "I'll begin anew tomorrow or later...\n\nSaturday, June 07, 2003\n\nThis is my first entry, a test really. ", "I can no longer say I quit my job last Friday because another Friday has since come along. ", "Escaping to Oregon has helped in distancing myself from that now closed chapter. ", "That same distance, however, also takes me away from my love and companion, Dana. ", "With this and other electronic communications I feel the distance can remain physical and nothing more.", "\n\nI arrived Thursday afternoon, and the sun has not let up. ", "This is a welcomed change from this past Winter's harshness and negligible Spring in New York. ", "Time here has been mostly supporting my love of food and leisure. ", "It's nice to have no agenda. ", "This morning it was difficult to ascertain the time because the guest house I'm staying in has no clocks. ", "Rob's mom told me this was intentional when I inquired. ", "Her answer was quite delightful. ", "I stopped wearing my watch some months back, and I'm fighting to keep it off. ", "Appointments are beginning to take on somewhat of a burden-like characteristic with their punctuality. ", "Parties are really nice from this perspective because people simply come and go as they please. ", "Start when guests arrive and finish when they leave.", "\n\nMy buddy Rob lives currently with his mom, Sharon, and his step-dad, Peter, in Newburg, OR. ", "The property is dedicated to many different loves amongst them: roses, food, and family. ", "The Willamette River runs all the away across the back of the property. ", "It's quite the lovely river to swim in, without drinking any of it, but it does carry a somewhat unsettling odor. ", "I guess the city life took me away from nature a little too far. ", "I'd rather be in that river any day over simply telling tales of the Hudson." ]

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[ "Clusterfuck Nation\n\nNow appearing Mondays and Fridays\n\nSupport this blog by visiting Jim’s Patreon Page!", "\n\nHe breached out of the horse latitudes in the Great Sea of Politics last spring and destroyed all the lesser whales with his mighty flukes, but now the Democratic Pequod, with its diverse and inclusive crew has vowed to chase him to the ends of the earth until he spouts black blood and rolls dead out. ", "It’s Moby Trump! ", "Skin your eyes for him men (and women, and intersectional non-binary zhes, theys, and hirs)! ", "Do ye see a Bitcoin nailed to yonder mast? ", "It goes to ye who raises me that whale of white privilege!", "\n\nWho is Ahab in this story? ", "Why The New York Times, of course. ", "Such is the vastness of its pious obsession with the cosmic malignity of Moby Trump, who chomped off Ahab’s limb — fondly known as Hillary — the last time the Pequod set sail. ", "With Jim Comey as Starbuck, the ever-upright Quaker mate, cool, aloof, marinated in rectitude, yet deadly with his lance.", "\n\nAnd so the great American tragedy plays out on C-Span.", "\n\nRemember, though, that in the original tale penned by the loser (never made a buck) Herman Melville, the white whale sank the Pequod in a final, desperate, whorl of vengeance, while Ahab drowned entwined in his own harpoon lines, pinned upon the very hump of his inscrutable quarry. ", "And I alone am left to tell thee….", "\n\nSo much for literary conceits — and hat tip to Bob Dylan for reminding us, in his just released Nobel valedictory, how much the white whale should mean to us. ", "In this bleak and tawdry age of content-less Kardashian trash, there really are latent cosmic storylines, and this saga of Moby Trump is a tragedy that the Republic perhaps can’t bear to hear: exactly how we destroyed ourselves.", "\n\nThe question is, what will remain of the American polity once the mighty Trump is harpooned, flensed, and boiled down to his essential oils? ", "A great evil vacuum, I predict, rather like Melville’s fabled Norway maelstrom. ", "And within it, everything and everyone in the Deep State will be revealed as hollow and ghostlike, mere revenants of our beloved institutions, including the rule of law.", "\n\nImpeachment is something that hovers just a bit above and beside the law, founded, as it is, on the vague notion of high crimes and misdemeanors — which can mean anything, really, to parties so determined to wield it. ", "The blundering Trump expressed a hope that a dodgy FBI investigation against General Flynn for conversing with the Russian ambassador (really, he talked with an envoy from a foreign land?) ", "might be laid aside. ", "Well, that could just do the trick, according to Jeffrey Toobin of CNN, legal mouthpiece for “the Resistence.”", "\n\nI confess that I never considered Mr. Trump — or as I’m fond of calling him, the Golden Golem of Greatness — a horse that was going to finish. ", "I predicted after the election that he would be removed from office by hook or by crook inside of a few months. ", "While I do not align with his antagonists, I consider him unfit for the job he won in an ignominious election against a repulsive opponent. ", "He appears simply to not know what he is doing, and that’s pretty scary at this moment in history when, apparently unbeknownst to purveyors of “news,” and the countless factotums of government — from the larval agency clerks to the preening poobahs of congress to the scheming technocrat overlords of the intel matrix — the nation is poised at the rim of a financial clusterfuck that will make the fall of the Roman Empire look like a small business bankruptcy.", "\n\nIn the meantime, watch as a toxic political tide sweeps away the foundations of a two-hundred-odd year experiment in civil order. ", "Six months from now, nobody will trust anyone or anything, and we may easily see a great deal of kinetic lashing out against each other in the ringing, raging confusion of the political vortex we’ve gleefully ventured into.", "\n\nLive on Amazon! ", "JHK’s new book\n\n\n\n“Simply the best novel of the 1960s.”", "\n\nRead the first chapter here (click) on Patreon\n\nBuy the book at Amazon or click on the cover below\n\nor get autographed copies from Battenkill Books\n\nOther Books by JHK\n\nThe World Made By Hand Series: Book 1:\n\nBook 2:\n\nBook 3:\n\n\n\nBook 4:\n\n\n\nSupport this blog by visiting Jim’s Patreon Page" ]

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[ "NK Puconci\n\nNogometni klub Puconci (), commonly referred to as NK Puconci or simply Puconci, is a Slovenian football club which plays in the town of Puconci. ", "They currently play in the 1. ", "MNL, the fifth tier of the Slovenian football pyramid. ", "The club was established in 1953 and is currently named Kema Puconci due to sponsorship reasons.", "\n\nPuconci enjoyed their most successful period between 1998 and 2003 when they played in the Slovenian Third League. ", "In the 2000–01 season they also made their only appearance in the Slovenian Cup to date, where they reached the round of 16.", "\n\nHonours\nSlovenian Fourth Division: 2\n 1996–97, 1997–98\n\nSlovenian Fifth Division: 2\n 2005–06, 2008–09\n\nLeague history since 1991\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Football clubs in Slovenia\nCategory:Association football clubs established in 1953\nCategory:1953 establishments in Slovenia" ]

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[ "HMAS Condamine (K698)\n\nHMAS Condamine (K698/F698), named for the Condamine River in Queensland, was a of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). ", "Commissioned in 1946, Condamine served in the Korean War. ", "The ship was paid off in 1955, and sold for scrap in 1961.", "\n\nConstruction\nCondamine was laid down by the State Dockyard at Newcastle, New South Wales on 30 October 1943. ", "She was launched on 4 November 1944, and commissioned into the RAN on 22 February 1946.", "\n\nOperational history\nDuring the first years of her career Condamine operated only in Australian and New Guinean waters.", "\n\nFrom August 1952 to March 1953 the ship operated in Korean waters during the Korean War. ", "During this deployment, she conducted a number of shore bombardments and protected United Nations forces on islands off the Korean peninsula. ", "Condamine was awarded the battle honour \"Korea 1952–53\" for this deployment.", "\n\nFollowing the end of the Korean War, Condamine completed a second tour of Korean waters between February and November 1955.", "\n\nDecommissioning and fate\nCondamine paid off into reserve on 2 December 1955, and was sold for scrap on 21 September 1961.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n HMAS Condamine ship history\n\nCategory:River-class frigates of the Royal Australian Navy\nCategory:Ships built in New South Wales\nCategory:1944 ships" ]

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[ "“The week building up was a tough week for us. ", "We needed to be smart, we needed to be clinical. ", "We needed good ideas as to how we were going to respond. ", "I don’t think many teams would have been able to respond from a defeat like we tasted.”", "\n\nSmith said the match had been set up by a solid first innings of 423, followed by good bowling. “", "The intensity we showed with the ball in both innings was really impressive on a wicket which didn’t offer that much.”", "\n\nDale Steyn‘s sensational post-tea spell came after he appealed vociferously for a catch behind when Chris Rogers was on 69 in the over before tea.", "\n\nWith the St George’s Park band in full swing, the slip cordon didn’t hear what replays showed to be a faint edge and South Africa did not seek a review when Rogers was given not out.", "\n\nAsked how angry Steyn had been after the missed opportunity, Smith quipped: “I think he goes from being very angry to extremely angry most of the time when he is bowling. ", "We always know that Dale is one spell away from creating something for us. ", "It’s great to see when the game is on the line that he can respond like that.”", "\n\nPart-time off-spinner JP Duminy made the breakthrough when he trapped Warner leg before wicket for a sparkling 66, made off 73 balls.", "\n\nSouth Africa took four top order wickets for four runs after tea to swing the game in their favour, with Alex Doolan, Shaun Marsh, Clarke and Steve Smith falling for 5, 0, 1 and 0 respectively.", "\n\nMarsh was out first ball to Vernon Philander to complete a “pair”.", "\n\nTen runs later, Steyn’s fast reverse swing sent Brad Haddin’s middle stump flying. ", "Mitchell Johnson stayed long enough to see Rogers to his century but became a fourth lbw victim.", "\n\nRogers, who scored only ten runs in his first three innings of the series, looked in good touch from the start of his innings, taking advantage of some over-pitched deliveries early on and almost keeping pace with Warner during what was easily the most productive opening partnership by either side during the series.", "\n\nWith Australia seven down, South Africa claimed the extra half hour available if a result was likely and took the last three wickets with a possible 14 balls remaining.", "\n\nSouth Africa were without injured left-arm fast-medium bowler Wayne Parnell but Smith juggled his bowlers well and made good use of his part-time spinners.", "\n\nHashim Amla completed his 21st Test century — and his fifth against Australia — and finished on 127 not out when Smith declared at 270 for five. ", "South Africa added 78 runs in 17 overs on Sunday.", "\n\nFirst Published on February 24, 2014, 12:34 amLast updated on February 24, 2014, 12:35 am" ]

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[ "Mérida, 19th March 2014 (Venezuelanalysis.com) – The Venezuelan government has declared it will sever all commercial ties with Air Canada, after the airline suspended operations in the country earlier this week.", "\n\nDescribing Air Canada's decision as “unilateral”, Venezuela's air and sea transport minister Hebert Garcia accused the airline of flouting international standards on Tuesday.", "\n\n“That relationship with Air Canada is over until the president decides otherwise,” Garcia stated.", "\n\nGarcia's statement came in response to a statement from Air Canada on Monday that it would halt flights to Venezuela.", "\n\n“Due to on-going civil unrest in Venezuela, Air Canada can no longer ensure the safety of its operation and has suspended flights to Caracas until further notice,” Air Canada stated.", "\n\nAccording to the airline's website, it had been operating three Toronto-Caracas flights a week.", "\n\n“Air Canada will continue to monitor the situation and will evaluate the re-introduction of flights with the objective of resuming operations on the route once Air Canada is satisfied that the situation in Venezuela has stabilized,” the company stated.", "\n\nAir Canada's Caracas office remains open, according to the airline.", "\n\nCaracas and at least five other major Venezuelan cities have been hit by a wave of deadly protests since last month. ", "However, Garcia rejected Air Canada's official explanation attributing the suspensions to insecurity, stating the airline continues to operate in Ukraine despite civil unrest. ", "Garcia described the situation in Ukraine as “more serious” than ongoing barricades in Venezuela.", "\n\n“We regret that they have taken a unilateral decision because Canadians will surely keep coming to Venezuela,” Garcia stated.", "\n\nLast week, President Nicolas Maduro warned he would take “severe measures” against airlines that reduce services.", "\n\n“A company that leaves the country will not return while we hold power,” Maduro stated on Friday.", "\n\nToday, Venezuela's National Assembly (AN) called on airlines to work with the government to improve services and avoid cutbacks.", "\n\nThe head of the AN's committee on services and administration and socialist party (PSUV) legislator Claudio Farias stated there is a “commitment” from Venezuela to avoid flight suspensions.", "\n\nHowever Air Canada isn't the only international company to curb operations in Venezuela.", "\n\nAirlines including Lufthansa, Iberia, Air Europe, Air France, American Airlines and others have reduced flights this year. ", "According to a recent report from daily newspaper Ultimas Noticias, 11 of 26 airlines in Venezuela have at least reduced services, with some using smaller planes.", "\n\nHowever, most airlines have cited difficulty exchanging currency through official channels as the main reason for the cutbacks. ", "Under Venezuela's currency control regime, foreign currency can only legally be exchanged for the bolivar through a governmental institution. ", "However, both Venezuelan and international companies have long criticised the system, complaining of transaction delays.", "\n\nLast week, the Colombian based Avianca announced it would cut 73% percent of flights servicing Venezuela, including routes to Peru, Costa Rica and Colombia.", "\n\nEarlier this year Avianca's president Fabio Villegas stated that difficulties with Venezuela's foreign exchange system had forced the company to make cutbacks. ", "The airline reportedly has close to US$300 million in Venezuela. ", "According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), airlines have around US$3.7 billion trapped in Venezuela.", "\n\nHowever, airlines have also been charging very high prices for tickets out of Venezuela, often closer to the illegal exchange rate when compared to their other prices. ", "The government then owes the airlines bolivars calculated at the official rate.", "\n\nAirlines aren't the only ones taking flight. ", "Chrysler has announced that it will reduce operations this month. ", "The company blamed difficulties importing assembly materials. ", "Recent cutbacks at other manufacturers including Toyota, Ford and General Motors sparked protests earlier this month, with unions taking to the street to demand the government nationalise the automotive industry." ]

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[ "Summary:\n\nStand Up Guys is the tale of three elderly men having one last night out on the town together. ", "They realize that there’s not much time left, so they figure, why not get the gang back together and relive their glory days? ", "On its own, this might not seem like such an unusual premise, that is, until you factor in that these guys are all former criminals who used to be involved in activities such as robbery and murder. ", "With that in mind, you can begin to imagine just what kind of a night on the town these three would have.", "\n\nVal (Al Pacino) has just been released from prison after a 28-year sentence. ", "He is met by an old colleague of his, Doc (Christopher Walken), who takes him back to his apartment and then out to do whatever he wants to do on his big day. ", "This includes activities like grabbing a cup of coffee, making love to women, and dancing. ", "Along the way, we discover what it was that got Val put away in the first place, but we also realize that Doc has been given a job to do. ", "Due to a mistake Val made during a job all those years ago, Doc has been given the assignment of killing him. ", "It doesn’t take Val long to realize this, which prompts him to spring their other companion, Hirsch (Alan Arkin), from a nursing home and go out for one last hurrah.", "\n\nSounds like it would be an interesting premise, right? ", "Well, no, it doesn’t turn out to be an interesting premise because the writer, Noah Heidle, seems at a loss as to what to do with it. ", "Early on, we know there is something suspicious going on with Doc, who is seen carrying a gun around. ", "We eventually learn exactly what he has to do, leading you to think this is going to be a fascinating character piece that has him trying to come to terms with killing his best friend, but instead, the plot gets very heavily sidetracked.", "\n\nIt begins to ignore the main plot very early on, opting instead to focus on Val trying to make love to a prostitute at one of their old hang out spots. ", "However, this is no quick detour. ", "Being a rather old man, Val has trouble performing, causing him to have to break into a pharmacy to steal some male supplements. ", "Instead of leaving it at that, the script calls for him to take too many, giving him a long-lasting effect that requires him to have to go to the hospital for treatment. ", "Does this seem like the kind of scenario that fits into a movie like this?", "\n\nThere are parts that have the men being boys: they steal a car, drive around really fast, lose the cops in a chase, etc. ", "This is fine for a little while, but you still have the elephant in the room hanging around wherever they go. ", "After several more escapades, it’s finally addressed again near the end of the film, leading them to do what they should have done from the start, especially since they’ve been looking to relive the good old days. ", "It may have taken an extra threat to get there, but at the very least, the film ends well.", "\n\nDespite the film not living up to the premise, it is doubtful that they could have assembled a better cast than this trio of Oscar winners. ", "Walken is always reliable as a kind of soft-spoken tough guy. ", "Pacino seems to be having a little fun, though it remains questionable why he would sign on for something that contained such pointless material for his character. ", "It’s always a delight to see Arkin (recently nominated for an Oscar for Argo) and though he gets the least screentime, he too appears to be having some fun with the character.", "\n\nIt may surprise you to learn that this film comes from director Fisher Stevens. ", "Yes, the same Fisher Stevens who starred in the Short Circuit films, and who also won an Oscar not too long ago for producing the excellent documentary The Cove. ", "The film is competently directed, showing that Stevens has a decent eye for the job and it’s rather impressive given that it’s only his second feature film.", "\n\nThis is Heidle’s first screenplay, which could explain why it just doesn’t work as well as he’d hoped. ", "There’s far too much meandering here for it to make much of an impact. ", "If he had buckled down and concentrated on the most important element of the story, he really could have had an intriguing character study. ", "Perhaps he was thinking that if they simply got the best actors they could find, then everything would be fine. ", "Unfortunately for him, even these three Oscar winners aren’t miracle workers.", "\n\nTurning now to the specs of the Blu-Ray itself, the film is presented in a 2.40:1 widescreen transfer that is sharp for the most part. ", "That are parts that appeared a little blurrier than others, mostly during the scenes taking place at night, but it’s a very minor issue compared to the overall picture quality. ", "The 5.1 DTS-HD Master Audio is a little on the soft side, so this is another one of those releases that you merely need to turn up a little louder than normal to be able to hear it clearly.", "\n\nSpecial features included in this release are as follows:\n\nDirector Commentary\n\n“The Lowdown on Making Stand Up Guys” Featurette\n\n“The Stand Up Songs of Jon Bon Jovi” Featurette\n\n“American Muscle: The Stand Up Stunt Driving Scenes” Featurette\n\nDeleted Scenes\n\nBeginning with the commentary, a ten-minute sampling reveals a track with highs and lows. ", "At times, Stevens is just describing what’s on the screen, while at other times, he throws an interesting production fact or two our way. ", "The featurettes are a mixed bag as well. ", "The only decent one of the three is the “Making of,” which includes interviews with the cast and crew. ", "They have some interesting things to say about the characters and the story which makes this featurette worth checking out. ", "As for the deleted scenes, you needn’t waste your time. ", "They’re merely two scenes (about two minutes total) that add absolutely nothing to the film.", "\n\nOverall, it’s unfortunate not to be able to recommend this release, particularly with the amazing talent involved in the film, but sadly they couldn’t do much to save the meandering storyline. ", "On top of that, the special features only include one or two extras that are worth taking a look at, and even those aren’t particularly great. ", "Hopefully Pacino, Walken, and Arkin wouldn’t be opposed to working with each other again, but this time with a script that was worthy of their efforts. ", "I have a feeling that if these three got the right material, the result would be quite a film to remember.", "\n\nThis review is based on a copy of the Blu-Ray that we received for reviewing purposes.", "\n\nStand Up Guys Blu-Ray Review\n\nUnderwhelming\n\nStand Up Guys contains a massive amount of talent in its Oscar-winning leads, but thanks to a heavily-meandering storyline, the film never becomes worthy of that talent." ]

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[ "Rachel Morrison is the first ever before female nominee for best cinematography Oscar Oscars: Rachel Morrison makes record as first feminine cinematographer nominee\n\nThe 39-year-old was ready in line at the air port and cradling a sleeping three-year-old when she became the first female ever before nominated for the cinematography Academy Honor in the Oscars’ 90 yr history.", "\n\nMorrison said it’s ironic that there aren’t more female directors of photography, known on units as DPs, because women are “very inherently qualified” for the task.", "\n\n‘It’s not just about cinematography, it about thinking in yourself which anything’s possible. ", "All five were also nominated for the North american Contemporary society of Cinematographers’ honor, which will be awarded on Feb 16.", "\n\n“One of the things I believe is very common for most cinematographers is we like to fade into the background”.", "\n\n‘It boils down to information, ‘ she said of the nomination. ", "She received the prize for best cinematography from the New York Videos Critics Group, and was also nominated for similar honors by the North american Population of Cinematographers, the Chicago Film Critics Connection and the Critics’ Choice Movie Honors, among others.", "\n\n“This is virtually a dream become a reality”, she informed ABC Information. ", "The Academy nominated Greta Gerwig for Lady Bird, therefore i suppose they couldn’t possibly have two women up for Best Director in the same yr. “", "We’re 50 per cent of the population – it might be nice if we were 50 % of the nominations as well, you understand?” ‘", "It took place so fast, I had been confused.", "\n\nTwo of the nine films nominated for the Academy Honor for Best Picture received their first people screenings this time a year ago at the Sundance Film Happening.", "\n\nThe romantic comedy “The Big Sick”, which received a rave effect when it premiered at Sundance, received an original-screenplay nomination for Kumail Nanjiani (who starred) and his partner, Emily V. Gordon.", "\n\nWe are able to also extremely look forward to more of Rachel Morrison’s work in the upcoming Black Panther." ]

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[ "An Endoscopic Transluminal Approach, Compared With Minimally Invasive Surgery, Reduces Complications and Costs for Patients With Necrotizing Pancreatitis.", "\nInfected necrotizing pancreatitis is a highly morbid disease with poor outcomes. ", "Intervention strategies have progressed from open necrosectomy to minimally invasive approaches. ", "We compared outcomes of minimally invasive surgery vs endoscopic approaches for patients with infected necrotizing pancreatitis. ", "We performed a single-center, randomized trial of 66 patients with confirmed or suspected infected necrotizing pancreatitis who required intervention from May 12, 2014, through March 24, 2017. ", "Patients were randomly assigned to groups that received minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopic or video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement, depending on location of collection, n = 32) or an endoscopic step-up approach (transluminal drainage with or without necrosectomy, n = 34). ", "The primary endpoint was a composite of major complications (new-onset multiple organ failure, new-onset systemic dysfunction, enteral or pancreatic-cutaneous fistula, bleeding and perforation of a visceral organ) or death during 6 months of follow-up. ", "The primary endpoint occurred in 11.8% of patients who received the endoscopic procedure and 40.6% of patients who received the minimally invasive surgery (risk ratio 0.29; 95% confidence interval 0.11-0.80; P = .007). ", "Although there was no significant difference in mortality (endoscopy 8.8% vs surgery 6.3%; P = .999), none of the patients assigned to the endoscopic approach developed enteral or pancreatic-cutaneous fistulae compared with 28.1% of the patients who underwent surgery (P = .001). ", "The mean number of major complications per patient was significantly higher in the surgery group (0.69 ± 1.03) compared with the endoscopy group (0.15 ± 0.44) (P = .007). ", "The physical health scores for quality of life at 3 months was better with the endoscopic approach (P = .039) and mean total cost was lower ($75,830) compared with $117,492 for surgery (P = .039). ", "In a randomized trial of 66 patients, an endoscopic transluminal approach for infected necrotizing pancreatitis, compared with minimally invasive surgery, significantly reduced major complications, lowered costs, and increased quality of life. ", "Clinicaltrials.gov no: NCT02084537." ]

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[ "All the shop-owners at the centre are collaborating, keeping a watch-out but even so, the thief evades capture. ", "Witnesses declare that the perpetrator of these persistent crimes is “very intelligent” because when followed, he leaves his haul in bushes and forests and comes back to collect it under cover of darkness.", "\n\nHis favourite quarry is chocolate biscuits and cakes, traditional favourites of the black Labrador." ]

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[ "Harry Day\n\nGroup Captain Harry Melville Arbuthnot Day GC, DSO, OBE (3 August 1898 – 11 March 1977) was a Royal Marine and later an RAF pilot during the Second World War. ", "As a prisoner of war, he was senior British officer in a number of camps and a noted escapee.", "\n\nEarly life\n\nDay was born in Sarawak on Borneo, and grew up there. ", "His grandfather had been a major in the 66th Foot before forming a private army for Charles Brooke, the second White Rajah of Sarawak, which became known as the Sarawak Rangers. ", "Day's father joined the Rajah's service and became a Sarawak resident.", "\n\nDay's great-uncle was George Fiott Day, who had won the Victoria Cross during the Crimean War. ", "He is also a descendant of George Miller Bligh, who was an officer on during the Battle of Trafalgar.", "\n\nDay was sent to England and was educated at Haileybury College, where he joined the Officers Cadet Corps. ", "Whilst on manoeuvres, he was wounded when shot in the back with a blank cartridge.", "\n\nHe joined the Royal Marines in 1916 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant.", "\n\nWorld War I\nDay served with a Royal Marine detachment on the battleship HMS Britannia.", "\n \nOn 9 November 1918, two days before the armistice, the ship was torpedoed and sunk. ", "Day distinguished himself by twice returning below deck, through smoke and flames, to rescue two injured men trapped inside, including the wardroom steward. ", "For this act of bravery, Day was awarded the Albert Medal (sea, second class). ", "In 1971, all Albert Medal holders became eligible to exchange their award for a George Cross, which Day did.", "\n\nInter war years\n\nDay was promoted to lieutenant in 1919 and his first command was with a marine detachment on , an , before joining .", "\n\nLater he commanded the marine detachment of at the burning of Smyrna, helping to evacuate Greek survivors of the Turkish massacres. ", "He also saw service with the fleet during the League of Nations involvement at Memel.", "\n\nHe stayed with the Royal Marines until 1924, when he moved to the Fleet Air Arm as a flying officer serving with the Royal Air Force during the late 1920s before receiving a permanent commission in 1930 as a flight lieutenant.", "\n\nHe joined No. ", "23 Squadron RAF flying Gloster Gamecocks, with which he led the RAF Synchronised Aerobatics Display Team, which included Douglas Bader at the 1931 Hendon Air Show, and other displays.", "\n\nHe held posts at RAF Abu Sueir and Khartoum, was promoted to squadron leader in 1936, holding commands at Aboukir and Netheravon before commanding the Advanced Flying Training School at Little Rissington.", "\n\nWhen war was imminent he was promised a staff job at RAF Bomber Command headquarters, but he requested to join an operational squadron. ", "This was approved, and in July 1939 he was promoted to wing commander and placed in command of 57 Squadron, stationed at RAF Upper Heyford.", "\n\nWorld War II\n\nDay was over 40 when World War II began, and with No. ", "57 Squadron he moved to Metz as part of the air component of the British Expeditionary Force, equipped with the Bristol Blenheim light bomber. ", "He volunteered to carry out the squadron's first operational mission, a flight from Metz to reconnoitre Hamm-Hannover-Soest on 13 October 1939. ", "His Blenheim, L1138, was shot down by a Me109 flown by Unteroffizier Stephan Lutjens, of 11./JG 53 near Birkenfeld. ", "Day bailed out, suffering burns to his face and hands, but otherwise landed safely by parachute. ", "He was immediately captured by the Germans and placed in the custody of Luftwaffe doctor Hermann Gauch. ", "His two crew-mates, Sergeant E.B. Hillier and AC1 F.G. Moller were killed.", "\n\nPrisoner of war\n\nUpon his capture, Day became a prisoner of war. ", "He spent a few days at a German Army hospital having his burns treated before spending two weeks at a small camp at Oberursel (which later became known as Dulag Luft). ", "He was then sent to Oflag IX-A/H at Spangenberg, arriving there at the end of October. ", "He took over the role of senior British officer at this camp and became responsible for the well-being of the handful of British RAF prisoners who had entered captivity so early in the war. ", "Day, with six RAF and five French POWs, left Oflag IX-A/H in December 1939 to be sent to Dulag Luft near Oberursel to become a 'permanent' staff at this new transit camp.", "\n\nDulag Luft\n\nDay, again due to his seniority in rank, held the post of senior British officer and also headed the permanent staff whose job was to help newly captured aircrew adapt to life as prisoners of war.", "\n\nUntil the Norwegian Campaign began in April 1940, very few prisoners entered the camp, and life was fairly relaxed. ", "Day got on well with the German commandant, Major Rumpel. ", "The permanent staff were also allowed out on parole walk and enjoyed ample Red Cross food and a good relationship with the German guards. ", "This 'privileged friendliness' caused suspicion with newly captured RAF aircrew who passed through the camp, and many accusations of collaboration were made against Day and his other colleagues.", "\n\nIn fact, Day had been sending intelligence back home in coded letters, and together with other members of the permanent staff, including Roger Bushell, Jimmy Buckley and Johnnie Dodge, he had been active in construction of a tunnel, starting from under his bed, which was completed in the spring of 1941.", "\n\nDulag Luft escape\n\nIn June 1941, Day and 17 others tunnelled out of the camp. ", "This was the first mass escape of the war. ", "Day travelled on foot alone, aiming to walk down the Moselle Valley and into France, but was recaptured five days later, looking like a tramp. ", "All the escapers were recaptured and after spending a few days in jail at Frankfurt am Main, were transferred to Stalag Luft I. Major Rumpel congratulated Day on his attempt.", "\n\nStalag Luft I\n\nDay arrived at Stalag Luft I in July 1941 and immediately took over the role of senior British officer. ", "Any suspicions felt about Day from his time at Dulag Luft were quickly dissolved when the other inmates of the camp learnt of his exploits. ", "At this camp, Day set up an escape organisation, headed by Jimmy Buckley, by which all escape attempts, intelligence gathering and escape preparations were controlled. ", "This organisation became the model used at all other allied POW camps for the remainder of the war.", "\n\nDay partly oversaw a mass escape attempt in August 1941 when 12 officers tried to escape using a tunnel; however, the escape was discovered as the third person left the exit, and all three escapers were recaptured. ", "When this camp was closed in March 1942, Day and all RAF inmates were transferred to the east compound at the newly built Stalag Luft III at Sagan.", "\n\nStalag Luft III\n\nHere he made a second escape attempt using a forged interpreter's pass. ", "While in solitary confinement after that attempt, he tried a third escape but was again recaptured.", "\n\nOflag XXI-B\n\nIn October 1942, he was sent to Oflag XXI-B at Schubin where in March 1943 he escaped through the latrine tunnel with William Ash, Peter Stevens, Aidan Crawley and others. ", "This time Day headed east to Poland, hoping to get on a ship to Sweden. ", "He was recaptured and sent back to Schubin, before being transferred back to Sagan.", "\n\nStalag Luft III and the Great Escape\n\nTogether with Roger Bushell, he planned and organised the \"Great Escape\". ", "On 24 March 1944, Day and 75 others escaped and he made his way to Stettin. ", "Disguised as a British colonel under guard by another escapee (Pavel Tobolski), who was dressed as a German soldier, they travelled by train, through Berlin, reaching Stettin on the evening of the next day. ", "There they sought help from some French workers and were taken to a workers' camp. ", "However, they were betrayed by an informer in the camp and arrested the following day.", "\n\nAfter a brief stay in the local jail, Day was taken to Berlin and was interviewed by Arthur Nebe, the man who selected the 50 escapers to be murdered, which included Tobolski. ", "Day was spared execution. ", " Day later said that Hitler had ordered his execution personally, but that Hermann Goering had asked him to relent because Day and his family were so well known to the public.", "\n\nSachsenhausen concentration camp\n\nAfter interrogation by the Gestapo, he was sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp, from where he and four others (including three survivors from the Great Escape) managed another tunnel escape. ", "After another visit to Gestapo headquarters, he was held in solitary confinement in the death cells at Sachsenhausen.", "\n\nHostage in Tyrol\n\nIn February 1945, he was transferred to Dachau via Flossenburg. ", "In April 1945, he was transferred to South Tyrol together with other prominent prisoners. ", "He made one final escape attempt in the final weeks of the war when the prisoners had limited freedom within the city limits while being held in Villa Bassa (now Niederdorf). ", "On 28 April, Day stole a Volkswagen and drove to the Allied lines where he informed the Allied Forces of the hostage situation in Tyrol. ", "However, the following day, one of the German prisoners, Colonel von Bonin, telephoned Captain Wichard von Alvensleben in nearby Bozen, asking him to send his Wehrmacht unit to Villa Bassa to protect the prisoners from the SS guards. ", "The Wehrmacht troops freed the hostages on 30 April after forcing their guards to flee.", "\n\nFor his services while a prisoner, Day was awarded the Distinguished Service Order and was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire. ", "He was also awarded the United States Legion of Merit (Officer Class) for his services to American POWs.", "\n\nLater life\n\nDay was promoted to group captain in 1946 before retiring from service in 1950.", "\n\nHe acted as technical adviser for the films Reach for the Sky and The Great Escape.", "\n\nThe book Wings Day by Sydney Smith (Squadron Leader Eric Sydney-Smith RAF) is an account of Day's exploits as a prisoner of war. ", "Sydney-Smith was also a POW and was held with Day for several years.", "\n\nDay also heavily features in the biography of Douglas Bader Reach for the Sky by Paul Brickhill and The Great Escape, also by Brickhill.", "\n\nHe was the subject of This Is Your Life in November 1961.", "\n\nMarried to Margo, Day lived mainly in the Isle of Wight or at 6 Trevor Square, London. ", "He died in the Blue Sisters Hospital, Malta, on 11 March 1977, aged 78.", "\n\nReferences\n\nWings Day, by Sydney Smith, story of Wing Commander Harry \"Wings\" Day, Pan Books, 1968,\n\nExternal links\nHarry Day's appearance on This Is Your Life\n\nCategory:1898 births\nCategory:1977 deaths\nCategory:Royal Marines officers\nCategory:Royal Marines personnel of World War I\nCategory:Royal Air Force officers\nCategory:English aviators\nCategory:British World War II pilots\nCategory:World War II prisoners of war held by Germany\nCategory:Shot-down aviators\nCategory:Recipients of the Albert Medal (lifesaving)\nCategory:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order\nCategory:Officers of the Order of the British Empire\nCategory:People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College\nCategory:Participants in the Great Escape from Stalag Luft III\nCategory:British escapees\nCategory:British World War II prisoners of war\nCategory:Officers of the Legion of Merit\nCategory:Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors" ]

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[ "Project 3 Summary (Coffey) The Coffey lab has identified important links between WNT and EGFR signaling in cetuximab (CTX) resistance and intestinal crypt homeostasis. ", "We recently reported a new mode of CTX resistance due to increased WNT signaling mediated by miR-100/-125b. ", "These two miRs are upregulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by CTX-resistant cells and these EVs can transfer CTX resistance. ", "In a unique EGFR and WNT reporter mouse model, we show that activation of WNT signaling in an EGFR-sensitized background dramatically increases both EGFR and non-cell autonomous WNT activity. ", "Based on these findings, we propose a model of opposing gradients of EGFR and WNT activity in the colonic stem cell niche (SCN) that contribute to homeostasis and disruption of the gradient is a feature of neoplastic transformation. ", "We hypothesize that in the normal crypt niche EVs and exomeres released by the EGFR-active and WNT-active compartments reinforce the EGFR-WNT gradient and in CRC these nanoparticles serve to drive tumor growth and define cancer progression due to their oncogenically altered constituents. ", "The model also provides a framework to further examine the role of EVs and exomeres in conferring CTX resistance, at least in part, via increased WNT signaling. ", "To examine this model and to determine how EVs participate in CTX resistance, with the ultimate goal of devising strategies to overcome CTX resistance, we propose three Aims. ", "Aim 1 is to determine the effect of EVs and exomeres isolated from highly informative paired cell lines on EGFR and WNT activity in reporter cell lines. ", "Aim 2 is to test the hypothesis that these EVs and exomeres regulate normal stem cell patterning and tumor progression using our unique EGFR and WNT reporter mouse models and their derived organoids. ", "Aim 3 is to elucidate mechanistic underpinnings of EV participation in resistance to EGFR blockade. ", "This work has the potential to alter our fundamental understanding of normal stem cell function, regulation of tumor growth and processes regulating drug resistance." ]

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[ "No matter what one thinks of the historic Supreme Court decision establishing the right of gay couples to marry, it is bound to have an effect on the conduct of US foreign policy – perhaps quite a substantial one.", "\n\nThe United States is a global empire: what we do impacts the world at large, and especially those countries closest to us, i.e. Europe and the Western hemisphere. ", "While most of Western Europe already recognizes same-sex nuptials, Italy and Germany are holdouts, and the US Supreme Court decision is likely to energize the movement for marriage rights in those countries. ", "Also, as Buzzfeed’s J. Lester Feder points out, Colombia is facing a decision on the issue soon, with their Supreme Court about to decide a case challenging the lack of legal recognition for gay couples. ", "Our own court’s affirmation of gay rights in this area is likely to influence the Colombian decision.", "\n\nSo, on the one hand, this development in the US is likely to draw us closer to our peers in the rest of the world. ", "However, as Stephen Walt puts it, “it is likely to broaden the gulf between states where homosexuality is becoming a non-issue and those where it is still persecuted and even same-sex unions are illegal.”", "\n\nThree areas of the world where this gulf promises to grow wider are the Middle East, Africa, and Eastern Europe. ", "Asia, too, is problematic.", "\n\nEven as gay pride marches took place across the US, and gay people and their supporters celebrated the court’s decision, in Istanbul the police turned water cannons on marchers, driving them into side streets and making a number of arrests. ", "Turkey, a NATO ally, is eager to join the European Union, but if they keep this up the gulf Walt speaks of is likely to grow wider and keep them out. ", "And Turkey is far from alone in this alienation from the West.", "\n\nThe internationalization of the culture war doesn’t bode well for the US presence anywhere in the Middle East. ", "Turkey – a key base for US operations in Syria, and a major military asset for US forces in the region – is just one example. ", "The implications for the rest of our alliances in the Middle East are even worse.", "\n\nSaudi Arabia, historically the anchor of our regional presence, is already at loggerheads with Washington, and Obergefell vs. Hodges will weaken ties that are already fraying. ", "In the Kingdom, the punishment for homosexuality is death, and hostility to sexual diversity is pervasive throughout this primarily Muslim region. ", "No Middle Eastern country recognizes same-sex unions, and Israel, for all the pink-washing, is no exception. (", "Although homosexual acts are not illegal in the Jewish state, and gay people are allowed – required – to serve in the military, as are all citizens but for the ultra-Orthodox.)", "\n\nThe effect on our eternal “war on terrorism” may be bigger than anyone now realizes. ", "Obergefell vs. Hodges hands ISIS a propaganda victory on a silver platter: they can now point to the “decadent” West and raise the specter of America’s gay hordes descending on the Middle East to sodomize the pious into submission. ", "While that imagery may be a bit over the top, that’s what war propaganda is all about: projecting disturbing imagery in order to manipulate the gullible. ", "And you’d better believe Islamist propagandists will take full advantage of the opportunity. (", "By the way, ISIS routinely executes gay people in the most demonstratively brutal manner imaginable: they drop them from tall buildings.)", "\n\nThe idea that “they hate us for who we are” has always rung false, at least to my ears. ", "And yet while the concept of “blowback” – that our foreign policy of global intervention invites reprisal – is still valid, our conflict with militant Islam has grown way beyond that. ", "Now that we are in an all-out military conflict with groups like Al Qaeda and its offshoots, who we are and what we represent in their eyes becomes a major factor in the struggle for hearts and minds.", "\n\nWhat this means is that according gays full marriage rights in the US is going to make it that much harder to accomplish the main objective of US military planners, which is to win over the peoples of the region and shrink the radical Islamists’ pool of potential recruits.", "\n\nThe same is true of Africa, where homosexuality is mostly illegal (South Africa being the prominent exception). ", "In Kenya, Uganda, and elsewhere, governments have literally declared war on homosexuality, and are actively campaigning to root it out. ", "As we seek to further militarily penetrate Africa in heedless pursuit of every “terrorist” gang that raises its flag, the identification of homosexuality with colonialism – already a meme in what we used to call the “Third World” – will increasingly prove an obstacle in our path. ", "Ironically, what we might call the Obergefell Effect will also hurt so far tentative US attempts to rein in anti-gay persecution in those African countries where we do have some influence.", "\n\nAnother area where the Effect will be felt is in our relations with Russia, with whom we are already engaged in a fast-accelerating propaganda war. ", "Russia has recently enacted a series of viciously stupid laws targeting gays, and their state propagandists are deploying a version of the homosexuality-equals-US imperialism meme. ", "In the countries of the former Warsaw Pact Obergefell is certain to have an impact.", "\n\nWhile the legal status of gays varies depending on whether they live in Poland – where it’s legal – or Ukraine, where being gay is not illegal but can get still you in big trouble, societal hostility to homosexuality is endemic throughout the region. ", "Far-right wing movements in Ukraine and Hungary, already infused with anti-Americanism (for both good and bad reasons) are likely to seize on this – and in Hungary in particular, where the ultra-right is on the rise, this may have a discernible effect on the government’s relations with Washington. ", "A rising neo-fascist party in Greece, the Golden Dawn movement, routinely attacks gay people, both physically and rhetorically, and the generally conservative Greek society is not notably inhospitable to gays. ", "The point is that Russia is currently courting both Greece and Hungary, and it’s conceivable the Obergefell Effect could enable Moscow to use it as a wedge issue.", "\n\nEastasia, too, will feel the Obergefell Effect, at least to some extent, especially in countries where homosexuality is both illegal and something of a political issue, like Malaysia. ", "India bans all homosexual acts, as do Bangladesh and Bhutan. ", "Indonesia has no nationwide anti-gay laws, but Muslim provinces are allowed to apply Sharia law and the punishment there for homosexual acts is severe.", "\n\nWhat all this means is that the Obergefell Effect will tend to isolate the US precisely in those areas of the world where it is contending to establish hegemony: the Middle East, Africa, southeastern Europe, and, to a lesser extent, Eastasia.", "\n\nPerhaps the worst impact of the Effect will be inside the United States itself, where policymakers are constantly inventing new reasons to meddle in the internal affairs of other nations. ", "As I pointed out here in 2011, then Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s announcement that the US will henceforth be pushing a gay rights agenda on the rest of the world is a recipe for disaster – especially for the people it is supposedly designed to help. ", "Hectoring foreign governments, while preening in a penumbra of our own moral purity, is only going to create a backlash abroad that will hurt the very people we are supposedly concerned about.", "\n\nNot that this matters to those pushing this agenda: the lack of gay rights in, say, Russia is just another stick to beat Vladimir Putin over the head with, and is aimed at an American and West European audience. ", "Such rhetoric, aside from establishing one’s liberal credentials, is meant to mobilize the liberal public behind Washington’s efforts to isolate Russia and colonize the former Soviet bloc.", "\n\nAnd so while supporters of gay marriage are celebrating their victory, they would do well to remember that every burst of sunlight has its darker aspect. ", "Outside the US, the Obergefell Effect will make it harder for Washington to impose its will on the rest of the globe – and, simultaneously, make it more determined to do so. ", "And that does not bode well for the cause of peace.", "\n\nNOTES IN THE MARGIN\n\nYou can check out my Twitter feed by going here. ", "But please note that my tweets are sometimes deliberately provocative, often made in jest, and largely consist of me thinking out loud.", "\n\nI’ve written a couple of books, which you might want to peruse. ", "Here is the link for buying the second edition of my 1993 book, Reclaiming the American Right: The Lost Legacy of the Conservative Movement, with an Introduction by Prof. George W. Carey, a Foreword by Patrick J. Buchanan, and critical essays by Scott Richert and David Gordon (ISI Books, 2008).", "\n\nYou can buy An Enemy of the State: The Life of Murray N. Rothbard (Prometheus Books, 2000), my biography of the great libertarian thinker, here." ]

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[ "José Jesús Márquez\n\nJosé Jesús Márquez Sánchez is a Spanish Taekwondo athlete.", "\n\nHe is a two-time world champion (1995 and 1997) and five-time straight national welterweight champion (from 1994 to 1998). ", "At the 1995 World Championships in Manila, Márquez won the welterweight (−76 kg) gold medal by defeating Jean Lopez, the eldest Lopez sibling, in the final.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Spanish male taekwondo practitioners\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)" ]

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[ "This invention relates to devices which detect and/or treat tachyarrhythmias (rapid heart rhythms), and more specifically, to mechanisms to distinguish among various tachyarrhythmias and to provide appropriate therapies to treat the identified tachyarrhythmias.", "\nEarly automatic tachyarrhythmia detection systems for automatic cardioverter/defibrillators relied upon the presence or absence of electrical and mechanical heart activity (such as intramyocardial pressure, blood pressure, impedance, stroke volume or heart movement) and/or the rate of the electrocardiogram to detect hemodynamically compromising ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation.", "\nIn pacemaker/cardioverter/defibrillators presently in clinical evaluation, fibrillation is distinguished from ventricular tachycardia using rate based criteria, In such devices, it is common to specify the rate or interval ranges that characterize a tachyarrhythmia as opposed to fibrillation. ", "However, some patients may suffer from ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation which have similar or overlapping rates, making it difficult to distinguish low rate fibrillation from high rate tachycardia. ", "In addition, ventricular fibrillation may display R--R intervals which may vary considerably, resulting in intervals that may fall within both the tachycardia and fibrillation rate or interval ranges, or outside both.", "\nPresently available pacemaker-cardioverter-defibrillator arrhythmia control devices, such as the Model 7216A and 7217IB PCD devices available from Medtronic, Inc., employ programmable fibrillation interval ranges and tachycardia detection interval ranges which are adjacent to one another but do not overlap. ", "In the Medtronic devices in particular, the interval range designated as indicative of fibrillation consisting of intervals less than a programmable interval (FDI) and the interval range designated as indicative of ventricular tachycardia consisting of intervals less than a programmable interval (TDI) and greater than or equal to FDI. ", "R--R intervals falling within these ranges are measured and counted to provide a count (VTEC) of R--R intervals falling within the tachycardia interval range and a count (VFEC) of the number intervals, out of a preceding series of a predetermined number (FEB) of intervals, which fall within the fibrillation interval range. ", "VTEC is incremented in response to R--R intervals that are greater than or equal to FDI but shorter than TDI, is reset to zero in response to intervals greater than or equal to TDI and is insensitive to intervals less than FDI. ", "VTEC is compared to a programmed value (VTNID) and VFEC is compared to a corresponding programmable value (VFNID). ", "When one of the counts equals its corresponding programmable value, the device diagnoses the presence of the corresponding arrhythmia, i.e. fibrillation or tachycardia and delivers an appropriate therapy, e.g. anti-tachycardia pacing, a cardioversion pulse or a defibrillation pulse. ", "In addition, the physician may optionally require that the measured R--R intervals meet a rapid onset criterion before VTEC can be incremented and can also optionally require that should a rate stability criterion fail to be met, VTEC will be reset to zero. ", "This detection system has proven effective in distinguishing between fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia so that appropriate therapies may be delivered. ", "However, in rare instances, the detection methodology may require a sequence of a greater number of rapid heart beats than might optimally be desired to determine whether the rapid rhythm is due to fibrillation or tachycardia. ", "Moreover, an improved level of accuracy in classifying rhythms having intervals close to FDI is also believed desirable. ", "In addition, the ability to provide a separate therapy set for fast tachycardias as opposed to slower tachycardias or fibrillation is also desirable." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to an apparatus for fluid transfer and more particularly to such an apparatus which is particularly well suited to use, in combination with a container, in storing, transporting and transferring hazardous materials, such as toxic substances, in such a manner as virtually to preclude the risk of contamination of the environment and exposure to the hazardous materials by persons employing them.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nThe identification of certain substances as hazardous and, more specifically, the recognition by manufacturers, scientific and governmental authorities and the public at large of the multiplicity of risks, both short term and long term, associated with the use of such substances has caused considerable effort to be devoted to the development of devices for handling such materials. ", "In this regard, the hazards associated with the containerizing, storing, transporting and using of toxic substances and the like have caused considerable developmental work to be devoted to the strengthening of containers, valves and transferring equipment and the isolation of the substances during the transfer to and from the containers. ", "However, these problems persist and are particularly acute in the event of damage to such containers. ", "In the case of damage, the risk of leakage, or, more critically, a general toxic spill, is substantial. ", "Still further, a chronic problem resides in the safe disposal of such containers once used.", "\nConventional containers for the housing of such substances have been characterized by elaborate valve systems designed to extract the substances from the containers in such a fashion as to be sealed from the environment. ", "In all cases of which the applicants are aware, such valves extend well beyond the end of the container and therefore are exposed to impact during handling. ", "This is a risk, for example, where the containers are inadvertently dropped, or fall from vehicles during transport along roadways, or where the transporting vehicle is involved in an accident. ", "The exposure of such prior art valves to impact creates a substantial risk that during such inadvertent contact, the valve will be damaged in such a fashion as to leak the substances from the container or may actually be broken off so as to cause a substantial spill of the toxic substance into the environment. ", "The hazards occasioned by such unintended discharges are well recognized and constitute a considerable hazard to health and the environment. ", "This has resulted in immense monitary judgments against manufacturers, common carriers and others. ", "Insurance rates have escalated in direct proportion to such judgements.", "\nTherefore, it has long been known that it would be desirable to have an apparatus for fluid transfer which is particularly well suited to the containerizing, storing, transporting, transferring and using of virtually any fluid substance, but particularly toxic substances so as virtually to ensure that such substances are not inadvertently exposed to the environment or to those persons handling the substances and which obviate the difficulty of disposing of such containers once emptied of their contents." ]

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[ "In inter prediction decoding in H.264, picture data of a current block is decoded by predicting a bi-predictive reference block included in a B slice using, as references, two items of picture data which is data of pictures different from the picture including the current block.", "\nFor the H.264 standard, there are motion vector derivation modes available for picture prediction. ", "The modes are referred to as direct modes (see 8.4.1.2.1, 3.45, etc. ", "of NPL 1).", "\nThe following two modes of (S) and (T) are available as the direct modes in H.264.", "\n(T): Temporal direct mode (temporal mode). ", "A current block is predicted using a motion vector mvCol of a co-located block (Col_Blk), which is spatially identical to the current block (but temporally different), is scaled by a certain percentage.", "\n(S): Spatial direct mode. ", "A current block is predicted using data on a motion vector (motion data) of a block which is spatially different (but is to be displayed at the same time as a current block)." ]

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[ "Family members of people undergoing treatment after consuming spurious liquor, at a hospital in Saharanpur\n\nMEERUT/HARIDWAR: With six more deaths in Uttar Pradesh and three in Haridwar, the death toll in the hooch tragedy rose to 116 on Sunday. ", "Besides, another 16 - four in UP and 12 in Uttarakhand - are critical. ", "The death toll in UP's Saharanpur has now touched 70, while Uttarakhand has counted 36 dead so far. ", "Kushinagar in eastern UP has seen 10 deaths so far.", "\n\nEven as Samajwadi Party (SP) and Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) blamed the ruling BJP in both states for the deaths, UP chief minister Yogi Adityanath said he smelt \"a conspiracy\" in which the SP may be involved.", "\n\nAdityanath, from his home turf Gorakhpur, warned of stern action against all those found involved in illicit liquor trade even if they were associated with any political party.", "\n\n\"In the past too, such type of mischievous acts by SP leaders had come to fore. ", "In Azamgarh, Hardoi, Kanpur and Barabanki, SP leaders were found to be involved in past hooch tragedies. ", "We can't deny conspiracy this time too,\" Yogi told said.", "\n\nAkhilesh Yadav slammed the Yogi government while BSP chief Mayawati demanded a CBI probe. ", "Priyanka Gandhi Vadra, the newly appointed general secretary in charge of eastern UP, also demanded the BJP governments to ensure strict punishment to those responsible for the hooch tragedy and provide adequate compensation to the families of the deceased.", "\n\nMeanwhile, major protests erupted in Saharanpur district when hundreds of men and women blocked the Saharanpur-Muzaffarnagar highway in Gagalhedi area for hours on Sunday. ", "A group of women attacked and vandalised a country-made liquor shop in Saharanpur's Gagalhedi area on Sunday. ", "The agitators lit a bonfire of hundreds of liquor pouches.", "\n\n\n\nIn Video: Illicit liquor kills 32 across Uttar Pradesh" ]

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[ "Howard Hughes Medical Institute researchers have developed a small molecule that can turn the survival signal for a variety of cancer cells into a death signal. ", "The molecule mimics the activity of Smac, a protein that triggers the suicide of some types of cancer cells.", "\n\nThe researchers say their findings suggest that Smac-mimetic compounds could be useful as targeted cancer treatments for lung and other cancers. ", "Such therapy may be less toxic to healthy cells than current compounds used in cancer chemotherapy.", "\n\nThe researchers, led by Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Xiaodong Wang, published their findings in the November, 2007, issue of the journal Cancer Cell. ", "Wang is at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.", "\n\nCells that are defective or that become unnecessary during growth and development are induced to commit suicide through a finely balanced process known as apoptosis, or programmed cell death. ", "A protein called Smac, which is a shortened version of \"second mitochondria-derived activator of apoptosis,\" is a part of the cell's programmed cell death machinery. ", "When that machinery is switched on, Smac is released from the mitochondria and triggers the pathway that kills damaged or abnormal cells. ", "Cancer cells, however, can survive Smac's death signal by switching off the apoptotic machinery.", "\n\nTo see if they could get around this problem, Wang and other researchers have developed small-molecule mimetics of Smac that can enter the cell and trigger apoptosis. ", "These mimetic molecules do their damage without the need for the Smac signal from the mitochondria. ", "In earlier studies, Wang and his colleagues found that a Smac mimetic that they developed in the lab could kill cancer cells in culture. ", "But they found that the cancer cells are only killed when the mimetic molecule is introduced in conjunction with another component of the apoptotic machinery known as TNFá.", "\n\nIn the new studies published in Cancer Cell, Wang and his colleagues found that a significant percentage of human non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines were sensitive to treatment by the Smac mimetic alone. ", "When the researchers introduced those sensitive cells into mice and allowed them to produce tumors, they found that the Smac mimetic caused the tumors to regress and, in some cases, even disappear.", "\n\n\"These findings made us wonder what it was about these cell lines that made them sensitive to the Smac mimetic alone,\" said Wang. \"", "Cancer cells are hard to kill, but these cell lines seemed to have already become sensitized to apoptosis.\"", "\n\nThe researchers' studies revealed that the sensitive cell lines produced their own TNFá, so they were already \"primed\" for apoptosis. ", "The paradox, said Wang, is that TNFá signaling is also part of a complex pathway that gives cancer cells a \"survival\" signal, offering them a growth advantage. ", "The researchers also found that some breast cancer and melanoma cell lines were sensitive to the Smac mimetic alone.", "\n\n\"Thus, in these cancer cell lines, the TNFá survival advantage turns out to be a fatal flaw, because the same pathway can be switched to apoptosis by Smac mimetics,\" said Wang. \"", "So, for some cancers, we might be able to use Smac mimetics as a single treatment agent. ", "And we can use the presence of TNFá as a marker to tell us which tumors will respond to the Smac mimetic alone.\"", "\n\n\"People have been suspecting for a long time that some cancer cells may somehow turn on their apoptotic pathway already,\" said Wang. \"", "And now we know what pathway they turn on and why. ", "We can take advantage of this phenomenon for potential cancer therapy by switching a signal into a deadly one with Smac mimetics.\"" ]

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[ "I really like how they used the WEC to promote lighter weight classes. ", "You see, what Zuffa did is that they worked hard with the WEC 145 and 135lb divisions. ", "They made them mainstreme and popular by making then the centerpeices of the WEC promotion. ", "Now that they are established and taken seriously however, the UFC can add those two weight classes to their shows with much fan aclaim.", "\n\nIf Zuffa had not taken the WEC route, and just inroduced teh 135 and 145lb weight classes directly to the UFC back in 2006, nobody would have cared. ", "Nobody would have ordered the PPV for those title fights...most, if not all the fights would have had to have been preliminary fights or fight night broadcasts.", "\n\nHowever, because UFC took the extra three-four years to build these divisions up, they will be immediatley met with much acclaim and respect, and the UFC will not lose any money...they will actually make money.", "\n\nHowever, I do believe they should wait. ", "After Benson vs Cowboy, they should merge the lightweight division...it makes no sense to have two. ", "They should add a flyweight division, build that up, and in a year from now merge all three fly, batam, and feather.", "\n\nLast edited 8/28/09 5:48AM server time by MMA-SanEdit note/reason: n/a\n\nI am down. ", "There are some great fighters in the lower weights that deserve the exposure and the $$ that the heavier fighters are getting. ", "Might we see Aldo vs. Brown in the UFC?", "\n\nThe WEC now isn't really making much money and the lower guys don't get near the exposure they should be getting. ", "But I think we loss a MMA promotion but over all I think this a is big step for the lower weight fighters and a bonus for fans that don't know about the lower weight classes. ", "Plus I think this will pull some of the big name lower weight class guys from over seas.", "\n\nI like the 170 to 135 more than I do the up weight classes. ", "Now that's not to say I don't enjoy watching the bigger guys I just like watching the little guys even more. ", "The funny thing is I'm a HW and in no way could ever make anything lower than that. ", "I'm 6'3 right now (I was 6'4 and half till had back surgery) and walk around at 250 and that's when I'm in shape. ", "Now I have put on some weight because of back problems but I'm far from fat. ", "I'm just a big guy and always have been.", "\n\nWhat on earth do your physical attributes have to do with moving divisions from wec to ufc? ", "did you just wake up? :)", "\n\nhere they say no to be like boxing but by merging wec with ufc that is what is gonn happen, i like ufc but i don't wanna pay for 2 pay per views a month, and i may be the only guy who likes the lighter weight classes in a other organization to seperate the two... i say keep wec as it is, add fly weight and female division,\n\nadding feather and Bantam doesn't make the UFC like boxing...boxing has like 18 divisions at every 5 pounds it seems...plus there are a ton of promotions with their own champs so there are 100 champs floating around...the UFC is becoming and will be THE undisputed king of the weight classes...love it or hate it it doesn't matter...thats the way its going...over in Japan they may still survive autonomously but (save for Fedor) if someone wants to prove they are the best they will end up in the UFC.", "\n\nI am/was looking forward to the Flyweights coming to the WEC and I hope that still happens cuz they mentioned doing a tournament to crown the first champ...if it happens in the UFC first that would be cool..they could make a season of Ultimate Fighter based around it...as well as FW and BW\n\nAnd 3 fights a month is F'ing awesome...a ppv, a fight night on spike, and a decent card on a network would be great...now multiple ppv's a month would suck and I don't think they will do that anymore than they do now...though I could be wrong...\n\nI am down. ", "There are some great fighters in the lower weights that deserve the exposure and the $$ that the heavier fighters are getting. ", "Might we see Aldo vs. Brown in the UFC?", "\n\nThe WEC now isn't really making much money and the lower guys don't get near the exposure they should be getting. ", "But I think we loss a MMA promotion but over all I think this a is big step for the lower weight fighters and a bonus for fans that don't know about the lower weight classes. ", "Plus I think this will pull some of the big name lower weight class guys from over seas.", "\n\nI like the 170 to 135 more than I do the up weight classes. ", "Now that's not to say I don't enjoy watching the bigger guys I just like watching the little guys even more. ", "The funny thing is I'm a HW and in no way could ever make anything lower than that. ", "I'm 6'3 right now (I was 6'4 and half till had back surgery) and walk around at 250 and that's when I'm in shape. ", "Now I have put on some weight because of back problems but I'm far from fat. ", "I'm just a big guy and always have been.", "\n\nWhat on earth do your physical attributes have to do with moving divisions from wec to ufc? ", "did you just wake up? :)", "\n\nDid you even read my post? ", "Spend a little more time reading and little less replying and maybe you will understand people's post." ]

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