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[ "Is Dubai murder an own goal for Israel?", "\n\nBy Jonathan Marcus\n\nBBC News Diplomatic Correspondent\n\nAlleged suspects dressed in tennis gear before Mr Mabhouh was killed \"A tactical success but a strategic failure\" - that is how one Israeli newspaper described the operation to kill Hamas figure Mahmoud al-Mabhouh. ", "The operation was clinical. ", "The hit-team successfully escaped Dubai. ", "But they left telltale traces. ", "The false foreign passports used by the alleged team of secret agents have been identified and six of them are British. ", "That is diplomatic problem number one. ", "Israel has used fake British passports in its operations before; Israel was cautioned about this by the British authorities in 1987. ", "Problem number two is identity theft. ", "The passports used the names of real people, British citizens, with dual nationality, who happen to live in Israel, who had absolutely no knowledge of what was going on. ", "Finger-pointing The British government has a responsibility to its passport holders wherever they live. ", "We've got to carry out a full investigation into this\n\nGordon Brown\n\nBritish Prime Minister These people have been put in an invidious position by somebody. ", "The British Prime Minister Gordon Brown is not pointing the finger at anyone yet. ", "But speaking to a local radio station in London - LBC 97.3 FM - he made it clear that his government wants answers. \"", "We've got to carry out a full investigation into this,\" he said. \"", "The British passport is an important document that has got to be held with care. \"", "The evidence has got to be assembled about how it actually happened and why it happened and it's necessary for us to accumulate that evidence before we can make statements.\" ", "That may suffice for now, but it is clear that the political pressure on him is growing. ", "Summons? ", "The shadow foreign secretary, William Hague, has also called for answers. ", "Avigdor Lieberman has not denied Israeli involvement outright \"The reports that the identities of real British citizens have been cloned to produce forged passports is a matter of great concern,\" he said. ", "He has set out a number of questions about the affair which he wants Gordon Brown to answer. ", "Other British parliamentarians have weighed in too, one calling for Israel's Ambassador to be summoned to the Foreign Office. ", "For now Britain is looking to establish the facts of the case. ", "French, German and Irish passports were also apparently used in the operation and those governments will also be wanting some answers. ", "Nobody yet of course has any proof-positive as to who carried out the operation. ", "Israel's Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman has not denied Israeli involvement outright, saying merely that Israel has a \"policy of ambiguity\" on intelligence matters and that there was no proof that it was behind the assassination. ", "External criticism There may be no \"smoking gun\". ", "Nonetheless what you might call the \"smouldering passports\" - or at least their electronic scans - suggest that Israel has some questions to answer. ", "Police say Mr Mabhouh was murdered in a Dubai hotel room Over recent years there has been growing external criticism of Israel which has hardened in the wake of the Gaza War. ", "Many in Israel see this as an explicit campaign to de-legitimise their country and even friendly foreign governments have engaged with Israel to explore how its deteriorating image can be improved. ", "If Israel was indeed behind this assassination then some, even in Israel, may well suggest that they have scored a costly own goal. ", "Hamas killing Police in Dubai have released images of 27 people they believe are behind the killing of a senior Hamas commander. ", "The suspects are accused of using fake passports bearing their own pictures, but the names of innocent citizens. ", "Twelve of the passports used were British (shown on previous slide). ", "The other 15 on the list are reported to have used stolen identities from Australian, French, Irish and German citizens. ", "The 27th suspect used the alias Joshua Aaron Krycer - a stolen Australian identity (pictured left). ", "Police say the suspects used their fake documents to travel to Dubai in groups, flying from Zurich, Rome, Paris and Frankfurt. ", "One of the victims of the identity theft was British-Israeli Paul John Keeley (pictured right). ", "The passport used by one of the suspected assassins bore his name, but featured a photograph of another man (pictured left). ", "Palestinian militant Mahmoud al-Mabhouh was killed in his hotel room in Dubai on 20 January. ", "Police claim one of the suspects, pictured on the left, went to a hotel to put on a disguise. ", "He is seen leaving a toilet wearing a wig. ", "Surveillance cameras also recorded Mr Mabhouh, circled in red above, at the hotel's reception before his death. ", "At the bottom of the image the head of one of the suspects can be seen. ", "As Mr Mabhouh leaves, the suspect follows. ", "Mr Mabhouh is trailed into the lift by a number of the suspects, including two pictured here in tennis gear. ", "Investigators believe he had been followed from Syria to Dubai where it is thought he wanted to buy weapons for Hamas. ", "When Mr Mabhouh leaves the lift, police say two of the suspects can be seen following him down the corridor. ", "He was later found dead in his room. ", "A post-mortem report said he had been electrocuted and suffocated. ", "BACK {current} of {total} NEXT\n\n\n\nBookmark with: Delicious\n\nDigg\n\nreddit\n\nFacebook\n\nStumbleUpon What are these? ", "E-mail this to a friend Printable version" ]

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[ "I thought about starting this blog with a review of the first episodes of MasterChef, but it became obvious when I was watching them that they were virtually unreviewable in their early stages: it’d be a waste of energy to keep typing the words “that dish was good”, “that dish was shit”, “John and Greg are ridiculous”. ", "Until the semis it’s always ridiculously repetitive, and to review it constantly would just provide fruitless criticism to write and read. ", "So, the premiere critique is The Last Station. ", "Enjoy!", "\n\nIn an early episode of Modern Family, Cameron Tucker says one of my favourite lines of the show so far. ", "I’m probably paraphrasing, but it goes something like “Meryl Streep is so good, she could play BATMAN and she could make it work!” ", "Whilst this may not be a new opinion/fact, The Last Station simply confirms Britain’s equivalent actress strikes again. ", "While Sofya Tolstoya may not be as much of an acting challenge as Batman may be for Mirren, to turn such a shrill, self-involved shrew of a woman – one who would probably be the evil money-stealing antagonist in any other film – into a relatable character who the audience ultimately ends up rooting for is certainly an achievement on her part." ]

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[ "POLICE have issued a CCTV image of a man wanted over an armed robbery at a Lockwood petrol station.", "\n\nHe struck at 8.45pm on Sunday, January 27.", "\n\nThe man entered the filling station, threatened staff with a knife and demanded cash.", "\n\nWhen he wasn’t given any, he stole cigarettes from the display and left.", "\n\nThe man is described as white, about 5ft 6ins tall and was wearing a blue Adidas hoodie, light coloured jeans, black trainers with a union jack scarf over his face and black woolly gloves. ", "He spoke with a local accent." ]

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[ "Soon, vaccines for 2 bird flu strains\n\nA new study has detailed vaccine development for two new strains of avian influenza that can be transmitted from poultry to humans.", "\n\nA new study has detailed vaccine development for two new strains of avian influenza that can be transmitted from poultry to humans.", "\n\nThe Kansas State University’s vaccine development method is expected to help researchers make vaccines for emerging strains of avian influenza more quickly, which could reduce the number and intensity of large-scale outbreaks at poultry farms as well as curb human transmission.", "\n\nIt also may lead to new influenza vaccines for pigs, and novel vaccines for sheep and other livestock, said researcher Jurgen Richt.", "\n\nRicht and his colleagues focused on the avian influenza virus subtype H5N1, a new strain most active in Indonesia, Egypt and other Southeast Asian and North African countries. ", "H5N1 also has been documented in wild birds in the U.S., though in fewer numbers.", "\n\nH5N1 is a zoonotic pathogen, which means that it is transmitted from chickens to humans, Richt noted, adding that so far it has infected more than 700 people worldwide and has killed about 60 percent of them. ", "Unfortunately, it has a pretty high mortality rate.", "\n\nResearchers developed a vaccine for H5N1 by combining two viruses. ", "A vaccine strain of the Newcastle disease virus, a virus that naturally affects poultry, was cloned and a small section of the H5N1 virus was transplanted into the Newcastle disease virus vaccine, creating a recombinant virus.", "\n\nResearchers also looked at the avian flu subtype H7N9, an emerging zoonotic strain that has been circulating in China since 2013. ", "China has reported about 650 cases in humans and Canada has reported two cases in people returning from China. ", "About 230 people have died from H7N9." ]

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[ "Questions & Answers\n\nMember Profile\n\nI express my opinions as a realist in this society. ", "From pointing out stupid people tricks, to demanding intelligence from the pool we call society, I hope my comments can express my concerns that we, the human race, is more capable than we previously thought. ", "However, if I do offend you in some wrong way, it's nothing against you, just your argument in general. ", "But if I do insult you, you probably deserved it." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nShow that {$x_n$} is a convergent sequence if $d(x_{n+2}, x_{n+1})≤ rd(x_{n+1}, x_n)$\n\nLet $(X, d)$ be a complete metric space, $r∈ (0,1)$ and $\\{x_n\\}$ be a sequence in $X$ such that \n$$d(x_{n+2}, x_{n+1})≤ rd(x_{n+1}, x_n),$$ for every $n∈ℕ$. Show that $\\{x_n\\}$ is a convergent sequence. ", " \n\nA:\n\nIf $x_1=x_2$ we are done. ", "Otherwise, for every $\\epsilon>0$, there is a positive integer $N$ such that $r^{N-1}\\leq\\epsilon(1-r)\\frac{1}{d(x_2,x_1)}$. Then for any $m>n\\geq N$,\n$d(x_m,x_n)$\n$\\leq d(x_m,x_{m-1})+...+d(x_{n+1},x_n)$\n$\\leq d(x_2,x_1)(r^{m-2}+...+r^{n-1})$\n$\\leq d(x_2,x_1)\\frac{r^{n-1}}{1-r}$\n$\\leq d(x_2,x_1)\\frac{r^{N-1}}{1-r}$\n$\\leq\\epsilon$.\nThis shows that the sequence is Cauchy so that it converges since $X$ is complete.", "\n\nA:\n\nHINT: Show that the sequence is Cauchy. ", "What can you say about $\\sum_{k\\ge 0}d(x_{n+k},x_{n+k+1})$? ", "You’ll be using the triangle inequality and looking at the sum of a geometric series. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan stored/leased 737s be used to substitute for grounded MAXs?", "\n\nThe 737 MAX was introduced relatively recently. ", "I would have assumed they were replacing at least some older 737 models in operation with the major airlines that took them (eg Southwest, American, United, in the US). ", "Did those airlines immediately sell off their older planes as the new ones joined their fleet? ", "I see reports of huge flight cancellations from lack of the new aircraft. ", "Since they have common type ratings with the earlier 737, what happened to the older planes that none of them can be pulled from storage or dry leased and put back into service? ", "Surely this grounding is long enough to be worth the transient expense?", "\n\nA:\n\nIt really isn't 1 new aircraft = 1 mothballed aircraft. ", "Most of the 737 MAX aircraft were fleet expansions (for US carriers). ", "The older aircraft get retired when they aren't economical to fly anymore, and even then a retired aircraft is often sold either to a scrap yard or to a lower budget operator. ", "In order to bring an aircraft back into service they may have to go through C or D checks before they can be considered airworthy again (because old aircraft are often retired at a D-Check when it needs a major check). ", "\nAirlines need to schedule C/D checks out months in advance, each aircraft costing millions to go through the check and a month or more of downtime. ", "There is only limited space available to do these checks, so even if they wanted to bring 10 aircraft back into service, it may take 6 months and cost $20-40 million. ", "It's cheaper to cancel the flights.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe main problem is in the United States, the 737 Classics are banned beginning December 2017, due to fuel tank inerting requirements. ", "In particular, Southwest's Classic replacement schedule was driven by this, their last flight was in October 2017. ", "They have a number of parked Classics, but they can't be operated in the US. ", "On the other hand, the 737NG is new enough that there isn't a significant excess fleet.", "\nDue to the TWA Flight 800 explosion, FAA required retrofit of fuel tank inerting on most aircraft with center tanks. ", "This system purges some center tank oxygen with nitrogen, in order to reduce the risk of explosion if there's a spark. ", "EASA did not require retrofit, and the MD-80 is exempt (no heat sources by its tank).", "\nWhile a retrofit was developed for the 737 Classic, the cost of the system, coupled with the age of the aircraft, and the 737 skin issues, meant that all the big US carriers chose to retire remaining 737 Classics as of the deadline, rather than retrofit.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Duterte foe ousted from probe into Philippine killings\n\nThe leading critic of Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte's bloody war on drug crime was ousted Monday as head of a Senate investigation into the campaign, which has cost thousands of lives.", "\n\nSenator Leila de Lima said her probe into the surge of killings since Duterte took office on June 30 had been derailed after his allies voted to remove her as head of the Senate justice committee.", "\n\nDe Lima, a former justice secretary and human rights chief, had launched the Senate probe.", "\n\nPhilippine President Rodrigo Duterte (C) delivers a speech before members of the Scout Rangers regiment at a military training camp in San Miguel town, Bulacan province, north of Manila, on September 15, 2016 ©Ted Aljibe (AFP/File)\n\nIt heard explosive allegations last week from a former hitman that Duterte ordered hundreds of killings when he was mayor of the southern city of Davao and even shot one victim himself.", "\n\nThe government described the allegations as lies.", "\n\nOn Monday pro-Duterte senators who control the legislative chamber charged that de Lima's investigation was ruining the country's image and voted to remove her as head of the justice committee.", "\n\nDe Lima blamed Duterte for her ousting, telling ABS-CBN television: \"I know I will continue to be crucified because the president himself wants that... ever since I initiated the inquiry into his extra-judicial killings.\"", "\n\n\"I don't know what will happen now, whether this inquiry into the extra-judicial killings will at all be credible,\" she said, warning the other senators would try to conceal the president's culpability.", "\n\nOn Sunday Duterte asked for a six-month extension for his war on drugs, saying there were too many people involved in the narcotics trade.", "\n\nHe won May elections by a landslide, after vowing to kill 100,000 criminals and rid the country of illegal drugs in six months.", "\n\n- Street killings -\n\n\"I did not realise how severe and how serious the drug menace was in this republic until I became president,\" Duterte, 71, told reporters late Sunday in Davao.", "\n\nLaunching his crackdown was like letting \"a worm out of the can\" he said, adding that he wanted \"a little extension of maybe another six months\" to try and finish the job.", "\n\n\"Even if I wanted to I cannot kill them all,\" Duterte said, adding a new police list of drug suspects would be unveiled.", "\n\nAmong the apparent victims of the war of drugs was a daughter of the late British baron Lord Moynihan, police said Monday.", "\n\nMaria Aurora Moynihan, 45, was shot by unknown attackers who left her by the side of a Manila street on September 10.", "\n\nHer killers left a cardboard sign accusing Moynihan of being a \"drug pusher for celebrities\", Chief Inspector Tito Jay Cuden told AFP.", "\n\nThe victim was on bail while facing charges of possession of illegal drugs following a February 2013 suburban Manila police raid.", "\n\nIn a speech in Davao late Monday, Duterte brushed off any possible investigations into his crime war, which has attracted strong international criticism.", "\n\n\"Whether there will be a thousand investigations or (UN chief) Ban Ki-moon comes here, I don't give a shit,\" he said.", "\n\n\"I don't care whether there is a thousand hearings everywhere... I will not stop until the last pushers on the streets are fully exterminated,\" he said.", "\n\n\"Congress can have their own show. ", "Go ahead, be my guest,\" he said dismissively.", "\n\nRoman Catholic church bishops warned Monday that giving Duterte an extension would result in more summary killings.", "\n\n\"In the campaign, he categorically said that the drug problem would be solved in six months or he will step down, But of course he is not a man of (his) word,\" Manila bishop Broderick Pabillo was quoted as saying on the bishops's website.", "\n\nAn activist holds a banner in front of Philippine National Police headquarters during a protest condemning extra-judicial killings related to President Rodrigo Duterte's campaign against drugs, in Manila, on August 24, 2016 ©Noel Celis (AFP/File)" ]

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[ "Sign up for our weekly security newsletter\n\nSupermarket Chain Schnuck Markets Suffers Major Security Breach\n\nSt. Louis-situated supermarket chain Schnuck Markets Inc. has disclosed that the information of clients debit and credit cards have been infected due to the cyberattack, as reported by softpedia.com dated April 16, 2013.", "\n\nAs per a statement released by Schnuck, in between the December of 2012 and March 29, 2013, cyber thugs embezzled details of an estimated 2.4 million ATM and credit cards. ", "Of the 100 Schnuck stores, 79 have been hit by the unscrupulous attack.", "\n\nThe cyber crooks it seems have achieved access to card numbers and the dates till which the cards hold their validity. ", "The supermarket chain claims that the names of the cardholders, their addresses and other details associated with them have not been hijacked.", "\n\nNo information has been released publicly explaining as to how the notorious crooks have managed to attack the company's networks, however, the company has confirmed that the cyber crocks have employed malware to embezzle the data.", "\n\nSchnucks has worked in tandem with its payment processing firm to confirm that banks are able to prevent false transactions. ", "Besides this, the Federal Bureau of investigation and the Secret Service have initiated an inquiry to trace the culprits. ", "The company had hired Mandiant, a well-known security firm to examine further amid news of many frauds associated with the breach.", "\n\nScott Schnuck, Chairman and CEO of Schnucks Markets Inc said sorry to all those affected by the attack in an official apology, reported by schnuck.com dated April 15, 2013.", "\n\nHe claimed: \"Technology, over the years, has put efforts in delivering superior consumer service, but it also bears menaces that we have worked to operate via complains audits, encrypted technology and many other security measures\".", "\n\nCommenting on the same incident, an Analyst with Gartner Research Avivah Litan, said: \"Schnucks' incident highlights the increasing complexity of such cyberattacks and the difficulty companies bear in confronting them\", as published by computerworld.com on April 15, 2013.", "\n\nMore and more, cybercriminals have been using methods like data encryption and hiding embezzled data inside genuine files to escape detection. \"", "They cover their malicious software or conceal it within apparently innocent files making it hard to detect\", she elaborated.", "\n\nDear Reader\n\nWe are happy to see you are reading our IT Security News.", "\n\nWe do believe, that the foundation for a good work environment starts with fast, secure and high performing computers. ", "If you agree, then you should take a look at our Business Solutions to Spam Filter & Antivirus for even the latest version of Exchange Servers - your colleagues will appreciate it!" ]

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[ "Alphav integrin expression is a novel marker of poor prognosis in advanced-stage ovarian carcinoma.", "\nTo analyze the possible correlation between expression of the alphav and beta1 integrin chains and survival in advanced-stage ovarian carcinomas, studying two patient groups with extremely different disease outcome. ", "Sections from 56 primary ovarian carcinomas and metastatic lesions from 34 patients diagnosed with advanced-stage ovarian carcinoma (Fédération Internationale des Gynaecologistes et Obstetristes stages III-IV), divided into long-term (16) and short-term (18) survivors, were evaluated for expression of alphav and beta1 integrin chains using mRNA in situ hybridization. ", "Protein expression was additionally studied in 52 specimens using immunohistochemistry. ", "The mean values for disease-free survival and overall survival were 115 and 132 months for long-term survivors, as compared with 4 and 23 months for short-term survivors, respectively. ", "Expression of alphav integrin mRNA was observed in carcinoma (18 of 56; 32%) and stromal (17 of 56; 30%) cells. ", "beta1 integrin mRNA was similarly detected in carcinoma (25 of 56; 47%) and stromal (19 of 56; 34%) cells. ", "No significant differences were observed when primary and metastatic lesions were compared (P > 0.05). ", "Alphav integrin mRNA was present more often in carcinoma cells in tumors of short-term survivors (P = 0.017 for carcinoma cells). ", "In univariate survival analysis for all cases, alphav integrin mRNA expression in tumor cells correlated with poor survival (P = 0.012). ", "This finding retained its predictive power in a multivariate survival analysis, in which all of the molecules studied previously in this patient cohort were included (P = 0.031). ", "Immunohistochemistry confirmed the differences in alphav integrin expression in tumor cells of short-term as compared with long-term survivors, whereas beta1 integrin protein expression was comparable in the two groups. ", "To our best knowledge, this is the first evidence associating integrin expression with poor survival in ovarian carcinoma. ", "Alphav integrin is, thus, a novel prognostic marker in advanced-stage ovarian carcinoma." ]

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[ "LandFighter\n\nLandFighter is a European all-terrain vehicles brand, owned by the Dutch LandFighter B.V. LandFighter is currently active within the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Spain and Portugal. ", "\nFor manufacturing LandFighter B.V. has a partnership with Her Chee Industrial Co Ltd (8937.TWO), a Taiwanese stock-exchange based enterprise. ", "Her Chee Industrial Co Ltd is commonly known for the manufacturing of parts for brands like Can-Am and Arctic Cat. ", "Like most companies in the market the manufacturing takes place in Taiwan. ", "Final assembly is in the Netherlands.", "\n\nLandFighter offers different types of vehicles in the field of ATVs and Side by Sides, the vehicles are European approved and are allowed on the road within the European Union. ", "LandFighter makes use of branded components such as 50 hp Subaru Fuji Heavy Industries engine and a 42.2 hp SYM engine, NGK spark plug and Maxxis tires. ", "The vehicles are tested on surfaces covered in snow and mud.", "\n\nIn December 2013 the Benelux Office for Intellectual Property had to judge on a brand infringement objection by Land Rover against LandFighter, asking for an examination whether there is too much similarity between the word LAND ROVER and Logo and brand name of LandFighter, both verbal and visual elements were included. ", "The conclusion of the BOIP is that the brands have merely the descriptive word element 'Land' in common. ", "The Benelux Office for Intellectual Property therefore announced that the differences between the mark and the sign, as the added visual elements and the use of colors and the differences between the dominant verbal elements were sufficient to neutralize. ", "The similarities were too small and there was no risk of confusion. ", "The opposition was rejected.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \ndeweekkrant.nl\nboip.int\n\nCategory:Car manufacturers of the Netherlands\nCategory:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2011\nCategory:Dutch brands" ]

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[ "Yes, that headline is real. ", "You have not gone insane, although we wouldn’t be surprised if you did, given the utter lawlessness of this administration.", "\n\nTexas is being overrun by illegal aliens at the highest rates in U.S. history. ", "More than 47,000 unaccompanied minors have been caught in the first five months of this year, a 92% increase over the same time period in 2013 . ", "Obama is also dumping thousands of those illegals into Arizona, as payback for the crackdown on illegals by Gov. Jan Brewer and Sheriff Joe Arpaio.", "\n\nAnd now Eric Holder, who is supposed to be the highest law enforcement official in America, is unleashing a new lawless program to actually provide taxpayer-funded lawyers to these invading illegals — to make sure they will never be deported by an immigration judge. ", "And Holder is grabbing $2 million of a $315 million fund that is supposed to help secure the border, not make a mockery of border security.", "\n\nAttorney General Eric Holder on Friday announced a new program aimed at ensuring that illegal immigrant children who cross into the U.S. without a parent or guardian have legal representation in the United States.", "\n\nHolder announced an initiative called “Justice AmeriCorps,” a grant program to fund lawyers and paralegals and provide legal services to these children. ", "Holder said it’s a response to Congress’ request that the Justice Department “better serve vulnerable populations such as children and improve court efficiency through pilot efforts aimed at improving legal representation.”", "\n\nHolder’s move was likely to be seen by Republicans as another possible incentive for more illegal children to try entering the country. ", "One Republican aide reiterated past GOP complaints that the Obama administration often appears willing to help non-U.S. citizens more than it wants to help citizens.", "\n\n“Why doesn’t the Obama administration hire lawyers for the American citizens who are losing their jobs?” ", "he said.", "\n\nBut the Administration says they need to defend a “vulnerable” population from “discrimination” based on their immigration status.", "USA Today\n\nThis is treason, plain and simple. ", "In a sane nation, Obama and Holder would be doing a perp walk right now on their way into a Federal courthouse. ", "But as radio legend Mark Levin has described it, we are now living in a “post-Constitutional America“, and no one will dare stand up to this lawless president no matter what he does.", "\n\nSupport and maintain American Freedom Party growth and the spread of Western civilization! ", "The American Freedom Party is the only party that addresses issues concerning European-American communities and all Americans.", "\n\nThe American Freedom Party needs your help! ", "Send $10, $20, $50, $100, or any contribution you can via PayPal “Send Money” to treasurer@american3rdposition.com or click here:\n\nEuropean-Americans should push back! ", "European-Americans should abandon the Republicans and Democrats. ", "Change your party allegiance to the American Freedom Party. ", "A Nationalist party that shares the customs and heritage of the European American people. ", "We need a Nationalist Party interested in defending our borders, preserving our language and promoting our culture. ", "The American Freedom Party is not beholden to foreign governments, special interest groups, nor Wall Street. ", "The American Freedom Party is for America First!", "\n\nThe EU should \"do its best to undermine\" the \"homogeneity\" of its member states, the UN's special representative for migration has said.", "\n\nPeter Sutherland told peers the future prosperity of many EU states depended on them becoming multicultural.", "\n\nHe also suggested the UK government's immigration policy had no basis in international law.", "\n\nHe was being quizzed by the Lords EU home affairs sub-committee which is investigating global migration.", "\n\nMr. Sutherland, who is non-executive chairman of Goldman Sachs International and a former chairman of oil giant BP, heads the Global Forum on Migration and Development, which brings together representatives of 160 nations to share policy ideas.", "\n\nAbout AFP\n\nThe American Freedom Party (AFP) is both a political party and activist organization dedicated to the interests vital to the preservation and continuity of ethnic European communities within the United States of America." ]

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[ "Merit pay and incentive compensation systems for physicians and managers.", "\nIn Russia, as in all countries, physicians are and will continue to be central actors in health sector reform and in health sector resource allocation decisions. ", "How they are recognized and rewarded for their work will therefore dramatically influence the ultimate success of reforms and health sector expenditure patterns. ", "Much of the debate in Russia and many of the articles in this special edition of the Journal are focused on creative ways to move money from purchasers to provider institutions. ", "There has not been enough discussion nor analysis of how money needs to move within institutions to individual physicians and managers as a means to influence their behavior. ", "A new approach to base and merit pay is needed. ", "This article explores conceptual and practical dimensions of alternate ways to compensate physicians as clinicians and managers. ", "New forms of recognition and types of rewards will be summarized. ", "Managerial skills and systems needed to support such new methods will also be highlighted." ]

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[ "Thermocolor ribbons have long been known. ", "Generally, they comprise a preformed foil-like carrier, for example, of paper or plastic onto which the color transfer layer with the melt color is applied. ", "The latter can comprise a meltable wax-bonded or plastic-bonded coloring agent or carbon black layer.", "\nThe melt color, upon the use of such thermocolor ribbons, can be melted by the action of a thermal printing head to transfer the symbols, which can be alphanumeric characters, to the substrate which may be a receiving paper or foil. ", "In general, such ribbons are referred to as thermal transfer ribbons or \"TCR\" ribbons (thermal carbon ribbons). ", "Thermal printers which utilize heat to transfer a symbol to a substrate with such ribbons are known, for example, from German Patent documents DE-AS 2,062,494 and DE-AS 2,406,613 as well as DE-OS 3,224,445.", "\nDuring the printing process with a thermocolor ribbon, the following operations generally take place: the printing head of a thermal printer presses the thermocolor ribbon against the receiving substrate. ", "The printing head develops a temperature which is sufficient to melt the melt color, but generally is a maximum of about 400.degree. ", "C.\nThe uncoated backside of the thermocolor ribbon, namely, the foil-like carrier remains during the printing process in direct contact with the print head or the hot print symbol, e.g. a typeface. ", "In the relatively short time required for the printing process, the relative speed between the thermocolor ribbon and receiving paper or foil is zero. ", "The coating on the carrier is melted in the pattern of the symbol and is transferred to the receiving substrate when the pressure from the print head is withdrawn, the transferred melt color remain adherent to the paper as the ribbon is pulled back therefrom.", "\nMention may also be made of another process which also uses thermocolor ribbons, but wherein the symbol transfer is not effected by the use of a heated symbol of the printing head, but rather is a consequence of resistance heating generated in a special foil-like carrier. ", "The melt color used forms a functional layer which is locally brought to a temperature sufficient to melt the layer by resistance heating for transfer of the symbol. ", "Since the ribbon is electrically conductive, in the field the process is referred to as an electrothermal process and the ribbon as an electrothermal ribbon. ", "Such a thermal transfer printing system is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,309,117.", "\nCommercially available thermocolor ribbons at the present time primarily make use of a foil-like carrier which is constituted of a polyester or polycarbonate as a rule. ", "The provision of such carriers involves high material costs. ", "Recycling of the foil after use of the ribbon is impractical.", "\nAs a consequence, it has been proposed in European Patent Publication EP-A-0 120 230 to provide a thermal color ribbon of a special structure such that no carrier foil is required and thereby the ribbon can be manufactured at low cost.", "\nIn this system, the melt color is composed of a first hard polymer, a film-forming material, a second polymer which is an adhesive or an agent of low melting point, and a color releasing material.", "\nThis thermocolor ribbon must have sufficient tensile strength to allow it to be self-supporting and pulled along the ribbon path. ", "It has been found in practice, however, that it is necessary to support this ribbon along its path by an endless belt. ", "The endless belt, of course, is an additional mechanical element so that apparatus is made more costly and, naturally a special printer must be used." ]

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[ "0 of 8\n\nDerick E. Hingle-USA TODAY Sports\n\nWith Thursday night's bombshell news that Ole Miss coach Hugh Freeze has resigned, the Rebels are suddenly in need of a long-term coach.", "\n\nConvincing somebody to come to Oxford in the wake of an NCAA investigation and a self-imposed bowl ban for the 2017 season with potential other sanctions to come won't be easy.", "\n\nThe Rebels may not even try; they've already named co-offensive coordinator Matt Luke the interim coach, and that tag could stick throughout this season.", "\n\nAccording to ESPN.com's Mark Schlabach, Ole Miss athletic director Ross Bjork told ESPN that \"school officials found a pattern of phone calls to a number associated with a female escort service,\" leading to the departure from Freeze's tenure.", "\n\nThat's yet another black eye for a football program that has been in constant turmoil for more than a year, and it will also turn up the heat on Bjork, who stood by Freeze throughout the NCAA's investigation of recruiting violations.", "\n\nFor that reason, Bjork will swing for the fences to find Freeze's replacement. ", "Whether he connects with a big name remains to be seen. ", "So, while Rebels fans everywhere will have visions of Chip Kelly and Bob Stoops dancing in their heads, we're here to bring you realistic possibilities who may replace Freeze.", "\n\nHere are eight coaches who could supplant Luke as the full-time Ole Miss coach." ]

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[ "\n309 S.W.3d 368 (2010)\nSTATE of Missouri, Respondent,\nv.\nFabrice LEWIS, Appellant.", "\nNo. ", "ED 93012.", "\nMissouri Court of Appeals, Eastern District, Division Three.", "\nMarch 9, 2010.", "\nMotion for Rehearing and/or Transfer to Supreme Court Denied April 14, 2010.", "\nApplication for Transfer Denied May 25, 2010.", "\nJohn M. Simpson, Special Public Defender, Kansas City, MO, for Appellant.", "\nChris Koster, Atty. ", "Gen., Terrence M. Messonnier, Asst. ", "Atty. ", "Gen., Jefferson City, MO, for Respondent.", "\nBefore GLENN A. NORTON, P.J., MARY K. HOFF, J. and LAWRENCE E. MOONEY, J.\n\nORDER\nPER CURIAM.", "\nFabrice Lewis appeals the judgment entered upon a jury verdict convicting him of felony possession or control of a controlled substance (Count I) and misdemeanor possession of marijuana less than 35 grams (Count II). ", "The judgment is supported by substantial evidence and is not against the weight of the evidence. ", "No error of law appears. ", "An extended opinion would have no precedential value. ", "We have, however, provided the parties with a memorandum setting forth the reasons for our decision. ", "We affirm the judgment under Rule 30.25(b).", "\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of Invention\nThis invention pertains to an apparatus for controlling algae and bio-organisms in bodies of water and for preventing layered bacterial formation (biofilm) where algae can attach on surfaces in that body of water. ", "More particularly, this invention pertains to a power system and a corresponding ultrasonic transducer that radiates in multiple directions.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nAlgae is a large, diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that often thrive in a water environment. ", "When a body of water has an abundance of nutrients, algae thrives. ", "Depending upon the type of algae, the algae growth may be beneficial or detrimental to the health of the body of water. ", "For example, filamentous green algae and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) are known for adversely affecting the health of a body of water when they grow in abundance.", "\nFilamentous green algae is generally considered a nuisance that interferes with boater access, recreation, and aesthetics of the body of water. ", "Green algae grows in mats, which can be physically removed from the water by raking or other means.", "\nAn excess of blue-green algae form surface blooms that are thick scums on the surface, typically near the shoreline. ", "Some species of blue-green algae produce potent toxins that affect other aquatic and animal life. ", "Blue-green algae are not edible, generally, and they produce an unpleasant odor when they decompose.", "\nControl of undesirable algae, such as filamentous green algae and blue-green algae, can be accomplished by controlling the nutrient supply in the water. ", "Without sufficient nutrients, the growth of algae will be limited. ", "Unfortunately, controlling the nutrients in a body of water is often difficult because controlling the entry of nutrients into a body of water requires controlling the watershed. ", "Both storm water drainage and agricultural drainage provide nutrients, and such sources are often difficult to manage.", "\nControlling undesirable algae by introducing chemicals into a body of water creates additional problems, particularly when the body of water contains other plant and animal life, such as commonly found in lakes, ponds, and streams. ", "When the body of water is a swimming pool, hot tub, or spa, chemicals are often used to control or eliminate undesirable algae growth.", "\nAnother way to control undesirable algae growth is to reduce or remove the sunlight that the algae requires for photosynthesis. ", "Floating plants, such a lilies and lotus, block the sunlight from penetrating the surface, thereby restricting the light reaching the algae. ", "Other aquatic plants are grown in bodies of water to absorb the nutrients that the algae requires to flourish. ", "For many bodies of waters, such as lakes and large ponds, adding plants is not practical.", "\nUltraviolet light is used to kill single cell algae by passing water by an ultraviolet light source. ", "Ultraviolet light has no effect on filamentous algae. ", "Generally, because of the power requirements, ultraviolet light is best suited for small volumes of water, such as aquariums, water gardens, and small ponds. ", "In addition to the power for the ultraviolet light, power is needed for the pumping system." ]

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[ "namespace Pomelo.", "Protobuf\n{\n using SimpleJson;\n using System;\n\n public class Protobuf\n {\n private MsgDecoder decoder;\n private MsgEncoder encoder;\n\n public Protobuf(JsonObject encodeProtos, JsonObject decodeProtos)\n {\n this.encoder = new MsgEncoder(encodeProtos);\n this.decoder = new MsgDecoder(decodeProtos);\n }\n\n public JsonObject decode(string route, byte[] buffer)\n {\n return this.decoder.decode(route, buffer);\n }\n\n public byte[] encode(string route, JsonObject msg)\n {\n return this.encoder.encode(route, msg);\n }\n }\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPutting private files in Dropbox\n\nI want to have m user the ability to upload/download the sql lite db to/from DropBox.", "\nThe only problem is that the files are in internal storage. ", "How can I have DropBox read/write access to them?", "\nThe only way I can think of is copying it to SD card, then to dropbox and vice versa.", "\n\nA:\n\nUse FileProvider to identify a directory where files can be shared (see link for instructions). ", "Then use FileProvider.getUriForFile(Context, String, File) to construct the Uri.", "\nAlternatively, use Context.grantUriPermission(String, Uri, int), if you are already using a ContentProvider.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "\"Despite recent advances in nmCRPC, there remains a high unmet need for additional treatment options that delay the time to metastases,\" said Scott Fields, MD, senior vice president and head of Oncology Development at Bayer's Pharmaceutical Division. \"", "We are encouraged by the results of the ARAMIS trial and look forward to presenting the full data at an upcoming scientific meeting.\"", "\n\nBayer plans to discuss the data from the ARAMIS trial with health authorities regarding the submission of a new drug application. ", "Bayer has been granted Fast Track designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for darolutamide in men with nmCRPC.", "\n\nAbout the ARAMIS TrialThe ARAMIS trial is a randomized, Phase III, multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of oral darolutamide in patients with nmCRPC who are currently being treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and are at risk for developing metastatic disease. ", "More than 1,500 patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive 600 mg of darolutamide twice a day or matching placebo.", "\n\nThe primary endpoint of this trial is metastasis-free survival (MFS), defined as time between randomization and evidence of metastasis or death from any cause. ", "The secondary objectives of this trial are overall survival (OS), time to first symptomatic skeletal event (SSE), time to initiation of first cytotoxic chemotherapy, time to pain progression and characterization of the safety and tolerability of darolutamide.", "\n\nAbout Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men worldwide. ", "In 2018, an estimated 1.2 million men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer, and about 358,000 will die from the disease worldwide. ", "Prostate cancer is the fifth leading cause of death from cancer in men.", "\n\nProstate cancer results from the abnormal proliferation of cells within the prostate gland, which is part of a man's reproductive system. ", "It mainly affects men over the age of 50, and the risk increases with age.", "\n\nTreatment options range from surgery to radiation treatment to therapy using hormone-receptor antagonists, i.e. substances that stop the formation of testosterone or prevent its effect at the target location. ", "However, in nearly all cases, the cancer will become resistant to conventional hormone therapy1.", "\n\nCRPC is an advanced form of the disease where the cancer keeps progressing even when the amount of testosterone is reduced to very low levels in the body. ", "The field of treatment options for castration-resistant patients is evolving rapidly, but until recently, there have been no approved treatment options for CRPC patients who have rising Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) levels during ADT and no detectable metastases. ", "In men with progressive nmCRPC, a short PSA doubling time has been consistently associated with reduced time to first metastasis and death2.", "\n\nAbout DarolutamideDarolutamide is an investigational, non-steroidal androgen receptor antagonist with a chemical structure that binds to the receptor and exhibits antagonistic activity, thereby inhibiting the receptor function and the growth of prostate cancer cells. ", "Darolutamide has also completed Phase 1/2 studies in patients with mCRPC. ", "A Phase 3 study in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (ARASENS) is ongoing. ", "Information about these trials can be found at www.clinicaltrials.gov.", "\n\nDarolutamide is not approved by the U.S. FDA, the European Medicines Agency or any other health authority.", "\n\nAbout Oncology at Bayer Bayer is committed to delivering science for a better life by advancing a portfolio of innovative treatments. ", "The oncology franchise at Bayer includes four marketed products and several other compounds in various stages of clinical development. ", "Together, these products reflect the company's approach to research, which prioritizes targets and pathways with the potential to impact the way that cancer is treated.", "\n\nAbout BayerBayer is a global enterprise with core competencies in the Life Science fields of health care and agriculture. ", "Its products and services are designed to benefit people and improve their quality of life. ", "At the same time, the Group aims to create value through innovation, growth and high earning power. ", "Bayer is committed to the principles of sustainable development and to its social and ethical responsibilities as a corporate citizen. ", "In fiscal 2017, the Group employed around 99,800 people and had sales of EUR 35.0 billion. ", "Capital expenditures amounted to EUR 2.4 billion, R&D expenses to EUR 4.5 billion. ", "For more information, go to www.bayer.us.", "\n\nForward-Looking StatementThis news release may contain forward-looking statements based on current assumptions and forecasts made by Bayer Group or subgroup management. ", "Various known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors could lead to material differences between the actual future results, financial situation, development or performance of the company and the estimates given here. ", "These factors include those discussed in Bayer's public reports which are available on the Bayer website at www.bayer.com. ", "The company assumes no liability whatsoever to update these forward-looking statements or to conform them to future events or developments." ]

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[ "The present invention relates to a timing analyzing method and apparatus for a semiconductor integrated circuit.", "\nWhen a semiconductor integrated circuit is designed, timing analysis is performed taking into consideration gate delay, which is caused by cells forming the semiconductor integrated circuit, and net delay, which is caused by wiring (conductive paths) connecting the cells. ", "The layout of the semiconductor integrated circuit is corrected based on the timing analysis results. ", "The gate delay changes in accordance with the power supply voltage and the ambient temperature. ", "The net delay changes in accordance with the ambient temperature. ", "Thus, the timing analysis and layout correction must be performed taking into consideration the parameters of the power supply voltage and the ambient temperature.", "\nThe operation delay time of a semiconductor integrated circuit changes in accordance with the power supply voltage, the ambient temperature, and process conditions. ", "Process conditions result from changes in the delay time caused by differences in a semiconductor manufacturing process. ", "A process having a long delay time is referred to as a slow process, and a process having a short delay time is referred to as a fast process.", "\nAmong the various combinations of the power supply voltage, the ambient voltage, and the process conditions, there are two extreme conditions, which are referred to as the worst-case corner condition and the best-case corner condition. ", "The worst-case corner condition is normally the harshest condition from the viewpoint of timing error occurrences caused by changes in the operation delay time. ", "The worst-case corner condition is referred to as a first corner condition and is the combination of high temperature (upper limit temperature), low voltage (lower limit voltage), and slow process. ", "The best-case corner condition is referred to as a second corner condition and is the combination of low temperature (lower limit temperature), high voltage (upper limit voltage), and fast process.", "\nHowever, the ratio of the gate delay and the wire delay (net delay) may differ between a clock path (transfer path of clock signal) and a data path (transfer path of data signal). ", "In this case, the temperature characteristics of the gate delay differ from the temperature characteristics of the net delay. ", "Thus, the two corner conditions may not be critical conditions.", "\nThe following table shows an example of the changing rate in the net delay and the gate delay resulting from temperature changes.", "\nTABLE 1Increasing Rate Under Low Temperature,High Voltage ConditionsNet DelayGate DelayLow Temperature,1.01.0High VoltageHigh Temperature,about 1.62 (1.625)about 1.27 (1.254)High Voltage\nFor example, when the net delay and gate delay of a signal path under a low temperature and high voltage is 1.0, the net delay under a high temperature and high voltage is about 1.62 times greater and the gate delay is 1.27 times greater. ", "In other words, the increasing rte of the delay time caused by a temperature rise is greater in the net delay.", "\nTherefore, in each signal path of a semiconductor integrated circuit, the two corner conditions described above may not be critical conditions due to the difference in occupying rate of the net delay and the gate delay.", "\nFIG. ", "1 shows an example of a data path and a clock path in a semiconductor integrated circuit. ", "In FIG. ", "1, data path dp transmits a data signal to a flip-flop circuit 2b via a plurality of buffer circuits 1 and a flip-flop circuit 2a. ", "A clock path cp transmits a clock signal to a flip-flop circuit 2b via a plurality of buffer circuits 3.", "\nUnder the second corner condition (low temperature, high voltage, and fast process), a margin analysis was conducted on the delay time of the data path dp, the delay time of the clock path cp, and the hold time of the flip-flop circuit 2b. ", "The results are shown by the following equations.", "Data path delay=Net delay (221.5 ps)+Gate delay (1353.8 ps)=1575.3 psNet delay ratio=221.5 ps/1575.3 ps=0.14Clock path delay=Net delay (689.3 ps)+Gate delay (782.6 ps)=1471.9 psNet delay ratio=689.3 ps/1471.9 ps=0.47Hold Margin=Data path delay−Clock path delay−Hold=1575.3 ps−1471.9 ps−62.0 ps=41.4 ps  (equation 1)\nIn the analysis results, the data path delay is the total delay time of the data path dp, or the sum of the net delay and gate delay in the data path dp, and is 1575.3 ps. ", "The net delay ratio is the ratio of the net delay relative to the total delay time. ", "The net delay ratio of the data path dp is 0.14.", "\nThe clock path delay is the total delay time of the clock path cp, or the sum of the net delay and gate delay in the clock path cp, and is 1471.9 ps. ", "The net delay ratio of the clock path cp is 0.47.", "\nThe hold margin is the margin relative to the hold time Hold required by the flip-flop circuit 2b and is 41.4 ps.", "\nAccordingly, under the first corner condition, a hold margin having a positive value is ensured. ", "Thus, timing errors do not occur.", "\nTiming analysis was conducted under the second corner condition (high temperature, high voltage, and fast process) in which the temperature was changed to a high temperature. ", "The results are shown by the following equations.", "Data path delay=Net delay (358.7 ps)+Gate delay (1729.0 ps)=2087.7 ps (1.33 times longer)Clock path delay=Net delay (1116.1 ps)+Gate delay (986.7 ps)=2102.8 ps (1.43 times longer)Hold Margin=Data path delay−Clock path delay−Hold=2087.7 ps−2102.8 ps−82.0 ps=−97.1 ps  (equation 2)\nIn this analysis result, the net delay and gate delay are obtained by multiplying the net delay and gate delay under the first corner condition by the increasing rate shown in table 1. ", "The hold margin of −97.1 is obtained from the data path delay and the clock path delay. ", "This indicates a timing error.", "\nAs described above, even if the timing analysis is performed under the first and second corner conditions, the detection of a timing error cannot be ensured. ", "Therefore, a multi-corner timing analysis is performed. ", "In addition to the first and second corner conditions, the multi-corner timing analysis uses a third corner condition, which is a combination of high temperature, high voltage, and fast process, and a fourth corner condition, which is a combination of low temperature, low voltage, and slow process.", "\nFIG. ", "2 shows a multi-corner timing analysis method of the prior art. ", "Four libraries 4a to 4d store delay information including the net delay and gate delay of each cell under the first to fourth corner conditions.", "\nA delay calculation, crosstalk (X-talk) analysis, and timing analysis are performed under each of the corner conditions. ", "Based on the analysis result and slack information, a layout correction process, or timing engineering change (EC) process, is performed. ", "The slack information indicates a set up time margin when increasing the data bus delay time to ensure the hold time of the flip-flop circuit.", "\nFIGS. ", "3A and 3B show specific examples of the above timing analysis and layout correction process. ", "In the circuit of FIG. ", "3A, for example, under the second corner condition (low temperature, high voltage, and fast process), the net delay of the data path dp is 16 ps, the gate delay of the data path dp is 70 ps, the slack time of the flip-flop circuit 5 is 5 ps, the standard hold timing value is 30 ps, the net delay of the clock path cp is 30 ps, and the gate delay of the clock path cp is 20 ps. ", "In this case, the hold margin of the flip-flop circuit 5 is obtained from the following equation.", "Hold Margin=86 ps (70+16)−50 ps (20+30)−30 ps=6 ps  (equation 3)\nIn this case, a hold margin of 6 ps is obtained. ", "Thus, a timing error does not occur.", "\nIn the circuit of FIG. ", "3A, for example, under the third corner condition (high temperature, high voltage, and fast process), which is obtained by changing the temperature to a high temperature in the second corner condition (low temperature, high voltage, and fast process), the net delay of the data path dp is 25.6 ps, the gate delay of the data path dp is 77 ps, the slack time of the flip-flop circuit 5 is 11 ps, the standard hold timing value is 35 ps, the net delay of the clock path cp is 48 ps, and the gate delay of the clock path cp is 22 ps. ", "The hold margin of the flip-flop circuit 5 is obtained from the following equation.", "Hold Margin=102.6 ps−70 ps−35 ps=−2.4 ps  (equation 4)\nIn this case, the hold margin is insufficient by −2.4. ", "This indicates a timing error.", "\nTo solve the timing error under the third condition, as shown in FIG. ", "3B, a buffer circuit 6 is added to the data path dp to increase the delay time of the data path dp. ", "More specifically, the slack time of the flip-flop circuit has a margin of 11 ps. ", "Thus, the buffer circuit 6 having a gate delay of 11 ps is added to the data path dp.", "\nThe addition of the buffer circuit 6 increases the gate delay of the data path dp from 77 ps to 88 ps. ", "The slack time becomes zero, and a hold margin of 8.6 ps is obtained for the flip-flop circuit 5 as shown by the following equation. ", "Thus, a timing error does not occur.", "Hold Margin=113.6 ps−70 ps−35 ps=8.6 ps  (equation 5)\nHowever, the addition of the buffer circuit 6 increases the gate delay from 70 ps to 81 ps also under the second corner condition. ", "Thus, the slack time becomes insufficient, and a timing error occurs.", "\nIn this manner, when a layout correction is performed to obtain a hold margin that does not cause a timing error under any one of the corner conditions, a timing error may occur under other corner conditions." ]

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[ "Vroomshoop\n\nThe town Vroomshoop is located at the center of the municipality Twenterand in the Dutch province of Overijssel and was founded around 1850. ", "The earliest inhabitants lived from the peat that was found in the nearby area.", "\n\nFarmers from the Groningen area played an important role by the excavated peat into farmland here. ", "They settled mainly on the Tonnendijk Road. ", "The Groninger-farms are still on the Tonnendijk.", "\n\nPopulation \n Vroomshoop had 9091 inhabitants.", "\n\nAt this moment Vroomshoop has a population of 8.732 after the hamlet Geerdijk seceded from Vroomshoop on 1 September 2010.", "\n\nTransportation \nIn 1906 a train station was built in Vroomshoop, because of the NOLS track from Mariënberg to Almelo. ", "\nThe Original name for this station was \"Den Ham - Vroomshoop\", it was changed to \"Vroomshoop\" in 1952 because of the distance in between Den Ham and Vroomshoop.", "\n\nSince 2014 Arriva operates this service.", "\n\nAt one time, there was a vlotbrug at Vroomshoop.", "\n\nTriathlon \nTriatlon Vroomshoop started as a one-off event in 2009 has now become an annual event which hosts approximately 700 athletes every year.", "\nStarting 2016 it has also been the host of the Schuiteman 2deDivisie Noord, a part of the national second division championship.", "\n\nDragon boat Festival \nFor the 6th time in 2014 organised by \"de Smoezen\", Vroomshoops carnival association.", "\nA Chinese tradition at the canal, a spectacular boat race by different regional teams.", "\n\nNotable natives and residents \n Christian Kist, 2012 BDO World Darts Champion\n Jarno Hams, 7 times Strongest man of the Netherlands\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Overijssel\nCategory:Salland\nCategory:Twente\nCategory:Twenterand" ]

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[ "Not low,more like responsibly.", "He's getting 7 mil so he wasn't cheap.", "We just didnt break the bank for him or give him too many years.", "With him I say if you can bring in someone better,go for it.", "If not,wait till free agency.", "\n\nNot low,more like responsibly.", "He's getting 7 mil so he wasn't cheap.", "We just didnt break the bank for him or give him too many years.", "With him I say if you can bring in someone better,go for it.", "If not,wait till free agency.", "\n\nRick Adelman !!!!", "\n\ni mean, he wasnt sought out to be a big producer, previous highs are 13 a game i think\nas a knick i cracked high 18/19s and i dont c him any better than that\n\nand if we can get nash, his contract and azuibuke should get it done to match and nash expires in 2 years aswell, otherwise we can just wait 2 years and get paul" ]

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[ "Grace VanderWaal\n\nall songs by\n\nGrace VanderWaal is a singer/ukulelist from Season 11 of America's Got Talent. ", "Grace is from Suffern, New York. ", "She lives with her mother, father, her older sister by three years (and best friend) Olivia, and two dogs. ", "Grace started writing music at the age of three, making up songs with her wireless microphone. ", "Before her audition, she had never sung in front of very large crowds. ", "All songs by Grace VanderWaal" ]

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[ "Author info\n\nA.D. Garrett is the pseudonym for prize-winning novelist Margaret Murphy\n\nMargaret Murphy\n\nMargaret Murphy is a past Chair of the CWA, and founder of Murder Squad. ", "She has written nine psychological thrillers – both stand-alone and police series. ", "Her work has been published in the UK and the USA, and in translation across Europe, receiving accolades from broadsheets and tabloid newspapers alike, as well as starred reviews from Publishers’ Weekly and Booklist in the United States. ", "She has been a countryside ranger, science teacher and dyslexia specialist, RLF Reading Round Lector, and Writing Fellow. ", "A CWA Short Story Dagger winner, Margaret has also been shortlisted for the First Blood critics’ award for crime fiction as well as the CWA Dagger in the Library.", "\n\nIn 2013, writing as A.D. Garrett, Margaret began a new forensic series featuring Professor Nick Fennimore and DCI Kate Simms. ", "Everyone Lies, which Ann Cleeves rated ‘thriller writing at its best’, was a bestseller, and Believe No One, described by Publishers’ Weekly as a ‘stellar thriller’, has garnered much praise. ", "Truth Will Out, the third in the series, is now available in paperback." ]

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[ "\n2 N.Y.3d 823 (2004)\nPEOPLE v. MURCHISON\nCourt of Appeals of the State of New York.", "\nDecided June 3, 2004.", "\nMotion for extension of time to apply for permission to appeal pursuant to cpl 460.20 granted.", "\n" ]

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[ "Washington (CNN) A federal judge on Tuesday threw out a jury's guilty verdict against Michael Flynn's lobbying partner Bijan Kian, citing insufficient evidence.", "\n\nKian was convicted this summer of illegally acting as a foreign agent and conspiring to hide his work from the Justice Department -- fallout from pro-Turkey lobbying he did with Flynn in 2016.", "\n\n\"Bijan and his family are relieved and looking forward to getting on with their lives,\" said Kian's defense attorney Mark MacDougall. \"", "We are all grateful to the court. ", "Our system is still sturdy and, in this case, justice has been done.\"", "\n\nJudge Anthony Trenga in the Eastern District of Virginia said Kian could face a new trial if prosecutors are successful in an appeal of his decision, if they choose to make one. ", "Trenga said that if his ruling is thrown out or reversed on appeal, Kian should get a new trial because the jury wasn't given adequate instructions especially about Flynn's role.", "\n\nThe Justice Department's National Security Division did not immediately comment on the ruling. ", "The office played a role in bringing the foreign lobbying case against Kian, and the unrelated case against former White House counsel Greg Craig, which ended in a jury verdict of not guilty. ", "Both Craig and Kian were part of a recent push by the Justice Department to strengthen its enforcement against foreign lobbying crimes.", "\n\nRead More" ]

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[ "Quick Phlebotomist Schools in Scotland GA\n\nIf you are starting to look for Phlebotomy Training in Scotland GA then I think you will find the article below has some useful suggestions. ", "Phlebotomist jobs are expected to increase 22% within the next couple of years. ", "Therefore, choosing the correct program can be a really tricky decision, It is good to be informed so you can be certain you have chosen the best Phlebotomy Training for you.", "\n\nWe are here to help you! ", "Here is a short list of the top schools in Scotland GA.", "\n\nFind the Best Phlebotomist Schools Near You\n\nBelow are the top online and on-campus schools that offer Phlebotomy and other related programs. ", "By clicking on the links below, you can request FREE information from each school. ", "Get information on their student financial aid programs and get same day approval if you qualify, from some schools.", "\n\nPhlebotomists operate in healthcare facilities, centers, and also various other medical facilities drawing blood from individuals in preparation for clinical screening. ", "As a phlebotomist you need to listen to information, work well under stress, have superb hand-operated dexterity, great interaction skills, and really take pleasure in collaborating with people.", "\n\nSince phlebotomists gather blood and are at risk for exposure to a variety of diseases, they have to be learnt laboratory safety as well as the rigorous plans as well as precautions in order to help ensure their safety and security which of their people.", "\n\nNo previous clinical experience is needed. ", "Our program will offer you with substantial training in the expertise as well as skills called for to be an effective phlebotomist!", "\n\nSince possible employers are rightfully very considered concerning appropriate training and obligation issues, they will consider the institution you went to when evaluating whether or not to employ you. ", "The institution you attend will certainly be a sign to your potential employer of the high quality of phlebotomy training you obtained. ", "Below are a couple of features that you should seek when picking which is the most effective program for you.", "\n\nWhat’s the Average Phlebotomist Income in Scotland GA?", "\n\nBased on average salaries reported by the American Society for Professional Pathology, the typical phlebotomist income in 2010 varied from $13.50 an hour in a health center readying to $20.16 an hour for those working in a referral lab. ", "Salary.com places the present average phlebotomist salary at $30,438, with the highest possible salary at just under $37,000 a year. ", "Thinking about that the accreditation process only takes about a year to finish, the beginning salary of around $30K is very remarkable.", "\n\nIf you’re trying to find a fast means to enter the nation’s fastest expanding work market, this is it. ", "By earning your phlebotomy certification in Scotland GA you will be setting on your own up for a career in the clinical area that pays well as well as uses long-term security.", "\n\nHow to Find the Best Phlebotomist Schools in Georgia\n\nOur site is the best to begin trying to find Phlebotomy Classes schools. ", "We have tried to make this task as easy as feasible for you by carefully choosing the top colleges in your area based on our high standard requirements and the very best financial assistance programs readily available.", "\n\nSimply request information from the schools above and you’ll find FREE info about the top programs that supply Phlebotomy Training near you; or click any of the web links on our web site. ", "Fill out the necessary info to get all the demands and finest financial assistance programs available for your training. ", "Acquiring a degree from a certified schools will absolutely make you successful in this job. ", "With the above info, you shouldn’t have a trouble making a notified decision about how you can become a career in the Phlebotomy Classes field. ", "Take the initial step to a brilliant future by inquiring and begin your class today!", "\n\nSign up today and receive FREE information about top rated schools that offer Phlebotomy Schools in the Scotland GA area and other related programs. ", "With the information above, you could make an informed decision about how to become a Phlebotomist. ", "Take the first step towards a bright future by requesting information from the schools listed above for top Phlebotomy Schools in Scotland GA.", "\n\nVideo: Medical Assistant in Scotland\n\nMedical Assistant in Scotland2017-05-13T23:09:56+00:00\n\nWeather in Scotland GA\n\nScotland GA Schools in Yelp\n\nPhlebotomy Schools Website in Scotland GA reviewed by Clara G. on Aug 21.Valuable Resource!Thank You for organizing such a wonderful resource. ", "I was able to look into the different schools in my area and find one that fit my schedule. ", "They even gave me a chance to apply for a grant which will make things much easier.", "\nRating: 4.7 out of 5 based on 17 reviews" ]

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[ "METAIRIE, La. -- Drew Brees has agreed to a two-year deal with the New Orleans Saints that is worth $50 million, sources told ESPN on Tuesday.", "\n\nThe $25 million per year is the same value as the previous deal he signed with the Saints in 2018. ", "The deal is even more team-friendly than last time, considering the inflation of quarterback salaries since then.", "\n\nThe NFL's all-time leader in passing yards and touchdown passes was scheduled to become an unrestricted free agent on Wednesday. ", "But as promised, he didn't even test the open market heading into his 20th NFL season.", "\n\nIt's unclear whether the deal includes voidable years tacked on beyond 2021 -- but that is likely so that the Saints can spread out the salary-cap costs.", "\n\nBrees, who turned 41 in January, made it clear that he would play only for the Saints after announcing last month that he was planning to come back and \"make another run at it.\"", "\n\nStill, it was important for New Orleans to get the deal done with Brees before the start of the new league year on Wednesday to avoid being hit with the full $21.3 million salary-cap charge in \"dead money\" from his previous deal.", "\n\nThat's crucial because the Saints entered this week with less than $10 million in cap space.", "\n\nThe Saints almost certainly can't afford to bring back all three of their quarterbacks from last season, though, as backup Teddy Bridgewater is also an unrestricted free agent and backup Taysom Hill is a restricted free agent.", "\n\nBridgewater, 27, is likely to be the odd man out -- especially if he earns an opportunity to start elsewhere after his impressive 5-0 stint in 2019 while Brees was sidelined by a thumb injury.", "\n\nESPN's Adam Schefter reported last week that the Saints plan to place a first-round tender on Hill with a qualifying offer of just under $5 million. ", "That means the Saints could match any offer that Hill might sign with another team or receive a first-round draft pick from that team as compensation.", "\n\nThe Saints could also work out a long-term extension instead with the versatile 29-year-old Hill, whom they view as a possible successor to Brees whenever he does retire.", "\n\nBrees has repeatedly said that he believes he could play at a high level through age 45 -- but only if he wants to keep playing that long. ", "He has been taking that decision \"year by year\" for the past several years now.", "\n\nIn the meantime, Brees has also agreed to be paid \"year by year\" with a series of contracts that guarantee him only one year of salary at a time. ", "The last time he was a free agent in 2018, he also accepted slightly less than market value with a two-year, $50 million contract that included just $27 million guaranteed.", "\n\nSince then, Brees has broken Peyton Manning's NFL records for both career passing yards (77,416 and counting) and career passing TDs (547 and counting). ", "And he has actually posted the two best passer ratings of his career (116.3 in 2019 and 115.7 in 2018).", "\n\nBrees and the Saints had a disappointing finish last season with a wild-card playoff loss to the Minnesota Vikings after a 13-3 regular season. ", "Brees threw for just 208 yards with one touchdown, one interception and one lost fumble in that game.", "\n\nHowever, Brees was playing some of the best football of his career before that, despite the thumb injury. ", "He was named the NFC's Offensive Player of the Month for December, when he threw 15 touchdowns with zero turnovers and completed a NFL-record 29 of 30 passes in a Week 15 win over the Indianapolis Colts.", "\n\nSaints coach Sean Payton said in late January that it's hard for him to see any drop-off in Brees' performance.", "\n\n\"I'm watching this guy perform, and again his numbers this year exceeded last year's. ", "The job is for him to win, and he's done that,\" Payton said. \"", "Look, is the ball going down the field the same way? ", "Maybe it's not. ", "And yet his yards per completion and all those things have been real good.\"", "\n\nBrees said late last season that when you combine that efficiency with \"all the experience and wisdom, I think that just allows you to maintain your prime for longer and longer.\"", "\n\n\"I really do feel like I should be better every week and every year,\" Brees said." ]

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[ "Teach & Serve II, No. ", "36 – Leadering: Magnificent Seven\n\nApril 12, 2017\n\nThere are the critical steps that individuals take as they become leaders. ", "There are the universal gates through which they pass. ", "These are the shared signposts they navigate.", "\n\nOver the course of the last seven weeks, Teach & Serve discussed “leadering” activities. ", "In essence, these are the critical steps, as I see them, that individuals take as they become leaders. ", "These are the universal gates through which they pass. ", "These are their shared signposts they come across.", "\n\nPresented here are the things leaders do as they go about “leadering.”", "\n\nAdulting: How to Become a Grown-up in 468 Easy(ish) Steps is a book by Kelly Williams Brown that was published in 2013 which quickly became something of a hit. ", "The book details steps (468 of them!) ", "a young person takes on the way to becoming and adult and the term “adulting” refers to those steps.", "\n\n“Hey, you rented your first apartment! ", "You are adulting!” ", "and so forth. ", "The idea of traversing rites of passage on the way from youth to adulthood was nothing new, but Williams Brown plugged into the culture zeitgeist with the “adulting” term. ", "I heard and continue to hear my own children use it among themselves and their friends as they take on more responsibility, endure more adult situations and discover what it means to grow older.", "\n\nIt is a pretty cool concept which got me thinking about the rites of passage people undertake on their journeys to be leaders. ", "This is an excellent time for me to consider this as I am spending the week with a group of committed and talented educators, working with them in a program called Seminars in Ignatian Leadership. ", "The program is designed to challenge participants to see themselves as leaders, to hone their definitions of leadership, to learn tools to utilize in their leadership and to help them become reflective as they take on new roles of leadership. ", "All of this is informed and inspired by the founder of the Jesuits, St. Ignatius Loyola, an excellent leader to emulate.", "\n\nWhat, then, are some steps individuals take as they become leaders? ", "Are their universal gates through which they pass? ", "Are their shared signposts they come across? ", "Just how do leaders go about “leadering?”", "\n\nAs many books have been written on this topic as have been written about the progress from childhood to adulthood, and I’m not writing a book here, just a blog post (or eight). ", "None of what I discuss here is particularly revolutionary, nor is any of it incredibly original. ", "These points spin out of the research, writings and speeches of people like Parker Palmer, Janet Hagberg, Simon Sinek, DeWitt Jones, Ed Catmull and others. ", "Each has her or his own way to consider leadering activities and there are many ways to consider this topic. ", "However, in my humble opinion, the following “leadering” steps are shared by most of those who become excellent leaders.", "\n\nKnowing Oneself\n\nIdentifying Weaknesses before Celebrating Strengths\n\nHoning Communication Skills\n\nExercising Authority Appropriately\n\nAchieving Balance and Blend\n\nHumbling Oneself\n\nLetting Go\n\nEach of these topics deserves, I think, something of an in-depth explanation and, rather than turning this post into a novella, I’ll take them on individually over the next seven weeks.", "\n\nIf you are a leader, reflecting on the steps which gotyou there is a good exercise. ", "If you want to become a leader, considering the leadering activities that will get you there is just as healthy a pursuit.", "\n\nLeadering is a pursuit we should celebrate in our schools. ", "Our current leadership (of which many of us are a part) will not be in place forever. ", "Are we looking internally for our next collection of leaders – those people who know our culture and know or systems? ", "Or is it important to look outside our institution for new voices and new perspectives. ", "In either instance, we want to identify leaders who are ready to lead, leaders who have already completed their share of leadering.", "\n\nThose leaders who have intentionally gone about leadering may well step into positions more ready to succeed than those who have not leadered.", "\n\nGive me leaders who understand leadering.", "\n\nKNOWING ONESELF: Knowing oneself is the baseline for leadership. ", "If you do not know who you are, your leadership is undermined before it has a chance to begin.", "\n\nI have watched leaders around me, both the good leaders and the bad ones, and I have tried to figure out what makes good leaders good and bad leaders, well, other than good. ", "One of the qualities that most good leaders I know display is a comfort and confidence with who they are.", "\n\nGood leaders know themselves. ", "They know what makes themselves tick. ", "They know what they are good at, what they need help with and what they should shy away from. ", "They know where they are comfortable and, perhaps more importantly, they know where they are not.", "\n\nDuring the run up to taking on leadership, development of knowledge of oneself is the most important leadering activity there is. ", "Leaders should look for those activities which will enhance their knowledge of themselves. ", "They must look for these activities if they are to reach their potential as leaders.", "\n\nLeadership is not about putting on a hat or wearing a mask. ", "Sound leadership is about recognizing a desire in oneself to lead and to serve others. ", "It is also about recognizing from where that desire comes. ", "Does it come – primarily – from an altruistic place or does it come from a selfish one? ", "Does one desire leadership to improve the lives of those with whom one works or does one desire leadership to improve one’s one standing, one’s bank account, one’s prestige.", "\n\nLeaders come from many places with many motivations. ", "Each of these motivations can produce effective leaders. ", "However, knowing from where one’s leadership stems is critically important.", "\n\nAnd to truly know that, one must open oneself up to oneself. ", "It may read silly, but it is not. ", "Leaders expect those they lead to be honest. ", "Real. ", "Authentic. ", "They expect those they lead to trust them. ", "Trust comes from knowledge. ", "Leaders must have a deep knowledge of self – of those lights and shadows we all work through and we all carry with us – to be the most effective leader they can be.", "\n\nPeople who do not wish to know themselves this well typically do not make effective leaders or, rather, they are not as effective leaders as they could be. ", "If you do not want to look carefully at who you are, your leadership will always have an inauthentic tone. ", "It will not be all it can be. ", "More importantly, those you lead will sense a lack of something. ", "They will note that you are less genuine that you might be and that will affect your leadership. ", "Perhaps greatly.", "\n\nLeadering activities that help someone know her or himself better are as important as anything else a leader can do as they mature. ", "They are the most important leadering activities of all.", "\n\nIDENTIFYING WEAKNESSES BEFORE CELEBRATING STRENGTHS: I have conducted many, many interviews during my years in education. ", "Likely, I have been on the interviewer side of the desk more times than I can remember. ", "As I became more facile with the task, I would enter the interview with a series of questions I knew I wanted to ask. ", "No matter if I was part of an interviewing committee or solo, I would be sure to get certain questions answered.", "\n\nOne of these had to do with the perceived strengths and weaknesses of a candidate.", "\n\nWhat I do not clearly remember is in what order I asked about these characteristics. ", "If I had to guess, I suspect I asked first about strengths and then followed up with a query about weaknesses. ", "Why put the candidate on the defensive with a challenging question?", "\n\nA leadering technique, however, should be knowing one’s weaknesses just as well – better, even – than one’s strengths.", "\n\nDo not misunderstand. ", "Leaders must know their own strengths and realizing them throughout the leadership journey is a principal part of growing into leadership. ", "But it is also an easy part. ", "We like our strengths. ", "We play to them. ", "We are comfortable operating from our strengths. ", "We have been celebrated for these qualities time and again.", "\n\nA leadering step is identifying and embracing one’s weaknesses along with relying on one’s strengths. ", "Good leaders comprehend their limitations. ", "They know their difficulties. ", "They recognize their weaknesses.", "\n\nAs we look for leadership positions, as we realize we may be called to them, we should search out opportunities to address our weaknesses. ", "We can look to overcome them. ", "We can look to find ways to lessen them. ", "We can seek help in dealing with them. ", "What we cannot do as leaders is avoid them. ", "They will surface. ", "It is inevitable that they do. ", "Our leadering should involve us naming our weaknesses and working through them. ", "Our leadering should call us to embrace them.", "\n\nI chose the word “embrace” carefully for surely our weaknesses say as much about us as our strengths.", "\n\nOften our leadering activities – working in groups, serving on task forces, building teams – provide wonderful opportunities for us to recognize our weaknesses and to strategize ways to compensate for them. ", "These are chances we must take to know ourselves (see last week!) ", "and to know our weaknesses. ", "It is in knowing them that we can minimize them.", "\n\nWe all have weaknesses. ", "What leaders chose to do with them, how they choose to acknowledge and work with them, indicates much about who they are as leaders.", "\n\nHONING COMMUNICATION SKILLS: It is difficult to overestimate how important communication skills are for a leader. ", "A leader who is an effective communicator has such an advantage over a leader who is an ineffective one. ", "Those leaders who write and speak with purpose and clarity are much more likely to inspire their students and staffs than those who cannot. ", "Deciding whether one is a good or bad communicator should be one of the primary goals of any team interview candidates for leadership positions. ", "Hiring leaders and teachers who are not solid communicators is a recipe for trouble. ", "It is not that these people cannot lead, it is that they will not lead as effectively as those who can communicate well.", "\n\nHoning communication skills is very much leadering. ", "Those who wish to be leaders can seek out and embrace opportunities to develop this ability. ", "Certainly, there are those who have talent for writing and a predilection for public speaking. ", "There are those who are in their wheelhouse when they are in front of a computer, pecking away at their phone, addressing a crowd. ", "However, everyone who aspires to lead – to administrate or teach – can and should engage in leadering around honing their communication skills.", "\n\nSeek out opportunities to address large groups of people. ", "Look to take over the department or school twitter account for a period of time. ", "Develop a professional blog. ", "Develop a personal one for that matter. ", "Apply to be a presenter at a professional development conference. ", "Write and publish articles.", "\n\nCOMMUNICATE.", "\n\nThe more one speaks in public, the easier the task becomes and clearer communication follows. ", "The more one writes for precision and purpose, the better the result.", "\n\nLeaders must be able to effectively and clearly communicate. ", "Teachers, likewise, must be able to convey what they mean in what they write and what they say.", "\n\nTake advantage of leadering opportunities that will allow you to become an excellent communicator. ", "You will need them when you are in leadership positions.", "\n\nAPPROPRIATELY EXERCISING AUTHORITY: In my reading about leadership, I tend to gravitate towards those writers and researchers who begin with the premise that a leader can operate out of many different places, that a leader can be collaborative, consultative, authoritative and so forth, in any given circumstance. ", "But, those writers who most appeal to me lean towards (or fully embrace) the idea that leading from authority is the mode in which leaders ought to act most infrequently. ", "There are better ways to lead.", "\n\nI agree with this. ", "However, in every leadership journey, there are times when a leader must act from a position of authority. ", "The leader, without much consultation or collaboration, must decide or act quickly and confidently. ", "The leader must keep a counsel of one – herself – and move forward. ", "If one is a teacher, administrator or leader long enough, the opportunity (perhaps a better word here might be necessity) to act from authority will arise. ", "How leaders handle these necessities illustrates much about how they view leadership overall.", "\n\nGood teachers, leaders and administrators know how to appropriately exercise authority.", "\n\nTo become facile at using authority, one must practice doing so.", "\n\nAs potential leaders engage in leadering, they must consider when and how to lead from authority. ", "To discern which situations call for authoritative leadership and to be ready to act in that manner, potential leaders can and should reflect on what they see around them.", "\n\nWhen taking on positions of leadership and acting in them, teachers and administrators can visualize the ramifications of their decisions before they make them. ", "What are the results of making a particular decision authoritatively versus utilizing another manner of leadership? ", "What are the effects on those being led? ", "This type of analysis can be invaluable in leadering. ", "It can and should yield great insight.", "\n\nAdditionally, there are examples in our professional lives of when those who lead us have acted authoritatively. ", "How did those scenarios play out? ", "What might have happened if the leader had confronted them with a different style of leadership?", "\n\nAn important leadering activity in this area is discussion. ", "When a situation has played out, a potential leader who talks with the players involved, who asks the principal or teacher or administrator why they acted from authority and what the results of that action were can learn much about how he or she will lead.", "\n\nLeading from authority can get a bad rap and that is because many leaders use this mode as their primary one. ", "When leaders exercise authority inappropriately or too frequently, positive results are rare. ", "This does not mean that leaders should completely resist leading with authority. ", "That, too, would be a problem. ", "Rather, in leadering, potential leaders should note when leading from authority is the exact right way to proceed. ", "Realizing that exercising authority appropriately is good leadership is another important piece of leadering.", "\n\nACHIEVING BALANCE AND BLEND: Of the seven leadering activities I have identified that potential leaders can undertake in their development, achieving balance and blend may be the hardest, especially because something like finding balance takes time, and potential leaders, when they are younger, do not typically have a lot of time to spend on doing much but what they have to do.", "\n\nI like the concept of balance – the idea that we must find balance in our work and home lives. ", "It is obviously very important to mental and emotional health that balance is struck. ", "If we are all about work, we have pressures weighing on us from home. ", "If we are all about home, our work life suffers. ", "This is not rocket science.", "\n\nWhen I heard DeWitt Jones, photographer for National Geographic talk about balance and blend, I was really taken by his words. ", "Balance is good, but it implies a 50/50 ratio. ", "Blend, on the other hand, leaves room for liquidity, room for dynamism, room for flow.", "\n\nIn any case, a leadering activity that will truly assist potential leaders is finding the balance and blend they will need to have in their own leadership life. ", "As they progress toward leadership positions, discovering when enough-is-enough in terms of work, taking time out for recreation and family and fun, setting appropriate boundaries for themselves and in consultation with their employers is leadering at its best. ", "Learning from those experiences will make them stronger leaders when they assume those kinds of positions.", "\n\nWhen I was conducting interviews for the high school at which I worked, I would ask candidates how they would say “no” to me when I asked them to do too much. ", "It was a difficult question, I bet, and many likely thought it was a trick question. ", "I do not, frankly, remember, in all the interviews I did, anyone knocking that question out of the park, but I asked it for a reason. ", "I wanted candidates to know that it is okay to say “that’s too much, I have a life” beyond the job.", "\n\nLeaders who exemplify balance and blend in their own lives illustrate to those they lead that having balance and blend is not only okay, it is desirable. ", "It is critical.", "\n\nFind the balance. ", "Find the blend. ", "Use your leadering to help you do so.", "\n\nHUMBLING ONESELF: The entire world argues against this one. ", "The trappings. ", "The offices. ", "The desks. ", "The stipends and releases from other responsibilities. ", "The desire to be called “boss.” ", "The feeling one gets when told: “Yes, it’s you. ", "YOU are the woman. ", "YOU are the man. ", "YOU are the leader.”", "\n\nYOU.", "\n\nThe perks of leadership are as enticing as they are numerous. ", "Being in charge. ", "Being in the know. ", "Being top dog. ", "When we are surrounded by these kinds of things, it can be very difficult to remain humble.", "\n\nLook, society assumes (this has actually been proven in studies) that the quarterback of a football team is the most beautiful player on the team. ", "The most handsome. ", "Beyond everything else the leader of the football receives, he also is the best looking? ", "Are you kidding me? ", "But we believe this. ", "On some level (at least the football level) we believe that are leaders are not only deserving of trappings, they are better looking than we are, too!", "\n\nTherefore, in the leadering that leads up to actual leadership, potential leaders must engage in things at which they are not accomplished. ", "They must try this at which they will fail. ", "They must find those areas of their lives in which they are interested and need to grow. ", "Leadering in this area means striving. ", "It means reaching. ", "It means missing the mark and refocusing. ", "It means being told you are not good enough and you have to improve.", "\n\nNo one deserves leadership. ", "It is not some God-given right. ", "Leadership is a privilege. ", "It is a responsibility. ", "It is to be entered into humbly or not at all.", "\n\nI learned this in many, many hard ways. ", "I learned to grow into the role. ", "I developed an awareness that humility was one of the key traits of effective leadership.", "\n\nIt took time.", "\n\nOne cannot fake humbleness. ", "Those we lead see through false humility like looking through a window pane.", "\n\nWhen leadering, those who wish to come into these sorts of roles should identify a mentor, someone who knows more, who has a deeper connection to humility and who can challenge. ", "The best mentors show us who they are rather than tell us. ", "They compel us to be better as we watch them and learn from their examples. ", "When we apprentice at the feet of powerful mentors, we learn, very quickly, that the best mentors did not strive to become mentors at all.", "\n\nThey just tried to lead well.", "\n\nWithout exception, the best and most inspiring leaders find strength in their own humility. ", "They humble themselves to the role.", "\n\nOur leadering activities must teach us to do so as well.", "\n\nThe genuinely humble leader is a leader more readily followed.", "\n\nLETTING GO: I have saved the best for last… and it is, perhaps, the most obvious of all the activities I’ve written about in these last seven weeks of “Leadering” topics. ", "Maybe not the most obvious, but certainly the progression of these activities has led to this:\n\nLet. ", "It. ", "Go.", "\n\nLeaders navigate waters both smooth and choppy. ", "They encounter colleagues, students and parents at both their best and their worst. ", "They inspire positive experiences. ", "They are held responsible for negative ones.", "\n\nLeaders have histories.", "\n\nLeaders create histories.", "\n\nLeaders leave histories behind them in their wake.", "\n\nAnd leaders are human. ", "There are moments in their histories of which they are very proud. ", "There are moments in their histories of which they are not. ", "There are students and colleagues they truly enjoy. ", "There are students and colleagues they would like to never consider again. ", "There are signposts they can point to which are very positive and there are those that are starkly negative.", "\n\nThey have met people and done things.", "\n\nThey’ve left footprints.", "\n\nAnd the best leaders let all of that go. ", "Leaders who are successful understand that, while they have a track record, they do not have to be defined by it. ", "Nor do they allow themselves to be.", "\n\nThey do not live in their successes and they do not dwell in their failures. ", "They do not revisit the past unless it is helpful for them to do so. ", "They neither hold grudges nor are they swayed by their own press.", "\n\nThey live in the present. ", "They work in the now. ", "They plan for the future.", "\n\nNone of this can happen effectively without letting go.", "\n\nThose who wish to be leaders will do well to practice letting go. ", "A true leadering activity is allowing the past to stay in the past. ", "Another is forgiving and actually trying to forget. ", "A third is not prejudging a situation or a person based solely on past contacts and histories.", "\n\nLeaders who find ways to let go of the past, to understand that conflict and praise are both fleeting, to look forward and not backward are leaders who inspire.", "\n\nThe affects you will have on your students are infinite and currently unknown; you will possibly shape the way they proceed in their careers, the way they will vote, the way they will behave as partners and spouses, the way they will raise their kids\n\nTeach & Serve II, No. ", "35 – Leadering: Letting Go\n\nApril 5, 2017\n\nLeaders who are successful understand that, while they have a track record, they do not have to be defined by it. ", "Nor do they allow themselves to be.", "\n\nOver the course of the next few weeks, Teach & Serve will be discussing “leadering” activities. ", "In essence, these are the critical steps, as I see them, that individuals take as they become leaders. ", "These are the universal gates through which they pass. ", "These are their shared signposts they come across.", "\n\nThese are the things leaders do as they go about “leadering?”", "\n\nKnowing Oneself\n\nIdentifying Weaknesses before Celebrating Strengths\n\nHoning Communication Skills\n\nExercising Authority Appropriately\n\nAchieving Balance and Blend\n\nHumbling Oneself\n\nLetting Go\n\nI have saved the best for last… and it is, perhaps, the most obvious of all the activities I’ve written about in these last seven weeks of “Leadering” topics. ", "Maybe not the most obvious, but certainly the progression of these activities has led to this:\n\nLet. ", "It. ", "Go.", "\n\nLeaders navigate waters both smooth and choppy. ", "They encounter colleagues, students and parents at both their best and their worst. ", "They inspire positive experiences. ", "They are held responsible for negative ones.", "\n\nLeaders have histories.", "\n\nLeaders create histories.", "\n\nLeaders leave histories behind them in their wake.", "\n\nAnd leaders are human. ", "There are moments in their histories of which they are very proud. ", "There are moments in their histories of which they are not. ", "There are students and colleagues they truly enjoy. ", "There are students and colleagues they would like to never consider again. ", "There are signposts they can point to which are very positive and there are those that are starkly negative.", "\n\nThey have met people and done things.", "\n\nThey’ve left footprints.", "\n\nAnd the best leaders let all of that go. ", "Leaders who are successful understand that, while they have a track record, they do not have to be defined by it. ", "Nor do they allow themselves to be.", "\n\nThey do not live in their successes and they do not dwell in their failures. ", "They do not revisit the past unless it is helpful for them to do so. ", "They neither hold grudges nor are they swayed by their own press.", "\n\nThey live in the present. ", "They work in the now. ", "They plan for the future.", "\n\nNone of this can happen effectively without letting go.", "\n\nThose who wish to be leaders will do well to practice letting go. ", "A true leadering activity is allowing the past to stay in the past. ", "Another is forgiving and actually trying to forget. ", "A third is not prejudging a situation or a person based solely on past contacts and histories.", "\n\nLeaders who find ways to let go of the past, to understand that conflict and praise are both fleeting, to look forward and not backward are leaders who inspire.", "\n\nTeach & Serve II, No. ", "34 – Leadering: Humbling Oneself\n\nMarch 29, 2017\n\nNo one deserves leadership. ", "It is not some God-given right. ", "Leadership is a privilege. ", "It is a responsibility. ", "It is to be entered into humbly or not at all.", "\n\nOver the course of the next few weeks, Teach & Serve will be discussing “leadering” activities. ", "In essence, these are the critical steps, as I see them, that individuals take as they become leaders. ", "These are the universal gates through which they pass. ", "These are their shared signposts they come across.", "\n\nThese are the things leaders do as they go about “leadering?”", "\n\nKnowing Oneself\n\nIdentifying Weaknesses before Celebrating Strengths\n\nHoning Communication Skills\n\nExercising Authority Appropriately\n\nAchieving Balance and Blend\n\nHumbling Oneself\n\nLetting Go\n\nThe entire world argues against this one. ", "The trappings. ", "The offices. ", "The desks. ", "The stipends and releases from other responsibilities. ", "The desire to be called “boss.” ", "The feeling one gets when told: “Yes, it’s you. ", "YOU are the woman. ", "YOU are the man. ", "YOU are the leader.”", "\n\nYOU.", "\n\nThe perks of leadership are as enticing as they are numerous. ", "Being in charge. ", "Being in the know. ", "Being top dog. ", "When we are surrounded by these kinds of things, it can be very difficult to remain humble.", "\n\nLook, society assumes (this has actually been proven in studies) that the quarterback of a football team is the most beautiful player on the team. ", "The most handsome. ", "Beyond everything else the leader of the football receives, he also is the best looking? ", "Are you kidding me? ", "But we believe this. ", "On some level (at least the football level) we believe that are leaders are not only deserving of trappings, they are better looking than we are, too!", "\n\nTherefore, in the leadering that leads up to actual leadership, potential leaders must engage in things at which they are not accomplished. ", "They must try this at which they will fail. ", "They must find those areas of their lives in which they are interested and need to grow. ", "Leadering in this area means striving. ", "It means reaching. ", "It means missing the mark and refocusing. ", "It means being told you are not good enough and you have to improve.", "\n\nNo one deserves leadership. ", "It is not some God-given right. ", "Leadership is a privilege. ", "It is a responsibility. ", "It is to be entered into humbly or not at all.", "\n\nI learned this in many, many hard ways. ", "I learned to grow into the role. ", "I developed an awareness that humility was one of the key traits of effective leadership.", "\n\nIt took time.", "\n\nOne cannot fake humbleness. ", "Those we lead see through false humility like looking through a window pane.", "\n\nWhen leadering, those who wish to come into these sorts of roles should identify a mentor, someone who knows more, who has a deeper connection to humility and who can challenge. ", "The best mentors show us who they are rather than tell us. ", "They compel us to be better as we watch them and learn from their examples. ", "When we apprentice at the feet of powerful mentors, we learn, very quickly, that the best mentors did not strive to become mentors at all.", "\n\nThey just tried to lead well.", "\n\nWithout exception, the best and most inspiring leaders find strength in their own humility. ", "They humble themselves to the role.", "\n\nTeach & Serve II, No. ", "33 – Leadering: Achieving Balance and Blend\n\nMarch 22, 2017\n\n… the idea that we must find balance in our work and home lives… is obviously very important. ", "If we are all about work, we have pressures weighing on us from home. ", "If we are all about home, our work life suffers. ", "This is not rocket science.", "\n\nOver the course of the next few weeks, Teach & Serve will be discussing “leadering” activities. ", "In essence, these are the critical steps, as I see them, that individuals take as they become leaders. ", "These are the universal gates through which they pass. ", "These are their shared signposts they come across.", "\n\nThese are the things leaders do as they go about “leadering?”", "\n\nKnowing Oneself\n\nIdentifying Weaknesses before Celebrating Strengths\n\nHoning Communication Skills\n\nExercising Authority Appropriately\n\nAchieving Balance and Blend\n\nHumbling Oneself\n\nLetting Go\n\nOf the seven leadering activities I have identified that potential leaders can undertake in their development, achieving balance and blend may be the hardest, especially because something like finding balance takes time, and potential leaders, when they are younger, do not typically have a lot of time to spend on doing much but what they have to do.", "\n\nI like the concept of balance – the idea that we must find balance in our work and home lives. ", "It is obviously very important to mental and emotional health that balance is struck. ", "If we are all about work, we have pressures weighing on us from home. ", "If we are all about home, our work life suffers. ", "This is not rocket science.", "\n\nWhen I heard DeWitt Jones, photographer for National Geographic talk about balance and blend, I was really taken by his words. ", "Balance is good, but it implies a 50/50 ratio. ", "Blend, on the other hand, leaves room for liquidity, room for dynamism, room for flow.", "\n\nIn any case, a leadering activity that will truly assist potential leaders is finding the balance and blend they will need to have in their own leadership life. ", "As they progress toward leadership positions, discovering when enough-is-enough in terms of work, taking time out for recreation and family and fun, setting appropriate boundaries for themselves and in consultation with their employers is leadering at its best. ", "Learning from those experiences will make them stronger leaders when they assume those kinds of positions.", "\n\nWhen I was conducting interviews for the high school at which I worked, I would ask candidates how they would say “no” to me when I asked them to do too much. ", "It was a difficult question, I bet, and many likely thought it was a trick question. ", "I do not, frankly, remember, in all the interviews I did, anyone knocking that question out of the park, but I asked it for a reason. ", "I wanted candidates to know that it is okay to say “that’s too much, I have a life” beyond the job.", "\n\nLeaders who exemplify balance and blend in their own lives illustrate to those they lead that having balance and blend is not only okay, it is desirable. ", "It is critical.", "\n\nFind the balance. ", "Find the blend. ", "Use your leadering to help you do so.", "\n\nMarch 15, 2017\n\nLeading from authority can get a bad rap and that is because many leaders use this mode as their primary one. ", "When leaders exercise authority inappropriately or too frequently, positive results are rare. ", "This does not mean that leaders should completely resist leading with authority. ", "That, too, would be a problem.", "\n\nOver the course of the next few weeks, Teach & Serve will be discussing “leadering” activities. ", "In essence, these are the critical steps, as I see them, that individuals take as they become leaders. ", "These are the universal gates through which they pass. ", "These are their shared signposts they come across.", "\n\nThese are the things leaders do as they go about “leadering?”", "\n\nKnowing Oneself\n\nIdentifying Weaknesses before Celebrating Strengths\n\nHoning Communication Skills\n\nExercising Authority Appropriately\n\nAchieving Balance and Blend\n\nHumbling Oneself\n\nLetting Go\n\nIn my reading about leadership, I tend to gravitate towards those writers and researchers who begin with the premise that a leader can operate out of many different places, that a leader can be collaborative, consultative, authoritative and so forth, in any given circumstance. ", "But, those writers who most appeal to me lean towards (or fully embrace) the idea that leading from authority is the mode in which leaders ought to act most infrequently. ", "There are better ways to lead.", "\n\nI agree with this. ", "However, in every leadership journey, there are times when a leader must act from a position of authority. ", "The leader, without much consultation or collaboration, must decide or act quickly and confidently. ", "The leader must keep a counsel of one – herself – and move forward. ", "If one is a teacher, administrator or leader long enough, the opportunity (perhaps a better word here might be necessity) to act from authority will arise. ", "How leaders handle these necessities illustrates much about how they view leadership overall.", "\n\nGood teachers, leaders and administrators know how to appropriately exercise authority.", "\n\nTo become facile at using authority, one must practice doing so.", "\n\nAs potential leaders engage in leadering, they must consider when and how to lead from authority. ", "To discern which situations call for authoritative leadership and to be ready to act in that manner, potential leaders can and should reflect on what they see around them.", "\n\nWhen taking on positions of leadership and acting in them, teachers and administrators can visualize the ramifications of their decisions before they make them. ", "What are the results of making a particular decision authoritatively versus utilizing another manner of leadership? ", "What are the effects on those being led? ", "This type of analysis can be invaluable in leadering. ", "It can and should yield great insight.", "\n\nAdditionally, there are examples in our professional lives of when those who lead us have acted authoritatively. ", "How did those scenarios play out? ", "What might have happened if the leader had confronted them with a different style of leadership?", "\n\nAn important leadering activity in this area is discussion. ", "When a situation has played out, a potential leader who talks with the players involved, who asks the principal or teacher or administrator why they acted from authority and what the results of that action were can learn much about how he or she will lead.", "\n\nLeading from authority can get a bad rap and that is because many leaders use this mode as their primary one. ", "When leaders exercise authority inappropriately or too frequently, positive results are rare. ", "This does not mean that leaders should completely resist leading with authority. ", "That, too, would be a problem. ", "Rather, in leadering, potential leaders should note when leading from authority is the exact right way to proceed. ", "Realizing that exercising authority appropriately is good leadership is another important piece of leadering." ]

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[ "Top Golf Driver Shafts\n\nCobra Golf Driver Shafts\n\nTag Archived of Custom Driver Shafts Uk\n\nGolf Grips Wholesale\n\nThis was sort of my introduction into what the top dogs do. ", "So we’re on the second hole and I think Charley was already up on him. ", "You know they always gamble a certain amount of money. ", "Phil’s about to tee off and he’s pretending to struggle. ", "He was like ‘Oh gosh it’s so hard to swing.’ ", "I was like what’s going on?", "\n\nCallaway Strata 18 Piece\n\nOne half of me thought “Leave him alone. ", "Let the man do his job.” ", "The other half said “Damn it ask him about Carnoustie’s wicked-fast fairways!” ", "Curiosity may have killed the cat but it nurtured our convo.", "\n\nNike Hiking Shoes\n\nI was able to get him on the phone as we came off the course and Phil spoke with him for about 15 minutes. ", "They chatted as if they were longtime friends talking about Phil’s strategy for the upcoming Tour events and where the exec liked to play golf.", "\n\nLake Park Golf Course\n\n“Did you ever get bored with it?” “", "Never” he said. “", "It was never scripted. ", "I never did it the same way twice.” ", "I asked him what his lowest handicap ever was. “", "A grumpy two” he said. ", "He talked about how practice was frowned upon in his golfing boyhood. ", "Even practice swings. “", "We practiced by playing” he said.", "\n\nZero Golf Training Aid\n\nYou’re trying to hit it low you put it on the back foot…’ It was quite funny just him talking about how many guys put the ball in the middle of their stance and struggle chipping. ", "In my opinion he’s the best short-game artist of all time so I definitely took notes. ", "No hesitation. ", "It went into play right away that week.”", "\n\nForged Blades Golf Clubs\n\nThen I noticed an artist’s studio behind it filled with spectacular modernistic seascapes. ", "There was a note from the artist inside: if you wanted to see him knock on the door in the house behind it. ", "It was starting to feel familiar.", "\n\nNike Vaporfly\n\nOn Friday after a long day at the paragraph factory I met Bamberger and fellow colleague Sean Zak for a late dinner in St. Andrews. ", "It’s a bit of a drive to get from there to Carnoustie but I had chosen to stay in the Auld Grey Toon because I love it so much.", "\n\nInexpensive Golf Drivers\n\nErnie Els Jordan Spieth Gary Player and 17 others. ", "Even Tiger Woods. ", "His caddying gig had finished hours earlier so Thompson sat alone flag in hand. ", "There was one more champion signature to obtain and Molinari was just finishing his press conference." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPinging a computer on the network fails cyclically\n\nI've the most strange behavior from one of the computers on my work network...\nThe network is composed by a Cisco switch and about 10 computers... ( my position in the company is senior programmer, and so I don't have all the information about the network )..\nThe computer with this behavior is a Windows XP SP3, P4 2Ghz and 1GB of ram.. formatted last week, I only installed on this computer two things, Wamp stack ( Wampserver ), and no-ip DUC client.. at least so far, I also want to install Mercurial, but I'm not going to bother until I solve this problem..\nThe problem is the following, I start pinging the server with ping ip -t, and my computer starts pinging that computer with no problem, but after a while it starts giving..\n\nReply from 192.168.10.18: bytes=32 time=68ms TTL=128\n Reply from 192.168.10.18: bytes=32 time=68ms TTL=128\n Reply from 192.168.10.18: bytes=32 time=68ms TTL=128\n Reply from 192.168.10.18: bytes=32 time=68ms TTL=128\n Destination host unreachable.", "\n Destination host unreachable.", "\n Destination host unreachable.", "\n Reply from 192.168.10.18: bytes=32 time=68ms TTL=128\n Reply from 192.168.10.18: bytes=32 time=68ms TTL=128\n Reply from 192.168.10.18: bytes=32 time=68ms TTL=128 \n\nIt keep's on pinging the machine and then it starts failing again, and it keeps on doing this all day long.. if I'm using Windows RDP while pinging, the RDP simply closes, with no warning what so ever..\nLooking at task manager of that computer, what I get is a cyclic wave with peaks of 100% of CPU use, that matches exactly with the time that the ping fails...\nWe already tried two thing's, change the port where the cable was connected, and connect the computer directly to the switch, and that produced no result..\nI'm using this server as a pre-deployment server for our sites, I'm developing on my local machine using the database on the server, that means that I'm constantly requesting access to the database on that computer..\nBut I don't think that this constant requests are the cause for this behavior... I think.. I'm not sure..\nI've already checked the windows event log, and nothing was showed regarding this problem..\nThis also happens when I'm not pinging the computer, after I installed Wampserver, I started to use the database almost immediately.. and when doing some refreshes, the database connection on the PHP page simply timed out.. that's when I figured something was wrong with that computer or with the network...\nBut for example, this morning I was able to work with no problem whatsoever, only in the afternoon it started again with this strange behavior..\nEdit: I forgot to mention something, after disabling a lot of services, the interval in which the ping fail's increased that means that the I could ping the machine more, and the ping failing decreased..\nThanks in advance for any insight on this problem..\n\nA:\n\nOn old hardware like this, I would suspect hardware trouble: try replacing the network card.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "\n\nToyota makes 5,600+ Fuel Cell patents royalty free - DiabloD3\nhttps://twitter.com/Toyota/status/552214151787855872\n\n======\nmindcrime\nHere's a story with some more \"meat\" to it:\n\n[http://gizmodo.com/toyota-made-over-5-600-of-its-fuel-\ncell-p...](http://gizmodo.com/toyota-made-over-5-600-of-its-fuel-cell-patents-\navailab-1677275142)\n\n" ]

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[ "USS David W. Taylor (DD-551)\n\nUSS David W. Taylor (DD-551), a , was a ship of the United States Navy named for Rear Admiral David W. Taylor (1864–1940).", "\n\nDavid W. Taylor was launched 4 July 1942 by Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation, Chickasaw, Ala., sponsored by Mrs. Imogene Taylor Powell, daughter of RAdm Taylor; and commissioned 18 September 1943, Lieutenant Commander W. H. Johnsen in command.", "\n\nHistory\nDavid W. Taylor escorted a convoy of merchantmen from Charleston, South Carolina to Pearl Harbor arriving on 20 January 1944. ", "Three days later she got underway to screen a support convoy to the Gilbert and Marshall Islands, returning to Pearl Harbor on 29 February. ", "After escorting the aircraft carrier to San Francisco, she sailed from Pearl Harbor 1 April to patrol in the Marshall Islands until 12 May. Returning to Pearl Harbor 18 May, she had training duties there until 7 June.", "\n\nFrom 15 June to 4 August 1944 David W. Taylor sailed in the screen of escort carriers and fleet oilers supporting the Marianas operation. ", "On 4 July she and the destroyer escort attacked and sank the Japanese submarine at . ", "The destroyer joined the 3d Fleet 19 August, and sailed out of Manus screening the logistics group supporting the fast carrier task forces in their raids preparing for and accompanying the capture and occupation of the southern Palaus. ", "With her base of operations at Ulithi from 29 October, David W. Taylor continued to screen the logistics group until 22 November when she joined the carriers for air attacks on Luzon in support of the invading troops on Leyte.", "\n\nOn 29 December 1944 she sailed from Ulithi for the air raids on the Bonins, bombarding Chichi Jima 5 January 1945. ", "At 07:45 that day an underwater explosion, probably a mine, heavily damaged the ship and killed four men, but damage control brought her safely to Saipan 7 January under her own power. ", "The ship continued to Hunter's Point Naval Shipyard, California, for an overhaul and repairs from 13 February to 7 May.\n\nSailing from San Diego 15 May 1945 David W. Taylor bombarded Emidj Island on 18 June on her way to Okinawa, arriving 30 June. ", "The destroyer operated with a task group off Okinawa. ", "After Japan surrendered, the ship arrived at Takasu, Kyūshū, 4 September, as escort for a convoy carrying occupation troops. ", "She covered the landings at Wakanoura Wan and Nagoya until sailing 31 October for San Diego, arriving 17 November. ", "David W. Taylor was placed out of commission in reserve there 17 August 1946.", "\n\nAlmirante Ferrandíz (D22) \n\nOn 15 May 1957, the destroyer was leased to Spain where she served in the Armada Española as Almirante Ferrandíz (D22). ", "Spain purchased the destroyer on 1 October 1972. ", "The ship remained in service until 17 November 1987, when she was stricken and scrapped.", "\n\nHonors\nDavid W. Taylor received eight battle stars for World War II service.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:Fletcher-class destroyers of the United States Navy\nCategory:Ships built in Chickasaw, Alabama\nCategory:1942 ships\nCategory:World War II destroyers of the United States\nCategory:Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Spanish Navy\nCategory:Fletcher-class destroyers of the Spanish Navy" ]

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[ "[Metabolic syndrome and hyperlipidemia in HIV-positive patients].", "\nThe HIV lipodystrophy syndrome, a condition characterized by subcutaneous fat loss sometimes associated with relative or absolute accumulation of central fat, has a high prevalence in the treatment of HIV infection. ", "Associated metabolic alterations include peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, increased free fatty acids, and decreased HDL. ", "Often, these metabolic abnormalities appear or deteriorate before the manifestation of fat redistribution. ", "Hypertriglyceridemia is the leading lipid abnormality after initiation of HIV therapy frequently observed together with low HDL cholesterol. ", "Raised levels of tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 have been found in these patients, and there are reports about hypertension associated with antiretroviral therapy. ", "Thus, the lipodystrophy syndrome in HIV therapy resembles a clinical situation that is known as the \"metabolic syndrome\" in HIV-negative patients. ", "There is now good evidence that the metabolic abnormalities of HIV-infected patients harbor a significant risk for cardiovascular disease with as yet unknown consequences. ", "In addition, several studies report a reduced quality of life in patients with body habitus changes leading to reduced therapy adherence. ", "Current data indicate a rather multifactorial pathogenesis where HIV infection, its therapy, and patient-related factors are major contributors. ", "Therapeutic and preventive strategies have, so far, been of only limited or no success. ", "For reduction of the cardiovascular risk, recommendations proposed for non-HIV-infected patients like the National Cholesterol Education Program (NECP) have been adapted for HIV-infected patients. ", "These should be regarded as rather preliminary and need to be evaluated in further clinical trials. ", "General recommendations include dietary changes and physical activity, switch of antiretroviral drugs (replacement of protease inhibitors), and, finally, use of metabolically active drugs. ", "Lipid-lowering agents can be considered for the treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia, elevated LDL, or a combination of both. ", "Some HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, however, share common hepatic metabolization pathways with protease inhibitors (cytochrome P450 3A4 system), thereby potentially leading to additional liver and muscle toxicity. ", "Although clinicians should assess cardiovascular risk factors and target risk reduction in HIV-infected patients, the primary goal in HIV therapy remains to be the effective suppression of viral replication leading to reduced morbidity and mortality." ]

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[ "Update 2 (January 6, 2015):\n\n4J Studios has confirmed that the update is now available on PlayStation 4 in North America.", "\n\nUpdate:\n\nOn December 25, 4J Studios said, “No news yet from Sony America on the PS4 update, but they have completed testing the PS3 & PS Vita update, and those are out now.” ", "They then added, “4J are taking a break now, but we’ll be back after the New Year celebrations to fix the bugs being found in the update.”", "\n\nOriginal Story:\n\nWhile North Americans will have to wait until some point this week for news on the updates, 4J Studios was able to release the latest updates for Minecraft on PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation Vita over the weekend, with the biggest addition being horses.", "\n\nHere’s the full list of patch notes for Minecraft on PS4, PS3, and PS Vita:\n\nChanges and Additions\n\nNew Items\n\nHardened Clay\n\nStained Clay\n\nBlock of Coal\n\nHay Bale\n\nActivator Rail\n\nBlock of Redstone\n\nDaylight Sensor\n\nDropper\n\nHopper\n\nMinecart with Hopper\n\nMinecart with TNT\n\nRedstone Comparator\n\nWeighted Pressure Plate\n\nBeacon\n\nTrapped Chest\n\nFirework Rocket\n\nFirework Star\n\nNether Star\n\nLead\n\nHorse Armor\n\nName Tag\n\nHorse Spawn Egg\n\nNew Mobs\n\nWither\n\nWither Skeletons\n\nWitches\n\nBats\n\nHorses\n\nDonkeys\n\nMules\n\nGeneral\n\nAdded new terrain generation features – Witch Huts.", "\n\nReplaced the Tutorial World with a new world containing some new mini-tutorials for the new functionality.", "\n\nAdded Beacon interface.", "\n\nAdded Horse interface.", "\n\nAdded Hopper interface.", "\n\nAdded Fireworks – Fireworks interface is accessible from the Crafting Table when you have the ingredients to craft a Firework Star or Firework Rocket.", "\n\nAdded ‘Adventure Mode’ – You can only break blocks with the correct tools.", "\n\nAdded lots of new sounds.", "\n\nMobs, items and projectiles can now pass through portals.", "\n\nRepeaters can now be locked by powering their sides with another Repeater.", "\n\nZombies and Skeletons can now spawn with different weapons and armor.", "\n\nNew death messages.", "\n\nName mobs with a Name Tag, and rename containers to change the title when the menu is open.", "\n\nBonemeal no longer instantly grows everything to full size, and instead randomly grows in stages.", "\n\nA Redstone signal describing the contents of Chests, Brewing Stands, Dispensers and Jukeboxes can be detected by placing a Redstone Comparator directly against them.", "\n\nDispensers can face in any direction.", "\n\nEating a Golden Apple gives the player extra “absorption” health for a short period.", "\n\nThe longer you remain in an area the harder the monsters that spawn in that area will be.", "\n\nNew Game and Host options (Daylight Cycle, Keep Inventory, Mob options, Tile drop and a Regeneration option)\n\nOther\n\nAdded the trial Festive Mash-up Pack\n\nAdded World Resize option (PS4 only)\n\nIf you notice the updates have gone live in North America, please let everyone know in the comments below.", "\n\n[Source: 4J Studios (Twitter 1, 2, 3), Minecraft Forums (1), (2), (3)]" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nJava Serialization with YAML (SnakeYaml Library), HashMaps are not shown in serialized output\n\nwhen i serialize a class object such that:\nclass MyClass{\n\n String value;\n public MyClass(){}\n\n public void setValue(String value){\n this.value = value;\n }\n\n public String getValue(){\n return value;\n }\n\n}\n\nand serializing it like:\n MyClass c1 = new MyClass();\n c1.setValue(\"this is a value\");\n Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<String, Object>();\n\n result.put(\"MyClass\", c1);\n Yaml yaml = new Yaml();\n String output = yaml.dump(result);\n\nworks just fine. ", "However, now if in my class i have another value such that: \nclass MyClass{\n\n String value;\n Map<Integer, AnotherClass> MyList\n public MyClass(){}\n\n public void setValue(String value){\n this.value = value;\n }\n\n Map<Integer, AnotherClass> CList = new HashMap<Integer, AnotherClass>();\n public void setList(AnotherClass AL){\n CList.put(1,AL);\n this.", "MyList = CList;\n }\n\n public String getValue(){\n return value;\n }\n\n}\n\nand now i repeat the same, the program works but in serialized output, i do not see this HashMap. ", "What is the problem, is there some different approach used to serialize HashMap type objects?? ", " Please suggest....\n\nA:\n\nThere is no getter for the map, that is why it is ignored.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "[Computer multimedia technology in otorhinolaryngology].", "\nThe author draws attention of ENT specialists to advantages of the novel computer system multimedia which is a promising tool for otorhinolaryngologists as it allows composition of the image, sound, text, drawing, animation, etc. ", "The author describes the program and devices providing visualization of the ENT organs on the computer display." ]

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[ "Now, we listen for the Slider's valueChange event. ", "This event is fired when the value of the Slider has changed.", "\n\nNext we use the StyleSheet utility to dynamically change a style rule to resize the images.", "\nThe style rule that we want to change is #yui-main .yui-g ul li. ", "When the Slider's value changes, we will take the value and divide it by 2, then use that as the percentage width of the li.", "\nThis will give us the effect we want (resizing images) without touching all the images via the DOM.", "\n\nEvent Delegation\n\nThis listener listens for all mouseup events on the document and it will only fire when the target element matches the * selector (which should be all elements).", "\n\nThis way we can remove all the selected CSS classes from all the images in the browser when a mouseup occurs, only if the shift key was not pressed. ", "We can then check to determine if the mouseup came from one of the images. ", "If it has, add the selected class back to it.", "\n\nThis listener, listens for all click events on the album list #photoList li.", "\nFirst, it stops the click, so the href is not followed. ", "Next, it removes all the selected classes from the list. ", "Then, it adds the selected class to the item that was clicked on.", "\n\nAfter that UI setup, it uses Selectors to change the view of the images in the browser.", "\nFirst, it checks if we are viewing \"all\" or a \"sub album\". ", "If all is selected, it removes the hidden class from all the images.", "\nIf it was an album, it adds the hidden class to all the images, then selects all the images with the class of its id, then it removes the hidden class from them.", "\n\nBasically, it hides all the images, then determines the ones it needs to show and removes the hidden class from them.", "\n\n//Listen for all clicks on the '#photoList li' selector\nY.delegate('click', function(e) {\n//Prevent the click\ne.halt();\n//Remove all the selected items\ne.currentTarget.get('parentNode').all('li.selected').removeClass('selected');\n//Add the selected class to the one that one clicked\ne.currentTarget.addClass('selected');\n//The \"All Photos\" link was clicked\nif (e.currentTarget.hasClass('all')) {\n//Remove all the hidden classes\nwrapper.all('li').removeClass('hidden');\n} else {\n//Another \"album\" was clicked, get its id\nvar c = e.target.get('id');\n//Hide all items by adding the hidden class\nwrapper.all('li').addClass('hidden');\n//Now, find all the items with the class name the same as the album id\n//and remove the hidden class\nwrapper.all('li.' ", "+ c).removeClass('hidden');\n}\n}, document, '#photoList li');" ]

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[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nIt is often important to accurately judge the slant of surfaces in our nearby environment. ", "Whether placing our foot on the ground when we walk or climb stairs, or our fingers on an object when we grasp it and place it elsewhere, the interaction always involves making contact with surfaces. ", "In order to interact successfully, we need to know the orientation of these surfaces. ", "We have many ways to judge a surface's orientation, including ones based on texture gradients, binocular disparity and motion parallax.", "\n\nOne important cue that contributes to most people's slant perception is binocular disparity (see Howard and Rogers [@CR12] for an extensive review of the literature on binocular vision). ", "The small differences between the images in the two eyes suffice to obtain information about the slant in depth. ", "From the literature on grasping it could be inferred that binocular cues normally dominate our actions. ", "For example, Servos and Goodale ([@CR30]) claim that binocular vision is the principal source of information for reaching and grasping movements. ", "However, binocular information does not guarantee correct grasping (Hibbard and Bradshaw [@CR8]), so there is reason to expect other cues to also play a role in guiding our actions.", "\n\nA second cue that contributes to slant perception is the deformation of any surface texture and of shapes' outlines as a result of perspective. ", "We will refer to the combined information from all such sources as the texture cue. ", "This is the cue that allows us to have a powerful and striking impression of surface slant from a flat image, as exemplified in Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "It is well known that surface texture provides valuable information on slant perception (Gibson [@CR6]; Stevens [@CR31]; Buckley et al. [", "@CR2]; Landy and Graham [@CR17]) and motor control (Knill [@CR13]; Watt and Bradshaw [@CR33]). ", "Fig.", " 1The deformation of the regular texture of a chess board provides a profound impression that the surface is slanted relative to the plane of the 2D picture\n\nRetrieving the slant of a surface from texture cues is based on the assumption that the distribution of texture elements over the surface is more or less even and that shapes are more or less symmetrical, see Rosenholtz and Malik ([@CR28]). ", "This assumption holds for a wide variety of natural and artificial objects.", "\n\nThe third cue that we will consider is motion parallax (Rogers and Collett [@CR24]; Rogers and Graham [@CR25], [@CR26]; Ono and Steinbach [@CR23]; Gillam and Rogers [@CR7]; Ujike and Ono [@CR32]). ", "For a review of the widespread use of motion parallax in the animal kingdom, see Kral ([@CR16]). ", "Movement of the head relative to a surface generates changes in the surface's retinal image over time. ", "These changes depend on the motion of the head relative to the items in the surrounding, and on the items' relative distances. ", "The latter dependency can be used to obtain information about depth and slant. ", "Watt and Bradshaw ([@CR33]) have shown that motion parallax can guide human movements when binocular cues are not available.", "\n\nWhen more than one cue is available the cues are combined. ", "It is generally accepted that the estimated slant is a weighted average of the slants indicated by various cues, and that the weight of a cue is related to its accuracy, although some details of the mechanism are still under debate (Landy et al. [", "@CR18]; Hillis et al. [", "@CR9]; Hogervorst and Brenner [@CR11]; Rosas et al. [", "@CR27]; Muller et al. [", "@CR22]). ", "The relative contribution of binocular cues and texture cues depends on the distance (Hillis et al. [", "@CR10]) and surface orientation (Knill [@CR14]; Buckley and Frisby [@CR1]; Ryan and Gillam [@CR29]), because binocular vision is better nearby and texture gradients change least rapidly with the angle of slant for near-frontal surfaces (for purely geometrical reasons). ", "Knill ([@CR15]) measured how binocular cues and texture cues to surface orientation are combined to guide motor behaviour. ", "Cue weights were found to be dependent on surface slant and also on the task: more weight was given to binocular cues for controlling hand movements than for making perceptual judgements. ", "Knill used cue-consistent and cue-conflict stimuli in a virtual reality environment.", "\n\nWe wanted to find out whether motion parallax contributes to judgement of slant in the presence of other cues (such as binocular and texture cues) under more or less natural conditions. ", "To do so, we used a setup in which the physical slant of a surface could be manipulated independently of the slant indicated by a pronounced texture. ", "Thus a conflict between the texture cue and all the other cues was created by violating the assumption that the distribution of texture elements is homogeneous. ", "The judged surface slant was determined by asking participants to swiftly place a flat cylindrical probe on the slanted surface (as in Knill [@CR15]). ", "Our main interest was in the extent to which head movements and the resulting motion parallax contribute to the perceived surface slant. ", "So, conditions in which the head could move freely were compared with one in which a head restraint was used. ", "We compared conditions with and without binocular vision in order to be able to evaluate the importance of motion parallax in relation to this cue.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nParticipants {#Sec3}\n------------\n\nFive people, four of whom were male, participated in the experiment. ", "All participants gave their informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study. ", "The experiment was part of an ongoing research program that was approved by the local ethics committee. ", "All participants were right-handed, had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and good binocular vision (stereo acuity \\<40 arcseconds).", "\n\nExperimental setup {#Sec4}\n------------------\n\nParticipants were standing upright in front of a large rotatable screen. ", "A sketch of the setup is given in Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The screen was a plexiglass plate covered with projection foil. ", "Images were projected from below by an Hitachi [cp]{.smallcaps}-[x325]{.smallcaps} LCD projector with a resolution of 1024 × 768 pixels. ", "The screen and the projector could be rotated as a whole. ", "Participants wore computer-controlled PLATO shutter-glasses, with which we could alternate between monocular and binocular vision, see Milgram ([@CR21]). ", "A chessboard pattern was projected onto the screen (see Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Slants were defined relative to the gravity-defined horizontal. ", "A grey ring, 104 mm in diameter, indicated the target position for the probe. ", "Two positions of the ring, one near the participant (the target's centre 100 mm below the stimulus centre) and one further away (100 mm above the stimulus centre) were displayed in random order to make sure that participants did not simply repeat the previous movement. ", "Figure [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the stimuli with 0° and 10° texture slant relative to the surface's physical slant. ", "The geometry of the stimulus was calculated by projecting the texture-defined slant on the physically rotated surface. ", "The projection is calculated from the point of the observer's eyes. ", "The 0° stimulus was a 40 cm square, with 40 cm corresponding to a visual angle of about 27°. ", "A dark grey rim was drawn around the stimulus to mask any real edges that could become visible due to reflections within the set-up. ", "To avoid illuminating objects around the set-up, the luminance of the image at the position of the eyes was limited to 0.4 Cd m^−2^. This was achieved by placing filters in front of the projector. ", "Fig.", " 2Participants were standing upright, facing the screen. ", "They moved a probe from a starting position 50 cm to the *right* of the surface midline to a target position on the surface (indicated by the *grey ring*). ", "Participants wore PLATO glasses with which we could switch between no, monocular and binocular vision. ", "During the experiment, only the slanted surface was visibleFig.", " 3Examples of consistent (*left*) and conflict (*right*) images. ", "The *left panel* shows the 0° texture slant on a 0° surface slant as seen from above. ", "The *right panel* shows the 10° texture slant on the 0° surface slant. ", "The deformation of the stimulus is consistent with the actual viewing geometry but for clarity the image is presented as seen from above. ", "The target (*grey ring*) indicates the position at which participants have to place the probe. ", "The targets are shown at the 'near' position. ", "The *dark grey* rim's shape is in accordance with the texture cue\n\nThe probe was a flat cylinder (diameter = 104 mm, height = 22 mm, mass = 0.2 kg). ", "Movements of the probe were registered by an [optotrak 3020]{.smallcaps} system ([northern digital inc.]{.smallcaps}, Waterloo, ON, Canada). ", "This system tracks the position of active infrared markers with an accuracy better than 0.5 mm. ", "The 3D-positions of five markers on the probe were tracked at a rate of 200 Hz. ", "The position, orientation and velocity of the probe were calculated from these data.", "\n\nProcedure {#Sec5}\n---------\n\nExperiments were performed in a completely dark room. ", "The dark environment and the low intensity of the stimuli ensured that there was no visible external reference frame. ", "Participants were instructed to place the probe at the indicated target position on the surface. ", "They were to start moving as soon as the target was visible. ", "Stimuli were shown for 2.5 s. All movements were completed well within this interval.", "\n\nIn order to avoid dark adaptation a bright lamp was turned on for 5 s immediately after each trial. ", "During this period participants placed the probe at the starting position, 50 cm to the right of the midline of the screen. ", "Then the light was turned off for about 5 s, during which time the experimenter adjusted the orientation of the screen in preparation for the next trial.", "\n\nFigure [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the six combinations of surface slant and texture slant that were used in the experiment. ", "The different combinations could be viewed monocularly or binocularly. ", "The four consistent combinations (on the diagonal in Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) were used as a standard. ", "The physical surface slant (see Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) was −10°, 0°, 10° or 20°, and the image on the surface was as shown on the left in Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The two conflict combinations either involved presenting the image shown on the right in Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} on a horizontal surface (surface slant 0°; texture slant 10°) or presenting a similarly transformed image (slanted in the opposite direction) on a surface with 10° slant. ", "All six stimuli were presented under various conditions. ", "In total there were four experimental conditions, each consisting of 192 trials, divided into 3 blocks of 64 trials. ", "Within every condition 75% of the trials were without conflict and 25% involved a conflict between texture and the other cues present in that condition. ", "Fig.", " 4The six combinations of physical surface slant (*continuous lines*) and slant suggested by texture (*dashed lines*) that were used in the experiment. ", "In four cases there was no conflict between the cues (*solid disks*). ", "In two cases there was a conflict (*open disks*). ", "The slants have been exaggerated for clarity\n\nWe used four conditions in which different combinations of the available cues were presented. ", "The choice of conditions will become clear when we describe the data analysis. ", "We chose three conditions with which we could calculate the five parameters of our model, and one condition to test one of our assumptions.", "\n\nIn the 'binocular' condition viewing was binocular and head-free in both conflict and consistent trials. ", "In this condition all cues to slant perception were available. ", "In the 'monocular' condition the conflict and consistent trials were both presented monocularly and head-free. ", "Stimuli were viewed with the left or right eye in random order. ", "No binocular cues were available, but all other cues were present. ", "In the 'biteboard' condition the head was fixed in combination with monocular viewing. ", "The biteboards were made individually with an impression of the participant's teeth. ", "The biteboard severely limits head movements, removing information from motion parallax.", "\n\nIn the consistent trials of the 'mixed' condition the screen was viewed monocularly (75% of all trials), but in the conflict trials (25%) it was viewed binocularly. ", "This condition was included to evaluate whether participants adapt their strategy at the level of a session rather than per trial. ", "In the 'binocular' condition binocular information was always reliable, so participants could have learnt to use this cue. ", "In the 'mixed' condition, in contrast, binocular cues were absent in the majority of trials, so participants could have learnt to use texture or motion parallax. ", "Note that the 25% binocular, conflict trials in the 'mixed' condition are identical to the conflict trials in the 'binocular condition', whereas the 75% consistent trials are identical to the consistent trials in the 'monocular' condition. ", "Thus the 'mixed' condition serves as a control condition to test whether the weight given to the cues stays about the same under changing viewing conditions on other trials.", "\n\nAnalysis {#Sec6}\n--------\n\nDuring some moments of some trials the participant's fingers or hand occluded one or more of the five markers. ", "The position of each marker relative to the centre of the probe is known, so the position and orientation of the probe can be calculated from any set of at least three markers. ", "Frames in which fewer than three marker positions were known were not analysed. ", "Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows a schematic side-view of the path followed by the probe. ", "The end of the movement was defined as the first sample at which the centre of the probe was less than 2 mm from the screen. ", "The probe orientation was averaged over all samples at which the centre of the probe was between 100 and 20 mm from its position at the end of the movement (the grey line segments in Fig.", " [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The last 20 mm of the path were excluded to avoid considering moments at which the edge of the probe could be in contact with the real surface of the projection screen. ", "Fig.", " 5The *upper left panel* gives a schematic side view of the probe's path (*curved thin line*) towards the slanted surface (*straight thick line*). ", "The position and orientation of the probe were measured by the optotrak system. ", "The *upper right panel* shows a side view of a few paths towards the 'far' target position. ", "The average probe orientation is determined during the last 100 to 20 mm before the end of the movement (indicated schematically by the *dark-grey* line segments). ", "The *lower panels* show examples of the probe orientation with time intervals of 25 ms\n\nTo understand our method for determining the cue weights, consider the two extreme hypothetical outcomes shown in Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "At the one extreme, if information from the texture cue is not used at all, probe orientations will always follow the slant of the physical surface (left panel). ", "At the other extreme, if the observer only relies on texture cues the orientation of the probe will follow the texture-defined slant (right panel). ", "In the latter case the line connecting the cue-conflict conditions has approximately the opposite slope of that for consistent conditions. ", "Note that the probe orientations in the consistent trials may differ from the physical surface slant (grey line). ", "Some flattening may arise because the hand may still be rotating towards the surface slant during the last 100 mm of its trajectory. ", "Participants may also rely to some extent on previous slopes that they encountered during the experiment. ", "We will model these effects as a prior for a single surface slant for all conditions. ", "Fig.", " 6A schematic depiction of possible results for two extreme cases: probe orientation is not affected by texture at all (*left panel*) or only depends on the texture slant (*right panel*)\n\nWe assume that the weights that participants give to the different cues are the same in all conditions. ", "This would for instance be so if observers base the weights on the reliability, as in optimal cue combination (Landy et al. [", "@CR18]). ", "We can therefore model the estimated slant (S) as a weighted average of the slant estimated from each of the available cues (s~i~), which are all assumed to give veridical estimates except for the prior for a fixed slant (as mentioned in the previous paragraph):$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n$$ {\\text{S }} = {\\text{ }}\\frac{{{\\sum\\limits_i {w_{i} {\\text{ s}}_{i} {\\text{ }}} }}} {{{\\sum\\limits_i {w_{i} {\\text{ }}} }}};\\quad w_{i} {\\text{ }} \\propto \\frac{1} {{\\sigma ^{2}_{i} }}, $$\\end{document}$$where *w*~i~ is the weight (in arbitrary units) given to each available cue, with *i* ∈ {[b, m, t, r, p]{.smallcaps}} indicating binocular vision, motion parallax, texture, a rest category containing any other valid cues, and the prior. ", "Note that we predict that the cue weights (*w*~*i*~) of all available cues will be the same in all conditions, although the relative weight given to a cue (*w*~*i*~/∑*w*~*i*~) will differ between conditions because it depends on the cues that are available in that condition.", "\n\nThe slant of the prior is a constant. ", "Its value is likely to be near the mean of the slants in all previous conditions, but this is not essential for our analysis: $$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n$$ s_{P} = c $$\\end{document}$$\n\nIf s denotes the simulated slant, then the slants indicated by all other available cues are: $$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n$$ s_{i} = s $$\\end{document}$$except for the conflict trials, for which the texture differs 10° from all other available cues (see Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}): $$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n$$ s_{T} = 10^\\circ - s $$\\end{document}$$ Combining these equations gives: $$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n$$ S_{{{\\text{consistent}}}} = \\frac{{c\\;w_{P} + s\\;w_{T} + s{\\sum\\limits_{i \\ne (P,T)} {w_{i} } }}} {{{\\sum\\limits_i {w_{i} } }}} $$\\end{document}$$and $$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n$$ S_{{{\\text{conflict}}}} = \\frac{{c\\;w_{P} + (10^\\circ - s)\\;w_{T} + s{\\sum\\limits_{i \\ne (P,T)} {w_{i} } }}} {{{\\sum\\limits_i {w_{i} } }}} $$\\end{document}$$\n\nThe sums in Eqs.", " [5](#Equ5){ref-type=\"\"} and [6](#Equ6){ref-type=\"\"} are only over cues that were available in each condition. ", "The slopes (β) of the regression lines in Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"} are given by the first derivatives of the estimated slant: $$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n$$ \\beta _{{{\\text{consistent}}}} = \\frac{{\\partial S_{{{\\text{consistent}}}} }} {{\\partial s}} = \\frac{{\\;w_{T} + {\\sum\\limits_{i \\ne (P,T)} {w_{i} } }}} {{{\\sum\\limits_i {w_{i} } }}} $$\\end{document}$$$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n$$ \\beta _{{{\\text{conflict}}}} = \\frac{{\\partial S_{{{\\text{conflict}}}} }} {{\\partial s}} = \\frac{{\\; - w_{T} + {\\sum\\limits_{i \\ne (P,T)} {w_{i} } }}} {{{\\sum\\limits_i {w_{i} } }}} $$\\end{document}$$ Combining Eqs.", " [7](#Equ7){ref-type=\"\"} and [8](#Equ8){ref-type=\"\"} yields: $$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n$$ \\frac{{\\; - w_{T} + {\\sum\\limits_{i \\ne (P,T)} {w_{i} } }}} {{w_{T} + {\\sum\\limits_{i \\ne (P,T)} {w_{i} } }}} = \\frac{{\\beta _{{{\\text{conflict}}}} }} {{\\beta _{{{\\text{consistent}}}} }} $$\\end{document}$$and $$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n$$ \\frac{{w_{P} }} {{w_{T} }} = \\frac{{2\\beta _{{{\\text{consistent}}}} - 2}} {{\\beta _{{{\\text{conflict}}}} - \\beta _{{{\\text{consistent}}}} }} $$\\end{document}$$\n\nEquations [9](#Equ9){ref-type=\"\"} and [10](#Equ10){ref-type=\"\"} apply to all experimental conditions as modified for cue availability, except for the 'mixed' condition. ", "In the 'binocular' condition all cues yield information about the surface's slant: $$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n$$ {\\left( {\\frac{{\\beta _{{{\\text{conflict}}}} }} {{\\beta _{{{\\text{consistent}}}} }}} \\right)}_{{{\\text{binocular}}}} = \\frac{{\\;w_{B} + w_{M} + w_{R} - w_{T} }} {{w_{B} + w_{M} + w_{R} + w_{T} }} $$\\end{document}$$\n\nSimilar equations can be written for the other conditions. ", "Binocular information is not available in the 'monocular' condition, so *w*~*B*~ does not occur in the equation: $$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n$$ {\\left( {\\frac{{\\beta _{{{\\text{conflict}}}} }} {{\\beta _{{{\\text{consistent}}}} }}} \\right)}_{{{\\text{monocular}}}} = \\frac{{\\;w_{M} + w_{R} - w_{T} }} {{w_{M} + w_{R} + w_{T} }} $$\\end{document}$$\n\nSimilarly, motion parallax ceases to contribute to the estimated slant in the 'biteboard' condition, giving: $$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n$$ {\\left( {\\frac{{\\beta _{{{\\text{conflict}}}} }} {{\\beta _{{{\\text{consistent}}}} }}} \\right)}_{{{\\text{biteboard}}}} = \\frac{{\\;w_{R} - w_{T} }} {{w_{R} + w_{T} }} $$\\end{document}$$\n\nSince the weights are in arbitrary units, we are free to define them in such a way that the sum of all weights is one: $$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n$$ w_{B} + w_{T} + w_{M} + w_{R} + w_{P} = 1 $$\\end{document}$$\n\nFirst we determine the weight of the prior relative to that of texture (*w*~*P*~/*w*~*T*~) for each condition, using Eq.", " [10](#Equ10){ref-type=\"\"}. ", "Then, the weighted average of these ratios is calculated for each participant. ", "We found no clear evidence that the assumption that *w*~*P*~/*w*~*T*~ is the same across conditions was not justified. ", "Next, determining the ratios between the slopes in the 'binocular', 'monocular' and 'biteboard' conditions from our data allows us to use Eqs.", " [11](#Equ11){ref-type=\"\"} to [14](#Equ14){ref-type=\"\"} to determine the values of the weights (*w*~*B*~, *w*~*T*~, *w*~*M*~ and *w*~*R*~).", "\n\nThe data of the 'mixed' condition was analysed by comparing the slopes (β~conflict~ and β~consistent~) with the matching slopes in the 'binocular' and the 'monocular' conditions. ", "Data for 'near' and 'far' target positions were pooled before calculating the slopes. ", "The weights of the cues were calculated for individual participants. ", "In addition, we also pooled the data of all participants before calculating the slopes, which yields the weights for 'All' participants.", "\n\nResults {#Sec7}\n=======\n\nWe determined average probe orientations for each participant and condition. ", "The slopes of probe orientation as a function of surface orientation for conflict and consistent conditions enable us to calculate the cue weights, as explained in the '[methods](#Sec2){ref-type=\"sec\"}' section.", "\n\nConditions {#Sec8}\n----------\n\nThe upper panel of Fig.", " [7](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the probe orientations in the binocular condition. ", "Conflict (open symbols) and consistent (closed symbols) probe orientations are almost the same. ", "The difference between the slopes is small but significant (*P* \\< 0.05). ", "The second panel of Fig.", " [7](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the probe orientations in the monocular condition. ", "The slopes clearly differ between the conflict and the consistent trials (*P* \\< 0.01). ", "In the 'biteboard' condition (third panel of Fig.", " [7](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) the conflict trials have almost the opposite slope than the consistent trials. ", "The difference between the slopes is significant (*P* \\< 0.01). ", "The cue weights were calculated using Eqs.", " [10](#Equ10){ref-type=\"\"} to [14](#Equ14){ref-type=\"\"} and the values of the regression slopes. ", "Fig.", " 7Pooled data for all participants. ", "Each panel is for one of the four experimental conditions. ", "Average probe orientations are shown for surfaces with (*open symbols*) and without (*closed symbols*) conflicts between real slant and texture slant. ", "The *error bars* show the overall standard deviation. ", "Correct probe orientations for the consistent trials (*grey lines*), linear regression (*black lines*) and regression slopes, β (numbers in *lower right corner*) are also shown. *", "Asterisks* indicate whether the difference between the regression slopes is significant (\\**P* \\< 0.05; \\*\\**P* \\< 0.01)\n\nThe 'mixed' condition was included as a control to ascertain that the cue weights do not depend on the viewing conditions on other trials. ", "We compared the monocular consistent trials with the identical trials in the 'monocular' condition, and the binocular conflict trials with the identical trials in the 'binocular' condition. ", "The regression slope for monocular, consistent trials (β~consistent~ = 0.72) is not significantly different (*P* \\> 0.05) from the same trials in the 'monocular' condition (β~consistent~ = 0.76). ", "The slope of the (binocular) conflict trials in the 'mixed' condition (β~conflict~ = 0.61) is slightly but significantly lower (*P* = 0.04) than for conflict trials in the 'binocular' condition (β~conflict~ = 0.72). ", "Thus the weights may not be completely independent of the conditions. ", "The difference was small enough to accept the calculation of the weights on the basis of the assumption that the condition is irrelevant. ", "Our analysis may however underestimate the weight given to the texture cue.", "\n\nCue weights {#Sec9}\n-----------\n\nThe weight of the binocular cue lies between 50 and 90%, for individual participants (see Fig.", " [8](#Fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The average standard error is 11%. ", "The errors in the cue weights are calculated by the method of propagation of errors based on the errors in the regression slopes. ", "If we determine the slopes across all participants, the binocular weight is 71 ± 6%. ", "The weight of the texture cue lies between 2 and 18% with an average standard error of 3% for individual participants. ", "The weight given to the texture cue is 8 ± 1% across all participants. ", "The weight given to motion parallax lies between 1 and 9% for individual participants with an average standard error of 6%. ", "The weight given to motion parallax is 8 ± 3% across all participants. ", "The weight attributed to the rest category of cues was only 3 ± 2% across all participants. ", "The prior contributed between 6 and 23% for individual participants with an average standard error of 3%. ", "The weight of the prior varies between 7 and 13% across conditions. ", "Across all participants the weight of the prior is 10 ± 2%. ", "Fig.", " 8The weights given to the binocular, texture, motion parallax, other cues and to the prior, for each participant (*horizontal axis*). ", "The weights are obtained by substituting the slopes of conflict data and consistent data in Eqs. [", "10](#Equ10){ref-type=\"\"} to [14](#Equ14){ref-type=\"\"}. ", "For 'All', first all participant's data in each condition was pooled and then the weights were determined, which are all significantly different from zero. ", "For individual participants the texture cue was not significantly different from zero in one case, the motion cue in four cases and the rest category in three cases\n\nHead movements {#Sec10}\n--------------\n\nHead movements were measured in the monocular viewing condition for three of the participants. ", "Participants move their head considerably when placing the cylinder: EB moved on average 103 mm, JG 53 mm and DdG 37 mm in the lateral direction. ", "Interestingly, the head movement only started just before the arm movement. ", "Shortly before (100 ms) the onset of arm movement (when the probe was 10 mm from the starting position), the head had only moved 10 mm (EB), 4 mm (JG) or 6 mm (DdG). ", "Thus the information from motion parallax is mainly picked up during the arm movement. ", "None of the participants were aware of having made head movements.", "\n\nDiscussion {#Sec11}\n==========\n\nWe used a physically rotatable screen as a surface. ", "The projected stimulus was viewed in a completely dark environment within a space in which objects are normally manipulated. ", "In our analysis systematic deformations that affect a single cue (like depth compression resulting from an erroneous depth estimate) were not considered. ", "Moreover, we assume that the cue weights are the same in all conditions, so that their contributions to the percept only depend on which cues are available. ", "We determined the contributions of binocular disparity, texture cues, motion parallax, a rest category and a prior. ", "Under these conditions and based on these assumptions we conclude that participants mainly relied on binocular information (between 50 and 90%). ", "Texture cues contributed between 2 and 18% to the estimated slant. ", "Motion parallax contributed up to 9%. ", "The prior contributed between 6 and 23%. ", "Residual cues may account for up to 9%.", "\n\nComparing conditions with and without head movement revealed that motion parallax plays a role in slant perception. ", "This is evident from the weights (Fig.", " [8](#Fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}) but also from a comparison of performance in the 'monocular' and 'biteboard' conditions (Fig.", " [7](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "It is not unusual to move the whole body, including the head, when making large arm movements. ", "Beside mechanical reasons for doing so we here show that it may also have perceptual advantages.", "\n\nWe included in our analysis a rest category of cues that might contain information about slant that was not manipulated. ", "The results suggest that this category indeed includes cues that yield some information about slant. ", "Accommodation, or the rate at which the image becomes blurred with distance from fixation, might provide such information (Mather [@CR20]; Watt et al. [", "@CR34]). ", "However, artefacts of our setup such as the possible visible micro texture (fibres in the projection foil or pixels on the screen) and the angular distribution of the light scattered from the surface could play a role too. ", "Taken together in a rest category such cues contribute only a few percent to the estimated slant.", "\n\nThe probe orientations in the consistent trials in Fig.", " [7](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"} are not equal to the physical surface slant. ", "We incorporated a prior in our model to take into account behaviour that is not related to the instantaneous information, like visual or haptic information from previous trials. ", "The slant indicated by the prior cue is a constant; i.e. it does not depend on the stimulus. ", "Flatter slopes indicate that the prior plays a relatively large role. ", "The weight of the prior is about as large as the weight of the texture cue. ", "One component of the prior could be that the hand orientation is still changing towards its final value at the moment that we sample, which is slightly before contact (Cuijpers et al. [", "@CR3]). ", "Any biases towards a certain orientation of the hand or towards a certain perceived slant will also contribute to the weight of the prior.", "\n\nThe purpose of having the 'mixed' viewing condition was to check whether the weights change under different conditions. ", "Ernst et al. ([", "@CR5]) have shown that haptic feedback can make more weight be given to a visual slant cue that is consistent with the feedback. ", "In our study the haptic feedback was always consistent with the physical slant of the surface, so only the texture cue was sometimes unreliable. ", "So, with a conflict between surface slant and texture the haptic feedback may yield a bias towards other cues than texture. ", "Our results show a small difference between the 'mixed' condition and the comparable trials in the 'monocular' and 'binocular' condition. ", "Thus here too the extent to which cues are used does probably depend to some extent on experience in previous trials. ", "This indicates that the estimated slant does not only depend on the accuracy of the presented cues, as is often assumed in theories of optimal cue combination (Landy et al. [", "@CR18]; Hillis et al. [", "@CR9]; Muller et al. [", "@CR22] ). ", "It is however possible that the difference arises from less use of motion parallax when binocular information was always available, perhaps because participants move less when there is enough information from other sources than motion parallax. ", "We do not know whether this is the case because we did not measure head movements in all conditions. ", "However, these differences are all too small to be taken seriously without further research.", "\n\nIn our study binocular disparity is given most weight, which is in accordance with binocular cues being known to be reliable when the stimulus surface is nearby and almost frontal. ", "Because experimental conditions were all in favour of binocular disparity, the role of motion parallax and texture cues is probably smaller here than in natural viewing conditions. ", "Motion parallax and texture cues both contribute to a small but significant extent to slant perception, although marked differences between participants were observed. ", "Motion parallax was available only shortly and began relatively late, as the head began to move only just before onset of the arm movement. ", "From animal studies it is known that a range of animals gain depth information by moving from side to side just before the performance of an action, see Kral ([@CR16]). ", "We have shown that humans are able to use motion parallax during an action. ", "It was known that monocular depth information can be used to guide our actions (Marotta et al. [", "@CR19]; Dijkerman et al. [", "@CR4]; Watt and Bradshaw [@CR33]). ", "It was not known, however, that motion parallax plays a role under conditions where other cues are dominantly available and without actively moving one's head before starting the action. ", "We conclude that motion parallax is used as a cue to manipulate objects in our nearby environment, even when one is under the impression of holding one's head still. ", "Motion parallax should therefore not be ignored in a 'static' task unless the head is really fixated.", "\n\nThis research was supported by [vidi]{.smallcaps} grant 452-02-007 of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). ", "We thank Michael Landy for his suggestions.", "\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhy do SQL Server Views needs to be refreshed every once in a while\n\nWhy do I have to write 'refresh view' scripts, and execute them every time I add or edit some fields to a view?", "\nSQL Server understands that it needs to refresh the view when editing it in the fancy view-edit windows in Management Studio, so why can't it just tell its view to go refresh itself after editing the view through a script?", "\n\nA:\n\nViews need to be refreshed if the underlying tables change at all. ", "That can change the datatypes of the view's columns or rearrange its indexes. ", "Therefore, it needs to know. ", "Otherwise, you'd run a query against it, and it'd blow up pretty quickly.", "\nYou shouldn't have to run sp_refreshview for altering a view. ", "Only for altering its underlying tables.", "\nAlso, please do not taunt happy fun ball.", "\nEdit: Just ran this code (in succession) to attempt to reproduce your problem. ", "I was, unfortunately, unable to, as it worked as expected (SQL Server 2008):\ncreate view MyView\nas\nselect ProductKey, ProductID, ProductName, Price\nfrom dbo.", "Products\n\nselect v.* from MyView v\n\nalter view MyView\nas\nselect ProductKey, ProductID, ProductName, Price*100 as MyPrice\nfrom dbo. ", "Products\n\nselect v.* from MyView v\n\nA:\n\nUse WITH SCHEMABINDING in the view definition to remove the need for any refreshes\nAnd in combination with ALTER VIEW, not the designer\nEdit, Jul 2012, from link above. ", "My bold\n\nSCHEMABINDING\nBinds the view to the schema of the underlying table or tables. ", "When SCHEMABINDING is specified, the base table or tables cannot be modified in a way that would affect the view definition. ", "The view definition itself must first be modified or dropped to remove dependencies on the table that is to be modified. ", "When you use SCHEMABINDING, the select_statement must include the two-part names (schema.object) of tables, views, or user-defined functions that are referenced. ", "All referenced objects must be in the same database.", "\nViews or tables that participate in a view created with the SCHEMABINDING clause cannot be dropped unless that view is dropped or changed so that it no longer has schema binding. ", "Otherwise, the Database Engine raises an error. ", "Also, executing ALTER TABLE statements on tables that participate in views that have schema binding fail when these statements affect the view definition.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Metagenomic sequence data is available under the BioProject PRJNA552605 in GenBank (<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/>).", "\n\nIntroduction {#sec001}\n============\n\nBacterial communities are important components of hematophagous arthropods (e.g., blood feeders) vectoring disease-causing pathogens to humans and wildlife, and they are likely to play a key role in vector ecology, evolution and transmission capacity \\[[@pone.0222145.ref001]--[@pone.0222145.ref004]\\]. ", "Several important human and animal diseases result from bacterial infection transmitted through the bite of arthropod vectors \\[[@pone.0222145.ref005],[@pone.0222145.ref006]\\]. ", "Bacteria also interact with the arthropod host to reduce or increase the transmission of pathogens or indirectly alter disease dynamics through the modification of nutrition \\[[@pone.0222145.ref007]\\], development, reproduction or the immune response of arthropod vectors \\[[@pone.0222145.ref008],[@pone.0222145.ref009]\\]. ", "Our understanding of the factors shaping the organization of bacterial communities in hematophagous arthropods vectoring human diseases is still limited. ", "Studies regarding the microbiome of disease vectors have attempted to describe the structure and bacterial composition of specific taxonomic groups of arthropods, and to understand how it varies according to particular ecological or physiological factors, with the most comprehensive studies focused on mosquitoes \\[[@pone.0222145.ref010]\\] and ticks \\[[@pone.0222145.ref002]\\]. ", "Although some studies have considered the impact of habitat or environment type on arthropod microbiota in mosquitoes \\[[@pone.0222145.ref011]--[@pone.0222145.ref016]\\], ticks \\[[@pone.0222145.ref017]--[@pone.0222145.ref020]\\] and biting midges \\[[@pone.0222145.ref021]\\], none to date have investigated the role of habitat disturbance in shaping bacterial assemblages among co-distributed hematophagous arthropods.", "\n\nMosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are collectively responsible for numerous medically important diseases worldwide, including arthropod-borne viruses (e.g., arboviruses) transmitted to humans (Dengue--DENV, chikungunya---CHIKV, Zika---ZIKV, Yellow Fever--YFV, West Nile--WNV, Mayaro and Oropuche) and to agriculturally important livestock (Vesicular Stomatitis--VSV, Blue-Tongue--BTV, Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease--EHDV and African Horse Sickness--AHSV) or to both (Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis--VEEV, Eastern Equine Encephalitis--EEEV and Rift Valley Fever) \\[[@pone.0222145.ref022],[@pone.0222145.ref023]\\]. ", "In addition, some species in these arthropod assemblages are involved in the transmission of parasites such as filarial nematodes (*Mansonella---*filariasis) \\[[@pone.0222145.ref024]\\], protozoan (*Leishmania---*Leishmaniasis) \\[[@pone.0222145.ref025]\\] and bacteria (*Rickettsia*---Lyme disease and babesiosis) \\[[@pone.0222145.ref026]\\].", "\n\nThe ability of hematophagous arthropods to carry and transmit pathogens biologically is given by their population dynamics and feeding behaviour in relation to that of their vertebrate host, plus their immune responses to infection \\[[@pone.0222145.ref009],[@pone.0222145.ref027]\\]. ", "Some bacterial commensals impact the capacity of arthropods as biological vectors, through diminishing pathogen replication and dissemination in the host tissues or by reducing vector fitness and lifespan \\[[@pone.0222145.ref004],[@pone.0222145.ref009],[@pone.0222145.ref028],[@pone.0222145.ref029]\\]. ", "Studies from members of the Culicidae demonstrate the importance of the microbiome in modulating disease transmission. ", "For example, *Chromobacterium*, *Proteus* and *Paenibacillus* bacteria can inhibit DENV replication in mosquitoes while the resident bacteria are required for its establishment \\[[@pone.0222145.ref028]\\]. ", "Furthermore, the intracellular bacterium *Wolbachia* is known to adversely influence the transmission of DENV, CHIKV, ZIKV, YFV and WNV \\[[@pone.0222145.ref030]--[@pone.0222145.ref035]\\]. ", "Alternatively, some bacteria are associated with an increase in disease transmission by their arthropod vectors. ", "For example, members of Enterobacteriae are correlated with higher *Plasmodium* infection rates in *Anopheles* mosquitoes, while *Serratia odorifera* can increase the replication of both DENV and CHIKV in the midgut of *Aedes aegypti* \\[[@pone.0222145.ref028],[@pone.0222145.ref036]\\]. ", "Although, studies have endeavored to characterize the core microbiome of members of Psychodidae sand flies, Ceratopogonidae biting midges and Ixodidae hard ticks, it is still generally unknown how similar or different their microbiomes are, and whether some bacteria may influence disease transmission dynamics in these arthropod assemblages \\[[@pone.0222145.ref018],[@pone.0222145.ref019],[@pone.0222145.ref021],[@pone.0222145.ref037]--[@pone.0222145.ref042]\\]. ", "Nonetheless, some studies have revealed that resident bacteria are essential for the development of *Leishmania* parasite in Psychodidae through antibiotic treatment \\[[@pone.0222145.ref037],[@pone.0222145.ref043]\\].", "\n\nMetagenomic studies of disease vectors in the Order Diptera have revealed that different genera including those with a distinct ecology generally share a core microbiome, but often exhibit differences in bacterial composition and structure that distinguish a species \\[[@pone.0222145.ref001],[@pone.0222145.ref013],[@pone.0222145.ref038],[@pone.0222145.ref044]--[@pone.0222145.ref046]\\]. ", "Conversely, tick species may exhibit a distinct taxonomic structure in their microbiome, because they are associated with specific vertebrate hosts throughout their entire lifetime, including during the immature stages \\[[@pone.0222145.ref047]\\]. ", "Core microbiota of Diptera are largely acquired from the environment during the immature stages, many of which persist until the adult stage \\[[@pone.0222145.ref013],[@pone.0222145.ref048]--[@pone.0222145.ref050]\\]. ", "Bacteria are also acquired during adult blood feeding, therefore the microbiome of arthropod vectors is likely impacted by both developmental stage and gender \\[[@pone.0222145.ref001],[@pone.0222145.ref019],[@pone.0222145.ref049],[@pone.0222145.ref051]\\]. ", "The core microbiota of ticks is either maternally-inherited, acquired from blood feeding on hosts or through the colonization of environmental microorganisms from vertebrate skin or the soil on physical contact \\[[@pone.0222145.ref002],[@pone.0222145.ref052]\\].", "\n\nHematophagous arthropods can exhibit intra-specific variation in their bacterial associates between geographic locations, explained by differences in the quality of larval habitats or host preferences at sampling sites for both Diptera \\[[@pone.0222145.ref011],[@pone.0222145.ref037],[@pone.0222145.ref046],[@pone.0222145.ref053]\\] and ticks \\[[@pone.0222145.ref017],[@pone.0222145.ref018]\\]. ", "Hence, it has been proposed that larval habitat conditions and geographic location are important factors shaping the bacterial community of some adult hematophagous arthropods. ", "Conversely, some mosquitoes \\[[@pone.0222145.ref044]\\] and ticks \\[[@pone.0222145.ref054]\\] do not exhibit intra-specific variation in the bacterial community across geographical locations or habitats. ", "This finding supports a more specific and long term association between some blood-feeding arthropods and their bacterial associates, which is likely mediated by the immune system of the host, rather than by their external environment \\[[@pone.0222145.ref013],[@pone.0222145.ref054]\\].", "\n\nOur goal herein is to test for variation in the diversity of bacteria among four epidemiologically discrete groups of hematophagous arthropods, and to identify the factors shaping this variation. ", "Specifically, we address the following questions: (1) *How do patterns of bacterial diversity and composition differ among the microbiomes of mosquitoes*, *biting midges*, *sand flies and hard ticks*?, ", "and (2) *Does habitat disturbance influence the organization of bacterial communities within these arthropod assemblages*? ", "We posit that blood-feeding arthropod species in the Order Diptera will harbor comparable bacterial organizations, since they are more closely phylogenetically related, while hard ticks within the Order Ixodida are considered as an outgroup. ", "We also postulate that intra-specific bacterial diversity and taxa composition will change owing to variation in habitat quality, but changes are only expected within Culicidae mosquitoes, Psychodidae sand flies and Ceratopogonidae biting midges. ", "This is anticipated because host--tick interactions in obligated ectoparasites such as hard ticks are more likely to shape their microbiome than habitat disturbance. ", "Although hard ticks can acquire surface microbiota from their environment, our study largely targets intracellular and gut bacteria colonized through vertical transmission or ingestation. ", "We use a metabarcoding approach to compare inter-and intra- group bacterial communities among these arthropod assemblages, and also in relation to changes in habitat quality. ", "If habitat disturbance is a significant predictor of bacterial assemblages, this could have ramifications for disease transmission through variation of the vector microbiome and correlated vectorial capacity.", "\n\nMaterials and methods {#sec002}\n=====================\n\nArthropod collection and sample preparation {#sec003}\n-------------------------------------------\n\nPermission was obtained from MiAmbiente under permit identification ID 8-447-900-PAN. ", "The study was conducted in the lowland tropical rainforest ecosystem of central Panama, a region formerly known as the Panama Canal Zone. ", "Adult specimens of mosquitoes, sand flies, biting midges and hard ticks were gathered from three forested areas that varied in their levels of anthropogenic disturbance and original habitat quality. ", "These included a pristine site, Barro Colorado Island (BCI), which is comprised of old-growth forest with low levels of disturbance (e.g., \\>65% forest cover). ", "In addition, two disturbed forest sites, Achiote (ACH) and Las Pavas (PVAS), encompass patches of secondary-growth forest subject to intermediate and high levels of disturbance (e.g., \\>35% and \\<65% forest cover) respectively \\[[@pone.0222145.ref055],[@pone.0222145.ref056]\\]. ", "Dipterans were collected using six Center for Disease Control (CDC) miniature light traps (John W. Hock Company, Gainesville, Florida), operating overnight in the understory (1.5 m height) and six in the canopy (\\> 25 m height), alternating each night. ", "Each trap was situated along a transect and spaced at least 300 meters apart from each other to avoid pseudoreplication as in Loaiza *et al*. ", "\\[[@pone.0222145.ref055],[@pone.0222145.ref057]\\]. ", "They were baited with 0.5 pounds of dry ice to attract blood-seeking dipterans. ", "Adult specimens were retrieved from the traps at sunrise and taken to the laboratory in a portable freezer container holding dry ice. ", "Individuals were sorted and identified using a chill table and taxonomic keys \\[[@pone.0222145.ref058]--[@pone.0222145.ref062]\\].", "\n\nIxodid ticks were collected with two methods at BCI and PVAS: the standard tick-dragging technique \\[[@pone.0222145.ref063]\\], and a pair of home-made cloth-pants, fabricated with white rustic fabric. ", "Two human collectors traversed linear transects of up to 200 meters through the vegetation using either method. ", "Adult specimens were removed from the cloth with entomological forceps, while immature stages (e.g., larvae and nymphs) were detached using transparent adhesive tape. ", "Individuals were placed in separate cryo-vials, and subsequently transported to the laboratory. ", "Taxonomic characters were used to identify ticks to the species level \\[[@pone.0222145.ref064],[@pone.0222145.ref065]\\]. ", "The samples were washed with 70% ethanol to remove surface contamination before storage in 95% ethanol. ", "Details on the number of samples processed from each site and for each species are provided in [S1 Table](#pone.0222145.s002){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}.", "\n\nDNA extraction, 16S rRNA gene library and sequencing {#sec004}\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nEach arthropod species was processed using the following laboratory procedures independently. ", "Each sample was rinsed in 70% ethanol before they were pooled. ", "DNA was isolated from pools of adult female dipterans and both adults and immature ticks using a BioSprint 96 robot and associated BioSprint® 96 DNA Blood kit (Qiagen, Gaithersburg, MD, USA). ", "Each pool was crushed individually in tissue lysis buffer using a high-speed shaking TissueLyser II and ceramic beads; the supernatant was placed in a well of a 96-well plate and followed by DNA isolation protocol from the manufacturer. ", "DNA pools were made by combining 2 μl of DNA extract from 20 to 35 individuals of sand flies and biting midges, plus up to 5 individuals per pool of mosquitoes and ticks. ", "Pooled DNA was used as a template to amplify the V4 region of the 16S rRNA locus using a two-step PCR protocol. ", "The first PCR was composed of 5 μl of 2X Maxima HotStart PCR Master Mix (Thermo), 0.2 μl of each primer (which included an Illumina sequencing primer on the 5' end (10 mM)), and 1 μl of pooled DNA. ", "Then 1 μl of the resulting PCR product was used to add on unique barcodes and Illumina sequencing adaptors in a second PCR of six cycles. ", "The PCR cycling conditions had an initial denaturation step of 3 min at 94° C proceeding 25 cycles of 94°C for 45 sec, 50°C for 60 sec, and 72°C for 90 sec, followed by 10 min at 72°C extension. ", "Resulting reactions were cleaned using PCR Normalization plates (Charm Biotech, San Diego, CA, USA) and samples pooled into a library which we concentrated using Kapa magnetic beads. ", "The DNA concentration of each library was verified with the Qubit HS assay (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA) and quality checked with a Bioanalyzer dsDNA High Sensitivity assay before sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq in a 2x250 paired end run. ", "In the Culicidae family (mosquitoes), 40 pools of adult *Culex* including 20 pools of each *Culex coronator* and *Culex declarator* plus 20 pools of *Coquillettidia venezuelensis* were sequenced. ", "Within the Ceratopogonidae (biting midges) and Psychodidae (sand flies), 94 pools of adult *Culicoides* including 34 pools of *Culicoides batesi*, 30 of *Culicoides foxi*, and 30 of *Culicoides heliconiae*, plus 75 pools of adult *Lutzomyia* including 30 pools of *Lutzomyia panamensis*, 23 of *Lutzomyia gomezi* and 22 of *Lutzomyia trapidoi* were sequenced and analyzed. ", "Sequences within the hard tick family Ixodidae were obtained from 37 pools in total, including 6 pools of adults and 12 pools of nymphs of *Haemaphysalis juxtakochi*, 12 pools of adult *Amblyomma tapirellum* and 7 pools of adult of *Amblyomma oblongoguttatum* ([S1 Table](#pone.0222145.s002){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nAnalysis of 16S metadata {#sec005}\n------------------------\n\nAnalysis of sequence reads was performed using the Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) software package versions 1.9.1 and 2.0. ", "The DADA2 data quality filtering pipeline implemented in QIIME 2.0 was used to trim sequences with base quality scores lower than 20. ", "Operational taxonomic units (OTU's) were assigned with a Naive Bayes classifier trained on the Greengenes 99% sequence similarity database v13.8 with sequences bound by the 515F and 806R primer pair \\[[@pone.0222145.ref066]\\]. ", "Low abundance OTU's (0.005%) were filtered from the resulting relative abundance table to reduce bias by sequencing error.", "\n\nThe feature table was rarefied to a sequencing depth of 7 000 reads before alpha and beta diversity values were calculated. ", "The statistical test PERMANOVA was applied to the resulting UNIFRAC distance matrixes to test for significant differences between the beta diversity of metadata groups. ", "Principle coordinates analysis (PCoA) plots were generated from unweighted UNIFRAC distance matrixes. ", "In addition, taxonomic summary plots of the relative abundance of bacteria were generated to depict the bacterial orders with an overall proportion of \\> 0.1% in at least one species. ", "Indicator species analysis was applied to identify the OTU's unique to each species group.", "\n\nResults {#sec006}\n=======\n\nIn total, 11 435 639 sequence reads of the bacterial 16S gene were captured from 265 sample pools, encompassing 4 916 individuals from four different hematophagous arthropod families, six genera and 12 species. ", "After quality filtering and rarefaction to a depth of 7 000 reads, 10 838 632 sequences remained from 229 sample pools with an average of 40 900 sequences per pool (SE ± 1,209) and a total of 1 404 OTU's composed of 13 phyla, 30 classes, 55 orders, 106 families and 137 genera. ", "Rarefaction curves revealed that the majority of bacterial diversity for all the species of arthropods was captured with subsampling of 7 000 sequences per sample pool ([S1 Fig](#pone.0222145.s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nBacterial diversity and composition in mosquitoes, biting midges, sand flies and hard ticks {#sec007}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAmong dipterans, members of the genera *Culex*, *Coquillettidia*, *Culicoides* and *Lutzomyia* had comparable proportions of bacterial OTU's, bacterial diversity and community evenness index. ", "In contrast, two tick species in the genus *Amblyomma* (i.e., *Amblyomma tapirellum* and *Amblyomma oblongoguttatum*) had higher number of OTU's, and bacterial diversity, and the least even community composition. ", "A third tick species, *Haemaphysalis juxtakochi*, had the highest overall bacterial phylogenetic diversity, although it had a lower number of OTU's per tick pool and values of Shannon's diversity compared to *Amblyomma* species ([Table 1](#pone.0222145.t001){ref-type=\"table\"} and [S1 Fig](#pone.0222145.s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0222145.t001\n\n###### Average measures of bacterial alpha diversity for 12 species of blood-feeding arthropods at a rarefaction depth of 7 000 16S sequences.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0222145.t001){#pone.0222145.t001g}\n\n Taxonomy Species   Observed OTU\\'s Shannon\\'s diversity Faith\\'s phylogenetic diversity  Evenness\n ------------------------- ------------------------ ------------ ----------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------\n Acari:Ixodidae *H*. *", "juxtakochi* 43.12 3.51 14.12 0.66\n   **Adults** 55.71 3.39 11.65 0.69\n   **Nymphs** 34.3 7.12 11.28 0.94\n   *A*. *", "tapirellum* 194.82 7.15 11.43 0.95\n   *A*. *", "oblongoguttatum* 144.75 5.64 11.5 0.81 \n Diptera:Culicidae *Coq*. *", "venezuelensis* 53.35 3.67 5.83 0.65\n   *Cux*. *", "coronator* 49.7 3.64 5.91 0.65\n   *Cux*. *", "declarator* 49.2 3.29 6.39 0.59\n Diptera:Ceratopogonidae *C*. *", "batesi* 59.38 4.03 7.13 0.69\n   *C*. *", "foxi* 61.73 3.93 7.18 0.67\n   *C*. *", "heliconiae* 56.15 3.63 6.81 0.63\n Diptera:Psychodidae *Lu*. *", "gomezi* 55.04 2.99 7.1 0.52\n   *Lu*. *", "panamensis* 62.97 3.59 6.85 0.61\n   *Lu*. *", "trapidoi*   43.59 2.86 5.76 0.54\n\nAll arthropod species were dominated by the phylum Proteobacteria with proportions ranging from 48 to 72%. ", "Other major bacteria phyla that were shared among all arthropod species included Firmicutes, Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria. ", "Bacterial Orders and families were generally shared among arthropod genera in the Order Diptera, although they also exhibited notable differences in their relative proportions, which are visualized to the level of Order in [Fig 1](#pone.0222145.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"} and summarised to the genus level in [S2 Table](#pone.0222145.s003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "Within the bacterial phyla shared between *Culex* and *Coquillettidia* mosquitoes, *Culicoides* biting midges, and *Lutzomyia* sand flies, the major classes consisted of Gammaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacilli, and Actinobacteria.", "\n\n{#pone.0222145.g001}\n\n*Culicoides* species share OTU's with the other genera of dipterans, but PCA and taxonomic analysis revealed that they have a more distinct bacterial community than *Lutzomyia*, *Culex* and *Coquillettidia* together with unique bacterial types including a disease-causing agent in the genus Arcobacte*r* (proteobacterial class Epsilonproteobacteria, Order Campylobacterales) \\[[@pone.0222145.ref067]\\], and *Candidatus cardinium* (phylum of Bacteriodetes, class Cytophagia), which is known to alter arthropod reproduction \\[[@pone.0222145.ref068]\\]. ", "Moreover, *Culicoides batesi*, *Culicoides foxi* and *Lutzomyia trapidoi* had unique OTU's in the phyla Chlamydiae.", "\n\nThe bacterial phyla and classes of all tick species were composed of entirely different OTU's than the other arthropod assemblages, hence they were the most distinct in terms of bacterial composition ([Fig 2](#pone.0222145.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Ticks in the genus *Amblyomma* had bacterial phyla that were not found in any other arthropod genus, including Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Armatimonadetes and TM7. ", "Likewise, *Amblyomma* ticks had a number of classes unique to this genus, including the Protobacterium Deltaproteobacteria, Saprospirae, Cytophagia within the phylum of Bacteriodetes, and the Actinobacteria Thermoleophilia and Acidimicrobiia. *", "A*. *", "tapirellum* had the largest proportion (14.7%) of OTU's unique to its species ([Fig 3](#pone.0222145.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#pone.0222145.g002}\n\n{#pone.0222145.g003}\n\nAll comparisons of the bacterial community among the different genera and species of adult hematophagous arthropods through PERMANOVA tests yielded statistically significant differences ([Table 2](#pone.0222145.t002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Additionally, there were no statistically significant differences between the adults and nymphs of *H*. *", "juxtakochi* based on UNIFRAC distances of bacterial OTU's (PERMANOVA, pseudo-F = 1.38, P = 0.247), although they share only 80 OTU's (25%). ", "Variation in the number of OTU's shared among the different arthropod species are visualized in [Fig 3](#pone.0222145.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Arthropods within the same genus shared between \\~33 to 50% of OTU's while a smaller proportion were unique to each species (between 2 to 20%). ", "The taxonomy of indicator OTU's for each arthropod species in this study identified as significant and with an indicator value over 0.25 are provided in [S3 Table](#pone.0222145.s004){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0222145.t002\n\n###### Results of PERMANOVA test for the comparison of bacterial OTU's among pools of six different genera and 10 different species (with within genera comparisons) of blood-feeding arthropods based on unweighted UNIFRAC distances.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0222145.t002){#pone.0222145.t002g}\n\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Genera comparisons   No.\\ No. ", "of sample pools pseudo-F p-value q-value\n of individuals within pools \n ---------------------------- ------------------------ ----------------------------- --------------------- ---------- --------- ---------\n *Amblyomma* *Coquilettidia* 195 39 77.076 0.001 0.001\n\n *Amblyomma* *Culex* 295 59 95.687 0.001 0.001\n\n *Amblyomma* *Culicoides* 2669 113 126.282 0.001 0.001\n\n *Amblyomma* *Haemaphysalis* 180 36 82.764 0.001 0.001\n\n *Amblyomma* *Lutzomyia* 2137 94 94.831 0.001 0.001\n\n *Coquilettidia* *Culex* 300 60 4.267 0.002 0.002\n\n *Coquilettidia* *Culicoides* 2674 114 17.305 0.001 0.001\n\n *Coquilettidia* *Haemaphysalis* 185 37 69.818 0.001 0.001\n\n *Coquilettidia* *Lutzomyia* 2142 95 10.184 0.001 0.001\n\n *Culex* *Culicoides* 2774 134 39.82 0.001 0.001\n\n *Culex* *Haemaphysalis* 285 57 86.494 0.001 0.001\n\n *Culex* *Lutzomyia* 2242 115 23.658 0.001 0.001\n\n *Culicoides* *Haemaphysalis* 2574 111 113.82 0.001 0.001\n\n *Culicoides* *Lutzomyia* 4616 169 25.43 0.001 0.001\n\n *Haemaphysalis* *Lutzomyia* 2127 92 85.509 0.001 0.001\n\n **Species comparisons**            \n\n *A*. *", "oblongoguttatum* *A*. *", "tapirellum* 85 19 10.489 0.001 0.001\n\n *Cux*. *", "coronator* *Cux*. *", "declarator* 200 40 2.099 0.025 0.026\n\n *C*. *", "batesi* *C*. *", "foxi* 1825 64 1.499 0.102 0.102\n\n *C*. *", "batesi* *C*. *", "heliconiae* 1715 64 2.159 0.012 0.013\n\n *C*. *", "foxi* *C*. *", "heliconiae* 1608 60 1.611 0.064 0.065\n\n *Lu*. *", "gomezi* *Lu*. *", "panamensis* 1419 53 9.881 0.001 0.001\n\n *Lu*. *", "gomezi* *Lu*. *", "trapidoi* 1253 45 8.12 0.001 0.001\n\n *Lu*. *", "panamensis* *Lu*. *", "trapidoi* 1412 52 7.3 0.001 0.001\n\n **Life Stage comparisons**           \n\n *Haemaphysalis* adults *Haemaphysalis* nymphs 85 17 1.38 0.247 0.247\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nEffect of habitat disturbance on the organization of bacterial communities {#sec008}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIntra-specific variation in the bacterial community was observed between sampling areas depicting different degrees of habitat disturbance for *Coquillettidia*, one *Culex* species, and all but one comparison of *Lutzomyia*, while another comparison between *Culex coronator* was close to significant ([Table 3](#pone.0222145.t003){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Although bacterial diversity was comparable across pristine and disturbed habitats for most groups overall ([S4 Table](#pone.0222145.s005){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), we observed differences in the proportions of a number of bacterial types between pristine and disturbed habitats, although their associations differed within and among arthropod genera and species ([Fig 4](#pone.0222145.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "For example, there was a high proportion of *Cyanobacteria* in both *Coquillettidia* and *Lutzomyia* from the disturbed sites at ACH and PVAS as well as an increased proportion of *Chlamydiae* for both *Culex* and *Lutzomyia* from the most disturbed site at PVAS. ", "Similarly, there was an increased proportion of *Betaproteobacteria*, Order *Burkholderias* and the *Flavobacteriia*, family *Blattabacteriaceae* in pools of *Culex* from PVAS. ", "Proportions of *Actinobacteria*, *Bacteriodetes*, *Flavobacteria* and *Bacteroidia* increased in *Luztomyia* from disturbed sites, whereas the proportion of *Deltaproteobacteria* increased from the pristine site BCI. ", "Moreover, a number of bacterial classes including Nostococidae, Deltaproteobacteria, Deincoccci, Cytophagia and Chloroplast were found in *Coquillettidia* from the intermediately disturbed site at ACH, but not in the most disturbed site at PVAS. ", "In contrast, within the three species of ticks, there was no difference in the proportion of bacterial classes between sampling areas or sampling method ([Table 3](#pone.0222145.t003){ref-type=\"table\"}, [S4 Table](#pone.0222145.s005){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and [Fig 4](#pone.0222145.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Similarly, no strong differences were detected in the bacterial classes of *Culicoides* among sampling areas or between vertical strata (i.e., forest understory or canopy) ([Table 3](#pone.0222145.t003){ref-type=\"table\"} and [S5 Table](#pone.0222145.s006){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\n{#pone.0222145.g004}\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0222145.t003\n\n###### Results of PERMANOVA test for the comparison of bacterial communities in pools of twelve different blood-feeding arthropod species among sampling areas based on unweighted UNIFRAC distances and 999 permutations.", "\n\nSignificant results are highlighted in bold.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0222145.t003){#pone.0222145.t003g}\n\n Taxonomy Species Site comparison No. ", "of sample pools pseudo-F p-value q-value \n ------------------------- ------------------------ ----------------- --------------------- ---------- --------- ----------- -----------\n Diptera:Culicidae *Coq*. *", "venezuelensis* ACH PVS 20 6.920 **0.001** **0.001**\n   *Cux*. *", "coronator* ACH PVS 20 2.042 0.055 0.055\n   *Cux*. *", "declarator* ACH PVS 20 3.061 **0.001** **0.001**\n Diptera:Ceratopogonidae *C*. *", "batesi* ACH BCI 23 1.797 0.092 0.100\n   ACH PVS 22 2.229 0.027 0.081\n   BCI PVS 23 1.529 0.100 0.100\n   *C*. *", "foxi* ACH BCI 20 1.627 0.087 0.131\n   ACH PVS 20 1.363 0.196 0.196\n   BCI PVS 20 1.882 0.041 0.123\n   *C*. *", "heliconiae* ACH BCI 15 1.120 0.356 0.534\n   ACH PVS 15 2.104 0.041 0.123\n   BCI PVS 10 0.868 0.630 0.630\n Diptera:Psychodidae *Lu*. *", "gomezi* ACH BCI 13 5.341 **0.005** **0.006**\n   ACH PVS 20 2.709 **0.002** **0.006**\n   BCI PVS 13 3.311 **0.006** **0.006**\n   *Lu*. *", "panamensis* ACH BCI 20 3.033 **0.002** **0.005**\n   ACH PVS 20 1.581 0.070 0.070\n   BCI PVS 20 2.645 **0.003** **0.005**\n   *Lu*. *", "trapidoi* ACH BCI 13 2.936 **0.004** **0.005**\n   ACH PVS 19 3.107 **0.002** **0.005**\n   BCI PVS 12 3.458 **0.005** **0.005**\n Acari:Ixodidae *H*. *", "juxtakochi* BCI PVAS 17 0.254 0.918 0.918\n   *A*. *", "tapirellum* BCI PVAS 12 1.584 0.157 0.157\n   *A*. *", "oblongoguttatum* BCI PVAS 7 2.006 0.133 0.133\n\nDiscussion {#sec009}\n==========\n\nHabitat disturbance resulting from land use change can alter arthropod-borne disease transmission dynamics by modifying the habitat characteristics, community composition, behaviour, and patterns of dispersal and distribution of vectors or hosts \\[[@pone.0222145.ref055],[@pone.0222145.ref069],[@pone.0222145.ref070]\\]. ", "Furthermore, habitat disruption can also modify the bacterial composition of natural environments, such as in the case of soil microbiota \\[[@pone.0222145.ref071]\\]. ", "Yet, to our knowledge, no study has looked at the influence of habitat disturbance on the microbiome of human disease vectors, especially those that develop and interact with bacteria in the water, leaf litter, and soil or are acquired through animal host feeding in ecologically altered areas.", "\n\nWe tackled this issue by assessing bacterial communities associated with blood-feeding arthropods across sites with different degrees of habitat disturbance in the lowland tropical rainforest of central Panama. ", "Specifically, we applied a 16S gene bacterial metagenomic approach to evaluate whether variation in the microbiome is associated with taxonomic relatedness, habitat disturbance or a combination of both. ", "We focused on adults of Culicidae mosquitoes (i.e., *Culex* and *Coquillettidia*), Psychodidae sand flies (i.e., *Lutzomyia*) and Ceratopogonidae biting midges (i.e, *Culicoides*), which share ecological similarities in their development and adult life stages. ", "Both *Culex* and *Coquillettidia* mosquitoes develop in aquatic sites associated with the roots of floating plants, while members of *Culicoides* develop in damp soil, water and organic matter \\[[@pone.0222145.ref013],[@pone.0222145.ref072]--[@pone.0222145.ref074]\\]. ", "All species of *Lutzomyia* develop in the soil within dark and humid places such as burrows and crevices associated with abundant leaf-litter or decomposing organic matter \\[[@pone.0222145.ref075]\\]. ", "The males of *Culex*, *Coquillettidia*, *Culicoides* and *Lutzomyia* feed on nectar while the females take blood from a wide range of bird and mammal hosts. ", "In addition, we sampled both nymphs and adult Ixodidae (i.e., *Amblyomma*, *Ixodes*, *Haemaphysalis*), which are distinct in their ecology compared to dipterans. ", "Both the nymphs and adults of hard ticks adhere to and feed on vertebrate hosts throughout their lifetime \\[[@pone.0222145.ref076]\\]. ", "Although they spend time off their host to molt through the different life stages and \"quest\" for a new host, they do not depend on these environments for feeding.", "\n\nOur results are generally similar to those obtained in previous studies, where arthropod vectors species were dominated by Proteobacteria, including *Gammaproteobacteria*, *Betaproteobacteria*, *Alphaproteobacteria*, and to a lesser extent by Firmicutes, commonly *Bacilli* and *Actinobacteria* \\[[@pone.0222145.ref013],[@pone.0222145.ref018],[@pone.0222145.ref044]--[@pone.0222145.ref046],[@pone.0222145.ref077],[@pone.0222145.ref078]\\], These groups included bacterial genera previously described for *Culex* \\[[@pone.0222145.ref013],[@pone.0222145.ref044],[@pone.0222145.ref046],[@pone.0222145.ref077]\\], *Culicoides* \\[[@pone.0222145.ref021],[@pone.0222145.ref038]\\], *Lutzomyia* \\[[@pone.0222145.ref037],[@pone.0222145.ref079]\\], *Haemaphysalis* \\[[@pone.0222145.ref078],[@pone.0222145.ref080]\\] and *Amblyomma* \\[[@pone.0222145.ref042],[@pone.0222145.ref081]\\].", "\n\nWe found that mosquitoes, biting midges and sand flies share a large proportion of their bacteria but statistical analysis also revealed significant differences in the OTU composition of each genera and species. ", "It should be noted that variability at the 16S rRNA region, primer affinity and composition of the bacterial database will influence the resolution of the between-species comparisons based on OTU's \\[[@pone.0222145.ref082]\\]. ", "However, this finding suggests that these arthropods might encounter distinct bacterial types associated with differences in their habitat use or diet. ", "Also, the colonization success of these bacterial types could differ among the arthropod hosts. ", "We found that all tick species shared some bacterial OTU's, but that this association did not extend to the dipteran assemblages. ", "This is likely to reflect both their degree of taxonomic relatedness, since phylogenetically related species tend to share similar functional microbiomes \\[[@pone.0222145.ref083]\\], but also their distinct ecology. ", "For instance, while all dipteran genera undergo larval development in either aquatic sites or organic soil before blood feeding as adults, hard ticks are largely associated with their host throughout their lifetime. ", "Ticks undergo a series of molting events after each blood meal, which could be obtained from a series of animal hosts, from which they are expected to acquire much of their microbiome \\[[@pone.0222145.ref080]\\], while some symbiotic bacteria are also maternally inherited \\[[@pone.0222145.ref002]\\]. ", "In contrast, dipteran genera also acquire bacteria through blood feeding, but their microbial community maintained through to adulthood is largely acquired during larval feeding and contact with the physical environment \\[[@pone.0222145.ref013],[@pone.0222145.ref048],[@pone.0222145.ref049]\\].", "\n\nWe observed significant differences in the bacterial community among areas with different degrees of habitat disturbance for two ecologically similar mosquito species within *Culex* and *Coquillettidia*, and three *Lutzomyia* sand fly species. ", "These differences could be related to changes in the mammal or bird communities that served as feeding choices for adult arthropods as a result of habitat disruption. ", "Alternatively, intra-specific differences could also result from changes to the pool of environmental bacteria, which might be associated with habitat disturbance. ", "In support of these assumptions, we observed differences in a number of environmentally associated bacteria between primary forest, secondary forest and agricultural land, although changes in specific bacterial types generally vary among the different arthropod assemblages. ", "For instance, the *Cyanobacteria nostococidae*, which has previously been associated with aquatic environments inhabited by mosquito larvae \\[[@pone.0222145.ref013]\\], was present in both *Culex* and *Lutzomyia* collected from secondary forest and disturbed habitats, but not from pristine forest sites. ", "In addition, it was more common for *Culex* and *Lutzomyia* to be associated with *Chlamydia* in secondary forest and disturbed pastureland than in pristine forest, suggesting either differences in the mammal host reservoir or increased infection of mammals associated with changes in habitat quality.", "\n\nWe did not observe a significant difference in the bacterial community for any *Culicoides* species as a function of habitat disturbance. ", "A potential explanation for this outcome is that *Culicoides* species either share a narrow ecological niche or because their optimal breeding habitats are not impacted by habitat disturbance. *", "Cuilicoides* regularly develop in areas with a high degree of organic matter known to modulate bacterial diversity \\[[@pone.0222145.ref084]\\], and are sensitive to temperature and humidity \\[[@pone.0222145.ref085]\\]. ", "Nonetheless, the bacterial community of *Culicoides* in their preferred breeding sites has thus far been poorly characterized. ", "Characterization of the differences in microhabitat features in *Culicoides* between land use types is required to confirm whether their breeding habitats and associated microbiota remain stable despite habitat disturbance. ", "Furthermore, the host preferences of *Culicoides*, including the species in the current study are poorly classified and generally unknown within natural habitats, but some studies showed that most *Culicoides* species are opportunistic feeders, while others specialize on birds or mammals \\[[@pone.0222145.ref086],[@pone.0222145.ref087]\\]. ", "Another explanation for the lack of differences in the bacterial community of *Culicoides* between sites could be a stricter association of bacteria with the insect host than for other dipterans. ", "That we did not see significant intra-specific differences in the bacterial community among tick species across areas with different habitat quality is not surprising given their specialized ecology \\[[@pone.0222145.ref088]\\].", "\n\nWe identified OTUs of several disease-causing bacteria as well as bacteria thought to alter life history characteristics and/or viral replication in all the arthropod genera, although these could not be identified to species. ", "For example, we amplified *Coxiella*, whose members cause Q fever from all three tick species, *Ehrlichia* which causes ehrlichiosis infection from *A*. *", "tapirellum* and *Rickettsia* from *A*. *", "oblongoguttatum* and *H*. *", "juxtakochi*, which causes a variety of bacterial infections in humans and animals \\[[@pone.0222145.ref089]\\]. ", "In addition, *Rickettsia* was also identified from *Lu*. *", "trapidoi* while *Bartonella* was detected from *Lu*. *", "panamensis* and *Lu*. *", "gomezi* plus all three species of *Culicoides*.", "\n\n*Rickettsia rickettsii*, known to cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Panama has been previously isolated from *Amblyomma mixtum*, *Dermacentor nitens* and *Haemaphysalis leporispalustris*. ", "In addition, two other *Rickettsia* species have been isolated from ticks in Panama including *Rickettsia bellii* from *Amblyomma rotundatum* and *Rickettsia amblyommii* from *A*. *", "mixtum* \\[[@pone.0222145.ref090]\\]. ", "Although identification of the *Rickettsia* OTU's were not to species level in this study, to our knowledge, this is first record of *Rickettsia* isolated from *A*. *", "oblongoguttatum* and *H*. *", "juxtakochi* in Central America as well as from *Lutzomyia spp*. ", "However, agents causing bartonellosis have not yet been described from *Culicoides* biting midges. ", "The ability of *Culicoides* to vector *Bartonella* requires further confirmation, but its presence in all three species is suggestive of a likely transmission role in Panama.", "\n\nCongruently, we found several genera of bacteria with the potential to impact vector pathogen transmission. ", "For instance, the genus *Paenibacillus*, which can inhibit DENV replication in *Aedes* mosquitoes was present in all *Culicoides* species as well as in *Lu*. *", "panamensis* \\[[@pone.0222145.ref028]\\]. ", "Similarly, *Serratia* which can increase DENV and CHIKV in *Ae*. *", "aegypti* mosquitoes was present in all species of biting midges, mosquitoes and sand flies \\[[@pone.0222145.ref028]\\]. ", "The family *Enterobacteriae*, which has been known to increase *Plasmodium* parasite infection in *Anopheles* mosquitoes was present in all, but *A*. *", "oblongoguttatum* \\[[@pone.0222145.ref036]\\]. ", "Moreover, the bacteria *Wolbachia*, which impacts on vectors of arboviruses, *Plasmodium* infection and life history traits such as reproductive fitness and adult lifespan \\[[@pone.0222145.ref091]--[@pone.0222145.ref094]\\] was found from all Diptera.", "\n\nConclusion {#sec010}\n==========\n\nHabitat disturbance has been shown to increase the likelihood of disease outbreaks of zoonotic (e.g., animal origin) infections through modifying the vector or host communities, or impacting their life history characteristics. ", "However, the epidemiological role of bacteria associated with blood-feeding arthropods in relation to habitat disturbance is still poorly understood. ", "Here, we observed that variation in the bacterial communities across a diverse array of hematophagous arthropods is likely to be explained by host phylogenetic relatedness, while intraspecific changes in community composition and prevalence are influenced by habitat quality. ", "We found that the proportions of known disease-causing agents in infected arthropod species were comparable across sampling areas with different levels of habitat disturbance. ", "However, further work is needed to determine whether the changes to the bacterial community with habitat disruption could influence disease transmission to humans. ", "We argue further that changes in the microbiome of disease vectors should be considered when assessing the impact of habitat disturbance on disease transmission risk and emergence.", "\n\nSupporting information {#sec011}\n======================\n\n###### Rarefaction results based on Faith's Phylogenetic Diversity of 12 species of blood-feeding arthropods at a rarefaction depth of 7 000 16S rRNA sequences per species.", "\n\n(TIF)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### Collection and processing information for each pool of arthropod samples.", "\n\n(XLSX)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### Relative proportions of bacteria for each arthropod species and composite individuals.", "\n\n(XLSX)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### The bacteria identified by indicator species analysis as significant for each arthropod species.", "\n\n(XLSX)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### Results of PERMANOVA test for the comparison of bacterial OTU's in pools of three Ixodid species between sampling methods based on unweighted UNIFRAC distances and 999 permutations.", "\n\n(XLSX)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### Results of PERMANOVA test for the comparison of bacterial communities in pools of three *Culicoides* species originating from the ground or canopy level collections based on UNIFRAC distances.", "\n\n(XLSX)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nWe are grateful to Panama's Ministry of Environment (*Mi Ambiente*) for supporting scientific collecting of insects in Panama.", "\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors received funding from The Edward M. and Jeanne C. Kashian Family Foundation Inc., and Nicholas Logothetis of Chartwell Consulting. ", "There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare. ", "This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "HomeAway is the world leader in vacation rentals with over 1 million listings. ", "We offer the largest selection of properties for any travel occasion and every budget. ", "We're committed to helping families and friends find a perfect vacation rental to create unforgettable travel experiences together.", "\n\nRecent Montagney-Servigney Reviews\n\nWe stayed in Sancey for 1 month with our two children (2 yrs and 4 yrs) and loved every minute of the trip. ", "Sancey is beautiful, but the highlight of our trip was our hosts and their kindness. ", "The gite is across the street from the owners home on a dairy farm. ", "The gite is very comfortable and clean with a well-stocked kitchen. ", "The market is only a 3 minute walk down the road and the cheese shop and bakery 10 minute walk. ", "Many of the tourist activities are a 25 minute to 60 minute drive, but we mostly came to relax and enjoy the quiet. ", "There are many trekking trails and the Belvoir Chateau that you can see from the gite. ", "The hosts taught us all about the cows and cheese making and provided us with fresh milk. ", "They let us go visit the cows, the calves, the rabbits, chickens and four baby kittens whenever we pleased. ", "My girls loved the kittens. ", "We highly recommend this gite and the hosts are amazing." ]

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[ "The Office of Special Counsel has issued new employee conduct guidelines warning federal workers that they are not allowed to engage at work in “resistance” activities to oppose President Trump.", "\n\nIn general, federal employees are free to express opinions about government policy or individual politicians, but they are not allowed to advocate for or work for partisan organizations or causes while in the workplace. ", "The new rules claim that anti-Trump activities amount to illegal political activity.", "\n\nViolations of the new rules could result in reprimands or even firing, the office now says.", "\n\n“We understand that the ‘resistance’ and ‘#resist’ originally gained prominence shortly after President Trump’s election in 2016 and generally related to efforts to oppose administration policies,” the memo states. “", "However, ‘resistance,’ ‘#resist’ and similar terms have become inextricably linked with the electoral success (or failure) of the president.”", "\n\nThe office added that because impeachment also means those impeached can never hold federal office again, “resistance” support is essentially a statement against President Trump’s 2020 re-election and that, they say, violates the Hatch Act, which prevents federal workers from engaging in political activity on the job.", "\n\n“Advocating for a candidate to be impeached, and thus potentially disqualified from holding federal office, is clearly directed at the failure of that candidate’s campaign for federal office,” the rule states. “", "Similarly, advocating against a candidate’s impeachment is activity directed at maintaining that candidate’s eligibility for federal office and therefore also considered political activity.”", "\n\nThe rule especially applies since Trump is in his first term and impeachment threatens his future political career as president.", "\n\nAna Galindo-Marrone, the chief of the Office of Special Counsel’s Hatch Act unit, who first joined the office during the Clinton administration, says that the new guideline fits in with past rules the office issued. ", "She says that displaying signs, bumper stickers, or buttons at work that demand the impeachment of the president or “resistance” to him is a far different thing than a mere conversation about personal opinions during lunch.", "\n\nFurther, Jeff Ruch, the executive director of Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, also said he felt the interpretation was fair.", "\n\nBut according to the New York Times, the new guidelines prohibiting direct anti-Trump activities, signs, or discussions are taking the restrictions too far.", "\n\nFormer President Barack Obama operative Daniel Jacobson, for one, claimed the rule was “overly broad.”", "\n\nFollow Warner Todd Huston on Twitter @warnerthuston." ]

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[ "Sometimes, when you move from one country to another, things look, even taste, different.", "\n\nThat was Ilya Kunes's experience when he moved back to the Czech Republic from France. ", "Things definitely tasted different.", "\n\nEven the same famous brand of Italian spaghetti he had bought in France. ", "That seemed odd. ", "He checked. ", "His Czech-bought spaghetti contained a far smaller percentage of expensive Durum wheat than the French variety.", "\n\nWhen Kunes, who had lived for years in France, cooked his Czech-bought noodles, he found himself eating not spaghetti \"al dente\" but a gluey mush.", "\n\nWelcome, Ilya, to the world of \"dual food\" colonialism.", "\n\nOfficially, it didn't exist. ", "Companies and big supermarket chains with outlets in the east and the west of Europe have denied any double dealing. ", "But consumers and governments in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia and Bulgaria have long been adamant that something was wrong.", "\n\nThey were proved right, thanks largely to tests by laboratories in their own countries.", "\n\n\"The companies claim that people in the east have different tastes,\" Kunes said. \"", "That's ridiculous. ", "They're just cheating us, and making an extra profit on cheaper food.\"", "\n\nTulip luncheon meat reportedly contained pork in Germany but only fat and scraps of chicken in the Czech Republic. (", "Tulip Food Co.)\n\nHe's certainly right about companies insisting they're only responding to local tastes.", "\n\nSpar, an international network of supermarkets founded in the Netherlands, defended its own-brand strawberry yogurt in Slovenia, which has 40 per cent less strawberry than the Austrian version. ", "It claims it is merely producing what the Slovenians want.", "\n\nConsumer authorities will finally get teeth to punish the cheaters. ", "It cannot be cheap to cheat - EU Commissioner Vera Jourova\n\nThat pales in comparison with a German supermarket pizza sold with an Edam and mozzarella cheese topping in Germany and something concocted from vegetable oil next door in the Czech Republic.", "\n\nIt was the same with Tulip luncheon meat. ", "It contained pork in Germany but only fat and scraps of chicken in the Czech Republic.", "\n\n\"In this case, I don't think you can really argue about taste or preferences,\" said Ales Chmelar, the Czech secretary of state for EU affairs.", "\n\nBulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borissov, left, has likened dual food to apartheid. ", "European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker agrees: 'Slovaks do not deserve less fish in their fish fingers.' (", "Stephanie Lecocq/EPA-EFE)\n\nTests in a Prague laboratory of 21 products showed only seven sold in Germany and Austria were the same as in their eastern neighbours.", "\n\nEuropean politicians, after years of ignoring the issue, have suddenly become the eastern consumers' friends. ", "The tide was clearly turning when the Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borissov, in May 2017, likened the practice to food apartheid.", "\n\n\"Maybe this is a remnant of apartheid — for some, food should be of higher quality, and for others, in Eastern Europe, of lower quality,\" Borissov said.", "\n\nThen the president of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, jumped on the bandwagon. ", "In cadences echoing those of Abraham Lincoln, he proclaimed in his \"state of the union\" address on Sept. 13, 2017: \"Slovaks do not deserve less fish in their fish fingers, Hungarians less meat in their meals, Czechs less cacao in their chocolate.\"", "\n\nThe industry response the next day to Juncker was to suggest the problem was exaggerated, and besides, the differences weren't limited to east and west.", "\n\n\"The composition of products may sometimes be slightly different between countries for various reasons, but this does not necessarily imply 'dual' or 'inferior' quality between east and west European markets,\" said Florence Ranson, of FoodDrinkEurope, the industry's lobby group in Brussels.", "\n\n\"For example, differences in composition can also be found between the U.K. and France, or between Italy and Sweden.\"", "\n\nThe battle remained one of words until Vera Jourova, the EU's commissioner for justice and consumer rights, pushed through a declaration that the EU would insist on equal standards for the same brands across Europe.", "\n\nJourova is from the Czech Republic.", "\n\n\"In a globalized world where the big companies have a huge advantage over individual consumers, we need to level the odds,\" Jourova said, announcing the new policy on April 11.", "\n\n\"Consumer authorities will finally get teeth to punish the cheaters. ", "It cannot be cheap to cheat.\"", "\n\nBut the EU is a lumbering bureaucratic centipede when it comes to such matters. ", "Change will come in many slow steps.", "\n\nYou can say it is slow. ", "But the legislation must be of high quality and above all enforceable. - ", "Michaela Sojdrova, EU member\n\nIn May, the European Commission offered member states a methodology for testing multinational brands to provide proof and expose \"dual food\" culprits.", "\n\nThe next six months will be taken up with doing those tests on an experimental basis to check their accuracy. ", "The next step will be for the European Parliament to debate the European Commission's \"directive on unfair commercial practices.\"", "\n\nThen the relevant ministers from each EU country must be consulted.", "\n\nAnd finally, each country must pass legislation in line with the directive to give it teeth.", "\n\nOne Czech member of the European Parliament, Michaela Sojdrova, estimates the new dawn of equal food won't come until the beginning of 2020.", "\n\n\"You can say it is slow,\" she said. \"", "But the legislation must be of high quality and above all enforceable.\"", "\n\nOf course. ", "Seen that way, what's a year or two more before the end of \"food apartheid\"?", "\n\nMeanwhile, to avoid eating gluey mush, Ilya Kunes will have to stock up on his favourite Italian pasta in Paris. ", "It could be a couple of years before the Durum wheat count reaches the same level in Prague." ]

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[ "No elephants are immune from increased poaching in the Republic of Congo. ", "WCS advocates doubling the number of guards monitoring the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park and surrounding areas, one of the few safe havens where elephant numbers have remained stable.", "\n\nResearchers working in the Republic of Congo find that bigger adult male western lowland gorillas have a better chance of attracting mates and raising healthy offspring. ", "The study looked at overall body length and the size of head crest and gluteal muscles in 19 silverbacks at Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park.", "\n\nA new census finds a massive gorilla population previously unknown to scientists. ", "WCS and the Government of Congo have tallied more than 125,000 western gorillas in the northern Republic of Congo. ", "This is great news for the critically endangered western lowland gorilla, which had been believed to number only 50,000 in total." ]

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[ "Consensus and tools needed to measure health care emergency management capabilities.", "\nThere is no widely accepted, validated framework of health care emergency management capabilities (HEMCs) that can be used by facilities to guide their disaster preparedness and response efforts. ", "We reviewed the HEMCs and the evaluation methods used by the Veterans Health Administration, The Joint Commission, the Institute of Medicine Metropolitan Medical Response System committee, the Department of Homeland Security, and the Department of Health and Human Services to determine whether a core set of HEMCs and evaluative methods could be identified.", "Despite differences in the conceptualization of health care emergency management, there is considerable overlap among the agencies regarding major capabilities and capability-specific elements. ", "Of the 5 agencies, 4 identified occupant safety and continuity of operations as major capabilities. ", "An additional 5 capabilities were identified as major by 3 agencies. ", "Most often the differences were related to whether a capability should be a major one versus a capability-specific element (eg, decontamination, management of resources). ", "All of the agencies rely on multiple indicators and data sources to evaluate HEMCs. ", "Few performance-based tools have been developed and none have been fully tested for their reliability and validity. ", "Consensus on a framework and tools to measure HEMCs is needed." ]

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[ "a reprint of the fascinating and lavishly illustrated history and compendium of American gasoline engines originally published by Crestline Publishing Co. in 1983. ", "Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR" ]

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[ "Freerollin’ PokerNetwork Style: April 2011\n\nPosted at 15:21 2011-04-04\n\nThe team at PokerNetwork will be bringing you all the updates on our exclusive freeroll poker tournaments on offer for our readers - and let’s face it, who doesn’t like a bit of extra tango in the old skyrocket?", "\n\nDaylight Savings Time may have officially come to an end as of 3am today (or should that be 2am?) ", "for the states of Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, New South Wales and the ACT, but there's still plenty of time to spare for everyone in this wide brown land to enjoy the benefits of being a citizen of the PNW nation, with more exclusive freerolls available this month.", "\n\nFull Tilt Poker continue with their Skills Challenge Online League, offering three upcoming events with a combined $9700 of added value, starting with the $6 Rebuy Event on Thursday, April the 7th before the $11 Six-Max Shootout on Thursday, April the 14th. ", "Then on the following Thursday, the top 32 players in the league will battle it out in the Online League Final. ", "To be eligible for these events, all you need to do is download Full Tilt Poker via PokerNetwork and create a new account – it's that simple!", "\n\nBodog is also back this month with two $1620 freerolls, but the best thing about this promotion is that you don't have to play a single hand of poker to qualify! ", "All you need to do is download Bodog through PokerNetwork and make a deposit of $20 or more to gain entry. ", "If you're amongst the top 10 players in any of these games, you'll win a free seat into the Bodog $100,000 Guaranteed event. ", "It's one of the most popular events of the Monday Majors and if you win this one, you could be pocketing a cool $25,000!", "\n\nThere's also another huge PokerStars freeroll this month, offering $15,000 in cash and prizes. ", "To qualify for this event, simply download PokerStars via PokerNetwork, make a deposit and earn 75 VPPs to enter. ", "This offer is also available to existing PokerStars users, so long as they have the points to buy in. ", "The winner of this freeroll will have $1000 added to their account, but you could also receive entry to either the Sunday Million or the Sunday Storm (formerly the Sunday Quarter Million) events.", "\n\nBe sure to keep an eye out for more great PNW online poker promotions and freerolls – and above all, enjoy the sleep in – the earliest that any of these games start is 8am!", "\n\nPokerNetwork is home to one of the most active poker forums online. ", "With all the latest online poker news from both Australia and around the world, PokerNetwork is your home for the latest and greatest offers." ]

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[ "## PSStackedView - put your UIViewControllers in a stack, inspired by Twitter's iPAD UI.", "\n\n\nNOTE: This component was made for iOS 4. ", "There surely are better ways to do this right now and I'm only keeping this up for historical reasons. ", "Don't use it anymore.", "\n\n\n\n\nAfter reviewing other stacked implementations, i wrote my own solutions from scratch.", "\nThis one lets you add plain UIViewControllers to a PSStackedViewRootViewController, working much like a UINavigationController.", "\n\nAll the hard parts, moving, shadows, rounded borders is taken care of.", "\n\nI made it for the iPad-Version of the popular austrian TV app [\"3MobileTV\"](http://itunes.apple.com/at/app/3mobiletv/id404154552?mt=8).", "\n(You need an austrian 3-SIM to test it, but you can check out the screenshots to get the idea what's possible with it).", "\n\nCurrently there is a positioning bug with small view controllers, I'll fix that in the foreseeable future. ", "Otherwise, it's pretty much a drop-in-replacement for UINavigationController, using regular UIViewControllers. ", "It supports iOS4 upwards, with some special support for iOS5's new view controller containment coming.", "\n\nIt works on the iPad and the iPhone, but the _concept_ is better suited for the iPad.", "\n\n\n\n... and custom-skinned, you can build pretty hot interfaces:\n\n[](http://itunes.apple.com/at/app/3mobiletv/id404154552?mt=8)\n\n## Getting Started\n\nMuch like UINavigationController, it's a good idea to put your PSStackedViewRootController in the AppDelegate:\n\n```objc\n@property (nonatomic, retain) PSStackedViewRootController *stackController;\n```\n\nCreate the stack in application:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:\n\n```objc\nExampleMenuRootController *menuController = [[[ExampleMenuRootController alloc] init] autorelease];\nself.stackController = [[[PSStackedViewRootController alloc] initWithRootViewController:menuController] autorelease];\n[self.stackController pushViewController:demoViewController fromViewController:nil animated:NO];\nwindow.rootViewController = self.stackController;\n```\n\nPSStackedViewRootController's rootViewController is in the background and its left part is always visible. ", "Adjust the size with leftInset and largeLeftInset.", "\n\n## Roadmap\n- Add (conditional) support for the new child view controller system in iOS5\n- Appledoc\n- lots more\n\n## License\nLicensed under MIT. ", "Use it for whatever you want, in commercial apps or open source.", "\nI just wand a little contribution somewhere in your about box.", "\n\n## Alternatives\nThere are some open source and commerical stacked implementations out there, yet none of them were flexible enough to fit my needs.", "\nSpecial thanks to Cocoacontrols for [this article](http://cocoacontrols.com/posts/how-to-build-the-twitter-ipad-user-experience).", "\n\n* [StackScrollView](https://github.com/raweng/StackScrollView) (BSD)\n* [CLCascade](https://github.com/creativelabs/CLCascade) (Apache 2.0)\n* [stackcordion.git](https://github.com/openfinancedev/stackcordion.git) (CCPL)\n" ]

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[ "I’ve been a bit slow in responding to the new math drama Suugaku♥Joshi Gakuen starring a whole bunch of H!P members, but now that the first episode is out, here’s a post.", "\n\nH!P math drama??!!! ", "I’ve been waiting for this my whole life! (", "Never mind that my life predates H!P.) And of course I’m happy to see Sayu starring as a math geek, given the interest she’s expressed in the subject.", "\n\nI don’t have time right now to do a full review of the first episode, but I’ve found it quite awesome so far, with respect to the geekiness, though the number of typos I’ve spotted have been quite a distraction. ", "The series has apparently been developed in cooperation with the Mathematical Olympiad Foundation of Japan, so the math is essentially correct, as far as I can tell so far (I haven’t dissected most of it yet), though the editing work seems to have been rather sloppy.", "\n\nAlso, I’m not sure who’s planning to fansub this drama, but I would like to volunteer as a math consultant. ", "So if you are working on this, please sign me up. ", "I think the kinds of mistakes that have slipped through the editing can also pop up in translation, and I can help look over the translations and correct any possible math errors.", "\n\nHere are some typos (and non-typos) I’ve found:\n\nThe first equation is given as . ", "This says that the limit of f(x) as x approaches a is equal to a. As written, this is only correct for all values of a if f is the identity function. ", "This should probably be , which is true for all continuous functions.", "\n\nThe second equation says . ", "There is an extra equal sign here. ", "It should be . ", "This is the derivative of ax respect to x.\n\n&#x33i — this is another typo; should be &#x33;, an HTML code for the character 3.", "\n\n— the modular multiplicative inverse of 2 (mod 7); 4 and 2 multiply to 8, which is congruent to 1 (mod 7), so 4 is an inverse of 2 (though not the only inverse; 11 is the other integer on the clock that satisfies this property, which makes this a flawed clock).", "\n\nThis is given as , but the radical should extend over the entire right-hand side: .", "\n\nIn context, Nina (Reina’s character) swings on a rope into the classroom. ", "This expresses her velocity at the lowest point of her trajectory.", "\n\nNina starts out with a gravitational potential energy of mgh (m is mass, g is gravitational acceleration, and h is height, measured relative to the lowest point of her trajectory) and no kinetic energy prior to swinging on the rope. ", "At the lowest point, she has a kinetic energy of (m is mass and v is velocity) and no potential energy. ", "Due to conservation of energy, these two are equal:" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCopy running IIS App Pool with Powershell WebAdministration\n\nI am trying to copy an existing IIS 7.5 app pool using the Powershell WebAdministration module without stopping the application.", "\nWhen I copy the app pool, with an application running and loaded, I receive a NullReferenceException.", "\n$pool = 'app1-0'\n$newpool = 'app1-1'\ncp \"iis:/apppools/$pool\" \"iis:/apppools/$newpool\" -force\n\nOutput:\nCopy-Item : Object reference not set to an instance of an object.", "\n\nIf I stop the pool, or start the app pool and do not load the application, the copy command succeeds. ", "\nShort of copying the properties one by one, is there a way to copy/clone a running, and loaded, app pool?", "\n\nA:\n\nHave you tried using appcmd instead?", "\nUpdate: try a combination of both -\nMaybe add doesn't let you both import and specify commands. ", " You could try something like this:\nappcmd list appool thing1 /xml > c:\\tempfile.xml\n(Get-Content c:\\tempfile.xml).Replace(\"thing1\", \"thing2\") | Out-File c:\\tempfile2.xml\nappcmd add apppool /in < c:\\tempfile2.xml\n\nYou may have to debug that script a bit :)\n\nA:\n\nTo export the application pool use %windir%\\system32\\inetsrv\\appcmd list apppool \"AppPoolName\" /config /xml > D:\\AppPoolConfig.xml\nWithout the /config you're missing all of the settings within the application pool and when you go to import that you're only going to create a new application pool with default application pool settings.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "James A. Shymansky\n\nJames A. Shymansky is the holder of the E. Desmond Lee Family Professor of Science Education II endowed professorship. ", "He has published over 70 articles in refereed journals and delivered more than 150 papers at conferences. ", "One of his co-authored articles, \"The effects of new science curricula on student performance,\" was selected in 2003 by a panel of science education researchers as one of thirteen \"most influential articles published in the Journal of Research in Science Teaching's first 40 years.\"", "\n\nShymansky received his B.Sc. ", "in Education from Bloomsburg State College (1965), M.Sc in Physics from Indiana State University (1969), and Ph.D. in Science Education from the Florida State University (1972). ", "He became a member of the University of Missouri-St. Louis faculty in 1997. ", "He previously taught for 5 years in elementary, middle and high schools in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Indiana and Florida and for 25 years at the University of Iowa.", "\n\nHis research has focused on factors influencing student performance in inquiry science classrooms and has co-authored a major elementary science series, a multi-state set of science review books, and more than a dozen of monographs and book chapters.", "\n\nShymansky is a past editor of the Journal of Research in Science Teaching, and currently serves as senior editor of the International Journal of Science and Math Education, a new journal published by the National Science Council of Taiwan and Kluwer Publishing of the Netherlands. ", "He also currently serves on advisory boards for the National Geographic Society and Harcourt Educational Measurement Company.", "\n\nShymansky is married and he and his wife, Teresa, have four children and fifteen grandchildren.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania alumni\nCategory:Indiana State University alumni\nCategory:Florida State University alumni\nCategory:University of Missouri–St. Louis people\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)" ]

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[ "Check out our new site Makeup Addiction\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nDid you hear Obama got elected as president? ", "He's inherited such a mess!" ]

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[ "A transgender student was named “Miss Congeniality” last week at a southern California university beauty pageant. ", "Chapman University senior Addie Vincent was nominated to compete against 15 other students in the all-woman Miss Delta Queen..." ]

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[ " Case: 16-17507 Date Filed: 10/02/2019 Page: 1 of 9\n\n\n [DO NOT PUBLISH]\n\n\n\n IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n\n FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT\n ________________________\n\n No. ", "16-17507\n Non-Argument Calendar\n ________________________\n\n D.C. Docket No. ", "1:16-cv-03745-RWS\n\n\n\nWASEEM DAKER,\n\n Plaintiff - Appellant,\n\n\n versus\n\n\nREBECCA KEATON,\nClerk,\nJAY E. STEPHENSON,\nFormer Clerk,\nLISA BLALOCK,\nDeputy Clerk,\nDARLENE CORBITT,\nDeputy Clerk, Cobb County Superior Clerk,\nMARY ELLEN STALEY, et al.,", "\n\n Defendants - Appellees.", "\n\f Case: 16-17507 Date Filed: 10/02/2019 Page: 2 of 9\n\n\n ________________________\n\n Appeal from the United States District Court\n for the Northern District of Georgia\n ________________________\n\n (October 2, 2019)\n\nBefore WILSON, JILL PRYOR and HULL, Circuit Judges.", "\n\nPER CURIAM:\n\n Waseem Daker, a Georgia prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the dismissal\n\nof his civil rights complaint. ", "The district court dismissed Daker’s complaint\n\nwithout prejudice because it concluded that he had at least three prior filings that\n\ncount as strikes under the Prison Litigation Reform Act’s (“PLRA”) “three-strikes”\n\nprovision. ", "28 U.S.C § 1915(g). ", "After careful review, we conclude that the district\n\ncourt erred because three of the five dismissals it identified do not qualify as\n\nstrikes under the PLRA. ", "We vacate the dismissal of Daker’s complaint and\n\nremand for further proceedings.", "\n\n I.\n\n In this action, Daker filed a § 1983 complaint against the Clerk of the Cobb\n\nCounty Superior Court, various Cobb County Superior Court judges, and other\n\nindividuals. ", "He alleged that the defendants delayed processing his habeas corpus\n\npetitions and mandamus actions, denying him access to the courts. ", "At the time he\n\nfiled the complaint, Daker sought leave to proceed in forma pauperis.", "\n\n\n 2\n\f Case: 16-17507 Date Filed: 10/02/2019 Page: 3 of 9\n\n\n A magistrate judge recommended that the court deny Daker leave to proceed\n\nin forma pauperis and that the action be dismissed without prejudice. ", "The\n\nmagistrate judge found that Daker had five complaints or appeals that had been\n\ndismissed as frivolous:\n\n (1) Daker v. Warden, No. ", "15-13148 (11th Cir. ", "May 26, 2016);\n\n (2) Daker v. Mokwa, No. ", "2:14-cv-395 (C.D. Cal. ", "Mar. 19, 2014);\n\n (3) Georgia v. Daker, No. ", "12-12519 (11th Cir. ", "Nov. 5, 2012);\n\n (4) In re Daker, No. ", "11-11937 (11th Cir. ", "June 3, 2011); and\n\n (5) Daker v. Garner, No. ", "00-12534 (11th Cir. ", "Dec. 4, 2000).", "\n\nThe magistrate judge determined that each of these dismissals constituted a strike\n\nunder the PLRA. ", "Because Daker had three or more strikes under the PLRA and\n\nhad not paid the filing fee at the time that he filed suit, the magistrate judge\n\nrecommended that his complaint be dismissed without prejudice.", "\n\n Daker objected to the recommendation. ", "After de novo review, the district\n\ncourt overruled the objection, adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation, and\n\ndismissed the complaint without prejudice. ", "The district court noted that in three\n\ncases or appeals—Daker v. Warden, No. ", "15-13148; Daker v. Mokwa, No. ", "2:14-cv-\n\n395; and Daker v. Garner, No. ", "00-12534—the dismissing court had found that\n\nDaker’s complaint or appeal was frivolous.", "\n\n Daker filed a timely notice of appeal.", "\n\n\n 3\n\f Case: 16-17507 Date Filed: 10/02/2019 Page: 4 of 9\n\n\n II.", "\n\n We review de novo a district court’s dismissal under § 1915(g). ", "Mitchell v.\n\nNobles, 873 F.3d 869, 873 (11th Cir. ", "2017).", "\n\n III.", "\n\n “Ordinarily, a federal litigant who is too poor to pay court fees may proceed\n\nin forma pauperis,” meaning “the litigant may commence a civil action without\n\nprepaying fees or paying certain expenses.” ", "Coleman v. Tollefson, 135 S. Ct.", "\n\n1759, 1761 (2015); see 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1). ", "But the PLRA’s “three-strikes”\n\nprovision limits when prisoners may proceed in forma pauperis. ", "See 28 U.S.C.\n\n§ 1915(g); Daker v. Comm’r, Ga. Dep’t of Corr., ", "820 F.3d 1278, 1283 (11th Cir.", "\n\n2016). ", "This provision states that a prisoner may not\n\n bring a civil action or appeal a judgment in a civil action or proceeding\n [in forma pauperis] if the prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions,\n while incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action or\n appeal in a court of the United States that was dismissed on the grounds\n that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief\n may be granted, unless the prisoner is under imminent danger of serious\n physical injury.", "\n\n28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). ", "The relevant inquiry to determine whether § 1915(g) bars a\n\nprisoner’s complaint is whether he had three or more strikes at the time that he\n\nfiled his civil action or appeal. ", "See Vanderberg v. Donaldson, 259 F.3d 1321,\n\n1324 (11th Cir. ", "2001) (“After the third meritless suit, the prisoner must pay the full\n\nfiling fee at the time he initiates suit.”).", "\n\n\n 4\n\f Case: 16-17507 Date Filed: 10/02/2019 Page: 5 of 9\n\n\n In Daker v. Commissioner, we considered whether the dismissals of six of\n\nDaker’s prior appeals counted as strikes under the PLRA. ", "820 F.3d at 1281. ", "In\n\nthat case, the district court found that Daker had incurred six strikes because two\n\nprevious appeals had been dismissed for lack of jurisdiction and four previous\n\nappeals had been dismissed for want of prosecution. ", "Id. at 1281-82. ", "We disagreed\n\nand held that none of these dismissals counted as a strike. ", "Id. at 1281.", "\n\n We began by addressing when a dismissal counted as a strike under the\n\nPLRA. ", "Looking to the PLRA’s plain language, we explained that for a dismissal\n\nto count as a strike the dismissal must have been based on the ground that the\n\naction or appeal was “frivolous, malicious, or fail[ed] to state a claim” for relief.", "\n\nId. at 1283-84 (internal quotation marks omitted). ", "We explained that to conclude\n\nan action or appeal was dismissed as frivolous, “the dismissing court” had to have\n\nmade “some express statement” that indicated the action or appeal was frivolous,\n\nmeaning it lacked an arguable basis in law or fact. ", "Id. at 1284.", "\n\n We then explained that an order dismissing an appeal for want of\n\nprosecution was not a determination that the appeal was frivolous. ", "Id. at 1284. ", "An\n\norder dismissing an appeal for want of prosecution did not evaluate the underlying\n\nmerits of the appeal and thus could not constitute a finding that the appeal was\n\nfrivolous. ", "Id. We thus concluded that the four orders dismissing Daker’s prior\n\nappeals for want of prosecution, without more, did not constitute strikes. ", "Id.\n\n\n 5\n\f Case: 16-17507 Date Filed: 10/02/2019 Page: 6 of 9\n\n\n We acknowledged that in three of these appeals, we had dismissed the\n\nappeal for want of prosecution after a single judge on our Court had entered an\n\norder denying Daker leave to proceed in forma pauperis on the basis that his\n\nappeal was frivolous. ", "Id. at 1285. ", "We rejected the argument that the single-judge\n\norder meant that Daker’s appeal had been dismissed as frivolous. ", "We explained\n\nthat a single-judge order could not be treated as an order dismissing an appeal\n\nbecause under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 27(c) a single judge “may not\n\ndismiss or otherwise determine an appeal or other proceeding.” ", "Id. (quoting Fed.", "\n\nR. App. ", "P. 27(c)). ", "Consistent with Rule 27(c), the orders denying Daker leave to\n\nproceed in forma pauperis had not ended his appeals. ", "In each appeal, after Daker\n\nwas denied leave to proceed in forma pauperis, he had an opportunity to pay the\n\nfiling fee, which would have allowed him to proceed with the appeal. ", "1 Id. When\n\nDaker subsequently failed to pay the filing fee, a three-judge panel of our Court\n\ndecided to dismiss the appeal for want of prosecution. ", "Id.\n\n We also explained the two appeals dismissed for lack of jurisdiction did not\n\nconstitute strikes. ", "Id. at 1284. ", "Because a dismissal for lack of jurisdiction\n\nestablished only “that the prisoner’s assertion of jurisdiction was wrong,” we held\n\n\n\n 1\n If Daker had paid the filing fee, a three-judge panel would have determined anew\nwhether his appeal was frivolous. ", "See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) (“Notwithstanding any filing\nfee, or any portion thereof, that may have been paid, the court shall dismiss the case at any time\nif the court determines that . . . ", "the action or appeal . . . ", "is frivolous or malicious . . . .”).", "\n\n 6\n\f Case: 16-17507 Date Filed: 10/02/2019 Page: 7 of 9\n\n\nthat “without more” such a dismissal did “not prove that the appellant’s assertion\n\nof jurisdiction was itself frivolous.” ", "Id.\n\n Turning to this case, the district court found that Daker had five prior\n\ndismissals that qualified as strikes. ", "As an initial matter, we agree with the district\n\ncourt that two of the dismissals constitute strikes. ", "In Daker v. Warden, 15-13148,\n\na three-judge panel of this Court expressly found that the appeal was frivolous and\n\ndismissed the appeal. ", "And in Daker v. Mokwa, 2:14-cv-395, the district court\n\njudge dismissed Daker’s action on the basis that that his complaint was frivolous\n\nand failed to state a claim for relief. ", "Because each dismissing court made an\n\nexpress statement that Daker’s complaint or appeal was being dismissed as\n\nfrivolous and/or for failure to state a claim for relief, we agree with the district\n\ncourt that these two dismissals count as strikes.", "\n\n But we hold that the remaining three dismissals identified by the district\n\ncourt do not count as strikes. ", "As an initial matter, binding precedent established\n\nthat the dismissal of Daker’s appeal in Georgia v. Daker, No. ", "12-12519, does not\n\ncount as a strike. ", "In Daker v. Commissioner, we held that the dismissal of this\n\nappeal does not count as a strike because the appeal was dismissed for failure to\n\nprosecute. ", "See Daker v. Comm’r, 820 F.3d at 1282. ", "Given our prior decision, the\n\ndistrict court erred when it counted this dismissal as a strike.", "\n\n\n\n\n 7\n\f Case: 16-17507 Date Filed: 10/02/2019 Page: 8 of 9\n\n\n The dismissals in In re Daker, No. ", "11-11937, and Daker v. Garner, No. ", "00-\n\n12534, also do not count as strikes. ", "Each appeal was dismissed after Daker filed a\n\nmotion to voluntarily dismiss it. ", "Because Daker voluntarily dismissed the appeals,\n\nwe cannot say that either appeal was dismissed on the ground that it was\n\n“frivolous, malicious, or fail[ed] to state a claim upon which relief [could] be\n\ngranted.” ", "28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).", "\n\n True, for each appeal, Daker moved to voluntarily dismiss the appeal after a\n\nsingle judge of our Court found that his arguments were frivolous and denied him\n\nleave to proceed in forma pauperis. ", "But as we explained in Daker v.\n\nCommissioner, such a single-judge order does not establish that the appeal was\n\ndismissed as frivolous. ", "See 820 F.3d at 1284-85. ", "Because there was no\n\nsubsequent determination by a three-judge panel that the appeal was frivolous, we\n\nhold that the district court erred in treating each of these dismissals as a strike.", "\n\n In sum, the district court erred when it found that the dismissals in Georgia\n\nv. Daker, No. ", "12-12519; In re Daker, No. ", "11-11937; and Daker v. Garner, No. ", "00-\n\n12534, count as strikes. ", "Because we conclude that only two of the dismissals that\n\nthe district court identified count as strikes under the PLRA, the court erred in\n\ndismissing Daker’s complaint under the PLRA’s three-strikes provision. ", "2\n\n\n\n 2\n We express no view on whether Daker had any strikes beyond the filings identified by\nthe district court. ", "Nothing in this opinion forecloses the district court upon remand from\n 8\n\f Case: 16-17507 Date Filed: 10/02/2019 Page: 9 of 9\n\n\n IV.", "\n\n For the reasons set forth above, we VACATE the order dismissing Daker’s\n\ncomplaint and remand for further proceedings.", "\n\n\n\n\nconsidering whether Daker incurred strikes when any of his other cases or appeals were\ndismissed.", "\n Dakar also argues on appeal that the district court’s application of the three-strikes\nprovision to him was unconstitutional. ", "Because we conclude that Daker did not have three\nstrikes, we need not address this argument\n\n 9\n\f" ]

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[ "Jackie Chan's son was sentenced to six months in prison Friday after pleading guilty to providing a venue for drug users.", "\n\nPer NBC News, 32-year-old Jaycee Chan, who was among those arrested in a Beijing drug bust this past August, was also ordered to pay a fine of approximately $320. ", "He had faced a maximum penalty of three years in prison.", "\n\nAccording to the Chinese court's microblog (as excerpted by the New York Times), Jaycee told the judge, \"I have broken the law and should be punished.\" ", "He also stated, \"After I return to society, I won't offend again, because I would disappoint my family and friends once again.\"" ]

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[ "Acıbadem, Kadıköy\n\nAcıbadem is a neighborhood in Kadıköy district of Istanbul, Turkey, on the Anatolian side.", "\n\nTransport\nMetro\nM4 Kadıköy-Tavşantepe (extension to Sabiha Gökçen airport is under construction\n\nCategory:Neighbourhoods of Kadıköy" ]

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[ "Afghanistan: April 2013\n\nLast month, reports surfaced, later confirmed by Afghan President Hamid Karzai, that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency has been delivering bags of cash to Karzai for a decade, in part to buy continued access and cooperation during the war. ", "The New York Times reported that the payments had not resulted in the influence the CIA sought, and had instead fueled corruption and empowered warlords. ", "A further report by the U.N. stated that opium cultivation across Afghanistan had increased for the third year in a row. ", "As Western troops continue the long process of preparing for their December 2014 withdrawal, evidence of significant progress in Afghanistan remains elusive. ", "The photos below are just a glimpse of this conflict over the past month, part of the ongoing series here on Afghanistan.", "\n\nAn Afghan National Army commando from 1st Company, 7th Special Operations Kandak, receives feedback on his firing technique from commandos instructors during a range in Washer district, Helmand province, on April 22, 2013.#", "\n\nAfghans at the Karte Sakhi cemetery on the foot of Karte Sakhi's Shrine in the foothills of TV Mountain in Kabul, on April 26, 2013. ", "The shrine is the second most sacred place of Shia worship in Afghanistan.#", "\n\n(1 of 2) People carry a schoolgirl who fell ill after smelling gas at her school, to the hospital in Kabul, on May 1, 2013. ", "Over 150 schoolgirls in Kabul fell sick after smelling gas and drinking water, and were being examined for possible poisoning, hospital officials said on Wednesday.#", "\n\n(2 of 2) Afghan school girls receive treatment after becoming ill, at a hospital in Kabul, on May 1, 2013. ", "Amanullah Eman, a spokesman for the Education Ministry, said some students were briefly hospitalized but all were doing well. ", "He said a number of factors were being investigated, including the use of fertilizers in nearby farm land.#", "\n\nAfghan visitors to the Qargha Lake reservoir walk past flowering trees along a pathway in Kabul, on April 26, 2013. ", "The reservoir, which provides the bulk of water supply to the Afghan capital, is also a recreational area for nearby residents.#", "\n\nWilbur, a U.S. Marine Special Operations Team member, wears his handler's helmet after a patrol with Afghan National Army special forces to escort a district governor to a school in Helmand province, on April 15, 2013.#", "\n\nA heavily armed Afghan policeman destroys an opium poppy field in Noorgal district of Kunar province, east of Kabul, on April 13, 2013. ", "When foreign troops arrived in Afghanistan in 2001, one of their goals was to stem drug production. ", "Instead, they have concentrated on fighting insurgents, and have often been accused of turning a blind eye to the poppy fields.#", "\n\nAn Afghan Local Police officer looks through a hole made by a rocket fired previously by insurgents at the Budyali check post, during a patrol by 2nd Platoon Bravo Company, 1-3271 Infantry of Combined Team Bastogne (Nangarhar), 1st Brigade Combat Team, in Kush Kunar district, on April 7, 2013.#", "\n\nAfghan schoolgirls study during a lesson in Qala-i-Gudar village in Qarabagh district Kabul province, on April 3, 2013. ", "At the school in a bombed-out Afghan village near Kabul, Angelina Jolie is known as an aid worker or engineer -- never as one of the world's most famous film stars. ", "Jolie, a special envoy of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, built the school in Qala-i-Gudar last year and is planning to open more in Afghanistan with profits from a newly-launched jewelery line that she has designed. ", "The Hollywood star visited Qala-i-Gudar in 2011, and she retains an avid fan base among residents who have never seen any of her films and have no idea about her global fame as an actress.#", "\n\nLeaflets are airdropped from a Polish Mi-17 helicopter, from Forward Operating Base Ghazni, for the upcoming Ghazni festival, in Ghazni province, on April 12, 2013. ", "The leaflet drop was conducted in an effort to reduce violence during the upcoming festival.#", "\n\nAfghan boys wait for backpacks at the all-boys Pashtu Abad school in Ghazni district, Ghazni province, on April 20, 2013. ", "Khalilullah Hotak, a member of the Nejat Social Council of Ghazni province, distributed backpacks and desks to the school that teaches over 600 boys.#", "\n\n(1 of 3) Soldiers from both 3rd Tolai, 6th Kandak and 1st Battalion, 36th Infantry Regiment came to the aid and rescue of a 3-year-old boy who had fallen 30 feet down a well in Maiwand province, on April 7, 2013.#", "\n\nSeen through night-vision optics, a U.S. coalition service member, working with Afghan National Army commandos of 6th Special Operations Kandak, searches for suspicious activity after a clearing operation in Sarobi district, Kabul province, on April 19, 2013.#", "\n\n(1 of 2) Afghan National Army soldiers, at the site of a suicide attack in Farah province on April 4, 2013. ", "Taliban gunmen who killed 46 people at an Afghan court complex in a bid to free insurgents standing trial moved ruthlessly from room to room, shooting everyone they found, officials recounted on April 3. ", "Defenseless civilians, judges, lawyers and court staff were left dead after nine militants disguised as Afghan soldiers launched an eight-hour assault which only ended after security forces finally killed the last surviving gunman.#", "\n\nA U.S. Black Hawk helicopter arrives, after a NATO helicopter crashed killing two American service members in a field near Gerakhel, eastern Afghanistan, on April 9, 2013. ", "The U.S.-led International Security Assistance Force said the cause of the crash is under investigation but initial reporting indicates there was no enemy activity in the area at the time.#", "\n\nAn Army carry team moves a transfer case containing the remains of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civilian Hyun K. Shin, as U.S. Air Force Col. ", "John Devillier, right, U.S. Air Force Mortuary Affairs Operations, and Major Gen. John G. Rossi, second from right, Director, U.S. Army Quadrennial Defense Review Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, salute, on April 8, 2013, at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware. ", "According to the Department of Defense, Shin, of Hesperia, California, died while supporting Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.#", "\n\nAfghanistan security forces investigate the site of a roadside bomb blast in Saidabad district of Wardak province, on April 8, 2013. ", "A roadside bomb exploded under an Afghan bus southwest of Kabul, killing nine people and wounding at least 22 others in an attack blamed on Taliban militants, officials said.#", "\n\nAfghan prisoner Fauzia stares through the prison bars at Badam Bagh, Afghanistan's central women's prison, in Kabul, on March 28, 2013. ", "Fauzia is the oldest woman in jail and has served already seven years in jail. ", "She is serving a 17 year sentence for killing her husband and her daughter-in-law. \"", "I was in one room. ", "I came into the next room and they were there having sexual relations. ", "I found a big knife and killed them both,\" she said in a voice empty of emotion.#" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUse of atoi when string represents zero?", "\n\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <stdlib.h>\n\nint main(int argc, char **argv)\n{\n if(argc !", "= 2)\n return 1;\n if(!atoi(argv[1]))\n printf(\"Error.\");", "\n else printf(\"Success.\");", "\n return 0;\n}\n\nMy code works when I enter an argument that is either below or above the value of zero.", "\n[griffin@localhost programming]$ ./testx 1\nSuccess.", "\n[griffin@localhost programming]$ ./testx -1\nSuccess.", "\n[griffin@localhost programming]$ ./testx 0\nError.", "\n\nWhy doesn't it work?", "\n\nA:\n\nIt's very simple, atoi returns the number converted which in your case is exactly 0 (as expected).", "\nThere is no standard method of checking whether the conversion actually succeeded or not when using atoi.", "\nSince you are writing c++ you could get the same result with better error checking by using a std::istringstream, std::stoi (C++11) or strtol (which is a better interface when dealing with arbitrary numbers).", "\n\nstd::istringstream example\n#include <sstream>\n\n ...\n\nstd::istringstream iss (argv[1]);\nint res;\n\nif (!(", "iss >> res))\n std::cerr << \"error\";\n\nstd::strtol example\n#include <cstdlib>\n#include <cstring>\n\n ...\n\nchar * end_ptr;\n\nstd::strtol (argv[1], &end_ptr, 10);\n\nif ((end_ptr - argv[1]) !", "= std::strlen (argv[1]))\n std::cerr << \"error\";\n\nstd::stoi (C++11)\n#include <string>\n\n ...\n\nint res;\n\ntry {\n res = std::stoi (argv[1]);\n\n} catch (std::exception& e) {\n std::cerr << \"error\";\n}\n\nA:\n\nBecause 0 in C means false and any non-zero value means true. ", "And atoi(\"0\") returns 0, so the if statement branches to the else clause.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Christian Quintin\n\nCHRISTIAN’S LABEL:\n\nI wish my art to be seen as one would read poetry, hopeful that one would wander into its imagery.", "\n\nI do not have a specific message, but I feel compelled to convey the feelings that flow through me and attempt to create something beautiful.", "\n\nI work mostly with pen and ink, pastels and oils. ", "From my body of work, two distinct styles emerge. ", "The first is narrative, a kaleidoscope of images representing consciousness, suggesting ephemeral boundaries, one form creating another in a constant transformation of energy.", "\n\nThe second comprises landscapes, romantic sceneries where colors and shapes are tangible forms of emotions. ", "Both escape time and space while expressing the spirit that I share with a river, a butterfly or a tree.", "\n\nCOMING SOON\n\nJOIN EK ALLOCATION LIST\n\nDirect sales are allocated exclusively to EK Allocation List members at a 10% discount. ", "Orders of 6+ bottles save an additional 50% off shipping. ", "New releases ship twice a year, once in the spring and again in the fall.", "Join EK Allocation List\n\nCUSTOMIZED ALLOCATIONS\n\nYou may customize your spring and fall allocations any way you like, from 0–6 bottles of each wine. (", "Small-lot and list-only wines may have lower limits.) ", "To modify your allocations, click on MY ALLOCATION above.", "Join EK Allocation List\n\nREORDERS\n\nWines often sell out at or close to release, so we encourage making the most of your spring and fall allocations. ", "As long as wine remains, you are welcome to reorder online through our EK Special Order store. ", "Or contact John Gillis at john@erickentwines.com or 415.244.9453.", "\n\nJOIN EK ALLOCATION LIST\n\nDirect sales are allocated exclusively to EK Allocation List members at a 10% discount. ", "Orders of 6+ bottles save an additional 50% off shipping. ", "New releases ship twice a year, once in the spring and again in the fall.", "Join EK Allocation List\n\nCUSTOMIZED ALLOCATIONS\n\nYou may customize your spring and fall allocations any way you like, from 0–6 bottles of each wine. (", "Small-lot and list-only wines may have lower limits.) ", "To modify your allocations, click on MY ALLOCATION above.", "Join EK Allocation List\n\nREORDERS\n\nWines often sell out at or close to release, so we encourage making the most of your spring and fall allocations. ", "As long as wine remains, you are welcome to reorder online through our EK Special Order store. ", "Or contact John Gillis at john@erickentwines.com or 415.244.9453." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "/*\n Localizable.strings\n LocoKit\n\n Created by Matt Greenfield on 26/1/20.", "\n Copyright © 2020 Big Paua. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n*/\n\n\"Unknown\" = \"ไม่ปรากฏ\";\n\"Bogus\" = \"เก๊\";\n\"Transport\" = \"การเดินทาง\";\n\"Data Gap\" = \"Data Gap\";\n\n// base types\n\"Stationary\" = \"อยู่กับที่\";\n\"Walking\" = \"เดิน\";\n\"Running\" = \"วิ่ง\";\n\"Cycling\" = \"ขี่จักรยาน\";\n\"Car\" = \"รถ\";\n\"Airplane\" = \"เครื่องบิน\";\n\n// extended types\n\"Train\" = \"รถไฟ\";\n\"Bus\" = \"รถเมล์\";\n\"Motorcycle\" = \"มอเตอร์ไซค์\";\n\"Boat\" = \"เรือ\";\n\"Tram\" = \"รถราง\";\n\"Tractor\" = \"แทรกเตอร์\";\n\"Tuk-Tuk\" = \"ตุ๊กตุ๊ก\";\n\"Songthaew\" = \"สองแถว\";\n\"Scooter\" = \"สกูตเตอร์\";\n\"Metro\" = \"รถไฟฟ้าใต้ดิน\";\n\"Cable Car\" = \"กระเช้าไฟฟ้า\";\n\"Funicular\" = \"กระเช้าไฟฟ้าบนราง\";\n\"Chairlift\" = \"ลิฟท์เก้าอี้\";\n\"Ski Lift\" = \"ลิฟท์สกี\";\n\"Taxi\" = \"แท็กซี่\";\n\n// active types\n\"Skateboarding\" = \"สเกตบอร์ด\";\n\"Inline Skating\" = \"อินไลน์สเกต\";\n\"Snowboarding\" = \"สโนว์บอร์ด\";\n\"Skiing\" = \"สกี\";\n\"Horseback\" = \"ขี่ม้า\";\n\"Swimming\" = \"ว่ายน้ำ\";\n\"Golf\" = \"กอล์ฟ\";\n\"Wheelchair\" = \"เก้าอี้เข็น\";\n\"Rowing\" = \"พายเรือ\";\n\"Kayaking\" = \"เรือคายัก\";\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "---\nabstract: |\n Mining gene modules from genomic data is an important step to detect new gene members of the pathways or other relations such as protein-protein interactions. ", "In this work, we explore the feasibility of detecting gene modules by factorizing gene-phenotype associations with phenotype ontologies rather than the conventionally used gene expression data. ", "In particular, the hierarchical structure of the ontologies has not been taken full advantage of in clustering genes and the consistency proposed is believed to be found in the gene clusters obtained with the method built on the hierarchical structure of ontologies. **", "Results:** We propose a hierarchal Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF)-based method, called Consistent Multiple Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (CMNMF), with which the genome-phenome association matrix has been factorized into two levels of hierarchical structure among phenotype ontologies so as to mine gene functional modules. ", "Gene clusters from the association matrices at two consecutive levels are constrained by CMNMF and are consistent since the genes are annotated with both the child phenotypes and the parent phenotypes. ", "CMNMF also restricts the identified phenotype clusters to be intensively connected within the phenotype ontology hierarchy. ", "In the experiments on mining functionally related genes from mouse phenotype ontologies and human phenotype ontologies, CMNMF effectively improves clustering performance over the baseline methods. ", "Gene ontology enrichment analysis is also conducted to reveal biologically significant gene modules.\\\n **Conclusions:** Utilizing the information in the hierarchical structure of phenotype ontologies, biologically significant gene modules can be identified with CMNMF. ", "CMNMF also serves as a better tool for detecting new gene members in the pathways and protein-protein interactions.\\\n **Availability:** `https://github.com/nkiip/CMNMF`\\\naddress:\n- ' , , '\n- ' , , '\nauthor:\n- \n- \n- \n- \n- \n- \n- \n- \nbibliography:\n- 'bmc\\_CMNMF.bib'\ntitle: 'Mining Functional Modules by Multiview-NMF of Phenome-Genome Association'\n---\n\nBackground {#background .unnumbered}\n==========\n\nGene functional modules within the genomic data are often identified to find genes sharing the same functions, being involved in the same pathway or interacting with each other. ", "To find these functionally related gene sets, clustering methods are commonly used. ", "K-means and AHC (Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering) are the most frequently used clustering algorithms to cluster gene expression data. ", "Recently, NMF and its variants have also been successfully adopted for clustering gene expression [@Wang2013] and gene-phenotype association data [@Hwang2012]. ", "NMF has advantages over other methods because of its interpretability and good performance. ", "More recently, multi-view NMF methods have been proposed. ", "Collective NMF (ColNMF), proposed by Singh, can get more consistent results by using the shared coefficient matrix but different basis matrices across different views [@Singh2008]. ", "Zhang and Zhou proposed a multiple NMF framework to integrate multiple types of genomic data to identify microRNA-gene regulatory modules jointly [@Zhang2011]. ", "Additionally, NMF-based methods integrated with some structure information were also proposed and have achieved better results. ", "Pehkonen adopted NMF to analyze association data between gene and Gene Ontology (GO), in which the association matrix has been enriched according to the “true path rule\" [@Valentini2010] of gene ontology hierarchy [@Pehkonen2005]. ", "Hwang and Kuang proposed a nonnegative matrix tri-factorization method to cluster phenotypes and genes simultaneously [@Hwang2012]. ", "Focusing on predicting missing traits for plants, HPMF incorporates hierarchical phylogenetic information into matrix factorization [@Shan2012].", "\n\nIn the context of gene clustering, one useful structural feature that has never been integrated with multi-view NMF is the hierarchical structure phenotype ontology which is potentially helpful for clustering genes. ", "In this work, we assume that the clustering of genes with different representations in multiple views should be consistent, i.e. genes will be consistently clustered by the association with phenotypes at different levels (or granularity) of the hierarchy in a phenotype ontology, in which each level of the phenotype ontology provides a different view for clustering genes.", "\n\nBased on this motivation, we propose a multi-view NMF-based method called CMNMF (consistent multiple non-negative matrix factorization) for mining functional gene modules, in which the hierarchical structure of phenotype is introduced as prior knowledge. ", "In detail, a consistency constraint on gene clusters and a hierarchical mapping constraint among the phenotypes in two consecutive levels in the ontology are introduced in the loss function. ", "In the experiment, we apply CMNMF on gene-phenotype association data of mouse and human. ", "CMNMF is compared with the baseline methods by measuring the performance of predicting KEGG pathways and protein-protein interaction networks. ", "Furthermore, GO enrichment analysis equipped with DAVID tool [@Dennis2003] is performed to evaluate the biological significance of the gene clusters.", "\n\n![", "Illustration of the CMNMF framework. (", "a) The gene-phenotype\\\nassociations are divided into two matrices according to the level of phenotype\\\nontologies, and the two matrices share the same gene set. (", "b) consistent const-\\\nraint on factorized gene clusters. (", "c) Hierarchical mapping constraint on the\\\nphenotype ontologies at parent and child levels.[]{data-label=\"fig:model\"}](model2_11_11.pdf){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nMaterials and Method {#materials-and-method .unnumbered}\n====================\n\n**Data Preparation** {#data-preparation .unnumbered}\n--------------------\n\nMouse gene-phenotype associations were downloaded from Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI)[@Blake2003] in Feb. 2016, including 15,524 associations between 5,971 phenotypes and 1,350 genes. ", "More specifically, 3,414 phenotype ontologies were at level 7 and their parents, 2,557 phenotype ontologies were at level 6. ", "The phenotype ontology levels in our experiment were chosen by the “most frequent level of annotation\" criterion [@Espinosa2011]. ", "Two versions of mouse protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were obtained from the BIOGRID (Feb. 2016 and Sep. 2016) [@Chatr-Aryamontri2015] and two versions of 292 mouse KEGG pathways (Feb. 2016 and Sep. 2016) were extracted for evaluation [@Kanehisa2016].", "\n\n53,929 human gene-phenotype associations between 3,280 genes and 5,948 phenotypes were downloaded in Feb. 2016 from Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) project [@Kohler2014]. ", "3,707 phenotype ontologies at level 8 and their parents, 2,241 phenotype ontologies at level 7, were applied in the following experiments. ", "Two versions of human PPI networks were obtained from the BIOGRID (Feb. 2016 and Sep. 2016) and two versions of 296 human KEGG pathways (Feb. 2016 and Sep. 2016) were extracted for evaluation. ", "A table summary of the data used in this paper can be found in [*Supporting Information*]{}.", "\n\n**Problem Formulation** {#problem-formulation .unnumbered}\n-----------------------\n\nThe notations used in the models are summarized in Table \\[Tab:Notations\\]. ", "Let $n$ be the number of genes, $m$ be the number of phenotypes, and the gene-phenotype associations are represented by a binary matrix $\\bm{A}_{(n \\times m)}$ with 1 for entries of known associations and 0 otherwise. ", "The loss function of factorizing matrix $\\bm{A}$ is used to derive gene clusters $\\bm{G}_{(n \\times k)}$ and phenotype clusters $\\bm{P}_{(k \\times m)}$ based on gene-phenotype associations, where $k$ is the number of clusters. ", "The loss function of factorizing matrix $\\bm{A}$ can be defined as: $$\\label{equ:NMF}\n\\begin{split}\nL(\\bm{P},\\bm{G}) = ||\\bm{A}-\\bm{GP}||^{2}_{F}.", "\n\\end{split}$$\n\nHowever, the loss function mentioned above does not consider the hierarchical structure of phenotype ontologies. ", "To address this problem, we design a framework by considering phenotypes at different levels in the separate hierarchical structure separately (Fig. ", "\\[fig:model\\](a)). ", "In this framework, we assume the gene clustering derived from both parent and child phenotype ontology levels should be identical (Fig. ", "\\[fig:model\\](b)). ", "In addition, a phenotype mapping constraint is also considered to reinforce the consistency between learned phenotype clusters at parent level and those at child level (Fig. ", "\\[fig:model\\](c), mapping relations are represented by dot lines). ", "By optimizing the components mentioned above, we propose a CMNMF algorithm to learn the gene clusters from gene-phenotype associations with different levels of phenotype ontologies.", "\n\n Notations Explanations\n ------------ -----------------------------------------------------\n $\\bm{A}$ Genome-phenome association matrix\n $\\bm{A}_1$ Genome-phenome association matrix with phenotype\n ontology at parent level\n $\\bm{A}_2$ Genome-phenome association matrix with phenotype\n ontology at child level\n $\\bm{G}$ Gene cluster membership matrix\n $\\bm{P}$ Phenotype cluster membership matrix\n $\\bm{G}_0$ Annotated gene cluster membership matrix\n $\\bm{P}_1$ Phenotype cluster membership matrix at parent level\n $\\bm{P}_2$ Phenotype cluster membership matrix at child level\n $\\bm{M}$ Phenotype ontologies relationship matrix\n $n$ Number of genes\n $m$ Number of phenotypes\n $k$ Number of latent clusters\n $m_1$ Number of phenotypes at parent level\n $m_2$ Number of phenotypes at child level\n\n : Summary of notations.[]{data-label=\"Tab:Notations\"}\n\n**Loss Functions for Penalizing Inconsistency** {#loss-functions-for-penalizing-inconsistency .unnumbered}\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nMotivated by the assumption mentioned above, the phenotype ontologies are divided into two sets according to the two adjacent levels. ", "Two gene-phenotype association matrices $(\\bm{A}_1)_{n\\times m_1}$ and $(\\bm{A}_{2})_{n\\times m_2}$ are set up based on the original gene-phenotype association matrix $\\bm{A}$ and the two sets of phenotype ontologies. ", "We assume that the gene clusters $\\bm{G}_{n\\times k}$, derived by matrix factorization on $\\bm{A}_{1}$ and $\\bm{A}_{2}$, should be consistent, although the genes are annotated by phenotype ontologies at adjacent levels. ", "$\\bm{G}_{n\\times k}$ can be derived by optimizing the following loss function: $$\\label{equ:L_O}\n{L_C} = \\mathop {\\min }\\limits_{\\bm{G},{\\bm{P}_1},{\\bm{P}_2}} \\left\\| \\bm{A}_1 - \\bm{G{P}}_1 \\right\\|_F^2 + \\alpha \\left\\| {\\bm{A}_2} - \\bm{GP}_2 \\right\\|_F^2,$$ where $\\alpha$ is a hyper-parameter to balance the two matrix factorization problems. ", "To reinforce the hierarchical mapping relationships between phenotypes at parent level and child level, the hierarchical mapping constraint on phenotype ontologies is added to the loss function, $$\\label{equ:L_H}\n\\begin{split}\n{L_H} &= \\sum\\limits_{ij} {{\\bm{M}_{ij}}} ||\\bm{P}_1^{(i)}-\\bm{P}_2^{(j)}||^{2} \\\\\n \\end{split}$$ $\\bm{M}_{m_1\\times m_2}$ denotes the hierarchical mapping relation matrix between phenotype ontologies at adjacent levels. ", "$\\bm{M}_{ij}$ is set to 1 if there is a parent-child association between phenotype $i$ and phenotype $j$, otherwise 0. ", "We reinforce the hierarchical mapping constraint by maximizing the similarity between the phenotype ontologies with parent-child mapping relation in gene-phenotype network $\\bm{A}_{1}$ and $\\bm{A}_{2}$. By combining the two components, the loss function can be formulated as follows: $$\\label{equ:R-CMNMF1}\n\\begin{split}\n{L} =& \\left\\| \\bm{A}_1 - \\bm{G{P}}_1 \\right\\|_F^2 + \\alpha \\left\\| {\\bm{A}_2} - \\bm{GP}_2 \\right\\|_F^2+\\beta \\sum\\limits_{ij} {{\\bm{M}_{ij}}} ||\\bm{P}_1^{(i)}-\\bm{P}_2^{(j)}||^{2}\\\\\n\\mathrm{s.t. }", "\\quad\n& \\bm{G}\\geq 0,\\ \\bm{P}_1\\geq 0,\\ \\bm{P}_2\\geq 0\n\\end{split}$$ where $\\beta>0$ is a hyper-parameter to balance the two components.", "\n\n**The CMNMF Algorithm** {#the-cmnmf-algorithm .unnumbered}\n-----------------------\n\nTo minimize the loss function in Equation (\\[equ:R-CMNMF1\\]), an alternative iterative schema is adopted. ", "It solves the problem with respect to one variable while fixing the other variables. ", "In the original NMF [@DanielD.Lee2001], the loss function in Equation (\\[equ:R-CMNMF1\\]) is not convex on $\\bm{G}$, $\\bm{P}_1$, and $\\bm{P}_2$ jointly, but it is convex on one variable with the other two fixed. ", "In the following subsections, the steps of deriving $\\bm{G}$, $\\bm{P}_1$ and $\\bm{P}_2$ are presented separately. ", "The complete CMNMF algorithm is outlined in **Algorithm \\[alg:CMNMF\\]**.", "\n\n### **Computation of $G$ in CMNMF** {#computation-of-g-in-cmnmf .unnumbered}\n\nLoss function in Equation (\\[equ:R-CMNMF1\\]) can be rewritten as: $$\\label{equ:R-CMNMF11}\n\\begin{split}\n{L} =& \\left\\| \\bm{A}_1 - \\bm{G{P}}_1 \\right\\|_F^2 + \\alpha \\left\\| {\\bm{A}_2} - \\bm{GP}_2 \\right\\|_F^2+\n\\beta \\big(tr(\\bm{P}_1\\bm{D}_1\\bm{P}_1^{T})+tr(\\bm{P}_2\\bm{D}_2\\bm{P}_2^{T})\\\\\n&-2tr({\\bm{P}_1}\\bm{MP}_2^T)\\big)\\\\\n\\end{split}$$ where $(\\bm{D}_1)_{m_1\\times m_1}$ and $(\\bm{D}_2)_{m_2\\times m_2}$ are diagonal matrices with $(\\bm{D}_1)_{ii} = \\sum_{j}^{}\\bm{M}_{ij}$ and $(\\bm{D}_2)_{jj} = \\sum_{i}^{}\\bm{M}_{ij}$ respectively. ", "When variables $\\bm{P}_1$ and $\\bm{P}_2$ are fixed, the partial derivative of Equation (\\[equ:R-CMNMF11\\]) with respect to $\\bm{G}$ is: $$\\label{equ:G_gradient}\\nonumber\n\\begin{split}\n\\frac{\\partial{L}}{\\partial{\\bm{G}}}=\n&-2(\\bm{A}_1{\\bm{P}_1^T} - \\bm{G}{\\bm{P}_1}{\\bm{P}_1^T})-2\\alpha(\\bm{A}_2{\\bm{P}_2^T} - \\bm{G}{\\bm{P}_2}{\\bm{P}_2^T})\n\\end{split}$$ and the multiplicative update rule is: $$\\label{equ:updating_G}\\nonumber\n\\bm{G}_{ij}\\leftarrow \\bm{G}_{ij}\n\\frac{(\\bm{A}_1\\bm{P}_1^T+\\alpha \\bm{A}_2\\bm{P}_2^T)_{ij}}\n{(\\bm{GP}_1\\bm{P}_1^T+\\alpha \\bm{GP}_2\\bm{P}_2^T\n)_{ij}}$$\n\n### **Computation of $\\bm{P}_1$ and $\\bm{P}_2$ in CMNMF** {#computation-of-bmp_1-and-bmp_2-in-cmnmf .unnumbered}\n\nWhen $\\bm{G}$ is fixed, the partial derivatives of Equation (\\[equ:R-CMNMF11\\]) with respect to $\\bm{P}_1$ and $\\bm{P}_2$ are: $$\\label{equ:P1_gradient}\\nonumber\n\\begin{split}\n&\\frac{\\partial{L(\\bm{P}_1)}}{\\partial{\\bm{P}_1}}=\n-2(\\bm{G}^T\\bm{A}_1-{\\bm{G}^T\\bm{GP}_1})+2\\beta(\\bm{P}_1\\bm{D}_1- \\bm{P}_2\\bm{M}^T)\n\\\\\n&\\frac{\\partial{L(\\bm{P}_2)}}{\\partial{\\bm{P}_2}}=\n-2\\alpha(\\bm{G}^T\\bm{A}_2-{\\bm{G}^T\\bm{GP}_2})+2\\beta(\\bm{P}_2\\bm{D}_2- \\bm{P}_1\\bm{M})\n\\end{split}$$ and the multiplicative update rule is ($\\bm{P}_2$ is fixed when we calculate $\\bm{P}_1$, vice versa): $$\\label{updating_P}\\nonumber\n\\begin{split}\n&(\\bm{P}_1)_{ij}\\leftarrow (\\bm{P}_1)_{ij}\n\\frac{(\\bm{G}^T\\bm{A}_1+\\beta \\bm{P}_2\\bm{M}^T)_{ij}}\n{(\\bm{G}^T\\bm{GP}_1+\\beta \\bm{P}_1\\bm{D}_1)_{ij}}\\\\\n&(\\bm{P}_2)_{ij}\\leftarrow (\\bm{P}_2)_{ij}\n\\frac{(\\alpha \\bm{G}^T\\bm{A}_2+\\beta \\bm{P}_1\\bm{M})_{ij}}\n{(\\alpha \\bm{G}^T\\bm{GP}_2+\\beta \\bm{P}_2\\bm{D}_2)_{ij}}\n\\end{split}$$ For the loss function of original NMF $L(\\bm{P},\\bm{G}) = ||\\bm{A}-\\bm{GP}||^{2}_{F}$, it is easy to check that if $\\bm{G}$ and $\\bm{P}$ are the solutions, then $\\bm{GD}$, $\\bm{D}^{-1}\\bm{P}_1$ will also form a solution for any positive diagonal matrix $\\bm{D}$. To eliminate this uncertainty, in practice it will be further required that the Euclidean length of each column vector in matrix $\\bm{G}$ is 1 [@Xu2003; @Cai2011]. ", "The matrix $\\bm{P}$ will be adjusted accordingly so that $\\bm{GP}$ does not change. ", "This can be achieved by: $$\\label{}\n\\begin{split}\n\\bm{G}_{ik}\\leftarrow \\frac{\\bm{G}_{ik}}{\\sqrt{\\sum_{i}^{}\\bm{G}_{ik}^{2}}},\\quad\n\\bm{P}_{kj}\\leftarrow \\bm{P}_{kj}\\sqrt{\\sum_{i}^{}\\bm{G}_{ik}^{2}}\n\\end{split}$$ This strategy has been adopted in CMNMF as well. ", "After the multiplicative updating procedure converges, the Euclidean length of each column vector in matrix $\\bm{G}$ is set to 1 and the matrix $\\bm{P}_1$ and $\\bm{P}_2$ are adjusted with following rules: $$\\label{}\n\\begin{split}\n&\\bm{G}_{ik}\\leftarrow \\frac{\\bm{G}_{ik}}{\\sqrt{\\sum_{i}^{}\\bm{G}_{ik}^{2}}}\\\\\n&(\\bm{P}_1)_{kj}\\leftarrow (\\bm{P}_1)_{kj}\\sqrt{\\sum_{i}^{}\\bm{G}_{ik}^{2}},\\quad\n(\\bm{P}_2)_{kj}\\leftarrow (\\bm{P}_2)_{kj}\\sqrt{\\sum_{i}^{}\\bm{G}_{ik}^{2}}\n\\end{split}$$\n\n\\[alg:pf\\]\n\n$\\bm{A}_1$: gene-phenotype association matrix at parent level\\\n    $\\bm{A}_2$: gene-phenotype association matrix at child level\\\n    [$\\alpha$, $\\beta$]{}: hyper-parameters ${\\bm{G}}, {\\bm{P}_1}, {\\bm{P}_2}$ ${\\bm{G}},{\\bm{P}_1},{\\bm{P}_2}$ $\\leftarrow$ random values Update $\\bm{G}_{ij}\\leftarrow \\bm{G}_{ij}\\frac{(\\bm{A}_1\\bm{P}_1^T+\\alpha \\bm{A}_2\\bm{P}_2^T)_{ij}}{(\\bm{G}\\bm{P}_1\\bm{P}_1^T+\\alpha \\bm{G}\\bm{P}_2\\bm{P}_2^T )_{ij}} $ Update $(\\bm{P}_1)_{ij}\\leftarrow (\\bm{P}_1)_{ij}\\frac{(\\bm{G}^T\\bm{A}_1+\\beta \\bm{P}_2\\bm{M}^T)_{ij}}{(\\bm{G}^T\\bm{GP}_1+\\beta \\bm{P}_1\\bm{D}_1)_{ij}}$,\\\nUpdate $(\\bm{P}_2)_{ij}\\leftarrow (\\bm{P}_2)_{ij}\\frac{(\\alpha \\bm{G}^T\\bm{A}_2+\\beta \\bm{P}_1\\bm{M})_{ij}}{(\\alpha \\bm{G}^T\\bm{GP}_2+\\beta \\bm{P}_2\\bm{D}_2)_{ij}}$ convergence Normalize $\\bm{G}_{ik}\\leftarrow \\frac{\\bm{G}_{ik}}{\\sqrt{\\sum_{i}^{}\\bm{G}_{ik}^{2}}}$ Normalize $(\\bm{P}_1)_{kj}\\leftarrow (\\bm{P}_1)_{kj}\\sqrt{\\sum_{i}^{}\\bm{G}_{ik}^{2}},\\quad\n(\\bm{P}_2)_{kj}\\leftarrow (\\bm{P}_2)_{kj}\\sqrt{\\sum_{i}^{}\\bm{G}_{ik}^{2}}$ ${\\bm{G}},{\\bm{P}_1},{\\bm{P}_2}$\n\n### **Parameter Tuning** {#parameter-tuning .unnumbered}\n\n![", "$F_1$ scores under different $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ combinations []{data-label=\"fig:alpha_beta\"}](mouse_pathway_result.pdf){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nWe use old versions of PPI network (Feb. 2016) and KEGG pathways (Feb. 2016) as validation set to select the best parameters for each method. ", "The selected parameters have been used in each method to get the performance results by using new versions of PPI network (Sep. 2016) and KEGG pathways (Sep. 2016) as test set.", "\n\nWe perform our experiments on two biological datasets, mouse species dataset and human species dataset. ", "In parameter tuning process, the validation experiment results for each method have been repeated 10 times independently and the average results are applied for parameter tuning. ", "As the parameter tuning processes for mouse data and human data are similar, we show the details on mouse KEGG pathways data as an illustration. ", "Parameter tuning processes on mouse PPI network and human data (human KEGG pathways and human PPI network) are described in [*Supporting Information*]{}.", "\n\nThe hyper-parameters $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ have been tuned by grid with $F_1$ measure. ", "$\\alpha$ balances the contributions of two factorization problems on different phenotype ontology levels. ", "When $\\alpha$ is close to 0, CMNMF becomes NMF. ", "$\\beta$ controls the hierarchical structure effects of phenotype ontologies. ", "When $\\beta$ is set to 0, CMNMF becomes ColNMF (Collective NMF) [@Singh2008]. ", "The performance of CMNMF with different $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ combinations while taking old versions of mouse KEGG pathways (Feb. 2016) as validation set is shown in Fig. ", "\\[fig:alpha\\_beta\\]. ", "We search [$\\alpha$ in {0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000}]{} and [$\\beta$ in {0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000}]{}, the darker the color, the higher the $F_1$ score with the corresponding $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ combinations. ", "In this experiment, $\\alpha=100$ and $\\beta = 1000$ are chosen as the best parameters while mouse KEGG pathways data are used as validation set. ", "The detailed parameter tuning for baseline methods is described in [*Supporting Information*]{}.", "\n\n**Evaluation** {#evaluation .unnumbered}\n--------------\n\nThere are two types of evaluation indices: external indices and internal indices [@Rendon2011]. ", "Because internal indices require extracting additional node features for measuring the similarity between nodes, we choose external indices in the experiments. ", "These external indices, including $F_1$ measure, Jaccard Index, Rand Index, Precision and Recall, are applied to show the consistency between the learned gene clusters and the known KEGG pathways or the gene pairs in the PPI network. ", "The higher the value, the more consistent the learned gene clusters and the known gene sets are.", "\n\nResults {#results .unnumbered}\n=======\n\nIn this section, we first demonstrate the properties of CMNMF compared with NMF on a small MGI mouse gene-phenotype association matrix. ", "Then CMNMF is compared with seven baseline methods by evaluating the consistency between identified gene modules and the new versions of KEGG pathways (Sep. 2016) or gene pairs in the PPI network (Sep. 2016). ", "Moreover, Gene Ontology enrichment analysis is performed to evaluate the biological significance of discovered gene modules.", "\n\n**CMNMF on a Small Mouse Gene-Phenotype Associations** {#cmnmf-on-a-small-mouse-gene-phenotype-associations .unnumbered}\n------------------------------------------------------\n\n![", "Performance of NMF, CMNMF($\\beta$=0) and CMNMF($\\beta$=1) on a small\\\ngene-phenotype association matrix. (", "a) Original gene-phenotype association\\\nmatrix A. (b) Matrix $\\bm{A}$ is divided into $\\bm{A}_1$ and $\\bm{A}_2$ according to the level of\\\nphenotype ontology hierarchy. ", "The hierarchical mapping among phenotype\\\nontologies are represented by dot lines. (", "c) Clustering result of NMF.\\\n(d) Clustering result of CMNMF($\\beta$=0). (", "e) Clustering result of CMNMF($\\beta$=1). []{", "data-label=\"fig:sampled_result\"}](v_a.pdf){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n(a)\n\n![", "Performance of NMF, CMNMF($\\beta$=0) and CMNMF($\\beta$=1) on a small\\\ngene-phenotype association matrix. (", "a) Original gene-phenotype association\\\nmatrix A. (b) Matrix $\\bm{A}$ is divided into $\\bm{A}_1$ and $\\bm{A}_2$ according to the level of\\\nphenotype ontology hierarchy. ", "The hierarchical mapping among phenotype\\\nontologies are represented by dot lines. (", "c) Clustering result of NMF.\\\n(d) Clustering result of CMNMF($\\beta$=0). (", "e) Clustering result of CMNMF($\\beta$=1). []{", "data-label=\"fig:sampled_result\"}](v_b.pdf){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n(b)\n\n![", "Performance of NMF, CMNMF($\\beta$=0) and CMNMF($\\beta$=1) on a small\\\ngene-phenotype association matrix. (", "a) Original gene-phenotype association\\\nmatrix A. (b) Matrix $\\bm{A}$ is divided into $\\bm{A}_1$ and $\\bm{A}_2$ according to the level of\\\nphenotype ontology hierarchy. ", "The hierarchical mapping among phenotype\\\nontologies are represented by dot lines. (", "c) Clustering result of NMF.\\\n(d) Clustering result of CMNMF($\\beta$=0). (", "e) Clustering result of CMNMF($\\beta$=1). []{", "data-label=\"fig:sampled_result\"}](v_c.pdf){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n(c)\n\n![", "Performance of NMF, CMNMF($\\beta$=0) and CMNMF($\\beta$=1) on a small\\\ngene-phenotype association matrix. (", "a) Original gene-phenotype association\\\nmatrix A. (b) Matrix $\\bm{A}$ is divided into $\\bm{A}_1$ and $\\bm{A}_2$ according to the level of\\\nphenotype ontology hierarchy. ", "The hierarchical mapping among phenotype\\\nontologies are represented by dot lines. (", "c) Clustering result of NMF.\\\n(d) Clustering result of CMNMF($\\beta$=0). (", "e) Clustering result of CMNMF($\\beta$=1). []{", "data-label=\"fig:sampled_result\"}](v_d.pdf){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n(d)\n\n![", "Performance of NMF, CMNMF($\\beta$=0) and CMNMF($\\beta$=1) on a small\\\ngene-phenotype association matrix. (", "a) Original gene-phenotype association\\\nmatrix A. (b) Matrix $\\bm{A}$ is divided into $\\bm{A}_1$ and $\\bm{A}_2$ according to the level of\\\nphenotype ontology hierarchy. ", "The hierarchical mapping among phenotype\\\nontologies are represented by dot lines. (", "c) Clustering result of NMF.\\\n(d) Clustering result of CMNMF($\\beta$=0). (", "e) Clustering result of CMNMF($\\beta$=1). []{", "data-label=\"fig:sampled_result\"}](v_e.pdf){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n(e)\n\nTo illustrate the effects of consistency constraint (the first two terms in Equation (\\[equ:R-CMNMF1\\])) and structure mapping constraint (the last term in Equation (\\[equ:R-CMNMF1\\])), we demonstrate the performance of NMF, CMNMF($\\beta$=0) and CMNMF($\\beta$=1) on a small gene-phenotype association matrix from MGI in Fig. ", "\\[fig:sampled\\_result\\](a). ", "The gene set in the experiment are selected from three mouse KEGG pathways. ", "In detail, Mafa, Ins2, Abcc8 are from pathway MMU4930 (Type-II diabetes mellitus). ", "Ikbkg, Nfkbia, Ctnnb1 are from MMU5215 (Prostate cancer). ", "Tlr4, Vegfa, Tgfb2 are from MMU5205 (Proteoglycans in cancer). ", "The hierarchical relationships between phenotype ontologies associated with selected genes are shown in Fig. ", "\\[fig:sampled\\_result\\](b). ", "An effective algorithm should assign the genes from a KEGG pathway into the same cluster.", "\n\nFig. ", "\\[fig:sampled\\_result\\](c), \\[fig:sampled\\_result\\](d), and \\[fig:sampled\\_result\\](e) represent the clustering results with NMF, CMNMF($\\beta$=0) and CMNMF($\\beta$=1), respectively. ", "Compared with Fig. ", "\\[fig:sampled\\_result\\](c), the significant improvement can be observed by considering the multiple levels of the hierarchy in the phenotype ontology in Fig. ", "\\[fig:sampled\\_result\\](d) and \\[fig:sampled\\_result\\](e). ", "By reinforcing the relationship among the phenotypes in different levels, CMNMF($\\beta$=1) assigns gene Ctnnb1 to the right cluster comparing with CMNMF($\\beta$=0). ", "Note that the clustering result shown in Fig. ", "\\[fig:sampled\\_result\\](e) agrees with gene members in the KEGG pathways.", "\n\n**Comparison with Baseline Methods by Mining Gene Modules** {#comparison-with-baseline-methods-by-mining-gene-modules .unnumbered}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn this section, we evaluate the gene clusters identified by CMNMF with KEGG pathways and PPI network. ", "Seven clustering methods, agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) [@Miyamoto1990], agglomerative hierarchical clustering with pairwise constraints [@Miyamoto2010] (Constrained AHC), K-means, pairwise constrained K-means [@Basu2004] (Constrained K-means), NMF [@Lee1999], HMF (Hierarchical Matrix Factorization) [@AliMashhoori2012] and ColNMF (Collective NMF) [@Singh2008], are compared in the experiment. ", "Please notice AHC and K-means are unsupervised clustering methods with no parameters, in order to have a relatively fair comparison with other methods, we introduce additional pairwise constraints AHC [@Miyamoto2010] and pairwise constraints K-means [@Wagstaff2001], the old versions of KEGG pathways (Feb. 2016) and PPI network (Feb. 2016) are used as pairwise constraint validation set to help get clustering results. ", "For CMNMF, HMF and ColNMF, the gene-phenotype association matrix $\\bm{A}$ is divided into two matrices $\\bm{A}_1$ and $\\bm{A}_2$ according to the levels of phenotype ontologies. ", "For AHC, Constrained AHC, K-means, Constrained K-means, and NMF, the entire gene-phenotype association matrix is applied. ", "Moreover, the associations to parent phenotype terms in the ontology have also been included, i.e. using the “true path rule\" to enrich the association matrix. ", "For NMF, HMF, ColNMF and CMNMF, the gene clustering results are row-normalized by z-score and $G_{ij}$ is set as 0 if it is less than 3. ", "Six validation indices are reported in Table \\[tab:measurements\\_mouse\\_pathway\\]-\\[tab:measurements\\_human\\_ppi\\].", "\n\n $F_1$ measure Precision Recall Jaccard Index Rand Index \n --------------------- --------------- ------------ ------------ --------------- ------------ --\n AHC 0.0871 0.0624 0.1443 0.0455 0.7654 \n Constrained AHC 0.0925 0.0554 **0.2803** 0.0485 0.5738 \n K-means 0.0517 0.0760 0.0392 0.0265 **0.8886** \n Constrained K-means 0.0554 0.0750 0.0439 0.0285 0.8839 \n NMF 0.1037 **0.1084** 0.0993 0.0547 0.8668 \n HMF 0.0818 0.1080 0.0658 0.0426 0.8855 \n ColNMF 0.0883 0.1074 0.0750 0.0462 0.8799 \n CMNMF **0.1181** 0.0898 0.1726 **0.0628** 0.8002 \n\n : Evaluation results on mouse KEGG pathways.[]{data-label=\"tab:measurements_mouse_pathway\"}\n\n $F_1$ measure Precision Recall Jaccard Index Rand Index \n --------------------- --------------- ------------ ------------ --------------- ------------ --\n AHC 0.0037 0.0019 0.1420 0.0019 0.8321 \n Constrained AHC 0.0080 0.0040 **0.6491** [0.0040]{} 0.6421 \n K-means 0.0041 0.0022 0.0426 0.0021 0.9544 \n Constrained K-means 0.0107 0.0056 0.1197 0.0054 0.9509 \n NMF 0.0126 0.0065 0.1988 0.0063 0.9305 \n HMF 0.0137 0.0072 0.1298 0.0069 **0.9584** \n ColNMF 0.0120 0.0062 0.1420 0.0060 0.9478 \n CMNMF **0.0138** **0.0072** 0.1521 **0.0070** 0.9518 \n\n : Evaluation results on mouse PPI.[]{data-label=\"tab:measurements_mouse_ppi\"}\n\n $F_1$ measure Precision Recall Jaccard Index Rand Index \n --------------------- --------------- ------------ ------------ --------------- ------------ --\n AHC 0.0808 0.0998 0.0679 0.0421 **0.9044** \n Constrained AHC 0.0952 0.0570 **0.2892** 0.0500 0.6599 \n K-means 0.0787 0.0829 0.0748 0.0409 0.8915 \n Constrained K-means 0.0889 0.0813 0.0980 0.0465 0.8756 \n NMF 0.0966 0.0891 0.1056 0.0508 0.8778 \n HMF 0.0863 **0.1034** 0.0741 0.0451 0.9029 \n ColNMF 0.0850 0.0869 0.0831 0.0444 0.8893 \n CMNMF **0.1046** 0.0727 0.1886 **0.0552** 0.8023 \n\n : Evaluation results on human KEGG pathways.[]{data-label=\"tab:measurements_human_pathway\"}\n\n $F_1$ measure Precision Recall Jaccard Index Rand Index \n --------------------- --------------- ------------ ------------ --------------- ------------ --\n AHC 0.0096 0.0055 0.0410 0.0048 0.9709 \n Constrained AHC 0.0089 0.0045 **0.4403** 0.0045 0.6637 \n K-means 0.0095 0.0051 0.0743 0.0048 0.9464 \n Constrained K-means 0.0117 0.0068 0.0422 0.0059 **0.9754** \n NMF 0.0141 0.0074 0.1457 0.0071 0.9300 \n HMF 0.0142 0.0077 0.0927 0.0072 0.9557 \n ColNMF 0.0156 0.0083 0.1303 0.0079 0.9432 \n CMNMF **0.0166** **0.0089** 0.1203 **0.0084** 0.9510 \n\n : Evaluation results on human PPI.[]{data-label=\"tab:measurements_human_ppi\"}\n\n### [Validation by Known KEGG Pathways and Protein-Protein Interactions]{} {#validation-by-known-kegg-pathways-and-protein-protein-interactions .unnumbered}\n\nNew versions of KEGG pathways (Sep. 2016) and PPI network (Sep. 2016) are applied as known gene relationships to test the performance of gene clustering results. ", "Table \\[tab:measurements\\_mouse\\_pathway\\] and Table \\[tab:measurements\\_mouse\\_ppi\\] show the evaluation results on mouse data with KEGG pathways and PPI network, respectively. ", "The evaluation results on human data are reported in Table \\[tab:measurements\\_human\\_pathway\\] and Table \\[tab:measurements\\_human\\_ppi\\]. ", "The best results across all the methods are bold. ", "Comparing with the baseline methods, it is clear that CMNMF outperforms other methods on $F_1$ measure, Jaccard Index in all cases for both mouse and human data. ", "It demonstrates the advantage of combining the consistency constraint with two levels of gene-phenotype association information and the structure constraint with parent-child phenotype ontology mapping information. ", "In particular, comparing with the conventional NMF, the performance of CMNMF is improved with the additional knowledge from the consistency constraint. ", "Moreover, the phenotype structure constraint in CMNMF reinforces the learning results following the mapping relation in the phenotype ontology, so CMNMF gets better performance comparing with ColNMF (CMNMF with $\\beta=0$). ", "However, AHC works better than other methods with index “Recall”. ", "We analyse the clustering results of AHC and find a few large-scale gene clusters (with more than four hundred genes), these large gene clusters would result in an increase in index “Recall” and a decrease in “Precision”. ", "The *centroid* criterion is applied in AHC which tends to find the pair of clusters that leads to minimum increase in total inter-cluster Euclidean distances when merging the clusters. ", "Therefore the compact clustering results identified by AHC will benefit the “Recall\" score. ", "We also notice CMNMF does not achieve the best performance on “Rand Index”. ", "As we know, “Rand Index” takes true negative gene pairs into consideration, however, in most cases the experiment results are evaluated on what we have known, i.e. the true positive gene pairs. ", "True negative gene pairs are dominant in the original data involved in the experiments (accounting for 95%-99% of all gene pairs), this would lead to a bias comparison between different methods. ", "Overall, the CMNMF outperforms all current clustering methods and the improvement is obvious.", "\n\n### [Validation by Latest Protein-Protein Interactions]{} {#validation-by-latest-protein-protein-interactions .unnumbered}\n\nCMNMF is also tested on the latest protein-protein interactions added between Feb. 2016 and Sep. 2016 from BIOGRID. ", "The parameters $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ are tuned by the old version PPI network (Feb. 2016) mentioned in the previous section with $F_1$ measure. ", "The results are reported in Table \\[tab:measurements\\_mouse\\_latest\\_ppi\\] and Table \\[tab:measurements\\_human\\_latest\\_ppi\\] for mouse and human data, with the best $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ respectively. ", "Comparing with baseline methods, CMNMF also outperforms them on $F_1$ measure, Jaccard Index and Precision.", "\n\n $F_1$ measure Precision Recall Jaccard Index Rand Index \n --------------------- --------------- ------------ ------------ --------------- ------------ --\n AHC 0.0015 0.0008 0.1373 0.0008 0.8330 \n Constrained AHC [0.0034]{} [0.0017]{} **0.6569** [0.0017]{} 0.6417 \n K-means 0.0017 0.0009 0.0392 0.0009 0.9577 \n Constrained K-means 0.0045 0.0023 0.1176 0.0022 0.9519 \n NMF 0.0052 0.0026 0.1936 0.0026 0.9312 \n HMF 0.0053 0.0027 0.1176 0.0027 **0.9593** \n ColNMF 0.0047 0.0024 0.1324 0.0024 0.9488 \n CMNMF **0.0055** **0.0028** 0.1495 **0.0028** 0.9507 \n\n : Evaluation results on latest mouse PPI.[]{data-label=\"tab:measurements_mouse_latest_ppi\"}\n\n $F_1$ measure Precision Recall Jaccard Index Rand Index \n --------------------- --------------- ------------ ------------ --------------- ------------ --\n AHC 0.0043 0.0023 0.0388 0.0021 0.9727 \n Constrained AHC 0.0039 0.0019 **0.4313** 0.0019 0.6639 \n K-means 0.0040 0.0021 0.0759 0.0020 0.9431 \n Constrained K-means 0.0041 0.0022 0.0309 0.0020 **0.9771** \n NMF 0.0057 0.0029 0.1309 0.0029 0.9313 \n HMF 0.0056 0.0029 0.0791 0.0028 0.9572 \n ColNMF 0.0063 0.0032 0.1160 0.0032 0.9446 \n CMNMF **0.0065** **0.0034** 0.1033 **0.0033** 0.9524 \n\n : Evaluation results on latest human PPI.[]{data-label=\"tab:measurements_human_latest_ppi\"}\n\n**Biological Analysis on Gene Clusters** {#biological-analysis-on-gene-clusters .unnumbered}\n----------------------------------------\n\nWe further study the functional roles of the identified human gene clusters with enrichment analysis against Gene Ontology (GO) using DAVID [@Dennis2003]. ", "The enriched GO terms by selected gene clusters are reported in Table \\[tab:GO\\_Enrichment\\], the P-value and FDR adjusted P-value are also presented. ", "It is clear that gene clusters found by CMNMF are biological functionally relevant.", "\n\n No Gene Cluster Most Related GO Terms P-value [FDR]{}\n ---- -------------- --------------------------------------------------------- --------- ---------\n positive regulation of cell proliferation; 2.2E-06 3.0E-03\n wound healing; 1.3E-05 1.8E-02\n protein heterodimerization activity; 7.3E-05 7.4E-02\n regulation of cardiac muscle contraction 6.8E-07 9.3E-04\n by regulation of the release of sequestered calciumion; \n regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release 6.8E-07 9.3E-04\n channel activity; \n regulation of cardiac muscle contraction; 9.3E-07 1.3E-03\n intracellular; 2.3E-04 2.1E-01\n MAPK cascade; 2.9E-04 4.0E-01\n regulation of Rho protein signal transduction; 8.3E-04 1.1E-00\n mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly; 5.7E-33 7.6E-30\n mitochondrial inner membrane; 5.6E-16 6.0E-13\n mitochondrion; 1.8E-09 1.9E-06\n extracellular matrix organization; 1.5E-07 2.1E-04\n cell adhesion; 1.0E-05 1.4E-02\n basement membrane; 2.0E-05 1.9E-02\n mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone; 2.1E-11 2.0E-08\n NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity; 2.2E-11 1.5E-08\n mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I; 5.8E-09 4.3E-06\n\n : Enrichment anaylsis on gene clusters mined by CMNMF with Gene Ontology[]{data-label=\"tab:GO_Enrichment\"}\n\nThe first column is the index of gene clusters identified by CMNMF. ", "For each gene cluster, a part of genes are presented in the second column. ", "Three most related GO terms, corresponding P-values and false discovery rate (FDR) are reported in the following columns.", "\n\nBy matching the corresponding gene cluster, the genes in No. ", "239 cluster have been found associated with prostate cancer. ", "McDonnell found that BCL2 expression was augmented following androgen ablation and was correlated with the progression of prostate cancer from androgen dependence to androgen independence [@McDonnell1992]. ", "Upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and subsequent increased in extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt signaling were implicated in prostate cancer progression [@Gan2010]. ", "Zhang showed that the FOXO1 protein, a key downstream effector of the tumor suppressor PTEN, inhibited the transcriptional activity of Runx2 in prostate cancer cells [@ZhangHaijun2011]. ", "Liu examined the effects of TGFA and EGF on both cell proliferation and 3H-thymidine incorporation in an androgen-dependent human prostate cancer cell line, ALVA101, in serum-free medium [@Liu1993].", "\n\nBy matching the corresponding gene cluster, the genes in No. ", "2 cluster have been found associated with Parkinson disease. ", "Tanaka analyzed amino acid variations in the cytochrome b (CYTB) molecule of 64 Japanese centenarians and found out the most striking feature of centenarian CYTB was the rareness of amino acid variations in contrast to the variety of amino acid replacements in patients with Parkinson’s disease [@Tanaka2002]. ", "Heteroplasmic mutations in a specific region of ND5 largely segregated Parkinson’s disease from controls and might be of major pathogenic importance in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease [@Parker2005]. ", "Ksel found a heteroplasmic mtDNAG5460A missense mutation in the ND2 subunit gene of NADH dehydrogenase was three times more frequent in Parkinson cases (4/21) compared to controls (5/77). ", "In Ksel’s study, he provided a hint that the ND25460 mutation, in combination with other factors, could play a role in disease pathogenesis in a subset of Parkinson patients [@Ksel1996]. ", "Teismann used acetylsalicylic acid, a COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor, to study the possible role of the isoenzymes of cyclooxygenase COX-1 and COX-2 in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease [@Teismann2001].", "\n\nConclusions {#conclusions .unnumbered}\n===========\n\nOur results indicate that the gene clusters identified by CMNMF are biologically relevant with the additional information from phenotype ontology hierarchical structure. ", "The evaluation experiments on KEGG pathways and PPI network of mouse and human data show the advantage of CMNMF over other baseline methods. ", "The experiment on the latest PPI dataset shows the possibility of identifying new protein-protein interactions. ", "Furthermore, the gene modules identified by CMNMF are enriched with biologically relevant functions.", "\n\nDeclarations {#declarations .unnumbered}\n============\n\nAcknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}\n================\n\nWe would like to thank Rui Kuang, Wei Zhang for their help with this work. ", "This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. ", "61300166 and No. ", "61105049), the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (No. ", "14JCQNJC00600), and the Science and Technology Planning Project of Tianjin (No. ", "13ZCZDGX01098).", "\n\nOpen Access {#open-access .unnumbered}\n===========\n\nThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. ", "The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.", "\n\nCompeting interests {#competing-interests .unnumbered}\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\nAuthor’s contributions {#authors-contributions .unnumbered}\n======================\n\nMQX and YGZ originally design the model. ", "YGZ worked on the method, experiment, analyses, and writing of the manuscript. ", "YJX contributed on method and analyses. ", "XF, YXH and JHL contributed on the experiment. ", "ZCH contributed on the method. ", "MQX and YLH contributed on writing of the manuscript. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nAdditional Files {#additional-files .unnumbered}\n================\n\nAdditional file 1 — Supporting Information (SI) {#additional-file-1-supporting-information-si .unnumbered}\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nThis supplement file includes some additional detailed illustrative text and tables we have mentioned in our paper. ", "We give clearly explanatory text in Supporting Information, please refer to it for more details.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "#### suite/funcs_1/t/innodb_storedproc_07.test\n#\n# 1. ", "Check if InnoDB is available\n--source include/have_innodb.inc\n\n# 2. ", "Set $engine_type\nlet $engine_type= innodb;\n\n--source suite/funcs_1/storedproc/storedproc_07.inc\n" ]

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[ "When naming the top five players in NHL history, few can debate that Wayne Gretzky, Gordie Howe, Bobby Orr and Mario Lemieux are absolute musts in the conversation. ", "Is this year's Conn Smythe Trophy winner next?", "\n\n\"I'd put Sidney Crosby right there at No. ", "5,\" former NHL goaltender and current NBC analyst Brian Boucher told ESPN.com before watching Crosby hoist the Stanley Cup for the third time in his 12-year career, following the Pittsburgh Penguins' 2-0 Game 6 victory over the Nashville Predators on Sunday night. \"", "We're watching greatness. ", "For people to hate on it, I get it, because maybe you're not a fan of the Pittsburgh Penguins. ", "But if you're a fan of watching true greatness, to me, that's it.\"", "\n\nCrosby is just the third player in NHL history to win the Conn Smythe (as the most valuable player of the Stanley Cup playoffs) in back-to-back seasons, joining Philadelphia Flyers goaltender Bernie Parent (1974, 1975) and Lemieux (1991, 1992). ", "Crosby has now won three Stanley Cups and two Olympic gold medals, along with golds in the World Junior Championships, the World Championships and the World Cup of Hockey.", "\n\nYet the respect of the hockey world has come begrudgingly.", "\n\n\"I feel like he's always having to prove people wrong,\" said former teammate Colby Armstrong, now a radio analyst with the Penguins. \"", "I know it's crazy to say that about probably the best player of our time right now, with his Stanley Cups and all his awards. ", "But there always seems to be something hanging over him. ", "People saying he's a crybaby. ", "The concussions. ", "He's not what he used to be.", "\n\n\"I don't know what else he could do to not be the villain. ", "He's the best player in our game, alongside Connor McDavid, but it seems like people are always looking to vilify him when he does nothing but make unreal plays and find ways to shine on the biggest stage. ", "If there is anything I have learned about him, it is that when the chips are on the table in the Final, he's found a way to get it done.\"", "\n\nArmstrong was a 22-year-old rookie with the Penguins when he saw Crosby step onto the Mellon Arena ice for his first NHL training camp, in 2005. \"", "We had heard a lot about him, but YouTube was just kicking off, so there wasn't much video any of us had on him,\" Armstrong recalled. \"", "I was like, 'Holy smokes, look at this guy.' ", "To see what he could do at 18, his talent level and the way he competed, was just insane.\"", "\n\nDuring Crosby's rookie season, Armstrong was playing for the AHL Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins when he drove to Philadelphia to see a game between the Penguins and Flyers on Nov. 14, 2005. ", "During a battle with former Flyers defenseman Derian Hatcher, Crosby took a stick to the mouth and parts of his two front teeth were sawed off.", "\n\n\"He throws his helmet down, all upset,\" Armstrong recalled. \"", "His mouth is bleeding, his teeth are chipped. ", "He's going up against an old-school guy like Hatcher, one of the baddest dudes in the league, and the fans were all over him. ", "Sid was the young kid on the block and he kind of had to answer the bell and earn everybody's respect.\"", "\n\nAfter getting stitches in his lip, Crosby came back to score in overtime, beating Antero Niittymaki with 46.7 seconds remaining. ", "He had two goals and an assist in that 3-2 win.", "\n\nFace it, Sidney Crosby is one of the best ever. ", "AP Photo/Mark Humphrey\n\n\"I remember his celebration,\" Armstrong said. \"", "He was all angry and smiling at the same time. ", "In my mind that was one of his defining moments.\"", "\n\nAs a rookie, Crosby became the youngest player in NHL history to record 100 points (he had 102), but the Penguins finished with the worst record in the Eastern Conference and his reputation as a referee whisperer was growing, especially among NHL veterans.", "\n\n\"When he came into the league, a lot of us wanted to see if this kid was the real deal or not,\" Boucher said. \"", "Early on in his career as an opponent, maybe the one thing that stood out, that maybe annoyed you, is that he always seemed to be complaining and looking for calls. ", "A lot of veterans don't really care for that stuff because even though you may be a great player, you've got to earn those calls. ", "I think over the last couple years you see a lot less of that [complaining] and you see more of a guy determined to fight through stuff.\"", "\n\nEvgeni Malkin joined the Penguins during Crosby's second NHL season, when the Penguins made it to the playoffs for the first time in six years. ", "In Crosby's third NHL season, the Pens made it to the Stanley Cup Final, and Crosby recorded 27 points in 20 playoff games, but Pittsburgh lost a six-game Final to the Detroit Red Wings. ", "The following year, in the 2009 postseason, Crosby captained the Penguins to their first Stanley Cup since 1992, and had 31 points in 24 playoff games.", "\n\nIn his fifth NHL season, Crosby won his first Olympic gold medal and his first Rocket Richard Trophy after tying Steven Stamkos with a league-high 51 goals. ", "The Penguins were eliminated by the Montreal Canadiens in the second round that season, and midway through the 2010-11 season Crosby suffered his first in a series of concussions that robbed him of parts of two NHL seasons.", "\n\n\"I've had concussions, and I've never really talked to him about his future or what the damage has been,\" Armstrong said. \"", "You would think [the concussions] would affect him, but it's tough to say that when you look at the way he's playing now. ", "I look at the way he goes into traffic and the slashes and hacks he gets. ", "He gets cross-checked in the head against Washington [in Game 3] and he misses one game. ", "Just watching him play, he can somehow move by it.\"", "\n\nCrosby rebounded from his concussions to record 104 points in 2013-14, his fifth NHL season with more than 100 points, but the Penguins failed to get past the second round in 2014 and 2015, and by midway through last season, many began to wonder if Crosby's days as an elite point producer were nearing an end -- at the age of 28.", "\n\nCrosby had just 19 points through 28 games, and the Penguins' power play was 26th in the NHL, when general manager Jim Rutherford fired coach Mike Johnston and replaced him with Mike Sullivan on Dec. 13, 2015.", "\n\n\"What's really unbelievable is that if we go back a year-and-a-half ago, before they made that coaching change, we're not even close to having this same conversation,\" Boucher said. \"", "We were wondering if [Crosby] was starting the downside of a career. ", "There were a lot of questions about that.\"", "\n\nBoucher said that while Sullivan's aggressive, up-tempo style has invigorated Crosby, the infusion of Conor Sheary, Bryan Rust and Jake Guentzel -- and Crosby's ability to raise their games to another level -- has helped fuel the Penguins to back-to-back championships while cementing Crosby's legacy as a selfless teammate.", "\n\n\"There are a lot of veterans who have played in the National Hockey League who would say to those guys, 'Hey, get me the puck,'\" Boucher said. \"", "But he's very inclusive and very supportive, and he's a big reason those young players are having success. ", "They feel comfortable playing with a star like Sidney Crosby, and that tells me he's a tremendous teammate.\"", "\n\nSidney Crosby was the center in more ways than one for the Penguins. ", "Christopher Hanewinckel-USA TODAY Sports\n\n\"He can go down the entire Penguins lineup,\" Armstrong said, \"and tell you five good things about every guy and how much he means to the team, even the guy who isn't playing. ", "He has a large amount of respect for what everyone brings to the team. ", "I hate to use a cliché term like down-to-earth, but when you have a guy like him being that inclusive, it bleeds through your whole locker room.\"", "\n\nCrosby finished the regular season tied for second behind McDavid (100 points) with 89 points, and finished second behind Malkin with 27 playoff points. ", "But Crosby's ability to steal the show when playoff series are on the line impresses even his most scrutinous critics.", "\n\nIn Game 5 of the Stanley Cup Final, after the Predators had stolen the series momentum with consecutive lopsided victories in Nashville, Crosby drew a penalty on his opening shift, the Penguins scored on the ensuing power play, and he set up three more goals in a 6-0 rout that swung the series back into the Penguins' favor.", "\n\n\"When you can elevate your game when the stakes are higher and when you're needed the most, that's the mark of greatness,\" Boucher said. \"", "After drawing that penalty, Malkin joins the party, [Phil Kessel] joins the party, and when you have that, they're a team that's tough to beat. ", "And it's all because Crosby started it.", "\n\n\"The thing that stands out to me is this guy is so driven and so tenacious. ", "I told my son this: 'If you're going to watch one guy play hockey and model your game after, it's Sidney Crosby. ", "He doesn't give up on plays, he gets his nose in there and he works. ", "He's driven.'\"", "\n\nPerforming at the highest level in games that mean the most ultimately will serve as Crosby's legacy and cement his place in hockey history, Armstrong said.", "\n\n\"Everyone wants to count Stanley Cups, and obviously, Mario was the Sidney Crosby of his time, bringing Cups to Pittsburgh and saving the team from moving post-career,\" Armstrong said. \"", "With the Penguins drafting Crosby and winning three Stanley Cups under his captaincy, I think he's got to be right up there with all those greats in the game that have given so much. ", "He's in a special group with those guys -- in a bubble all by themselves at the top -- and there's a gap to everyone else.\"" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do I get Adobe Reader to work in Ubuntu 14.04?", "\n\nI downloaded Adobe Reader from here:\nhttp://get.adobe.com/reader/\nBy default, it recognizes my system as Linux and lets me download a .bin file which turns out to be an executable installer.", "\nThere are no installation instructions at all (shame on Adobe) but it was pretty easy to figure out I had to add execution permissions to the file and run it as root. ", "It installed Adobe Reader under /opt.", "\nNow I have a beautiful Adobe Reader icon on the desktop which does nothing when double clicked. ", "NOTHING (not even an error message).", "\nAlso, if I write \"Adobe\" in the Dash, the same icon shows up, and it still does nothing.", "\nBy right-clicking on a pdf file's icon on the Desktop or in Nautilus, there's no \"open in Adobe Reader\" option either.", "\nIs there a non-broken Adobe Reader available for Ubuntu? ", "Where do I get it?", "\n\nA:\n\nAs of February 2015, the only solution that worked for me is the following:\nsudo add-apt-repository \"deb http://archive.canonical.com/ precise partner\"\nsudo apt-get update\nsudo apt-get install acroread\n\nI found it here: http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2014/10/install-adobe-reader-ubuntu-14-10/\nI tried all other solutions I had found by googling, and none of them worked for an updated install of Ubuntu 14.04.1.", "\n\nTo make it work well with Nautilus, run:\nsudo -e /usr/share/applications/acroread.desktop\n\nthen fix the Exec line to Exec=acroread %u.\n(If the editor is nano, type Ctrl+O, <enter> to save, then Ctrl+X to exit.", "\nFinally, nautilus -q to restart.)", "\n\nImportant: Please test it with a fresh install of Ubuntu 14.04.1, from a newly-created user account, after installing all the updates.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Assessment and treatment of facial deformity resulting from radiation to the orbital area in childhood.", "\nChildren who receive radiation for malignant tumors in the orbital area frequently develop widespread craniofacial deformities. ", "These affect the skull, orbit, maxilla, and mandible. ", "When these patients seek treatment at a later age, they require careful assessment using cephalometrics and three-dimensional imaging. ", "It is recommended that the four levels of skeletal deformity be corrected in a single procedure, that is frontotemporal expansion with repositioning of the skull base area, orbital expansion and repositioning together with maxillary and mandibular surgery. ", "Bone grafts should be inlay rather than onlay and soft tissue should be supplied by free-tissue transfer. ", "This counteracts any residual ischemia related to the previous radiation therapy. ", "The second surgical stage is designed to reconstruct the socket and the eyelids to allow more satisfactory rehabilitation with an ocular prosthesis. ", "In patients who have a globe present, the usual enophthalmos can be corrected by repositioning of the eye as part of the first procedure by reducing the anteroposterior dimensions of the socket. ", "In bilateral cases, the deformity is hourglass in nature and requires correction in the frontal and temporal area with lateral displacement of the orbits. ", "A bimaxillary procedure is also indicated. ", "It is emphasized that to formulate a satisfactory operative plan an in-depth three-dimensional analysis of the deformity is mandatory." ]

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[ "Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro said that a high-profile Venezuela-Russia intergovernmental meeting will be held this April, adding that the sides plan to sign nearly 20 agreements in the spheres of the economy, energy, trade and education.", "\n\n\"A high-level working session on intergovernmental cooperation between Russia and Venezuela will be held in April. ", "We will sign more than 20 documents on cooperation in the field of economy, trade, energy and education\", Maduro said in an interview broadcast by Channel One Russia on Tuesday.", "\n\nMaduro added that Caracas awaits another delivery of humanitarian aid from Moscow.", "\n\nOn 22 February, Caracas received around 7.5 tonnes of humanitarian cargo from Russia, including medicines, medical equipment and consumables, under programs of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pan American Health Organization.", "\n\nREAD MORE: US, Brazil Not Mulling Use of Military Force in Venezuela — Reports\n\nEarlier in March, Venezuela suffered its worst power outage in history, when as many as 20 states were left without electricity. ", "Venezuela's national electricity supplier, Corpoelec, said that the incident was caused by an act of \"sabotage\" at the Guri hydroelectric power plant, which generates electricity for nearly all of the country. ", "Caracas has accused Washington of being behind the alleged attack on the power plant. ", "The United States has, in turn, refuted the accusations.", "\n\nLast week, US President Donald Trump said he would discuss the possibility of a military intervention in Venezuela with Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro during his visit to the United States, adding that all options remain on the table. ", "However, US Acting Secretary of Defense Patrick Shanahan said in a congressional hearing on Tuesday that Washington does not intend to solve the Venezuelan crisis militarily.", "\n\nVenezuela has been suffering from a severe political crisis since January, when the leader of the country's opposition, Juan Guaido, illegally proclaimed himself interim president, contesting the re-election of Maduro last year.", "\n\nREAD MORE: Russian Military Officials Arrive in Venezuela for Defence Talks — Source\n\nThe self-proclaimed interim president immediately received support on the part of the United States, which has also denounced Maduro's re-election, along with several other countries. ", "China, Cuba, Russia and a number of other countries have endorsed the constitutionally elected Maduro as Venezuela's only legitimate president." ]

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[ "import { Effect, EffectOptions } from \"./Effect\";\nimport { Filter } from \"../component/filter/Filter\";\nimport { Follower } from \"../component/analysis/Follower\";\nimport { Decibels, Frequency, GainFactor, Hertz, Positive, Time } from \"../core/type/Units\";\nimport { optionsFromArguments } from \"../core/util/Defaults\";\nimport { Gain } from \"../core/context/Gain\";\nimport { dbToGain, gainToDb } from \"../core/type/Conversions\";\nimport { ScaleExp } from \"../signal/ScaleExp\";\nimport { Signal } from \"../signal/Signal\";\nimport { readOnly } from \"../core/util/Interface\";\n\nexport interface AutoWahOptions extends EffectOptions {\n\tbaseFrequency: Frequency;\n\toctaves: Positive;\n\tsensitivity: Decibels;\n\tQ: Positive;\n\tgain: GainFactor;\n\tfollower: Time;\n}\n\n/**\n * AutoWah connects a [[Follower]] to a [[Filter]]. ", "\n * The frequency of the filter, follows the input amplitude curve. ", "\n * Inspiration from [Tuna.js](https://github.com/Dinahmoe/tuna).", "\n * \n * @example\n * const autoWah = new Tone.", "AutoWah(50, 6, -30).toDestination();\n * // initialize the synth and connect to autowah\n * const synth = new Tone.", "Synth().connect(autoWah);\n * // Q value influences the effect of the wah - default is 2\n * autoWah.Q.value = 6;\n * // more audible on higher notes\n * synth.triggerAttackRelease(\"C4\", \"8n\");\n * @category Effect\n */\nexport class AutoWah extends Effect<AutoWahOptions> {\n\n\treadonly name: string = \"AutoWah\";\n\n\t/**\n\t * The envelope follower. ", "Set the attack/release\n\t * timing to adjust how the envelope is followed.", "\n\t */\n\tprivate _follower: Follower;\n\n\t/**\n\t * scales the follower value to the frequency domain\n\t */\n\tprivate _sweepRange: ScaleExp;\n\n\t/**\n\t * Hold the base frequency value\n\t */\n\tprivate _baseFrequency: Hertz;\n\n\t/**\n\t * Private holder for the octave count\n\t */\n\tprivate _octaves: Positive;\n\n\t/**\n\t * the input gain to adjust the sensitivity\n\t */\n\tprivate _inputBoost: Gain;\n\n\t/**\n\t * Private holder for the filter\n\t */\n\tprivate _bandpass: Filter;\n\n\t/**\n\t * The peaking fitler\n\t */\n\tprivate _peaking: Filter;\n\n\t/**\n\t * The gain of the filter.", "\n\t */\n\treadonly gain: Signal<\"decibels\">;\n\n\t/**\n\t * The quality of the filter.", "\n\t */\n\treadonly Q: Signal<\"positive\">;\n\n\t/**\n\t * @param baseFrequency The frequency the filter is set to at the low point of the wah\n\t * @param octaves The number of octaves above the baseFrequency the filter will sweep to when fully open. ", "\n\t * @param sensitivity The decibel threshold sensitivity for the incoming signal. ", "Normal range of -40 to 0.", "\n\t */\n\tconstructor(baseFrequency?: ", "Frequency, octaves?: ", "Positive, sensitivity?: ", "Decibels);\n\tconstructor(options?: ", "Partial<AutoWahOptions>);\n\tconstructor() {\n\n\t\tsuper(optionsFromArguments(AutoWah.getDefaults(), arguments, [\"baseFrequency\", \"octaves\", \"sensitivity\"]));\n\t\tconst options = optionsFromArguments(AutoWah.getDefaults(), arguments, [\"baseFrequency\", \"octaves\", \"sensitivity\"]);\n\n\t\tthis._follower = new Follower({\n\t\t\tcontext: this.context,\n\t\t\tsmoothing: options.follower,\n\t\t});\n\t\tthis._sweepRange = new ScaleExp({\n\t\t\tcontext: this.context,\n\t\t\tmin: 0,\n\t\t\tmax: 1,\n\t\t\texponent: 0.5,\n\t\t});\n\t\tthis._baseFrequency = this.toFrequency(options.baseFrequency);\n\t\tthis._octaves = options.octaves;\n\t\tthis._inputBoost = new Gain({ context: this.context });\n\t\tthis._bandpass = new Filter({\n\t\t\tcontext: this.context,\n\t\t\trolloff: -48,\n\t\t\tfrequency: 0,\n\t\t\tQ: options.", "Q,\n\t\t});\n\t\tthis._peaking = new Filter({\n\t\t\tcontext: this.context,\n\t\t\ttype: \"peaking\"\n\t\t});\n\t\tthis._peaking.gain.value = options.gain;\n\t\tthis.gain = this._peaking.gain;\n\t\tthis.", "Q = this._bandpass.", "Q;\n\n\t\t// the control signal path\n\t\tthis.effectSend.chain(this._inputBoost, this._follower, this._sweepRange);\n\t\tthis._sweepRange.connect(this._bandpass.frequency);\n\t\tthis._sweepRange.connect(this._peaking.frequency);\n\t\t// the filtered path\n\t\tthis.effectSend.chain(this._bandpass, this._peaking, this.effectReturn);\n\t\t// set the initial value\n\t\tthis._setSweepRange();\n\t\tthis.sensitivity = options.sensitivity;\n\n\t\treadOnly(this, [\"gain\", \"Q\"]);\n\t}\n\n\tstatic getDefaults(): AutoWahOptions {\n\t\treturn Object.assign(Effect.getDefaults(), {\n\t\t\tbaseFrequency: 100,\n\t\t\toctaves: 6,\n\t\t\tsensitivity: 0,\n\t\t\tQ: 2,\n\t\t\tgain: 2,\n\t\t\tfollower: 0.2,\n\t\t});\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * The number of octaves that the filter will sweep above the baseFrequency.", "\n\t */\n\tget octaves() {\n\t\treturn this._octaves;\n\t}\n\tset octaves(octaves) {\n\t\tthis._octaves = octaves;\n\t\tthis._setSweepRange();\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * The follower's smoothing time\n\t */\n\tget follower(): Time {\n\t\treturn this._follower.smoothing;\n\t}\n\tset follower(follower) {\n\t\tthis._follower.smoothing = follower;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * The base frequency from which the sweep will start from.", "\n\t */\n\tget baseFrequency(): Frequency {\n\t\treturn this._baseFrequency;\n\t}\n\tset baseFrequency(baseFreq) {\n\t\tthis._baseFrequency = this.toFrequency(baseFreq);\n\t\tthis._setSweepRange();\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * The sensitivity to control how responsive to the input signal the filter is.", "\n\t */\n\tget sensitivity(): Decibels {\n\t\treturn gainToDb(1 / this._inputBoost.gain.value);\n\t}\n\tset sensitivity(sensitivity) {\n\t\tthis._inputBoost.gain.value = 1 / dbToGain(sensitivity);\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * sets the sweep range of the scaler\n\t */\n\tprivate _setSweepRange() {\n\t\tthis._sweepRange.min = this._baseFrequency;\n\t\tthis._sweepRange.max = Math.min(this._baseFrequency * Math.pow(2, this._octaves), this.context.sampleRate / 2);\n\t}\n\n\tdispose(): this {\n\t\tsuper.dispose();\n\t\tthis._follower.dispose();\n\t\tthis._sweepRange.dispose();\n\t\tthis._bandpass.dispose();\n\t\tthis._peaking.dispose();\n\t\tthis._inputBoost.dispose();\n\t\treturn this;\n\t}\n}\n" ]

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[ "FDA's Approval Of A Cheaper Drug For Hepatitis C Will Likely Expand Treatment\n\nValerie Green is still waiting to be cured.", "\n\nThe Delaware resident was diagnosed with hepatitis C more than two years ago, but she doesn't qualify yet for the Medicaid program's criteria for treatment with a new class of highly effective but pricey drugs.", "\n\nThe recent approval of a less expensive drug that generally cures hepatitis C in just eight weeks may make it easier for more insurers and correctional facilities to expand treatment.", "\n\nThe drug, Mavyret, is the first to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration that can cure all six genetic types of hepatitis C in about two months in patients who haven't previously been treated. ", "Other approved drugs generally require 12 weeks to treat the disease and often aren't effective for all types of hepatitis C.\n\nIn addition, Mavyret's price tag of $26,400 for a course of treatment is significantly below that of other hepatitis C drugs whose sticker price ranges from about $55,000 to $95,000 to beat the disease. ", "Patients and insurers often pay less, however, through negotiated insurance discounts and rebates.", "\n\n\"It certainly stands to reason that the continual march downward on cost would lead to continual opening up of criteria,\" says Matt Salo, executive director of the National Association of Medicaid Directors.", "\n\nHepatitis C is a viral liver infection spread through blood that affects an estimated 3.5 million people in the United States. ", "It can take years to cause problems. ", "Many baby boomers who contracted it decades ago before blood was screened for the virus don't realize they have it until they develop liver disease. ", "In addition, the growing heroin epidemic is adding to the problem as people become infected by sharing contaminated needles.", "\n\n\"Direct-acting antiviral\" therapies like Harvoni, a once-a-day pill introduced in 2014 that generally cured hepatitis C in 12 weeks, are much more effective than earlier treatments that required weekly interferon injections and multiple daily pills for nearly a year. ", "But the newer regimens came at a price: $94,500, in Harvoni's case.", "\n\nState Medicaid programs, which cover a high proportion of people with hepatitis C, balked at the high prices, even with the 23 percent drug discount the programs typically receive. ", "Many threw up roadblocks to limit drug approval until the disease was advanced. ", "Some required people to be drug- and alcohol-free for six months or more before treatment would be approved.", "\n\nThose moves prompted advocates to push for better access, in some cases filing suit to force the programs to cover more people.", "\n\nFaced with a lawsuit in Delaware, the state Medicaid program began loosening up treatment criteria this year, and in January will begin approving enrollees regardless of the severity of their disease.", "\n\nThe state joins more than a dozen others that no longer (or never did) restrict hepatitis C treatment based on disease severity, says Kevin Costello, director of litigation at Harvard Law School's Center for Health Law and Policy Innovation, which has been a key player in litigation in Delaware and other states.", "\n\nIt can't happen soon enough, says Green. ", "She is 58 and believes she contracted the disease 31 years ago when she suffered complications during childbirth and required a blood transfusion. ", "Although her liver isn't damaged, Green says, she has suffered with abdominal and joint pain, weight loss and fatigue for decades – all symptoms her doctors attribute to the hepatitis C virus.", "\n\n\"It's been a difficult fight for us Medicaid patients,\" she says.", "\n\nPeople who are incarcerated face an even tougher battle to get treatment for hepatitis C. A recent study of state prisoners suggested that roughly 17 percent of prisoners are infected with hepatitis C, compared with about 1 percent of the general population.", "\n\nPrisons have a duty not to be deliberately indifferent to the medical needs of incarcerated people. ", "Prisons don't get the price discounts that the Medicaid programs have, and their budgets are fixed.", "\n\n\"Administrators have to make do with what is there,\" says Dr. Anne Spaulding, an epidemiologist and associate professor at Emory University's public health school, who has worked as a medical director in corrections and published research on hepatitis C among prisoners.", "\n\nLawyers in a handful of states are pursuing class action lawsuits to force prisons to provide hepatitis C treatment. ", "Mavyret may make a difference, says David Rudovsky, a civil rights lawyer who's litigating a class action lawsuit against the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections.", "\n\n\"Everyone recognizes that it's going to make it easier to cover people,\" he says.", "\n\nCoverage for drugs that treat hepatitis C is typically less problematic for people who have private insurance (though some obstacles remain). ", "For example, Mavyret is one of seven hepatitis C drugs that are included in the 2018 national preferred formulary by Express Scripts, which manages the pharmacy benefits for 83 million people.", "\n\n\"The benefit to patients and payers is the additional competition, which brings down costs across the class, thus resulting in greater access and affordability,\" says Jennifer Luddy, director of corporate communications at Express Scripts.", "\n\nKaiser Health News is an editorially independent news service that is part of the nonpartisan Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. ", "Follow Michelle Andrews on Twitter: @mandrews110." ]

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[ "Singlet and triplet excited states and intersystem crossing in free-base porphyrin: TDDFT and DFT/MRCI study.", "\nExtensive time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) and DFT/multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) calculations are performed on the singlet and triplet excited states of free-base porphyrin, with emphasis on intersystem crossing processes. ", "The equilibrium geometries, as well as the vertical and adiabatic excitation energies of the lowest singlet and triplet excited states are determined. ", "Single and double proton-transfer reactions in the first excited singlet state are explored. ", "Harmonic vibrational frequencies are calculated at the equilibrium geometries of the ground state and of the lowest singlet and triplet excited states. ", "Furthermore, spin-orbit coupling matrix elements of the lowest singlet and triplet states and their numerical derivatives with respect to nuclear displacements are computed. ", "It is shown that opening of an unprotonated pyrrole ring as well as excited-state single and double proton transfer inside the porphyrin cavity lead to crossings of the potential energy curves of the lowest singlet and triplet excited states. ", "It is also found that displacements along out-of-plane normal modes of the first excited singlet state cause a significant increase of the <T2|Hso|S1>, <T1|Hso|S1>, and <T1|Hso|S0> spin-orbit coupling matrix elements. ", "These phenomena lead to efficient radiationless deactivation of the lowest excited states of free-base porphyrin via intercombination conversion. ", "In particular, the S1-->T1 population transfer is found to proceed at a rate of approximately 10(7) s(-1) in the isolated molecule." ]

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[ "The present invention relates to a method for optimizing if statements in a program, and more specifically relates to a method of if statement optimization including transformation (move, cache in a variable, etc.) ", "of conditional expressions in consideration of an inclusion relation between conditional expressions of if statements in a program.", "\nThe same if statement may be repeatedly generated when, for example, a program is machine-generated. ", "Repeatedly executing the same if statement in such a case causes a corresponding decrease in processing performance (speed) of the program. ", "It is therefore desirable to optimize if statements by some method, to avoid repeated execution of the same if statement in the program.", "\nRegarding the optimization of if statements, US2007/0169039 discloses the following. ", "In a method of converting a first intermediate representation of automatically generated code into a second intermediate representation through an optimization technique, the first intermediate representation is optimized by moving a section of code to a location where the section of code is executed or combining a plurality of loops (such as if statements) into a single loop, thus reducing the number of times a loop is executed (e.g. the number of memory accesses).", "\nJP2012-014526 discloses a program code structure conversion apparatus that, in the case where an if statement block is present in a function call part extracted from original code and a function call is used in the conditional expression of the if statement, moves the conditional expression to a position before the if statement and temporarily assigns it to “local_cond1”, and substitutes the temporarily assigned “local_cond1” in the conditional expression of the if statement, to remove the function call from the conditional expression in the if statement." ]

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[ "A transmission belt is generally produced by: winding, on an outer periphery of a cylindrical mold, at least a first unvulcanized rubber sheet, a core wire and a second unvulcanized rubber sheet in this order, to thereby form a laminate; vulcanizing the laminate to form a vulcanized belt sleeve; and cutting the vulcanized belt sleeve into round slices in a circumferential direction. ", "A glass core wire, a polyester core wire and the like are used widely as the core wire, but those core wires cannot satisfy both of high strength and elasticity. ", "For this reason, use of an aramid core wire is desired. ", "However, even though the aramid core wire is used, elasticity is not sufficient as compared with the polyester core wire, and a single yarn may project on a cut surface (side surface of a transmission belt) of a vulcanized belt sleeve and fray is easy to occur. ", "When the transmission belt has ran in the state that fray occurred, the core wire pops out (is pulled out) and is tangled in a pulley, and the transmission belt is broken. ", "As a result, durability of the transmission belt is remarkably deteriorated. ", "For this reason, fray of a single yarn on a cut surface of the transmission belt must physically removed by polishing or the like, and such a work greatly decreases productivity. ", "Furthermore, in the case of the aramid core, even though a single yarn does not project on a cut surface of the transmission belt before running, when the transmission belt runs, the single yarn becomes to project and fray is easy to occur. ", "To reduce those disadvantages, a method for preventing fray of a single yarn by treating an aramid core wire with a specific treating agent is proposed.", "\nFor example, Patent Document 1 proposes a method comprising winding a cord for a belt such as an aramid fiber cord on an outer periphery of a permeation tube having many discharging holes provided on the outer periphery thereof, and discharging a resorcin-formaldehyde-rubber latex (RFL) liquid through the discharging holes from the inside of the permeation tube in the state of dipping the cord for a belt wound around the permeation tube in the RFL liquid, thereby permeating the RFL liquid in the cord for a belt. ", "However, in this method, bundling property of aramid fibers is not yet sufficient, and fray of a single yarn cannot effectively be prevented.", "\nPatent Document 2 describes a method comprising: imparting a treating agent comprising an epoxy compound and a rubber latex, which are mixed in specific proportions, to a substantially non-twisted aromatic polyamide fiber; heat-treating the fiber under specific conditions; twisting the fiber in a specific twist coefficient; and applying an adhesive to the fiber. ", "Patent Document 3 describes a method comprising: impregnating non-twisted or soft-twisted filaments constituted of organic fibers such as aramid fibers in which molecular chains are oriented in a fiber longitudinal direction, with a pretreatment agent comprising an epoxy resin or an isocyanate resin as a main component, optionally followed by heat treatment, to form a cord raw material; impregnating the cord raw material with an RFL liquid, optionally followed by heat treatment; and arranging and twisting one or more treated cord raw materials. ", "Patent Document 4 describes a method comprising: previously dipping aramid fibers in a treating liquid containing a polyepoxide compound having two or more epoxy groups in a substantially non-twisted state; heat-treating the aramid fibers under specific conditions; twisting the aramid fibers in a specific twist constant to form an aramid fiber cord; impregnating the aramid fiber cord with a treating liquid containing RFL under vacuum and pressurized conditions; heat-treating the aramid fiber cord; and further treating the aramid fiber cord with the treating agent containing RFL. ", "However, in those methods, the aramid fiber cord becomes too hard, resulting in decrease in bending fatigue resistance of a transmission belt.", "\nPatent Document 5 proposes a method comprising: treating a core wire for a transmission belt, comprising twisted yarn cords with a pretreatment liquid containing a nitrile rubber-modified epoxy resin and an alkyl phenol-formaldehyde resin; subsequently treating the core wire with an RFL liquid comprising a nitrile rubber latex or a hydrogenated nitrile rubber latex; and overcoat-treating the core wire with a rubber cement prepared by dissolving a nitrile rubber blend or a hydrogenated nitrile rubber blend in a solvent. ", "Patent Document 6 describes a method comprising: dipping an aramid fiber cord in a first treating liquid containing an aqueous mixed liquid of an initial RF condensate and rubber latex and an aqueous dispersion of a substantially water-insoluble epoxy resin that is a solid at normal temperature and has an epoxy equivalent of 300 or less; drying the aramid fiber cord having the first treating liquid adhered thereto at specific temperature; heat set-treating the aramid cord at specific temperature; dipping the heat set-treated aramid fiber cord in a second treating liquid containing an initial RF condensate and a rubber latex containing a specific proportion of an acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber; drying the aramid fiber cord having the second treating agent adhered thereto at specific temperature; and subjecting the aramid fiber cord to a normalization treatment at specific temperature, in order to improve adhesiveness between a aramid fiber cord and a rubber composition in rubber products such as a pneumatic tire and a hose. ", "However, those methods use a water-insoluble epoxy resin, and the aramid fiber cord cannot be impregnated with the epoxy resin up to the inside thereof. ", "As a result, fibers cannot sufficiently be bundled, and a single yarn of the aramid fiber cord cannot effectively be prevented from fraying.", "\nThus, trial and error are being made to satisfy both of fray resistance and bending fatigue resistance of an aramid core wire over about 20 years from the start to use the aramid core wire, but an aramid core wire satisfying both characteristics is not yet obtained. ", " Patent Document 1: JP-A-2009-74210 Patent Document 2: JP-A-1-207480 Patent Document 3: JP-A-6-57568 Patent Document 4: JP-A-8-100370 Patent Document 5: JP-A-2001-322184 Patent Document 6: JP-A-2006-45703" ]

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[ "Clare Hartley\n\nSince Nov 2010 / 3 reviews\n\nAbout\n\nClare Hartley is a ceramic designer based in Manchester. ", "She has been designing and making individual ceramic pieces for private collections and gallery presentation since completing her degree at Manchester Metropolitan University in 3-dimensional design in 2004. ", "She set up her studio in the city from where she now runs her business Clare Hartley Ceramics.", "\n\nHer work is inspired by the soft, fluid folds and gently overlapping seams of simple sewn items and hand made lace and heavily textured linens.", "\n\nBy exploring the balance between order and fluidity, she creates unique objects with intriguing surface patterns.", "\n\nClare’s work is nostalgic without being sentimental or fussy and takes a fresh, straight forward, contemporary look at traditional surface decoration.", "\n\nShoes and other items can be imprinted with a name, birthday, anniversary or other personal message.", "\n\nProducts are all designed and hand built by Clare personally, therefore every item is unique, completely original." ]

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[ "Emil and I decided to spend a few days in Palm Springs before we head to Paris for Fashion Week. ", "A few days of calm before the storm:)\n\nThough normally, we spend most of our time by the pool, working on our tans and indulging in an occasional swim, this time around we decided to do things differently, and actually explore Palm Springs a bit. ", "And I have to say that I'm very glad we did because we ended up finding the cutest little place right in the heart of Palm Springs!", "\n\nKorakia Pensione is a beautiful villa converted into an upscale resort. ", "Honestly, as far as places to stay in Palm Springs go, this one has to be my new favorite! ", "A perfect romantic retreat, I fell in love with the relaxed vibe of the place! ", "And though we're back in LA already, I cannot help but start planning our next visit!:)" ]

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[ "Auto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type.", "\n\nShowing results for\n\nSearch instead for\n\nDo you mean\n\nFinancial Products\n\nFinancial Products\n\nQuestions about financial product options? ", "Find discussions around a wide variety of financial service products here. ", "Looking for your first debit card or a seasoned saver looking for tips to build your bank account, this is a great place to share and learn.", "\n\nEmerald card reload network\n\nIs there a way to check status on the reload network? ", "I went to do a load today at walmart around 4pm and the transaction was cancelled - small receipt said debit not approved. ", "i am not over any limits 24 hour/30 day. ", "i had no problem yesterday at the same location. ", "should i just wait a day or two?" ]

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[ "Tapas are small savoury snacks that accompany drinks. ", "Tapa is the word for a ‘saucer.’ ", "Saucers were reportedly used to cover drink glasses to keep out flies. ", "Gradually, so the story goes, the saucer began to carry little morsels of food and so the beginnings of the wide variety of tapas grew." ]

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[ "The Lake District would probably not be somewhere you would associate with cutting edge cuisine but since 2003 it’s been home to L’Enclume, one the UK’s most innovative places to eat. ", "They also provide rooms for guests to stay in and do a special couple’s deal that includes accommodation, a bottle of champagne on arrival, an eight course dinner and a full English breakfast for £319 in total.", "\n\nI’d read a lot about chef and co-owner Simon Rogan over the past few years and for my birthday we decided to avail of the promotional offer by taking a trip over to see if his restaurant lived up to its reputation. ", "Here they take the local and seasonal mantra that many profess but don’t practice to its extreme by running their own organic farm meaning a lot of the ingredients on your plate will probably have been picked on the day.", "\n\nWe arrived for check in early in the afternoon but I won’t go into to much detail about the hotel as it’s not what this review is about; it’ll suffice that the room was fabulous and the complementary champagne was excellent as well. ", "We had booked our table for eight o’clock and when we arrived a little early we were brought to a seating area where we could browse the wine menu whilst our table was being prepared. ", "We also took the chance to upgrade to the twelve course tasting menu costing an extra £15 each. ", "The building is an old converted blacksmith’s but the dining room is strikingly modern, lots of cool slate and minimalist design touches sympathetically wrought so as not to make the space feel sterile.", "\n\nShortly after being shown to our seats we were brought the amuse bouche which was a deep fried parcel of local black pudding and roasted leeks. ", "I’m a big fan of blood sausages in general so I really liked this and it was also was nice to see a Michelin star restaurant using such an unglamorous ingredient to set the the tone for the meal.", "\n\nThe first course proper was the intriguingly named carrot sacks with ham and juniper: these arrived in small metal containers that looked, unsurprisingly, like soil bags and held a carrot puree covering a ham flecked jellied stock. ", "The carrot and the juniper went particularly well together and the saltiness of the ham offset the sweetness of the carrots very nicely.", "\n\nNext up was one of the best and most technically accomplished and ‘modern’ dishes of the night. ", "It featured what the menu called a ‘cod yolk’ which turned out to be a saffron dyed cod mousse that had been gelled and then surrounded by cream of egg and garlic so it actually looked like an egg. ", "Beside it were crispy grains of rice dusted with salt and powdered vinegar and the way it was all plated in a deep bowl meant you couldn’t eat without breaking everything up and mixing it together to give a lovely contrast of different tastes and textures. ", "The combination of cod and salt and vinegar was also a clever and playful nod to fish and chips, still one of the most enduring and popular foods in the UK.", "\n\nFollowing on from that piece of trickery was something far more prosaic but none the worse for it: fresh curds and oxtails with grilled lettuce and English mushrooms. ", "Aside from the curds which I felt didn’t actually taste of anything this was very good; in particular, the accompanying mushroom consommé was outstanding and really accentuated the flavours of the other components and again it was nice to see a humble cut like oxtail being used in a restaurant of this calibre.", "\n\nNo sooner had our bowls been cleared by the waiter then the next course of potted char, radish, fresh cream, dill and rye toast was presented to us. ", "I was very impressed with how the suberbly restrained combination of five unembellished ingredients all worked so well together, the skill in executing such refined simplicity should not be underestimated.", "\n\nOnce more there was little pause before the next plate of food came out, this time a vegetarian dish of jerusalem artichokes, crosnes, fresh goats cheese and tarragon oil. ", "If like I did you’ve no idea what a crosne is I’ve since found out it’s another name for the Chinese artichoke. ", "All the ingredients gave an incredibly earthy flavour (there was even an edible powder that looked like soil) and the tarragon oil provided an intense herby note which was actually a little overwhelming; I would imagine this austere combination could easily feature at somewhere like Noma but for me it was a bit much.", "\n\nWhen the roasted cauliflower, baby squid and elderberry vinegar arrived about two minutes after we’d finished eating again I was starting to get worried because the food was just coming out far too quickly; there was no chance to savour what you’d just eaten and I was starting to feel a bit full. ", "I looked at my watch and saw that we were already half way through the menu yet we’d only been sitting down for about thirty five minutes. ", "Thankfully, it was the last time we felt rushed and everything slowed down to a more sensible pace for the rest of the night. ", "I really enjoyed the squid but expected a bit more impact from the cauliflower seen as though it had been roasted; the elderberry vinegar was a lovely and unusual way of providing the acidity seafood has such an affinity for.", "\n\nWhat came next was a mixture of simplicity and science resulting in probably the poshest egg and chips I’ll ever eat! ", "It featured an smoked yolk cooked in a water bath for three hours at 65°C and seaweed, crisp chicken skin and some chipped pink fir potatoes deep fried in chicken fat. ", "When an egg yolk is cooked at low temperatures like this something strange happens to the texture and it becomes spreadable like butter and that’s exactly how I used it on my chips; there was also supposed to be horseradish included but I couldn’t taste it at all which is quite strange given how strong a flavour it is. ", "No matter though because everything still worked perfectly well together even in its absence.", "\n\nIt was then back to a more elemental style for our halibut, cockles, scorzonera (a type of salsify) and broccoli shoots: another judiciously restrained combination of ingredients that allowed an absolutely beautiful piece of fish to really shine.", "\n\nWe were coming to the end of the savoury part of the menu and the main course of venison, chestnuts, pickled kohlrabi and mulled cider was one of the best of the whole meal. ", "Obviously, it was a top quality piece of meat (and cooked sous vide, it couldn’t be anything but perfectly done) but the real highlight was the cider sauce, a lovely combination of sweet and tangy but also very light it tied everything together exquisitely.", "\n\nIt was now time to move onto the puddings and first up was cream crowdie with Douglas Fir (yes, the tree, there was even a twig as a garnish) and rhubarb; decidedly nontraditional, the crowdie had been made into a crunchy powder while the rhubarb had been incorporated into crushed ice. ", "It was actually quite disappointing overall, I couldn’t discern any flavour from the fir and the other two parts didn’t taste of very much either; the most interesting aspect was the texture which is not really much of a compliment.", "\n\nThis was followed by something much better though: a creamy sea buckthorn puree paired with malt that had been rolled in liquorice and blackberry powder to make it look like a Basset’s liquorice allsort all sitting in small pools of Cumbrian dark beer. ", "I’d never had sea buckthorn before but it was excellent, the massive hit of intense citrus was a tremendous counter to the sweet, earthy anise and malt.", "\n\nThe final dessert featured the most unusual combination of ingredients of the night: apple sorbet, thyme custard and beetroot. ", "When I read it on the menu I’d a feeling this would go one of two ways, either it would be a great success or a complete disaster and the good news for us was that it was the former. ", "The star of the dish was the custard which acted as the bridge between the thin slices of beetroot and the sorbet, not too sweet or overpowering and wonderfully unctuous it was a perfect foil for the other two gutsy flavours.", "\n\nAlthough technically at the end of the meal there was still time for one last surprise when the waiter brought over two glasses of what transpired to be parsnip milkshake and grated nutmeg; it was really good, so much so that I asked the waitress how it was made but unfortunately she didn’t know. ", "The natural sweetness of the parsnips came to the fore first followed by an unexpectedly rich creaminess and I thought it was a great way to end things because of how surprisingly refreshing it was.", "\n\nBecause my wife is pregnant and can’t drink I ordered wine by glass instead of getting a bottle, I think for a fourteen course tasting menu it doesn’t make sense to do otherwise especially for only two people because there’s no way you’re going to be able to match such a diverse range of food to just one or two types of wine. ", "Unfortunately I don’t have any of their names but the first was a German Rielsing that paired excellently with the cod ‘yolk’ especially. ", "I then had an outstanding South African sauvignon blanc (I wish I remembered what it was called so I could see if it was available in Ireland) which worked best with the squid, I thought. ", "I moved onto red for the venison, a luscious Pinot Noir from Burgundy and finally a dessert wine from Australia that improbably as it seems managed to handle both the sea buckthorn and the beetroot equally well.", "\n\nService would probably be the main thing I’d have to mark down here, despite their reputation I’ve often found the staff at most Michelin star restaurants to be amiable and willing to have a bit of a joke and a chat but in L’Enclume it wasn’t the case at all, everything was very efficient (and as I’ve pointed out earlier, a bit too efficient at times) but almost bordering on brusque. ", "In saying so, once the maitre d’ started looking after our table things improved as she was really nice and much more friendly. ", "You may also have noticed when I was describing the wines I had that there was a big gap as I moved from white to red and it was because even though my glass was empty for three courses no one bothered to ask me if I wanted any more and the sommelier never came over to give another recommendation; at this level of dining and price there shouldn’t be these sort of lapses.", "\n\nHowever, it would be wrong to end the review on a bad note because L’Enclume is a magnificent restaurant serving brilliant food and it actually surprised me somewhat given the oldreviews I had read; I certainly expected more Ferran Adria like deconstructions and Blumenthal style showmanship but aside from one or two flourishes this sort of trickery was very much the exception for our meal. ", "Instead, a lot of dishes were beautifully pared back featuring just a handful of ingredients of impeccable provenance which were really allowed to speak for themselves. ", "Of course, it’s all quite current too given what Rene Redzepi has been doing for the past few years but it’s still quite unusual and refreshing to see a lot of the typical fine dining tropes such as foams, heavy sauces, large amounts of dairy and foie gras being completely absent. ", "From what Rogan has been saying in recent interviews he’s really keen to develop his minimalist approach and I would thoroughly recommend the journey over to try it for yourself.", "\n\nWhen the roasted cauliflower, baby squid and elderberry vinegar arrived about two minutes after we’d finished eating again I was starting to get worried because the food was just coming out far too quickly; there was no chance to savour what you’d just eaten and I was starting to feel a bit full. ", "I looked at my watch and saw that we were already half way through the menu yet we’d only been sitting down for about thirty five minutes. ", "Thankfully, it was the last time we felt rushed and everything slowed down to a more sensible pace for the rest of the night. ", "I really enjoyed the squid but expected a bit more impact from the cauliflower seen as though it had been roasted; the elderberry vinegar was a lovely and unusual way of providing the acidity seafood has such an affinity for." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a polarization control liquid crystal optical switch for use in optical communication and its drive method, and more particularly to a polarization control liquid crystal optical switch for use in a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) communication method and an optical network using optical fibers.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nA polarization control optical modulator using a nematic liquid crystal has been practically used in a liquid crystal display. ", "An example of a polarizing rotator used in a polarization control optical modulator is a 90° twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal. ", "Although a TN liquid crystal cell is basically suitable for a high contrast ratio and a large cross-talk attenuation, its cell thickness is proportional to the square of the response speed, meaning that a higher response requires a thinner liquid crystal cell. ", "Because the Mauguin condition does not satisfy the condition that λ/2 must be sufficiently small with respect to Δn·d (where, λ is a wavelength, Δn is a refractive index anisotropy of liquid crystal, and d is the thickness of a liquid crystal cell), the wave-guide effect diminishes. ", "As a result, the contras ratio deteriorates. ", "To solve this problem, today's high response TN display, a typical application of the TN liquid crystal, usually creates cells by setting up cell parameters that satisfy the first (hereinafter called 1st) minimum condition which is a term used for the normally black mode of a liquid crystal display and in which the Muaguin parameter u of the expressiond=(λ/2)·(u/Δn)is set to the square root of 3.", "\nAn example of applying the TN liquid crystal, which uses the 1st minimum condition, to a 2×2 switch for use in optical fiber communication is described, for example, in “A1.3 μm Single-Mode 2×2 Liquid Crystal Optical Switch”, Y. Hakamata, T. Yoshizawa and T. Kodaira, IEICE Trans. ", "Commun., ", "Vol. ", "E77-B, No. ", "10, October 1994.", "\nThis book describes a 2×2 switch that has an input/output unit for converting light from a single mode optical fiber to parallel rays with a collimator and has a TN liquid crystal held between two prisms, each formed by integrating a polarizing splitter and a total reflection mirror, and designed to satisfy the 1st minimum condition in the wavelength of 1.3 μm band.", "\nHowever, as shown in the book described above, the wavelength used for optical fiber communication is in the near-infrared region. ", "Unlike a wavelength used in the visible region used for a display (for example, 550 nm for green), a wavelength in the 1300 nm band or the 1550 nm band is usually used for optical fiber communication.", "\nTherefore, a long wavelength used in the cell results in the cell thickness d being increased. ", "This produces a problem that a conventional TN liquid crystal cell, if used for a polarization control optical switch for optical fiber communication, slows the response time. ", "For example, the specifications for a synchronous optical network (SONET) and a synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) define that the time to recover from a network failure be within 50 milliseconds.", "\nConsidering the future evolution of optical network systems, compatibility with conventional networks is important and so the optical switch response time must be at least 50 milliseconds or shorter. ", "For those polarization control optical modulators conforming to the specifications, the conventional TN liquid crystal cannot be used for a liquid crystal switch without change. ", "The details will be described below.", "\nFirst, consider that the polarizing rotator of an optical switch is implemented using the TN liquid crystal technology. ", "For the center wavelength of 1550 nm usually used for optical fiber communication, the liquid crystal cell thickness d satisfying the 1st minimum condition is about 15 μm when the liquid crystal ZLI-4792 (trademark of MERCK JAPAN Ltd.) and when Δn (refractive index anisotropy of liquid crystal) is 0.09. ", "At this time, the turn-on response time τr is in inverse proportion to the square of the magnitude of the electric field applied to the liquid crystal cell. ", "Therefore, the response time of 50 milliseconds or shorter may be attained by increasing the voltage even if the cell is thick. ", "However, the turn-off response time τd is 150 milliseconds or longer at a temperature near the room temperature because the response time is in direct proportion to the square of the liquid crystal cell thickness. ", "Thus, a liquid crystal cell having the conventional configuration cannot be practically used directly as an optical switch used for optical communication.", "\nConsider that a polarizing rotator is implemented by an optical switch in which a liquid crystal cell is used as the 0th-degree half-wave plate. ", "In this case, because an anti-parallel orientation or parallel orientation liquid crystal cell is used as the half-wave plate, the cell thickness is as follows:d=λ/(2·Δn)Here, if Δn of the ZLI-4792 is 0.09 and the center wavelength λ is 1550 nm, the cell thickness d is about 8.6 μm. ", "In this case, when the response time is compared with that obtained when a TN liquid crystal cell is used, the turn-off response time τd is about 60 milliseconds, that is, about three times as higher. ", "However, the problem is that the wavelength bandwidth in which the cross-talk attenuation increases becomes narrowed." ]

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[ "#include \"defs.h\"\n#include \"data.h\"\n#include \"decl.h\"\n\n// Parsing of declarations\n// Copyright (c) 2019 Warren Toomey, GPL3\n\n\n// Parse the current token and return\n// a primitive type enum value. ", "Also\n// scan in the next token\nint parse_type(void) {\n int type;\n switch (Token.token) {\n case T_VOID:\n type = P_VOID;\n break;\n case T_CHAR:\n type = P_CHAR;\n break;\n case T_INT:\n type = P_INT;\n break;\n case T_LONG:\n type = P_LONG;\n break;\n default:\n fatald(\"Illegal type, token\", Token.token);\n }\n\n // Scan in one or more further '*' tokens \n // and determine the correct pointer type\n while (1) {\n scan(&Token);\n if (Token.token !", "= T_STAR)\n break;\n type = pointer_to(type);\n }\n\n // We leave with the next token already scanned\n return (type);\n}\n\n// variable_declaration: type identifier ';'\n// | type identifier '[' INTLIT ']' ';'\n// ;\n//\n// Parse the declaration of a scalar variable or an array\n// with a given size.", "\n// The identifier has been scanned & we have the type\nvoid var_declaration(int type) {\n int id;\n\n // Text now has the identifier's name.", "\n // If the next token is a '['\n if (Token.token == T_LBRACKET) {\n // Skip past the '['\n scan(&Token);\n\n // Check we have an array size\n if (Token.token == T_INTLIT) {\n // Add this as a known array and generate its space in assembly.", "\n // We treat the array as a pointer to its elements' type\n id = addglob(Text, pointer_to(type), S_ARRAY, 0, Token.intvalue);\n genglobsym(id);\n }\n\n // Ensure we have a following ']'\n scan(&Token);\n match(T_RBRACKET, \"]\");\n } else {\n // Add this as a known scalar\n // and generate its space in assembly\n id = addglob(Text, type, S_VARIABLE, 0, 1);\n genglobsym(id);\n }\n\n // Get the trailing semicolon\n semi();\n}\n\n//\n// function_declaration: type identifier '(' ')' compound_statement ;\n//\n// Parse the declaration of a simplistic function.", "\n// The identifier has been scanned & we have the type\nstruct ASTnode *function_declaration(int type) {\n struct ASTnode *tree, *finalstmt;\n int nameslot, endlabel;\n\n // Text now has the identifier's name.", "\n // Get a label-id for the end label, add the function\n // to the symbol table, and set the Functionid global\n // to the function's symbol-id\n endlabel = genlabel();\n nameslot = addglob(Text, type, S_FUNCTION, endlabel, 0);\n Functionid = nameslot;\n\n // Scan in the parentheses\n lparen();\n rparen();\n\n // Get the AST tree for the compound statement\n tree = compound_statement();\n\n // If the function type isn't P_VOID ..\n if (type !", "= P_VOID) {\n\n // Error if no statements in the function\n if (tree == NULL)\n fatal(\"No statements in function with non-void type\");\n\n // Check that the last AST operation in the\n // compound statement was a return statement\n finalstmt = (tree->op == A_GLUE) ? ", "tree->right : tree;\n if (finalstmt == NULL || finalstmt->op !", "= A_RETURN)\n fatal(\"No return for function with non-void type\");\n }\n // Return an A_FUNCTION node which has the function's nameslot\n // and the compound statement sub-tree\n return (mkastunary(A_FUNCTION, type, tree, nameslot));\n}\n\n\n// Parse one or more global declarations, either\n// variables or functions\nvoid global_declarations(void) {\n struct ASTnode *tree;\n int type;\n\n while (1) {\n\n // We have to read past the type and identifier\n // to see either a '(' for a function declaration\n // or a ',' or ';' for a variable declaration.", "\n // Text is filled in by the ident() call.", "\n type = parse_type();\n ident();\n if (Token.token == T_LPAREN) {\n\n // Parse the function declaration and\n // generate the assembly code for it\n tree = function_declaration(type);\n if (O_dumpAST) { dumpAST(tree, NOLABEL, 0); fprintf(stdout, \"\\n\\n\"); }\n genAST(tree, NOLABEL, 0);\n } else {\n\n // Parse the global variable declaration\n var_declaration(type);\n }\n\n // Stop when we have reached EOF\n if (Token.token == T_EOF)\n break;\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Photo Title\n\nPreview\n\nProduction Title\n\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\n\nProduction Date\n\n1926\n\nPhotograph Caption\n\nPuck--\"that merry wanderer of the night\" (II.i.43) and Bottom. ", "As the players rehearse their parts, Puck changes Bottom into an ass in the middle of a scene, causing consternation among his companions." ]

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[ "Risks of acute coronary syndrome in patients with osteoarthritis: a nationwide population-based cohort study.", "\nRecent studies have reported that osteoarthritis (OA) is related to inflammation and atherosclerosis. ", "Studies on the relationship between OA and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are scant. ", "We evaluated the risk of ACS in OA patients of an Asian population. ", "This longitudinal, population-based cohort study investigated the incidence and risk of ACS in 46,042 patients with newly diagnosed OA and 46,042 controls selected randomly from the general population and frequency matched according to age, sex, and entry year (2002-2003). ", "The follow-up period ranged from the entry date until the date of an ACS event, loss to follow-up, or the end of 2010. ", "We employed Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the effects of OA on the risk of ACS. ", "The OA patients showed a 15 % higher risk of ACS than did the controls after adjustment for covariates (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.15, 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 1.08-1.23). ", "The risk of ACS in the OA patients was the greatest in young adults (aHR = 2.0, 95 % CI = 1.44-2.78), followed by middle-aged (aHR = 1.15, 95 % CI = 1.01-1.31) and older adults (aHR = 1.11, 95 % CI = 1.03-1.20). ", "The risk of ACS was 1.96-fold in young adults with mild to moderate OA and 3.51-fold in young adults with severe OA compared with their counterparts without OA. ", "OA carries an increased risk of ACS, particularly in young adults with severe OA. ", "Clinicians should employ proactive strategies for preventing ACS occurrence in these patients." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Product Description\n\nApplication:\n\nHigh Temperature Laboratory Yarn Dyeing Machine is a state of the art dyeing instrument. ", "This unit produces more accurate lab sample dyeing with level and re-producible results with a low liquor ratio for diverse fibers. ", "New generation of versatile lab dyeing machine adopts new structure of patented technology, heat method and temperature control method with our own proprietary intellectual property rights. ", "With accurate temperature controlling and stable repeatability, it is precisely used for dyeing trial and sample duplication on the site. ", "With the new design concept of environmental protection and economy, it can achieve the dyeing trial with high saving and zero discharge, easy and simple operation. ", "It is applicable for various materials, such loose fibers, yarn and pieces of fabric (knitted fabric and woven fabric):" ]

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[ "Female pelvi-abdominal multilocular recurrent fluid collection of uncertain aetiology.", "\nRecurrent pelvi-abdominal multilocular fluid collections in female patients may be of various aetiology: infections, haemorrhage, benign or malignant tumours. ", "Diagnosis of such fluid collections is complex, imaging examinations (ultrasonography, computed tomography, MRI) and biochemical, cytological and histological examinations must be included. ", "Some cases, however, are difficult to diagnose, and their treatment is uncertain. ", "We present the case of a 22-year-old unmarried female patient with minor symptoms, not correlated with a pelvi-peritoneal fluid collection extending into the infra-mesocolic space, revealed by ultrasonography and MRI. ", "The aetiology was uncertain after biological examinations and cytology. ", "The disease course was recurrent during 14 months, under anti-inflammatory treatment and surgical intervention with removal of the fluid (2.5 l), resection of the right ovary (histological examination revealed small ovarian mucinous cysts) and excision of a fibroma of the right utero-sacral ligament. ", "Follow-up sonography was the chosen method for repeated diagnostic and therapeutic echo-guided punctures. ", "Finally, after immuno-stimulating treatment, we observed almost complete remission of the peritoneal fluid collection. ", "This paper reveals significant discordances between the clinical appearance and the presence of a large peritoneal fluid collection, between locally recurrent appearance and cytological and histopathological \"benign\" results, between positive intradermal reaction to tuberculin and negative culture of B. Koch from aspirate. ", "There were concordances between immune electrophoresis and some cytological elements and between three dimensional and panoramic SieScape ultrasonography and MRI. ", "We must, however, note the superiority of MRI in the designation of anatomical findings and analysis of the histological structure. ", "The importance of this case is derived from the atypical clinical appearance and course, with uncertain aetiology after complex imaging, biological and surgical explorations." ]

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[ "<?", "php\n\nrequire_once 'creole/IdGenerator.php';\n\n/**\n * MySQL IdGenerator implimenation.", "\n *\n * @author Hans Lellelid <hans@xmpl.org>\n * @version $Revision: 1.6 $\n * @package creole.drivers.mysql\n */\nclass MySQLIdGenerator implements IdGenerator {\n \n /** Connection object that instantiated this class */\n private $conn;\n\n /**\n * Creates a new IdGenerator class, saves passed connection for use\n * later by getId() method.", "\n * @param Connection $conn\n */\n public function __construct(Connection $conn)\n {\n $this->conn = $conn;\n }\n \n /**\n * @see IdGenerator::isBeforeInsert()\n */\n public function isBeforeInsert()\n {\n return false;\n } \n \n /**\n * @see IdGenerator::isAfterInsert()\n */\n public function isAfterInsert()\n {\n return true;\n }\n \n /**\n * @see IdGenerator::getIdMethod()\n */\n public function getIdMethod()\n {\n return self::AUTOINCREMENT;\n }\n \n /**\n * Returns last-generated auto-increment ID.", "\n * \n * Note that for very large values (2,147,483,648 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807) a string\n * will be returned, because these numbers are larger than supported by PHP's native\n * numeric datatypes.", "\n * \n * @see IdGenerator::getId()\n */\n public function getId($unused = null)\n {\n $insert_id = mysql_insert_id($this->conn->getResource());\n if ( $insert_id < 0 ) {\n $insert_id = null;\n $result = mysql_query('SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID()', $this->conn->getResource());\n if ( $result ) {\n $row = mysql_fetch_row($result);\n $insert_id = $row ? ", "$row[0] : null;\n }\n }\n return $insert_id;\n }\n \n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Blood test could predict risk of heart attack and subsequent death.", "\nA high-sensitivity blood test, known as a troponin test, could predict the risk of heart attack and death and patients' response to statins, say researchers from the Universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nEmberJS nested component events\n\nI am using EmberJS CLI and I am trying to wrap my head around components. ", "However I don't quite understand what the best way is to communicate between them. ", "I am trying to make a simple graphics editor with a side menu and a canvas. ", "I have a \"graphics-editor\" component which contains the \"side-menu\" and \"editor-canvas\" components as children. ", "If I choose an option such as \"insert text\" on the \"side-menu\" component, how do I tell the \"editor-canvas\" to add some text? ", "\nI have heard of actions up, data down. ", "So should I pass the side menu model to the canvas to observe (I may also have a menu bar which can tell the canvas to do stuff later on too, so I would also have to observe that somehow)? ", "So whenever an action on the side menu occurs, its model is updated and the canvas can observe this and act on changes to it? ", "\nOr is there a clean way to bubble the side menu action up to the parent editor component and then catch it and call an action on the canvas component?", "\nOr should I be using views and controllers (even though EmberJS seem to be steering people away from them) instead of components. ", "Then the controller of graphics-editor can catch an action and pass it onto editor-canvas using controllerFor?", "\nOr should I be using Ember.", "Evented?", "\nIn my main application template I have:\n{{graphics-editor model=model}}\n\nMy graphics editor (graphics-editor.hbs) component looks like:\n<div class=\"ui-layout-north nopadding\">\n {{file-menu menuItems=model.fileMenu.menuItems}}\n</div>\n<div class=\"ui-layout-west\">\n {{side-menu addLabel='addLabel'}}\n</div>\n<div class=\"ui-layout-center nopadding emptyBackground\">\n {{editor-canvas canvasModel=model.canvas}}\n</div>\n<div class=\"ui-layout-south nopadding\">\n {{editor-footer}}\n</div>\n\nA:\n\nKeep the components. ", "In this case of sibling components messaging each other quite a lot (side menu and canvas), I think it warrants using Ember.", "Evented.", "\nYou could have a event bus service (Ember.", "Service.extend(Ember.", "Evented)) injected in your components for a pub/sub mechanism. ", "For instance in your side menu component:\neventBus: Ember.inject.service(),\n\nactions: {\n insertText: function(text) {\n this.get('eventBus').trigger('insertText', text);\n }\n ...\n}\n\nto which the canvas component would be subscribed.", "\nI recently wrote about this subject: http://emberigniter.com/parent-to-children-component-communication/\n\n" ]

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[ "Born Elizabeth Lowell Boland, Lowell is Calgary, Alberta, Canada-born singer/songwriter and up-and-coming pop artist, who spent time living in Carcross, Yukon Territories, near a mountain that once offered passage to gold hunters — and was also once a preying haven for wolves; the up-and-coming pop artist has also spent time living in Massachusetts, Ottawa, Georgia and Calgary, before splitting her time between Toronto and London, UK.", "\n\nEarly within her career, she won the attention of Martin Terefe, who has worked with KT Tunstall, James Blunt and Jason Mraz; Sacha Skarbek, who has worked with Lana Del Rey, Adele and Miley Cyrus; James Bryan, who has worked with Nelly Furtado and The Philosopher Kings; and Paul Herman, who has worked with Dido. ", "The quartet of songwriters and producers invited them to London’s Kensaltown Studios to write with them; however, what they all worked on wasn’t in sync with Lowell’s vision, so they scrapped what they had and started over again with the end result being her I Killed Sara V.EP and her full-length debut, We Loved Her Dearly, which was released on renowned indie label Arts & Crafts Records. ", "Both efforts received attention for songs, which openly focused on topics like sexual abuse, rape, abortion, women’s rights, the lack of LGBTQ rights, as well as our cultural ignorance about (and simultaneous) obsession with homosexuality.", "\n\nUltimately, Lowell’s first efforts were fueled by the need to empower her and her listeners to challenge gender conventions and inspire freedom from social limitations, rules and misogynists’ abuse of power, and to celebrate and uphold individuality — and while those are understandably heavy and urgent subjects, the up-and-coming pop artist pairs that with accessible, downright radio friendly melodies and upbeat vibes. ", "Much like Fela Kuti and others, she’s used music as a weapon — suggesting as they did, you can challenge social norms and speak truth to power while dancing. ", "Interestingly, Lowell remained friends with Terefe et. ", "al. ", "and it lead to her working with Terefe as a member of his band Apparatjik, and to her mini album If You Can Solve This Jumble. ", "Following that, it lead to four days of writing and recording with A-ha’s Magne Furuholmen, Coldplay‘s Guy Berryman, Mew‘s Jonas Bjerre and Terefe, who she joined onstage at 2012’s Roskilde Festival.", "\n\nLowell’s sophomore effort Lone Wolf was recently released on Friday, and the album’s material focus on the power an influence of youth — particular as a teenager, but from a more mature viewpoint; from someone, looking back on their own youth as an adult, who isn’t too far removed from it. ", "And as a result, the album thematically focuses on self-discovery while retaining the upbeat, anthemic and dance floor friendly production that has won her attention. ", "In fact, the album’s first single “War Face” is an infectious and soulful track centered around an arrangement featuring bluesy guitar, handclaps, a propulsive battle rhythm and an infectious shout worthy hook that brings to mind The Black Keys and Alice Merton, among others.", "\n\nLike this:\n\nNow, if you’ve been frequenting this site over the past year or so, you would have seen that I’ve written quite a bit about Montreal, Quebec, Canada-based shogeaze duo No Joy, and as you may recall, the duo, which is comprised of primary songwriter Jasamine White-Gluz and Laura Lloyd can trace their origins to when White-Gluz, who was then living in Los Angeles began collaborating with the Montreal-based Lloyd via email — and their collaboration eventually lead to White-Gluz returning to Montreal, so that they could play their first show, with Husker Du’s Grant Hart. ", "As the story goes, after that show, White and Gluz continued collaborating, playing a number of shows locally, including with Best Coast, whose frontwoman Bethany Cosentino became an early champion of the act.", "\n\nBuilding upon the growing buzz surround the Montreal-based duo, White-Gluz and Lloyd signed to renowned indie label Mexican Summer, who released their debut 7 inch single “No Summer”/”No Joy,” an effort that allowed them to book their own national headlining tour with Katy Goodman’s, La Sera. ", "The 7 inch quickly sold out, and by November 2010, the duo released their full-length debut Ghost Blonde to critical praise from the likes of Pitchfork, AllMusic.com, The New York Times, Brooklyn Vegan, The Guardian and others. ", "No Joy followed that with the British release of the “Hawaii” 7 in, a release that featured a remix of “Indigo Child,” by Stereolab‘s Tim Gane, which they supported with a UK tour with Surfer Blood, an opening spot in London for Wire, and an appearance at Barcelona’s Primavera Sound Festival.", "\n\nThe members of No Joy spent the better part of 2011 touring across North America — and it included a busy SXSW schedule, a tour with Vivian Girls, and a co-headling tour with Marnie Stern with whom they released a split single, which featured No Joy’s cover of the Shangri-La’s “He Cried.” ", "Since then, the band has released 2012’s Negaverse EP and Wait to Pleasure, 2013’s Pastel and Pass Out EP, 2015’s More Faithful, 2016’s Drool Sucker, the first of a planned series of EPs and last year’s Creep, which was released through the band’s new label Grey Market Records.", "\n\nInterestingly, this year finds No Joy’s White-Gluz collaborating with Spacemen 3‘s and E.A.R.’s Sonic Boom (a.k.a. ", "Peter Kember), and although the collaborators can’t accurately remember how they met or when they met, what they do clearly remember is that the idea of collaborating together was brought up in an email exchange back in 2015. ", "At the time, No Joy had finishing touring to support their third album More Faithful, an album that the duo has considered one of their most difficult and demanding efforts they’ve worked on together, and White-Gluz was eager to try new ideas and do something different. “", "No Joy functioned as a four-piece ‘rock band’ for so long,” White-Gluz explains in press notes. “", "I wanted to pursue something solo where I collaborated with someone else who could help me approach my songs from a completely different angle. ", "Pete is a legend and someone I’ve admired for a long time. ", "Being able to work with him on this was incredible.”", "\n\nInitially, the collaboration began as a bit of exploration between two friends, who admired each other’s work with each one passing songs back and and forth with White-Gluz writing and producing songs in her hometown of Montreal and Kember writing, arranging, and producing in Portugal. ", "The end result was their collaborative EP together — four tracks that reportedly walk the tightrope between electronica, trip hop and experimental noise. ", "As White-Gluz says in press notes, “I wrote some songs that were intended for a full band and handed them off to Pete, who helped transform them. ", "I barely knew how to use MIDI so I was just throwing him these experiments I was working on and he fine-tuned my ideas. ", "There are barely any guitars on this album, because I was focused on trying to find new ways to create sounds.”", "\n\nThe EP’s latest single “Triangle Probably,” continues in a similar vein as its immediate predecessor “Slorb,” as it features a minimalist production featuring swirling wobbling electronics, twinkling and droning synths and industrial clang and clatter paired with Gluz-White’s ethereal crooning, which make the song one of the most experimental songs not the EP, as it finds the duo nodding at Amnesiac and Kid A-era Radiohead — but with murky feel.", "\n\nCreated by Jacob Cooper and Ride or Cry, the recently released video for “Triangle Probably,” features live screen grabs from independent, open source and free Unity/3D simulators and the hodgepodge nature further emphasizes the experimental tone and vibe of the song.", "\n\nSemiotics Department of Heteronyms (SDH) is the new recording project of two key figures in Barcelona‘s synth wave/industrial scene — Andrea P. Latorre and Sergi Algiz, who are co-founders of renowned Spanish label C¯njunt¯ Vac̯, as well as members of post-punk act Wind Atlas; however, SDH finds Latorre and Algiz heading towards a decidedly pop-leaning direction sonically while thematically, the duo’s latest project is centered on fiction, make believe and feigned personalities — namely: how fiction is embodied, what fiction really is, and so on.", "\n\nInterestingly, the Spanish duo’s latest single “Tell Them,” off their recently released digital-release only EP Tell Them while superficially being synth pop finds the duo nodding at cold wave, post-punk, and early house and techno as they pair shimmering yet chilly arpeggiated synths, propulsive, industrial-like drum programming, razor sharp and rousing hooks with Latorre’s sultry and soulful vocals in what may arguably be the most sensual and dance floor friendly single they’ve released to date. ", "Unsurprisingly, with the release of their two previously released singles, the members of SDH have built up quite a bit of buzz as they’ve already opened for artists like Marie Davidson and Merchandise and have played at the Swedish darkwave festival Kalabalik P Tyrolen.", "\n\nFittingly shot on grainy VHS tape, the recently released video for “Tell Them” features the duo broodingly walking down dim, late night European streets, emphasizing the song’s murky and ominous air.", "\n\nhe band quickly signed to renowned indie label Mexican Summer, who released their debut 7 inch single “No Summer”/”No Joy,” an effort that allowed them to book their own national headlining tour with Katy Goodman and her project, La Sera. ", "The 7 inch quickly sold out, and by November 2010, the duo released their full-length debut Ghost Blonde to critical praise from the likes of Pitchfork, AllMusic.com, The New York Times, Brooklyn Vegan, The Guardian and others. ", "Building upon a growing profile, the duo released the “Hawaii” 7 inch in the UK, a release that featured a remix of “Indigo Child” done by Stereolab’s Time Gane — and unsurprisingly, the members of No Joy toured the UK with Surfer Blood, which was promptly followed with a London show opening for Wire, and an appearance at Barcelona’s Primavera Sound Festival.", "\nThe rest of 2011 saw the band touring North America — and it included a busy SXSW appearance schedule, a tour with Vivian Girls and a co-headlining tour with Marnie Stern with whom they released a split single, which featured No Joy’s cover of the Shangri-La’s “He Cried.”", "\nSince then, the band has released 2012’s Negaverse EP and Wait to Pleasure, 2013’s Pastel and Pass Out EP, 2015’s More Faithful, 2016’s Drool Sucker, the first of a planned series of EPs and last year’s Creep, which was released through the band’s new label Grey Market Records. ", "Interestingly, 2018 founds No Joy’s primary songwriter and founding member Jasamine White-Gluze collaborating with Pete Kember, a.k.a. ", "Sonic Boom. ", "who’s best known for his work with Spacemen 3, Spectrum and E.A.R. And although White-Gluz and Kember can’t accurately remember how they met, what the duo does recall that they first brought up the idea of working together in an email exchange in 2015. ", "At the time, No writJoy had just finishing touring to support their third, full-length effort More Faithful, one of their hardest efforts to date, and White-Gluz was eager to try new ideas and do something different. “", "No Joy functioned as a four-piece ‘rock band’ for so long,” White-Gluz explains in press notes. “", "I wanted to pursue something solo where I collaborated with someone else who could help me approach my songs from a completely different angle. ", "Pete is a legend and someone I’ve admired for a long time. ", "Being able to work with him on this was incredible.”", "\n\nInitially, the collaboration began as a bit of exploration between two friends, who admired each other’s work with each one passing songs back and and forth with White-Gluz writing and producing songs in her hometown of Montreal and Kember writing, arranging and producing in Portugal. ", "The end result was their collaborative EP together — four tracks that reportedly walk the tightrope between electronica, trip hop and experimental noise. ", "As White-Gluz says in press notes, “I wrote some songs that were intended for a full band and handed them off to Pete, who helped transform them. ", "I barely knew how to use MIDI so I was just throwing him these experiments I was working on and he fine-tuned my ideas. ", "There are barely any guitars on this album, because I was focused on trying to find new ways to create sounds.”", "\n\nThe EP’s first single “Obsession” pairs White-Gluz’s ethereal vocals with layers of Giorgio Moroder meets Evil Heat-era Primal Scream -like undulating synths in an expansive song structure that allows the duo to display their uncanny ability to craft a mesmerizing, trance-like groove. ", "The recently released video filmed by Nuno Jardim, featuring video synthesis by Sonic Boom ad starring Samantha Tyson manages to further emphasize the trippy and trance-like vibes of the song as it features wobbling visuals, neon bright colors, flashing lights and colors in the background and so on.", "\n\nLike this:\n\nOver the past couple of months, I’ve written a bit about the Kiev, Ukraine-based indie rock/post punk band Indytronics. ", "And as you may recall, the band, which is comprised of founding members Danil Bogadenko (guitar, vocals) and Vitaliy Koutsiuk (bass) with Ruslan Dobrov (drums) and Denys Rybchenko (guitar, backing vocals) can trace their origins to when its founding members were traveling across Europe, and while in Stockholm, Sweden, the duo came across a number of street musicians, who were playing music with an interesting and very melodic indie the rock. ", "According to the members of the band, its founding duo were so impressed by Stockholm’s street musicians that decided that they needed to start their own band when they returned home.", "\n\nSince the band’s formation in 2012, the band has released their 2013 debut EP Vision and their 2015 full-length debut Scintilla Wave and and as a result, they’ve developed a growing profile both nationally and internationally as they’ve made a number of live appearances on several Ukrainian TV shows and have received regular radio rotation on Ukrainian Radio Roks, Europa Plus, HotMix Radio, WCSF Radio German CTdasradio and others. ", "Along with that, they’ve been written up in the British music magazine Huck and their music has been used for fashion shows aired on the international TV channel IDFashion throughout the US, Ukraine, Italy, Austria and France.", "\n\nWhile “Savannah Only Temple” was slickly produced indie rock that may remind listeners of Narrow Stairs-era Death Cab for Cutie, The Postal Service’s Give Up and Snow Patrol, thanks in part to a rousingly arena friendly hook, its follow-up “Shark” found the band pushing their sound more towards electronic rock but with some of their most ambitious songwriting they’ve released to date. ", "Their latest single “Alien Sun” finds the band at their most atmospheric while retaining their arena friendly hooks — and although the song will further cement their growing reputation for crafting crowd pleasing Death Cab for Cutie/The Postal Service/Snow Patrol-like indie rock, bolstered by an uncanny self-assuredness and earnestness of purpose.", "\n\nAs the band wrote to me, they have a dream of playing concerts across\n\nShare this:\n\nLike this:\n\nWith the 2015 release of their excellent, sophomore effort Manual, the Brazilian psych rock quartet Boogarins quickly became a JOVM mainstay artist. ", "Now, if you’ve been frequenting this site over the past year or so, you’d recall that the internationally acclaimed psych rock quartet can trace their origins to when its founding members, Fernando “Dino” Almeida and Benke Ferraz started playing music together as teenagers in their hometown, the central Brazilian city of Goiânia. ", "Interestingly, the music that the duo of Almedia and Ferraz began to write and eventually record quickly revealed a unique vision of psych pop that drew from their country’s incredibly rich and diverse musical and cultural history — but with a decidedly modern viewpoint. ", "And unlike a number of contemporary rock bands in their native Brazil, Boogarins were among one of the first, who wrote and sung lyrics completely in Brazilian Portuguese.", "\n\nThe release of the band’s full-length debut As Plantas Que Curam reverberated throughout Brazil as it was a massive critical and commercial success — without the support of a major label or a publicity firm pushing the album. ", "As the band rose to national prominence, they started to receive larger international attention, and as a result they’ve played some of the world’s largest and most popular festivals including Austin Psych Fest, Burgerama, Primavera Sound Festival, as well as playing headlining shows in clubs in London, Paris, Barcelona and New York. ", "And while touring to support their their full-length debut, the members of the quartet had began writing and revising the material that would eventually comprise Manual. ", "Now, interestingly enough, the material on their sophomore effort was specifically conceived as a diary or dream journal, which gives the material a deeply personal, almost stream-of-consciousness-like feel; but it also reveals a band that has become increasingly sociopolitically conscious as the album’s lyrical content also draws from the complex socioeconomic and political that affected their homeland’s communities before, during and after the 2014 World Cup — namely that entire neighborhoods and communities were being razed for massive commercial developments that helped multinational, global corporations and their interests make money hand over fist instead of uplifting those who desperately needed uplift.", "\n\nDuring a rather busy bit of international touring the Latin Grammy nominated act, the quartet holed up in house near Austin, TX‘s SPACE Studios for most of the summer, and they spent their time writing and recording new material in between a several weeks along Austin club residency. ", "the band’s latest single “Elogio a Instituição do Cinismo” (translated into English, the title is “Praise the Institution of Cynicism”)is a decided sonic departure as the band incorporates the use of thumping beats and breakbeats, swirling and whirling electronics, abrasive and buzzing guitars to create a malevolent and angrily brewing storm of sound that’s paired with vocals that manage to be both dreamily placid yet pissed off. ", "While being hallucinatory, the song manages to be a rowdy, furious almost dance floor-like stomp, revealing a band that’s readily and aggressively pushing psych rock and Brazilian rock into strange, yet excitingly new directions.", "\n\nShare this:\n\nLike this:\n\nHoly Bouncer is a Barcelona, Spain-based indie rock quintet, who will be releasing their full-length debut later this year, and from the album’s second and latest single “Hippie Girl Lover,” the band specializes in a sound that clearly draws from early era The Doors (their self-titled album in particular), Steppenwolf‘s “Magic Carpet Ride” and the incredible Brown Acid proto-metal/proto-stoner rock compilations released by the folks at RidingEasy Records, complete with a gritty, primal, and grungy self-assuredness. ", "Certainly, if it wasn’t for the subtle, contemporary production sheen — you’ll notice it with a pair of good headphones or a good speaker — the song sounds as though it could have been released in 1966, and some devoted record collector or blogger stumbled upon this one in a dusty, used record store in Milwaukee or Albany. ", "But perhaps much more important, is that Holy Bouncer along with Madrid‘s The Parrots should prove that Spain has a vital and burgeoning indie rock scene that’s worthy of international attention.", "\n\nLike this:\n\nTowards the second half of 2015, the Brazilian indie psych rock quartet Boogarins quickly became a JOVM mainstay, and if you had been frequenting this site over that period dog time, I had written about a couple […]" ]

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[ "Bibbulung Gnarneep ('solid kid'): causal pathways to poor birth outcomes in an urban Aboriginal birth cohort.", "\nTo explore the causal pathways leading to poor birth outcomes among a cohort of Aboriginal infants. ", "A cross-sectional study was conducted. ", "Data were collected via face-to-face interviews conducted 6-12 weeks post partum and links to the WA Midwives' Notification System. ", "Two hundred and seventy-three Aboriginal infants and their families from Perth, Western Australia were recruited in the mid to late 1990s. ", "Poor birth outcome was defined as low birth weight and/or preterm birth. ", "Criteria for poor birth outcome were met by 12.3% of the cohort. ", "A history of maternal hypertension, vaginal bleeding and consumption of excess spirits in pregnancy were independent predictors of poor birth outcome. ", "Mother being raised on a mission, maternal education, smoking during pregnancy and being exposed to passive smoke during pregnancy were also important risk factors. ", "Results indicate that maternal social exposures, maternal ill-health before the index pregnancy and maternal ill-health during the index pregnancy are all important contributors to poor birth outcomes for urban Aboriginal infants. ", "While the causes of poor birth outcomes are complex, the current study highlights several areas where preventive measures may be useful." ]

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[ "Automated or robotic swimming pool cleaners traditionally contact and move about on the pool surfaces being cleaned on axle-mounted wheels or on endless tracks that are powered by a separate drive motor through a gear train. ", "The wheels or tracks are aligned with the longitudinal axis of the cleaner. ", "Swimming pool cleaning robots that move on wheels generally have two electric motors—a pump motor powers a water pump that is used to dislodge and/or vacuum debris up into a filter; the drive motor is used to propel the robot over the surfaces of the pool that are to be cleaned. ", "The drive motor can be connected through a gear train directly to one or more wheels or axles, or through a belt and pulleys to propel the cleaner; or to a water pump, which can be external to the robotic cleaner that produces a pressurized stream, or water jet, that moves the cleaning apparatus by reactive force or by driving a water turbine connected via a gear train to the wheels or endless track. ", "The movement of the pool cleaners of the prior art, when powered by either the turbine or the direct or reactive jet is in one direction and the movement is random.", "\nControl of the longitudinal directional movement of the robot can be accomplished by elaborate electronic circuitry, as is the case when stepper and D.C. brushless motors are employed. ", "Other control systems require the cleaner to climb the vertical sidewall of the pool until a portion of the cleaner extends above the waterline and/or the unit has moved laterally along the sidewall, after which the motor drive reverses and the cleaner returns to the bottom surface of the pool along a different path. ", "The water powered cleaners of the prior art also rely on the reorientation of the cleaner while on contact with the wall to effect a random change in direction. ", "However, under certain circumstances; it is a waste of time, energy and produces unnecessary wear and tear to have the robotic cleaner climb the sidewall solely for purpose of changing the pattern of movement of the cleaner.", "\nIt is known from U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "2,988,762 to provide laterally offset fixed bumper elements at each end of the cleaner to contact the facing sidewall and provide a pivot point as the cleaner approaches the wall. ", "Another transverse slide rod can be provided to contact a side wall and causes the drive motor to reverse. ", "The bumper elements are adjustable to provide variable angles. ", "A third slide rod attached to a shut-off switch extends outboard of side facing the far end of the pool, so that when the cleaner has covered the entire length of the pool and approaches the wall is a generally parallel path, the third slide rod is pushed inboard and shuts off power to the unit.", "\nIt has also been proposed to direct the scanning movement of a pool cleaner mechanically by use of a three-wheeled array in which the third wheel is mounted centrally and opposite the other pair of wheels, and the axle upon which the third wheel is mounted is able to rotate in a horizontal plane around a vertical axis. ", "A so-called free-wheeling version of this apparatus is shown on U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,979,788.", "\nIn U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,229,315, the third wheel is mounted in a plate and the plate is engaged by a gear mechanism that positively rotates the horizontal axle and determines the directional changes in the orientation of the third wheel.", "\nIt is also known in the prior art to provide a pool cleaner with a vertical plunger or piston that can be moved by a hydraulic force into contact with the bottom of the pool to cause the cleaner to pivot and change direction. ", "The timing must be controlled by a pre-programmed integrated circuit (“IC”) device.", "\nIt is also known from U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,348,192 to equip the feed water hose of a circular floating pool cleaning device with a continuous discharge water jet nozzle that randomly reorients itself to a reversing direction when the forward movement of the floating cleaner is impeded. ", "In addition to the movable water jet discharge nozzle attached to the underside of the floating cleaner, the hose is equipped with a plurality of rearwardly-facing jet nozzles that move the water hose in a random pattern and facilitate movement of the cleaner.", "\nCommercial pool cleaners of the prior art that employ pressurized water to effect random movement have also been equipped with so-called “back-up” valves that periodically interrupt and divert the flow of water to the cleaner and discharge it through a valve that has jets facing upstream, thereby creating a reactive force to move the hose and, perhaps, the attached cleaner in a generally backward direction. ", "The back-up valve can be actuated by the flow of water through a fitting attached to the hose. ", "The movement resulting from the activation of the back-up valve jets is also random and may have no effect on reorienting a cleaner that has become immobilized.", "\nThe apparatus of the prior art for use in propelling and directing the scanning movement of automated robotic pool cleaners is lacking in several important aspects. ", "For example, the present state-of-the-art machines employ pre-programmed, integrated circuit (“IC”) devices that provide a specific predetermined scanning pattern. ", "The design and production of these IC devices is relatively expensive and the scanning patterns produced have been found to be ineffective in pools having irregular configurations and/or obstructions built into their bottoms or sidewalls.", "\nCleaners propelled by a water jet discharge move only in a generally forward direct, and their movement is random, such randomness being accentuated by equipping the unit with a flexible hose or tail that whips about erratically to alter the direction of the cleaner.", "\nCleaners equipped with gear trains for driving wheels or endless tracks represent an additional expense in the design, manufacture and assembly of numerous small, precision-fit parts; the owner or operator of the apparatus will also incur the time and expense of maintaining and securing replacement parts due to wear and tear during the life of the machine. ", "A cleaning apparatus constructed with a pivotable third wheel that operates in a random fashion or in accordance with a program has the same drawbacks associated with the production, assembly and maintenance of numerous small moving parts.", "\nThe robotic pool cleaners of the prior art are also lacking in mechanical control means for the on-site adjustment of the scanning patterns of the apparatus with respect to the specific configuration of the pool being cleaned.", "\nAnother significant deficiency in the design and operation of the pool cleaners of the prior art is their tendency to become immobilized, e.g., in sharp corners, on steps, or even in the skimmer intake openings at the surface of the pool.", "\nIt is therefore a principal object of this invention to provide an improved automated or robotic pool and tank cleaning apparatus that incorporates a reliable mechanism and method of providing propulsion using a directional water jet for moving the cleaner in opposite directions along, or with respect to, the longitudinal axis of the apparatus.", "\nIt is another object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus for adjustably varying the direction of, and the amount of thrust or force produced by a water jet employed to propel a pool or tank cleaning apparatus, and to effect change in direction by interrupting the flow of water.", "\nIt is another important object of the invention to provide a simple and reliable apparatus and method for adjustably controlling the direction of discharge of a propelling water jet that can be utilized by home owners and pool maintenance personnel at the pool site to attain proper scanning patterns in order to clean the entire submerged bottom and side wall surfaces of the pool, regardless of the configuration of the pool and the presence of apparent obstacles.", "\nA further object of the invention is to provide an improved apparatus and method for varying the position of one or more of the wheels or other support means of the cleaner in order to vary the directional movement and scanning patterns of the apparatus with respect to the bottom surface of the pool or tank being cleaned.", "\nIt is another object of the invention to provide a novel method and apparatus for periodically changing the direction of movement of a pool cleaner by intermittently establishing at least one fixed pivot point and axis of rotation with respect to the longitudinal axis of the cleaner for at least one pair of supporting wheels\nAnother object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for assuring the free and unimpaired movement of the pool cleaner in its prescribed or random scanning of the surfaces to be cleaned without interference from the electrical power cord that is attached to the cleaner housing and floats on the surface of the pool.", "\nYet another object of the invention is to free a pool cleaner that has been immobilized by an obstacle so that it can resume its predetermined scanning pattern.", "\nIt is also an object to provide magnetic and infrared (“IR”) sensing means for controlling the power circuits for the propulsion means of the cleaner.", "\nAnother important object of the invention is to provide an economical and reliable pool cleaner with a minimum number of moving parts and no internal pump and electric motor that can be powered by the discharge stream from the pool filter system or an external booster pump and which can reverse its direction.", "\nAnother important object of this invention is to provide an apparatus and method that meets the above objectives in a more cost-effective, reliable and simplified manner than is available through the practices and teachings of the prior art." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nmysql, php retrieve data from multiples table mysql\n\nI have been trying to retrieve the values form two tables mysql: \ntable1 = jid, name, lat, lng\n\ntable2 = id, imgs, jid\n\nMy problem is that the second table could have 2 or more items. ", "I would like to retrieve the data from the two tables in one query. ", "Is it possible to make some thing like:\nid name lat lon imgs\n1 coco -122 210 1.jpg, 2.jpg, 3.jpg\n\nI tryed with Join, union and :-(\n\nA:\n\nYou cannot get the result you want in one step, you will have to unload the data from the database like this for example:\nSELECT table1.id, table1.name, table1.lat, table1.lng, table2.imgs\nFROM table1\n INNER JOIN table2 ON table2.jid = table1.jid;\n\nThis will build a result like this\nid name lat lon imgs\n1 coco -122 210 1.jpg\n1 coco -122 210 2.jpg\n1 coco -122 210 3.jpg\n2 late -100 270 1.jpg\n2 late -100 270 2.jpg\n\nYou can then process through the result set row by row and build either the page content or some new data store using a change in the id field to indicate that you are starting the image set for a new jid.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Crono, Nei, and I\n\nBeing a gamer over 30 means that you likely fell in love with gaming a long time ago. ", "For me, that affair started around age 6, as my uncle showed me the Atari and I prowled through his Commodore 64 collection, wondering what the stone that came with Wishbringer was really for and fantasizing about kicking the sh*t out of Zork for not understanding my commands.", "\n\nWhile a lot of kids turn to games as a way to share fun with their peers, in the time period I discovered games, they were very much the opposite for me -- since I was a bookworm and a bit of a loner, games were more like an escape -- a place where I could be alone and yet not quite alone, and have an adventure with friends that, while not real flesh-and-blood people, provided some of the most important friendships I ever had.", "\n\nTwenty years later, the future is pointing at an age of gaming in which all of our activities are shared -- from friend lists to Microsoft's recent addition of parties, you are always accessible for multiplayer games, chat and more. ", "In fact, games, like LittleBigPlanet focus mostly on user content and online play, taking all focus away from the single-player adventure.", "\n\nThese are all great advancements and certainly follow the flow of current technology to interconnect our world as completely as possible, but where in this new world is there a place for the solo gamer, one who not only enjoys the experience of playing a game alone, but actually (gasp) holds those gaming experiences above those he or she has with other players?", "\n\n[photo by Adonis Werther]\n\nIt all started here.", "\n\nPeople who are fans of multiplayer games are already talking back, I know it -- you're saying, \"If you don't want to play with other people, just don't sign into Xbox Live!\" ", "And you know, you're right. ", "I don't have to do that. ", "In fact, despite the fact I love to game alone, I do also sometimes enjoy playing with other people, and I do enjoy the ability to interconnect with them so easily at any time.", "\n\nThe thing is, people who have never been heavy into the solo experience in a game are just not going to get it. ", "Why play a game alone when you could play it with other people? ", "That's like watching a movie alone. ", "Which, of course, I also enjoy doing. ", "Often.", "\n\nA common complaint about the recent RPG Fallout 3 touches a little bit on the \"why\" of what solo gamers passionately pursue. ", "Some gamers said they disliked the beginning of the game in which your character grows up in the Vault, where you are surrounded by other people. ", "Personally I found that when I escaped the Vault and got out into the open landscape, I found what I was looking for: the experience of feeling completely alone on an adventure that you are wholly responsible for.", "\n\nI suppose it's a lot like reading a book. ", "There's an almost reverential quality to the experience, because even though thousands of other people will read the same book, the unique way you will process it and how it will affect you is all yours. ", "While total immersion into a game environment is being praised in games like Dead Space, solo gamers have to laugh -- we've had total immersion in the games we've played for a few decades now, not because of advanced graphics or sound, but because of our isolation and imaginations.", "\n\nBecause of my experiences as a solo gamer, I traveled with Crono and his friends and enjoyed their company as if they were my friends, I mourned the death of Nei in a way that actually prepared me to face real loss later in life (laughable, I know, but true), and I learned some pretty valuable lessons about life in general.", "\n\nSniff...\n\nI think if I had had friends to share these games with at the time, I wouldn't have had the amount of free time to devote my attention to them in the same way. ", "I would have been more distracted by those real-life interactions, and while that wouldn't have been a bad thing, I don't regret being an isolated gamer back then. ", "I think the inability to share these gaming experiences with other people made them even more special to me -- and I believe the people who listen faithfully to RetroforceGO! ", "on a weekly basis may understand exactly what I am trying to say here.", "\n\nSo yeah, I'm glad that today I can turn on my 360 and be instantly connected to a hundred friends who can invite me to parties, chat with me and enjoy games with me in real time. ", "I think that rocks, and I'm so grateful that I'm getting to experience something like that in my lifetime. ", "At the same time, some days I'm going to go buy a game, come home, turn out all the lights and make sure that I'm not signed on to anything that shows other people I'm there.", "\n\nWhile it may not measure up to being verbally abused by strangers on Xbox Live, I still kind of enjoy it." ]

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[ "Three-year experience with human cytomegalovirus infections in heart transplant recipients.", "\nOne hundred twenty-four patients underwent heart transplantation over a 3-year period. ", "All patients were monitored for human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection if at risk for primary CMV infection or in the presence of CMV-related symptoms. ", "Rapid diagnosis of CMV infection relied on virus isolation and identification or viral antigen detection by using monoclonal antibodies to CMV immediate early or early antigens. ", "In addition, \"in situ\" hybridization was used to detect viral DNA in tissue samples. ", "Specimens examined included peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells for CMV viremia and antigenemia determination, together with the most appropriate clinical samples when organ involvement was suspected. ", "There was a 100% (6/6 patients) incidence of primary CMV infection in seronegative recipients of hearts from seropositive donors, whereas no CMV infection occurred in the three seronegative recipients receiving a transplant heart from CMV-negative donors. ", "CMV hyperimmunoglobulin prophylaxis did not prevent primary CMV infection. ", "Five of the six patients with primary CMV infection were symptomatic. ", "In addition, 15 patients (13%) had symptomatic recurrent CMV infection. ", "The most frequent symptoms associated with CMV infection (either primary or recurrent) were fever (19 patients) and pneumonia (eight patients). ", "CMV viremia was detected in 17 patients either before or concomitantly with the appearance of fever. ", "CMV was isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage in all cases with pneumonia; however, another pathogen was associated with CMV and appeared to be the major cause of pneumonia in 75% of these patients (6/8). ", "Twelve patients (five with primary and seven with recurrent CMV infections) were treated with ganciclovir.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" ]

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[ "Etchant composition and bond strength to dentin.", "\nThis in vitro study examined the effects of three different types of acid etchants on the bond strengths of three dentin bonding systems. ", "The etchant free of both silica and oxalate provided the highest bond strengths for all three systems. ", "Use of the etchant containing oxalate resulted on the lowest bond strengths for all three systems. ", "It is suggested that bond strengths vary as a consequence of deposition onto the dentin surface of various minerals or salts found in the etchants. ", "It is recommended that if treatment of dentin with acids is indicated it should probably be done with those etchants containing neither silica nor oxalate." ]

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[ "Email notification sign-up\n\nListen to the brightest minds in the field of economics and development discuss their latest research and deconstruct global economic trends. ", "IMF Podcasts are also available on digital platforms such as iTunes, SoundCloud and Libsyn, and free to use for broadcasters, educators and institutions.", "\n\nOne-third of the world’s droughts occur in sub-Saharan Africa. (", "iStock by Getty Images/crazydiva)\n\nSub-Saharan Africa is on the front lines of climate change with extreme weather wreaking havoc on infrastructure and agricultural production. ", "COVID-19 introduces yet another level of risk to the food chain. ", "In this podcast, IMF economists Pritha Mitra and Seung Mo Choi say the increase in frequency and intensity of natural disasters is weighing down on the region, which relies heavily on rainfed agriculture. ", "The latest Economic Outlook for sub-Saharan Africa looks at how the region can better manage the types of shocks that threaten its food supply.", "\n\nThe pandemic is crippling economies across the globe but for many countries, the economic shock will be magnified by the loss of remittances—money sent home by migrant and guest workers employed in foreign countries. ", "Ralph Chami is an Assistant Director for the Institute for Capacity Development at the IMF. ", "In this podcast, he says remittances are a lifeline for low-income and fragile states and when migrants lose their jobs those remittance flows stop. ", "Chami says it's in everyone's interest for host countries to help support migrant workers through the pandemic.", "\n\nLow-skilled workers are on the front lines and disproportionately hit by the pandemic's economic impact. (", "iStock by Getty Images/FG trade)\n\nWhile rich and poor are equally vulnerable to the debilitating physical effects of the coronavirus, economist Jonathan Ostry says the economic and social impact of the pandemic is much less equal. ", "Ostry is Deputy Director of the Asia and Pacific Department at the IMF and in this podcast, he says the poor and the working class bear the brunt of pandemics and that policies need to pay specific attention to prevent long-term damage to the livelihoods of society's most vulnerable. ", "Ostry's latest study on Inequality and pandemics is published by the Center for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) where he is a Research Fellow.", "\n\nYou can read Jonathan Ostry’s blog on how pandemics impact the poor at Blogs.imf.org\n\nFailure to contain the spread of the virus in sub-Saharan Africa will have catastrophic economic, health and humanitarian consequences. (", "iStock by Getty Images/ fivepointsix)\n\nSub-Saharan Africa is facing an unprecedented health and economic crisis that threatens to reverse much of the development progress it's made in recent years. ", "The latest Regional Economic Outlook shows the economy will contract by 1.6 percent this year; the worst reading on record. ", "Papa N'Diaye is Head of Research in the IMF’s African Department that publishes the outlook. ", "In this podcast, N'Diaye says by the end of 2020, the region will face income losses of about $200 billion relative to what they were expecting 6 months ago.", "\n\nLatest outlook for Middle East and Central Asia shows one of the most challenging moments in economic history. (", "iStock by Getty Images/ CasarsaGuru)\n\nNo region has been spared the economic devastation of the coronavirus pandemic. ", "And with the high level of oil-dependency and informality of many countries in the Middle East and Central Asia, Jihad Azour says the economic impact of COVID-19 has been dramatic. ", "Azour heads the IMF's Middle East and Central Asia Department, which has just published the region's economic outlook that shows formidable challenges in the face of the pandemic.", "\n\nYou can read Azour's’s blog and others about the global impact of the pandemic at Blogs.imf.org\n\nJihad Azour is Director of the IMF's Middle East and Central Asia Department." ]

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[ "In vitro validation of computational fluid dynamic simulation in human proximal airways with hyperpolarized 3He magnetic resonance phase-contrast velocimetry.", "\nComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) and magnetic resonance (MR) gas velocimetry were concurrently performed to study airflow in the same model of human proximal airways. ", "Realistic in vivo-based human airway geometry was segmented from thoracic computed tomography. ", "The three-dimensional numerical description of the airways was used for both generation of a physical airway model using rapid prototyping and mesh generation for CFD simulations. ", "Steady laminar inspiratory experiments (Reynolds number Re = 770) were performed and velocity maps down to the fourth airway generation were extracted from a new velocity mapping technique based on MR velocimetry using hyperpolarized (3)He gas. ", "Full two-dimensional maps of the velocity vector were measured within a few seconds. ", "Numerical simulations were carried out with the experimental flow conditions, and the two sets of data were compared between the two modalities. ", "Flow distributions agreed within 3%. ", "Main and secondary flow velocity intensities were similar, as were velocity convective patterns. ", "This work demonstrates that experimental and numerical gas velocity data can be obtained and compared in the same complex airway geometry. ", "Experiments validated the simulation platform that integrates patient-specific airway reconstruction process from in vivo thoracic scans and velocity field calculation with CFD, hence allowing the results of this numerical tool to be used with confidence in potential clinical applications for lung characterization. ", "Finally, this combined numerical and experimental approach of flow assessment in realistic in vivo-based human airway geometries confirmed the strong dependence of airway flow patterns on local and global geometrical factors, which could contribute to gas mixing." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSmart Battery Case: Can't find notification center in ios11\n\nI just got Apple's smart battery case for my iPhone 6S, but I'm having difficulty finding the charge status anywhere. ", "It is supposed to be on the lock screen and the notification center. ", "However, it doesn't show on the lock screen for me at all.", "\nThis is iOS 11, so when I swipe down from the top I get the same view as the lock screen. ", "Still no battery charge status, of course. ", "Swiping right takes me to the Today view, which has plenty of widgets but none for charge status.", "\nFrom googling it seems you are supposed to be able to see yet another notification view by swiping up from the middle of the screen, but doing that doesn't do anything for me. ", "I am on 11.0.3.", "\nEDIT: It turns out that the battery status on the lock screen is only shown right when you plug or unplug the USB cable, for about 2 seconds. ", "It doesn't normally show up. ", "Man, I hate that.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe charging status a widget in the the Today View.", "\n\nIf you already attached your iPhone to your case, look for the charging status in Today View on your iPhone.", "\n\nCharge your iPhone with your Smart Battery Case\nIf the widget doesn't appear, tap the Edit button shown at the bottom of the screenshot and add it to the widgets you see.", "\nTo access Today View,\n\nswipe right over the Home screen, Lock screen, or while you're looking at your notifications.", "\n\nUse widgets on your iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch\nIn addition, the charging status is shown on the lock screen briefly when you connect/disconnect the case or power.", "\n\nAs you attach your iPhone to your case, a charging status appears on the Lock screen. ", "The status also appears when you connect the case to power or disconnect from power.", "\n\nCharge your iPhone with your Smart Battery Case\n\n" ]

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[ "\"The Trump administration can slow down marijuana legalization, but they can't stop it,\" says Reason senior editor Jacob Sullum.", "\n\nTrump already endorsed medical marijuana on the campaign trail, and said that states should be free to legalize it, but his appointment of old school drug warrior Jeff Sessions as U.S. Attorney General is cause for concern.", "\n\n\"First of all, the federal government doesn't have the power to force states to make marijuana legal again,\" explains Sullum. ", "While the Trump administration could sue to knock down state regulations, that would simply leave behind a legal but unregulated market. ", "According to Sullum, the feds don't have the manpower to crack down on the local level, and there's very little upside for the administration to roll back legalization. \"", "They can create a lot of chaos, but ultimately they're not going to reverse legalization and bring back prohibition.\"", "\n\nProduced by Austin Bragg and Meredith Bragg\n\nEdited by Austin Bragg\n\nSubscribe to our YouTube channel.", "\n\nLike us on Facebook.", "\n\nFollow us on Twitter.", "\n\nSubscribe to our podcast at iTunes.", "\n\nReason is the planet's leading source of news, politics, and culture from a libertarian perspective. ", "Go to reason.com for a point of view you won't get from legacy media and old left-right opinion magazines." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nConcurrent IO Processing JAVA EE: Best Method?", "\n\nI have an JavaEE 6 / EJB3.1 / Glassfish 3.1.2 application that retrieves .xml pages from a remote computer, converts them to java objects, then persists each of them in my mysql database. ", "There are tens of thousands of these .xml pages and I'm just adding them incrementally. ", "\nThis is working great, except that it is very slow (70ms page retrieval + a tiny amount of time to convert & persist the entities). ", "\nI want to carry out this work concurrently to speed it up - what is the best method?", "\nPossibly worth noting: each page retrieval updates a count in the mysql database for an OAuth credential it is using to get the page, and if it is at the max, it doesn't continue (throws an exception). ", "I'm not sure if / how much this will complicate matters - but if two threads see it is below max, then get the page before updating the count it could go over the max. ", "\nMy research so far has narrowed it down to two possibilities (feel free to add others though):\n\nMessage Driven Beans - I imagine, though are probably wrong, that I would have a session bean sending url messages until the message queue is full (say 10 url's are added), then blocks until the queue is not full. ", "Glassfish will create 10 instances of a message bean I create who each get one of the .xml from one of the urls, update the OAuth count, then send this .xml as a message to another queue with another message bean that converts & persists .xmls from this queue.", "\nUse the @Asynchronous method and create my own thread safe queue's? ", "This could be much simpler and more suited to what I am doing but I'm not sure exactly how I would implement it. ", "\n\nAny advice would be appreciated!", "\n\nA:\n\nSince you're dealing with a remote server, do you know how well it's going to scale? ", "If you hit it with 10 threads will your response time become 700ms or will it stay steady at 70ms?", "\nAssuming that the remote server will scale I think you're spot on with the MDB idea. ", "However, some of your thoughts about it are inaccurate. ", "You would create the session bean that submits to the queue. ", "Where we differ is that I think you would want load the queue as quickly as the work is available. ", "You can set a queue size and tell it whether it want it to throw away oldest or newest if that size is met. ", "I suspect you want to consume all messages, and you can do that as well. ", "I run queues with 100's of thousands of messages in them. ", "You're really just limited to the in memory size of the queue which you can manage by making your messages as tight as possible. ", "\nOn the consumption side, you would restrict the MDB pool to be 10 beans or whatever, it just depends on what the remote server is capable of scaling to and what your server is capable of scaling too. ", "Rather than using 2 queues (and this is just based on the problem you described) I would use just the one. ", "Create an MDB that does everything you're doing now, i.e. Grabbing the xml and persisting it. ", "Lastly, if you find that you need to scale, it's just a matter of creating a cluster and adding nodes. ", "Each node will then have an MDB pool that it's working with.", "\nWith regards to the Asychronous, how are going to control pool size and all the other things MDB's give you? ", "I'm not saying you couldn't but it seems you'd be reinventing the wheel.", "\n\n" ]

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