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tomekkorbak

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[ "Intracisternal enzyme replacement therapy in lysosomal storage diseases: dispersal pathways, regional enzyme concentrations and the effect of posttreatment posture.", "\nTo investigate routes of dispersal of enzyme, its regional uptake and the effect of posture when replacement enzyme is administered directly into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). ", "Dispersal pathways of particles and solutes were investigated using intracisternal injections of india ink with visual assessment, and a contrast medium (Iohexol) with computer tomography (CT). ", "Replacement enzyme was measured at 46 loci within the central nervous system (CNS) in four groups of dogs subjected to different post-injection postural changes. ", "India ink and CT studies showed dispersal pathways for CSF to be mainly via cisterns and sulci. ", "Replacement enzyme reached all areas of the CNS tested, although mean concentrations varied 49-fold over different areas of the brain. ", "Posttreatment posture had only modest effects on enzyme uptake in limited anatomical sites. ", "Dispersal of solutes after injection is rapid and initially enhanced by the injection process. ", "Preferential pathways for CSF flow in the subarachnoid spaces of the brain involve cisterns and sulci. ", "The splenial and suprasplenial sulci in particular appear important conduits for dispersal to more dorsal and rostral areas of the brain. ", "Expansion and contraction of these sulci during brain pulsation is considered important to the forward flow of solutes in CSF through these compartments. ", "Following intracisternal enzyme replacement therapy, enzyme reached all areas of the brain, but there was considerable disparity of enzyme uptake with some areas recording much higher levels than others. ", "Posttreatment posture made only modest differences to enzyme uptake." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "This application claims the benefit of provisional patent application No. ", "60/545,459, filed Feb. 17, 2004.", "\nThe field of the invention pertains to diesel engines with pressure sensors adapted to directly measure individual cylinder pressures in real time.", "\nDiesel engines can significantly benefit from cylinder pressure-based controls resulting in reduced harmful emissions, better fuel economy and drivability, and lower engine noise levels. ", "Recently, as much as a 24% reduction in soot emissions and a 12% reduction of NOx emissions were demonstrated by a closed loop control of fuel injection timing and duration based on information provided by pressure sensors located in all engine cylinders. ", "In passenger car and light duty truck engines, where glow plugs are used, a preferred way of introducing a cylinder pressure sensor into a combustion chamber is through a glow plug.", "\nApplicant's fiber optic pressure sensors have been successfully used to measure the dynamic component of the combustion engine cylinder pressure. ", "In the existing design based on two fibers applicant's sensor compensates for such error sources as LED temperature and aging effects, photodiode thermal dependence, fiber to LED/photodiode coupling dependence on temperature, as well as low frequency fiber bending. ", "However, the current sensor only responds to the dynamic component of total cylinder pressure. ", "Furthermore the present design does not compensate for light intensity changes associated with rapidly occurring fiber bending." ]

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[ "It is possible to connect with a fake client but ETJump does not support any sort of bots out of the box. ", "I would guess quite a few people use trackbase or splatterladder to view servers, empty servers show up there." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nBinary system, how can i calculate\n\nI got three equations.", "\n1) 0+0=0\n2) 1+0=1\n3) 1+1=10\n\nI have to calculate this with the help of the three equations\ni) 1+0+0+0=?", "\nii) 0+1+0=? ", "\niii) 1+1+0=?", "\nBut I don't know how to start\n\nA:\n\nThis is obviously homework so I'm not going to give you the answers. ", "Instead, I'll leave you a few hints.", "\n0 + 1 + 0 = (0 + 1) + 0 = (1 + 0) + 0\n1 + 1 + 0 = (1 + 1) + 0 = 10 + 0\nBinary and Decimal represent the same numbers just in a different way.", "\nYou can check your answers using the following mapping from decimal to binary.", "\n Decimal -> Binary \n 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 -> 0\n 1 = 0 + 0 + 2^0 -> 1\n 2 = 0 + 2^1 + 0 -> 10\n 3 = 0 + 2^1 + 2^0 -> 11\n 4 = 2^2 + 0 + 0 -> 100\n 5 = 2^2 + 0 + 2^0 -> 101\n 6 = 2^2 + 2^1 + 0 -> 110\n 7 = 2^2 + 2^1 + 2^0 -> 111\n\nand so on.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.", "\n// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.", "\n// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.", "\n\nusing System.", "Runtime.", "InteropServices;\n\ninternal static partial class Interop\n{\n internal static partial class User32\n {\n [DllImport(Libraries.", "User32, ExactSpelling = true)]\n public static extern BOOL SetProcessDPIAware();\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Fluctuation-dissipation theory of input-output interindustrial relations.", "\nIn this study, the fluctuation-dissipation theory is invoked to shed light on input-output interindustrial relations at a macroscopic level by its application to indices of industrial production (IIP) data for Japan. ", "Statistical noise arising from finiteness of the time series data is carefully removed by making use of the random matrix theory in an eigenvalue analysis of the correlation matrix; as a result, two dominant eigenmodes are detected. ", "Our previous study successfully used these two modes to demonstrate the existence of intrinsic business cycles. ", "Here a correlation matrix constructed from the two modes describes genuine interindustrial correlations in a statistically meaningful way. ", "Furthermore, it enables us to quantitatively discuss the relationship between shipments of final demand goods and production of intermediate goods in a linear response framework. ", "We also investigate distinctive external stimuli for the Japanese economy exerted by the current global economic crisis. ", "These stimuli are derived from residuals of moving-average fluctuations of the IIP remaining after subtracting the long-period components arising from inherent business cycles. ", "The observation reveals that the fluctuation-dissipation theory is applicable to an economic system that is supposed to be far from physical equilibrium." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "class AddUrlToAllowedRequires < ActiveRecord::Migration\n\tdef change\n\t\tadd_column :allowed_requires, :url, :string, :limit => 500\n\tend\nend\n" ]

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[ "List of highways numbered 721\n\nThe following highways are numbered 721:\n\nUnited States\n Florida State Road 721 (former)\n Georgia State Route 721 (former)\n Nevada State Route 721 (former)\n New Jersey:\n County Route 721 (Camden County, New Jersey)\n County Route 721 (Cumberland County, New Jersey)\n County Route 721 (Hudson County, New Jersey)\n Ohio State Route 721\n Puerto Rico Highway 721\n Virginia State Route 721 (1930-1933) (former)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nNGINX Serve all static files and forward others to proxy without / giving 403?", "\n\nI'm trying to configure an nginx server to act as a proxy to a node application. ", " What I would like is to have any static files served by nginx and all other paths forwarded on to the Node.js application (inluding the / path).", "\nI've seen the following question/answers: How to serve all existing static files directly with NGINX, but proxy the rest to a backend server.", "\nAnd as directed, I've configured my site config as follows:\nserver {\n server_name subdom.domain.com;\n listen 80;\n location / {\n root /var/www/application/public_html;\n try_files $uri $uri/ @application;\n }\n location @application {\n proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;\n proxy_set_header Host $host;\n proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;\n proxy_pass http://localhost:3000;\n }\n}\n\nHowever when browsing to subdom.domain.com/ I get a 403 Forbidden. ", " I'm guessing this is because nginx cannot find a default document, but I want the default document to be send to proxy, any idea how to do this?", "\n\nA:\n\nThis should do the work:\n server {\n server_name subdom.domain.com;\n listen 80;\n\n location / {\n try_files $uri;\n\n proxy_set_header X - Real - IP $remote_addr;\n proxy_set_header Host $host;\n proxy_set_header X - Forwarded - For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;\n proxy_pass http: //localhost:3000;\n\n }\n }\n\nBrief explanation for each URL it finds a file it will serve that (try_file), for everything else it tries the proxy\n\n" ]

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[ "[Assessment of nutritional interventions and hygiene and health habits in a cohort of primary school students].", "\nTo quantify by means of the so-called \"Healthy lifestyle pyramid\" and after two educational interventions, the changes in food intake, daily activities, and hygiene and health habits in the short and long terms in a cohort of healthy children. ", "prospective longitudinal study with baseline assessment of dietary and lifestyle habits, and two assessments after two educational interventions. ", "52 children participated, mean age 7.9 years, 15.4% of them being obese. ", "There was a statistically significant reduction in whole milk intake in both the short and long term. ", "There was a significant decrease in the short term in the intake of processed cold meat and an increase in fruit intake. ", "There was a significant reduction in sweets intake in the short term. ", "There was a statistically significant change in hand washing in the short and long terms, as well as in beach bathing after eating. ", "There also was a significant change in achieving an appropriate posture and not bathing too far away, both in the long run. ", "Finally, there was a significant change in the short term in not using inappropriate sports playing fields. ", "The frequency at which they practise sports in the long term was significantly increased as well as the number of weekly sports, in the short term. ", "After two educational interventions, the children did significant modifications of their health habits in the short term or the long term, which contributes to modify the risk factors for disease in the adulthood." ]

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[ "Selective C-F bond activation of tetrafluorobenzenes by nickel(0) with a nitrogen donor analogous to N-heterocyclic carbenes.", "\nN, not NHC: A neutral, basic, strong sigma-donor nitrogen ancillary ligand with properties analogous to those of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) was developed to aid in the oxidative additions of challenging substrates to late transition metals. ", "Selective, room-temperature C-F bond activation was observed with hexa-, penta-, and all three isomers of tetrafluorobenzene using a nickel(0) source in the presence of this donor." ]

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[ "Search form\n\nYou are here\n\nCentral Africa: Build Cohesion in Divided Societies, Urges U.S. Envoy\n\nNov 09, 2009\n\nThe American government's new special adviser on the Great Lakes region, Howard Wolpe, comes to the post with the best part of three decades' experience in the Africa policies of U.S. administrations behind him. ", "In the second of a two-part interview with AllAfrica, he discusses how the Obama administration could improve its diplomacy and strengthen peace-building in Central Africa.", "\n\nWolpe chaired the Subcommittee on Africa of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives for 10 years, later served as President Bill Clinton's special envoy to the Great Lakes region and went on to become director of the Africa Program and Leadership Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC. ", "He was interviewed at the beginning of his first trip to Southern and Central Africa since he took up his current appointment. (", "Read Part I of the interview.)", "\n\nIn testimony earlier this year to the Senate Subcommittee on Africa, referring to when you were the Great Lakes envoy for the Clinton administration, you said [in relation to the Central Intelligence Agency] that you were \"struck by how often we were flying blind – with little solid information about the various military elements involved in the conflict, or about the role of ethnic diaspora that were financing and fueling many of the conflicts.\" ", "Has this improved? ", "Are you doing something about it?", "\n\nI think there are still some very major gaps in our knowledge and I don't think that there have been adequate resources committed to that process, particularly working with the diaspora. ", "I think that's a terrible mistake and makes much more difficult what we are trying to do, and I am continuing to make that case in Washington.", "\n\nYou talked about a woeful paucity of African language skills in the U.S. government – a lot of publicity was given when General [Scott] Gration was appointed [as special envoy to Sudan], because he speaks Swahili, and it was not quite evident what Swahili had to do with\n\nSudan\n\nIs something happening in that area?", "\n\nThere's an awareness of that, and I think that the [State] Department now is beginning to expand considerably its efforts at broadening language instruction. ", "But it takes time to overcome the deficit, and the deficit remains and it's a very significant deficit.", "\n\nYou also said in your testimony that the U.S. needs \"instruments and processes that are less focused on imposing Western institutional structures than in assisting nationals in divided societies develop a recognition of their interdependence and of the value of collaboration even with former enemies.\" ", "Can you flesh that out?", "\n\nWhen I left government [after the Clinton administration] and moved over to the Wilson Center, the World Bank brought me on as a consultant to think with the bank about post-conflict strategies in the Great Lakes region.", "\n\nI expressed to the bank my frustrations as a diplomat with conventional approaches to peace building. ", "We put a lot of pressure on leaders to sign agreements but that doesn't mean the next day they suddenly see the world any differently than the day before. ", "And then we have this kind of template – a checklist if you will – of things to do to stabilize the situation: you stand up an independent electoral commission, you provide support for multiple parties, you stand up independent judicial institutions and so on. ", "But never in this array of activities do we talk about working with leaders directly – their mindsets, their perceptions, their mistrusts, their fears.", "\n\nMoreover, the other thing we do is that we focus almost exclusively on one tiny dimension of democracies – elections. ", "Elections are important; they are a way of establishing a legitimate government. ", "But what we forget is that underlying every stable Western democracy is a set of underlying agreements about who constitutes the nation, about recognition of the interdependence of the various elements of the nation, recognition that politics does not have to be a zero-sum, \"winner-take-all\" proposition, there is a basic set of understandings about the rules of the game, how power is organized and how it should be shared, there are certain trust levels that exist among key leaders, even among opposing leaders.", "\n\nThe reality is that in most divided societies, none of those agreements are in place. ", "The problem of building democracy is not a shortage of democrats in these societies. ", "I don't know anywhere where people enjoy being tortured or having their rights violated. ", "That's not the point. ", "The problem is that people in these societies don't always see themselves as part of the same political system and they feel threatened by people different than they, outside of their own universe.", "\n\nWhat I would argue is that in these societies people know how to compete. ", "It's how to collaborate that is the principal challenge. ", "So when I talk about new processes and strategies, I am focused upon the need to build collaborative capacity, to build cohesion, to alter the conflict paradigm, which is a \"winner-takes-all,\" zero-sum game, to build trust, to build relationships, to give people communications and negotiating skills so that they are better able to put themselves in the shoes of the other and fashion solutions that will satisfy the interests of all.", "\n\nSo that's what I proposed to the World Bank, that we needed a different kind of program that would work directly with leaders. ", "We used Burundi as our initial experiment. ", "We spent several months interviewing the heads of various organizations and institutions and got a buy-in from everyone – from the most extreme Tutsis, the most extreme Hutu, church leadership, grassroots women leaders, politicians, military leaders, rebel leaders, and we launched this training program.", "\n\nWe were targeting initially 100 people It was stunningly successful. ", "In six months' time, we had built so much cohesion among the 65 leaders we were then working with that the Tutsi chief of staff of the army and the six Hutu rebel groups that were participating, asked if we would organize training for their military commanders to prepare for the ceasefire that had not yet been signed. ", "So we brought 37 military commanders into Nairobi in November of 2003 from the battlefield into this workshop. ", "And again at the end of the week they had become so cohesive that they asked that we expand this effort as rapidly as we could.", "\n\nSo this program is still ongoing in Burundi six years later now, and at the request of the Burundians, 100 members of the high command of the army were trained, 100 members of the high command of the police, the council of ministers of the new government. ", "All the political parties were brought into this kind of process before the election, to give them a sense of ownership of the election. ", "It's been a really remarkably exciting development.", "\n\nIf you go to Burundi today, though they still have many issues in front of them, you will no longer hear the dialogue framed in terms of Tutsi versus Hutu. ", "And despite the political confusion, the cohesion of both the army and the police high commands has remained intact.", "\n\nCan the same be done in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)?", "\n\nWe were invited because of the success of that Burundi program, by the diplomats resident in Kinshasa, to come into Kinshasa about eight months before their [2006] election when they suddenly realized that there had been no political preparation for the election. ", "They had invested almost U.S. $430 million in the logistics of the election but with no political preparation.", "\n\nThey were very skeptical that Congolese leaders would be receptive to the Burundi type of strategy but they were so desperate they asked if we would make the rounds, and much to their surprise we got a buy-in from everyone, from [Etienne] Tshisekedi and [Jean-Pierre] Bemba to [Joseph] Kabila's people, church leadership, everyone\n\nCould it work in eastern DRC now?", "\n\nThe Wilson Center is working in the east now; I'm not there now but the program continues in the east We've done training with Mai Mai and Tutsi militias together, we've done training for the 8th and the 10th military regions of the FARDC (Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo, the government army), we did training before the election with leaders of all the belligerent communities, first in North Kivu and then in South Kivu. ", "That work was so successful that there was not one instance of political violence prior to the election in either North or South Kivu. ", "Violence erupted again afterwards when there were these wars involving [rebel leader Laurent] Nkunda and the government and so on.", "\n\nSo we think that this has had impact, although Congo has 60 million people and Burundi has eight million, so critical mass is going to take a much longer time to achieve in a place as large as the DRC.", "\n\nWhat is the role of American companies in the mineral industry in the East? ", "Is that part of the problem?", "\n\nI can't be very specific about which companies operate in the east. ", "There are American interests in Katanga – copper and other interests – but I think it's fair to say that all multinationals need to be sensitized about the implications of purchasing conflict resources, much like conflict diamonds.", "\n\nIn the case of some of these products, like tannerite or coltan, it is not easy to differentiate where they come from and to disaggregate them when they get overseas. ", "But there are things that can be done locally to begin to monitor both mineral and dollar flows, at the point of origin, right at the mines themselves, that requires building Congolese administrative capacity to do that.", "\n\nI think that we all are interested in pushing for a multi-faceted program that would both try to deal with end-users – but that will take a long time to achieve – and more immediately to try to figure out ways of getting control of resources and the monetary flows at the source of the activity.", "\n\nSo that's on the administration's agenda?", "\n\nYes.", "\n\nFrom the perspective of somebody who served as chair of the House Africa Subcommittee, from your experience as a Clinton envoy and that in Burundi, are you more or less hopeful now than in the past about peace in the Great Lakes region?", "\n\nI am more hopeful. ", "Keep in mind that the last time I was on this job, we had two wars that were in full steam and I was constantly doing shuttle diplomacy in both Congo and Burundi. ", "It was just horrendous.", "\n\nNow at least we have a more localized focus of concern, which is the eastern Congo. ", "Burundi has made good progress. ", "They have an election coming up in 2010 and there's a lot of anxiety surrounding that; people want to be certain that all the guns in the population don't get activated in militia activity. ", "But I'm very optimistic about the direction of change in Burundi.", "\n\nThe Congo has a much longer ways to go but I am very excited to see the level of engagement now by the international community more broadly, which has not existed for the last several years. ", "For many years we were giving very mixed messages to the government in Kinshasa.", "\n\nWhat were the mixed messages?", "\n\nThere were times at which the government was either being encouraged in, or discouraged from, pursuing a military solution in the east against Nkunda. ", "Three military humiliations were suffered as a result by the Kinshasa government. ", "There just wasn't any continuous diplomacy.", "\n\nAnother example – there was this very significant achievement in January of last year, of the so-called Goma Accord, that involved a number of key players in the Congo It was a remarkable achievement to get all these groups coming together and signing this peace accord, and the international community was very engaged in supporting that effort. ", "But immediately after the signing of the agreement, everyone left the field. ", "All the diplomats from overseas returned, all of the Congolese leaders who were involved in the process went on to other things, were no longer involved in Goma, and there was no follow-through.", "\n\nSo the implementation of the Goma Accord died. ", "Every time you go the mountain-top and you don't achieve your goal, it becomes harder and harder next time to go to the mountain-top, and people were so disillusioned by this whole process. ", "Had we had the kind of sustained diplomacy and engagement that we now, I think, are capable of doing because of this new engagement of envoys, and the new partnership of varied parties— I think we can maintain the process much more effectively." ]

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[ "Parnassus\n\n/pɑːˈnæsəs/\n\nnoun\n\n1.", "\n\nMount Parnassus, a mountain in central Greece, in NW Boeotia: in ancient times sacred to Dionysus, Apollo, and the Muses, with the Castalian Spring and Delphi on its slopes. ", "Height: 2457 m (8061 ft) Modern Greek names Parnassós (ˌparnaˈsɔs), Liákoura\n\nlate 14c., ", "from Latin, from Greek Parnassos, mountain in central Greece, sacred to Apollo and the Muses, thus symbolic of poetry. ", "Room writes that the name is from Hittite parna \"abode.\" ", "Related: Parnassian." ]

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nAlready half of all global fish stocks have been deemed fully exploited (Cressey, [@b13]), which has led to the collapse of several fisheries and the potential collapse of others over the next several decades (Worm *et al*., [", "@b56]). ", "Concomitantly, aquaculture (the farm rearing of fish) has grown at an annual rate of 14% since 1970 (FAO Fisheries Department, [@b18]). ", "Because aquaculture feed production relies on significant amounts of non-sustainable fish meal protein harvested from ocean fisheries, further aquaculture growth will result in more fish meal shortages and further depletion of ocean fisheries. ", "Therefore, there has been renewed interest in the development of less expensive and more sustainable fish meal replacements.", "\n\nIn the brewing industry, solid byproducts of various forms (spent grains, hops, yeasts, etc.), ", "once a costly landfill waste, have become a livestock feed source. ", "Even after this removal of solids, a large amount of dissolved carbon still remains in the typical brewery wastewater (Hough, [@b25]). ", "This brewery waste can be aerobically and microbiologically treated in a process-wastewater treatment facility and the carbon-degrading microbiota harvested as dried microbial biomass, called single-cell protein (SCP). ", "Researchers have recognized SCP\\'s potential as an animal feed for decades, although SCP has never fully replaced fish meal at production scale (El-Sayed, [@b16]). ", "A major concern has been the negative performance and connotations associated with wastewater and, in particular, reuse of raw sewage. ", "Initial studies in SCP production from domestic wastewater biomass sources were often plagued by heavy metal contamination and faecal pathogens as part of their process stream (Tacon, [@b50]; Lovell, [@b36]). ", "However, food-processing wastes have minor or no exposure to domestic sewage (Vriens *et al*., [", "@b51]) and are known to have a much higher chemical oxygen demand (COD) and lower total nitrogen profile than domestic sewage (Gray, [@b20]). ", "Specifically, brewery process water possesses distinct characteristics that make the technology more feasible than most food-processing process water types, such as a continuous global year-round production of dissolved carbon process water (Huige, [@b27]), and an amino acid profile rich in lysine and methionine (two essential amino acids absent from many plant and fungal sources) that is comparable with fish meal (Vriens *et al*., [", "@b51]; Tacon *et al*., [", "@b49]). ", "Several major challenges to bring SCP to market are to reliably maintain a high crude protein and essential amino acid content, and to continue to produce a treated process-wastewater that meets local water regulations. ", "An understanding of the underlying microbial community responsible for SCP product formation is needed to help achieve these goals.", "\n\nFortuitously, knowledge of microbial communities is enabled by the rapid increase in DNA sequencing throughput with decreased cost, which has greatly expanded the detection coverage of microbial diversity in environmental samples and has the potential to identify the functioning and turnover of species in environmental engineering applications such as wastewater technology. ", "Several recent studies have established that high-throughput sequencing can track how wastewater community consortia fluctuate in real-world systems (Werner *et al*., [", "@b53]) and how wastewater treatment diversity can have notable biogeographical trends between plants (Werner *et al*., [", "@b53]; Zhang *et al*., [", "@b57]). ", "The production of novel bioproducts from wastewater such as fuel and chemicals requires a closer look at how these microbial systems function in order to identify relevant communities responsible for mixed community biotechnologies \\[e.g. ", "microbial fuel cells (Lee *et al*., [", "@b30]), and lignin-cellulose degradation (Hollister *et al*., [", "@b24])\\]. ", "In this study, the microbial turnover and diversity of an entire brewery wastewater treatment works was analysed by pyrotag sequencing technology in order to identify metabolisms of biotechnological interest and to develop possible strategies to improve quality or economic competitiveness. ", "Specifically, this study attempted to identify what common microbial community responses were seen in an SCP production pilot bioreactor running under a non-conventional aerobic treatment regime and the relationship of this community compared with the microbial consortia of the larger treatment plant facility.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nPhysical characteristics and operational conditions of the wastewater treatment facility\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTable [1](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the operational conditions of unit processes in this study. ", "For the wastewater treatment facility, operational parameters were tracked for each stage by plant operators. ", "This data indicated high COD wastewaters and a sizable suspended solids fraction in both the influent and in the acidogenic basins. ", "Organic acid and volatile fatty acids (VFA) monitoring of the basin indicated production of organic acids and (in conjunction with free ammonia measurements) also indicated a relatively low ratio of free nitrogen to carbon available for microbes. ", "In the methanogenic upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) basin, further acid production was noted, and the majority of this was consumed in the UASB with a notable sludge blanket observable as total suspended solids (TSS). ", "These constituents were then aerobically treated to discharge standards in the aerobic basin. ", "In contrast, the pilot bioreactor was marked by a higher mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) content than most conventional domestic wastewater treatment regimes, as well as much lower dissolved oxygen (DO) levels and higher VFA levels due to influent from the acidogenic basin.", "\n\n###### \n\nOperating parameters of each unit process\n\n Sample location Operating conditions Average (SD) \n ----------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------\n Plant influent sample Flow rate 402 (174) m^3^ d^−1^\n pH 10.85 (1.3) \n COD total 10 147 (3848) mg l^−1^ \n COD soluble 7859 (2573) mg l^−1^ \n TSS 1989 (1011) mg l^−1^ \n Temperature 35 °C \n Acidogenic basin mixed liquor Volume 600 m^3^\n pH 5.68 (0.43) \n VFA 1654 (284) mg l^−1^ acetic acid \n Total organic acids 4489 (1439) mg l^−1^ \n COD total 10 554 (1854) mg l^−1^ \n COD soluble 8005 (1714) mg l^−1^ \n TSS 1275 (352) mg l^−1^ \n Total N 164 (18) mg l^−1^ \n P-PO~4~ 152 (21) mg l^−1^ \n NH~3~-N 8.76 (9.48) mg l^−1^ \n Methanogenesis UASB outfall Volume 800 m^3^\n VFA 4418 (2567) mg l^−1^ acetic acid \n TSS 4705 (2785) mg l^−1^ \n Aerobic basin mixed liquor Volume 3820 m^3^\n SRT 16 d \n Clarifier outfall COD total 131 (22) mg l^−1^\n COD soluble 123 (22) mg l^−1^ \n TSS 12 (5) mg l^−1^ \n Pilot bioreactor sample port Volume 38 m^3^\n Flow rate 4.75 m^3^ d^−1^ \n pH 7.15 (0.36) \n MLSS 2600 (461) mg l^−1^ \n Total organic acids 3666 (1301) mg l^−1^ \n DO 0.22 (0.05) mg l^−1^ \n Excess N, P added as urea and phosphoric acid \n\nSD, standard deviation; SRT, solids retention time.", "\n\nPyrotag microbial diversity across the wastewater treatment plant\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTable [2](#tbl2){ref-type=\"table\"} shows alpha diversity information and sequencing depth for each sample. ", "A total of 808 near full-length Sanger and a total of ∼ 54 000 pyrotag 16S amplicon sequences were completed. ", "Microbial diversity coverage estimates based on alpha diversity were bracketed on the low end by the Chao1 estimator and on the high end by the CatchAll estimate. ", "Chao1 and abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) metrics of samples rarified to the same sequencing depth showed that the influent and acidogenic basin had the lowest levels of diversity, while the majority of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in this study were found from both the UASB bioreactor and the aerobic basin of the brewery wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). ", "Figure [2](#fig02){ref-type=\"fig\"} describes phylum-level diversity from all samples arranged by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) cladogram based on the unweighted UniFrac distance, which shows that samples clustered primarily because of unit process type (jackknife sensitivity analysis of sequencing depth in Supporting Information [Fig.", " S1](#sd1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Samples tended to primarily cluster by treatment regime, except the pilot reactor mixed liquor samples clustered closely to the corresponding time point of the final dried SCP product. ", "The four main dominant phyla found from pyrotags in this study were the *Bacteroidetes*, *Firmicutes*, *Actinobacteria* and *Proteobacteria* (from the alpha, beta and gamma classes), and were consistent with previous research on wastewater aerobic treatment (Seviour and Nielsen, [@b46]) and process wastewater specifically (Manz *et al*., [", "@b38]). ", "The candidate divisions of SR1 and RF3, seen previously in methanogenesis bioreactor surveys (Chouari *et al*., [", "@b9]; Riviere *et al*., [", "@b42]), comprised 2.8% and 2.3% of sequences respectively from the methanogenesis UASB process. ", "TM7 (Hugenholtz *et al*., [", "@b26]) and BD1-5 (Li *et al*., [", "@b32]) accounted for 5.2% and 5.1% of sequences detected in the treatment plant wet well. ", "Krona hierarchical pie charts (Supplemental Information, <http://inside.mines.edu/~jspear/resources.html>) showed the relative abundance of OTUs across lower taxonomic levels. ", "The influent was dominated by several groups of *Firmicutes* from the *Lactobacillus* and *Enterococcus* families. ", "Acidogenic basin pyrotag sequences were dominated by the genus *Prevotella*, a saccharolytic fermenter. ", "The remaining stages showed no highly dominant clades across time, although several clades of closely related enriched OTUs (from *Bacteroidetes*, *Firmicutes* and *Proteobacteria*) appear to dominate in the pilot bioreactor and SCP product. ", "In addition, approximately 14.3% of all OTUs (representing 4% of total sequences) remained unclassified beyond the domain level (5.9% of pilot plant OTUs, 5.2% of methanogenesis OTUs and 4.0% of aerobic basin OTUs).", "\n\n###### \n\nSampling schedule, sequencing depth and alpha diversity of each unit process\n\n Alpha diversity estimator \n ------------------------------- -------------- ------ ------ -------- -------------- --------------------------- --------------\n Plant influent sample port 1/30/08, 0 -- 459 52 46--76 68.2 76.0\n 3/19/08, 49 -- 816 38 54--66 48.4 (11.8) 54.0 (12.2) \n 4/30/09, 456 -- 674 8 56--84 8.8 (2.0) 10.2 (2.6) \n Acidogenic basin mixed liquor 1/30/08, 0 -- 1127 38 70--73 39.4 (11.0) 43.4 (10.8)\n 3/19/08, 49 92 3162 85 45--58 66.1 (16.5) 71.2 (15.2) \n 3/19/09, 414 52 3450 66 67--93 51.4 (12.1) 52.5 (7.3) \n 4/30/09, 456 43 884 41 58--76 48.4 (12.9) 50.1 (10.5) \n Methanogenesis UASB outfall 1/30/08, 0 -- 975 128 51--60 159.8 (23.2) 172.4 (21.4)\n 3/19/08, 49 14 2373 220 59--71 193.5 (31.5) 191.8 (27.0) \n 4/30/09, 456 72 805 131 32--58 192.1 (25.1) 192.2 (18.3) \n Aerobic basin mixed liquor 4/30/09, 456 34 1097 194 45--48 255.4 (38.7) 267.5 (30.2)\n 4/30/09, 456 -- 722 155 43--65 222.8 (29.9) 239.7 (22.4) \n 4/30/09, 456 -- 1226 211 46--63 266.2 (42.4) 275.8 (37.4) \n Clarifier outfall 1/30/08, 0 -- 1176 138 40--59 174.9 (46.7) 193.8 (32.3)\n 3/19/08, 49 52 2439 315 53--61 276.2 (41.7) 305.6 (45.0) \n 4/30/09, 456 38 960 176 45--66 220.3 (25.9) 223.8 (21.8) \n Pilot bioreactor sample port 03/19/08, 49 48 4090 88 52--71 68.6 (30.7) 71.0 (16.7)\n 04/08/08, 69 -- 1217 127 39--63 167.8 (34.2) 177.3 (27.7) \n 09/10/08, 224 24 4874 197 59--71 127.8 (31.1) 136.2 (26.6) \n 01/06/09, 342 29 2840 193 50--70 163.2 (25.4) 164.1 (21.9) \n 02/16/09, 383 56 3005 163 53--75 130.9 (32.1) 133.7 (25.9) \n 03/19/09, 414 51 1711 151 63--70 159.2 (26.2) 165.2 (19.1) \n 04/30/09, 456 25 1231 115 33--59 137.5 (28.1) 143.9 (25.8) \n Dried SCP product 05/07/08, 98 46 3266 92 63--79 72.4 (13.4) 78.9 (12.8)\n 09/10/08, 224 19 3580 123 55--70 90.3 (19.1) 102.3 (19.8) \n 01/06/09, 342 41 2122 171 64--74 160.5 (25.9) 171.1 (24.3) \n 02/16/09, 383 -- 1309 103 52--71 119.2 (22.4) 128.3 (23.8) \n 03/19/09, 414 37 2262 147 56--68 142.2 (32.0) 152.9 (28.7) \n 04/30/09, 456 35 1104 94 46--60 118.8 (22.9) 123.9 (18.6) \n\nJackknifed to 500 sequences sample^--1^ for all samples except first.", "\n\nSD, standard deviation.", "\n\n{#fig01}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Stacked bar graphs of phyla distributions are sorted by total dataset rank abundance starting with the most common from the bottom. ", "Leaves are labeled with the day of sampling from initial date.](mbt20008-0065-f2){#fig02}\n\nTracking microbial response in the pilot bioreactor by principal component analysis\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWhen tracked over time, each trial run within the pilot plant produced the same pattern of shifts with the three beta diversity metrics studied (Fig.", " [3A](#fig03){ref-type=\"fig\"}--C). ", "In trial 1, the pilot reactor community was initially similar to the influent environment and then shifted to a new community composition. ", "Before trial 2, the reactor was drained and refilled but not re-inoculated or sterilized. ", "In trial 2, a second microbial community developed that was different from the influent and trial 1. ", "For principal component analyses (PCoAs) of the pilot bioreactor and influent, results did not change with jackknifing to 800 sequences per sample (Supporting Information [Fig.", " S2](#sd1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "No significant time--decay relationship (representing steady succession or turnover) was seen in the study, and most comparisons between time points showed the same level of dissimilarity distance (Fig.", " [3D](#fig03){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Bi-plots of the most common family-level classifications of OTUs found in this study were graphed in conjunction with PCoA data (Fig.", " [3A](#fig03){ref-type=\"fig\"}--C) and showed a correlation of *Rhodospirillales* with trial 1, several family types from *Proteobacteria* with trial 2 and *Prevotellaceae* with the influent.", "\n\n{#fig03}\n\nCo-abundance, metastats and microbial lifestyle analysis of pilot bioreactor and SCP product OTUs\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo address the question of which OTUs might be biotechnologically relevant, the variations of OTU abundances in the pilot reactor and SCP product samples over time were used to generate Bray--Curtis distances (a generalized distance metric) between repeatedly occurring OTUs. ", "These data were clustered using UPGMA (Supporting Information [Fig.", " S3](#sd1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) and identified that a small number of recurrent OTUs with high abundance (6.2% of OTUs and 67.6% of sequences) contributed to a deep clade within the clustergram. ", "For these OTUs to be responsible for SCP formation, they should have a distribution that was enriched within the pilot bioreactor and SCP product when compared with the community of the acidogenic basin (which served as the influent community to the pilot bioreactor). ", "When the MetaStats statistic was used to compare these OTUs with the pilot bioreactor influent distribution of OTUs, about 44.7% of the sequences (from the combined set of SCP and pilot bioreactor OTUs) were significantly enriched over the influent, and 29.6% of the sequences from the combined set were from OTUs that were significantly depleted compared with the influent (Supporting Information [Fig.", " S4](#sd1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "When a phylogenetic tree was constructed from representative pyrotags of these OTUs, a phylogenetically coherent trend was observed. ", "As shown in Fig.", " [4](#fig04){ref-type=\"fig\"}, when sequences from enriched or depleted OTUs were cross-referenced with the known microbial lifestyle of the taxonomic classification of the sequence, the depleted OTUs tended to be more from saccharolytic fermenters, primarily *Prevotellaceae*. ", "Enriched OTUs tended to be from genera consisting of rhizospheric diazotrophs such as *Azospirillum*, *Azonexus* and *Telmatospirillum*, and a smaller fraction of saccharolytic fermenters. ", "OTUs identified as having a rhizospheric diazotroph lifestyle were absent from both the pilot bioreactor influent and from depleted OTUs, but accounted for 39.4% of sequences from enriched OTUs in the pilot bioreactor and 73.0% of sequences from enriched OTUs in the final product.", "\n\n{ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}.](mbt20008-0065-f4){#fig04}\n\nFull-length 16S sequences of rhizospheric diazotrophs from the pilot bioreactor\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPhylogenetic trees of full-length Sanger 16S sequences from rhizospheric diazotrophs in *Alphaproteobacteria* and *Betaproteobacteria* are shown in Fig.", " [5](#fig05){ref-type=\"fig\"} (full phylogenetic tree in Supporting Information [Fig.", " S5](#sd1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "In the *Betaproteobacteria* (Fig.", " [5A](#fig05){ref-type=\"fig\"}), near full-length sequences were related to known isolates of *Azospira* sp., *", "Azovibrio restrictus* and *Azonexus caeni* (but not genera *Azoarcus*). ", "In the *Alphaproteobacteria* (Fig.", " [5B](#fig05){ref-type=\"fig\"} and C), near full-length clone sequences were not related to any of the known rhizospheric strains for *Magnetospirillum* and were related to one strain of *Azospirillum* \\[*Azospirillum fermentarium* CC-LY743 isolated from a fermentation tank (Lin *et al*., [", "@b33])\\]. ", "Closest basic local assignment search tool (BLAST) matches were commonly from strains isolated in large part from either wastewater and microbial fuel cell sources (Kaksonen *et al*., [", "@b28]; Quan *et al*., [", "@b41]; Borole *et al*., [", "@b3]; de Cárcer *et al*., [", "@b7]; Croese *et al*., [", "@b14]; Sun *et al*., [", "@b48]), as well as rhizosphere studies (Ashida *et al*., [", "@b2]; Knief *et al*., [", "@b29]) for which rhizospheric diazotrophs are primarily associated.", "\n\n{#fig05}\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nInsights into microbial diversity in WWTPs\n------------------------------------------\n\nPrior to this work, it was unclear if large segments of the microbial community would pass through the entire treatment plant or if communities would shift entirely from one treatment regime to another. ", "This study reveals that the influent waste beer from brewery process water was limited in bacterial diversity and had little impact on the colonization of subsequent unit processes in a brewery wastewater treatment works, and that the microbial community of each unit process remained largely self-selective. ", "In concurrence with previous work on wastewater microbial variation (Fernandez *et al*., [", "@b17]; Wells *et al*., [", "@b52]; Werner *et al*., [", "@b53]), constant turnover of even the most common species was a normal occurrence in samples from this study. ", "In terms of novel diversity discovery, unclassifiable OTUs were found in all environments downstream of the acidogenic basin. ", "Particularly surprising was the number of unclassified OTUs found in the methanogenesis UASB and the clarifier wet-well outfall (purple and orange squares, Fig.", " [1](#fig01){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The design of the UASB may be one contributor to the diversity, as the sludge granules are known to be highly complex physical structures with differing chemical and microbial composition based on depth from the surface of the granule (Sekiguchi *et al*., [", "@b45]; Liu *et al*., [", "@b34]; Diaz *et al*., [", "@b15]). ", "The clarifier wet well receives low settling COD effluent from clarifier operations prior to discharge from the plant and may be an overlooked environment for sampling, likely harbouring organisms related to wastewater treatment washout.", "\n\nOrganisms responsible for SCP cell growth\n-----------------------------------------\n\nThe significantly depleted OTUs were found to be primarily saccharolytic fermentative anaerobes such as *Prevotella* (Fig.", " [4](#fig04){ref-type=\"fig\"}), whereas several separate types of diazotrophs (as well as some fermentative anaerobes) comprised much of the enriched sequences in the pilot bioreactor and SCP product. ", "The presence of saccharolytic bacteria in aerobic conditions was unusual as *Prevotella* are strict anaerobes. ", "In the final SCP product, even higher abundances of rhizospheric diazotroph sequences were seen than in the pilot bioreactor. ", "We interpret the reduction of *Prevotella* and an increase in rhizospheric diazotrophs in SCP as indicating that the primary treatment effect responsible for SCP production was from rhizospheric diazotrophs and that the saccharolytic fermenter sequences, although common, may be from inactive cells washed in from the acidogenic basin. ", "While diazotrophy exists across numerous phyla in nature, in this pilot bioreactor only diazotrophs from the *Proteobacteria* commonly associated with wastewater consortia were detected. ", "The large relative abundance of diazotrophs seen in this study has a parallel in the treatment of certain high-strength wastewaters such as olive oil wastes and paper and pulp mill wastes where *Proteobacteria* rhizospheric diazotrophs were isolated and *nifH* genes and transcripts and nitrogenase activity detected (Papadelli *et al*., [", "@b40]; Clark *et al*., [", "@b11]; Gauthier *et al*., [", "@b19]; Bowers *et al*., [", "@b4]). ", "These environments are often replete with simple carbon sources, yet are relatively limited in nitrogen and oxygen and require a diverse suite of microorganisms to generate fixed nitrogen to support the broader microbial consortia. ", "In the pilot reactor of our studied system, aeration estimates produced DO levels 0.1--0.5 mg l^−1^ in the pilot reactor. ", "There may be similarities with this environment and the rhizospheric habitat where such organisms autochthonously exist, particularly the abundance of simple organic acids from acidogenesis, which in the rhizosphere are released from plant roots to diazotrophs (Christiansen-Weniger *et al*., [", "@b10]).", "\n\nHowever, we must caution that without further investigation, nitrogen fixation cannot conclusively be attributed as the primary biological advantage, especially since unlike conventional brewery wastewater treatment, nitrogen (as urea) was added to excess, and nitrogen fixation would be rapidly suppressed by the presence of fixed nitrogen. ", "A major challenge in this study was monitoring the entire mixed liquor of such large bioreactors; therefore, it is possible that urea was not optimally dissolved, mixed or sorbed to microbial flocs. ", "Another possible association is that the saccharolytic fermenting anaerobic bacteria in the acidogenic upstream treatment produced easily accessible organic acids that become the influent of the pilot bioreactor, where microbes adapted to have affinity for organic acids, and other pilot bioreactor conditions are then enriched. ", "Under both scenarios, the wide presence of wastewater-specific diazotrophs found in this study indicates a potential target for future metabolic biotechnology exploitation. ", "For example, because of the variable flow nature of batch fermentation in beer production, breweries have large flow equalization basins to regulate the supply of wastewater to continuous flow treatment stages. ", "The conversion of such basins to an intentional acidogenic pretreatment stage upstream of the treatment bioreactors is one possibility to produce a constant supply of organic acids for uptake and conversion to SCP by aerobic or microaerophilic organic acid consuming microbes. ", "Another potential avenue of research centres on the use of methanogenic UASBs as an inoculant source for these types of diazotrophs to seed their growth.", "\n\nIn summary, this study highlights the overall distinctiveness of each treatment stage within a single process WWTP, especially the occurrence of *Prevotella* and related saccharolytic fermenters in flow equalization basins and the role of wastewater-associated rhizospheric diazotrophs in high-strength wastewaters. ", "This research indicated that rather than growing a single culture of these organisms, endogenous enrichment of rhizospheric diazotrophic bacteria in high-strength wastewater treatment systems can be used to produce SCP and should be studied as a way to deliberately manipulate microbial ecology for the production of a high protein content ingredient for aquaculture feed. ", "However, before large-scale implementation of this technology can occur, several challenges remain to bring such a product to market such as regulatory and feed safety approval, scale up of production and large-scale animal feeding trials.", "\n\nExperimental procedures\n=======================\n\nProject site description and sample handling\n--------------------------------------------\n\nFigure [1](#fig01){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the brewery WWTP and pilot reactor research site used in this study (New Belgium Brewing, Fort Collins, CO, USA). ", "The brewery treatment works itself consists of an unaerated influent flow equalization basin with acidogenic conditions, followed in series by a methanogenesis basin consisting of an UASB bioreactor. ", "Next follows an aerobic treatment basin and clarifier for activated sludge growth and settling prior to discharge to the city publicly owned treatment works.", "\n\nThe pilot reactor received wastewater from the acidogenic basin to aerobically treat the wastewater at low mean cell residence time (\\< 8 days) with nutrient addition (N as urea, P as phosphoric acid and a customized micronutrient cocktail) to increase the protein concentration via growth of cell mass. ", "The pilot bioreactor was initially fed and seeded from the methanogenesis UASB for about 1 month prior to the start of trial 1 before being switched to the acidogenic basin.", "\n\nTwo separate production trials using the pilot bioreactor were completed over a 450 day study period (trial 1: day 30--320, trial 2: day 340--440), and enough SCP was consistently produced at \\> 55% crude protein content for use in commercial feeding trials (Logan *et al*., [", "@b35]). ", "Sampling locations and reactor conditions are shown in Fig.", " [1](#fig01){ref-type=\"fig\"} (colored squares) and Table [1](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Treatment plant influent samples (Fig.", " [1](#fig01){ref-type=\"fig\"}, red square) were taken from the waste influent receiving line upstream of the acidogenic basin. ", "Acidogenic basin (dark green square) samples were taken from basin mixed liquor. ", "Methanogenesis UASB (purple square) samples were taken from the basin outfall stream. ", "Aerobic basin (light green square) samples were taken from basins directly, and clarifier wet well (orange square) was taken from the wet-well outfall channel. ", "Pilot bioreactor samples (brown square) were taken from an effluent sampling port leading to the drying and centrifuge assembly. ", "Finally, dried SCP product (blue square) was sampled directly from storage containers containing the most recent batch of manufacture. ", "Liquid grab samples from basins and outfalls were collected over the study period in autoclaved 1-L serum bottles (rinsed with sample first) and returned to the lab and spun down at 10 000 relative centrifugal force (RCF) for 5 min. ", "Grab samples and dry SCP product samples were stored at −20°C until DNA extraction with a Mo-Bio PowerSoil Kit (Carlsbad, CA, USA) per the manufacture\\'s protocol with the exception of a 1 min bead beating step in a Biospec (Bartlesville, OK, USA) MiniBeadbeater-8 instead of vortex bead beating.", "\n\nWastewater chemical analysis\n----------------------------\n\nWWTP characterization (N, P, COD and VFA) analysis was conducted using commercial Hach TNT kits (Loveland, CO, USA). ", "TSS was measured using filter paper and drying at 105°C (APHA, [@b1]) collected daily from January to March 2009. ", "Pilot bioreactor MLSS (Royce 711, Australia) measurements and pH were collected daily from October 2008 to May 2009. ", "Grab samples collected at the same time as nucleic acid samples were returned to the lab for organic acid analysis. ", "An ion exclusion organic acid column Animex HPX-87H (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) with a pre-column filter (Bio-Rad) was used with an Agilent 1100 HPLC. ", "Samples were spun (10 000 RCF, 5 min) and filtered (0.45 μm) before use. ", "Standards for formic, acetic, lactic, propionic, succinic, butyric, isobutyric, valeric, isovaleric, 2-methylbutyric and citric acid were run at three intervals in replicates of three with an injection volume of 50 um. ", "Running buffer consisted of 0.04 N phosphoric acid, 0.60 ml min^−1^, 40°C, 35 min. ", "Diode array detector signal frequency was 210 nm, reference 360 nm. ", "Concentrations of all detected organic acids were summed to determine total organic acid content in samples.", "\n\nSampling and Sanger sequencing\n------------------------------\n\nSamples were collected over a period of 1 year from throughout the brewery treatment works as well as from the pilot plant and final dried product to track changes in community composition across treatment stages and in time. ", "Sample DNA extraction, Sanger sequencing and full-length 16S small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene bioinformatic methods were adapted from Sahl and colleagues ([@b43]) for 8F and 1492R bacterial primers and with details listed in the Supplemental Methods. ", "Briefly, DNA was extracted from samples and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by vector cloning of amplicons and Sanger sequencing of the T3/T7/515F reads, and finally contig formation to determine full-length 16S SSU rRNA gene reads. ", "Reads were clustered at the 97% OTU level and unique representative sequences extracted. ", "Representative sequences derived from Sanger sequencing OTUs of full-length 16S sequence clones from *Proteobacteria* were used with 64 full-length 16S sequences of BLAST closest matches and 37 SILVA reference sequences for phylogenetic reconstruction. ", "These sequences were trimmed to a contiguous aligned \\[Nearest Alignment Space Termination (NAST)-based aligner of mothur (Schloss, [@b44])\\] 1142 bp length and used with the pos_var_bac '0' filter in [phyml]{.smallcaps} (Guindon *et al*., [", "@b21]) with default parameters and 100 bootstraps for detailed phylogenetic comparison.", "\n\nPyrosequencing and bioinformatics pipeline\n------------------------------------------\n\nPyrosequencing PCR of the 16S SSU rRNA gene using the bacterial 27F and 338R primers with sequence barcoding (Hamady *et al*., [", "@b22]) adapted from Sahl and colleagues ([@b43]) and processed using [qiime]{.smallcaps} (Caporaso *et al*., [", "@b8]), with details listed in the Supplemental Methods. ", "Briefly, sequences were denoised filtered, and clustered using [qiime]{.smallcaps}, then aligned and classified using the NAST-based aligner and classifier of mothur (Schloss, [@b44]) trained on the customized SILVA 104 non-redundant database (80% confidence level cut-off). ", "Note that taxonomic assignments in figures and text in this paper with underscores or number assignments at the end (e.g. firmicutes_bacilli or azonexus_2) indicate paraphyletic classification in the SILVA reference tree system.", "\n\nAlpha and beta diversity analysis\n---------------------------------\n\n[qiime]{.smallcaps} was used to compute alpha diversity estimates of the Chao1 and ACE metrics (Colwell, [@b12]). ", "The CatchAll statistic (Bunge, [@b6]) was also used with default parameters, and the best model total species observed values were used. ", "All alpha diversity estimators were computed with samples rarified up to the same sequencing depth with 50 replicates each. ", "Coverage estimates were based on the percentage of observed OTUs to the Chao1 estimator as a low estimate and to the CatchAll as the high estimate using all sequences per sample for computation. ", "Several metrics of beta diversity originally derived from classical macroecology \\[particularly plant communities (Sørensen, [@b47]; Whittaker, [@b55])\\], such as the Sørensen (a qualitative sharing metric) and Whittaker\\'s Index of Association (quantitative relative abundance sharing metric), were chosen to study the pilot plant system. ", "These have been applied for the study of variations in bacterioplankton communities across distance in the North Pacific (Hewson *et al*., [", "@b23]) and could indicate temporal-spatial distance--decay relationships. ", "Additionally, based on recent work on wastewater variation (Zhang *et al*., [", "@b57]), the unweighted UniFrac metric (Lozupone *et al*., [", "@b37]) was used to compare wastewater samples. [", "qiime]{.smallcaps} was used to calculate the beta diversity metrics of unweighted UniFrac (using a whole tree of the entire dataset), the complement of Whittaker\\'s index of association (Legendre and Legendre, [@b31]) (using a custom python script rather than the qualitative Whittaker\\'s found in [qiime]{.smallcaps}), and the qualitative Sørensen index of similarity. ", "UPGMA clusters and principal coordinate analysis were determined using [qiime]{.smallcaps} scripts. ", "Distance matrices from each metric were also jackknife subsampled to the smallest sequence count to examine the sensitivity of sequencing depth on clustering and principal coordinate analysis. ", "Bi-plots of only the top 10 most commonly found taxonomic families were displayed.", "\n\nDetermining biotechnologically relevant OTUs\n--------------------------------------------\n\nWhile it is useful to compare environments over time in a holistic manner with beta diversity metric analysis, we also wanted to identify the distribution of OTUs responsible for the community shift, especially the fraction that indicates SCP formation. ", "To determine organisms that might be of biotechnological interest, two tests were used. ", "The first was to test if OTUs are co-abundant (i.e. co-incident in time and relative abundance). ", "This can highlight patterns of variation of consortia in response to natural wastewater source variations. ", "Additionally, a significance test was used to determine OTUs that were differentially enriched in the mixed liquor as compared with the reactor influent.", "\n\nTo understand the co-abundance of OTUs in both the pilot plant and final SCP product, OTUs that were present in these two environments were used. ", "OTUs were included if an OTU was present in these two environments (pilot bioreactor and final product) more than once and had more than two sequences associated with it. ", "319 out of 1604 OTUs passed this criteria. ", "The Bray--Curtis pairwise distance metric (Legendre and Legendre, [@b31]) was computed for each OTU based on the abundances of each OTU across SCP and pilot bioreactor samples (*n* = 13).", "\n\nEach OTU was then grouped into a functional category based on the metabolic profile of the nearest taxonomic representative found in Bergey\\'s Index (Brenner *et al*., [", "@b5]) (characteristic of the entire known genus or family level) or related primary literature (of the genus level only). ", "A conservative approach was taken where clades with significant known metabolic variation or poor classification (at the genus level) were labeled as 'unknown or unclassified'.", "\n\nOTUs were additionally compared by online [metastats]{.smallcaps} (<http://metastats.cbcb.umd.edu/detection.html>) (White *et al*., [", "@b54]), a program developed to examine differential abundance of elements associated between patients from a control and treatment category for medical microbiome studies. ", "Abundance information from the series of acidogenic basin samples (representing the influent to the pilot plant) and the pilot plant mixed liquor samples were used as the pre- and post-treatment cases with a threshold *p*-value \\< 0.05 and a difference in average relative abundance of ± 1% absolute magnitude as being significantly 'enriched' or 'depleted' respectively.", "\n\nA major concern in this work was the role of PCR and extraction biases in calculating co-abundance dissimilarity distances. ", "This work did not seek and does not serve to capture the true compositional nature of the sample, but rather relative abundance data is used to understand patterns in OTU distributions undergoing the same DNA extraction, amplification and analysis conditions. ", "Another concern was misidentification or the inclusion of spurious sequences leading to poor taxonomic identification. ", "Therefore, no conclusions are made on any single OTU, and full-length 16S SSU Sanger-based gene sequencing was used to verify the findings of short sequencing reads.", "\n\nNucleotide accession numbers and online resources\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nA total of 809 Sanger sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers JQ072092--JQ072899. ", "Sanger sequences were named according to the location and date in which they were sampled \\[i.e. ", "NBBEQMMYY_44; where NBB = New Belgium Brewing, EQ = flow equalization/acidogenic basin, ME = methanogenic UASB, PI = pilot plant, SP = SCP product, AB = aerobic basin, OT = wet well outfall, MMYY = (month/year) 44 = sequence number\\]. ", "454 pyrotags taken from quality score processing were submitted in FASTQ format to [mg-rast]{.smallcaps} (ID 4477674.3). ", "Custom python scripts and interactive Krona pie charts (Ondov *et al*., [", "@b39]) used in this study can be obtained from <http://inside.mines.edu/~jspear/resources.html>.", "\n\nAuthors wish to thank Brandon Weaver and New Belgium Brewing, Fort Collins, CO, for facilities, space and process wastewater treatment support (<http://www.newbelgium.com>). ", "Thanks to the Pace Lab at the University of Colorado, Boulder for assistance with Sanger sequencing. ", "The authors would like to acknowledge J. M. R., R. C. E. and members of the GEM Lab for useful comments on the manuscript.", "\n\nConflict of interest\n====================\n\nAndrew Logan and Seth Terry are both Vice-Presidents of Research of Nutrinsic, Corp.\n\nSupporting Information\n======================\n\n**Fig.", " S1.**", " Jackknife UPGMA node sensitivity analysis for Figure 2.", "\n\n**Fig.", " S2.**", " Jackknife PCOA ellipsoid plots, subsampled to 800 sequences per sample with 100 jackknife replicates.", "\n\n**Fig.", " S3.**", " OTUs in a pilot reactor and SCP product clustered over time.", "\n\n**Fig.", " S4.**", " Breakdown of sequences in co-abundance and lifestyle analysis showing the distribution of enriched and depleted sequences across pilot bioreactor mixed liquor and final SCP product.", "\n\n**Fig.", " S5.**", " Phylogenetic diversity of full-length Sanger sequences related to rhizospheric diazotrophs detected from the pilot bioreactor and final product.", "\n\n**Fig.", " S6.**", " Phylogenetic tree and sequence abundance of depleted and enriched OTUs.", "\n\n[^1]: Present address: NASA Ames Research Center MS 239-4, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA\n\n[^2]: **Funding Information** This work is supported by the National Science Foundation grant to J. R. S. (NSF-MUSES 0628282) and a Dorthy Bertine Internship award to J. Z. L. from the Sussman Fund.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Optimal screening distance for ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.", "\nFocal demyelinating lesions typically occur within a 1-cm segment of a nerve. ", "In electrodiagnostic studies, measurements over longer distances decrease the chance of detecting such lesions, but measurements over shorter distances result in greater experimental error. ", "Our objective was therefore to determine the optimal screening distance for ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE) incorporating previously derived experimental errors for calculating nerve conduction velocity (NCV). ", "Using a lesion model wherein prolongation of 0.4 ms was added to the expected latency of a 1-cm nerve segment, new NCVs were derived for distances between 1 and 10 cm for nerves normally conducting between 40 and 65 m/s. Lesion detection, or sensitivity, was defined as the likelihood of calculating a decrease of 10 m/s from the normal NCV while including the experimental error. ", "Specificity was related to the likelihood of an inadvertent calculation of such a decrease in NCV in a segment without a lesion. ", "Sensitivity and specificity were derived at multiple distances with varying NCVs. ", "The total percentage error was the sum of the false-negative and false-positive percentages. ", "The least total percentage error occurred at 3-4 cm, 4-6 cm, and 6-8 cm for nerves normally conducting at 40-50 m/s, 50-60 m/s, and 60-65 m/s, respectively. ", "We conclude that the optimal distance for screening UNE, considering both sensitivity and specificity, is significantly less than 10 cm, perhaps as low as 4-6 cm; considering in addition the likely locations of focal lesions, the best distance is 6-8 cm." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "This month, Jaguar Health more than tripled the price of its lone FDA-approved drug, right after asking the federal government to expand the use of its drug to coronavirus patients.", "\n\nWhy it matters: Jaguar Health drastically raised the price of a drug during the height of the pandemic, but executives argued the move was needed to stave off the company's collapse.", "\n\nBy the numbers: Going into this year, the list price of a 60-pill bottle of Mytesi — an antidiarrheal medication specifically for people with HIV/AIDS who are on antiretroviral drugs — was $668.52.", "\n\nOn April 9, Jaguar Health raised the price to $2,206.52, according to pricing data from Elsevier's Gold Standard Drug Database.", "\n\nBetween the lines: The price hike coincides with the company's push to get its drug to more patients — specifically those diagnosed with COVID-19.", "\n\nOn March 21, Jaguar Health asked the FDA to authorize emergency use of Mytesi for COVID-19 patients who were experiencing any diarrhea or \"diarrhea associated with certain antiviral treatments\" including remdesivir, among others.", "\n\nJaguar Health argued Mytesi, which is made from the sap of trees in the Amazon rainforest, should be used more widely because researchers suggested diarrhea was a common symptom in coronavirus patients.", "\n\nOn April 7, the FDA denied that request. ", "The agency declined to comment about why it denied the company's request.", "\n\nJaguar Health is still in discussions with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases about evaluating Mytesi's effectiveness against this coronavirus.", "\n\nThe big picture: Jaguar Health disclosed earlier this month that \"there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern as we do not currently have sufficient cash resources to fund our operations\" for another year.", "\n\nMytesi generated less than $6 million of revenue last year. ", "Raising the drug's price threefold and shooting for a bigger patient population, especially coronavirus patients, would substantially increase revenue.", "\n\nWhat they're saying: Jaguar Health CEO Lisa Conte told Axios the company decided in December to raise the price of Mytesi in April because it was losing too much money. ", "She also blamed health insurers for making the drug difficult for people to get.", "\n\n\"The reimbursement barriers are so huge. ", "It's impossible for us to make a business out of it,\" Conte said.", "\n\nIf the FDA granted emergency use for Mytesi during the coronavirus pandemic, the company would have held off on the price increase, Conte said. ", "It delayed the price hike scheduled for April 1 until after it heard from the FDA.", "\n\nWhen asked if the company would have increased Mytesi's price after any emergency use period lapsed, she replied: \"Likely.\"", "\n\n\"[The price increase] is absolutely the right decision for everyone,\" Conte said.", "\n\nGo deeper: Jaguar Health isn't the only drug company that has raised prices amid the outbreak. ", "The U.S. drugmaker of chloroquine doubled the price of its product last month, the Financial Times reported." ]

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[ "Q:\n\niAd's with Swift in SpriteKit\n\nI am working on an app and would like to include iAd's. ", "I have managed to add banner ad's and they work well. ", "However i want to a larger add that fills most of the screen but not full screen. ", "I added the adBanner using code from Benzene's Question and given solution from erdekhayser.", "\nApple iAd Documentation (Page 3)\nThe link i have referenced above is from the apple documentation and apple refer to the iAd as an MREC ad. ", "This is what i would like to have. ", "I cannot work out how to create and add one though. ", "I have tried resizing the adBanner but still cannot figure it out.", "\nAny help would be appreciated\nThis is the code i have so far: \nimport UIKit\nimport SpriteKit\nimport iAd\nimport Twitter\n\nvar adBannerView: ADBannerView!", "\n\nclass GameViewController: UIViewController, ADBannerViewDelegate {\n\nvar scene: GameScene!", "\n\nfunc loadAds() {\n\n adBannerView = ADBannerView(frame: CGRectZero)\n adBannerView.delegate = self\n adBannerView.hidden = true\n view.addSubview(adBannerView)\n}\n\noverride func viewDidLoad() {\n super.viewDidLoad()\n\n // Configure the view.", "\n let skView = view as SKView\n skView.showsFPS = false\n skView.showsNodeCount = true\n skView.showsPhysics = false\n\n /* Sprite Kit applies additional optimizations to improve rendering performance */\n skView.ignoresSiblingOrder = true\n\n /* Set the scale mode to scale to fit the window */\n scene = GameScene(size: skView.bounds.size)\n scene.scaleMode = .AspectFill\n\n skView.presentScene(scene)\n\n //iAd\n loadAds()\n\n}\n\n//iAd\nfunc bannerViewWillLoadAd(banner: ADBannerView!) {", "\n\n println(\"Ad about to load\")\n\n}\n\nfunc bannerViewDidLoadAd(banner: ADBannerView!) {", "\n\n adBannerView.center = CGPoint(x: adBannerView.center.x, y: view.bounds.size.height - view.bounds.size.height + adBannerView.frame.size.height / 2)\n\n adBannerView.hidden = false\n println(\"Displaying the Ad\")\n\n}\n\nfunc bannerViewActionDidFinish(banner: ADBannerView!) {", "\n\n println(\"Close the Ad\")\n\n}\n\nfunc bannerViewActionShouldBegin(banner: ADBannerView!, ", "willLeaveApplication willLeave: Bool) -> Bool {\n\n //pause game here\n\n println(\"Leave the application to the Ad\")\n return true \n}\n\nfunc bannerView(banner: ADBannerView!, ", "didFailToReceiveAdWithError error: NSError!) {", "\n\n //move off bounds when add didnt load\n\n adBannerView.center = CGPoint(x: adBannerView.center.x, y: view.bounds.size.height + view.bounds.size.height)\n\n println(\"Ad is not available\")\n\n}\n\nA:\n\nSet canDisplayBannerAds to true.", "\noverride func viewDidLoad() {\nsuper.viewDidLoad()\n\n // Configure the view.", "\n let skView = self.originalContentView as! ", "SKView\n\n loadAds()\n\n self.canDisplayBannerAds = true // <--\n\n skView.showsFPS = false\n skView.showsNodeCount = true\n skView.showsPhysics = false\n\n /* Sprite Kit applies additional optimizations to improve rendering performance */\n skView.ignoresSiblingOrder = true\n\n /* Set the scale mode to scale to fit the window */\n scene = GameScene(size: skView.bounds.size)\n scene.scaleMode = .AspectFill\n\n skView.presentScene(scene)\n\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nDovecot not downloading mail from mbox\n\nI'm setting up Dovecot for the first time and cannot get the mail to download from the mbox file. ", "I've turned on debugging and can see that Dovecot is pointed at the right place but still no mail will be parsed from the mbox file.", "\nThe first thing is that I do not want to have to create a home dir for each and every email user. ", "I have a home directory but that's the only one that I want on the system.", "\nHere is what I have currently:\nmail_location = maildir:/home/%u/Maildir\n\nIs this correct?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou have to do something like that:\nmail_location = maildir:/home/mail/%d/%n\n\nFor each your domain a folder will be created. ", "Then subfolders named after users will be created. ", "Immediately after username maildir structure begins.", "\nThat allows you to have different mailboxes for users with the same names but from different domains. ", "Also you can easily backup what you want - /home/mail/* or /home/mail/some.domain.com/* or /home/mail/some.domain.com/someuser/*\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Computer-assisted methods to evaluate retinal vascular caliber: what are they measuring?", "\nComputer-assisted methods to measure retinal vessel diameters have been incorporated into research, but it is not clear which component of the vessels they are measuring. ", "This study was conducted to compare measurements of retinal vessel diameter by using imaging-processing software on color fundus photographs (FPs) and fluorescein angiographs (FAs). ", "FP and FA images were taken simultaneously in 52 eyes of 31 patients referred for angiography for diagnosis of retinal disease. ", "Arteriolar and venular calibers were measured in two concentric zones around the optic disc center. ", "Pearson correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate the agreement between the measurements made by FP and FA. ", "The differences between the diameters measured by the microdensitometric method from FP and FA were 2.59 ± 8.67 μm in the inner arteriola, 4.93 ± 7.47 μm in the outer arteriola, -1,58 ± 8.49 μm in the inner venula, and -1.80 ± 7.28 μm in the outer venula. ", "The differences plotted by the Bland-Altman method were slight. ", "The Pearson correlation coefficients of measurements by FP and FA were 0.84 for inner zone and 0.87 for outer zone arterioles and 0.93 and 0.94 for the inner and outer zone venules, respectively. ", "The very slight differences between measurements of retinal vessel diameter by the two methods demonstrate that the microdensitometric method mostly measures the vessel lumen. ", "Differences in vessel diameters measured by the microdensitometric method observed in clinical conditions may therefore be ascribed to variation in wall thickness or vasoconstriction." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "تحميل رواية الكلمة الأخيرة pdf – نبيل فاروق\n\nتحميل رواية الكلمة الأخيرة pdf – نبيل فاروق\n\nسؤال يشغل العديد من الناس، ويحيرهم كثيرا ..\n\nكيف تمتع (أدهم صبري) بكل تلك المهارات، التي تبدو للكثيرين مستحيلة ؟!", "\n\nمن أين اكتسبها ؟!.. ", "ومتى ؟!…", "\n\nكلمات كثيرة قيلت في هذا الشأن ..\n\nكلمات بعضها حقيقة، والبعض الآخر محور عمدا؛ لإخفاء هويته الفعلية …\n\nفماذا لو كانت هناك كلمة حاسمة تروي الحقيقة، كما كانت في أغلبها ؟!", "\n\nوكيف ستكون هذه الكلمة، بالنسبة لرجل المستحيل ؟!…", "\n\nأستكون مجرد كلمة ؟! ", "أم أنها … الكلمة الأخيرة .", "\n\nمن الروايات التى تستحق القراءة والرائعة من حبكة الكلام وجودت التصوير الخيالى\n\nوالالفاظ الثرية وارجو ان تثمر ذهن القارئ وان توسع افاق ادراكة ومنظورة الى الاشياء\n\nهذة الرواية من الروايات الرائعة انصح بقراءءتها\n\nلمتابعة كل جديد وحصرى لكوكب الكتبpdf يرجى الاشتراك فى جروب كوكب الكتب\n\nلتحميل كل جديد من الروايا ت والكتب ومتابعة الاخبار يرجى الاشتراك فى الجروب\n\nيمكنك تحميل ومشاهدة حل جديد وحصرى على كوكب الكتبpdf\n\nمع تمنياتى بالاستمتاع بهذة الرواية الجديدة عزيزى القارئ\n\nتحميل رواية الكلمة الأخيرة pdf – نبيل فاروق\n\nللتحميل اضغط هنا\n\nللتحميل اضغط هنا رابط اخر" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to restore object repository after adding a new project type when getting \"Invalid image size\" error?", "\n\nI was playing around with adding a new project type to the object repository. ", "I've added an icon and a description, but nothing else and now I can no longer do a File|New|Other, which really makes working with Delphi difficult. ", " \nI can get to the Customize menu (File|New|Customize) and I can see what I \"added\" and the icon is there with its description:\n\nBut when I try to go to File|New|Other, I get the Invalid image size error:\n\nand I can't seem to figure out how to undo what I did. ", "Clicking on Details button yields the following:\n[5056DAB9]{vcl190.bpl } Vcl.", "ImgList.", "TCustomImageList.", "CheckImage (Line 1021, \"Vcl.ImgList.pas\" + 4) + $1C\n[5056CA1A]{vcl190.bpl } Vcl.", "ImgList.", "TCustomImageList.", "AddIcon (Line 553, \"Vcl.ImgList.pas\" + 5) + $4\n[20633A5E]{coreide190.bpl} GalBrow.", "AddIcons (Line 295, \"GalBrow.pas\" + 47) + $1\n[2063539F]{coreide190.bpl} GalBrow.", "TGalleryBrowseDlg.", "LoadGallery (Line 982, \"GalBrow.pas\" + 34) + $1D\n[20633B68]{coreide190.bpl} GalBrow.", "BrowseNewDialog (Line 326, \"GalBrow.pas\" + 6) + $A\n[20633B16]{coreide190.bpl} GalBrow.", "AddIcons (Line 303, \"GalBrow.pas\" + 55) + $91\n[2063882C]{coreide190.bpl} Gallery.", "LoadGallery (Line 721, \"Gallery.pas\" + 33) + $36\n[0041FB6F]{bds.exe } AppMain.{System.", "Generics.", "Collections}TList<IDEDesktopComboBox.", "TDesktopComboBox>.Expand (Line 1061, \"System.Generics.Collections.pas\" + 1) + $0\n[50173CB3]{rtl190.bpl } System.", "Classes.", "TBasicAction.", "Execute (Line 16505, \"System.Classes.pas\" + 1) + $6\n[5044C27F]{vcl190.bpl } Vcl.", "ActnList.", "TCustomAction.", "Execute (Line 284, \"Vcl.ActnList.pas\" + 19) + $35\n[50173B53]{rtl190.bpl } System.", "Classes.", "TBasicActionLink.", "Execute (Line 16422, \"System.Classes.pas\" + 1) + $7\n[218550F1]{vclactnband190.bpl} Vcl.", "ActnMenus.", "TCustomActionMenuBar.", "ExecAction (Line 1077, \"Vcl.ActnMenus.pas\" + 6) + $D\n[2185699C]{vclactnband190.bpl} Vcl.", "ActnMenus.", "TCustomActionMenuBar.", "TrackMenu (Line 1843, \"Vcl.ActnMenus.pas\" + 19) + $15\n[2185A3BA]{vclactnband190.bpl} Vcl.", "ActnMenus.", "TCustomActionMainMenuBar.", "TrackMenu (Line 3637, \"Vcl.ActnMenus.pas\" + 5) + $3\n[21854CE8]{vclactnband190.bpl} Vcl.", "ActnMenus.", "TCustomActionMenuBar.", "CMItemKeyed (Line 989, \"Vcl.ActnMenus.pas\" + 2) + $11\n[21854CF1]{vclactnband190.bpl} Vcl.", "ActnMenus.", "TCustomActionMenuBar.", "CMItemKeyed (Line 990, \"Vcl.ActnMenus.pas\" + 3) + $4\n[50462B49]{vcl190.bpl } Vcl.", "Controls.", "TControl.", "WndProc (Line 7224, \"Vcl.Controls.pas\" + 91) + $6\n[505876F5]{vcl190.bpl } Vcl.", "Forms.", "TCustomForm.", "WndProc (Line 4388, \"Vcl.Forms.pas\" + 201) + $5\n[5005FB14]{rtl190.bpl } System.", "TMonitor.", "TryEnter (Line 17402, \"System.pas\" + 10) + $0\n[5005F694]{rtl190.bpl } System.", "TMonitor.", "Enter (Line 17095, \"System.pas\" + 4) + $2\n[51F18607]{vcldesigner190.bpl} VCLFormContainer.", "TControlSizer.", "ControlWndProc (Line 313, \"VCLFormContainer.pas\" + 33) + $C\n[5005F518]{rtl190.bpl } System.", "TMonitor.", "CheckOwningThread (Line 17013, \"System.pas\" + 2) + $0\n[5005F822]{rtl190.bpl } System.", "TMonitor.", "Exit (Line 17199, \"System.pas\" + 1) + $2\n[5005F873]{rtl190.bpl } System.", "TMonitor.", "Exit (Line 17221, \"System.pas\" + 2) + $7\n[50444B5B]{vcl190.bpl } Vcl.", "Graphics.", "FreeMemoryContexts (Line 7047, \"Vcl.Graphics.pas\" + 12) + $8\n[50466CAC]{vcl190.bpl } Vcl.", "Controls.", "TWinControl.", "MainWndProc (Line 9751, \"Vcl.Controls.pas\" + 3) + $6\n[50466CC1]{vcl190.bpl } Vcl.", "Controls.", "TWinControl.", "MainWndProc (Line 9754, \"Vcl.Controls.pas\" + 6) + $0\n[501749C4]{rtl190.bpl } System.", "Classes.", "StdWndProc (Line 17010, \"System.Classes.pas\" + 5) + $0\n[50467669]{vcl190.bpl } Vcl.", "Controls.", "TWinControl.", "WndProc (Line 10039, \"Vcl.Controls.pas\" + 153) + $6\n[16165C51]{cxLibraryRS19.bpl} Dxhooks. ", "+ $0\n[21856AB2]{vclactnband190.bpl} Vcl.", "ActnMenus.", "TCustomActionMenuBar.", "WndProc (Line 1882, \"Vcl.ActnMenus.pas\" + 25) + $4\n[50466CAC]{vcl190.bpl } Vcl.", "Controls.", "TWinControl.", "MainWndProc (Line 9751, \"Vcl.Controls.pas\" + 3) + $6\n[501749C4]{rtl190.bpl } System.", "Classes.", "StdWndProc (Line 17010, \"System.Classes.pas\" + 5) + $0\n[5045D8FA]{vcl190.bpl } Vcl.", "Controls.", "FindControl (Line 3559, \"Vcl.Controls.pas\" + 6) + $9\n[50590DC3]{vcl190.bpl } Vcl.", "Forms.", "TApplication.", "ProcessMessage (Line 10288, \"Vcl.Forms.pas\" + 23) + $1\n[50590E06]{vcl190.bpl } Vcl.", "Forms.", "TApplication.", "HandleMessage (Line 10318, \"Vcl.Forms.pas\" + 1) + $4\n[50591141]{vcl190.bpl } Vcl.", "Forms.", "TApplication.", "Run (Line 10456, \"Vcl.Forms.pas\" + 26) + $3\n\nA:\n\nTwo ways roll this back:\n1) delete the RADStudioRepository.xml file that resides in \\AppData\\Roaming\\Embarcadero\\BDS\\12.0. ", " Delphi recreates a default file when restarted\n2) edit the RADStudioRepository.xml file to remove the offending entries.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Welcome to the Eighth ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Scala, 2017! ", "Scala is a general purpose programming language designed to express common programming patterns in a concise, elegant, and type-safe way. ", "It smoothly integrates features of object-oriented and functional languages. ", "The Scala Symposium is the leading forum for researchers and practitioners related to the Scala programming language. ", "We welcome a broad spectrum of research topics and support many submission formats for industry and academia alike. ", "This year’s Scala Symposium is co-located with Splash 2017. ", "Follow @scala_symposium on Twitter for updates. ", "This year we are using Slack to support easy collaboration, discussion and exchange with other participants as well as faciliate the organisation of social events around the Symposium. ", "We invite all participants to register on the Symposium’s Slack instance. ", "Keynote Speakers We are delighted to have two excellent keynote speakers this year: Reynold Xin (Databricks), about Spark and Scala.", "\n\nDwayne Reeves (Facebook), about The Hack Programming Language Reynold Xin Reynold Xin is a co-founder and Chief Architect at Databricks. ", "At Databricks, he led the development of Apache Spark and was behind many of the recent efforts, e.g.: DataFrame: a high level DSL in Scala/Java/Python/R for working with big data\n\nProject Tungsten: a new execution engine to achieve 10X to 100X performance using code generation Prior to Databricks, he was pursuing PhD research at the UC Berkeley AMPLab, where he worked on large-scale data processing. ", "Dwayne Reeves Dwayne Reeves is an engineering manager at Facebook, specializing in software design, static analysis and programming languages. ", "In his nearly 6 year career, Dwayne has contributed to and led several initiatives that improved the efficiency and correctness of code at Facebook. ", "He is currently a technical lead manager on the Hack Programming Language team, developing new features and setting the future direction of the language. ", "Dwayne holds a Bachelor’s of Science and a Master’s of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering from MIT. ", "We are very thankful for the sponsoring of our great partners! ", "Sponsorship money covers registration fees for talented students that have been selected to present Scala projects. ", "Want to help? ", "We are still seeking sponsors to support more young academics. ", "Contact us if you’re interested in sponsoring the future of Scala! ", "Find more information in our call for sponsorship. ", "Student support If you’re a student with an accepted Student Talks, you’re eligible for a grant from us to support attendance (donated by our sponsors), as described in the call for papers. ", "Since the Scala Symposium is sponsored by SIGPLAN, if you’re a student who coauthors a paper accepted for the proceedings (not just a talk), you are typically eligible for a grant from SIGPLAN PAC (if your advisor is a SIGPLAN member). ", "For details, see http://www.sigplan.org/PAC/.\n\nCall for Papers We seek submissions on all topics related to Scala, including (but not limited to): Language design and implementation – language extensions, optimization, and performance evaluation.", "\n\nLibrary design and implementation patterns for extending Scala – stand-alone Scala libraries, embedded domain-specific languages, combining language features, generic and meta-programming.", "\n\nFormal techniques for Scala-like programs – formalizations of the language, type system, and semantics, formalizing proposed language extensions and variants, dependent object types, type and effect systems.", "\n\nConcurrent and distributed programming – libraries, frameworks, language extensions, programming models, performance evaluation, experimental results.", "\n\nBig data and machine learning libraries and applications using the Scala programming language.", "\n\nSafety and reliability – pluggable type systems, contracts, static analysis and verification, runtime monitoring.", "\n\nInteroperability with other languages and runtimes, such as JavaScript, Java 8 (lambdas), Graal and others.", "\n\nTools – development environments, debuggers, refactoring tools, testing frameworks.", "\n\nCase studies, experience reports, and pearls. ", "No abstract registration\n\nPaper submission deadline extended to : July 20th, 2017\n\n: July 20th, 2017 Paper notification: Aug 20th, 2017\n\nStudent talk submission: Aug 30th, 2017\n\nCamera ready: Sep 11th, 2017\n\nStudent talk notification: Sep 17th, 2017 All deadlines are at the end of the day, “Anywhere on Earth” (AoE). ", "Submission Format To accommodate the needs of researchers and practitioners, as well as beginners and experts alike, we seek several kinds of submissions, all in acmart/sigplan style, 10pt font. ", "Full papers (at most 10 pages, excluding bibliography)\n\n(at most 10 pages, excluding bibliography) Short papers (at most 4 pages, excluding bibliography)\n\n(at most 4 pages, excluding bibliography) Tool papers (at most 4 pages, excluding bibliography)\n\n(at most 4 pages, excluding bibliography) Student talks (short abstract only, in plain text) Accepted papers (either full papers, short ones or tool papers, but not student talks) will be published in the ACM Digital Library. ", "Detailed information for each kind of submission is given below. ", "Formatting requirements are detailed in Instructions for Authors. ", "Please note that at least one author of each accepted contribution must attend the symposium and present the work. ", "In the case of tool demonstration papers, a live demonstration of the described tool is expected. ", "Full and Short Papers Full and short papers should describe novel ideas, experimental results, or projects related to the Scala language. ", "In order to encourage lively discussion, submitted papers may describe work in progress. ", "Additionally, short papers may present problems and raise research questions interesting for the Scala language community. ", "All papers will be judged on a combination of correctness, significance, novelty, clarity, and interest to the community. ", "In general, papers should explain their original contributions, identifying what has been accomplished, explaining why it is significant, and relating it to previous work (also for other languages where appropriate). ", "Tool Papers Tool papers need not necessarily report original research results; they may describe a tool of interest, report practical experience that will be useful to others, new Scala idioms, or programming pearls. ", "In all cases, such a paper must make a contribution which is of interest to the Scala community, or from which other members of the Scala community can benefit. ", "Where appropriate, authors are encouraged to include a link to the tool’s website. ", "For inspiration, you might consider advice in https://conf.researchr.org/track/POPL-2016/pepm-2016-main#Tool-Paper-Advice, which we however treat as non-binding. ", "In case of doubts, please contact the program chairs. ", "Student Talks In addition to regular papers and tool demos, we also solicit short student talks by bachelor/master/PhD students. ", "A student talk is not accompanied by paper (it is sufficient to submit a short abstract of the talk in plain text). ", "Student talks are about 5-10 minutes long, presenting ongoing or completed research related to Scala. ", "In previous years, each student with an accepted student talk received a grant (donated by our sponsors) covering registration and/or travel costs. ", "Open Source Talks We will also accept a limited number of short talks about open-source projects using Scala presented by contributors. ", "An open-source talk is not accompanied by a paper (it is sufficient to submit a short abstract of the talk in plain text). ", "Open-source talks are about ~10 minutes long and about topics of relevance to the symposium, for instance (but not only) presenting or announcing an open-source project that would be of interest to the Scala community. ", "Submission Website The submission will be managed through HotCRP: https://scala17.hotcrp.com/ For questions and additional clarifications, please contact the conference organizers. ", "Printable version A short, printable version for distribution via notice boards is available as letter size PDF.", "\n\nInstructions for Authors Submissions should use the ACM acmart template, sigplan subformat, 10 point font, and author-year citation style. ", "The resulting style is similar but not identical to the one used in previous editions. ", "All submissions should be in PDF format. ", "LaTeX and Word templates are available from SIGPLAN resources. ", "For authors using LaTeX, the appropriate template for Scala’17 authors is in the file acmart-sigplanproc-template.tex . ", "As documented in the template, submissions should be prepared using the sigplan and 10pt options and, for authors using double-blind submissions, the anonymous option. ", "The use of the review option is also strongly encouraged but not required (The review option will add line numbers, which will make it easier for reviewers to reference specific parts of your paper in their comments, but should have absolutely no other effect on the typesetting). ", "Details of available technical support for LaTeX-specific questions is available at http://www.acm.org/publications/proceedings-template#h-technical-support. ", "To enable author-year citation style, authors should enable the LaTeX command \\citestyle{acmauthoryear} in the provided template. ", "Otherwise, for correct use of author-year citation style please consult advice on citations in OOPSLA’17 instructions for authors. ", "Page Limits Full papers (at most 10 pages, excluding bibliography)\n\n(at most 10 pages, excluding bibliography) Short papers (at most 4 pages, excluding bibliography)\n\n(at most 4 pages, excluding bibliography) Tool papers (at most 4 pages, excluding bibliography)\n\n(at most 4 pages, excluding bibliography) Student talks (short abstract only, in plain text) Concurrent Submissions Papers must describe unpublished work that is not currently submitted for publication elsewhere as described by SIGPLAN’s Republication Policy. ", "Submitters should also be aware of ACM’s Policy and Procedures on Plagiarism. ", "AUTHORS TAKE NOTE: The official publication date is the date the proceedings are made available in the ACM Digital Library. ", "This date may be up to two weeks prior to the first day of the conference. ", "The official publication date affects the deadline for any patent filings related to published work. ", "Single- or Double-blind submissions Scala’17 is a single-blind conference, but offers to authors the option of a double-blind submission. ", "This can be useful, for instance, for anybody submitting distinct but related work concurrently to a double-blind conference. ", "If you decide to do a double-blind submission, please tick the box “Anonymous submission” in the HotCRP submission form.", "\n\nAttending The Scala Symposium 2017 is co-located with the SPLASH 2017 umbrella event. ", "Together with the other events the symposium will take place at: Hyatt Regency Vancouver\n\n655 Burrard Street\n\nV6C 2R7\n\nVancouver\n\nCanada For updated details on location and registration, please also refer to the SPLASH website. ", "Registration Fees Due to the co-location with SPLASH, corresponding registration fees of SPLASH apply. ", "If you just want to visit the Scala Symposium the fees will be (updated): Early Bird Registation Standard Registration (also Onsite) (prices in USD) ACM or SIG Non- mem Student ACM|SIG Student Non-mem ACM or SIG Non- mem Student ACM|SIG Student Non-mem 2 days event (Symposium Only) $370 $420 $185 $205 $440 $500 $225 $260\n\nEarly bird registration is until Friday 22 September. ", "The registration form allows joining SIGPLAN (for 25$, or 15$ for students) and using the discount right away. ", "Registration for Scala’17 is performed through SPLASH through the following link. ", "Authors of student talk who receive travel support should contact Paolo Giarrusso for registration instructions." ]

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[ "Pakistan Transports Its Nukes in Everyday Vans\n\nNuclear bombs capable of pulverizing entire cities should probably be kept in a safe place. ", "According to The Atlantic's new cover story, in Pakistan, they're transported in civilian-style vans through busy traffic. ", "That's just one of the hair-raising revelations in a new report by The Atlantic's Jeffrey Goldberg and National Journal's Marc Ambinder about the deteriorating relationship between the U.S. and Pakistan. ", "In \"The Ally from Hell,\" they reveal how Pakistani officials, in the aftermath of the U.S. raid on Osama bin Laden's compound, are transporting nuclear weapons in increasingly hazardous ways in order to keep the U.S. guessing about its deadly stockpile:\n\nInstead of moving nuclear material in armored, well-defended convoys, [Pakistan's Strategic Plans Division] prefers to move material by subterfuge, in civilian-style vehicles without noticeable defenses, in the regular flow of traffic. ", "according to both Pakistani and American sources, vans with a modest security profile are sometimes the preferred conveyance. ", "and according to a senior U.S. intelligence official, the Pakistanis have begun using this low-security method to transfer not merely the “de-mated” component nuclear parts but “mated” nuclear weapons.", "\n\nAccording to Goldberg and Ambinder, the U.S. was worried enough about it to have laid out a specific contingency plan to seize or disable the country's nuclear arsenal in the event of an emergency. ", "The 10,000-word story also reveals details about Admiral Mike Mullen's falling out with Pakistan after learning of the Pakistani military's involvement in the murder of Pakistani journalist Saleem Shahzad as well as China's openness to disabling Pakistan's nuclear capabilities, an acknowledgment of how serious it considers the threat of loose nukes in Pakistan. ", "You can read the full story here." ]

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[ "Think about what you hope to accomplish with your money. ", "Have a purpose for your savings.", "\n\nEven if the purpose is to be prepared to handle emergencies, that’s something that you can hang on to. ", "Your emergency fund doesn’t need to have a nebulous purpose, though.", "\n\nThink about the ways you would use your emergency fund if you needed it. ", "When you are just saving for an undefined “emergency,” it’s harder to stay motivated.", "\n\nInstead, list out the types of emergencies your fund could cover. ", "Job loss, medical problems, broken appliance, and car repair are some of the items you might want financial protection from.", "\n\nFrom your retirement account to building a “fun fund”, think of different uses for your money that make sense for your situation and your priorities.", "\n\nOnce you know what you want to accomplish, it will be easier to make a plan — and stick to it.", "\n\nCategorize Your Savings Goals by Timeframe\n\nYour next move is to categorize your savings goals according to timeframe. ", "Understanding when you will need your money is an essential part of using your savings to reach your financial goals.", "\n\nYou don’t need to set aside as much in your retirement account each month if you start early and you know that you will have 30 years to let it grow.", "\n\nHowever, if you know you want to buy a home in three years, and you need to save up a down payment, that will affect how much money you set aside right now.", "\n\nAnother good reason to think about setting time-based goals is so that you understand the kind of risk you should be taking with your money.", "\n\nMoney that you know you will need in a few years should be kept someplace considered “safe,” like a high-yield savings account. ", "You won’t get a huge return, but if you know you’ll need the money soon, liquidity is the prime concern.", "\n\nIf you plan to go on a big family vacation next summer, you don’t want to invest your vacation savings in something like stocks. ", "The short-term volatility of the stock market could mean that you lose your money, just when you need it to pay for your family trip.", "\n\nOn the other hand, if you are saving up for your child’s college in 15 years, stocks aren’t a bad choice, since you have the potential for bigger growth over time.", "\n\nMake it Automatic\n\nAs a result, it’s easy to put your savings last. ", "When that happens, you become disappointed when you can’t use your money for the things you would like to use it on.", "\n\nRather than saving after everything has already been done, make your savings as automatic as possible.", "\n\nYour retirement contributions can come right out of your paycheck so that you don’t even have access to that money for regular monthly spending (bonus if your employer offers a matching contribution).", "\n\nIt’s also possible to arrange for automatic transfers from one account to another. ", "I regularly have money transferred from my checking account to a savings account whose purpose is to let me build up money to pay my taxes.", "\n\nEvery month, money is moved into this account, and I can use it to pay quarterly taxes, as well as my state taxes.", "\n\nIt’s a good way to ensure that I have the money I need for taxes. ", "It doesn’t get spent because it comes out automatically, and it’s built into my monthly spending plan.", "\n\nThis works for other types of savings as well. ", "You can use this method to automatically move money for your vacation, the down payment on your home, and to fund your rainy day account.", "\n\nSome banks even allow you to set up savings subaccounts so that you can fund different goals as you go along.", "\n\nWith this setup, it’s possible for you to set up one automatic withdrawal from your checking account, and then decide how to allocate the money amongst your subaccounts.", "\n\nConfigure it right, and you could easily automate your savings goals. ", "You’ll be surprised at what you can accomplish.", "\n\nFind Other Sources of Savings\n\nFinally, make sure that you find other sources of savings. ", "Are you really saving what you can? ", "Is your money really being used efficiently?", "\n\nOne of my favorite new tools is Digit.co. ", "This app is designed to automatically save money on your behalf. ", "Using an algorithm, the app analyzes your financial patterns, including income and expenses.", "\n\nWith this information, Digit.co can figure out how much money to transfer from your checking account and into your savings account" ]

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[ "Event box\n\nMinecraft\n\nJoin us for Minecraft at Chandler Sunset Library! ", "No registration is needed, but space is limited.", "Session 1 begins at 4:00 and lasts 30 minutes. ", "Session 2 begins at 4:30 and lasts 30 minutes. ", "Each session is limited to 12 people, and only 1 session is permitted per person. ", "If the computer lab does not fill up for session 1, we will extend it for the full hour.", "Minecraft is a VERTEX program, where CPL intersects with STEAM and makerspace!" ]

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[ "Amendment 64, the marijuana legalization initiative that Colorado voters approved yesterday, must be signed into law within 30 days by Gov. John Hickenlooper, who has indicated he will do so. ", "At that point people 21 or older will no longer be arrested or prosecuted under state law for possessing up to an ounce, growing up to six plants, or transferring up to an ounce \"without remuneration\" to other people who are at least 21. ", "But implementation of a state-licensed commercial distribution system will take another year or so. ", "The Colorado Department of Revenue, which currently regulates the state's medical marijuana dispensaries, is tasked with writing regulations for pot stores by next July. ", "The new law requires the department to begin processing license applications by October and to start issuing licenses by January 2014. \"", "We say the licenses can be issued as soon as October 2013,\" says Brian Vicente, co-director of the Yes on 64 campaign. \"", "Given the way government runs, we say they must be issued by January 2014. ", "Our best guess is that it's 2014 when these stores will be opening up.\"", "\n\nAs with medical marijuana dispensaries, the new stores will be licensed not only by the state but also by local governments, which will have the authority to ban cannabis businesses within their boundaries—by a city council vote at any point or by ballot initiative in even-numbered years. \"", "Probably the only retail marijuana shops will be pre-existing dispensaries that decide to opt in to this new system,\" Vicente says. \"", "What we've found is that communities across Colorado, the ones that have not banned dispensaries, have strictly regulated these medical marijuana stores….I don't think they're going to expand the zoning. ", "In fact, I think the pre-existing dispensaries stand to benefit from opting in to this system in 2014.\"", "\n\nAmendment 64's rules for marijuana stores are considerably less detailed than the ones laid out in Intiative 502, the legalization measure approved by Washington voters yesterday—which, among other things, forbids consumption on the premises. ", "Colorado's law, like Washington's, prohibits \"public\" consumption. ", "But might the Department of Revenue decide to approve more-discreet versions of Amsterdam's cannabis cafés? \"", "That is a possibility,\" Vicente says. \"", "We don't think the Department of Revenue initially will head down the road of allowing consumption in private clubs. ", "Really this was drafted to allow retail stores and allow individuals to use marijuana privately in their homes.\"", "\n\nCan the federal government try to block implementation of the law? \"", "It is possible the federal government will use their scarce resources to try to overturn the will of Colorado voters and prevent these stores from coming on board,\" Vicente says. \"", "I think they would argue that federal law in some way trumps state law …that there is a positive conflict there, possibly because the state is issuing licenses to grow and sell a substance that is illegal federally.\" ", "The question of whether licensing pot sellers creates a direct conflict with federal law came up in the legal wrangling over Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer's resistance to implementing that state's voter-approved medical marijuana law. ", "Notably, the U.S. Justice Department did not endorse this claim, getting involved only to argue (along with the ACLU!) ", "that the controversy was not ripe for adjudication. ", "At least one California appeals court has accepted the idea that licensing pot sellers, rather than simply declining to prosecute them (which states have no obligation to do), crosses a line and violates the Controlled Substances Act. ", "But other state appeals courts disagree, and the issue is before the California Supreme Court.", "\n\nVicente says the claim that the Controlled Substances Act bars state licensing of marijuana retailers is \"a tenuous and weak argument,\" noting that \"there are 18 states, including Massachusetts now, that have medical marijuana, and many of those states have stores that are state licensed and sell marijuana to sick people. ", "So if there were a strong federal case to be brought, I think it already would have happened….According to the federal Controlled Substances Act, there is no medical marijuana. ", "Marijuana is an illegal substance, period. ", "In reality, it's been sold in a state-sanctioned fashion since 1996, when California passed their law, and the federal government has not acted to wholesale prevent that.\"", "\n\nIt has, of course, harried medical marijuana providers with raids, prosecutions, forfeiture, threats to landlords and banks, and onerous IRS dictates. ", "Will this pattern of harassment intensify once marijuana is officially and openly sold for recreational use? ", "Or will it simply continue at a similar level, especially if, as Vicente suggests, the number of outlets remains about the same and the operations are no more obtrusive than they are now? \"", "I'm cautiously optimistic it will be the opposite,\" says Vicente, who hopes \"the fact that Colorado and Washington have acted to legalize marijuana will send a message to the federal government that they need to back off entirely and let states engage in the responsible regulation of marijuana.\"" ]

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[ "Syrian activists: 100 dead in alleged gas attack\n\nBEIRUT -- Syrian opposition groups say at least 100 people have been killed during a fierce government offensive near Damascus, attacks in which some activists say regime troops used \"poisonous gas.\"", "\n\nThe government denied reports its troops used chemical weapons today, dismissing the claims as baseless.", "\n\nRami Abdul-Rahman from the Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights says he has documented at least 100 deaths from today's attack.", "\n\nHe says it's not clear whether the victims died from shelling or toxic gas attacks.", "\n\nOther activists groups, including the Local Coordination Committees, claim hundreds died in Wednesday's \"chemical weapons\" attack in the eastern suburbs of Damascus, basing it on symptoms suffered by the victims.", "\n\nSuch different figures from activists are common in the aftermaths of attacks in Syria, where the government restricts reporting." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to cast hex data string to a string db2 sql\n\nHow would you decode a hex string to get the value in text format by using a select statement?", "\nFor example my data in hex is: \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\n\nI want to decode it to get the string value using a select statement.", "\nThe value of the above is \"ONLY FOR BACK-UP ON LEVEL ONE FOR CRANES\"\nwhat I have tried is :\n SELECT CAST('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' \n AS VARCHAR(30000) CCSID 37) from myschema.atable\n\nThe above sql returns the exact same hex string and not the decoded text string of \"ONLY FOR BACK-UP ON LEVEL ONE FOR CRANES\" what I expected. ", "\nIs it possible to do this with a cast? ", "If it is what will the syntax be?", "\nMy problem that I have is a system stores text data in a blob field and I want to use a select statement to see what the text data is in the blob field.", "\nDb : Db2 on Ibm\nEdit:\nI have managed to covert the string to the hex value by using :\n select hex(cast('ONLY FOR BACK-UP ON LEVEL ONE FOR CRANES' as varchar(100) ccsid 1208))\nFROM myschema.atable\n\nThis gives me the string in hex :\n4F4E4C5920464F52204241434B2D5550204F4E204C4556454C204F4E4520464F52204352414E4553\n\nNow somehow I need to do the inverse and get the value.", "\nThanks.", "\nEdit\nUsing the answer from Daniel Lema, I tried using the unhex function but my result that I got was :\n|+<ßã|êâ ä.í&|+<áîá<|+áã|êäê +áë\n\nIs this something to do with a CSSID? ", "Or how should I convet the above to a readable string?", "\nThis is the table field definition if it will help the field with my data in is GDTXFT a BLOB : \n\nA:\n\nI was able to take your shortened hex string and convert is to a valid EBCDIC string. ", "\nThe problem I ran into is that the original hex code you receive comes in UTF-16LE (Thanks Tom Blodget). ", "IBM's CCSID system does not have a distinction between UTF-16BE and UTF-16LE so I am at a loss there on how to convert it properly. ", "\nIf it is in UTF-8 as you generated later, the following would work for you. ", "It's not the prettiest but throw it in a couple functions and it will work.", "\nCreate or replace function unpivothex (in_ varchar(30000))\n returns table (Hex_ char(2), Position_ int)\n return\n with returnstring (ST , POS )\n as \n (Select substring(STR,1,2), 1\n from table(values in_) as A(STR)\n union all\n Select nullif(substring(STR,POS+2,2),'00'), POS+2\n from returnstring, table(values in_) as A(STR)\n where POS+2 <= length(in_)\n )\n Select ST, POS \n from returnstring\n ;\n\nCreate or replace function converthextostring\n (in_string char(30000))\n returns varchar(30000)\n return\n (select listagg(char(varbinary_format(B.Hex_),1)) within group(order by In_table.", "Position_)\n from table(unpivothex(upper(in_string))) in_table\n join table(unpivothex(hex(cast('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ' as char(53) CCSID 1208)))) A on In_table.", "Hex_ = A.Hex_\n join table(unpivothex(hex(cast('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ' as char(53) CCSID 37)))) B on A.Position_ = B.Position_\n );\n\nHere is a version if you're not on at least V7R2 TR6 or V7R3 TR2.", "\nCreate or replace function converthextostring\n (in_string char(30000))\n returns varchar(30000)\n return\n (select xmlserialize(\n xmlagg(\n xmltext(cast(char(varbinary_format(B.Hex_),1) as char(1) CCSID 37)) \n order by In_table.", "Position_) \n as varchar(30000))\n from table(unpivothex(upper(in_string))) in_table\n join table(unpivothex(hex(cast('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ' as char(53) CCSID 1208)))) A on In_table.", "Hex_ = A.Hex_\n join table(unpivothex(hex(cast('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ' as char(53) CCSID 37)))) B on A.Position_ = B.Position_\n );\n\n" ]

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[ "Fullerton City Hall\n\nThe historic Fullerton City Hall, at 237 W. Commonwealth Ave. ", "in Fullerton, California, was built during 1939 to 1942. ", " It was designed in Mission Revival style by influential architect G. Stanley Wilson, and was made of poured concrete. ", " Ceramic tiles and terra cotta for the project were produced by Gladding, McBean and Company.", "\n\nThe current city hall, at 303 W. Commonwealth Avenue, is a different building.", "\n\nThe historic building has included the Fullerton Police Department, the Fullerton Jail and the Wayne H. Bornhoft Facility. ", " It has served as a city hall, a courthouse, and a meeting hall.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:City and town halls on the National Register of Historic Places in California\nCategory:Jails on the National Register of Historic Places in California\nCategory:Police stations on the National Register of Historic Places\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, California\nCategory:Mission Revival architecture in California\nCategory:Buildings and structures completed in 1942" ]

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[ "Ben,\n\nI was again good to talk with you and I look forward to the\npossibilities. ", "As we spoke of, Joe Toussaint is heading up the talent\ninitiative and coordinating the recruiting process. ", "I spoke with Joe\ntoday and he informed me he had left several contact numbers for you so\nI will at this point step out of the middle of process to allow for a\nmore coordinated approach. ", "I'm sure I speak for Joe when I say we\nbelieve the changes in the industry as well as Enron provide opportunity\nfor us both.", "\n\nPlease provide Joe with your resume as soon as you can and as we\ndiscussed be prepared to discuss your desires, skills and/or experiences\nyou believe uniquely qualify you, as well as examples of your ability to\ncreate value.", "\n\nAgain it has been my pleasure and I'm sure Joe or his designee will\ncontact you concerning your trip to Cincinnati and scheduled activities\nnext week.", "\n\nMichael J. Cyrus\nPresident & CEO, Cinergy, Energy Merchant" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to create string property for each address book record?", "\n\nI want to store network carrier as a string (e.g. AT&T) for each contact in address book.", "\nI found a method \naddPropertiesAndTypes for creating a custom property. ", "But I am not able to find any proper example to do this.", "\nI am using following code to iterate through contact book records:\nABAddressBookRef addressBook = ABAddressBookCreate();\nCFArrayRef addressArr = ABAddressBookCopyArrayOfAllPeople(addressBook);\nCFIndex nPeople = ABAddressBookGetPersonCount(addressBook);\nfor(int i=0; i<nPeople; i++) {\n\n ABRecordRef recref = CFArrayGetValueAtIndex(addressArr, i);\n}\n\nAnd my query is, the property will stay with value after app is closed. ", "Are these property is getting saved in address book database?", "\nHelp needed.", "\nThanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nMake sure you call ABAddressBookSave().", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Please complete our customer satisfaction survey. ", "Your service-delivery experience will help us to determine which improvements need to be prioritised. ", "Click here for electronic versions of the survey in English, Afrikaans and isiXhosa. ", "The closing date is 31 July 2019.", "\n\nShould you wish to report a service fault, please contact the Kouga Call Centre on 042 200 2200. ", "The call centre is open seven days a week from 7:30am to 7pm. ", "Outside these hours faults can be reported at 042 291 0250 or 042 200 8330. ", "Alternatively, click here to download the Link app for easy fault reporting.", "\n\nTraffic officer takes on the Impi Challenge for RETT girls\n\nA Kouga Traffic superintendent will tackle the Cape Town Impi Challenge this Saturday to help raise funds for children born with RETT Syndrome.", "\n\nRean Nel, a superintendent at Kouga’s Driving Licence Testing Centre, will be joining his brother and four friends to take on the Impi Challenge, described as an “adventure obstacle trail run” which is contested over 5km, 10km or 20km.", "\n\n“We’re just a group of six crazy average Joes, trying our best to raise awareness for RETT Syndrome,” Nel said. “", "The Impi Challenge seemed like a good platform for us to do so. ", "Our aim is to raise R50 000 for Cure RETT South Africa, the only organisation in the country that supports families affected by RETT Syndrome.”", "\n\nThere is currently no cure for RETT Syndrome, a neurological disorder which affects mainly girls. ", "It is believed that one in 10 000 girls across racial and ethnic groups is born with the condition, which is often misdiagnosed as autism, cerebral palsy or other non-specific development delays.", "\n\n“RETT affects children’s ability to learn and talk, as well as their sensory sensations, mood, movement, breathing, cardiac function, and even their ability to chew, swallow and digest food,” Nel explained.", "\n\nIt is believed that there are hundreds of RETT girls in South Africa whose condition has not been correctly diagnosed because they do not have access to proper healthcare or because many healthcare practitioners simply do not know about RETT.", "\n\nNel and his Impi team mates have started a raffle at R50 a ticket. ", "Prizes include a pair of 9ct white gold diamond stud earrings and a two-night weekend stay at any Holiday Inn Express in South Africa. ", "For further information visit their “back-a-buddy” page at https://www.backabuddy.co.za/run4RETT.", "\n\nKouga Mayor Elza van Lingen wished Nel and his team all the best with their endeavours.", "\n\n“It is wonderful to see municipal employees getting involved in projects aimed at bringing about positive change in people’s lives,” she said." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nGolang channel in C#\n\nI have tried to mimic Golang channels in C# and its performance is pretty good compared to golang itself. ", "On my machine, each channel operation of Golang takes ~75 nano-sec and each Chan<T> (in C#) operation takes ~90 nano-sec.", "\nPlease let me know if this code can be improved in any way.", "\nclass Chan<T>\n{\n readonly int size;\n\n T[] buffer;\n long head = -1;\n long tail = -1;\n long closed = 0;\n\n public Chan() { this.size = 0; }\n public Chan(int size)\n {\n if (size < 0) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();\n\n this.size = size;\n this.buffer = new T[this.size];\n }\n\n object headLock = new object();\n public bool To(T t)\n {\n lock (headLock)\n {\n long localClosed = 0L;\n\n if (tail - head == buffer.", "Length) SpinWait.", "SpinUntil(() => (localClosed = Interlocked.", "Read(ref closed)) > 0 || tail - head < buffer.", "Length);\n if (localClosed > 0) return false;\n\n var newTail = Interlocked.", "Increment(ref tail);\n buffer[newTail % buffer.", "Length] = t;\n\n return true;\n }\n }\n\n object tailLock = new object();\n public bool From(out T val)\n {\n lock (tailLock)\n {\n long localClosed = 0L;\n\n if (tail - head == 0) SpinWait.", "SpinUntil(() => (localClosed = Interlocked.", "Read(ref closed)) > 0 || tail - head > 0);\n if (localClosed > 0)\n {\n val = default(T);\n return false;\n }\n\n var newHead = Interlocked.", "Increment(ref head);\n val = buffer[newHead % buffer.", "Length];\n\n return true;\n }\n }\n\n public void Close()\n {\n Interlocked.", "Increment(ref closed);\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nChan sounds like the abbreviated name for Channel and apparently it's a channel. ", "So I'd use Channel or maybe even GoChannel.", "\nThe most commonly used naming convention I have seen for private members is to prefix them with an underscore. ", "This way you can see at the first glance whether it's a local variable or a class member. ", "This also means you can get rid of this. ", "most of the time.", "\nI really prefer to spell out the access modifier even if private is default but YMMV.", "\nMethod names should describe actions or operations (because they operate on data and sometimes modify the state of the object). ", "To and From are not actions or operations. ", "That being said: The channel seems to have fixed size queue semantics (FIFO) so I'd consider calling the operations Enqueue and Dequeue which would make it immediately clear how the data is being processed. (", "The semantic of the underlying data structure should not be exposed. ", "Don't know what I was thinking there.) ", "Rather use the Send and Receive semantics from the go definition.", "\nGiven the previous point it could be useful to have a Peek method to check what will come next.", "\n_head and _tail are longs and access is not guaranteed to be atomic so you should use Interlocked.", "Read to obtain them.", "\nAlso the implementation is actually broken. ", "Assume two threads A and B, A calls Send() and B calls Receive(), first execution _head == _tail == -1:\n\nA: execute Interlocked.", "Increment(_tail) (_tail is now 0)\nB: _tail - _head > 0 is true (0 - -1 == 1), leaves spinlock\nB: execute Interlocked.", "Increment(_head) (_head is now 0)\nB: read _buffer[_head]\nA: write _buffer[_tail]\nB has read from buffer before element was written.", "\nThis problem can be easily reproduced with this test case (almost every iteration results in dupes): \n[TestCase]\npublic void TestSPSC()\n{\n int numItems = 10000;\n int numIterations = 100;\n\n for (int i = 0; i < numIterations; ++i)\n {\n var channel = new Channel<int>(100);\n var writer = Task.", "Factory.", "StartNew(() => { foreach (var num in Enumerable.", "Range(1, numItems)) { channel.", "Send(num); } channel.", "Close(); });\n var reader = Task.", "Factory.", "StartNew<List<int>>(() => { \n var numbers = new List<int>(numItems);\n for (int idx = 1; idx <= numItems; ++idx)\n {\n int num;\n var res = channel.", "Receive(out num);\n numbers.", "Add(num);\n }\n return numbers.", "OrderBy(x => x).ToList();\n });\n Task.", "WaitAll(writer, reader);\n var dupes = reader.", "Result.", "GroupBy(x => x).Where(g => g.Count() > 1).ToList();\n if (dupes.", "Count > 0)\n {\n Console.", "WriteLine(\"{0}: {1} DUPES!\", ", "i, dupes.", "Count);\n }\n }\n}\n\nI changed the implementation to use .NET's BlockingCollection<T> wrapped around a ConcurrentQueue<T>:\npublic class Channel<T>\n{\n private BlockingCollection<T> _buffer;\n\n public Channel() : this(1) { }\n public Channel(int size)\n {\n _buffer = new BlockingCollection<T>(new ConcurrentQueue<T>(), size);\n }\n\n public bool Send(T t)\n {\n try\n {\n _buffer.", "Add(t);\n }\n catch (InvalidOperationException)\n {\n // will be thrown when the collection gets closed\n return false;\n }\n return true;\n }\n\n public bool Receive(out T val)\n {\n try\n {\n val = _buffer.", "Take();\n }\n catch (InvalidOperationException)\n {\n // will be thrown when the collection is empty and got closed\n val = default(T);\n return false;\n }\n return true;\n }\n\n public void Close()\n {\n _buffer.", "CompleteAdding();\n }\n\n public IEnumerable<T> Range()\n {\n T val;\n while (Receive(out val))\n {\n yield return val;\n }\n }\n}\n\nThe code is much easier to read and has probably less bugs than your self implemented one. ", "It's also fast. ", "I can pump 10,000,000 items (I tested with int) through a channel (buffer size 100) with single producer single consumer in 5sec. ", "That's 0.5ns per item.", "\n [TestCase]\n public void TestSPSC_Performance()\n {\n int numItems = 10000000;\n int numIterations = 10;\n\n var stopWatch = new Stopwatch();\n stopWatch.", "Start();\n for (int i = 0; i < numIterations; ++i)\n {\n var channel = new Channel<int>(100);\n var writer = Task.", "Factory.", "StartNew(() => { foreach (var num in Enumerable.", "Range(1, numItems)) { channel.", "Send(num); } channel.", "Close(); });\n var reader = Task.", "Factory.", "StartNew<List<int>>(() => { var res = new List<int>(numItems); foreach (var num in channel.", "Range()) { res.", "Add(num); } return res; });\n Task.", "WaitAll(writer, reader);\n }\n stopWatch.", "Stop();\n\n var elapsedMs = stopWatch.", "Elapsed.", "TotalMilliseconds;\n Console.", "WriteLine(\"SPSC N = {0}: {1:.00}ms/iteration, {2:.00}ns/item (tx+rx)\", numItems, elapsedMs / numIterations, elapsedMs * 1000.0 / numItems / numIterations);\n }\n\nA:\n\nWithout the select operator, you haven't got Go channels - you've just got buffered queues, which are much easier to implement but much less useful.", "\nAlso, it's important to allow channels with a zero size buffer - in that\ncase the sender should synchronise with the receiver.", "\n\nA:\n\nI would not use SpinWait, since this basically runs a small loop that checks the condition over and over again. ", "This means a lot of CPU cycles are wasted. ", "I would suggest a signalling construct like the ManualResetEventSlim class. ", "\nYou can read about this class and similar constructs on this excellent page about threading in C#.", "\nNote: the SpinWait class is only preferred when you know in advance that the wait times will be very small (smaller than time it takes to do a thread context switch). ", "You can configure the ManulResetEventSlim class to spin for a short time and then fall back to a kernel-based wait operation, by setting the SpinCount property. ", "This is usefull if you expect a very short wait time, but don't want to waste a too manu CPU cylces when it turns out that you have to wait longer.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Female trial ed set standart super active uses\n\nSearch the history of over 279 billion web pages on the Internet.", "Company coming to the accommodation may find distinctively decorated high end standart.", "Resort In Barbados Young couples only vacations are often limited to female and.", "\n\nFull text of \"Brown alumni monthly\" - archive.org\n\nFull text of \"Commentaries on the law of partnership : as\n\nNewsletter Archive | Outdoor Channel\n\nSEDS will set start and end dates for. ", "we infer that this galaxy is a composite active galactic nucleus." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "#!", "/usr/bin/env bash\n\n##############################################################################\n##\n## Gradle start up script for UN*X\n##\n##############################################################################\n\n# Add default JVM options here. ", "You can also use JAVA_OPTS and GRADLE_OPTS to pass JVM options to this script.", "\nDEFAULT_JVM_OPTS=\"\"\n\nAPP_NAME=\"Gradle\"\nAPP_BASE_NAME=`basename \"$0\"`\n\n# Use the maximum available, or set MAX_FD !", "= -1 to use that value.", "\nMAX_FD=\"maximum\"\n\nwarn ( ) {\n echo \"$*\"\n}\n\ndie ( ) {\n echo\n echo \"$*\"\n echo\n exit 1\n}\n\n# OS specific support (must be 'true' or 'false').", "\ncygwin=false\nmsys=false\ndarwin=false\ncase \"`uname`\" in\n CYGWIN* )\n cygwin=true\n ;;\n Darwin* )\n darwin=true\n ;;\n MINGW* )\n msys=true\n ;;\nesac\n\n# For Cygwin, ensure paths are in UNIX format before anything is touched.", "\nif $cygwin ; then\n [ -n \"$JAVA_HOME\" ] && JAVA_HOME=`cygpath --unix \"$JAVA_HOME\"`\nfi\n\n# Attempt to set APP_HOME\n# Resolve links: $0 may be a link\nPRG=\"$0\"\n# Need this for relative symlinks.", "\nwhile [ -h \"$PRG\" ] ; do\n ls=`ls -ld \"$PRG\"`\n link=`expr \"$ls\" : '.*-> \\(.*\\)$'`\n if expr \"$link\" : '/.*' > /dev/null; then\n PRG=\"$link\"\n else\n PRG=`dirname \"$PRG\"`\"/$link\"\n fi\ndone\nSAVED=\"`pwd`\"\ncd \"`dirname \\\"$PRG\\\"`/\" >&-\nAPP_HOME=\"`pwd -P`\"\ncd \"$SAVED\" >&-\n\nCLASSPATH=$APP_HOME/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar\n\n# Determine the Java command to use to start the JVM.", "\nif [ -n \"$JAVA_HOME\" ] ; then\n if [ -x \"$JAVA_HOME/jre/sh/java\" ] ; then\n # IBM's JDK on AIX uses strange locations for the executables\n JAVACMD=\"$JAVA_HOME/jre/sh/java\"\n else\n JAVACMD=\"$JAVA_HOME/bin/java\"\n fi\n if [ ! ", "-x \"$JAVACMD\" ] ; then\n die \"ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: $JAVA_HOME\n\nPlease set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the\nlocation of your Java installation.\"", "\n fi\nelse\n JAVACMD=\"java\"\n which java >/dev/null 2>&1 || die \"ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH.", "\n\nPlease set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the\nlocation of your Java installation.\"", "\nfi\n\n# Increase the maximum file descriptors if we can.", "\nif [ \"$cygwin\" = \"false\" -a \"$darwin\" = \"false\" ] ; then\n MAX_FD_LIMIT=`ulimit -H -n`\n if [ $? ", "-eq 0 ] ; then\n if [ \"$MAX_FD\" = \"maximum\" -o \"$MAX_FD\" = \"max\" ] ; then\n MAX_FD=\"$MAX_FD_LIMIT\"\n fi\n ulimit -n $MAX_FD\n if [ $? ", "-ne 0 ] ; then\n warn \"Could not set maximum file descriptor limit: $MAX_FD\"\n fi\n else\n warn \"Could not query maximum file descriptor limit: $MAX_FD_LIMIT\"\n fi\nfi\n\n# For Darwin, add options to specify how the application appears in the dock\nif $darwin; then\n GRADLE_OPTS=\"$GRADLE_OPTS \\\"-Xdock:name=$APP_NAME\\\" \\\"-Xdock:icon=$APP_HOME/media/gradle.icns\\\"\"\nfi\n\n# For Cygwin, switch paths to Windows format before running java\nif $cygwin ; then\n APP_HOME=`cygpath --path --mixed \"$APP_HOME\"`\n CLASSPATH=`cygpath --path --mixed \"$CLASSPATH\"`\n\n # We build the pattern for arguments to be converted via cygpath\n ROOTDIRSRAW=`find -L / -maxdepth 1 -mindepth 1 -type d 2>/dev/null`\n SEP=\"\"\n for dir in $ROOTDIRSRAW ; do\n ROOTDIRS=\"$ROOTDIRS$SEP$dir\"\n SEP=\"|\"\n done\n OURCYGPATTERN=\"(^($ROOTDIRS))\"\n # Add a user-defined pattern to the cygpath arguments\n if [ \"$GRADLE_CYGPATTERN\" !", "= \"\" ] ; then\n OURCYGPATTERN=\"$OURCYGPATTERN|($GRADLE_CYGPATTERN)\"\n fi\n # Now convert the arguments - kludge to limit ourselves to /bin/sh\n i=0\n for arg in \"$@\" ; do\n CHECK=`echo \"$arg\"|egrep -c \"$OURCYGPATTERN\" -`\n CHECK2=`echo \"$arg\"|egrep -c \"^-\"` ### Determine if an option\n\n if [ $CHECK -ne 0 ] && [ $CHECK2 -eq 0 ] ; then ### Added a condition\n eval `echo args$i`=`cygpath --path --ignore --mixed \"$arg\"`\n else\n eval `echo args$i`=\"\\\"$arg\\\"\"\n fi\n i=$((i+1))\n done\n case $i in\n (0) set -- ;;\n (1) set -- \"$args0\" ;;\n (2) set -- \"$args0\" \"$args1\" ;;\n (3) set -- \"$args0\" \"$args1\" \"$args2\" ;;\n (4) set -- \"$args0\" \"$args1\" \"$args2\" \"$args3\" ;;\n (5) set -- \"$args0\" \"$args1\" \"$args2\" \"$args3\" \"$args4\" ;;\n (6) set -- \"$args0\" \"$args1\" \"$args2\" \"$args3\" \"$args4\" \"$args5\" ;;\n (7) set -- \"$args0\" \"$args1\" \"$args2\" \"$args3\" \"$args4\" \"$args5\" \"$args6\" ;;\n (8) set -- \"$args0\" \"$args1\" \"$args2\" \"$args3\" \"$args4\" \"$args5\" \"$args6\" \"$args7\" ;;\n (9) set -- \"$args0\" \"$args1\" \"$args2\" \"$args3\" \"$args4\" \"$args5\" \"$args6\" \"$args7\" \"$args8\" ;;\n esac\nfi\n\n# Split up the JVM_OPTS And GRADLE_OPTS values into an array, following the shell quoting and substitution rules\nfunction splitJvmOpts() {\n JVM_OPTS=(\"$@\")\n}\neval splitJvmOpts $DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS $JAVA_OPTS $GRADLE_OPTS\nJVM_OPTS[${#JVM_OPTS[*]}]=\"-Dorg.gradle.appname=$APP_BASE_NAME\"\n\nexec \"$JAVACMD\" \"${JVM_OPTS[@]}\" -classpath \"$CLASSPATH\" org.gradle.wrapper.", "GradleWrapperMain \"$@\"\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "N-Heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed [3 + 2] annulation of bromoenals with 3-aminooxindoles: highly enantioselective synthesis of spirocyclic oxindolo-γ-lactams.", "\nThe chiral N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed [3 + 2] annulation of α-bromoenals and 3-aminooxindoles was developed, giving the corresponding spirocyclic oxindolo-γ-lactams in good yields with high diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.006369426751592357, 0.004081632653061225 ]

[ "//\n// TypeListTest.cpp\n//\n// Copyright (c) 2006, Applied Informatics Software Engineering GmbH.\n// and Contributors.", "\n//\n// SPDX-License-Identifier:\tBSL-1.0\n//\n\n\n#include \"TypeListTest.h\"\n#include \"CppUnit/TestCaller.h\"\n#include \"CppUnit/TestSuite.h\"\n#include \"Poco/Tuple.h\"\n#include \"Poco/TypeList.h\"\n#include \"Poco/Void.h\"\n#include <iostream>\n\n\n#if defined(_MSC_VER)\n#\tpragma warning(disable:4800) // forcing value to bool 'true' or 'false' on MSVC 71\n#endif\n\n\nusing Poco::TypeList;\nusing Poco::Tuple;\nusing Poco::NullTypeList;\nusing Poco::TypeListType;\nusing Poco::TypeGetter;\nusing Poco::TypeLocator;\nusing Poco::TypeAppender;\nusing Poco::TypeOneEraser;\nusing Poco::TypeAllEraser;\nusing Poco::TypeDuplicateEraser;\nusing Poco::TypeOneReplacer;\nusing Poco::TypeAllReplacer;\nusing Poco::Int8;\nusing Poco::UInt8;\nusing Poco::Int16;\nusing Poco::UInt16;\nusing Poco::Int32;\nusing Poco::UInt32;\nusing Poco::Int8;\nusing Poco::UInt8;\nusing Poco::Int16;\nusing Poco::UInt16;\nusing Poco::Int32;\nusing Poco::UInt32;\nusing Poco::Void;\n\n\nTypeListTest::TypeListTest(const std::string& name): CppUnit::TestCase(name)\n{\n}\n\n\nTypeListTest::~TypeListTest()\n{\n}\n\n\nvoid TypeListTest::testTypeList()\n{\n\ttypedef TypeListType<Int8,\n\t\tUInt8,\n\t\tInt16,\n\t\tUInt16,\n\t\tInt32,\n\t\tUInt32,\n\t\tfloat,\n\t\tdouble,\n\t\tInt8,\n\t\tUInt8,\n\t\tInt16,\n\t\tUInt16,\n\t\tInt32,\n\t\tUInt32,\n\t\tfloat>::HeadType Type15;\n\n\tTuple<TypeGetter<0, Type15>::HeadType,\n\t\tTypeGetter<1, Type15>::HeadType,\n\t\tTypeGetter<2, Type15>::HeadType,\n\t\tTypeGetter<3, Type15>::HeadType,\n\t\tTypeGetter<4, Type15>::HeadType,\n\t\tTypeGetter<5, Type15>::HeadType,\n\t\tTypeGetter<6, Type15>::HeadType,\n\t\tTypeGetter<7, Type15>::HeadType,\n\t\tTypeGetter<8, Type15>::HeadType,\n\t\tTypeGetter<9, Type15>::HeadType> tuple;\n\n\tstatic POCO_UNUSED TypeLocator<Type15, Int8> pos0;\n\tstatic POCO_UNUSED TypeLocator<Type15, UInt8> pos1;\n\tstatic POCO_UNUSED TypeLocator<Type15, Int16> pos2;\n\tstatic POCO_UNUSED TypeLocator<Type15, UInt16> pos3;\n\tstatic POCO_UNUSED TypeLocator<Type15, Int32> pos4;\n\tstatic POCO_UNUSED TypeLocator<Type15, UInt32> pos5;\n\tstatic POCO_UNUSED TypeLocator<Type15, float> pos6;\n\tstatic POCO_UNUSED TypeLocator<Type15, double> pos7;\n\tstatic POCO_UNUSED TypeLocator<Type15, Int8> pos8;\n\tstatic POCO_UNUSED TypeLocator<Type15, std::string> posUnknown;\n\n\tassert (pos0.value == 0);\n\tassert (pos1.value == 1);\n\tassert (pos2.value == 2);\n\tassert (pos3.value == 3);\n\tassert (pos4.value == 4);\n\tassert (pos5.value == 5);\n\tassert (pos6.value == 6);\n\tassert (pos7.value == 7);\n\tassert (pos8.value == 0);\n\tassert (posUnknown.value == -1);\n\n\ttuple.set<TypeLocator<Type15, Int32>::value >(-123);\n\tassert (-123 == tuple.get<4>());\n\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<0, Type15>::HeadType) == typeid(Int8));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<0, Type15>::ConstHeadType) == typeid(const Int8));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<1, Type15>::HeadType) == typeid(UInt8));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<1, Type15>::ConstHeadType) == typeid(const UInt8));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<2, Type15>::HeadType) == typeid(Int16));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<2, Type15>::ConstHeadType) == typeid(const Int16));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<3, Type15>::HeadType) == typeid(UInt16));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<3, Type15>::ConstHeadType) == typeid(const UInt16));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<4, Type15>::HeadType) == typeid(Int32));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<4, Type15>::ConstHeadType) == typeid(const Int32));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<5, Type15>::HeadType) == typeid(UInt32));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<5, Type15>::ConstHeadType) == typeid(const UInt32));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<6, Type15>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<6, Type15>::ConstHeadType) == typeid(const float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<7, Type15>::HeadType) == typeid(double));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<7, Type15>::ConstHeadType) == typeid(const double));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<8, Type15>::HeadType) == typeid(Int8));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<8, Type15>::ConstHeadType) == typeid(const Int8));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<9, Type15>::HeadType) == typeid(UInt8));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<9, Type15>::ConstHeadType) == typeid(const UInt8));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<10, Type15>::HeadType) == typeid(Int16));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<10, Type15>::ConstHeadType) == typeid(const Int16));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<11, Type15>::HeadType) == typeid(UInt16));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<11, Type15>::ConstHeadType) == typeid(const UInt16));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<12, Type15>::HeadType) == typeid(Int32));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<12, Type15>::ConstHeadType) == typeid(const Int32));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<13, Type15>::HeadType) == typeid(UInt32));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<13, Type15>::ConstHeadType) == typeid(const UInt32));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<14, Type15>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<14, Type15>::ConstHeadType) == typeid(const float));\n\n\ttypedef TypeListType<Int8>::HeadType Type1;\n\tassert (1 == Type1::length);\n\ttypedef TypeListType<Int16, Int32>::HeadType Type2;\n\tassert (2 == Type2::length);\n\ttypedef TypeAppender<Type1, Type2>::HeadType Type3;\n\tassert (3 == Type3::length);\n\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<0, Type3>::HeadType) == typeid(Int8));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<1, Type3>::HeadType) == typeid(Int16));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<2, Type3>::HeadType) == typeid(Int32));\n\n\tstatic POCO_UNUSED TypeLocator<Type3, Int8> posNo1;\n\tstatic POCO_UNUSED TypeLocator<Type3, Int16> posNo2;\n\tstatic POCO_UNUSED TypeLocator<Type3, Int32> posNo3;\n\n\tassert (posNo1.value == 0);\n\tassert (posNo2.value == 1);\n\tassert (posNo3.value == 2);\n\n\ttypedef TypeOneEraser<Type3, Int8>::HeadType TypeEraser1;\n\tassert (2 == TypeEraser1::length);\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<0, TypeEraser1>::HeadType) == typeid(Int16));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<1, TypeEraser1>::HeadType) == typeid(Int32));\n\n\ttypedef TypeOneEraser<Type3, Int16>::HeadType TypeEraser2;\n\tassert (2 == TypeEraser2::length);\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<0, TypeEraser2>::HeadType) == typeid(Int8));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<1, TypeEraser2>::HeadType) == typeid(Int32));\n\n\ttypedef TypeOneEraser<Type3, Int32>::HeadType TypeEraser3;\n\tassert (2 == TypeEraser3::length);\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<0, TypeEraser3>::HeadType) == typeid(Int8));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<1, TypeEraser3>::HeadType) == typeid(Int16));\n\n\ttypedef TypeListType<Int8,Int16,Int8,Int16,Int8>::HeadType Type5;\n\ttypedef TypeAllEraser<Type5, Int8>::HeadType TypeAllEraser3;\n\tassert (2 == TypeAllEraser3::length);\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<0, TypeAllEraser3>::HeadType) == typeid(Int16));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<1, TypeAllEraser3>::HeadType) == typeid(Int16));\n\n\ttypedef TypeDuplicateEraser<Type5>::HeadType TypeDuplicateEraser1;\n\tassert (2 == TypeDuplicateEraser1::length);\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<0, TypeDuplicateEraser1>::HeadType) == typeid(Int8));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<1, TypeDuplicateEraser1>::HeadType) == typeid(Int16));\n\n\ttypedef TypeOneReplacer<Type5, Int8, Int32>::HeadType TypeOneReplacer1;\n\tassert (5 == TypeOneReplacer1::length);\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<0, TypeOneReplacer1>::HeadType) == typeid(Int32));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<1, TypeOneReplacer1>::HeadType) == typeid(Int16));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<2, TypeOneReplacer1>::HeadType) == typeid(Int8));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<3, TypeOneReplacer1>::HeadType) == typeid(Int16));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<4, TypeOneReplacer1>::HeadType) == typeid(Int8));\n\n\ttypedef TypeAllReplacer<Type5, Int8, Int32>::HeadType TypeAllReplacer1;\n\tassert (5 == TypeAllReplacer1::length);\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<0, TypeAllReplacer1>::HeadType) == typeid(Int32));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<1, TypeAllReplacer1>::HeadType) == typeid(Int16));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<2, TypeAllReplacer1>::HeadType) == typeid(Int32));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<3, TypeAllReplacer1>::HeadType) == typeid(Int16));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<4, TypeAllReplacer1>::HeadType) == typeid(Int32));\n\n\ttypedef TypeListType<Void,Void,Void,Void,Void,Void,Void,Void,Void,Void,Void,Void,Void,Void,Void,Void,Void,Void,Void,Void>::HeadType TypeVoid;\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<0, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<1, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<2, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<3, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<4, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<5, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<6, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<7, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<8, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<9, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<10, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<11, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<12, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<13, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<14, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<15, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<16, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<17, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<18, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<19, TypeVoid>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\t\n\n\ttypedef TypeOneReplacer<TypeVoid, Void, Int8>::HeadType TypeFirstReplacer;\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<0, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Int8));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<1, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<2, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<3, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<4, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<5, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<6, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<7, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<8, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<9, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<10, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<11, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<12, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<13, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<14, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<15, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<16, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<17, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<18, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<19, TypeFirstReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Void));\n\n\ttypedef TypeOneReplacer<TypeFirstReplacer, Void, Int16>::HeadType TypeSecondReplacer;\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<0, TypeSecondReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Int8));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<1, TypeSecondReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Int16));\n\n\ttypedef TypeOneReplacer<TypeSecondReplacer, Void, Int32>::HeadType TypeThirdReplacer;\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<0, TypeThirdReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Int8));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<1, TypeThirdReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Int16));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<2, TypeThirdReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Int32));\n\n\n\ttypedef TypeAllReplacer<TypeThirdReplacer, Void, float>::HeadType TypeFourthReplacer;\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<0, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Int8));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<1, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Int16));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<2, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(Int32));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<3, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<4, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<5, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<6, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<7, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<8, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<9, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<10, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<11, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<12, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<13, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<14, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<15, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<16, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<17, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<18, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n\tassert (typeid(TypeGetter<19, TypeFourthReplacer>::HeadType) == typeid(float));\n}\n\n\nvoid TypeListTest::setUp()\n{\n}\n\n\nvoid TypeListTest::tearDown()\n{\n}\n\n\nCppUnit::Test* TypeListTest::suite()\n{\n\tCppUnit::TestSuite* pSuite = new CppUnit::TestSuite(\"TypeListTest\");\n\n\tCppUnit_addTest(pSuite, TypeListTest, testTypeList);\n\n\treturn pSuite;\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.017241379310344827, 0.016111069864132452 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow does this proof that the square of an integer, not divisible by 5, leaves a remainder of 1 or 4 when divided by 5 work?", "\n\nBelow I have a part of a proof of the fact that the square of an integer, not divisible by $5$, leaves a remainder of $1$ or $4$ when divided by $5$. But I am wondering where does the part highlighted in blue come from?", "\n\nA:\n\nHint: $(a+b)^2=a^2+2ab+b^2$\n1) $(5k+1)^2=(5k)^2+2*5k+1^2=25k^2+10k+1$\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "451 F.3d 925\nMISSOURI PUBLIC ENTITY RISK MANAGEMENT FUND, Appellee,v.INVESTORS INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA, Appellant.", "\nNo. ", "05-2754.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.", "\nSubmitted: January 13, 2006.", "\nFiled: June 28, 2006.", "\n\nJonathan T. Barton, argued, St. Louis, MO, for appellant.", "\nMichael G. Berry, argued, Jefferson City, MO, for appellee.", "\nBefore SMITH and HANSEN, Circuit Judges, and BOGUE,1 District Judge.", "\nHANSEN, Circuit Judge.", "\n\n\n1\nThis diversity-based declaratory judgment case involves a dispute over the interpretation of an excess insurance policy issued by Investors Insurance Company of America (\"Investors\") to the Missouri Public Entity Risk Management Fund (\"MOPERM\"). ", "There is no dispute that Missouri law governs the interpretation and application of the insurance contract at issue. ", "The district court2 granted summary judgment to MOPERM, concluding that excess insurance coverage exists under the policy, and Investors appeals.", "\n\n\n2\nMOPERM is a statutorily-created corporate body that provides liability insurance coverage for Missouri public officials, cities, counties, and various other public entities. ", "MOPERM purchased an excess insurance policy from Investors to cover claims exceeding $900,000 for a single incident or exceeding $6,000,000 for the annual aggregate of all claims. ", "The policy states that Investors \"will pay those sums that the Insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of `wrongful acts' to which this coverage applies.\" (", "Appellant's App. ", "at 48.) ", "The policy defines an \"Insured\" as \"Member Agencies of MOPERM and any elected or appointed official of the Member Agency ... while acting within the course and scope of duties.\" (", "Id. at 51.) ", "As relevant here, the excess policy provides coverage for wrongful acts of a county or an official acting within the scope of the official's duties. ", "The policy defines a \"wrongful act\" as including \"any alleged or actual act, error or omission, or breach of duty, or violation of any federal, state or local civil rights, by a[n] Insured while acting within the scope of his/her duties as a public official.\" (", "Id. at 53.) ", "The policy was later modified to add Endorsement No. ", "19, which expressly provides \"coverage for discrimination prohibited by law.\" (", "Id. at 85.)", "\n\n\n3\nMOPERM filed this declaratory judgment action, seeking a determination of liability under the excess insurance policy with regard to four unrelated employment discrimination claims that it had either settled or lost at trial but for which Investors had denied coverage under the excess insurance policy. ", "MOPERM alleged it was entitled to indemnification for the claims under Endorsement 19 of the policy because the claims all involved \"discrimination prohibited by law.\" ", "While the district court found coverage for all four claims, only one of these claims is at issue in this appeal-that of Darlene Hellerich against Jerome Biggs and Andrew County, Missouri (\"the Hellerich claim\").", "\n\n\n4\nThe allegations of the Hellerich claim are these: Darlene Hellerich worked for Jerome Biggs, a lawyer who had a private practice and served as the Andrew County prosecuting attorney. ", "Hellerich worked as an assistant in the private law firm and was also a county employee, serving as clerk for the prosecutor's office. ", "In the office and during work time, Biggs engaged in outrageously offensive and discriminatory conduct toward Hellerich. ", "Also, Hellerich alleged that a custodian for the county, Gary Reed, engaged in inappropriate touching of Hellerich's breasts on more than one occasion and joined in Biggs's harassing and discriminatory banter as well. ", "Hellerich finally felt forced to resign due to their conduct toward her.", "\n\n\n5\nHellerich filed suit against Biggs in state court, alleging intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress on the basis of Biggs's conduct in the workplace. ", "She also filed charges of discrimination with the Missouri Human Rights Commission and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (\"EEOC\") against Andrew County (her employer) and Biggs (her immediate supervisor), alleging sexual harassment and a hostile environment at work due to the conduct of Biggs and Reed. ", "In the EEOC charge, Hellerich further asserted that during her employment with the county, there was no established procedure for registering discrimination complaints, nor was there an existing antisexual harassment policy in effect governing county employees.", "\n\n\n6\nMOPERM settled the Hellerich claim in its entirety. ", "In exchange for the settlement proceeds, Hellerich dismissed the pending state court lawsuit against Biggs, withdrew the EEOC charges of discrimination against Biggs and the county, and relinquished her right to sue on the administrative charges. ", "Andrew County agreed to maintain thereafter an antiharassment policy and to provide appropriate training on harassment issues to all county employees. ", "The Hellerich settlement did not exceed the single claim floor of MOPERM's policy with Investors, but it caused MOPERM's annual aggregate claims to exceed $6,000,000, triggering coverage on the excess insurance policy. ", "Thus, MOPERM sought indemnification from Investors. ", "Investors disputed the claim on several grounds. ", "The district court granted summary judgment to MOPERM, concluding that excess coverage existed for this claim under the language of the policy and Missouri law.", "\n\n\n7\nWe review de novo both the district court's grant of summary judgment, see Baum v. Helget Gas Prods., ", "Inc., 440 F.3d 1019, 1021 (8th Cir.2006), and the district court's interpretation of state law, Salve Regina Coll. ", "v. Russell, 499 U.S. 225, 231, 111 S.Ct. ", "1217, 113 L.Ed.2d 190 (1991); Myers v. Richland County, 429 F.3d 740, 749 (8th Cir.2005). ", "Under Missouri law, \"[a]n insured must bring itself within the terms of the policy and must carry the burden of offering substantial evidence that the underlying claim is covered by the policy.\" ", "Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Associated Aviation Underwriters, 58 S.W.3d 609, 618-19 (Mo.Ct. ", "App.2001) (internal marks omitted). \"", "The courts are to enforce insurance contracts as written unless an ambiguity requires the court to impose various rules of interpretation.\" ", "Hunt v. Everett, 181 S.W.3d 248, 250 (Mo.Ct.", "App.2006). \"[", "W]e construe ambiguous provisions in an insurance policy against the insurer.\" ", "Id. The court, however, \"will not distort unambiguous policy language to create an ambiguity.\" ", "Haulers Ins. ", "Co. v. Wyatt, 170 S.W.3d 541, 546 (Mo.Ct.", "App.2005). ", "We give effect to the intent of the parties as expressed in the contract \"unless to do so would violate public policy.\" ", "East Attucks Cmty. ", "Housing, Inc. v. Old Republic Sur. ", "Co., 114 S.W.3d 311, 319 (Mo.Ct.", "App.2003). ", "Additionally, if \"an insured risk and an excluded risk constitute concurrent proximate causes [for a loss], a liability insurer is liable so long as one of the causes is covered by the policy.\" ", "Centermark Props., ", "Inc. v. Home Indem. ", "Co., 897 S.W.2d 98, 101 (Mo.Ct.", "App.1995) (internal marks omitted).", "\n\n\n8\nOn appeal, Investors first argues that there is no coverage for the Hellerich claim because it did not involve \"wrongful acts\" by an \"insured\" within the meaning of the policy. ", "Investors points to policy language that an \"insured\" is an official acting within the scope of his duties as a public official and that \"wrongful acts\" are only acts by an insured who is acting within the scope of those official duties. ", "Investors asserts that the alleged wrongful acts of intentional sexual harassment were not within the scope of Biggs's official duties as county attorney, and thus they cannot serve as the basis of the claim for excess insurance coverage. ", "That argument misses the point. ", "The county is itself an insured as a member agency of MOPERM. (", "See Appellant's App. ", "at 51.) ", "For the reasons that follow, the county's own failure to act deprives it of its defense to vicarious liability under federal law for the hostile environment Biggs allegedly created. ", "That liability then serves as an independent basis for coverage under the language of the excess insurance policy that covers discrimination prohibited by law.", "\n\n\n9\n\"The general rule is that sexual harassment by a supervisor is not conduct within the scope of employment[]\" for purposes of determining an employer's agency liability for the acts of its employees. ", "Burlington Indus., ", "Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 757, 118 S.Ct. ", "2257, 141 L.Ed.2d 633 (1998). ", "However, conduct that is within the \"[s]cope of employment does not define the only basis for employer liability under agency principles,\" id. at 758, 118 S.Ct. ", "2257, and as noted, the insurance policy at issue covers not only \"wrongful acts\" within the scope of an official's duties but also \"discrimination prohibited by law.\" (", "Appellant's App. ", "at 85.) ", "An employer may be vicariously liable for intentional acts of discrimination committed by an employee where \"the employee was aided in accomplishing the tort by the existence of the agency relation.\" ", "Id. at 759, 118 S.Ct. ", "2257 (internal marks omitted). ", "For the agency relation to have aided in accomplishing the tort, there must be \"something more than the employment relation itself.\" ", "Id. at 760, 118 S.Ct. ", "2257. ", "Thus, the Court established the following rule:\n\n\n10\nAn employer is subject to vicarious liability to a victimized employee for an actionable hostile environment created by a supervisor with immediate (or successively higher) authority over the employee. ", "When no tangible employment action is taken, a defending employer may raise an affirmative defense to liability or damages ... [which is comprised of] two necessary elements: (a) that the employer exercised reasonable care to prevent and correct promptly any sexually harassing behavior, and (b) that the plaintiff employee unreasonably failed to take advantage of any preventive or corrective opportunities provided by the employer or to avoid harm otherwise.", "\n\n\n11\nId. at 765, 118 S.Ct. ", "2257; Faragher v. Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 807, 118 S.Ct. ", "2275, 141 L.Ed.2d 662 (1998).", "\n\n\n12\nThe state court petition and the EEOC charges assert that all of Biggs's offending conduct occurred in the workplace, during work hours, while he was functioning in his official capacity as county prosecutor and as Hellerich's supervisor. ", "Not only did Biggs allegedly harass and demean Hellerich himself, he allegedly condoned, encouraged, and joined in Reed's harassment of Hellerich as well. ", "Hellerich's administrative charge against the county asserts that the county had no antiharassment policy and no established complaint procedure in place to offer protection to a county employee placed in this type of situation by a supervisor, and none is independently shown by the other evidence in the record before us. ", "The settlement proceeds were paid in exchange for Hellerich's agreement to dismiss both the state lawsuit against Biggs personally and the EEOC charges against the county, which grew out of Biggs's misbehavior.", "\n\n\n13\nBecause the insurance policy covers not only wrongful acts within the scope of an official's duties but also discrimination prohibited by law, the fact that Biggs's alleged conduct was not within the scope of his duties does not preclude coverage for the county. ", "The county's own failure to protect employees by not providing a preventive antiharassment policy, adequate training, or a complaint procedure renders it unable to defend against its vicarious liability for Biggs's prohibited discriminatory supervisory misconduct in the workplace. ", "Investors even admits in its brief that this policy language could be construed to provide coverage \"where the basis for the insured's liability is because of purely vicarious liability.\" (", "Appellant's Br. ", "at 28 n.60.) ", "The district court correctly concluded that the excess coverage applied in light of the administrative charges against the county. ", "See Centermark Props., ", "Inc., 897 S.W.2d at 101 (holding that coverage exists under a liability policy as long as at least one insured risk is a cause of the loss).", "\n\n\n14\nInvestors also argues that it is against Missouri public policy to allow a person to insure against his or her own intentional unlawful conduct. ", "See East Attucks Cmty. ", "Housing, Inc., 114 S.W.3d at 319 (stating that the court \"agree[s] with the trial court that in Missouri, it is against public policy to allow one to insure against one's own thefts, dishonest acts or intentionally inflicted damage\"). ", "However, Investors points to no clear public policy in Missouri that prevents a public entity from insuring itself against intentional acts of employment discrimination by supervising employees or the county's own purely vicarious liability. ", "In fact, Missouri has held in an analogous context that it is not \"against public policy to permit an association of law enforcement officers to insure themselves against alleged willful and intentional acts.\" ", "Colson v. Lloyd's of London, 435 S.W.2d 42, 47 (Mo.Ct.", "App.1968). ", "Also, in considering an insurance policy that expressly covered an insured's intentional acts, our court has anticipated that the Missouri Supreme Court would not prohibit insurance coverage for civil rights violations on the basis of public policy. ", "New Madrid County Reorganized Sch. ", "Dist. ", "No. ", "1 v. Cont'l Cas. ", "Co., 904 F.2d 1236, 1242-43 (8th Cir.1990) (involving a § 1983 claim by teachers against a school district regarding the teachers' First Amendment rights). ", "We see no reason to differentiate that holding, or the holding of Colson, from the public employee employment discrimination context at issue in this case. ", "The excess insurance policy at issue does not violate Missouri public policy.", "\n\n\n15\nAccordingly, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.", "\n\n\n\nNotes:\n\n\n1\n The Honorable Andrew W. Bogue, United States District Judge for the District of South Dakota, sitting by designation\n\n\n2\n The Honorable Nanette K. Laughrey, United States District Judge for the Western District of Missouri\n\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a herbicidal composition of a mixture of O-methyl-O-(3-methyl-6-nitrophenyl)-N-secondary-butylphosphorothioamidate (hereinafter referred to as the compound A) or O-ethyl-O-(3-methyl-6-nitrophenyl)-N-secondary-butylphosphorothioamidate (hereinafter referred to as the compound B) and a phenoxy-type herbicide represented by the formula: ##SPC2##\nWherein X represents a chlorine atom or a methyl group, R represents a hydroxy group, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkoxy group, an amino group or an anilino group, and n represents an integer of 1 to 3; the herbicidal composition displaying a remarkable synergistic effect that any one cannot expect from the single use of each of the components.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nOne of the various herbicides for rice plant, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetate (hereinafter referred to as MCP), has prominent effects to broad-leaved weeds [i.e. monochoria (Monochoria vaginalis Presl), false pimpernel (Lindernia Pyxidaria), tooth cup (Rotala indica Koehne)], but, on the other hand, has a little herbicidal effect to grassy weeds, and moreover has a little herbicidal effect to perennial weeds [i.e. perennial nutsedge sp. (", "Cyperus serotinus), arrowhead sp. (", "Sagittaria pygmaea), hardstem bulrush (Scirpus juncoides)].", "\nEach compound A and B has particularly prominent herbicidal activity to grassy weeds [i.e. barnyard grass (Echinochloa Crus-galli)], but has a little herbicidal effect to broad-leaved weeds [i.e. monochoria (Monochoria vaginalis Presl), false pimpernel (Lindernia Pyxidaria), tooth cup (Rotala indica Koehne)] at their large stage, and moreover has a little herbicidal effect to the perennial weeds [i.e. perennial nutsedge sp. (", "Cyperus serotinus), arrowhead sp. (", "Sagittaria pygmaea), hardstem bulrush (Scirpus juncoides)].", "\nAs the results of extensive studies, present inventors have found that each mixtures containing one of phenoxy-type compounds and the compound A or the compound B have very excellent herbicidal activities to both broad-leaved weeds and to grassy weeds, and particularly each combined herbicides has prominent effects to the perennial weeds which are not controlled by the single use of each of the components, i.e., MCP, the compound A or the compound B.\nThese facts described above show that present combined herbicides have better advances as a herbicide." ]

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[ "Summer is here, and you know what that means! ", "Time to bare that bikini-bod! ", "Or not! ", "Here are 14 Eco-Friendly Bikinis, Swimsuits and Board Shorts for a Sizzlin' Summer | Inhabitat - Green Design Will Save the World http://bit.ly/cmU37R\n| Continue »\n\nDigital literacy should start from the first moment you allow your child online. ", "Read how the FCC is hoping to bridge the gap between parents' embracing the digital revolution and fearing the digital revolution. ", "http://bit.ly/ddQNfT\n| Continue »" ]

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[ "The most distant X-ray cluster of galaxies yet has been found by astronomers using NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory. ", "Approximately 10 billion light years from Earth, the cluster 3C294 is 40 percent farther than the next most distant X-ray galaxy cluster. ", "The existence of such a distant galaxy cluster is important for understanding how the universe evolved.", "\n\n\"Distant objects like 3C294 provide snapshots to how these galaxy clusters looked billions of years ago,\" said Andrew Fabian of the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, England and lead author of the paper accepted for publication in the Monthly Notices of Britain’s Royal Astronomical Society. \"", "These latest results help us better understand what the universe was like when it was only 20 percent of its current age.\"", "\n\nChandra’s image reveals an hourglass-shaped region of X-ray emission centered on the previously known central radio source. ", "This X-ray emission extends outward from the central galaxy for at least 300,000 light years and shows that the known radio source is in the central galaxy of a massive cluster.", "\n\nScientists have long suspected that distant radio-emitting galaxies like 3C294 are part of larger groups of galaxies known as \"clusters.\" ", "However, radio data provides astronomers with only a partial picture of these distant objects. ", "Confirmation of the existence of clusters at great distances – and, hence, at early stages of the universe – requires information from other wavelengths. ", "Optical observations can be used to pinpoint individual galaxies, but X-ray data are needed to detect the hot gas that fills the space within the cluster.", "\n\n\"Galaxy clusters are the largest gravitationally bound structures in the universe,\" said Fabian. \"", "We do not expect to find many massive objects, such as the 3C294 cluster, in early times because structure is thought to grow from small scales to large scales.\"", "\n\nThe vast clouds of hot gas that envelope galaxies in clusters are thought to be heated by collapse toward the center of the cluster. ", "Until Chandra, X-ray telescopes have not had the needed sensitivity to identify and measure hot gas clouds in distant clusters.", "\n\nCarolin Crawford, Stefano Ettori and Jeremy Sanders of the Institute of Astronomy were also members of the team that observed 3C294 for 5.4 hours on October 29, 2000 with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS).", "\n\nThe ACIS X-ray camera was developed for NASA by Pennsylvania State University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ", "NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, AL, manages the Chandra program for the Office of Space Science in Washington, DC. ", "The Smithsonian's Chandra X-ray Center controls science and flight operations from Cambridge, MA.", "\n\nImages associated with this release are available on the World Wide Web at:" ]

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[ "Conventional disposable absorbent articles have typically employed adhesive fastening tapes for securing the article on a wearer. ", "Such articles have also been constructed with interengaging mechanical fasteners, such as VELCRO brand hook-and-loop fasteners. ", "Particular articles have included a fastening system which extends along substantially the entire length of an ear section of the article. ", "Other fastening systems have included strips or segmented sections of adhesive. ", "Still other systems have employed tapered fastening tabs where the adhesive area on the user's end is relatively wide at the longitudinally extending sides of the diaper, and is tapered to a more narrow width at its distal end. ", "For example, see European patent EP 0 233 704 B1 of H. Burkhard et al.", "\nConventional fastening systems, such as those described above, have not provided an adequate level of dynamic fit in combination with a neat tailored appearance and reliable securement. ", "The conventional fastening systems have not provided a sufficient capability to accommodate the stresses imposed by fastening the article on a wearer, while also accommodating the other stresses and displacements caused by a moving wearer. ", "As a result, the fastening systems have not provided desired levels of comfort, securement and ease of manufacture." ]

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[ "Today’s unemployment rate of 4.8 percent, showing the United States still nearing “full employment,” will dominate the mainstream news. ", "But behind the headlines is a troubling, stubborn trend: men and women dropping out of the labor force. ", "Today’s report confirms this decline, with the labor force participation rate sitting at 62.9 percent compared to its 1990s peak of 67.3 percent.", "\n\nThis declining participation rate, particularly among prime-age workers (ages 25 to 54), and its implications for the economy, is receiving increased attention from scholars, journalists, and policymakers in recent years. ", "There have been a flurry of recent studies. ", "So, what have we learned?", "\n\nPrime-age male labor force participation has been declining for over half a century\n\nThe share of prime-age men in the labor force has declined from its peak of 98 percent in 1954 to 88 percent today, reports the Council of Economic Advisers. ", "This precipitous decline was largely masked as women entered the workforce in record numbers up until the 1990s, when their participation rate began to stagnate and eventually decline as well:\n\nPrime-age male participation has fallen most dramatically for black men, those with a high school degree or less, nonparents, and veterans:\n\nWhat’s causing the decline? ", "It depends on who you ask.", "\n\nExplanations for the decline tend to focus on supply-side factors (workers are ill-fit for the jobs available) or demand-side factors (employers aren’t hiring). ", "The CEA leans more on the demand side, suggesting that trade and technology have reduced demand for less-skilled labor, principally in the manufacturing sector.", "\n\nBut not all experts agree with this assessment. ", "In Men Without Work, Nick Eberstadt provides a meticulously-documented account of a “flight from work.” ", "Eberstadt concludes that the problem largely lies in the supply of skilled, able, and willing workers, and points to the rise in reliance on disability insurance. ", "Alan Krueger shows that self-reported disability and pain is significantly higher among men out of the labor force: one-third of prime-age men not in the labor force have a disability, compared to 2.6 percent of prime-age employed men. ", "Half of those not in the labor force take pain medications daily. ", "Anne Case and Angus Deaton show that midlife mortality rates due to addiction, depression, and suicide are rising—but only for white, prime-age adults. ", "Their research does not imply that the skyrocketing mortality rates are caused by declining labor force participation, but these trends are worrisome nonetheless.", "\n\nThere are likely many more factors dragging down America’s prime-age labor force participation rate—increasing numbers of individuals lack the skills necessary to perform today’s jobs. ", "Rising incarceration rates have left growing numbers of Americans with criminal records. ", "Many men might be unwilling to work in the rapidly growing, but traditionally female-dominated professions.", "\n\nWhat’s the right policy response to labor force detachment?", "\n\nWe are getting a little more clarity on the nature of the problem; but solutions are less clear-cut. ", "Our colleague Ron Haskins points to the importance of reducing work disincentives in existing safety net programs. ", "Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn show that America’s lack of “family-friendly” policies are preventing women from working at the same rate as our international peers (a federal paid leave policy would be a good start). ", "Most importantly, transforming education and training programs to prepare workers with the skills demanded by today’s economy will be critical to putting Americans back to work.", "\n\nLower unemployment rates are, of course, good news. ", "But the problems with the labor market run deeper, and must be addressed if our economic fortunes are to be seriously improved.", "\n\nTo learn more, read the report here." ]

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[ "The football marketing blog\n\nWhat’s the Relevance of the Ballon d’Or?", "\n\nThe Fifa Ballon d’Or award will once again become separate from football’s governing body, according to reports in Spain.", "\n\nThe annual gong was created in 2010 when the European and world honours merged.", "\n\nPrior to 2010, France Football managed the Ballon d’Or while Fifa would hand out the Fifa World Player of the Year award — and it would frequently yield out two different winners.", "\n\nSince the merge, only Messi (four times) and Cristiano Ronaldo’s (twice) have won the awards.", "\n\nThe Ballon d’Or was created in 1956 — in the same summer of the first European Cup final — to reward the best player in Europe.", "\n\nIt is claimed the initial reason for the gong was to pay homage to the stunning career of Sir Stanley Matthews, who was the inaugural recipient.", "\n\nOnly European players were honoured, which is very telling of how these guys thought of global football, but anyways — so Fifa introduced a secondary award for players from all around the globe in 1991.", "\n\nThe rules for the European award changed in 1995 and any player playing in the continent was eligible for the award and so George Weah became the first non-European winner.", "\n\nThe Liberian also claimed the Fifa World Player of the Year award that same year.", "\n\nI am not a big fan of individual awards in football, even less of the current FIFA balloon d’or format that invited players to kick off a political campaign to win.", "\n\nThe real questions are whether the ballon d’or brings any added value to top players. ", "Does it contribute to a global recognition? ", "Is the ballon d’or a strong addition to their marketing proposition? ", "No, no and no.", "\n\nThing is, the ballon d’or that started off as an award for European players only, has become some kind of gimmick (another one) where only the creme de la crème was present at the ceremony with players wearing fancy suits.", "\n\nSo what is exactly the relevance of the Ballon d’Or in 2016?", "\n\nThere is much more to do in football than giving a personal award to a player already praised and acknowledged by the whole world (or half) for being talented." ]

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[ "The extent of molecular orientation at liquid/vapor interface of pyridine and its alkyl derivatives by molecular dynamics simulation.", "\nIn this paper, molecular dynamics simulation was performed to investigate the liquid∕vapor interfacial structure of neat polar liquids. ", "Large-scale ensembles of liquid pyridine and its alkyl derivatives, 4-methylpyridine and 4-ethylpyridine, were simulated by classical molecular dynamics at 298 K. For the liquid system of low polarity, the surface density profile of the atoms meet exactly at the middle of interfacial region, and atoms of hydrophobic nature can be hardly discriminated from hydrophilic ones in either vapor or liquid sides. ", "For a liquid system of high polarity, the density profile of atoms with different nature is highly discriminated all over the interfacial region, and as the polarity increases, a dense region of atomic density is clearly developed in the subsurface region. ", "The recognized bivariate method was also used to study the molecular orientational distribution quantitatively. ", "Orientational analysis of the three liquid systems indicates that the pyridine ring plane in the outmost surface tends to be vertical. ", "Its tendency in the innermost interfacial region is parallel. ", "The orientational states available to 4-ethylpyridine and pyridine are discriminated by predicting the possibility of a bisector-wise tumbling for the ring plane in pyridine and a side-wise tumbling in 4-ethylpyridine. ", "The orientational distribution maps explain the trend of experimental surface tension and surface entropy. ", "As the dipole moment of these liquids increases with the alkyl chain length, the surface structural profile changes from a regular definite one to a surface of complex atomic structure involving a dense phase near the interface. ", "The development of dense region in alkyl derivatives is the result of segregation of molecules due to the alkyl group, which is captured and discriminated by molecular dynamics simulation even when the length of a short alkyl chain is increased by one carbon atom." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Factors associated with readmission to adolescent psychiatric care.", "\nThe aim of this study is to identify factors associated with readmission to adolescent psychiatric inpatient care, in the context of a relapsing major mental illness. ", "Data were obtained from 71 patients admitted to an adolescent psychiatric inpatient unit over a 2-year period. ", "Patients who were rehospitalized within 12 months of discharge were compared with patients who had only one admission during the study period with respect to diagnosis, age of first admission, history of child sexual abuse (CSA) and the events precipitating admission. ", "Medication non-adherence and a history of CSA were positively and independently associated with relapse readmission, while a trend emerged among readmitted patients toward younger age at first psychiatric hospitalization. ", "A negative association was found between readmission and the experience of personal loss. ", "Readmission was not related to DSM-IV axis I or axis II diagnosis, including substance abuse. ", "The association, in an adolescent sample, of medication non-adherence and relapse readmission is consistent with findings from numerous adult studies, as is the trend toward younger age of first admission. ", "The relationship of a history of CSA to readmission has attracted little previous research and the finding of a positive association suggests that further investigation of a history of CSA in this context is warranted. ", "The implications of these findings and suggestions for further research are discussed." ]

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[ "You know this Pokémon GO thing may have gotten out of hand when the government’s getting involved–or not getting involved, as the case may be.", "\n\nWorkers and contractors at the Pentagon received a memo last month which alerted staffers that Pokémon GO was not to be downloaded and played on phones within any U.S. Defense Department facility. ", "The fear is that the app’s data usage could also be utilized to access sensitive information or “provide pinpoint accuracy on the locations of rooms and other sensitive facilities,” according to the Washington Times.", "\n\nSince part of Pokémon GO involves using the phone’s inner GPS to track the player’s location and spawns virtual Pokémon accordingly, it’s not a completely unfounded fear. ", "While the app itself originally collected larger amounts of data, a later update limited the amount of data that game developer Niantic could have access to.", "\n\nInitially, there had also been a Pokémon gym located within the Pentagon as well as the White House. ", "The gym at the Pentagon was eventually removed, but it’s being reported that the battle for the White House gym still continues to rage on amongst Pokémon trainers.", "\n\n—The Mary Sue has a strict comment policy that forbids, but is not limited to, personal insults toward anyone, hate speech, and trolling.—", "\n\nFollow The Mary Sue on Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, & Google+.", "\n\nHave a tip we should know? ", "tips@themarysue.com" ]

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[ "Saturday, January 7, 2012\n\nLA LA LA\n\n2 comments:\n\nHi, I sent a message to your Youtube account but you don't seem to use it much so I'm doubling my chances of getting your attention by posting on your blog.", "\n\nI'm wondering if you would be willing to help me with a project I'm working on. ", "I'm recreating the Wind Waker visual style for a 3D art piece that is close to being finished. ", "I need to get a closer look at the trees and grass and saw your Zelda Wii video which contained said models. ", "I'll obviously credit you in the video and can link to your website for example. ", "Contact me at williamnicholls[at]hotmail[dot]com" ]

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[ "#ifndef STAN_MCMC_HMC_NUTS_UNIT_E_XHMC_HPP\n#define STAN_MCMC_HMC_NUTS_UNIT_E_XHMC_HPP\n\n#include <stan/mcmc/hmc/xhmc/base_xhmc.hpp>\n#include <stan/mcmc/hmc/hamiltonians/unit_e_point.hpp>\n#include <stan/mcmc/hmc/hamiltonians/unit_e_metric.hpp>\n#include <stan/mcmc/hmc/integrators/expl_leapfrog.hpp>\n\nnamespace stan {\nnamespace mcmc {\n/**\n * Exhausive Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (XHMC) with multinomial sampling\n * with a Gaussian-Euclidean disintegration and unit metric\n */\ntemplate <class Model, class BaseRNG>\nclass unit_e_xhmc\n : public base_xhmc<Model, unit_e_metric, expl_leapfrog, BaseRNG> {\n public:\n unit_e_xhmc(const Model& model, BaseRNG& rng)\n : base_xhmc<Model, unit_e_metric, expl_leapfrog, BaseRNG>(model, rng) {}\n};\n\n} // namespace mcmc\n} // namespace stan\n#endif\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to customise outer div when creating radioList in Yii framework 2?", "\n\nBelow is my bootstrap activefield that generates radiolist.", "\n<?", "= $form->field($model, 'photo_id')->radioList(['A', 'B', 'C']) ?", ">\n\nThe above code generates the following HTML tags.", "\n<div id=\"model-photo_id\">\n <div class=\"radio\">\n <label>\n <input type=\"radio\" name=\"Model[photo_id]\" value=\"0\" checked=\"\"> \n A\n </label>\n </div>\n <div class=\"radio\">\n <label>\n <input type=\"radio\" name=\"Model[photo_id]\" value=\"1\" checked=\"\"> \n B\n </label>\n </div>\n <div class=\"radio\">\n <label>\n <input type=\"radio\" name=\"Model[photo_id]\" value=\"2\" checked=\"\"> \n C\n </label>\n </div>\n</div>\n\nThe target is <div class=\"radio\">. ", "I would like to customise this div by changing the class name or adding more class name, adding more attributes into this div, ect. ", "How can I do that?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can try with this custom template, instead of applying class to radio div, you can apply class to label also\necho $form->field($model, 'photo_id')\n ->radioList(\n [0 => 'A', 1 => 'B', 2 => 'C'], [\n 'item' => function($index, $label, $name, $checked, $value) {\n\n $return = '<label class=\"modal-radio\">';\n $return .= '<input type=\"radio\" name=\"' . ", "$name . '\" ", "value=\"' . ", "$value . '\" ", "tabindex=\"3\">';\n $return .= '<i></i>';\n $return .= '<span>' . ", "ucwords($label) . '", "</span>';\n $return .= '</label>';\n\n return $return;\n }\n ]\n )\n ->label(false);\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "[Phenotypic diversity in continuous and discrete populations exemplified by the bank vole under the conditions of the southern taiga].", "\nVariation of 6 bilateral quantitative and 32 nonmetric skull traits of the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus Schreb.) ", "was studied in two types of population. ", "Continual one is represented by a large population continuously distributed in main part of the Central Forest Reserve. ", "Discrete type (corresponding to classical one-dimensional \"step model\") is represented by population fragmented into a set of small subunits by landscape barriers. ", "Territories covered, biotopic diversity and time of existence are similar in the both cases. ", "General level of phenotypic diversity (both within and among individuals) appeared to be higher in the fragmented population. ", "This is caused probably by increase of stochastic variation due to disturbance of the developmental stability in isolated subpopulations. ", "This indicates that, besides concepts of population genetics, models of insular ecology should be used for understanding microevolutionary processes that take place under fragmentation of habitats. ", "Different patterns should be anticipated for the species reacting specifically on various isolation characteristics." ]

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[ "I’ve been horribly gone the past two weeks or so, and light posting shall likely be the norm. ", "I’ll try to tear myself away to post, but other parts of life are revving their engines, bouncing around and saying “let’s go!” ", "in a very excited voice." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Chromecast Audio is a media streaming device that is built for audio only. ", "It offers a simple way to turn virtually any powered speaker into an audio streaming device. ", "Chromecast Audio plugs into the AUX input of your speaker to stream music over Wi-Fi. ", "You can use your Android phone or tablet, iPhone, iPad, Mac or Windows laptop, or Chromebook to cast your favorite music, radio stations and podcasts to any speaker in the house.", "\n\nChromecast Audio works perfectly well with streaming services such as Spotify, Pandora and Google Play Music. ", "Just like its video-streaming counterparts, the Chromecast Audio “casts” audio from streaming services to your home speakers. ", "It costs about $35 USD and makes the entire house audio system very compact and simple. ", "Chromecast Audio does not use HDMI connection. ", "You can connect via a 3.5mm analog stereo patch cable or digital optical input which requires a mini ToS link adapter or cable.", "\n\nFeatures and Benefits of Chromecast Audio You Don’t Want to Miss\n\nThey include:\n\nChromecast Audio allows you to listen to millions of songs, radio stations and podcasts from apps like Pandora, Google Play Music, Spotify and so on. ", "You can listen to your favorite songs anytime.", "\n\nChromecast Audio streams are cloud-based and offer higher quality sound. ", "You can cast streams straight from the cloud to your speakers. ", "This offers stable high-quality sound even when you leave the room.", "\n\nIt allows Android users to feel the true power of mirroring. ", "You can mirror exactly what is playing on your Android device to your speakers even when the apps are not Cast-enabled. ", "Chromecast Audio allows you to mirror any music streaming website from your laptop’s Chrome browser.", "\n\nThe ability to enjoy your music without interruption. ", "You can take a call, play a game, or even leave the room without interrupting what’s playing on your speakers. ", "Chrome Audio streaming won’t drain your battery or get in the way of other activities.", "\n\nChromecast Audio provides an easy way to cast music to your speakers. ", "Just tap the Cast button from your music apps to play on the speakers. ", "You can play, pause and turn up the volume right from your phone, anywhere in the house.", "\n\nHow to Set Up Chromecast Audio\n\nBelow are the steps you can use to set up your Chromecast Audio:\n\nConnect the USB power cable to your Chromecast Audio and plug the other end into a power outlet using the AC adapter. ", "Plug Chromecast Audio into your speaker using the audio cable. ", "Connect the Chromecast Audio and the mobile device, tablet, or laptop you are using to set it up to the same Wi-Fi network. ", "Download the Google Home app from Google Play Store (Android users) or App Store (iOS users) on your mobile device, tablet, or laptop. ", "Open the Google Home app by tapping the app icon on your Android device. ", "Tap Get Started and Confirm your Google account. ", "Choose which Google Account you want to link to Chromecast Audio. ", "You can also add a different account if you don’t see you the account you want to use. ", "Then, tap Ok. ", "Allow permissions such as Location services (found on “Go to Settings” on your Google Home app) and Location access needed to find nearby devices that need setup. ", "Then, tap OK. ", "Scan for nearby Chromecast Audio devices that are plugged in and ready to set up and follow the prompts to complete the setup process.", "\n\nHow to Cast your Android Audio from the Google Home app\n\nHere are the steps to use to cast your Android audio from the Google Home app:\n\nIn order to turn on microphone permissions, tap “Settings” on your Android phone or tablet. ", "Scroll down and tap “Apps”. ", "Select “Google Play Services” and then “Permissions” Look for “Microphone” and slide the slider to “On” position. ", "Connect your Android phone/tablet and Chromecast Audio or speaker with Chromecast built-in to the same Wi-Fi network. ", "Launch the Google Home app on your phone/tablet Tap the grid ☰ menu icon at the top left corner of the home screen. ", "Select “Cast Screen / audio” and then “Cast Screen / audio” Choose your Chromecast Audio or Chromecast built-in speaker and you are good to go.", "\n\nHow to Adjust the Volume when Casting your Android Audio\n\nThe steps are as follows:\n\nLaunch the Google Home app on your mobile device. ", "Tap “Devices” in the upper right corner of the home screen to see your available Chromecast Audio or Chromecast built-in speaker. ", "Scroll to find the device card for the Chromecast Audio or Chromecast built-in speaker that is currently casting content. ", "Tap the Volume button on the device card. ", "Then, move the slider to increase or decrease the volume as you want.", "\n\nHow to Stop Casting your Audio from your Android Phone or Tablet\n\nYou have two options to choose from:\n\nFrom your notification drawer:\n\nPull down the notification drop down drawer on your mobile phone or tablet. ", "Tap “Disconnect” on the notification bar. ", "This will stop audio casting immediately.", "\n\nFrom your Google Home app:\n\nLaunch the Google Home app on your phone or tablet. ", "Tap “Cast Screen/audio” and then, “Disconnect”.", "\n\nWorthy of note is that you can only cast your Android audio on devices running Android 4.4.2 or higher. ", "Windows or iOS devices do not support casting of Android audio. ", "Ensure that your Android device is not running on “Power Saving Mode” which limits the processing power of the device and could affect the performance of the Cast Audio feature." ]

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[ "On its face, the Arizona Board of Regents and the universities they govern have little, if anything, to do with the state’s Medicaid program or Gov. Jan Brewer’s plans to expand it in accordance with the federal Affordable Care Act." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "What should you do if your server upgrades PHP? ", "This does not happen. ", "But if you’ve got a large amount of paid and free plugins, one lineup of inadequate code may lead to an error. ", "To start with, you have to be sure that it is not theme or really just a plugin causing this error. ", "You can deactivate of your Wordpress plugins and switch to manually do this. ", "If that not solves your condition, you’re able to contact your host’s service team. ", "Almost certainly. ", "They will be noticing your issue and they will soon be ready to help you.", "If not, then make an effort to install a copy of WordPress and restore your WordPress site. ", "If each of these plans fail, then you must transform your Wordpress hosting.", "\n\nImpact in your Wordpress Websites of PHP Updates PHP users ask me the question that do their Wordpress sites to PHP impact’s updates. ", "Of covering this issue at a blog so I thought. ", "This site can assist you in focusing on how does the PHP updates from your hosts impact your own WordPress websites. ", "There are several things that will create discoloration or conflicts on your site. ", "This guide will definitely help avoid those too. ", "It’s a known truth that Wordpress is developed with the open source programming language PHP. ", "Most shared hosting providers are now offering PHP version 5.4. * ", "installed in their servers. ", "You will find web hosts that allow you to change your PHP version. ", "Whilst the latest variants can sometimes break some PHP software the bleeding edge and the new versions of PHP by web hosts are not as used. ", "PHP 5.4 is the most shared Wordpress hosting providers.", "\n\n\n\nThe PHP upgrades from the web hosts mostly go smoothly, however if gone wrong, it will have a bad influence on your site. ", "The smoothness of this update is dependent for you well your own servers have been configured by your web server. ", "In the event that you use a unreliable hosting company for the own WordPress site, it may result in an unexpected downtime in your internet site during or after the upgrade. ", "There’s absolutely no suitable solution for this issue apart from migrating to a better host. ", "This can be the impact that your Wordpress website will be impacted by the PHP upgrades from your hosting company. ", "If you take just a little care on those issues, you then can definitely avoid the downtime or conflicts in your site.", "\n\nThe majority of the web hosts will likely undoubtedly be already hosting 1000s of Wordpress websites and thus , they may take every precaution to make their customers feel happy and fulfilled.", "\n\n\n\nThey want their job proceed smoothly. ", "Will be to choose a regular backup of your Wordpress website. ", "You can install an automatic backup solution or create a manual backup. ", "The next thing is, be sure you are running the latest version of Wordpress. ", "Themes and all your plugins additionally have to be up to date. ", "You can go to the Updates monitor and assess available and install. ", "Some plugin may stop working, although A PHP upgrade wont affect WordPress itself and hottest WordPress plugins. ", "It is possible to contact the plugin author or get an option if something like this comes to pass. ", "What do you need to do in case a PHP upgrade breaks your own WordPress site?", "\n\n\n\nRelated Articles" ]

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[ "Hey Saibafam!", "\n\nChris here with another spicy one for you! ", "This week we are going to be looking at a green leader I have always been very fond of. ", "Gotenks! ", "I know we recently had a special list from none other than Mickey Khanthisuwan in which he showed us how he uses this leader and his lovely waifu’s but this list will be my take on it!", "\n\n\n\n\n\nSo here it is, my Gotenks Saiyan Scramble deck! ", "Firstly let’s brush over the leader which we are all familiar with.", "\n\nThis leader is unique in that it basically encourages you to keep a low or at least lower hand size compared to your opponent so they are forced to discard a card each turn. ", "At the time this effect was unreal as decks were not draw greedy meaning you could keep your opponents hand relatively low. ", "Nowadays newer leaders can put many cards in your hand early which can be tricky when it comes to using Gotenks, but on the plus side you are almost guaranteed his effect will work every turn!", "\n\n\n\n\n\nSaiyan Cabba x 3\n\nVery useful for both awakening and sometimes even finishing a game. ", "Having a potential 15k double strike for 1 energy is very good value.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nBroly Demonic Origins x 4\n\nNot only is this card great for charging after you have charged a different Red/Green card, its effect works hand in hand with your leader. ", "Turn 2 make them drop 2 cards with this guy and your leaders swing. ", "Lovely.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nCombo Strike Son Gohan x 2\n\nMainly used for getting a SSB Gogeta Resonant Explosion out early. ", "Also another Red/Green body to charge.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nBodyguard Ledgic x 2\n\nGreat card in this deck, brings your hand down so your leader’s effect goes off. ", "Great turn 1 play.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nDigging Deep Vegeta x 2\n\nThis guy is a great self-awakening tool. ", "Being able to take up to 2 life and swing twice with him at 20k is just pure value.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nFurthering Destruction Champa x 2\n\nHaving even just 1 of these in your deck can make all the difference. ", "Turning a seemingly harmless single strike swing into a double strike + 10k can win you the game.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nSon Gohan & Son Goten Familial Bonds x 2\n\nOne of your finisher cards. ", "Alliance is such a cool effect and I can’t wait to see what other cards will use it in the future. ", "His auto effect also stops some of those pesky counter:play and even some counter:attack cards your opponent may play in response that plays a battle card.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nGhost Attack Super Saiyan 3 Gotenks x 3\n\nI love this card, still one of my favourites from set 2. ", "Play him and he spits out 3 ghost tokens plus gives himself and the ghosts double strike if you have 4 or less cards in hand. ", "100% works with this leader. ", "Just awesome!", "\n\n\n\n\n\nSSB Gogeta Resonant Explosion x 4\n\nBasically a staple in Red/Green decks now. ", "A 20K body that pops a target with a cost of 4 or less for 1 red energy? ", "Yes please.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nSS Vegeta Exploding with Energy x 2\n\nThis card is so underrated. ", "He removes those ALL 1 drop threats (that don’t have barrier) by just playing him. ", "Again, very good at removing the anti untap 1 drops too, although you won’t have to worry about that too much in this deck.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nTrunks, Bridge to the Future x 3\n\nGreat in this deck as it runs mostly saiyans. ", "Fuels the drop area a little bit for over realm.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nSuper Saiyan Gotenks x 2\n\nKeeping with the Gotenks theme a bit plus adding in a bit of spice. ", "For 5 energy you can untap 2 energy and draw 1 card. ", "This allows you to play more threats after playing this card or have some energy on the defence if you decide to only use him.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nBardock, Awakened Instincts x 2\n\nThis card is so useful, draw 2 and discard 1 is good for hand cycling and over realm 4 is more than viable in this deck. ", "Who doesn’t like a 20K body that doesn’t require you to tap energy?", "\n\n\n\n\n\nDefending Father Paragus x 4\n\nI agree Mickey , this is the best super combo in the game right now. ", "Also searchable by Trunks!", "\n\n\n\n\n\nSS3 Scramble – Raditz Vegeta & Broly x 1\n\nA HUGE finisher. ", "Auto 2 damage is just filthy. ", "Not much else to say here they speak for themselves, just look at those locks of hair.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nSuper Ghost Kamikaze Attack x 4\n\nAuto include with this leader. ", "2 energy for 2 15k swings is amazing. ", "Very aggressive early on. ", "If your opponent has no removal they are in for a world of hurt as 2 can become 4 or even 6 very quickly. ", "Combine this with the SS3 Gotenks card and you will have a mighty ghost army at your disposal.", "\n\nFor the Greater Good x 2\n\nI have been enjoying using these counters lately. ", "They are there in case of an emergency but in this instance this card is also good with this leader as it keeps your hand low so you can use your leader effect efficiently.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nShocking Death Ball x 4\n\nStill a great counter card. ", "Green deck staple.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nHidden Power of the Saiyans x 2\n\nMore potential discard. ", "As your leader is forcing a discard each turn plus a broly or 2 to discard more, they are more likely to drop what they are going to play. ", "Gives your opponent something to think about!", "\n\nSo there we go, my take on a spicy Gotenks list. ", "I wanted to stay true to the token spice but also throw in some meta so it can throw some heavy punches. ", "From my playtesting I had so much fun with it I decided to keep it built for when I want to have a bit of fun! ", "Obviously I wouldn’t take this to any major events but it totally is something you can try at your next locals or even just having some fun with friends. ", "Again side board is open for you all to add what you like or even just tweak the deck itself.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nI hope you have enjoyed this one and I can’t wait to show you what I have in store next time!", "\n\nAlso good luck to everyone competing at major regional and final events in the next few months!", "\n\nStay tuned Saibafam, until next time!", "\n\n\n\n\n\nAs always, keep an eye on our Youtube , Facebook and Twitch for more content!", "\n\n\n\n\n\nAustralians, jump on The Midian Guard for all your DBS singles!", "\n\n\n\n\n\n~ Chris Trevenar AKA The Spice King" ]

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[ "Like it or not, shadow IT is here to stay\n\nBy Richard Blewitt, Sales Director\n\nIf you’ve begun to notice that your employees and certain business departments are bypassing internal IT resources to use their own systems, software and applications, it’s important to know that you’re not alone. ", "This IT phenomenon, better known as Shadow IT, has grown out of pure necessity, with tech-savvy staff constantly looking for solutions to make their specific roles easier and themselves more productive. ", "The fact of the matter is that if an IT department is not providing a solution, employees will find a way to meet their needs on their own.", "\n\nSo, where does this leave businesses? ", "Some would say wide open to security breaches and data loss. ", "While others would say in the perfect position to adapt.", "\n\nFor some, the time when IT departments had complete control over almost all the technology decisions made within an organisation is but a distant memory. ", "For others, this level of control is only starting to ease up because of the demand for flexibility.", "\n\nWhile it has become clear that Shadow IT is now a permanent feature in many businesses, the natural instinct of most IT departments is still to clamp down on these unauthorised downloads. ", "Although security is a major concern – and rightly so – there is no way to bypass Shadow IT altogether. ", "In my experience, the best bet would be for IT professionals to learn to address the fact that it will be around for a long, long time to come.", "\n\nThe maturity of the company and its IT department is a big driver of its overall approach to this demand for freedom when it comes to software solutions. ", "A company that is in the process of streamlining their security capability is more likely to become a victim of cyber-attacks than one which has all the right steps, permissions and policies in place to safeguard their network.", "\n\nHere’s a look at ways to stay ahead of the game to ensure you’re not blindsided when it comes to disruptive technology and software solutions.", "\n\nThink proactively. ", "Instead of getting caught off guard by new technologies that could improve your business processes, stay ahead and proactively look for new advancements your employees may want to use in your work environment.", "\n\nStreamlining is key. ", "One of the main reasons employees turn to Shadow IT is because it’s a lot faster than going through the organisation’s lengthy processes for approval. ", "Coming up with new processes to fast-track approved technologies is a must.", "\n\nSet clear boundaries. ", "If there aren’t rules in place, people will take advantage every time. ", "It is up to the IT department to lay out very clear guidelines to show what will and won’t be tolerated in this regard.", "\n\nBudget for flexibility. ", "Too often, IT budgets don’t allow for agility and flexibility, forcing employees to seek out Shadow IT solutions.", "\n\nWhen it comes to Shadow IT, if processes are put into place from the get-go, it can be a very useful way to enable your business units to experiment, while improving their capabilities in a safe way." ]

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[ "The present invention is related to published PCT patent application no. ", "PCT/EP2010/054914 (International publication no. ", "WO2010/119080), to the present applicant, which is incorporated herein, in its entirety, by reference.", "\nIn PCT no. ", "PCT/EP2010/054914 (International publication no. ", "WO2010/119080) a vehicle is disclosed which comprises a tailgate at a rear of the vehicle. ", "The tailgate includes two doors that open to provide access to a passenger compartment within the vehicle. ", "The disclosed tailgate system is a power, split door system that comprises a first vehicle door arranged to articulate between a closed position and an open position and a second vehicle door arranged to articulate between a closed position and an open position. ", "It is also disclosed to use first and second drive means for moving the first and second doors, respectively, between the closed and open positions; and a control means for controlling the first and second drive means so as to control movement of the first and second doors between the open and closed positions.", "\nThe present invention seeks to provide further improvements in the field of power split tailgate door systems which finds particular advantageous application in vehicles. ", "The invention may be utilised in applications other than for vehicles." ]

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[ "// Simple classes with all Codable properties should get derived conformance to\n// Codable.", "\nclass SimpleClass : Codable {\n var x: Int = 1\n var y: Double = .pi\n static var z: String = \"foo\"\n\n // These lines have to be within the SimpleClass type because CodingKeys\n // should be private.", "\n func foo() {\n // They should receive a synthesized CodingKeys enum.", "\n let _ = SimpleClass.CodingKeys.self\n\n // The enum should have a case for each of the vars.", "\n let _ = SimpleClass.", "CodingKeys.x\n let _ = SimpleClass.", "CodingKeys.y\n\n // Static vars should not be part of the CodingKeys enum.", "\n let _ = SimpleClass.", "CodingKeys.z // expected-error {{type 'SimpleClass.", "CodingKeys' has no member 'z'}}\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "/*\n\n Slide Presentation Javascript\n (consumers should include commons.js as well)\n\n -----\n\n Based on Google HTML5 slides template\n\n Original Authors: Luke Mahé (code)\n Marcin Wichary (code and design)\n\n Dominic Mazzoni (browser compatibility)\n Charles Chen (ChromeVox support)\n\n URL: http://code.google.com/p/html5slides/\n\n*/\n\nvar SlideDeck = (\n function() {\n\nvar\ncurSlide,\nslide_console;\n\n/* Slide movement */\n\nfunction getSlideEl(no) {\n if ((no < 0) || (no >= slideEls.length)) {\n return null;\n } else {\n return slideEls[no];\n }\n};\n\nfunction updateSlideClass(slideNo, className) {\n var el = getSlideEl(slideNo);\n\n if (!", "el) {\n return;\n }\n\n if (className) {\n el.classList.add(className);\n }\n\n for (var i in SLIDE_CLASSES) {\n if (className !", "= SLIDE_CLASSES[i]) {\n el.classList.remove(SLIDE_CLASSES[i]);\n }\n }\n};\n\n\nfunction updateSlides() {\n for (var i = 0; i < slideEls.length; i++) {\n switch (i) {\n case curSlide - 2:\n updateSlideClass(i, 'far-past');\n break;\n case curSlide - 1:\n updateSlideClass(i, 'past');\n break;\n case curSlide:\n updateSlideClass(i, 'current');\n break;\n case curSlide + 1:\n updateSlideClass(i, 'next');\n break;\n case curSlide + 2:\n updateSlideClass(i, 'far-next');\n break;\n default:\n updateSlideClass(i);\n break;\n }\n }\n\n triggerLeaveEvent(curSlide - 1);\n triggerEnterEvent(curSlide);\n\n window.setTimeout(function() {\n // Hide after the slide\n disableSlideFrames(curSlide - 2);\n }, 301);\n\n enableSlideFrames(curSlide - 1);\n enableSlideFrames(curSlide + 2);\n\n if (isChromeVoxActive()) {\n speakAndSyncToNode(slideEls[curSlide]);\n }\n\n updateHash();\n\n // notifyListeners(\n // {command: 'cur_slide',\n // content: curSlide,\n // prev_slide: curSlide > 0 ? ", "getSlideEl(curSlide - 1).outerHTML : '',\n // slide: getSlideEl(curSlide).outerHTML,\n // next_slide: curSlide < slideEls.length - 1 ? ", "getSlideEl(curSlide + 1).outerHTML : ''\n // }\n // );\n\n};\n\nfunction buildNextItem() {\n var toBuild = slideEls[curSlide].querySelectorAll('.to-build');\n\n if (!", "toBuild.length) {\n return false;\n }\n\n toBuild[0].classList.remove('to-build');\n\n if (isChromeVoxActive()) {\n speakAndSyncToNode(toBuild[0]);\n }\n\n return true;\n};\n\n\nfunction prevSlide() {\n if (slidesContainer.classList.contains(TABLE_CLASS)) return;\n\n if (curSlide > 0) {\n curSlide--;\n\n updateSlides();\n }\n};\n\nfunction nextSlide() {\n if (slidesContainer.classList.contains(TABLE_CLASS)) return;\n\n if (buildNextItem()) {\n return;\n }\n\n if (curSlide < slideEls.length - 1) {\n curSlide++;\n\n updateSlides();\n }\n};\n\nfunction showSlide(e) {\n\n if (!", "slidesContainer.classList.contains(TABLE_CLASS)) return;\n\n // toggle table class\n toggleView();\n\n // set curSlide\n if (e) {\n for (i = 0; i < slideEls.length; i++) {\n if (slideEls[i].contains(e.target)) {\n curSlide = i;\n break;\n }\n }\n }\n\n // update slide classes\n updateSlides();\n};\n\nfunction toggleView() {\n for (var i = 0; i < slideEls.length; i++) {\n updateSlideClass(i);\n };\n\n if (slidesContainer.classList.contains(TABLE_CLASS)) {\n // leaving table mode\n updateSlides();\n }\n\n slidesContainer.classList.toggle(TABLE_CLASS);\n $(document).trigger('slidesSized');\n};\n\n\n/* Slide events */\n\nfunction triggerEnterEvent(no) {\n var el = getSlideEl(no);\n if (!", "el) {\n return;\n }\n\n var onEnter = el.getAttribute('onslideenter');\n if (onEnter) {\n new Function(onEnter).call(el);\n }\n\n var evt = document.createEvent('Event');\n evt.initEvent('slideenter', true, true);\n evt.slideNumber = no + 1; // Make it readable\n\n el.dispatchEvent(evt);\n};\n\nfunction triggerLeaveEvent(no) {\n var el = getSlideEl(no);\n if (!", "el) {\n return;\n }\n\n var onLeave = el.getAttribute('onslideleave');\n if (onLeave) {\n new Function(onLeave).call(el);\n }\n\n var evt = document.createEvent('Event');\n evt.initEvent('slideleave', true, true);\n evt.slideNumber = no + 1; // Make it readable\n\n el.dispatchEvent(evt);\n};\n\n/* Touch events */\n\nfunction handleTouchStart(event) {\n if (event.touches.length == 1) {\n touchDX = 0;\n touchDY = 0;\n\n touchStartX = event.touches[0].pageX;\n touchStartY = event.touches[0].pageY;\n\n document.body.addEventListener('touchmove', handleTouchMove, true);\n document.body.addEventListener('touchend', handleTouchEnd, true);\n }\n};\n\nfunction handleTouchMove(event) {\n if (event.touches.length > 1) {\n cancelTouch();\n } else {\n touchDX = event.touches[0].pageX - touchStartX;\n touchDY = event.touches[0].pageY - touchStartY;\n }\n};\n\nfunction handleTouchEnd(event) {\n var dx = Math.abs(touchDX);\n var dy = Math.abs(touchDY);\n\n if ((dx > PM_TOUCH_SENSITIVITY) && (dy < (dx * 2 / 3))) {\n if (touchDX > 0) {\n prevSlide();\n } else {\n nextSlide();\n }\n }\n\n cancelTouch();\n};\n\nfunction cancelTouch() {\n document.body.removeEventListener('touchmove', handleTouchMove, true);\n document.body.removeEventListener('touchend', handleTouchEnd, true);\n};\n\n/* Preloading frames */\n\nfunction disableSlideFrames(no) {\n var el = getSlideEl(no);\n if (!", "el) {\n return;\n }\n\n var frames = el.getElementsByTagName('iframe');\n for (var i = 0, frame; 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slide = slideEls[i]; i++) {\n var items = slide.querySelectorAll('.build > *');\n for (var j = 0, item; item = items[j]; j++) {\n if (item.classList) {\n item.classList.add('to-build');\n }\n }\n }\n};\n\nfunction handleDomLoaded() {\n slidesContainer = document.querySelector('section.slides');\n slideEls = document.querySelectorAll(SLIDES_SELECTOR);\n\n getCurSlideFromHash();\n setupFrames();\n\n addGeneralStyle();\n addEventListeners();\n\n updateSlides();\n\n setupInteraction();\n makeBuildLists();\n\n document.body.classList.add('loaded');\n $(document).trigger('slidesSized');\n};\n\n\n var\n\n getLocation = function () {\n return curSlide;\n },\n\n setLocation = function (slide) {\n curSlide = slide;\n updateSlides();\n },\n\n getLength = function () {\n return slideEls.length;\n },\n\n init = function () {\n document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', handleDomLoaded, false);\n };\n\n\n init();\n\n return {\n curSlide: getLocation,\n location: getLocation,\n setLocation: setLocation,\n\n toggleView: toggleView,\n\n length: getLength,\n\n getSlideEl: getSlideEl,\n\n nextSlide: nextSlide,\n prevSlide: prevSlide\n };\n\n }());\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRename this site 'metta'?", "\n\nI thought it would promote better interactions if we changed 'meta' to metta. ", "Realistically, having more compassion and perspective is what meta means, anyway.", "\n\nA:\n\nI disagree, since in the context of SE, \"Meta\" is not a Pali word. ", "It comes from the Greek prefix. ", "The same prefix is used in 'meta-physics' (what goes beyond physics), 'meta-literature' (the study of the study of literature), 'meta-linguistics', etc.", "\nAs Wiki says:\n\nMeta (from the Greek preposition and prefix meta- (μετά-) meaning \"after\", or \"beyond\") is a prefix used in English to indicate a concept which is an abstraction behind another concept, used to complete or add to the latter.", "\n\nOf course, changing 'meta' in 'metta' would be a somewhat funny pun most would probably understand, but it would in fact not convey the meaning of the Greek and I don't think it's all it takes to promote loving kindness and compassion.", "\n\nA:\n\nThat would indeed be a feature-request -- i.e. it is not something which moderators can edit/implement, and it would instead require the SE site designers/developers/operators to make that change.", "\nThere have been more than 20,000 feature request topics on SE. ", "Now it's not that they don't implement any, and clearly they do implement some (nearly 3,000 of those 20,000 are tagged \"status-completed\") -- but I've never seen one being proposed and then implemented.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "\n333 B.R. 640 (2005)\nIn re DALOW INDUSTRIES, INC., ", "Debtor.", "\nNo.1-05-19235-DEM.", "\nUnited States Bankruptcy Court, E.D. New York.", "\nNovember 10, 2005.", "\nMark A. Frankel, Esq., ", "Backenroth Frankel & Krinsky, LLP, New York, NY, for Dalow Industries, Inc.\nRonald L. Daugherty, Esq., ", "Pelino & Lentz, P.C., Philadelphia, PA, for Stanley Creations, Inc.\nMitchell J. Devack, Esq., ", "East Meadow, NY, for the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors of Dalow Industries, Inc.\nStephen Gross, Esq., ", "Hodgson Russ LLP, New York, NY, for Bank Leumi.", "\n\nDECISION AND ORDER\nDENNIS E. MILTON, Bankruptcy Judge.", "\nIn its application (the \"Application\"), Dalow Industries, Inc. (\"Dalow\" or the *641 \"Debtor\") seeks an order directing Bank Leumi (the \"Bank\") to turn over to the Debtor's counsel Sixty-Five Thousand, Fifty-Four Dollars and Fifty-Five Cents ($65,054.55), the excess amount which Stanley Creations, Inc. (\"Stanley Creations\") paid to the Bank pursuant to the July 1, 2005 Order (the \"Sale Order\"). ", "Stanley Creations opposes the Application and requests that the Court enter an order directing the Bank to pay Stanley Creations the Sixty-Five Thousand, Fifty-Four Dollars and Fifty-Five Cents ($65,-054.55) in issue.", "\nAs set forth more fully below, the Court finds that the Debtor is entitled to immediate turnover of the Sixty-Five Thousand, Fifty-Four Dollars and Fifty-Five Cents ($65,054.55) pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §§ 105 and 542(a).", "\n\nJURISDICTION\nThis Court has subject matter jurisdiction over this controversy pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334(b) and 157(b)(2) and the Eastern District of New York standing Order of reference dated August 28, 1986. ", "This decision constitutes the Court's findings of facts and conclusions of law to the extent Fed. ", "R. Bank. ", "P. 7052 requires.", "\n\nFACTUAL BACKGROUND\nDalow was in the jewelry business. ", "Specifically, it marketed, distributed and sold gold and gemstone jewelry wholesale or on a consignment basis. ", "Due to a loss in revenue, Dalow entered into an asset purchase agreement on May 20, 2005 with Bel-Oro International. ", "However, on June 8, 2005, before the sale was consummated, Disons Gems, Inc., Apex Gems, Inc. and Top Creations International Ltd collectively filed an involuntary Chapter 7 petition[1] against Dalow.", "\nOn July 1, 2005, Debtor's assets were auctioned to Stanley Creations, the highest bidder. ", "As set forth in the Sale Order, Stanley's bid provided for payment of Nine Million, Six Hundred Thousand Dollars ($9,600,000.00) at closing and Nine Hundred Thousand Dollars thereafter for a total amount of Ten Million, Five Hundred Thousand Dollars ($10,500,000.00) to be paid. ", "Specifically, the Sale Order provided:\nI. Stanley's bid is as follows: The payment of $9,600,000 as follows:\na. By the close of business, on the day of the execution of this order (\"Execution Date\") payment of the secured claim of Bank Leumi (the \"Bank\") in the amount of $8,705,367.20 (the \"Bank's Claim\") (without prejudice to and subject to the right of other parties as hereinafter provided) by wire transfer pursuant to wire instruction provided by the Bank or its counsel;\nb. By the Execution Date, payment of the $894,632.80 balance by wire transfer pursuant to wire instruction provided by the Debtor's Escrow account, to be held for the benefit of the Debtor and its creditors pending further order of the Court;\nc. Payment of $900,000, without set-off, defenses and counterclaims as follows: $300,000 on or before December 31, 2005, and $600,000 on or before July 1, 2006 payable in the same manner as provided in b. herein or as may be further provided for by the order of the Court (the \"Purchase Price\").", "\nPg. ", "4, ¶ I.\nOn the Execution Date, Stanley Creations paid the Bank Eight Million, Seven Hundred Five Thousand, Three Hundred Sixty-Seven Dollars and Twenty Cents ($8,705,367.20), satisfying the secured *642 claim of the Bank. ", "However, in August 2005 it was discovered that due to an accounting error the Bank's claim included a Sixty-Five Thousand, Fifty-Four Dollars and Fifty-Five Cents ($65,054.55) interest overpayment.", "\nOn August 22, 2005, counsel for the Debtor filed the Application which sought an Order from this Court directing the Bank to turn over the Sixty-Five Thousand, Fifty-Four Dollars and Fifty-Five Cents ($65,054.55) in issue. ", "On or about September 12, 2005, counsel for Stanley Creations filed an Objection to the Application and requested that this Court enter an order directing that the Sixty-Five Thousand Fifty-Four Dollar and Fifty-Five Cent ($65,054.55) be paid to Stanley Creations. ", "On October 20, 2005, the Court conducted a hearing and reserved decision.", "\n\nANALYSIS\n\nI. The $65,054.55 Interest Overpayment Is Property Of The Debtor's Estate\nTo recover under Section 542 of the Bankruptcy Code, the party seeking the turnover of property of the estate must establish that the property in question is property of the estate which is in the possession, custody, or control of an entity other than the debtor, trustee or debtorin-possession. ", "See U.S. v. Whiting Pools, Inc., 462 U.S. 198, 206, 103 S.Ct. ", "2309, 76 L.Ed.2d 515 (1983); In re Mid-Island Hospital, 254 B.R. 71,74 (E.D.N.Y.2000). ", "It is undisputed that the property in question is in possession of an entity other than the Debtor; the remaining issue is whether the Sixty-Five Thousand, Fifty-Four Dollars and Fifty-Five Cents ($65,054.55) constitutes property of the Debtor's estate.", "\nSection 541 of the Bankruptcy Code provides that a debtor's estate consists of \"all legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the commencement of the case.\" ", "11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1). ", "Moreover, 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(6) provides that \"[proceeds... from property of the estate\" is part of the estate. ", "In the instant case, all parties concede that Dalow owned or leased the Assets (as defined in the Sale Order) on the Filing Date and that the Eight Hundred Ninety Four Thousand, Six Hundred Thirty-Two Dollars and Eighty Cents ($894,632.80) that it received from Stanley Creations on the Execution Date was property of the estate.", "\nThe issue is whether the Sixty-Five Thousand, Fifty-Four Dollars and Fifty-Five Cents ($65,054.55) remained a proceed of the estate or whether it was a property right that Stanley Creations acquired pursuant to the Sale Order. ", "Because the Sale Order formed the basis of the agreement of the parties, it must be construed according to general principles of contract law. ", "See In re Betty Owens Schools, Inc., 1997 WL 188127, *343 (S.D.N.Y. April 17, 1997)(citing United States v. ITT Continental Baking Co., 420 U.S. 223, 238, 95 S.Ct. ", "926, 43 L.Ed.2d 148 (1975)). \"", "In construing such language deference is to be paid to the plain meaning of the language ... and normal usage of the terms.\" ", "Id. (citing Berger v. Heckler, 771 F.2d 1556, 1568 (2d Cir.1985))(internal quotations omitted). ", "Interpretation of the plain meaning of any language requires that the language be considered within the context it was written. ", "Ibid. ", "See also, In re Pan Trading Corp., 125 B.R. 869, 878 (Bankr.", "S.D.N.Y.1991).", "\nConsideration of the entirety of the Sale Order compels the conclusion that the Sixty-Five Thousand, Fifty-Four Dollars and Fifty-Five Cents ($65,054.55) remained property of the estate. ", "On July 1, 2005 a \"good faith ... arm's length bargain]\" bargain was struck between Dalow and Stanley Creations when Stanley Creations *643 submitted the highest and best bid at the auction that was held in open Court. ", "See Sale Order, p.¶ 5, H 0. ", "At closing, Stanley Creations was to make a payment of Nine Million, Six Hundred Thousand Dollars ($9,600,000.00), followed by two (2) additional payments totaling Nine Hundred Thousand Dollars ($900,000.00), making the total purchase price Ten Million, Five Hundred Thousand Dollars ($10,500,-000.00). ", "Id. at p. 4, ¶ I. This purchase price \"constitute^] fair and adequate consideration and reasonably equivalent value for the Assets.\" ", "Id. at ¶ J. The Sale Order and the record of the sale contain no provisions or support for the argument that the Ten Million, Five Hundred Thousand Dollar ($10,500,000.00) purchase price would be reduced if circumstances surrounding the Bank's secured debt changed.[2] Rather, the Eight Million, Seven Hundred Five Thousand, Three Hundred Sixty-Seven Dollars and Twenty Cents ($8,705,367.20) payment to the Bank was included in the bid to ease the distribution process by permitting the Bank to release its lien on the leased gold once Stanley Creations paid the secured debt on behalf of Dalow.", "\nFurthermore, the plain language of the Sale Order is consistent with the Court's determination. ", "On July 1, 2005, when the Sale Order was entered, Dalow owed a debt to the Bank. ", "In its loan documents, the Bank pledged that if it received payment over the amount due it would refund the money.", "\nAs counsel for the Debtor accurately asserted during the October 19, 2005 hearing, this right to refund did not exist when this Sale Order was executed. ", "Despite this fact, Stanley Creations' urged the Court to interpret the Sale Order language that states that \"Stanley is purchasing all of the assets of the Debtor ... including]... [a]ll rights, causes of action, and contract rights in favor of the Debtor\" to include Dalow's right to refund. ", "However, even if the Court entertained the idea that the right to refund was a property right in some contingent form, the language of the Sale Order would prevent the transfer of title to this contingent right because the Court did not specifically include a clause that said all assets including contingent rights as it did when it transferred the leased gold. ", "See Sale Order, pp. ", "7-8, 114. ", "Accordingly, the Court concludes that the Sixty-Five Thousand, Fifty-Four Dollars and Fifty-Five Cents ($65,054.55) remained property of the estate.", "\n\nCONCLUSION\nFor the foregoing reasons, the Court grants the Debtor's Application and orders the Bank to turn over the Sixty-Five Thousand, Fifty-Four Dollars and Fifty-Five Cents ($65,054.55) in issue to the Debtor's counsel to be held for the benefit of the Debtor and its creditors pending further order of this Court.", "\nIT IS SO ORDERED.", "\nNOTES\n[1] The Debtor has since converted the case to a voluntary Chapter 11 case.", "\n[2] Stanley Creations' offer to Debtor's counsel dated June 30, 2005, which Counsel for the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors submitted, provides further support for this position. ", "This offer states that Stanley Creations will pay $9.6 million at closing and the remaining $900,000.00 in two installments by July 2006. ", "Additionally, the record of the proceeding before the Court on July 1, 2005 shows that while the Bel-Oro and Aurafin offers may have been based on first satisfying the amount due to the Bank and then paying a specified amount to the Debtor's estate, the Stanley Creations' offer was constructed differently by not referencing the payout to the Bank and instead only mentioning that it was \"prepared ... to wire $9.6 million into escrow accounts.\" ", "See July 1, 2005 Transcript, p. 37, lines 10, 11.", "\n" ]

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[ "Identification and analysis of the first 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus from U.S. feral swine.", "\nThe first case of pandemic H1N1 influenza (pH1N1) virus in feral swine in the United States was identified in Texas through the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Wildlife Services' surveillance program. ", "Two samples were identified as pandemic influenza by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). ", "Full-genome Sanger sequencing of all eight influenza segments was performed. ", "In addition, Illumina deep sequencing of the original diagnostic samples and their respective virus isolation cultures were performed to assess the feasibility of using an unbiased whole-genome linear target amplification method and multiple sample sequencing in a single Illumina GAIIx lane. ", "Identical sequences were obtained using both techniques. ", "Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all gene segments belonged to the pH1N1 (2009) lineage. ", "In conclusion, we have identified the first pH1N1 isolate in feral swine in the United States and have demonstrated the use of an easy unbiased linear amplification method for deep sequencing of multiple samples." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We consider random walks with finite support on non-elementary Gromov hyperbolic groups. ", "For a given harmonic function on such a group, we prove that asymptotic properties of non-tangential boundedness and non-tangential convergence are almost everywhere equivalent. ", "The proof is inspired from works of F. Mouton in the cases of Riemannian manifolds of pinched negative curvature and infinite trees. ", "It involves geometric and probabilitistic methods.'", "\naddress: |\n Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1\\\n Institut Fourier UMR 5582 UJF-CNRS\\\n 100 rue des Maths, BP 74\\\n 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères\\\n France \nauthor:\n- Camille PETIT\ntitle: Boundary behaviour of harmonic functions on hyperbolic groups\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe study of non-tangential convergence of harmonic functions began in 1906 with P. Fatou [@Fat06]. ", "He states that a positive harmonic function on the unit disc of $\\mathbb{R}^2$ admits at almost all point of the unit circle a non-tangential limit. ", "It is true in a lot of general cases like euclidean half-spaces, trees ([@Car72]), free groups ([@Der75]), Riemannian manifolds of pinched negative curvature ([@AnS85], [@Anc87]), and Gromov hyperbolic graphs ([@Anc90]). ", "It is thus natural to study cases where the harmonic function is not necessarily positive. ", "Fatou’s conclusion is no longer true in this more general case, and one tried to give criteria for the harmonic function to admit non-tangential limit at a point of the boundary. ", "In the case of the euclidean half space $\\mathbb{R}^n\\times \\mathbb{R}_+^*$, A.P. Calderon and E.M. Stein ([@Cal50a], [@Cal50b], [@Ste61]) proved that for a harmonic function $u$, the three following properties are equivalent for almost all point $\\theta$ of the boundary:\n\n- the function $u$ is non-tangentially convergent at $\\theta$\n\n- the function $u$ is non-tangentially bounded at $\\theta$\n\n- the area integral $\\intop_{\\Gamma_\\theta} |\\nabla u(x,y) |^2y^{1-n}dxdy$ is finite (for all $\\Gamma^\\theta$ where $\\Gamma^\\theta$ is a non-tangential cone).", "\n\nBy probabilistic methods, J. Brossard proved the same result in 1978 [@Bro78]. ", "A. Koranyi remarked that hyperbolic spaces provide a more natural setting for this study. ", "Indeed, several notions have simpler expressions in this case: the boundary becomes an ideal one, non-tangential cones become tubular neighbourhoods of geodesic rays... Following this remark, F. Mouton proved an analogous result for harmonic functions on Riemannian manifolds of pinched negative curvature [@Mou94], and for harmonic functions on trees [@Mou00]. ", "We prove here a partial analogue for non-elementary hyperbolic groups: for a harmonic function (the notion of harmonicity is here relative to a random walk on a Cayley’s graph of the hyperbolic group), non-tangential convergence is almost everywhere equivalent to non-tangential boundedness.", "\n\nWe introduce in section 2 the notions of random walks and harmonic functions in hyperbolic groups and in section 3 the boundary at infinity, which enables to state our main result in section 4. ", "The section 5 is devoted to the conditioning of the random walk to exit at a fixed point of the boundary and to the proof of a stochastic result. ", "In order to prove the non-tangential convergence criterion, we state geometric lemmas in section 6. ", "We then prove the main result in section 7.", "\n\nHarmonic functions on hyperbolic groups\n=======================================\n\nWe shall briefly introduce notions of hyperbolic groups, random walks, harmonic functions, Green functions. ", "The reader can refer to [@Mou00] and [@GdlH90] for more details.", "\n\nHyperbolic groups\n-----------------\n\nThe notion of Gromov hyperbolicity was introduced in the 80’s by M. Gromov [@Gro81]. ", "A way to introduce it is the following:\n\nOn a metric space $(X,d)$, one defines the Gromov product of two points $x,y\\in X$ with respect to $o\\in X$ by $$(x,y)_o=\\frac{1}{2}[d(x,o)+d(y,o)-d(x,y)]$$ For a real $\\delta \\geq 0$, a metric space $X$ is said to be $\\delta$-hyperbolic if for all $x,y,z,o\\in X$, $$(x,z)_o\\geq \\min \\{ (x,y)_o,(y,z)_o \\} -\\delta$$\n\nA metric space $X$ is geodesic if for every pair of points $x$ and $y$ in $X$, there is a geodesic segment (not necessarily unique) joining $x$ to $y$ in $X$, *i.e.* the image of an isometric embedding of the real interval $[0,d(x,y)]$ into $X$ which sends $0$ to $x$ and $d(x,y)$ to $y$.\n\nThe definition of Gromov hyperbolicity makes sense in all metric spaces. ", "However, it has a good geometric interpretation when the space is supposed to be geodesic. ", "A geodesic triangle consists of three points $x,y,z\\in X$ together with geodesic segments $\\alpha$, $\\beta$, $\\gamma$ (respectively from $y$ to $z$, $x$ to $z$ and $x$ to $y$) called the sides. ", "A triangle is called $\\eta$-thin for a real $\\eta\\geq 0$ if every point of a side is at distance at most $\\eta$ from the union of the two other sides. ", "If a geodesic metric space $X$ is $\\delta$-hyperbolic, then every geodesic triangle in $X$ is $4\\delta$-thin. ", "Remark that the converse also holds, if every geodesic triangle in $X$ is $\\eta$-thin, then $X$ is $3\\eta$-hyperbolic. ", "The reader can keep in mind that the Gromov product $(x,y)_o$ can be seen as a rough measure of the distance between $o$ and a geodesic segment joining $x$ and $y$ (see [@GdlH90]). ", "Precisely, if $X$ is $\\delta$-hyperbolic and $\\gamma$ is a geodesic segment from $x$ to $y$, then $$d(o,\\gamma)-2\\delta \\leq (x,y)_o \\leq d(o,\\gamma) \\label{thin triangles}$$\n\nOne can now define a hyperbolic group in the sense of Gromov. ", "Let $S$ be a finitely generated group. ", "Let us note $\\mathcal{G}(S,Z)$ the Cayley’s graph associated to a finite symmetric generator system $Z$, that is a graph which has vertices set $S$, and where two elements $x$ and $y$ are neighbours iff $x^{-1}y\\in Z$. Thus, $S$ is equipped with a neighbourhood relation, denoted by $\\sim$. A path from $x$ to $y$ in $S$ is a sequence $[x=x_{0},x_{1},...,x_{k}=y]$ such that for all $i$, $x_{i-1}\\sim x_{i}$. The integer $k$ is the length of the path. ", "The group $S$ carries an integer-valued metric, called the word metric: $d(x,y)$ is the minimum among all the lengths of the paths from $x$ to $y$.\n\nIf the Cayley’s graph $\\mathcal{G}(S,Z_0)$ is hyperbolic for a finite generating system $Z_0$, then $\\mathcal{G}(S,Z)$ is hyperbolic for all finite generating system $Z$ (Remark that the hyperbolic constant depends on the generating system). ", "One then says that $S$ is hyperbolic.", "\n\nA rich family of hyperbolic groups is provided by fundamental groups of compact Riemannian manifolds with negative curvature. ", "Different results state that groups given by a finite presentation are generically hyperbolic (see for example [@Gro87], [@Cha95], [@Ol92]).", "\n\nRandom walks\n------------\n\nLet $S$ be a hyperbolic group, $Z$ a finite symmetric generating system and $d$ the corresponding distance. ", "Fix a finitely supported probability measure $\\nu$ on $S$ such that $supp(\\nu)$ generates $S$ as a semi-group and define on $\\partial S \\times \\partial S$ the transition function ${p(x,y):=\\nu (\\{ x^{-1}y\\} )}$. ", "This function is *admissible* in the sense of Ancona ([@Anc88]), which means that the following relations hold:\n\n1. ", " $\\exists c_0>0, \\exists l\\in\\mathbb{N}^*$ such that $\\forall x,y\\in S$, $d(x,y)\\leq 1 \\Rightarrow \\sum_{0\\leq j\\leq l} p^j(x,y)\\geq c_0$\n\n2. ", " $\\exists m_1\\in\\mathbb{N}^*$ such that $\\forall x,y\\in S$, $p(x,y)>0 \\Rightarrow d(x,y)\\leq m_1$\n\nWe then define the random walk on $\\mathcal{G}(S,Z)$ as the Markov chain with states’ space $S$ and transition probabilities $p(x,y)$, $x,y\\in S$. It is given by the family of random variables $(X_n)_{n\\in \\mathbb{N}}$ where $X_n$ is the position at time $n$. We can choose the space $\\Omega=\\mathcal{C}(\\mathbb{N},S)$ of all infinite paths as probability space (then, $X_n(\\omega)=\\omega(n)$), equipped with the $\\sigma$-algebra arising from the countable product of $\\mathcal{P}(S)$. We will denote $(\\mathbb{P}_z)_{z\\in S}$ the law of this random walk, where $\\mathbb{P}_z$ is the probability obtained when the walk starts from $z$. As usual, we note $(\\mathcal{F}_n)_n$ the natural filtration of $(X_n)_n$.\n\nThe admissible conditions are geometric adaptedness properties of the transition function $p$ to the structure of the graph $\\mathcal{G}(S,Z)$. Under these hypothesis, the random walk is transient.", "\n\nWe can now state a property which will be useful in the following. ", "For an almost surely finite stopping time $T$, we note $\\Theta^T$ the map: $\\Theta^T(\\omega)=\\omega( \\cdot +T(\\omega))$.\n\n\\[lem:Strong Markov roperty\\] For a non-negative random variable $F$ and an almost surely finite stopping time $T$ one has $$\\mathbb{E}_x[ F\\circ \\Theta^T | \\mathcal{F}_T] =u_F (X_T) \\text{ where } u_F(y)=\\mathbb{E}_y[F]$$\n\nHarmonic functions and the Green function\n-----------------------------------------\n\nIn order to define harmonic functions and the Green function, we associate to the random walk a Laplace operator $\\Delta$ which acts on functions $f:S\\to\\mathbb{R}$ by $$\\Delta f(x)=\\mathbb{E}_{x}[f(X_{1})]-f(x)=\\sum_{y\\in S}p(x,y)f(y)-f(x)$$ A function $f$ is said to be harmonic if $\\Delta f=0$.\n\nThe Green function is thus defined on $S\\times S$ by $$G(x,y):=\\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty} \\mathbb{P}_{x}[X_{n}=y]=\\mathbb{E}_{x}[\\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty}{\\mathbf{1}_{\\{ X_{n}=y\\} }}].$$ It can be seen by the Markov property that the function $G(\\cdot ,y)$ is harmonic on $S\\setminus\\{y\\}$.\n\nA fundamental property of random walks on graphs is the following:\n\n\\[lem:Martingale property\\] Let $z$ be a point of $S$ and $f$ a function on $S$. Then, the sequence of random variables $$M_n=f(X_n)-\\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\\Delta f(X_k)$$ is a $(\\mathcal{F}_n)$-martingale for the probability $\\mathbb{P}_z$. In particular, $(f(X_n))_n$ is a martingale if $f$ is harmonic.", "\n\nBoundary at infinity\n====================\n\nWe are interested in non-tangential convergence, thus we need a notion of boundary. ", "In fact, there are here three notions of boundary. ", "To define them, we need to fix a base point $o$, but the compactifications below do not depend on the choice of $o$.\n\n- The *geometric boundary $\\partial S$*. ", "Let us denote by $E$ the set of sequences $(x_i)_i$ in $S$ such that $\\lim_{i,j\\to\\infty} (x_i,x_j)_o=+\\infty$ and by $\\partial S=E/\\mathcal{R}$ the set obtained by factoring $E$ with respect to the equivalence relation: $(x_i)_i \\mathcal{R} (y_j)_j$ iff $\\lim_{i,j\\to\\infty } (x_i,y_j)_o=+\\infty$. An equivalent way to describe $\\partial S$ is via equivalence of geodesic rays (see [@GdlH90]). ", "One can extend the Gromov product to two points $x,y\\in\\partial S$ (resp. ", "$x\\in S$ and $y\\in\\partial S$ or the inverse) with $$(x,y)_o=\\sup \\liminf_{i,j\\to\\infty} (x_i,y_j)_o \\hspace{0.5cm} ( \\text{resp. } (", "x,y)_o=\\sup \\liminf_{j\\to\\infty} (x,y_j)_o )$$ where the supremum is taken over all sequences $(x_i)_i$ in the class of $x$ and $(y_j)_j$ in the class of $y$. For a real $r>0$ and a point $x\\in\\partial S$, denote by $V_r(x)=\\{ y\\in S\\cup \\partial S \\, | \\, (x,y)_o \\geq r \\}$. We equip $S\\cup\\partial S$ with the unique topology containing open sets of $S$ and admitting the sets $V_r(x)$ with $r\\in \\mathbb{Q}^+$ as neighbourhood base at any $x\\in\\partial S$. It provides a compactification $\\hat S$ of $S$ (that is a compact Hausdorff space with countable base of the topology such that $S$ is open and dense in $\\hat S$). ", "The compactification $\\hat S$ can also be obtained as the completion of $S$ in a good choice of a metric on $S$ (see [@Woe00]).", "\n\n- The *Martin boundary*. ", "One defines the Martin kernel by $K(x,y)=\\frac{G(x,y)}{G(o,y)}$. The Martin compactification $\\hat S$ is the unique smallest compactification of $S$ for which all kernels $K(x,.)$, $x\\in S$, extend continuously. ", "The Martin boundary is $\\hat S\\setminus S$. A sequence $(y_i)_i\\in S^{\\mathbb{N}}$ converges to the Martin boundary if $d(o,y_i)\\to\\infty$ and $(K(.,y_i))_i$ converges pointwise. ", "Two such sequences are equivalent if their limit coincides at each point of $S$. It enables to represent non-negative harmonic functions by non-negative measures on this boundary (see [@Woe00]).", "\n\n- The *Poisson boundary* can be seen as the set of end points of the random walk. ", "It is then the minimal subset of the Martin boundary which allows to represent bounded harmonic functions.", "\n\nResults by Ancona ([@Anc87]) and Kaimanovich ([@Kai94]) prove that in the case of non-elementary hyperbolic groups (that is hyperbolic groups which are not finite extensions of $\\{ 0\\}$ or $\\mathbb{Z}$) and with admissible conditions on the transition function, these three compactifications coincide. ", "In the following, we will assume that it is true. ", "We can thus denote $\\partial S$ the boundary. ", "There is a $\\partial S$-valued random variable $X_\\infty$ such that the random walk $(X_n)_n$ converges $\\mathbb{P}_z$-almost surely to $X_\\infty$ for all $z\\in S$ (see [@Woe00]). ", "When dealing with harmonic functions and random walks, there is a natural family of measures on $\\partial S$ called the harmonic measures $\\mu_z, z\\in S$. There is two ways to define these measures. ", "The first one is as the exit law of the random walk starting from $z$. The second one is by solving the Dirichlet problem at infinity. ", "The different measures $\\mu_z$ are equivalent, so we can define a notion of $\\mu$-negligeability. ", "These measures allow to represent bounded harmonic functions by the Poisson formula (see [@Woe00] and lemma \\[lem:Representation of bounded harmonic functions\\]).", "\n\nMain result\n===========\n\n**Setting:** *We fix now a non-elementary hyperbolic group $S$, a finite symmetric generating system $Z$ and a finitely supported probability measure $\\nu$ on $S$ such that $supp(\\nu)$ generates $S$ as a semi-group.*", "\n\nWe will note $d$ the distance arising from $Z$, $\\delta$ the hyperbolicity constant, $c_0$ and $m_1$ the admissibility constants and $o\\in S$ a base point.", "\n\nLet us now define the non-tangential notions. ", "If $c>0$ and $\\theta\\in\\partial S$, denote by $$\\Gamma_c^\\theta :=\\{ x\\in S \\, | \\, \\exists \\gamma \\text{ geodesic ray from } o \\text{ to } \\theta \\text{ such that } d(x,\\gamma)<c \\}$$ the non-tangential tube of radius $c$ and vertex $\\theta$. A function $u$ converges non-tangentially at $\\theta$ if, for all $c>0$, $u(x)$ has a limit as $x$ goes to $\\theta$ in $\\Gamma_c^\\theta$. In the same way, the function is non-tangentially bounded at $\\theta$ if, for all $c>0$, $u$ is bounded on $\\Gamma_c^\\theta$.\n\nRemark that ,these non-tangential notions do not depend on $o$, due to the alternative definition of $\\partial S$ by geodesic rays ([@GdlH90]).", "\n\n\\[thm:main result\\] In the setting above, for a harmonic function $u$, both following properties are equivalent for $\\mu$-almost all $\\theta\\in\\partial S$:\n\n1. ", " the function $u$ converges non-tangentially at $\\theta$\n\n2. ", " the function $u$ is non-tangentially bounded at $\\theta$\n\nDenoting $${\\mathcal{L}}_c=\\{ \\theta\\in\\partial S \\, | \\, \\lim_{\\stackrel{x\\in\\Gamma_c^\\theta}{x\\to\\theta}} u(x) \\text{ exists and is finite } \\}$$ $${\\mathcal{N}}_c=\\{ \\theta\\in\\partial S \\, | \\, N_c^\\theta (u)<\\infty \\} \\text{ where } N_c^\\theta (u)=\\sup_{x\\in\\Gamma_c^\\theta} |u(x)|$$ $${\\mathcal{L}}=\\bigcap_{c>0} {\\mathcal{L}}_c \\hspace{0,5cm} \\text{ and } \\hspace{0,5cm} {\\mathcal{N}}=\\bigcap_{c>0}{\\mathcal{N}}_c$$ the theorem can be enounced by: ${\\mathcal{N}}\\approx{\\mathcal{L}}$, where $\\approx$ means that the two sets differ by a $\\mu$-negligeable set.", "\n\nThe proof of this result uses stochastic methods which will be explained in the next section.", "\n\nConditioning\n============\n\nBy Doob’s h-process, it’s possible to condition the random walk to exit at a fixed point $\\theta\\in \\partial S$ (see [@Doo57] or [@Dyn69]). ", "The probability $\\mathbb{P}_z^\\theta$ on $\\Omega$ thus obtained satisfies a strong Markow property and one has the following two properties:\n\n\\[prop:desintegration\\] Let $F$ be a non-negative random variable. ", "Then $$\\mathbb{E}_z[F]=\\intop_{\\partial S} \\mathbb{E}_z^\\theta [F] d\\mu_z (\\theta)$$\n\nThe probability $\\mathbb{P}_z^\\theta$ satisfies an asymptotic zero-one law: if an event $A$ is asymptotic (*i.e.* it’s invariant by the translation operator $\\Theta$) then, for all $\\theta\\in\\partial S$, the map $z\\mapsto \\mathbb{P}_z^\\theta (A)$ is constant on $S$ and equals $0$ or $1$. The reader can refer to [@Mou94], [@Bro78] and [@Dur84] for more details.", "\n\nAs said above, we shall use stochastic methods. ", "Therefore, we define kind of analogues of non-tangential convergence or boundedness notions. ", "Let $u$ be a harmonic function. ", "We define the set $\\widetilde{{\\mathcal{N}}^{**}}$ of trajectories $\\omega$ such that $|u|$ is bounded on the thickened trajectory $\\{ y\\in S| d(y,\\omega)\\leq m_1\\}$,\n\n$$\\widetilde{{\\mathcal{N}}^{**}}=\\{\\omega\\in\\Omega \\, | \\, \\widetilde{N^*} <+\\infty \\} \\text{ where } \\widetilde{N^*}=\\sup \\{ |u(y)| \\, | \\, y\\in S, d(y,w)\\leq m_1 \\}$$ $$\\text{and } {\\mathcal{L}}^{**}=\\{\\omega\\in\\Omega \\, | \\, \\lim_{n\\to\\infty} u(X_n(\\omega)) \\text{ exists and is finite } \\}$$\n\nThese two events are asymptotic, so by asymptotic zero-one law, quantities $\\mathbb{P}_z^\\theta(\\widetilde{{\\mathcal{N}}^{**}})$ and $\\mathbb{P}_z^\\theta(\\widetilde{{\\mathcal{L}}^{**}})$ have values $0$ or $1$ and do not depend on $z$. So we define the sets\n\n$$\\widetilde{{\\mathcal{N}}^*}=\\{\\theta\\in\\partial S \\, | \\, \\mathbb{P}_o^\\theta (\\widetilde{{\\mathcal{N}}^{**}})=1 \\}\n\\text{ and } {\\mathcal{L}}^*=\\{\\theta\\in\\partial S \\, | \\, \\mathbb{P}_o^\\theta ({\\mathcal{L}}^{**})=1 \\}$$\n\nWe say that $u$ is *stochastically bounded* at $\\theta\\in\\partial S$ if $\\theta\\in \\widetilde{{\\mathcal{N}}^*}$ and that $u$ *converges stochastically* at $\\theta$ if $\\theta\\in {\\mathcal{L}}^*$.\n\n\\[prop:stochastic result\\] Given a harmonic function $u$, one has the $\\mu$-almost inclusion $$\\widetilde{{\\mathcal{N}}^{*}}{\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}{\\mathcal{L}}^{*}.$$\n\nWe will first prove the $\\mathbb{P}_o$-almost inclusion $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{N}^{**}}{\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}\\mathcal{L}^{**}$. For $m\\in\\mathbb{N}$, denote by $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{N}_m^{**}}$ the set of trajectories $\\omega$ such that $|u|$ is bounded by $m$ on the thickened trajectory ${\\{ y\\in S \\, | \\, d(y,\\omega)\\leq m_1 \\}}$. By countable union, it is sufficient to prove that for all $m$, ${\\widetilde{\\mathcal{N}_{m}^{**}}{\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}\\mathcal{L}^{**}}$. Denote by $T_m$ the stopping time $$T_m:=\\inf \\{ n\\geq 0 \\, | \\, \\max \\{|u(y)| \\, | \\, y\\in S, d(y,X_n)\\leq m_1 \\} >m \\} .$$ Remark that $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{N}_m^{**}}=\\{ T_m=+\\infty\\}$. Since $u$ is harmonic, $(u(X_{n}))_{n\\in\\mathbb{N}}$ is a martingale for the probability $\\mathbb{P}_{o}$ and thus $(u(X_{n\\wedge T_m}))_{n}$ is a martingale too. ", "With our choice of stopping time $T_m$, for all $n\\in\\mathbb{N}$, $|u(X_{n\\wedge T_m})| \\leq \\max \\{ m, |u(X_o)| \\}$, which implies by the martingale theorem that the martingale converges $\\mathbb{P}_{o}$-almost surely. ", "In particular, $(u(X_{n}))_{n}$ converges $\\mathbb{P}_o$-almost surely on the event $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{N}_m^{**}}$. Finally, we proved that $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{N}_{m}^{**}}{\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}\\mathcal{L}^{**}$ and since $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{N}^{**}}=\\bigcup_m \\widetilde{\\mathcal{N}_{m}^{**}}$ we proved that $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{N}^{**}}{\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}\\mathcal{L}^{**}$.\n\nUsing proposition \\[prop:desintegration\\], we have $$0=\\mathbb{P}_{o}(\\widetilde{\\mathcal{N}^{**}}\\setminus\\mathcal{L}^{**})=\\intop_{\\partial S} \\mathbb{P}_{o}^{\\theta}(\\widetilde{\\mathcal{N}^{**}}\\setminus\\mathcal{L}^{**})d\\mu_{o}(\\theta)$$ Then, $\\mathbb{P}_{o}^{\\theta}(\\widetilde{\\mathcal{N}^{**}}\\setminus\\mathcal{L}^{**})=0$ for $\\mu$-almost all $\\theta\\in\\partial S$ and $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{N}^{*}}{\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}\\mathcal{L}^{*}$.\n\nWe end this section with the case of bounded harmonic functions ([@Woe00], [@Anc90]).", "\n\n\\[lem:Representation of bounded harmonic functions\\] A bounded harmonic function $u$ on $S$ converges non-tangentially and stochastically for $\\mu$-almost all point $\\theta\\in\\partial S$ and the unique function $f\\in L^\\infty(\\partial S,\\mu)$ such that $$u(x)=\\intop_{\\partial S} f(\\theta )d\\mu_x (\\theta )=\\mathbb{E}_x[ f(X_{\\infty})]$$ is $\\mu$-a.e. ", "the non-tangential and stochastic limit of $u$.\n\nGeometric lemmas\n================\n\nBy use of hyperbolicity, we prove two lemmas, and deduce three corollaries. ", "They will be used several times in the proof of theorem \\[thm:main result\\].", "\n\n\\[lem:geometric lemma1\\] Given $\\alpha>0$, there exists a constant $C>0$ such that, for all point $x\\in S$ and all $\\theta \\in \\partial S$, $$\\mu_{x}(\\{\\xi\\in\\partial S \\, | \\, (\\xi,\\theta)_{x}\\geq\\alpha\\})\\geq C$$\n\nRemark that $\\partial S$ is a compact set and that the sets $W_r(\\xi):=V_r(\\xi)\\cap \\partial S = \\{ y\\in \\partial S \\, | \\, (\\xi,y)_o \\geq r \\}$ provide a neigbourhood base at $\\xi\\in\\partial S$. Denoting $\\beta=\\alpha+\\delta$, we extract by compacity a finite covering $W_\\beta(\\xi_1),...,W_\\beta (\\xi_k)$ of $\\partial S$. As the support of the harmonic measure is the Poisson boundary of $S$ which coincides with the geometric boundary, for all $i$, $\\mu_{o}(W_\\beta(\\xi_i))>0$ and by finiteness, there exists a constant $C>0$ such that for all $i$, $\\mu_{o}(W_\\beta(\\xi_i))\\geq C.$\n\nNow, fix $\\theta\\in\\partial S$. There exists $i$ such that $\\theta\\in W_\\beta(\\xi_i)$. For all $y\\in W_\\beta(\\xi_i)$, $(y,\\theta)_o \\geq \\min\\{(y,\\xi_i)_o , (\\theta,\\xi_i)_o \\}-\\delta \\geq \\alpha$ and thus $$W_\\beta(\\xi_i)\\subset W_\\alpha(\\theta).$$\n\nThen $\\mu_{o}(W_\\alpha(\\theta))\\geq C.$ According to the group structure, the constant $C$ can be taken independant on the base point’s choice: the isometric action $\\rho$ of $S$ on $\\mathcal{G}(S,Z)$ by left translation extends to $\\partial S$ and for $x\\in\\partial S$, $$\\mu_{x}(\\{\\xi\\in\\partial S \\, | \\, (\\xi,\\theta)_{x}\\geq\\alpha\\})=\\mu_{o}(W_\\alpha(\\rho(ox^{-1})(\\theta)))\\geq C.$$\n\nFor a borelian set $E\\in\\partial S$, we note $\\Gamma_c(E) :=\\bigcup_{\\theta\\in E} \\Gamma_c^\\theta$.\n\n\\[lem:geometric lemma2\\] For all $c>10\\delta,$ there exists $\\eta>0$ such that for all borelian sets $E\\subset\\partial S,$ one has$$\\forall x\\not\\in\\Gamma_{c}(E),\\, \\mathbb{P}_{x}(X_{\\infty}\\not\\in E)\\geq\\eta$$\n\nWe begin by showing that for all $x,y,z\\in S\\cup\\partial S$, $$(x,y)_o\\geq \\min \\{ (x,z)_o,(y,z)_o \\} -2\\delta. ", " \\label{gromov hyberbolicity bis}$$\n\nTo see it, choose, for $\\epsilon>0$, sequences in $S$ with $x_i\\to x$, $y_i\\to y$, $z_i\\to z$ and $z_i'\\to z$ such that $\\liminf_{i,j} (x_i,z_j)_o \\geq (x,z)_o-\\epsilon$ and $\\liminf_{i,j} (z_i',y_j)_o \\geq (z,y)_o-\\epsilon$. Then, take $\\liminf_{i,j}$ through $(x_i,y_j)_o\\geq \\min \\{ (x_i,z_j)_o , (z_j,z_i')_o , (z_i',y_j)_o \\} -2\\delta$ (note that $\\liminf_{i,j} (z_j,z_i')_o=+\\infty$).", "\n\nWe will also need that for all $x\\in S$, $\\xi\\in\\partial S$, and all geodesic ray $\\gamma$ from $o$ to $\\xi$, $$d(x,\\gamma)-2\\delta \\leq (o,\\xi)_x \\leq d(x,\\gamma)+2\\delta. ", "\\label{distance geodesic ray}$$\n\nBy inequality (\\[thin triangles\\]), for all $i$, $d(x,\\gamma($$0,i$ $))-2\\delta \\leq (o,\\gamma(i))_x \\leq d(x,\\gamma($$ 0,i $$))$. ", "Since $d(x,\\gamma(i))\\to\\infty$, for $i$ big enough, $d(x,\\gamma($$0,i$ $))=d(x,\\gamma)$ and then for $i$ big enough, $$d(x,\\gamma)-2\\delta\\leq (o,\\gamma(i))_x \\leq d(x,\\gamma).$$ Combining this inequality with the fact that if $(\\xi_i)_i$ is a sequence such that $\\xi_i \\to \\xi$, thus $(o,\\xi)_x -2\\delta \\leq \\liminf_i (o,\\xi_i)_x \\leq (o,\\xi)_x$ (see [@Bri99]), we obtain inequality (\\[distance geodesic ray\\]).", "\n\nLet us come back to the lemma’s proof. ", "Fix $c>10\\delta$, $E$ be a borelian set in $\\partial S$ and $x\\not\\in\\Gamma_{c}(E)$. Choose two arbitrary points $\\xi_1,\\xi_2\\in\\partial S$ and a geodesic joining both points (it exists by visibility (see [@GdlH90] )). ", "Up to translation, one can assume without loss of generality that it contains $x$. Denoting $\\gamma_1$ a geodesic ray from $o$ to $\\xi_1$ and $\\gamma_2$ a geodesic ray from $o$ to $\\xi_2$, because all triangles are $4\\delta$-thin, $x$ is at distance at most $4\\delta$ from one of the two geodesic rays, $\\gamma_1$ for example (see figure \\[figure lem:geometric lemma2\\]).", "\n\n![", "lemme \\[lem:geometric lemma2\\][]{data-label=\"figure lem:geometric lemma2\"}](babar.eps){width=\"4.5cm\" height=\"5cm\"}\n\nIn order to use lemma \\[lem:geometric lemma1\\], we will show that there exists a constant $\\alpha>0$ depending only on $\\delta$ such that $\\{\\xi\\in\\partial S \\, | \\, (\\xi,\\xi_1)_{x}\\geq\\alpha\\} \\subset \\partial S\\setminus E$.\n\nFor $\\theta\\in E$, we want to bound uniformly from above the product $(\\theta,\\xi_1)_x$. Inequality (\\[gromov hyberbolicity bis\\]) gives $$\\min \\{ (\\theta,\\xi_1)_x , (o,\\theta)_x \\} \\leq (o,\\xi_1)_x +2\\delta$$\n\nBy inequality (\\[distance geodesic ray\\]), $( o ,\\xi_1 )_x \\leq d(x,\\gamma_1)+2\\delta \\leq 6\\delta$, so $\\min \\{ (\\theta,\\xi_1)_x , (o,\\theta)_x \\} \\leq 8\\delta$. Again by inequality (\\[distance geodesic ray\\]), denoting $\\gamma$ a geodesic ray from $o$ to $\\theta$, $ (o,\\theta)_x \\geq d(x,\\gamma)-2\\delta \\geq c-2\\delta >8\\delta$ and $\\min \\{ (\\theta,\\xi_1)_x , (o,\\theta)_x \\} = (\\theta,\\xi_1)_x \\leq 8\\delta$.\n\nTherefore, $\\{\\xi\\in\\partial S \\, | \\, (\\xi,\\xi_1)_x\\geq 9\\delta \\}\\cap E=\\emptyset$. By lemma \\[lem:geometric lemma1\\], there exists $\\eta>0$ depending only on $\\delta$ such that $$\\mathbb{P}_x(X_\\infty \\not\\in E)\\geq \\eta$$.\n\n\\[cor:the end lemma\\] Let $E$ be a borelian set of $\\partial S$, $x\\in S$ and $c>10\\delta$. For $\\mu$-almost all $\\theta\\in E$, $\\mathbb{P}_{x}^{\\theta}$-a.s., ", "the random walk “ends its life in $\\Gamma_{c}(E)$” (Formally, for $\\mathbb{P}_{x}^{\\theta}$-almost all $\\omega$, there exists $N\\in\\mathbb{N}$ such that for all $n\\geq N$, $X_{n}(\\omega ) \\in\\Gamma_{c}(E)$).", "\n\nLet $f_{E}(x):=\\mathbb{P}_{x}(X_{\\infty}\\in E)=\\mathbb{E}_{x}[{\\mathbf{1}_{E}}(X_{\\infty})]$. As a consequence of lemma \\[lem:Representation of bounded harmonic functions\\] of representation of bounded harmonic functions, for $\\mu$-almost all $\\theta$, $$\\forall x\\in S, \\, \\mathbb{P}_{x}^{\\theta}[\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}f_{E}(X_{n})={\\mathbf{1}_{E}}(\\theta)]=1$$ Because of lemma \\[lem:geometric lemma2\\], there exists $\\eta>0$ such that $$\\forall x\\not\\in\\Gamma_{c}(E),\\, f_{E}(x)\\leq1-\\eta$$ Thus for all $x\\in S$ and for $\\mu$-almost all $\\theta\\in E$, $\\mathbb{P}_{x}^{\\theta}$-a.s., ", "$X_{n}$ is in $\\Gamma_{c}(E)$ for $n$ big enough.", "\n\nWe will call spikes of a tube $\\Gamma_c^\\theta$ the sets $\\Gamma_c^\\theta \\setminus B(o,R)$ for $R>0$.\n\n\\[cor:spikes lemma\\] Let $c>10\\delta$ and $E$ be a borelian set of $\\partial S$. Then, for all $\\theta\\in\\partial S$ such that ${\\displaystyle {{\\displaystyle \\lim_{\\stackrel{N.T.}{x\\to\\theta}}}} \\mathbb{P}_{x}(X_{\\infty}\\in E)=1}$, $\\Gamma_{c}(E)$ contains spikes of every tube with $\\theta$ as vertex.", "\n\nIn particular, it’s true for $\\mu$-almost all $\\theta\\in E$ by the bounded harmonic function representation lemma \\[lem:Representation of bounded harmonic functions\\].", "\n\nFix $\\theta\\in\\partial S$ such that ${\\displaystyle {{\\displaystyle \\lim_{\\stackrel{N.T.}{x\\to\\theta}}}} \\mathbb{P}_{x}(X_{\\infty}\\in E) = {{\\displaystyle \\lim_{\\stackrel{N.T.}{x\\to\\theta}}}}f_{E}(x)=1}$ and let $\\Gamma_{e}^{\\theta}$ be a tube of vertex $\\theta$. By contradiction, assume that $\\Gamma_{c}(E)$ doesn’t contain any spike of this tube. ", "Then, for each $R>0$, there exists $x\\in\\Gamma_{e}^{\\ \\theta}\\setminus\\Gamma_{c}(E)$ such that $d(o,x)>R$\n\nLet $(x_{k})_{k\\in\\mathbb{N}}$ be a sequence in $\\Gamma_{e}^{\\ \\theta}\\setminus\\Gamma_{c}(E)$ such that $d(o,x_{k})>k$. Since for all $k$, there exists a geodesic ray $\\gamma_k$ from $o$ to $\\theta$ such that $d(x_{k},\\gamma_k)<e$ and ${\\displaystyle \\lim_{k\\to\\infty}d(o,x_{k})=+\\infty}$, $(x_{k})_{k}$ converges to $\\theta$. The sequence $(x_{k})_{k}$ lives in $\\Gamma_{e}^{\\theta}$, then, $$x_{k}\\stackrel{N.T.}{\\longrightarrow}\\theta \\text{ and } \\lim_{k\\to\\infty} f_{E}(x_{k})=1.$$ Since $x_{k}\\not\\in\\Gamma_{c}(E)$, by lemma \\[lem:geometric lemma2\\], $f_{E}(x_{k})\\leq1-\\eta$, which gives the contradiction.", "\n\nThe following corollary will not intervene later. ", "However, it is interessant to remark that for a harmonic function, it is equivalent for $\\mu$-almost all point $\\theta\\in\\partial S$ to be bounded on a tube of radius $c>10\\delta$ and vertex $\\theta$ and to be bounded on every tube of radius $c>0$ and vertex $\\theta$.\n\nGiven a harmonic function $u$, for all real $c>10\\delta$ one has $\\mathcal{N}_{c}\\approx\\mathcal{N}$.\n\nBy definition, $\\mathcal{N}\\subset\\mathcal{N}_{c}$. It is thus sufficient to show that $\\mathcal{N}_{c}{\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}\\mathcal{N}$ for $c>6\\delta$. Let $c>10\\delta$ and denote $$A_c^m=\\{\\theta\\in\\partial S \\, | \\, N_{c}^{\\theta}(u)\\leq m\\}.$$ As $\\mathcal{N}_{c}$ is the countable union of the $A_c^m$, we need only show that $A_c^m{\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}\\mathcal{N}$ for all $m$. By definition of $A_c^m$, $|u|$ is bounded by $m$ on $\\Gamma_{c}(A_c^m)$. Using corollary \\[cor:spikes lemma\\], we obtain that for $\\mu$-almost all points $\\theta\\in A_c^m$, $\\Gamma_{c}(A_c^m)$ contains spikes of all tube with $\\theta$ as vertex. ", "On these spikes, the function $u$ is bounded, and therefore, by local finiteness, $u$ is bounded on the tubes, which means that $\\theta$ is in $\\mathcal{N}$. Finally, $A_c^m{\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}\\mathcal{N}$ and therefore, $$\\mathcal{N}_{c}{\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}\\mathcal{N}.$$\n\nproof of the main result\n========================\n\nAs above, denote $$A_c^m=\\{\\theta\\in\\partial S \\, | \\, N_c^\\theta (u)\\leq m\\}$$\n\nSince ${\\mathcal{N}}_c$ equals the countable union of the sets $A_c^m$, it is sufficient to prove that for all $m$ and all $c>10\\delta +m_1$, $A_c^m{\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}{\\mathcal{L}}_{c-m_1}$. Then, we will have ${\\mathcal{N}}_c{\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}{\\mathcal{L}}_{c-m_1}$ and since for $c_1>c_2$, ${\\mathcal{L}}_{c_1}\\subset {\\mathcal{L}}_{c_2}$, we will conclude that ${\\mathcal{N}}{\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}{\\mathcal{L}}$.\n\nLet $c>10\\delta+m_1$. We shall first prove that $A_c^m{\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}{\\mathcal{L}}^*$. Applying corollary \\[cor:the end lemma\\] to the borelian set $A_c^m$, we get: for $\\mu$-almost all point $\\theta\\in A_c^m$, $\\mathbb{P}_z^\\theta$-almost surely, $(X_k)_{k\\geq 0}$ ends its life in $\\Gamma:=\\Gamma_{c-m_1} (A_c^m)$. Let such a point $\\theta$. The key remark is that for all $x\\in \\Gamma$ and all $y\\in S$ such that $d(x,y)\\leq m_1$, $|u(y)|\\leq m$. It implies that for $\\mathbb{P}_z^\\theta$-almost all $\\omega$, there exists $N\\in\\mathbb{N}$ such that for all $n\\geq N$, for all $y\\in S$ such that $d(y,X_n(\\omega))\\leq m_1$, $|u(y)|\\leq m$. By local finiteness, $\\mathbb{P}_z^\\theta$-almost surely, $\\widetilde{N^*}<+\\infty$. Thus, $\\mathbb{P}_z^\\theta(\\widetilde{{\\mathcal{N}}^{**}})=1$, $\\theta \\in \\widetilde{{\\mathcal{N}}^*}$ and hence $A_c^m {\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}\\widetilde{{\\mathcal{N}}^*}$. However, by proposition \\[prop:stochastic result\\], $\\widetilde{{\\mathcal{N}}^*}{\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}{\\mathcal{L}}^*$, so $$A_c^m{\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}{\\mathcal{L}}^*.$$\n\nLet us now prove that $A_c^m{\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}{\\mathcal{L}}_{c-m_1}$. As shown above, for $\\mu$-almost all $\\theta\\in A_c^m$, $\\mathbb{P}_z^\\theta$-almost surely, $(u(X_n))_n$ has a finite limit $l(\\theta )$. ", "It defines a function $l$ on $A_c^m$. We use again corollary \\[cor:the end lemma\\]: for $\\mu$-almost all $\\theta\\in A_c^m$, $\\mathbb{P}_z^\\theta$-almost surely, $X_n$ is in $\\Gamma$ for $n$ big enough. ", "Combining with the fact that $|u|$ is bounded by $m$ on $\\Gamma$, that gives $|l|\\leq m$ on $A_c^m$.\n\nThe idea of the end of this proof, due to Brossard [@Bro78], is to decompose $u$ on $\\Gamma$ as a sum of three functions which will have non-tangential limits at almost all points of $A_c^m$.\n\nWe define the function $$f(z):=\\mathbb{E}_z[(l.{\\mathbf{1}_{A_c^m}})(X_{\\infty})]$$\n\nBy the bounded harmonic functions representation lemma \\[lem:Representation of bounded harmonic functions\\], $f$ is a bounded harmonic function which converges non-tangentially at $\\mu$-almost all point $\\theta\\in\\partial S$ to $(l.{\\mathbf{1}_{A_c^m}})(\\theta )$. ", "Denote by $\\tau$ the exit time of the set $\\Gamma$ and $\\tau_k$ the exit time of $B(o,k)$. As $u$ is bounded harmonic on the thickened set $\\widetilde{\\Gamma}\\cap \\widetilde{B(o,k)}=\\{y\\in S \\, | \\, d(y,\\Gamma\\cap B(o,k))\\leq m_1\\}$, which is a bounded set, ${u(z)=\\mathbb{E}_z[u(X_{\\tau\\wedge \\tau_k})]}$. If $\\tau=+\\infty$, $\\mathbb{P}_z$-almost surely, $(X_n)_n$ converges to a point $X_\\infty \\in A_c^m$, so $\\mathbb{P}_z$-almost surely, $(u(X_n))_n$ goes to $l(X_\\infty )$. ", "Denoting also $u(\\theta ):=l(\\theta )$ for $\\theta\\in A_c^m$, we define $u$ on $A_c^m$. Since $|u|$ is bounded by $m$ on $\\Gamma$, we can apply Lebesgue’s theorem, and then we obtain $$\\forall z\\in\\Gamma, u(z)=\\mathbb{E}_z[u(X_\\tau )].$$ Decomposing the event $\\{ X_\\infty\\in A_c^m \\}$ into the union ${\\{\\tau <\\infty \\, | \\, X_\\infty\\in A_c^m \\}\\cup \\{\\tau =\\infty \\}}$ we obtain, for $z\\in\\Gamma$, $$\\begin{aligned}\nu(z) &=& \\mathbb{E}_z[u(X_\\tau ).{\\mathbf{1}_{ \\{\\tau <\\infty\\} }}]+\\mathbb{E}_z[u(X_\\infty ).{\\mathbf{1}_{\\{\\tau =\\infty\\} }}] \\\\\n &=& \\mathbb{E}_z[u(X_\\tau ).{\\mathbf{1}_{\\{\\tau <\\infty\\} }}]+\\mathbb{E}_z[u(X_\\infty ).{\\mathbf{1}_{\\{ X_\\infty \\in A_c^m\\} }}]\\\\\n & & -\\mathbb{E}_z[u(X_\\infty ).{\\mathbf{1}_{\\{ X_\\infty \\in A_c^m\\} }}.{\\mathbf{1}_{\\{ \\tau <\\infty\\} }}]\\end{aligned}$$ It is exactly the announced decomposition. ", "Denoting $g(z)=\\mathbb{E}_z[u(X_\\tau ).{\\mathbf{1}_{\\{\\tau <\\infty\\} }}]$ and $h(z)=-\\mathbb{E}_z[u(X_\\infty ).{\\mathbf{1}_{\\{ X_\\infty \\in A_c^m\\} }}.{\\mathbf{1}_{\\{\\tau <\\infty\\} }}]$, it follows that $u=f+g+h$ on $\\Gamma$.\n\nWe will prove that at almost all point $\\theta$ in $A_c^m$, the functions $g$ and $h$ converge to zero staying in the tube $\\Gamma_{c-m_1}^\\theta$. Since $u$ is bounded on $\\widetilde{\\Gamma}=\\{y\\in S \\, | \\, d(y,\\Gamma)\\leq m_1\\}$, if $\\tau<\\infty$, then $|u(X_\\tau )|\\leq m$ and obviously $$|g(z)|\\leq m.\\mathbb{P}_z(\\tau<\\infty).$$ In the same way, for almost all $\\theta\\in A_c^m$, $|u(\\theta )|\\leq m$, so we obtain easily by conditioning $$|h(z)|\\leq m.\\mathbb{P}_z(\\tau<\\infty).$$ It is sufficient to prove that for almost all $\\theta \\in A_c^m$, $\\mathbb{P}_z(\\tau<\\infty)$ goes to zero when $z$ goes to $\\theta$ staying in $\\Gamma_{c-m_1}^\\theta$. It’s true because of lemma \\[lem:geometric lemma2\\]. ", "Indeed, there exists $\\eta>0$ such that $$\\forall z\\not\\in \\Gamma, \\mathbb{P}_z(X_\\infty \\not\\in A_c^m )\\geq \\eta$$ and this is in particular true for all $z\\in \\widetilde\\Gamma\\setminus\\Gamma$. The strong Markov property implies that for all $z\\in\\Gamma$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\mathbb{P}_z(X_\\infty \\not\\in A_c^m ) &=& \\mathbb{P}_z(\\{ X_\\infty \\not\\in A_c^m \\}\\cap \\{ \\tau<\\infty \\} ) \\\\\n &=& \\sum_{i=1}^\\infty \\mathbb{P}_z(\\{X_\\infty \\not\\in A_c^m\\}\\cap \\{ \\tau=i \\} ) \\\\\n &=& \\sum_{i=1}^\\infty \\mathbb{E}_z[ \\mathbb{P}_{X_\\tau}(X_\\infty \\not\\in A_c^m).{\\mathbf{1}_{\\{\\tau=i\\} }}] \\\\\n &=& \\mathbb{E}_z[ \\mathbb{P}_{X_\\tau}(X_\\infty \\not\\in A_c^m ).{\\mathbf{1}_{\\{ \\tau<\\infty\\} }}] \\\\\n &\\geq& \\eta.\\mathbb{P}_z(\\tau<\\infty )\\end{aligned}$$ By lemma \\[lem:Representation of bounded harmonic functions\\], for almost all $\\theta\\in A_c^m$, ${{\\displaystyle \\lim_{\\stackrel{N.T.}{z\\to\\theta}}}} \\mathbb{P}_z(X_\\infty \\not\\in A_c^m )=0$. It follows that for almost all $\\theta \\in A_c^m$, $\\mathbb{P}_z(\\tau<\\infty)$ goes to zero when $z$ goes to $\\theta$ staying in $\\Gamma_{c-m_1}^\\theta$.\\\nIt follows that $A_c^m {\\stackrel{\\sim}{\\subset}}{\\mathcal{L}}_{c-m_1}$ and the theorem is proved.", "\n\n[2]{}\n\nAncona, A., Negatively curved manifolds, elliptic operators, and the Martin boundary, Ann. ", "of Math. (", "2) 125 (1987), no. ", "3, 495-536\n\nAncona, A., Positive harmonic functions and hyperbolicity. ", "Potential theory, surveys and problems (Prague, 1987), 1-23, Lecture Notes in Math., ", "1344, Springer, Berlin, 1988.", "\n\nAncona, A., Théorie du potentiel sur les graphes et les variétés, École d’été de Probabilités de Saint-Flour XVIII-1988, 1-112, Lecture Notes in Math., ", "1427, Springer, Berlin, 1990.", "\n\nAnderson, M.T., Schoen, R., Positive harmonic functions on complete manifolds of negative curvature, Ann. ", "of Math. (", "2) 121 (1985), no. ", "3, 429-461.", "\n\nBridson, M.R., Haefliger, A., Metric spaces of non-positive curvature, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 319. ", "Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1999.", "\n\nBrossard, J., Comportement non-tangentiel et comportement brownien des fonctions harmoniques dans un demi-espace. ", "Démonstration probabiliste d’un théorème de Calderon et Stein, Séminaire de Probabilités, XII (Univ. ", "Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 1976/1977), pp. ", "378-397, Lecture Notes in Math., ", "649, Springer, Berlin, 1978.", "\n\nCalderón, A.P. On a theorem of Marcinkiewicz and Zygmund, Trans. ", "Amer. ", "Math. ", "Soc. ", "68, (1950). ", "55-61.", "\n\nCalderón, A.P. On the behaviour of harmonic functions at the boundary, Trans. ", "Amer. ", "Math. ", "Soc. ", "68, (1950). ", "47-54.", "\n\nCartier, P., Fonctions harmoniques sur un arbre, Symposia Mathematica, Vol. ", "IX (Convegno di Calcolo delle Probabilità, INDAM, Rome, 1971), 203-270. ", "Academic Press, London, 1972.", "\n\nChampetier, C., Propriétés statistiques des groupes de présentation finie, Adv. ", "Math. ", "116 (1995), no. ", "2, 197-262.", "\n\nDerriennic, Y., Marche aléatoire sur le groupe libre et frontière de Martin, Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verw. ", "Gebiete 32 (1975), no. ", "4, 261-276.", "\n\nDoob, J.L., Conditional Brownian motion and the boundary limits of harmonic functions, Bull. ", "Soc. ", "Math. ", "France 85 1957 431-458.", "\n\nDurrett, R., Brownian motion and martingales in analysis, Wadsworth Mathematics Series. ", "Wadsworth International Group, Belmont, CA, 1984.", "\n\nDynkin, E.B., The boundary theory of Markov processes (discrete case). (", "Russian) Uspehi Mat. ", "Nauk 24 1969 no. ", "2 (146), 3-42.", "\n\nFatou, P., Séries trigonométriques et séries de Taylor, Acta Math. ", "30 (1906), no. ", "1, 335-400.", "\n\nGhys, E., de la Harpe, P., Espaces métriques hyperboliques. ", "Sur les groupes hyperboliques d’après Mikhael Gromov (Bern, 1988), Progr. ", "Math., ", "83, Birkhauser Boston, Boston, MA, 1990.", "\n\nGromov, M., Hyperbolic manifolds, groups and actions. ", "Riemannian surfaces and related topics, 183-213, Ann. ", "of Math. ", "Stud., ", "97, Princeton Univ. ", "Press, Princeton, N.J., 1981.", "\n\nGromov, M., Hyperbolic groups. ", "Essays in group theory, 75-263, Math. ", "Sci. ", "Res. ", "Inst. ", "Publ., ", "8, Springer, New York, 1987.", "\n\nKaimanovich, Va.A., The Poisson boundary of hyperbolic groups, C. R. Acad. ", "Sci. ", "Paris Sér. ", "I Math. ", "318 (1994), no. ", "1, 59-64.", "\n\nMouton, F., Comportement asymptotique des fonctions harmoniques sur les arbres, Séminaire de Probabilités, XXXIV, 353-373, Lecture Notes in Math., ", "1729, Springer, Berlin, 2000.", "\n\nMouton, F., Convergence Non-Tangentielle des Fonctions Harmoniques en Courbure Négatives, thèse de troizième cycle, Grenoble, 1994\n\nOl’shanskiĭ, A.Yu., ", "Almost every group is hyperbolic, Internat. ", "J. Algebra Comput. ", "2 (1992), no. ", "1, 1-17.", "\n\nStein, E.M., On the theory of harmonic functions of several variables. ", "II. ", "Behavior near the boundary, Acta Math. ", "106 1961 137-174.", "\n\nWoess, W., Random walks on infinite graphs and groups, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, 138. ", "Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000.", "\n" ]

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[ "No matter how many social climbers clamber into SUVs, the saloon is a better car - and it could be making a comeback\n\nFor at least five years now we’ve seen a seemingly unending stream of new and reinvented SUVs and crossovers. ", "Buyers clearly love the body style, be it for the raised seating position or, more likely, the perceived higher social status." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCommon iCloud container between Mac and iOS app?", "\n\nI want to build an iCloud based app that runs on both the Apple platforms, iOS and Mac. ", "The app will use UIDocument on iOS and NSDocument on Mac to have a document based synchronization model - documents created on iOS will be available on Mac and vice versa. ", "\nThe particular problem I'm facing is that I want the same iCloud container on both the apps. ", "XCode creates a default container for the app based on the App ID, which has to be different on both the apps because this seems to be an Apple requirement - no two apps can have the same app id even if they are on different platforms.", "\nSo I left the default created container alone and added another container on both the Mac app as well as the iOS app. ", "The app seems to work fine, I can create a new file package in both the apps in the correct place, but I'm having 2 issues:\n\nThe container does not appear properly in the iCloud settings management screen. ", "In the entitlements section in XCode, I named the container as com.mycompany.myapp.mycontainer in both the apps. ", "In the settings screen in iOS (Settings -> General -> Usage -> Manage Storage -> Show All) my app is listed as \"mycontainer\" instead of the App's actual name as I expected. ", "Is it possible to supply a name and icon in the App's Info.plist to make it list properly?", "\nMy NSMetadataQuery is not working properly. ", "I had made the iOS app with the Empty Application template, so the Info.plist was not properly setup with the CFBundleDocumentTypes key but I figured that out and fixed it. ", "For firing my NSMetadataQuery in the iOS app, I'm using:\n[self.queryCloud setPredicate:[NSPredicate predicateWithFormat:@\"%K like '*.myextension*'\",NSMetadataItemFSNameKey]];\nwith the search scope set like this:\n[self.queryCloud setSearchScopes:[NSArray arrayWithObjects:NSMetadataQueryUbiquitousDocumentsScope, NSMetadataQueryUbiquitousDataScope, nil]];\n\nI run the query after establishing the container's URL, I get the started and finished gathering notifications, but never the update notification from the NSMetadataQuery. ", "Unless I go ahead and create a new document. ", "If I create the document then I get notifications for Update, but only in that session. ", "Next time I start up the app, the same settings don't give me any update notifications from NSMetadataQuery.", "\nWhat am I doing wrong? ", "Any pointers to articles on creating an iCloud document app targeting both Mac and iOS would be much appreciated! ", "Suggestions, thoughts are most welcome.", "\n\nA:\n\nI don't know about your NSMetadataQuery issues, but adding a shared iCloud container is easy, as long as you get the gotcha:\n\nPick one app ID that will be your shared cloud container. ", "Doesn't matter if iOS or Mac OS X, you need to publish this app and it must be approved from the Apple Review Team* before your iCloud container will be available to any other app. ", "e.g. \n com.company.myawesomeapp\n\nNote that you must not use a container name after your app ID (com.company.myawesomeapp.cloudcontainer), just use your appID!", "\nPick a second app ID (doesn't really matter), and create your second app. ", "Open up Xcode and enable iCloud in the Capabilites Pane. ", "Then under \"iCloud Container Identifiers\", add the identifier of your first (published and approved!) ", "app\n com.company.myawesomeapp\n\nThat's it!", "\nThere's just this one catch and that's the bottom line:\nIn order to use a container, an app must be available and approved. ", "Before approval no other app may access your container, because technically it only exists as soon as your app is approved. ", "Actually, it doesn't have to be available in the AppStore, it just needs to be approved (can be on developer held release).", "\nYou can only use a (shared) iCloud container if your app is published and has been approved.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Incidence of Artifacts and Deviating Values in Research Data Obtained from an Anesthesia Information Management System in Children.", "\nVital parameter data collected in anesthesia information management systems are often used for clinical research. ", "The validity of this type of research is dependent on the number of artifacts. ", "In this prospective observational cohort study, the incidence of artifacts in anesthesia information management system data was investigated in children undergoing anesthesia for noncardiac procedures. ", "Secondary outcomes included the incidence of artifacts among deviating and nondeviating values, among the anesthesia phases, and among different anesthetic techniques. ", "We included 136 anesthetics representing 10,236 min of anesthesia time. ", "The incidence of artifacts was 0.5% for heart rate (95% CI: 0.4 to 0.7%), 1.3% for oxygen saturation (1.1 to 1.5%), 7.5% for end-tidal carbon dioxide (6.9 to 8.0%), 5.0% for noninvasive blood pressure (4.0 to 6.0%), and 7.3% for invasive blood pressure (5.9 to 8.8%). ", "The incidence of artifacts among deviating values was 3.1% for heart rate (2.1 to 4.4%), 10.8% for oxygen saturation (7.6 to 14.8%), 14.1% for end-tidal carbon dioxide (13.0 to 15.2%), 14.4% for noninvasive blood pressure (10.3 to 19.4%), and 38.4% for invasive blood pressure (30.3 to 47.1%). ", "Not all values in anesthesia information management systems are valid. ", "The incidence of artifacts stored in the present pediatric anesthesia practice was low for heart rate and oxygen saturation, whereas noninvasive and invasive blood pressure and end-tidal carbon dioxide had higher artifact incidences. ", "Deviating values are more often artifacts than values in a normal range, and artifacts are associated with the phase of anesthesia and anesthetic technique. ", "Development of (automatic) data validation systems or solutions to deal with artifacts in data is warranted." ]

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[ "Celebrate Detroit’s legacy with The History of Detroit Television, a Public TV documentary detailing our contribution to media in the 20th century and beyond. ", "The History of Detroit Television is more than just a film. ", "It’s a living museum, a monument to a time that could easily be forgotten. ", "This program is a salute to a time when TV was as local as Vernors, Sanders Hot Fudge and Hudsons. ", "The stars of the day were Soupy Sales, Van Patrick, Lou Gordon, George Pierrot, Bill Kennedy, Milky The Clown and host of other colorful characters. ", "Their influence was enormous and they contributed to Detroit’s sense of community. ", "We remember a time when a cub scout troop could visit Sagebrush Shorty while future stars such as Stevie Wonder and Bob Seger made their first television appearances on Robin Seymour’s Swingin’ Time. ", "Using rare footage and clips as well as conversations with many of Detroit’s television pioneers, TheHistory of Detroit Television goes back to the day Detroiters saw their first television programs in 1947 and shows how local television became an important part of the fabric of Detroit’s unique identity. ", "This exciting nostalgic program will make its debut as part of Detroit Public TV’s fundraising efforts and will be replayed multiple times over the course of the year. ", "Join us as we introduce a chapter of Detroit history to new generations and provide a nostalgic look back for those who enjoyed these personalities and programs when they first appeared." ]

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[ "It was entirely predictable because it’s happened so often before, yet it was repulsive and infuriating to watch as a vicious pig pile of presidential haters descended upon rapper Kanye West for daring to break free of left-wing dogma and actually think for himself while visiting Donald Trump at the White House two days ago.", "\n\nCNN’s Don Lemon called West “an embarrassment,” suggesting his visit was “like a minstrel show,” evoking images of Stepin Fetchit, daring to condescendingly add, “His mother is rolling over in her grave.”", "\n\nThat’s just plain outrageous.", "\n\nHey, Don, perhaps it’s the same way your loved ones felt on New Year’s Eve 2016 when CNN, realizing you were intoxicated on the air while attempting to host its New Year’s Eve coverage, cut the power to your microphone.", "\n\nNice going, hotshot.", "\n\nWest, speaking fast without a filter, employed the worst of vulgarities, evoking horror from the same fraudulent lefties who all but cheered Robert De Niro for using the same vile expletive to denigrate Trump at the Tony Awards in June. ", "What phonies.", "\n\nDuring the last presidential election an NPR reporter pressed black candidate Ben Carson, an acclaimed neurosurgeon, on why he didn’t speak about race more often, as if avoiding the topic.", "\n\n“When I take someone into the operating room,” he replied with exasperation, “and I peel down the scalp, take off the bone flap and open the dura, I’m operating on the thing that makes the person who they are. ", "It’s not the covering that makes them who they are.”", "\n\nDo you think Lemon would consider that an embarrassing answer?", "\n\nOr perhaps you remember how Harry Belafonte berated black Secretaries of State Condoleezza Rice and Colin Powell for their loyalty to George W. Bush, calling them “house slaves,” implying they did the will of their “master,” adding “somebody needs to tell her about her blackness.”", "\n\nRice, a lady of grace, dignity and inordinate accomplishment, was indignant, and properly so.", "\n\n“I don’t need Harry Belafonte to tell me what it means to be black!” ", "she said.", "\n\nNo, she surely didn’t, and the guessing here is that Kanye West doesn’t need Don Lemon to lecture him about it either." ]

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[ "Heather Dubrow is back for another season of The Real Housewives of Orange County, and it sounds like fans will finally get to see the mansion that she’s been working on for the past couple of years. ", "Heather and her husband, Terry Dubrow, invested millions of dollars into their new home, and it sounds like they are almost ready to move into the home despite being months behind on the construction schedule. ", "The couple has never really talked about their financial situation before, but it could become a huge part of the Real Housewives of Orange County storyline for Season 11.", "\n\nAccording to a new Radar Online report, Heather Dubrow and her husband are currently caught up in a lawsuit in regards to the scam that she brought up about six months ago. ", "Dubrow admitted that she and her husband made some bad investment decisions, but she decided to call out the people who had scammed her. ", "And now, emails are surfacing that hint of this financial situation being a big part of The Real Housewives of Orange County.", "\n\nFun at the pool .... Check out the photo bomber...#BOTCHED #BOTCHEDPOSTOP #RHOC @drdubrow A photo posted by Heather Dubrow (@heatherdubrow) on May 30, 2016 at 1:13pm PDT\n\nRadar Online reveals that Terry Dubrow has written some emails to his former friend Steven Czik, who is caught up in the lawsuit as well. ", "The website reveals that Steven had convinced the couple to invest $1.7 million in a lifestyle management company years ago. ", "Czik supposedly refused to honor the loan. ", "Heather Dubrow and her husband took him to court, and when they won a $2 million settlement, he refused to pay it out.", "\n\nWhen Heather and her husband didn’t get their money, Terry decided to email Steven, threatening to expose him on The Real Housewives of Orange County. ", "Czik decided to file a lawsuit against the couple, suing them for extortion, harassment, libel, and slander. ", "Some emails are now surfacing that are being included as part of the lawsuit. ", "Needless to say, Heather Dubrow’s husband is furious.", "\n\n“BTW don’t even consider offering me a paltry settlement amount. ", "I will absolutely have you f**king disbarred. ", "If you don’t pay me what you owe me you will end up disbarred, publically shamed and in every living room across the world known for what you did to me,” Terry had written in an email to his former friend.", "\n\n“I am ending your pathetic career. ", "Prepare for big time television exposure,” Terry wrote in another email filed with the court, writing later, “Once we expose you, you will in the short term lose INSTANTLY all your clients. ", "That’s assuming you have any.”", "\n\nAnd it sounds like Heather Dubrow’s role on The Real Housewives of Orange County is part of Terry’s plan to expose Steven. ", "He wants fans to know how they were cheated out of millions of dollars even though the Dubrows are now being sued for $5 million in damages. ", "It sounds like Steven just wants to get out of paying the money to the Dubrow family.", "\n\n“Lo and behold my wife and I’s major approved storyline is…wait for it…yes you guessed it, the personal guarantee scam from my accountant and none other than —–you,” Terry wrote in an email dated December 26.", "\n\nHeather Dubrow has revealed that a few friends had scammed them. ", "About six months ago, she revealed that they had been scammed, and she had no problem calling the scammer out on social media.", "\n\n“Our accountant, a prominent attorney [Plaintiff] and THIS woman scammed US and many others out of millions of dollars,” Heather revealed on social media, calling out a woman named Jennifer Bell.", "\n\nNo word on how Czik and Bell are related, but it sounds like these cases could be the same.", "\n\nDo you think Heather Dubrow and her husband will discuss this case on the upcoming season of The Real Housewives of Orange County?", "\n\n[Photo by Angela Weiss/Getty Images for Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation]" ]

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[ "In eukaryotic cells DNA is packaged with histones to form chromatin. ", "Approximately 150 base pairs of DNA are wrapped twice around an octamer of histones (two each of histones 2A, 2B, 3 and 4) to form a nucleosome, the basic unit of chromatin. ", "Changes in the ordered structure of chromatin can lead to alterations in transcription of associated genes. ", "This process is highly controlled because changes in gene expression patterns can profoundly affect fundamental cellular processes, such as differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. ", "Control of changes in chromatin structure (and hence of transcription) is mediated by covalent modifications to histones, most notably of their N-terminal tails. ", "These modifications are often referred to as epigenetic because they can lead to heritable changes in gene expression, but they do not affect the sequence of the DNA itself. ", "Covalent modifications (for example, methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination) of the side chains of amino acids are enzymatically mediated.", "\nThe selective addition of methyl groups to specific amino acid sites on histones is controlled by the action of a unique family of enzymes known as histone methyltransferases (HMTs). ", "The level of expression of a particular gene is influenced by the presence or absence of one or more methyl groups at a relevant histone site. ", "The specific effect of a methyl group at a particular histone site persists until the methyl group is removed by a histone demethylase, or until the modified histone is replaced through nucleosome turnover. ", "In a like manner, other enzyme classes can decorate DNA and histones with other chemical species, and still other enzymes can remove these species to provide control of gene expression.", "\nThe orchestrated collection of biochemical systems behind transcriptional regulation must be tightly controlled in order for cell growth and differentiation to proceed optimally. ", "Disease states result when these controls are disrupted by aberrant expression and/or activity of the enzymes responsible for DNA and histone modification. ", "In human cancers, for example, there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that dysregulated epigenetic enzyme activity contributes to the uncontrolled cell proliferation associated with cancer as well as other cancer-relevant phenotypes such as enhanced cell migration and invasion. ", "Beyond cancer, there is growing evidence for a role of epigenetic enzymes in a number of other human diseases, including metabolic diseases (such as diabetes), inflammatory diseases (such as Crohn's disease), neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease), and cardiovascular diseases. ", "Therefore, selectively modulating the aberrant action of epigenetic enzymes holds great promise for the treatment of a range of diseases.", "\nHistone Methyltransferase EZH2\nPolycomb group (PcG) and trithorax group (trxG) proteins are known to be part of the cellular memory system. ", "Francis et al. (", "2001) Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2:409-21; Simon et al. (", "2002) Curr Opin Genet Dev 12:210-8. ", "Both groups of proteins are involved in maintaining the spatial patterns of homeotic box (Hox) gene expression, which are established early in embryonic development by transiently expressed segmentation genes. ", "In general, PcG proteins are transcriptional repressors that maintain the “off state,” and trxG proteins are transcriptional activators that maintain the “on state.” ", "Because members of PcG and trxG proteins contain intrinsic histone methyltransferase (HMTase) activity, PcG and trxG proteins may participate in cellular memory through methylation of core histones. ", "Beisel et al. (", "2002) Nature 419:857-62; Cao et al. (", "2002) Science 298:1039-43; Czermin et al. (", "2002) Cell 111:185-96; Kuzmichev et al. (", "2002) Genes Dev 16:2893-905; Milne et al. (", "2002) Mol Cell 10:1107-17; Muller et al. (", "2002) Cell 111:197-208; Nakamura et al. (", "2002) Mol Cell 10:1119-28.", "\nBiochemical and genetic studies have provided evidence that Drosophila PcG proteins function in at least two distinct protein complexes, the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC 1) and the ESC-E(Z) complex (also known as Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)), although the compositions of the complexes may be dynamic. ", "Otte et al. (", "2003) Curr Opin Genet Dev 13:448-54. ", "Studies in Drosophila (Czermin et al. (", "supra); Muller et al. (", "supra)) and mammalian cells (Cao et al. (", "supra); Kuzmichev et al. (", "supra)) have demonstrated that the ESC-E(Z)/EED-EZH2 (i.e., PRC2) complexes have intrinsic histone methyltransferase activity. ", "Although the compositions of the complexes isolated by different groups are slightly different, they generally contain EED, EZH2, SUZ12, and RbAp48 or Drosophila homologs thereof. ", "However, a reconstituted complex comprising only EED, EZH2, and SUZ12 retains histone methyltransferase activity for lysine 27 of histone H3. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "7,563,589 (incorporated by reference).", "\nOf the various proteins making up PRC2 complexes, EZH2 (Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2) is the catalytic subunit. ", "The catalytic site of EZH2 in turn is present within a SET domain, a highly conserved sequence motif (named after Su(var)3-9, Enhancer of Zeste, Trithorax) that is found in several chromatin-associated proteins, including members of both the Trithorax group and Polycomb group. ", "SET domain is characteristic of all known histone lysine methyltransferases except the H3-K79 methyltransferase DOTI.", "\nIn addition to Hox gene silencing, PRC2-mediated histone H3-K27 methylation has been shown to participate in X-inactivation. ", "Plath et al. (", "2003) Science 300:131-5; Silva et al. (", "2003) Dev Cell 4:481-95. ", "Recruitment of the PRC2 complex to Xi and subsequent trimethylation on histone H3-K27 occurs during the initiation stage of X-inactivation and is dependent on Xist RNA. ", "Furthermore, EZH2 and its associated histone H3-K27 methyltransferase activity was found to mark differentially the pluripotent epiblast cells and the differentiated trophectoderm. ", "Erhardt et al. (", "2003) Development 130:4235-48).", "\nConsistent with a role of EZH2 in maintaining the epigenetic modification patterns of pluripotent epiblast cells, Cre-mediated deletion of EZH2 results in loss of histone H3-K27 methylation in the cells. ", "Erhardt et al. (", "supra). ", "Further, studies in prostate and breast cancer cell lines and tissues have revealed a strong correlation between the levels of EZH2 and SUZ12 and the invasiveness of these cancers (Bracken et al. (", "2003) EMBO J 22:5323-35; Kirmizis et al. (", "2003) Mol Cancer Ther 2:113-21; Kleer et al. (", "2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:11606-11; Varambally et al. (", "2002) Nature 419:624-9), indicating that dysfunction of the PRC2 complex may contribute to cancer.", "\nRecently, somatic mutations of tyrosine 641 (Y641F, Y641N, Y641S and Y641H) of EZH2 were reported to be associated with follicular lymphoma (FL) and the germinal center B cell-like (GCB) subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). ", "Morin et al. (", "2010) Nat Genet. ", "42:181-5. ", "In all cases, occurrence of the mutant EZH2 gene was found to be heterozygous, and expression of both wild-type and mutant alleles was detected in the mutant samples profiled by transcriptome sequencing. ", "It was also demonstrated that all of the mutant forms of EZH2 could be incorporated into the multi-protein PRC2 complex, but that the resulting complexes lacked the ability to catalyze methylation of the H3-K27 equivalent residue of a peptidic substrate. ", "Hence, it was concluded that the disease-associated changes at Tyr641 of EZH2 resulted in loss of function with respect to EZH2-catalyzed H3-K27 methylation." ]

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[ "The following comes to mind:\n\nDescribe the inputs to VAR and the sources of the inputs\nDiscuss Enron's timing of running the VAR calculation\nExplain the diversification effect\nExplain that only Officialized books are included in the VAR calculation\nExplain how Enron uses the VAR for risk measurement, portfolio performance \nanalysis, individual trader analysis\nAddress Risk Policy limits related to VAR\nA comparison of Enron's risk appetite, measured in VAR, vs. other financial \ncompanies would be interesting\nHow does Enron'e use of VAR as a risk measurement tool compare with our \ncompetitors?", "\nExplain why the VAR engine would have different positions than our benchmark \nreports.", "\nDiscuss Component VAR\nDiscuss useful analyses Enron can implement utilizing VAR (Sharpe ratio, VAR \nefficiency, etc.)", "\n\nHope this helps,\nMike\n\n\n \n\tEnron North America Corp.\n\t\n\tFrom: Patti Thompson 08/31/2000 04:11 PM\n\t\n\nTo: Michael E Moscoso/HOU/ECT@ECT\ncc: \nSubject: V@R training Sign-up list & misc info\n\nLast chance for imput for V@R classes...\n\nI'm bothering you about this because it seems to me that you are the one who \nis so intimately involved w/ V@R and would understand possibilities here..\n\nThanks,\nPT\n---------------------- Forwarded by Patti Thompson/HOU/ECT on 08/31/2000 \n04:09 PM ---------------------------\n \n\tEnron North America Corp.\n\t\n\tFrom: Patti Thompson 08/31/2000 04:05 PM\n\t\n\nTo: Gracie S Presas/HOU/ECT@ECT\ncc: Tim O'Rourke/Corp/Enron@Enron \nSubject: V@R training Sign-up list & misc info\n\nGracie,\n\nI have attached sign-up list. ", " Please order materials & make whatever \narrangements are necessary for both classes. ", " We have 24 signed up for \n9/14-15 session & 22 signed up for 9/21-22 session. ", " I asked for comments on \nhow to tailor class to our particular area & only got 1 response:\n\nGive an overview of the information flow between systems to generate V@R \n(ERMS, Enpower, GRMS, CAS, spreadsheets). ", " I don't think that everyone has a \ngood idea of how/where all the information comes from to run V@R on a nightly \nbasis. ", " Where does information come from. ", "What information is passed to V@R. \nHow to determine underlying positions are correct. ", " How to troubleshoot when \nV@R looks wrong. ", " \n\nSally's cost codes are:\nCompany #: 0413\nCost Center #: 105588\n\nPlease let me know what else you need from me.", "\n\nThanks for your help,\nPatti x39106" ]

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[ "How to change your most recent commit \nUsing tags for version control\nWhat is a checksum?", "\nRecover lost code\nPerform a dry run" ]

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[ "Obesity is a medical condition affecting numerous humans in a number of countries throughout the world, and is associated with or induces other diseases or conditions. ", "In particular, obesity is a serious risk factor for diseases and conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, gallbladder disease, cancer, polycystic ovary disease and arteriosclerosis and can contribute to elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood. ", "In addition, increased body weight due to obesity places a burden on joints causing arthritis, pain, and stiffness. ", "Overeating and obesity have become a problem in the general population. ", "Consequently there is interest in reducing food intake, losing weight, reducing weight, and/or maintaining a healthy body weight and lifestyle." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat can I, as a user, do about offensive reviews in App Store?", "\n\nWhile browsing iOS App Store, I happened upon an app review filled with an antisemitic rant (the reviewer was complaining about the impact of micro transactions on the game by calling developers “greedy Jews”). ", "The review is older than a year, so, if the developer ever reads reviews, they already saw it, so I doubt me writing another review notifying the developer would have any effect. ", "Anyway I don’t know whether developers can remove reviews they don’t like.", "\nMy main question is, can I, being a user and not a developer, somehow notify Apple to take down that review?", "\n\nA:\n\nThere is a direct way of reporting these concerns, although Apple does not make it obvious how to do it, unfortunately.", "\nGo to the review in question and press & hold (long press) on it, and you will see this pop-up:\n\nTap on \"Report a Concern\" and it will bring up this window:\n\n\"It contains offensive material\" seems like an appropriate choice.", "\nYou will be given a text box to explain why you think it is offensive.", "\nCan't say that anything will actually happen with it, but I'd wager it's the best chance you have of getting someone's attention.", "\n\nA:\n\nSince Apple runs the store, contacting the developer is an indirect way to get it looked at. ", "The main thing as a user you can do is not look at reviews or sites you feel don't match your sensibilities.", "\nUse the contact us link if you’ve purchased the app as there is no direct web link to report a violation of terms. ", "Apple has a pretty strict version of what it allows in official metadata, but user posts need to have a little more lattitude IMO - just like we do here moderating.", "\nThings you express your individuality in your profile or when you clearly state in an answer your opinion or experience is harder to \"police\" than the content of a question. ", "The official app and the official post can be held to a higher standard of civility while balancing the need to tolerate different views and language expressions - what's normal, what's a valid criticism and what's a mean spirited dig or worse, trolling or inflammatory post just to provoke a reaction as opposed to convey how software is experienced.", "\nIf you are not a customer of Apple selling you that app, you would need to use the general feedback mechanism. ", "\nUnless the slander or offensive conduct is worth legal action, you probably won’t get a good response from Apple legal, but if there is a violation of law in your jurisdiction, then Apple legal has an email address for legal processes. ", "\nOnce you’ve sent feedback including screen shots and a short summary of why you feel aggrieved by Apple hosting a review on their store front, maybe contact Apple Support to be sure a human knows you had this issue and confirm you reported it to the correct group / advocate. ", "\nhttps://support.apple.com/apps\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "FIELD OF THE INVENTION\nThe present invention relates to an art of bonding performed in order to integrate a heat insulating material, a heating unit, and a surface cloth material in electric heaters of the type such as an electric carpet, and provides an effective heating method at the time of bonding by application of heat and pressure (this bonding operation is hereinafter abbreviated to \"heat-pressure bonding\").", "\n2. ", "DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART\nA conventional method relating to the manufacture of an electric carpet comprises, as shown in FIGS. ", "7 and 8, wiring on a substrate, not shown, a heating wire 1 and a temperature detecting wire 2, each of which is provided on the outermost side thereof with a heat-fuseable coating layer 7, heat-pressure bonding onto the wires a bonding sheet 3 including a core material 17 having on both surfaces thereof heat-fuseable film layers 15 and 16 so as to integrate the above elements into a unit, interposing the unit between a surface cloth material 4 and a heat insulating material 5 and heat-pressure bonding these elements by means of a hot press so as to integrate these elements.", "\nThe above-mentioned hot pressing which has been conducted in the conventional method is a method which comprises interposing an object to be pressed between two hot plates, and melting and bonding the heat-fuseable film layers 15 and 16 by applying heat and pressure from the hot plates.", "\nHowever, the above method suffers from the following problems. ", "Since the heat-fuseable film layers 15 and 16 are heated by means of the hot plates and through the surface cloth material 4, the heating necessitates a long period for transmission of heat, and the surface cloth material 4 is subjected to a very high temperature which may cause discoloration. ", "In addition, since the elements are pressed while they are at a high temperature in order to ensure positive bonding of the heat-fuseable films 15 and 16 to the surface cloth material 4 and the heat insulating material 5, the pile of the surface cloth material 4 would tend to fall out of its upright posture, spoiling its appearance, and thus causing a problem which is termed a pile-collapsing phenomenon." ]

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[ "//\n// CloudStorageTableViewController.swift\n// Cloudstorage\n//\n// Created by Mujtaba Alam on 06.06.17.", "\n// Copyright © 2017 CloudRail. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n//\n\nimport UIKit\n\nclass CloudStorageTableViewController: UITableViewController {\n\n var modelsArray: [CloudStorageModel]?", "\n \n // MARK: - Life Cycle\n \n override func viewDidLoad() {\n super.viewDidLoad()\n self.revealViewController().rearViewRevealWidth = self.view.frame.width - 64\n modelsArray = CloudStorageModel.fetchData()\n self.tableView.reloadData()\n self.tableView.tableFooterView = UIView(frame: CGRect.zero)\n }\n \n // MARK: - Table view data source\n\n override func numberOfSections(in tableView: UITableView) -> Int {\n return 1\n }\n \n override func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, numberOfRowsInSection section: Int) -> Int {\n return (modelsArray?.count)!", "\n }\n \n override func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, cellForRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> UITableViewCell {\n let cell = tableView.dequeueReusableCell(withIdentifier: \"Cell\", for: indexPath) as! ", "CloudStorageCell\n\n cell.model = self.modelsArray?[indexPath.row]\n \n return cell\n }\n \n override func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, didSelectRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) {\n \n let model = self.modelsArray?[indexPath.row]\n \n if model?.storyboardID == \"HomeID\" {\n if let homeVC = self.storyboard?.instantiateViewController(withIdentifier: \"HomeID\") as? ", "HomeViewController {\n let nav = UINavigationController(rootViewController: homeVC)\n nav.setViewControllers([homeVC], animated:true)\n self.revealViewController().setFront(nav, animated: true)\n self.revealViewController().pushFrontViewController(nav, animated: true)\n }\n } else {\n if let folderVC = self.storyboard?.instantiateViewController(withIdentifier: \"FolderID\") as? ", "FoldersTableViewController {\n \n folderVC.cloudStorageTitle = model?.cloudStorageTitle\n folderVC.cloudStorageType = model?.cloudStorageType\n \n let nav = UINavigationController(rootViewController: folderVC)\n nav.setViewControllers([folderVC], animated:true)\n self.revealViewController().setFront(nav, animated: true)\n self.revealViewController().pushFrontViewController(nav, animated: true)\n }\n }\n }\n \n}\n" ]

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[ "James Martin\n\nFacebook faces mounting concerns about the mental health of contractors who sift through the site for hate speech, violence and porn, even as the social network beefs up its effort to police offensive content.", "\n\nOn Monday, Facebook defended outsourcing the work Accenture, Cognizant and other companies. ", "But the world's biggest social network acknowledged it had room to improve the conditions for contractors, some of whom reportedly suffer symptoms resembling post-traumatic stress disorder.", "\n\n\"A lot of the recent questions are focused on ensuring the people working in these roles are treated fairly and with respect,\" said Justin Osofsky, Facebook's VP of Global Operations, in a post made public after it was first shared with employees over the weekend. \"", "We want to continue to hear from our content reviewers, our partners and even the media -- who hold us accountable and give us the opportunity to improve.\"", "\n\nFacebook's remarks come after The Verge reported that Cognizant employees who work with the social network turned to sex, drugs and dark humor in the workplace to cope with reviewing content such as suicides and violence. ", "Some of these employees started to believe conspiracy theories found in the videos they moderate. ", "The Cognizant employees make about $28,800 per year, according to the report.", "\n\nOne former employee told the publication he started to believe conspiracy theories, such as 9/11 wasn't a terrorist attack, after moderating that content. ", "He also said he brought a gun to work and still sleeps with it nearby because fired employees threatened to harm their former co-workers. ", "Employees are given breaks and \"wellness time,\" but six employees told The Verge they found resources inadequate. ", "To cope with the stress of their jobs, some employees had sex in the bathroom stalls, stairwells and other places in the workplace, according to the report.", "\n\nA Cognizant spokeswoman said in a statement that the company offers its employees support through onsite counselors, a wellness program and other tools.", "\n\n\"We have investigated the specific workplace issues raised in a recent report, previously taken action where necessary and have steps in place to continue to address these concerns and any others raised by our employees,\" Cognizant said.", "\n\nThe report is the latest to highlight concerns about how the social media site moderates content. ", "Last year, a content moderator filed a lawsuit seeking class action status against Facebook alleging the company didn't do enough to protect the mental health of the workers. ", "News outlets, including Wired, Motherboard and The Wall Street Journal, have also reported on the struggles that content moderators grapple with after reviewing disturbing content.", "\n\nWith the blog post, Facebook tried to assure employees that it's been taking steps to address these concerns.", "\n\nFacebook has clear contracts, regular site visits to keep an eye on workplace conditions and business reviews with staffing firms that include what they're doing to support the wellness of their employees, the company said in a blog post.", "\n\nThe social network said it also will conduct audits of the companies it works with, standardize its contracts and host an event that brings together its partners.", "\n\nContractors can also voice concerns to their employers' human resource department or to Facebook anonymously through a whistleblower hotline.", "\n\n\"Put simply, after a couple of years of very rapid growth,\" Osofsky wrote in a post shared with employees, \"we're now further upgrading our work in this area to continue to operate effectively and improve at this size.\"", "\n\nFacebook, which has 2.3 billion users worldwide, has about 15,000 content reviewers.", "\n\nOriginally published at 1:25 p.m. PT\n\nUpdate, 1:47 p.m. PT: Adds background from The Verge's report." ]

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[ "How to Replace Apple Music Connect with Playlists\n\nThe Connect feature in Apple Music allows you to follow your favorite artists and see what they’re up to, but if it’s something you don’t really use, here’s how to replace Apple Music Connect with a Playlists tab, which can more useful anyway.", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\nBy default, whenever you add an artist to your music library, Apple Music automatically has you follow that artist in Connect, which isn’t a huge deal if you use Connect and plan on following them anyway, but it’s a needless feature if you don’t plan on ever using Connect. ", "Luckily, you can turn that automatic feature off.", "\n\nThere are a lot of things in Apple Music that some users may not like, or there are things that could use improving, which isn’t too surprising considering that Apple Music is still a very new piece of software from Apple, but it will improve over time for sure.", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\nAs for Apple Music Connect, you can’t really turn it off, but you can at least get rid of the Connect tab at the bottom and replace it with something a bit more useful for you.", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\nHere’s how to replace Apple Music Connect with a Playlists tab.", "\n\nHow to Get Rid of Apple Music Connect\n\nSurprisingly, it’s really easy to theoretically disable Apple Music Connect, as Apple has a setting built-in that you can enable natively.", "\n\nAt the bottom of the Apple Music app you have five tabs: For You, New, Radio, Connect, and My Music, but you can get rid of the Connect tab without any special trickery in iOS.", "\n\nTo do this, you’ll need to enable Restrictions in the settings by going into the Settings app and then navigating to General > Restrictions.", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\nFrom there, tap on Enable Restrictions at the top and enter in a passcode. ", "You’ll need this passcode whenever you want to access Restrictions in the future. ", "It’s also required if you ever want to disable Restrictions at any time. ", "This passcode can be different than your iPhone’s main passcode.", "\n\nAfter that, scroll down a bit and find Apple Music Connect. ", "Tap on the toggle switch to the right of it. ", "It will turn from green to gray, which means it’s now turned off.", "\n\nFrom there, you can go back into the Apple Music app and the Connect tab will now be gone, and in its place will be a new Playlists tab, which gives you quicker access to your playlists.", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\nThis is especially useful if you heavily rely on playlists for your music instead of just the My Music section, and at the same time you’re getting rid of the Connect section that you’ll never use.", "\n\nOne Response\n\n0=1117my friend’s aunt makes $72 /hour on the laptop . ", "She has been without a job for 10 months but last month her pay check was $15585 just working on the laptop for a few hours.", "\nhave a peek at this site… See More" ]

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[ "Credit: CC0 Public Domain\n\nThe head of the World Health Organization on Tuesday warned the novel coronavirus was a \"very grave threat\" for the world as he opened a conference to combat the epidemic.", "\n\n\"With 99% of cases in China, this remains very much an emergency for that country, but one that holds a very grave threat for the rest of the world,\" Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in Geneva.", "\n\nSome 400 scientists will review how the virus is transmitted and possible vaccines at the two-day forum.", "\n\n\"What matters most is stopping the outbreak and saving lives. ", "With your support, that's what we can do together,\" Tedros said.", "\n\nThe virus, first identified in China on December 31, has killed more than 1,000 people, infected over 42,000 and reached some 25 countries.", "\n\nParticipants will also discuss the source of the virus, which is thought to have originated in bats and reached humans via another animal such as snakes or pangolins.", "\n\nThere is no specific treatment or vaccine against the virus, which can cause respiratory failure.", "\n\nTedros, who has repeatedly urged countries affected to share their data, called for global \"solidarity\".", "\n\n\"That is especially true in relation to sharing of samples and sequences. ", "To defeat this outbreak, we need open and equitable sharing, according to the principles of fairness and equity,\" he said.", "\n\n\"We hope that one of the outcomes of this meeting will be an agreed roadmap for research around which researchers and donors will align,\" Tedros said.", "\n\nSeveral companies and institutes in Australia, China, France, Germany and the United States are racing to develop a vaccine—a process that normally takes years.", "\n\nAsked whether scientists from Taiwan would be allowed to take part in this week's Geneva conference, WHO officials said that they would do so but only online—along with colleagues from other parts of China.", "\n\nWhile the WHO does not deal with Taiwan directly and only recognises Beijing, Taiwan was often allowed to attend annual assemblies and sideline meetings as an observer.", "\n\nBut in recent years it has been frozen out as Beijing takes an increasingly combative stance towards democratic Taiwan, which it considers its own territory.", "\n\nExplore further WHO chief heads to China for virus talks\n\n© 2020 AFP" ]

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[ "Reigning Maltese champions Valletta FC have made a play to prematurely end Bolt's open-ended Mariners trial.", "\n\nValletta FC have reportedly offered a two-year deal for the former track superstar to \"spearhead their charge to the Champions League\" possibly debuting in mid-December, according to ESPN.", "\n\nIt has seemingly put the Mariners on the clock to give him a full-time professional contract despite January being flagged as the probable deadline for a final decision as Bolt tries to rise to A-League standard.", "\n\nBolt's brace for the Central Coast Mariners in Friday night's trial match against Macarthur South West United is the likely catalyst for the Maltese side's interest.", "\n\nThe revelation caught FFA boss David Gallop on the hop but he suggested the Mariners might have a decision on their hands.", "\n\n\"The story on the contract in Europe is news to me,\" Gallop told Macquarie Sports Radio.", "\n\n\"It's very much, the ball, in the Mariners' court. ", "He's clearly improving and it was great he got a couple of goals last Friday night.\"", "\n\nGallop said there was no chance of using the marquee fund to meet Bolt's contract demands as its purpose was to attract proven world-class players.", "\n\n\"If they get to that (signing) point then we'll look at what's feasible for us but it can't be for the marquee player fund,\" he said.", "\n\n\"We don't want to compromise what that's put in place for.\"", "\n\nA clip of Bolt's maiden goal, posted to Central Coast's Twitter account, has been viewed more than six million times.", "\n\nShould the Mariners sign Bolt, the FFA will consider ways to contribute off-field cash in the form of marketing arrangements and facilitating third-party sponsorships.", "\n\n\"If there is a social media play there, then we would explore that,\" Gallop said.", "\n\nCentral Coast chief executive issued a statement on Tuesday, saying: \"Usain Bolt will continue his indefinite training period with the Central Coast Mariners until any further notice\".", "\n\n\"The club will be making no comment on media speculation regarding the future of Usain Bolt.", "\n\n\"Full focus for the Mariners remains on our round-one away trip to face the Brisbane Roar.\"" ]

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[ "Aaah blast blast blast you idiots bungled it again sorry you;ll\nbe sorryier yaah obvisely if I want the triforce of wisdom I,m\ngonna have to get it myself there is a contest of amatuer\nmagicians in HYRULE today I shall that contest.!", "\n-Ganon and the moblins\n\n21120\n\nGanon:\n\nShe is under my control hero and as for you you have your own problems\n-Ganon\n\n21119\n\nThe Blue Triforce:\n\norderly ways do not make one brave and neatness does not\na kingdom saved\n-The Blue Triforce\n\n21118\n\nthe red triforce:\n\nbut your not an amateur your a fool!", "\n-the red triforce\n\n21117\n\nThe Red Triforce:\n\nBut your no amateur your a fool!", "\n-The Red Triforce\n\n21116\n\nPrince Facade:\n\nI'm sorry Zelda but, these are my hero clothes, and heroes simply do not get dirty.", "\n-Prince Facade\n\n21115\n\nGanon:\n\nSo Prnice Faccide has shown his sickly face in Hyrule has he this could be most fortunet I've delt with him before he's brave but he's vian very vian about his looks he'd never let himself get drity to even to save a prnicess\n-Ganon\n\n21114\n\nGanon and his henchman:\n\nHenchma I'm sorry lord ganon gonon your sorry your sorry blast these incompant servents you're idots and that dreaed link is really statring to anoy me but he does have a weakness he'll do anything for zelda\n-Ganon and his henchman\n\n21113\n\nZelda:\n\nNice Job, Hero!", "\n-Zelda\n\n21112\n\nLink:\n\n*wolf whistle* Looking good princess, especially from this angle.", "\n-Link" ]

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[ "The present invention generally relates to circuit having level converting circuits, and more particularly to a circuit having a level converting circuit suited for converting a logic level used in gallium arsenide (GaAs) devices (hereinafter simply referred to as GaAs logic level) into a logic level of an emitter-coupled logic (ECL) devices (hereinafter simply referred to as ECL level).", "\nIn order to realize high-speed operation in systems, there recently are systems which use GaAs devices. ", "However, with the present compound semiconductor technology, it is difficult to form the system solely from GaAs devices. ", "For this reason, there is a demand to use the GaAs devices together with existing ECL circuits or the like which operate at high speeds. ", "In this case, it becomes necessary to use a level converting circuit for converting the GaAs logic level into the ECL level.", "\nConventionally, when converting the GaAs logic level into the ECL level, a level converting circuit 2 is provided within a GaAs device 1 as shown in FIG. ", "1. ", "The level converting circuit 2 converts an output level (GaAs logic level) of an internal gate circuit 3 of the GaAs device 1 into the ECL level and supplies the ECL level to an ECL device 4. ", "In other words, the level converting circuit 2 includes two GaAs transistors 5 and 6 which are connected in series between voltage lines V.sub.", "DD and V.sub.", "T, where the voltage line supplies a power source voltage V.sub.", "DD (+2 V) and the voltage line V.sub.", "T supplies a voltage VT derived from the ECL device 4. ", "A terminal resistor RT is connected in parallel with the GaAs transistor 6, and the ECL level is supplied to the ECL device 4 via the terminal resistor RT.", "\nOn the other hand, the ECL device 4 uses three voltages which are a ground voltage (0V), the voltage V.sub.", "T (-2V) and a power source voltage V.sub.", "EE (-5.2V). ", "The ECL level from the level converting circuit 2 is applied to a base terminal of a transistor 8 which is one of emitter-coupled transistors 8 and 9 of an ECL circuit 7 within the ECL device 4. ", "A bias voltage Vref which is generated based on the voltages GND and V.sub.", "EE is applied to a base terminal of the transistor 9.", "\nBut according to the level converting circuit 2 provided within the GaAs device 1, it is necessary to set the resistance of the terminal resistor RT to 50 ohms and obtain an amplitude of 0.8V in order to ensure normal operation of the ECL circuit 7. ", "Thus, there are problems in that the power consumption of the GaAs transistors 5 and 6 becomes large and patterns of these GaAs transistors 5 and 6 become large making it difficult to form the circuit in the form of an integrated circuit having a large integration density.", "\nIn addition, since the GaAs logic level output from the GaAs internal gate circuit 3 is dependent on the power source voltage V.sub.", "DD, the ECL level which is output from the level converting circuit 2 is also dependent on the power source voltage V.sub.", "DD. ", "This means that the ECL level applied to the transistor 8 of the ECL circuit 7 is dependent on the power source voltage V.sub.", "DD. ", "However, the bias voltage Vref which is applied to the other transistor 9 of the ECL circuit 7 is independent of the power source voltage V.sub.", "DD. ", "As a result, there is a problem in that the operating margin of the ECL circuit 7 becomes small and insufficient when the power source voltage V.sub.", "DD undergoes a deviation due to some reason, for example.", "\nThe GaAs device 1 is virtually unaffected by a temperature change, but the voltage level within the ECL circuit 7 changes responsive to the temperature change. ", "For this reason, although the ECL level which is applied to the transistor 8 from the GaAs device 1 is virtually unaffected by the temperature change, the reference voltage Vref which is generated within the ECL device 4 undergoes a change responsive to the temperature change and the operating margin of the ECL circuit 7 becomes small with respect to the temperature change. ", "FIG. ", "2 shows output voltage V.sub.", "OUT versus temperature Ta characteristics of an ECL circuit and a GaAs circuit. ", "In FIG. ", "2, the dotted line indicates the output voltage V.sub.", "OUT of the ECL circuit which changes at a rate of approximately 1.0 mV/.degree. ", "C., and the solid line indicates the output voltage V.sub.", "OUT of the GaAs circuit which is approximately constant regardless of the temperature." ]

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[ "// Code generated by private/model/cli/gen-api/main.go. ", "DO NOT EDIT.", "\n\npackage lambda\n\nimport (\n\t\"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws\"\n\t\"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/client\"\n\t\"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/client/metadata\"\n\t\"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/request\"\n\t\"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/signer/v4\"\n\t\"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/private/protocol/restjson\"\n)\n\n// Lambda provides the API operation methods for making requests to\n// AWS Lambda. ", "See this package's package overview docs\n// for details on the service.", "\n//\n// Lambda methods are safe to use concurrently. ", "It is not safe to\n// modify mutate any of the struct's properties though.", "\ntype Lambda struct {\n\t*client.", "Client\n}\n\n// Used for custom client initialization logic\nvar initClient func(*client.", "Client)\n\n// Used for custom request initialization logic\nvar initRequest func(*request.", "Request)\n\n// Service information constants\nconst (\n\tServiceName = \"lambda\" // Service endpoint prefix API calls made to.", "\n\tEndpointsID = ServiceName // Service ID for Regions and Endpoints metadata.", "\n)\n\n// New creates a new instance of the Lambda client with a session.", "\n// If additional configuration is needed for the client instance use the optional\n// aws.", "Config parameter to add your extra config.", "\n//\n// Example:\n// // Create a Lambda client from just a session.", "\n// svc := lambda.", "New(mySession)\n//\n// // Create a Lambda client with additional configuration\n// svc := lambda.", "New(mySession, aws.", "NewConfig().WithRegion(\"us-west-2\"))\nfunc New(p client.", "ConfigProvider, cfgs ...*aws.", "Config) *Lambda {\n\tc := p.ClientConfig(EndpointsID, cfgs...)\n\treturn newClient(*c.", "Config, c.Handlers, c.Endpoint, c.SigningRegion, c.SigningName)\n}\n\n// newClient creates, initializes and returns a new service client instance.", "\nfunc newClient(cfg aws.", "Config, handlers request.", "Handlers, endpoint, signingRegion, signingName string) *Lambda {\n\tsvc := &Lambda{\n\t\tClient: client.", "New(\n\t\t\tcfg,\n\t\t\tmetadata.", "ClientInfo{\n\t\t\t\tServiceName: ServiceName,\n\t\t\t\tSigningName: signingName,\n\t\t\t\tSigningRegion: signingRegion,\n\t\t\t\tEndpoint: endpoint,\n\t\t\t\tAPIVersion: \"2015-03-31\",\n\t\t\t},\n\t\t\thandlers,\n\t\t),\n\t}\n\n\t// Handlers\n\tsvc.", "Handlers.", "Sign.", "PushBackNamed(v4.SignRequestHandler)\n\tsvc.", "Handlers.", "Build.", "PushBackNamed(restjson.", "BuildHandler)\n\tsvc.", "Handlers.", "Unmarshal.", "PushBackNamed(restjson.", "UnmarshalHandler)\n\tsvc.", "Handlers.", "UnmarshalMeta.", "PushBackNamed(restjson.", "UnmarshalMetaHandler)\n\tsvc.", "Handlers.", "UnmarshalError.", "PushBackNamed(restjson.", "UnmarshalErrorHandler)\n\n\t// Run custom client initialization if present\n\tif initClient !", "= nil {\n\t\tinitClient(svc.", "Client)\n\t}\n\n\treturn svc\n}\n\n// newRequest creates a new request for a Lambda operation and runs any\n// custom request initialization.", "\nfunc (c *Lambda) newRequest(op *request.", "Operation, params, data interface{}) *request.", "Request {\n\treq := c.NewRequest(op, params, data)\n\n\t// Run custom request initialization if present\n\tif initRequest !", "= nil {\n\t\tinitRequest(req)\n\t}\n\n\treturn req\n}\n" ]

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[ "Thursday, 26 February 2015\n\nWhen we moved to our current house 16 years ago, one of the first places we went exploring was Oxford. ", "L was 5 and E just 1 and we went for a day trip to visit the Natural History and Pitt Rivers Museums. ", "To cut a long story short, we fell in love with the place. ", "Just 25 minutes away, we have visited countless times. ", "L is now lucky enough to go to the university and I love nothing better than to nip up there and take her out to lunch; it's such an easy trip and we have been thoroughly spoilt by its proximity. ", "In short, our hearts belong to Oxford and it is Oxford we invariably cheer for in the annual Boat Race (I still maintain that they should have just ploughed into Trenton Oldfield and not been such gentlemen - I'd have been tempted to club him with one of the blades!).", "\n\nLast weekend, however, we found ourselves trekking Eastwards to Cambridge. ", "E had a masterclass there and so R and I found ourselves with a happy 5 hours to kill in 'the other place'. ", "We have been here a couple of times previously on mini-breaks but it was nice to return. ", "The weather was kind to us and, despite being a bit too cold for punting (wet sleeves on a cold day are not nice!), ", "we had a lovely time.", "\n\nHere are a few pictures of our trip:\n\nThe famous view of King's:\n\nNot sure what this bridge is called but it's very cute:\n\nThere were lots of these:\n\nStunning architecture:\n\nAn amazing veggie cafe where we had lunch - squash and roasted pepper soup (delish!) ", "and a shared slice of carrot cake.", "\n\nThere seemed to be a graduation ceremony taking place:\n\nI think this was Corpus Christi:\n\nAlthough not as old as Oxford, it is still quite breath-taking and I really enjoyed our wander round. ", "After lunch we visited the Cambridge Book Fair and oohed and aahed over the gorgeous old books. ", "The prices weren't for the faint hearted though. ", "R was tempted by a first edition of 'War of the Worlds'. ", "Unfortunately, we didn't have the £900 on us! ", "There really were some fantastic books and I was amazed that we were just allowed to pick them up. ", "Some were worth thousands and the stall holders seemed to have no qualms about eating their lunch/drinking coffee next to them.", "I was terrified that they might spill something. ", "I did find a couple of little books to buy - shown here sitting on a fat quarter that I bought at the market as a souvenir of our trip:\n\nLooking at some of the children's books available and the corresponding prices, I'm sure we've got a fortune in the loft!", "\nAll in all, a fine time was had by all and I think we may return in the Summer for another short break.", "\n\nOther happies this week:\n\nMy lovely bunch of roses - a present from the neighbours for cat sitting. ", "There was a box of chocolates too but I selflessly donated those to E to 'help' with the revision:\n\nThis week's library books. ", "Even though Jerusalem isn't a 'veggie' cookbook, there are some lovely looking recipes in the vegetable section. ", "I love Alexander McCall Smith's Number 1 Ladies Detective Agency series. ", "All I need to make me happy is one of those and a cup of Red Bush Tea. ", "I'm also enjoying 'The Gentle Art of Domesticity' - it's right up my street with all the baking, knitting and quilts. ", "If you look closely at the photo you can also see my new pin cushion:\n\nHere's 'Pin cushion Piggy' in action whilst I worked on The Graduation Quilt:\n\nOne final happy this week - Basil and Olive Focaccia. ", "E and I tried some as an after school snack and it's wonderful. ", "Definitely one of Paul Hollywood's better recipes.", "\n\nAnyway, that's all for this week's happies. ", "Do pop over to 'Planet Penny' to see what everyone else has been up to this week.", "\nToodle Pip. ", "x\n\nThursday, 19 February 2015\n\nGreetings everyone! ", "Thank you all so much for your kind get well comments last week - I particularly enjoyed Amalia's virtual mug of chamomile tea! ", "I am very happy to report that the lurgy has finally gone on its merry way. ", "Last Friday when I showed you my little stash of fabrics, I said that I had a special project in mind for them. ", "Well, here it is ...........\n\nTa-Dah!", "\n\nMy 'Apple a Day' mini-quilt. ", "Actually, I'm not really sure whether to call it that or a place mat or mini runner, I just wanted to make one! ", "As I mentioned previously, they're not my usual colours of choice, but I do rather like them. ", "It's just 6 squares joined together with 6 apples appliqued on before quilting and adding the border. ", "The patterns on the apples and leaves were done free hand - you can really tell in some places! ", "I suppose you could draw the design on first for a better finish but I rather like its rough and ready appearance.", "\n\nI can't decide which is my favourite one.", "\n\nYou can definitely see the wobbly bits on the core:\n\nNow I just have to decide where to keep it. ", "I love it under the vase of flowers on the dining table. ", "The only problem is that I'm a little worried that the weight of the vase will leave an imprint.", "\n\nMaybe on the chest? ", "We found this in the loft of our old house and it's used to house board games etc. ", "Please ignore the over-stuffed wool basket and teetering pile of magazines!", "\n\nAny suggestions as to what I can do with it will be gratefully received - although I suspect R is just aching to tell me!", "\n\nEvery half term, E goes to spend the first weekend with L in Oxford. ", "They are very close and she misses her terribly during term time, so this is her little treat. ", "We dropped her off and then had a little wander around the college gardens. ", "I love this tree - I'm not sure how old it is but it's bent over so far that it has to be supported.", "\n\nE took some photos of this little, furry chap. ", "He was extremely tame and let her get quite close before bounding away along the wall.", "\n\nThis griffin is used as a sort of good luck charm. ", "Apparently, balancing a coin on him is supposed to bring good luck in your final exams - we told L to slip him a tenner!", "\n\nL's rooms overlook the gardens, lucky girl.", "\n\nWith her exam looming, E had an extra long piano lesson on Tuesday. ", "I took the opportunity to go for a rather muddy walk around a nearby wood.", "\n\nI should have taken a photo of my wellies at the end - they weren't nearly this clean!", "\n\nI loved the colour of the bracken\n\n... and the oak leaves.", "\n\nThere were long shadows:\n\nA lake:\n\nand even a den:\n\nI met a few dog walkers but mostly it was just me and the birdies. ", "Unfortunately, I got horribly lost at one point and ended up having to run back (not easy in wellies!) ", "so as not to be late collecting E. Despite that, it was lovely to get a bit of fresh air and enjoy the sunshine.", "\n\nOne last happy this week - making 'Quick Florentines' from my 'new to me' WI biscuit book. ", "I made them because they contain lots of dates and we still had a box hanging around from Christmas. ", "Despite the Alice in Wonderland type instructions on the lid, people weren't! ", "I used white chocolate instead of milk, just because that's what I had in the baking drawer.", "They were quite nice but I found them a little sweet; needless to say, E loved them!", "\n\nAnyway, that's all for this week. ", "I'm just off to Planet Penny to see what everyone else has been up to. ", "Enjoy the rest of half term.", "\nToodle Pip for now. ", "x\n\nFriday, 13 February 2015\n\nHello everyone. ", "I'm hoping that you are all having a much better Friday than I currently am. ", "The lurgy has struck with avengence and I am currently bed bound clutching my little hot water bottle. ", "R kindly did the school run for me this morning, as I didn't dare to stray too far from the loo! ", "All is calm at the moment though, so I thought I'd do my Friday Happy post for Planet Penny.", "\n\nMy favourite happy moment of the week has to be my camellia which is flowering its little heart out. ", "Actually, I'm not entirely sure whether it is, in fact, a camellia or an azalea. ", "I tend to get the 2 confused but, unless anyone would like to tell me otherwise, I'm going to run with camellia. ", "After a mild spell, its buds were just starting to open and then we had the snow. ", "I was worried that it would be too much and it would lose all its flowers before they had a chance to get going but, fortunately, it appears to be a hardy little thing. ", "I couldn't resist nipping outside to take a picture against a rare bit of blue sky. ", "The pink/blue combination always makes me happy.", "\n\nWe have another similar one, but it's further away from the house and much smaller - it's even smaller still now that Bambi et al have discovered it. ", "They really are wreaking havoc on the plants at the moment.", "\n\nOther happies this week include:\n\nMaking some rocky road for E. She has AS level mocks and her Grade 8 piano exam looming. ", "The stress is starting to tell, so I thought a little chocolatey comfort might go a long way. ", "I like to make them in little clusters, rather than slices, but I admit they do have certain 'presentation' issues! ", "They have pecans, rich tea biscuits and veggie marshmallow in them and are really rather moreish.", "\n\nThis little find at one of the local charity shops has transformed my knitted block making. ", "Whenever I get to the end of the row, I just whizz the dial round one and it keeps track of where I'm up to. ", "For someone like me with a memory like a sieve, it's revolutionary! ", "Who would have thought that a 50p pair of stitch counters (there is a smaller version too for if I eventually find time to knit that pair of socks!) ", "could bring me such pleasure?", "\n\nThis little book came from the same shop and I'm looking forward to trying it out when I'm feeling a bit better. ", "It was my first WI meeting as a fully paid up member this week, so it seemed appropriate! ", "The fleecy blankie it's sitting on was also a thrifted find. ", "I bought it to back my knitted block picnic blanket when it's finally finished.", "\n\nMy new mug from T K Maxx. ", "The tulips in the garden aren't quite here yet, so while I'm waiting I'll have to be content enjoying this:\n\nThis little beauty is my new discovery - Village Fabrics, the patchwork and quilting shop, in Wallingford near Oxford. ", "I was too embarrassed to take any photos inside (wimp that I am) but believe me, it's a little Aladdin's cave of treasure and well worth a nosy if you're ever in the vicinity. ", "If not, next time I promise to be braver and get my camera out.", "\n\nI bought a few fat quarters to add to my stash. ", "They're not my usual colours, I admit, but they're for a very specific project that I hope to be able to share with you next week. ", "I've added a few scraps I already had to the pile in preparation.", "\n\nFinally the loaf of the week - Pain de Campagne. ", "It's a mixture of strong and rye flour with added oregano. ", "It was supposed to be fresh oregano but Bambi had been at it again, so dry it had to be.", "\n\nThat's all for this week. ", "It's our Half Term holiday next week, but I imagine a lot of it will be spent watching E revise and listening to piano scales ........... wishing yours is more exciting.", "\nToodle Pip for now. ", "x\n\nThursday, 5 February 2015\n\nHello! ", "I've rather cheated on my Friday Happy picture this week, choosing instead to post a little collage. ", "Wednesday saw me beetling off to Oxford to visit my darling L - always a happy moment. ", "I was really lucky with the weather as it had snowed on Tuesday and I was worried about the roads. ", "Fortunately, it mostly thawed overnight and it turned out to be pretty plain sailing. ", "Anyway, here are a few of the pictures I snapped walking to her college:\n\nMostly they are views taken from Christchurch meadow. ", "There is also a picture of the outside of 'Alice's Shop' and a photo of the lovely chap outside L's window - I think he may be a grotesque, rather than a gargoyle.", "\n\nWe were very lucky with the weather - sunny but very cold. ", "We spent a while wandering around Gloucester Green market, oohing over the size of the pomegranates for sale (sorry, I should have taken a photo!) ", "and buying a ludicrous quantity of clementines for just a pound. ", "Then we decided a spot of lunch might be in order and came here:\n\nWe tried coming here for lunch in the Summer, but couldn't fit through the door because it was so popular. ", "As it turns out, there are considerably fewer tourists on a cold day in February, so we were in luck!", "\n\nThe sign on the wall explains its popularity:\n\nI took a couple more snaps inside:\n\nIt was very atmospheric and lunch wasn't bad either; I can understand the usual crowds. ", "We then went for a walk around Jericho, an area of Oxford I'd heard about (probably from Inspector Morse/ Lewis!) ", "but never seen. ", "It turned out to have some really quaint houses and was really rather lovely. ", "Sorry about the lack of photos for this bit - I couldn't feel my fingers at this point! ", "We finished off with a coffee and shared cake in the cafe at the Ashmolean.", "\n\nIt looks like the hedgehog on L's jumper is eyeing up the stem ginger cake! ", "Then, all too soon, it was time to say goodbye and dash home for the school run.", "\n\nOther happies this week include:\n\nDoing some of the 'Graduation' Quilt.", "\n\nSnapping more shots of Hamish and E having a cuddle:\n\nFlowering tete-a-tetes.", "\n\nWaking up to this:\n\nSo, deciding to light the stove and do a bit of this:\n\nIn an attempt to bust some more of that stash, I've started knitting some blocks from this book:\n\nHere are some of the ones I've done so far:\n\nI started off doing this with a view to making a picnic blanket and then discovered this on Planet Penny's Happy Friday Links. ", "Linda had had the same idea - I love her colours (mine will be a bit more of a mish-mash owing to using up the scraps) and the fact that she cleverly backed hers with fleece. ", "I think I may try doing the same when I eventually finish it. ", "It may take me a while - I'm not a natural knitter and I find I have to concentrate REALLY hard, otherwise I lose where I'm up to. ", "I also can't 'tink' yet, so any mistake and I have to start all over again! ", "Not a project for doing in front of the TV then!", "\n\nOne final happy this week:\n\n'Loaf of the week': Farl\n\nI haven't tried it yet as it's still cooling but it certainly smells yummy. ", "That's all for this week's happies. ", "I'm just off to see if I can add Planet Penny's linky button to my sidebar - I'm not the most technically minded, so it may take me a while! ", "Wishing you a warm and fun-filled weekend.", "\nToodle pip for now. ", "x" ]

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[ "Turkish Women's Second Football League\n\nThe Turkish Women's Second Football League () is the second league competition for women's association football in Turkey.", "\n\nFormat\n\nTeams promoted to Women's First League\n\nFormat\nAs of 2016-17 Season, 14 teams compete for promoting to 1st League. ", "They were divided into two groups according to their geographical location. ", "In each group, teams play against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format. ", "The group winners and runners-up advance to the promotion group, bottom two teams of each group enter the relegation group. ", "Both promotion and relegation groups consists 4 teams and teams play against each other as in the first stage. ", "Top two team of the promotion group qualify for the 1st League, last two team of the relegation group relegated to the Turkish Women's Third Football League.", "\n\n2019–20 season\n\nGroup 1\n\nGroup 2\n\nSee also\nList of women's football clubs in Turkey\nTurkish women in sports\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Official Site of the Turkish Football Federation\n\nCategory:Sports leagues established in 2008\nSecond\nTur\nFootball" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nKentico - Couldn't get DocumentPageTemplateID with node inherit temlate from parent\n\nI'm using macro to get DocumentPageTemplateID inside master page, it work fine in parent template that using a page template directly, but i always got zero with children page that inheriting template from parent.", "\nIs there a way to get inherited value (more than 1 level)\n\nA:\n\nYou can check to see if the document is inheriting the template from the parent, then go up to the parent by using {%CurrentDocument.", "Parent.", "DocumentPageTemplateID%} or up 2 levels {%CurrentDocument.", "Parent.", "Parent.", "DocumentPageTemplateID%}\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIn tennis, why does topspin serve bounce higher than flat serve?", "\n\nWhen receiving servers (while playing tennis), I've noticed that the tennis ball seems to bounce up higher on me when the server uses a topspin serve than when the server hits a flat serve. ", " Why is that?", "\nIs it because of something about how the spin affects the bounce of the ball (i.e., the effect of the spin during the time when the tennis ball is in contact with the court)? ", " Is it because of how the spin affects the flight of the ball while it is in the air? ", " Perhaps it's because topspin serves tend to be hit with a higher, \"loopier\" trajectory, and this changes the angle of incidence when the ball hits the court during the bounce? ", " Or maybe it's something else entirely? ", " What would you expect the effect of the topspin to be on the trajectory of the ball, based upon physical principles?", "\n\nBackground on tennis: When serving, the server has to hit the tennis ball over the net and then into the service box; the ball is required to bounce within the service box. ", " The receiver stands back a bit, and after it bounces up, the receiver hits it back.", "\nA flat serve is a serve where the ball has no spin. ", " A topspin serve is a serve with topspin: the top of the tennis ball is rotating forward (in the direction of the ball's travel) and the bottom of the ball is moving backward (opposite the direction of the ball's travel). ", " Topspin causes the tennis ball to \"curve downwards\", due to the Magnus effect.", "\nFrom the server's perspective, topspin is useful, because it means the server can hit the ball higher over the net and the serve will still go in. ", " That allows a topspin serve to be more reliable: the server has more margin for error. ", " In contrast, with a flat serve, the serve has to be aimed very precisely: aim too high, and the ball will \"go long\" and bounce outside of the service box; aim too low, and the ball will hit the net. ", " A flat serve will usually look like a \"line drive\" (the path of the ball is close to a straight line), while a top spin serve will look more \"loopy\" (the ball goes higher over the net, then swerves down).", "\nFlat serves usually travel faster. ", " With a topspin serves, the ball usually doesn't have quite as much velocity (I imagine some of the energy of the server is spent on imparting spin, rather than propelling the ball forward). ", " Nonetheless, from my personal experience, it feels like when I am receiving a topspin serve, the ball bounces up higher and often gets out of my comfort zone: the flat serve might bounce up to waist level, where it's comfortable to hit the ball, but the topspin serve might bounce up to shoulder level, where it's less comfortable. ", " Why does this happen? ", " Or, is it an illusion?", "\n\nA:\n\nWhen the player hits the ball with top spin, it makes the ball, well, spin. ", "\nBy spinning, the ball will modify the airflow around itself and thus create an air pressure profile which will deflect the ball : this is the Magnus effect.", "\nSo by applying top spin on the ball the way tennis players do, the ball is rotating in the direction of the trajectory. ", "This will bend the trajectory downwards. ", "If you look at the ball's speed as a vector, the vertical component of the top-spun ball's velocity is greater than the normal served ball.", "\nYou simply direct the ball more vertically into the ground with a top spin. ", "So after contact with the ground, the ball with top spin will leave the ground more vertically than a normal ball.", "\nSince you are familiar with the sport, you might also have noticed that after contact, the top-spun ball will slightly accelerate towards you. ", "This comes from the fact that part of its rotation has transfered itself into horizontal momentum. ", "If you let a spinning ball fall vertically on the ground, after contact, it will fly out flat in some direction. ", "I think this is also one of the reason why top spin serves are so hard to handle.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Trump and GM CEO Mary Barra in 2017. ", "Photo : AP\n\nEver since the news broke yesterday that General Motors was slashing North American jobs to prepare for our possible electric/autonomous/horrible future, nearly everyone has wondered: What will President Trump, who campaigned on a platform of bringing back and keeping American auto jobs, have to say about this? ", "Now we know. ", "He’s hopping mad, and he’s threatening GM’s electric car subsidies... somehow.", "\n\n\nHere are the tweets (they’re always tweets, unfortunately) in question:\n\n\n\n\nTo recap: GM is closing at least four U.S. plants and one in Canada and slashing its workforce by 15 percent—about 14,000 people—while things are relatively “good” as it prepares to invest more heavily in electric cars and autonomous technology.", "\n\nAnd perhaps even worse, Trump’s Director of the National Economic Council and Man Who Is Always Wrong About Everything All The Time Always Like How Can One Person Just Constantly Be Consistently Wrong About Everything, Larry Kudlow, implied to White House reporters that Trump is really just going to use this whole GM thing to scrap not just subsidies for GM’s electric cars, but ALL electric cars (via The Hill):\n\n“We are going to be looking at certain subsidies regarding electric cars and others, whether they should apply or not. ", "I can’t say anything final about that, but we’re looking into it,” Kudlow told reporters in a White House briefing before Trump’s tweet. “", "Again, that reflects the president’s own disappointment regarding these actions,” he said of the plant closings.\n\n\n\nFrom a business perspective, GM’s moves make sense. ", "Historically the company had to be dragged kicking and screaming into making any sort of cuts, layoffs, or just generally good decisions. ", "This is a rare example of GM getting ahead of the curve, and a possible economic downturn in 2019, instead of being broken and bloated when it has to beg for another federal taxpayer bailout.", "\n\nAnd, hell, some of the plants being closed made cars that people have all but stopped buying, thanks to a shift in consumer demand. ", "The Lordstown, Ohio plant makes one car, and one car only—the Chevrolet Cruze—on just one shift. ", "It employs about 1,500 people, down from the 4,500 workers it had just a few years ago. ", "Its fate was probably written a long time ago.", "\n\n\nBut as with all things in capitalism, it sucks the most for workers, and while the plant closures don’t happen until early next year (and the unions will fight against them) it’s just the kind of shitty right-before-the-holidays news that really makes you feel like trash deep down inside.", "\n\nAnd as we noted in today’s Morning Shift, these cuts are happening in Michigan and Ohio, places that were strongholds for Trump in the 2016 election, and places he promised jobs were coming back to. ", "Take this, from Bloomberg:\n\nPresident Donald Trump said he expects General Motors to keep an Ohio assembly complex open after its production of the Chevrolet Cruze ends early next year. ", "Bryan Keeley said he wants to believe it, but he’s heard talk like that before. ", "Keeley is one of the thousands of workers at GM’s Lordstown factory near Youngstown who learned that the plant is being idled in March, with no new production promised. ", "He said he voted for Trump two years ago because of the Republican’s vow to help American workers. “", "I thought he was going to do miracles for us, so did a lot of other autoworkers,’’ Keeley, 46, said outside Ross’ Eatery and Pub near the plant. ", "Keeley has worked for GM for 26 years but has been laid off since June. “", "He needs to step up to the plate and do what he said.’’", "\n\n\nAnd this:\n\nTommy Wolikow, a Lordstown resident who said he was laid off from the plant on the day Trump was inaugurated last year, has been attending his rallies with the Good Jobs Nation coalition to bring attention to the plight of workers. ", "He said the first political rally he attended was the one last year in Youngstown where Trump told voters not to sell their homes. ", "Wolikow, 36, who had bought a house two miles from the Lordstown plant, resisted seeking a transfer to another GM facility because he didn’t want to uproot his family and still had hopes of returning to work. ", "Now, unable to find another job and maxing out his credit cards, he’s put in for a transfer and isn’t sure he can trust Trump’s assurances the plant will remain open. “", "It’s hard to keep on thinking that he’s going to fight for us,’’ Wolikow said.", "\n\nIt’s heartbreaking stuff even if the Cruze wasn’t selling well. ", "And it’s no wonder these people think this way, when the president said exactly this in Ohio back in 2017, and similar things when on the 2016 campaign trail:\n\n“They’re all coming back. ", "They’re all coming back. ", "Don’t move, don’t sell your house,” the president said during a July 2017 visit to Youngstown, Ohio. “", "We’re going to fill up those factories or rip them down and build new ones.”", "\n\n\nSo Trump’s in a shitty spot here, and the answer, apparently, is to “[cut] all GM subsidies including for electric cars.” ", "That is... definitely a response! ", "That would do the opposite of saving American factory jobs!", "\n\nAs with all things Trump, one wonders next: “Can he even... do that?” ", "And as of this evening, that remains unclear. ", "He’s even kind of wrong when he uses the word “subsidies.” ", "Presumably, the president is referring to the $7,500 tax credit on electric vehicles. ", "But even then, those are capped at 200,000 cars per manufacturer. ", "And GM, having been selling EVs and plug-in hybrids for years now, is due to hit that limit pretty soon. ", "In theory the president could “kill” them early, but... why, other than as a gift to oil companies, which would be very on-brand for him? ", "Would that even sway GM to reverse its decision on the Ohio plant? ", "Doubtful!", "\n\n\nWe must also point out that this is a mess partially of Trump’s own making. ", "Yes, GM is cutting plants and jobs for lots of reasons, like the shift to SUVs and our nebulous future. ", "But it’s also taken a financial hit thanks to Trump’s tariffs on imported aluminum and steel (those have cost Ford about $1 billion as well this year) and GM has warned for months that such tariffs could cause cuts and job losses. ", "They may not have been a huge reason for the job cuts, but they remain a factor. ", "Even scarier is the looming trade war between the U.S. and China over other tariffs.", "\n\nGM, of course, isn’t some hapless victim here, as it didn’t reinvest its generous Trump corporate tax cut into American jobs, which politicians on both sides of the aisle are furious about. ", "Is the answer here to cut GM’s electric car tax breaks? ", "Or even to slash all electric car tax breaks, which at this point in human events would be just deranged? ", "Probably not, but backing off on this pointless and disruptive trade war may be a better one." ]

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[ "/*\n This file is part of the iText (R) project.", "\n Copyright (c) 1998-2020 iText Group NV\n Authors: Bruno Lowagie, Paulo Soares, et al.", "\n \n This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify\n it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3\n as published by the Free Software Foundation with the addition of the\n following permission added to Section 15 as permitted in Section 7(a):\n FOR ANY PART OF THE COVERED WORK IN WHICH THE COPYRIGHT IS OWNED BY\n ITEXT GROUP. ", "ITEXT GROUP DISCLAIMS THE WARRANTY OF NON INFRINGEMENT\n OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS\n \n This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but\n WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY\n or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.", "\n See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details.", "\n You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License\n along with this program; if not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses or write to\n the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,\n Boston, MA, 02110-1301 USA, or download the license from the following URL:\n http://itextpdf.com/terms-of-use/\n \n The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions\n of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under\n Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License.", "\n \n In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License,\n a covered work must retain the producer line in every PDF that is created\n or manipulated using iText.", "\n \n You can be released from the requirements of the license by purchasing\n a commercial license. ", "Buying such a license is mandatory as soon as you\n develop commercial activities involving the iText software without\n disclosing the source code of your own applications.", "\n These activities include: offering paid services to customers as an ASP,\n serving PDFs on the fly in a web application, shipping iText with a closed\n source product.", "\n \n For more information, please contact iText Software Corp. at this\n address: sales@itextpdf.com\n */\npackage com.itextpdf.styledxmlparser.css.parse.syntax;\n\n/**\n * {@link IParserState} implementation for the rule state.", "\n */\nclass RuleState implements IParserState {\n\n /**\n * The state machine that parses the CSS.", "\n */\n private CssParserStateController controller;\n\n /**\n * Creates a new {@link RuleState} instance.", "\n *\n * @param controller the state machine that parses the CSS\n */\n RuleState(CssParserStateController controller) {\n this.controller = controller;\n }\n\n /* (non-Javadoc)\n * @see com.itextpdf.styledxmlparser.css.parse.syntax.", "IParserState#process(char)\n */\n @Override\n public void process(char ch) {\n if (ch == '{') {\n controller.pushBlockPrecedingAtRule();\n controller.enterRuleStateBasedOnItsType();\n } else if (ch == ';') {\n controller.storeSemicolonAtRule();\n controller.enterUnknownState();\n } else {\n controller.appendToBuffer(ch);\n }\n }\n\n}\n" ]

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[ "\nWhy Is the Covid-19 Death Rate Down? - ", "prostoalex\nhttps://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/07/why-covid-death-rate-down/613945/\n======\nbabesh\n\\- It is good that fewer people are dying.", "\n\n\\- Some of the most vulnerable have already died. ", "That is probably an\nadditional reason the death rate is now lower.", "\n\n\\- The more vulnerable do seem to be much better protected than before.", "\n\n\\-------\n\n\\- People walking outside without masks is probably not a big concern.", "\n\n\\- Packing people together causes it to spread like wildfire.", "\n\n------\nKingMachiavelli\ntldr; Young people are more likely & eager to visit high transmission places\nlike bars & restaurants while the older demographics will stay where it's\nsafe.", "\n\nAt this point, it would be _very_ interesting to see where the _inflection_\npoint of at what age to people tend to self isolate vs 'risk' social venues.", "\nPersonally, even in a very liberal state, I can't name anyone that feels safer\nisolating. ", "People who are younger are more likely to live alone and experience\nthe mental health impact of that which makes the risk-reward balance turn into\nattending anything that is allowed to be open. ", "As I said, I'm in a pretty\nliberal state & only know STEM introverts and even still they are feeling many\nside effects that greatly outway their _personal_ risk of COVID19.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nGetting complex coefficients in nearest SPD matrices\n\nI am writing a python 3.7 program and I need to get symmetric positive-definite matrices.", "\nI used this code to get the nearest SPD (all eigenvalues have to be > 0) :\nPython: convert matrix to positive semi-definite\nThe fact is that I have to compute riemannian exponentials of symmetric matrices: Definition of the riemannian exponential.", "\nBut I get matrices with complex coefficients. ", "How could I get rid of that ?", "\nNote: Even with the aforementioned implementation, I get matrices with complex numbers.", "\nI also tried to explore the geomstats package, but I do not know how to use it :\nhttps://geomstats.github.io/geometry.html#module-geomstats.geometry.spd_matrices\nThanks a lot\nEdit 1: my code and what I expect:\nThis is my function:\ndef expNearestSPD(Y, Delta):\n\n \"\"\"\n Implementation of riemannian exponential using the nearestPD function\n I try to always keep SPD matrices\n But at the end it does not work\n \"\"\"\n\n Y2 = nearestPD(Y)\n\n mul = np.matmul( np.matmul(inv(sqrtm(Y2)), Delta), inv(sqrtm(Y2)) ) \n\n mul = nearestPD(mul)\n\n z1 = expm( mul )\n\n z1 = nearestPD(z1)\n\n z = np.matmul( np.matmul(sqrtm(Y2), z1), sqrtm(Y2) )\n\n return nearestPD(z)\n\nFor example, here is P, a SPD matrix:\nP\n\narray([[0.1, 0. , ", "0. , ..., ", "0. , ", "0. , ", "0. ],", "\n [0. , ", "0.1, 0. , ..., ", "0. , ", "0. , ", "0. ],", "\n [0. , ", "0. , ", "0.1, ..., 0. , ", "0. , ", "0. ],", "\n ...,\n [0. , ", "0. , ", "0. , ..., ", "0.1, 0. , ", "0. ],", "\n [0. , ", "0. , ", "0. , ..., ", "0. , ", "0.1, 0. ],", "\n [0. , ", "0. , ", "0. , ..., ", "0. , ", "0. , ", "0.1]])\n\nOne can check:\nnp.isrealobj(P)\n\nTrue\n\nBut when I compute expNearestSPD(P, P) for example, I get:\nexpNearestSPD(P, P)\n\narray([[0.27182818+0.j, 0. ", " +0.j, 0. ", " +0.j, ...,\n 0. ", " +0.j, 0. ", " +0.j, 0. ", " +0.j],\n [0. ", " +0.j, 0.27182818+0.j, 0. ", " +0.j, ...,\n 0. ", " +0.j, 0. ", " +0.j, 0. ", " +0.j],\n [0. ", " +0.j, 0. ", " +0.j, 0.27182818+0.j, ...,\n 0. ", " +0.j, 0. ", " +0.j, 0. ", " +0.j],\n ...,\n [0. ", " +0.j, 0. ", " +0.j, 0. ", " +0.j, ...,\n 0.27182818+0.j, 0. ", " +0.j, 0. ", " +0.j],\n [0. ", " +0.j, 0. ", " +0.j, 0. ", " +0.j, ...,\n 0. ", " +0.j, 0.27182818+0.j, 0. ", " +0.j],\n [0. ", " +0.j, 0. ", " +0.j, 0. ", " +0.j, ...,\n 0. ", " +0.j, 0. ", " +0.j, 0.27182818+0.j]])\n\nI get complex, but very little, coefficients.", "\n\nA:\n\nIn fact, using the package geomstats, I found a solution.", "\nThis is exclusively for SPD matrices.", "\nThere is a function to directly compute the riemannian exponential, and even one to compute A**t for A SPD and t real.", "\nI recommend using the last version of geomstats (from GitHub).", "\nHere, N is the order of the square matrices (so that their sizes are N x N).", "\nimport geomstats.backend as gs\nfrom geomstats.geometry.spd_matrices import SPDMatrices, SPDMetricAffine\n\ngs.random.seed(0)\nspace = SPDMatrices(N)\nmetric = SPDMetricAffine(N)\n\ndef Exp(Y, Delta):\n return metric.exp(Delta, Y)\n\n# for the power of a SPD matrix\n\ngs.linalg.powerm(M, t)\n\n" ]

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[ "A walk down the block: spatial and temporal parameters of aesthetic judgments about ordinary streetscapes.", "\nAn experiment is reported based on 12 streetscapes and 25 participants on how five spatial/temporal factors influenced aesthetic judgments about ordinary streets. ", "Overall, aesthetic judgments were more strongly related to the temporal variables of total time, stationary time, and decision time rather than the spatial variables of path length or number of turns made to obtain different views. ", "It is suggested that fancy simulations or detailed scrutiny are probably not needed to evaluate streetscapes as seen by people in the street." ]

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[ "Fantastic nativity scene for my Christmas Lights display!", "\n\nPosted by Grace on 27th Nov 2015\n\nThis was the best nativity scene decal I had seen after looking at a few websites. ", "When I received it, I was so pleased!!! ", "I haven't had time to put it up yet, but as I had a note with it, that said I could watch a video online if I had any problems setting it up, I know it will turn out fantastic!" ]

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[ "\nShow HN: Neuropod – Uber ATG's open source deep learning inference engine - vpanyam\nhttps://github.com/uber/neuropod\n======\nvpanyam\nHey Everyone! ", "I lead the development of Neuropod. ", "Happy to answer any\nquestions\n\nThere's also a blog post that has more detail:\n[https://eng.uber.com/introducing-neuropod/](https://eng.uber.com/introducing-\nneuropod/)\n\nSuper excited to open-source it!", "\n\n~~~\njaredtn\nWhat will the continued support for this project be, given that Uber has\nshuttered their AI Labs?", "\n\n~~~\nmysterEFrank\nI'm a former Uber AI Labs member - they're different orgs. ", "Begs the question\nthough, who at Uber will use this now?", "\n\n~~~\nmysterEFrank\n(EDIT there are many projects at Uber using neuropods)\n\n~~~\nmysterEFrank\nAlso it's great.", "\n\n------\ndamvigilante\nHow does this compare to ONNX\n[https://github.com/onnx/onnx](https://github.com/onnx/onnx) in terms of\nfeature completeness/performance and what made you develop your own runtime ?", "\n\n~~~\nvpanyam\nThis is a good question. ", "I want to write a more detailed post about this in\nthe future, but here are a few points for now:\n\n\\- Neuropod is an abstraction layer so it can do useful things on top of just\nrunning models locally. ", "For example, we can transparently proxy model\nexecution to remote machines. ", "This can be super useful for running large scale\njobs with compute intensive models. ", "Including GPUs in all our cluster machines\ndoesn’t make sense from a resource efficiency perspective so instead, if we\nproxy model execution to a smaller cluster of GPU-enabled servers, we can get\nhigher GPU utilization while using fewer GPUs. ", "The \"Model serving\" section of\nthe blog post ([1]) goes into more detail on this. ", "We can also do interesting\nthings with model isolation (see the \"Out-of-process execution\" section of the\npost).", "\n\n\\- ONNX _converts_ models while Neuropod _wraps_ them. ", "We use TensorFlow,\nTorchScript, etc. ", "under the hood to run a model. ", "This is important because we\nhave several models that use custom ops, TensorRT, etc. ", "We can use the same\ncustom ops that we use at training time during inference. ", "One of the goals of\nNeuropod is to make experimentation, deployment, and iteration easier so not\nhaving to do additional \"conversion\" work is useful.", "\n\n\\- When we started building Neuropod, ONNX could only do trace-based\nconversions of PyTorch models. ", "We've generally had lots of trouble with\ncorrectness of trace-based conversions for non-trivial models (even with\nTorchScript). ", "Removing intermediate conversion steps (and their corresponding\nverification steps) can save a lot of time and make the experimentation\nprocess more efficient.", "\n\n\\- Being able to define a \"problem\" interface was important to us (e.g. \"this\nis the interface of a model that does 2d object detection\"). ", "This lets us have\nmultiple implementations that we can easily swap out because we concretely\ndefined an interface. ", "This capability is useful for comparing models across\nframeworks without doing a lot of work. ", "The blog post ([1]) talks about this\nin more detail.", "\n\nThe blog post ([1]) goes into a lot more detail about our motivations and use\ncases so it's worth a read.", "\n\n[1] [https://eng.uber.com/introducing-\nneuropod/](https://eng.uber.com/introducing-neuropod/)\n\n------\nmanicksurya\nHow is the performance of inferencing compared to the native serving solutions\nprovided by frameworks like TFServing etc\n\n------\naloknnikhil\nFound it interesting that most of the commits are under 1 contributor (OP).", "\nAre you the most active contributor or was this an artifact of open-sourcing\nit? ", "Just wondering if you get hit by a bus tomorrow, what would we do? :)", "\n\nThanks for this, btw!", "\n\n------\nleonfedden\nThis looks great thanks for open sourcing it.", "\n\nHave you had a chance to try running your models on baremetal devices such as\nARM cortex M4?", "\n\nIs there a list of OPs that are supported or crucially, unsupported?", "\n\n------\nxbsd98\nAre there any examples of demand forecasting ? ", "Thanks.", "\n\n------\nj88439h84\nHow does it differ from pyro?", "\n\n~~~\nmysterEFrank\nNeuropods can wrap pyro models\n\n------\nvoz_\nConsider using ONNX instead.", "\n\n~~~\ndang\nThis is not a good thread for a disgruntled grudge post.", "\n\n~~~\nvoz_\nThat is fair. ", "It does not contribute to curiosity, discovery, or good\nconversation. ", "I will remove the negative bits.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "DC Comics’ Earth One line of graphic novels continues to expand, this time into the far reaches of space with Green Lantern: Earth One Vol. ", "1 by writer Corinna Bechko and writer/artist Gabriel Hardman with colorist Jordan Boyd.", "\n\nArt by Gabriel Hardman. (", "DC Comics)\n\nEarth One stories reintroduce DC’s greatest heroes like Batman, Superman, and Wonder Woman in a fresh comic book universe unburdened with years of continuity, often significantly changing elements of each character to better modernize their origins and create exciting new tales.", "For Green Lantern, the story sees Hal Jordan re-envisioned as an astronaut who seeks the thrill of discovery, yet finds himself in an unfulfilling job prospecting asteroids for Ferris Galactic. ", "His fortunes change when he finds a powerful green ring and learns that it came from the Green Lantern Corps, a group that was long ago murdered by killing machines called Manhunters. ", "This sets him on a mission to reinstate the Corps, a nearly impossible task for the fearless Jordan.", "“Approaching this as an Earth One story gives us the opportunity to go back to the core concept of Green Lantern and interpret it through the lens of a modern, grounded sci-fi story while still being true to the Silver Age roots of Hal Jordan,” Hardman said in a press release. “", "Having storyboarded Interstellar, this is an approach I’m comfortable with and have wanted to explore in comics. ", "Realistic sci-fi is only the beginning of this story; we have something much more epic in store.", "”Whereas Jordan is usually depicted as a cocky, hothead test pilot, he’s now a scientist who yearns to make new discoveries, so how he approaches using the ring will be different.", "“Hal Jordan is a smart, capable person with a space and science background who has a lot of untapped potential even before he finds the ring,” Bechko explained. “", "That means he’s going to approach everything the ring does from the perspective of a scientist, but he’s going to employ it for action and adventure. ", "The result for us as writers is the opportunity to fully embrace the science fiction aspects of the story in a way that would be impossible with a lot of other characters.", "”This is the latest collaboration from Bechko and Hardman, a longstanding comics duo known for their work on Star Wars: Legacy, Savage Hulk and Invisible Republic.", "Green Lantern: Earth One Vol. ", "1 will release on March 20, 2018.", "\n\nJoshua is IGN’s Comics Editor. ", "If Pokemon, Green Lantern, or Game of Thrones are frequently used words in your vocabulary, you’ll want to follow him on Twitter @JoshuaYehl and IGN" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIs there a way to know which sublayout is loaded in a Jekyll layout\n\nI have the following layout files for my Jekyll project :\n_layouts\n main.html\n post.html\n\nIn all cases, I load the main.html layout. ", "If the requested page is a post, I nest the post.html layout inside the main one using {{ content }}.", "\nIs it possible to know (from the main layout) if a sublayout has been loaded ?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can use a Front matter entry for that.", "\n---\nlayout: post.html\nsublayout = post.html\n---\n\nAnd in your page.html you can then check {{ page.sublayout }}. {{ ", "page.layout itself }} will be main.html in the outer template.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "After his version of events was disputed by the Manus police chief, the Australian immigration minister says he won’t release evidence for his claims\n\nThis article is more than 3 years old\n\nThis article is more than 3 years old\n\nPeter Dutton, the immigration minister, says he won’t release additional material clarifying the causes of violence on Manus Island two weeks ago because his briefings are classified or confidential.", "\n\nPressed to explain inconsistencies between his version of events, and a contradictory account given by the top police officer on Manus Island, Dutton told Sky News on Tuesday night he was not going to release his ministerial briefings publicly.", "\n\n“I receive confidential briefings, I receive classified information from the commissioner of the Australian Border Force and the department, and I am not going to release that information publicly,” Dutton said. “", "There is an investigation under way.”", "\n\nManus Island controversy: who said what and when Read more\n\nThe navy and police in Papua New Guinea have blamed a shooting on the island two weeks ago on a football field incident that escalated, but Dutton has suggested the hostilities were sparked by three asylum seekers seen leading a five-year-old boy towards the detention centre.", "\n\n\n\nDutton told Sky News last week: “I think there was concern about why the boy was being led, or for what purpose he was being led, away back into the regional processing centre.”", "\n\nDavid Yapu, the Manus provincial police commander, has contradicted that account, saying the violence at the compound a fortnight ago, and the incident involving the child, were two separate incidents.", "\n\nDutton told the ABC at the weekend he stood by his own account of the incident, which he said was based on advice.", "\n\nThe minister said the account he had given of the incident was “true” and he suggested he had different information to the regional police commander.", "\n\nDutton said on Sunday he was in possession of advice “that you don’t [have], so why don’t we let the police investigation run its course and allow them some independent analysis”.", "\n\nAsked on Sky News on Tuesday night to specify his different information, Dutton said briefings were confidential, and an investigation would take its course.", "\n\nThe minister said he did not resile from his account of events “one bit” and he continued to insist the violence was the result of a build up in tensions which had been “on a slow boil for a period of time”.", "\n\nIf Peter Dutton has alternative facts about Manus violence, he should release them | Katharine Murphy Read more\n\n“My position hasn’t changed. ", "My story hasn’t changed.”", "\n\nLabor has demanded that Dutton apologise. “", "Peter Dutton’s comments are irresponsible and outrageous,” the shadow immigration spokesman, Shayne Neumann said over the weekend. “", "They pre-empt the findings of a PNG investigation and have been denied by authorities on the ground. ", "Peter Dutton should know better and immediately apologise.”", "\n\nThe Greens have also blasted the minister’s intervention, and have called for Dutton to exit the portfolio. ", "Greens immigration spokesman Nick McKim has said the minister’s position is untenable." ]

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