Datasets:

tomekkorbak

/

pii-pile-chunk3-650000-700000

like 0

[ "# 有没有遇到 js 捕捉不到异常堆栈信息的情况\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n::: tip Issue \r\n 欢迎在 Issue 中交流与讨论: [Issue 245](https://github.com/shfshanyue/Daily-Question/issues/245) \r\n:::\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.006711409395973154 ]

[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention generally relates to audio speed conversion, and more particularly, to a method and system that enables audio speed conversion such as voice speed conversion.", "\n2. ", "Background Information\nSpeed conversion systems can be used to enable multiple speed operation (e.g., fast, slow, etc.) ", "in video and/or audio reproduction systems, such as color television (CTV) systems, video tape recorders (VTRs), digital video/versatile disk (DVD) systems, compact disk (CD) players, hearing aids, telephone answering machines and the like. ", "Conventional audio speed converters generally differentiate between a silence interval and a sound interval in an audio signal. ", "Deleting the silence interval and compressing the sound interval results in an increased audio speed. ", "Conversely, expanding the silence and sound intervals results in a decreased audio speed. ", "Many conventional audio speed converters increase or decrease audio speed at a constant rate independent of the contents. ", "Accordingly, these types of audio speed converters can not take full advantage of the silence and redundant intervals of an audio signal.", "\nThe process of removing or repeating intervals of an audio signal can be problematic since it often produces undesirable audible “clicks.” ", "Additionally, the pitch of an audio signal should not be changed or transformed to other frequencies since the human ear tends to be quite sensitive to these changes. ", "Known prior art algorithms such as the “pointer interval control overlap and add” (PICOLA) algorithm address these problems by multiplying an audio signal by a window function in an attempt to smooth the output signal and maintain the original pitch. ", "This results in producing synthetic waveforms that were not part of the original audio signal. ", "Moreover, the use of such algorithms typically requires utilization of fast digital signal processors (DSPs), which tend to be expensive. ", "Accordingly, it is desirable to provide an audio speed converter which avoids the use of expensive digital signal processors (DSPs), and utilizes more cost-effective processing means such as small programmable logic devices (PLDs). ", "The present invention addresses these and other problems." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004149377593360996, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00398406374501992, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "\n245 S.W.3d 110 (2008)\nIn the Matter of F.D., a Juvenile.", "\nNo. ", "05-06-01712-CV.", "\nCourt of Appeals of Texas, Dallas.", "\nJanuary 31, 2008.", "\n*111 Dean M. Swanda, Swanda & Swanda, P.C., Arlington, TX, for Appellant.", "\nCraig Watkins, Dallas County District Atty., ", "Dallas, TX, for Appellee.", "\nBefore Justices FITZGERALD, LANG-MIERS, and MAZZANT.", "\n\nOPINION\nOpinion by Justice MAZZANT.", "\nThe trial court ordered F.D. transferred from the Texas Youth Commission (TYC) to the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ). ", "In two issues, F.D. claims his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation was violated and he received ineffective assistance of counsel. ", "We affirm the trial court's judgment.", "\n\n\n*112 Background\nF.D. pleaded guilty in juvenile court to two counts of aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon. ", "He was committed to TYC on September 10, 2003, when he was seventeen years old. ", "In a separate case, he was charged as an adult with arson and placed on deferred adjudication community supervision for eight years. ", "On July 31, 2006, shortly before F.D.'s twenty-first birthday, TYC requested a hearing to transfer F.D. to TDCJ.", "\nThe transfer hearing was originally scheduled for September 7, 2006. ", "At that time, F.D. announced \"not ready\" based on the confrontation clause of the Sixth Amendment. ", "F.D.'s counsel explained that, although he had subpoenaed Jackie Daiss, the psychologist who evaluated F.D. for the purposes of the hearing, she was unable to comply with the subpoena because of an injury. ", "Nonetheless, the hearing commenced and the State put on its evidence. ", "The State's only witness at the hearing was Leonard Cucolo, a TYC court liaison, who testified to the matters contained in his report. ", "F.D. objected to the report on the basis of hearsay and to Daiss's absence based on the Sixth Amendment right of confrontation. ", "The trial court granted him a running hearsay objection.[1]\nCucolo testified that the report's psychological evaluation indicated F.D. had an antisocial personality disorder. ", "Cucolo also explained that appellant had ninety-six documented instances of misconduct or referrals to security while in the custody of TYC. ", "Appellant's conduct included assaultive behavior, gang-related activity, and threatening behavior towards TYC staff and students. ", "Less than two months before the hearing, appellant attempted to solicit a female staff member with an inappropriate letter. ", "All attempts by TYC to rehabilitate appellant, including counseling and drug treatment, were unsuccessful. ", "As a result of its inability to rehabilitate F.D. and due to the approach of his twenty-first birthday, TYC recommended F.D. be transferred to TDCJ to serve the remainder of his sentence. ", "After the State presented its evidence, the hearing was continued to allow F.D. more time to secure the presence of witnesses.", "\nOn September 15, 2006, the parties again appeared before the court for the continuation of the transfer hearing. ", "F.D.'s counsel informed the court that Daiss was still unable to comply with the subpoena due to injury and that he did not know when she would be well enough to testify. ", "F.D. again announced \"not ready\" based on the confrontation clause. ", "Noting that F.D. would turn twenty-one years old on September 21, 2006, the trial court decided to proceed with the hearing. ", "F.D. called his mother to testify on his behalf. ", "F.D. wanted to testify on his own behalf but his counsel refused to waive the right against self-incrimination. ", "See Tex. ", "Fam. ", "Code Ann. § ", "51.09(1) (Vernon Supp.2006) (waiver has to be made by both child and his attorney). ", "After hearing the evidence, the trial court granted the transfer.", "\n\nDiscussion\nIn his first issue, F.D. claims his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation was violated at the transfer hearing when Daiss failed to appear and submit to cross-examination after being subpoenaed. ", "Specifically, F.D. argues that his right to confrontation was violated because Daiss was the psychologist who diagnosed him as having an antisocial personality disorder and her *113 evaluation figured prominently in the TYC report to the court.", "\nWe review the trial judge's decision to transfer a juvenile from the TYC to the TDCJ under an abuse of discretion standard. ", "In re J.L.C., 160 S.W.3d 312, 313 (Tex.", "App.-Dallas 2005, no pet.); ", "In re T.D.H., 971 S.W.2d 606, 610 (Tex.", "App.-Dallas 1998, no pet.). ", "In deciding whether the trial judge abused his discretion, we review the entire record to determine if the judge acted without reference to any guiding rules or principles. ", "In re J.L.C., 160 S.W.3d at 313; In re T.D.H., 971 S.W.2d at 610. ", "If some evidence supports the trial judge's decision, there is no abuse of discretion. ", "In re J.L.C., 160 S.W.3d at 313; In re T.D.H., 971 S.W.2d at 610. ", "We do not substitute our decision for that of the trial judge and reverse only if the judge acted in an unreasonable or arbitrary manner. ", "In re J.L.C., 160 S.W.3d at 313; In re T.D.H., 971 S.W.2d at 610.", "\nRelease or transfer proceedings involving juveniles are governed by section 54.11 of the Texas Family Code. ", "See Tex. ", "Fam. ", "Code Ann. § ", "54.11 (Vernon Supp.2006). ", "Section 54.11(d) provides that at a transfer hearing \"the court may consider written reports from probation officers, professional court employees, professional consultants, or employees of the Texas Youth Commission, in addition to the testimony of witnesses.\" ", "Id. § 54.11(d). \"", "At the hearing, the person to be transferred or released under supervision is entitled to an attorney, to examine all witnesses against him, to present evidence and oral argument, and to previous examination of all reports on and evaluations and examinations of or relating to him that may be used in the hearing.\" ", "Id. § 54.11(e). ", "At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court may either order the return of the juvenile to TYC or the transfer of the juvenile to the custody of TDCJ for the completion of his sentence. ", "Id. § 54.11(i).", "\nF.D. relies on In re M.R., 5 S.W.3d 879 (Tex.", "App.-San Antonio 1999, pet. ", "ref'd), to support his claim. ", "In that case, the court of appeals concluded that the trial judge abused his discretion because he denied a timely motion for continuance to allow the defense an opportunity to issue subpoenas. ", "See id. at 882-83. ", "According to the court of appeals, the denial of the motion for continuance and counsel's announcement of \"not ready\" prevented M.R. from exercising his right of confrontation. ", "See id. The court of appeals noted its prior decision that because a release or transfer hearing is not part of the guilt/innocence determination, due process requirements were not as stringent as those in an actual trial; however, due process requirements include the right to confrontation. ", "Id. at 881-82.", "\nF.D.'s reliance on In re M.R. is misplaced. ", "This Court has concluded that a juvenile has no right of confrontation at a transfer hearing because it is dispositional rather than adjudicative in nature. ", "See Alford v. State, 806 S.W.2d 581, 582 (Tex. ", "App.-Dallas 1991), aff'd, 866 S.W.2d 619 (Tex.", "Crim.", "App.1993); see also In re S.M., 207 S.W.3d 421, 425 (Tex.", "App.-Fort Worth 2006, pet. ", "filed); In re D.L., 198 S.W.3d 228, 229-30 (Tex.", "App.-San Antonio 2006, pet. ", "denied); In re C.D.T., 98 S.W.3d 280, 283 (Tex.", "App.-Houston [1st Dist.] ", "2003, pet. ", "denied).", "\nFurthermore, the present case is distinguishable from the situation in In re M.R. According to the record, the trial court continued the transfer hearing for one week in order for F.D.'s counsel to secure the live testimony of Jackie Daiss, the psychologist who conducted F.D.'s evaluation. ", "The trial court decided to proceed only after F.D.'s counsel stated he could not estimate how long the proceedings *114 would have to be continued in order for Daiss to comply with the subpoena and after the court took note of F.D.'s approaching twenty-first birthday. ", "See TEX. ", "HUM. ", "RES.CODE ANN. § ", "61.079(a) (Vernon 2001) (child must be at least sixteen years old and less than twenty-one years old at the time of the transfer hearing).[2] We therefore conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying F.D.'s motion for continuance. ", "F.D.'s first issue is overruled.", "\nIn his second issue, F.D. argues that, to the extent his first issue was not preserved because Daiss failed to appear, his trial counsel's assistance was ineffective.", "\nA juvenile has a constitutional and statutory right to the effective assistance of counsel in a juvenile proceeding. ", "See In re K.J.O., 27 S.W.3d 340, 342 (Tex. ", "App.-Dallas 2000, pet. ", "denied); see also In re R.D.B., 102 S.W.3d 798, 801 (Tex.", "App.-Fort Worth 2003, no pet.). ", "The effectiveness of counsel's representation in a juvenile proceeding is reviewed under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88, 104 S.Ct. ", "2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). ", "See In re K.J.O., 27 S.W.3d at 342. ", "F.D. must show his counsel's performance was deficient and that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. ", "Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. ", "2052. ", "This means F.D. must show a reasonable probability that, but for his counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. ", "See id.; see also In re R.D.B., 20 S.W.3d 255, 258 (Tex.", "App.-Texarkana 2000, no pet.). ", "A reasonable probability is one sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. ", "See R.D.B., 20 S.W.3d at 258. ", "An allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel must be affirmatively demonstrated by the record. ", "Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 814 (Tex.", "Crim.", "App. ", "1999).", "\nAccording to the record, trial counsel subpoenaed Daiss and repeatedly objected to her absence based on hearsay and confrontation grounds. ", "In addition, as stated previously, F.D. had no right of confrontation at the transfer hearing. ", "See Alford, 806 S.W.2d at 582. ", "F.D. is therefore unable to meet either part of the Strickland standard. ", "He is unable to show that counsel erred or that, but for counsel's error, the result of the proceeding would have been different. ", "We overrule F.D.'s second issue.", "\nWe affirm the trial court's judgment.", "\nNOTES\n[1] Appellant concedes that the Texas Family Code allows the admission of such reports into evidence. ", "See TEX. ", "FAM.CODE ANN. § ", "54.11(d) (Vernon Supp.2006).", "\n[2] Effective June 8, 2007, section 61.079 was amended to lower the upper age from twenty-one to nineteen years. ", "See Act of June 8, 2007, 80th Leg., ", "R.S., ch. ", "263, § 50, 2007 Tex. ", "Gen. Laws. ", "447, 457.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05405405405405406, 0.021739130434782608, 0.08, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0.0048543689320388345, 0.014285714285714285, 0.022222222222222223, 0.0078125, 0, 0.014184397163120567, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0.010638297872340425, 0.007936507936507936, 0, 0.005847953216374269, 0, 0, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.004784688995215311, 0.00819672131147541, 0.008, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0.02564102564102564, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0.03076923076923077, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003816793893129771, 0, 0, 0, 0.005208333333333333, 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0.03571428571428571, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0, 0, 0.003424657534246575, 0.0037174721189591076, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005988023952095809, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013605442176870748, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0.2, 0, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0.1111111111111111, 0.0625, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "She & Him - Volume 2 - Merge\n\nIn many ways the new album from Zooey Deschanel and M. Ward, known collectively as She & Him, picks up right where their first album left off. ", "Volume Two, appropriately titled, is another dreamy collection of breezy, retro-fitted pop gems. ", "And what She & Him may lack in adventure, they make up for with charm - which is easier said than done.", "\n\nThe formula hasn't changed on Volume Two; Deschanel continues to pen the songs and disarm you with her country-tinged vocals. ", "M. Ward again is in charge of producing, and arranging the sunny backdrop for his movie star counterpart. ", "Ward’s voice is not lost on Volume Two surfacing but a few times, most notably on their true to the original version of NRBQ’s \"Ridin’ In My Car.\"", "\n\nLooking back, the success of the first She & Him record was as much a credit to the music as it was the surprise of who and what this project was. ", "With the curtain already pulled back, Volume Two stands tall on the base of Deschanel as a singer and songwriter. ", "She further proves that her transition from the big screen to the studio is just. ", "And as much as she captivates on screen, songs like the album opener “Thieves” prove Zooey is just as captivating on record.", "\n\nFor She & Him what at first seemed like a passion project or a one-off collaboration has moved ahead as a musical must. ", "As engaging as Volume One, Volume Two from Zooey Deschanel and M. Ward is a feel good follow-up." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.011560693641618497, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0, 0, 0.008064516129032258, 0, 0.020833333333333332 ]

[ "Q:\n\n$P\\left((A\\cup B)(A\\cup B^\\complement)(A^\\complement\\cup B)\\right)$ has the value\n\nIf $A$ and $B$ are two independent events such that $P(A)=\\frac{1}{2}$ and $P(B)=\\frac{2}{3}$,then $P\\left((A\\cup B)(A\\cup B^\\complement)(A^\\complement\\cup B)\\right)$ has the value equal to \n$(A)\\frac{1}{3}\\hspace{1cm}(B)\\frac{1}{4}\\hspace{1cm}(C)\\frac{1}{2}\\hspace{1cm}(D)\\frac{2}{3}$\n\n$P\\left((A\\cup B)(A\\cup B^\\complement)(A^\\complement\\cup B)\\right)$\n$=P(A\\cup B).P(A\\cup B^\\complement).P(A^\\complement\\cup B)$\n$=(P(A)+P(B)-P(A)P(B))(P(A^\\complement)+P(B)-P(A^\\complement)P(B))(P(A)+P(B^\\complement)-P(A)P(B^\\complement))$\nI put $P(A)=\\frac{1}{2},P(B)=\\frac{2}{3},P(B^\\complement)=\\frac{1}{3},P(A^\\complement)=\\frac{1}{2}$\nbut i am not getting the correct answer.", "Please help me.", "\nThanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nNote that $A \\cup B$, $A \\cup B^c$ and $A^c \\cup B$ will (in general) not be indepedent, hence multiplicativity will not hold. ", "But note that \n$$ (A \\cup B) \\cap (A \\cup B^c) = A \\cup (B \\cap B^c) = A $$\nhence\n$$ (A \\cup B) \\cap (A \\cup B^c) \\cap (A^c \\cup B) = A \\cap (A^c \\cup B) \n = (A \\cap A^c) \\cup (A \\cap B) = A \\cap B $$\nAs $A$ and $B$ are independent \n$$ P \\bigl((A \\cup B) \\cap (A \\cup B^c) \\cap (A^c \\cup B)\\bigr) = P(A \\cap B) = P(A)P(B) = \\frac 13. ", "$$\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The present invention relates to a fan selection method and a fan selection device for selecting a fan required for use in cooling an inside space of a housing with an electric device that generates heat included therein.", "\nJapanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. ", "246728/2004 discloses a method and a system for computing a proper level of each of a plurality of fans having different performances when mounted in an electronic device based on fan data, and determining ranking of fan candidates to be mounted in the electronic device based on a parameter for each of the fans obtained by this computation. ", "Specifically, specifications covering an amount of heat in a heating element within the electronic device, an allowable temperature rise value of a housing that includes the electronic device, and the like are first determined. ", "Next, a required flow quantity of the fan for cooling an internal temperature of the housing to within an allowable temperature is computed. ", "When the required flow quantity is computed, no particular consideration is given to the size of an air vent provided at the housing. ", "Then, PQ curves each indicating a static pressure and a flow quantity of each fan and output curves of the fans are plotted. ", "When the PQ curves and the output curves are plotted, a ventilation resistance is determined from each PQ curve, an impedance curve for the device including each of the fans is plotted from this ventilation resistance, and then the operating point of each fan is determined from the impedance curve and the PQ curve. ", "If a ventilation resistance when each fan is operated matches the ventilation resistance of the housing of the electric device, it is determined that the fan operates in the electronic device with no problem. ", "Then, from each plotted output curve, the flow quantity at the time of the maximum output of each fan is computed as the parameter. ", "Finally, the required flow quantity is compared with the flow quantity at the time of the maximum output of each fan, thereby selecting a fan to be mounted in the electric device.", "\nIn a conventional technique, based on the plotted curves, a designer himself can see why the unselected fans have not been set. ", "In the conventional technique, however, no particular consideration is given to the size of the air vent at the housing. ", "Thus, a housing structure difference may cause an error in the fan selection. ", "Further, in order to plot the static pressure-flow quantity curve or the PQ curve and the output curve, detailed data on each of the fans needs to be prepared. ", "Further, specifically, a rather complicated computation such as the computation for obtaining the impedance curve for the electric device including each of the fans is required. ", "For this reason, in the conventional technique, it is necessary for the designer of the electronic device to determine design conditions in detail. ", "As described above, in the conventional technique, the data on the fans must be prepared in advance in detail, and it needs time and effort to perform inputting or updating of the fan data. ", "Further, since the complicated computation is necessary for the fan selection and plotting the PQ curves, output curves, and impedance curve, the fan selection cannot be performed readily. ", "In the conventional technique, unless some conditions about the fan selection have been determined, the fan selection cannot be performed readily." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Management of primary refractory acute myeloid leukemia in the era of targeted therapies.", "\nPrimary refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML), or primary induction failure, represents a continued challenge in clinical management. ", "This review presents an overview of primary refractory disease and a discussion of risk factors for induction failure, including current evidence regarding the impact of karyotype and molecular mutation status on responsiveness to chemotherapy. ", "We review the evidence for various treatment options for refractory AML including salvage chemotherapy regimens, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, targeted agents, and non-intensive therapies such as hypomethylating agents. ", "A therapeutic approach to this patient population is presented, and several new and emerging therapies are reviewed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.014598540145985401, 0, 0.004132231404958678, 0 ]

[ "Egypt football: Death sentences over Port Said stadium violence Published duration 26 January 2013\n\nmedia caption Aleem Maqbool: \"This was always going to be a case where there was going to be violence\"\n\nAn Egyptian court has sentenced 21 people to death over football riots that killed 74 last year, with the verdict sparking fresh deadly violence.", "\n\nThe riots - Egypt's worst-ever football disaster - began after a top-league game at Port Said stadium.", "\n\nThe ruling caused anger in Port Said, where eight people died as supporters of the defendants clashed with police.", "\n\nThe new violence comes after a day of unrest on the second anniversary of the uprising that ousted Hosni Mubarak.", "\n\nThousands of people took to the streets on Friday to voice their opposition to Islamist President Mohammed Morsi, accusing him of betraying the revolution.", "\n\nAt least seven people were killed and more than 450 wounded in unrest across Egypt.", "\n\nLast year's football riots led to the suspension of the league.", "\n\nThey began minutes after the game in Port Said. ", "Fans of local side al-Masry invaded the pitch, hurling stones and fireworks at visiting supporters from Cairo club al-Ahly.", "\n\nThe violence in Port Said sparked riots in Cairo during which a further 16 people died.", "\n\nA section of al-Ahly supporters, known as the \"ultras\", played a prominent role in the protests against ex-President Mubarak.", "\n\nSome accused supporters of the toppled leader of instigating the Port Said violence. ", "They also accused them of doing little to prevent it.", "\n\nAll 21 defendants sentenced to death on Saturday were al-Masry fans. ", "When the verdicts were announced by a judge in the Cairo court, relatives of victims cheered.", "\n\nHowever, the ruling sparked violence in Port Said, Supporters and relatives of those sentenced tried to storm the prison where the defendants are held.", "\n\nThe eight people who died in the clash included two policemen, officials say. ", "Army units were deployed on the city's streets following the violence.", "\n\nmedia caption Families of those given death sentences were seen weeping and fleeing tear gas outside Port Said jail\n\nSeventy-three people, including nine policemen, were tried over the stadium clashes. ", "None are al-Ahly fans.", "\n\nThe judge said he would announce verdicts for the remaining defendants on 9 March.", "\n\nEconomic 'collapse'\n\nFriday saw a big anti-government rally in Cairo's Tahrir Square, with opposition supporters clashing with police.", "\n\nThere was also unrest in 12 out of 27 of Egypt's provinces. ", "At least six of the deaths occurred in Suez.", "\n\nIn Ismailia, protesters set fire to the headquarters of the Freedom and Justice Party, the political arm of the Muslim Brotherhood. ", "The city's governorate headquarters was later also stormed.", "\n\nThe liberal opposition accuses Mr Morsi of being autocratic and driving through a new constitution that does not protect adequately freedom of expression or religion.", "\n\nThe government is also being blamed for a deepening economic crisis.", "\n\nOne of the demonstrators at Cairo's Tahrir Square, Momen Asour, said he had come to demand an end to President Morsi's rule.", "\n\n\"We have not seen anything, Neither freedom, nor social justice, or any solution to unemployment, or any investment,\" he said. \"", "On the contrary, the economy has collapsed.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0.006369426751592357, 0, 0, 0, 0.016260162601626018, 0, 0.015748031496062992, 0, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0.005952380952380952, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\ndoctrine ordering toMany associations by entity\n\nI'm looking to order a OneToMany association in an entity with the slight caveat that the specific property I'd like to order by isn't within that entity but a property of something that it is associated with.", "\nSorry for the confusing start, lets attempt to clarify the situation with an example. ", "I'd like to be able to do something akin to:\nclass download\n{\n /**\n * @ORM\\OneToMany(targetEntity=\"entity\\download\\file\", mappedBy=\"download\", indexBy=\"id\")\n * @ORM\\JoinColumn(name=\"download_id\", referencedColumnName=\"download_id\")\n * @ORM\\OrderBy({\"mime_type.extension\" = \"ASC\"})\n */\n protected $files = null;\n}\n\nWhere a download has many files and each file has one mime_type\nCurrently I end up with ORMException: Unrecognized field: mime_type\nIs this possible or am I simply asking for too much?", "\n\nA:\n\nhttp://doctrine-orm.readthedocs.org/en/latest/reference/annotations-reference.html#annref-orderby\n\nThe DQL Snippet in OrderBy is only allowed to consist of unqualified,\n unquoted field names and of an optional ASC/DESC positional statement.", "\n Multiple Fields are separated by a comma (,). ", "The referenced field\n names have to exist on the targetEntity class of the @ManyToMany or\n @OneToMany annotation.", "\n\nIn your case extension does not exist on the targeted entity (which is file). ", "Instead, it exists on the entity mime_type, so it's one level too deep. ", "I don't think it's possible to use @OrderBy to order by a field multiple levels deep.", "\nYou might consider moving the extension field (or really all mime_type fields) into file. ", "And using\n * @ORM\\OrderBy({\"extension\" = \"ASC\"})\n\nA:\n\nAn other solution, useful if you can't change your DB structure: you could apply the OrderBy clause inside a repository, writing a full DQL query where you join all the 3 tables:\nSELECT d\nFROM download AS d\nLEFT JOIN files AS f\nLEFT JOIN mime_type AS m\nORDER BY m.extension\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.003816793893129771, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0.008097165991902834, 0, 0.017391304347826087, 0, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0.015197568389057751 ]

[ "Did you get one of these?", "\n\nThe release of Titanfall boosted Xbox One sales by a whopping 96 per cent in the UK compared to the console's sales the previous week.", "\n\nRespawn's PC and Xbox One shooter is the UK's best-selling game, as expected, and is the biggest release of 2014 so far with more than double the sales of what had been 2014's current leader, FIFA 14, Chart-Track revealed. ", "The Xbox 360 version releases in a couple of weeks.", "\n\nThe eye-catching £399 Xbox One Titanfall bundle, which includes a download token of the game, accounted for over 70 per cent of all Xbox One hardware sold last week.", "\n\nIt should be noted that Chart-Track doesn't track digital sales, but the company confirmed to Eurogamer this morning that sales of the download token from the Titanfall hardware bundle are included in its figures.", "\n\nMeanwhile, Dark Souls 2 is in second place, and sold 20 per cent more copies than Dark Souls during its launch week.", "\n\nSouth Park drops to number three, The Lego Movie holds fast at four, Thief is down to five, FIFA 14 is sixth, Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare is seven, Call of Duty: Ghosts is down two to eight, Minecraft: Xbox 360 Edition is nine and Battlefield 4 is 10.", "\n\nYoshi's New Island entered the chart at 12. ", "It's the third biggest week one for a Yoshi game in the UK, behind Yoshi's Island DS and Yoshi's Story 64." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0.008888888888888889, 0, 0, 0.009302325581395349, 0.01694915254237288, 0.015384615384615385, 0.043478260869565216, 0.02830188679245283 ]

[ "Vincristine potentiates the anti-proliferative effect of an aurora kinase inhibitor, VE-465, in myeloid leukemia cells.", "\nAurora kinases play an essential role in the regulation of mitosis. ", "The kinases are overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells and are involved in tumorgenesis. ", "Although aurora kinase inhibitors are potential agents for treatment of leukemia, the establishment of efficacious combination therapies is an attractive approach for making good use of these agents. ", "In this study, we examined the effects of a specific aurora kinase inhibitor, VE-465, in combination with various conventional anti-leukemia agents, including doxorubicin, daunorubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantron, cytosine arabinoside, vincristine and etoposide, on acute myeloid leukemia cell lines (HL60, U937, THP-1 and KY821), chronic myeloid leukemia cell lines (KCL22, K562 and KU812) and primary leukemia cells. ", "We found that a combination of VE-465 and vincristine had a synergistic/additive inhibitory effect on the growth of leukemia cells. ", "VE-465 initially increased G2/M-phase cells, followed by induction of sub-G1 cells. ", "Vincristine enhanced this effect of VE-465. ", "The combination of VE-465 and vincristine increased the levels of cleaved caspase 3, cleaved caspase 7, cleaved caspase 9, cleaved PARP and Phospho-Chk2, suggesting that the combination caused Chk2-mediated activation of the G2/M checkpoint, resulting in sequential induction of apoptosis. ", "Interestingly, the combination markedly decreased the level of Phospho-ERK1/2, suggesting that the combination alters a network of cellular signaling pathways. ", "In contrast, combinations of VE-465 and other agents showed no synergistic inhibitory effect but rather had an antagonistic effect. ", "In conclusion, our results indicate the utility of the combination of VE-465 and vincristine as a potential therapy for myeloid leukemia." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.0034482758620689655, 0.00625, 0, 0 ]

[ "The Palestinian film-maker Elia Suleiman, dishevelled yet dapper at all times and never without his hat, saunters across continents in this new movie, fixing the amusingly surreal tableau scenes he comes across with a mildly perplexed gaze. ", "He doesn’t talk and smiles just once, when a tiny little bird (a digital creation) flies into his hotel room and drinks water from a cup while is working at his laptop. ", "Suleiman is the holy fool who is no fool.", "\n\nThe premise for this film that he is playing himself: travelling abroad from Nazareth, coming first to Paris and then to New York, trying to speak to producers about getting his latest film made. (", "In real life, he must surely be more diplomatic and persuasive than his alter ego here, the Suleiman who maintains an enigmatically satirical silence in the face of one producer’s obtuse idiocy.) ", "Everywhere he looks, often in eerily deserted streets – surely Suleiman was shooting on very early summer mornings – he finds scenes of choreographed absurdism, gently but pointedly ridiculing the pomposity of uniformed officialdom. ", "The title itself sounds like some lost Talking Heads track describing a place where things happen in a dream.", "\n\nIn Paris, a trio of cops swoop around on what look like Segways, infatuated with their own performance, like ice dancers. ", "In the US, Suleiman wanders through a supermarket and discovers people are buying automatic weapons and on emerging from the store, he sees that everyone is toting guns, rifles, even rocket launchers. ", "For all the drollery, there is a serious object in view. ", "Suleiman attends a meeting of Arab-Americans for Palestine, and playing himself in cameo, the actor Gael Garcia Bernal says to someone on the phone that Suleiman is “not a Palestinian from Israel — he is a Palestinian from Palestine.”", "\n\nSuleiman has himself said that the comically heightened visions he creates “show the world as if it were a microcosm of Palestine”. ", "I don’t think that is exactly what is happening in It Must Be Heaven. ", "It is more that he is satirising the oppression, security and policing that happen everywhere in the world, but that non-Palestinians in the prosperous west, who take their freedom of movement for granted, have the luxury of taking these “policing” facts of life casually.", "\n\nHis comedy is usually compared to Tati and Keaton – and again this isn’t quite accurate. ", "Tati and Keaton’s deadpan setups would almost always lead to a specific visual gag. ", "Suleiman’s hardly ever do: they just create a quirky, preposterous, amusing contrivance, generally without a punchline, as such, although there is a big laugh when Suleiman gets off the plane. ", "Perhaps a self-enclosed joke would suggest that comedy is its own reward. ", "But this is not the point in Suleiman’s film-making; his comedy leads to something other than a punchline, it points you in the direction of a political situation.", "\n\nAn unhelpful producer turns down Suleiman’s proposal because his films are “not enough about Palestine”. ", "That is: they are not angry or preachy or victimised or Palestinian enough. ", "But the comedy is there to show that there are other ways to insist on your cultural identity, ways which are not marooned in parochial activism. ", "For Suleiman, comedy is a kind of rhetorical non-violence. ", "And yet there is also a pessimism here, a warning from a tarot card reader that a Palestinian state will not be seen in the protagonist’s lifetime.", "\n\nThere are times when the passive, elusive quality of It Must Be Heaven, as with other Suleiman films, eluded me and felt mannered and superficial, but they are stylishly made with a distinctive signature." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.004149377593360996, 0, 0, 0.005025125628140704, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0, 0, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0.011904761904761904, 0.0051813471502590676, 0, 0.006134969325153374, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Two US Public Pension Funds Back New $40 Million Crypto VC\n\nTwo American public sector pension funds have reportedly backed a new cryptocurrency industry venture capital fund with a large tranche of a combined $40 million investment. ", "The deal is being hailed as a show of confidence in the field from some of the most conservative types of investment managers.", "\n\n\n\nAlso Read: In the Daily: New FSB Chair Fears Crypto, Wikileaks Goes After CSW, Bakkt Update\n\nThe Morgan Creek Blockchain Opportunities Fund\n\nAnthony Pompliano, Partner at Morgan Creek Digital, the asset management firm backed by multi-billion dollar investment advisor Morgan Creek Capital Management, has announced a new $40 million crypto venture fund anchored by two public pensions. ", "In typically defiant terms, ‘Pomp’ as he’s known on crypto Twitter declared: “The institutions aren’t coming. ", "They’re already here.”", "\n\nThe two funds providing the main backing for the Morgan Creek Blockchain Opportunities Fund are said to be the Fairfax County Police and the Fairfax County Employees’ pension plans. ", "Other participants reportedly include an insurance company, a hospital system, a university endowment fund and a private foundation.", "\n\nThe new fund is said to be structured like a traditional venture capital fund and will mainly invest directly in the equity of companies involved in the digital assets industry. ", "However, the fund will also reportedly hold a small portion of its capital in cryptocurrencies. ", "Morgan Creek has already made investments in companies such as Bakkt, Blockfi, Coinbase, Realblocks, Harbor, Open Finance Network, Cityblock Capital, Namebase, Good Money, and Digital Assets Data.", "\n\nEvery Pension Fund Should Buy Bitcoin\n\nMorgan Creek Digital has been working on opening up the cryptocurrency market to pension funds for a while now. ", "In August 2018 it launched the Digital Asset Index Fund, which was designed to provide endowments, foundations, pensions, wealthy families, and sovereign wealth funds access to broad-based crypto investment exposure.", "\n\nIn December, Pompliano wrote in a Medium post that “every pension fund should buy Bitcoin.” ", "Explaining how this could be made to happen, he wrote: “It will take time for pension funds to get comfortable with investing in Bitcoin. ", "We need to educate multiple stakeholders and demystify this nascent industry. ", "When one makes the decision, it will create a cascading effect that leads to hundreds of them jumping in. ", "Bitcoin has the potential to save us from the current pension crisis. ", "We just need one or two courageous individuals to make the first move.”", "\n\nWhat do you think this investment by pension funds means for the cryptocurrency ecosystem? ", "Share your thoughts in the comments section below.", "\n\nImages courtesy of Shutterstock.", "\n\nVerify and track bitcoin cash transactions on our BCH Block Explorer, the best of its kind anywhere in the world. ", "Also, keep up with your holdings, BCH and other coins, on our market charts at Satoshi’s Pulse, another original and free service from Bitcoin.com." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.004273504273504274, 0, 0.01278772378516624, 0, 0, 0.016304347826086956, 0, 0, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0.004629629629629629, 0.010638297872340425, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0.02040816326530612 ]

[ "The prevalence of REM-related obstructive sleep apnoea is reduced by the AASM 2012 hypopnoea criteria.", "\nThe variations in reported prevalence of rapid eye movement-related obstructive sleep apnoea (REM-OSA) have been attributed to different definitions, although the effect of hypopnoea criteria has not been previously investigated. ", "Within this retrospective study, 134 of 382 consecutive patients undertaking polysomnography (PSG) for the suspicion of OSA met the inclusion criteria. ", "PSGs were scored using both the 2007 AASM recommended hypopnoea criteria (AASM2007Rec) and the 2012 AASM recommended hypopnoea criteria (AASM2012Rec). ", "For each hypopnoea criteria, REM-OSA patients were grouped as REM-related [either as REM-predominant OSA (rpOSA) or REM-isolated OSA (riOSA)] or non-stage-specific OSA (nssOSA). ", "Outcome measures (SF-36, FOSQ and DASS-21) were also compared between groups. ", "Incorporation of the AASM2012Rec criteria compared to the AASM2007Rec criteria increased the apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) for NREM and REM sleep but decreased the AHIREM/AHINREM ratio from 1.9 to 1.3 (p < 0.001). ", "It also decreased the prevalence of riOSA [15.7 vs 2.2% (p < 0.001) for AASM2007Rec and AASM2012Rec, respectively]. ", "The prevalence of rpOSA remained the same for each hypopnoea criteria although the prevalence of nssOSA increased with the AASM2012Rec hypopnoea criteria [53.0 vs 66.4% (p < 0.006) for AASM2007Rec and AASM2012Rec, respectively]. ", "There were no differences in clinical symptoms between the groups, irrespective of hypopnoea criteria used. ", "This study demonstrates that in comparison with AASM2007Rec, the AASM2012Rec hypopnoea criteria reduce the prevalence of riOSA but not rpOSA by reducing the ratio of REM respiratory events and NREM respiratory events." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0.006578947368421052, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0.01282051282051282, 0.009389671361502348, 0, 0.004366812227074236, 0, 0.009216589861751152 ]

[ "Kate is a maid at the Baron's estate in Muiella, a country where warlocks and witches are shunned. ", "One day, the new servant Ian arrives- but he's much too proper and handsome for his lowly rank. ", "As they keep running into each other, Kate's suspicion of Ian's disarming demeanor only grows when strange incidents crop up in the manor. ", "Sleuthing for the truth, the wellbeing of the estate and its residents may be at stake! ", "Where's a good detective when you need one?! ", "Based on the hit novel. ", "Genre: Fantasy, Romance" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.010101010101010102, 0.010416666666666666, 0.014388489208633094, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Favorite Schools\n\nFavorite Teams\n\nP.A. homicide suspect surrenders after standoff with police in Syracuse\n\n2013-05-21-gw-cops0010.JPG\n\nAuthorities wearing SWAT gear pack up after a standoff Tuesday night in Syracuse with a man suspected of a homicide in Pennsylvania. ", "The man eventually surrendered to police.", "\n(Gary Walts | gwalts@syracuse.com)\n\nSyracuse, NY -- A man suspected in a homicide in Pennsylvania surrendered Tuesday night after a chase and tense standoff with authorities in the 2000 block of East Fayette Street in Syracuse.", "\n\nRyan Harding, 18, was taken in to custody at about 9:30 p.m., Sgt. ", "Tom Connellan said.", "\n\nHarding is a suspect in a May 5 homicide in Scranton, said Deputy US Marshal Joe Ciciarelli. ", "He declined to provide further details about the homicide.", "\n\nPolice have accused Harding and Marlon Clotter, 21, in the shooting of a 22-year-old Harrisburg man in Scranton, The Patriot-News reported. ", "Both men have self-proclaimed ties to the Crips, one of the largest gangs in the country.", "\n\nRahsan Crowder, a student at Lackawanna College, was shot and killed on May 5 about a block from a party that he attended with some friends.", "\n\nAuthorities received a tip that Harding might be in the Syracuse area. ", "He has a friend living in the area, Connellan said. ", "That person was taken into custody and questioned.", "\n\nSyracuse police conducted a joint operation with US Marshals from Syracuse and Scranton, as well as Pennsylvania State Police and Scranton police.", "\n\nWhen detectives and marshals encountered Harding at about 6:45 p.m. Tuesday, he fled on foot, Connellan said.", "\n\nPolice locked down the block and the building at 2005 E. Fayette St. where they believed Harding was hiding. ", "SWAT was called in and authorities began going door to door as they searched the building.", "\n\n\"We also had very good information that the suspect had a handgun,\" Connellan said.", "\n\nHarding eventually surrendered to SWAT. ", "Authorities are still searching for the handgun they believe he had, Connellan said.", "\n\nClotter was charged with conspiracy to commit murder and being an accomplice to murder. ", "Authorities said Harding will likely be charged and arraigned in the next few days." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0037313432835820895, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0.014492753623188406, 0.05263157894736842, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0.02112676056338028, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0.0273972602739726, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0.033783783783783786, 0.018018018018018018, 0.009009009009009009, 0.011111111111111112, 0.011764705882352941, 0.047619047619047616, 0.011904761904761904, 0.011111111111111112, 0.012048192771084338 ]

[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates generally to semiconductor devices and, more particularly, to an integrated circuit (IC) package or semiconductor package including integrated spark or arc gaps which are uniquely configured to reduce the susceptibility of the package to being damaged from an electrostatic discharge (ESD) event.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nMany modem applications for semiconductor packages target environments where the package is exposed to intense electromagnetic fields that can lead to electrostatic discharge (ESD) events which are known to damage the normal operation thereof. ", "Currently, a large market for manufactured semiconductor package is appliances, both residential and commercial. ", "These particular applications typically pose unique challenges, especially those that expose the package to strong electromagnetic fields and eddy current induced magnetic fields. ", "Often, these fields are strong enough to create an electrostatic discharge that dissipates through the application printed circuit board (PCB) or even within the interior of a semiconductor package, thus damaging or affecting the operation thereof and/or other devices in the application. ", "Along these lines, imperfections in normal printed circuit board or silicon die manufacturing will periodically produce devices that are imperfect, and susceptible to damage when exposed to static electric and high current fields. ", "ESD problems are also increasing in the electronics industry as a result of the trends toward higher speed and smaller semiconductor device or package sizes.", "\nIn general terms, an electrostatic discharge or ESD event is the sudden transition of electric current that flows between two objects at different electrical potential. ", "In terms of semiconductor packages, ESD also refers to momentary, unwanted currents that may cause damage to the semiconductor package and/or the application including the same. ", "ESD is often considered a subset of a more general range of failures associated with electrical over stress (EOS) which is the most frequently occurring failure mode in semiconductor packages of all types. ", "However, EOS is generally associated with over-voltage and over-current stress of rather long time durations, which typically occur during normal circuit operation, screening or test conditions. ", "On the other hand, an ESD event is typically viewed in terms of short, fast and high amplitude pulses that are an inevitable part of the day to day environment. ", "In this regard, ESD is often viewed as a miniature spark of charge that moves between two surfaces that have different potentials. ", "It can occur only when the voltage differential between the two surfaces is sufficiently high to break down the dielectric strength of the medium separating the two surfaces. ", "When a static charge moves within the environment of a semiconductor package, it becomes a current that often damages or destroys gate oxide, metallization, and junctions. ", "The four most common causes of ESD in the context integrated circuit packages or semiconductor packages are a charged body touching the package, a charged package touching a grounded surface, a charged machine touching a package, or an electrostatic field inducing a voltage across a dielectric of the package sufficient to break it down.", "\nIn view of the foregoing, various methods have been implemented in the electronic arts to dissipate or null the effects of an ESD event on a semiconductor package. ", "More particularly, in applications where exposure to strong electromagnetic fields is anticipated, extreme and costly measures are often employed to protect the semiconductor package from damage. ", "Exemplary methods for protecting semiconductor packages from ESD damage when exposed to electrostatic charges include incorporating modifications to the PCB design and/or interconnect methods employed to the board level. ", "These “contact points” expose the application PCB and semiconductor package(s) to the external environment and, hence, any electrostatic discharge events that may occur. ", "Though often effective, these techniques typically only address the case where the stray charges enter an application as a result of human contact.", "\nIn another example, specialized ESD circuits (smart fuses) are incorporated into the PCB design to protect the more sensitive circuits from ESD voltages that often occur in the Vdd and Vss supply lines to the PCB. ", "These devices are useful, but add cost to the application PCB and do not offer much protection for field induced ESD events. ", "Other solutions take the form of metal shields interfaced to the semiconductor package(s) or multiple ground plane layers in the PCB.", "\nIn other situations, exotic ESD circuits are included in the design of the integrated circuit (IC) or semiconductor die of the semiconductor package. ", "The performance of the ESD circuits is typically measured in what is known as the human body model (HBM) and the machine model (MM). ", "The HBM is the most commonly used model for characterizing the susceptibility of an electronic device to damage from electrostatic discharge, and is a simulation of the discharge which might occur when a human touches an electronic device. ", "The MM simulates a machine discharging accumulated static charge through a device to ground, and is often used in a semiconductor package ESD sensitivity test to simulate a discharge from a large metal machine part, trolley, or object that has become charged to a high voltage. ", "However, ESD circuit designs are typically complex and occupy a considerable amount of die area. ", "They also vary widely in their effectiveness and ability to protect a semiconductor die exposed to an ESD event. ", "Further, as the design technology nodes continue to shrink, so does the effectiveness of these circuits. ", "Along these lines, one of the most common methods utilized for ESD protection of sensitive IC's is the “on chip” method wherein ESD protection is built into the die design and is sized for the wafer technology node being utilized therein. ", "However, a limitation with this method is the die size impact, especially for more advanced nodes of 40 nm and below. ", "Additionally, the use of low k and ultra-low k dielectric materials reduces the effectiveness the ESD protection while requiring additional layers and area to implement. ", "Thus, depending upon the desired protection level, these designs can take considerable amount die area. ", "Further, placement of unrelated circuits near an I/O pad may causes unexpected current paths through interactions and may render the protection circuit ineffective.", "\nThe present invention addresses the foregoing issues by integrating spark or arc gaps into the design of the semiconductor package. ", "As a result of such integration, the probability of damage to the integrated circuit or semiconductor die is significantly diminished, thus extending its ability to function in applications that previously were not considered in relation thereto. ", "In addition, by enabling this feature at the package level, more costly solutions for ESD protection can be avoided, further extending the market value for the semiconductor package or device. ", "These, as well as other features and advantages of the present invention will be described in more detail below.", "\nCommon reference numerals are used throughout the drawings and detailed description to indicate like elements." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0.0028653295128939827, 0, 0.0036363636363636364, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0.0058823529411764705, 0.0056179775280898875, 0.009708737864077669, 0.005128205128205128, 0.006211180124223602, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0, 0.0029585798816568047, 0.006060606060606061, 0, 0.004524886877828055, 0, 0, 0.009302325581395349, 0.008, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0.015037593984962405, 0.004166666666666667, 0.007194244604316547, 0.010309278350515464, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0.012552301255230125, 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0051813471502590676, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nCanvas: clear rect but keep the rest of the content\n\nI want to draw some text onto my canvas and want to clear everything which was drawn out of a specific area (area defined by a Rect). ", "\n\nI draw the magenta-Text and want to clear everything in the grey and keep everything in the white box. ", "I got the white area as a rect.", "\n\nA:\n\nTry this. ", "draw four rectangles with paint set to white color.", "\n\nmCanvas - Object of android.graphics.", "Canvas\nrect - Rect\nxMax - Maximus X value \nyMax - Maximus Y value\nmCanvas.drawRect(0, 0, rect.left, yMax, paint);\nmCanvas.drawRect(0, 0, xMax, rect.top, paint);\nmCanvas.drawRect(0, rect.bottom, xMax, yMax, paint);\nmCanvas.drawRect(rect.right, 0, xMax, yMax, paint);\n\nIt might help u\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514 ]

[ "Q:\n\nLarge WCF web service request failing with (400) HTTP Bad Request\n\nI've encountered this apparently common problem and have been unable to resolve it.", "\nIf I call my WCF web service with a relatively small number of items in an array parameter (I've tested up to 50), everything is fine.", "\nHowever if I call the web service with 500 items, I get the Bad Request error.", "\nInterestingly, I've run Wireshark on the server and it appears that the request isn't even hitting the server - the 400 error is being generated on the client side.", "\nThe exception is:\nSystem.", "ServiceModel.", "ProtocolException: The remote server returned an unexpected response: (400) Bad Request. ---", "> System.", "Net.", "WebException: The remote server returned an error: (400) Bad Request.", "\n\nThe system.serviceModel section of my client config file is:\n<system.serviceModel>\n <bindings>\n <wsHttpBinding>\n <binding name=\"WSHttpBinding_IMyService\" closeTimeout=\"00:01:00\"\n openTimeout=\"00:01:00\" receiveTimeout=\"00:10:00\" sendTimeout=\"00:01:00\"\n bypassProxyOnLocal=\"false\" transactionFlow=\"false\" hostNameComparisonMode=\"StrongWildcard\"\n maxBufferPoolSize=\"524288\" maxReceivedMessageSize=\"2147483647\"\n messageEncoding=\"Text\" textEncoding=\"utf-8\" useDefaultWebProxy=\"true\"\n allowCookies=\"false\">\n <readerQuotas maxDepth=\"32\" maxStringContentLength=\"8192\" maxArrayLength=\"2147483647\"\n maxBytesPerRead=\"4096\" maxNameTableCharCount=\"16384\" />\n <reliableSession ordered=\"true\" inactivityTimeout=\"00:10:00\"\n enabled=\"false\" />\n <security mode=\"None\">\n <transport clientCredentialType=\"Windows\" proxyCredentialType=\"None\"\n realm=\"\" />\n <message clientCredentialType=\"Windows\" negotiateServiceCredential=\"true\"\n establishSecurityContext=\"true\" />\n </security>\n </binding>\n </wsHttpBinding>\n </bindings>\n <client>\n <endpoint address=\"http://serviceserver/MyService.svc\"\n binding=\"wsHttpBinding\" bindingConfiguration=\"WSHttpBinding_IMyService\"\n contract=\"SmsSendingService.", "IMyService\" name=\"WSHttpBinding_IMyService\" />\n </client>\n</system.serviceModel>\n\nOn the server side, my web.config file has the following system.serviceModel section:\n<system.serviceModel>\n <services>\n <service name=\"MyService.", "MyService\" behaviorConfiguration=\"MyService.", "MyServiceBehaviour\" >\n <endpoint address=\"\" binding=\"wsHttpBinding\" bindingConfiguration=\"MyService.", "MyServiceBinding\" contract=\"MyService.", "IMyService\">\n </endpoint>\n <endpoint address=\"mex\" binding=\"mexHttpBinding\" contract=\"IMetadataExchange\"/>\n </service>\n </services>\n <bindings>\n <wsHttpBinding>\n <binding name=\"MyService.", "MyServiceBinding\">\n <security mode=\"None\"></security>\n </binding>\n </wsHttpBinding>\n </bindings>\n <behaviors>\n <serviceBehaviors>\n <behavior name=\"MyService.", "MyServiceBehaviour\">\n <!-- ", "To avoid disclosing metadata information, set the value below to false and remove the metadata endpoint above before deployment -->\n <serviceMetadata httpGetEnabled=\"true\"/>\n <!-- ", "To receive exception details in faults for debugging purposes, set the value below to true. ", " Set to false before deployment to avoid disclosing exception information -->\n <serviceDebug includeExceptionDetailInFaults=\"true\"/>\n </behavior>\n </serviceBehaviors>\n </behaviors>\n</system.serviceModel>\n\nI've looked at a fairly large number of answers to this question with no success.", "\nCan anyone help me with this?", "\n\nA:\n\nTry setting maxReceivedMessageSize on the server too, e.g. to 4MB:\n <binding name=\"MyService.", "MyServiceBinding\" \n maxReceivedMessageSize=\"4194304\">\n\nThe main reason the default (65535 I believe) is so low is to reduce the risk of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. ", " You need to set it bigger than the maximum request size on the server, and the maximum response size on the client. ", " If you're in an Intranet environment, the risk of DoS attacks is probably low, so it's probably safe to use a value much higher than you expect to need.", "\nBy the way a couple of tips for troubleshooting problems connecting to WCF services:\n\nEnable tracing on the server as described in this MSDN article.", "\nUse an HTTP debugging tool such as Fiddler on the client to inspect the HTTP traffic.", "\n\nA:\n\nI was also getting this issue also however none of the above worked for me as I was using a custom binding (for BinaryXML) after an long time digging I found the answer here :-\nSending large XML from Silverlight to WCF\nAs am using a customBinding, the maxReceivedMessageSize has to be set on the httpTransport element under the binding element in the web.config:\n<httpsTransport maxReceivedMessageSize=\"4194304\" /> \n\nA:\n\nFor what it is worth, an additional consideration when using .NET 4.0 is that if a valid endpoint is not found in your configuration, a default endpoint will be automatically created and used.", "\nThe default endpoint will use all default values so if you think you have a valid service configuration with a large value for maxReceivedMessageSize etc., ", "but there is something wrong with the configuration, you would still get the 400 Bad Request since a default endpoint would be created and used.", "\nThis is done silently so it is hard to detect. ", "You will see messages to this effect (e.g. 'No Endpoint found for Service, creating Default Endpoint' or similar) if you turn on tracing on the server but there is no other indication (to my knowledge).", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.006493506493506494, 0, 0, 0.006060606060606061, 0, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.002663115845539281, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004761904761904762, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00558659217877095, 0, 0, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0, 0.006944444444444444, 0, 0.0049504950495049506, 0 ]

[ "On last Sunday’s episode of Game of Thrones, Varys explained to Tyrion that his hatred of magic stems from a sorcerer in Myr who cut off his genitals and burned them as an offering to the blood gods. ", "It took Varys many years, and much scheming, but he was finally able to locate the sorcerer. ", "But locating him was only the first part in the logistics chain of a satisfying revenge plot. ", "How do you get him from Myr in Essos, across the Narrow Sea, and safely to your private chambers in the Red Keep?", "\n\n\n\n\n\n[Click for a larger version.]", "\n\n\n\n\n\n[Click for a larger version.]" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.015, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0 ]

[ "All will be forgiven if he makes good on a promise to cover the $100 million deficit that the district expects by 2019. ", "That deficit could grow to $1 billion over five years without significant additional funding. ", "The city will regain control of its schools from the School Reform Commission in June, but it has yet to say where it will find the money." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0.007246376811594203 ]

[ "NGC 5838\n\nNGC 5838 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n HubbleSite Newscenter Hubble picture and information on NGC 5838\n\nCategory:Unbarred spiral galaxies\n5838\n53862\n09692\nCategory:Virgo (constellation)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.03076923076923077, 0.00558659217877095 ]

[ "Hot TeenMassaged And Then Mouth-FuckedURL: http://galleries.trickymasseur.com/75946938/?account=RC_2607\n... teenmassaged and then mouth-fucked Hot teenmassaged and then mouth-fucked Juicy teen ... a relaxing massage. ", "She expected to get a her back massaged but ... much. ", "The most beautiful teens are massaged and then penetrated by our ... Niches:Teens, Hardcore, Amateurs, Babes, Wet And Messy Site: Tricky Masseur\n\nFor Search feature please\nto enable JavaScript or to put this site in Trusted Sites zone\nin your browser\n\nParents please\nprotect your kids from accessing porn by simply using your browser's\nsurfing preferences.", "\nAll models appearing on this site are 18 years or older.", "\nFor 2257 related inquiries please contact each gallery site owner\nindividually.", "\nWe do not produce pornographic content ourselves. ", "Reproduction of\nour site design, as well as part or totality of our links is prohibited.", "\nAbuse\nemail" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.009216589861751152, 0, 0.019662921348314606, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Uncovering and explaining how our digital world is changing — and changing us.", "\n\nThis story is part of a group of stories called\n\nInternet download speeds grew more than 30 percent this year for both wireline and mobile connections as compared to a year earlier, according to new data from internet speed-test company Ookla. ", "That makes the average download speed 40 megabits per second for broadband and 20 Mbps for mobile.", "\n\nGrowth was driven by network improvements in many countries, including Norway, Australia and India, which saw its broadband speeds increase 77 percent this year, making it the most improved of the world’s largest countries. ", "It still ranks 76th out of all countries, with an average broadband download speed of 18.82 Mpbs.", "\n\nHere are the countries that currently have the fastest internet speeds:\n\nNote that the U.S. ranks 44th in mobile download speeds, at 26.32 Mbps. ", "Rankings and averages are based on November 2017 data, and are compared with data from November 2016. ", "See all the countries’ speeds and ranks here.", "\n\nSign up for the newsletter Recode Daily Email (required) By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Notice and European users agree to the data transfer policy. ", "Subscribe" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0.0040650406504065045, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0 ]

[ "Just days after FBI Director James Comey confirmed his agency had launched a criminal investigation into any collusion between the Trump campaign and Russia, CNN reports intelligence officials have info that could prove the POTUS’ associates worked with Russians to harm Hillary Clinton’s campaign.", "\n\n“The FBI has information that indicates associates of President Donald Trump communicated with suspected Russian operatives to possibly coordinate the release of information damaging to Hillary Clinton's campaign,” U.S. officials told CNN.", "\n\nOne official suggested \"people connected to the campaign were in contact and it appeared they were giving the thumbs up to release information when it was ready.\" ", "However, other official sources who spoke to CNN said it was too early to infer that “from the information gathered so far since it's largely circumstantial.”", "\n\nCNN reported \"The FBI cannot yet prove that collusion took place, but the information suggesting collusion is now a large focus of the investigation, the officials said.”", "\n\nThe White House hasn’t commented on the CNN report so far. ", "However, White House press secretary Sean Spicer said this week, of Comey’s confirmation of an FBI investigation into Trump campaign, people are continuing to “look for something that doesn’t exist” and that “investigating it and having proof of it are two separate things.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.016778523489932886, 0.016597510373443983, 0, 0.006329113924050633, 0.011627906976744186, 0.03278688524590164, 0.01824817518248175 ]

[ "Q:\n\nShow that a particular set is a poset\n\nI would like to know if my understanding of the concept of a poset is correct.", "\nFrom what I've learnt from the class:\nA poset must be transitive, reflexive, and antisymmetric. ", "Am I right?", "\nTherefore, I have just tried out the following example.", "\n$$ A=\\{1,2,5,10\\}, B=\\{1,2,3,6,9,18\\}$$\nWhen I calculate $A\\times B$, I get:\n$$A\\times B=\\{(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,6),\\\\ (1,9),(1,18),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,6),(2,9),(2,18),\\\\ (5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,6),(5,9),(5,18),(10,1),(10,2),\\\\(10,3),(10,6),(10,9),(10,18)\\}$$\nPlease correct me if I'm wrong.", "\nThx\n\nA:\n\nA poset is not to be confused with the Cartesian product of two sets $A, B$. It is set under an ordering relation, and it is this relation that is a subset of $A\\times B$ (if and only if $A = B$) which must satisfy the three properties (reflexivity, antisymmetry, and transitivity) to be deemed an ordering relation.", "\nNote, e.g., that $(3, 3) \\notin A\\times B$, so $A\\times B$ is not reflexive, and hence cannot be an ordering relation. ", "\nCan you find a subset of $A\\times B$ which satisfies reflexivity, antisymmetry, and transitivity? ", "You can only find such a subset of a Cartesian product is of the form $A\\times A$, of some set $A$. ", "Since clearly, as given, $A\\neq B$, there can be no such ordering relation which is a subset of $A\\times B$, if for no other reason than reflexivity will invariably fail.", "\nExercise: Try using your posted sets $A, B$ to determine $A\\times A$ and $B\\times B$. Then using the ordering relation of divisibility, determine which ordered pairs, in each Cartesian product separately, belong to $O_1\\subseteq A\\times A$, and $O_2 \\subseteq B\\times B$, respectively. ", "You'll find that divisibility is indeed and ordering relation, and that $A, B$ indeed are posets.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0.003484320557491289, 0.010309278350515464, 0 ]

[ "Donald Trump's impromptu visit and speech to the CIA Saturday had the adverse effect on the intelligence community as US sources tell CBS his sppearance, “made relations with the intelligence community worse” and described the visit as “uncomfortable.”", "\n\nCBS News is reporting that these sources also said the CIA workforce did not cheer the president while he was speaking, but that the first three rows in attendance were filled with loyal Trump supports.", "\n\nAre you surprised by this?", "\n\nAnd another Kellyanne Conway lie was knocked down too.", "\n\nOn ABC's THIS WEEK, Conway said, \"The president went to the intelligence community yesterday to establish good relationships with them, and we had over 1,000 requests to attend? ", "We could -- we can only accommodate a few hundred.\"", "\n\nThe CBS report refutes her version of events and says, \"There were about 400 members of the workforce who RSVP’d for the event out of thousands who received an invitation in their email late last week. ", "Officials dismiss White House claims that there were people waiting to get into the event.\"", "\n\nAnd as many of us wrote and said following his CIA visit, \"Intelligence sources say many in the workforce were stunned and at times offended by the president’s tone which seemed to evolve into a version of speeches he’d used on the campaign trail.\"", "\n\nThe report also echoed what CNN's Jim Sciutto said when he expressed shock that Trump could stand in a place that is so meaningful to the CIA, the CIA Memorial Wall in Langley, Virginia, and go on a tangent about media coverage, Fox News, Reince Priebus, and more.", "\n\nFinally, the CBS report backs outgoing Director John Brennan's comments about Trump's speech to the CIA when he said, \"[Trump] should be ashamed of himself\" for his \"display of self-aggrandizement.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.011904761904761904, 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0.004901960784313725, 0.01098901098901099, 0.004, 0.02631578947368421, 0.02 ]

[ "SethKrussman\n\nInvestment Advisor Representative\n\nSeth Krussman is a Registered Representative and Investment Advisor with SagePoint Financial, Inc. Seth holds and maintains the following security registrations with FINRA (Financial Industry Regulatory Authority): Series 7, Series 65, and Series 63. ", "Seth is securities- licensed in 6 states and is insurance- licensed in a number of states as well. ", "Seth also holds the role as an Investment Executive and partner of Brayshaw Financial Group, llc. ", "He attended Liberty University - Biblical Studies Major and minored in music.", "\n\nSeth is actively involved locally as a Hillsboro Chamber member and in a number of Youth Organizations. ", "He currently volunteers for Young Life, teaches as a Football Coach and serves on the Board of Swallowtail Waldorf School. ", "Seth and his wife, Kirra, along with their three children live in Hillsboro, Oregon.", "\n\nAs a planner and partner with Brayshaw Financial Group, Seth draws on his experience from over 20 years in the business ownership and development. ", "In 2013, he started the Oregon branch or Brayshaw Financial Group LLC.", "\n\nOver the last several years, Seth has specialized in tax-incentivized investment planning, advanced retirement income planning, wealth preservation and succession planning.", "\n\nSeth is also co-host of “Money On Tap”, a financial radio show, produced by Brayshaw Financial Group. \"", "Money On Tap\" is broadcast weekly in northern MA, southern NH and available by podcast nationally. ", "The show covers a variety of topics, from social security planning and investment planning, to tax and wealth preservation strategies.", "\n\nIn his time away from the office, Seth enjoys playing music, gardening, traveling, biking snow skiing, water skiing, surfing, running and wake boarding." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.013333333333333334, 0.010101010101010102, 0.02040816326530612, 0.012987012987012988, 0.018867924528301886, 0.016260162601626018, 0, 0.006711409395973154, 0.014285714285714285, 0.005747126436781609, 0.009523809523809525, 0.020202020202020204, 0, 0 ]

[ "All our clients, all their press releases, all the time. ", "News from Frank PR as it happens.", "\n\nWednesday, 15 October 2008\n\nNews from Honey Monster Foods\n\nHoney Monster Foods Team Up With Top Trend Setters ToDesign Limited Edition Packs For Charity\n\nHoney Monster Foods has teamed up with internationally renowned model Daisy Lowe, top designer Pearl Lowe and SuperSuper Magazine to create three limited edition packs of Sugar Puffs to be sold exclusively at Harrods.", "\n\nEach pack has a unique style influenced by the passions and personalities of our three designers, and will retail at £4.95 when they are launched on the 15th October.", "Only 150 of each pack will be sold at exclusive Knightsbridge store Harrods, with all proceeds from the sales of the packs going directly to the Variety Club Children’s Charity, helping sick and disadvantaged children all over the UK. ", "With such limited numbers the packs are sure to sell out fast and quickly become collectors’ items.", "\n\nSugar Puffs has been one of the nation’s favourite breakfast cereals for over 50 years and this is the first time that the packs have been customised in this individual and distinctive way.", "\n\nJane James from Honey Monster Foods said: “We are really excited to have Daisy, Pearl and SuperSuper designing packs for us; each pack looks so unique and really displays the personality of its creator. ", "It’s great that their amazing designs will be raising money for the Variety Club, which does so much good work for kids.”", "\n\nDaisy’s pack combines a mêlée of 80s shapes and colours fused with a twist of modernity to convey today’s trend for retro styling, and her position as one of the most sought-after young models in the world.", "\n\nThe gold and silver of Pearl’s packaging quite literally reflects her love for pattern design, and combined with the delicate artwork gives the design a vintage boudoir feel, indicative of her status as an original member of the Primrose Hill set.", "\n\nThe pack designed by SuperSuper directly conveys the unique style of the magazine. ", "The artwork has a young and fun feel to it together with an uber cool appeal, which inevitably translates from SuperSuper’s position as the stylistic vanguard for today’s youth." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.013404825737265416, 0, 0.00425531914893617, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0.004016064257028112, 0.011764705882352941, 0.005649717514124294 ]

[ "Log Cabin Stable\n\nLog Cabin Stable was a Thoroughbred horse racing partnership founded in 1923 by New York City financiers W. Averell Harriman and Bert Walker who raced under orange and white silks.", "\n\nAs part of a private purchase of twenty horses, in January 1925 Harriman and Walker acquired Chance Play from the estate of August Belmont Jr. and raced him under the nom de course, Arden Farm. ", " The horse would be voted the retrospective American Horse of the Year for 1926.", "\n\nA disagreement between the two owners of Log Cabin Stable in the fall of 1926 led to the partnership being dissolved and Averell Harriman became the stable's sole owner.", "\n\nTrainers who worked for the Log Cabin stable include Albert Simons (1923), Will. ", "M. Wallace (1924), Louis Feustel (1925-July 1926), John I. Smith (1927–1928), George M. Odom (1928).", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:American racehorse owners and breeders" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.025252525252525252, 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0.011695906432748537, 0.012048192771084338, 0.04, 0 ]

[ "/*\n * Copyright(c) 2013-2015 Intel Corporation. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n *\n * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify\n * it under the terms of version 2 of the GNU General Public License as\n * published by the Free Software Foundation.", "\n *\n * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but\n * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the GNU\n * General Public License for more details.", "\n */\n#include <linux/blkdev.h>\n#include <linux/device.h>\n#include <linux/genhd.h>\n#include <linux/sizes.h>\n#include <linux/slab.h>\n#include <linux/fs.h>\n#include <linux/mm.h>\n#include \"nd-core.h\"\n#include \"btt.h\"\n#include \"nd.h\"\n\nstatic void nd_btt_release(struct device *dev)\n{\n\tstruct nd_region *nd_region = to_nd_region(dev->parent);\n\tstruct nd_btt *nd_btt = to_nd_btt(dev);\n\n\tdev_dbg(dev, \"trace\\n\");\n\tnd_detach_ndns(&nd_btt->dev, &nd_btt->ndns);\n\tida_simple_remove(&nd_region->btt_ida, nd_btt->id);\n\tkfree(nd_btt->uuid);\n\tkfree(nd_btt);\n}\n\nstatic struct device_type nd_btt_device_type = {\n\t.name = \"nd_btt\",\n\t.release = nd_btt_release,\n};\n\nbool is_nd_btt(struct device *dev)\n{\n\treturn dev->type == &nd_btt_device_type;\n}\nEXPORT_SYMBOL(is_nd_btt);\n\nstruct nd_btt *to_nd_btt(struct device *dev)\n{\n\tstruct nd_btt *nd_btt = container_of(dev, struct nd_btt, dev);\n\n\tWARN_ON(!is_nd_btt(dev));\n\treturn nd_btt;\n}\nEXPORT_SYMBOL(to_nd_btt);\n\nstatic const unsigned long btt_lbasize_supported[] = { 512, 520, 528,\n\t4096, 4104, 4160, 4224, 0 };\n\nstatic ssize_t sector_size_show(struct device *dev,\n\t\tstruct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)\n{\n\tstruct nd_btt *nd_btt = to_nd_btt(dev);\n\n\treturn nd_size_select_show(nd_btt->lbasize, btt_lbasize_supported, buf);\n}\n\nstatic ssize_t sector_size_store(struct device *dev,\n\t\tstruct device_attribute *attr, const char *buf, size_t len)\n{\n\tstruct nd_btt *nd_btt = to_nd_btt(dev);\n\tssize_t rc;\n\n\tdevice_lock(dev);\n\tnvdimm_bus_lock(dev);\n\trc = nd_size_select_store(dev, buf, &nd_btt->lbasize,\n\t\t\tbtt_lbasize_supported);\n\tdev_dbg(dev, \"result: %zd wrote: %s%s\", rc, buf,\n\t\t\tbuf[len - 1] == '\\n' ? \"\" : \"", "\\n\");\n\tnvdimm_bus_unlock(dev);\n\tdevice_unlock(dev);\n\n\treturn rc ? ", "rc : len;\n}\nstatic DEVICE_ATTR_RW(sector_size);\n\nstatic ssize_t uuid_show(struct device *dev,\n\t\tstruct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)\n{\n\tstruct nd_btt *nd_btt = to_nd_btt(dev);\n\n\tif (nd_btt->uuid)\n\t\treturn sprintf(buf, \"%pUb\\n\", nd_btt->uuid);\n\treturn sprintf(buf, \"\\n\");\n}\n\nstatic ssize_t uuid_store(struct device *dev,\n\t\tstruct device_attribute *attr, const char *buf, size_t len)\n{\n\tstruct nd_btt *nd_btt = to_nd_btt(dev);\n\tssize_t rc;\n\n\tdevice_lock(dev);\n\trc = nd_uuid_store(dev, &nd_btt->uuid, buf, len);\n\tdev_dbg(dev, \"result: %zd wrote: %s%s\", rc, buf,\n\t\t\tbuf[len - 1] == '\\n' ? \"\" : \"", "\\n\");\n\tdevice_unlock(dev);\n\n\treturn rc ? ", "rc : len;\n}\nstatic DEVICE_ATTR_RW(uuid);\n\nstatic ssize_t namespace_show(struct device *dev,\n\t\tstruct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)\n{\n\tstruct nd_btt *nd_btt = to_nd_btt(dev);\n\tssize_t rc;\n\n\tnvdimm_bus_lock(dev);\n\trc = sprintf(buf, \"%s\\n\", nd_btt->ndns\n\t\t\t? ", "dev_name(&nd_btt->ndns->dev) : \"\");\n\tnvdimm_bus_unlock(dev);\n\treturn rc;\n}\n\nstatic ssize_t namespace_store(struct device *dev,\n\t\tstruct device_attribute *attr, const char *buf, size_t len)\n{\n\tstruct nd_btt *nd_btt = to_nd_btt(dev);\n\tssize_t rc;\n\n\tdevice_lock(dev);\n\tnvdimm_bus_lock(dev);\n\trc = nd_namespace_store(dev, &nd_btt->ndns, buf, len);\n\tdev_dbg(dev, \"result: %zd wrote: %s%s\", rc, buf,\n\t\t\tbuf[len - 1] == '\\n' ? \"\" : \"", "\\n\");\n\tnvdimm_bus_unlock(dev);\n\tdevice_unlock(dev);\n\n\treturn rc;\n}\nstatic DEVICE_ATTR_RW(namespace);\n\nstatic ssize_t size_show(struct device *dev,\n\t\tstruct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)\n{\n\tstruct nd_btt *nd_btt = to_nd_btt(dev);\n\tssize_t rc;\n\n\tdevice_lock(dev);\n\tif (dev->driver)\n\t\trc = sprintf(buf, \"%llu\\n\", nd_btt->size);\n\telse {\n\t\t/* no size to convey if the btt instance is disabled */\n\t\trc = -ENXIO;\n\t}\n\tdevice_unlock(dev);\n\n\treturn rc;\n}\nstatic DEVICE_ATTR_RO(size);\n\nstatic struct attribute *nd_btt_attributes[] = {\n\t&dev_attr_sector_size.attr,\n\t&dev_attr_namespace.attr,\n\t&dev_attr_uuid.attr,\n\t&dev_attr_size.attr,\n\tNULL,\n};\n\nstatic struct attribute_group nd_btt_attribute_group = {\n\t.attrs = nd_btt_attributes,\n};\n\nstatic const struct attribute_group *nd_btt_attribute_groups[] = {\n\t&nd_btt_attribute_group,\n\t&nd_device_attribute_group,\n\t&nd_numa_attribute_group,\n\tNULL,\n};\n\nstatic struct device *__nd_btt_create(struct nd_region *nd_region,\n\t\tunsigned long lbasize, u8 *uuid,\n\t\tstruct nd_namespace_common *ndns)\n{\n\tstruct nd_btt *nd_btt;\n\tstruct device *dev;\n\n\tnd_btt = kzalloc(sizeof(*nd_btt), GFP_KERNEL);\n\tif (!", "nd_btt)\n\t\treturn NULL;\n\n\tnd_btt->id = ida_simple_get(&nd_region->btt_ida, 0, 0, GFP_KERNEL);\n\tif (nd_btt->id < 0)\n\t\tgoto out_nd_btt;\n\n\tnd_btt->lbasize = lbasize;\n\tif (uuid) {\n\t\tuuid = kmemdup(uuid, 16, GFP_KERNEL);\n\t\tif (!", "uuid)\n\t\t\tgoto out_put_id;\n\t}\n\tnd_btt->uuid = uuid;\n\tdev = &nd_btt->dev;\n\tdev_set_name(dev, \"btt%d.%d\", nd_region->id, nd_btt->id);\n\tdev->parent = &nd_region->dev;\n\tdev->type = &nd_btt_device_type;\n\tdev->groups = nd_btt_attribute_groups;\n\tdevice_initialize(&nd_btt->dev);\n\tif (ndns && !__", "nd_attach_ndns(&nd_btt->dev, ndns, &nd_btt->ndns)) {\n\t\tdev_dbg(&ndns->dev, \"failed, already claimed by %s\\n\",\n\t\t\t\tdev_name(ndns->claim));\n\t\tput_device(dev);\n\t\treturn NULL;\n\t}\n\treturn dev;\n\nout_put_id:\n\tida_simple_remove(&nd_region->btt_ida, nd_btt->id);\n\nout_nd_btt:\n\tkfree(nd_btt);\n\treturn NULL;\n}\n\nstruct device *nd_btt_create(struct nd_region *nd_region)\n{\n\tstruct device *dev = __nd_btt_create(nd_region, 0, NULL, NULL);\n\n\t__nd_device_register(dev);\n\treturn dev;\n}\n\n/**\n * nd_btt_arena_is_valid - check if the metadata layout is valid\n * @nd_btt:\tdevice with BTT geometry and backing device info\n * @super:\tpointer to the arena's info block being tested\n *\n * Check consistency of the btt info block with itself by validating\n * the checksum, and with the parent namespace by verifying the\n * parent_uuid contained in the info block with the one supplied in.", "\n *\n * Returns:\n * false for an invalid info block, true for a valid one\n */\nbool nd_btt_arena_is_valid(struct nd_btt *nd_btt, struct btt_sb *super)\n{\n\tconst u8 *parent_uuid = nd_dev_to_uuid(&nd_btt->ndns->dev);\n\tu64 checksum;\n\n\tif (memcmp(super->signature, BTT_SIG, BTT_SIG_LEN) !", "= 0)\n\t\treturn false;\n\n\tif (!", "guid_is_null((guid_t *)&super->parent_uuid))\n\t\tif (memcmp(super->parent_uuid, parent_uuid, 16) !", "= 0)\n\t\t\treturn false;\n\n\tchecksum = le64_to_cpu(super->checksum);\n\tsuper->checksum = 0;\n\tif (checksum !", "= nd_sb_checksum((struct nd_gen_sb *) super))\n\t\treturn false;\n\tsuper->checksum = cpu_to_le64(checksum);\n\n\t/* TODO: figure out action for this */\n\tif ((le32_to_cpu(super->flags) & IB_FLAG_ERROR_MASK) !", "= 0)\n\t\tdev_info(&nd_btt->dev, \"Found arena with an error flag\\n\");\n\n\treturn true;\n}\nEXPORT_SYMBOL(nd_btt_arena_is_valid);\n\nint nd_btt_version(struct nd_btt *nd_btt, struct nd_namespace_common *ndns,\n\t\tstruct btt_sb *btt_sb)\n{\n\tif (ndns->claim_class == NVDIMM_CCLASS_BTT2) {\n\t\t/* Probe/setup for BTT v2.0 */\n\t\tnd_btt->initial_offset = 0;\n\t\tnd_btt->version_major = 2;\n\t\tnd_btt->version_minor = 0;\n\t\tif (nvdimm_read_bytes(ndns, 0, btt_sb, sizeof(*btt_sb), 0))\n\t\t\treturn -ENXIO;\n\t\tif (!", "nd_btt_arena_is_valid(nd_btt, btt_sb))\n\t\t\treturn -ENODEV;\n\t\tif ((le16_to_cpu(btt_sb->version_major) !", "= 2) ||\n\t\t\t\t(le16_to_cpu(btt_sb->version_minor) !", "= 0))\n\t\t\treturn -ENODEV;\n\t} else {\n\t\t/*\n\t\t * Probe/setup for BTT v1.1 (NVDIMM_CCLASS_NONE or\n\t\t * NVDIMM_CCLASS_BTT)\n\t\t */\n\t\tnd_btt->initial_offset = SZ_4K;\n\t\tnd_btt->version_major = 1;\n\t\tnd_btt->version_minor = 1;\n\t\tif (nvdimm_read_bytes(ndns, SZ_4K, btt_sb, sizeof(*btt_sb), 0))\n\t\t\treturn -ENXIO;\n\t\tif (!", "nd_btt_arena_is_valid(nd_btt, btt_sb))\n\t\t\treturn -ENODEV;\n\t\tif ((le16_to_cpu(btt_sb->version_major) !", "= 1) ||\n\t\t\t\t(le16_to_cpu(btt_sb->version_minor) !", "= 1))\n\t\t\treturn -ENODEV;\n\t}\n\treturn 0;\n}\nEXPORT_SYMBOL(nd_btt_version);\n\nstatic int __nd_btt_probe(struct nd_btt *nd_btt,\n\t\tstruct nd_namespace_common *ndns, struct btt_sb *btt_sb)\n{\n\tint rc;\n\n\tif (!", "btt_sb || !", "ndns || !", "nd_btt)\n\t\treturn -ENODEV;\n\n\tif (nvdimm_namespace_capacity(ndns) < SZ_16M)\n\t\treturn -ENXIO;\n\n\trc = nd_btt_version(nd_btt, ndns, btt_sb);\n\tif (rc < 0)\n\t\treturn rc;\n\n\tnd_btt->lbasize = le32_to_cpu(btt_sb->external_lbasize);\n\tnd_btt->uuid = kmemdup(btt_sb->uuid, 16, GFP_KERNEL);\n\tif (!", "nd_btt->uuid)\n\t\treturn -ENOMEM;\n\n\t__nd_device_register(&nd_btt->dev);\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nint nd_btt_probe(struct device *dev, struct nd_namespace_common *ndns)\n{\n\tint rc;\n\tstruct device *btt_dev;\n\tstruct btt_sb *btt_sb;\n\tstruct nd_region *nd_region = to_nd_region(ndns->dev.parent);\n\n\tif (ndns->force_raw)\n\t\treturn -ENODEV;\n\n\tswitch (ndns->claim_class) {\n\tcase NVDIMM_CCLASS_NONE:\n\tcase NVDIMM_CCLASS_BTT:\n\tcase NVDIMM_CCLASS_BTT2:\n\t\tbreak;\n\tdefault:\n\t\treturn -ENODEV;\n\t}\n\n\tnvdimm_bus_lock(&ndns->dev);\n\tbtt_dev = __nd_btt_create(nd_region, 0, NULL, ndns);\n\tnvdimm_bus_unlock(&ndns->dev);\n\tif (!", "btt_dev)\n\t\treturn -ENOMEM;\n\tbtt_sb = devm_kzalloc(dev, sizeof(*btt_sb), GFP_KERNEL);\n\trc = __nd_btt_probe(to_nd_btt(btt_dev), ndns, btt_sb);\n\tdev_dbg(dev, \"btt: %s\\n\", rc == 0 ? ", "dev_name(btt_dev) : \"<none>\");\n\tif (rc < 0) {\n\t\tstruct nd_btt *nd_btt = to_nd_btt(btt_dev);\n\n\t\tnd_detach_ndns(btt_dev, &nd_btt->ndns);\n\t\tput_device(btt_dev);\n\t}\n\n\treturn rc;\n}\nEXPORT_SYMBOL(nd_btt_probe);\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.010362694300518135, 0, 0, 0.003674219228413962, 0, 0.0016778523489932886, 0, 0, 0, 0.002654867256637168, 0.013513513513513514, 0.010452961672473868, 0.008120649651972157, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006224066390041493, 0, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00676818950930626, 0.0056179775280898875, 0 ]

[ "<?", "xml version=\"1.0\"?", ">\n<wsp:Policy xmlns:wsu=\"http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-utility-1.0.xsd\" xmlns:wsp=\"http://www.w3.org/ns/ws-policy\" wsu:Id=\"RequiredPartsPolicy\">\n <wsp:ExactlyOne>\n <wsp:All>\n <sp:AsymmetricBinding xmlns:sp=\"http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-securitypolicy/200702\">\n <wsp:Policy>\n <sp:InitiatorToken>\n <wsp:Policy>\n <sp:X509Token sp:IncludeToken=\"http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-securitypolicy/200702/IncludeToken/AlwaysToRecipient\">\n <wsp:Policy>\n <sp:WssX509V3Token10/>\n </wsp:Policy>\n </sp:X509Token>\n </wsp:Policy>\n </sp:InitiatorToken>\n <sp:RecipientToken>\n <wsp:Policy>\n <sp:X509Token sp:IncludeToken=\"http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-securitypolicy/200702/IncludeToken/Never\">\n <wsp:Policy>\n <sp:WssX509V3Token10/>\n <sp:RequireIssuerSerialReference/>\n </wsp:Policy>\n </sp:X509Token>\n </wsp:Policy>\n </sp:RecipientToken>\n <sp:Layout>\n <wsp:Policy>\n <sp:Lax/>\n </wsp:Policy>\n </sp:Layout>\n <sp:AlgorithmSuite>\n <wsp:Policy>\n <sp:Basic128/>\n </wsp:Policy>\n </sp:AlgorithmSuite>\n </wsp:Policy>\n </sp:AsymmetricBinding>\n <sp:RequiredElements xmlns:sp=\"http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-securitypolicy/200702\">\n <sp:XPath xmlns:wsa=\"http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing\" xmlns:soap=\"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/\">/soap:Envelope/soap:Header/wsa:ToTo</sp:XPath>\n </sp:RequiredElements>\n <sp:SignedParts xmlns:sp=\"http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-securitypolicy/200702\">\n <sp:Body/>\n </sp:SignedParts>\n <wsaws:UsingAddressing xmlns:wsaws=\"http://www.w3.org/2006/05/addressing/wsdl\"/>\n </wsp:All>\n </wsp:ExactlyOne>\n</wsp:Policy>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0.005254648342764754 ]

[ "module.exports = {\n 'cap': false,\n 'curry': false,\n 'fixed': false,\n 'immutable': false,\n 'rearg': false\n};\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0 ]

[ "Butts Lane Halt railway station\n\nButts Lane Halt was a railway station in the Blowick suburb of Southport, Merseyside.", "\n\nHistory\nThe station opened on 18 December 1909 as a halt on the Liverpool, Southport and Preston Junction Railway, and consisted of simple cinder based platforms at track level, situated on an embankment to the south of Butts Lane bridge.", "\n\nThe station closed on 26 September 1938, though the line remains open and is today used by trains on the Northern Manchester to Southport Line.", "\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\n Gell, Rob (1986). ", "An Illustrated Survey of Railway Stations Between Southport & Liverpool 1848-1986. ", "Heyday Publishing Company, .", "\n\nExternal links \n Butts Lane Halt via Disused Stations\n The line and mileages via Railwaycodes\n\nCategory:Disused railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton\nCategory:Former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway stations\nCategory:Railway stations opened in 1909\nCategory:Railway stations closed in 1938\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Southport" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.025423728813559324, 0.008333333333333333, 0.006896551724137931, 0.047619047619047616, 0.012048192771084338, 0.03571428571428571, 0.005633802816901409 ]

[ "Category: Restaurants\n\nThe weather looks perfect for a weekend of outside fun at Schooners! ", "Saturday, April 14th, let’s kick off Spring with a patio party. ", "Catch live music, drink specials and more this weekend.", "\n\nSchooners Grill is well known for their amazing food, friendly staff and fun atmosphere. ", "Enjoy food and drink specials throughout the day and be sure to catch a few new additions to the cocktail menu.", "\n\nLive music will begin at 2pm with Brian Carmona followed by Matt Yarborough for the evening. ", "We can’t wait to sit outside and enjoy that glorious patio (and Greek Pizza). ", "Get there early to secure a good seat.", "\n\nWhat better way to welcome Spring than an oyster roast on the water? ", "Captain Chuck-a-Mucks will host their Oyster Roast Saturday, April 7th.", "\n\nCaptain Chuck-a-Mucks, also known as the Captain’s Secret Hideout #2, is located on Jones Creek in Isle of Wight County. ", "The restaurant is well known for their exceptional seafood, great customer service and beautiful views.", "\n\nBring the entire family out for an afternoon of great food and fun in beautiful downtown Rescue near historic downtown Smithfield.", "\n\nThe oyster roast will offer steamed or raw oysters on the half shell, fried oysters, clams, BBQ and crab soup. ", "There will be drink specials and live music by Chris Ride. ", "Tickets are $25 in advance and $30 at the door. ", "This event is from 2-5pm.", "\n\nThe day has finally arrived! ", "Taco lovers unite in excitement for the grand opening of STUFT Restaurant in Phoebus. ", "STUFT will open its doors Tuesday, April 3rd at 11am.", "\n\nThe newly remodeled, now bright yellow building is located at 24 N. Mallory Street in Hampton. ", "Come out and show support at the ribbon-cutting ceremony with Mayor Donnie Tuck at 11am. ", "The weather will be perfect for live music on the patio! ", "Catch Tony Bob performing throughout the day inside and out.", "\n\nEnjoy an amazing selection of food, hot sauces, live music and a great crowd. ", "The Lovecats will perform inside from 6pm-8pm. ", "The Brandon Bower Band will keep the party going with live music from 9pm-12am. ", "You don’t want to miss this.", "\n\nFall is quickly approaching, which means oyster roasts, beer festivals and pumpkin spice everything. ", "Thursday, September 28th, be sure to attend the ‘Shack-Tember’ Oyster Roast on the river.", "\n\nCrab Shack on the James is excited to host this awesome event. ", "For this special occasion, you’ll enjoy raw oysters, Brunswick stew, Carolina BBQ, steamed oysters and oyster stew. ", "For cocktail lovers, there will be a Bloody Mary bar and specials on margaritas and draft beer. ", "There will be live music by Scott Holland throughout the evening.", "\n\nThis is an excellent opportunity to catch the sunset over the water, listen to great music and eat oysters! ", "This event is from 5-8.30pm. ", "Tickets are $20 before September 25th, and $25 the day of.", "\n\nTickets may be purchased at the restaurant or by calling 757-715-3071.", "\n\nMore fantastic news for the town of Phoebus! ", "The owners and creative masterminds behind the perfect taco plan to open a restaurant this coming Fall. ", "With the building located beside Victorian Station in Phoebus at 24 N. Mallory Street, this will be their first restaurant venture. ", "The partners plan to completely renovate the 5,000 square-foot building adding multiple windows, an indoor raised stage, a retail space and an inside/outside patio featuring roll-up windows.", "\n\nDue to the continuous success of Stuft, Not Your Average Street Food, the Haas’ brothers decided the time was right to expand. ", "Casey, 33 and Alex, 29 will team up with close friend Moriah DeVito, the general manager at The Point at Phoebus to ensure a successful, long-term endeavor.", "\n\nAlthough we have seen a recent increase in popularity of the food truck trend, Stuft has been around (and a locals’ favorite) since 2011, offering from-scratch Mexican inspired food and great customer service. ", "Not only is the experience about the perfect taco, it’s about the big, bright smiles you can always guarantee from Casey and Alex.", "\n\nCustomers will still be able to get the always popular tacos, burritos, quesadillas and rice bowls. ", "Guests can also look forward to new items on the menu such as pork rind encrusted chicken thighs on a waffled glazed donut, crazy egg rolls and deep fried bacon-wrapped hot dogs.", "\n\nThe restaurant will have a full bar with 12 taps, liquor and wine. ", "If you’re a fan of the taco truck, don’t fret. ", "Stuft, Not Your Average Street Food will still be out and about serving up their delicious signature items.", "\n\nPerfect date night idea! ", "If you want to seriously impress someone or just enjoy the stellar atmosphere of Fin on a Sunday evening, mark your calendar. ", "August 13th, Fin will host a South African Wine Dinner. ", "This dinner will feature five courses, all paired with an amazing selection of wines.", "\n\nEnjoy exotic items such as python salad, sumac berry crusted shark, crocodile meat bolognese, and ostrich steak. ", "For dessert, warm malva cake with African guava ice cream and orange butter sauce. ", "Tickets are $75, not including tax and tip. ", "Dinner will begin promptly at 6.30pm. ", "Seating is limited, call to make your reservations now at 757-599-5800." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.021052631578947368, 0, 0, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0.008849557522123894, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0.014084507042253521 ]

[ "Stick Together (Anthony Jasmin song)\n\n\"Stick Together\" is a song recorded by Anthony Jasmin for their first and only EP, Stick Together. ", "Released on June 17, 2014, the song was written by Engelina Andrina Larsen, Patrick Spiegelberg and Michael Pærremand, with John Shanks as producer.", "\n\nBackground\nAfter winning the seventh season of the Danish version of X Factor, Anthony Jasmin announced that they would be recording an EP. ", "On June 17, 2014, Anthony Jasmin released \"Stick Together\".", "\n\nCategory:2014 songs\nCategory:Song recordings produced by John Shanks\nCategory:Sony Music singles\nCategory:Songs written by Engelina" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.029197080291970802, 0.02702702702702703, 0.02112676056338028, 0.01694915254237288, 0.015037593984962405 ]

[ "Hammer of the Witches\n\nIn 1486, two German priests, Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger, wrote the Malleus Maleficarum, ‘Hammer of the Witches’. ‘", "Hammer of the Witches’ is a useful guide to the identification, trial, and punishment of witches. ", "It is chock full of interesting tidbits. ", "For example, did you know that, if a woman fails to burst into tears during her witch trial, then she is definitely a witch? ", "Although, I will say, in half-hearted defense of the ludicrous and evil practice of witch trials, what sort of person wouldn’t be in tears at their own terrifying and arbitrary trial for witchcraft?", "\n\nAnother interesting fact to be gleaned from the ‘Malleus Maleficarum’: witches steal penises. ", "Yes, they would allegedly steal the penises from human men that they knew, and store them (the stolen penises) in boxes (or bird nests) and feed them (again, the penises) oats, and maybe return them, if the men capitulated to their demands.", "\n\nI feel as though they really could have nipped this whole pernicious witch hunt business in the bud if they had only employed a little empirical skepticism here:\n\nWitness: She’s a witch!", "\n\nJudge: How do you know?", "\n\nWitness: She stole my penis!", "\n\nJudge: How did she steal it?", "\n\nWitness: With witchcraft.", "\n\nJudge: Wait, what? ", "What does that mean? ", "What’s left?", "\n\nWitness: …Uh, a nub.", "\n\nJudge: May I see?", "\n\nWitness: …No…\n\nJudge: Why not?", "\n\nWitness: …[Silence]…\n\nJudge: Sir, do you still have a penis?", "\n\nWitness: …No…\n\nJudge: Case dismissed.", "\n\nOne cannot help but wonder how often penis-theft was actually alleged. ", "It is hard to imagine, if men in 1486 were anything like men now, that a large number of medieval men were delighted to have their communities thinking that they no longer had penises. ", "It is also hard to imagine that there was an epidemic of medieval penises actually falling off, unless I am dramatically underestimating the incidence and severity of medieval crotch rot (which is possible).", "\n\nBut whatever the prevalence of penis-shedding in the Middle Ages, one thing is certain: not one missing penis was stolen by witches.", "\n\nWitch-hunting is obviously not recommended by the author, but anyone interested in further information should check out the source material itself, the Malleus Maleficarum.", "\n\nFeatured image is ‘Aquelarre’, [Witches Sabbath] by Francisco Goya (1798)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.013793103448275862, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421 ]

[ "The relation between dietary change and rising US obesity.", "\nTo determine if the source from which food is obtained has contributed to the increased obesity of the US population, while controlling for demographic, lifestyle and regional factors. ", "Multiple regression was used to estimate the effect of food source on body mass index (BMI) while accounting for other factors which have been shown to affect obesity in a nationally representative sample of the US population. ", "This study used secondary data from the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII). ", "The CSFII is a nationally representative sample of 16,103 individuals, obtaining for each respondent 24 h recalls of all food intake on two nonconsecutive days as well as demographics and information on lifestyle choices. ", "For a large number of demographic and lifestyle factors, our results support those which have previously been found to contribute to increased overweight. ", "Our contribution is to examine whether the source from which food is obtained also contributes to increased overweight. ", "Our evidence suggests that this is the case. ", "The average height for males in our sample was 1.77 m. For two such males, one who ate food away from home (FAFH) during the previous 24 h period and the other who did not, results suggest that the first will be about 1 kg heavier, all other factors being equal. ", "For two females of average height (1.63 m) the same is true for those who ate fast food, but not at restaurants. ", "In all cases, except females who ate at restaurants, the effects are significant in the regression (P<0.05). ", "The trends in both increased US obesity and in increased consumption of FAFH are unlikely to be coincidental. ", "FAFH, and particularly fast food consumption, are likely to be contributing factors to increased obesity." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0.004405286343612335, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "De La Salle Philippines\n\nDe La Salle Philippines (DLSP) (incorporated as De La Salle Philippines, Inc), established in 2006, is a network of Lasallians within the Lasallian East Asia District established to facilitate collaboration in the Lasallian Mission and the promotion of the spirit of faith, zeal for service and communion in mission. ", "There are currently sixteen Lasallian Educational Institutions in the Philippines. ", "De La Salle Philippines replaced the De La Salle University System which was established under the presidency of Br. ", "Andrew Gonzalez FSC in 1987 as a response to the rapid expansion of Lasallian educational institutions nationwide.", "\n\nIn line with the Lasallian Mission, the network holds various projects that improve educational communities for the youth \"especially those who are poor. ", " Among these are the software training for indigenous peoples and the exhibit on people killed during the Philippine government's operations against illegal drugs.", "\n\nHistorical background\n\nEarly history\nThe history of Lasallian education in the Philippines dates back to 1905 when the then Archbishop of Manila, Jeremiah James Harty, an alumnus of a La Salle educational institution in the U.S., appealed to the Superior General of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (Fratres Scholarum Christianarum) - FSC for the establishment of a De La Salle educational institution in the Philippines due to the very small number of Catholic institutions at that time. ", "Archbishop Harty's request was rejected at first due to lack of funds, however he would continue to appeal to Pope Pius X for the establishment of additional Catholic educational institutions in the country.", "\n\nFrom March to June 1911, nine De La Salle Christian Brothers from Europe and the United States led by Brother Blimond FSC of France arrived in the Philippines. ", "Together on June 16, 1911, the Brothers established the first Christian Brother educational institution in the Philippines, De La Salle College, on Calle Nozaleda (now General Luna St.) in Paco, Manila.", "\n\nBecause of increasing student population, the Brothers transferred the educational institution to its present location on Taft Avenue in the Malate district of Manila in 1921.", "\n\nDe La Salle University System\n\nDuring the 1980s, then President of De La Salle University, the late Brother Andrew Gonzalez FSC,Ph.D. introduced the idea of a multiversity because of the growing number of Lasallian institutions nationwide. ", "His vision was to establish a system where the resources could be utilized to create a greater impact. ", "The De La Salle University System was created in 1987, composed of De La Salle University-Manila, De La Salle-Santiago Zobel School, and the newly acquired De La Salle University-Dasmariñas and De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute in Dasmariñas, Cavite. ", "A year later, the newly established De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde in Malate, Manila was included in the system.", "\n\nDe La Salle University-Manila initially provided the resources and expertise needed in the establishment of these institutions where it extended financial assistance and human resources in building the other campuses. ", "The first general assembly of administrators and their representatives from the five campuses was convened in 1992 to support and facilitate the establishment of the system. ", "Several committees were formed during the convention to introduce improvement and innovations to existing programs and structures among the campuses. ", "A task force to study the different needs of the campuses was formed in 1994. ", "It was also during this year that an organizational structure was formed and a vision and mission statement was created for the system.", "\n\nIn 1995, a 50-hectare property in Biñan, Laguna was acquired by the System from the family of the late National Artist of the Philippines for Architecture and La Salle High School alumnus Leandro Locsin to be used as the site of De La Salle University-Canlubang, a science and technology-oriented campus. ", "Construction of the first building of the campus as well as start of operations both began in 2003. ", "De La Salle University-Professional Schools, Inc., established in 1960, became a semi-autonomous entity in 1996 working within the campus of De La Salle University-Manila. ", "In 2002, the management and ownership of the Gregorio Araneta University Foundation in Malabon City was transferred by the Araneta Family to the system and was renamed De La Salle Araneta University, becoming the eighth member of the system.", "\n\nEstablishment of De La Salle Philippines, Inc.\nIn 2006, the 8-Campus De La Salle University System was abolished and in its place the 17-Campus De La Salle Philippines, Inc. was established in order to have a more focused and unified implementation of the Lasallian Mission, generate greater and more creative synergy among Lasallian educational institutions, improve the overall quality of Lasallian education in the country and promote the spirit of “One La Salle” with a common vision of educating the Filipino youth. ", "Ten more Lasallian institutions throughout the country were integrated into the eight campuses of the DLSU System, bringing the total number of campuses to eighteen. ", "Since then, De La Salle-Professional Schools, Inc. and De La Salle Canlubang were integrated into De La Salle University which brought back the number of educational institutions to sixteen.", "\n\nNetwork Administration\nThe network administration is composed of a National Mission Council (NMC) which includes eight De La Salle Brothers including the Brother Visitor and seven Lasallian Partners elected by corporate members; DLSP Corporate Members which includes all incumbent trustees of the La Salle educational institutions as well as the Lasallian Educational Corporations; and the DLSP President which acts as the Chief Mission Officer and Chief Executive Officer of the National Mission Council.", "\n\nNational Mission Council\nThe National Mission Council (NMC) serves as the Board of Trustees of DLSP. ", "As the highest policy-making body of the network, it accompanies school boards and school heads in following the Lasallian Mission. ", "The NMC also provides assistance with regard to financial matters such as fundraising for scholarships or social projects.", "\n\nMembers of the NMC\n\n • Br. ", "Edmundo Fernandez FSC (President, Chief Mission Officer & Chief Executive Officer)\n • Mr. Ramon del Rosario Jr.\n • Br. ", "Armin Luistro FSC (Secretary of Education)\n • Br. ", "Rafael Donato FSC\n • Br. ", "Manuel Pajarillo FSC\n • Br. ", "Michael Valenzuela FSC\n • Br. ", "David Hawke FSC\n • Dr. Allan Bernardo\n\n • Mr. Oscar Hilado\n • Dr. Carmen Beduya\n • Sr. ", "Corazon Manalo DC\n • Mr. Joaquin Quintos IV\n • Atty. ", "Ed Cueto\n • Mr. Joey Ledesma\n • Mr. Paul Zaldarriaga\n\nLa Salle Educational Institutions in the Philippines\nThe network was originally composed of eighteen La Salle educational institutions. ", "Two De La Salle Supervised Schools, Andres Soriano Memorial College located in Toledo, Cebu and John Bosco College located in Bislig City, Surigao del Sur (both added in 2006), becoming the 17th and 18th La Salle Schools respectively. ", "In 2008, the De La Salle Professional Schools was re-integrated back to De La Salle University. ", "In 2012, De La Salle Canlubang was officially merged with De La Salle University to become the De La Salle University Science and Technology Complex, bringing the number of La Salle educational institutions in the Philippines down to sixteen. ", "The schools provide a diverse range of education ranging from Basic Education up to Graduate Studies. ", "It consists of six universities, six colleges (with five providing basic education), four basic education granting schools, and two stand-alone high schools.", "\n\nThe DLSP, is a member of a 350 year old international, worldwide network of 1,500 Lasallian educational institutions providing quality Christian values based education inspired by Saint La Salle's charism and his spirit of faith and zeal. ", "Thousands of Lasallian schools educate and teach in 7 continents and are globally established in 82 countries.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nDe La Salle Philippines\n\n*\nCategory:2006 establishments in the Philippines" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.011695906432748537, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0, 0.009746588693957114, 0.00966183574879227, 0.018518518518518517, 0.01485148514851485, 0.005649717514124294, 0.012396694214876033, 0, 0.018726591760299626, 0.00847457627118644, 0.004545454545454545, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009771986970684038, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0.008298755186721992, 0.0019120458891013384, 0.006024096385542169, 0.015706806282722512, 0.009861932938856016, 0.019417475728155338, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.034482758620689655, 0.01680672268907563, 0.04, 0.04, 0.03571428571428571, 0.03333333333333333, 0.04597701149425287, 0.03773584905660377, 0.021052631578947368, 0.01702127659574468, 0.020833333333333332, 0.01646090534979424, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0.009708737864077669 ]

[ "US to send another Aegis-equipped ship to Mediterranean\n\nWASHINGTON\n\nGuided-missile destroyer USS Mahan (DDG 72) approaches guided-missile cruiser USS Normandy (CG 60) during a \"sail pass\" in the Baltic Sea. ", "Mahan recently turned over duties to Normandy as the flagship for Rear Adm Michael K. Mahon, commander of Standing NATO Maritime Group One (SNMG1) U.S. Navy Photo By Mass Communication Specialist Seaman Vincent J. Street (RELEASED)\n\nThe U.S. will send an additional anti-missile Aegis-equipped ship to the Mediterranean this fall to defend Turkey and other NATO allies against ballistic missile threats, U.S. Navy spokeswoman Cmdr. ", "Pamela Rawe told Anadolu Agency on Aug. 19.“The U.S. is committed to the defense of our NATO allies, which includes Turkey,” Rawe said.", "The remarks came only days after the U.S. announced Aug. 16 it had informed the Turkish government the U.S. deployment of Patriot air and missile defense units in Turkey, which expires in October, will not be renewed. ", "A day earlier, Germany also said it would pull its Patriot missile batteries from southern Turkey.", "No decision has yet been taken on replacing the German Patriot anti-missile systems and NATO is continuing consultations on the issue after Germany decided to pull out its Patriot batteries in Turkey, a Turkish diplomat told the Hürriyet Daily News on Aug. 19.The additional ship deployment brings the total number of ship-borne anti-missile Aegis systems in the Mediterranean to four.", "“The forward-deployment of these four ships is part of the president’s [U.S. President Barack Obama] European Phased Adaptive Approach [EPAA] that calls for using BMD-capable Aegis ships and Aegis Ashore sites to defend Europe against ballistic missile threats originating in the Middle East,” Rawe added.", "The U.S.’ decision to offset its removal of Patriot missile batteries from Turkey with Aegis-equipped naval ships brings with it new tactical advantages, according to Daryl Kimball, the executive director of the Arms Control Association.", "In addition, the ships - Ticonderoga-type cruisers and Arleigh Burke-class destroyers - have wider capabilities than their land-based missile counterparts, such as Patriot batteries, due to their mobility, Anadolu Agency said.", "The Aegis systems fire both SM-3 short- to intermediate-range ballistic missiles and short-range SM-2 missiles, according to the U.S. Defense Department.", "Pentagon spokeswoman Laura Seal said the Aegis-equipped ships bring a “range of capabilities to support the defense of Turkey and NATO missions.", "”“U.S. Naval Forces in Europe will continue their close cooperation with the Turkish Navy in the region in support of Turkish defense needs,” Seal said.", "In making the decision not to renew the deployment of its Patriot batteries in order to modernize the weapons systems, Washington stressed the Syrian government’s ballistic missile stockpiles have been significantly depleted over the course of the country’s civil war, now in its fifth year, undercutting the reason for their initial deployment.", "“We’ve seen the [Syrian President Bashar al-] Assad regime grow weaker, and we’ve seen them shoot through the majority of their missiles stock at targets there domestically,” Pentagon spokesman Navy Capt. ", "Jeff Davis told reporters.", "Kimball agreed, saying the Aegis systems could address any potential threats stemming from Syria’s remaining missiles.", "“They can deal with that, and they can be moved much more easily geographically because they’re on floating vessels,” he said." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.004807692307692308, 0.02546296296296296, 0.02962962962962963, 0, 0, 0.005194805194805195, 0.009836065573770493, 0.012658227848101266, 0.008849557522123894, 0.006535947712418301, 0.020833333333333332, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0.014634146341463415, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0 ]

[ "Subcutaneous island pedicle flaps.", "\nThe subcutaneous island pedicle flap is a useful and reliably successful means of closing small- to medium-sized cutaneous excisional defects. ", "It is especially useful in areas where primary closure could result in distortion of critical features. ", "The technique is conceptually straightforward and offers advantages over skin grafting and transposition flaps. ", "We describe our experience with 60 consecutive, successful subcutaneous island pedicle flaps." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Genetablering af transmissionen af NTDTV-udsendelser til Kina via Eutelsat (skriftlig erklæring) \nMarco Cappato\n(IT) Hr. ", "formand, mine damer og herrer! ", "Jeg vil gerne sige tak på vegne af dem, der har støttet dette initiativ. ", "Jeg vil gerne takke de over 440 medlemmer, der skrev under. ", "Europa-Parlamentet anmoder Eutelsat om at genetablere NTDTV-udsendelserne til Kina. ", "Friheden til at få oplysninger og viden er en grundlæggende menneskerettighed. ", "Europa-Parlamentet viser ligesom med Sakharovprisen, Hu Jia og indbydelsen til Dalai Lama, at når vi kritiserer Kina eller EU for menneskerettighederne, gør vi det for at fremme det kinesiske folks frihed.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "EuroParl" }

[ 0.01652892561983471, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0.016666666666666666, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0 ]

[ "In conjunction with limiting 15-year veteran Julius Peppers' workload, Perry has been taking the bulk of the snaps with the No. ", "1 defense as the bookend pass rusher opposite Clay Matthews.", "\n\nPrior to Thursday's practice, the third of camp and the first in pads, Head Coach Mike McCarthy said he views Perry as a \"prominent player\" in the Packers' defense this season. ", "Healthy enough to participate fully in an offseason program for the first time in his career, Perry \"looks like a whole different player\" heading into his fifth year.", "\n\nTeammates have noticed, too. ", "Right tackle Bryan Bulaga, a first-round pick two years prior to Perry who has gone head-to-head with him countless times in practice, sees a renewed, more seasoned Perry as well.", "\n\n\"I can just tell by his speed,\" Bulaga said. \"", "He's always been very good with his hands, but I feel like he's really polished that up even more. ", "He's obviously a strong guy, so he's got great power, too. ", "I think he's going to have a good year.", "\n\n\n\n\"Obviously, we all have to stay healthy, myself included, but with Nick, you can definitely tell that he's improved big-time.\"", "\n\nThat's an eyebrow-raising thought, considering Perry's productivity when he has been on the field. ", "Including playoffs, he has recorded 18½ sacks in just 51 career games." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0078125, 0.016666666666666666, 0.00558659217877095, 0, 0, 0.00558659217877095, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0 ]

[ "Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive breast cancer subtypes. ", "To date, there is no clinically available targeted therapy for patients diagnosed with TNBC. ", "Current guidelines for breast cancer treatment recommend that the majority of lymph node--negative (LNN) breast cancer patients, including TNBC patients, be treated with adjuvant chemotherapy ([@CIT0001]) . ", "Eventually approximately 30% of LNN TNBC patients develop distant metastasis ([@CIT0002]) and could thus potentially benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy; this indicates that the majority of patients are currently being overtreated. ", "The lack of highly sensitive and specific prognostic markers is a major obstacle to predicting prognosis of TNBC patients. ", "Moreover, there is an urgent need to identify potentially useful targets for therapy. ", "Some commonly applied approaches for biomarker discovery, such as gene expression profiling, have not yet succeeded in identifying highly sensitive and specific markers related to disease progression of TNBC ([@CIT0003]). ", "Although a few publications have claimed to identify gene signatures that predict prognosis of TNBC ([@CIT0004]), the reported signatures have limited clinical value because of their experimental design and lack of sufficient sensitivity and specificity. ", "Therefore, it is desirable to identify a highly sensitive and specific prognostic signature for clinical application.", "\n\nQuantitative proteome analysis using nanoscale liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS) may complement these efforts because nLC-MS/MS quantitatively profiles a large portion of the human proteome ([@CIT0009]). ", "Some protein markers predicting prognosis ([@CIT0010]) and therapy resistance ([@CIT0011]) of breast cancer have already been identified using nLC-MS/MS--based comparative proteome profiling. ", "In this study, we identified and independently validated a protein signature to predict 5-year metastasis-free survival of LNN patients who did not receive systemic adjuvant therapy, which would allow for the selection of TNBC patients that can be spared the toxicity of adjuvant chemotherapy.", "\n\nMethods {#s1}\n=======\n\nStudy Design {#s2}\n------------\n\nPatient specimens used to develop and validate a prognostic signature were collected in five European institutes between 1985 and 2005. ", "Triple negativity of tumor tissues was confirmed based on mRNA expression using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction with a reported criterion of estrogen receptor (*ESR1*) less than 0.2, progesterone receptor (*PGR*) less than 0.1, and human epidermal growth factor receptor (*HER2/ERBB2*) genes BB2 less than 18 ([@CIT0012],[@CIT0013]). ", "With this criterion, we identified 271 and 61 TNBC tumor tissues from local tissue bank and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) collaborators, respectively. ", "Tissues used in this study were restricted to LNN patients who had not received systemic adjuvant therapy. ", "Patients who developed distant metastasis as first event within 5 years after removal of the primary tumor were considered to have poor prognosis, whereas patients who remained free of distant metastasis for 5 years were defined as having good prognosis. ", "Patients who had bilateral breast cancer were excluded. ", "In addition, inclusion for microdissection and mass spectrometry (MS) profiling depended on sufficient invasive tumor area for microdissection and morphological quality. ", "With the above-mentioned criteria, samples were subsequently rejected on the basis of clinical reasons \\[patients were diagnosed with positive lymph-nodes (92), received adjuvant chemotherapy (3), had insufficient clinical follow-up (19), and developed local relapse before distant metastasis (26)\\] and technical reasons \\[insufficient tumor tissues (33), indistinguishable morphology, and insufficient tumor area for microdissection (32)\\]. ", "As a consequence, 63 and 64 tumors from training and test sets were prepared for nLC-MS/MS profiling, respectively. ", "One sample was not successfully measured because of machinery failure. ", "Clinical characteristics of the included (n = 126) and excluded (n = 206) subjects are summarized in [Supplementary Table 1](http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/jnci/djt376/-/DC1) (available online). ", "nLC-MS/MS data from 63 samples were used for development of the protein signature (training set), and data from the other 63 samples were used for independent validation (test set) ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}; [Supplementary Table 2](http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/jnci/djt376/-/DC1), available online). ", "This study was approved by the local institutional medical ethics committee (MEC 02.953), and wherever possible we adhered to the Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies ([@CIT0014]).", "\n\n###### \n\nClinical and pathological characteristics of patients and their tumors\\*\n\n Variables Training set Test set (11-protein signature) \n --------------------------- -------------- --------------------------------- ----------- -----------\n Age, y \n  Mean (SD) 51 (14) 56 (13) 54 (13) 59 (13)\n  ≤40 13 (20.6) 9 (14.3) 6 (20.0) 3 (9.1)\n  41--55 25 (39.7) 23 (36.5) 12 (40.0) 11 (33.3)\n  56--70 19 (30.2) 22 (34.9) 8 (26.7) 14 (42.4)\n  \\>70 6 (9.5) 9 (14.3) 4 (13.3) 5 (15.2)\n Menopausal status \n  Premenopausal 34 (54.0) 26 (41.3) 16 (53.3) 10 (30.3)\n  Postmenopausal 29 (46.0) 37 (58.7) 14 (46.7) 23 (69.7)\n Tumor size, cm \n  Mean (SD)† 2.9 (1.5) 2.6 (1.1) 2.9 (1.2) 2.3 (0.9)\n  pT1, ≤ 2cm 22 (34.9) 22 (34.9) 6 (20.0) 16 (48.5)\n  pT2--4, \\>2cm 39 (61.9) 35 (55.6) 20 (66.7) 15 (45.5)\n  Unknown 2 (3.2) 6 (9.5) 4 (13.3) 2 (6.1)\n Grade \n  Grade 1 0 (0.0) 2 (3.2) 2 (6.7) 0 (0.0)\n  Grade 2 4 (6.3) 12 (19.0) 2 (6.7) 10 (30.3)\n  Grade 3 44 (69.8) 43 (68.3) 21 (70.0) 22 (66.7)\n  Unknown 15 (23.8) 6 (9.5) 5 (16.7) 1 (3.0)\n Metastasis within 5 years \n  Yes 25 (39.7) 19 (30.2) 9 (30.0) 10 (30.3)\n  No 38 (60.3) 44 (69.8) 21 (70.0) 23 (69.7)\n\n\\* Data are No. (%) ", "unless otherwise stated. ", "EMC = Erasmus Medical Center; EORTC = European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; SD = standard deviation.", "\n\n† Samples with recorded tumor size were used for calculation.", "\n\nExperimental Procedures {#s3}\n-----------------------\n\nThe dedicated procedure of sample preparation was performed ([@CIT0015]) ([Supplementary Methods](http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/jnci/djt376/-/DC1), available online). ", "Tissue samples were cut into 8-µm frozen sections and then microdissected to obtain approximately 4000 breast cancer epithelial cells. ", "Proteins were extracted from microdissected cells, and this was followed by denaturation, reduction, and alkylation. ", "Protein samples were digested at 37^o^C for 4 hours using MS-grade trypsin (Promega, Madison, WI) at a 1:4 (enzyme/protein) ratio and then acidified for further analysis.", "\n\nGlobal proteome profiles of the TNBC samples were recorded on an nLC hyphenated LTQ-Orbitrap-XL MS system (ThermoElectron, Bremen, Germany) ([Supplementary Methods](http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/jnci/djt376/-/DC1), available online). ", "Peptide mixtures were separated on the nLC system with a 3-hour binary gradient (mobile phase A: water; mobile phase B: acetonitrile) in a 3-μm C~18~ silica-packed 50-cm capillary column with 75-μm inner diameter. ", "Mass spectra were acquired over a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) range of 400 to 1800 at a resolving power of 30000 at 400 m/z. The five most intensive parent ions from the full scan were isolated and fragmented by collisional activated dissociation in the linear ion trap. ", "Dynamic exclusion was used to increase the number of parent ions selected for fragmentation. ", "Recorded raw nLC-MS/MS data have been submitted to ProteomeXchange (accession number: PXD000260).", "\n\nStatistical Analysis {#s4}\n--------------------\n\nThe recorded MS spectra from the training and test set were separately analyzed in MaxQuant Software (free-ware available from www.maxquant.org, version 1.1.1.36) ([@CIT0016]). ", "To identify a prognostic protein signature, Cox regression analysis was performed to associate protein abundance with metastasis-free survival time of patients in the training set. ", "Cox regression coefficients and corresponding *P* values were determined for all tested proteins. ", "The assumption of proportionality was verified by a test based on the Schoenfeld residuals. ", "Prognostic proteins were selected with a *P* value cutoff of less than .01. ", "Weighted protein abundance of the prognostic proteins was computed by multiplication of their protein abundance and corresponding Cox regression coefficients. ", "A relapse score was calculated by summation of weighted protein abundance of all protein(s) in a given predictive model, followed by *z* score transformation of summed score. ", "Multiple predictive models were constructed from the training set by starting with the protein with the lowest *P* value and stepwise adding one more protein in the next model. ", "Efficiency of these models was then assessed by summation of three parameters: 1) area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve ([@CIT0017]), 2) Youden's index at 100% sensitivity (sensitivity + specificity -- 1), and 3) reversed model size (1 − n~i~/n, where n~i~ is the number of proteins in a defined model, and n is the total number of prognostic proteins). ", "The model with the highest efficiency was considered as the best prognostic signature.", "\n\nThe cutoff of the prognostic protein signature was determined from the ROC curve of the training set to ensure 100% sensitivity and highest specificity. ", "The protein signature was validated in the test set at the determined cutoff. ", "Kaplan--Meier survival curves and log-rank test were performed to evaluate the differences in the time to distant metastasis of predicted good and poor prognosis groups. ", "Univariate and multivariable analyses with Cox proportional hazard model were used to assess the prognostic value of the protein signature with and without consideration of the individual clinical prognostic variables.", "\n\nPathway analysis was performed to interpret biological function of signature proteins using gene set enrichment analysis ([@CIT0018]). ", "The [Supplementary Methods](http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/jnci/djt376/-/DC1) (available online) describe detailed information about MaxQuant settings, statistical software packages, and pathway analysis.", "\n\nResults {#s5}\n=======\n\nThe training and test samples were profiled by nLC-MS/MS in 2010 and 2012, respectively ([Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The baseline clinical features of patients were similar between the Erasmus University Medical Center (EMC) training and multicenter test set, although patients were slightly older and more patients were classified with grade 2 tumors in the test set ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The median follow-ups for the good-prognosis patients in the training and test set were 117 (range = 61--257) and 108 (range = 61--234) months, respectively. ", "Patients were recruited in five EORTC institutes between 1985 and 2005. ", "Clinical data used for data analysis were updated until October 2012.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nDevelopment of a Proteomic Prognostic Signature for TNBC Patients {#s6}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nProteome profiles for training and test samples were independently generated by nLC-MS/MS (see [Supplementary Methods](http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/jnci/djt376/-/DC1), available online). ", "A stringent filtering procedure resulted in a total of 981 proteins for development of a prognostic signature ([Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}; [Supplementary Figure 1](http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/jnci/djt376/-/DC1), available online). ", "Good reproducibility and quantitative precision were observed from quantified proteins in replicate samples by performing the same filtering criteria (see [Supplementary Methods](http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/jnci/djt376/-/DC1), available online).", "\n\nThe 981 proteins were used to develop a prognostic signature in the training set. ", "Using univariate Cox analysis, a panel of 23 proteins was statistically significantly associated with metastasis-free survival of patients (*P* \\< .01) ([Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}; [Supplementary Figure 1](http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/jnci/djt376/-/DC1), available online). ", "Twenty-three prognostic models were derived from these 23 proteins using a multivariable linear regression model, from which an 11-protein model performed fairly comparably with the models with 15 or more proteins based on an AUC of ROC curve and specificity at 100% sensitivity to predict poor-prognosis patients. ", "By further considering model size, we calculated efficiency for all 23 models, and the 11-protein model showed the highest model efficiency at 2.31 ([Figure 2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Detailed information for these 11 proteins is listed in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Supplementary Table 3](http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/jnci/djt376/-/DC1) (available online). ", "Of these 11 proteins, 10 proteins were upregulated (CMPK1, AIFM1, FTH1, EML4, GANAB, CTNNA1, AP1G1, STX12, AP1M1, and CAPZB), whereas one protein was downregulated (MTHFD1) in good-prognosis patients in the training set. ", "The ROC curve derived from the 11-protein signature showed good sensitivity and specificity with AUC of 0.95 ([Figure 3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "A cutoff was selected with a relapse score of zero to identify good-prognosis patients (negative score) at which maximal specificity was reached at 100% sensitivity ([Figure 3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, green dot).", "\n\n###### \n\nEleven-signature proteins and their prognostic information in training set\n\n Protein ID Gene name Protein description Subcellular localization\\* Cox coefficient (Hazard ratio)† *P* (FDR)‡\n ------------ ----------- ---------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------- --------------\n P30085 *CMPK1* UMP-CMP kinase Nucleus/cytoplasm −0.587 (0.556) .00 (0.123)\n O95831 *AIFM1* Apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial Mitochondrion/nucleus/ cytoplasm −0.860 (0.423) .001 (0.199)\n P02794 *FTH1* Ferritin heavy chain Cytoplasm/intracellular matrix −0.400 (0.670) .001 (0.199)\n P11586 *MTHFD1* C-1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, cytoplasmic Cytoplasm 1.178 (3.247) .001 (0.199)\n Q9HC35 *EML4* Echinoderm microtubule- associated protein- like 4 Cytoplasm/ cytoskeleton/ microtubule −0.576 (0.562) .001 (0.267)\n Q14697 *GANAB* Neutral alpha- glucosidase AB Endoplasmic reticulum/ Golgi apparatus/ melanosome −1.050 (0.350) .002 (0.312)\n P35221 *CTNNA1* Catenin alpha-1 Cytoplasm/ cytoskeleton/ cell junction/Cell membrane −1.115 (0.328) .002 (0.312)\n O43747 *AP1G1* AP-1 complex subunit gamma-1 Golgi apparatus/ cytoplasmic vesicle/ clathrin-coated vesicle membrane −0.997 (0.369) .003 (0.332)\n Q86Y82 *STX12* Syntaxin-12 Endosome membrane/ Golgi apparatus membrane −0.675 (0.509) .003 (0.332)\n Q9BXS5 *AP1M1* AP-1 complex subunit mu-1 Golgi apparatus/ cytoplasmic vesicle/ clathrin-coated vesicle membrane −0.846 (0.429) .004 (0.398)\n P47756 *CAPZB* F-actin-capping protein subunit beta Cytoplasm/cytoskeleton −0.916 (0.400) .005 (0.398)\n\n\\* Adapted from UniProt Knowledgebase.", "\n\n† Cox coefficients were calculated by natural logarithm (ln) of hazard ratios.", "\n\n‡ *P* values were computed by Cox regression analysis, and the corresponding false discovery rate (FDR) of the proteins is reported in parentheses.", "\n\n![", "Selection of the best predictive signature from 23 prognostic models developed in the training set. ", "The different models were created from 23 prognostic proteins (Cox regression analysis: *P* \\< .01), starting with the protein with the lowest *P* value and gradually adding one more protein at a time, thereby constructing 23 different prognostic models. ", "Model efficiency was considered by three aspects: 1) area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, 2) specificity at 100% sensitivity, and 3) reversed model size (1 − 1/n, where n is number of used protein\\[s\\] for the model). ", "The model with the highest model efficiency was considered as the best model, resulting in selection of the 11-protein signature (model efficiency = 2.31) for validation.](jnci.j_djt376_f0002){#F2}\n\n![", "Development and multicenter validation of the 11-protein signature. **", "A**) Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the 11-protein signature in the training set (**red solid line**: area under the curve \\[AUC\\]). ", "A cutoff was chosen to ensure maximal sensitivity to identify the good-prognosis patients with the highest possible specificity in the training set (**green dot**). ", "Other models developed from 23 prognostic proteins were also plotted as ROC curves (**black dashed lines**). **", "B**) ROC curve of the 11-protein signature in the test set. ", "Kaplan--Meier analysis shows that the 11-protein signature is strongly predictive of metastasis-free survival (**C**) and breast cancer (BC)--related survival (**D**) CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio. **", "E**) Waterfall plot stratifies two groups of triple-negative breast cancer patients with different predicted prognosis in the test set. ", "NPV = negative predictive value; PPV = positive predictive value.\\\nAll statistical tests were two-sided.](jnci.j_djt376_f0003){#F3}\n\nValidation of the 11-Protein Signature in a Multicenter Cohort of TNBC Patients {#s7}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe 11-protein signature was validated on the test cohort, resulting in an ROC curve with AUC of 0.83 ([Figure 3B](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Using the predetermined cutoff (relapse score = 0), patients predicted as having a poor prognosis (positive score) had much worse 5-year metastasis-free survival (log-rank *P* \\< .001) ([Figure 3C](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and breast cancer--related survival (log-rank *P* \\< .001) ([Figure 3D](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) than predicted good-prognosis patients. ", "In the predicted good-prognosis group, 31 of 33 patients did not develop distant metastasis (negative predictive value = 93.9%; 95% confidence interval \\[CI\\] = 82.3% to 98.9%) ([Figure 3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [C](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [E](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In contrast, 17 of 30 patients developed distant metastasis in the predicted poor-prognosis group (positive predictive value =56.7%; 95% CI = 43.8% to 62.1%) ([Figure 3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [C](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [E](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Overall, our signature results in a sensitivity of 89.5% (95% CI = 69.2% to 98.1%) and specificity of 70.5% (95% CI = 61.7% to 74.2%) to predict poor-prognosis patients in the test set. ", "In univariate Cox analyses, the poor-prognosis patients also have statistically significantly higher risk of developing distant metastases (hazard ratio \\[HR\\] = 13.15; 95% CI = 3.03 to 57.07; *P* = .001) ([Figure 3C](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}; [Table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}) and breast cancer--related death (HR = 22.78; 95% CI = 3.00 to 173.08; *P* = .003) ([Figure 3D](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}; [Table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}) than those predicted to have good prognosis. ", "The 11-protein signature was also prognostic in subgroups of patients with different menopausal status ([Figure 4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [A](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [B](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and tumor size ([Figure 4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [C](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [D](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Furthermore, the 11-protein signature was a strong independent prognostic factor to predict risk of distant metastasis (HR = 12.45; 95% CI = 2.67 to 58.11; *P* = .001) and of breast cancer--related death (HR = 36.08; 95% CI = 4.00 to 325.67; *P* = .001) in multivariable Cox regression model after correction for the contribution of traditional prognostic factors ([Table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "No other prognostic factors, such as age, menopausal status, tumor size, or tumor grade of the patients, were statistically significantly associated with metastasis-free survival in univariate and multivariable analyses ([Table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nUnivariate and multivariable analyses\\* of the 11-protein signature for its prognostic value (n = 63)\n\n Test set (multicenter cohort) Metastasis-free survival Breast cancer--related survival \n ---------------------------------------------- -------------------------- --------------------------------- ----------------------- ------ ------------------------ ------ ------------------------ ------\n Age, y 0.99 (0.95 to 1.02) .42 1.02 (0.96 to 1.07) .59 0.99 (0.95 to 1.03) .68 1.02 (0.96 to 1.08) .61\n Menopausal status, post- vs premenopausal 0.60 (0.24 to 1.48) .27 0.41 (0.08 to 1.96) .26 0.71 (0.27 to 1.89) .49 0.50 (0.09 to 2.66) .42\n Tumor size, \\>2cm & unknown vs ≤2 cm 0.74 (0.30 to 1.83) .51 0.70 (0.28 to 1.75) .45 0.94 (0.34 to 2.60) .91 0.93 (0.34 to 2.58) .89\n Tumor grade† \n  Grade 3 vs 1 and 2 2.79 (0.64 to 12.22) .17 3.22 (0.71 to 14.52) .13 2.09 (0.47 to 9.33) .34 2.31 (0.50 to 10.75) .29\n  Grade unknown vs 1 and 2 2.61 (0.37 to 18.55) .34 2.70 (0.37 to 19.80) .33 2.67 (0.37 to 19.05) .33 2.88 (0.39 to 21.48) .30\n 11-protein signature, predicted poor vs good 13.15 (3.03 to 57.07) .001 12.45 (2.67 to 58.11) .001 22.78 (3.00 to 173.08) .003 36.08 (4.00 to 325.67) .001\n\n\\* Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed based on Cox regression model. ", "All statistical tests were two-sided. ", "CI = confidence interval\n\n† Tumor grade classification according to Bloom and Richardson scoring system ([@CIT0034]).", "\n\n{#F4}\n\nCurrently, there is no specific clinical guideline of recommend treatment for TNBC patients. ", "Two clinical consensus criteria, St. Gallen ([@CIT0019]) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) ([@CIT0020]), are often applied to guide treatment of breast cancer cases. ", "In our test set, 91% (n = 40 of 44) and 95% (n = 38 of 40) of the good-prognosis patients would be classified as high risk and therefore would be guided to receive apparently unnecessary adjuvant chemotherapy using St. Gallen and NIH criteria, respectively ([Table 4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "On the other hand, only 30% (n = 13 of 44) of the good-prognosis patients would be classified for adjuvant chemotherapy using the 11-protein signature ([Table 4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Therefore, more than 60% of patients in the test set would have been exempted from unnecessary adjuvant chemotherapy using the 11-protein signature as guidance, compared with St. Gallen and NIH criteria.", "\n\n###### \n\nComparison of the 11-protein signature with currently applied clinical consensus criteria on treatment of breast cancer\n\n Method Patients guided to receive adjuvant chemotherapy in the test set \n ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------\n St. Gallen\\* 18/18 (100%)‡ 40/44 (91%)\n NIH† 14/17 (82%)‡ 38/40 (95%)‡\n 11-protein signature 17/19 (89%) 13/44 (30%)§\n\n\\* St. Gallen consensus criteria: tumor ≥2cm, ESR1 negative, grade 2--3, patient aged \\<35 years (one of these criteria).", "\n\n† National Institutes of Health (NIH) guideline: tumor \\>1cm.", "\n\n‡ Patients with missing clinical information were excluded from these analyses.", "\n\n§ A statistically significant improvement.", "\n\nPathway Analysis of Prognostic Signature {#s8}\n----------------------------------------\n\nThe function of the 11 signature proteins related to progression of TNBC was interpreted in silico by gene set enrichment analysis. ", "To overcome low identification rate of our proteomic data (see [Supplementary Methods](http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/jnci/djt376/-/DC1), available online), we used gene expression data from 63 in-house available TNBC samples, of which 47 samples were also included in our global proteome profiling. ", "An overall statistically significant correlation between transcriptome and proteome in the 47 samples indicated the validity of using gene expression to interpret the molecular functions related to TNBC progression and expression of signature proteins (see [Supplementary Data](http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/jnci/djt376/-/DC1), available online). ", "In total, ten proteins were matched with their coding genes. ", "Biological pathways related to good prognosis of the TNBC patients were mainly associated with immune response (eg, modulation of cytokines, antigen processing and presentation, and activation of T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells) and cell death (eg, ceramide signaling, tumor necrosis factor--mediated apoptosis, FAS-FAS ligand--mediated apoptosis, and caspase cascade). ", "Nine of 10 genes were associated with good prognosis of TNBC patients (*CMPK1, AIFM1, FTH1, EML4, GANAB, CTNNA1, AP1G1, STX12,* and *CAPZB*), of which FTH1, GANAB, and STX12 were associated with 58, 18, and three enriched pathways related to immune response or cell death with recommended false discovery rate less than 0.25 ([Supplementary Table 4](http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/jnci/djt376/-/DC1), available online). ", "On the other hand, cell metabolism (eg, metabolism of nucleotides and noncoding RNA) and transport of macromolecules (eg, transport of mature transcripts and ribonucleoproteins and export of proteins) were key pathways related to poor prognosis of TNBC patients. ", "MTHFD1 was the only protein upregulated in TNBC patients with poor prognosis and was associated with two metabolic pathways (metabolism of nucleotides and noncoding RNA) with false discovery rate less than 0.25 ([Supplementary Table 4](http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/jnci/djt376/-/DC1), available online).", "\n\nDiscussion {#s9}\n==========\n\nPrognosis of LNN TNBC patients is extremely heterogeneous and often not associated with conventional prognostic parameters (patient age, tumor size, and tumor grade) ([@CIT0021]), concordant with this study. ", "Approximately 30% of TNBC patients eventually experience distant relapse (2). ", "Therefore, a substantial proportion of patients are being overtreated with systemic adjuvant therapy. ", "In this study, we identified and independently validated a clinically relevant prognostic 11-protein signature for TNBC, which could be used to reduce the number of patients that would receive unnecessary adjuvant chemotherapy.", "\n\nTo translate the 11-protein signature into a clinically useful assay, two future steps are essential. ", "First, a quantitative, targeted, and ready-to-use assay needs to be developed for absolute quantification of the signature proteins. ", "The most promising candidate for such an assay would be a mass spectrometry--based selected reaction monitoring assay ([@CIT0022]). ", "Second, such a targeted assay can then be incorporated into future clinical trials and subsequently used for clinical decision making for treatment options. ", "Furthermore, some of the signature proteins may serve as potential targets for novel therapies.", "\n\nSome signature proteins have been reported to be prognostic in breast cancer or other cancers. ", "The prognostic role of these proteins is summarized in three categories. ", "First, expression of some proteins is directly linked to disease progression. ", "For instance, decreased levels of FTH1 protein have been associated with lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer ([@CIT0023]). ", "Similarly, abnormal expression of CTNNA1 protein has been related with poor patient survival in invasive breast cancer ([@CIT0024]). ", "Also, association has been observed between increased expression of GANAB protein and favorable prognosis in head and neck cancer ([@CIT0025]). ", "Second, genetic polymorphisms of some proteins showed important prognostic values. ", "Single nucleotide polymorphisms of CMPK1 have been associated with prognosis of non--small cell lung cancer ([@CIT0026]) and pancreatic cancer ([@CIT0027]) patients treated with gemcitabine-based chemotherapeutics. ", "A correlation has also been reported between a 1958AA single nucleotide polymorphism of MTHFD1 gene and poor clinical outcome of premenopausal breast cancer patients ([@CIT0028]). ", "Moreover, genetic mutations of certain protein-coding genes may also be prognostic. ", "EML-ALK fusion gene has been suggested to be associated with relatively favorable prognosis of non--small cell lung cancer patients ([@CIT0029]). ", "We speculate that there may be a correlation between expression of these proteins and their genetic variance, which needs to be further investigated.", "\n\nPathway analysis showed that immune response, cell death, cell metabolism, and transport of macromolecules are the major underlying molecular mechanisms of the signature proteins related to prognosis of TNBC patients. ", "These findings are in concordance with previous observations. ", "Lehmann and colleagues identified an immunomodulatory subtype that was associated with favorable clinical outcome ([@CIT0030]). ", "Rody and colleagues identified a signature of high B-cell and low IL-8 metagenes that predicted good prognosis of TNBC patients ([@CIT0005]), and Yau and coworkers reported a 14-gene signature linked to immune/inflammatory cytokine regulation in which the majority of genes were associated with good prognosis of TNBC patients ([@CIT0008]). ", "In our prognostic signature, three proteins (FTH1, GANAB, and STX12) are associated with immunomodulation and cell death--associated pathways. ", "FTH1 is an iron storage protein and indirectly regulates the ratio of CD4^+^ T cells and CD8^+^ T cells by altering iron distribution ([@CIT0031]). ", "Increased CD8^+^ T cells may help to eliminate tumor cells ([@CIT0032]), which would be favorable for survival of TNBC patients. ", "Molecular functions of GANAB and STX12 related to immune response and cell death have not been well studied. ", "Therefore, further studies are required to understand the functions of these proteins in disease progression. ", "On the other hand, it is known that the luminal androgen receptor subtype of TNBC, with aberrant alteration of cell metabolism, is related to adverse clinical outcome of TNBC patients ([@CIT0030]). ", "In our signature, MTHFD1 is associated with poor prognosis and is involved in folate metabolism. ", "It has been suggested that increased concentration of folate resulted in a dose-dependent downregulation of tumor suppressor genes in breast cancer cell lines due to increased DNA methylation of their promoter region ([@CIT0033]), which may indicate the importance of MTHFD1 in TNBC progression.", "\n\nOur study has some limitations. ", "First, microdissection-based sample preparation is tedious and may introduce additional biases between diagnostic individuals and laboratories. ", "Second, the nLC-MS/MS--based platform is difficult to apply in routine clinical practice. ", "Therefore, our future work will focus on developing simple sampling strategies and high-throughput selected reaction monitoring assay to reliably measure the 11-protein signature.", "\n\nIn summary, we have developed an 11-protein signature to predict TNBC patients who develop a distant metastasis with high sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value (82.3% to 98.9%). ", "Therefore, our signature could aid in clinical practice to avoid unnecessary treatment with adjuvant chemotherapy of LNN TNBC patients. ", "Future prospective clinical trials are needed to further consolidate the validity of the 11-protein signature.", "\n\nFunding\n=======\n\nThis study was financially supported by the Netherlands Genomics Initiative/Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (The Hague, The Netherlands), Center for Translational Molecular Medicine (Eindhoven, The Netherlands) Breast CARE project 030-104, and Dutch Cancer Society, (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) project number EMCR 2009--4319.", "\n\nThe authors are solely responsible for the study design, data generation, analysis and interpretation of the data, writing the manuscript, and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.", "\n\nThe authors gratefully acknowledge Dr Lennard J.M. Dekker and Lona Zeneyedpour for technical assistance on nLC-MS/MS measurements and Dr Elizabeth A. McClellan and Dr Andrew Stubbs for technical support on bioinformatics analysis.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.01098901098901099, 0.010752688172043012, 0.014492753623188406, 0.008658008658008658, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0.00784313725490196, 0, 0.01276595744680851, 0.015625, 0.0034129692832764505, 0, 0.005698005698005698, 0.010638297872340425, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0, 0.002257336343115124, 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0.004545454545454545, 0.005970149253731343, 0.01951219512195122, 0.0016214025131738954, 0, 0.02459016393442623, 0, 0.008, 0, 0, 0.01764705882352941, 0.015267175572519083, 0, 0, 0, 0.020618556701030927, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.002551020408163265, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.008733624454148471, 0.006756756756756757, 0.006968641114982578, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0, 0, 0.011647254575707155, 0.003787878787878788, 0.003663003663003663, 0, 0.0032679738562091504, 0, 0.00546448087431694, 0.0047169811320754715, 0.027149321266968326, 0, 0, 0.0029357798165137615, 0, 0.006711409395973154, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004672897196261682, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0, 0.004032258064516129, 0.010752688172043012, 0.004246284501061571, 0, 0.005, 0, 0.002477700693756194, 0, 0.03418803418803419, 0, 0, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0.00684931506849315, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0.023255813953488372, 0.0034129692832764505, 0, 0.0049261083743842365, 0, 0.031746031746031744, 0, 0, 0.004484304932735426, 0.006153846153846154, 0.002680965147453083, 0, 0.005249343832020997, 0.017977528089887642, 0.0076045627376425855, 0.006060606060606061, 0.008368200836820083, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0.004405286343612335, 0, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0.015037593984962405, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0.013953488372093023, 0.005555555555555556, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0.004545454545454545, 0, 0.015625, 0.01466275659824047, 0.006993006993006993, 0.006756756756756757, 0.015503875968992248, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0.010309278350515464, 0.010169491525423728, 0, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0.011049723756906077, 0, 0.021551724137931036, 0 ]

[ "Washington: Sales of Nokia Lumia handsets has reportedly declined by 600,000 units in the fourth quarter of 2013, as compared to the previous quarter.", "\n\nNokia sold 8.2 million Lumia handsets in Q4, as compared to 8.8 million in the previous quarter, TechCrunch reports.", "\n\nThe drop in sales came at a time when the majority of Nokia's hardware assets are being sold to Microsoft, which means it's more of a problem for Microsoft than Nokia.", "\n\nHowever, it does not indicate anything for the Windows Phone platform as it is showing signs of gathering momentum, the report added." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.006666666666666667, 0.025423728813559324, 0.023668639053254437, 0.007407407407407408 ]

[ "Epidemiology of respiratory distress and the illness severity in late preterm or term infants: a prospective multi-center study.", "\nThe severity of respiratory distress was associated with neonatal prognosis. ", "This study aimed to explore the clinical characteristics, therapeutic interventions and short-term outcomes of late preterm or term infants who required respiratory support, and compare the usage of different illness severity assessment tools. ", "Seven neonatal intensive care units in tertiary hospitals were recruited. ", "From November 2008 to October 2009, neonates born at ≥ 34 weeks' gestational age, admitted at < 72 hours of age, requiring continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or mechanical ventilation for respiratory support were enrolled. ", "Clinical data including demographic variables, underlying disease, complications, therapeutic interventions and short-term outcomes were collected. ", "All infants were divided into three groups by Acute care of at-risk newborns (ACoRN) Respiratory Score < 5, 5 - 8, and > 8. ", "During the study period, 503 newborn late preterm or term infants required respiratory support. ", "The mean gestational age was (36.8 ± 2.2) weeks, mean birth weight was (2734.5 ± 603.5) g. The majority of the neonates were male (69.4%), late preterm (63.3%), delivered by cesarean section (74.8%), admitted in the first day of life (89.3%) and outborn (born at other hospitals, 76.9%). ", "Of the cesarean section, 51.1% were performed electively. ", "Infants in the severe group were more mature, had the highest rate of elective cesarean section, Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes and resuscitated with intubation, the in-hospital mortality increased significantly. ", "In total, 58.1% of the patients were supported with mechanical ventilation and 17.3% received high frequency oscillation. ", "Adjunctive therapies were commonly needed. ", "Higher rate of infants in severe group needed mechanical ventilation or high frequency oscillation, volume expansion, bicarbonate infusion or vasopressors therapy (P < 0.05). ", "The incidence of complications was also increased significantly in severe group (P < 0.05). ", "The in-hospital mortality in the severe group was significantly higher than other two groups (P < 0.05). ", "ACoRN Respiratory Score was correlated with Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology-Version II (SNAP-II) (P < 0.01). ", "High gestational age, high SNAP-II score and oxygenation index (OI), and Apgar score at 5 minutes < 5 were independent risks for death. ", "Neonatal respiratory distress is still a common cause of hospitalization in China. ", "Illness severity assessment is important for the management. ", "ACoRN Respiratory Score which correlated with SNAP-II score is easy to use and may be helpful in facilitating the caregivers in local hospital to identify the early signs and make the transfer decision promptly." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008064516129032258, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0.004739336492890996, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The present invention is directed to a wrench, and more particularly to a wrench having a locking mechanism for holding open the jaws of the wrench for easy removal of a workpiece from the jaws.", "\nPreviously, adjustable wrenches have been provided with a moveable jaw that permits use of the wrench with work pieces, e.g., pipes and nuts, of varying sizes. ", "However, once the jaws of the wrench are closed on the work piece, the work piece can be removed only by manually opening the moveable jaw away from the work piece. ", "Attempts have been made to provide wrenches where the user can open the moveable jaw without actually grasping and pulling the moveable jaw. ", "However, in many such designs, a significant amount of force must nonetheless be exerted by the user to open the jaw.", "\nThe present invention is directed to an improved wrench having a moveable jaw whereby minimal force is necessary to open the moveable jaw to remove the work piece. ", "In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a wrench for applying a force to a work piece comprising a handle having proximal and distal ends and top and bottom surfaces. ", "A fixed jaw is mounted at the distal end of the handle, and a moveable jaw is pivotally mounted at the distal end of the handle. ", "A biasing means is mounted in the handle for biasing the moveable jaw toward the fixed jaw. ", "A slidable button is mounted on the top surface of the handle. ", "A connector is provided having a distal end fixedly attached to the moveable jaw and a proximal end fixedly attached to the slidable button. ", "The wrench further comprises means for locking the slidable button in a fixed position to hold the moveable jaw in an open position.", "\nIn a preferred embodiment, the invention is directed to a wrench having a handle and fixed and moveable jaws, as described above. ", "The handle has a slot extending therethrough with at least one groove extending downward from the slot. ", "A spring is mounted in the handle having a distal end in contact with the moveable jaw for biasing the moveable jaw toward the fixed jaw. ", "A slidable button is mounted on the top surface of the handle, with a spring mounted between the slidable button and the top surface of the handle. ", "The wrench further comprises a connector having a distal end fixedly attached to the movable jaw and a proximal end fixedly attached to the slidable button by a pin. ", "In operation, the pin rides in the slot and fits in the groove.", "\nBy the above designs, when the user desires to remove the wrench from the work piece, he pushes the wrench distally toward the work piece. ", "The work piece exerts a force on the proximal end of the moveable jaw, counteracting the biasing force of the spring and thereby opening the jaw. ", "When the jaw opens, the connector is moved proximally, thus moving the slidable button proximally. ", "This movement causes the pin to move proximally within the slot. ", "When the moveable jaw is opened far enough for the work piece to be removed, the user pushes downward on the slidable button, thereby holding open the moveable jaw. ", "Further, in the preferred embodiment, pushing on the slidable button forces the pin into the groove, further locking the moveable jaw in an open position so that, even if the user releases the slidable button, the moveable jaw will remain open." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The main class to create Query object is: org.eclipse.emf.query2.Query. ", "You can use the constructors in Query class to create instance of Query. ", "A Query requires mandatorily define following:\n\n+\n\n+\n\n#For specifying select clause: One or more SelectAttrs or SelectAlias\n\n+\n\n#For specifying From clause: One or more FromType\\FromFixedSet\n\n+\n\n+\n\nYou can also specify where clauses to specify conditions by specifying following:\n\n+\n\n+\n\n#For normal conditions: Use following:\n\n+\n\n+\n\n'''LocalWhereEntry:''' A local where-entry allows the definition of a boolean expression, which compares the primitive typed attributes of one alias.", "\n\n+\n\n+\n\n#For Join conditions: Use any of following:\n\n+\n\n+\n\na. '''WhereComparisonAliases''': A where-comparison aliases compares two aliases to each other for equality, where both aliases have to be of the same type.", "\n\n+\n\n+\n\nb. '''WhereComparisonAttrs''': A where-comparison attributes compares two attributes of two aliases to each other for equality, where both attributes have to be of the same primitive type.", "\n\n+\n\n+\n\nc. '''WhereNestedReference''': A nested where-entry defines a where-entry which constrains an alias by connecting it via an association to the results of a nested query. ", "Nested where-entries can be negated.", "\n\n+\n\n+\n\nd. '''WhereRelationReference''': A where-relation defines a where-entry which constrains two aliases to be involved in an association relation\n\n+\n\n+\n\n=== Sample Queries: ===\n\n+\n\n''' Note: ''' The model used in the queries is mentioned in Appendix: Sample data\n\nInstallation\n\nOverview of Query2\n\nQuery2 provides easy mechanism to query emf metadata with minimal loading of resources. ", "Query2 has an in-built indexing mechanism which indexes types, resources and references. ", "This data is used during query execution and hence avoiding loading of resources wherever needed. ", "Hence, if you want to use query2, you are mandatorily required to setup indexing. ", "After that you can use it execute queries. ", "We will see how to set it up in later sections. ", "Query2 also provides you different ways to specify queries. ", "We will see them in coming sections.", "\n\nSimilarly you can IndexQueryFactory .createResourceQuery() to create queries on Resources on the common index.", "\n\nStep 3 Using QueryIndexBuilder: In eclipse IDE, we work on eclipse resources. ", "Query2 indexing component provides an utility to index all the resources in your project using a custom builder. ", "To enable it, you have to execute following steps:\n\n1. ", "Add the project nature: “org.eclipse.emf.query.index.ui.queryIndexNature” Open the .project file for your project and add this nature.", "\n\n2. ", "Add Builder: “org.eclipse.emf.query.index.ui.queryIndexBuilder” Open the .project file and add this builder.", "\n\n3. ", "The Builder will index all the files with extensions registered in EMF extensionToFactoryMap. ", "You can add your file extension to factory using plugin.xml e.g as in following snippet:\n\nWriting Queries in SQL like syntax\n\nThe support to write string based queries is present if you install query2.syntax feature. ", "If you have these features execute following steps to have the setup ready for execution: 1. ", "In your plugin create a new file by some name and file extension “query” e.g searchQueries.query This file will contain all the queries you want to execute\n\n2. ", "Specify query in the file:\n\na. Specify import statement to the URI which will be used to identify types in the Package at runtime e.g.\n\nSamples Queries\n\nNote: The model used in the queries is mentioned in Appendix: Sample data 1. ", "Select all books borrowed by an author:\n\nfrom Book as b\nselect b\nwhere b.borrowedBy in (\nfrom Manuscript as m, Person as p select p where m.author = p\n)\n\n2. ", "Select pages with title “Linux made easy”\n\nfrom Manuscript as m select m.pages where m.title = 'Linux Made Easy'\n\n3. ", "Select all Manuscripts only In Berlin.xml or Hamburg.xmi\n\nfrom Library as lib\nin resources {\"platform:/resource/org.eclipse.emf.query2.librarytest/data/library/Hamburg.xmi\",\"platform:/resource/org.eclipse.emf.query2.librarytest/data/library/Berlin.xmi\"},\nBook as b,\nManuscript as m\nselect m\nwhere lib.books = b\nand b.instanceOf = m\n\nFor accessing sample data, refer to Appendix: Sample data\n\nWriting Queries in Object format\n\nThe main class to create Query object is: org.eclipse.emf.query2.Query. ", "You can use the constructors in Query class to create instance of Query. ", "A Query requires mandatorily define following:\n\nFor specifying select clause: One or more SelectAttrs or SelectAlias\n\nFor specifying From clause: One or more FromType\\FromFixedSet\n\nYou can also specify where clauses to specify conditions by specifying following:\n\nFor normal conditions: Use following:\n\nLocalWhereEntry: A local where-entry allows the definition of a boolean expression, which compares the primitive typed attributes of one alias.", "\n\nFor Join conditions: Use any of following:\n\na. WhereComparisonAliases: A where-comparison aliases compares two aliases to each other for equality, where both aliases have to be of the same type.", "\n\nb. WhereComparisonAttrs: A where-comparison attributes compares two attributes of two aliases to each other for equality, where both attributes have to be of the same primitive type.", "\n\nc. WhereNestedReference: A nested where-entry defines a where-entry which constrains an alias by connecting it via an association to the results of a nested query. ", "Nested where-entries can be negated.", "\n\nd. WhereRelationReference: A where-relation defines a where-entry which constrains two aliases to be involved in an association relation\n\nSample Queries:\n\nNote: The model used in the queries is mentioned in Appendix: Sample data\n1. ", "Select all books borrowed by an author\n\nSample Data\n\nThe samples data exists in eclipse CVS at following location: “/cvsroot/modeling/org.eclipse.emf/org.eclipse.emf.query/tests/org.eclipse.emf.query2.librarytest” For accessing eclipse CVS you can refer to following page: CVS_HowTo.", "\n\nUse “:pserver:anonymous@dev.eclipse.org:/cvsroot/modeling” to access projects related to Modeling. ", "The model used in the samples data is following:" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0.004149377593360996, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0025575447570332483, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0, 0.00625, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0, 0.010040160642570281, 0, 0.004484304932735426, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004273504273504274, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0 ]

[ "hmmm….4p T10…..Priest\n\nLooking on the surface it maybe very “meh” but for holy priests and disc priests alike, a chance to reset CoH and Penance is very tempting. ", "My own opinion is still up in the air as I still only have the T10 2P bonus.", "\n\n“Your Circle of Healing and Penance spells have a 20% chance to cause your next Flash Heal cast within 6 sec to reset the cooldown on your Circle of Healing and Penance spells.”", "\n\nPersonally I am still very hesitant in breaking the T9 2P bonus – which is 20% bonus to healing for your Prayer of Mending. ", "Prayer of Mending is a cast it and forget spell….very very nice.", "\n\nOver at tales of a Priest they do make a valid point that the 20% bonus is wasted to overhealing. ", "I may have to look at my logs to see how much of PoM is wasted to overheal.", "\n\nAnother bonus is to be matching again…very important imo. ", "lol.", "\n\nAlthough the look of some of the T10 (priest) pieces makes me cry.", "\n\nOne other point is the pure increase in state between base T9 (232) vs base T10 (251)\n\nTier 9\n\nTier 10\n\nStamina\n\n412\n\n489\n\n77\n\nInt\n\n412\n\n489\n\n77\n\nSpirit\n\n328\n\n406\n\n78\n\nArmor\n\n1289\n\n1374\n\n85\n\nCrit\n\n188\n\n239\n\n51\n\nHaste\n\n132\n\n143\n\n11\n\nSP\n\n549\n\n670\n\n121\n\nSockets\n\nMeta\n\n1\n\n1\n\nRed\n\n2\n\n1\n\nYellow\n\n2\n\n3\n\nBlue\n\n3\n\n3\n\nI dont think I am going to break up my T9 bonus till I get 4 piece T10." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.012269938650306749, 0, 0.0111731843575419, 0, 0, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0.014705882352941176, 0.007853403141361256 ]

[ "This invention relates generally to semiconductor electrically erasable programmable read only memories (EEprom), and specifically to a system of integrated circuit Flash EEprom chips.", "\nComputer systems typically use magnetic disk drives for mass storage of data. ", "However, disk drives are disadvantageous in that they are bulky and in their requirement for high precision moving mechanical parts. ", "Consequently they are not rugged and are prone to reliability problems, as well as consuming significant amounts of power. ", "Solid state memory devices such as DRAM's and SRAM's do not suffer from these disadvantages. ", "However, they are much more expensive, and require constant power to maintain their memory (volatile). ", "Consequently, they are typically used as temporary storage.", "\nEEprom's and Flash EEprom's are also solid state memory devices. ", "Moreover, they are nonvolatile, and retain their memory even after power is shut down. ", "However, conventional Flash EEprom's have a limited lifetime in terms of the number of write (or program)/erase cycles they can endure. ", "Typically the devices are rendered- unreliable after 102 to 103 write/erase cycles. ", "Traditionally, they are typically used in applications where semi-permanent storage of data or program is required but with a limited need for reprogramming.", "\nAccordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a Flash EEprom memory system with enhanced performance and which remains reliable after enduring a large number of write/erase cycles.", "\nIt is another object of the present invention to provide an improved Flash EEprom system which can serve as non-volatile memory in a computer system.", "\nIt is another object of the present invention to provide an improved Flash EEprom system that can replace magnetic disk storage devices in computer systems.", "\nIt is another object of the present invention to provide a Flash EEprom system with improved erase operation.", "\nIt is another object of the present invention to provide a Flash EEprom system with improved error correction.", "\nIt is yet another object of the present invention to provide a Flash EEprom with improved write operation that minimizes stress to the Flash EEprom device.", "\nIt is still another object of the present invention to provide a Flash EEprom system with enhanced write operation." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0.005434782608695652, 0, 0, 0, 0.021505376344086023, 0, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0, 0.005, 0.006666666666666667, 0.006369426751592357, 0.00909090909090909, 0.009009009009009009, 0.01282051282051282, 0.008620689655172414 ]

[ "/*\n\n BLIS\n An object-based framework for developing high-performance BLAS-like\n libraries.", "\n\n Copyright (C) 2014, The University of Texas at Austin\n Copyright (C) 2018 - 2019, Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.\n\n Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\n modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are\n met:\n - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright\n notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.", "\n - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright\n notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the\n documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.", "\n - Neither the name(s) of the copyright holder(s) nor the names of its\n contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived\n from this software without specific prior written permission.", "\n\n THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS\n \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT\n LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR\n A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT\n HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,\n SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT\n LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,\n DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY\n THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT\n (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE\n OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", "\n\n*/\n\n#include \"blis.h\"\n#include \"test_libblis.h\"\n\n\n// Static variables.", "\nstatic char* op_str = \"axpyf\";\nstatic char* o_types = \"mvv\"; // A x y\nstatic char* p_types = \"cc\"; // conja conjx\nstatic thresh_t thresh[BLIS_NUM_FP_TYPES] = { { 1e-04, 1e-05 }, // warn, pass for s\n { 1e-04, 1e-05 }, // warn, pass for c\n { 1e-13, 1e-14 }, // warn, pass for d\n { 1e-13, 1e-14 } }; // warn, pass for z\n\n// Local prototypes.", "\nvoid libblis_test_axpyf_deps\n (\n thread_data_t* tdata,\n test_params_t* params,\n test_op_t* op\n );\n\nvoid libblis_test_axpyf_experiment\n (\n test_params_t* params,\n test_op_t* op,\n iface_t iface,\n char* dc_str,\n char* pc_str,\n char* sc_str,\n unsigned int p_cur,\n double* perf,\n double* resid\n );\n\nvoid libblis_test_axpyf_impl\n (\n iface_t iface,\n obj_t* alpha,\n obj_t* a,\n obj_t* x,\n obj_t* y,\n cntx_t* cntx\n );\n\nvoid libblis_test_axpyf_check\n (\n test_params_t* params,\n obj_t* alpha,\n obj_t* a,\n obj_t* x,\n obj_t* y,\n obj_t* y_orig,\n double* resid\n );\n\n\n\nvoid libblis_test_axpyf_deps\n (\n thread_data_t* tdata,\n test_params_t* params,\n test_op_t* op\n )\n{\n\tlibblis_test_randv( tdata, params, &(op->ops->randv) );\n\tlibblis_test_randm( tdata, params, &(op->ops->randm) );\n\tlibblis_test_normfv( tdata, params, &(op->ops->normfv) );\n\tlibblis_test_subv( tdata, params, &(op->ops->subv) );\n\tlibblis_test_copyv( tdata, params, &(op->ops->copyv) );\n\tlibblis_test_axpyv( tdata, params, &(op->ops->axpyv) );\n}\n\n\n\nvoid libblis_test_axpyf\n (\n thread_data_t* tdata,\n test_params_t* params,\n test_op_t* op\n )\n{\n\n\t// Return early if this test has already been done.", "\n\tif ( libblis_test_op_is_done( op ) ) return;\n\n\t// Return early if operation is disabled.", "\n\tif ( libblis_test_op_is_disabled( op ) ||\n\t libblis_test_l1f_is_disabled( op ) ) return;\n\n\t// Call dependencies first.", "\n\tif ( TRUE ) libblis_test_axpyf_deps( tdata, params, op );\n\n\t// Execute the test driver for each implementation requested.", "\n\t//if ( op->front_seq == ENABLE )\n\t{\n\t\tlibblis_test_op_driver( tdata,\n\t\t params,\n\t\t op,\n\t\t BLIS_TEST_SEQ_FRONT_END,\n\t\t op_str,\n\t\t p_types,\n\t\t o_types,\n\t\t thresh,\n\t\t libblis_test_axpyf_experiment );\n\t}\n}\n\n\n\nvoid libblis_test_axpyf_experiment\n (\n test_params_t* params,\n test_op_t* op,\n iface_t iface,\n char* dc_str,\n char* pc_str,\n char* sc_str,\n unsigned int p_cur,\n double* perf,\n double* resid\n )\n{\n\tunsigned int n_repeats = params->n_repeats;\n\tunsigned int i;\n\n\tdouble time_min = DBL_MAX;\n\tdouble time;\n\n\tnum_t datatype;\n\n\tdim_t m, b_n;\n\n\tconj_t conja, conjx;\n\n\tobj_t alpha, a, x, y;\n\tobj_t y_save;\n\n\tcntx_t* cntx;\n\n\n\t// Query a context.", "\n\tcntx = bli_gks_query_cntx();\n\n\t// Use the datatype of the first char in the datatype combination string.", "\n\tbli_param_map_char_to_blis_dt( dc_str[0], &datatype );\n\n\t// Map the dimension specifier to an actual dimension.", "\n\tm = libblis_test_get_dim_from_prob_size( op->dim_spec[0], p_cur );\n\n\t// Query the operation's fusing factor for the current datatype.", "\n\tb_n = bli_cntx_get_blksz_def_dt( datatype, BLIS_AF, cntx );\n\n\t// Store the fusing factor so that the driver can retrieve the value\n\t// later when printing results.", "\n\top->dim_aux[0] = b_n;\n\n\t// Map parameter characters to BLIS constants.", "\n\tbli_param_map_char_to_blis_conj( pc_str[0], &conja );\n\tbli_param_map_char_to_blis_conj( pc_str[1], &conjx );\n\n\t// Create test scalars.", "\n\tbli_obj_scalar_init_detached( datatype, &alpha );\n\n\t// Create test operands (vectors and/or matrices).", "\n\tlibblis_test_mobj_create( params, datatype, BLIS_NO_TRANSPOSE,\n\t sc_str[0], m, b_n, &a );\n\tlibblis_test_vobj_create( params, datatype, sc_str[1], b_n, &x );\n\tlibblis_test_vobj_create( params, datatype, sc_str[2], m, &y );\n\tlibblis_test_vobj_create( params, datatype, sc_str[2], m, &y_save );\n\n\t// Set alpha.", "\n\tif ( bli_obj_is_real( &y ) )\n\t{\n\t\tbli_setsc( -1.0, 0.0, &alpha );\n\t}\n\telse\n\t{\n\t\tbli_setsc( 0.0, -1.0, &alpha );\n\t}\n\n\t// Randomize A, x, and y, and save y.\n\tlibblis_test_mobj_randomize( params, FALSE, &a );\n\tlibblis_test_vobj_randomize( params, FALSE, &x );\n\tlibblis_test_vobj_randomize( params, FALSE, &y );\n\tbli_copyv( &y, &y_save );\n\n\t// Apply the parameters.", "\n\tbli_obj_set_conj( conja, &a );\n\tbli_obj_set_conj( conjx, &x );\n\n\t// Repeat the experiment n_repeats times and record results. ", "\n\tfor ( i = 0; i < n_repeats; ++i )\n\t{\n\t\tbli_copyv( &y_save, &y );\n\n\t\ttime = bli_clock();\n\n\t\tlibblis_test_axpyf_impl( iface,\n\t\t &alpha, &a, &x, &y,\n\t\t cntx );\n\n\t\ttime_min = bli_clock_min_diff( time_min, time );\n\t}\n\n\t// Estimate the performance of the best experiment repeat.", "\n\t*perf = ( 2.0 * m * b_n ) / time_min / FLOPS_PER_UNIT_PERF;\n\tif ( bli_obj_is_complex( &y ) ) *perf *= 4.0;\n\n\t// Perform checks.", "\n\tlibblis_test_axpyf_check( params, &alpha, &a, &x, &y, &y_save, resid );\n\n\t// Zero out performance and residual if output vector is empty.", "\n\tlibblis_test_check_empty_problem( &y, perf, resid );\n\n\t// Free the test objects.", "\n\tbli_obj_free( &a );\n\tbli_obj_free( &x );\n\tbli_obj_free( &y );\n\tbli_obj_free( &y_save );\n}\n\n\n\nvoid libblis_test_axpyf_impl\n (\n iface_t iface,\n obj_t* alpha,\n obj_t* a,\n obj_t* x,\n obj_t* y,\n cntx_t* cntx\n )\n{\n\tswitch ( iface )\n\t{\n\t\tcase BLIS_TEST_SEQ_FRONT_END:\n\t\tbli_axpyf_ex( alpha, a, x, y, cntx, NULL );\n\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\tdefault:\n\t\tlibblis_test_printf_error( \"Invalid interface type.\\n\" );\n\t}\n}\n\n\n\nvoid libblis_test_axpyf_check\n (\n test_params_t* params,\n obj_t* alpha,\n obj_t* a,\n obj_t* x,\n obj_t* y,\n obj_t* y_orig,\n double* resid\n )\n{\n\tnum_t dt = bli_obj_dt( y );\n\tnum_t dt_real = bli_obj_dt_proj_to_real( y );\n\n\tdim_t m = bli_obj_vector_dim( y );\n\tdim_t b_n = bli_obj_width( a );\n\n\tdim_t i;\n\n\tobj_t a1, chi1, v;\n\tobj_t alpha_chi1;\n\tobj_t norm;\n\n\tdouble junk;\n\n\t//\n\t// Pre-conditions:\n\t// - a is randomized.", "\n\t// - x is randomized.", "\n\t// - y is randomized.", "\n\t// Note:\n\t// - alpha should have a non-zero imaginary component in the complex\n\t// cases in order to more fully exercise the implementation.", "\n\t//\n\t// Under these conditions, we assume that the implementation for\n\t//\n\t// y := y_orig + alpha * conja(A) * conjx(x)\n\t//\n\t// is functioning correctly if\n\t//\n\t// normfv( y - v )\n\t//\n\t// is negligible, where v contains y as computed by repeated calls to\n\t// axpyv.", "\n\t//\n\n\tbli_obj_scalar_init_detached( dt_real, &norm );\n\tbli_obj_scalar_init_detached( dt, &alpha_chi1 );\n\n\tbli_obj_create( dt, m, 1, 0, 0, &v );\n\n\tbli_copyv( y_orig, &v );\n\n\tfor ( i = 0; i < b_n; ++i )\n\t{\n\t\tbli_acquire_mpart_l2r( BLIS_SUBPART1, i, 1, a, &a1 );\n\t\tbli_acquire_vpart_f2b( BLIS_SUBPART1, i, 1, x, &chi1 );\n\n\t\tbli_copysc( &chi1, &alpha_chi1 );\n\t\tbli_mulsc( alpha, &alpha_chi1 );\n\n\t\tbli_axpyv( &alpha_chi1, &a1, &v );\n\t}\n\n\tbli_subv( y, &v );\n\tbli_normfv( &v, &norm );\n\tbli_getsc( &norm, resid, &junk );\n\n\tbli_obj_free( &v );\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.004914004914004914, 0, 0, 0, 0.005607476635514018, 0, 0.0018050541516245488, 0.003976143141153081, 0, 0, 0, 0.0030211480362537764, 0, 0, 0, 0.006060606060606061, 0.013888888888888888, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0, 0.005479452054794521, 0.03125, 0.003105590062111801, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0.009081735620585268, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01282051282051282 ]

[ "Accordion Lessons in Brockville\n\nAccordion Lessons in BROCKVILLE\nThe Canada Music Academy offers innovative Accordion lessons from Certified Academy teachers in programs ranging from jazz, world, electronic, classical, popular music and beyond. ", "This diversity ensures an inspiring, rewarding and artistically challenging experience for every Accordion student. ", "Our distinguished team of specially trained Accordion teachers, will structure lessons according to your individual goals, ensuring all students remain motivated and inspired in their Accordion studies. ", "With many convenient locations to choose from, students can take their Accordion lessons at home, at our school or at any of our accredited Academy studios located across Brockville and surroundings.", "\nYou can begin your Accordion lessons at any time of the year.", "\nVisit Teachers & Rates to find an Academy Accordion teacher near you.", "\n\nNeed an instrument?", "\nOur music store has everything you need for your Accordion and Academy students are always eligible for discounts. ", "Please contact our Music Store for student rates, rentals or for more information." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0, 0.005025125628140704, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0 ]

[ "Pages\n\nFriday, October 12, 2012\n\nPortsmouth, NH and the \"Strawbery Banke Museum\"\n\nI can't believe I went to the charming town of Portsmouth, New Hampshire almost a year ago today, and never had the chance to blog about it! ", "My husband had to attend a business meeting there for a couple days last year, and I went along, as I love this town! ", "Portsmouth, N.H., a city of roughly 21,000 people, sits near the mouth of the Piscataqua River, a short, wide river that divides New Hampshire and Maine. ", "As an historic New England seaport city, it is a popular tourist destination full of wonderful restaurants, shopping and scenic venues.", "\n\nSettled in 1623, Portsmouth claims to be the nation's third-oldest city. ", "The original New Hampshire State House is located on Market Square in Portsmouth. ", "It can be seen above as the building with large windows and chimneys on top.", "\n\nAs you can see by its identifying plaque it was the seat of colonial government from 1758-1776. ", "The American Declaration of Independence was read from the building on July 18, 1776. ", "Also, President George Washington spoke from the balcony on October 31, 1789.", "\n\nDo pirates now ride motorcycles? ", "It seems Portsmouth is also a town full of fun surprises!", "\n\nThe beautiful and historic \"Strawbery Banke Museum\" (*note-the unusual spelling is not a typographical error) village is located in Portsmouth, and we had the opportunity to visit the area and take a tour.", "\n\nThe museum's web site states:\n\n\"Originally named Strawbery Banke by early (1630) British settlers for the wild berries growing there, Strawbery Banke today is unique among outdoor history museums - tracing 375 years of history in one of America's oldest continuously occupied neighborhoods. ", "The 10-acre site, with its authentically restored houses and shops, period gardens, and costumed role players, presents the daily lives of ordinary people who lived here - from Colonial times to World War II, from the mundane to the elegant, from economic boom to war time austerity - in engaging and accessible ways. ", "Strawbery Banke Museum is a capsule of New England seaport life across four centuries.\"", "\n\n\"Strawbery Banke is unique among outdoor history museums in presenting a authentic neighborhood, with most of the 42 historic buildings on their original foundations. ", "These structures, the earliest dating to 1695, provide our strongest link to the lives of the people who lived in this neighborhood. ", "Some of the houses have been restored and furnished to particular periods in the past; some are used for exhibits on such special themes as architecture or archaeology; still others serve as shops for artisans practicing traditional trades.\"", "\n\nBy the way - all the photos in this post can be enlarged by clicking on them once, and then again when they open on a new page. ", "You can view much more detail in these photo collages by enlarging them that way. ", "Use the back arrow to return to my post after viewing the enlargements.", "\n\nAlthough the historical re-enactors were not there the day we visited, as it was off season, house tours were still available, and we saw homes decorated as they would have been over the four centuries this area was a thriving community.", "\n\nOne of my favorite rooms was this 1940's era kitchen! ", "It reminded me so much of my maternal grandmother's kitchen, as I remember it when I was a child. ", "She had almost the same black, wood and coal burning cast iron stove. ", "The radio on the desk on the right was playing old time radio show tape--it was so warm and cozy and wonderfully nostalgic!", "\n\nAnother favorite building was the \"Little Corner Store\" that was next door to the country kitchen I showed above. ", "Again, it reminded me of visiting my grandmother, who lived in a small town in Pennsylvania during my childhood. ", "There was a small store, very much like this one, on her corner. ", "My grandmother always gave each of her grandchildren a quarter when we visited, which felt like a fortune. ", "As young children my siblings and I used to be able to buy a large Nestle candy bar for only five cents! ", "Are you old enough to remember penny candy? ", "I never thought I'd be old enough to say this, but: \"Those were the days!\"", "\n\nOf course, visiting a location in New England in autumn is a very special treat because of all the magnificent fall color that is everywhere, and Portsmouth, NH was no exception! ", "I \"oohed and aahed\" everywhere we went that day. ", "Did you notice the \"face\" in one of the Strawbery Banke Museum house windows above? ", "Halloween had just passed, and a museum staff member must have had a sense of humor to leave that image peeking out the window!", "\n\nThere are some wonderful historic lighthouses in this area of New England, and, as I am a lighthouse aficionado, I was fortunate to have a co-worker of my husband take us around to view them! ", "Above is a distant view of the Whaleback Lighthouse located in the mouth of the Piscataqua River, nearest to Kittery, Maine.", "\n\nThis lighthouse was established in 1830; the present granite lighthouse was built in 1872, and it was automated in 1963. ", "This lighthouse can be seen from many spots on shore, including Fort Foster in\nKittery, Fort Constitution, Fort Stark, and Great Island Common in New Castle,\nNH, and Odiorne Point in Rye, NH. ", "The lighthouse is accessible only by boat and\nis closed to the public.", "\n\nEven in early November a few wild pink roses were still blooming in the area along the coastline! ", "The North East experienced a very mild winter last year. ", "I'd love to show you more about the other lighthouses we saw in a future post... please stayed tuned!", "\n\nBeautiful and interesting post. ", "Pat. ", "I never realized that town was really a town of such a relatively small population. ", "thinking it more of a city. ", "This is such a colorful post, your pictures are definitely autumn! ", "Have a good weekend! ", "Hope the packing is going well.", "\n\nHow beautiful, all the old buildings and houses. ", "Oh and the inside of the houses, I love those, that kitchen indeed feels so warm. ", "ThaT country looks so beautiful, wish I could go there and look. ", "Have a nice weekend Pat.", "Are you busy packing yet?", "\n\nHi Pat, my name is Marina and I live in the south of Spain, my daughter Marina Junior loves New York, she is twelve and from seven more or less says she want to live in Manhattan so I have no option, I'm your new follower Marina\n\nPat - What a treat to visit New England in the fall, even if it was last year. ", "I'm glad you thought to post them now. ", "Yes, I do remember penny candy. ", "My grandparents (in Pa.) lived right next door to a neighborhood store where I used to peruse the card aisle and spend lots of time deciding on the candy. ", "Hope the packing/selling is going well.", "\n\nI really enjoyed this post Pat. ", "I love old historical villages and have heard of Strawberry Banke. ", "We have driven through Portland many times and even been there and Kittery to shop but I have never been to this museum. ", "It will definitely be a must see the next time we go that way to shop. ", "Your mosaics are beautiful and i love the fall colours. ", "Thanks for sharing the history of this beautiful city of Portland.", "\n\nPat, I have really enjoyed this post! ", "Thanks for this tour of part of New England. ", "It is beautiful there! ", "I was really interested in the historic village. ", "That is just the kind of place I'd love to visit. ", "And, yes, I'm old enough to remember nickel candy bars and penny candy! ", "Have a wonderful weekend!", "\n\nPat, looks like a wonderful trip. ", "I enjoyed the photos and the tour. ", "I really love the macaw with the man on the motorcycle. ", "And the trees are a gorgeous color. ", "Thanks for sharing, have a great weekend! ", "BTW, Congrats to the Yankees!", "\n\nWhat a beautiful and historic place to visit. ", "And you can't beat the foliage in that part of the world!", "\n\nI quite like the 1940's era kitchen as well...love all those all things from day gone by. ", "The cabinets...the old pressure cooker on the right...and the worn linoleum floor...are all memories of by-gone days.", "\n\nWhat a beautiful and historic place to visit. ", "And you can't beat the foliage in that part of the world!", "\n\nI quite like the 1940's era kitchen as well...love all those all things from day gone by. ", "The cabinets...the old pressure cooker on the right...and the worn linoleum floor...are all memories of by-gone days.", "\n\nPat, I have to say...every time I read your blog, I feel as if I have gone on a trip. ", "Or it makes me want to go on a trip :):) You have the best photos. ", "Hope your weekend is great. ", "I am settling down to listen to the rain. ", "Smiles, Susie\n\nNow I want to go visit NH again! ", "Besides visiting the Pennycook Island (with the statue of my famous ancestor Hannah Dustin) and having an amazing seafood dinner in Rye I haven't really explored the state. ", "My DIL graduated from U of NH; I will have to show her this beautiful post!", "\n\nThanks for taking us on such a great tour. ", "Really beautiful photos and I love your collages. ", "You're going to have to teach me how to make them. ", "This is exactly why I haven't posted many Fall photos of Colorado. ", "Even though stunning, they're nothing like East Coast colors.", "\n\nGreat post. ", "I almost hate to admit it, but yes I am old enough to remember penny candy . . . ", "just barely! ", "I love that kitchen too. ", "I'd like to cook in each era of kitchen starting with Victorian. ", "I don't have the nerve for anything older.", "\n\nI always enjoy the thouroughness of your posts and the lovely pictures to make the point. ", "What a lovely historic place to visit and yes I am old enough to remember some of those items in homes of my youth. ", "Valerie\n\nHi Pat,I just saw your question regarding my cowls. ", "I have been away this weekend, so I am catching up now. ", "You asked about the gray one? ", "The one pictured, which is an infinity scarf, but can be wound up around the neck as a cowl too, is 25.00 plus shipping. ", "The thicker one, is 40.00. ", "It is done in the same braided stitch, but uses more yarn. ", "You must need to wear these kinds of things every time you step outside in your New York winters. ", "And I suspect CO will be much the same!!!Let me know!!!Hugs,Kris\n\nPat, those photos are so amazing. ", "I loved the museum and the little corners inside. ", "The coloring of the trees is just so lovely there. ", "I feel like every place I visit in blogland is calling me to come to their corner of the world in Autumn.", "\n\nWhat a fabulously picturesque place to visit. ", "So much nostalgia going on! ", "I love the old houses, I enlarged them as suggested and they are all beautiful. ", "The interiors are very lovely, too. ", "The kitchen reminds me of a home that I visited as a teenager, they always had tea and cookies waiting and I sat around a table like that and visited with a couple that were in their 70's. ", "I loved those people, they always took time out for me. ", "I would love to find a table and chairs like that for my kitchen.", "The lighthouses are magnificent, I always love to see them. ", "There are several on the Washington coast.", "Hugs, Cindy\n\nSuch a treat to find in your vault of photos. ", "A beautiful trip. ", "Love the country store, and yes I do remember penny candy. ", "Lovely collages. ", "So much history out east. ", "I truly hope to one day visit many of the places you've introduced me to through this incredible blog of yours. ", "♥\n\nHi Pat! ", "We love Portsmouth and stop there often on our way to and from Maine. ", "Several years ago we went to Strawbery Bank (well, maybe 10!) ", "to attend an American Girl Doll event, and it was superb! ", "The guests (and all the little girls with their Molly dolls) were treated as if it was 1942, with the war on. ", "We ate in the kitchens, collected metal scraps, and even had a bomb drill, when we were put into a bomb shelter. ", "German subs actually were heard quite often at night off the coast of Portsmouth! ", "We really enjoyed it. ", "I think that the unique feature of Strawbery Banke is that it does span so many decades, and is not just a snapshot in time. ", "Thank you for the wonderful pictures and tour. ", "I really enjoyed it. ", "Linda\n\nI was named by Time.com as one of the 30 top pinners to follow on Pinterest!", "\n\nFollow me on Instagram\n\nI Tweet! ", "Do you? ", "Please Follow Me!", "\n\nGoogle+ Followers\n\nTranslate\n\nAbout Me\n\nHello and welcome!", "\nI'm Pat, a lifelong New Yorker who has recently moved to a suburb of Denver in the beautiful state of Colorado, so that I can live close to my children and grandchildren. ", "I look forward to learning many new things about my new \"mile high\" city and I will share them on my blog.", "\nNew York City will always be my second home, and I will also continue to share many posts about it.", "\nMy blog's name in Italian means a \"Thousand Favorite Flowers.\" ", "I chose this unusual blog name because researching and writing for my blog, and taking photogrpahs for it, is like another \"memory flower\" that I am collecting in my bouquet of life.", "\nI hope you will enjoy your visit to my blog and that you will leave a comment so that I know you've been here.", "\nThanks!", "\n\nMy grandsons and new granddaughter\n\nMy granddaughter\n\nRocky Mountain National Park\n\n“Climb the mountains and get their good tidings. ", "Nature's peace will flow into you as sunshine flows into trees. ", "The winds will blow their own freshness into you, and the storms their energy, while cares will drop away from you like the leaves of Autumn.” ― ", "John Muir, Our National Parks\n\nYou can fall in love at first sight with a place as with a person ~ Alec Waugh\n\nI was uplifted above a world of love, hate, and storms of passion, for I was calm amidst the eternal silences, bathing in the living blue. ", "For peace rested that one bright day on the mountaintop. ", "~ Isabella Bird \"A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains\"\n\n.", "\n\nWe write to taste life twice. ", "Once in the moment, And once in retrospection. ", "~ Anais Nin\n\nRMNP\n\nAnd our first pure mountain day, warm, calm, cloudless, - how immeasurable it seems, how serenely wild! ", "I can scarcely remember its beginning. ", "Along the river, over the hills, in the ground, in the sky, spring work is going on with joyful enthusiasm, new life, new beauty, unfolding, unrolling in glorious exuberant extravagance, - new birds in their nests, new winged creatures in the air, and new leaves, new flowers, spreading, shining, rejoicing everywhere. - ", "John Muir\n\nLook at everything as though you were seeing it either for the first or last time. ", "~Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn\n\n\"Every day I walk out into the world to be dazzled, then to be reflective.\" ", "~ Mary Oliver\n\nColorado Beauty\n\n“Still round the corner there may wait a new road or a secret gate, and though I oft have passed them by, a day will come at last when I shall take the hidden paths that run West of the Moon, East of the Sun.” - ", "J.R.R. Tolkien,\n\n*\n\n\"I write to discover what I know\" ~ Flannery O'Connor\n\nMy buddy Bo\n\n1998 - 2013 I still miss those I loved who are no longer with me, but I find I am grateful for having loved them. ", "The gratitude has finally conquered the loss." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.008968609865470852, 0, 0, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.0034129692832764505, 0.0031446540880503146, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0, 0.011049723756906077, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0.003215434083601286, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0.014925373134328358, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0.005780346820809248, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03389830508474576, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0, 0, 0.008, 0, 0, 0.03614457831325301, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0, 0.008, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.0049504950495049506, 0 ]

[ "class PackageVersion {\n void packageVersionTest() {\n Object v = Package.", "Version.1.0;\n v = Package.", "Version.", "Request;\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.06666666666666667 ]

[ "namespace ClassLib034\n{\n public class Class048\n {\n public static string Property => \"ClassLib034\";\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.016666666666666666 ]

[ "After an investigation, miniature moonshine jars were found, three of which were empty and a fourth that was partially emptied. ", "Around 1 gram of marijuana and a vape with suspected marijuana oil was also found." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "Verovali ili ne, srpski parlament postaje poprište sukoba magije!", "\n\nLav Geršman, beli mag, upozorava srpsku javnost da su u parlament ušle dve ekipe čarobnjaka. ", "Jedna ekipa pripada zapadnoj okultnoj tradiciji, dok druga ekipa praktikuje domaću vlašku magiju.", "\n\nPredstavnici zapadne okultne tradicije su okupljeni oko Saše Radulovića. ", "Aleksandra Čabraja poslanica pokreta “Dosta je bilo”, vrsni je poznavalac crne magije. ", "Međutim, ni njena koleginica Tatjana Macura ništa ne zaostaje u poznavanju okultnih nauka koje praktikuje putem mapiranja uma.", "\n\nS druge strane, tradicionalnu balkansku magiju upražnjava politički analitičar Đorđe Vukadinović. ", "Kao predstavnik vlaške manjine on je takođe veliki poznavalac i vlaške magije. ", "Đorđe u skupštinu ulazi kao poslanik ispred koalicije DSS-Dveri.", "\n\nKako smo doznali iz pouzdanih izvora, Đorđe Vukadinović je za svoje protivnike u parlementu pripremio 53 katanca, 32 čena belog luka i vrlo redak i jako tražen magijski artefakt – krv albino sove. ", "Ovo bi trebalo, prema rečima upućenih izvora, da protivnike koalicije Dveri-DSS “zaključa”, tako da njihove reči narodu “smrde poput belog luka”. ", "Ako bi neko imao toliko jaku magijsku zaštitu da probije ove dve stepenice, krv albino sove će “ubiti svaki njegov argument”.", "\n\nSa druge strane, veliki mag Saša Radulović je uz nesebičnu pomoć svojih poslušnika, već mapirao mozgove svih poslanika u republičkom parlamentu, i spremio pentagone za svakog od njih. ", "Pored toga, numerolozi koji rade za Radulovića su izračunali sve datume u naredne četiri godine koji će pogodovati mapiranim umovima poslanika, tako da će se Saša Radulović za reč javljati isključivo u tim datumima, kada će dejstvo pentagona na mapirane umove biti najjače.", "\n\n– Prividna saradnja ove dve ekipe magova tokom izbora i na ponovljenim izborima je samo u službi prikrivanja dubokih sukoba koji na ovim prostorima vladaju između tradicionalnih i zapadnih magova – objašnjava Lav Geršman.", "\n\n– Borba za prevlast nad dušama naroda traje poslednjih 200 godina, ali nikad do sada magovi nisu uspeli da prenesu rat u srpski parlament. ", "Za ovo je naročito odgovorna srpska Crkva koja je meta obe ekipe magova i koja je do sada uspešno kočila njihovo napredovanje. ", "No, crkva se okrenula materijalizmu i zapostavila je duhovnu borbu te su zbog toga magovi veoma uznapredovali i evo, kao što vidimo, dospeli i do srpskog parlamenta – upozorava Geršman.", "\n\n– Posledice rata magije u srpskom parlamentu će biti katastrofalne i po narod i po državu. ", "Taj rat će upropastiti srpske institucije, a narod će potpuno biti omađijan – zabrinuto zaključuje Lav Geršman." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.015384615384615385, 0.010526315789473684, 0.010309278350515464, 0.02666666666666667, 0.034482758620689655, 0.023809523809523808, 0.02, 0, 0.046875, 0.03015075376884422, 0.02054794520547945, 0.008, 0.010752688172043012, 0.01098901098901099, 0.02242152466367713, 0.014184397163120567, 0.03937007874015748, 0.021621621621621623, 0, 0.009009009009009009 ]

[ "Whole cell protein profiling reiterate phylogenetic relationships among strains of Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1A as discerned earlier by different genotyping methods.", "\nTo evaluate whole cell protein profiling vis-à-vis genotyping to discern phylogenetic relationships among strains of Y. enterocolitica biovar 1A. Whole cell protein profiling of Y. enterocolitica biovar 1A strains was performed using SDS-PAGE. ", "Twenty-one distinct protein profile types were obtained among a collection of 81 strains isolated from clinical and nonclinical sources. ", "Whole cell protein profiling exhibited discriminatory index (DI) of 0·80 and clustered the strains into two distinct clonal groups. ", "The clinical and the aquatic serotype O:6,30-6,31 strains were clustered into two discrete subgroups. ", "Whole cell protein profiling displayed sufficient diversity among strains of Y. enterocolitica biovar 1A, and the phylogenetic relationships obtained were in good agreement with those established earlier by genotyping techniques. ", "Whole cell protein profiling was as discriminatory as some of the genotyping methods and has the potentiality to be used as an adjunct tool to study epidemiology of Y. enterocolitica." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.004081632653061225, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to echo string to pdf\n\nHow do I echo a statement directly to a pdf via the command line?", "\nI would like something like the following\ncupsfilter -m text \"Thank you for considering this question\" > trial.pdf\necho \"Thank you for considering this question\" | a2pdf trial2.pdf\nlpr -P \"Thank you for considering this question\" trial3.pdf\n\nI am using Fedora25\n\nA:\n\nUsing a2ps and ps2pdf:\necho \"Thank you for considering this question\" | a2ps -B -o - | ps2pdf - trial.pdf\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'It has been well established by today that the concept of holographic dark energy (HDE) does entail a serious candidate for the dark energy of the universe. ", "Here we deal with models where the holographic bound for dark energy is not saturated for a large portion of the history of the universe. ", "This is particularly compelling when the IR cutoff is set by the Hubble scale, since otherwise a transition from a decelerated to an accelerated era cannot be obtained for a spatially flat universe. ", "We demonstrate by three generic but disparate dynamical models, two of them containing a variable Newton constant, that transition between the two eras is always obtained for the IR cutoff in the form of the Hubble scale and the nonsaturated HDE. ", "We also give arguments of why such a choice for the dark energy is more consistent and favored over the widely accepted saturated form.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'B. Guberina[^1]'\n- 'R. Horvat[^2]'\n- 'H. Nikoli'' c[^3]'\ntitle: Nonsaturated Holographic Dark Energy\n---\n\nAfter the remarkable discovery of dark energy starting in 1997, a long-standing and hard-pressing problem in modern physics called the cosmological constant (CC) problem [@1] has become even aggravated by splitting itself into three distinct (but related ) problems. ", "Now, besides the ‘old’ CC problem one should also explain why the CC is small but nonzero (now called the ‘new’ CC problem) as well as the near coincidence of the CC energy density ($\\rho_{\\Lambda }$) towards the matter energy density ($\\rho_m $) in the universe at present (the ‘cosmic coincidence problem’) [@2]. ", "It seems today that the most convinced declination of these three problems lies in the ‘environmental’ variable CC approach based on the string theory landscape [@3]. ", "Another variable CC approach (within our own bubble) generically dubbed ‘holographic dark energy’ (HDE) [@4; @5] has also proved to have a potential to shed light on both the ‘old’ CC problem and the ‘cosmic coincidence problem’.", "\n\nIn [@4], the concept of holographic principle, first formulated by ’t Hooft [@6] and Susskind [@7] as a possible window to quantum gravity, was attempted to reconcile it with the success of an effective-quantum-field-theory description of elementary-particle phenomena. ", "In order to prevent formation of black holes within the effective field-theoretical description, the entropy for an effective quantum field theory $\\sim $ $L^3 {\\Lambda }^3 $, where $L$ is the size of the region (providing an IR cutoff) and $\\Lambda $ is the UV cutoff, should obey the upper bound [@4] $$L^3 {\\Lambda }^3 \\leq (S_{BH})^{3/4} \\sim L^{3/2} M_{Pl}^{3/2}\\;,$$ and $S_{BH} \\sim L^2 M_{Pl}^2 $ is the holographic Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. ", "In an expanding universe, $\\Lambda $ should therefore be promoted to a varying quantity, in order for (1) not to be violated during the course of the expansion. ", "This gives that a constraint on the maximum energy density in the effective theory, $\\rho_{\\Lambda } \\sim {\\Lambda }^4 $, will be $\\rho_{\\Lambda\n} \\leq L^{-2}M_{Pl}^2 $. ", "Obviously, $\\rho_{\\Lambda }$ is the energy density corresponding to a zero-point energy and the cutoff $\\Lambda $.", "\n\nLet us now show how an alternative derivation of HDE emerges by invoking the Bekenstein bound [@8]. ", "The Bekenstein bound $S_B $ will also serve to derive a lower bound on the HDE-density $\\rho_{\\Lambda }$. ", "For a macroscopic system in which self-gravitation effects can be disregarded, the Bekenstein bound is given by a product of the energy and the linear size of the system, $EL$. In the context of the effective quantum field theory as described above, it becomes proportional to ${\\Lambda }^4 L^4 $. ", "Note that it is more extensive than the entropy in the effective field theory. ", "Using the above definitions, one can easily see that HDE emerges whenever $S_B \\leq S_{BH}$, i.e., for a weakly gravitating system. ", "Note that this requirement automatically prevents formations of black holes, as the Bekenstein bound, in spite of its original connection with black-hole physics, does not involve the Newton constant. ", "In addition, from the requirement that the entropy in ordinary quantum field theory be $\\leq S_B $, one obtains (because $S_B $ is more extensive) a lower bound on HDE, $\\rho_{\\Lambda } \\geq L^{-4}$. Therefore, HDE is constrained both from above and below [^4] $$L^{-4} \\leq \\rho_{\\Lambda } \\leq L^{-2}M_{Pl}^2 \\;.$$ The lower bound in (2) should not be considered a surprise but rather a step towards a resolution of the ‘new’ CC problem, since one knows of no reason why the CC should vanish.", "\n\nThe main reason why the above HDE model is so appealing in the possible description of dark energy is the following: When the holographic bound (2) is saturated from above, $\\rho_{\\Lambda }$ gives the right amount of dark energy in the universe at present, provided $L \\simeq H^{-1}$, where $H$ is the Hubble parameter [^5]. ", "Moreover, since $\\rho_{\\Lambda }$ is a running quantity, it also has a potential to shed some light on the ‘cosmic coincidence problem’. ", "On the other hand, the most problematic aspect of the saturated HDE model is its compatibility with a transition from decelerated to accelerated expansion. ", "Indeed, as it is well known, the identification of the IR cutoff with the Hubble parameter for spatially flat universes (as suggested by observations) leads to unsatisfactory cosmologies. ", "This is easy to see by plugging $\\rho_{\\Lambda } = L^{-2}M_{Pl}^2 $ (setting a prefactor to unity for simplicity) into the Friedman equation for flat space $$(HL)^2 = \\frac{8 \\pi }{3} (1 + r)\\;,$$ where $r=\\rho_m /\\rho_{\\Lambda}$. Thus, a choice $L \\sim H^{-1}$ would require the ratio $r$ to be a constant. ", "This is a general statement, holding irrespective of whether a fluid is perfect or not, irrespective of whether $G_N$ is varying or not. ", "The interpretation for various cases is, however, different. ", "For perfect fluids, $r=const.$ means that the equation of state for dark energy unavoidably matches that of pressureless matter, $w =0$ [@5]. ", "Thus, we cannot explain the accelerating expansion of the present universe. ", "For interacting fluids, one is usually able to generate accelerated expansion with $r=const.$ as well as to ameliorate the ‘cosmic coincidence problem’ [@9], but fails to explain that the acceleration era set in just recently and was preceded by a deceleration era at $z {\n\\setlength{\\unitlength}{12pt}\n\\begin{picture}(1.4,1.)", "\n\\put(.7,-0.3){\\makebox(0.0,1.)[t]{$>$}}\n\\put(.7,-0.3){\\makebox(0.0,1.)[b]{$\\sim$}}\n\\end{picture}1}$. As a way out, a suggestion to set $L$ by the future event horizon has been widely accepted [@10].", "\n\nIn the present paper we argue that a transition from the matter-dominated era to a dark-energy dominance is left problematic in any saturated HDE model, irrespective of the choice for $L$. Then we show on the examples of three distinct models, two dealing with interacting and one with noninteracting dark energy, that a transition between the two eras is always obtained in a nonsaturated HDE model, even for $L \\sim H^{-1}$.\n\nThe HDE bounds (1) and (2) exhibit that the maximum energy density in the effective theory, ${\\Lambda }^4 $, is a varying quantity in an expanding universe and therefore cannot dominate other components over the whole history of the universe. ", "In fact, this is a welcome feature since we know that in the matter-dominated epoch one should have $\\rho_m > {\\Lambda }^4 $. ", "The problem with the saturated HDE lies in the fact that during the matter-dominated epoch this implies that $\\rho_m > L^{-2} M_{Pl}^2 $. ", "However, then the bound $S_B \\leq\nS_{BH}$ is violated (we have $S_B > S_{BH}$ during the whole matter dominance). ", "We do not find it very convincing to have a transition to a strongly gravitating system when the universe size is decreased by a factor less than two. ", "We can substantiate this inconsistency by a derivation which closely parallels that of Cohen et.", " al.", " [@4] for an effective theory. ", "First, we demand that the entropy of matter, $S_m \\sim (\\rho_m /m) L^3 $, be $\\lsim $ than the Bekenstein-Hawking bound, $S_{BH}$. However, when $S_{BH}$ is saturated we necessarily pick up many states with the Schwarzschild radius $R_G\n$ much larger than $L$. In the case under consideration, one has $R_G \\sim\n(mL)L \\gg L$ for any plausible mass of dark-matter particles. ", "To avoid these difficulties, we propose a stronger bound, $(mL)^{-1} S_{BH}$, which, at saturation, gives $R_G \\sim L$. This, however, ultimately leads to $\\rho_m {\n\\setlength{\\unitlength}{12pt}\n\\begin{picture}(1.4,1.)", "\n\\put(.7,-0.3){\\makebox(0.0,1.)[t]{$<$}}\n\\put(.7,-0.3){\\makebox(0.0,1.)[b]{$\\sim$}}\n\\end{picture}L}^{-2} M_{Pl}^2$, being thus inconsistent with the matter dominance for the saturated case.", "\n\nIn the following we parametrize the nonsaturated HDE as [^6] $$\\rho_{\\Lambda } = \\frac{3}{8 \\pi } c^2 (t) L^{-2}M_{Pl}^2 \\;,$$ and always consider the choice $L=H^{-1}$. With the aid of the Friedman equation for flat space one can express the function $c(t)$ for such a choice for $L$ as $$c^2 (t) = \\frac{1}{1 + r} \\;.$$ The function $c^2 (t)$ should satisfy $c^2 (a \\rightarrow \\infty ) \\rightarrow 1$ (dark-energy dominance) and $c^2 (t) \\ll 1$ during the matter-dominated era. ", "Note that with the nonsaturated HDE (4), the Friedman equation implies that it is always the sum $\\rho_m + \\rho_{\\Lambda }$ that saturates the holographic bound (with $c^2\n=1$), i.e., $$\\rho_m + \\rho_{\\Lambda } = \\frac{3}{8 \\pi } L^{-2}M_{Pl}^2 \\;.$$\n\nIn order to encompass a maximal diversity of nonsaturated HDE models, we consider all three special cases of the generalized equation of continuity $$\\dot{G}_N (\\rho_{\\Lambda} + \\rho_m) + G_N\\dot{\\rho}_{\\Lambda} +\nG_N(\\dot{\\rho}_m+3H\\rho_m) =0 ,$$ where overdots denote time derivatives. ", "The special cases stemming from (7) include: (i) the constant $G_N $, the running $\\rho_{\\Lambda }$, and the noncanonical $\\rho_m $, (ii) the running $G_N $, the running $\\rho_{\\Lambda\n}$, and the canonical $\\rho_m $, and (iii) the constant $\\rho_{\\Lambda }$, the running $G_N $, and the noncanonical $\\rho_m $. ", "In this way a distinct cosmological model is represented by each case, even when the same law for $\\rho_{\\Lambda }$ is used in (7) (see below). ", "In the third case, a specific form for a deviation of $\\rho_m $ from its canonical shape is required as an input dynamics.", "\n\nAs a first example we consider a dynamical model based on a continuous transfer of energy between the CC and $\\rho_m $, which can be adequately described by the equation of continuity ($\\dot{G}_N =0$, $\\rho_m \\neq \\rho_{m0} a^{-3}$): $$\\dot{\\rho }_{\\Lambda } + \\dot{\\rho }_m + 3H\\rho_m = 0 \\;,$$ where the overdots denote time derivatives. ", "In order to solve the equations above, an additional assumption regarding the dynamics of $\\rho_{\\Lambda }$ (or $\\rho_m $ ) is required. ", "We find it adequate to employ a decaying CC model [@11], based on the renormalization-group (RG) evolution for $\\rho_{\\Lambda }$ and on the choice for the RG scale $\\mu = H$. Here the CC-variation law is a derivative one, thus having a natural appearance of a nonzero constant in $\\rho_{\\Lambda }$: $$\\rho_{\\Lambda } = C_0 + C_2 {\\mu }^2 ,$$ where $C_0 $ is a constant and $C_2 {\n\\setlength{\\unitlength}{12pt}\n\\begin{picture}(1.4,1.)", "\n\\put(.7,-0.3){\\makebox(0.0,1.)[t]{$<$}}\n\\put(.7,-0.3){\\makebox(0.0,1.)[b]{$\\sim$}}\n\\end{picture}M}_{Pl }^2 $. ", "With the [*ansatz*]{} (9), Eq.", " (8), and the Friedman equation, the following equation for $H(a)$ is obtained: $$\\frac{H^2}{H_0^2} +\\frac{2}{3}\\frac{H'Ha}{H_0^2}=\n\\frac{1+\\alpha\\left( \\frac{H^2}{H_0^2}-1 \\right) }{1+r_0} ,$$ where $H' \\equiv dH/da $ and $\\alpha \\equiv C_2 H_{0}^2/\\rho_{\\Lambda 0}$. The solutions can be obtained in a closed form as $$\\begin{aligned}\n& H(a)=H_0 \\sqrt{ \n\\displaystyle\\frac{1-\\alpha+r_0 a^{-3+\\epsilon}}{1-\\alpha+r_0} } , &\n\\nonumber \\\\\n& \\rho_m=\\rho_{m0}a^{-3+\\epsilon} , &\n\\nonumber \\\\\n& \\rho_{\\Lambda}=\\rho_{\\Lambda 0} \\left[ 1-\\displaystyle\\frac{\\alpha r_0\n(1-a^{-3+\\epsilon})}{1-\\alpha+r_0} \\right] , &\n\\nonumber \\\\\n& r=r_0\\displaystyle\\frac{a^{-3+\\epsilon}}\n{ 1-\\displaystyle\\frac{\\alpha r_0(1-a^{-3+\\epsilon})}{1-\\alpha+r_0} } \\; , &\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\epsilon = 3 \\alpha /(1 +r_0 )$. ", "We see that $r(a \\rightarrow \\infty ) = 0$ and therefore $c^2 (a \\rightarrow \\infty ) =1$. This means that the holographic bound is saturated asymptotically. ", "From a recent analysis of density perturbation [@12] for the model [@11], one obtains that $C_2\n\\ll M_{Pl}^2 $ (implying $\\alpha \\ll 1 $), and therefore we have $c^2 \\ll 1 $ in the matter-dominated era.", "\n\nAnother example involves a transfer of energy between $\\rho_{\\Lambda }$ and the gravitational field. ", "The equation of continuity now reads[^7] $$G_N \\dot{\\rho}_{\\Lambda } + \\dot{G}_N (\\rho_m + \\rho_{\\Lambda }) = 0 \\;.$$ With the same [*ansatz*]{} (9) for $\\rho_{\\Lambda }$, we obtain the following equation for $H(a)$: $$2\\frac{\\dot{H}}{H} [ \\rho_{m0}a^{-3}+\\rho_{\\Lambda 0} +c_2(H^2-H_0^2)]\n+3\\rho_{m0}a^{-3}H =0 ,$$ which can be solved numerically. ", "The solution can be used to calculate $$\\begin{aligned}\n& r = \\displaystyle\\frac{r_0 a^{-3}}\n{1+ \\alpha \\left( \\frac{H^2 }{H_{0}^2 } -1 \\right)} , &\n\\nonumber \\\\\n& \\displaystyle\\frac{G_N}{G_{N0}} = \nH^2 a^3 \\displaystyle\\frac{r(1+r_0 )}{r_0 (1+r)} . &", "\\end{aligned}$$ Two limiting cases can, however, be easily read off from Eq. (", "13). ", "For $a\n\\rightarrow \\infty $, Eq. (", "13) becomes $\\dot{H} = 0$, with the solution $H\n\\equiv H_{\\infty } = {\\it const.}$. Therefore again the holographic bound is saturated asymptotically, $c^2 (a \\rightarrow \\infty ) =1$. On the other hand, for $a \\ll 1$, we find that $H\n\\sim a^{- \\frac{3}{2}}$, thus having again $c^2 \\ll 1 $ in the matter-dominated era, if $\\alpha \\ll 1 $.", "\n\nThe last example is at the same time the most interesting one. ", "It involves a variable $G_N $ such as to make $\\rho_{\\Lambda }$ a true constant in (4), $G_N \\sim H^2 c^2 $. ", "The variation of $G_N $ goes to the expense of a deviation of $\\rho_m $ from its canonical shape, and is described by the equation of continuity of the type $$\\dot{G}_N(\\rho_{\\Lambda}+\\rho_m)+G_N(\\dot{\\rho}_m+3H\\rho_m)=0 .$$ The above model in the saturated version of HDE has been studied recently in [@14]. ", "If we consider only a small deviation from the canonical $\\rho_m $ $$\\rho_m=\\rho_{m0}a^{-3+\\delta }\\;,$$ where $\\delta $ is a constant, one immediately obtains $r = r_0 a^{-3 +\n\\delta }$ and therefore $c^2 (a \\rightarrow \\infty ) =1$. On the other hand, for $a \\ll 1$, $c^2 $ goes rapidly to zero. ", "We find an explicit expression for $G_N (a)$ $$G_N(a)=G_{N0} \\left(\n\\displaystyle\\frac{r_0^{-1}+a^{-3+\\delta }}{r_0^{-1}+1}\n\\right)^{\\delta /(3-\\delta )} ,$$ in agreement with the present observational bound on $\\dot{G}_N /G_N $ if $\\delta {\n\\setlength{\\unitlength}{12pt}\n\\begin{picture}(1.4,1.)", "\n\\put(.7,-0.3){\\makebox(0.0,1.)[t]{$<$}}\n\\put(.7,-0.3){\\makebox(0.0,1.)[b]{$\\sim$}}\n\\end{picture}0}.1$. The model can thus be considered as a “minimal” dynamical dark-energy scenario as it represents a slight deviation from the standard $\\Lambda $CDM model. ", "What is even more intriguing is the fact that even the standard $\\Lambda $CDM model $(\\rho_{\\Lambda } = {\\it const.", "\n}, \\rho_m \\sim a^{-3}, \\dot{G}_N = 0)$ can be described as a HDE model through Eq. (", "4). ", "If $\\dot{G}_N = 0$, a constant $\\rho_{\\Lambda }$ can always be parametrized by Eq. (", "4) as then $H^2 \\sim 1 + r$. Hence, even the standard noninteractive $\\Lambda $CDM model does obey all the conditions necessary for gaining a status of a (nonsaturated) HDE model. ", "Note that this is generally true only for the choice $L=H^{-1}$.\n\nOur final remark concerns the lower bound in Eq. (", "2). ", "In the case of the standard $\\Lambda $CDM model, the lower bound is violated by $\\rho_{\\Lambda\n}$ at early times when the temperature is below the Planck temperature but well above the temperature when nucleosynthesis occurred. ", "For other cases considered in this paper, the lower bound is violated at early times when the temperature is well above the Planck temperature, where the above formulas cannot be expected to hold.", "\n\nIn conclusion, we have considered several HDE-models in which the saturation of the holographic bound begins only with the onset of the dark-energy dominated era. ", "This provides a consistent description of the transition to the matter-dominated epoch, when all holographic bound are shown to be respected by the matter component. ", "We have shown such behavior not only for the standard HDE models, but also for a class of ‘generalized’ HDE models in which the gravitational coupling is also promoted to a time-dependent quantity. ", "Thus it is a generic feature of nonsaturated HDE models to provide a transition from a decelerated to an accelerated era, even for flat space and the choice of the IR cutoff in the form of the Hubble parameter. ", "We have shown that, generically, even the noninteracting standard $\\Lambda $CDM model fits within this nonsaturated HDE description. ", "It is also shown that an alternative derivation of HDE is possible by invoking the Bekenstein bound. ", "In this case, HDE is also supplied with the lower bound, which is shown to be violated only at very early times in the universe evolution, thus signaling a breakdown of the effective-field-theory description and/or a transition to a system with strong self-gravity. ", "Our study therefore retains HDE as a plausible candidate for the dark energy of the universe.", "\n\n[**Acknowledgments.**]{} ", "This work was supported by the Ministry of Science, Education and Sport of the Republic of Croatia, and partially supported through the Agreement between the Astrophysical Sector, S.I.S.S.A., and the Particle Physics and Cosmology Group, RBI.", "\n\n[160]{} See, e.g., S. Nobbenhuis, gr-qc/0609011 and references therein. ", "P. J. Steinhardt, in “Critical Problems in Physics”, edited by V. L. Fitch and Dr. R. Marlow (Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J., 1997). ", "See, e.g., R. Bousso, hep-th/0610211 and references therein. ", "A. Cohen, D. Kaplan, and A. Nelson, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. ", "82 (1999) 4971. ", "S. D. Hsu, Phys. ", "Lett. ", "B594 (2004) 1. ", "G. ’t Hooft, gr-qc/9311026. ", "L. Susskind, J. Math. ", "Phys. (", "NY) 36 (1995) 6377. ", "J. D. Bekenstein, Phys. ", "Rev. D23 (1981) 287; D49 (1994) 1912; Int. ", "J. Theor. ", "Phys. ", "28 (1989) 967. ", "D. Pavon and W. Zimdahl, Phys. ", "Lett. ", "B628 (2005) 206. ", "For perfect fluids see M. Li, Phys. ", "Lett. ", "B603 (2004) 1; Q. G. Huang and M. Li, JCAP 0408 (2004) 013; for interacting fluids see e.g. B. Wang, Y. Gong and E. Abdalla, Phys. ", "Lett. ", "B624 (2005) 141; H. Kim, H. W. Lee and Y. S. Myung, Phys. ", "Lett. ", "B632 (2006) 605; H. M. Sadjadi and M. Honardoost, gr-qc/0609076. ", "I. L. Shapiro, J. Sola, C. Espana-Bonet, and P. Ruiz-Lapuente, Phys. ", "Lett. ", "B574 (2003) 149. ", "J. C. Fabris, I. L. Shapiro, and J. Sola, gr-qc/0609017. ", "R. Horvat, Phys. ", "Rev. D70 (2004) 087301; B. Guberina, R. Horvat, and H. Štefančić, JCAP 0505, 001 (2005); B. Guberina, R. Horvat, and H. Nikolić, Phys. ", "Rev. D72 (2005) 125011. ", "B. Guberina, R. Horvat, and H. Nikolić, Phys. ", "Lett. ", "B636 (2006) 80.", "\n\n[^1]: guberina@thphys.irb.hr\n\n[^2]: horvat@lei3.irb.hr\n\n[^3]: hrvoje@thphys.irb.hr\n\n[^4]: Note that the lower bound in (2) keeps the internal consistency of an effective field theory itself by claiming that the UV cutoff is always $\\ge $ than the IR cutoff.", "\n\n[^5]: The same is also true for the future event horizon since for de Sitter space it coincides with $H^{-1}$.\n\n[^6]: We adopt this parametrization from Ref. [", "@9], the only paper in which Eq. (", "4) was considered in producing a transition from decelerated to accelerated cosmic expansion.", "\n\n[^7]: For more on saturated HDE models with variable $G_N$, see [@13].", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0.005813953488372093, 0, 0.005025125628140704, 0.004048582995951417, 0, 0.0025974025974025974, 0.006349206349206349, 0, 0, 0.003676470588235294, 0.004424778761061947, 0, 0.011695906432748537, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0.018867924528301886, 0.003355704697986577, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0.004975124378109453, 0.010121457489878543, 0.0030581039755351682, 0, 0.00641025641025641, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005025125628140704, 0.004457652303120356, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0.0053475935828877, 0, 0, 0.008281573498964804, 0.005555555555555556, 0, 0, 0, 0.0029239766081871343, 0, 0.006928406466512702, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0.006273525721455458, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0, 0.00796812749003984, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0.0029498525073746312, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0.006472491909385114, 0.003355704697986577, 0, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0, 0, 0.006060606060606061, 0, 0.005050505050505051, 0.009478672985781991, 0.007518796992481203, 0.019801980198019802, 0.0037593984962406013, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0.01652892561983471, 0.013513513513513514, 0.034013605442176874, 0.01639344262295082, 0.07142857142857142, 0.09090909090909091, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0.16666666666666666, 0, 0, 0.09090909090909091, 0, 0.05, 0.041666666666666664, 0.06976744186046512, 0.1, 0, 0, 0.06451612903225806, 0.16666666666666666, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0.16666666666666666, 0.04580152671755725, 0.16666666666666666, 0.05172413793103448, 0.16666666666666666, 0.03076923076923077, 0.057971014492753624, 0.16666666666666666, 0.058823529411764705, 0.05263157894736842, 0.058823529411764705, 0.044444444444444446, 0.041666666666666664, 0.06521739130434782, 0.16666666666666666, 0.06666666666666667, 0.015444015444015444, 0.006211180124223602, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0 ]

[ "The Crimson Gold\n\nThe Crimson Gold is a fantasy novel by Voronica Whitney-Robinson, set in the Forgotten Realms fictional universe. ", "It is the third novel in \"The Rogues\" series.", "\n\nPlot summary\nThis novel is set in Thay. ", "A rogue wanted out, wanted a new life and a trophy worthy of a master thief - the source of the treasured crimson gold. ", "She wanted to face an undead emperor on his home ground, and live to tell the tale.", "\n\nPublication history\n2003, USA, Wizards of the Coast , Pub date 1 December 2003, Paperback.", "\n\nReception\nOne reviewer stated \"Overall, The Crimson Gold by Voronica Whitney-Robinson is a nice addition to the Forgotten Realms world of books.\" ", "Another reviewer felt that Tazi was the best part of the book.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2003 American novels\nCategory:American fantasy novels\nCategory:Forgotten Realms novels" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010869565217391304, 0.006756756756756757, 0, 0 ]

[ "/* -*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset:4 ; indent-tabs-mode:nil ; -*- */\n/* \n * Copyright (C) 1997 University of Chicago. ", "\n * See COPYRIGHT notice in top-level directory.", "\n */\n\n#include \"ad_ntfs.h\"\n\nvoid ADIOI_NTFS_ReadComplete(ADIO_Request *request, ADIO_Status *status,\n\t\t\t int *error_code) \n{\n return;\n}\n\n\nvoid ADIOI_NTFS_WriteComplete(ADIO_Request *request, ADIO_Status *status,\n\t\t\t int *error_code)\n{\n return;\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0.003816793893129771 ]

[ "The Use of Kits in the Analysis of Tissue Lipids Requires Validation.", "\nThe ready availability and ease of use of kits for the measurement of serum lipids has greatly facilitated these measurements. ", "In many cases it would be convenient to use these kits in the determination of lipid concentrations in tissues. ", "The successful application of serum kits in tissue analysis requires that two important issues be considered. ", "First, the solvent system for the extraction of the lipids and the solvent used for analysis by the kit must be compatible with the reactions in the kit. ", "Second, the concentration range in the analyzed solution must be within the range for which the kit is used. ", "We report here that lipids in liver and adipose tissues may be significantly underestimated by the use of some kits. ", "We recommend that the use of kits for tissue analysis of lipids be validated for the specific analysis." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "INTRODUCTION {#s1}\n============\n\nThe t(12;21)(p13;q22) chromosomal translocation gives rise to the *ETV6/RUNX1* (*TEL/AML1*) fusion gene. *", "ETV6/RUNX1* represents the most abundant translocation product in pediatric cancers with an incidence of up to 25% in children with B lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) \\[[@R1], [@R2]\\]. ", "Although this type of leukemia exhibits no high-risk features and responds well to therapy, relapses occur in about 20% of cases \\[[@R3]--[@R6]\\].", "\n\nETV6/RUNX1 has been shown to lead to an arrest in B cell development at the transition from pro- to pre-B cells and this is paralleled by expansion of pro-B cells \\[[@R7]\\]. ", "The *ETV6/RUNX1* fusion was found to occur *in utero* in fetal hematopoiesis \\[[@R8], [@R9]\\], but disease outbreak is usually not detected in children before the age of two years. ", "ETV6/RUNX1 positive B-ALL is diagnosed during childhood, with a peak incidence between three and six years of age \\[[@R10]\\]. ", "This suggests that the translocation product alone is not sufficient for leukemia onset \\[[@R11]--[@R13]\\]. ", "Indeed, previous reports have shown that *ETV6/RUNX1* is a weak oncogene and requires secondary mutations for manifestation of the disease \\[[@R11], [@R14], [@R15]\\]. ", "We have previously generated a mouse model for ETV6/RUNX1 where transgene expression is driven by the *Cd19* promoter \\[[@R16]\\]. ", "Thus, *ETV6/RUNX1* expression is restricted to B cells after *Pax5* is switched on during B cell development. ", "In line with other animal models \\[[@R14], [@R15], [@R17]--[@R20]\\] we failed to detect leukemia in our transgenic mice, but we observed abnormal B cell maturation associated with increased ROS levels in the B cell compartment as well as increased frequency of pre- and immature B cells \\[[@R16]\\].", "\n\nMembers of the B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) protein family are crucial regulators of cell survival. ", "Transgenic BCL2 overexpression promoted the development of B cell cancers, demonstrating its oncogenic potential (reviewed in \\[[@R21]\\]). ", "BCL2 family member deregulation can also mediate chemotherapeutic or targeted drug resistance (reviewed in \\[[@R22]\\]). ", "Furthermore, BCL2 family proteins are critically involved in autoimmune processes \\[[@R23]--[@R27]\\]. ", "Several members of the BCL2 family play critical roles in leukemia development. ", "Loss of BCL2 modifying factor (*BMF)*, a proapoptotic member of the BCL2 family, was recently shown in a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array study to play a role in the development and relapse of ETV6/RUNX1 positive leukemia \\[[@R28]\\]. ", "Interestingly, patients with *ETV6/RUNX1*-positive ALL exhibited a unique expression pattern of 16 key apoptosis genes, including BCL2 family members \\[[@R29]\\]. ", "BCL2 overexpression has also been reported to act as a driver in follicular lymphomagenesis and as a cooperating second hit in humans or mouse models of Burkitt lymphoma \\[[@R30]--[@R34]\\]. ", "However, the biological function of members of the BCL2 family in ETV6/RUNX1^+^B cells remains largely unexplored.", "\n\nWe hypothesized that ETV6/RUNX1^+^ B cells might benefit from overexpression of antiapoptotic BCL2 and that this should facilitate tumor outgrowth. ", "To test this, we crossed the B cell-specific *ETV6/RUNX1* transgenic (E/R^tg^) mice \\[[@R16]\\] to *Vav-BCL2* transgenic mice \\[[@R35]\\]. ", "The latter mouse strain is predisposed to develop follicular lymphoma with age and can develop a kidney disease, namely glomerulonephritis of an autoimmune type \\[[@R36]\\]. ", "Here, we show that combined expression of *ETV6/RUNX1* and *BCL2* leads to significantly shorter disease latency in mice. ", "Importantly, the ETV6/RUNX1 fusion product and the antiapoptotic protein BCL2 cooperate in the development and progression of follicular lymphoma. ", "In addition, autoimmune glomerulonephritis was significantly more aggravated than in *Vav-BCL2*^tg^ mice. ", "Double transgenic animals displayed increased B cell levels and autoreactive immunoglobulin (Ig) production compared to *Vav-BCL2*^tg^ mice. ", "This led to deposition of immune complexes in glomeruli, resulting in glomerulonephritis. ", "Our study therefore demonstrates a novel cooperative activity of ETV6/RUNX1 and BCL2 for glomerulonephritis and lymphoma development.", "\n\nRESULTS {#s2}\n=======\n\nMice harboring *ETV6/RUNX1* and *BCL2* transgenes display significantly decreased survival {#s2_1}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe hypothesized that overexpression of BCL2 in context with ETV6/RUNX1 should accelerate B cell transformation. ", "Thus, we combined E/R^tg^ mice \\[[@R16]\\] with one of the most frequent driver mutations in B cell neoplasias, namely the BCL2 oncoprotein. ", "E/R^tg^ mice were bred with *Vav*-*BCL2* transgenic mice \\[[@R35]\\] to assess whether the antiapoptotic protein BCL2 would cooperate with ETV6/RUNX1 to initiate leukemia. ", "Four groups of mice were obtained: double transgenics carrying both transgenes (E/R^tg^;BCL2^tg^), single transgenic mice that harbor either the *ETV6/RUNX1* (E/R^tg^) or the *BCL2* transgene (BCL2^tg^) and mice without any transgene, serving as wildtype controls. ", "All mice were born at normal Mendelian ratio, were viable and showed no abnormalities at birth.", "\n\nWe observed that E/R^tg^;BCL2^tg^ mice exhibited a significantly shorter lifespan compared to BCL2^tg^ mice (221 *vs*. ", "293 days median survival) (Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "E/R^tg^ and wildtype mice remained healthy over an examination period of 80 weeks (550 days). ", "The phenotype of diseased mice was heterogeneous depending on disease latency. ", "Mice that succumbed to their disease at an early time point showed different symptoms (or gross pathology in organs) than animals that diseased at a late time point. ", "We therefore decided to introduce an operational cutoff to divide the cohort into an early and a late disease group at the time point of 50% survival of the most affected, i.e. the double transgenic group at 30 weeks of age.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nWhite blood cell counts were initially elevated in E/R^tg^;BCL2^tg^ and BCL2^tg^ mice \\[[@R36]\\] compared to E/R^tg^ and wildtype mice but started to decline between 12 and 18 weeks of age ([Figure S1A, B](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Red blood cell counts were comparable in all four groups but also decreased upon disease progression. ", "Platelets were reduced in E/R^tg^;BCL2^tg^ and BCL2^tg^ mice when compared to E/R^tg^ and wildtype mice and further decreased in diseased mice ([Figure S1A](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nDiseased mice exhibited splenomegaly (Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [1C](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and enhanced spleen-to-body weight ratio (Figure [1D](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) up to 30 weeks of age. ", "Increased spleen weight as well as spleen-to-body weight ratio in early diseased mice was more pronounced in double transgenic compared to BCL2^tg^ animals while in the late disease group this effect was inverted. ", "The vast majority of BCL2^tg^ and all double transgenic mice displayed enlarged lymph nodes at the time point of analysis. ", "Abdominal lymph nodes of double transgenic mice were larger when compared to BCL2^tg^ mice in early disease while this was inverted in the late disease phase (Figure [1E](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [1F](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nDespite all these signs of neoplastic hematopoiesis, we failed to detect overt leukemia in any of the transgenic mice except for one mouse in the double transgenic cohort ([Figure S2A-C](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "This single mouse exhibited a strongly elevated white blood cell count when analyzed at 42 weeks of age ([Figure S2A, B](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) with immunophenotyping confirming expansion of myeloid cells (CD11b^+^) ([Figure S2C](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nOf note, analysis of the liver, frequently infiltrated by BCL2-transgenic lymphocytes, did not reveal significant differences in weight and size between diseased and healthy cohorts ([Figure S1C, D](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Most significantly, E/R^tg^;BCL2^tg^ and BCL2^tg^ mice displayed enlarged kidneys with anemic appearance. ", "While kidneys of double transgenic mice were clearly more affected in both early and late disease phases, elevated kidney weight was only observed in the early disease group (Figure [1G](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [1H](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This suggests that the lymphoma phenotype was either more dominant at late disease stages or that mice with severe kidney disease died earlier than unaffected animals.", "\n\nHigh lymphocyte infiltration in E/R^tg^;BCL2^tg^ mice {#s2_2}\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nWe detected immune cell infiltrates in several organs, including lung, liver and kidney of BCL2^tg^ and E/R^tg^;BCL2^tg^ animals (Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [2C](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [Table S1](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, complete panels of lung and liver in [Figure S3A, B](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), but not in E/R^tg^ or wildtype mice ([Figure S4](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\n{#F2}\n\n{#F3}\n\nTo test for the extent of dissemination the area of infiltration per organ was quantified. ", "Interestingly, lungs, livers and kidneys of E/R^tg^;BCL2^tg^mice showed higher infiltration rates when compared to BCL2^tg^ mice (Figure [2B](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [2D](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, Figure [3B](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Some large infiltrates even exhibited follicular structures, reminiscent of follicular lymphoma as judged by two independent board-certified pathologists blinded to the underlying genotype. ", "Infiltrates were composed of lymphocytes as well as plasma cells (most abundant in kidney infiltrates); we observed positive staining for CD79a and CD138, and to a lesser extent for CD3 (Figure [2E](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, we failed to detect any signs of chronic inflammatory processes such as vascular proliferation, nor did we detect severe signs of tissue injury, such as fibrosis. ", "This argues for the lymphoma representing the source of infiltrating B cells. ", "In summary, these data suggest that follicular B cell lymphoma formation in diseased E/R^tg^;BCL2^tg^ mice caused massive organ infiltration.", "\n\nBCL2^tg^ and double transgenic mice develop follicular lymphoma {#s2_3}\n---------------------------------------------------------------\n\nLymphoma formation was observed in double transgenic as well as BCL2^tg^ animals, in line with a previous report \\[[@R36]\\]. ", "These lymphomas were composed mainly of centrocytes, some centroblasts and diffuse areas of plasma cell infiltration ([Figure S5A](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Furthermore, lymphomas of double transgenic and BCL2^tg^ mice displayed neoplastic capsular infiltration ([Figure S5A](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Tingible body macrophages were absent within the follicular structures in lymphomas and spleens ([Figure S5B](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Additionally, lymphomas were positive for only one light chain, namely Igλ ([Figure S5C](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "This histopathological appearance is in line with the diagnosis of follicular lymphoma with plasmacytic differentiation in some of the cases ([Figure S5D](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Neoplastic follicular structures were enlarged as indicated by staining for the germinal center marker peanut agglutinin (PNA) which was - additionally to CD138^+^ cells - also detected in spleens of double transgenic and BCL2^tg^ mice ([Figure S5E](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "In addition, all analyzed lymphomas exhibited a class-switched B cell phenotype. ", "Immunohistochemical analysis of immunoglobulins on lymphoma infiltrates revealed positive staining for IgA and IgG, but not for IgM, in double transgenic and BCL2^tg^ mice ([Figure S6A](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Overall, lymphoma pathology was more pronounced in double transgenic mice.", "\n\nGlomerulonephritis in double transgenic mice is more pronounced than in BCL2^tg^ mice {#s2_4}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nConsistent with the macroscopic appearance of kidneys derived from diseased E/R^tg^;BCL2^tg^ and BCL2^tg^ animals (Figure [1H](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) we found pronounced pathological abnormalities histologically, immuno-histochemically and ultrastructurally (Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}--[3C](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We detected changes consistent with highly active glomerulonephritis, tubular dystrophy and protein casts in addition to lymphoma infiltrates. ", "Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining of kidney sections revealed marked glomerular mesangial matrix and cell increase. ", "In addition, acid fuchsin orange G (AFOG) staining demonstrated glomerular protein deposits suggestive of immune complex deposition in both, double transgenic and BCL2^tg^ mice, but not in wildtype and E/R^tg^ mice (Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "E/R^tg^ mice developed glomerular pathology only with age, showing histologically mild mesangial cell and matrix increase which corresponded to mesangial and subendothelial electron dense deposits by transmission electron microscopy (Figure [3C](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This phenotype was enhanced in BCL2^tg^ mice that showed endocapillary hypercellularity, mesangial matrix increase with mesangial and subendothelial Ig-containing immune deposits. ", "Electron microscopy analysis (Figure [3C](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) confirmed a heterogeneous immune complex type glomerulonephritis, in line with a previous report \\[[@R36]\\], with prominent mesangial, subendothelial and occasional subepithelial electron dense deposits with basement membrane duplications and cellular interposition. ", "Thus, the pattern of pathological changes is characteristic of a membranoproliferative pattern of injury similar to the type of glomerulonephritis observed in systemic diseases like lupus erythematosus. ", "In double transgenic mice the mesangial and subendothelial electron dense deposits were even more pronounced. ", "Glomeruli from these animals also exhibited segmental necrosis and formation of cellular crescents (Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [3C](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In general, signs of active glomerulonephritis were more pronounced in animals with early onset of disease (Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, AFOG staining) and, among all mice analyzed up to 30 weeks of age, the described kidney pathology was more severe in double transgenic compared to BCL2^tg^ mice. ", "While only few diseased BCL2^tg^ mice older than 30 weeks presented with renal disease, all double transgenic mice older than 30 weeks suffered from severe glomerulonephritis.", "\n\nNext, we addressed renal function by measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in terminally diseased mice. ", "BUN levels were significantly elevated in both, double transgenic as well as BCL2^tg^ mice when compared to age-matched wildtype and E/R^tg^ mice (Figure [3D](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "To test whether kidney damage starts earlier in double transgenic mice, we examined BUN levels in mice at 12 and 24 weeks of age. ", "BUN was in a similar range in all tested mice at 12 weeks of age (Figure [3E](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "At 24 weeks of age we observed higher BUN levels in E/R^tg^ mice than in wildtype animals (Figure [3F](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In line, double transgenic mice also showed higher BUN levels compared to BCL2^tg^ mice.", "\n\nTaken together, our data indicate that glomerulonephritis is accelerated and more severe in kidneys of E/R^tg^;BCL2^tg^ than of BCL2^tg^ animals.", "\n\nCombined expression of ETV6/RUNX1 and BCL2 increases the development of immunoglobulin secreting plasma cells {#s2_5}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo test whether the increased protein deposits observed by AFOG staining are derived from immune complexes we analyzed IgG deposits in the kidneys. ", "We detected significantly higher amounts of IgG in double transgenic mice as compared to all other groups (Figure [4A](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [4B](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F4}\n\nThese data could indicate that ETV6/RUNX1 might impact on immunoglobulin production or autoimmune B cell generation. ", "To test this hypothesis, we measured immunoglobulin levels in sera of terminally diseased mice. ", "We observed elevated amounts of immunoglobulin kappa (Igκ) and lambda (Igλ) in diseased double transgenic mice compared to all other groups (Figure [4C](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In addition, we found elevated IgA and IgG levels in sera of double transgenic mice when compared to all other cohorts (Figure [4D](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In line, immunohistochemical analysis on plasma/B cell infiltrates in the kidney revealed higher numbers of IgA^+^ cells in double transgenic mice compared to BCL2^tg^ animals ([Figure S6B](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nNext we tested whether the increased levels of immunoglobulins in double transgenic mice were caused by a higher rate of Ig-producing plasma cells. ", "Indeed, we observed a significantly increased percentage of CD19^+^ B cells in the bone marrow of double transgenic animals (Figure [4E](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In the spleen, the percentage of CD138^+^ cells was significantly increased in double transgenic animals when compared to the other groups (Figure [4F](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In particular, the frequency of CD138^+^B220^−^ plasmablasts was significantly elevated while the one of CD138^+^B220^+^ plasma cells was only slightly increased in double transgenic compared to healthy and BCL2^tg^ mice (Figure [4F](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "A similar trend was observed for absolute cell numbers of bone marrow CD19^+^ B cells, splenic CD138^+^ cells and plasmablasts ([Figure S7A, B](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nBCL2^tg^ mice were reported to develop a kidney disease with the histologic appearance of autoimmune glomerulonephritis \\[[@R36]\\]. ", "Thus, we were interested whether autoantibodies are the driving force for glomerulonephritis progression in E/R^tg^;BCL2^tg^ animals. ", "Significant amounts of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) could be detected in the serum of terminally sick double transgenic and BCL2^tg^ mice by immunofluorescence in HEp-2 cells (Figure [5A](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In addition, an autoantibody profile (including anti-histone, anti-chromatin and antibodies directed against nuclear ribonucleoprotein - anti-nRNP, also known as anti-U1RNP) revealed increased levels of anti-histone and anti-chromatin antibodies in double transgenic and BCL2^tg^ mice, while we failed to detect any significant autoantibody titers in healthy wildtype or E/R^tg^ mice (Figure [5B](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [5C](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Within the early disease group showing enhanced glomerulonephritis, double transgenic sera exhibited higher levels of anti-chromatin and anti-histone antibodies. ", "In the late phase sera from both double transgenic and BCL2^tg^ mice contained similarly elevated levels of autoantibodies. ", "In addition, weak reactivity to the U1A protein of the U1RNP was observed in two of the six double transgenic sera tested whereas the sera of the other mouse groups were negative for antibodies to U1RNP and other autoantibodies analyzed (data not shown).", "\n\n{#F5}\n\nTaken together our data show a synergistic effect of combined ETV6/RUNX1 and BCL2 overexpression in development of B cell-dependent diseases. ", "This was evident for both follicular lymphoma development, which led to significant organ infiltration in double transgenic mice, as well as for elevated autoimmune and plasmablast numbers. ", "Interestingly, increased immunoglobulin levels in double transgenic mice resulted in more pronounced autoimmune glomerulonephritis when compared to BCL2^tg^ mice.", "\n\nDISCUSSION {#s3}\n==========\n\nDeregulated expression of BCL2 family members has been described in the context of ETV6/RUNX1 positive leukemia \\[[@R18], [@R28], [@R29]\\]. ", "Here we provide evidence for cooperative effects of the antiapoptotic protein BCL2 with the chromosomal fusion product ETV6/RUNX1 *in vivo*. ", "We intercrossed *ETV6/RUNX1* transgenic with *Vav-BCL2* transgenic mice. ", "The characterization of this mouse model indicates that B-cell restricted expression of *ETV6/RUNX1* - resulting in elevated numbers of B cells - in concert with antiapoptotic *BCL2* expression - enhancing B cell survival - promotes increased immunoglobulin production, particularly autoimmune antibodies. ", "In sum, these two hits resulted in the clinical picture of immune complex deposition in kidney glomeruli and in accelerated development of immune complex glomerulonephritis in E/R^tg^;BCL2^tg^ mice.", "\n\nOverexpression of BCL2 is widely accepted as a hallmark of follicular lymphoma in humans. ", "In mice, expression of BCL2 in the hematopoietic compartment has been described to result in glomerulonephritis with an incidence of 15 - 25% at 40 weeks and in the development of lymphomas with an incidence of 37 - 50% at 18 months of age \\[[@R36]\\]. ", "While both disease phenotypes were aggravated in E/R^tg^;BCL2^tg^ animals compared to *Vav-BCL2* transgenic mice, we did not detect B-ALL development. ", "Only one case of 16 analyzed double transgenic animals developed myeloid leukemia ([Figure S2A-C](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "We speculate that this single case of leukemia is due to (an) additional mutation(s) on top of ETV6/RUNX1 and BCL2 expression and it would be of interest to define this in future analysis. ", "The vast majority of mice, however, developed lymphoma and/or glomerulonephritis causing death before one year of age.", "\n\nCertainly, it is of relevance at which stage of B cell development the transgene is expressed. *", "ETV6/RUNX1* expression in our model started at the level of committed B cells (CD19^+^ B cells). ", "Thus, placing the *ETV6/RUNX1* transgene under control of the *Cd19* promoter may be too late to allow for B cell progenitor leukemia development when combined with BCL2 overexpression, but still allowing to promote autoimmune mature B cell abnormalities that aggravate glomerulonephritis.", "\n\nOf note, overexpression of BCL2 also overcomes a critical barrier for the accumulation and expansion of B cell progenitors in the context of *Runx1* deficiency, - a situation also mimicked by the expression of the *ETV6/RUNX1* fusion gene in t(12;21) ALL \\[[@R37]\\]. ", "In line, we observed the highest frequency of B cells in the double transgenic animals. ", "Furthermore, another link between BCL2 and Runx1 has been demonstrated in T cells, where BCL2 has been described to protect from apoptosis induced by lack of Runx1 \\[[@R38]\\]. ", "Interestingly, BCL2 was also shown to be essential for the survival effect of RUNX1 in human MLL fusion leukemia \\[[@R39]\\]. ", "However, the detailed mechanistic understanding of this interaction is still missing.", "\n\nIn healthy individuals self-reactive B cells are eliminated through several mechanisms, including deletion, anergy and receptor editing \\[[@R40]--[@R42]\\]. ", "To achieve immune tolerance, autoreactive lymphocytes must be negatively selected upon encounter with self-antigen. ", "BCL2 has been reported to be highly expressed in pro-B cells, mature B lymphocytes and plasma cells, and downregulated at stages where negative selection occurs, such as the pre-B, immature B and germinal center (GC) B cell stages \\[[@R43]--[@R45]\\]. ", "Constitutive overexpression of BCL2 in B cells has been shown to impair B cell tolerance induction in a number of models \\[[@R46]--[@R49]\\] protecting autoreactive B cells from deletion. ", "Thereby, enhanced expression levels of BCL2 contribute to development of autoimmune diseases \\[[@R24], [@R50], [@R51]\\]. ", "In line with our findings expression of BCL2 driven by the *Vav* promoter has been shown to be associated with development of heterogeneous autoimmune glomerulonephritis \\[[@R36]\\]. ", "B cell-restricted expression of ETV6/RUNX1 in concert with *Vav* promoter-driven BCL2 expression further enhanced B cell autoreactivity in double transgenic mice. ", "Thus, ETV6/RUNX1 expression contributes to increased B cell tolerance, which aggravates autoimmune disease.", "\n\nA comparison of transgene expression levels between two other *BCL2* transgenic mouse lines (*Eμ-BCL2* 22 and *Eμ-BCL2* 36) and the *Vav-BCL2*^tg^ mice revealed that transgene expression does not strictly correlate with B cell numbers \\[[@R36]\\]. ", "All three mouse lines show markedly elevated B cell levels, spontaneous production of antibodies against nuclear antigens and a large proportion of mice display immune-complex glomerulonephritis \\[[@R24], [@R36]\\]. ", "Yet only pan-hematopoietic expression of BCL2 *via* the *Vav-BCL2* transgene led to follicular lymphoma development. ", "Most likely this was due to the fact that only the *Vav-BCL2*^tg^ mice also have elevated T-lymphocyte levels and thus may have sufficient CD4^+^ T cell help to sustain efficient maturation of the excess B cells \\[[@R36]\\]. ", "This suggests that not only BCL2 expression levels but also the cell lineage from which the transgene is expressed impact on the disease phenotype observed. ", "However, as the ETV6/RUNX1 fusion is expressed from committed B cells onwards *via* the *Cd19* promoter, B cell levels in double transgenic mice are even more elevated than in BCL2^tg^ mice (Figure [4E](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [4F](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Figure S7A, B](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "In contrast to that the numbers of CD4^+^ and CD8^+^ T cells remained largely unaffected ([Figure S7C, D](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "This might explain why the impact on glomerulonephritis is more pronounced than on follicular lymphoma in double transgenic mice.", "\n\nThe *AICDA* gene product, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), is required for B cell tolerance in humans. ", "As AID is the key molecule responsible for somatic hypermutation, class switch recombination and, in birds, gene conversion \\[[@R52]--[@R54]\\], it is interesting to note that very recently AID was also reported to drive - together with RAG1 and RAG2 - leukemic clonal evolution by contributing to the acquisition of genetic lesions in B-ALL \\[[@R55]\\]. ", "Abundant *AICDA* and *RAG1* mRNA was correlated with poor outcome in ALL patients. ", "The authors claimed that the physiological process of antibody diversification is twisted in ETV6/RUNX1 positive pre-leukemic B cell clones (with repeated exposure to inflammatory stimuli), which finally leads to overt disease. ", "In addition, *AICDA* expression during B cell development was reported to be necessary for the production of anti-RNA IgG autoantibodies in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus \\[[@R56]\\]. ", "However, we did not observe significant changes in *Aicda* expression levels in double transgenic animals ([Figure S8](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "We just noted increased class switch events in double transgenic animals associated with elevated levels of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG) in sera of E/R^tg^;BCL2^tg^mice. ", "The fact that impairment of renal function, as indicated by BUN levels, started between the age of 12 and 24 weeks strengthens our hypothesis of accumulation of antibody complexes. ", "Moreover, we detected higher BUN levels in E/R^tg^ mice, which could be the result of elevated B cell numbers in lymphoid organs in these animals.", "\n\nInterestingly, renal infiltration resulting in kidney enlargement was reported for up to 47% of children diagnosed with ALL \\[[@R57]--[@R62]\\]. ", "Similarly, renal involvement in lymphoma is not uncommon, lymphoma infiltration into the kidney in rare cases even causes acute renal failure \\[[@R63]\\]. ", "However, although a possible link between a genetic predisposition factor in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and leukemogenesis has been recently proposed \\[[@R64]\\], we are not aware of any case reports for ETV6/RUNX1^+^ leukemia patients associated with autoimmune disease (and/or glomerulonephritis). ", "Nevertheless, it is tempting to speculate that in follicular lymphoma patients (which typically display BCL2 overexpression) with strong kidney infiltration ETV6/RUNX1 target genes could be involved. ", "In addition, as the *ETV6/RUNX1* fusion is frequently observed in newborn children, individual autoimmune or immune complex glomerulonephritis patients harboring the *ETV6/RUNX1* fusion (in plasma B cells) could exist exhibiting an aggravated glomerulonephritis phenotype. ", "Our data would suggest a possible co-morbidity of ETV6/RUNX1 and that patients with autoimmune phenotype should be screened for the presence of the *ETV6/RUNX1* fusion.", "\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS {#s4}\n=====================\n\nAnimals {#s4_1}\n-------\n\nGeneration of CD19^+^ B cell-specific *ETV6/RUNX1*-expressing mice (E/R^tg^) and mice expressing human *BCL2* in the hematopoietic system (*Vav-BCL2* expressing mice; BCL2^tg^) was described \\[[@R16], [@R35]\\]. ", "We intercrossed these two mouse strains to generate double transgenic mice (E/R^tg^;BCL2^tg^) and maintained animals on a C57BL/6 background under specific-pathogen-free conditions. ", "Mice that express only one (E/R^tg^ and BCL2^tg^, respectively) or no transgene (wildtype) were used as littermate controls. ", "Daily monitoring for health status of mice and SPF housing in clean environment was ensured. ", "Peripheral blood was first collected at 8 weeks of age and then every 6 weeks starting from 12 weeks of age. ", "Mice were sacrificed and carefully analyzed at signs of disease (e.g., abdominal distension, ruffled fur, labored breathing, immobility, reduced food intake) according to ethical guidelines. ", "All animal experiments were carried out according to an ethical animal license protocol approved by the Medical University of Vienna and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy.", "\n\nBlood smears and blood parameters {#s4_2}\n---------------------------------\n\nBlood smears were stained in a HEMA-TEK 2000 stainer with HEMA-TEK Modified Wright\\'s Stain (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., Tarrytown, NY). ", "Confocal images were taken using an Axio Imager.", "Z1 microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany).", "\n\nQuantification of blood parameters was obtained from EDTA blood by scil Vet ABC (Gurnee, IL) according to the manufacturers' instructions.", "\n\nHistology and immunohistochemistry {#s4_3}\n----------------------------------\n\nFormalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and acid fuchsin orange G (AFOG) according to standard procedures. ", "Specific immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded consecutive sections using the following antibodies: CD79a (24C2.5; eBioscience, San Diego, CA), CD3 (SP7; NeoMarkers, Freemont, CA), CD138 (281-2; BioLegend, San Diego, CA). ", "Biotinylated peanut agglutinin \\[PNA\\] (Ref. ", "B-1075; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) was used as a marker for germinal center cells. ", "Characterization of infiltrates was performed using polyclonal antibodies against Kappa light chain (Ref. ", "NB7549), Lambda light chain (Ref. ", "NB7552), IgM (Ref. ", "NB7497) and IgA (Ref. ", "NB7504), all Novus Biologicals (Littleton, CO) as well as an anti-polyvalent biotinylated antibody against IgG (Ref. ", "KIT-IDST1007; Empire Genomics, Buffalo, NY). ", "To detect renal IgG deposits, an F(ab')2 anti-mouse IgG-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) antibody (eBioscience) was used as previously described \\[[@R65]\\].", "\n\nQuantitative immunohistochemistry {#s4_4}\n---------------------------------\n\nQuantification was performed using ImageJ software \\[[@R66]\\]. ", "In more detail, glomeruli of at least three different mice per group were selected on 40x magnification pictures of kidneys and analyzed for staining intensities. ", "For histological quantification of infiltrated areas, at least two consecutive 2.5 μm sections per mouse of at least three mice per group were stained and scanned with TissueFAXS^TM^ software (TissueGnostics GmbH, Vienna, Austria; [http://www.tissuegnostics.com](http://www.tissuegnostics.com/)). ", "Analysis was performed using HistoQuest^TM^ software (TissueGnostics GmbH, for details see \\[[@R67]\\]) as infiltrate area per organ area.", "\n\nElectron microscopy {#s4_5}\n-------------------\n\nFor electron microscopy, 1-2 mm thin pieces of kidney were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde resolved in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer and embedded in epoxy resin. ", "Ultrathin sections were cut with an Ultracut EM UC7 (Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, Germany), stained with uranylacetate and examined using a Jeol JEM 1010 (Jeol, Tokyo, Japan) electron microscope.", "\n\nFlow cytometric analysis {#s4_6}\n------------------------\n\nAfter incubation of single-cell suspensions with an anti-CD16/CD32 (93) antibody to prevent nonspecific Fc receptor-mediated binding, cells were stained with antibodies directed against murine Ly6G/Gr-1 (1A8-Ly6G), CD11b (M1/70), CD3e (145-2C11), B220 (RA3-6B2), CD19 (1D3), CD138 (281-2), CD4 (GK1.5) or CD8 (53-67). ", "Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)- phycoerythrin (PE)- or allophycocyanin (APC)-labeled Streptavidin was used for the detection of biotinylated antibodies. ", "All antibodies were purchased from eBioscience or BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA), respectively. ", "Subsequently, samples were acquired on a BD FACSCanto II flow cytometry device (BD Biosciences), and data were analyzed with FACSDiva (BD Biosciences) or FlowJo software (TreeStar, Ashland, OR).", "\n\nSerum biochemistry {#s4_7}\n------------------\n\nSerum levels of urea were measured using Reflotron-based test strips (Roche Applied Science, Penzberg, Germany). ", "Blood urea nitrogen was calculated using the following formula: Urea (mg/dl) x 0.467 = BUN (mg/dl).", "\n\nQuantification of immunoglobulin levels and autoantibody testing {#s4_8}\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAn ELISA-based immunoglobulin (Ig) clonotyping system (Southern Biotech, Birmingham, AL) was used to determine Ig titers in the serum of mice. ", "For quantification of IgA and IgG levels in serum the Mouse IgA and IgG ELISA Ready-SET-Go! ", "kits (eBioscience) were utilized according to the manufacturer\\'s protocol.", "\n\nAnti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) were detected using VIRGO^®^ ANA/HEp-2 IgG cells (Hemagen Diagnostics, Columbia, MD) as a substrate coated on microscope slides. ", "Mouse serum was added to the cells and ANA were visualized by addition of a FITC-labeled polyclonal rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibody (Ref. ", "F 0261; Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) as described \\[[@R63]\\].", "\n\nAnti-histone and anti-chromatin (nucleosome) antibodies were measured by ELISA (Inova Diagnostics, San Diego, CA) using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse antibodies (Dako; 1:2000) as secondary antibody as previously described \\[[@R68]\\].", "\n\nINNO-LIA^®^ ANA Update immunoassay (Fujirebio, Malvern, PA) was used for the detection and identification of autoantibodies against nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens in serum according to the manufacturer\\'s protocols.", "\n\nStatistics {#s4_9}\n----------\n\nStatistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 5 (San Diego, CA). ", "Differences were investigated for statistical significance by one-way analysis of variance with Tukey\\'s Multiple Comparison Test if not otherwise mentioned. ", "For Kaplan-Meier plots significant differences were calculated by Log-rank test. ", "Error bars represent means ± SEM if not stated otherwise. *", "p* values are considered as follows: *p* \\< 0.05 \\*, *p* \\< 0.01 \\*\\*, and *p* \\< 0.001 \\*\\*\\*.", "\n\nSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL FIGURES AND TABLE {#s5}\n========================================\n\nWe thank all members of our institute for discussions; Safia Zahma (LBI-CR, Vienna, Austria) as well as Susanne Lechner (Institute of Rheumatology, Hietzing Hospital, Vienna, Austria) and Elisabeth Wieser (Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria) for technical assistance. ", "We are grateful to Renate Panzer-Grümayer (St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children\\'s Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria) for providing scientific advice. ", "We thank Emilio Casanova, Florian Grebien (LBI-CR, Vienna, Austria), Eva-Maria Zebedin-Brandl (Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria), Shinya Sakaguchi (Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria) and Anton Bauer (The Antibody Lab, Vienna, Austria) for scientific discussions and critically reading the manuscript.", "\n\n**GRANT SUPPORT**\n\nFinancial support for this project was provided by the St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children\\'s Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria, financing the position of EB and PA. ", "LK was supported by research grants FWF, P26011 and the Genome Research-Austria project \"Inflammobiota\".", "\n\n**CONFLICTS OF INTEREST**\n\nThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.02158273381294964, 0.01639344262295082, 0.0136986301369863, 0.011363636363636364, 0.011049723756906077, 0.023809523809523808, 0.018518518518518517, 0.023952095808383235, 0.023076923076923078, 0.01818181818181818, 0.020134228187919462, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0.016666666666666666, 0.029411764705882353, 0.0125, 0.020491803278688523, 0.024691358024691357, 0.010526315789473684, 0.017543859649122806, 0.013333333333333334, 0.021897810218978103, 0.005780346820809248, 0.00819672131147541, 0.013605442176870748, 0, 0, 0, 0.015037593984962405, 0.009146341463414634, 0.014285714285714285, 0.017543859649122806, 0.0037735849056603774, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0.010471204188481676, 0.01652892561983471, 0, 0, 0.004291845493562232, 0, 0, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0.006688963210702341, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006872852233676976, 0.004098360655737705, 0, 0, 0, 0.0017123287671232876, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004273504273504274, 0.015706806282722512, 0, 0, 0.005780346820809248, 0, 0.0035460992907801418, 0.007407407407407408, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0.012096774193548387, 0, 0, 0, 0.0045045045045045045, 0, 0, 0, 0.003787878787878788, 0, 0.006172839506172839, 0.006535947712418301, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0, 0, 0.008733624454148471, 0, 0, 0, 0.00847457627118644, 0.00398406374501992, 0, 0, 0.006042296072507553, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0.005494505494505495, 0.007692307692307693, 0.009900990099009901, 0.007936507936507936, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0.0079155672823219, 0.005952380952380952, 0, 0.004291845493562232, 0, 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0.03260869565217391, 0.013071895424836602, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0.011494252873563218, 0.011834319526627219, 0, 0.005681818181818182, 0.012903225806451613, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005376344086021506, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0.015463917525773196, 0, 0, 0.03508771929824561, 0.0070921985815602835, 0.0136986301369863, 0.0032679738562091504, 0, 0, 0.003968253968253968, 0, 0, 0.010582010582010581, 0, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0.006920415224913495, 0.007434944237918215, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0.032, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0.01195219123505976, 0.0106951871657754, 0.03305785123966942, 0.005494505494505495, 0.006134969325153374, 0.018691588785046728, 0.004016064257028112, 0.009302325581395349, 0, 0.004464285714285714, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0.006711409395973154, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0.014164305949008499, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0.010101010101010102, 0.006172839506172839, 0.017857142857142856, 0.0055248618784530384, 0.00684931506849315, 0.0136986301369863, 0.006493506493506494, 0.006557377049180328, 0.015, 0.007326007326007326, 0.023809523809523808, 0.01384083044982699, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0.02857142857142857, 0.011235955056179775, 0.01953125, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0.018867924528301886, 0.029411764705882353, 0.10526315789473684, 0.09090909090909091, 0.03418803418803419, 0.06666666666666667, 0.03184713375796178, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0.006734006734006734, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0.010362694300518135, 0.013192612137203167, 0.019230769230769232, 0.010526315789473684, 0.015463917525773196, 0.012345679012345678, 0.020202020202020204, 0.007042253521126761, 0.043478260869565216, 0.013333333333333334, 0.012422360248447204, 0.006756756756756757, 0.03508771929824561, 0.012, 0.0091324200913242, 0.009174311926605505, 0.006329113924050633, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0.010526315789473684, 0.01488833746898263, 0.024539877300613498, 0.023872679045092837, 0.015, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nOwin self host SSL connection reset\n\nI got an issue when setting up HTTPs for a self host Owin console application. ", " The browser always shows a connection reset error.", "\nI've tried creating certificates manually according to this link http://chavli.com/how-to-configure-owin-self-hosted-website-with-ssl/ but I still get the connection reset issue on that port.", "\nAnd I've checked the windows event log and there's no error messages.", "\nThe application will create X509 certificate by itself and run netsh command automatically.", "\nWithout Ssl, the application can display the web page correctly.", "\nCan any one run my code below and see whether it can work on your computer?", "\nThanks in advance.", "\nNeed to add COM reference CertEnroll 1.0 Type Library to compile the code below (vs2015 already contains this COM reference in Type Libraries)\nusing System;\nusing System.", "Collections.", "Generic;\nusing System.", "Diagnostics;\nusing System.", "IO;\nusing System.", "Linq;\nusing System.", "Reflection;\nusing System.", "Runtime.", "InteropServices;\nusing System.", "Security;\nusing System.", "Security.", "Cryptography.", "X509Certificates;\nusing System.", "Text;\nusing System.", "Threading.", "Tasks;\nusing CERTENROLLLib;\nusing Microsoft.", "Owin.", "Hosting;\nusing AppFunc = System.", "Func<System.", "Collections.", "Generic.", "IDictionary<string, object>, System.", "Threading.", "Tasks.", "Task>;\n\nnamespace Owin.", "Startup\n{\n class Program\n {\n static void Main(string[] args)\n {\n int port = 8888;\n string url = $\"https://localhost:{port}\";\n var cert = GetCert(\"localhost\", TimeSpan.", "FromDays(3650), \"devpwd\", AppDomain.", "CurrentDomain.", "BaseDirectory + \"cert.dat\");\n ActivateCert(cert, port, GetAppId());\n using (WebApp.", "Start<Startup>(url))\n {\n Console.", "WriteLine($\"Hosted: {url}\");\n Console.", "ReadLine();\n }\n }\n\n static private string GetAppId()\n {\n Assembly assembly = Assembly.", "GetExecutingAssembly();\n\n //The following line (part of the original answer) is misleading.", "\n //**Do not** use it unless you want to return the System.", "Reflection.", "Assembly type's GUID.", "\n //Console.", "WriteLine(assembly.", "GetType().GUID.ToString());\n\n // The following is the correct code.", "\n var attribute = (GuidAttribute)assembly.", "GetCustomAttributes(typeof(GuidAttribute), true)[0];\n var id = attribute.", "Value;\n return id;\n }\n static public X509Certificate2 GetCert(string cn, TimeSpan expirationLength, string pwd = \"\", string filename = null)\n {\n // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/18339706/how-to-create-self-signed-certificate-programmatically-for-wcf-service\n // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/21629395/http-listener-with-https-support-coded-in-c-sharp\n // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.security.cryptography.x509certificates.storename(v=vs.110).aspx\n // create DN for subject and issuer\n var base64encoded = string.", "Empty;\n if (filename !", "= null && File.", "Exists(filename))\n {\n base64encoded = File.", "ReadAllText(filename);\n }\n else\n {\n base64encoded = CreateCertContent(cn, expirationLength, pwd);\n if (filename !", "= null)\n {\n File.", "WriteAllText(filename, base64encoded);\n }\n }\n // instantiate the target class with the PKCS#12 data (and the empty password)\n var rlt = new System.", "Security.", "Cryptography.", "X509Certificates.", "X509Certificate2(\n System.", "Convert.", "FromBase64String(base64encoded), pwd,\n // mark the private key as exportable (this is usually what you want to do)\n // mark private key to go into the Machine store instead of the current users store\n X509KeyStorageFlags.", "Exportable | X509KeyStorageFlags.", "MachineKeySet | X509KeyStorageFlags.", "PersistKeySet\n );\n return rlt;\n }\n\n private static string CreateCertContent(string cn, TimeSpan expirationLength, string pwd)\n {\n string base64encoded = string.", "Empty;\n var dn = new CX500DistinguishedName();\n dn.", "Encode(\"CN=\" + cn, X500NameFlags.", "XCN_CERT_NAME_STR_NONE);\n\n CX509PrivateKey privateKey = new CX509PrivateKey();\n privateKey.", "ProviderName = \"Microsoft Strong Cryptographic Provider\";\n privateKey.", "Length = 2048;\n privateKey.", "KeySpec = X509KeySpec.", "XCN_AT_KEYEXCHANGE;\n privateKey.", "KeyUsage = X509PrivateKeyUsageFlags.", "XCN_NCRYPT_ALLOW_DECRYPT_FLAG |\n X509PrivateKeyUsageFlags.", "XCN_NCRYPT_ALLOW_KEY_AGREEMENT_FLAG;\n privateKey.", "MachineContext = true;\n privateKey.", "ExportPolicy = X509PrivateKeyExportFlags.", "XCN_NCRYPT_ALLOW_PLAINTEXT_EXPORT_FLAG;\n privateKey.", "Create();\n\n // Use the stronger SHA512 hashing algorithm\n var hashobj = new CObjectId();\n hashobj.", "InitializeFromAlgorithmName(ObjectIdGroupId.", "XCN_CRYPT_HASH_ALG_OID_GROUP_ID,\n ObjectIdPublicKeyFlags.", "XCN_CRYPT_OID_INFO_PUBKEY_ANY,\n AlgorithmFlags.", "AlgorithmFlagsNone, \"SHA512\");\n\n // Create the self signing request\n var cert = new CX509CertificateRequestCertificate();\n cert.", "InitializeFromPrivateKey(X509CertificateEnrollmentContext.", "ContextMachine, privateKey, \"\");\n cert.", "Subject = dn;\n cert.", "Issuer = dn; // the issuer and the subject are the same\n cert.", "NotBefore = DateTime.", "Now.", "Date;\n // this cert expires immediately. ", "Change to whatever makes sense for you\n cert.", "NotAfter = cert.", "NotBefore + expirationLength;\n cert.", "HashAlgorithm = hashobj; // Specify the hashing algorithm\n cert.", "Encode(); // encode the certificate\n\n // Do the final enrollment process\n var enroll = new CX509Enrollment();\n enroll.", "InitializeFromRequest(cert); // load the certificate\n enroll.", "CertificateFriendlyName = cn; // Optional: add a friendly name\n string csr = enroll.", "CreateRequest(); // Output the request in base64\n // and install it back as the response\n enroll.", "InstallResponse(InstallResponseRestrictionFlags.", "AllowUntrustedCertificate,\n csr, EncodingType.", "XCN_CRYPT_STRING_BASE64, pwd); // no password\n // output a base64 encoded PKCS#12 so we can import it back to the .Net security classes\n base64encoded = enroll.", "CreatePFX(pwd, // no password, this is for internal consumption\n PFXExportOptions.", "PFXExportChainWithRoot);\n return base64encoded;\n }\n\n private static void ActivateCert(X509Certificate2 rlt, int port, string appId)\n {\n X509Store store = new X509Store(StoreName.", "Root, StoreLocation.", "LocalMachine);\n store.", "Open(OpenFlags.", "ReadWrite);\n if (!", "store.", "Certificates.", "Contains(rlt))\n {\n store.", "Add(rlt);\n\n ProcessStartInfo psi = new ProcessStartInfo();\n psi.", "FileName = \"netsh\";\n\n psi.", "Arguments = $\"http delete sslcert ipport=0.0.0.0:{port}\";\n Process procDel = Process.", "Start(psi);\n procDel.", "WaitForExit();\n\n psi.", "Arguments = $\"http add sslcert ipport=0.0.0.0:{port} certhash={rlt.", "Thumbprint} appid={{{appId}}}\";\n Process proc = Process.", "Start(psi);\n proc.", "WaitForExit();\n\n psi.", "Arguments = $\"http delete sslcert ipport=[::]:{port}\";\n Process procDelV6 = Process.", "Start(psi);\n procDelV6.WaitForExit();\n\n psi.", "Arguments = $\"http add sslcert ipport=[::]:{port} certhash={rlt.", "Thumbprint} appid={{{appId}}}\";\n Process procV6 = Process.", "Start(psi);\n procV6.WaitForExit();\n\n psi.", "Arguments = $\"http add urlacl url=https://+:{port}/ user={Environment.", "UserDomainName}\\\\{Environment.", "UserName}\";\n Process procAcl = Process.", "Start(psi);\n procAcl.", "WaitForExit();\n }\n store.", "Close();\n }\n }\n\n public class Startup\n {\n private IAppBuilder app;\n public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app)\n {\n#if DEBUG\n app.", "UseErrorPage();\n#endif\n\n app.", "Use(new Func<AppFunc, AppFunc>(next => (async env =>\n {\n Console.", "WriteLine(\"Begin Request\");\n foreach (var i in env.", "Keys)\n {\n Console.", "WriteLine($\"{i}\\t={(env[i] == null ? \"", "null\" : env[i].ToString())}\\t#\\t{(env[i] == null ? \"", "null\" : env[i].GetType().FullName)}\");\n }\n if (next !", "= null)\n {\n await next.", "Invoke(env);\n }\n else\n {\n Console.", "WriteLine(\"Process Complete\");\n }\n Console.", "WriteLine(\"End Request\");\n })));\n\n app.", "UseWelcomePage(\"/\");\n\n this.app = app;\n }\n\n }\n\n}\n\nA:\n\nYou should not create certificate with the base64 content which loaded from the cert.dat. ", " Try using cert.", "Export(X509ContentType.", "Pfx, pwd) and load it with new X509Certificate2(filename, pwd, X509KeyStorageFlags.", "Exportable | X509KeyStorageFlags.", "MachineKeySet | X509KeyStorageFlags.", "PersistKeySet);\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0.005208333333333333, 0, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.09090909090909091, 0.038461538461538464, 0.11764705882352941, 0.10526315789473684, 0.08, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0, 0.06451612903225806, 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0, 0.125, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0, 0.015503875968992248, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0.09523809523809523, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006359300476947536, 0, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0.005128205128205128, 0, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0.125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0, 0, 0.09090909090909091, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0.016129032258064516, 0.006211180124223602, 0, 0.02, 0, 0, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0, 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0.005494505494505495, 0, 0, 0.1, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0, 0.028169014084507043, 0, 0, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0.02127659574468085, 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Metallurgy – Steel-making\n\nIn often ultra-high temperature environments, where protection is required from potentially harmful gases, the huge stresses of pressing, rolling and stamping machinery and the heat of foundry-work make the contribution of high-tech industrial vision monitoring even more valuable to ensuring health and safety while improving efficiency in these demanding and highly automated sectors.", "\n\nTechnologically advanced supervision and control tools are essential in the metallurgical and steel-making industries.", "\n\nThe introduction of smart product and process controls in extreme environments is challenging and requires expert input based on full understanding of the risks and stresses to which advanced monitoring facilities are exposed.", "\n\nVisionic integrators bring to industrial operators a detailed knowledge of the range of purpose-designed and ruggedized devices that are critical in these demanding environments.", "\n\nVisionic expert integration capacity is not only a source of value-added but will help propel your industry into the industrial process control of the future." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Fundamental study on the characteristics of a radiophotoluminescence glass dosemeter with no energy compensation filter for measuring patient entrance doses in cardiac interventional procedures.", "\nCardiac interventional procedures have been increasing year by year. ", "However, radiation skin injuries have been still reported. ", "There is a necessity to measure the patient entrance skin dose (ESD), but an accurate dose measurement method has not been established. ", "To measure the ESD, a lot of radiophotoluminescence dosemeters (RPLDs) provide an accurate measurement of the direct actual ESD at the points they are arrayed. ", "The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of RPLD to measure the ESD. ", "As a result, X-ray permeable RPLD (with no tin filter) did not interfere with the percutaneous coronary intervention procedure. ", "The RPLD also had good fundamental performance characteristics. ", "Although the RPLD had a little energy dependence, it showed excellent dose and dose-rate linearity, and good angular dependence. ", "In conclusion, by calibrating the energy dependence, RPLDs are useful dosemeter to measure the ESD in cardiac intervention." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0.0125, 0.02247191011235955, 0.0078125, 0.015625, 0.007751937984496124, 0.008130081300813009 ]

[ "Measurement of Lifetime and Decay-Width Difference in B_{s};{0}-->J/psivarphi Decays.", "\nWe measure the mean lifetime tau=2/(Gamma_{L}+Gamma_{H}) and the decay-width difference DeltaGamma=Gamma_{L}-Gamma_{H} of the light and heavy mass eigenstates of the B_{s}{0} meson, B_{sL}{0} and B_{sH}{0}, in B_{s}{0}-->J/psivarphi decays using 1.7 fb;{-1} of data collected with the CDF II detector at the Fermilab Tevatron pp[over ] collider. ", "Assuming CP conservation, a good approximation for the B_{s}{0} system in the standard model, we obtain DeltaGamma=0.076_{-0.063}{+0.059}(stat)+/-0.006(syst) ps{-1} and tau=1.52+/-0.04(stat)+/-0.02(syst) ps, the most precise measurements to date. ", "Our constraints on the weak phase and DeltaGamma are consistent with CP conservation." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.011764705882352941, 0.008645533141210375, 0.004048582995951417, 0.011764705882352941 ]

[ "/*\n * Copyright 2010-2018 JetBrains s.r.o. ", "and Kotlin Programming Language contributors.", "\n * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.", "\n */\n\npackage com.example\n\nfun useLibAndroidUtil() =\n libAndroidUtil()" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.023255813953488372, 0.022222222222222223, 0.008620689655172414, 0 ]

[ "In its Nov. 12 issue, the Yale Daily News reported on a plan to conduct the first major academic review of undergraduate education at Yale in 30 years (“Levin reveals academic review mission and staff,” 11/12). ", "The article noted that in his charge to the Committee on Yale College Education, Yale President Richard Levin “emphasized »" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.009478672985781991, 0.024390243902439025 ]

[ "Structural features of the sulphated polysaccharide from a green seaweed, Cladophora socialis.", "\nA sulphated heteropolysaccharide, [alpha]27D + 59.9 degrees, has been isolated from a green seaweed, Cladophora socialis, by extraction with dilute acid and purified by fractional precipitation. ", "The polymer is composed of galactose (58.3%), arabinose (31.8%), xylose (10.6%) and sulphate (16.9%). ", "The results of methylation analysis, periodate oxidation and partial acid hydrolysis studies indicate that the polymer is a branched one and is composed of 1,3-linked galactose and 1,4-linked arabinose units. ", "Xylose is present at the non-reducing end position of the branches. ", "Both arabinose and galactose carry branches. ", "Desulphation and subsequent analysis of the polymer show that some of the arabinose units carry sulphate groups at C-3 and some of the galactose units carry the sulphate groups at C-4 and some at C-4 and C-6 as well." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.010638297872340425, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0, 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0.018518518518518517 ]

[ "/*\n 2012 Copyright (c) Seeed Technology Inc.\n\n Authors: Albert.", "Miao & Loovee, \n Visweswara R (with initializtion code from TFT vendor)\n\n This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or\n modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public\n License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either\n version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.", "\n\n This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the GNU\n Lesser General Public License for more details.", "\n\n You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public\n License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software\n Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA\n\nModified by Sermus for ESP8266\n*/\n#ifndef TFTv2_h\n#define TFTv2_h\n\n#if defined(ARDUINO) && ARDUINO >= 100\n#define SEEEDUINO\n#include <Arduino.h>\n#else\n#include <WProgram.h>\n#endif\n#include <pgmspace.h>\n#include <SPI.h>\n\n//Basic Colors\n#define RED\t\t0xf800\n#define GREEN\t0x07e0\n#define BLUE\t0x001f\n#define BLACK\t0x0000\n#define YELLOW\t0xffe0\n#define WHITE\t0xffff\n\n//Other Colors\n#define CYAN\t\t0x07ff\t\n#define BRIGHT_RED\t0xf810\t\n#define GRAY1\t\t0x8410 \n#define GRAY2\t\t0x4208 \n\n//TFT resolution 240*320\n#define MIN_X\t0\n#define MIN_Y\t0\n#define MAX_X\t239\n#define MAX_Y\t319\n\n#if defined(__AVR_ATmega1280__) || defined(__AVR_ATmega2560__)\n\n#define TFT_CS_LOW {DDRE |= 0x08;PORTE &=~ 0x08;}\n#define TFT_CS_HIGH {DDRE |= 0x08;PORTE |= 0x08;}\n#define TFT_DC_LOW {DDRH |= 0x08;PORTH &=~ 0x08;}\n#define TFT_DC_HIGH {DDRH |= 0x08;PORTH |= 0x08;}\n#define TFT_BL_OFF {DDRH |= 0x10;PORTH &=~ 0x10;}\n#define TFT_BL_ON {DDRH |= 0x10;PORTH |= 0x10;}\n\n#define YP A2 // must be an analog pin, use \"An\" notation!", "\n#define XM A1 // must be an analog pin, use \"An\" notation!", "\n#define YM 54 // can be a digital pin, this is A0\n#define XP 57 // can be a digital pin, this is A3\n\n#elif defined(__AVR_ATmega32U4__)\n\n#define TFT_CS_LOW {DDRC |= 0x40;PORTC &=~ 0x40;}\n#define TFT_CS_HIGH {DDRC |= 0x40;PORTC |= 0x40;}\n#define TFT_DC_LOW {DDRD |= 0x80;PORTD &=~ 0x80;}\n#define TFT_DC_HIGH {DDRD |= 0x80;PORTD |= 0x80;}\n#define TFT_BL_OFF {DDRE |= 0x40;PORTE &=~ 0x40;}\n#define TFT_BL_ON {DDRE |= 0x40;PORTE |= 0x40;}\n\n#define YP A2 // must be an analog pin, use \"An\" notation!", "\n#define XM A1 // must be an analog pin, use \"An\" notation!", "\n#define YM 18 // can be a digital pin, this is A0\n#define XP 21 // can be a digital pin, this is A3\n\n#else\n#define TFT_CS_LOW digitalWrite(15, 0);\n#define TFT_CS_HIGH digitalWrite(15, 1);\n#define TFT_DC_LOW digitalWrite(2, 0);\n#define TFT_DC_HIGH digitalWrite(2, 1);\n#define TFT_BL_OFF digitalWrite(4, 0);\n#define TFT_BL_ON digitalWrite(4, 1);\n\n#define YP A2 // must be an analog pin, use \"An\" notation!", "\n#define XM A1 // must be an analog pin, use \"An\" notation!", "\n#define YM 14 // can be a digital pin, this is A0\n#define XP 17 // can be a digital pin, this is A3\n\n#endif\n\n#define TS_MINX 116*2\n#define TS_MAXX 890*2\n#define TS_MINY 83*2\n#define TS_MAXY 913*2\n\n#ifndef INT8U\n#define INT8U unsigned char\n#endif\n#ifndef INT16U\n#define INT16U unsigned int\n#endif\n\n#define FONT_SPACE 6\n#define FONT_X 8\n#define FONT_Y 8\n\n\nextern INT8U simpleFont[][8];\n\nclass TFT\n{\n\nprivate:\n\n\n\npublic:\n\n inline void sendCMD(INT8U index)\n {\n TFT_DC_LOW;\n TFT_CS_LOW;\n SPI.transfer(index);\n TFT_CS_HIGH;\n }\n\n inline void WRITE_DATA(INT8U data)\n {\n TFT_DC_HIGH;\n TFT_CS_LOW;\n SPI.transfer(data);\n TFT_CS_HIGH;\n }\n \n inline void sendData(INT16U data)\n {\n INT8U data1 = data>>8;\n INT8U data2 = data&0xff;\n TFT_DC_HIGH;\n TFT_CS_LOW;\n SPI.transfer(data1);\n SPI.transfer(data2);\n TFT_CS_HIGH;\n }\n\n void WRITE_Package(INT16U *data, INT8U howmany)\n {\n INT16U data1 = 0;\n INT8U data2 = 0;\n\n TFT_DC_HIGH;\n TFT_CS_LOW;\n INT8U count=0;\n for(count=0;count<howmany;count++)\n {\n data1 = data[count]>>8;\n data2 = data[count]&0xff;\n SPI.transfer(data1);\n SPI.transfer(data2);\n }\n TFT_CS_HIGH;\n }\n\n INT8U Read_Register(INT8U Addr, INT8U xParameter)\n {\n INT8U data=0;\n sendCMD(0xd9); /* ext command */\n WRITE_DATA(0x10+xParameter); /* 0x11 is the first Parameter */\n TFT_DC_LOW;\n TFT_CS_LOW;\n SPI.transfer(Addr);\n TFT_DC_HIGH;\n data = SPI.transfer(0);\n TFT_CS_HIGH;\n return data;\n }\n\n \n\tvoid TFTinit (void);\n\tvoid setCol(INT16U StartCol,INT16U EndCol);\n\tvoid setPage(INT16U StartPage,INT16U EndPage);\n\tvoid setXY(INT16U poX, INT16U poY);\n void setPixel(INT16U poX, INT16U poY,INT16U color);\n\t\n\tvoid fillScreen(INT16U XL,INT16U XR,INT16U YU,INT16U YD,INT16U color);\n\tvoid fillScreen(void);\n\tINT8U readID(void);\n\t\n\tvoid drawChar(INT8U ascii,INT16U poX, INT16U poY,INT16U size, INT16U fgcolor);\n void drawString(const char *string,INT16U poX, INT16U poY,INT16U size,INT16U fgcolor);\n\tvoid fillRectangle(INT16U poX, INT16U poY, INT16U length, INT16U width, INT16U color);\n\t\n\tvoid drawLine(INT16U x0,INT16U y0,INT16U x1,INT16U y1,INT16U color);\n void drawVerticalLine(INT16U poX, INT16U poY,INT16U length,INT16U color);\n void drawHorizontalLine(INT16U poX, INT16U poY,INT16U length,INT16U color);\n void drawRectangle(INT16U poX, INT16U poY, INT16U length,INT16U width,INT16U color);\n\t\n\tvoid drawCircle(int poX, int poY, int r,INT16U color);\n void fillCircle(int poX, int poY, int r,INT16U color);\n\t\n\tvoid drawTraingle(int poX1, int poY1, int poX2, int poY2, int poX3, int poY3, INT16U color);\n \n INT8U drawNumber(long long_num,INT16U poX, INT16U poY,INT16U size,INT16U fgcolor);\n INT8U drawFloat(float floatNumber,INT8U decimal,INT16U poX, INT16U poY,INT16U size,INT16U fgcolor);\n INT8U drawFloat(float floatNumber,INT16U poX, INT16U poY,INT16U size,INT16U fgcolor);\n\n};\n\n#if !", "defined(NO_GLOBAL_INSTANCES) && !", "defined(NO_GLOBAL_TFT)\nextern TFT Tft;\n#endif\n\n#endif\n\n/*********************************************************************************************************\n END FILE\n*********************************************************************************************************/\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.031746031746031744, 0.009230769230769232, 0, 0, 0.021434460016488046, 0.01639344262295082, 0.011811023622047244, 0.01639344262295082, 0.014457831325301205, 0.01639344262295082, 0.022783251231527094, 0.030303030303030304, 0.0035714285714285713 ]

[ "Welcome to Tranquility\n\nWelcome to Tranquility is an American comic book series created by Gail Simone and Neil Googe and published by Wildstorm.", "\n\nThe series is set in Tranquility, a fictional town in Oregon, which is home to retired superheroes and supervillains (known colloquially as \"Maxis\") as well as their families. ", "This town coexists with the existing Wildstorm Universe, with frequent references to its heroes, such as The Authority and Gen¹³.\n\nPublication history\nThe ongoing series start in December 2006. ", "A new story arc started in issue #7. ", "Like Stormwatch: Post Human Division, the series stopped at issue #12 and it then appeared as part of the Christos Gage-written \"Wildstorm: Armageddon\" crossover storyline, with artist Horacio Domingues.", "\n\nUnlike Stormwatch: PHD, and other titles involved in that story, it was not one of those that has been announced as restarting in 2008 with World's End. ", "However, Wildstorm editor Ben Abernathy has said Welcome to Tranquility would return in a six-issue limited series, entitled Welcome to Tranquility: One Foot in the Grave, with Simone returning to write it and Domingues staying on to provide the art.", "\n\nMajor characters\n\nSheriff Thomasina \"Tommy\" Lindo - Sheriff Lindo, or \"Tommy\", is the town's sheriff. ", "Her main duties seem to consist of keeping peace when old rivalries flare up or when the more unbalanced inhabitants, such as Minxy Minerva, cause trouble. ", "Rather than use swear words, she frequently uses euphemisms such as \"doody\", \"dang\", and \"poop\". ", "Sheriff Lindo is the granddaughter of a Maxi hero known as The Black Glider, and the sister of Seresa Lindo, local pilot and assistant to Minxy Minerva. ", "Romantically, she has been linked to deceased maxihero Mr. Articulate, who she freely admits to sleeping with after a stay in the hospital, during which he provided her with companionship. ", "While Sheriff Lindo has been shown to have a quick temper, she is also an extremely courageous and compassionate person, placing herself in the line of danger to protect others, and showing more patience with the inhabitants of the town than almost anyone. ", "To this end she uses a special energy-augmented baton made by Doc Tomorrow.", "\n\nColonel Isaac Cragg - Former member of the Liberty Squad, Colonel Cragg is the only man to serve in 3 branches of the U.S. Military simultaneously (Air Force, Navy and the Army) and holds the record for most enemy planes shot down in a career. ", "He bears a scar across the left side of his face, and a blinded left eye, from a fight with Nazi Giant during his former military days. ", "His combat and piloting abilities are more than likely superhuman in nature, given his record-breaking service record, coupled with the fact that some portion of said record was obtained with the limited depth perception of having only one eye. ", "Colonel Cragg is known to have fought in World War II, but it is not known how far his service extended past the war's resolution. ", "Colonel Cragg is usually seen with his assistant Bad Dogg. ", "Cragg was also a pallbearer at Mr. Articulate's funeral, implying that the two were probably friends. ", "Cragg has demonstrated difficulty adjusting to the modern era's political correctness.", "\n\nDeputy Presley Duray - Former sheriff of Tranquility and currently a deputy for Sheriff Lindo. ", "Presley lost his position as sheriff after a case in which a murder suspect in his custody committed suicide in his cell after an intense interrogation. ", "After the suspect was found to be innocent and the real killer being caught the next day, with pictures of the murder found on his person, Presley was presumably fired or asked to resign. ", "The guilt and shame from this event was discovered and thwarted by the newly appointed Sheriff Lindo, who deputized him.", "\n\nBad Dog - Bad Dog (real name unknown) was Colonel Cragg's topkick during their military service, and served with him on the Liberty Squad. ", "He constantly wears a collar around his neck. ", "He possesses superhuman \"toughness,\" which likely consists of enhanced strength and endurance. ", "He served as a pallbearer for Mr. Articulate, although he had a mild dislike for Mr. Articulate, due to his intelligence and expansive vocabulary. ", "As this suggests, Bad Dog is known for having a temper, and has sometimes been shown to enter an almost feral mental state.", "\n\nEmoticon - Real name unknown, Emoticon is a local teenager and grandson of a villain (and presumed Maxi) known as The Typist, and causes trouble for the citizens of Tranquility. ", "He is disrespectful to most elders in the town. ", "Emoticon dresses in a flashy style, including a fur coat, several necklaces and assorted other jewellery. ", "His most distinctive feature, however, is a mask he wears, which covers his entire face. ", "The mask displays his current emotions via a LCD screen, which expresses said emotion as a text \"smiley\". ", "This mask apparently translates Emoticon's true feelings at the given moment and does not allow any attempts at concealment (effectively rendering him unable to lie.) ", "Emoticon also speaks in netspeak, saying \"lol\" rather than actually laughing, and saying \"All caps!\" ", "before yelling. ", "Currently, Emoticon is being held on charges of being an accessory to Mr. Articulate's murder and possibly on the charge of assaulting a police officer. ", "Emoticons face is horribly disfigured and without his mask he cannot see, the mask itself has a pair of replacement eyeballs for him, apparently a \"gift\" from the Typist himself who blinded and disfigured him as a way to bring a bit of \"tragedy\" in his secret origins. ", "As an act of kindness, Sheriff Lindo allowed him to keep wearing his mask even after his incarceration so as to spare him the shame and fear of being imprisoned without it.", "\n\nMayor Alex Fury - Alex Fury, formerly a Maxi Hero known as \"Judge Fury\" and Liberty Squad leader, is the mayor of Tranquility and husband of former actress/Maxi Hero Suzy Fury, also known as The Pink Bunny. ", "Mayor Fury's top priority is giving former heroes and villains alike a place to live out their golden years in peace and keeping the town running smoothly. ", "He seems well-equipped to this end, having seemingly limitless reservoirs of patience and diplomacy, having only lost his temper once. ", "Fury's known powers are superior combat ability, enhanced strength and near-invulnerability. ", "As Judge Fury, he wore a black mask somewhat in the style of an executioner's mask,as well as a white suit with a black shirt and white tie. ", "As Tranquility's mayor, he us usually seen in a similar suit, but with a smaller mask that only covers his face from just above his eyes to the bottom of his nose.", "\n\nSuzy Fury - A former actress, pin-up model and superheroine, Suzy Fury (maiden name unknown) was the Liberty Squad's \"secretary\" (an obvious poke at Wonder Woman's position in the Justice Society) under the Maxi name Pink Bunny. ", "At some point in the past she married Judge Fury, and currently resides with him in Tranquility, where she runs a restaurant known as the Chik'n Go. ", "She employs Leona Terrell as a waitress, and considers her to be like a daughter. ", "Her only known Maxi power is that of enhanced strength (it has been claimed that she can throw a tank), though she may have some sort of attraction-based power, given the theme of her Maxi persona. ", "Suzy was apparently given her powers in a super-soldier project headed by the O.S.U. This also created her arch rival: Rosario Munez, also known as \"Hellkitten\".", "\n\nDr. Rachel Steel - Rachel Steel is the town doctor, and a Maxi. ", "Her powers seem linked to perception, giving her the ability to see through objects and to enhance her eyesight to see small details. ", "These powers are precise enough to allow her to perform a complete murder autopsy without making a single incision, or even touching the body. ", "Use of this power causes her eyes to glow, and seems to cause her enough pain to require the use of marijuana. ", "She is not the highest ranking doctor in Tranquility, but is apparently the only one with powers.", "\n\nMinor characters \nAcolyte - A World War II-era Maxi who possesses healing powers that she believes were given to her by God. ", "Has her own line of \"ouchless\" bandages, and presumably other medical supplies.", "\n\nCaptain Cobra - Maxi resident of Tranquility (real name unknown) and sworn \"Enemies to the DEATH!\" ", "with fellow Maxi and next-door neighbor, Mongoose Man. ", "He has threatened to kill Mongoose Man for taking back apples from Mongoose Man's tree that fell on his side of the fence on more than one occasion. ", "This argument has apparently progressed to the point where Deputy Troy expresses annoyance in being there again, and Sheriff Lindo has threatened to cut down the disputed tree.", "\n\nCedric - Collette Pearson's camera man. ", "Has been assaulted and presumably murdered by an unknown assailant for his refusal to provide said assailant with the location of his boss, Collette.", "\n\nHenry Hyde - Former nemesis of Maximum Man, Henry (Maxi name \"Henry Hate\") has since reformed. ", "He has a twin brother, and was considered the foremost inventor of his time. ", "He created a HATE Bomb which destroyed only living people, yet left material possessions and buildings untouched; it was this threat that brought people to Tranquility in the first place.", "\n\nSeresa Lindo - Minxy Minerva's assistant and sister of Sheriff Lindo.", "\n\nLisa - The town dispatch officer. ", "She has a daughter and apparently no super powers.", "\n\nMinxy Minerva - Former child aviatrix and aeronautics engineer. ", "Currently a resident of Tranquility. ", "Despite her severe dementia (possibly caused by Alzheimer's Disease) she still has powerful friends in top positions in the U.S. Government because her plane designs are credited with a large part of the Allied victory in World War II. ", "Minxy continues building and flying airplanes, which usually results in spectacular crashes. ", "Lindo has sought to revoke her license, or equipment, but Fury has vetoed this.", "\n\nMongoose Man - Real name unknown, Maxi resident of Tranquility and sworn \"Enemies to the DEATH!\" ", "with fellow Maxi and next-door neighbor, Captain Cobra. ", "Mongoose Man owns an apple tree, but takes back any apples that land on Captain Cobra's side of the fence between their houses. ", "This argument has apparently progressed to the point where Deputy Troy expresses annoyance in being there again, and Sheriff Lindo has threatened to cut down the disputed tree.", "\n\nSampson Twins - Obnoxious Maxi twins who presumably (due to their comically large physiques) have enhanced strength. ", "After the death of Mr. Articulate they were arrested for starting a bar brawl by insulting him. ", "One twin speaks in classical English while the other speaks in a drawl with bad grammar and slang.", "\n\nSlapjack - Slapjack (real name unknown, presumed last name \"Terrell\") is the father or father-in-law of Deena Terrell, and grandfather to Leona Terell. ", "His only demonstrated power is being a speedster.", "\n\nArnold Stipple - Arnold Stipple, better known under his Maxi name of Cosmos, was a member of the Liberty Squad. ", "Though acquitted, he is considered to have betrayed the Liberty Squad to a villain known as Were-Lizard, which resulted in the death of Earth's greatest hero, Astral Man. ", "This leads to his home in Tranquility being vandalized quite often. ", "Due to his status as a pariah, Arnold lives alone, save for several cats.", "\n\nDeena Terrell - Daughter or daughter-in-law of Slapjack, and mother of Leona Terrell. ", "Deena is a Christian Fundamentalist who is known for her abrasive personality.", "\n\nKevin Trueblood - Former member of the Liberty Squad, under the Maxi name of Maximum Man (possibly the origin of the term.) ", "An homage to Captain Marvel, Kyle was a timid accountant until he spoke a secret word which granted him the power of \"Indian Fakirs\", transforming him into a Maxi with enhanced strength, invulnerability and the power of flight. ", "In his old age, Kyle has forgotten the word. ", "As of the fifth issue, Kyle has found out the word, which is \"Hecatean\".", "\n\nDeputy Troy Veron - One of Sheriff Lindo's deputies.", "\n\nZeke - An undead Maxi, whose status as a hero or villain is unknown. ", "Zeke's \"death\" occurred some time in the 1960s. ", "Zeke runs (and presumably named) Gate to the Underworld, the local cemetery and presumably the mortuary. ", "A struggling popstar, an Elvis wannabe, he bargained with a demon for eternal youngness and everlasting life, in exchange for \"looking on a little property\", supposed to be the Gate to the Underworld. ", "However, as Ezekiel repented and tried to escape, the demon badly disfigured him, thus ending his popstar career, but without taking his immortality, leaving him to be as a half-rotted corpse for eternity. ", "He is seldom seen without his pet snake Hamnet, who is generally wrapped around his arm, and whom he talks to when no one is around.", "\n\nLiberty Snots \nFormer child stars who have grown up and become a Goth band after recruiting additional members, the Liberty Snots are generally considered bratty kids. ", "There are two main characters, Kevin and Leona. ", "The original members were once the \"Tranquili-teens\", who solved mysteries on a Saturday morning children's show.", "\n\nKevin Emils - Kevin, who prefers to be called \"Sweet Sally\" at all times, is the front man for the Liberty Snots. ", "He possesses the ability to channel sound into forceful attacks.. He is the presumed father of his girlfriend, Leona Terrell's child. ", "He is Kyle Truegood's godson, and is dating Leona. ", "He hates being called Kevin and will always insist forcefully that his name is Sally.", "\n\nLeona Terrell - Leona, who has taken the stage name of \"Ajita\", inherited her powers as a speedster from her grandfather, Slapjack. ", "Leona is pregnant with Kevin's daughter. ", "She works as a waitress at the Chick'n Go. ", "Her mother is extremely controlling of her life. ", "Leona has been attempting to pursue an acting career since the Tranquiliteens was cancelled but to no avail.", "\n\nArson - Real name unknown. ", "Power of pyrokinesis. ", "Seems to glean great satisfaction from the use of his powers and is seemingly the most temperamental of the Liberty Snots.", "\n\nFreaksho - Real name and powers unknown. ", "Thus far the only time he has spoken has been to level allegations against Deputy Durray. ", "First about police brutality and then about sexual harassment, all within the space of a minute.", "\n\nMangacide - Jess dresses in a loligoth fashion. ", "Powers involve psionic tentacles that grasp objects. ", "Her origin was somewhat featured as a back-up story in issue #11. ", "She recently got a job as a waitress at the Chick'n Go.", "\n\nM-T - Byron is the grandson of the Maxi Doc Tomorrow. ", "Powers involve some sort of enhanced intelligence and/or technopathy; he invents things, much like his grandfather. ", "Actually dislikes goth music. ", "Had a brief relationship with Roxy Spaulding of Gen¹³.\n\nSilicon Stiletto - Real name unrevealed. ", "Powers involve clawed fingers. ", "She also possesses superhuman strength as she lifted Sheriff Lindo off the ground with one hand and traded blows with the super-strong Caitlin Fairchild of Gen¹³. In addition, she possesses a degree of invulnerability, taking an energy blast to the face from the Authoriteen's Kid Apollo without injury.", "\n\nDeceased\nAstral Man - Real name unknown, he is the former leader of the Liberty Squad, Killed by Were-Lizard. ", "There is a statue in the center of Tranquility bearing his likeness, as well as an inscription of his last words: \"We must do right.\" ", "His powers are unknown.", "\n\nArthur Hensford - An international detective during World War II, Arthur Hensford, better known as Mr. Articulate, was known for his chivalry, wit, elegant manerisms, and his signature sword-cane and blue rose corsages. ", "He visited Sheriff Lindo during her stay in the hospital and gave her small trinkets from his world traveling days, which eventually led her to reveal that he wasn't gay, as many of the townsfolk thought due to his nature, and even going so far as to quietly provide money for Leona Terrell to have an abortion. ", "However, after his death, the Tattler implied a past relationship with Midnighter, an openly gay superhero. ", "After his autopsy, it was revealed that Mr. Articulate was in the final stages of cancer and had he not been murdered, he would have had a month to live, at most.", "\n\nMr. Articulate's Death, #1-6\n\nSheriff Lindo attempts to dissuade journalist Collette Pearson from doing a story on Tranquility and its inhabitants, when Minxy crash lands once more. ", "Lindo later asks Fury if she can do something to prevent Minxy's actions, but he disallows this in lieu of Minxy's years of heroic service.", "\n\nAt the hospital, Kevin arrives with the rest of the Liberty Snots, and demands to see Leona and his unborn child, or the group will attack the hospital. ", "During this time, Henry is beaten by a shadowed assailant, who wants his deadliest weapon. ", "Lindo asks Suzy to watch over Collette while she goes to the hospital. ", "At the Chick'n Go, Collette mentions that she believes the water of Tranquility acts as a Fountain of Youth. ", "Mayor Fury arrives and has a fight with Suzy, because he wants to protect Traquility's secret. ", "He is scarred by hot grease, but punches Suzy, who calls Lindo, who has quelled the Snots' riot by letting Kevin see Leona at the request of Kyle Truegood. ", "Wondering how she can go against Fury, Henry, who has made it to the hospital, reveals that he knew Kevin's secret word, something he lied about when asked days prior. ", "Saying \"Hecatean\", Kevin becomes the much younger and mightier Maximum Man. ", "However, Leona reveals that Articulate's killer was not the Mayor, and across town, Colonel Cragg approaches Bad Dog with Henry's bomb and tells him he has a heroic side and a darker one he can't quell. ", "Bad Dog believes he has to beat some sense into his best friend.", "\n\nCollected editions\nThe series was collected into two trade paperbacks:\n\nVolume 1 (collects Welcome to Tranquility #1-6, 160 pages, WildStorm, December 2007, )\nVolume 2 (collects Welcome to Tranquility #7-12, 144 pages, WildStorm, May 2008, )\n\nAwards\nIn 2007, Thomasina Lindo of was named Best Female Character in the Glyph Comics Awards.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nReview of issue #1, #2, #4, #5, #7, #10 and #12 Comics Bulletin\n\nCategory:2007 comics debuts\nCategory:Comics by Gail Simone" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.027586206896551724, 0.0056179775280898875, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0.009852216748768473, 0.012903225806451613, 0.012, 0, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0.026143790849673203, 0.005291005291005291, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0.03389830508474576, 0.029411764705882353, 0.011627906976744186, 0.030927835051546393, 0.006535947712418301, 0.005319148936170213, 0.008333333333333333, 0.014184397163120567, 0, 0, 0.013605442176870748, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0.005988023952095809, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0.013071895424836602, 0, 0.005813953488372093, 0.019138755980861243, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0, 0.0070921985815602835, 0.006134969325153374, 0.025974025974025976, 0.013422818791946308, 0.012195121951219513, 0.010101010101010102, 0.012422360248447204, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0.0297029702970297, 0.03636363636363636, 0.006711409395973154, 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0.006711409395973154, 0.041237113402061855, 0, 0, 0.028169014084507043, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.02702702702702703, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0.02531645569620253, 0.030303030303030304, 0.03571428571428571, 0.015625, 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0.01020408163265306, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0.03508771929824561, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0.03409090909090909, 0, 0.031746031746031744, 0.008771929824561403, 0.022222222222222223, 0.013888888888888888, 0.037037037037037035, 0.014084507042253521, 0.020833333333333332, 0.009523809523809525, 0.004975124378109453, 0.0048543689320388345, 0.007575757575757576, 0.011764705882352941, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0.007462686567164179, 0.0196078431372549, 0.023529411764705882, 0.014925373134328358, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.023255813953488372, 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.020618556701030927, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0.003205128205128205, 0.018518518518518517, 0.006172839506172839, 0.021739130434782608, 0.014388489208633094, 0.01935483870967742, 0.01098901098901099, 0.028169014084507043, 0.01834862385321101, 0.031578947368421054, 0.03205128205128205, 0.011904761904761904, 0.02631578947368421, 0.019704433497536946, 0, 0.014749262536873156, 0.013157894736842105 ]

[ "Extracellular matrix proteins inhibit proliferation, upregulate migration and induce morphological changes in human glioma cell lines.", "\nThe influence of an artificial basement membrane (BM), Matrigel, and four individual extracellular matrix proteins, fibronectin, laminin, collagen I and vitronectin, on cell proliferation, morphology and migration was assessed in four glioma cell lines. ", "Matrigel and individual BM proteins differentially inhibited cell proliferation of all cell lines studied. ", "In addition, Matrigel was found to induce extensive morphological changes in glioma cells. ", "Polycarbonate filters, of 8-microns porosity in modified Boyden chambers, were used to assess the chemoattraction activity of Matrigel and the individual proteins on glioma cells. ", "All these components were found to stimulate cell migration, albeit to different extents but laminin proved to be the most effective chemoattractant for glioma cells in vitro. ", "These data suggest that basement membrane proteins may inhibit proliferation and stimulate migration in order to facilitate invasion." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.00784313725490196, 0.009345794392523364, 0.01098901098901099, 0.005555555555555556, 0, 0 ]

[ "A hybridisation-dependent membrane-insertable amphiphilic DNA.", "\nWe synthesised a novel membrane-insertable amphiphilic DNA. ", "The amphiphilic DNA had a nine-nucleotide hydrophobic region at one end consisting of octyl phosphotriester linkages. ", "The amphiphilic DNA bound to the lipid membrane by inserting the hydrophobic region; this process was facilitated by the presence of the complementary DNA strand." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "\"Welcome to the Brinkley School and our first grade show.\" \"", "I'm George Hanson, and this afternoon we are proud to present our own adaptation of \"The Little Mermaid.\"\" \"", "Music will be provided by the Brinkley Trio led by my co-teacher Melissa Marx.\" \"", "And now on with the show.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "I'm Nina Borowski.\" \"", "And I think all of you are new here, so welcome to the Cobble.\" \"", "Hill Community Centre.\" \"", "I'll be your group leader, and we could talk about whatever you'd like... school, home, jobs, sex, anything.\" \"", "Sea Snakes.\" \"", "Sting rays.\" \"", "Ooh!\" \"", "I miss anything?\" \"", "Honey, I just signed Castro.\" \"", "Shh!\" \"", "Sally, you're on.\" \"", "Ew!\" \"", "I know exactly what you've come for.\" \"", "Well, this boy I've been seeing, and now he wants to fuck me.\" \"", "He's only gonna hurt you.\" \"", "Well, do want to fuck him?\" \"", "Well, he's cute.\" \"", "Hey, he's like men.\" \"", "Does he say he loves you?\" \"", "Yeah, but he just wants to get in my pants.\" \"", "But do you love him?\" \"", "Nina, isn't that right?\" \"", "Well, I don't know about that.\" \"", "But what I do know is, if I have sex with a guy\" \"I want him to be my friend.\" \"", "So let's start with, do you like him?\" \"", "I will give you anything if I can have my prince.\" \"", "Come with me then.\" \"", "And whilst my slave girl weaves her magic spell\" \"I will cut off your tongue.\" \"", "Play girl, play!\" \"", "Where is he?\" \"", "Who are looking for, George?\" \"", "Just a friend of mine.\" \"", "He says if I don't fuck him, he's going to find another girlfriend.\" \"", "All right look, Keesha, I don't claim to be an expert on love.\" \"", "But I do know it can screw up your life.\" \"", "So should I do it?\" \"", "You can say no.\" \"", "Keeping your boyfriend happy is not your full-time job.\" \"", "You've got school, family, work, your friends.\" \"", "You call the shots.\" \"", "You guys were great!\" \"", "All right, let them prove it.\" \"", "Excuse us.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "All right, get in line.\" \"", "Get in line.\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "Shh.\" \"", "Just a minute.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Daddy!\" \"", "Oh, you were great!\" \"", "You were terrific.\" \"", "I loved you up there.\" \"", "Mommy!\" \"", "Mr. Hanson, that was a great show.\" \"", "I think that was you best yet.\" \"", "Well, hey, we had a great sea witch and a great cast.\" \" ", "Wasn't she fabulous?\" \" ", "Now don't be so humble.\" \"", "I've seen a lot of kid shoes.\" \"", "They bore the hell out of me.\" \"", "This one had grit.\" \"", "Grit?\" \"", "Yeah, it was, uh, the real stuff, you know.\" \"", "It wasn't all gooey.\" \"", "Thank you, Mr. Miller.\" \"", "Call me Sidney.\" \"", "Come on, guys, let's go.\" \"", "Uh, George, we're having a few people over to our house for dinner tonight.\" \"", "We'd love it if you'd join us.\" \"", "Oh, that would be great.\" \"", "Yeah, do that.\" \"", "Oh, uh, I'm sorry Mrs. Miller.\" \"", "I'm meeting a friend.\" \"", "Oh, well, bring a friend.\" \"", "It's very casual.\" \"", "Everyone's dying to meet you.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Really?\" \"", "Hey, listen, you're a hero.\" \"", "I mean, who cares if I can get Fidel $1 million to write his diary?\" \"", "You... you're fighting for the future of this country.\" \"", "We'll see you at 7:30.\" \"", "You were so good.\" \"", "I can't believe how good you were.\" \"", "Where's Dr. Joley?\" \"", "I'd kill my boyfriend if he missed my show.\" \"", "Bye, bye.\" \"", "Bye, guys.\" \"", "Good job you guys.\" \"", "See you later, Michael.\" \"", "It was great.\" \"", "Just give me back two.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Oh, Thank you.\" \"", "I got stuck in a faculty meeting, and then the subway.\" \"", "And then the dog ate your homework.\" \"", "See you tomorrow, George.\" \"", "I...\" \"I just hate myself for missing this.\" \"", "It's OK, really.\" \"", "It's OK.\" \"", "You hungry?\" \"", "I'm in the mood for sushi.\" \"", "Oh, I wish.\" \"", "I just told Constance Miller we'd have dinner at her house.\" \"", "I'm sorry, Joley, she ambushed me.\" \"", "But don't worry, she said it was casual.\" \"", "George, Sidney Miller is the most powerful literary agent in the world.\" \"", "Casual to the Miller's is not casual to us.\" \"", "And actually, I was hoping we could talk tonight, alone.\" \"", "OK, I'll cancel.\" \"", "You can't cancel, it's important for your career.\" \"", "Come on, we'll talk later.\" \"", "Are you sure?\" \"", "Well, I wrote it as an academic book, but I think it could be a best seller, and even a miniseries.\" \"", "And Sean Connery would make a great George Bernard Shaw.\" \"", "Maybe your friend George could do something with it.\" \"", "That was a great show this afternoon.\" \"", "So did you, uh, go to a teacher's college?\" \"", "No, I was pre-med at college.\" \"", "Oh, god!\" \"", "You poor mother.\" \"", "George?\" \"", "George, I want you to meet my great friend, Joyce Meyers.\" \"", "Oh, Joyce.\" \"", "How are you?\" \"", "I so wanted to see your show, but I got caught up in a lunch for King Hussein.\" \"", "Oh, how is he?\" \"", "Sidney's waiting for his book.\" \"", "Shall we?\" \"", "Well, Noor is adorable.\" \"", "And the children!\" \"", "You know, Ross, he went to Princeton, ignored her when she was just little.\" \"", "Lisa Holiday!\" \"", "Now listen, listen to this.\" \"", "People don't read anything.\" \"", "We're in a post-literate society so they don't know what to do once they're...\" \"Dr. Joley seems to have made a hit with my stepsister.\" \"", "How long have you two been together?\" \"", "Uh, four years.\" \"", "You know, Sidney represents RuPaul.\" \"", "We'll have you all over sometime.\" \"", "Sidney, don't you think it's time for a revised encyclopaedia of the American theatre?\" \"", "Emery, darling, when's the Pavarotti gala?\" \"", "Uh, next week.\" \"", "You've done such wonderful things with that company.\" \"", "Everyone says you've completely turned it around, I think.\" \"", "I adore heavy tenors.\" \"", "Sounds like your show was a huge hit.\" \"", "Yeah, well, the kids worked really hard.\" \"", "Hm.\" \"", "I'm sorry I missed it.\" \"", "Oh, that's OK.\" \"", "I was in bed with King Hussein.\" \"", "George Hanson.\" \"", "Nina Borowski, hi.\" \"", "Oh, so you're the stepsister.\" \"", "Uh-huh.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "I bring the income level down at Constance's parties by at least three figures.\" \"", "Yeah, I can help you in that department.\" \"", "Oh, thank you.\" \"", "My pleasure.\" \"", "I heard all about you from Dr. Joley.\" \"", "Sorry about your and him.\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "OK, here we go.\" \"", "Come here.\" \"", "Come here.\" \"", "You see that man who just walked in, standing there with my evil stepsister.\" \"", "Mm-hmm.\" \"", "That's my husband.\" \"", "Are you married?\" \"", "No, I'm not.\" \"", "But she's hoping that I'll marry that man, because she hates my boyfriend.\" \"", "Oh, uh, there's my stepsister Nina, you'll meet her later.\" \"", "And excuse me.\" \"", "Oh, Joyce...\" \"All right, we're clear.\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "She's always doing this to me.\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "Oh, because my boyfriend's a penniless legal aid lawyer.\" \"", "I'm a counsellor at a community centre.\" \"", "And I live in a walk-up in Brooklyn.\" \"", "Oh, well, it sounds fine to me.\" \"", "I love Brooklyn.\" \"", "Yeah, me too.\" \"", "You know, you should... you should come and visit me.\" \"", "I mean, there's some really nice apartments in my neighbourhood.\" \"", "I'm afraid I'm not looking for an apartment.\" \"", "You're not?\" \"", "No, I live with Joley.\" \"", "But he told me at dinner that you might be looking for a place soon.\" \"", "Well, he told you what?\" \"", "Actually, when he found out I had a spare room he asked if you could move in with me.\" \"", "That's insane.\" \"", "Well, I thought so.\" \"", "It's not every day I invite the lover of my dinner companion to live with me, but, you know, if you're desperate I could always...\" \"I don't know what you're talking about.\" \"", "All we would have to do is, uh, get the rights to the photographs.\" \"", "Well, I don't believe it would be that difficult.\" \"", "My point is that I believe that it could be extremely commercial, as well as.\" \"", "And by the way, I've...\" \"You know, maybe I have this completely backwards.\" \"", "Maybe he meant for the two you to... to move to Brooklyn.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "What else did he say?\" \"", "Have you never discussed this before?\" \"", "No, this is a total first for me.\" \"", "Nina?\" \"", "Oh, my god.\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "Nina, this is Stephen Saint.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "I was asking Constance all about you.\" \"", "Hello, George.\" \"", "You are very fresh and natural.\" \"", "He is the most fabulous creative director at Sachi's.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "And you're a cute shrink.\" \"", "That's an unbeatable combination.\" \"", "Mm-hmm.\" \"", "My sister likes to say I'm a shrink.\" \"", "I'm actually a social worker.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "Oh, hi.\" \"", "George, come with me.\" \"", "I'm having problems with my centrepiece.\" \"", "Oh, hey.\" \"", "Um, I think the work that you do is fantastic, really.\" \"", "I think you got a lot of courage.\" \"", "George, in the book.\" \"", "If there's anything I can do.\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \"", "I'm really sorry.\" \"", "What did she say?\" \"", "Good night.\" \"", "You were great!\" \"", "You were just great!\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "And those women!\" \"", "My god!\" \"", "Oh, they were swarming all over you.\" \"", "It... well, you were the centre of attention.\" \"", "And I, of course, was, uh, stuck next to that social worker.\" \"", "Oh, well.\" \"", "You told her I wanted to move to Brooklyn.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "God damn it, Joley.\" \"", "You told her I was moving out.\" \"", "I told her you might be looking for an apartment.\" \"", "I wanted to wait till your play was open to bring any of this up.\" \"", "Well, you certainly didn't waste any time.\" \"", "George, can we talk about this when we get home?\" \"", "This isn't really appropriate.\" \"", "Really?\" \"", "But it's entirely appropriate for me to hear my relationship is over from a complete stranger?\" \"", "Our relationship isn't over.\" \"", "Who are you sleeping with, Joley?\" \"", "Please!\" \"", "I... that's just... that's just a little simple.\" \"", "Yeah, well, I'm a simple guy.\" \"", "That's why I teach first grade.\" \"", "George, I'm going to be 40 this summer.\" \"", "Oh, god!\" \"", "But we're both too young to settle for a twin bedded friendship.\" \"", "This hasn't really been working for a long time.\" \"", "Who have you got lined up, Joley?\" \"", "He's a student of mine.\" \"", "But I...\" \"I don't know what to say.\" \"", "Is this student the reason you missed my play?\" \"", "He's just breaking up with a woman and he wanted to talk.\" \"", "Look, I want to be with him, but I don't want to hurt you.\" \"", "George, you're my best friend.\" \"", "What should I do?\" \"", "Fuck You, Joley.\" \"", "And fuck your student.\" \"", "And fuck our friendship.\" \"", "I didn't want to tell you this until you were ready.\" \"", "I'm a nice man, George.\" \"", "Great neighbourhood.\" \"", "Looks very safe here, a lot of families.\" \"", "Hey, look, I'll call you.\" \"", "I can't get Showtime or HBO.\" \"", "Never mind the Food Network.\" \"", "I'm here for Nina Borowski.\" \"", "After you fix her's, you come and fix mine.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "This is really embarrassing.\" \"", "Aw, come on in.\" \"", "I was happy that you called.\" \"", "I mean, I wasn't happy that you needed a place to stay, but still happy that you called.\" \"", "Come on up.\" \"", "I'm on the second floor.\" \"", "Come on in.\" \"", "Oh, this is great.\" \"", "All right, let me show you the room.\" \"", "Oh, it's nice.\" \"", "It could use some personality.\" \"", "Uh, but I...\" \"I know somebody at the Community Centre who can make some curtains.\" \"", "Oh, that... this won't be for a very long.\" \"", "I can move in with my brother as soon his current girlfriend moves out.\" \"", "No rush.\" \"", "And, uh, this is the bathroom.\" \"", "This is my bedroom.\" \"", "Oh, fuck.\" \"", "You get a lot of light.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "And this is the office.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "That's it.\" \"", "It's nice.\" \"", "Yeah, he's been engaged seven times.\" \"", "Wow, really?\" \"", "Your brother?\" \"", "Mm-hmm.\" \"", "Hey, would you like me to fix you up with him.\" \"", "Oh, thanks.\" \"", "The last thing I need.\" \"", "I've got my hands full with Vince.\" \"", "It's ready.\" \"", "Mind if I ask you something?\" \"", "Sure.\" \"", "How come I'm staying here and he isn't?\" \"", "Oh, Vince works fine as it is.\" \"", "Sit down.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "You saved my life, really.\" \"", "No hot water between 2:00 and 7:00.\" \"", "Did you get your television fixed Mrs. Sarni?\" \"", "Why, you would come over and watch?\" \"", "So you have the keys, you have the phone... phone number.\" \"", "And the buzzer doesn't work, you know that.\" \"", "Uh, the Korean deli is across the street from the subway.\" \"", "It's open 'til midnight.\" \"", "Avoid the salad bar.\" \"", "Toaster is broken.\" \"", "Use the broiler instead.\" \"", "The mail comes in the morning.\" \"", "Don't open the door for any gas men, unless you think either of us would be interested.\" \"", "This is me.\" \"", "Well, thanks for everything.\" \"", "Oh, sure.\" \"", "The subway is one block that way.\" \"", "See you later.\" \"", "What's happened to Vince?\" \"", "Nothing has happened to Vince.\" \"", "What's happened to Joley?\" \"", "Nothing's happened to Joley.\" \"", "I tried to call you there this morning.\" \"", "He said you've moved.\" \"", "So we did it on Saturday night.\" \"", "Ah!\" \"", "Fantastic!\" \"", "And was it good?\" \"", "It was OK, until on Sunday I saw him with another girl.\" \"", "What a moron!\" \"", "Ain't that... what did I say.\" \"", "Keesha, Keesha, I like sex.\" \"", "And I like boys a lot.\" \"", "But I am not about to waste my time with some guy who doesn't see things the way that I do.\" \"", "I mean, do you really need this guy?\" \"", "This is the Earth.\" \"", "And this tack, that's us, right here.\" \"", "And the lamp is the sun.\" \"", "So why does it get dark?\" \"", "The Earth spins.\" \"", "Very good.\" \"", "Because the Earth spins.\" \"", "And how do we know that?\" \"", "Copernicus.\" \"", "Nina?\" \"", "Nina, is that you?\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "George, how are you?\" \"", "Vince McBride.\" \"", "You know what?\" \"", "Nina has told me all about you.\" \"", "Nice to meet you.\" \"", "Yeah, glad your here, buddy.\" \"", "You know, I feel better knowing somebody is keeping an eye out for my girl.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Vince, meet George.\" \"", "Actually, we're old friends already.\" \"", "Hey, George, join us for a cup of tea?\" \"", "You know, you don't have to put on a robe for me.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "In fact, George, you could probably take off all of your clothes and I don't think Vince would mind.\" \"", "She's eating me alive.\" \"", "I dote on her, and she's eating me alive.\" \"", "Oh, OK.\" \"", "See, aren't you glad you settled down with us?\" \"", "I was maybe going to be a teacher once.\" \"", "You know, get 'em while their young.\" \"", "Teach them they don't have to believe that somebody else's is holding all the cards.\" \"", "You know what I'm saying, George?\" \"", "He knows, Vince.\" \"", "No, he knows and he doesn't know.\" \"", "How come you don't teach at a public school, George?\" \"", "I got a job at the Brinkley School.\" \"", "But you're a gay guy.\" \"", "Shouldn't you be sticking up for the disenfranchised?\" \"", "Can we talk about the movie, please?\" \"", "No, now wait a minute.\" \"", "Uh, you mind if I ask how much you get paid?\" \"", "You make more than four figures, right?\" \"", "In the very early five figures.\" \"", "Oh, Christ almighty.\" \"", "And their all fucking millionaires.\" \"", "You know, they... they couldn't eat lunch on what they're paying you.\" \"", "You know, you got to organise the teachers, George.\" \"", "I'll help you.\" \"", "You're all getting screwed.\" \"", "You know that, don't you?\" \"", "Well, thanks.\" \"", "That's... that's all great advice.\" \"", "But I'm afraid I have school tomorrow, so it's great to meet you.\" \"", "You too.\" \"", "Good night, George.\" \"", "Good night.\" \"", "Night, George.\" \"", "Oh, you terrorised him.\" \"", "What are talking about?\" \"", "We were having a nice conversation.\" \"", "You told him he had the wrong job and he made no money.\" \"", "No, no, no.\" \"", "You weren't listening.\" \"", "I told him he had the right job in the wrong place and made no money.\" \"", "You don't even know him.\" \"", "That never stopped me before.\" \"", "Oh, my stepsister is right.\" \"", "You are just a bulldozer.\" \"", "What are you talking about?\" \"", "I'm a pussy cat.\" \"", "Well, did I get angry with you when you let a gay guy move in here instead of me?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "I like him.\" \"", "Vince, you don't have to like him.\" \"", "But there is one thing.\" \"", "How come it's OK for him to live on top of you and not me?\" \"", "He's not living on top of me.\" \"", "And he's leaving in two weeks.\" \"", "No, no, no.\" \"", "He's never going anywhere.\" \"", "He's gonna fall in love with you and turn straight.\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "You're crazy.\" \"", "Naw, not if you're looking at what I'm looking at.\" \"", "Vince.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Get in here.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Late night comfort food, bad habit.\" \"", "Shh, shh.\" \"", "Vince is asleep.\" \"", "He's really very kind.\" \"", "He just felt threatened by you.\" \"", "That's insane.\" \"", "No it isn't.\" \"", "He asked me the same thing you did.\" \"", "Why am I living here and he isn't?\" \"", "Bingo.\" \"", "Maybe you should be the counsellor.\" \"", "Do you love him?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Whatever that means.\" \"", "Just don't know if I should be living with him.\" \"", "Vince can really fill a room.\" \"", "Did you love Joley?\" \"", "Well, who knows?\" \"", "I thought...\" \"I thought so.\" \"", "Oh, god.\" \"", "George, I'm sorry.\" \"", "Aw, it's... it's so stupid that, uh, he and I...\" \"I don't know.\" \"", "He's an evasive prick.\" \"", "I keep thinking I should have seen it coming.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "You did nothing wrong.\" \"", "You... you just trusted him.\" \"", "But you wouldn't have let this happen.\" \"", "Oh, yeah.\" \"", "Sure.\" \"", "I don't trust anybody, particularly not amusing, good-looking, intelligent guys like Joley.\" \"", "And he has great taste.\" \"", "Mm.\" \"", "Aw, he doesn't have such great taste.\" \"", "Otherwise he'd still be with you.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Hm.\" \"", "We should go dancing.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "The Community Centre on Friday nights.\" \"", "I'm signing us up.\" \"", "You must think of every dance as a three minutes love affair.\" \"", "Boy meets girl.\" \"", "They fall in love with the music, and this dance, and the orchestra.\" \"", "And then, they must part.\" \"", "I...\" \"I have no idea what I'm doing.\" \"", "I'm...\" \"I can't dance.\" \"", "I can't even dah-nce.\" \"", "Just smile.\" \"", "On the balls of your feet.\" \"", "You're a butterfly.\" \"", "Does that mean left or right?\" \"", "Hair up, young people.\" \"", "Please, hair up.\" \"", "Head up, young person.\" \"", "Head up.\" \"", "I'm gonna fix you up.\" \"", "That's what Kennedy and I have decided.\" \"", "After all, what are brothers for?\" \"", "I'm healing.\" \"", "You're avoiding.\" \"", "Whenever I call, you're at home, or you're doing mambo with your landlady.\" \"", "It's not healthy.\" \"", "You've got to get back out there again.\" \"", "Don't you think so, sweetie?\" \"", "Absolutely.\" \"", "Honey, I've got to get back to the magazine.\" \"", "It was nice meeting you.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "You too.\" \"", "So, uh, man.\" \"", "What do you think, huh?\" \"", "Thumbs up, thumbs down?\" \"", "She seems nice.\" \"", "I'm gonna fix you up.\" \"", "I don't want to be fixed up.\" \"", "I have a very nice boyfriend.\" \"", "He's a Bolshevik.\" \"", "And anyway, it's not going anywhere.\" \"", "Why does it have to go anywhere?\" \"", "Because, at some point you have to take care of yourself.\" \"", "I am taking care of myself.\" \"", "I just don't need the things that you do.\" \"", "You've got to meet this guy.\" \"", "What guy?\" \"", "He's an ear, nose, and throat man.\" \"", "He was just on the cover of \"New York Magazine.\"\" \"", "George, at some point you're going to have to start taking care of yourself.\" \"", "I'm taking care of myself.\" \"", "Listen to me.\" \"", "He's an ear, nose, and throat man.\" \"", "But there's nothing wrong with me.\" \"", "I don't even have a cold.\" \"", "Y...\" \"lo...\" \"I have nothing in common with this guy.\" \"", "Just have a cup of coffee with him.\" \"", "I promise you, this is quality goods.\" \"", "Uh... uh, George Hanson?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Well, I...\" \"I'm Jonathan Goldstein.\" \"", "You're adorable.\" \"", "I mean, your bother is cute, but you're... you're irresistible.\" \"", "Uh, did anybody ever tell you, you look like a peach?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "So you're an ear, nose, and throat man?\" \"", "Well, that's my, uh, you know, professional life.\" \"", "Mm-hmm.\" \"", "I have other interests that go below the upper torso.\" \"", "Ha, ha, ha.\" \"", "That's... say, so I heard you were on the cover of, uh, the \"New York Magazine?\"\" \"", "Mm.\" \"", "Uck.\" \"", "I got 3,000 new patients, 6,000 marriage proposals, and not a single real date.\" \"", "You want another drink?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Do you think he's all right?\" \"", "Who?\" \"", "George.\" \"", "He hasn't been a date in a while, and people can be really creepy.\" \"", "Just put your zip code right there.\" \"", "Oh, Nina, he's dating a famous doctor.\" \"", "What do we do if he brings him home?\" \"", "Well, we'll be happy in our room.\" \"", "And they'll be busy in their room.\" \"", "Sounds very active.\" \"", "Mr. Shapiro, you're all done.\" \"", "Can I touch your nose?\" \"", "It's like a tulip.\" \"", "Mr. Shapiro, I have to warn you.\" \"", "This woman has a gay roommate who shows no signs of moving out.\" \"", "Big deal.\" \"", "Everyone's gay now.\" \"", "Ah, you tell him, Mr. Shapiro.\" \"", "Gay?\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Her... her... her daughter's a lesbian.\" \"", "And she's very proud.\" \"", "There you go.\" \"", "Mrs. Ochoa is the president of New York.\" \"", "Mothers of Latino Lesbians.\" \"", "Well!\" \"", "Good for you.\" \"", "You're a good mother.\" \"", "We are here.\" \"", "Get used to it.\" \"", "Don't fuck with us.\" \"", "See, Mr. Shapiro, my problem is, I love this woman.\" \"", "And I want to live with her.\" \"", "Do you make a living?\" \"", "Sure, I'm a lawyer.\" \"", "Ah!\" \"", "Lawyers are the worst people.\" \"", "Marry me, honey.\" \"", "I was in children's footwear.\" \"", "Hello?\" \"", "Hello.\" \"", "You there?\" \"", "I'm here.\" \"", "Ha.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Where's Dr. Goldstein?\" \"", "I don't know, home.\" \"", "I thought maybe, um...\" \"Yeah, I thought maybe not.\" \"", "Oh, um, remind me to never go on another blind date.\" \"", "You don't have to.\" \"", "Just say no.\" \"", "Good night.\" \"", "Good night.\" \"", "Step, step.\" \"", "Quick, quick.\" \"", "Step, step.\" \"", "Quick, quick.\" \"", "Slow, slow.\" \"", "Quick, quick.\" \"", "Slow, slow.\" \"", "Quick, very good.\" \"", "Very good.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Very nice, Sylvia.\" \"", "Excellent.\" \"", "Much better.\" \"", "Very good.\" \"", "No, no, no, no, no.\" \"", "Head up, young person.\" \"", "Head up.\" \"", "Please, excuse us.\" \"", "Sure.\" \"", "Hello, Nina.\" \"", "Oh, hi, Danny.\" \"", "You're... whoop.\" \"", "Help!\" \"", "Look at me.\" \"", "No, no, no, no.\" \"", "Please.\" \"", "Stop it.\" \"", "Danny, come on.\" \"", "Just stop touching...\" \"Madame Reynolds!\" \"", "T-A-N-G-O.\" \"T-A-N-G-O.\" \"Woo!\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "Oh, no, no, no.\" \"", "Please get up young people.\" \"", "Get up.\" \"", "Now one, two, side step.\" \"", "One, two, side step.\" \"", "Glide.\" \"", "Glide.\" \"", "Glide, Betty.\" \"", "Smile, Mrs. Wilson.\" \"", "Let the music carry you away.\" \"", "Yes!\" \"", "Quick, quick steps.\" \"", "And quick, quick steps.\" \"", "And quick, quick steps.\" \"", "Good job.\" \"", "Thank you, well done!\" \"", "Well done!\" \"", "Watch them.\" \"", "They are an example for all of you.\" \"", "Bravo!\" \"", "Oh, he's so sexy.\" \"", "Who, Gene Kelly?\" \"", "Mm, yeah.\" \"", "Not my type, at all.\" \"", "What is your type?\" \"", "Well, it varies.\" \"", "It depends.\" \"", "Who was the first person you ever slept with?\" \"", "What is this?\" \"", "20 Questions?\" \"", "What?\" \"", "I want to know.\" \"", "Lucy Jane Parnell.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Mm.\" \"", "Belmore High School prom night.\" \"", "Gave her a real good time.\" \"", "You slept with a girl?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Well, Lucy was my high school girlfriend.\" \"", "What... what happened?\" \"", "Well, I, uh, went to college.\" \"", "And I found myself lusting after the football team more than the cheerleaders.\" \"", "So I kind of figured I was gay.\" \"", "What happened to Lucy Jane?\" \"", "Well, I...\" \"I guess she got married.\" \"", "You know, or she runs an insurance company.\" \"", "I have no idea.\" \"", "I don't... but she was nice.\" \"", "Mm.\" \"", "And an unbelievable dancer.\" \"", "My god, could Lucy tear up the floor.\" \"", "Was she pretty?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "She had these big eyes and this pouty little mouth.\" \"", "And her nose, it was just like a tulip.\" \"", "I just wanted to touch it.\" \"", "It was the most fresh and natural looking nose...\" \"Stop it!\" \"", "Fuck you, George!\" \"", "Fuck you.\" \"", "I just wanted to touch it.\" \"", "Stop it!\" \"", "No, don't do it!\" \"", "No, no.\" \"", "Don't start tickling.\" \"", "Aah!\" \"", "Aah!\" \"", "Yesterday, we studied Easter.\" \"", "And today, we're going to learn about the Jewish holiday called.\" \"", "Passover.\" \"", "My father's Jewish and my mother's Buddhist.\" \"", "But.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "My mother's Episcopal, and her boyfriend's ethical culture.\" \"", "Wow.\" \"", "Both of my parents are Lutheran.\" \"", "So what?\" \"", "Both of my parents are reformed.\" \"", "My mother is AA and my father is Christian.\" \"", "My dad is Muslim and my mom's a atheist.\" \"", "I'll be right back.\" \"", "When did you find out?\" \"", "About an hour ago.\" \"", "I don't know what to do.\" \"", "Tell me what to do.\" \"", "I can't.\" \"", "Maybe you should talk to Vince.\" \"", "He is the father.\" \"", "Yeah, Vince.\" \"", "Vince believes in a woman's right to choose, as long as he does the choosing.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "I can't talk to Vince until I figure out what I want to do.\" \"", "I just need some time to think.\" \"", "Well, I'm here for you, Nina.\" \"", "Whatever you need for me to do, I will.\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "She hasn't spoken to me in three weeks.\" \"", "It's not personal.\" \"", "She's been busy.\" \"", "Is she seeing somebody else?\" \"", "Huh?\" \"", "No, no, no.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "She's a very beautiful girl.\" \"", "There's men hitting on her all the time.\" \"", "There's no one else, Vince.\" \"", "So you... you two still spend a lot of time together.\" \"", "Right?\" \"", "What sort of things do you do together?\" \"", "Well, we talk.\" \"", "You know, we go to the movies.\" \"", "Sometimes we go dancing.\" \"", "Regular stuff.\" \"", "You go dancing.\" \"", "Then what?\" \"", "Then we go home, we get into bed and watch television.\" \"", "But you're not a threat to her, huh?\" \"", "Is that the attraction?\" \"", "I'm not su...\" \"I don't know.\" \"", "Now, you know what I mean, George.\" \"", "You're not offering her anything more than friendship?\" \"", "Of course I'm not offering her anything more than friendship.\" \"", "Come on, guys!\" \"", "I made up my mind.\" \"", "I'll take you wherever you want to go.\" \"", "George, I'm going to have this baby.\" \"", "You are?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "That's great.\" \"", "You're going to be a wonderful mother.\" \"", "Lucky baby.\" \"", "And, Nina, you are going to make Vince.\" \"", "McBride the happiest man alive.\" \"", "This is so great!\" \"", "I get to be in charge of all musical education.\" \"", "OK, tell Vince I get to pick all the songs.\" \"", "This great.\" \"", "This is so great!\" \"", "Good decision.\" \"", "George, could we go celebrate?\" \"", "George, would you consider raising this baby with me?\" \"", "Of course.\" \"", "I'll be Uncle George.\" \"", "You're never going to get rid of me.\" \"", "Actually, I was thinking we should keep living together, like a family.\" \"", "What about Vince?\" \"", "Well, he's the father.\" \"", "I mean, there's no question about that.\" \"", "He'll always be in my baby's life.\" \"", "But he's not home to me.\" \"", "You are.\" \"", "You can't do that to Vince.\" \"", "George, my father married somebody wrong, because he thought it was good for me.\" \"", "I can't do that to my kid.\" \"", "I... me and Vince and the baby... it's a bad equation.\" \"", "Jesus Christ, Nina.\" \"", "Vince is the father.\" \"", "You should be with the father of your child.\" \"", "Don't you see how exciting this could be?\" \"", "You love children.\" \"", "You could raise a child.\" \"", "I don't want to marry Vince.\" \"", "I don't have to marry Vince.\" \"", "And I don't want to marry you.\" \"", "George, I'm not proposing marriage.\" \"", "We can make this up for ourselves.\" \"", "None of the old rules apply.\" \"", "It's getting late.\" \"", "We should go.\" \"", "Won't you even think about it?\" \"", "Sure.\" \"", "Hey, I'm very, you know?\" \"", "Hello.\" \"", "Nina, darling.\" \"", "Yeah?\" \"", "We're Right around the corner.\" \"", "Oh, great.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "We've been to brunch at Norman Mailer's in Brooklyn Heights.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "You can go as soon as we get there.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "So I thought we'd swing by and say hi.\" \" ", "I have to to go real bad.\" \" ", "We're almost there.\" \"", "Yeah, we'll right over.\" \"", "We're almost there, don't worry.\" \"", "She's thrilled.\" \"", "Fuck!\" \"", "It's Constance.\" \"", "That can't be them already.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Unbelievable.\" \"", "Oh, Vince.\" \"", "You should have called.\" \"", "Aw, what good would that have done me?\" \"", "Sidney and Constance are coming over.\" \"", "Terrific.\" \"", "I got plenty of food for everybody.\" \"", "Is George still here too?\" \"", "Yes, he's here.\" \"", "Oh, good.\" \"", "So the whole gang's together again.\" \"", "It'll be just like old times.\" \"", "Hey, you look thin.\" \"", "I'm fine.\" \"", "We need to talk.\" \"", "We're talking.\" \"", "Some more bread.\" \"", "We got the salami, the prosciutto that you love so much, the cheese.\" \"", "We got some herring.\" \"", "And we have some deliciously fresh mozzarella.\" \"", "Vince, how many people were you expecting?\" \"", "Uh, I thought maybe some more people moved into the spare room.\" \"", "You know, I don't know what goes on here, George.\" \"", "She doesn't even talk to me.\" \"", "You got any more plates?\" \"", "Look, why are Constance and Sidney coming?\" \"", "I'll get it.\" \"", "George!\" \"", "Hey, it's the sea witch.\" \" ", "Excuse me.\" \" ", "Can I go the bathroom?\" \"", "Is there a party going on upstairs?\" \"", "No, no.\" \"", "We're going to see Nina.\" \"", "You know Nina.\" \"", "George, is there a party?\" \"", "Come on, tell me.\" \"", "Is there a party up there?\" \"", "No, there's no party.\" \"", "Did you tell these guests there's no hot water after 8:00 PM?\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "I can't afford these bills.\" \" ", "Thank you, Mrs. Sarni.\" \" ", "Thank you very much.\" \" ", "I'm a widow woman.\" \" ", "She's terrific.\" \"", "Who needs a doorman when you have Mrs. Sarni?\" \"", "Just hurry up and get inside.\" \"", "You know, I really envy you your living here, George.\" \"", "Really?\" \" ", "Sure.\" \" ", "Everybody, will you stop.\" \"", "Sure, what do you need with a...\" \"Talking?\" \"", "Dining room, butler's pantry?\" \" ", "I really have to go.\" \" ", "Dinner parties.\" \"", "It's all a big headache.\" \"", "I want to go now!\" \"", "Bill Styron lived in a place just like this when he thought of \"Sophie's Choice.\"\" \"", "Sidney, what the hell are you talking about?\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "God, it's hot.\" \"", "It's like August all ready.\" \"", "You've been avoiding me.\" \"", "Oh, no.\" \"", "Hiya, sugar.\" \"", "How are you?\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "How do you get through a whole summer without air conditioning in here?\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "Vinnie!\" \"", "Hey, Sidney.\" \"", "It's good to see you.\" \"", "Come eat, huh?\" \"", "Ooh, this looks good.\" \"", "Are you having a party?\" \"", "So, who you defending now?\" \"", "Ah, a couple of kids who got framed on a rape and battery charge in the Bronx.\" \"", "Let me tell you something.\" \"", "You defend somebody really big, doesn't matter whether you win or lose, I'll get you $2 million on the book deal.\" \"", "And by the way, you don't even have to write it.\" \"", "Ha, I'm not in show business, Sidney.\" \"", "Most people in your business don't seem averse to a little publicity, Vincent.\" \"", "You should think about \"Court TV.\"\" \"", "He doesn't want to think about \"Court TV.\"\" \"", "This food is wonderful.\" \"", "Did you get this food, George?\" \"", "I could eat like this every day.\" \"", "Sidney, give me that herring or I'll be hearing about it all night.\" \"", "What do mean?\" \"", "What is it?\" \"", "What will you be hearing all night?\" \"", "Sally, go wash your hands.\" \"", "But there's no hot water after 8:00 PM.\" \"", "Nina, where have you been?\" \"", "Well, it's only 3:30.\" \"", "Nina, where have you been?\" \"", "Well, it's only 3:30.\" \"", "Well, it's only 3:30.\" \"", "Oh, that's interesting.\" \" ", "Well, it's only 3:30.\" \" ", "Oh, that's interesting.\" \"", "So you haven't been calling Constance either?\" \"", "How do you survive without her excellent advice?\" \"", "Excuse me, Vincent.\" \"", "She talks to me every day.\" \"", "We're very close.\" \"", "I swear, I'm hotter than a goat in China.\" \"", "I'm not feeling right.\" \"", "Can we get some air in here?\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Why are you hiding from us, Nina?\" \"", "Did you finally break up with him?\" \"", "I'm so proud of you.\" \"", "Come on, nobody had broken up with me.\" \"", "Why don't you mind your own business?\" \"", "Sweetie, do you think it's possible to get food poisoning this fast?\" \"", "Do you have any air conditioning?\" \"", "I will get the fan.\" \"", "Hey, whoa.\" \"", "Wait a minute.\" \"", "No you shouldn't be lifting stuff like that.\" \"", "Why not?\" \"", "I'm fine.\" \"", "Nothing is wrong with me.\" \"", "George, what the fuck is going on here?\" \"", "Don't you dare speak that way in front of my child.\" \"", "Betty, I think it's time we got home.\" \"", "Betty was your other wife.\" \"", "I'm Constance, remember?\" \"", "Oh, Christ.\" \"", "Are you sleeping with her?\" \"", "Vince, I'm gay.\" \"", "You are?\" \"", "And it's a valid and wonderful choice.\" \"", "Sidney, shut up.\" \"", "George, what is going on here?\" \"", "Give it me, come on.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Are you pregnant?\" \"", "Oh my god, you're pregnant.\" \"", "George!\" \"", "George!\" \"", "What's going on?\" \"", "Who's the father?\" \"", "I knew it, you son of a bitch.\" \"", "I knew You.\" \"", "Couldn't keep your hand off of her.\" \"", "Vince, Vince.\" \"", "Calm down.\" \"", "It's your baby.\" \"", "I want New York Hospital, Emergency Room.\" \"", "It's... it's mine?\" \"", "And mine.\" \"", "What's happening up there?\" \"", "I'm having a crisis.\" \"", "I need to talk to somebody.\" \"", "It's mine!\" \"", "It's mine!\" \"", "Hello?\" \"", "No, not... no.\" \"", "Not like a doctor.\" \"", "A doctor.\" \"", "I want a real big doctor.\" \"", "George, is everything all right there?\" \"", "George!\" \"", "George?\" \"", "Will you get that?\" \"", "I can't hear a god damn thing.\" \"", "Are you hungry?\" \"", "Can I get you something to eat.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "I need to speak to someone in the gastrointestinal department.\" \"", "George, do me a favor.\" \"", "What the hell is going on?\" \"", "Everything's fine, Mrs. Sarni.\" \"", "I thought someone died and hit the floor.\" \"", "I have to lie down.\" \"", "Jesus.\" \"", "Sweetie, give me the phone.\" \"", "Oh, god!\" \"", "Daddy, you never should have ate that herring.\" \"", "That's right.\" \"", "If Daddy would listen to Mommy and Sally, we're all in it together.\" \"", "Is that \"The New Yorker?\"\" \"", "Fan me with \"The New Yorker.\"\" \"", "Hey, you're well out of this.\" \"", "It sounds truly crazy.\" \"", "And I haven't even seen her recently, because she's spending all her time at Vince's place, which is right.\" \"", "I mean, you know, that's definitely right.\" \"", "But what does that say about our friendship?\" \"", "Maybe I didn't mean much to her.\" \"", "George, you know, you sound like you talking about your ex-lover.\" \"", "You know, why does everything have to be about sex with you?\" \"", "Y-you can get close to a woman without sleeping with her.\" \"", "Really?\" \"", "That's... that's news to me.\" \"", "I'm sure Vince isn't letting her come anywhere near me.\" \"", "Know shit, for your inforamtion.\" \"", "I should have been more open.\" \"", "And that could have really been exciting.\" \"", "Yeah, sure.\" \"", "It could have been exciting.\" \"", "Bottom line is, she wanted to fuck you.\" \"", "You... and that's insane.\" \"", "Look, we're both cute.\" \"", "And I know women.\" \"", "They... they tell you that they want to be your friend, but they're really wanting to fuck you.\" \"", "Anyway, the point is, I'm going to probably have to move out, because she'll be wanting to get rid of the apartment.\" \"", "So I was hoping I could crash at your place for a couple weeks.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Hey, hey.\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Geo... you've not met my...\" \"my new fiancee, Suni.\" \"", "George... this is my brother George.\" \"", "George this is Suni from surgery.\" \"", "OK, you ready?\" \"", "Yep.\" \"", "You're going to go through the... the pitching motion, all right.\" \"", "Real slow-mo.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Where did it go?\" \"", "Oh, there it goes.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "OK, ready?\" \"", "Stand up.\" \"", "Stand up.\" \"", "OK, now you're going to hit a knee, right?\" \"", "Yep.\" \"", "That a boy, block with your body.\" \"", "And then take a step... there you go.\" \"", "Ready?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Yeah, yeah, yeah.\" \"", "Wait, stop right there.\" \"", "Face me like you're going to do the pitch.\" \"", "Ready?\" \"", "Slow-mo.\" \"", "Nice.\" \"", "Come right over the top with it.\" \"", "Got it!\" \"", "OK, right over top.\" \"", "You did it great last week in the game.\" \"", "OK, try it again.\" \"", "Now come right over the top with it, right?\" \"", "Remember?\" \"", "That a boy!\" \"", "At first, the iodine does not affect the vitamin C solution.\" \"", "But look what happens if I add some more.\" \"", "This process is called titration.\" \"", "Hey, Peter.\" \"", "Have you seen my father?\" \"", "Is there nothing that little girl can't do?\" \"", "Watch TV.\" \"", "She's lousy at that.\" \"", "Doug!\" \"", "Hi, Sidney.\" \"", "How you doing?\" \"", "George.\" \"", "Yeah?\" \"", "My Uncle Jonathan says he knows you.\" \"", "He does?\" \"", "Well let's go, Nathan.\" \"", "Hey, great job, Mary.\" \"", "You did excellent.\" \"", "Hey, George.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "Do recognise me in my ear, nose, and throat gear?\" \"", "Uh.\" \"", "George!\" \"", "George!\" \"", "Are you free next weekend?\" \"", "I know this great club.\" \"", "You know, I got a little out of control last time.\" \" ", "Oh, I...\" \"I see a friend of mine.\" \" ", "I know it was a little much.\" \"", "It was great to see you.\" \"", "But this place is a converted meat market.\" \"", "Thanks for coming.\" \"", "It's incredible.\" \"", "What are you doing here?\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "I promised Sally I'd come.\" \"", "It's so good to see you.\" \"", "You too.\" \"", "How you doing, Vince.\" \"", "George.\" \"", "We almost didn't make it.\" \"", "You know, our first trimester has got us a little queasy.\" \"", "Yeah, Vince has become an expert on pregnancy.\" \"", "I'm loving it.\" \"", "George, we miss you.\" \"", "You should come visit us.\" \"", "Vince, we are not an official us.\" \"", "There's still you, and there's still me.\" \"", "He's like glue.\" \"", "Madame Reynolds was asking for you last week.\" \"", "Ugh!\" \"", "I would love to go dancing.\" \"", "As long as you don't exhaust yourself.\" \"", "George, what time is the trophy presentation?\" \"", "Uh, 20 minutes.\" \"", "The trophy presentation?\" \"", "George, what ever happened to, it's not about winning, it's about how you play the game?\" \"", "Oh, come on.\" \"", "I don't think there should be any trophies.\" \"", "It's the parents who want the trophies.\" \"", "Well, it's running this country.\" \"", "The obsession with being number one at any cost.\" \"", "And it starts right here.\" \"", "I totally hear you.\" \"", "You know, I mean, I try to teach these kids a sense of community.\" \"", "Oh, no, believe me.\" \"", "You can't do that.\" \"", "These parents are natural born killers.\" \"", "Oh, Vince.\" \"", "That is such bullshit.\" \"", "I don't know who is more competitive than you.\" \"", "Ha, ha.\" \"", "Did I say there's anything wrong with striving for excellence?\" \" ", "Oh!\" \" ", "Did I say that?\" \"", "Jesus Christ.\" \"", "No, you definitely didn't that.\" \"", "Hey, at least somebody here appreciates what I'm trying to say.\" \"", "What's your name?\" \"", "I'm Melissa Marx, George's go-teacher.\" \"", "I'm going to lose it, George.\" \"", "Just get me out of here, please.\" \"", "Ooh!\" \"", "Aah!\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "You... you're right.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "I didn't ask him to come, you know.\" \"", "Y-y-you're absolutely right.\" \"", "That's not... that's not going to work.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "You know, by the way, we're both pregnant, you know?\" \"", "At first we sick together.\" \"", "Then we throw up together.\" \"", "Then we get our fucking sonograms together.\" \"", "Nina, it's bad equation.\" \"", "You, Vince and the baby?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Bad for all of you.\" \"", "No shit, Sherlock.\" \"", "You made me an offer and I never refused.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "I spent all yesterday afternoon watching this little kid play catch with his father.\" \"", "I always thought that I could teach other people's children.\" \"", "But... someone else, you know, a real guy, like Vince gets to take them home.\" \"", "And then I thought, I don't always have to be the one whose watching them leave.\" \"", "I don't always have to be the one who waits for twilight to pass.\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "For the first time, I thought I could be the... the guy who says goodnight.\" \"", "What are you saying to me?\" \"", "I'm saying, yeah.\" \"", "Sorry to break this up, but it's time to go home.\" \"", "Um, I'm not going to go home with you, Vince.\" \"", "I'm going to go back to Brooklyn.\" \"", "Well, you... you can't go back to Brooklyn tonight.\" \"", "Uh, we got a doctor's appointment in the morning.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "We don't have a doctor's appointment.\" \"", "I have a doctor's appointment.\" \"", "Fine.\" \"", "OK, you have an appointment.\" \"", "You getting caught up in nonsense, Nina.\" \"", "Vince, this isn't working.\" \"", "Could we talk about this later?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "No, we need to talk about it now.\" \"", "In front of him?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Vince, I have tried to talk to you in private.\" \"", "You don't listen to me.\" \"", "George.\" \"", "This is between me and Nina, OK?\" \"", "You've done enough to fuck us up.\" \"", "It's time for you to get the hell out of our lives.\" \"", "No, no, Vince.\" \"", "This is my school.\" \"", "You don't get to tell me what to do.\" \"", "Nothing has been the same between me and Nina since you showed up.\" \"", "Does that make you happy?\" \"", "Is this what you do for kicks?\" \"", "Vince, come on.\" \"", "Just listen to me for...\" \"You listen to me.\" \"", "You... you don't see this guy for who he is.\" \"", "He's a trouble making little shit.\" \"", "Vince, I want to raise my child with George.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "You know... you know what?\" \"", "I want to raise it with the man in the moon.\" \"", "For once, why don't you just goddamn listen to what she has to say?\" \"", "Don't you fucking tell me how to treat a woman.\" \"", "Vince, just calm down for one second, please.\" \"", "No, I will not calm down!\" \"", "You have some never, you homo boys.\" \"", "You screw up women's personal lives, but you can take any physical responsibility for it.\" \"", "Listen to me.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "When this kid comes to you and asks you who its father is, you tell it that its father never wanted to lay eyes on its mother ever again.\" \"", "Head up, young person.\" \"", "Would you like to hear the heartbeat?\" \"", "Can I?\" \"", "Yeah, sure.\" \"", "That's amazing.\" \"", "Oh, come on.\" \"", "George Hanson.\" \"", "Steve Casillo?\" \"", "Ha, ha, ha.\" \"", "Wow!\" \"", "You're not someone I'd expect to see in here.\" \"", "Uh, well, yeah.\" \"", "Hey, uh, this is my friend, Nina Borowski.\" \"", "Yeah, I can see that.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "You, uh, no.\" \"", "She's my friend.\" \"", "Friend, it's... just she's expecting.\" \"", "Well, I can give you a discount on this one.\" \"", "Oh, uh, just browsing.\" \"", "Yeah, with...\" \"Feel free to look around.\" \"", "Small world.\" \"", "Wow.\" \"", "Lemonade?\" \"", "Nick will be along with the First on Fox...\" \"Thanks.\" \"", "Forecast in a moment.\" \"", "The Hanson Benefit season was in...\" \"Oh, my god.\" \"", "Full swing at super agent Sidney.\" \"", "Miller's house this weekend.\" \"", "Guests included Anne Rice, King Hussein, and General Colin Powell.\" \"", "Hot fun in the summertime.\" \"", "So how come we weren't invited?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "Oh, thank god we weren't invited.\" \"", "George, who that man in the crib store today?\" \"", "Aw, just someone I, uh, had a fling with before I met Joley.\" \"", "You know, if you ever wanted to invite him here, that would be fine.\" \"", "Mm-hmm.\" \"", "I could sleep in your room.\" \"", "What if I said, that's a great idea.\" \"", "He'll be right over?\" \"", "I'd say, great.\" \"", "I mean, this isn't a marriage.\" \"", "You know, I don't want to make you give up your life.\" \"", "You're not.\" \"", "Great.\" \"", "Um, so are you going to call him?\" \"", "Actually, I'm leaving with him for Paris tonight.\" \"", "You are?\" \"", "I just hate secrets, George.\" \"", "What secrets?\" \"", "I tell you everything.\" \"", "Just promise me that if anything in your life changes that you'll tell me.\" \"", "Nothing's going to change.\" \"", "Look, I'm not going anywhere.\" \"", "This isn't temporary.\" \"", "Don't you miss men?\" \"", "Yeah, sure.\" \"", "Sometimes.\" \"", "Dont' you?\" \"", "I guess.\" \"", "But I don't miss them when I'm with you.\" \"", "Mm.\" \"", "Do think most married couples are as happy as we are?\" \"", "I hope so, because we're pretty happy.\" \"", "Hm.\" \"", "I guess sex is just no big deal.\" \"", "Not even with Lucy Jane?\" \"", "Oh, I just adore you, Nina.\" \"", "I really do.\" \"", "I adore you, too.\" \"", "Yeah?\" \"", "George, hi.\" \"", "It's Joley.\" \"", "How are you?\" \"", "And, uh, oh, god.\" \"", "These things are so weird.\" \"", "I guess.\" \"", "Who is it?\" \"", "Uh, my brother.\" \"", "George, are you still there?\" \"", "Yeah, uh, Nina says hello.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "I was so sure you'd be with someone by now.\" \"", "That's, um, that's really why I haven't called.\" \"", "Yeah, Nina's still here.\" \"", "George, it's so good to hear your voice.\" \"", "Uh, I'm surprised you'd even talk to me.\" \"", "I behaved like an idiot.\" \"", "Look, I've been asked to address a critics convention at your old college the weekend after next.\" \"", "And I've been thinking about that time we drove up there.\" \"", "That was our first Christmas together, you remember?\" \"", "And so you want me to come with you?\" \"", "That's very considerate of you.\" \"", "I wouldn't be surprised if you never wanted to lay eyes on me again, but it would really mean a lot to me just to be with you.\" \"", "I made a reservation at that sweet little inn we stayed at.\" \"", "Ah, well, I'll call you if I can make it.\" \"", "Think about all the time.\" \"", "And, um, for what it's worth, I really miss you.\" \"", "Yep.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "I'll talk to you soon.\" \"", "Where does he want you to go?\" \"", "Hm?\" \"", "Oh, my college.\" \"", "For a reunion?\" \"", "Sort of.\" \"", "Hey, uh, Nina that was, uh, Joley.\" \"", "So are you going to go?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "That usually means yes.\" \"", "I hate that you know me so well.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "You look great.\" \"", "I love this.\" \"", "I'll call you at Constance's tomorrow morning, kiddo.\" \"", "Promise?\" \"", "I promise.\" \"", "What time?\" \"", "Early, I promise.\" \"", "Ordinarily, I wouldn't go to one of these conferences, but they insisted that I come, and, uh,\" \"I guess it never hurts to stay on the good side of reviewers.\" \"", "Oh, my book!\" \"", "Did I tell you my book is coming out in paperback in England?\" \"", "It's very impressive for an American Shaw scholar to do so well in Europe.\" \"", "You OK, honey?\" \"", "How did we get back so quickly to the honey stage?\" \"", "Maybe we never should have left it.\" \"", "So how's your student?\" \"", "Back with his girlfriend.\" \"", "He's, well, just a screwed up kid.\" \"", "So you want to be friends now?\" \"", "Just so I know.\" \"", "That is exactly your problem, George.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Your lack of self-worth.\" \"", "No, you have no idea how important you are to me.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "So I've been thinking about you a lot.\" \"", "You're living with a woman in a dump in Brooklyn.\" \"", "And I'm lonely and...\" \"and missing you.\" \"", "We can do better than that.\" \"", "Nina!\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "You just missed Steven Spielberg and Peter Jennings.\" \"", "Oh, I bet they sent their best regards.\" \"", "Sweetie, don't start the weekend like this.\" \"", "I have enough to deal with.\" \"", "What are you wearing?\" \"", "I... hello, honey.\" \"", "How are you?\" \"", "Good!\" \"", "Mwah!\" \"", "Where's George?\" \"", "George is with this old boyfriend, which is where he should be.\" \"", "Oh, Constance!\" \"", "He's not with his old boyfriend.\" \"", "You told me he went away with Dr. Joley.\" \"", "It doesn't mean he's with him.\" \"", "Sally, sit down and buckle up.\" \"", "Sweetie, I want you to relax this weekend.\" \"", "Take walks, eat good food, let Sidney and me take care of you.\" \"", "And me.\" \"", "And Sally.\" \"", "Yes, I know.\" \"", "We're going to have a nice relaxing dinner, just some old friends, and Stephen Saint is coming.\" \"", "And you'll never believe it.\" \"", "He's just dying to see you.\" \"", "You made quite an impression on him at my party.\" \"", "Hello.\" \"", "Hello.\" \"", "Dr. Robert Joley.\" \"", "Ah, yes, Dr. Joley.\" \"", "We have you down for three nights and a king sized bed.\" \"", "Twin beds.\" \"", "I don't know that I have a room with twins.\" \"", "We'll take the king.\" \"", "Uh, excuse me.\" \"", "I have a room with twin beds.\" \"", "I'd be happy to exchange with you.\" \"", "Are you sure, Mrs. Skinner?\" \"", "Surely.\" \"", "Thank you, Mrs. Skinner.\" \"", "No sense in you two boys being on top of each other.\" \"", "Right at the head of the stairs.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Um, I thought we were supposed to get the discount rate.\" \"", "Oh, that is the discount rate, doctor.\" \"", "Right through the, uh, dining room.\" \"", "Dr. Joley, I presume.\" \"", "Well, Rodney Fraser.\" \"", "You're one of the reasons I agreed to come here.\" \"", "Oh, thank you.\" \"", "I see you've lost none of your charm.\" \"", "Oh, by the way, congratulations on George Bernard Shaw.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "That's always such a... such a treat to read an American perspective on the subject.\" \"", "Hm.\" \"", "Oh, this is Paul James.\" \"", "Dr. Robert Joley.\" \"", "Don't think I've met your friend.\" \"", "Oh, George Hanson.\" \"", "George Hanson, how do you do.\" \"", "Paul James.\" \"", "You in the theatre?\" \"", "No, he's a graduate of our host college.\" \"", "Really?\" \"", "The return of the native.\" \"", "Hm.\" \"", "Well, I'll look forward to seeing you both around the campus, hm?\" \" ", "Bye.\" \" ", "Bye, bye.\" \"", "See you.\" \"", "I wonder if Mrs. Rodney charges by the hour?\" \"", "Let me tell you something.\" \"", "When my first wife left me, she wanted to take my clients.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "I mean, I understand the house, the car, and all that.\" \"", "But my clients!\" \"", "She wanted my clients.\" \"", "You know, uh, since we last met,\" \"I've done some heavy therapy and, uh, taken up yoga.\" \"", "And I quit advertising.\" \"", "Hm.\" \"", "So I know this might seem premature, but, um, I'm ready to be the father of your child.\" \"", "Night.\" \"", "Good night.\" \"", "And our thanks to Miss Gutierrez for an extremely interesting question, and a spirited response from the panel.\" \"", "And now we move on to, um, oh, another question from Miss Gutierrez.\" \"", "Oh, yes.\" \"", "How do you feel about great works of literature being transformed into musical comedy?\" \"", "Well, that sounds like one for our academic colleague.\" \"", "Professor.\" \"", "Well, um, I should begin by saying that I think that \"My Fair Lady\" is a complete distortion of Shaw's \"Pygmalion,\" as is \"West Side.\" \"", "Story\" of \"Romeo and Juliet.\"\" \"", "But then, I hate all musicals.\" \"", "I, um, believe they're, uh, middle brow, populist, and, um, frankly, dangerous.\" \"", "So it's a clean sweep from Dr. Joley.\" \"", "I have seen performance art in cross-gender clubs in Berlin that has far more theatrical impact than anything\" \"I have ever seen on Broadway.\" \"", "Well, do you mean, um, women dipped in chocolate?\" \"", "That sort of thing?\" \"", "I'm talking about serious artists here.\" \"", "I have never recovered from the Ulrika Schinkel's brilliant production of Beethoven in Ketten, that's Beethoven in Bondage, set amongst to the ruins of the Riechstag.\" \"", "And, uh, something that may be of particular interest to you,\" \"Rodney, is that the theatres in Germany are filled with young people.\" \"", "Nina!\" \"", "Mommy says we're all taking a picnic at the beach.\" \"", "Oh, honey, I'm waiting for a phone call.\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "Mommy, Nina's waiting for a phone call.\" \"", "Sally, go get your father.\" \"", "Go.\" \"", "I'll come there later, I promise.\" \"", "Jesus Christ.\" \"", "Every time I look at you, you're moping.\" \"", "You know, you're a guest here.\" \"", "You could try to make an effort.\" \"", "I have made an effort.\" \"", "Stephen loved me.\" \"", "I hope you realise he's currently in bed with his old boyfriend.\" \"", "Who, Stephen?\" \"", "The man whose call you're waiting for.\" \"", "You know, I enjoy gay people.\" \"", "I just have a slight problem with my pregnant sister being in love with one of them.\" \"", "I am not in love with him.\" \"", "Honestly, even when I was desperate to marry Sidney,\" \"I never carried on like you do.\" \"", "And Sidney is straight.\" \"", "But you have really done it.\" \"", "This is an even crazier choice than Vincent.\" \"", "You're not even fucking him.\" \"", "Can I ask you something?\" \"", "When was the last time you and Sidney had sex?\" \"", "That is not the point.\" \"", "Exactly!\" \"", "Doesn't it all turn into friendship anyway?\" \"", "Yes, but normal people start out someplace you and the nursery school teacher are never going to get.\" \"", "You know, you should take a look at yourself.\" \"", "You're supposed to be a psychiatrist.\" \"", "I am a social worker, Constance!\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "Will you just let me live my god damn life?\" \"", "Read my lips.\" \"", "George is g-a-y, gay.\" \"", "That means he never sleeps with women.\" \"", "He has slept with a woman.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Lucy Jane Parnell.\" \"", "Oh, please.\" \"", "Don't tell me, in high school?\" \"", "They all try women once in high school.\" \"", "But you're nutty enough to believe that based on that experience you can bring him to his senses.\" \"", "Nina, a gay nursery school teacher is a one-way ticket to nowhere.\" \"", "I would love to go to a place like this.\" \"", "Read, sleep, have great talks, sex.\" \"", "Well, uh, we didn't, uh, actually have much of that.\" \"", "We did talk about it a lot.\" \"", "Well, did you act at all?\" \"", "Me?\" \"", "No, not really.\" \"", "You an actor?\" \"", "Well, trying to be.\" \"", "That's how I met Rodney.\" \"", "I sat in on his World Theatre class.\" \"", "Oh, What's his take on world theatre?\" \"", "Well, Rodney is very picky.\" \"", "He likes \"Damn Yankees\" and Shakespeare.\" \"", "But just to read.\" \"", "He's never seen a production up to his standards.\" \"", "Don't you get flak from your actor friends being with a critic?\" \"", "Well, I've never been with him, with him.\" \"", "It's just that he came up to me one day after class, and he's been sort of like my mentor and my family ever since.\" \"", "Oh, uh, I thought maybe you lived together.\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \"", "Oh, we do live together.\" \"", "He offered me a spare room so I could save my money for acting lessons.\" \"", "Well, I've always had terrible judgement.\" \"", "My entire freshman year, I had a crush on a guy named Trotter Bull III.\" \"", "He looked just like one of those rowers.\" \"", "Looks like pretty good judgement to me.\" \"", "Except he had a girlfriend.\" \"", "I actually got up the courage to talk to him one night about Walt Whitman.\" \"", "He probably became an investment banker, had four kids, all named Trotter, and, uh, never talked about poetry again.\" \"", "I'll talk to you about poetry.\" \"", "Sure, anything.\" \"", "How about a swim?\" \"", "Whoo!\" \"", "Wait for me.\" \"", "Ha!\" \"", "Ha, ha, ha.\" \"", "I've got it.\" \"", "It's for me.\" \"", "Sorry.\" \"", "Hello.\" \"", "Good morning, Is Mrs. Miller in?\" \"", "No, she's at the beach.\" \"", "Uh, this is Martha Stewart.\" \"", "Uh-huh.\" \"", "It's Martha Stewart for Mrs. Miller.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Is it \"the\" Martha Stewart?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Hello?\" \"", "Oh, will you hold on, please?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Miss Stewart, I'm having a big problem with my azaleas.\" \"", "Oh, I know.\" \"", "That's been such a problem.\" \"", "Uh-huh.\" \"", "Will I see you again?\" \"", "I hope so.\" \"", "When do I call you?\" \"", "Oh, fuck.\" \"", "My roommate!\" \"", "I was supposed to call her this morning.\" \"", "Shit!\" \"", "Your roommate?\" \"", "Yeah, we live together.\" \"", "We don't live live together.\" \"", "We just live together.\" \"", "Shit!\" \"", "She's in her bedroom.\" \"", "I'll call her.\" \"", "She's in bed, apparently.\" \"", "Hi, George.\" \"", "Hey, kiddo.\" \"", "Why are you in bed?\" \"", "Are you sick?\" \"", "I'm pregnant, George.\" \"", "Or have you been so busy with Dr. Joley that you forgot?\" \"", "Nothing's happened with Dr. Joley.\" \"", "I've hardly seen him.\" \"", "So then let's go home.\" \"", "What do you mean?\" \"", "There's a bus at 7 o'clock.\" \"", "Tonight?\" \"", "Sure, why not?\" \"", "I don't want you travelling alone so late.\" \"", "But how about I borrow my brother's car and pick you up tomorrow afternoon?\" \"", "George, please.\" \"", "Please, this is...\" \"I'm so miserable.\" \"", "Please.\" \"", "Th... you could... you could be on a train, too.\" \"", "And we could both be in our beds by midnight.\" \"", "Nina, uh...\" \"Please, you have to rescue me.\" \"", "I have got to get away from here.\" \"", "And there's nothing for you to stay there for.\" \"", "Anybody who bolts from the Hamptons is OK with me.\" \"", "I hate it here.\" \"", "It's so pretentious.\" \"", "If I wasn't happily married and you weren't my wife's stepsister, I'd have an affair with you in a second.\" \"", "I think you're terrific.\" \"", "Aw.\" \"", "Want some money?\" \"", "No, I'm fine.\" \"", "I'm fine.\" \"", "How about some Chuckles?\" \"", "Hm?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Good.\" \"", "I got the Galleys for the new Michael Creighton in the car.\" \"", "Oh, no.\" \"", "Really, thanks, Sidney.\" \"", "Oh, gosh.\" \"", "I'd have left it.\" \"", "I got it.\" \"", "No, he didn't.\" \"", "But I thought he did.\" \"", "No, that looks good.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "Hi, pet.\" \"", "Hi, Melissa.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "So how are you, huh?\" \"", "Oh, shit!\" \"", "Hey, let me help you with that.\" \"", "No, I'm fine.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "Got it.\" \"", "I'm fine.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Vince, honey?\" \"", "Watch your step.\" \"", "Melissa, hang on a minute.\" \"", "I'm just going to say goodbye.\" \"", "Vince, I'm really tired.\" \"", "I don't feel like...\" \"No, it'll just be a minute.\" \"", "Hey, can I put you in a taxi?\" \"", "No, Vince, I'm fine, really.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "Now, Nita, come on, you're pregnant.\" \"", "Vince, please, I'm fine, really.\" \"", "Give my love to George.\" \"", "Oh, sure.\" \"", "I certainly will.\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "Uh... oh, excuse me!\" \"", "Excuse me.\" \"", "Oh, you're going to be so glad you met me.\" \"", "My purse was just stolen and I'm pregnant and I have no way home.\" \"", "Are you hurt?\" \"", "No, I'm fine.\" \"", "You sure?\" \"", "Yeah, it's just my purse was stolen.\" \"", "OK, well, let's go.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "I got it.\" \"", "Oh, thank god.\" \"", "So we'll go report all this.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "And then I'm getting off duty, so I'll give you a lift home.\" \"", "Great.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "I mean, I'm surprised he didn't arrest me.\" \"", "I get mugged and the god damn desk sergeant blames me.\" \"", "He's the only one like that.\" \"", "The rest of us are very sensitive.\" \"", "Lady, you asked for it.\" \"", "I mean, I thought people like that were banned from the police force, you know?\" \"", "I mean, it's none of his god damn business where the fuck my husband is.\" \"", "You know, I mean, you don't seem to care.\" \"", "Me?\" \"", "I used to give women lots of opinions.\" \"", "But now I go with the flow.\" \"", "Are you gay?\" \"", "I'm sorry?\" \"", "I have this new theory that any man doesn't hit you over the head with his opinions must be gay.\" \"", "Well, that makes as much sense as Freud.\" \"", "Oh, well, it makes a hell of a lot more sense than Freud.\" \"", "Freud doesn't know dick about women.\" \"", "I can't believe I just said that.\" \"", "Very nice of you to drive me home.\" \"", "Oh, not a problem.\" \"", "If I were married, I'd want someone to drive my wife home.\" \"", "Will your husband be there?\" \"", "I don't have a husband.\" \"", "No?\" \"", "The father?\" \"", "Oh, no, no.\" \"", "He will definitely not be there.\" \"", "I hardly speak to him.\" \"", "Well, you don't find anyone new till your brave enough to give up the old.\" \"", "I don't really want to find anyone new.\" \"", "Oh, that's good.\" \"", "Happy with the status quo.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Me, too.\" \"", "But you're so nice.\" \"", "You should be married.\" \"", "You think all nice people are married?\" \"", "What kind of counsellor are you?\" \"", "Great, you can stop right over there.\" \"", "Oh, thank you so much.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "You're really kind.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "George!\" \"", "Oh, my gosh!\" \"", "You're back already?\" \"", "Hi!\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "Did you get a ride home?\" \"", "No, my purse got stolen at the bus station.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "And Vince and Melissa were on the bus.\" \"", "And Sidney told me that he would have an affair with me.\" \"", "I mean, it's just been the weekend from hell.\" \"", "Come on, I'll make you some tea.\" \"", "Hi, sweetie.\" \"", "George, terrific news about you and Dr. Joley.\" \"", "Sidney and I adore him.\" \"", "He's so smart.\" \"", "Good for you.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "Bye, George.\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "Hey, Nina, you find out who the father is yet?\" \"", "I call the shots, Keesha.\" \"", "Yeah!\" \"", "So what's for supper, Nina?\" \"", "Pot roast.\" \"", "Mm.\" \"", "It's George's favourite.\" \"", "Is he back yet?\" \"", "I don't know?\" \"", "Paul?\" \"", "Oh, jeez!\" \"", "He's supposed to be at the theatre.\" \"", "Paul?\" \"", "I fled at half time.\" \"", "A lot of pumped up men taking their clothes off.\" \"", "It's all getting dreadfully boring.\" \"", "I'm going to see \"King Lear\" tomorrow night, god help me.\" \"", "I fully expect him to step on stage, say he's old, he's hot, and strip down to his underwear.\" \"", "Oh, uh, would you like a glass of vino?\" \"", "And, uh, tell whoever it is you've got in there he's left his knapsack on the sofa.\" \"", "Ah, it's the graduate.\" \"", "Do, please, come sit down.\" \"", "Uh, Paul and I are currently meandering through some of the better Australian Chardonnays.\" \"", "Can I tempt you?\" \"", "Oh, no thank you.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Paul?\" \"", "So, how's our distinguished Shavian scholar, Dr. Joley.\" \"", "Well, I haven't seen him since the Critics Convention.\" \"", "Actually, George lives with a woman.\" \"", "Really?\" \"", "How Bloomsbury.\" \"", "Ha, ha.\" \"", "Yeah, uh, Nina is my best friend.\" \"", "Well, as you probably know, Paul and I visit the theater quite often.\" \"", "Perhaps you and your best friend would care to join us one evening.\" \"", "That's very kind of you.\" \"", "But, um, well, I'm not...\" \"I'm not sure she likes the theatre.\" \"", "Oh, well, she's absolutely right.\" \"", "There's nothing to see.\" \"", "Hm, hm.\" \"", "Well, perhaps we could go and have a meal together some time.\" \"", "We'd like to see more of you, in any event, you know?\" \"", "Well, I...\" \"I hope so.\" \"", "You know, I'm sorry, I really, uh...\" \"Go, really.\" \"", "Don't forget your little bag.\" \" ", "Well, it was nice seeing you.\" \" ", "Yes, indeed.\" \"", "Good night.\" \"", "Good night.\" \"", "I'll be right back.\" \"", "I'll call you tomorrow.\" \"", "Thank you returning my call.\" \"", "Nina, you were probably right, you know?\" \"", "You and I as a couple were a pretty miserable match.\" \"", "But I still love you.\" \"", "That's... that's my problem.\" \"", "I can...\" \"I can deal with that.\" \"", "Nina, whatever way that you're planning on doing this, for once in my life, I'm...\" \"I'm not going to tell you how.\" \"", "I would just like to think that I could somehow be a part of the picture.\" \"", "Vince, you're the daddy.\" \"", "It's all right.\" \"", "I'll trust you.\" \"", "Oh, hi!\" \"", "Hi!\" \"", "How are you?\" \"", "Louis.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "This is Vince.\" \"", "Uh, hi, Louis Crowley.\" \"", "He, Vince McBride, hi.\" \"", "Hi, uh, this is my nephew Joe, and my niece Sophie.\" \"", "Yeah, Vince is the father of my, uh...\" \"Baby.\" \"", "I'm the father of the baby.\" \"", "Oh, I see.\" \"", "And, uh, how's, uh...\" \"George, my roommate.\" \"", "He's fine.\" \"", "He's home.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Hey, great.\" \"", "Go with the flow.\" \"", "That's right.\" \"", "The workings of her mind appeal to him.\" \"", "She leaves her warm bed in the cold dawn to rush there, full of zeal and loyalty.\" \"", "Why would she do that?\" \"", "Coming up, Kurt will have sports.\" \"", "Stay with us.\" \"", "Yes, we'd like to change the address on the checking account, please.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Sorry.\" \"", "Don't worry about it.\" \"", "Hi, sorry I'm late.\" \"", "Yeah, god, I'm sorry.\" \"", "Did, uh, Nina tell you I was visiting some college friends and drank too much?\" \"", "Well, why didn't you bring them?\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Mm.\" \"", "I mean, what a shame to break up such a great party, you know?\" \"", "I mean, actually, I'd like to meet your friends some day.\" \"", "So how late did you stay up?\" \"", "Late.\" \"", "So late there wasn't a cab left in Manhattan, huh?\" \"", "Well, you know, we all wrecked to go home.\" \"", "Whew, yeah!\" \"", "My big brother is a party animal.\" \"", "Coffee?\" \"", "Oh, yeah, please.\" \"", "Do you want to hear the specials?\" \"", "You know what?\" \"", "I'll just have the orange juice and eggs Florentine.\" \"", "So Caroline, is the wedding still on?\" \"", "I haven't heard otherwise, but I'm waiting.\" \"", "Well, we're really looking forward to it.\" \"", "Yeah, if you can make it.\" \"", "He's been really busy this fall with, uh, faculty meetings.\" \"", "Yeah, I'm trying to get things in order before the baby comes.\" \"", "Working out a new curriculum.\" \"", "Jesus, I never thought I'd hear my big brother talk about babies coming.\" \"", "And before me.\" \"", "That's what really pisses me off.\" \"", "You got there before me.\" \"", "Now I think what you guys are doing is fantastic, really.\" \"", "Here's my question, though.\" \"", "What about the father?\" \"", "This guy must be the most interesting guy in the world, or the most tolerant.\" \"", "Actually, he's dating George's colleague, Melissa.\" \"", "So that takes a shit load of tolerance.\" \"", "No, honey.\" \"", "They're not dating anymore.\" \"", "They broke up.\" \"", "Wait a minute, who is this?\" \"", "Melissa?\" \"", "Is she cute?\" \"", "Frank.\" \"", "Hey, I'm just trying to keep my options open, all right?\" \"", "Oh, Frank, your horrible.\" \"", "George, aren't we all just horrible?\" \"", "Aren't men just such jerks?\" \"", "Now, I think that Nina and George have a great relationship.\" \"", "Yeah, when we see each other we have a great relationship.\" \"", "Hey, George, um, when they start complaining about not seeing you enough, you have to buy them a diamond, or take them to the theatre.\" \"", "Hey, maybe we could all go see a friend of mine who's in a play next weekend.\" \"", "Well, I'm on call next weekend.\" \"", "And Frank certainly isn't going without me.\" \"", "Oh, come on.\" \"", "No, no.\" \"", "So does that mean I get a date alone with you this weekend?\" \"", "Or will I get another call Saturday afternoon?\" \"", "Saints do not move, they grant for prayers' sake.\" \"", "Then move not while my prayer's effect I take.\" \"", "Thus from my lips by thine, my sin is purged.\" \"", "Then have my lips, the sin that they have took.\" \"", "Sin from thy lips?\" \"", "O trespass sweetly urged!\" \"", "Give me my sin again.\" \"", "You kiss by the book.\" \"", "Ha, here we are.\" \"", "Soda, my dear.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "Well, cheers, cheers.\" \"", "Cheers.\" \"", "It's so nice to meet you.\" \"", "George talks about you all the time.\" \"", "Fantastic, man.\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "You were fantastic.\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "Oh, and, uh, this is Nina.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "You were great.\" \"", "Hey, it's great to meet you.\" \"", "George talks about you all the time.\" \"", "Hey, George!\" \"", "George!\" \"", "Hey, how are you?\" \"", "Oh, I want you to meet somebody.\" \"", "Uh, I don't know if you remember me from college?\" \"", "Oh, my god!\" \"", "Yeah!\" \"", "We talked all night about what women...\" \"Trotter Bull.\" \"", "Paul!\" \"", "Paul!\" \"", "Paul!\" \"", "Th... ha, ha, this is Trotter Bull.\" \"", "Oh, my god!\" \"", "I've heard so much about you.\" \"", "George talks about you all the time.\" \"", "Is that right?\" \"", "Well, you were wonderful in the play.\" \"", "You were wonderful in the play.\" \"", "And he looked so hot.\" \"", "Wasn't he great?\" \"", "George, it was so nice seeing you again.\" \"", "Let me give you my card if you ever need a stockbroker some time.\" \"", "Yeah, thanks a lot.\" \"", "Great seeing you, Trotter.\" \"", "Oh, look, Trotter.\" \"", "We got that, you know, 10:00 thing.\" \" ", "Nice to meet you.\" \" ", "Way to go, Jonathan.\" \"", "I wish he'd been our Mercutio instead of who we got.\" \"", "Rodney, please.\" \"", "And he was right, you were awful good.\" \"", "But you know, people only do modern dress Shakespeare.\" \"", "But there's absolutely no instinct for any other periods or languages than their own.\" \"", "Clearly, the no-talent who directed this hoped to transform the world's greatest love story into a Calvin Klein commercial.\" \"", "The man should be shot.\" \"", "Mr. Fraser.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "I'm the director.\" \"", "Ah.\" \"", "Hey, come on.\" \"", "Let me help you.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Good night.\" \"", "Yes, good night.\" \"", "Listen, Paul, uh, George and I were wondering what you and Rodney were doing for Thanksgiving?\" \"", "Oh, no.\" \"", "I'm sorry, we...\" \"No, no, no, no.\" \"", "We'd love to come.\" \"", "How kind of you.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Oh, I'm sorry.\" \"", "Wonderful.\" \"", "OK, so 1:00.\" \"", "We'll be there.\" \"", "Good night.\" \"", "You're an extraordinary person.\" \"", "They seem like a lovely couple.\" \"", "Hey, you!\" \"", "I don't care what you say, I love Les Mis.\" \"", "And I think Andrew Lloyd Webber was a genius!\" \"", "Hello.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "Oh, hello.\" \"", "How lovely to see you again.\" \"", "Happy Thanksgiving.\" \"", "We're just through here.\" \"", "George.\" \"", "Hey, hi.\" \"", "Happy Thanksgiving.\" \"", "Happy Thanksgiving.\" \"", "So do you need any help?\" \"", "No, everything is absolutely fine.\" \"", "Oh, what a relief, because contrary to stereotype,\" \"I'm an awful cook.\" \"", "Oh, no.\" \"", "Well, please, please just make yourselves comfortable.\" \"", "Or, uh, George, you could take them for a walk, you know, while I get ready.\" \"", "Well, um, why don't you two children go and play somewhere.\" \"", "And, uh, I'll stay here and keep Nina company, eh?\" \"", "You should tell her, George.\" \"", "You don't want to hurt Rodney, I don't want to hurt Nina.\" \"", "I don't want to exclude Rodney.\" \"", "That's different.\" \"", "Are you trying to tell me something?\" \"", "Because we could stop.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "I... ju... this isn't easy.\" \"", "I promised.\" \"", "I promised her I'd help her with the baby.\" \"", "That's great.\" \"", "Help her.\" \"", "You be the uncle.\" \"", "You be the godfather.\" \"", "Oh, you don't... no, you don't understand.\" \"", "I'm more excited about this baby than anything ever in my life.\" \"", "More than me?\" \"", "Oh, jeez, Paul.\" \"", "Don't make it that way.\" \"", "I'm not making it that way.\" \"", "You are.\" \"", "I love you very much.\" \"", "You know, I think we're both behaving rather well, under the circumstances.\" \"", "After all, it's not always easy being alone in the bedroom next door.\" \"", "Next door to George and Paul?\" \"", "You knew that.\" \"", "Well, of course.\" \"", "Of course I knew that.\" \"", "I think Paul is great.\" \"", "I think he's just great.\" \"", "Well, we're all great.\" \"", "You must think I'm pretty peculiar.\" \"", "I have opinions about Shakespeare.\" \"", "About other people's lifestyles, I have absolutely no opinions, whatsoever.\" \"", "And I don't think one should be too hard on one's self.\" \"", "If the object one's affection returns the favour with rather less enthusiasm than one might have hoped.\" \"", "But a small observation, if I may, from someone old enough to be your grandfather.\" \"", "Oh, you're not that much older.\" \"", "Have you noticed that you're the only woman coming to your Thanksgiving dinner?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "And all my female friends, they're either busy, or they have families.\" \"", "No don't get defensive.\" \"", "Have you also noticed that you're the only practicing heterosexual coming to your Thanksgiving dinner?\" \"", "Well, I, uh, I haven't practised in a while.\" \"", "I'm serious.\" \"", "What happens when all the men at your Thanksgiving dinner find other men?\" \"", "Whose at your table then?\" \"", "Don't fix your life so that you're left alone right when you come to the middle of it.\" \"", "Lord, for the erring thought, not into evil wrought.\" \"", "Lord, for the wicked will, betrayed and baffled still, for the heart from itself kept, our Thanksgiving accept.\" \"", "Hm.\" \"", "To Nina and George, our wonderful new friends.\" \"", "To Nina and George.\" \"", "To friendship.\" \"", "Yes, to friendship.\" \"", "Well, Paul, I think you and I ought to be getting going.\" \"", "Well, actually, I think I'm going to hang out here for awhile.\" \"", "Ah, well.\" \"", "That OK, Rod?\" \"", "When would you be getting... all right.\" \"", "Well, thank you for including me in your holiday.\" \"", "Thank you for coming.\" \"", "Good night.\" \"", "Paul.\" \"", "Happy Thanksgiving.\" \"", "George.\" \"", "Good night.\" \"", "Uh, could I walk you out to the...\" \"No, no.\" \"", "I'm fine.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "You're sure?\" \"", "Let me get that.\" \"", "Sorry, thanks.\" \"", "Bye.\" \"", "Good night.\" \"", "Night, Rod.\" \"", "Uh, well, let's...\" \"let's get cracking on these dishes.\" \"", "That's all right, I've got it.\" \"", "I've got it, thank you.\" \"", "You sure?\" \"", "Yes, definitely.\" \"", "Good night.\" \"", "Oh, thank you.\" \"", "Thank you, for absolutely the best holiday.\" \"", "Hm.\" \"", "I love you.\" \"", "It was a wonderful dinner, Nina.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Nina, it's 3 o'clock in the morning.\" \"", "Oh, I'm sorry, did I wake you?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Paul wanted some ice cream.\" \"", "Oh, that's so sweet.\" \"", "You guys have so much in common.\" \"", "Paul thinks, uh, you don't like him.\" \"", "I don't know him.\" \"", "You seemed to like Rodney.\" \"", "Well, Rodney is a decent and intelligent man, who is very hurt and insecure.\" \"", "We're all very hurt and insecure.\" \"", "Who do you know that isn't?\" \"", "Paul.\" \"", "Paul seems to be a totally happy guy.\" \"", "You don't like him.\" \"", "Oh, what the hell difference does it make if I like Paul or not, George?\" \"", "You like Paul, and that's what's important.\" \"", "And that's great.\" \"", "I mean that's just great.\" \"", "I've just finished my work.\" \"", "Nina, I slept for months in this apartment with you and Vince right there.\" \"", "That is different!\" \"", "How is that different?\" \"", "Because you don't tell a woman that you love her and then two days later bring Romeo home to sleep with you.\" \"", "You invited him.\" \"", "Yes, for dinner.\" \"", "And I invited Rodney, too.\" \"", "I thought they were a couple.\" \"", "Oh, come on, you didn't think that.\" \"", "Well, you didn't tell me otherwise.\" \"", "Ugh!\" \"", "Nina, look at me.\" \"", "Nina, look at...\" \"Nina!\" \"", "Look at me!\" \"", "What?\" \"", "I thought we were going to make up new rules.\" \"", "Yeah, well, they have to work for both of us.\" \"", "So what you saying?\" \"", "You can have a man in your bed, but I can't?\" \"", "Oh, god!\" \"", "No, no!\" \"", "You can't.\" \"", "You cannot have me and Paul and this baby.\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "Because you deserve to have it all and I don't?\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "It's not about having it all.\" \"", "It is about picking one person and making it work.\" \"", "And when you are fucking a man in the next room, it makes it pretty clear the person you don't want to make it work with me.\" \"", "And that's... that's bullshit.\" \"", "Oh, fuck off, George!\" \"", "You forgot Paul's ice cream!\" \"", "Caroline, let's face it.\" \"", "My little brother is cute.\" \"", "And if you can deal with the 20 women waiting outside with pistols, I think this union will succeed brilliantly.\" \"", "My friend, Nina, the wisest person I know said to me yesterday, you have to pick one person and make it work.\" \"", "Frank, I think you picked absolutely the right person.\" \"", "Aw, that's so sweet.\" \"", "I'd like to propose a toast.\" \"", "To the doctors, Frank and Caroline Colucci-Hanson.\" \"", "Here, here!\" \"", "Your husband is adorable.\" \"", "I can't imagine my husband still calling me his friend.\" \"", "Life was a song, you came along, I've laid awake the whole night through.\" \"", "If I ever dared to think you cared, this is what I'd say to you.\" \"", "You were meant for me.\" \"", "I was meant for you.\" \"", "Nature patterned you and when she was done, you were all the sweet things rolled up in one.\" \"", "You're like a plaintive melody that never lets me free.\" \"", "For I'm content.\" \"", "The angels must have sent you.\" \"", "And they meant you just for me.\" \"", "Very nicely done.\" \"", "George, I got to get out of here.\" \"", "You OK?\" \"", "Yeah, I'm OK.\" \"", "Are you sure?\" \"", "Yeah, I just had to get out of there.\" \"", "Oh, I know.\" \"", "Weddings can be a little much.\" \"", "But it works.\" \"", "What do you mean?\" \"", "I was watching Frank and Caroline today.\" \"", "And I just kept thinking, this is real.\" \"", "And George and I are not.\" \"", "We're just different.\" \"", "But I don't think that I am that different.\" \"", "I want you to be with me.\" \"", "I want you to marry me.\" \"", "I want you to love me the way that I love you.\" \"", "I don't really want a see who you are, at all.\" \"", "I think you see me.\" \"", "Well, then tell me the truth.\" \"", "What do you want?\" \"", "I want Paul.\" \"", "I don't want to be able to look at you and not feel so hurt by you.\" \"", "I'm so sorry.\" \"", "The last person in the world I'd want to hurt is you.\" \"", "I know that.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "Can't choose who you love.\" \"", "I think Paul was the best thing that ever happened to us, you know?\" \"", "At least he got us to tell the truth.\" \"", "But, hon, I don't want to lose you.\" \"", "I can't let things stay the same.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Take care, man.\" \"", "Congratulations, buddy.\" \"", "Way to go.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \"", "I got here as fast as I could.\" \"", "No, it's OK.\" \"", "George was with me the whole time.\" \"", "Good.\" \"", "This is Molly.\" \"", "Oh, hello, Molly.\" \"", "I'm you're dad.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Shh, shh, shh.\" \"", "Molly, Molly.\" \"", "Hush, hush, hush.\" \"", "It's OK.\" \"", "I got her.\" \"", "It's OK.\" \"", "It's OK.\" \"", "I got her.\" \"", "Look for the Union labels, when you are buying a cook dress or blouse.\" \"", "Remember somewhere...\" \"Which one of you is the father?\" \"", "The Union sewing.\" \"", "Vince McBride is the father.\" \"", "Can you come with me?\" \"", "We have some paperwork for you.\" \"", "Yeah, yeah.\" \"", "Yeah, sure.\" \"", "Here.\" \"", "Hey, you be nice to your mother, honey.\" \"", "Here we go.\" \"", "There she is.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "I wonder if Madame Reynolds has ballroom dancing for babies?\" \"", "Are you kidding?\" \"", "Come here, Molly.\" \"", "Let's show Mommy your dancing legs.\" \"", "You were meant for me.\" \"", "And I was meant for you.\" \"", "George, when were you planning on moving out?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "I think you should before I get home.\" \"", "Well, are... are... are you sure?\" \"", "I can stay until you and Molly get settled.\" \"", "No, I don't want you there.\" \"", "We'll be fine.\" \"", "It's time for Molly and me to get on with our lives.\" \"", "I'll speak to Paul.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "You're a very lucky girl, Molly McBride Borowski.\" \"", "You have the world, the best mum.\" \"", "Bye, Nina.\" \"", "Bye, George.\" \"", "Head up, young person.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "Hi, Molly.\" \"", "I love you.\" \"", "Hello, I'm George Hanson, Principle of the Prospect.\" \"", "Park Cooperative School.\" \"", "We want to welcome you to our annual Music Celebration!\" \"", "And now on with the show!\" \"", "Listen as your day unfolds challenge what your future holds.\" \"", "Try to keep your head up to the sky.\" \"", "People they may cause you tears.\" \"", "Go ahead, release your fears.\" \"", "Stand up and be counted, don't be ashamed to cry.\" \"", "You got to be, you got to be bad, you got to be...\" \"Go, Molly!\" \"", "You gotta be hard, you gotta be tough, you gotta be stronger.\" \"", "You gotta cool, you gotta be calm, you gotta stay together.\" \"", "All I know, all I know, love will save the day.\" \"", "Herald what your mother said, reading the books your father read, try to solve the...\" \"Come on, Molly!\" \"", "Go, Molly!\" \"", "Some may have more cash than you.\" \"", "Others take a different view, my, oh my, hey, hey.\" \"", "You go girl!\" \"", "You go, honey!\" \"", "Yeah!\" \"", "Yeah!\" \"", "I got to go.\" \"", "I have an audition.\" \"", "Well, what time you going to be home?\" \"", "Right after yoga.\" \"", "Look, are you sure you don't mind?\" \"", "You had me over last Saturday.\" \"", "Oh, hey, Rodney, you're family, man.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Constance, why can't I get a ring in my nose?\" \"", "Sally, get straight inside.\" \"", "This is a very bad neighbourhood.\" \"", "This is a fucking great neighbourhood.\" \"", "And my name is not Constance, it's mother.\" \"", "What is this with the fucking all of a sudden?\" \"", "Nina, don't forget dinner Thursday.\" \"", "Umberto Eco and Sharon Stone are coming.\" \"", "Oh, goody.\" \"", "I got a bidding war going for Sharon's memoirs.\" \"", "She's great.\" \"", "You'd love her.\" \"", "Goodbye, Louis.\" \"", "Good to see you again.\" \"", "Nina, just a second.\" \"", "There's someone who's coming I want you to meet.\" \"", "So...\" \"Why?\" \"", "I am with Louis.\" \"", "Sweetie, you've made your point.\" \"", "It's time to move on.\" \"", "Get your hair cut.\" \"", "Sidney.\" \"", "Sidney.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Let's go.\" \"", "Yeah, yeah, yeah.\" \"", "Great.\" \"", "Molly, you were great!\" \"", "Perfect!\" \"", "I'm coming, I'm coming.\" \"", "You were just ter...\" \"I love that hat.\" \"", "Can I give you a ride?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "I'm not going to use taxpayer dollars to fund my personal transportation, Louis.\" \"", "Uh, I'll take the subway, thank you.\" \"", "Oh, well, suit yourself, Vince.\" \"", "I will see you at home.\" \"", "Bye, Molly.\" \"", "Great job.\" \"", "Bye, Louis.\" \"", "Bye, bye.\" \"", "Bye, Louis.\" \"", "Nina, I am the only man in your life who ever made any sense.\" \"", "You know that, right?\" \"", "I do know that.\" \"", "Mm, OK.\" \"", "Bye bye, sweetheart.\" \"", "Bye, Daddy.\" \"", "I love you.\" \"", "George, great show.\" \"", "Love your work.\" \"", "Oh, hey, do you guys want to come over for dinner Saturday night?\" \"", "Rodney's coming.\" \"", "Yeah, that sounds great.\" \"", "I'll ask Paul.\" \"", "Uncle George, I had more people come see me than anyone.\" \"", "I had Mommy and Daddy and Louis and Uncle.\" \"", "Roddy and Uncle Sidney and...\" \"Honey, you are just the luckiest little girl.\" \"", "Yeah, and if you ever need any advise ask Auntie Constance.\" \"", "She knows everything.\" \"", "Oh, stop it.\" \"", "Hey, do you want to grab some coffee?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "You guys always go for coffee.\" \"", "All you do is talk.\" \"", "Well, excuse me, but we like talking.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "You know, Nina, did you ever just want to touch her nose?\" \"", "It's just like a little tulip.\" \"", "Don't you dare start with her.\" \"", "It looks nothing like a tulip.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Mommy, I can do George's show.\" \"", "You can?\" \"", "Really?\" \"", "Yep.\" \"", "Welcome to the Prospect Park Cooperative School.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenSubtitles" }

[ 0.016666666666666666, 0.009259259259259259, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0.04, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.06451612903225806, 0, 0.05, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.04, 0, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03389830508474576, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0.0625, 0, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0.058823529411764705, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0, 0, 0.025, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.04, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0.025, 0.058823529411764705, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0, 0.06451612903225806, 0.03225806451612903, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0.030303030303030304, 0.03571428571428571, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0, 0, 0.019417475728155338, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.14285714285714285, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.04, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0.05, 0, 0, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0625, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.025, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.14285714285714285, 0.14285714285714285, 0.03125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0, 0.05, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.025, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.025, 0.034482758620689655, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.06060606060606061, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0.02564102564102564, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0, 0.08333333333333333, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.04, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.04878048780487805, 0.03125, 0, 0, 0.14285714285714285, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0.058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0.03225806451612903, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.025, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03636363636363636, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0.05, 0, 0.047619047619047616, 0.03125, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0, 0, 0.025, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.023668639053254437, 0, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0, 0, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0, 0, 0.125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0.05128205128205128, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0.01694915254237288, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.04878048780487805, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0.04, 0.04, 0.037037037037037035, 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03773584905660377, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.020618556701030927, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0.016666666666666666, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0, 0.03773584905660377, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.046511627906976744, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0.05, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0.03636363636363636, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.046511627906976744, 0, 0.02, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0.038461538461538464, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0.01694915254237288, 0.044444444444444446, 0.025, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.06060606060606061, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The present invention relates to a process for the air classification of a grain or particle mixture with reclassifying as well as an air classifier.", "\nSuch a process and a corresponding air classifier are known from publication EP 23 320 Al. ", "For separating the fine material particles or fines from the classifying air, this known air classifier generally requires dust separators, e.g. in the form of cyclone separators and filters. ", "The throughput of fines of such a known air classifier is more particularly dependent on the vertical height and the diameter of its centrifuge basket, i.e. its circumferential surface or the cylindrical annular chamber in which classification is performed. ", "The other essential parameter of a classification process, namely the particle size limit differentiating the fine material from the coarse material, is on the one hand determined by the diameter and speed of the centrifuge basket and on the other is dependent on the external diameter of the classifying chamber and the inflow rate of the classifying air into the classifying chamber. ", "In both cases the particle size limit is dependent on the accelerative forces acting on the material being classified.", "\nIt is theoretically possible to increase the diameter of the centrifuge basket. ", "However, practical restrictions occur due to the centrifugal forces increasing on a square law basis and the high compressive forces acting on the centrifuge basket ledges. ", "Another aspect acting against the increase in the size of the centrifuge basket diameter is the decrease in curvature of the classifying air paths as the diameter increases. ", "This can admittedly be compensated by higher outflow speed or higher classifying air quantities, but these and the increasing resistance losses would require a higher energy expenditure.", "\nLimits are also placed with regards to the vertical dimensioning of the centrifuge basket due to the mechanical loading of its peripheral ledges. ", "However, an increase in the vertical size of the centrifuge basket is particularly limited due to the occurrence of different flow rates along the basket ledges when classifying air and fines pass between said ledges.", "\nThus, also in this air classifier, the flow rates along the jacket-like circumferential surface of the centrifuge basket is essentially directly dependent on the suction within the basket. ", "This suction is at a maximum level at the fines outlet from the centrifuge basket and decreases towards the facing, closed end face of said basket. ", "The rotary drive by means of the vertical drive shaft takes place by means of said closed or at least substantially closed end surface in the known air classifier.", "\nThese different flow rates when the fines enter the centrifuge basket at different vertical heights thereof lead to differences in the separation quality or selectivity. ", "It is clear that in the vicinity of the classifying air outlet where the maximum suction action occurs, oversize material passes into the fines, whilst at the greatest distance from the classifying air outlet undersize material remains in the coarse material. ", "These serious selectivity disadvantages increase with the magnitude of the vertical extension of the centrifuge basket. ", "However, these disadvantages would appear to be unavoidable in the case of air classifiers with a high throughput capacity. ", "In the case of the air classifier according to EP 23 320 Al, to the aforementioned disadvantage is added that, considered circumferentially, different flow rates would preponderate on the centrifuge basket, because at this point by means of differently designed spiral supply ducts in an approximately tangential arrangement with respect to the centrifuge basket, classifying air quantities of the most varied types, e.g. dust-laden, hot mill spent air and opposite to this, e.g. cooler, but dust-free, atmospheric air are blown into the air classifier.", "\nMore particularly in order to overcome the latter disadvantages of different flow rates in the vertical direction along the centrifuge basket, in another known air classifier according to European patent 67 895B1 classifying air outlets are provided on both end faces of the centrifuge basket. ", "However, the problem then occurs that as a result of the considerable vertical extension compared with the centrifuge basket diameter, it is necessary to support and reinforce the basket ledges by a plurality of approximately radially positioned spokes. ", "This is necessary so that it is sufficiently reliably possible to counteract the effects of the operationally occuring centrifugal forces and the other mechanical stresses, such as vibrations. ", "These reinforcing spokes, however, come into contact with the fine material particles contained in the classifying spent air and are therefore subject to relatively high wear. ", "It can be assumed that this known air classifier has been developed for less abrasive classifying material, as is apparent from the upper particle size limit given for it of 2 to 4 .mu.m, in order to obviate this wear problem. ", "As a result of these particle sizes the classifying air removed contains much lower solids concentrations to which the radial spokes are exposed.", "\nTherefore the last-mentioned, known air classifier would not appear to be suitable for a highly abrasive classifying material, such as sintered alumina, quartz sand or cement clinker in the case of solids concentrations of e.g. 800 to 1200 g/m.sup.3 in the classifier spent air. ", "Particularly when the material to be classified is a particle mixture having serious abrading characteristics, it is scarcely possible to consider continuous operation over several weeks or months without prolonged shutdowns for repairs or renewal of the centrifuge basket.", "\nOn the basis of this prior art, the problem of the present invention is to so design an air classifying process and air classifier for performing it, that the aforementioned disadvantages are avoided and that even in the case of relatively abrasive classifying material a long operating period, in the case of high throughput and improved separation efficiency are achieved, whilst optionally achieving this with a relatively small installation surface for the air classifier." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0018083182640144665, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Sunlight fills every corridor, the exit visible even from the opposite end of the apartment building.", "\n\nIts 60 bedrooms have no doors to shut, but, instead, window-sized wall cutouts to see through to the living room. ", "And the “safe courtyard,” filled with deep-pink rose bushes and shade umbrellas, is open to the sky yet fenced off to prevent outside entry from Federal Boulevard.", "\n\nThe design is unique in Colorado and rare nationally, a “trauma-informed” apartment building that soon will house people who for years have lived on Denver’s streets, in and out of jail, detox and emergency rooms. ", "There are no crevices, nothing that resembles a dark alley or shadowy stairwell.", "\n\n“These are the folks who are really resistant to treatment. ", "They didn’t sign up for it,” said Joann Toney, director of clinical housing services for the Mental Health Center of Denver which will open Sanderson Apartments to its first residents next week.", "\n\nResidents didn’t ask to live at Sanderson. ", "They were chosen by researchers who pored through Denver Police data looking for the city’s persistently homeless and frequently arrested, men and women who are marked as “transient” and have rotated in and out of jail mostly for so-called “homeless” crimes — such as illegal camping, trespassing or public intoxication.", "\n\nThe initial list, compiled by Urban Institute in Washington, D.C., included 4,000 names.", "\n\nThe mental health center received the names, birthdates and recent mugshots of 87 people; the Colorado Coalition for the Homeless received 187, chosen randomly from the 4,000.", "\n\nThe agencies’ task was to find those people on the streets of Denver, either by contacting emergency shelters or walking along river paths, homeless camps and in downtown parks. ", "One man known previously to outreach workers was found in a field behind a 7-Eleven.", "\n\nAfter several months, the two agencies have found 153 people. ", "Many are now housed in one of the Coalition for the Homeless’ 19 buildings, and dozens more will move into Sanderson Apartments, at Federal Boulevard and Iowa Street in southwest Denver, in the coming weeks.", "\n\nResearchers will track their progress and compare it to a control group made up of people identified through the study but not selected for housing.", "\n\nMany of the people found suffer from mental illness and substance abuse — and, in many cases, post-traumatic stress disorder after living for years on the streets. “", "Our purpose is to help them find recovery in whatever way that means to them,” said Takisha Keesee, the mental health center’s program manager for the team tasked with finding them.", "\n\nThe project’s funding is almost as different as Sanderson’s trauma-informed architecture. ", "About $8.6 million in funding comes from the “Denver social impact bond,” in which private companies and philanthropists loaned the money to the mental health center and the homeless coalition to spend as rent subsidies and treatment for residents.", "\n\nThe city pays the money back if the program succeeds in providing stabilized housing and reducing public costs through decreased arrests, jail time, and detox and emergency-room visits, said Tyler Jaeckel, government innovations fellow for the city.", "\n\nDenver taxpayers spend an estimated $7 million each year to cover 14,000 days in jail, 2,200 detox visits, 1,500 arrests and 500 emergency-room visits for 250 chronically homeless people — the number expected to receive housing through the program.", "\n\nMayor Michael Hancock, who attended Thursday’s ceremonial preview of the building and then helped open a 100-bed Catholic Charities emergency women’s shelter in northeast Denver, noted that Scripture teaches that the poor are among us for a purpose. “", "They are meant to teach a lesson in compassion and humility,” he said. “", "As long as I am mayor, we will be a city of compassion.”", "\n\nEach night in Denver, he said, 3,300 people are “without a home,” many of them “stuck in a cycle of going from the streets to jail to detox to the emergency room.”", "\n\n“It’s a cycle,” he said, “that must be broken.”", "\n\nSanderson Apartments is the latest in the city’s “housing first” model, meaning the first step in treatment of mental illness or drug abuse is housing. “", "It’s really hard to get well if you don’t have a place to live,” said Carl Clark, president of the mental health center.", "\n\nEach apartment unit comes with bed linens and towels, bug-resistant mattresses and furniture, and a television. ", "There are no dishwashers — to cut down on maintenance — because for many residents, “letting our maintenance staff in the unit is very hard,” housing director Toney said.", "\n\nPeople who are chronically homeless and have experienced assault, sexual assault or other trauma often remain on the streets because they despise sleeping in the close quarters of emergency shelters, where mats or cots typically are just inches apart. ", "That’s why Sanderson is so airy and filtered with natural light, high ceilings and common areas that have open walls instead of just a doorway.", "\n\nBathrooms have doors that lock. ", "A person can lie in bed and look through to their living room, so they can “see if there is anything to worry about,” Toney said.", "\n\nApartment unit doorways are on the inside of the building, which is next to Torres Mexican restaurant and a preschool. ", "Hallways start wide and grow more narrow, every apartment doorway visible at once. ", "Oriana Sanchez, the mental health center’s director of real estate, found no other trauma-informed building in the nation.", "\n\nThe building has a safety officer and residential counselors, who are ready to answer questions such as “How do I cook a turkey?” ", "or “How do I deal with my loud neighbor?” ", "When residents are ready for mental-health or substance-abuse treatment, caseworkers will invite them to the mental health center east of downtown.", "\n\n“We know we can’t get too much into their business too fast,” Toney said.", "\n\nUnlike many other shelters and housing programs, there are no restrictions regarding drugs and alcohol in private units. ", "Some residents have served prison time. ", "There is no time limit on how long residents can remain in the apartments, and mental health center staff will help those who qualify apply for government housing vouchers, Social Security and disability. ", "Rent will be income-based.", "\n\nCatholic Charities, meanwhile, opened a 100-bed shelter for women in a renovated building northeast of the city Thursday. ", "Women, who make up one-third of Denver’s homeless population, quickly fill downtown shelters.", "\n\nAfter a hot dinner at the Samaritan House downtown, women can board a bus each night to the shelter several miles to the northeast and then return by bus the next morning for breakfast. ", "The location of the shelter, now the largest women-only shelter in Denver, is kept secret because many of the women have lived through domestic violence, said Catholic Charities president Larry Smith.", "\n\nWomen in the emergency shelter can seek a spot in a longer-term housing program, which includes mental health services and help searching for employment." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0.006134969325153374, 0, 0, 0, 0.015463917525773196, 0.022222222222222223, 0.003125, 0.011111111111111112, 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0, 0, 0.00966183574879227, 0, 0, 0.0055248618784530384, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0.00398406374501992, 0, 0.007905138339920948, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0.004878048780487805, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01, 0 ]

[ "Tuesday, May 1, 2012\n\n3A Toys Re-Venture (RVHK2012)\n\nREVENTURE Hong Kong is happening from April 27h to May 4th 2012. ", "Looks like it is set be the annual event from 3A Toys. ", "I just got back from my 3A RVHK trip 5am this morning! ", "Here are sum photos of what great amazing stuff I saw there!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Johnny Boalth Lambertsen har fået grønt lys til at stille op for Pernille Vermunds parti, fortæller han\n\nGodt 10.000 danskere stiller op til kommunalvalget i slutningen af november.", "\n\nÉn af dem hedder Johnny Boalth Lambertsen. ", "Han blev i denne uge offentliggjort som kandidat i Esbjerg Kommune for Nye Borgerlige, der i denne weekend holder årsmøde.", "\n\nI begyndelsen af 2012 opfordrede han til, at problemerne i Odense bydelen Vollsmose løses med en metode tidligere anvendt af verdenshistoriens værste diktatorer.", "\n\n'Vi skal have etniske udrensning hus til hus, det er fandme ved at være for meget'.", "\n\nSådan skrev Johnny Boalth Lambertsen i Facebook-gruppen 'Stop Islamiseringen af Danmark'.", "\n\nEtnisk udrensning er ifølge FN en forbrydelse mod menneskeheden og kan straffes under folkedrabs-konventionen.", "\n\n'Det burde være danskere i vores eget land, der rejser os, og kan politiet ikke finde ud af det sammen med politikerne, så må vi gøre det,' skriver Johnny Boalth Lambertsen desuden.", "\n\nHan foreslog også at oprette særlige 'patruljer' i området.", "\n\n'Så må vi beskytte vores danskere med patruljer, der kan kooridinere indsatser rundt om i området', lød hans forlsag.", "\n\nDe hårde kommentarer kom under et opslag, hvor Johnny Boalth Lambertsen delte en artikel om indbrud i Vollsmose.", "\n\nLang tid siden\n\nKommentarerne er ikke længere er at finde på nettet, da gruppen er blevet lukket.", "\n\nJohnny Boalth Lambertsen siger i dag om sit barske ordvalg:\n\n- Det er så lang tid siden. ", "Det er noget, jeg har lagt bag mig.", "\n\n- Tager du afstand fra dine egne ord?", "\n\n- Ja, det gør jeg da. ", "Der er sket det, at man bliver lidt mere fornuftig.", "\n\n- Hvad har dit nye parti sagt til, at du har ment den slags?", "\n\n- De har sagt, at livet går videre.", "\n\n- Så Pernille Vermund har sagt, at du godt kan stille op, selv om du har haft den slags ytringer?", "\n\n- Ja, åbenbart. ", "Det har jeg fortalt i forbindelse med, at jeg kom ind i partiet.", "\n\n- Hvem har du fortalt det til?", "\n\n- Jeg har sagt det til vores presseansvarlige.", "\n\n- Så du har fået grønt lys til at stille op til byrådet?", "\n\n- Ja, for de ved godt, hvad jeg står for, siger Johnny Boalth Lambertsen.", "\n\nDer skete mange ting dengang\n\n- Hvordan vil du overbevise folk om, at du ikke længere mener den slags?", "\n\n- Jeg vil slet ikke tage del i den del af debatten. ", "Jeg vil satse mere på socialpolitikken og vores skoler.", "\n\n- Men hvad vil du sige, hvis en vælger spørger dig: 'Hvordan, Søren, kunne du finde på at skrive sådan noget?'", "\n\n- Så vil jeg sige det samme, som jeg lige har sagt til dig.", "\n\n- Og det er?", "\n\n- Det er noget, som hører fortiden til.", "\n\n- Så du mener, at når ting er sket i fortiden, så behøver man ikke forklare det nærmere?", "\n\n- Nej, man kan også sige ingen kommentarer...\n\n- Det hører ellers til i den hårdere ende af ting, man kan skrive...\n\n- Hvad kan jeg sige; det hører fortiden til. ", "Man bliver mere sund og fornuftig, som livet skrider frem.", "\n\n- Men kan du ikke sige lidt om, hvordan man kommer hen til at skrive den slags på nettet. ", "Det er kun fem på siden?", "\n\n- Hvis jeg kunne give dig en gyldig grund, så ville jeg kunne svare dig. ", "Der er skete mange ting i mit liv dengang i 10, 11 og 12. ", "Og det er ikke noget jeg graver så meget i. Som sagt så bliver man mere voksen og følsom.", "\n\nLidt mere følsomt. ", "Lidt mere fornuftigt\n\n- Det lyder som om du på daværende tidspunkt havde islam og indvandringen som mærkesag. ", "Det er jo også Nye Borgerliges mærkesag. ", "Du skriver bl.a. ", "dengang af Danmark må rejse sig. ", "Det lyder lidt som Nye Borgerliges retorik. ", "Så hvor er du i dag?", "\n\n- Nu eksisterede Nye Borgerlige ikke på det tidspunkt. ", "Og der er rendt meget vand igennem åerne og søerne siden det tidspunkt. ", "Hvad jeg har sagt og skrevet dengang, det har ikke noget at gøre med dét, jeg stiller op med i dag. ", "Det er med en helt anden forudsætning. ", "En helt anden baggrund. ", "Lidt mere følsomt. ", "Lidt mere fornuftigt.", "\n\n- Men hvis du gerne vil tale socialpolitik, føler du så, at du kan tage ud i socialt belastede boligområdet og blive taget seriøst?", "\n\n- Ja, det vil jeg gøre på et mere sagligt plan, hvor vi skal mødes. ", "Vi skal have fundet en løsning på de problematikker, der er forskellige steder i Danmark.", "Også i Esbjerg.", "\n\nTidligere medlem af kontroversiel gruppe\n\nI Facebook-tråden fra 2012 skriver Nye Borgerlige-kandidaten også, at han er medlem af den kontroversielle højregruppe Stop islamiseringen af Danmark (SIAD), der kalder sig en 'modstandsbevægelse', som åbent kæmper imod islam med demonstrationer og aktioner.", "\n\n'Jeg er med i SIAD og det er jeg stolt af. ", "Jeg er der side by side,' lyder det fra Johnny Boalth Lambertsen.", "\n\nOver for Ekstra Bladet vil Johnny Boalth Lambertsen ikke kommentere sin tilknytning til SIAD. ", "Men gør dog klart, at han ikke længere er en del af gruppen." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.011049723756906077, 0.022222222222222223, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0, 0.02197802197802198, 0, 0.01092896174863388, 0, 0.01680672268907563, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0.02197802197802198, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0.015625, 0, 0, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0.008928571428571428, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0, 0, 0.006097560975609756, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0.08333333333333333, 0.013333333333333334, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0.04878048780487805, 0.058823529411764705, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0.03508771929824561, 0.027777777777777776, 0.01, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0, 0.009933774834437087, 0.022222222222222223, 0.046153846153846156, 0.020833333333333332, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nString Formatting algorithms suggestion\n\nI have following problem:\nInput String 1 : \"A[SPACE]B[SPACE]C[SPACE][SPACE]D[SPACE][SPACE]E\"\nInput String 2 : \"1-\" OR \"1,2\" OR \"3-\"\nIf Input String 2 is 1- then I am supposed to return string from first word\nIf the input string is 3- then i am supposed to return string from 3rd word,\nIf the input string is 1,2 then I am supposed to return word 1 and 2\nOne cannot assume that more than one space is delimiter\nFor example\n3- should return C[SPACE][SPACE]D[SPACE][SPACE]E\nPLEASE CONSIDER [SPACE] as actual space character\n\nA:\n\nYou didn't say what language so... Java!", "\nIt's hacky, and assumes that the inputs are valid, but probably a good starting point\npublic void foo(String input, String q) {\n //First clean up the input string so that all tokens are delimited by one space\n input = input.replaceAll(\" *\", \" \");\n\n String[] inputTokens = input.split(\",\"); \n String[] queries = q.split(\",\");\n for (String query : queries) {\n if (query.endsWith(-)) {\n query = query.replace(\"-\", \"\");\n for (int i = Integer.parseInt(query), i <= inputTokens.length; i++) {\n System.out.println(inputTokens[i]);\n }\n } else {\n System.out.println(inputTokens[Integer.parseInt(query)]);\n }\n }\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0016366612111292963, 0.0015337423312883436 ]

[ "Rep. Bob Inglis of South Carolina, a right-winger who lost his 2010 primary in a landslide to an ultra-right tea party candidate, has become executive director of the Energy and Enterprise Institute. ", "The new think-tank will focus on a \"free-enterprise\" approach to dealing with global warming.", "\n\nYou read that right. ", "Inglis is one of those increasingly rare Republicans who believes that global warming isn't a liberal lie. ", "More than half the incoming Republicans to the House of Representatives in 2010 either deny the actuality of global warming altogether or say nothing should be done about it. ", "Inglis vigorously disagrees with them. ", "But he says environmental advocates and politicians who try to capitalize on the wildfires and heatwaves and droughts now under way in the United States as a means to persuade Americans that global warming is happening will likely have the opposite effect.", "\n\n\n\n\"The thing that would not be helpful is for anybody associated with climate change action to be wagging their finger in Colorado and Texas or wherever it's hot saying, 'See I told you so,'\" Inglis said in a telephone interview. \"", "That is the worst possible thing for anybody wanting climate action to do because then you engender the predictable response of, 'I will show you. ", "I will not budge an inch.'\" [...]", "\n\n\n\nIn fact, deniers are already following the eat-drink-and-be-merry approach when it comes to global warming. ", "Not because they think nothing can be done but because they don't think anything should be. ", "Given politicians' resistance to the facts—out of ignorance or malignance or the flow of campaign cash—persuading them to take action is a no-win proposition. ", "The energy oligarchs, too, are for the most part unconvinceable. ", "The solution in both cases: Topple them.", "\n\nThe energy institute's solution is altogether different: Get rid of all energy subsidies and let the \"magic\" of the marketplace do its work with the true costs of energy charged to every source. ", "While the idea of requiring health and environmental costs to be attached to all sources of energy makes very good sense—something that activists have been saying since the 1970s—there's a problem with the institute's stance on subsidies. ", "The so-called leveling of the playing field only sounds fair.", "\n\nIt ignores the residual impact of a more than 100 years worth of subsidies to fossil fuels, 75 years to hydropower and 60 years to nukes. ", "But for a brief period during and after Jimmy Carter's term in the presidency, renewable energy sources have received subsidies for only 20 years. ", "Those sources are only just now reaching a take-off point.", "\n\nTo be sure, a century is far too long for an energy source to be subsidized, especially a subsidy whose ultimate impact is killing people with pollution. ", "But Inglis's proposal would demand that wind, solar, geothermal sink or swim on their own just at a time when subsidies are on the verge of doing for these renewable sources what fossil-fuel subsidies did for those sources over many decades. ", "The full outcome of the institute's approach is uncertain, but it certainly would slow down a commitment to renewables just when we should be in acceleration mode.", "\n\n\n\nBlast from the Past. ", "At Daily Kos on this date in 2003:\n\n\n\nWe now know that current estimates of the cost of the Iraq War have reached $3.9 Billion a month, double of what we were told it would be. ", "But given the horribly wrong estimates that the Bush Administration has made so far, this is hardly a shock. ", "But there is another, more personal, cost of war which is being felt in both Iraq and at home. ", "Parents wait daily for news of their children, participating in a horrible lottery where their perfectly healthy child will return to them crippled or killed, with the announcement of another death causes quiet dread. ", "Every time they hear of another soldier shot, they hold their breath ... for another 12 hours. “", "That's how long it seems to take them to notify the families,” said David Campo of Waterford, whose little brother Peter is patrolling the streets of Baghdad with the 82nd Airborne. “", "You keep your eye on the phone and hope nobody calls.”", "\n\nTweet of the Day:\n\n\n\n@pareene via web What if Romney picks Rice and Obama picks Hillary and then McCain runs again and picks Lieberman and Kerry primaries Obama and picks McCain\n\nTune in Monday to Friday from 9-11 AM ET for Daily Kos Radio, hosted by David Waldman a/k/a KagroX. You can listen here . ", "You can hear today's podcast featuring DemFromCT and Jon Perr (aka Avenging Angel) talking about the onion layers of Mitt Romney at Bain Capital here\n\nHigh Impact Posts. ", "Top Comments." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.01, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0.005714285714285714, 0, 0, 0.004291845493562232, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0, 0.004132231404958678, 0, 0, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0.039603960396039604, 0.01764705882352941, 0 ]

[ "We'll help you vote by mail in your state\n\nMake sure that you’re registered to vote\n\nSay you’ll vote in every election and help three friends do the same\n\nTake the first step to make your voice heard\n\nYour work can make all the difference. ", "Take the next step with When We All Vote by volunteering, starting a voter registration program in your community, or partnering with us.", "\n\nDonate to\n\nWhen We All Vote\n\nYour contribution will help us build a team to get people registered and out to vote. ", "We can’t do it without you.", "\n\nWhen We All Vote is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, and donations are tax-deductible to the full extent provided by law." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Greenpoint Avenue station\n\nGreenpoint Avenue is a station on the IND Crosstown Line of the New York City Subway. ", "Located at the intersection of Greenpoint and Manhattan Avenues in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, it is served by the G train at all times.", "\n\nStation layout\n\nThis underground station, opened on August 19, 1933, has two tracks and two side platforms. ", "Both platforms have a green trim line on a black border and name tablets reading \"GREENPOINT AVE.\" ", "in white sans serif font on a black background and green border. ", "Directly below the trim line are name captions reading \"GREENPT\" in white lettering on a black background, shortened due to the length of \"GREENPOINT.\" ", "Directional signs are below the name tablets and green columns run along both platforms at regular intervals with every other one having the standard black name plate in white lettering.", "\n\nThis is the northernmost station on the IND Crosstown Line in Brooklyn. ", "To the north, the line goes under Newtown Creek into Long Island City, Queens.", "\n\nAs part of the 2015–2019 MTA Capital Program, elevators will be added to the platforms and street, which would make the station fully compliant with accessibility guidelines under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. ", "Construction would start in September 2018 and be completed 28 months later, in January 2021. ", "There would be three elevators: one from the mezzanine to street level, on the eastern side of Manhattan Avenue north of Greenpoint Avenue, and one to each platform. ", "The project is expected to cost $23.4 million.", "\n\nExits\nThe station's full-time entrance/exit is at the south end, which is the more heavily used of the station's two entry-exit points. ", "The large mezzanine above the platforms and tracks has three staircases to each side with directional mosaics reading \"Brooklyn\" and \"L. I. City and Jamaica\" and green columns. ", "Outside the turnstile bank, there is a token booth and three staircases going up to all corners of Manhattan and Greenpoint Avenues except the northeast one. ", " G trains, which are about half the length of the platform, stop near the south end of the station.", "\n\nBoth platforms have an unstaffed, same-level fare control area at their north ends. ", "Each side has one exit-only turnstile, two High Entry/Exit Turnstiles, and one staircase going up to the south side of India Street and Manhattan Avenue. ", "The one on the Queens-bound side goes up to the southeast corner while the one on the Church Avenue-bound side goes up to the southwest corner.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n Station Reporter — G Train\n The Subway Nut — Greenpoint Avenue Pictures\n Greenpoint Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View\n India Street entrance from Google Maps Street View\n Platforms from Google Maps Street View\n\nCategory:IND Crosstown Line stations\nCategory:New York City Subway stations in Brooklyn\nCategory:New York City Subway stations located underground\nCategory:Railway stations opened in 1933\nCategory:1933 establishments in New York (state)\nCategory:Greenpoint, Brooklyn" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.008849557522123894, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0.01282051282051282, 0.004405286343612335, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006329113924050633, 0, 0, 0, 0.013986013986013986, 0.0019157088122605363 ]

[ "---\nabstract: |\n Applying the seminal work of Bose in 1924 on what was later known as Bose-Einstein statistics, Einstein predicted in 1925 that at sufficiently low temperatures, a macroscopic fraction of constituents of a gas of bosons will drop down to the lowest available energy state, forming a ‘giant molecule’ or a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), described by a ‘macroscopic wavefunction’. ", "In this article we show that when the BEC of ultralight bosons extends over cosmological length scales, it can potentially explain the origins of both dark matter and dark energy. ", "We speculate on the nature of these bosons.\\\n \\\n [**Invited review written for the special issue of [*Physics News*]{} on the occasion of 125${}^{th}$ birthday anniversary of S. N. Bose.** ]{}", "\nauthor:\n- Saurya Das $^1$\n- 'R. K. Bhaduri $^2$'\ntitle: '[Bose-Einstein condensate in cosmology]{}'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nTwo of the enduring mysteries in cosmology are dark matter (DM) and dark energy (DE). ", "Whereas DM holds the rotating galaxies together, DE makes the expanding universe accelerate. ", "In accounting for the distribution of mass/energy in the universe, visible hadronic matter and radiation contribute only about five percent, DM about twenty five percent, while the rest, a whopping seventy percent, comes from DE [^1]. ", "To start with, the constituents of DE are not known, despite viable candidates such as the cosmological constant and a dynamical scalar field [@dereview1; @dereview2]. ", "The constituents of DM are not known either. ", "There has been many studies invoking weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) that may form cold DM. ", "Not only does it have shortcomings in reproducing the DM density profiles within a galaxy, no such particle has been experimentally found. ", "Other DM candidates include solitons, massive compact (halo) objects, primordial black holes, gravitons etc. ", "They have similar shortcomings [@dmreview1; @dmreview2].", "\n\nGiven that DM is all-pervading, cold and dark, and clumped near galaxies, we pose the following question: can it be a giant BEC, of cosmological length scales? ", "Following the paper by Bose which laid the foundations of Bose-Einstein statistics [@bose], Einstein predicted that a gas of bosons will form a BEC at sufficiently low temperatures [@einstein]. ", "Here we show that following an earlier proposal by the current authors [@db1],\\\n(i) a sea of weakly interacting light bosons can form a BEC, preserving large scale homogeneity and isotropy, and be a viable DM candidate, as long as the mass of each constituent does not exceed a few $eV/c^2$ [^2], and\\\n(ii) the quantum potential associated with the above BEC can also explain DE.", "\n\nNote that in a BEC, the bosons are in the lowest energy state that is nearly at zero energy, even if outside the condensate the bosons are highly relativistic due to its low mass. ", "We should point out that BEC model for DM has been studied by many authors in the past. ", "For example, one can consider a scalar field dark matter (SFDM) that invokes spin zero ultralight bosons whose Compton wave length spans cosmic distances [@Hu2000; @Lopez; @Bohua]. ", "For previous studies of superfluids and BEC in cosmology see [@sudarshan; @khlo1; @khlo2; @morikawa; @moffat; @wang; @boehmer; @sikivie; @chavanis; @dvali; @houri; @kain; @suarez; @ebadi; @laszlo1; @bettoni; @gielen; @schive; @davidson; @casadio1; @casadio2]. ", "But as mentioned earlier, the novel aspect of our model is that it also provides us with a viable source of DE. ", "In this semi-technical article, we present the bulk of our work in an elementary fashion using Newtonian dynamics, after staging the backdrop of the cosmological model. ", "A more rigorous derivation of essentially the same results using general relativity will be presented in the Appendix.", "\n\nCosmology\n=========\n\nTo put the problem in perspective, we quickly review an elementary description of cosmology. ", "On scales of about $300$ Mpc or higher [^3], the distribution of matter in the visible universe is found to be homogeneous and isotropic to a very high degree, about $1$ part in $10^5$. One can assume this matter to be a perfect fluid, described by the equation of state $p=w\\rho c^2$, where $p$ and $\\rho$ are its pressure and density respectively. ", "The constant $w$ characterizes the fluid, e.g. $w=0$ for baryonic matter (i.e. galaxies etc) and dark matter (both being non-relativistic for which $\\langle v^2 \\rangle/c^2 \\approx 0$), $w=1/3$ for relativistic matter (such as cosmic microwave photons and neutrinos) and $w=-1$ for a substance which exerts negative pressure and as we shall see later, makes the universe accelerate (e.g. dark energy, cosmological constant and a scalar field). ", "Moreover, by observing the red shift in deep space, Hubble found that distant stars and galaxies were receding from each other, with the speed of recession proportional to their distance. ", "This meant that (along the line of sight) $\\dot{r}=H r$, where H is independent of $r$, but can be a function of time $t$. We can therefore write $r=r_0~a(t)$ where $r_0$ has the dimension of length, and $a(t)$ is the so-called scale factor, which characterizes all distance scales in the universe including distance between galaxies at any given point of time. ", "Therefore the Hubble “constant” $H \\equiv \\dot{a}/a$ has the dimension of inverse time. ", "Clearly, $H>0$ for an expanding universe, and vice-versa. ", "The most general spacetime metric consistent with the observed large-scale homogeneity and isotropy is of the following form, also known as the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric, and written in spherical polar coordinates: $$\\begin{aligned}\nds^2= c^2 dt^2-a^2(t)\\left( \\frac{dr^2}{1-\\kappa r^2} + r^2 (d\\theta^2 + \\sin^2\\theta d\\phi^2) \\right)~,\n\\label{metric1}\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\kappa=0,1,-1$ for spatially flat, positive curvature (a three-sphere) and negative curvature (a three-dimensional saddle) respectively [@weinberg]. ", "Further, it has also been determined from the Supernova and other observations that the spatial part of the universe at any given epoch in time is flat, i.e. $\\kappa=0$ in Eq.(\\[metric1\\]) [@perlmutter; @riess]. ", "This implies that the universe is and has always been of infinite extent and without a boundary. ", "$\\kappa=-1$ also means an infinite universe, while $\\kappa=1$ signifies a closed and finite-sized universe with no boundaries. ", "As we shall show in the next section, $\\kappa=0$ implies that the total effective density $\\rho=\\rho_{crit}$, where $\\rho_{crit} \\equiv 3H^2/8\\pi G$ is known as the critical density. ", "In the present epoch, substituing $H=H_0$ the current Hubble parameter, one gets $\\rho_{crit} \\approx 10^{-26}~kg/m^3.$ In the adjoining Fig.1, we show how the time-slices can be made at various times to show the expanding space as time advances. ", "If light of wavelength $\\lambda_e$ is emitted at time $t$ and observed at a later time by a comoving observer (i.e. an observer in whose frame the universe appears homogeneous and isotropic), it is found to have a larger wave length $\\lambda_0$, since the wave length stretches out with the scale factor $a(t)$. We can then write the ratio $${\\lambda_0/\\lambda_e}=a_0/a_e \\equiv 1+z~,$$ where $z>0$ for red shift. ", "One can make an estimate of the age of the universe by assuming that it has been expanding (approximately) linearly with time at its present rate from the beginning. ", "Under this approximation, and ignoring quantum effects in the very early universe, one can define the beginning or the moment of the big bang when the scale factor was zero, and the density of the universe was infinite. ", "One can then define a Hubble length $L_0=c/H_0$, where the subscript zero signifies the present values. ", "The size of the visible universe is identified as $L_0$. Using the present value of the Hubble constant of about $70$ km/s/Mpc, we get the age of the universe to be $13.8 \\times 10^9$ years, and its size $L_0$ to be $1.3 \\times 10^{26}$ meters.", "\n\n\n\n. ", "\\[solution\\]\n\nNewtonian Cosmology\n-------------------\n\nWe now describe the dynamics of the expanding universe in terms of a simplified Newtonian model, which as we shall see captures the essential ingredients. ", "Consider a sphere of mass $M$ and radius $r$ with uniform density $\\rho$ anywhere in a homogeneous and isotropic universe, and a point mass $m$ on its surface. ", "Using Newton’s second law, we get $$m \\ddot{r}=-G~M~m/r^2.$$ Using the relation that $M=\\frac{4 \\pi}{3} \\rho r^3$ and $r=r_0~a(t)$, we get $$\\frac{\\ddot{a}}{a}= -\\frac{4 \\pi G \\rho}{3}~.\n\\label{fried1}$$ In the cosmic fluid model, it is the stress energy tensor that is important (or more accurately its trace, or sum of its diagonal elements), rather than the mass density $\\rho$. In the comoving frame, only the diagonal elements $T_{\\mu\\mu}/c^2=(\\rho,p/c^2,p/c^2,p/c^2)$ are nonzero, where $p$ refers to pressure. ", "We then obtain $$\\frac{\\ddot{a}}{a}=-\\frac{4 \\pi G}{3} \\left(\\rho + \\frac{3p}{c^2} \\right)\n\\label{cos5}$$ The above equation shows that there is deceleration due to gravity alone. ", "This is to be expected since gravity is an attractive force. ", "Measurements of red shifts from very distant type 1a supernovae explosions show however that $\\ddot{a}>0$, i.e. the universe is not just expanding, but also accelerating [@perlmutter; @riess]. ", "This could happen if we introduce a repulsive potential that overcomes the attractive gravitational force at very large distances. ", "This could arise from Einstein’s equation with a cosmological constant $\\Lambda$ [@Rindler]. ", "The starting equation of motion is then given by $$\\ddot{r}= - \\frac{GM}{r^2} + \\frac{\\Lambda c^2~r}{3}~.$$ The corresponding potential is (this also follows from the identification of the potential $\\frac{V(r)}{m}\n= - |g_{00}-1|c^2/2$, where one reads off $g_{00}$ from the metric of de Sitter space): $$\\frac{V(r)}{m}\n= -\\frac{GM}{r} - \\frac{\\Lambda c^2r^2}{6}~.\n\\label{cos1}$$ Then including the cosmological term, Eq.(\\[cos5\\]) gets modified to $$\\frac{\\ddot{a}}{a}=-\\frac{4\\pi G}{3} \\left(\\rho+ \\frac{3p}{c^2} \\right)+\\frac{1}{3}\\Lambda c^2~.\n\\label{cos6}$$ As one can see from the above, a sufficiently large and positive $\\Lambda$ would result in $\\ddot a>0$, i.e. an accelerating universe, just as observed.", "\n\nFurther, using the first law of thermodynamics for isentropic expansion, namely $dU+pdv=TdS=0$ (where $U$ is the internal energy, $v \\propto a^3$ the volume, $T$ the temperature and $S$ the entropy) and the equation of state $U=\\rho v$, one gets $\\dot \\rho + 3(p+\\rho) \\dot a/a =0$. Using Eq.(\\[cos6\\]) to eliminate $p$, one obtains $$H^2=\\left( \\frac{\\dot{a}}{a} \\right)^2= \\frac{8\\pi G \\rho}{3} + \\frac{\\Lambda c^2}{3}\n- \\frac{\\kappa c^2}{a^2} ~,\n\\label{frw2}$$ where the integration constant $\\kappa$ is $+1,0,-1$ for spatial curvature to be positive, flat, or negative. ", "The above equation can be conveniently written as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Omega(t) - 1 = \\frac{\\kappa}{(aH)^2}~,\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\Omega(t) \\equiv \\rho(t)/\\rho_{crit}$, $\\rho(t)$ being the total effective density of matter, radiation and the cosmological constant at any epoch, and as mentioned earlier $\\rho_c \\equiv 3H^2/8\\pi G$. Thus, $\\rho=\\rho_b+\\rho_{DM}+\\rho_{\\Lambda}$, where $\\rho_{\\Lambda}=\n\\Lambda c^2/(8\\pi G)$. Here $\\rho_b$ is for visible baryonic matter or radiation, $\\rho_{DM}$ is for DM, and $\\rho_{\\Lambda}$ is for DE [@weinberg]. ", "In the simplest situation (with no intervening medium), knowing the absolute luminosity of the source, and measuring its apparent luminosity should allow one to figure out how far it is from the observer. ", "There is an added complication however, because the intervening medium has different components of densities $\\rho_M, \\rho_b, \\rho_\\Lambda$ evolving with different $z$-dependences, as light reaches the observer from the source. ", "One has to integrate the square rooted Eq.(\\[frw2\\]) to find out the contributions of the densities to get the “luminosity distance\", or the effective distance from the source taking into account all intervening matter. ", "When this distance is plotted against the red shift $z$ for ‘standard candles’ such as Supernovae 1a (whose intrinsic luminosities are known to a high degree of accuracy), the best fit is found for $\\rho_\\Lambda/\\rho_{crit}=0.70, \\rho_{DM}/\\rho_{crit}=0.25, \\rho_b/\\rho_{crit}=0.05$. Further, since high $z$ measurements show $\\kappa=0$, and $\\Lambda >0$, one has $\\rho=\\rho_{crit}$ exactly [*and for all*]{} epochs! ", "This is another mystery in itself, which theories such as inflation attempt to resolve [@inflation]. ", "We will not address this here. ", "One can now write Eq.(\\[frw2\\]) as $$H^2=\\frac{8\\pi G \\rho_{crit}}{3}\n\\label{frw3}$$ From the above, one gets the cosmological constant $\\Lambda= 8\\pi G \\rho_\\Lambda/c^2 =10^{-52}~(meter)^{-2}.$ Before we link this tiny constant to quantum corrections to the classical GR equations, we elaborate on our model of BEC in cosmology.", "\n\nBEC in Cosmology\n================\n\nWe conjecture that there are ultra light bosons that span our universe, their Compton wavelength is comparable to the size of the visible universe, and that a BEC of these bosons constitute DM. ", "We will discuss about the nature of these bosons later. ", "First consider the case where the bosons are their own antiparticles, e.g. for bosons with no charge.", "\n\nTo check if these bosons can indeed form a BEC, we first compute their critical temperature $T_c$ and compare it with the ambient temperature of the universe, that of the all pervading cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) at any epoch $T(a)=(2.7/a)$ K (we assume $a=1$ in the current epoch). ", "A bath of bosons forms a BEC if its temperature falls below the critical temperature [^4]. ", "Therefore if $T(a)<T_c$ at some epoch, then a BEC of these bosons would form at that epoch, and if the inequality holds for future epochs, then the BEC will continue to exist. ", "The boson must have a mass, however small. ", "In a BEC, the average inter-particle distance $(N/v)^{-1/3}$ (where $N=$ total number of bosons in volume $v$) is comparable or smaller than the thermal de Broglie wavelength $hc/(k_B T)$, such that quantum effects start to dominate. ", "Identifying this temperature of a bosonic gas to the critical temperature $T_c$, we get $k_B T_c \\simeq h c (N/v)^{1/3}$. A more careful calculation for ultra-relativistic weakly interacting bosons with a tiny mass gives [@brack; @grether; @fujita] $$\\begin{aligned}\nT_c = \\frac{\\hbar c}{k_B} \\left( \\frac{N \\pi^2}{v \\eta \\zeta(3)} \\right)^{1/3}~.\n%= \\frac{\\hbar c}{k_B} \\le( \\frac{N \\pi^2}{V_0 \\eta \\zeta(3)} \\ri)^{1/3} \\frac{1}{a}\n%\\equiv \\frac{T_{c0}}{a}\n\\label{tc1}\\end{aligned}$$\n\n\n\n. ", "\\[solution\\]\n\nIn the above $N=N_B + N_R$, $N_B$ being the number of bosons in the BEC, and $N_R$ outside it, both consisting of bosons of small mass as discussed earlier, $\\eta$ is the polarization factor (which is $1$ for scalars and $5$ for massive gravitons) and $\\zeta(3) \\approx 1.2$. Also $L=L_0 a$ is the Hubble radius and $v=L^3=L_0^3 a^3 \\equiv v_0 a^3$. (subscript $0$ here and in subsequent expressions denote current epoch, when as we mentioned earlier $a=1$). ", "Note that for boson temperature $T<T_c$, a BEC will necessarily form [@bhaduricjp]. ", "As stated before, identifying the BEC of bosons all in their ground states with zero momenta and only rest energies with DM in any epoch (i.e. $N \\simeq N_B$), one gets $N_B/v= \\rho_{DM}/m =0.25 \\rho_{crit}/ma^3$ Then from Eq.(\\[tc1\\]) and the relation $T(a)<T_c$ one obtains $$\\begin{aligned}\nT_c = \\frac{4.9}{m^{1/3}~ a}~K~,\n\\label{tc2}\\end{aligned}$$ ($m$ in $eV/c^2$ in the above). ", "Note that both $T_c$ in Eq.(\\[tc2\\]) and the CMBR temperature $T(a)$ scale as $1/a$, the inverse of the scale factor. ", "Therefore $T(a)<T_c$ gives $m<6~eV/c^2$ (or about $m<10^{-35}$ kg), independent of $a$. In other words, for a gas of bosons which weigh a few electron volts or less, its critical temperature will always exceed the temperature of the universe, it will form a BEC at very early epochs and is a viable DM candidate. ", "Having little or no momentum in the BEC, they will behave as cold dark matter (CDM). ", "Furthermore, $m=10^{-32}~eV/c^2$, the boson mass required for its quantum potential to account for the observed cosmological constant is well within the above bound! ", "Fig.2 shows the proportion of bosons in the BEC ($N_B$) and that outside the BEC ($N_R$) at any temperature $0 \\leq T \\leq T_c$. As the universe temperature drops (towards the left of the diagram), more and more bosons drop to the BEC and in the far future, almost all are in the BEC state.", "\n\nWe would like to point out that our results are robust and do not change much, even if we consider the case when the bosons and their antiparticles (antibosons) are identifiable (this can happen even for neutral bosons if they have a hidden quantum number). ", "In this case, computing the critical temperature [@grether; @Haber] and comparing with $T(a)$, one obtains $m<2.4\\times 10^{-2}~eV/c^2$ for BEC to form in the present epoch and a larger upper bound at earlier epochs. ", "The corresponding number for non-relativistic bosons obtained from its critical temperature [@landau] is $m<3.8\\times 10^{-3}~eV/c^2$. In either case, the mass required for DE is included in the above bounds. ", "We note however that the $a$-dependences of $T_c$ are different in these cases, for which a BEC made up of these constituents would fragment in the far future.", "\n\nDE and Quantum Potential\n========================\n\nWe noted in Eq.(\\[cos1\\]) that the repulsive term arose from the cosmological constant $\\Lambda$. We shall now show that in our model this term, responsible for DE comes from the simplest quantum correction in the trajectory of the bosons in the BEC. ", "A key point is that every boson in the BEC has the same wave function. ", "Furthermore, once inside the BEC, the bosons, however light, are slow and non-relativistic. ", "This makes it possible to use the single particle wave function $\\Psi$ that obeys the one-body Schrödinger equation (our arriving at the same results using the relativistic wave equation in the Appendix confirms this) $$-\\frac{\\hbar^2}{2m} \\nabla^2 \\Psi + V \\Psi = i\\hbar\\frac{\\partial \\Psi}{\\partial t}.", "\n\\label{cos2}$$ Let us write $\\Psi$ as $$\\Psi (\\vec r,t)={\\cal R} \\exp (iS/\\hbar)~,$$ where ${\\cal R} (\\vec r,t)$ and $S (\\vec r,t)$ are real functions. ", "We then obtain $$-\\frac{\\partial S}{\\partial t}=\\frac{(\\nabla S)^2}{2m}+ V(r)\n-\\frac{\\hbar^2}{2m}\n\\frac{\\nabla^2 {\\cal R}}{{\\cal R}}~,\n\\label{cos3}$$ and the continuity equation $$\\frac{\\partial \\rho}{\\partial t}+\\nabla.(\\rho \\frac{\\nabla S}{m})=0~,$$ with $\\rho={\\cal R}^2$. If the last term in Eq.(\\[cos3\\]) $$V_Q=-\\frac{\\hbar^2}{2 m}\n\\frac{\\nabla^2 {\\cal R}}{{\\cal R}}\n\\label{cos4}$$ is omitted, we are left with the classical Hamilton-Jacobi equation, giving rise to the standard Newtonian trajectories for the constituent particles. ", "Note that $v (\\vec r,t)\\equiv (\\hbar/m)\\vec\\nabla S$ can be identified with the ‘velocity field’, tangent to the streamline at any point within the BEC. ", "Inclusion of the ‘quantum potential’ term (\\[cos4\\]) on the other hand gives rise to ‘quantal trajectories’ or Bohmian trajectories for the constituents (named after its discoverer David Bohm). ", "These are ${\\cal O}(\\hbar^2)$ corrections to the Newtonian trajectories which become important at short distances (when quantum effects are expected to dominate) and indeed reproduce the results of all quantum experiments, such as the interference patterns in a double slit experiment. ", "This interpretation of quantum mechanics, albeit not the most popular one, is perfectly equivalent to the standard ones, and offers a novel and useful picture in many situations, such as the current one [@bohm; @holland].", "\n\nNext, it was shown by one of the current authors that inclusion of the quantum potential $V_Q$ resulted in the ‘Quantum Raychaudhuri equation’ $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{d\\theta}{dt} = -\\frac{1}{3} \\theta^2 + \\frac{\\hbar^2}{2m^2} \\nabla^2\n\\left( \\frac{1}{{\\cal R}}~\\nabla^2 {\\cal R} \\right)~,\n\\label{qre1}\\end{aligned}$$ where the expansion $\\theta$ measured the fractional change of cross sectional area of a pencil of trajectories, as one moves along them. ", "In the absence of quantum corrections, this equation with its negative definite term in the right hand side predicts $\\theta \\rightarrow -\\infty$ for some finite time $t=t_0$. In other words, particle trajectories in the presence of gravity converge in a finite time. ", "While this is expected since gravity is universally attractive, the result has profound consequences for the nature of spacetime and the theory of relativity itself, as we shall briefly touch upon in the Appendix. ", "Since the expansion or contraction of the universe can also be described in terms of divergence or convergence of particle trajectories (those of the perfect fluid), the Friedmann equations of cosmology can also be derived from the Raychaudhuri equation via the identification $\\theta = 3\\dot a/a$ [@akrbook]. ", "From the quantum Raychaudhuri equation above on the other hand, one obtains the quantum corrected Friedmann equation [@das1; @das2] $$\\frac{\\ddot{a}}{a}=-\\frac{4\\pi G}{3}(\\rho+\\frac{3p}{c^2}) + \\frac{\\hbar^2}{6 m^2}~\n\\nabla^2\n\\left(\n\\frac{\\nabla^2 {\\cal R}}{{\\cal R}}\n\\right)~.$$ Comparing with Eq.(\\[cos6\\]), we write $$\\Lambda_Q=\n\\frac{\\hbar^2}{2 m^2 c^2}~\n\\nabla^2 \\left(\n\\frac{\\nabla^2 {\\cal R}}{{\\cal R} }\n\\right)\n=-\\frac{1}{mc^2}~\\nabla^2 V_Q~.\n\\label{lambdaq}$$ Note that we have included a subscript $Q$ to $\\Lambda$ above to emphasize that it comes from quantum corrected boson trajectories, rather than from the vacuum. ", "To estimate $\\Lambda_Q$, we go back to Eq.(\\[cos1\\]) and assume a slowly varying matter density $\\rho_{crit}$. Then Eq.(\\[fried1\\]) can be written as: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\ddot a + \\omega^2 a=0~,\n\\label{ho2}\\end{aligned}$$ i.e. an harmonic oscillator with angular frequency $\\omega^2 = H_0^2/2=1/(2L_0^2)$. Taking the harmonic potential $V$ in Eq.(\\[cos2\\]), we obtain the ground state wavefunction $$\\begin{aligned}\n%{\\cal R}\n\\Psi(r,t)=R(a)~e^{-r^2/\\sigma^2}e^{-iE_0t/\\hbar}~.\n\\label{becpsi}\\end{aligned}$$ That is, ${\\cal R}=R(a)~e^{-r^2/\\sigma^2},~S=-E_0t$ in the above. ", "Also $\\sigma^2=2\\hbar/m\\omega= 2\\sqrt[]{2}\\lambda L_0$, $\\lambda=\\hbar/mc$ is the Compton wavelength of the constituent bosons and $E_0=\\hbar\\omega/2$ is the ground state energy. ", "There is an intrinsic time dependence in the scale factor $a$, which we assume to be slowly varying. ", "Furthermore, the normalization is chosen as $R(a)=R_0/[a(t)]^{3/2}$, such that $\\rho_{crit}\\propto R_0^2$, the DM density $\\rho \\propto |{\\cal R}|^2 \\propto 1/a^3$ and BEC particle number is conserved in time. ", "Note that the length scale $\\sigma$ remains constant in time, and the spread of the BEC wavefunction is entirely accounted for by $R(a)$. A little algebra then gives $$\\begin{aligned}\nV_Q &&\n%=\\frac{\\hbar^2}{2m \\sigma^2} \\left(6-\\frac{4r^2}{\\sigma^2}\\right)\n= \\frac{3}{2}~\\hbar\\omega - \\frac{1}{2} m\\omega^2 r^2 \\label{vqho} \\\\\n%\n&& = \\frac{3\\hbar^2}{m\\sigma^2} - \\frac{2\\hbar^2 r^2}{m\\sigma^4}\n~.\\end{aligned}$$ Either comparing this with Eq.(\\[cos1\\]) or from direct computation using Eq.(\\[lambdaq\\]), we get $$\\Lambda_Q=\n12 \\left(\\frac{\\hbar}{mc} \\right)^2\\frac{1}{\\sigma^4}\n= \\frac{12\\lambda^2}{\\sigma^4}\n= \\frac{3}{2 L_0^2}\n\\label{lambda10}$$ That is, the small observable cosmological constant is induced via quantum corrections. ", "Note that the normalization $R(a)$ or the phase $e^{-iE_0t/\\hbar}$ in Eq.(\\[becpsi\\]) plays no role in above. ", "The above mechanism explains why it is positive (the quantum potential is positive), small (it is proportional to $\\hbar^2$ or $1/L_0^2$, both tiny quantities) and offers a resolution of the so-called ‘coincidence problem, on the approximate equality of DM and DE - this is simply because the quantum potential (DE) induced in a harmonic oscillator is equal and opposite to the classical harmonic potential (DM), as can be seen from Eq.(\\[vqho\\]).", "\n\nAs for the mass $m$, we consider the following two cases. ", "First, if the constituent bosons are gravitons, then as explained below, $m=10^{-68}$ kg or $10^{-32}eV/c^2$. Comparing with the results of the previous section, we see that this is well within the range of values of $m$ required for the bosons to form a BEC and hence a DM candidate. ", "Next, we consider the mass preferred by fuzzy cold DM or ultralight scalar particles $m\\approx 10^{-22}eV/c^2$, e.g. [@hu; @marsh; @marsh2]. ", "BEC mass of this order is also supported by some recent work in which DM density profiles of a BEC derived from the Gross-Pitaevskii was matched with that from a number of galaxies [@laszlo2]. ", "In this case, in addition to being in the required range for the BEC to form, this mass facilitates the formation of observed DM halos at galaxy scales. ", "The extent of the BEC in this case is $\\sigma \\approx 10^{-5} L_0$. Bose condensation is crucial in this picture, as it is only then that every boson has the same wave function, and the problem reduces to a one body equation, leading to the quantum potential.", "\n\nWhat could be these bosons in the condensate? ", "First, we consider massive gravitons. ", "Although gravitons derived from general relativity are massless, there has been considerable progress recently, both in the theoretical and experimental fronts, in having a consistent picture of massive gravitons in extensions of general relativity. ", "They all in fact predict a graviton mass which is consistent with the allowed values in our work; see for example [@graviton; @zwicky; @mann; @mukhanov; @oda; @derham; @hassan; @massive1; @massive2; @derham2; @hinterbichler; @majid; @anupam; @gravmassreview]. ", "It was also shown recently that observations and theory impose stringent bounds on graviton mass to the above value of $10^{-32}~eV/C^2$ [@alidasgrf]. ", "The second possibility is axions. ", "Although axions were originally proposed to solve the strong CP problem in quantum chromodynamics, they also arise in the context of string theory, and have long been advocated as DM candidates [@axion1; @axion2; @axion3; @axion4]. ", "BEC of axionic DM have also been explored in [@sikivie]. ", "Axion mass depends on the form of the action considered and couplings therein, but masses in the range ${\\cal O}(10^{-32}-10^{-22})~eV/c^2$ are not ruled out [@marsh; @marsh2]. ", "Experiments to detect axionic DM are also in progress [@admx]. ", "It must be kept in mind however that until detected, axions remain as hypothetical particles, requiring extension of the otherwise well-tested standard model of particle physics, with their masses and couplings put in by hand. ", "Finally, as shown in [@dasssb1; @dasssb2], a Higgs type field in the spontaneous symmetry breaking in general relativity is another potential candidate for the constituent bosons.", "\n\nTo summarize, we have shown in this article that a BEC of ultralight bosons can account for the DM content of our universe, while its associated quantum potential can account for DE. ", "Our results are based on a few assumptions, namely the existence of a BEC of light bosons spreading over cosmological distance scales and described by a slowly varying macroscopic wavefunction. ", "The form of the wavefunction (a Gaussian with a specific time-dependent amplitude, and repetitions thereof) ensures the correct time-dependence of DM density and that it is consistent with the observed large scale homogeneity and isotropy of the universe. ", "While the main ideas here were described in an earlier paper by the authors [@db1], there the issue of homogeneity and isotropy of the BEC was not examined. ", "Furthermore, in this article we have explained the precise time-dependence of the BEC wavefunction as well as its width ($\\sigma$) at any given point in time, and included the possibility of another boson as the BEC constituents, namely a gravitational-Higgs. ", "Our model is robust and expected to survive even when potential quantum corrections to spacetime itself in the very early universe are taken into account. ", "The small deviations of the wavefunction from a constant, over cosmological length scales may have observational consequences. ", "We hope that this and other testable predictions of our model will emerge in the near future.", "\n\nSince the Friedmann equation, which the guiding equation of cosmology, can be derived from the Raychaudhuri equation, we start with the recently derived quantum corrected Raychaudhuri equation, obtained by replacing geodesics with quantal (Bohmian) trajectories [@bohm], associated with a wavefunction $\\psi={\\cal R}e^{iS}$ of the fluid or condensate filling our universe (${\\cal R} (x^\\alpha), S (x^a)=$ real). ", "Using this, one can define the four velocity field $u_a = (\\hbar/m) \\partial_a S$, and expansion $\\theta=Tr(u_{a;b}) = h^{ab} u_{a;b},~h_{ab}=g_{ab}-u_au_b$, where $a=0,1,2,3$, with $0$ signifying the time coordinate and the others the space coordinates [@das1] [(Note that we use the metric signature $(-,+,+,+)$ here, as opposed to $(+,-,-,-)$ in [@das1], resulting in opposite sign of the $\\hbar^2$ terms. ", "Here we concentrate on the more important of the two correction terms.)]{}. ", "With this, one arrived at the relativistic Quantum Raychaudhuri equation $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{d\\theta}{d\\lambda} =&& - \\frac{1}{3}~\\theta^2\n- R_{cd} u^c u^d\n%\n+ \\frac{\\hbar^2}{m^2} h^{ab} \\left( \\frac{\\Box {\\cal R}}{\\cal R} \\right)_{;a;b}~,\n\\label{qre2a} %\\\\\\end{aligned}$$ where $R_{ab}$ is the Ricci tensor and $\\Box \\equiv \\partial^a \\partial_a$ is the four dimensional d’Alembertian operator. [", "The Raychaudhuri equation, which is Eq.(\\[qre2a\\]) without the ${\\cal O}(\\hbar^2)$ terms, was derived by A. K. Raychaudhuri in 1955 [@akrpapers]. ", "A similar equation was derived around the same time by L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz [@ll]. ", "It is the key ingredient in the Hawking-Penrose singularity theorems [@singtheorems]. ", "These theorems show that most classical spacetimes are singular and general relativity itself breaks down as a physical theory in -certain regions of spacetime.]{} ", "In this case too, if one ignores the last (quantum) term, $\\theta\\rightarrow -\\infty$ and a pencil of nearby geodesics, known as a congruence, converge to a point at a finite proper time $\\tau_0$. The second order Friedmann equation satisfied by the scale factor $a(t)$ can be derived from the above, by replacing [@akrbook] $\\theta = 3{\\dot a}/{a}~,$ and $R_{cd} u^c u^d \\rightarrow \\frac{4\\pi G}{3} (\\rho+3p) %- \\Lambda c^2/3\n,$ $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{\\ddot a}{a} &&= - \\frac{4\\pi G}{3} \\left( \\rho + 3p \\right) %+ \\frac{\\Lambda c^2}{3}\n%\n+ \\frac{\\hbar^2}{3 m^2} h^{ab} \\left( \\frac{\\Box {\\cal R}}{\\cal R} \\right)_{;a;b}~.\n\\label{frw1}\\end{aligned}$$ In this case, the quantum potential terms are the ${\\cal O}(\\hbar^2)$ terms in Eqs.(\\[qre2a\\]) and (\\[frw1\\]). ", "As expected, they vanish in the $\\hbar\\rightarrow 0$ limit, giving back the classical Raychaudhuri and the Friedmann equations. ", "Note that since Bohmian trajectories do not cross [@holland; @nocrossing], it follows that even when $\\theta$ (or $\\dot a$) $\\rightarrow -\\infty$, the quantal trajectories (as opposed to classical geodesics) do not converge, and there is no counterpart of geodesic incompleteness, or the classical singularity theorems, and singularities such as big bang or big crunch can in fact avoided [@daplb] (the the scale factor $a$ would still be very small at the classical big bang time). ", "Next, we interpret the correction term as the cosmological constant $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Lambda_Q = \\frac{\\hbar^2}{m^2 c^2} h^{ab} \\left( \\frac{\\Box {\\cal R}}{\\cal R} \\right)_{;a;b}~,\n\\label{qlambda}\\end{aligned}$$ Although $\\Lambda_Q$ depends on the form of the amplitude of the wavefunction ${\\cal R}$, for any reasonable form, such as a Gaussian wave packet in the previous section, $\\psi =\n\\left( R_0/[a(t)]^{3/2} \\right)\n\\exp(-r^2/\\sigma^2)$ of extent $\\sigma$, or for one which results when an interaction is included in the scalar field equation $[\\Box + g|\\psi|^2 -k ]\\psi=0$, namely $\\psi=\\psi_0\\tanh(r/\\sigma\\sqrt{2}) ~(g>0)$ and $\\psi=\\sqrt{2}~\\psi_0~{\\mbox {sech}}(r/\\sigma)~(g<0)$ [@rogel], it can be easily shown that $(\\Box {\\cal R}/{\\cal R})_{;a;b} \\approx 1/\\sigma^4$. This again gives using $\\lambda=\\hbar/mc$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Lambda_Q= 12 \\left(\\frac{\\hbar}{mc} \\right)^2\\frac{1}{\\sigma^4}\n= 12 \\frac{\\lambda^2}{\\sigma^4}~,\n%\n%\\Lambda_Q = \\frac{1}{L^2} =\\left( \\frac{m c}{\\hbar} \\right)^2 ~,\n\\label{lambda1}\\end{aligned}$$ which has the correct sign as the observed cosmological constant. ", "As in the previous section, the wavefunction repeats itself in space, preserving large scale homogeneity and isotropy. ", "Also as remarked earlier for the Newtonian derivation, this sign is expected from the repulsive nature of quantum potential. ", "Furthermore, the conclusions following Eq.(\\[lambda10\\]) continue to hold, and for $\\sigma = \\sqrt{8L_0\\lambda}$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Lambda_Q\n&& = \\frac{3}{2L_0^2}~\n= 10^{-52}~m^{-2} \\\\\n%%\n&& = 10^{-123}~~(\\text{in Planck units})~,\\end{aligned}$$ since the Planck length $\\ell_{Pl} = 1.6 \\times 10^{-35}$ m. In summary, results identical to the ones obtained in the previous sections are reproduced in this Appendix, although from a more rigorous and completely relativistic point of view. ", "This in turn justified the use of Newtonian cosmology to arrive at our main results.", "\n\n[**Acknowledgment**]{}\n\nThis work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.", "\n\n[99]{}\n\nM. Milgrom, New Astron. ", "Rev. [**46**]{}, 741 (2002).", "\n\nS. S. McGaugh, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [**", "106**]{}, 121303 (2011).", "\n\nJ. D. Bekenstein, From ’Particle Dark Matter: Observations, Models and Searches’, edited by G. Bertone (Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge 2010) Chap.6, p.95-114 \\[arXiv:1001.3876\\].", "\n\nM. Sami, arXiv:0901.0756.", "\n\nE. J. Copeland, M. Sami. ", "S. Tsujikawa, Int. ", "J. Mod. ", "Phys. [**", "D15**]{}, 1753-1936 (2006) \\[arXiv:hep-th/0603057\\].", "\n\nJ. Frieman, M. Turner, D. Huterer Ann. ", "Rev. Astron. ", "Astrophys. [**", "46**]{},385-432 (2008) \\[arXiv:0803.0982\\].", "\n\nB-L. Young, Front. ", "Phys.12: 121201 (2017).", "\n\nT. Plehn, arXiv:1705.01987.", "\n\nS. N. Bose, Zeit. ", "für Physik, [**26**]{}, 178 (1924).", "\n\nA. Einstein, Sitz. ", "der Preussischen Acad. ", "der Wissen. [**", "1**]{}, 3 (1925).", "\n\nS. Das, R. K. Bhaduri, Class. ", "Quant. ", "Grav. [**", "32**]{}, 105003 (2015) \\[arXiv:1411.0753\\].", "\n\nW. Hu[*et. ", "al*]{} [Phys .Rev. ", "Lett. ", "2000 85 1158 ]{}\n\nL. A. Urena-Lopez, J of Cosmology and Astroparticle Phys. ", "01 2009 14 Arxiv 0806.3093.", "\n\nBohua Li, M.A. Thesis, Univ. ", "Texas (2013).", "\n\nK. P. Sinha, C. Sivaram, E. C. G. Sudarshan, Found. ", "Phys. [**", "6**]{}, no.1 (1976) 65; Found. ", "Phys. [**", "6**]{}, no.6 (1976) 717.", "\n\nM. Yu. ", "Khlopov, B. A. Malomed and Ya. ", "B. Zeldovich, Mon. ", "Not. ", "Roy. ", "astr. ", "Soc. [**", "215**]{}, 575-589 (1985).", "\n\nM. Yu. ", "Khlopov, A. S. Sakharov and D. D. Sokoloff, Nucl.", "Phys. [**", "B**]{} (Proc. ", "Suppl.) [**", "72**]{}, 105-109 (1999).", "\n\nM. Morikawa, 22nd Texas Symp. ", "on Rel. ", "Astro. (", "2004) 1122; T. Fukuyama, M. Morikawa, Prog. ", "Theo. ", "Phys. [**", "115**]{}, no. ", "6 (2006) 1047-1068.", "\n\nJ. W. Moffat, astro-ph/0602607.", "\n\nX. Z. Wang, Phys. ", "Rev [**D64**]{} (2001) 124009.", "\n\nC. G. Boehmer, T. Harko, JCAP 0706:025,2007 \\[arXiv:0705.4158\\]; T. Harko, G. Mocanu, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D85**]{} (2012) 084012 \\[arXiv:1203.2984\\].", "\n\nP. Sikivie, arXiv:0909.0949.", "\n\nP-H. Chavanis, A & A [**537**]{} (2012) A127 \\[arXiv:1103.2698\\].", "\n\nG. Dvali, C. Gomez, Fortsch. ", "Phys. [**", "61**]{} (2013) 742-767 \\[arXiv:1112.3359\\].", "\n\nH. Ziaeeapour, arXiv:1112.3934.", "\n\nB. Kain, H. Y. Ling, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D85**]{} (2012) 023527 \\[arXiv:1112.4169\\].", "\n\nA. Suárez, V. Robles, T. Matos, Astroph. ", "and Space Sc. ", "Proc. [**", "38**]{} Chapter 9 (2013) \\[arXiv:1302.0903\\].", "\n\nZ. Ebadi, B. Mirza, H. Mohammadzadeh, JCAP 11(2013)057 \\[arXiv:1312.0176\\].", "\n\nM. Dwornik, Z. Keresztes, L. A. Gergely, [*Recent Development in Dark Matter Research*]{}, Eds. ", "N. Kinjo, A. Nakajima, Nova Science Publishers (2014), p.195-219 \\[arXiv:1312.3715\\]; arXiv:1406.0388.", "\n\nD. Bettoni, M. Colombo, S. Liberati, JCAP02(2014)004 \\[arXiv:1310.3753\\].", "\n\nS. Gielen, arXiv:1404.2944.", "\n\nH. Schive, T. Chiueh, T. Broadhurst, Nature Physics [**10**]{} (2014) 496 \\[arXiv:1406.6586\\].", "\n\nS. Davidson, Astrop. ", "Phys.[**65**]{} (2015) 101 \\[arXiv:1401.1139\\].", "\n\nM. Cadoni, R. Casadio, A. Giusti, W. Mück, M. Tuveri, Phys. ", "Lett. [**", "B776**]{}, (2018) 242 (2018) \\[arXiv:1707.09945\\]. ", "M. Cadoni, R. Casadio, A. Giusti, M. Tuveri, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D97**]{}, 044047 (2018) \\[arXiv:1801.10374\\].", "\n\nS. Weinberg, [*Cosmology*]{}, Cambridge.", "\n\nS. Perlmutter et al. ", "Astrophysical J. [**517 (2)**]{} (1999) 565�86 \\[arXiv:astro-ph/9812133\\].", "\n\nA. G. Riess et al., ", "Astron. ", "J. [**116**]{} (1998) 1009 \\[arXiv:astro-ph/9805201\\].", "\n\nD. Baumann, TASI Lectures on Inflation, arXiv:0907.5424.", "\n\nM. Brack, R. K. Bhaduri, [*Semiclassical Physics*]{}, Westview Press (2003).", "\n\nM.Grether, M.de Llano and G.A.Baker Jr. Phys.", "Rev. Lett. [**", "99**]{} 200406 (2007).", "\n\nS. Fujita, T. Kimura, Y. Zheng, Found. ", "Phys. [**", "21**]{}, no.9 (1991) 1117.", "\n\nW. van Dijk, C. Lobo, A. MacDonald, R. K. Bhaduri, Can. ", "J. Phys. [**", "93**]{} (8), 830-835 (2015).", "\n\nL. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, [Statistical Physics, 3rd Edition, Part 1]{}, Pergamon (1959).", "\n\nD. Bohm, Phys. ", "Rev. [**85**]{} (1952) 166; D. Bohm, B. J. Hiley, P. N. Kaloyerou, Phys. ", "Rep. [**144**]{}, No.6 (1987) 321.", "\n\nP. R. Holland, [*The Quantum Theory of Motion*]{}, Cambridge (1993).", "\n\nA. K. Raychaudhuri, [*Theoretical Cosmology*]{}, Oxford (1979).", "\n\nS. Das, Phys.", "Rev.[**D89**]{} 084068 (2014).", "\n\nS. Das, Int. ", "J. Mod. ", "Phys. [**", "24**]{} 1442017 (2014).", "\n\nW. Hu, R. Barkana, A. Gruzinov, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [**", "85**]{}, 1158-1161 (2000) \\[arXiv:astro-ph/0003365\\].", "\n\nR. Hlozek, D. Grin, D. J. E. Marsh, P. G. Ferreira, arXiv:1410.2896.", "\n\nD. Marsh, A. Pop, MNRAS, 451, 2479 (2015). ", "\\[arXiv:1502.03456\\].", "\n\nE. Kun, Z. Keresztes, S. Das, L. A. Gergely (in preparation).", "\n\nC. M. Will, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D57**]{} (1998) 2061; L. S. Finn, P. J. Sutton Phys. ", "Rev. [**D65**]{} (2002) 044022 \\[arXiv:gr-qc/0109049\\]; A. S. Goldhaber, M. M. Nieto, Rev. Mod. ", "Phys. [**", "82**]{} (2010) 939 \\[arXiv:0809.1003\\] E. Berti, J, Gair, A. Sesana, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D84**]{} (2011) 101501(R).", "\n\nF. Zwicky, [*Cosmic and terrestrial tests for the rest mass of gravitons*]{}, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. ", "73, No. ", "434, p.314.", "\n\nJ. R. Mureika, R. B. Mann, Mod. ", "Phys. ", "Lett. [**", "A26**]{} (2011) 171-181 \\[arXiv:1005.2214\\].", "\n\nA. H. Chamseddine, V. Mukhanov, JHEP08(2010) 011 \\[arXiv:1002.3877\\].", "\n\nI. Oda, arXiv:1003.1437.", "\n\nC. de Rham, G. Gabadadze, L. Heisenberg, D. Pirtskhalava, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D83**]{} (2011) 103516 \\[arXiv:1010.1780\\]; C. de Rham, G. Gabadadze, A. J. Tolley, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [**", "106**]{} (2011) 231101 \\[arXiv:1011.1232\\];\n\nS. F. Hassan, R. A. Rosen, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [**", "108**]{} (2012) 041101 \\[arXiv:1106.3344\\].", "\n\nG. Leon, J. Saavedra, E. N. Saridakis, Class. ", "Quant. ", "Grav. [**", "30**]{} (2013) 135001 \\[arXiv:1301.7419\\].", "\n\nR. Gannouji, M. W. Hossain, M. Sami, E. N. Saridakis, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D87**]{} (2013) 123536 \\[arXiv:1304.5095\\].", "\n\nC. de Rham, M. Fasiello, A. J. Tolley, Int. ", "J. Mod. ", "Phys. [**", "D23**]{}, no. ", "13, 14430006 (2014) \\[arXiv:1410.0960\\].", "\n\nS. Majid, arXiv:1401.0673.", "\n\nK. Hinterbichler, Rev. Mod. ", "Phys. [**", "84**]{} (2012) 671-710 \\[arXiv:1105.3735\\].", "\n\nA. Ashoorioon, P. S. Bhupal Dev, A. Mazumdar, Mod. ", "Phys. ", "Lett. [**", "A29**]{} (2014) 1450163 \\[arXiv:1211.4678\\].", "\n\nC. de Rham, J. Tate Deskins. ", "A. J. Tolley, S-Y Zhou, Rev. Mod. ", "Phys. [**", "89**]{}, 025004 (2017).", "\n\nA. F. Ali, S. Das, Int. ", "J. Mod. ", "Phys. [**", "25**]{} 1644001 (2016).", "\n\nL.F. Abbott, P. Sikivie, Phys. ", "Lett. ", "B 120, 133 (1983).", "\n\nJ. Preskill, M.B. Wise, F. Wilczek, Phys. ", "Lett. ", "B 120, 127 (1983).", "\n\nM. Dine, W. Fischler, Phys.", "Lett. [**", "B120**]{} 137 (1983).", "\n\nM.S. Turner, Phys. ", "Rev. D 28, 1243 (1983).", "\n\nS. Aztalos et al (ADMX collaboration), Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [**", "104**]{} (2010) 041301 \\[arXiv:0910.5914\\].", "\n\nS. Das, M. Faizal, E. C. Vagenas, Int. ", "J. Mod. ", "Phys. ", "D (to appear), arXiv: 1805.05665.", "\n\nS. Das, M. Faizal, Gen. Rel. ", "Grav. [**", "50**]{}, 87 (2018).", "\n\nA. K. Raychaudhuri, Phys. ", "Rev. [**98**]{}, 1123 (1955).", "\n\nL. D. Landau, E. M. Lifshitz, Classical Theory of Fields (1951).", "\n\nR. Penrose, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [**", "14**]{}, 57 (1965); S. W. Hawking and R. Penrose, Proc. ", "R. Soc. [**", "A314**]{}, 529 (1970).", "\n\nC. Phillipidis, C. Dewdney, B. J. Hiley, Nuovo Cimento, [**52B**]{} (1979) 15-28; D. A. Deckert, D. Dürr, P. Pickl, J. Phys. ", "Chem. ", "A, 111, 41 (2007) 10325; A. S. Sanz, J. Phys.: ", "Conf. ", "Ser. [**", "361**]{}, 012016 (2012); A. Figalli, C. Klein, P. Markowich, C. Sparber, [*WKB analysis of Bohmian dynamics*]{}, arXiv:1202.3134.", "\n\nA. F. Ali, S. Das, Phys. ", "Lett. [**", "B741**]{}, 276 (2015) \\[arXiv:1404.3093\\].", "\n\nJ. Rogel-Salazar, Eur. ", "J. Phys. [**", "34**]{} (2013) 247 \\[arXiv:1301.2073\\]; N. Üzar, S. Deniz Han, T. Tüfekci, E. Aydiner, arXiv: 1203.3352.", "\n\n[^1]: For alternative theories to DM and DE which also try to explain cosmological observations, see [@mond1; @mond2; @altdm; @altde].", "\n\n[^2]: $1$ kg = $5.6\\times 10^{35}~eV/c^2$, where $c=3\\times 10^8~m/s$ is the speed of light in vacuum.", "\n\n[^3]: $1$ Mpc $= 3.3 \\times 10^6$ light years.", "\n\n[^4]: The BEC critical temperature should not be confused with the critical density in cosmology, although both are used in this article.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0.005050505050505051, 0.0136986301369863, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0.006172839506172839, 0.020618556701030927, 0.0079155672823219, 0.005494505494505495, 0, 0.027624309392265192, 0.08461538461538462, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0055248618784530384, 0, 0, 0.00375234521575985, 0.014150943396226415, 0, 0, 0, 0.004048582995951417, 0.0024154589371980675, 0, 0.004545454545454545, 0, 0.004098360655737705, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0, 0.013539651837524178, 0, 0, 0.010362694300518135, 0, 0.021505376344086023, 0, 0.003472222222222222, 0.007272727272727273, 0, 0, 0, 0.004796163069544364, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0.0030303030303030303, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0.01098901098901099, 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0.0021141649048625794, 0.023809523809523808, 0.0025906735751295338, 0.00847457627118644, 0.003194888178913738, 0.023529411764705882, 0, 0.013745704467353952, 0, 0.013824884792626729, 0.009569377990430622, 0.006289308176100629, 0.006578947368421052, 0.014084507042253521, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0.0018587360594795538, 0.006535947712418301, 0.005154639175257732, 0.01048951048951049, 0.013574660633484163, 0.002183406113537118, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0.0064516129032258064, 0.009523809523809525, 0.005244755244755245, 0.00558659217877095, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0.005427408412483039, 0, 0.006711409395973154, 0, 0.0035087719298245615, 0.02127659574468085, 0.015544041450777202, 0.006535947712418301, 0.007722007722007722, 0, 0, 0, 0.057692307692307696, 0.013245033112582781, 0, 0.021551724137931036, 0.017543859649122806, 0.01694915254237288, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0.0111731843575419, 0.005405405405405406, 0, 0.00390625, 0.012738853503184714, 0.007692307692307693, 0.0064516129032258064, 0, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0.004889975550122249, 0, 0, 0.02054794520547945, 0.031914893617021274, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0.00522875816993464, 0.0078125, 0.006211180124223602, 0.002705139765554554, 0, 0.008, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0, 0, 0.043478260869565216, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0.027932960893854747, 0.037037037037037035, 0.037037037037037035, 0.10526315789473684, 0.125, 0, 0, 0.07317073170731707, 0, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0.06896551724137931, 0.1, 0.02857142857142857, 0.047619047619047616, 0.043478260869565216, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.16666666666666666, 0.013157894736842105, 0.037037037037037035, 0.0967741935483871, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0.1111111111111111, 0.0967741935483871, 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.1111111111111111, 0.061224489795918366, 0, 0, 0.09090909090909091, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0.125, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.06060606060606061, 0.05, 0, 0.031914893617021274, 0.0196078431372549, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0.06451612903225806, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0, 0.03896103896103896, 0.030612244897959183, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0.06896551724137931, 0.020833333333333332, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0.06451612903225806, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0.0784313725490196, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0, 0.125, 0, 0.05172413793103448, 0.02564102564102564, 0.02127659574468085, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0, 0.08620689655172414, 0.08333333333333333, 0, 0.041237113402061855, 0, 0.0410958904109589, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0.03076923076923077, 0, 0, 0.06666666666666667, 0.125, 0, 0, 0.075, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0.044444444444444446, 0, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0.03278688524590164, 0.03125, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0.038461538461538464, 0.045454545454545456, 0.030612244897959183, 0.07142857142857142, 0.02564102564102564, 0.07142857142857142, 0.023255813953488372, 0.0625, 0, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0.06451612903225806, 0.0196078431372549, 0.021739130434782608, 0.125, 0, 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0.1111111111111111, 0.022727272727272728, 0.03225806451612903, 0.08823529411764706, 0, 0, 0.11538461538461539, 0.125, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.16666666666666666, 0, 0.06818181818181818, 0.16666666666666666, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0.0425531914893617, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0.04878048780487805, 0.125, 0, 0, 0.06451612903225806, 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.05, 0.07142857142857142, 0.03571428571428571, 0.09090909090909091, 0, 0.047244094488188976, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0.16666666666666666, 0, 0.03875968992248062, 0.07407407407407407, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0.04, 0.08333333333333333, 0.028846153846153848, 0.03676470588235294, 0, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0 ]

[ "#GCS 16.7.18 Pt1\n\nGareth reflects on a weekend of not having anything to worry about except the sport. ", "Siya was mostly heavily medicated and blissfully unaware of what was going on, and Ben went somewhere rather disappointing. ", "Your latest in news, sport and finance, plus some positivity to start your week." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0.008064516129032258, 0 ]

[ "\n539 So.2d 160 (1988)\nALPINE BAY RESORTS, INC.", "\nv.\nGary W. WYATT and Nancy K. Wyatt.", "\n87-715.", "\nSupreme Court of Alabama.", "\nSeptember 30, 1988.", "\nRehearing Denied January 16, 1989.", "\n*162 Kenneth Lee Cleveland of Cleveland & Cleveland, Birmingham, for appellant.", "\nJulian M. King, Talladega, for appellees.", "\nJONES, Justice.", "\nAlpine Bay Resorts, Inc., the developer of a vacation resort on Logan Martin Lake in Talladega County, appeals from a judgment based upon a jury verdict awarding Gary W. Wyatt and Nancy K. Wyatt $25,000 on their claim alleging that Alpine fraudulently misrepresented and breached the terms of a condominium timeshare plan and charter membership contract at the resort.", "\nIn May 1983, the Wyatts contracted with Alpine's marketing agent to purchase a fee simple interest in an Alpine condominium for one week during a designated season. ", "The Wyatts testified that the selling agent represented that they would receive a \"fixed\" week each year during March to use the condominium; Alpine countered by arguing that although the Wyatts contracted for a predetermined \"floating\" week during a designated season, they had to \"reserve\" the week in advance according to the terms of the contract. ", "In other words, Alpine alleges that the Wyatts were not guaranteed the specific week in March, but were guaranteed only the right to reserve the week in the designated season, subject to availability.", "\nThe Wyatts testified that, under the terms of the charter membership program at Alpine, they were promised that all fees for playing golf (greens and cart fees) would be discounted 30% for weekday play and 15% for weekend play, regardless of any special rates run by the golf course, and that the discount applied to their guests. ", "The Wyatts allege that Alpine then refused to apply the charter member discount when special rates were run at the course and refused to give their guests the discount. ", "Alpine asserted that the Wyatts received their golf discount, but that the charter membership did not require Alpine to discount a special rate or apply the discount to charter members' guests. ", "Alpine's golf professional testified that she refused to give Mr. Wyatt the discount on days when a special rate was in effect and refused to discount golf fees for his guests.", "\nAfter attempting to reserve their \"fixed\" week at the resort and being told that the condominium was not available at that time, the Wyatts ceased payment on the timeshare contract and sued Alpine. ", "Alpine counterclaimed for the balance due on the contract. ", "The trial court rendered judgment on a jury verdict in the Wyatts' favor on the claim and the counterclaim and denied Alpine's motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or, alternatively, for new trial.", "\nThe primary issue for review is whether the trial court, with respect to the Wyatts' fraud and breach of contract claims, erred in denying Alpine's alternative motion for JNOV on the sufficiency-of-the-evidence ground or for a new trial on the weight-of-the-evidence ground.[1] The standard of review applicable to a motion for JNOV is identical to the standard used by the trial court in granting or denying a directed verdict motion initially. ", "Turner v. Peoples Bank of Pell City, 378 So.2d 706 (Ala.1979). ", "Granting a motion for JNOV is proper \"only where there is a complete absence of proof on a material issue or where there are no controverted questions of fact on which reasonable people could differ\" and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. ", "Deaton, Inc. v. Burroughs, 456 So.2d 771 (Ala.1984).", "\nBut where they are unchallenged on a sufficiency-of-the-evidence ground, or when the evidence meets the \"sufficiency\" test, jury verdicts are presumed correct, and this presumption is strengthened by the trial court's denial of a motion for new trial. ", "Therefore, a judgment based upon a jury verdict and sustained by the denial of a post-judgment motion for a new trial, will not be reversed on a weight-of-the-evidence ground unless it is \"plainly and palpably\" wrong. ", "Ashbee v. Brock, 510 So.2d 214 *163 (Ala.1987). ", "See, also, Jawad v. Granade, 497 So.2d 471 (Ala.1986).", "\n\nI\nOur recent cases hold, generally, that a purchaser is not authorized to disregard the express terms of a written contract and rest a claim on fraud, claiming only that he relied on a statement contrary to the contract terms. ", "The purchaser's reliance upon a contrary statement, even if the statement is false, must be \"reasonable\" under the circumstances, before the law will require the speaker to respond in damages for fraud. ", "Webb v. Reese, 505 So.2d 321 (Ala.1987). ", "See, also, Traylor v. Bell, 518 So.2d 719 (Ala.1987); Turner v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 514 So.2d 1337 (Ala.1987); and Hinson v. Center Court Productions, 514 So.2d 1374 (Ala.1988).", "\nIn Syx v. Midfield Volkswagen, Inc., 518 So.2d 94 (Ala.1987), a representative of Midfield Volkswagen prepared the plaintiff's documents of sale for the purchase of a pick-up truck and his application for automobile insurance, which clearly showed that only \"comprehensive and collision\" coverage was applied for. ", "Although he was given the opportunity, the plaintiff did not read the insurance application prior to signing it and did not read the policy when it was delivered by mail. ", "Following an accident five months after the purchase, the plaintiff discovered that the policy did not include liability coverage. ", "He claimed fraud, because, he said, Midfield Volkswagen's representative told him at the time he purchased the truck that he was applying for \"full coverage,\" including liability coverage.", "\nIn affirming the summary judgment for Midfield Volkswagen, we found that five months was sufficient time for the plaintiff to have discovered that he did not have liability coverage and that he had made a conscious decision not to read the application or his policy. ", "Therefore, we held, as a matter of law, that because the policy put the plaintiff on notice that he did not have liability coverage, his failure to exercise \"any degree of precaution to safeguard his interests\" rendered his reliance on any statement to the contrary by Midfield Volkswagen's representative \"unreasonable.\" ", "Syx, 518 So.2d at 97-99.", "\nIn deciding whether the Wyatts' reliance on Alpine's representations was reasonable, we are guided by Torres v. State Farm Fire & Cas. ", "Co., 438 So.2d 757 (Ala. 1983), which was followed by Syx and the related cases cited above:\n\"Because it is the policy of courts not only to discourage fraud but also to discourage negligence and inattention to one's own interests, the right of reliance comes with a concomitant duty on the part of the plaintiffs to exercise some measure of precaution to safeguard their interests. ", "In order to recover for misrepresentation, the plaintiffs' reliance must, therefore, have been reasonable under the circumstances. ", "If the circumstances are such that a reasonably prudent person who exercises ordinary care would have discovered the true facts, the plaintiffs should not recover. ", "Bedwell Lumber Co. v. T & T Corporation, 386 So.2d 413, 415 (Ala.1980).\"", "\n438 So.2d at 758-59.", "\nThe contract signed by the Wyatts indicates their \"floating\" use week for unit number 111 to be the tenth week of 1984, or March 4 through 10. ", "The \"Vacation Ownership Purchase and Sale Agreement,\" signed by the Wyatts, indicates that the use week was \"subject to prior reservation and use in accordance with the terms of the Reservation Procedures.\" ", "No document signed by the Wyatts explains that the condominium had to be reserved 15 days in advance and that their use of the unit might be preempted by a third party making an earlier reservation. ", "In fact, reservation instructions were not forwarded to the Wyatts until after Mrs. Wyatt attempted to reserve the unit for the designated week and was told that the resort was \"booked up.\"", "\nFurther, Mr. Wyatt testified that his \"main purpose\" in purchasing the condominium was to receive a charter membership, which, according to the marketing agent, Mr. Wyatt said, assured him that the golf discount would apply against special *164 rates applicable to greens fees and golf cart rentals. ", "We note that the reservation instructions, which also provided for the golf discount, contained no exceptions applicable to special rates. ", "Indeed, Alpine could effectively abort all charter membership \"discount\" advantages to the Wyatts through its application of the \"special rates\" scheme, not provided for in the contract.", "\nUnder these facts, the Wyatts' reliance on the representations of the marketing agent was not unreasonable as a matter of law. ", "Although the evidence showed that the Wyatts read the sales contract, they could not have been expected to know that it was not, in fact, for ownership of a designated use week at the resort. ", "The Wyatts had informed the marketing agent that they wanted a specific, \"fixed\" week in which to use the condominium, and that receiving the charter membership was paramount in their decision to purchase the use week. ", "The Wyatts testified that the marketing agent assured them that they were purchasing a \"fixed\" use week, subject only to prior reservation, and would receive the charter membership's golf discount at all times. ", "The Wyatts testified that they relied on these representations. ", "Thus, unlike the plaintiff in Syx v. Midfield Volkswagen, Inc., supra, the Wyatts attempted, under these circumstances, to exercise a degree of precaution to safeguard their interests regarding the use week and the charter membership, but ultimately failed to discover the facts of the transaction as Alpine later claimed them to be.", "\nBased on these considerations, we hold that the evidence was sufficient to support the Wyatts' allegations of fraud and breach of contract by Alpine, and, therefore, that the trial court properly denied Alpine's motion for JNOV. ", "See Deaton, Inc. v. Burroughs, supra. ", "Further, we hold that the challenged verdict is not so against the weight and preponderance of the evidence as to overcome the presumption of correctness attached to the jury's verdict, and, therefore, that the trial court properly denied Alpine's motion for new trial. ", "See Jawad v. Granade, supra.", "\n\nII\nAlpine also argues that the trial court erred in allowing parol evidence to vary the terms of a written contract, that any contract based upon the alleged representations violates the Statute of Frauds, and that, under the doctrine of \"merger,\" the rights of the parties rest solely on the terms of the written contract.", "\nFirst, we have long held that \"absent some evidence of fraud in procuring a party's signature or concealing or misrepresenting the contents of the contract, a party to the contract cannot contradict the instrument by parol agreement made at the time of execution and that evidence which tends to contradict, vary, or alter the terms of the contract is not admissible.\" ", "Smith v. Citicorp Person-To-Person Financial Centers, Inc., 477 So.2d 308, 311 (Ala. 1985). (", "Citations omitted, emphasis added.) ", "In the present case, the evidence presented by the Wyatts, particularly in view of the ambiguity of the written contract, is sufficient to bring the real estate transaction within the fraud exception to the parol evidence rule. ", "Indeed, after a careful study of the documents signed by the Wyatts, we agree with the implicit finding of the trial court that the terms of the written contract do not stand in clear contradiction to the oral representation as testified to by the Wyatts.", "\nSecond, the representation made by Alpine to the Wyatts regarding the designated condominium use week was not and cannot be characterized as an oral contract for the sale of land within the meaning of Code 1975, § 8-9-2(5). ", "A written sales contract was being executed for ownership of the week. ", "Third, under the doctrine of \"merger,\" ordinarily, in the absence of fraud or mistake, when a contract to sell and convey real estate has been consummated by the execution and delivery of a deed, \"the preliminary contract becomes functus officio, and the deed becomes a sole memorial of the agreement.\" ", "Russell v. Mullis, 479 So.2d 727 (Ala.1985). ", "The presence or absence of fraud, as an exception to the doctrine, however, is a *165 question to be determined by the trier of fact, and the record adequately supports the finding that fraud infected the transaction between Alpine and the Wyatts. ", "See Roberts v. Peoples Bank & Trust Co. of Sylacauga, 410 So.2d 393 (Ala.1982).", "\nAFFIRMED.", "\nTORBERT, C.J., and SHORES, ADAMS and STEAGALL, JJ., ", "concur.", "\nNOTES\n[1] With regard to the JNOV motion, we note that Alpine timely moved for a directed verdict at the close of the evidence, thus preserving the \"sufficiency\" ground for post-judgment review.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.043478260869565216, 0.05405405405405406, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.025, 0.047619047619047616, 0.0625, 0.005420054200542005, 0.006024096385542169, 0.002840909090909091, 0, 0.006024096385542169, 0, 0, 0.005681818181818182, 0.010050251256281407, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0.008948545861297539, 0.031746031746031744, 0.0037735849056603774, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0.03825136612021858, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0, 0.005319148936170213, 0.0037313432835820895, 0.003105590062111801, 0.041666666666666664, 0.022058823529411766, 0, 0, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0.005291005291005291, 0.006644518272425249, 0, 0, 0.0078125, 0, 0.0045662100456621, 0.004739336492890996, 0.015625, 0.006006006006006006, 0.017391304347826087, 0.05263157894736842, 0.003703703703703704, 0.03571428571428571, 0.003076923076923077, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0.0043859649122807015, 0.00784313725490196, 0, 0, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0.004032258064516129, 0.0379746835443038, 0, 0.05660377358490566, 0, 0.00510204081632653, 0 ]

[ "Different polymeric forms of actin detected by the fluorescent probe terbium ion.", "\nThe interaction of actin with Tb3+ was studied by following the fluorescence emitted at 545 nm when the protein was excited at 285 nm in the presence of Tb3+. ", "It was shown that, at low ionic strength, each actin monomer binds, at saturation, six Tb3+ with an association constant of 0.8 microM-1. ", "In the presence of 0.1 M KCl the association constant decreases to 0.15 and 0.24 microM-1 at subcritical and overcritical actin concentrations, respectively; the number of the binding sites remains six. ", "When polymeric actin is formed by the addition of 2 mM MgCl2, the association constant drops to 0.008 micro M-1 and the number of the binding sites to four. ", "The lower number of the Tb3+ binding sites (four) in the actin polymerized by MgCl2 as compared to the number of binding sites (six) of the actin polymerized by KCl is taken as evidence of a looser structure of this latter polymer. ", "We have also shown that Tb3+ does not replace 45Ca2+ at the single, \"high-affinity\" site of G-actin. ", "Removal of this Ca2+, in the presence of Tb3+, destroys the typical G- and F-actin structures." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0 ]

[ "Frau Goldenbogen, am 13. ", "Februar jährt sich der Luftangriff auf Dresden im Zweiten Weltkrieg zum 75. ", "Mal. ", "Welche Veranstaltungen plant die Gemeinde?", "\n\nWie in den vergangenen Jahren rufen wir auch in diesem Jahr wieder zur Teilnahme an der traditionellen Menschenkette als Zeichen gegen Rassismus, Antisemitismus und für Weltoffenheit auf. ", "Die Aktion ist ein wichtiges Symbol gegen den Versuch von Rechtsextremisten, den 13. ", "Februar für ihre Zwecke zu vereinnahmen. ", "Die Synagoge in Dresden wird einer der Anlaufpunkte für die Menschenkette sein. ", "Alle, die mitmachen wollen, können sich bei uns aufwärmen. ", "Zusammen mit anderen Gemeindemitgliedern werde ich zudem an der Gedenkzeremonie im Kulturpalast mit Bundespräsident Frank-Walter Steinmeier teilnehmen.", "\n\nWas bedeutet die Erinnerung an den Jahrestag der Zerstörung der Stadt für Dresdner Juden heute?", "\n\n« Zum einen kamen am 13. ", "Februar 1945 durch die Luftbombardements der Briten und Amerikaner 25.000 Dresdner Bürger ums Leben. ", "Die barocke Altstadt wurde weitgehend vernichtet. ", "Zum anderen verhinderte der Angriff die bereits geplanten Deportationszüge aus der Stadt, da die Infrastruktur am Boden lag. ", "Dresden war in der NS-Zeit ja kein unschuldiger Ort. ", "Die letzten Dresdner Juden bekamen durch das Bombardement die Chance zu überleben. ", "Diese Komplexität im Gedenken und die ambivalente Gefühlslage vieler Gemeindemitglieder deutlich zu machen, ist uns ein Anliegen.", "\n\nRechtsextreme Gruppen wollen wie in den Jahren zuvor in der Stadt aufmarschieren, um das Datum für ihre Propaganda zu instrumentalisieren. ", "Drohen Ausschreitungen?", "\n\nIch hoffe, dass es friedlich bleibt. ", "Es ist richtig und wichtig, gegen den Aufmarsch der Neonazis zu protestieren. ", "Wenn das aber in Gewalt umschlägt, schadet das dem Anliegen der Gegendemonstranten. ", "Auch wenn die Teilnehmerzahl bei den rechten Umzügen in den vergangenen Jahren kontinuierlich zurückgegangen ist, darf man das Mobilisierungspoten-zial nicht unterschätzen. ", "Der 13. ", "Februar hat immer noch eine enorme Sogwirkung über das neonazistische Spektrum hinaus. ", "Die Diskussionen um die Opferzahlen des Bombardements, die jedes Jahr aufs Neue lanciert werden, verdeutlichen das.", "\n\nWelchen Einfluss haben die Ereignisse im Nachbarland Thüringen auf das Gedenken in diesem Jahr?", "\n\nDie Wahl des FDP-Politikers Kemmerich zum Ministerpräsidenten mit den Stimmen der AfD war ein Coup der Rechten. ", "Das Ganze hat gezeigt, wie anfällig unsere Demokratie für die zerstörerischen Spiele der Antidemokraten der AfD ist und wie weit diese Partei schon in der Lage ist, an das bürgerliche Lager anzudocken. ", "Und genau diese Strategie fährt die AfD auch in Bezug auf das Gedenken hier in Dresden. ", "Es ist doch kein Zufall, dass AfD-Chef Chrupalla erst kürzlich von über 100.000 deutschen Bombentoten sprach. ", "Das ist so kurz vor dem Jahrestag eindeutig propagandistisches Kalkül.", "\n\nWas muss Ihrer Meinung nach auf das politische Beben in Erfurt folgen?", "\n\nEs muss eine Lösung geben, an der alle demokratischen Parteien beteiligt sind. ", "Anders wird man sich aus der Pattsituation nicht befreien können. ", "Dafür dürfen sich Linke, SPD, Grüne auf der einen und CDU und FDP auf der anderen Seite nicht den schwarzen Peter zuschieben. ", "Ich halte die Gleichsetzung der AfD mit der Linken für falsch, das möchte ich an dieser Stelle betonen. ", "Bürgerliche Politiker können von der Linkspartei halten, was sie wollen, aber die Demokratie wird von dieser nicht gefährdet. ", "Die bürgerlichen Kräfte müssen sich bewegen und zu Kompromissen bereit sein. ", "Aber auch die Linke muss sich zusammenraufen und zu politischen Gesprächen mit allen Demokraten offen sein.", "\n\nMit der Vorsitzenden des Landesverbandes Sachsen der Jüdischen Gemeinden sprach Jérôme Lombard." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.04, 0.039473684210526314, 0, 0.047619047619047616, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0, 0.025, 0.01694915254237288, 0.019867549668874173, 0.030927835051546393, 0, 0.0297029702970297, 0, 0.04, 0.018867924528301886, 0.012048192771084338, 0.023255813953488372, 0.014184397163120567, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0.03571428571428571, 0.017341040462427744, 0, 0.022988505747126436, 0.02608695652173913, 0.041237113402061855, 0.017543859649122806, 0.024752475247524754, 0.022727272727272728, 0.02727272727272727, 0.014285714285714285, 0.041666666666666664, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0.03968253968253968, 0.038461538461538464, 0.023809523809523808, 0.012987012987012988, 0.009345794392523364, 0.030927835051546393 ]

[ "Myocardial contusion: a case study of a myocardial infarction.", "\nInjuries from blunt trauma can occur from a variety of causes. ", "Myocardial contusion is the most common injury resulting from blunt, nonpenetrating trauma to the chest. ", "The potential hemodynamic changes seen with a blunt chest trauma victim are often insidious and confusion. ", "Diagnosing a myocardial contusion concomitant with other traumatic injuries can often be delayed, especially in light of the fact that immediate cardiac dysfunction may be slow in manifesting symptoms. ", "Through use of a case study approach, this article demonstrates that a myocardial contusion has many similarities in terms of pathophysiologic changes with that of a myocardial infarction, often confusing symptoms and therefore diagnosis and treatment." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\noptimizing display of a 5MB query result using python and VueJS\n\nI have a web application using python on the server (bottle) and VueJS in the client.", "\none frontend component display's a paginated result of a query which ends in more then 10k records. ", "the records are saved as python dict and sent to the frontend. ", "the size of the result is 5.5MB approximately which with my internet connection ends with more then 2 seconds of waiting.", "\nthe api path to handle the request looks like this:\n@cmCampaigns.get('/api/campaignManager/campaigns')\n@authorize()\ndef get():\n resp = {}\n usr = authlayer.current_user\n user_id = dao.", "App().getUserID(usr.username)\n resp[\"campaigns\"] = CampaignsData().get_revcontent_campaigns(user_id)\n\n return resp\n\nand the query itself looks like this:\ndef get_campaigns(self, user_id):\n query = \"SELECT rc.account_id, rc.campaign_id, \" \\\n \"rc.campaign_name, rc.start_date, rc.end_date, \" \\\n \"rc.enabled, rc.default_bid, \" \\\n \"rc.budget, rc.cost, ctr,rc.country_codes, \" \\\n \"'revcontent' AS provider, \" \\\n \"replace(JSON_EXTRACT(ac.account_json,'$.client_id'),'\\\"','') AS account_name, \" \\\n \"CASE enabled \" \\\n \"WHEN enabled = 'active' THEN 'on' \" \\\n \"WHEN enabled = 'inactive' THEN 'off' \" \\\n \"END AS enabled_val \" \\\n \"FROM prv_campaigns AS rc \" \\\n \"INNER JOIN websites AS ws \" \\\n \"ON rc.website_id = ws.website_id \" \\\n \"INNER JOIN website_users AS wu \" \\\n \"ON wu.website_id = ws.website_id \" \\\n \"INNER JOIN prv_accounts ac \" \\\n \"ON rc.account_id = ac.account_id \" \\\n \"WHERE wu.user_id = %s \" \\\n \"ORDER BY id DESC\"\n try:\n data = self.db.query(query, user_id)\n return data\n except Exception as e:\n logging.exception(e.message)\n return -1, e.message\n\ni tried to optimize the query as possible, but it is still not enogh. ", "\nWhat \"best practice\" solution's are there to optimize this common logic? ", "compressing the dict before sending it? ", "i wa thinking about pagination but then my filtering and sorting logic is in the client and so lots of data is obviously gone.....any recommendations?? ", "thx\n\nA:\n\nFor pagination you can use LIMIT & OFFSET\nOptimization ? ", "run \"EXPLAIN\" before the query and bring the output\nLets take a quick look\nSELECT rc.account_id, \n rc.campaign_id, \n rc.campaign_name, \n rc.start_date, \n rc.end_date, \n rc.enabled, \n rc.default_bid, \n rc.budget, \n rc.cost, \n ctr, \n rc.country_codes, \n 'revcontent' AS \n provider, \n Replace(Json_extract(ac.account_json, '$.client_id'), '\"', '') AS \n account_name, \n CASE enabled \n WHEN enabled = 'active' THEN 'on' \n WHEN enabled = 'inactive' THEN 'off' \n END AS \n enabled_val \nFROM prv_campaigns AS rc \n inner join websites AS ws \n ON rc.website_id = ws.website_id \n inner join website_users AS wu \n ON wu.website_id = ws.website_id \n inner join prv_accounts ac \n ON rc.account_id = ac.account_id \nWHERE wu.user_id = %s \nORDER BY id DESC \n\nenabled column should be numeric or enum, it will save strcmp time\nReplace(Json_extract(ac.account_json, '$.client_id'), '\"', '') ? ", "extract all account name do your thing in client side\n2 inner joins ? ", "might be a design issue\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.006493506493506494, 0, 0, 0, 0.010362694300518135, 0.003676470588235294, 0, 0, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0.002577319587628866, 0, 0 ]

[ "Evaluation of two AIDS prevention interventions for inner-city adolescent and young adult women.", "\nTwo hundred and fourteen young women received acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention interventions at an inner-city family health center serving minority patients predominantly. ", "The community in which the health center is located has a high incidence of intravenous (IV) drug abuse. ", "Either a peer or a health care provider delivered the intervention. ", "In the peer-delivered intervention, a trained peer educator reviewed with patients an AIDS \"Rap\" videotape and several AIDS brochures, which imparted information about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), its transmission, and prevention. ", "In the provider-delivered intervention, family practice residents, attending physicians, and nurse practitioners used a patient-centered counseling approach to convey the same information. ", "Questionnaires administered immediately before and after the intervention and at one month follow-up evaluated changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. ", "Analyses of data from both combined intervention groups revealed significant improvements in several areas of knowledge, including the effectiveness of using a condom and cleaning IV drug implements with bleach to prevent transmission of HIV. ", "Many improvements were retained at the one-month follow-up. ", "In addition, subjects in both groups who were sexually active stated immediately after the intervention that asking a sexual partner about past sexual experience would now be less difficult, and at one-month follow-up they reported a significant decrease in the frequency of vaginal sex. ", "Our findings suggest that counseling by physicians can achieve more changes in knowledge of sexual risks, whereas peer education can achieve greater changes in knowledge about IV drug use. ", "Results show that both approaches to AIDS prevention used in this study can significantly affect knowledge, attitudes, and sexual behavior." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006329113924050633, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'The induced pseudoscalar coupling $g_p$ is the least well known of the weak coupling constants of the proton’s charged–current interaction. ", "Its size is dictated by chiral symmetry arguments, and its measurement represents an important test of quantum chromodynamics at low energies. ", "During the past decade a large body of new data relevant to the coupling $g_p$ has been accumulated. ", "This data includes measurements of radiative and non radiative muon capture on targets ranging from hydrogen and few–nucleon systems to complex nuclei. ", "Herein the authors review the theoretical underpinnings of $g_p$, the experimental studies of $g_p$, and the procedures and uncertainties in extracting the coupling from data. ", "Current puzzles are highlighted and future opportunities are discussed.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Tim Gorringe [^1]'\n- 'Harold W. Fearing [^2]'\ntitle: |\n Induced pseudoscalar coupling\\\n of the proton weak interaction.", "\n---\n\nAcknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}\n===============\n\nThe authors would like to thank David Armstrong, Jules Deutsch, Mike Hasinoff, and David Measday for valuable discussions and Jean-Michel Poutissou for encouraging us to prepare this review and for supporting the sabbatical at TRIUMF of one of us (T. G.). ", "We would also like to thank David Measday for a careful reading of the manuscript. ", "This work was supported in part by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the U. S. National Science Foundation.", "\n\n[aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa,syyyyn]{}\n\n[^1]: Electronic address: gorringe@pa.uky.edu\n\n[^2]: Electronic address: fearing@triumf.ca\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0, 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0.014598540145985401, 0.015337423312883436, 0.012048192771084338, 0.013071895424836602, 0.014705882352941176 ]

[ "#!", "/bin/bash\n\n# Copyright 2015 The Kubernetes Authors.", "\n#\n# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n#\n# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n#\n# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n# limitations under the License.", "\n\nset -o errexit\nset -o nounset\nset -o pipefail\n\nKUBE_ROOT=$(dirname \"${BASH_SOURCE}\")/..\nsource \"${KUBE_ROOT}/hack/lib/init.sh\"\n\nkube::golang::setup_env\nkube::etcd::install\n\nmake -C \"${KUBE_ROOT}\" WHAT=cmd/kube-apiserver\n\napiserver=$(kube::util::find-binary \"kube-apiserver\")\n\nSPECROOT=\"${KUBE_ROOT}/api/swagger-spec\"\nTMP_SPECROOT=\"${KUBE_ROOT}/_tmp/swagger-spec\"\n_tmp=\"${KUBE_ROOT}/_tmp\"\n\nmkdir -p \"${_tmp}\"\ntrap \"rm -rf ${_tmp}\" EXIT SIGINT\ncp -a \"${SPECROOT}\" \"${TMP_SPECROOT}\"\n\n\"${KUBE_ROOT}/hack/update-swagger-spec.sh\"\necho \"diffing ${SPECROOT} against freshly generated swagger spec\"\nret=0\ndiff -Naupr -I 'Auto generated by' \"${SPECROOT}\" \"${TMP_SPECROOT}\" || ret=$?", "\ncp -a ${TMP_SPECROOT} \"${KUBE_ROOT}/api\"\nif [[ $ret -eq 0 ]]\nthen\n echo \"${SPECROOT} up to date.\"", "\nelse\n echo \"${SPECROOT} is out of date. ", "Please run hack/update-swagger-spec.sh\" >&2\n exit 1\nfi\n\n# ex: ts=2 sw=2 et filetype=sh\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0, 0.014814814814814815, 0.00974025974025974, 0.009708737864077669, 0.00741839762611276, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Radical economics, Marxist economics and Marx’s economics\n\nJane Hardy\n\nThe major global crises of the mid-1970s and 2008-9 provoked debates among the ruling class about the best economic policies to manage capitalism. ", "For socialists and activists the question was different, and debates about whether and to what extent capitalism could be reformed to avert crisis and instil a more humane and fair system became even sharper. ", "By the mid-1970s the end of the (not so) long boom of the 1950s and 1960s seemed to sound the death knell of Keynesian economics; in 2008 the shock of the near meltdown of global capitalism led commentators from a broad political spectrum to question the efficacy of neoliberal policies, particularly in relation to deregulated finance. ", "Since 2008 it is hardly surprising that there has been a revival of radical economics and a proliferation of books and articles criticising neoliberal capitalism reflected, for example, in the popularity of the huge tome Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty.1\n\nDebates in economics have sharpened further as a group of mainstream, radical and Marxist economists have coalesced around the idea that the Great Recession of 2008-9 has morphed into a long depression.2 The “new normal” is reflected in the global capitalist economy crawling along at well below the post-war trend with little sign of improvement.3 This is despite low or zero interest rates and governments “printing money” on a massive scale through quantitative easing.", "\n\nCriticism of neoclassical market-driven economics is also expressed in an increasing dissatisfaction with the way that the subject is taught in universities.4 This discontent was born in the world economics association, (formally known as the “post-autistic economics movement”), started by students in Paris in 2000, which quickly spread to other countries.5 In 2014 students at the University of Manchester formed the “post-crash economics society” to demand the hiring of lecturers with a broader outlook and the teaching of a wider range of ideas.6 The main complaints of these movements are that economics has become another branch of mathematics, has no links with other social sciences and is disconnected from reality. ", "The nature of economics “research” in universities is that only publications in a narrow range of journals count,7 and these are dominated by ever more sophisticated mathematical models that are completely detached from the “real world” and exclude and are dismissive of any other perspective.", "\n\nThe position of the post-autistic economics movement was vindicated when the financial crisis broke out. ", "Neoclassical economics provides an ideological justification for the free market in general and more specifically had promoted the deregulation of finance in the 1980s and 1990s. ", "However, ideas like the “efficient market hypothesis”, which asserted that financial markets would correct themselves, looked foolish and abstract as the financial sector imploded in 2008.", "\n\nVarieties of radical economics\n\nRadical economics is a loose collective term for those who are critical of the method and prescriptions of mainstream neoclassical economics. ", "This school of economics dominates teaching in universities, provides the “theory” and justification for neoliberalism and underpins the policies of global financial institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. ", "For convenience in this article radical economists are divided into three groups.", "\n\nFirst, the most high-profile and well-known “radical” economists in the United States, who provide explanations of capitalism, crisis and stagnation for a wider audience, are Paul Krugman, Joseph Stiglitz, and more recently Lawrence Summers.8 Collectively, these “modern avatars of Keynes” as James Galbraith labels them, see the problem as:\n\na shortage of effective aggregate demand. ", "The cure is more spending by government, business, foreigners, and private households. ", "This simple argument is aimed mostly at the deficit hawks and debt hysterics…who confect constraints out of accounting relationships and financial statements and live in awe of the bond markets or in fear of the central bank.9\n\nThis has been reflected in the recent public joust between Summers and ex-chair of the Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke who have different interpretations of the crisis and therefore propose different solutions.10 In contrast to Bernanke’s emphasis on market-based solutions whereby better government policies should stimulate global capital flows and trade, Summers proposed a “secular stagnation” thesis to account for economic weakness since the 2008 crisis.11 Summers notes falling private investment, which he attributes to slow population growth and poor predicted returns on investment. ", "The solution he proposes is the traditional Keynesian recipe of encouraging governments to invest in the economy (infrastructure for example) in order to jump-start demand.", "\n\nBetween them Krugman, Stiglitz and Summers have authored numerous books and media articles, vociferously criticising austerity and unbridled markets. ", "However, if you look at their publications before 1990 they come from a background of mainstream economics and eschew the radical aspects of post-Keynesian economics, which will be discussed later.", "\n\nThe second group of radical economists are those who take a more eclectic position on crisis and stagnation. ", "For example, Robert Shiller, winner of the Nobel Prize for economics in 2013 for his book Irrational Exuberance, places much more importance on cultural and psychological factors in explaining how markets have become inflated and bubbles have developed in the stock exchange and property market.12 Shiller sees the interaction of ­capitalist triumphalism (after the “fall” of communism), the pro-market role of the media and the herd mentality of investors as lying at the heart of the crisis.", "\n\nJames Galbraith (who advised Yanis Varoufakis when he was Greek finance minister) argues that simply focusing on a lack of demand in the economy is too narrow a view and proposes four obstacles to stability and growth; uncertainty in energy markets and their high costs; competition from emerging economies and China in particular; radical labour saving technology and the end of the financial sector as a motor for growth.13 In the UK Ha-Joon Chang is the leading populist radical economist. ", "He considers himself to be an eclectic economist who dips into a range of economic theory pragmatically, but is broadly a supporter of strong government intervention in the economy.14\n\nA third group, post-Keynesian economists, are more rooted in academic than policy circles and are less high-profile than Krugman, Stiglitz and Summers. ", "However, they are important because their ideas provide the underpinnings for progressive social democratic thinking. ", "There are three generations of post-Keynesians. ", "Those from the Cambridge School were contemporaries of John Maynard Keynes. ", "The most well known of them was Joan Robinson but it also included such thinkers as Michal Kalecki and Thomas Balogh.15 They proposed a much more radical variant of Keynesianism and acknowledged insights from Marx.", "\n\nThe next generation of post-Keynesians broadly comprises academics such as Philip Arestis, Malcolm Sawyer and Jan Toporowski in the United Kingdom, who extended Keynes’s theories to include inequality and finance.16 In the United States Hyman Minsky emphasised the fragility and instability of capitalism.17 More recently another generation of post-Keynesians have focused on the origins of the 2008 crisis, emphasising the interaction of inequality and financialisation.18 All these ideas will be explored more fully later in the article.", "\n\nTherefore growing dissatisfaction with neoclassical economics and the crisis has opened the door for a resurgence of radical economics broadly based on the ideas of Keynes. ", "Many of these ideas appear to be common sense. ", "These economists argue that finance and banking are out of control and need to be reined in, and that austerity is not only an unfair burden on working class people, but that it is preventing the recovery of capitalism. ", "These are not arcane debates, but rather raise fundamental questions about the role of finance and inequality and how far capitalism can be reformed or whether crisis is intrinsic to the system and therefore demands its complete abolition.", "\n\nAlthough the focus of this article is to look at the main ideas from radical economics that have emerged since 2008, these ideas have to be set in historical context. ", "There are two contributions that provide seminal accounts of bourgeois economics from a Marxist perspective before 2008. ", "First, Chris Harman’s article in this journal “The Crisis in Bourgeois Economics” traces the development of and criticises both neoclassical and Keynesian economics.19 Second, Geoffrey Pilling’s book The Crisis in Keynesian Economics: A Marxist View concentrates on the origins of Keynesianism and the role it played in the management of post-war capitalism.20\n\nBourgeois economics before Keynes\n\nBefore Keynes the ideas of the neoclassical (or marginalist) school, consolidated in the 1870s and 1880s, were dominant.21 Economists before them had relied on Adam Smith22 in the 18th century and David Ricardo23 in the 19th who were interested in the big questions—what made economies grow and how what was produced should be distributed between the capitalist class and the landowners. ", "They saw an objective measure of value as a precondition for coming to terms with these issues. ", "The neoclassical school broke with the classical economists over what economics should be about. ", "As Harman explains:\n\nWhat mattered to them was not the creation of wealth and its distribution between classes, but rather showing that the fixing of prices through the market, without conscious human intervention, automatically led to the most efficient way of running an economy. ", "And so they abandoned the old view of value, with its concentration on the objective necessity of labour for production.24\n\nThis neoclassical school forms the basis of the microeconomics that dominates the study of the subject in schools and universities. ", "Individuals make a subjective judgement of value in terms of how much satisfaction they get from a good or service (utility). ", "Taking into account the cost of labour and capital, capitalists decide how much to supply at every price. ", "Demand and supply curves are constructed and the point at which they intersect is the equilibrium—the price where the amount that consumers want to buy is exactly the same amount that capitalists are willing to supply. ", "If “consumer choice” or the costs of production change then these curves shift and there is a new equilibrium.", "\n\nLabour and employment are treated in exactly the same way as apples and oranges on a street market. ", "If workers demand higher wages (than the equilibrium) then fewer of them will be employed and there will be unemployment. ", "However, if they were prepared to accept lower wages then supply and demand would once again coincide and full employment would return. ", "All that is necessary is for Say’s law to operate. ", "Say’s law states that the wages and profits paid out during production are equal to the total sum required to buy the goods produced, which therefore can always be sold. ", "In effect production is the source of demand and aggregate production necessarily creates an equal quantity of demand. ", "For Say’s law to work there should be no “artificial” interference in labour markets—such as minimum wages, welfare benefits or pressure from trade unions.", "\n\nThe logic of neoclassical economics is that the existing economic system is the best in the best of all possible worlds, providing the “optimal” conditions for production and laying down the rules for any situation in which “scarce resources” have to be allocated between “competing ends”. ", "For free market advocates such as Friedrich von Hayek, Ludwig von Mises and Milton Friedman25 this was nothing less than the economic expression of democracy as consumers voted with their money through the price mechanism.26\n\nThis simple and crude understanding of markets is central to neoliberal thinking under the banner of consumer choice and provides the justification for marketisation, privatisation and for so-called “flexible” labour markets. ", "Ideologically, neoclassical economists argue that the market is a disembodied and neutral arbiter of the wishes of consumers and producers; no account is taken of class, inequality and the power of big firms. ", "However, far from being neutral and automatic, markets are organised, regulated and controlled by the state in the broad interests of capital.27\n\nKeynes’s revolutionary contribution\n\nKeynes’s A General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, published in 1936, was revolutionary in attacking the neoclassical orthodoxy of labour markets, which was used to justify wage cuts in the depression of the 1930s. ", "He challenged Say’s law, which underpinned the idea that wage-cutting was the way to restore full employment. ", "Keynes pointed out that people might save money rather than spend or invest it, and if this was the case then firms would be left with goods that they could not sell, reducing output and paying out less in wages and profits. ", "Keynes argued that the level of investment depended on the profits that capitalists believed that they could make. ", "He emphasised the importance of “animal spirits”, confidence and gut instincts in guiding the actions of capitalists. ", "If future expected profits were low then investment would not take place. ", "Cutting wages would not restore full employment because if wages were cut workers would have less money to spend. ", "This would lead to a fall in demand in other parts of the economy where wages would fall or workers would lose their jobs. ", "This is the “multiplier effect” working in reverse.28 This process would lead to a downward spiral in demand which would leave the economy in an ­“equilibrium” with high unemployment.", "\n\nTherefore Keynes was a fierce critic of the notion, popular among the ruling classes, that the free market system would ultimately solve all economic problems, including unemployment. ", "He advocated that governments should intervene in money markets to drive down the rate of interest, encourage people to save less and firms to invest more. ", "Governments could also undertake direct investment through running a deficit which would have a (positive) multiplier effect as extra workers would spend their wages and produce demand for the output of other workers.29\n\nHowever, although Keynes’s ideas represented a radical break from the dominant economic orthodoxy of the time, he was very far from being a socialist. ", "Keynes himself was not sympathetic to Marx and was almost completely ignorant of his work. ", "Marxism had become very attractive to students in the early 1930s and Keynes’s mission was to restore and rescue capitalism because he was worried that his students would become infected by the “dreaded and ridiculous ideas of Marxism”. ", "He told students that Marxism was “complicated hocus pocus, the only value of which was its muddleheadedness”.30 He dismissed Marxist and socialist ideas as “exalting the boorish proletariat above the bourgeoisie and the intelligentsia, who…are the quality in life and surely carry the seeds of all human advancement”.31 Keynes refused to support the Labour Party in the 1930s siding with the Liberals because Labour was “a class party and the class is not my class… The class war will find me on the side of the educated bourgeoisie”.32\n\nKeynesianism and the post-war boom\n\nInfluence on social democratic thinking\n\nAlthough Keynes was not a socialist, he had more influence on post-war socialists than any other economist. ", "His ideas considerably influenced some sections of the left in Britain in the 1950s and 1960s, particularly in the Labour Party and among writers such as Anthony Crosland and John Strachey (a former Marxist). ", "As Pilling argues:\n\nIt is easy to see what attached radical thought to Keynesianism… A trenchant defender of private property, he none the less held that the ‘socialisation of investment’ would make capital abundant… While private capital would continue, the claims of rentier capital would be destroyed.33\n\nIn the Fabian-type world that would follow the implementation of Keynesian policies the grosser inequalities of wealth would be removed by fiscal means (Keynes supported some redistribution through taxation to boost consumption). ", "No reward would be extracted by unproductive capital (the financial sector) and employment would be preserved at a near maximum by the manipulation of state investment. ", "Capital left unregulated might still prove crisis-prone, but given social and economic state policies any instabilities could be kept within socially and politically acceptable limits.", "\n\nSo-called Keynesianism dominated all teaching and the main ­textbooks from the 1950s to the early 1970s. ", "It held that governments could intervene in economies, through taxation and government spending, to create sufficient demand to have full employment. ", "Economists were technicians who tweaked and fine-tuned these macro elements in the economy—ultimately capitalism could be managed. ", "However, as is discussed in the next section—these policies were never practised the way that Keynes advocated.", "\n\nWas Keynesianism responsible for the “long boom”?", "\n\nA version of the strong belief that Keynes’s ideas were responsible for the long boom is accepted even by some Marxists. ", "As Chris Harman points out:\n\nDavid Harvey presents a picture of capitalism expanding on the basis of “a class compromise between capital and labour” in which “the state could focus on full employment, economic growth and the welfare of its citizens”, while “fiscal or monetary policies usually dubbed ‘Keynesian’ were widely deployed to dampen business cycles and to ensure reasonably full employment”.34\n\nYet, as Harman argues, the most staggering fact about the period in which Keynesian ideas ruled as the official ideology was that the measures that were championed for keeping crisis at bay were not actually deployed.35 Rather than bosses signing up to Keynesian policies of raising wages and welfare provision in practise they “[never] failed to fight tooth and claw to limit the degree to which wages kept up with the cost of living or with productivity”.36 It was the high rate of profit in the post-war period that explained why capitalists kept investing on a large scale. ", "In the US, massive levels of military expenditure compared with the pre-war years was responsible for the fiscal stimulus. ", "Further, during the Second World War much capital had been written off, which according to Harman, was equal to one-fifth of the pre-existing accumulated surplus value; in the defeated states of Japan and Germany the figure was much higher.37 However, arms expenditure was not a stimulus in the Keynesian sense. ", "As Harman points out the starting point for examining the impact of waste expenditure on arms by Michael Kidron (who referred to a permanent arms economy), was not an underconsumptionist explanation of crises.38 Rather, in the long term the arms economy had the effect of reducing the funds available for further accumulation and therefore slowing down the rise in the ratio of investment in technology to the employed labour force (the “organic composition of capital”) and therefore slowing down the tendency for the rate of profit to fall (this is discussed more fully in a later section).39\n\nThe end of the Keynesian consensus and the rise of neoliberalism\n\nIn 1976 what had supposedly been the tried and tested way of managing capitalism, by Labour and Conservative governments alike, no longer worked. ", "The emergence of stagflation—that is both rising unemployment and inflation—sounded the death knell of Keynesianism as the dominant ideology espoused by governments of the left and the right. ", "The space was open for economists who saw the market as the solution.", "\n\nAlthough the end of Keynesian economics is often associated with Margaret Thatcher, it was James Callaghan, then Labour Prime Minister, that signalled its demise in a much quoted speech from the 1976 Labour Party conference:\n\nWe used to think that you could spend your way out of a recession and increase employment by cutting taxes and boosting government spending. ", "I tell you in all candour that that option no longer exists, and that in so far as it ever did exist, it only worked on each occasion since the war by injecting a bigger dose of inflation into the economy, followed by a higher level of employment as the next step.40\n\nThe interlinking of monetarism (cutting the money supply to reduce inflation) and more market-driven policies such as privatisation and ­“flexible” labour markets were then systematically and enthusiastically pursued by Thatcher after 1979. ", "The lineage of these ideas lay in the neoclassical and Austrian schools of economics and the work of Friedrich von Hayek and Ludwig von Mises in particular. ", "Basing their ideas on extreme individualism they were fierce critics of Keynes and Keynesianism. ", "Milton Friedman made an even more significant attack arguing that anything beyond minimum state intervention distorted market signals. ", "According to him, the market is fundamentally sound and only malfunctions if there are disturbances in the monetary sphere. ", "This heavily influenced Thatcher in adopting monetarism at the end of the 1970s, which helped push interest rates to historically high levels, compounding the lack of competitiveness of British manufacturing and contributing to its contraction.", "\n\nRadical economics from 1945 to 2008\n\nA number of economists, most notably Joan Robinson from Cambridge University, argued that the Keynesianism that emerged in the post-war period was not the real thing and scathingly termed it “bastard Keynesianism”. ", "Her view was that what were passed off as Keynesian techniques were used to keep the capitalist system going after the war and obscured the revolutionary character of the real Keynesianism. ", "She described it as “married to a discredited and ideologically bankrupt neoclassical economics and was thereby transformed into a new form of apologetics”.41\n\nSimilarly the American economist Hyman Minsky said of the The General Theory that:\n\nThe work contains the seeds for a deep intellectual revolution in economics and in the economist’s view of society. ", "However, these seeds never fulfilled their full fruition. ", "The embryonic scientific revolution was aborted as the ideas were interpreted and analysed by academics and then applied by these same academics as a guide to public policy.42\n\nRobinson and Minsky and other post-Keynesians were critical of the idea that appeared in the textbooks of the time that likened the economy to a machine governed by a series of laws, the relationship between which is highly stable, in principle knowable and therefore in principle predictable from previous experience. ", "If one economy-wide flow fails to occur at an appropriate rate (consumer spending for example), the deficiency can be repaired by government intervention and regulation of those flows over which it does have control—the levels of taxation and public spending. ", "There are known, stable relationships between government spending and income (and by extension employment); by appropriate manipulation of such flows the volume of employment may be adjusted in line with policy objectives.", "\n\nA new theoretical edifice was erected which could be reconnected to the neoclassical theory of harmony and just shares in the distribution of income. ", "The old optimism about this being the best (and just) world was reasserted. ", "The classical automatism of the market economy, maintaining full employment and ensuring optimal allocation of resources was just replaced by the deus ex machine consisting of the treasury and the central bank… The new self-consistent and determinate system was completed by the idea that politicians could choose at their discretion the level of unemployment—from a menu served up by econometricians—and that this level would be an expression of the will of the community and depend on how much inflation they were prepared to tolerate.44\n\nThese criticisms reflected the views of post-Keynesians, who object to the orthodox textbook interpretation of The General Theory. ", "However, Keynes had opened himself up to the textbook interpretation by basing his work on a version of marginalism (neoclassical economics), rather than the value theory of Ricardo and Marx. ", "Joan Robinson argued that Keynesian economics (properly interpreted) belongs to the classical tradition of Adam Smith and Ricardo because of its concern with aggregates such as demand and employment, rather than the narrow neoclassical concerns with ­individual choice and markets.", "\n\nPost-Keynesianism has developed as a significant and progressive strand in current bourgeois economics.45 From the 1970s onwards the tradition of first wave post-Keynesians (who were his contemporaries) was continued and developed by a second wave. ", "Both generations have been much less dismissive of Marx and have drawn on and integrated some of his ideas. ", "Despite internal divisions and different perspectives, they were united by seeing themselves as promoting a radical tradition within economics in relating economic analysis to real economic problems. ", "The ideas which are classified as post-Keynesian have a long history and post-Keynesian economics reflects the classical tradition and Marx as much as it does Keynes and Kalecki.46\n\nThe main tenets of post-Keynesianism are; first, that the default position of the economy is not one of equilibrium, rather that economies are dynamic and therefore always in a state of flux or disequilibrium. ", "Second, neoclassical economics is dominated by the idea of “rational man” who is predictable and immune from history and socialisation. ", "For post-Keynesians the formation of decisions under uncertainty is a crucial aspect of reality as well as how economic behaviour is influenced by institutions and social structures. ", "Third, they are critical of neoclassical analyses of markets and argue that the law of demand does not even apply at the level of a single market and therefore a ­macroeconomic economic picture cannot be built upward from microeconomics. ", "Fourth, while neoclassical economists assume that money is neutral, post-Keynesians argue money and debt matter and can lead to changes in employment. ", "Fifth, the role of the failure of demand, with investment demand as the driving force, is seen as a primary source of crisis and stagnation. ", "Therefore the government should intervene during a recession to ensure that there is spending.47\n\nFurther, Arestis argues that post-Keynesianism has a radical spin because:\n\nIts point of departure is a distinction between social classes rather than the neoclassical classless and atomistic base. ", "Social relations are thus essential to the analysis and the tradition is broadly Marxist in that it adapts his reproduction scheme to tackle the realisation problems.48\n\nBut although there is a recognition of class and a commitment to social justice, the major flaw in post-Keynesian thinking is that the state is seen as neutral with the potential to be harnessed and to deliver reforms that are more widely in the interests of working class people. ", "Labour and capital are not intrinsically antagonistic with distinct interests, rather they can be reconciled and work in the interests of the common good.", "\n\nRadical economics after the 2008 crisis\n\nThe crisis of 2008 led to renewed and more vociferous criticisms of the neoclassical economics that underpinned neoliberalism. ", "Economists such as Krugman and Stiglitz were elevated to the role of trenchant critics of the US government’s role in causing the crisis and perpetuating the austerity that followed (although it is worth noting that some right wing economists took the view that the crisis was caused by markets not being free enough).", "\n\nThis section outlines the arguments of radical economists, from the post-Keynesian perspective and also from the perspective of those Marxists who reject or sideline the notion of the falling rate of profit. ", "Although it is difficult to draw hard and fast lines between the different elements of their arguments, for convenience I focus on three strands of thinking that have dominated radical economics and importantly influenced progressive thinking and anti-austerity organisations such as the People’s Assembly against Austerity. ", "First, there has been a focus on financialisation—not surprising since many have seen the crisis as being caused by the deregulation of finance and the proliferation of financial instruments. ", "Second, the gross and increasingly evident presence of inequality has received much attention both in terms of it being “bad” for capitalism and as the underlying cause of the crisis. ", "Third, both the post-Keynesian school and some Marxists have put forward a synthesis, which sees the crisis as the outcome of the ­interrelationship between inequalityand financialisation.", "\n\nFinancialisation\n\nThe notion of financialisation as the cause of the crisis has been proposed by post-Keynesians and some Marxist economists and some who do not fall into either camp.", "\n\nThe term financialisation is used to summarise a broad set of changes in the relation between the financial and the real sectors of the economy. ", "Financialisation encompasses diverse phenomena such as shareholder value (discussed later in this section), increasing household debt, increasing income from financial activity, an increase in the mobility of capital, the importance of an array of new financial instruments such as derivatives and securitisation. ", "More generally it refers to the way in which working class people have been increasingly drawn in to the financial sector through mortgages, loans and pensions. ", "In the words of Costas Lapavitsas: “The term reflects the ascendancy of the financial sector. ", "Even more important, it conveys the penetration of the financial system into every nook and cranny of society, including housing, education, health and other areas of life that were previously relatively immune”.49\n\nThese developments have been hailed by some as a new stage of capitalism—“financialised capitalism” or a “finance dominated accumulation regime”—that is qualitatively different from what has gone before.50\n\nThere is nothing new about these ideas; theoretically they have some continuity with those of Rudolf Hilferding, who saw a new stage of capitalism at the beginning of the 20th century, characterised by complex financial relationships and the domination of industry by finance.51 Keynes also emphasised the role of “whirlwinds of optimism and pessimism” in terms of the way that capitalists valued firms. ", "He warned that: “The position is serious when enterprise becomes a bubble on a whirlpool of speculation. ", "When the capital development of a country becomes a by-product of the activities of the casino, the job is likely to be ill-done”.52\n\nMinsky emphasised the instability and fragility of the system and the growth of money-managed capitalism.53 He argued that financial crises are endemic to capitalism because periods of economic prosperity encourage borrowers and lenders to become progressively more reckless. ", "This excess optimism creates financial bubbles which sooner or later burst. ", "The “Minsky moment” refers to the point where the financial system moves from stability to instability when lending and debt levels have built up to unsustainable levels. ", "At this point over-indebted borrowers start to sell off their assets to meet other repayments, which in turn causes a fall in asset prices and loss of confidence. ", "It can cause financial institutions to “dry up” and become illiquid because they cannot meet the demand for cash and may cause a run on the banks as people seek to withdraw their money. ", "Post-Keynesians have referred to the 2007-8 crisis as a Minsky moment.54\n\nSome contemporary accounts of financialisation emphasise the rise of “shareholder value”—ie prioritising share prices and dividends, which was enabled by the growth of big institutional investors in the 1970s and by private equity firms (especially before 2008). ", "In addition, the huge increase in the remuneration of CEOs (chief executive officers) is partly comprised of blocks of shares, which ties their bloated salaries to the performance of the firm. ", "The massive growth in corporate bonds since 2009 also gives bosses the incentive to focus on the short-term performance of their firms. ", "According to this argument firms have become more predatory in “Anglo-Saxon” less regulated capitalist countries such as the United States and Britain. ", "Rather than retaining and reinvesting profits (long-term) under a more benevolent capitalism it results in downsizing and asset stripping of firms (short-term) to maximise the returns to shareholders.", "\n\nThere is also an emphasis on the growth and plethora of new financial instruments such as derivatives and securitisation. ", "Derivatives are financial instruments whose value derives from some underlying asset such as interest rates and exchange rates. ", "From the 1980s and 1990s there has been a huge growth in securitisation—that is when an asset such as a mortgage is turned into something that can be traded on financial markets. ", "It was the securitisation of toxic sub-prime mortgages that were then sliced, diced and sold on that triggered the 2007-8 financial crisis. ", "All of this was made possible by a series of measures to deregulate the financial sector and to ­liberalise international flows of capital.", "\n\nThe policy prescriptions that flow from this are summarised by James Crotty:\n\nTo force financial markets to play a more limited but more productive and less dangerous role in the economy, we need a combination of aggressive financial regulation coordinated across national markets as well as nationalisation of financial institutions where appropriate… For such a transition to be effective, two difficult tasks must be accomplished. ", "Efficient financial theory must be replaced as the guide to policy making by the more realistic theories associated with Keynes and Minsky, and domination of financial policy making by the Lords of Finance must end.55\n\nHowever, beyond theoretical criticisms about the role of finance, which are dealt with in the next section, Marxist economist Andrew Kliman points to problems with the notion that regulation can prevent financial crisis.56 First, regulations are always fighting the “last war” and the source of the next crisis is unlikely to be the same as the last one. ", "For example, since the 2008 crisis there has been an explosion in the purchase of corporate bonds. ", "This has been fuelled by demand from Brazil, Russia and China and expansionary monetary policies in the core economies (such as quantitative easing). ", "However, as the former countries are experiencing a slowdown and credit is less expansionary in the latter these assets are now being flagged as a new source of instability.57\n\nSecond, banks and the financial system have always been adept at getting round regulations—in the 1970s when lending was restricted shadow banking developed as a way of circumventing the system. ", "Shadow banks are non-bank institutions (intermediaries) that provide similar services to traditional investment banks, but do not face the same regulation. ", "For example, they are not required to keep particular ratios between lending and deposits. ", "In this way they traded much more risky assets and transactions. ", "A headline study of shadow banking by the International Monetary Fund defined their key functions as securitisation and collateral intermediation (to reduce the risks of the parties). ", "In the US before the crisis the shadow banking system overtook the regular banking system in supplying loans to various borrowers (business, home and car buyers, students).", "\n\nBut it is important not to see shadow banking as completely separate from mainstream banking. ", "It was common practice for “regular” banks to conduct more risky transactions in ways that did not show up on their balance sheets through Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs). ", "Preceding the last crisis banks created SPVs specifically with the intention of undertaking risky investments, which then contaminated the whole system. ", "By moving assets off their balance sheets banks could escape reserve and capital requirements, as well as regulation and oversight, and could sell assets to investors who wanted a higher yield than could be earned on traditional investment.", "\n\nThe volume of transactions in shadow banking grew dramatically after 2000, was checked by the 2008 crisis and then continued to grow. ", "In 2007 the value of transactions was estimated to be $50 trillion. ", "This fell to $47 trillion in 2008 and subsequently increased to $67 trillion by 2012. ", "This reflects the continued lack of control of this sector.58\n\nThird, some on the left have called for the nationalisation of banks. ", "This may be a political demand that we raise under particular circumstances, but it is not a solution to preventing crises from reoccurring. ", "A state-run bank is still embedded in the global capitalist system. ", "It has to get money in before it can lend it out, and therefore has to provide a rate of return to attract people to deposit with them and therefore it cannot be driven by what would be good for workers or the “public good”. ", "That is why, for example, institutions that promise “ethical” investments offer much lower rates of return. ", "There is no escaping from the logic of the system. ", "As Marx put it in the Grundrisse, “competition executes the inner laws; makes them compulsory laws toward the individual capital”.59 However benevolent their intentions, putting different people in control of banks cannot undo the inner laws of capitalism.", "\n\nUnderconsumption and inequality\n\nArguments focussing on underconsumption and those stressing inequality as a cause of financial crises are different takes on the same underlying ­argument—that is that a lack of collective spending power (aggregate demand) lies at the heart of explaining the stagnation of economies.", "\n\nPilling points out that those Marxists who did continue their work in political economy after the Second World War were influenced by the prevailing Keynesian wisdom.60 This led to a reading of Marx’s Capitalthrough the prism of one variant or other of underconsumption. ", "One of the most famous works was Monopoly Capital by Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy, which appeared in the mid-1960s.61 This saw capitalism’s problem not as the inability of the system to generate surplus value, but rather its creation of excess surplus. ", "Their argument was that there had been a shift from a competitive to a monopoly economy dominated by giant corporations. ", "By effectively banning price competition, these firms were able to drive up the economic surplus, which could not be absorbed by consumption. ", "The result was economic stagnation.", "\n\nPiketty’s argument contributes more indirectly to underconsumptionist theories. ", "His book provides forensic detail and exhaustive statistical evidence of social inequality over the last two centuries in a variety of countries. ", "His basic thesis is that the central crisis for capitalism is a distributional one as the net rate of return on capital outstrips the growth of net national income. ", "The principal destabilising force in his analysis and the central contradiction of capitalism is that the private return on capital (r), can be significantly higher for long periods of time than the rate of growth of income and output (g). ", "If the rate of return on private capital is greater than the growth of income and output then this implies that wealth accumulated in the past grew more rapidly than output and wages:62\n\nThis inequality expresses a fundamental logical contradiction. ", "The entrepreneur inevitably tends to become a rentier, more and more dominant over those that own nothing but their labour. ", "Once constituted, capital reproduces itself faster than output increases. ", "The past devours the future.63\n\nThe link between inequality and underconsumption is that as inequality grows and income becomes more polarised, people on lower incomes and/or the growing numbers of the poor have less money to spend and therefore overall demand in the economy is reduced. ", "The way that a lack of effective demand is cited as the critical cause of stagnation in the post-Keynesianism view is explicit in the solution proposed by Philip Arestis:\n\nThe major objective is to complete the unfinished Keynesian revolution, to generalise The General Theory… The principle of effective demand is the backbone of its analysis as it was in Keynes’s General Theory (1936). ", "Effective demand in post-Keynesian analysis implies that it is scarcity of demand rather than scarcity of resources that is to be confronted in modern economics.64\n\nA synthesis of inequality and financialisation in explaining the crisis\n\nWhile the previous two schools of thought privilege either financialisation or underconsumption as the root cause of capitalist crisis and stagnation, recent explanations from both post-Keynesians and some Marxists provide a synthesis of these two elements.", "\n\nFrom the post-Keynesian perspective there is a link between the financialisation school and the notion that rising inequality should be regarded as the root cause of crisis.65 This finds its clearest expression in the work of Englebert Stockhammer who argues that the crisis should be understood as a result of the interaction of financialisation with the effects of rising inequality. ", "There are four major ways in which he argues that financialisation and inequality are linked.66\n\nFirst, he argues that rising inequality creates a downward pressure on demand in an economy—especially as poor people spend a higher proportion of their income. ", "Second, he argues that international financial deregulation has allowed countries to run large deficits (or surpluses) on their balance of payments current accounts and on government spending. ", "Simply put, if their goods are less competitive in comparison with those of other countries, imports will be higher than exports and they will be in deficit. ", "Because it is much easier to borrow in international markets this means that they can carry this “overdraft” (although not indefinitely as we have seen with Greece and Spain for example) and has led to a debt-led model (Greece, Portugal, Spain and Ireland) and an export-led model (Germany). ", "Third, in debt-led economies higher inequality has led to higher household debt as working class families try and keep up with social consumption norms or even to access necessities and maintain their standard of living in the face of stagnating or falling wages. ", "Fourth, rising inequality has increased the propensity to speculate as richer households hold riskier financial assets. ", "The rise of hedge funds and subprime derivatives in particular has been linked to the super-rich.", "\n\nSome Marxists link inequality and financialisation with a different story. ", "They argue that the rate of profit fell from the start of the post-Second World War boom through the downturns of the 1970s and 1980s. ", "By that time economic policy had become neoliberal and this led to the increased exploitation of workers. ", "US workers (and workers in general) faced stagnating or falling real incomes and their share of total income has fallen. ", "Therefore the increase in exploitation led to a significant rebound in the rate of profit.67\n\nWriters from the Monthly Review are proponents of underconsumption as an explanation of crisis and have fused financialisation with underconsumptionism in their interpretation of 2007-8 and since.68 According to them the “new financialised capitalist regime” was unable to sustain economic advance for any length of time and a key element in explaining the whole dynamic is to be found in the falling ratio of wages and salaries as a percentage of national income.", "\n\nOther Marxists, generally sympathetic to the theory of the falling rate of profit, nevertheless do not think that the current crisis is a crisis of profitability. ", "This is reflected for example in the account of Gérard Duménil and Dominique Lévy who argue that while the crises of the 1890s and 1970s can be explained by the declining rate of profit, the Great Depression and the current crisis came out of a period of rising profitability.", "\n\nIn general these Marxist accounts blame financialisation for the failure of the rate of accumulation to rise in line with the recovery of profits. ", "It is argued that financialisation (another component of neoliberalism) has meant that firms have invested an increasing share of their profits in speculation and financial instruments rather than in productive capital assets and that this has been the root cause of weaker growth in the past three decades. ", "However, Andrew Kliman and Shannon Williams demonstrate that there has been no diversion of profit from production to financial markets under neoliberalism.69 They present data that shows that the share of profit that was productively invested was actually slightly higher during the first two decades of neoliberalism than during the prior three decades:\n\nOur analysis demonstrates that, in the era of “neoliberalism” and “financialisation”, corporate profit has become less important and borrowing has become more important as a source for funds for financial expenditures. ", "Additionally, we find that higher dividend payments do not lead to a statistically significant decline in productive investment, and that corporations’ access to and use of borrowed funds accounts for the absence of a tradeoff between paying dividends and investing in production.70\n\nThese data undercut the financialisation argument that profit is being diverted to the financial sector at the expense of the real goods sector.", "\n\nMarx’s economics\n\nPost-Keynesians and some Marxists have usefully and painstakingly set out the changes that have taken place in capitalism over the past three decades with regard to inequality and financialisation. ", "However, acknowledging these developments is not the same as attributing the cause of the crisis of 2007 to these changes. ", "As Joseph Choonara points out, there is a very clear dividing line between those economists who put the falling rate of profit at the centre of their analysis and those that either dispute or sideline it.71 This section builds an alternative to radical economics (and some Marxist accounts) by reasserting the falling rate of profit in Marx’s analysis of the capitalist system. ", "This underpins an understanding of the role of credit and finance in crisis, capital and value and enables a critique of the underconsumption debate.", "\n\nMarx and the falling rate of profit\n\nThe tendency of the rate of profit to fall (TRPF) is one of the most contentious and contested elements of Marx’s work. ", "It is rejected or ignored completely by contemporary non-Marxist economists, but even Marxist economists who accept Marx’s theory of value and many other aspects of his theory are dismissive of it. ", "These debates have been very well rehearsed elsewhere and therefore the argument is only briefly restated here.72\n\nThe argument for the falling rate of profit is as follows. ", "Each capitalist tries to increase their own competitiveness through increasing the productivity of workers. ", "The way to do this is to increase the “means of production”—for example investment in machinery, robots and computers. ", "Marx called this change in the relationship between the means of production and the labour power using it the “technical composition of capital”. ", "This expansion in the ratio of investment to workforce is reflected in the value of the means of production rising compared with wages—what Marx referred to as an increase in “organic composition of capital”, that is the relationship between the means of production and labour power translated into value terms. ", "However, the only source of value and surplus value for the system as a whole is labour. ", "Therefore, if investment grows faster than the labour force, it must also grow more rapidly than the creation of new value, from which profit comes. ", "Therefore there will be downward pressure on the rate of profit.", "\n\nThere are implications for the capitalist class collectively. ", "The reason for the growth of investment is competition between capitalists as they push for greater productivity in order to stay ahead of competitors. ", "But, however much competition may compel the individual capitalist to take part in this process in order to make short-term gains, from the point of view of the capitalist class as a whole it leads to a tendency for the rate of profit to fall.", "\n\nAlex Callinicos quotes Ben Fine and Lawrence Harris to argue how Marx identifies counter-tendencies to the TRPF (the tendency of the rate of profit to fall) at a high level of abstraction:\n\nAs Marx puts it “the same influences which produce a tendency in the general rate of profit to fall also call forth counter-effects” (emphasis added). ", "In the light of this we think that the name “law of the TRPF” is something of a misnomer. ", "The law in its broad definition is in fact “the law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall and its counteracting influences”.73\n\nTranslated into more concrete terms one of the most important strategies that a capitalist might use to counteract the falling rate of profit is increasing the rate of exploitation—in other words cutting wages or increasing the intensity of work (although there are limits to this).", "\n\nMarx, credit and finance\n\nTheories and research that analyse the significant changes in finance in contemporary capitalism are very valuable. ", "In this context the contributions of Costas Lapavitsas, Gérard Duménil, Dominique Lévy and Jan Toporowski are helpful and important.74 However, there are two problems with the financialisation account. ", "First finance and credit are viewed as the direct causes of the 2008 crisis and as such seen as providing an alternative explanation of the crisis. ", "Second, and related, finance is seen as an autonomous driver that is external to capitalism rather than an integral part of it. ", "In Marx’s scheme finance is not a direct cause of crisis, but it is a key intermediary between falling profitability and economic crisis. ", "Kliman quotes the following passage from Marx:\n\nIf the credit system appears as the principal lever of overproduction and excessive speculation in commerce, this is simply because the reproduction process, which is elastic by nature, is now forced [once the credit system has developed] to its extreme limits; and this is because a great part of the social capital is applied by those who are not its owners, and who therefore proceed quite unlike owners who, when they function themselves, anxiously weigh the limits of their private capital.75\n\nThis passage points to finance as a driver of overaccumulation—in other words it enables capitalists to grow more rapidly than otherwise. ", "In the process of competition production can be expanded and investment in the means of production accelerated. ", "The reference to “anxiously weigh” refers to the increase in risky investment behaviour when the person making the decisions will not suffer the losses—in that they are not gambling with their own money—what economists refer to as “moral hazard”. ", "This is taken to extremes by some city traders who have lost eye-watering amounts of the money of the capitalists who employ them to gamble it on their behalf.", "\n\nMarx argued that a decline in the rate of profit leads to a crisis ­indirectly by encouraging speculation and over-production:\n\nIf the rate of profit falls…we have swindling and general promotion of swindling, through desperate attempts in the way of new production methods, new capital investment and new adventures, to secure some kind of extra profit, which will be independent of the general average [profit determined by the average rate of profit] and superior to it.76\n\nWhen debts finally cannot be repaid a crisis erupts and then that crisis leads to stagnation:\n\nThe chain of payment obligations at specific dates is broken in a hundred places, and this is still further intensified by an accompanying breakdown of the credit system, which had developed alongside capital. ", "All of this therefore leads to a violent and acute crisis, sudden forcible devaluations, an actual stagnation and disruption in the reproduction process, and hence to an actual decline in reproduction.77\n\nThis has a very familiar ring and could easily be a description of the 2007-8 crisis.", "\n\nTherefore, as Kliman points out, Marx’s theory implies that a fall in the rate of profit leads to crisis only indirectly and with a time lag.78 The fall in profits leads to increased speculation and the increase in debt that cannot be repaid is the immediate cause of the crisis. ", "The implications of this are that the recent crisis is not reducible to finance, rather phenomena specific to the financial sector (excessive leverage, risky mortgage lending and the lack of transparency in balance sheets) were the trigger. ", "Financialisation therefore concentrates on the proximate causes of the crisis rather than the longer-term underlying weaknesses in the capitalist system that enabled the financial sector to trigger an especially deep and long recession with persistent after-effects.", "\n\nLack of profitability or lack of demand?", "\n\nAs we have seen the underconsumptionist view is that economic crises, recessions and stagnation are caused by a lack of spending as a result of workers being paid too little to buy what is produced—this may result from a polarisation of income and inequality.79\n\nThe logic of Keynesian interventionism in stimulating demand is that greater consumption causes greater production of goods, greater employment and growth. ", "But capitalism prospers, not if production rises, but if profitability rises. ", "Production only increases if profitability rises and if there is demand for the extra output—that is if surplus value can be both produced and realised. ", "For Keynesians, profitability is not the essential determinant of production. ", "They see profitability as a consequence of greater demand-induced production; in the Marxist approach higher production is a consequence of higher profitability. ", "In the Keynesian view the demand for consumer goods sets a rigid limit to investment demand, therefore total demand is held down by the restricted growth of consumption demand. ", "A chronic structural tendency therefore exists for aggregate supply to exceed aggregate demand. ", "This leads to a crisis of overproduction.", "\n\nWriting in 1958 Raya Dunayevskaya explains how underconsumptionists wrongly invert the order of causation:\n\nThe crisis…is not caused by a shortage of “effective demand”. ", "On the contrary, it is the crisis that causes a shortage of “effective demand”. ", "A crisis occurs not because there has been a scarcity of markets. ", "As we saw in theory, and as 1929 showed in practice, the market is largest just before the crisis. ", "From the capitalist point of view, however, there is occurring an unsatisfactory distribution of “income” between the recipients of wages and those of surplus value or profits. ", "The capitalist decreases his investments and the resulting stagnation of production appears as overproduction. ", "Of course, there is a contradiction between production and consumption. ", "Of course there is [an] “inability to sell”. ", "But the inability to sell manifests itself as such because of the antecedent decline in the rate of profit which has nothing whatever to do with the inability to sell.80\n\nMarx does not dispute the tendency towards underconsumption, but shows that it is not an insurmountable obstacle to the expansion of production. ", "What actually drives productive investment is profitability—past profits fund investment spending and expectations of future profitability provide the incentive.", "\n\nThe anarchic nature of capitalism means that a tendency to ­overproduction is intrinsic to the system. ", "Individual capitalists expand production, but without knowing what other capitalists are doing. ", "This leads to a fall (in the case of some goods, a collapse) of prices and profitability and weaker capitals going out of business. ", "Overproduction, therefore, has different causes and is not the same as underconsumption.", "\n\nCapital, exploitation and accumulation\n\nA critical difference between radical economists and classical Marxism is in the treatment of capital. ", "For Piketty capital is defined as\n\nthe sum total of nonhuman assets that can be owned and exchanged on some market. ", "Capital includes all forms of real property (including residential real estate) as well as financial and professional capital (plants, infrastructure, machinery, patents and so on) used by firms and government agencies.81\n\nIn effect, for Piketty, capital and wealth (mainly personal wealth) are the same. ", "The post-Keynesian school is influenced by and sympathetic to Marx, and Malcolm Sawyer defines capital as a “shorthand for the owners of the means of production (and their representatives) under the specific condition of capitalism”.82 This leads him to argue, in contrast to the mainstream economists, that there is an intrinsic conflict between the owners of capital and labour. ", "However, post-Keynesians treat capital as an autonomous force. ", "For Joan Robinson capital is equated with “efficient machinery” and the “application of science to industry”,83 while for Malcolm Sawyer “the pace and form of change are largely determined by capital”.84\n\nAs Callinicos argues, this “abstract[s] labour from its relationship with capital, and thereby transform[s] capital into an external force”.85 This is very different from Marx’s definition of capital which sees it as a social relation specific to the capitalist mode of production. ", "It is self-expanding value, which comes from the exertion of labour and is realised on a market. ", "It is measured in labour time (and in its monetary expression).", "\n\nAs Tomáš Tengely-Evans points out, Marx writes in the third volume of Capital:\n\nThe relation between capital and wage labour determines the whole character of the mode of production…the capitalist and the wage labourer are, as such, embodiments of and personification of capital and wage labour—specific social characteristics that the social process stamps on individuals, products of these specific social relations of production.86\n\nCapital is value accumulated through the exploitation of workers’ labour and then set in motion to expand further exploitation. ", "Therefore Marx’s definition of capital provides a link to the production process, as opposed to assuming that wealth acts as capital. ", "Whereas Piketty starts with inequality—Marx starts with exploitation and accumulation.", "\n\nFor Marx, capital only exists within the process of economic exchange. ", "Capital is a flow or circuit through which money and commodities move in order to produce value. ", "This circuit is the primary source of value creation in a capitalist society. ", "Studying this circuit allows us to understand how value is produced and distributed throughout our economy.", "\n\nBenjamin Kunkel spells out the political implications of understanding capital and value in this way:\n\nIf, on the other hand, capital aka the means of production, owes its value to past labour on a natural world that bears no title deed…then all income by rights belongs, one way or another, to labourers or producers… To argue that value derives from labour is ultimately to consider the successive labours that make up history; conflict and change emerge as the essence of economics as they are of history. ", "To focus instead on the instantaneous balance of one person’s wish to sell with another’s wish to buy is to abstract a moment of harmony from the ongoing clangour and flux.87\n\nThe logic of the post-Keynesian view that sees capital as autonomous and as a source of the creation of value, justifies policies that enhance capital and ultimately defends capitalism. ", "The argument that capital is a social relation and that labour is the only source of value leads to the political conclusion that workers should reclaim what is theirs in a process of struggle.", "\n\nConclusion\n\nAny theories that trace crises to low productivity, sluggish demand, the anarchy of the market, state intervention, high wages, low wages and so on, suggest that capitalism’s crisis tendencies can in principle be substantially lessened or eliminated by fixing the specific problem that is making the system perform poorly. ", "But the tendency for the rate of profit to fall suggests that economic crises are inevitable under capitalism because they are not caused by factors that are external to it—that is, factors that can be eliminated while keeping the system intact. ", "As Marx put it: “the violent destruction of capital” will not come about “by relations external to it, but rather as a ­condition of its self-preservation”.88\n\nSome of these ideas may seem either arcane or difficult or both. ", "But the political implications of these debates are profound. ", "If the long-term cause of the crisis is irreducibly financial then recurrent crises can be prevented by doing away with neoliberalism and “financialised capitalism”. ", "It is no longer necessary to “do away with the capitalist system of production—that is, production driven by the aim of ceaselessly expanding value, or abstract wealth”.89 This puts on the agenda, instead of changing the ­socioeconomic nature of the system itself, the need for financial regulation, fiscal and monetary policies to stimulate the economy and nationalisation of parts of the financial system. ", "Of course, we support these demands as a challenge to capitalism and the state—their success as a result of struggle would increase the confidence and combativeness of workers. ", "But at the same time we need to defend the core ideas of Marx from those that have reinterpreted his ideas to project a view of the world in which capitalism can be reformed. ", "If a persistent fall in the rate of profit is an important (if indirect) cause of crisis and recession then these proposals are not solutions; at best they will delay the next crisis. ", "Any artificial stimulus that produces unsustainable growth threatens to make the next crisis deeper and more protracted. ", "To eliminate crises it is therefore necessary to do away with the capitalist system of production.", "\n\n7: In UK universities, journals in economics (and other subjects) are given a ranking. ", "Publication in high-ranking journals determines the reputation of the department and the career progression and job opportunities for individuals. ", "Academics who are heterodox economists (who depart from mathematical modelling and neoclassical economics) find it much more difficult to get work.", "\n\n10: Larry Summers is a professor at Harvard, was secretary of the treasury in the Clinton administration in 1999 and a key economic advisor in the Obama administration. ", "Ben Bernanke did two terms as chairman of the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, between 2006 and 2014.", "\n\n11: The thesis of “secular stagnation” is confirmed by a recent IMF Report (IMF, 2015), which argues that global growth is moderate and uneven with weak investment and lack lustre growth in total factor productivity.", "\n\n43: Thomas Balogh was a Professor at Oxford University, President of the Fabian Society in 1970 and an advisor to Labour governments in 1964 and 1974. ", "See Balogh, 1982, for a critique of conventional economics.", "\n\n45: This tradition has a dedicated publication. ", "The Journal of Post-Keynesian Economics and the Cambridge Journal of Economics also reflects this school of thought. ", "A useful map of post-Keynesian scholars and their perspective can be found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics\n\nChang, Ha-Joon, 2002, “Breaking the Mould: An Institutionalist Political Economy Alternative to the Neo-Liberal Theory of the Market and the State”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, volume 26, number 5." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.009174311926605505, 0.004784688995215311, 0, 0.0026666666666666666, 0.0054869684499314125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00425531914893617, 0, 0.0103359173126615, 0, 0.003667481662591687, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0, 0.006085192697768763, 0.006060606060606061, 0.005934718100890208, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0.014018691588785047, 0.0073937153419593345, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0, 0, 0.0035460992907801418, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00663716814159292, 0, 0.0024449877750611247, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.002688172043010753, 0.01098901098901099, 0.004219409282700422, 0.0027624309392265192, 0.014354066985645933, 0.0018587360594795538, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016260162601626018, 0.0040650406504065045, 0, 0.003205128205128205, 0.0049504950495049506, 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0.0019646365422396855, 0.012738853503184714, 0, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0.004098360655737705, 0.011811023622047244, 0.005263157894736842, 0.005555555555555556, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.002976190476190476, 0.010416666666666666, 0.010676156583629894, 0, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0.002551020408163265, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0033783783783783786, 0, 0, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0.004761904761904762, 0.003076923076923077, 0, 0, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0012091898428053204, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.002967359050445104, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0022935779816513763, 0.0017421602787456446, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005434782608695652, 0, 0, 0.005813953488372093, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00390625, 0, 0.007326007326007326, 0.01195219123505976, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007712082262210797, 0.00202020202020202, 0.002577319587628866, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0017921146953405018, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0, 0.003472222222222222, 0, 0.013761467889908258, 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0, 0.012578616352201259, 0.005050505050505051, 0, 0, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0.003205128205128205, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01749271137026239, 0, 0, 0.006944444444444444, 0.019801980198019802, 0, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0.00291970802919708, 0, 0, 0, 0.0012755102040816326, 0, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005813953488372093, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006329113924050633, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003278688524590164, 0.005249343832020997, 0, 0.008213552361396304, 0, 0, 0.007067137809187279, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0, 0, 0.0019569471624266144, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0044444444444444444, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005714285714285714, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0.016129032258064516, 0.0045871559633027525, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0, 0.017094017094017096, 0.011940298507462687 ]

[ "List of Ecuadorian ironmen\n\nThis is the List of Ecuadorian Ironman who have participated and finished the full Ironman distance competitions around the world.", "\n\nJosé María Ponce M. has the best finished time of all the Ecuadorian participants in Ironman Triathlon, his finished time at the Arizona Ironman in 2019 was 9:05:04 and is the first male AG winner. . ", " Nelson Vásquez was the first Ecuadorian to become an Ironman in Switzerland in 1999, with an official time of 11:42:57.", "\n\nMen's Division\n\nWomen's Division\n\nReferences\n\nIronmen\n*List" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.006329113924050633, 0.019801980198019802, 0.016666666666666666, 0 ]

[ "<?", "php\n\t$FLAGWEB6 = (file_get_contents(\"flag.txt\"));\n\t$PASSWORD = (file_get_contents(\"flag.txt\")); //haha\n\n\n\tif(isset($_GET['password'])){\n\t\n\tif(strcmp($PASSWORD, $_GET['password']) == 0){\n\t\t\t$success = true;\n\t\t}\n\t\telse{\n\t\t\t$success = false;\n\t\t}\n\n\t}\n\telse {\n\t\t$success = false;\n\t}\n\t\n\t\n\n?", ">\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.007017543859649123, 0 ]

[ "Stratégia EÚ na zabezpečenie prístupu na trh pre európske spoločnosti (rozprava) \nPredsedajúci\n. - ", "Ďalším bodom programu je správa pána Guardansa Cambóa v mene Výboru pre medzinárodný obchod k stratégii EÚ o zabezpečení prístupu európskych spoločností na trh.", "\nIgnasi Guardans Cambó\nspravodajca. - (", "ES) Vážený pán predsedajúci, počas diskusií o lisabonskej stratégii a o jej celkovom význame pre rast a konkurencieschopnosť v Európe sa žiaľ otázke zahraničného obchodu nevenovala pozornosť, ktorú si ako podstatná časť stratégie pre konkurencieschopnosť, rast a zamestnanosť v rámci EÚ zasluhovala. ", "V súčasnom období sme zaznamenali pokrok, Európska komisia situáciu napravila a urovnala záležitosti. ", "Jasne vymedzila postavenie zahraničného obchodu, prístupu na zahraničné trhy, ako ďalšieho piliera štruktúry, ktorá musí viesť k rastu a blahobytu v Európskej únii.", "\nVývoz tovaru a služieb je základnou zložkou konkurencieschopnosti našich hospodárstiev, a teda aj činiteľom zamestnanosti a bohatstva v Európskej únii. ", "Najväčšie ťažkosti v súvislosti s možnosťami vývozu sa týkajú viac necolných prekážok než všeobecne uznávaných platieb colného charakteru. ", "Komisia už uskutočnila rozsiahlu konzultáciu, a preukázala tak svoje zámery v kontexte svojej širšej stratégie s názvom Globálna Európa, zámery, ktoré podporujeme aj my. ", "Správa obsahuje množstvo odpovedí na otázky, ktoré boli súčasťou konzultácie, ale rozhodne aj pár odpovedí, ktoré sa Komisia v tom čase rozhodla nezahrnúť.", "\nGlobalizácia nepatrí medzi vonkajšie hrozby, pred ktorými sa musíme chrániť. ", "Myslím si, že máme obrovskú príležitosť dosiahnuť to, čo sme v minulosti dosiahnuť nemohli a väčší trh je jedným zo spôsobov nadobudnutia bohatstva, alebo inými slovami, vytvárania pracovných miest a zlepšenia blahobytu občanov. ", "Samozrejme, a teraz hovorím k istej časti tohto Parlamentu, že táto správa žiada o prístup na trh, zvýšený prístup, o stratégiu, ktorá môže a musí rešpektovať okolnosti prevládajúce v každej krajine. ", "Európske vedenie v tejto oblasti rešpektuje oprávnené obavy rozvíjajúcich sa hospodárstiev a je potrebné uznávať ich aj naďalej.", "\nJedno z najotvorenejších hospodárstiev, akým európsky model je, si však nemôže dovoliť, aby sa nechalo uniesť istou dogmatickosťou. ", "Vývoz tovarov a služieb nemôže podliehať neospravedlniteľným prekážkam ani verejnému obstarávaniu a Komisia má možnosť a musí urobiť v oboch týchto oblastiach viac. ", "Môže a musí zlepšiť svoje nástroje v Bruseli, v rámci EÚ, prostredníctvom lepšej koordinácie s orgánmi na podporu obchodu v členských štátoch a v regiónoch a so zainteresovanými podnikmi. ", "Preto je, pán komisár, potrebné chápať slovo subsidiarita v širšom význame. ", "Preto má Komisia zohrávať úlohu, ktorú nemôže zohrať iný subjekt, úlohu, ktorá nikoho neznevýhodňuje, a ktorá nás všetkých pozdvihuje, koordinovať aktivity, čo už vykonávajú iní, avšak možno menej účinne ako by to mohla robiť Komisia.", "\nSpráva tak vytyčuje niekoľko konkrétnych bodov, niektoré z nich sú skutočne veľmi konkrétne, ktoré má Komisia možnosť v rámci svojej stratégie prístupu na trh zdokonaliť. ", "Nemám v úmysle čítať ich tu, sú úplne jasné a presné a je možné posúdiť ich rovnako precízne. ", "Voči Komisii máme aj jednu veľmi konkrétnu žiadosť, ktorá sa týka ad hoc definovania opatrení s cieľom chrániť a posilňovať prítomnosť výrobkov malých a stredných podnikov na trhoch tretích krajín, pretože ak nemajú ochranu, najväčším ťažkostiam podliehajú práve uvedené výrobky.", "\nKomisia má tiež možnosť a musí zabezpečiť lepšiu koordináciu prostriedkov priamo na mieste s ohľadom na všetky citlivé otázky a bez vylúčenia kohokoľvek zainteresovaného. ", "Každý štát, každý orgán podpory vývozu, každá obchodná delegácia z členského štátu: obchodné delegácie EÚ majú možnosť posilniť svoju úlohu v tretích krajinách bez toho, aby sa dotkli iných. ", "Nedostatočná komunikácia medzi určitými aktérmi medzinárodného obchodu, ktorých spozná každý, kto ich navštívil, je neospravedlniteľná. ", "Kedykoľvek je to možné, nemôžme odmietnuť skutočný mnohostranný prístup s cieľom zlepšovať štandardizáciu a potrebu zdokonaľovať mechanizmy v rámci WTO, všetky uvedené aktivity sa ukážu ako veľmi užitočné.", "\nVzhľadom na tieto skutočnosti mám pocit, že všetci môžeme privítať prijatie tejto správy, v prospech ktorej bude pravdepodobne hlasovať veľká väčšina. ", "Rád by som poďakoval najmä sekretariátu Výboru pre medzinárodný obchod, ktorý asistoval pri príprave správy a tieňovým spravodajcom z rozličných parlamentných skupín, ktorí predložili pozmeňujúce a doplňujúce návrhy a skvalitnili jej znenie.", "\nSpráva je signálom nového politického impulzu. ", "Nejde len o kus papiera, ktorý je potrebné schváliť, zarámovať a zavesiť na stenu. ", "Je to začiatok stratégie, čo je zrejmé aj z názvu, a pri stratégii je potrebný celý rad opatrení. ", "Je potrebné zaviesť tieto opatrenia a musíme byť schopní v budúcnosti požiadať Komisiu, aby sa znova dostavila do Parlamentu a objasnila nám ako boli opatrenia zavedené.", "\nPeter Mandelson\nČlen Komisie. - ", "Vážený pán predsedajúci, rád by som prejavil skutočne veľkú vďaku spravodajcovi, pánovi Guardansovi Cambóovi a Výboru pre medzinárodný obchod za túto veľmi konštruktívnu správu. ", "Je dôkazom toho, že máme rovnakú víziu v súvislosti s aktívnou stratégiou prístupu európskych podnikov a pracovníkov na trh a v súvislosti s kľúčovými princípmi, ktoré by mali byť jej základom.", "\nPriority vytýčené v správe, malé a stredné podniky, prekážky, kladené službám a investíciám, verejné obstarávanie a práva duševného vlastníctva, patria aj k mojim veľkým prioritám. ", "Rovnaký bol aj odkaz Európskej rady z júna minulého roka, ktorý zopakovala minulý mesiac ako reakciu na našu správu o pokroku. ", "V súvislosti s významom tejto práce sme dosiahli silný nový konsenzus.", "\nZákladom stratégie Globálna Európa, ktorú sme začali v roku 2006, bol záväzok s cieľom udržať naše vlastné európske trhy otvorené a tiež opätovne sústrediť naše zdroje na vytváranie nových príležitostí pre európskych pracovníkov a spoločnosti na trhoch našich hlavných obchodných partnerov. ", "Uvedené ciele je možné dosiahnuť predovšetkým prostredníctvom úspešnej obchodnej dohody WTO, ale aj prostredníctvom novej generácie dohôd o voľnom obchode. ", "Znamená to aj, že je potrebné zvoliť praktickejší prístup v zdolávaní moderných obchodných prekážok, predovšetkým necolných prekážok, ktoré sa neobjavujú na hraniciach, ale až za nimi. ", "Európski pracovníci a spoločnosti sú schopní konkurencie takmer na všetkých trhoch za predpokladu, že majú spravodlivú príležitosť a rovnaké podmienky hospodárskej súťaže. ", "Našou úlohou je podporiť ich a poskytnúť im platformu pre ich činnosť. ", "Pre nás to znamená zamerať sa na prekážky, podmienky a diskriminačné regulačné postupy, ktoré pôsobia v ich neprospech a odopierajú im spravodlivú príležitosť zúčastniť sa hospodárskej súťaže a obchodovať.", "\nVýzvou v roku 2007 bolo uviesť túto politiku do praxe. ", "Sústredili sme sa najmä na posilnenie našich zdrojov priamo na našich najdôležitejších trhoch formou vytvorenia tímov pre prístup na trh, ktoré spájajú podnik, členský štát, útvary Komisie a odborníkov. ", "Tvoria ich ľudia, ktorí skutočne poznajú trhy, ktorí majú dobrý prehľad v miestnych politikách a jasno v tom, čo je potrebné a čo je možné. ", "Výsledky sú dobré. ", "Za posledných šesť mesiacov sme dosiahli dôležité úspechy v Južnej Amerike, Strednej Ázii, južnej Ázii, Japonsku a v Rusku. ", "V oblasti prístupu na trh sme zintenzívnili aj spoluprácu so Spojenými štátmi, ktorá nám poslúžila ako nástroj pri dosahovaní spomínaných úspechov.", "\nZaviedli sme aj register sťažností pre európske spoločnosti, ktorý je prístupný na internete a mesačné kontroly v reálnom čase, na základe ktorých sa podávajú správy o práci v rámci prístupu na trh. ", "Z tohto dôvodu úplne nesúhlasím s pripomienkou v správe týkajúcou sa toho, že Komisia v počiatočnej fáze nevykonala všetky dostupné kroky s cieľom využiť úplný potenciál tohto partnerstva. ", "Neznamená to však, že spoluprácu považujem za bezchybnú, alebo že som presvedčený, že naša súčasná práca sa nedala vykonať iným či lepším spôsobom.", "\nSúhlasím, že nová stratégia predstavuje dynamický proces, ktorý si vyžaduje trvalý dohľad a angažovanosť. ", "Pravdupovediac, v Parlamente, ale aj v členských štátoch, musí mať viac aktívnych zástancov našich krokov a prístupu k uskutočňovaniu našich cieľov, ľudí, ktorí sa odvážia otvorene vyjadriť k recipročnému otvoreniu trhov, najmä medzi krajinami s rozvíjajúcim sa hospodárstvom, rast ktorých sa zvyšuje ich vstupom na naše trhy. ", "Veríme v správnu a spravodlivú zásadu medzinárodného obchodu. ", "Jej náležité a vhodné uplatňovanie znie, že ak ostanú naše trhy otvorené voči ostatným, aj oni postupne otvoria svoje trhy nám.", "\nSúhlasím so spravodajcom a jeho výzvou pre všetkých zúčastnených, aby sa na tejto spolupráci aktívne podieľali. ", "Pokračujeme v zlepšovaní koordinácie činností členských štátov a odvetví priemyslu priamo z miesta, ale ak chceme naplniť náš potenciál, je potrebné zlepšiť aj prácu odborníkov.", "\nČo sa týka otázky zdrojov, som vďačný za dodatočných zamestnancov, ktorých rozpočtové orgány pridelili GR pre obchod. ", "Aj naďalej budeme naliehať na rozšírenie zdrojov pre najdôležitejšie trhy v Ázii a napríklad v Brazílii. ", "Zatiaľ sme posilnili personál pre prácu na prístupe na trh v Bruseli.", "\nNakoniec sa vyjadrím aj k vašej požiadavke týkajúcej sa predloženia výročnej správy Komisiou. ", "Po jej predložení by ju som rád každoročne s Parlamentom prediskutoval.", "\nTakže ešte raz by som rád poďakoval spravodajcovi a Parlamentu za angažovanosť v tejto dôležitej práci. ", "Je veľmi dôležité, aby sme si našu energiu a angažovanosť zachovali aj v roku 2008 a v nasledujúcich rokoch. ", "Táto priorita je veľmi významná pre mňa i moje útvary, pre európske podniky a pracovné miesta, ktoré môžu vytvoriť pre našich pracovníkov. ", "Zvýšenie zamestnanosti vyplýva zo zvýšeného prístupu na trh a z posilnenia svetového obchodu, ktoré predstavuje základ stratégie obchodnej politiky Globálna Európa.", "\n(potlesk)\nSilvia-Adriana Ţicău\nspravodajkyňa Výboru pre priemysel, výskum a energetiku požiadaného o stanovisko. - (", "RO) Vážený pán predsedajúci, pán komisár, stratégia Európskej únie prístupu na trh začala v roku 1996. ", "Komisia vytvorila bezplatnú službu, ktorá poskytuje európskym vývozcom elektronický a verejne prístupný aktuálny register týkajúci sa podmienok prístupu na trh približne v sto krajinách.", "\nV roku 2007 obchodovanie v eurozóne zaznamenalo prebytok vo výške 28,3 miliardy EUR v porovnaní s deficitom vo výške 9,3 miliardy EUR v roku 2006. ", "V roku 2007 EÚ 27 zaznamenala deficit vo výške 185,7 miliardy EUR v porovnaní s deficitom vo výške 192,1 miliardy EUR v roku 2006. ", "Preto by mali byť prijaté opatrenia na úrovni Spoločenstva s cieľom zvýšiť konkurencieschopnosť členských štátov mimo eurozóny.", "\nDomnievame sa, že prístup na trh sa zjednoduší propagáciou hodnôt a princípov Európskej únie smerom k tretím krajinám tým, že budeme presadzovať otvorené trhy, dodržiavať sociálne a environmentálne normy a zabezpečovať ochranu duševného vlastníctva.", "\nSúčasťou partnerstva Komisie s členskými štátmi a európskymi spoločnosťami by mali byť investície do výskumu, propagačných kampaní s cieľom sprístupniť služby a informácie verejnosti, zdokonaľovanie počítačového systému Spoločenstva týkajúceho sa prístupu na trh a prepojenie osobitných databáz a odborníkov v oblasti vzdelávania, ktorí by podporovali európske spoločnosti.", "\nCorien Wortmann-Kool\nv mene skupiny PPE-DE. - (", "NL) Vážený pán predsedajúci, nová stratégia Komisie prístupu na trh by naozaj mala pomôcť odstrániť prekážky v tretích krajinách. ", "Predstavuje preto, ako hovorí pán komisár, vhodný doplnok k WTO a dôležitý doplnok k dohodám o voľnom obchode. ", "Som veľmi potešený pozitívnou správou Parlamentu a rád by som poďakoval nášmu spravodajcovi, pánovi Ignasimu Guardansovi Cambóovi, ktorý tiež stanovil tieto priority: účinnejšiu spoluprácu s európskymi podnikmi a intenzívnejšiu podporu stredným podnikom, asistenčnú službu pri Komisii, ale tiež priamo na mieste v tretích krajinách. ", "Domnievam sa, že európsky inštitút v Číne pre malé a stredné európske spoločnosti je výborná iniciatíva Komisie.", "\nJe to otázka reciprocity. ", "Otvoríme svoj trh tretím krajinám a neskôr by sa trhy v týchto tretích krajinách mali tiež otvoriť našim európskym spoločnostiam, najmä v rýchlo sa rozvíjajúcich hospodárstvach Číny, Indie, Brazílie a Ruska. ", "Mali by sme preto uprednostniť túto otázku v rámci stratégie prístupu na trh a vytvoriť tímy pre prístup na trh, ktoré budú pomáhať európskym spoločnostiam v týchto krajinách. ", "Znamená to, že na túto činnosť musíme prijať vhodných zamestnancov, vrátane zamestnancov európskych veľvyslanectiev, ako ste už uviedli. ", "Európske podniky sú najväčšími vývozcami na svete a musíme neustále bojovať s ochrannýnm opatreniam aj v týchto tretích krajinách. ", "Musíme stanoviť svoje priority v dôležitých oblastiach služieb, verejného obstarávania, investícií, duševného vlastníctva a colných postupov.", "\nSom rád, že ste oznámili, že nám budete predkladať správy každý rok a bolo by vhodné tieto priority raz za rok prerokovať. ", "Preukázali ste cieľavedomosť a dokázali, že je to pre nás dôležitá oblasť. ", "Naozaj dúfam, že preukážete cieľavedomosť aj keď dôjde k prispôsobovaniu nástrojov na ochranu obchodu. ", "Rovnakú cieľavedomosť, akú ste preukázali pri tejto stratégii.", "\nCarlos Carnero González\nv mene skupiny PSE. - (", "ES) Vážený pán predsedajúci, rád by som začal svoje vystúpenie blahoželaním spravodajcovi k jeho dôležitej práci, pokiaľ ide o návrhy a analýzu.", "\nTento parlament nehlasuje o dôvodových správach, ale keby hlasoval o tejto správe, hlasoval by som za ňu, pretože rozhodne odôvodňuje hlavné návrhy ustanovenia. ", "Domnievam sa teda, že môžem vyjadriť podporu skupine socialistov a požiadať, aby spravodajca zohľadnil niektoré hlavné pozmeňujúce a doplňujúce návrhy, ktoré sme predložili v náležitom súlade s ideálmi ľavicovej skupiny.", "\nEurópa je nepochybne najväčší svetový vývozca tovaru a vedúci poskytovateľ služieb. ", "V celosvetovom kontexte navyše máme zákonné právo predávať najvyššie možné množstvo našich výrobkov a služieb, v tomto prípade na trhoch rýchlo sa rozvíjajúcich krajín. ", "Prečo nie? ", "Je to logické a bežné. ", "Okrem toho by to vyžadovali naši občania. ", "Preto sú návrhy predložené v správe a uvedené v oznámení Komisie správne, počínajúc ochranou necolných prekážok, \"hydra\", ako ich spravodajca správne nazval: hydra, ktorá funguje v zákulisí, nielenže bráni európskym výrobkom a službám vstúpiť na trh, ale bráni aj vyváženému vývoju v týchto krajinách a na týchto trhoch.", "\nDomnievam sa preto, že táto správa je na správnej ceste, pretože musíme zabezpečiť plnenie lisabonského programu a posilniť náš sociálny model. ", "Potrebujeme tiež zabezpečiť, aby tento model mohol preniknúť do rozvíjajúcich sa krajín, s ktorými chceme obchodovať. ", "Nepochybujem, že to prinesie úžitok európskym pracovníkom a pracovníkom v ostatných krajinách.", "\nKladieme značný dôraz na pracovné podmienky, bezpečnosť, ochranu životného prostredia a najmä na dodržiavanie ľudských práv. ", "V tom spočívajú naše základné pozmeňujúce a doplňujúce návrhy.", "\nMusím zopakovať našu požiadavku, aby spravodajca tieto návrhy vzal do úvahy. ", "Ako však dosiahneme tieto ciele? ", "Dosiahneme ich omnoho intenzívnejšou spoluprácou medzi EÚ, členskými štátmi a podnikmi, pričom začneme podporou malých a stredných podnikov. ", "Neviem, či túto spoluprácu môžeme nazvať \"zdokonalenou\" spoluprácou vzhľadom na to, že tento termín možno zamieňať s inštitucionálnymi ustanoveniami v novej Zmluve. ", "Blahoželám a dobrú noc.", "\nCristiana Muscardini\nv mene skupiny UEN. - (", "IT) Vážený pán predsedajúci, vážené dámy, vážení páni, uvedomujeme si citlivosť tejto otázky a množstvo pozornosti, ktorú jej venujú v príslušných krajinách.", "\nSkupina UEN je veľmi spokojná s návrhom, ktorý predložil pán Guardans Cambó a s dodatočnou prácou Výboru pre medzinárodný obchod. ", "Zablahoželala by som spravodajcovi k jeho analýze a zameraniu na Európu a následne jeho dôrazu na ťažkosti často spôsobené neopodstatnenými prekážkami, s ktorými sa európsky priemysel na medzinárodných trhoch stretáva.", "\nZvýšiť konkurencieschopnosť znamená vykonať všetko potrebné na dosiahnutie úspechu lisabonskej stratégie. ", "Ak môžeme poskytnúť európskemu priemyslu lepší prístup na medzinárodné trhy, umožníme spoločnostiam rásť, investovať do know-how a technológií a vytvárať viac pracovných miest. ", "To od nás žiada mnoho hospodárskych odvetví v našich krajinách.", "\nVstupu európskeho priemyslu na zahraničné trhy bránia rôzne druhy prekážok. ", "Uvedené prekážky pozostávajú z niekoľkých rôznych opatrení, od nejasných právnych úprav a odradzujúcich prostriedkov týkajúcich sa investícií alebo prístupu na trh po nespravodlivé obchodné postupy, nedostatočné zohľadňovanie práv duševného vlastníctva a rozšírené falšovanie, ktoré je pre európsky tovar škodlivé. ", "Všeobecne povedané, prekážky pozostávajú z vážneho a systematického porušovania pravidiel WTO a iných pravidiel medzinárodného obchodu.", "\nOznámenie Komisie je formulované správne a Parlament chce podporovať iniciatívy uvedené v oznámení a zamerané na zlepšenie prístupu na zahraničné trhy. ", "Tieto iniciatívy zahŕňajú vytvorenie silnejšieho strategického partnerstva medzi Komisiou, pričom bude zachovaná jej koordinačná úloha, členskými štátmi a podnikmi Európskej únie s cieľom podporovať hospodárske subjekty a najmä malé a stredné podniky, ktoré chcú získať kontakt s tretími krajinami, alebo vyvážať do tretích krajín.", "\nDelegácie Komisie potrebujú posilniť prítomnosť v niektorých kľúčových krajinách. ", "Posilnenie prítomnosti by malo tvoriť časť širšej stratégie uskutočňovanej spolu s našimi hlavnými obchodnými partnermi akými sú Spojené štáty, Japonsko a Kanada. ", "Tieto krajiny majú rovnaké obavy na medzinárodnej úrovni ako my a mohli by sa spojiť s Úniou v presadzovaní multilaterálnej dohody v tejto oblasti, pričom budú podporovať mechanizmy WTO, ktoré zabezpečujú rýchlejšiu reakciu na nové necolné prekážky.", "\nMultilaterálne opatrenie je najúčinnejší druh opatrenia vzhľadom na množstvo zúčastnených krajín, ale tiež je to najzložitejšie opatrenie. ", "Preto je potrebné, aby bolo sprevádzané dohodami, v ktorých budú identifikované a vyriešené nezrovnalosti súvisiace s existenciou neopodstatnených prekážok v tretích krajinách.", "\nCarl Schlyter\nv mene skupiny Verts/ALE. - (", "SV) Vážený pán predsedajúci, ak si niekto prečíta oznámenie Komisie a najmä správu Parlamentu, mohol by sa domnievať, že úbohá malá EÚ je utláčaná nepriateľskými silami zo zahraničia. ", "Tento dojem vyvstáva predovšetkým z odseku 4 správy, v ktorom je uvedené, že naliehame na Komisiu, aby zabezpečila ochranu obchodných záujmov Európskej únie pred nezákonnými a nespravodlivými obchodnými postupmi tretích krajín. ", "Znova: \"ak tretie krajiny neodôvodnene bránia prístupu spoločností Európskej únie na svoje trhy, Európska únia by mala reagovať rýchlo a rozhodne.\"", "\nMali by sme byť opatrní pri používaní tohto druhu vyjadrení voči bývalým kolóniám. ", "Pamätajú si obdobie, keď Európa naposledy konala rozhodne, aby chránila svoje záujmy. ", "Tento druh prejavu nás môže ohroziť skôr, než akékoľvek obchodné obmedzenia.", "\nKomisia sa samozrejme nemýli v tom, že existujú technické prekážky pre obchod a nespravodlivé pravidlá. ", "Musíme o nich diskutovať s našimi partnermi pokojne a rozumne a vyriešiť všetky problémy, ktoré môžu nastať. ", "Musíme prizvať nielen podniky, ale aj dobrovoľnícke organizácie, vrátane organizácií z tretích krajín. ", "Možno následne môžeme pochopiť spôsob, akým pravidlá vznikli a porozumieť, či sú opodstatnené alebo nie.", "\nZnepokojuje ma desaťbodový zoznam. ", "Obmedzujúce vývozné postupy pre surové materiály, obmedzené množstvo zahraničných vlastníkov v sektore služieb, obmedzenia týkajúce sa priamych zahraničných investícií, postupy štátneho verejného obstarávania a uplatňovanie štátnej pomoci musia byť vnímané ako prekážky pre obchod, ktoré majú svoje opodstatnenie. ", "Tieto prekážky vyvstávajú zo zákonnej legislatívy a sú administratívnymi opatreniami verejných orgánov. ", "Ak nechceme ohroziť stabilitu týchto krajín, nemožno ich odstrániť bez verejnej konzultácie a bez uváženia.", "\nKrajiny musia mať právo na ochranu zdravia a životného prostredia a musia používať postupy verejného obstarávania, ktorými zabezpečia, že ich miestne podniky nebudú úplne vylúčené z medzinárodnej hospodárskej súťaže, čo spôsobuje masovú nezamestnanosť. ", "Rovnako nemôžeme byť natoľko nerozumní, že budeme od krajín očakávať ochranu našich nedotknuteľných vlastníckych práv, keď ťažko nachádzajú zdroje na ochranu ľudských práv. ", "Mali by sme skôr presadzovať slobodu, než nastavovať pasce.", "\nMusíme kritizovať tie pravidlá, ktorých cieľom je zvýhodňovať podniky v príslušných krajinách, ktoré majú prevádzky za hranicami, a ktoré vystupujú proti ostatným zahraničným hráčom. ", "V tomto prípade pravidlá nie sú potrebné. ", "Mali by sme byť schopní privrieť oči nad pravidlami, ktoré sú priamo alebo nepriamo zamerané na ochranu obyvateľov alebo podnikov, ktoré pôsobia v mieste svojej prevádzky. ", "My sme svoje priemyselné odvetvia dokiaľ neboli dostatočne silné pre hospodársku súťaž na medzinárodnej úrovni chránili. ", "Ostatným musíme umožniť konať rovnako.", "\nChristofer Fjellner\n(SV) Vytvorenie prístupu na trh znamená odstránenie colných a necolných prekážok pre obchod vo svete. ", "Pre obchodnú politiku Únie je to nesmierne dôležitá priorita. ", "Nielenže tým vznikajú obchodné príležitosti pre európske spoločnosti, ale poskytuje sa im aj prístup k lepším a lacnejším výrobkom v ostatných častiach sveta. ", "Vytvorenie prístupu na trh vedie k prosperite vo svete.", "\nOkrem toho sa domnievam, že je to tiež otázka, v súvislosti s ktorou je v Európskom parlamente uzatvorený neobvyklý druh dohody. ", "Potešiteľné v čase, keď je protekcionizmus v celom svete na vzostupe. ", "Preto sa tiež domnievam, že oznámenie Komisie a správa pána Guardansa Cambóa prichádzajú v správnom čase. ", "Sú naozaj veľmi kvalitne spracované.", "\nV tejto diskusii by som rád upozornil na ďalšiu otázku, ktorú nesmieme prehliadať - na druhú stranu otvorenosti. ", "Myslím, že sú neoddeliteľné. ", "Európske firmy tiež potrebujú otvorenosť, aby boli konkurencieschopné na celosvetovom základe a využívali prístup na trh, ktorý môžeme vytvoriť v iných krajinách. ", "V našom globalizovanom svete so stále vyšším počtom spoločností, ktoré využívajú svetové dodávateľské reťazce, môžu mať naše clá na naše úspešné podniky rovnako škodlivý účinok, ako clá, s ktorými nesúhlasíme v iných krajinách.", "\nMám pre komisára konkrétny návrh, ktorý môže čiastočne pomôcť pri riešení tejto otázky. ", "Keď majú firmy ťažkosti pri obchodovaní s EÚ, posielajú správu o týchto problémoch na sieť Solvit, ktorá je vynikajúcim nástrojom na zvýšenie mobility na vnútornom trhu. ", "Ak má firma ťažkosti s vývozom do krajiny mimo EÚ, uvádza to v databáze o prístupe na trh. ", "Tieto informácie sú tiež nesmierne dôležité. ", "Obidva systémy tvoria základ pre rokovania o zjednodušení obchodovania. ", "Dúfajme, že budeme môcť tiež vytvoriť databázu o prístupe na trh alebo sieť Solvit s cieľom riešiť ťažkosti, s ktorými sa dovozné firmy EÚ môžu stretnúť.", "\nAk to zvládneme, spolu so zvyškom sveta môžeme pokračovať smerom, ktorý podporuje vytvorenie voľného trhu. ", "Následne môžeme dokázať, že Európa preberá vedenie pri otváraní domácich aj zahraničných trhov.", "\nLeopold Józef Rutowicz\n. - (", "PL) Vážený pán predsedajúci, správa pána Guardansa Cambóa sa týka všetkých oblastí súvisiacich s posilnením partnerstva s cieľom umožniť európskym vývozcom jednoduchší prístup na trhy tretích krajín.", "\nPostupy v rámci protekcionizmu, nespravodlivá hospodárska súťaž a byrokratické prekážky často bránia prístupu na tieto trhy. ", "Malé a stredné podniky vytvárajú v Európe najviac pracovných miest, ale pri vývoze sa stretávajú s osobitnými problémami. ", "Ich možnosti sú obmedzené pre nedostatok zdrojov potrebných na výskum a nových technológií, potrebných pre získanie pevného postavenia na týchto trhoch a prispôsobenie svojich výrobkov a služieb požiadavkám spotrebiteľov.", "\nV správe je odôvodnene zdôraznená potreba pomoci malým a stredným podnikom z európskych zdrojov na vládnej a diplomatickej úrovni. ", "Európska únia by mala zintenzívniť svoju logistickú činnosť a ponúknuť náležitú podporu, aby týmto podnikateľom zjednodušila získanie aktívnej pozície na trhoch tretích krajín.", "\nGeorgios Papastamkos\n. - (", "EL) Podobne ak vy, pán komisár, sa osobitne venujeme nedostatku recipročných podmienok prístupu na trh a nerovnosti zaobchádzania s európskymi výrobkami, s ktorou sa stretli mnohí partneri.", "\nNapríklad v textilnom a odevnom priemysle uplatňuje EÚ priemernú výšku cla na úrovni 9 %. ", "Je to jedno z najnižších ciel na svete. ", "Na druhej strane, mnoho konkurentov ukladá clo do výšky 30 % a nad 30 % spolu s množstvom necolných prekážok.", "\nPreto rýchlo sa rozvíjajúce hospodárstva potrebujú tiež v určitom rozsahu prijať zásadu reciprocity v rámci ústupkov v súlade so svojim stupňom vývoja a konkurencieschopnosťou v danom odvetví. ", "Ochrana práv duševného vlastníctva a zemepisné označenia na celosvetovej úrovni sú naďalej pomerne nedostatočné. ", "Dochádza tým k odstráneniu konkurenčnej výhody vysokej pridanej hodnoty európskych priemyselných a poľnohospodárskych výrobkov.", "\nHarmonizácia medzinárodných regulačných modelov a pravidiel zjednodušuje prístup na zahraničné trhy a nesmie znemožniť zvyšovanie pružnosti európskeho regulačného rámca pre ochranu životného prostredia, sociálnu ochranu, ochranu verejného zdravia a ochranu spotrebiteľa.", "\nÚplne naopak, predmetom je konvergencia, ale smerom nahor. ", "Mimoriadne dôležité je zatriedenie dovozov podľa príslušných špecifikácií a požiadaviek, ako aj hľadanie úspešného spôsobu riešenia environmentálneho a sociálneho dampingu.", "\nNa záver by som rád zdôraznil, že malé a stredné podniky musia byť v centre pozornosti novej stratégie prístupu na trh.", "\nBlahoželám spravodajcovi, tieňovému spravodajcovi a komisárovi. ", "Vítame iniciatívu Komisie týkajúcu sa novej stretégie prístupu na trh.", "\nZuzana Roithová\n(CS) Vážený pán komisár, som tiež presvedčená, že delegácie Komisie a nové tímy pre prístup na trh, ktoré pôsobia v tretích krajinách, potrebujú oveľa silnejší mandát. ", "Komisia by podľa môjho názoru mala opätovne zvážiť svoje priority pri rozdeľovaní ľudských zdrojov v delegáciách EÚ a mala by zvýšiť počet zamestnancov delegácií, najmä delegácií, ktoré pôsobia v Číne, Indii, Rusku a Brazílii. ", "Členské štáty by mali zohrávať podstatnejšiu úlohu v rozširovaní ľudských a zvyšovaní finančných zdrojov týchto delegácií úmerne svojim obchodným záujmom. ", "Komisia a členské štáty by navyše mali zlepšiť spoluprácu s Európskou obchodnou komorou, obchodnými združeniami a agentúrami členských štátov v tretích krajinách. ", "V tom spočíva základ výmeny informácií medzi delegáciami, diplomatickými misiami a európskymi obchodnými združeniami. ", "Prinieslo by to úžitok najmä malým a stredným podnikom. ", "Hlavným cieľom našej stratégie však musí byť reciprocita obchodných vzťahov, predovšetkým napríklad v Číne, a prísnejšie presadzovanie medzinárodných právnych predpisov v oblasti obchodu, než označenie tohto presadzovania za protekcionizmus.", "\nMairead McGuinness\nVážený pán predsedajúci, zaujalo ma, že pán komisár bol jediný, kto spomenul medzinárodné obchodné rokovania. ", "Možno je to príležitosť získať nejaké informácie, týkajúce sa nových možností na trhoch našich hlavných obchodných partnerov, ktoré by vznikli na základe úspešnej dohody s WTO. ", "Ale, rovnako ste povedali, pán komisár, že by to bolo možné dosiahnuť v rámci novej generácie dohôd o voľnom obchode. ", "Pripúšťate porážku na pôde WTO? ", "Možno by ste nám v tejto súvislosti mohli poskytnúť nejaké aktuálne informácie, pretože si myslím, že táto problematika je hlavnou časťou rozpravy.", "\nMohla by som vás tiež požiadať o objasnenie niektorých obáv týkajúcich sa súčasného stavu otázok v oblasti poľnohospodárstva, ktorými sa WTO zaoberá? ", "Existujú obavy z ďalších znížení dovozných ciel pre citlivé výrobky zo strany EÚ a zo zvýšenia vysokej colnej kvóty v rámci programu, pretože vyvstáva tiež otázka, aké výsledky dosahujete na pôde WTO v súvislosti s prístupom k nepoľnohospodárskym výrobkom a službám. ", "Myslím, že potrebujeme aktuálne informácie, ak nám ich môžete poskytnúť v rámci tejto rozpravy.", "\nZbigniew Krzysztof Kuźmiuk\n(PL) Vážený pán predsedajúci, v úvode nášho príspevku v tejto rozprave chceme venovať pozornosť trom otázkam. ", "Po prvé, pre Európsku úniu je nevyhnutné prijať pevný a jednoznačný postoj v každej situácii, v ktorej sú ohrozené vývozné záujmy členského štátu v dôsledku nespravodlivých postupov tretích krajín. ", "V tejto súvislosti by sme mali uznať postoj prijatý Európskou úniou v prípade embarga, ktoré bráni tomu, aby mäso a poľnohospodárske výrobky z Poľska vstúpili na ruský trh. ", "Tento postoj k Rusku bol žiaľ prijatý viac než po roku od zavedenia obmedzení na poľský vývoz zo strany Ruska a po tom, čo Poľsko využilo právo veta pri podpore príprav dohody medzi EÚ a Ruskom.", "\nPo druhé, otvorenie trhov Únie pre výrobky a služby z tretích krajín by sa malo riadiť zásadou reciprocity. ", "Únia ako celok by preto mala monitorovať, či vývozcovia z tretích krajín zahŕňajú v rámci svojich výrobných nákladov príspevky, ktoré je potrebné odvádzať s cieľom dodržiavať normy v oblasti životného prostredia a poskytovať sociálne zabezpečenie pracovníkom v príslušných krajinách. ", "Ak sa nevezmú do úvahy uvedené náklady, európske výrobky budú na svetových trhoch neustále ohrozované zo strany konkurentov.", "\nPo tretie, pri otváraní trhu Únie poľnohospodárskym výrobkom z tretích krajín by sme mali byť veľmi opatrní. ", "Ak bude trh otvorený úplne, mnoho odvetví európskeho poľnohospodárstva jednoducho zanikne, čím by sa ohrozila potravinová bezpečnosť Európy.", "\nCzesław Adam Siekierski\n(PL) Vážený pán predsedajúci, otvorené ekonomiky a trhy sú charakteristické znaky súčasného trhového hospodárstva, hospodárstva 21. ", "storočia. ", "To je základný prvok globálneho hospodárstva. ", "Nie všetky hospodárske subjekty sa môžu zapojiť do hospodárskej súťaže, najmä ak súťaž nie je vždy spravodlivá a víťazia v nej veľkí a mocní.", "\nVeľké aj malé firmy môžu dovážať. ", "Veľké firmy však majú viac príležitostí na rozvoj vývozu. ", "Je to z toho dôvodu, že vstup na nové trhy vyžaduje vysoké investície do propagácie a vytvorenia celého logistického systému. ", "Zdá sa preto vhodné, ak malé a stredné podniky uskutočňujú spoločné opatrenia na rozvoj vývozu, a najmä na jeho propagáciu.", "\nUrčitý stupeň pomoci a štátnej podpory pre spoločnosti v oblasti propagácie vývozu by mal byť umožnený, najmä v oblasti poskytovania know-how. ", "Na úrovni WTO by mala byť tiež dosiahnutá dohoda týkajúca sa rozvoja obchodu medzi malými a strednými podnikmi. ", "Obzvlášť dôležitá je dostupnosť informácií o subjektoch pôsobiacich na svetových trhoch. ", "Kvalita obchodu by sa mala zvyšovať a prioritou by sa malo stať vytvorenie rovnakých príležitostí pre prístup na trh.", "\nPeter Mandelson\nčlen Komisie. - ", "Vážený pán predsedajúci, chcem poďakovať vám a váženým poslancom za veľmi konštruktívnu a užitočnú rozpravu o tejto vynikajúco spracovanej správe. ", "Som mimoriadne vďačný pani poslankyni, ktorá vyzvala k urýchlenému opätovnému posúdeniu rozdeľovania zamestnancov delegácií Komisie v kľúčových hospodárstvach. ", "Považujem to za vynikajúci návrh a bez váhania o ňom budem informovať svojich kolegov. ", "Mohol by som vymenovať podrobné okolnosti nízkeho počtu zamestnancov delegácií, ktorí sa zaoberajú, napríklad, obchodnými záležitosťami v Číne v porovnaní so značne vyšším počtom zamestnancov venujúcim sa otázkam, ktorých miera rozvojovej pomoci a spolupráce je v tejto krajine, popri miliardách pre Európu v oblasti obchodu veľmi nízka. ", "Neurobím to. ", "Jednoducho prijmem návrh a budem o ňom informovať.", "\nUrčite neobhajujem dohody o voľnom obchode na úkor medzinárodných obchodných rokovaní. ", "Každý, kto je oboznámený s obchodnou stratégiou Globálna Európa, ktorú sme predložili v novembri 2006 si uvedomí, že moja obhajoba dôkladne spracovaných a komplexných dohôd o voľnom obchode, ktoré naozaj prispejú k zvýšeniu celkovej miery svetového obchodu a nebudú ju znižovať, bola charakteristickým znakom nášho postoja spolu so záväzkom k rokovaniam WTO - dauhaskému kolu rokovaní. ", "Váženú pani poslankyňu môžem ubezpečiť, že pokračujem v tom, aby boli dohody úspešné. ", "Chýry o ďalších neprijateľných a nenáležitých zvýhodneniach v oblasti poľnohospodárstva sú neodôvodnené. ", "Jediné chýry, ktoré som zaznamenal o týchto neopodstatnených zvýhodneniach, pochádzajú v skutočnosti od írskeho ministra zahraničných vecí v Rade pre všeobecné záležitosti z dnešného dňa. ", "Zdá sa, že tieto chýry kolujú v rámci pomerne malej záujmovej skupiny.", "\nV skutočnosti budeme v oblasti poľnohospodárstva, a rovnako v ostatných oblastiach dauhaského kola rokovaní, postupovať čo najrozvážnejšie s cieľom prispieť k úspechu medzinárodných obchodných rozhovorov. ", "Náš postup však musí prebiehať v rámci mandátu, ktorý sme dostali na základe reformy SPP z roku 2003.", "\nJe pravda, že máme dva nové texty, o ktorých je potrebné rokovať, a ktoré predložili predsedovia rokovacích skupín. ", "V oblasti poľnohospodárstva bol predložený text, v ktorom nesúhlasíme so všetkým, ale neobsahuje nič, čím by sme sa nemohli zaoberať, alebo čo by nás nútilo porušiť náš mandát.", "\nV prípade prístupu na nepoľnohospodársky trh, na trh s priemyselným tovarom, nie je situácia, podľa môjho názoru, natoľko uspokojivá. ", "Nový text predložený predsedom vyvolal viac možností pri rokovaniach a neposkytol konkrétnejší základ. ", "Je mi to ľúto, ale je to materiál, s ktorým musíme pracovať a v rámci rokovaní nájsť východisko.", "\nTieto rozpravy by neboli také zábavné bez príspevkov pána Schlytera. ", "Každý jeho vstup do rozpravy vždy posilní môj osobný záväzok a presvedčenie, ktoré sa týkajú voľného obchodu. ", "Jeho vstupy ma stále ubezpečia, že naozaj kráčame správnym smerom. ", "Nie je to otázka malej úbohej Európskej únie, ktorá bojuje proti mocným titanom spomedzi rýchlo sa rozvíjajúcich hospodárstiev. ", "Nie je to ani o návale agresívneho zastrašovania, ktoré ovládlo Komisiu v oblasti obchodu, v ktorej sa bez konzultácie alebo uváženia usilujeme o presadenie svojich záumov u iných.", "\nSkutočnosť je taká, že tí z nás, ktorí dôverujú medzinárodnému obchodu sa snažia o dosiahntuie rovnováhy a reciprocity. ", "Usilujeme sa však aj o dosiahnutie vzájomných výhod. ", "Ak sa usilujeme získať prístup do hospodárstiev iných krajín, nerobíme tak iba s cieľom uspokojiť seba alebo poslúžiť vlastným záujmom a potrebám. ", "Prispievame tiež k bohatstvu a rastu hospodárstiev, ktorých otvorenie sa snažíme dosiahnuť.", "\nSamozrejme, že liberalizáciu hospodárstiev možno dosiahnuť len postupne. ", "Je to postupný proces, nie veľký tresk alebo náhly šok. ", "Rýchlo sa rozvíjajúce hospodárstva majú prospech z väčšieho otvorenia. ", "Znamená to užitočnú hospodársku súťaž s cieľom podnietiť inováciu a urýchliť produktivitu v týchto hospodárstvach, zníženie nákladov na vstupy do miestneho priemyslu, zníženie cien tovarov pre spotrebiteľov v týchto rýchlo sa rozvíjajúcich hospodárstvach, znamená to prílev kapitálu, technológií, kreativity a moderných riadiacich zručností.", "\nV skutočnosti tento proces otvorenia a integrácie v rámci globálneho hospodárstva zabezpečuje rozvoj a posilnenie týchto rýchlo sa rozvíjajúcich hospodárstiev a následne umožňuje ich podnikom rásť, vytvárať veľmi potrebné pracovné miesta pre svojich pracovníkov a umožňuje produkciu výrobkov a služieb na vývoz tak, aby mohli vytvoriť a udržať si rastúci podiel na medzinárodnom obchode. ", "Inými slovami, otvorenie vyvoláva ďalšie otvorenie a obchod ústi do ďalšieho obchodu. ", "Naša prosperita a naše príležitosti vytvárajú príležitosti pre tých, ktorí žijú a pracujú v týchto rýchlo sa rozvíjajúcich hospodárstvach. ", "Inak povedané, hovoríme o pozitívnom procese. ", "O tom je celá stratégia prístupu na trh, o ktorej náš spravodajca predložil tak vynikajúco spracovanú správu.", "\nNa záver by som uviedol, že pokiaľ ide o miestne verejné obstarávanie, je naozaj dôležité podporovať a podnecovať kapacitu rýchlo sa rozvíjajúcich hospodárstiev a rozvojových krajín s cieľom zásobovať ich miestne trhy verejného obstarávania. ", "Ak to však znamená vyššie výdavky na verejné obstarávanie v týchto hospodárstvach, ak to znamená neúčinný prístup, nedostatok transparentnosti a v niektorých prípadoch korupciu v rámci verejného obstarávania, kto znáša tieto náklady? ", "Miestni obyvatelia, miestni pracovníci, miestni daňoví poplatníci v rýchlo sa rozvíjajúcich hospodárstvach a rozvojových krajinách, ktorí si ich nemôžu dovoliť znášať.", "\nPreto je dôležité vniesť do politík verejného obstarávania a správania v rýchlo sa rozvíjajúcich hospodárstvach otvorenosť a transparentnosť. ", "Neznamená to jednoducho potešiť a uspokojiť \"úbohú malú\" Európsku úniu.", "\nIgnasi Guardans Cambó\nspravodajca. - ", "Vážený pán predsedajúci, nemám čo dodať. ", "Najprv mi dovoľte opätovne poďakovať všetkým, ktorí obohatili túto rozpravu, nielen dnes, ale od jej začiatku, prostredníctvom svojich príspevkov, pozmeňujúcich a doplňujúcich návrhov a dokonca neoficiálnymi rozhovormi, ktoré vyústili do konečného textu. ", "Ten nie je výsledkom práce jedného spravodajcu, ale všetkých zainteresovaných účastníkov.", "\nVäčšina z nás má na túto otázku rovnaký názor a veľmi ma prekvapil tón niektorých pripomienok skupiny zelených v tomto Parlamente. ", "Bolo by zaujímavé, keby si príslušný kolega pozrel výsledky a dôsledky voľného obchodu in situ, a keby šiel vysvetliť malým podnikateľom, povedzme blízko Barcelony, kde žijem, že je to dôsledok \"koloniálneho prístupu.\" ", "Mohol by som uviesť mnoho spoločností, ktoré bojujú o možnosť vývozu, a veľká časť aktivít ktorých závisí od vývozu. ", "Možno by rád povedal zamestnancom týchto tovární, že vo svojej snahe zvýšiť zastúpenie vyrábaného výrobku na vývoznom trhu konajú iba ako európski kolonizátori, pričom ak Čína zavedie prekážky, ktoré im zabránia vyvážať svoje výrobky, budú ohrozené ich pracovné miesta.", "\nNejde o veľké slová o tom, že veľké európske spoločnosti sa správajú koloniálne, ide o niečo omnoho reálnejšie. ", "Aj keď každý má právo vykresliť veci svojim spôsobom, musím povedať, že názor o \"koloniálnom\" prístupe tejto správy ma naozaj prekvapil a dokonca ho mnoho vývozcov v mojej krajine môže vnímať ako komický.", "\nAj napriek tomu je zrejmé, že vo všeobecnosti súhlasíme s diagnózou, a ako sa vyjadrila Komisia, toto úsilie vzniklo v Rade, na jej iniciatívu nadviazala Komisia a dnes ho podporuje Parlament, ktorý samozrejme kladie veľú zodpovednosť na vaše plecia, pán komisár, pretože súhlasíme so spoločným prístupom. ", "Dovoľte mi znova zdôrazniť, že ide o dynamický proces a čerstvá stratégia a niektoré prvky sú naozaj nové a je potrebné na nich nadviazať. ", "Môžem citovať bod správy, ktorý zdôraznil náš kolega, a ktorý sa vám tak páčil: \"Vyzývame Komisiu, aby opätovne posúdila prioritu využívania a prípadne zvýšenie ľudských zdrojov na delegácie Európskej únie tak, aby bolo k dispozícii viac pracovníkov na naštartovanie a zabezpečenie úspešného fungovania tímov pre prístup na trh.\" ", "To isté sa okrem iného týka otázky malých a stredných podnikov uvedenej v správe. ", "Táto správa sa venuje mnohým novým otázkam a my vám želáme veľa úspechov pri ich plnení.", "\nPredsedajúci\nRozprava je ukončená.", "\nHlasovanie sa uskutoční v utorok.", "\nPísomné vyhlásenia (článok 142)\nTokia Saïfi \npísomne. - (", "FR) Je potrebné, aby otázka konkurencieschopnosti európskeho priemyslu bola základným prvkom programu Spoločenstva, pretože konkurencieschopnosť nám umožní vytvárať kvalifikované pracovné miesta, zabezpečiť hospodársky rast Európy, zaručiť zachovanie systému sociálneho zabezpečenia a zaistiť, aby EÚ zostala hlavnou obchodnou mocnosťou 21. ", "storočia.", "\nNa zabezpečenie zachovania konkurencieschopnosti potrebujeme vytvoriť spravodlivé, nestranné a recipročné podmienky pre prístup na trh. ", "Európsky trh je v skutočnosti jedným z najotvorenejších a najkonkurencieschopnejších trhov na svete, najmä vďaka možnosti slobodnej hospodárskej sútaže, ktorá zaručuje otvorené a spravodlivé obchodovanie v rámci EÚ.", "\nAj napriek tomu Európska únia stále čelí častým obchodným prekážkam v súvislosti so zahraničným obchodom, pretože trhy hlavných európskych obchodných partnerov nepreukazujú rovnaký stupeň otvorenosti a transparentnosti ako trh Spoločenstva. ", "Preto bezodkladne potrebujeme prijať opatrenia na opätovné vytvorenie recipročných podmienok pre prístup na trh tretích krajín a, predovšetkým, na trh rýchlo sa rozvíjajúcich krajín a bojovať proti reštriktívnym obchodným postupom. ", "Musíme konať rýchlo a rozhodne s cieľom zabezpečiť, aby naše malé a stredné podniky mali plný a neobmedzený prístup na všetky trhy, najmä v odvetví verejného obstarávania.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "EuroParl" }

[ 0.010101010101010102, 0.01875, 0.02564102564102564, 0.013333333333333334, 0.00980392156862745, 0.024390243902439025, 0.006535947712418301, 0.014388489208633094, 0.011764705882352941, 0.025806451612903226, 0.02564102564102564, 0.013100436681222707, 0.02, 0, 0.015037593984962405, 0.006060606060606061, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0.01744186046511628, 0.010638297872340425, 0.010752688172043012, 0.005813953488372093, 0.020942408376963352, 0, 0.014634146341463415, 0, 0.02074688796680498, 0.020833333333333332, 0.012048192771084338, 0.01020408163265306, 0.01775147928994083, 0.06060606060606061, 0.02247191011235955, 0.0051813471502590676, 0, 0.015748031496062992, 0.014285714285714285, 0.017123287671232876, 0.00641025641025641, 0.010810810810810811, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0.01951219512195122, 0.017857142857142856, 0.009852216748768473, 0.007142857142857143, 0.05263157894736842, 0.016129032258064516, 0.04081632653061224, 0.01, 0.005291005291005291, 0, 0, 0.012232415902140673, 0.016129032258064516, 0.015748031496062992, 0, 0.005649717514124294, 0.01680672268907563, 0.01904761904761905, 0.014492753623188406, 0.031578947368421054, 0, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0.007194244604316547, 0.012195121951219513, 0.02564102564102564, 0.009708737864077669, 0.005376344086021506, 0.02027027027027027, 0.015267175572519083, 0.015748031496062992, 0.004, 0.0053475935828877, 0.041666666666666664, 0.023076923076923078, 0.02702702702702703, 0.006006006006006006, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0.011363636363636364, 0.014598540145985401, 0.022900763358778626, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.03225806451612903, 0.020833333333333332, 0.006944444444444444, 0.006172839506172839, 0.01818181818181818, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009375, 0.006896551724137931, 0.00847457627118644, 0.010638297872340425, 0.015873015873015872, 0.016129032258064516, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0.012121212121212121, 0.043478260869565216, 0.044444444444444446, 0.03184713375796178, 0.022900763358778626, 0.013761467889908258, 0.018691588785046728, 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0, 0.006349206349206349, 0.014814814814814815, 0.006535947712418301, 0.012084592145015106, 0.024096385542168676, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0.007142857142857143, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0.021739130434782608, 0.0043859649122807015, 0.013605442176870748, 0.023809523809523808, 0.023255813953488372, 0.013157894736842105, 0.009523809523809525, 0.027522935779816515, 0.019417475728155338, 0, 0, 0.01910828025477707, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0.003937007874015748, 0, 0.01694915254237288, 0.02717391304347826, 0, 0.03488372093023256, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0.03636363636363636, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0.027777777777777776, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0.012269938650306749, 0.022026431718061675, 0.011235955056179775, 0.01764705882352941, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0.009259259259259259, 0.031578947368421054, 0.034482758620689655, 0.02512562814070352, 0.007936507936507936, 0.02459016393442623, 0, 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0.037037037037037035, 0.015873015873015872, 0.01098901098901099, 0.025, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0.007874015748031496, 0.01107011070110701, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0.014285714285714285, 0.016216216216216217, 0.02643171806167401, 0.0064516129032258064, 0.006134969325153374, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0.004149377593360996, 0.015384615384615385, 0.011299435028248588, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0.019867549668874173, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0.015151515151515152, 0.017341040462427744, 0.020618556701030927, 0.01834862385321101, 0.014084507042253521, 0.008064516129032258, 0.03636363636363636, 0.014285714285714285, 0.012738853503184714, 0, 0, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0.016260162601626018, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.013605442176870748, 0.01875, 0.011494252873563218, 0.014792899408284023, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0, 0.025906735751295335, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0.015957446808510637, 0.04285714285714286, 0.0048543689320388345, 0.019801980198019802, 0.008547008547008548, 0, 0.014814814814814815, 0.019417475728155338, 0.010416666666666666, 0.05714285714285714, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0.0234375, 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0, 0.013605442176870748, 0.02197802197802198, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0.005865102639296188, 0.002570694087403599, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0.00411522633744856, 0, 0.017964071856287425, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0.02631578947368421, 0.04878048780487805, 0.00392156862745098, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0.0182648401826484, 0.02564102564102564, 0.022304832713754646, 0.017699115044247787, 0.00980392156862745, 0.009771986970684038, 0.014388489208633094, 0.0030303030303030303, 0.024390243902439025, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0.03389830508474576, 0.011730205278592375, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.013953488372093023, 0.008264462809917356, 0.008620689655172414, 0.005847953216374269, 0 ]

[ "Are you browsing for details about Alicia Lovejoy in Meridian, ID? ", "If so then you are in the ideal place as PeopleFinders is amazing at collecting people search data such as public records, criminal records, and divorce records for people like Alicia Lovejoy. ", "In addition, with access to detailed information about people with the last name Lovejoy in Meridian in our records, you will be able to track down whoever you are searching for in no time.", "\n\nIn order to quicken the process of uncovering data about the Alicia in ID you are looking for, we have separated it into four categories – name/aliases, age, location and possible relatives. ", "This allows our users to glimpse through all the people with the last name Lovejoy above and determine which one is the best match. ", "When you locate the Alicia Lovejoy you are looking for, select the View Details link on the right hand side for more information.", "\n\nIf your hunt for Alicia in Meridian is proving to be unsatisfactory, try your search again using the search field above. ", "One method you may want to try is to use a different spelling variation, which may yield you better results. ", "Furthermore, if you have the information, type in the person's full name along with other data you may know such as city, state and age. ", "Once you find the correct Alicia Lovejoy in Meridian, ID, click through to the details page to see all the information we have to offer.", "\n\nAbout PeopleFinders\n\nPeopleFinders is a trusted source of public records. ", "Millions of visitors use this site to\nfind people, lookup phone numbers, run background checks, and get the facts they need to make\ninformed decisions. ", "Leveraging billions of United States public records, we provide you with\naccess to some of the most accurate public records available, with nearly instant results.", "\n\n- advertisement -\n\nPeopleFinders is dedicated to helping you find people and learn more about them in a safe and responsible manner.", "\nPeopleFinders is not a Consumer Reporting Agency (CRA) as defined by the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA).", "\nThis site cannot be used for employment, credit or tenant screening, or any related purpose. ", "To learn more, please visit our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.014925373134328358, 0.0051813471502590676, 0.005291005291005291, 0.0051813471502590676, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.028037383177570093, 0, 0 ]

[ "# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only\n\n\n\nsource \"Kconfig.inc2\"\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.015384615384615385 ]