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tomekkorbak

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[ "AMN - Let’s work together on artisanal mining – comment by Yolanda Torrisi\n\nThe sad loss of life in mine disasters in Zimbabwe and Liberia in recent weeks has highlighted the dangers artisanal miners face in the continent and across the world. ", "Artisanal mining is a factor for the mining industry in the vast majority of African countries.", "\n\nZimbabwean colleagues of informal workers at Battlefields in Mashonaland West province put the potential death toll at more than 100 people.", "\n\nBesides the artisanal miners let into the various shafts at the Silvermoon and Cricket mines, panners were known to access the ground as they collected gravels that might contain gold.", "\n\nTwenty-four bodies were recovered and Zimbabwe’s parliamentarians spoke of 33 deaths. ", "Local government minister July Moyo estimated between 60 and 70 deaths.", "\n\nUp in Liberia, about 40 miners were still trapped underground at Kartee gold mines in Gboanipea near Tapita in Nimba county last week.", "\n\nPrevious mine disasters in other parts of Africa have cost the lives of numerous unauthorised miners.", "\n\nBut in finding a solution, governments and the mining industry must take an open mind. ", "Banning the practise of artisanal mining is not a practical solution because it is not enforceable.", "\n\nTwo hundred and fifty families made a living at each shaft at Battlefields. ", "And more widely, Zimbabwe’s 500,000 miners produce 22 tons of gold a year — double the output of its large-scale miners.", "\n\nWe cannot stop the practice people already adopt to make a living knowing the risks. ", "Let’s instead acknowledge artisanal mining as a fact of life and ensure that governments and companies play an active role in legitimising the practice.", "\n\nLet’s do what Zimbabwe’s Parliamentarian Dexter Nduna has suggested, regulate and recognise the artisanal mining industry. ", "Let’s roll out better regulations and let’s work together to improve the safety and security of miners and their families\n\nIn Latin America and Mongolia 10 artisanal and small-mine organisations from four countries are certified to a standard developed by the Alliance for Responsible Mining. ", "Known as the Fairmined certification it creates opportunities for the miners who can also seek ecological certification.", "\n\nLet’s take a new leaf out of Ghana’s book and re-embrace the practice so we can strive to minimise the loss of life and the negative effects some miners face from doing their own mining and processing.", "\n\nThe loss of every life to a mine disaster is a tragedy and one we must work actively to avoid. ", "Let’s embrace artisanal mining to ensure safer practice and value lives and communities.", "\n\n- Yolanda Torrisi is Chairperson of The African Mining Network and comments on African mining issues and the growing global interest in the continent. ", "Contact:yolanda@yolandatorrisi.com" ]

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[ "In Turkey, the world’s most expensive place to fill up, folk fork out a whopping $9.89 per gallon at the pumps.", "\n\nPetroleum specialist Professor Reyadh A Almehaideb says there’s a reason the refined black stuff costs so little of the green stuff in the UAE. “", "The price of petrol is controlled by the government,” said the Dean of the College of Engineering at the United Arab Emirates University. “", "It’s less than the fuel costs.”", "\n\nAccording to Bloomberg, as of 2010, the UAE subsidises about 68 per cent of the cost of gasoline.", "\n\nBut, the UAE is still one of the most expensive places to purchase petrol in the region. ", "Second place on the world’s cut-price petrol pump list goes to UAE neighbour Saudi Arabia, where it costs just $0.45 per gallon. ", "In Kuwait it costs $0.81 per gallon and $1.14 in Egypt.", "\n\nHowever, in Venezuela, the cheapest place for petrol, it costs just six cents per gallon.", "\n\nThe editor-in-chief of motoringMe.com, Shahzad Sheikh, says cheap petrol may be good for roaring up the revs but there’s a knock-on effect on the environment.", "\n\n“In most other countries, diesel and hybrid are becoming popular,” said Sheikh. “", "Not here. ", "There’s little incentive to buy hybrid - you end up paying more.”" ]

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[ "Unusual post-transplantation recurrence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis which resolved with cyclosporine but not with sirolimus.", "\nRecurrence of idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is frequent after the first kidney transplantation (KT), but a recurrence that only occurred after the second KT has never been reported. ", "Although cyclosporine reduces proteinuria and prolongs graft survival in patients with recurrent glomerulosclerosis, the effectiveness of sirolimus for this condition is still not known. ", "We report, for the first time as far as we know, the case of a 35-year-old black male patient who experienced a recurrence of FSGS, 10 days after a second KT, although no recurrence had occurred after the first. ", "Cyclosporine treatment led to a decrease in proteinuria, whereas mycophenolate mofetil and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor had no effect. ", "Cyclosporine was replaced by sirolimus as treatment for chronic allograft nephropathy 24 months after KT. ", "Nephrotic syndrome, which reappeared 3 weeks after the switch, was cured by cyclosporine re-introduction. ", "The absence of FSGS recurrence after the first graft does not totally preclude its recurrence after the second. ", "This observation points to the effectiveness of cyclosporine for the recurrence of FSGS and indicates that sirolimus should be given with caution in such cases." ]

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[ "Abandoning net neutrality discourages improvements in service\n\nMar 07, 2007\n\nCharging online content providers such as Yahoo! ", "and Google for preferential access to the customers of Internet service providers might not be in the best interest of the millions of Americans, despite claims to the contrary, a new University of Florida study finds.", "\n\n\"The conventional wisdom is that Internet service providers would have greater incentive to expand their service capabilities if they were allowed to charge,\" said Kenneth Cheng, a professor in UF’s department of decision and information sciences. ", "Cheng and his co-authors are scheduled to present the findings at the International Conference on Information, Technology and Management in New Delhi, India, next week. \"", "That was completely the opposite of what we found.\"", "\n\nThe research discovered that cable and telephone companies providing broadband to deliver the content of companies such as Google and Yahoo! ", "are more likely to expand their infrastructure -- resulting in quicker loading and response in a customer’s personal computer -- if they don’t charge these companies for preferential treatment, Cheng said.", "\n\nThe findings are timely because of industry pressure on Congress to consider legislation that would allow broadband service providers to give preferential Internet service to online content providers willing to pay a fee. ", "That would, in effect, end the current practice of \"net neutrality,\" he said.", "\n\n\"Abandoning net neutrality has far-reaching and rippling effects when you consider how the Internet has become part of our daily life experience,\" said Subhajyoti Bandyopadhyay, a professor in UF’s department of decision and information sciences, who did the study with Cheng. \"", "If the broadband service providers are allowed to charge the content providers and my favorite content provider does not happen to pay my local broadband service provider, would I have to switch favorites in order to have a faster Internet experience?\"", "\n\nThe UF researchers, who took no position on the issue, developed an analytical model based on game theory to determine the winners and losers if net neutrality were abandoned, as well as whether the practice’s demise would give broadband service providers greater incentive to expand capacity.", "\n\nNot surprisingly, they found that broadband service providers were the ones to gain the most from ending net neutrality because they could collect fees from content providers. ", "The content providers such as Yahoo! ", "and Google, in turn, would be the biggest losers.", "\n\nConsumers will \"win\" if their favorite online provider is the one paying a fee to the telephone or cable company because it comes with a guarantee that its site would have the opportunity to load faster than its competitors, Cheng said. ", "But those consumers who prefer a content provider that paid no such fee will \"lose\" in having to endure slower service, he said.", "\n\nMore important, the researchers found that the incentive for broadband service providers to expand and upgrade their service actually declines if net neutrality ends. ", "Improving the infrastructure reduces the need for online content providers to pay for preferential treatment, Bandyopadhyay said.", "\n\n\"The whole purpose of charging for preferential treatment to content providers is that one content provider gains some edge over the other,\" he said. \"", "But when the capacity is expanded, this advantage becomes negligible.\"", "\n\nHe gave the analogy of the expansion of a two-lane highway where drivers willing to pay a toll to subsidize road improvements are rewarded with exclusive use of a faster lane.", "\n\n\"If the road is upgraded from two to four lanes, with one express lane, these drivers might say ‘Three lanes are good enough for me. ", "I don’t want to have to pay a toll any longer,’\" he said. \"", "So the desire to pay a toll when the road is expanded gets lesser.\"", "\n\nThe experience of other countries also suggests that better service – up to three times faster – results when there is greater competition, Cheng said.", "\n\n\"In Japan and Korea, where there is net neutrality and much greater competition among broadband providers than in the United States, there are also higher broadband speeds,\" he said.\"", "\n\nTim Wu, a Columbia Law School professor who is credited with popularizing the term ‘network neutrality,’ praised the study. \"", "Kenneth Cheng is doing important research on a topic that is vital to the future of networking,\" he said.", "\n\nA patent held by Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M) describes a jacket able to increase by tenfold the speed at which mobile devices can upload content. ", "It enables a jacket, in which numerous antennas ...\n\nMost people are familiar with the fictional world of 'Star Trek,' in which the characters can use a holodeck to create and interact with virtual worlds. ", "It is possible to recreate a similar effect in the ...\n\nWould you pay to see some of the Internet's best video clips first? ", "Vessel, a new service trying to change the way that short video pieces make money on the Internet and mobile devices, is betting on it.", "\n\nCan advanced networking and next-generation applications help solve some of our nation's most pressing health problems? ", "Can mobile devices and high-speed Internet be used to improve our health and well-being? ...", "\n\nAt the end of 2014, Facebook reported 1.39 billion monthly active users. ", "In the meantime, 500 million tweets were sent each day on Twitter. ", "Indeed, social networks have come to dominate aspects of our lives. ...", "\n\nTwo former federal agents are accused of using their positions and savvy computer skills to siphon more than $1 million in digital currency from the online black market known as Silk Road while they and their agencies operated ..." ]

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[ "Local Green Spaces\n\nThe following have been identified as green spaces in the Parish, which residents may like retained and protected within Your Neighbourhood Plan, in a manner appropriate to their significance, so they can be enjoyed for their contribution to the quality of life in this and future generations.", "\n\nParagraphs 76-78 of the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) makes provision for local communities to identify green areas of particular importance to those communities, where development will not be permitted except in very special circumstances. ", "Local communities through local and neighbourhood plans should be able to identify for special protection green areas of particular importance to them. ", "By designating land as Local Green Space local communities will be able to rule out new development other than in very special circumstances. ", "Identifying land as Local Green Space should therefore be consistent with the local planning of sustainable development and complement investment in sufficient homes, jobs and other essential services. ", "Local Green Spaces should only be designated when a plan is prepared or reviewed, and be capable of enduring beyond the end of the plan period. ", "The Local Green Space designation will not be appropriate for most green areas or open space. ", "The designation should only be used:\n\nWhere the green space is in reasonably close proximity to the community it serves;\n\nWhere the green area is demonstrably special to a local community and holds a particular local significance, for example because of its beauty, historic significance, recreational value (including as a playing field), tranquillity or richness of its wildlife; and\n\nWhere the green area concerned is local in character and is not an extensive tract of land.", "\n\nMAPS OF PROPOSED LOCAL GREEN SPACES:\n\nASSESSMENTS:\n\nLGSi1: Loxwoodhills Pond, The Drive, Ifold Proposed for designation because of its particular historical importance, beauty and richness of its wildlife. ", "It is the fishing and ornamental lake with surrounding parkland of the former Ifold Estate and its manor house – Ifold House (c1812 – 1936), which gives the settlement of Ifold its name. ", "It includes designated Ancient Woodland located to the rear of adjoining residential properties sited on the historic road of The Drive. ", "It is part of Headfoldswood Ancient Woodland and includes lone veteran trees. ", "This Ancient Woodland contributes significantly to the predominant sylvan character of the Ifold settlement and is environmentally sensitive.", "\n\nLGSi7: Ancient Woodland in the centre of Ifold Adjoining and/or part of the rear gardens of residential properties located on the historic roads of The Ride and Chalk Road; and on The Close, Ifold. ", "Ancient & Semi-Natural Woodland. ", "This is a habitat area for rare and declining species – Turtle Dove. ", "Ancient Woods have been around for many centuries (officially woodland that has existed since 1600 AD) – long enough to develop as ecosystems that are rich, complex, and irreplaceable. ", "This particular Ancient Woodland is noted on a 1910 and earlier maps of Ifold and links back to a larger area of Ancient Woodland called South Wood, which then adjoined the manorial Ifold Estate with Ifold House. ", "This remaining woodland section contributes significantly to the predominant sylvan character of the Ifold settlement. ", "It provides foraging for protected bat species whose flight lines are over Ifold leading to SAC: The Mens and Ebernoe Common. ", "Development in this does have the potential to impact upon bat (Bechstein and particularly, Barbastelle) flight lines due to the close proximity to the SAC.", "\n\nLGSi9: Landmark Oak Tree, The Drive, Ifold: An historic, veteran Oak tree located at the main entrance to Ifold private estate. ", "The tree, Quercus robur, is a lone veteran tree, one of the remaining members of the ancient forest known as South Wood and of great importance to the people of the Parish. ", "It is a landmark for residents and visitors, announcing the Ifold hamlet and is in replace of a typical ornamental village sign.", "\n\nLGSP1: Plaistow Recreation Area (the lower green) including the childrens’ playground. ", "The land was gifted to the Parish Council by George Price Webley Hope KCB KCMG Admiral RN (Retired) of Common House, Plaistow in 1951. ", "The property is held upon Trust for the purposes of physical and mental training and recreation and social moral and intellectual development through the medium of athletic games, sports and pastimes or otherwise as may be found expedient for the benefit of the inhabitants of the village of Plaistow and its immediate vicinity without distinction of sex or of political religious or other opinions.", "\n\nLGSP2: Cox’s Pond (Plaistow village pond): The pond forms a focal point in Plaistow village and is within the Conservation Area. ", "It is registered as Common Land in the ownership of Plaistow & Ifold Parish Council. ", "It is based on a spring but also takes surface water run off from Loxwood Road as well as the adjoining field. ", "A stream called Dunnell’s Ditch runs from this pond in an easterly direction before disappearing under Loxwood Road. ", "The views northwards from Loxwood Road across the village pond and into the green field beyond are considered of note in the Plaistow Conservation Area Character Appraisal and Management Proposal (May 2013).", "\n\nLGSP5: ‘Foxfields’ – Football Field, Dunsfold Road, Plaistow: Home of Plaistow Football Club, formed in 1931 and admitted to the Horsham and District League. ", "The team currently competes in the West Sussex Football League and plays home games at ‘Foxfields’ playing field which is set in the centre of the village. ", "Designation of Foxfields for recreational use brings a benefit of enhancing the vitality of this rural Parish. ", "It therefore fulfils a Social role, as per the NPPF, supporting the community’s health, social and cultural well–being.", "\n\nLGSP6: Nell Ball Hill with Trig Point, Dunsfold Road, Plaistow: An important historic landmark for Plaistow village and the Parish. ", "Old maps refer to Nell Ball as Knells Knoll and later, Knell Ball. ", "A modern housing development in Plaistow village is named Nell Ball after the knoll. ", "Nell Ball has always been used as agricultural, grazing land. ", "There is much local legend regarding the hill. ", "It has been used as a Beacon Site for special occasions and was a look-out point during World War II. ", "During winter snowfall, local children have used the hill for sledding. ", "There are 360 degree views, particularly special are those across Foxfields (the local football field) and towards Blackdown (the highest hill in Sussex). ", "The site has such special significance for residents, that one local lady had her husband’s ashes scattered atop the hill after his death. ", "Any landowner is encouraged to be a custodian.", "\n\nLGSP7: Multi-Use, Outdoor, Games Area, Plaistow: This is an outdoor, flood-lit games area at the rear of the Winterton Hall with a hard court surface and fencing surround. ", "Used for tennis, netball, 5-a-side football and other games. ", "Used and maintained by the Plaistow Youth Club, the area may also be hired through Plaistow Stores, alongside. ", "This games area provides a valued, safe, outdoor recreational facility for use by Youth Club members and Parish residents.", "\n\nLGSP8: Plaistow Preschool Playground, Plaistow: An outdoor, fenced playground with garden, dedicated for the use of Plaistow Pre-School and adjoined to The Winterton Hall. ", "Established in 1966, Plaistow Pre-School is a community-based, voluntary, non-profit making charity; operating from The Winterton Hall and offering affordable care and education for 2 to 5 year olds. ", "Many children who progress to the Primary School are collected from morning sessions for the afternoon in the Pre-School. ", "This site is integral to young families in the community and meets the NPPF Social role of sustainable development.", "\n\nLGSS1: Shillinglee Junction, Shillinglee – Intersection of Shillinglee Road with Plaistow Road (which joins Fisher Lane) forming a triangle traffic island. ", "Hundreds of years of horses, carts, carriages and then cars turning left and right have created these mini oases at country junctions. ", "Largely untouched, they can provide a haven for wild flowers and insects. ", "The original elm trees died from Dutch elm disease but local residents have since planted new trees on the site. ", "Designation is proposed to preserve the setting and special character of this part of the Parish that lies within the South Downs National Park and alongside listed buildings of historic importance.", "\n\nPlaistow & Ifold Parish has funding and technical support from My Community and Locality who deliver programmes of grants on behalf of the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) in collaboration with their partners. ", "www.locality.org.uk www.mycommunity.org.uk www.groundwork.org.uk" ]

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[ "Hospital demand for physicians.", "\nThis article develops a derived demand for physicians that is general enough to encompass physician control, simple profit maximization and hospital utility maximization models of the hospital. ", "The analysis focuses on three special aspects of physician affiliations: the price of adding a physician to the staff is unobserved; the physician holds appointments at multiple hospitals, and physicians are not homogeneous. ", "Using 1983 American Hospital Association data, a system of specialty-specific demand equations is estimated. ", "The results are consistent with the model and suggest that physicians should be concerned about reduced access to hospitals, particularly as the stock of hospitals declines." ]

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[ "Mike Hartley (runner)\n\nMichael Hartley (born 14 July 1952) is a British former ultramarathon runner.", "\n\nHe won the Fellsman in 1984, 1987, 1989 and 1990 and was also the first finisher in some of the LDWA’s hundred mile events, including the White Peak Hundred in 1988 which he completed in 17:58.", "\n\nIn 1989, he finished second in the West Highland Way Race in a time of 15:32.", "\n\nHartley set fastest known times for running several long-distance footpaths in the UK. ", "In 1988, he completed the Southern Upland Way, around 212 miles, in 55:55. ", "The following year, he set records for the Dales Way with a time of 13:34 (later beaten by Dennis Beresford) and the Staffordshire Way with a time of 16:10.", "\n\nIn July 1989, Hartley completed the Pennine Way in a record time of 2 days, 17 hours and 20 minutes. ", "He ran the Way, approximately 268 miles, in the north to south direction, from Kirk Yetholm to Edale. ", "He did not schedule any time for sleep during the run, and none was taken. ", "His time took approximately four-and-a-half hours off the previous best which had been set by Mike Cudahy. ", "For his Pennine Way run, Hartley received awards for performance of the year from both the Fell Runners Association and the Bob Graham Club.", "\n\nIn 1990, Hartley ran the three main British twenty-four hour mountain challenges (Ramsay's Round, the Bob Graham Round, and the Paddy Buckley Round) one after the other, completing them in a total time of 3 days, 14 hours and 20 minutes including travelling time between the routes.", "\n\nHartley broke another of Mike Cudahy's records in 1991, when he ran Wainwright's Coast to Coast route in 39:36.", "\n\nLater in his running career, Hartley was more prominent in road and track races. ", "He finished third at the London to Brighton in 1992 and was victorious at the Barry 40 mile track race in 1992 and 1993, his time in the latter year being 4:00:20.", "\n\nHe represented Great Britain at the 100k European Championships, finishing in fourth place in the 1993 edition. ", "His time in that race of 6:37:45 is, as of 2019, fifth on the British all-time road rankings for the distance. ", "He also represented his country at the global level at the 100k distance in the 1993 and 1995 World Championships.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1952 births\nCategory:English male long-distance runners\nCategory:British ultramarathon runners\nCategory:British fell runners" ]

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[ "Tuesday, March 18, 2008\n\nLearn How To Swim 101-Starting Backstroke-The Kick\n\nBecause frankly it is in my opinion the easiest to learn. ", "There are no complicated leg movements, no difficult breathing movements, you don't have to hold your breath and it is a development of what you have been learning.", "\n\nI am going to ask you to start to kick. ", "The first thing that beginners do when asked to kick for the first time on the back is to bend their knees and splash away at a frantic rate. ", "Please don't!!!!!", "\n\nI don't know why beginner swimmers a so frantic with their legs when they first begin to kick.", "\n\nWhether it is because they are still dealing with their fear or it is just because that is the way someone has said to them in the past that they need to kick. ", "Or perhaps it is what they think they have seen others do when they have been watching competitive swimmers. ", "But it is not how it should be done properly. ", "Especially when you do it for the first time.", "\n\nIn case your reason for wanting to kick fast is that last one I mentioned above, let me just say that a good competitive swimmer may look like they have their legs leaving the water and splashing away but they are not. ", "What they are actually doing is kicking so efficiently that as they force the water up in order to move themselves along they look like they are splashing. ", "But they are not.", "\n\nIt is actually the water being forced up that is splashing. ", "Their feet should never actually be leaving the water and neither should yours.", "\n\nThe sort of kicking that you need to do now, is small, little, quiet, gentle kicks.", "\n\nI explain this to my swimming students by asking them to kick like a flee. ", "A flee has very small legs. ", "Almost microscopic. ", "So their kicks are very small. ", "These are the sort of kicks that I want you to do as a swimming student. ", "Very small, very gentle, very slow and quiet.", "\n\nYour kick has to be this way in order not to disturb your buoyancy. ", "If you kick too hard and fast when you are first beginning to swim you will sink yourself.", "\n\nSo now that you know what sort of kicking I want you to do...\n\nStep two: start kicking whilst in the back float position.", "\n\nIf you find that your legs are sinking, lift your chin up (look a little behind you) and push your hands (that should be over your head) under the water.", "\n\nThere are only three ways now you are moving to reposition your buoyancy.", "\n1) Tilt your head back (chin up to the roof)\n2) Push your hands under the water\n3) Kick your feet more towards the surface of the water.", "\n\nThe latter is the hardest to do, because it feels like you are falling into the water head first. ", "So as I said before kick slowly, quietly, gently and you should be OK.", "\n\nYou will get more movement in the water if you keep your knees under the water as you try to raise you feet close to the surface of the water.", "\n\nLet me say that a gain as even some people who can swim get this wrong.", "\n\nYou will get more movement in the water if you keep your knees under the water as you try to raise you feet close to the surface of the water.", "\n\nIf you feel you are not moving very well, you will get more movement in the water if you keep your knees under the water as you try to raise you feet close to the surface of the water. ", "Got it! ", "Good! ", ":-D" ]

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[ "Tabular disclosure of the (a) carrying value as of the balance sheet date of liabilities incurred (and for which invoices have typically been received) and payable to vendors for goods and services received that are used in an entity's business (accounts payable); (b) other payables; and (c) accrued liabilities. ", "Examples include taxes, interest, rent and utilities. ", "Used to reflect the current portion of the liabilities (due within one year or within the normal operating cycle if longer). ", "An alternative caption includes accrued expenses." ]

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[ "Proof Roof\n\nMonday, 9 February 2015\n\nA few months ago on his blog Terry Tao explained how one could, by analogy with the theory of graph limits, replace the explicit use of arithmetic regularity with a soft device which he calls an additive limit. ", "Roughly speaking, the additive limit, or Kronecker factor, of a sequence of finite abelian groups $G_i$ is a compact quotient of the ultraproduct $\\prod G_i$ which controls the convolutions. ", "The result is that many theorems from additive combinatorics, such as Roth's theorem, which are usually proved using quantitative tools like Fourier analysis can instead be proved using soft tools more like the Lebesgue differentiation theorem.", "\n\nThe purpose of this post is to extend Tao's construction to the nonabelian setting. ", "Tao already stated in his post that this should be possible, so one could say that this is just an exercise in nonabelian Fourier analysis. ", "On the other hand the proof in the nonabelian setting more or less forces a more categorical point of view, so certain points of this exercise are instructive.", "\n\n1. ", "Measurable Bohr compactification\n\n$\\def\\B{\\text{Bohr}}\\def\\Ba{\\text{Baire}}$Given any topological group $G$ there is a compact group $\\B(G)$, called the Bohr compactification of $G$, such every continuous homomorphism from $G$ to a compact group $K$ factors uniquely through $\\B(G)$. One can think of $\\B(G)$ as the 'largest' compact group in which $G$ has dense image. ", "We need a variant of this definition for groups $G$ endowed only with a $\\sigma$-algebra instead of a topology.", "\n\nBy a measurable group we mean a group $G$ together with a $\\sigma$-algebra $\\Sigma$ of subsets of $G$. Note that we do not make any measurability assumptions about the group operation or even the left- or right-shifts, though certainly it would be sensible to do so in other contexts. ", "For us the only role of $\\Sigma$ is to distinguish among all homomorphisms the measurable homomorphisms. ", "The analogue of Bohr compactification for measurable groups is given by the following theorem.", "\n\nTheorem 1 (Existence of measurable Bohr compactification): For every measurable group $G$ there is a compact group $\\B_m(G)$ together with a $(\\Sigma,\\Ba)$-measurable homomorphism $\\pi:G\\to \\B_m(G)$ such that every $(\\Sigma,\\Ba)$-measurable homomorphism from $G$ to a compact group $K$ factors uniquely as the composition of $\\pi:G\\to \\B_m(G)$ and a continuous homomorphism $\\B_m(G)\\to K$.\n\nIn category-theoretic terms $\\B_m$ is a left adjoint to the functor $\\Ba$ from compact groups to measurable groups which replaces a group's topology with its Baire $\\sigma$-algebra. ", "By the adjoint functor theorem it suffices to check that the functor $\\Ba$ is continuous, which boils down to the following lemma. ", "Incidentally the analogue of this lemma fails for the Borel $\\sigma$-algebra, which is why we must consider the Baire $\\sigma$-algebra instead.", "\n\nLemma 2: For compact Hausdorff spaces $X_i$ we have $\\Ba(\\prod X_i) = \\prod \\Ba(X_i)$. In words, the Baire $\\sigma$-algebra of the product is the product of the Baire $\\sigma$-algebras.", "\n\nProof: The containment $\\prod \\Ba(X_i) \\subset \\Ba(\\prod X_i)$ is immediate from the defintions. ", "To prove the opposite containment it suffices to check that every continuous function $f:\\prod X_i \\to \\mathbf{R}$ is measurable with respect to $\\prod\\Ba(X_i)$. This is certainly true of functions $f$ which depend on only finitely many coordinates, and thus for all continuous functions $f$ by the Stone-Weierstrass theorem.$\\square$\n\nThose who, like me, are not used to thinking in terms of the adjoint functor theorem will appreciate a more pedestrian proof of Theorem 1. ", "To this end, let $\\mathcal{K}$ be the set of all pairs $(f,K)$, where $K$ is a compact group and $f:G\\to K$ is a $(\\Sigma,\\Ba)$-measurable homomorphism with $f(G)$ dense in $K$. Then if$$\\pi:G\\to\\prod_{(f,K)\\in\\mathcal{K}} K$$ is the diagonal map then $\\pi:G\\to\\overline{\\pi(G)}$ is the Bohr compactification of $G$. Indeed, the measurability of $\\pi$ follows from Lemma 2, and the universal property is essentially obvious: given a $(\\Sigma,\\Ba)$-measurable homomorphism $f:G\\to K$ with $K$ compact, the pair $(f,\\overline{f(G)})$ appears in $\\mathcal{K}$, so we have continuous maps$$\\overline{\\pi(G)}\\to\\prod_{(g,L)\\in\\mathcal{K}} L \\to \\overline{f(G)}\\to K$$whose composition $h$ satisfies $h\\pi = f$; moreover $h$ is unique because $\\pi(G)$ is dense in $\\overline{\\pi(G)}$.\n\nAlternatively, by the Peter-Weyl theorem, $\\B_m(G)$ can be defined as the inverse limit of all measurable finite-dimensional unitary representations of $G$.\n\nIt is natural to ask what relation the measurable Bohr compactification $\\B_m$ bears to the usual Bohr compactification $\\B$. In particular, is $\\B$ just the composition $\\B_m\\circ\\Ba$? ", "Clearly $\\B(G) = \\B_m(\\Ba(G))$ if and only if every measurable homomorphism $f:G\\to K$ from $G$ to a compact group $K$ is continuous. ", "This follows from Steinhaus's theorem if $G$ is locally compact, but it certainly fails in general, for instance for $G=\\mathbf{Q}$ with the topology inherited from $\\mathbf{R}$.\n\n2. ", "The Bohr compactification of an ultrafinite group\n\nLet $G_1,G_2,\\dots$ be a sequence of finite groups and let $p\\in \\beta\\mathbf{N} \\setminus\\mathbf{N}$ be a nonprincipal ultrafilter. ", "We form the ultraproduct $G=\\prod_{n\\to p} G_n$ and make it into a measurable group by giving it the Loeb $\\sigma$-algebra $\\mathcal{L}_G$, the $\\sigma$-algebra generated by internal sets $\\prod_{n\\to p} A_n$, where $A_n\\subset G_n$. We define the Loeb measure $\\mu_G$ on internal sets $\\prod_{n\\to p}A_n$ by putting$$\\mu_G\\left(\\prod_{n\\to p}A_n\\right)=\\text{st}\\lim_{n\\to p} |A_n|/|G_n|,$$and we define $\\mu_G$ on $\\mathcal{L}_G$ by extension.", "\n\nWhile the group operation $G\\times G\\to G$ is not generally measurable with respect to the product $\\sigma$-algebra $\\mathcal{L}_G\\times\\mathcal{L}_G$, it is measurable with respect to the larger $\\sigma$-algebra $\\mathcal{L}_{G\\times G}$. Moreover this latter $\\sigma$-algebra is still 'product-like' in the sense that all $\\mathcal{L}_{G\\times G}$-measurable $f:G\\times G\\to\\mathbf{R}_{\\geq0}$ obey Fubini's theorem, so we have a sensibly defined convolution operation $L^1(G)\\times L^1(G)\\to L^1(G)$ given $$f*g(x) = \\int f(y)g(y^{-1}x)\\,d\\mu_G(y).$$\n\nNow consider the Bohr compactification $\\B_m(G)$ of $G$. The first thing to notice is that $\\pi_*\\mu_G$ is a $\\pi(G)$-invariant Baire probability measure on $\\B_m(G)$. Since $\\pi(G)$ is dense in $\\B_m(G)$ we conclude that $\\pi_*\\mu_G$ is in fact $\\B_m(G)$-invariant, so by the uniqueness of Haar measure we must have$$\\pi_*\\mu_G=\\mu_{\\B_m(G)}.$$\n\nIn the remainder of this section we relate the two convolution algebras $L^2(G)$ and $L^2(\\B_m(G))$. Given $f\\in L^2(\\B_m(G))$ we can form the pullback $\\pi^*f = f\\circ\\pi$. Since$$ \\|f\\circ\\pi\\|_{L^2(G)}^2 = \\int |f\\circ\\pi|^2\\,d\\mu_G = \\int |f|^2 \\,d\\mu_{\\B_m(G)} = \\|f\\|_{L^2(\\B_m(G))}^2,$$we see that $\\pi^*f$ is a well defined element of $L^2(G)$, and in fact $\\pi^*$ defines an isometric embedding$$\\pi^*:L^2(\\B_m(G))\\to L^2(G).$$In the other direction we have the pushforward$$\\pi_*:L^2(G)\\to L^2(\\B_m(G)),$$ defined as the adjoint of $\\pi_*$. The identities $$\\pi_*\\pi^*f=f\\quad\\text{for }f\\in L^2(\\B_m(G)),$$$$\\pi^*(f*g)=\\pi^*f*\\pi^*f\\quad\\text{for }f,g\\in L^2(\\B_m(G)),$$$$\\pi_*(f*g)=\\pi_*f*\\pi_*g\\quad\\text{for }f,g\\in L^2(G)$$are readily verified. ", "For instance, the last of these is verified by the following computation, valid for $h\\in L^2(\\B_m(G))$ by $\\mathcal{L}_{G\\times G}$-Fubini:$$\\langle h, \\pi_*(f*g)\\rangle = \\langle \\pi^* h, f*g\\rangle = \\int h(\\pi(xy)) f(x)g(y)\\,d\\mu_G(x)\\,d\\mu_G(y)$$$$=\\int h(x'y') \\pi_*f(x')\\pi_*g(y')\\,d\\mu_{\\B_m(G)}(x')\\,d\\mu_{\\B_m(G)}(y') = \\langle h,\\pi_*f*\\pi_*g\\rangle.$$We can summarise the situation as an isometric Banach algebra isomorphism$$L^2(G) \\cong L^2(\\B_m(G))\\oplus \\ker\\pi_*.$$\n\nThe following theorem asserts that in fact $\\B_m(G)$ alone determines convolutions in $G$, and thus $\\B_m(G)$ will more generally control all 'first-order configurations' in $G$.\n\nTheorem 3: We have $(\\ker\\pi_*)*L^2(G)=0$. Thus all convolutions in $L^2(G)$ can be computed in $L^2(\\B_m(G))$, in the sense that$$f*g=\\pi^*(\\pi_*f*\\pi_*g)$$for all $f,g\\in L^2(G)$.\n\nFrom an additive combinatorics point of view, nonabelian groups obey a structure versus randomness principle: the asymptotic behaviour with respect to linear configurations can usually be described as some combination of abelian and random-like behaviour. ", "Following Gowers, we call a sequence of finite groups $(G_n)$ quasirandom if the least dimension of a nontrivial representation of $G_n$ tends to infinity with $n$. For example for $n\\geq 7$ every nontrivial representation of the alternating group $\\text{Alt}(n)$ has dimension at least $n-1$, so the sequence $(\\text{Alt}(n))$ is quasirandom.", "\n\nTheorem 5: The ultrafinite group $G_p=\\prod_{n\\to p} G_n$ has trivial Bohr compactification if and only if the least dimension of a nontrivial representation of $G_n$ tends to infinity as $n\\to p$. In particular, $(G_n)$ is quasirandom if and only if $\\B_m(G_p)$ is trivial for every $p\\in\\beta\\mathbf{N}\\setminus\\mathbf{N}$.\n\nFirst we need a simple lemma.", "\n\nLemma 6: Let $G$ and $H$ be groups with $G$ finite and $f:G\\to H$ a map which satisfies $f(xy)=f(x)f(y)$ for $1-o(1)$ of the pairs $(x,y)\\in G^2$. Then there is a homomorphism $h:G\\to H$ such that $f(x)=h(x)$ for $1-o(1)$ of the points $x\\in G$.\n\nProof: For every $x\\in G$ and for $1-o(1)$ of the pairs $(y,z)\\in G^2$ we have$$f(xyz)f(yz)^{-1} = f(xy)f(z)(f(y)f(z))^{-1} = f(xy)f(y)^{-1},$$so for each $x\\in G$ there is a unique $h(x)\\in H$ such that$$h(x) = f(xy)f(y)^{-1}$$ for $1-o(1)$ of the points $y\\in G$. Clearly $h(x)=f(x)$ for $1-o(1)$ of the points $x\\in G$, and for $x_1,x_2\\in G$ we have$$h(x_1)h(x_2)^{-1} = f(x_1y)f(y)^{-1}f(y)f(x_2 y)^{-1} = f(x_1y)f(x_2y)^{-1}=h(x_1x_2^{-1})$$for $1-o(1)$ of the points $y\\in G$, in particular for at least one $y\\in G$, so $h$ is a homomorphism.$\\square$\n\nProof of Theorem 5: Suppose we have a sequence of nontrivial homomorphisms $f_n:G_n\\to U(d)$ for all $n$ on some neighbourhood of $p$. Then $(f_n)$ induces a measurable homomorphism $f:G_p\\to U(d)$, and since $U(d)$ has no small subgroups the induced homomorphism $f:G_p\\to U(d)$ will also be nontrivial, so $\\B_m(G_p)$ must be nontrivial.", "\n\nConversely suppose the least dimension of a nontrivial representation of $(G_n)$ tends to infinity as $n$ tends to $p$, and let $f:G_p\\to U(d)$ be a measurable homomorphism. ", "By a countable saturation argument there is an internal function $g:G_p\\to U(d)$, say $g=\\st\\lim_{n\\to p}g_n$, such that $f=g$ almost everywhere. ", "Then $g_n$ satisfies $g_n(xy)=g_n(x)g_n(y)$ for $1-o(1)$ of the pairs $(x,y)\\in G_n$, so by the lemma there is a homomorphism $h_n:G_n\\to U(d)$ such that $g_n(x) = h_n(x)$ for $1-o(1)$ of the points $x\\in G_n$. But by assumption any such homomorphism $h_n$ must be trivial for $n$ near enough to $p$, so we must have $g=1$ almost everywhere, so $f=1$ almost everywhere. ", "Moreover since $f(x) = f(xy)f(y)^{-1}$ we must in fact have $f=1$ identically. ", "Since the Peter-Weyl theorem implies that $\\B_m(G_p)$ is an inverse limit of matrix groups this implies that $\\B_m(G_p)$ is trivial.$\\square$\n\nEquations are generally easy to solve in quasirandom groups. ", "We illustrate this point with the following theorem.", "\n\nTheorem 7: Let $(G_n)$ be quasirandom and let $\\epsilon>0$. Then there exists $n_0$ such that if $n\\geq n_0$ and $A_n\\subset G_n$ has density $|A_n|/|G_n|\\geq\\epsilon>0$ then we can find $x,y,z\\in A_n$ with $xy=z$.\n\nProof: Let $p\\in\\beta\\mathbf{N}\\setminus\\mathbf{N}$, let $G=\\prod_{n\\to p}G_n$, and let $f$ be the internal function $\\st\\lim_{n\\to p} 1_{A_n}$. Then $\\int f\\,d\\mu_G \\geq \\epsilon$, so if $\\pi:G\\to\\B_m(G)$ is the Bohr compactification then $\\int\\pi_* f\\,d\\mu_{\\B_m(G)}\\geq\\epsilon$. But by the previous theorem $\\B_m(G)$ is trivial, so $\\pi_* f$ is a constant $\\geq\\epsilon$, so by Theorem 3 we have$$\\langle f*f,f\\rangle_{L^2(G)} = \\langle \\pi^*(\\pi_*f*\\pi_*f),f\\rangle_{L^2(G)} = \\langle \\pi_*f*\\pi_*f,\\pi_*f\\rangle_{L^2(\\B_m(G))} \\geq \\epsilon^3.$$In other words the number of pairs $(x,y)\\in G_n^2$ such that $x,y,xy\\in A_n$ is at least $(\\epsilon^3-o(1))|G_n|$ as $n\\to p$, but since $p$ was arbitrary this must hold as $n\\to\\infty$.$\\square$\n\nHere is another nice criterion for quasirandomness, which can be found in Gowers's original paper: $(G_n)$ is not quasirandom if and only if the groups $G_n$ have nontrivial abelian quotients or nontrivial small quotients. ", "In our setup we can write this the following way.", "\n\nTheorem 8: Let $G$ be an ultrafinite group. ", "Then one of the following three alternatives hold:\n1. ", "$\\B_m(G)$ is trivial.", "\n2. ", "$\\B_m(G)$ has a nontrivial abelian quotient.", "\n3. ", "$\\B_m(G)$ has a nontrivial finite quotient.", "\n\nProof: Suppose $G=\\prod_{n\\to p} G_n$. By the previous theorem if $\\B_m(G)$ is nontrivial then the groups $G_n$ have bounded-dimensional nontrivial representations $\\pi_n:G_n\\to U(d)$ as $n\\to p$. By Jordan's theorem, $\\pi_n(G_n)$ has a normal abelian subgroup $A_n$ of bounded index. ", "If $A_n=\\pi_n(G_n)$ as $n\\to p$ then 2 holds, while if $A_n<\\pi_n(G_n)$ as $n\\to p$ then 3 holds.$\\square$\n\nUsing this theorem one can prove a sort of converse to Theorem 7. ", "If $(G_n)$ is not quasirandom then there are arbitrarily large $n$ and product-free subsets $A_n\\subset G_n$ of density bounded away from $0$. We leave the details to the reader.", "\n\n4. ", "Roth's theorem\n\nAs an application of group limits we can prove the following version of Roth's theorem.", "\n\nTheorem 9: Let $G$ be a finite group on which the squaring map $s:y\\mapsto y^2$ is $O(1)$-to-$1$. Let $A\\subset G$ be a subset of density $|A|/|G|\\geq\\epsilon>0$. Then there are $\\gtrsim_\\epsilon |G|^2$ solutions to $y^2=xz$ in $A$. ", "Equivalently, there are $\\gtrsim_\\epsilon|G|^2$ pairs $(a,b)\\in G^2$ such that $a,ab,bab\\in A$.", "\n\nWe chose to count configurations of the form $(a,ab,bab)$ precisely because they are alternatively described by the rather simple equation $y^2=xz$. If instead we chose to count the more \"obvious\" nonabelian analgues of three-term arithmetic progressions, namely configurations of the form $(a,ab,ab^2)$, then we would be counting solutions to the more complicated equation $z = yx^{-1}y$. The problem is that the count of these configurations is not obviously controlled by convolutions, so we can't easily transport the problem to the Bohr compactification. ", "In fact the situation is delicate and not completely understood: see for example this paper of Tao for the case of $\\text{SL}_d(F)$.\n\nFriday, 6 February 2015\n\nTheorem (Hofmann and Russo): If $G$ is a compact group of positive commuting probability then the FC-center $F(G)$ is an open subgroup of $G$ with finite-index center $Z(F(G))$.\n\n(I actually stated this theorem incorrectly previously, asserting the conclusion $G=F(G)$ as well; this is clearly false in general, for instance for $G=O(2)$.)\n\nHere the FC-center of a group is the subgroup of elements with finitely many conjugates. ", "In general a group is called FC if each of its elements has finitely many conjugates, and BFC if its elements have boundedly many conjugates. ", "A theorem of Bernhard Neumann states that a group $G$ is BFC if and only if $[G,G]$ is finite.", "\n\nI noticed today that one can prove this theorem rather easily by adapting the proof of Peter Neumann's theorem that a finite group with commuting probability bounded away from $0$ is small-by-abelian-by-small. ", "Some parts of the argument below are present in scattered places in the above two papers, but I repeat them for completeness.", "\n\nProof: Let $\\mu$ be the normalised Haar measure of $G$, and suppose that$$\\mu(\\{(x,y):xy=yx\\})\\geq\\epsilon.$$Let $X_n$ be the set of elements in $G$ with at most $n$ conjugates. ", "Then $X_n$ is closed, since any element $x$ with at least $n+1$ distinct conjugates $g_i^{-1}xg_i$ has a neighbourhood $U$ such that for all $u\\in U$ the points $g_i^{-1}ug_i$ are distinct. ", "Since$$\\mu(\\{(x,y):xy=yx\\}) = \\int 1/|x^G| \\,d\\mu(x) \\leq \\mu(X_n) + 1/n,$$we see that $\\mu(X_n)\\geq\\epsilon/2$ for all $n\\geq 2/\\epsilon$. This implies that the group $H_n$ generated by $X_n$ is generated in at most $6/\\epsilon$ steps, i.e., $H_n = X_n^{\\lfloor 6/\\epsilon\\rfloor}$, which implies that $H_n$ is an open BFC subgroup of $G$. Since $(H_n)$ is an increasing sequence of finite-index subgroups it must terminate with some subgroup $F$, and in fact $F$ must be the FC-center of $G$. This proves that $F(G)$ is an open BFC subgroup of $G$.\n\nIn particular in its own right $F$ is a compact group with $[F,F]$ finite. ", "Since the commutator map $[,]:F\\times F\\to[F,F]$ is a continuous map to a discrete set satisfying $[F,1]=1$ there must be a neighbourhood $U$ of $1$ such that $[F,U]=1$. This implies that $Z(F)$ is open, hence of finite-index in $F$.$\\square$\n\nFor me, the Hofmann-Russo theorem is a negative result: it states that commuting probability does not extend in an interesting way to the category of compact groups. ", "To be more specific we have the following corollary.", "\n\nCorollary: If $G$ is a compact group of commuting probability $p>0$ then there is a finite group $H$ also of commuting probability $p$.\n\nWe need a simple lemma before proving the corollary.", "\n\nLemma: For each $n>0$ there is a finite group $K_n$ of commuting probability $1/n$.\n\nProof: If $n$ is odd then $D_n$ has commuting probability $(n+3)/(4n)$. We can use this formula alone and induction on $n$ to define appropriate groups $K_n$. Take $K_1=D_1$ and $K_2=D_3$. If $n>2$ is even take $K_n = K_2\\times K_{n/2}$. If $n = 4k+1>2$ take $K_n = K_{k+1}\\times D_n$. If $n=4k+3>2$ take $K_n = K_{k+1}\\times D_{3n}$.$\\square$\n\nAn isoclinism between two groups $G$ and $H$ is a pair of isomorphisms $G/Z(G)\\to H/Z(H)$ and $[G,G]\\to [H,H]$ which together respect the commutator map $[,]:G/Z(G)\\times G/Z(G)\\to[G,G]$. Clearly isoclinism preserves commuting probability. ", "A basic theorem on isoclinism, due to Hall, is that every group $G$ is isoclinic to a stem group, a group $H$ satisfying $Z(H)\\leq [H,H]$.\n\nProof of corollary: By the theorem the FC-center $F$ of $G$ has finite-index, say $n$, and moreover $F$ has finite-index center $Z(F)$ and therefore finite commutator subgroup $[F,F]$. Let $E$ be a stem group isoclinic to $F$. Then $E$ and $F$ have the same commuting probability, and $E$ is finite since $E/Z(E) \\cong F/Z(F)$, $[E,E]\\cong [F,F]$, and $Z(E)\\leq [E,E]$, so we can take $H=K_{n^2}\\times E$.$\\square$\n\nThursday, 29 January 2015\n\nThe fundamental objects of study in higher-order Fourier analysis are nilmanifolds, or in other words spaces given as a quotient $G/\\Gamma$ of a connected nilpotent Lie group $G$ by a discrete cocompact subgroup $\\Gamma$. Starting with Furstenberg's work on Szemeredi's theorem and the multiple recurrence theorem, work by Host and Kra, Green and Tao, and several others has gradually established that nilmanifolds control higher-order linear configurations in the same way that the circle, as in the Hardy-Littlewood circle method, controls first-order linear configurations.", "\n\nOf basic importantance in the study of nilmanifolds is equidistribution: one needs to know when the sequence $g^n x$ equidistributes and when it is trapped inside a subnilmanifold. ", "It turns out that this problem was already studied by Leon Green in the 60s. ", "To describe the theorem note first that the abelianisation map $G\\to G/G_2$ induces a map from $G/\\Gamma$ to a torus $G/(G_2\\Gamma)$ which respects the action of $G$, and recall that equidistribution on tori is well understood by Weyl's criterion. ", "Leon Green's beautiful theorem then states that $g^n x$ equidistributes in the nilmanifold if and only if its image in the torus $G/(G_2\\Gamma)$ equidistributes.", "\n\nToday at our miniseminar Aled Walker showed us Parry's nice proof of this theorem, which is more elementary than Green's original proof. ", "During the talk there was some discussion about the importantance of various hypotheses such as 'simply connected' and 'Lie'. ", "It turns out that the proof works rather generally for connected locally compact nilpotent groups, so I thought I would record the proof here with minimal hypotheses. ", "The meat of the argument is exactly as in Aled's talk and, presumably, Parry's paper.", "\n\nLet $G$ be an arbitrary locally compact connected nilpotent group, say with lower central series$$G=G_1\\geq G_2 \\geq\\cdots\\geq G_s\\geq G_{s+1}=1,$$and let $\\Gamma\\leq G$ be a closed cocompact subgroup. ", "Under these conditions the Haar measure $\\mu_G$ of $G$ induces a $G$-invariant probability measure $\\mu_{G/\\Gamma}$ on $G/\\Gamma$. We say that $x_n\\in G/\\Gamma$ is equidistributed if for every $f\\in C(G/\\Gamma)$ we have$$\\frac{1}{N}\\sum_{n=0}^{N-1} f(x_n) \\to \\int f \\,d\\mu_{G/\\Gamma}.$$We fix our attention on the sequence$$x_n = g^n x$$for some $g\\in G$ and $x\\in G/\\Gamma$. As before we have an abelianisation map$$\\pi: G/\\Gamma\\to G/G_2\\Gamma$$from the $G$-space $G/\\Gamma$ to the compact abelian group $G/G_2\\Gamma$. We define equidistribution on $G/G_2\\Gamma$ similarly. ", "The theorem is then the following.", "\n\nTheorem: (Leon Green) For $g\\in G$ and $x\\in G/\\Gamma$ the following are equivalent.", "\n1. ", "The sequence $g^n x$ is equidistributed in $G/\\Gamma$.\n2. ", "The sequence $\\pi(g^n x)$ is equidistributed in $G/G_2\\Gamma$.\n3. ", "The orbit of $\\pi(g)$ is dense in $G/G_2\\Gamma$.\n4. ", "$\\chi(\\pi(g))\\neq 0$ for every nontrivial character $\\chi:G/G_2\\Gamma\\to\\mathbf{R}/\\mathbf{Z}$.\n\nItem 1 above trivially implies every other item. ", "The implication 4$\\implies$3 (a generalised Kronecker theorem) follows by pulling back any nontrivial character of $(G/G_2\\Gamma)/\\overline{\\langle\\pi(g)\\rangle}$. The implication 3$\\implies$2 (a generalised Weyl theorem) follows from the observation that every weak* limit point of the sequence of measures$$ \\frac{1}{N}\\sum_{n=0}^{N-1} \\delta_{\\pi(g^n x)}$$must be shift-invariant and thus equal to the Haar measure. ", "So the interesting content of the theorem is 2$\\implies$1.", "\n\nA word about the relation to ergodicity: By the ergodic theorem the left shift $\\tau_g:x\\mapsto gx$ is ergodic if and only if for almost every $x$ the sequence $g^n x$ equidistributes; on the other hand $\\tau_g$ is uniquely ergodic, i.e., the only $\\tau_g$-invariant measure is the given one, if and only if for every $x$ the sequence $g^n x$ equidistributes. ", "Thus to prove the theorem above we must not only prove that $\\tau_g$ is ergodic but that it is uniquely ergodic. ", "Fortunately one can prove these two properties are equivalent in this case.", "\n\nLemma: If $\\tau_g:G/\\Gamma\\to G/\\Gamma$ is ergodic then it's uniquely ergodic.", "\n\nProof: (Furstenberg) By the ergodic theorem the set $A$ of $\\mu_{G/\\Gamma}$-generic points, in other words points $x$ for which$$\\frac{1}{N}\\sum_{n=0}^{N-1} f(g^n x) \\to \\int f \\,d\\mu_{G/\\Gamma}$$for every $f\\in C(G/\\Gamma)$, has $\\mu_{G/\\Gamma}$-measure $1$, and clearly if $x\\in A$ and $c\\in G_s$ then $xc\\in A$, so $A = p^{-1}(p(A))$, where $p$ is the projection of $G/\\Gamma$ onto $G/G_s\\Gamma$.\n\nNow let $\\mu'$ be any $\\tau_g$-invariant ergodic measure. ", "By induction we may assume that $\\tau_g:G/G_s\\Gamma\\to G/G_s\\Gamma$ is uniquely ergodic, so we must have $p_*\\mu' = p_*\\mu_{G/\\Gamma}$, so$$\\mu'(A) = p_*\\mu'(p(A)) = p_*\\mu_{G/\\Gamma}(p(A)) = \\mu_{G/\\Gamma}(A) = 1.$$But by the ergodic theorem the set of $\\mu'$-generic points must also have $\\mu'$-measure $1$, so there must be some point which is both $\\mu_{G/\\Gamma}$- and $\\mu'$-generic, and this implies that $\\mu'=\\mu_{G/\\Gamma}$.$\\square$\n\nWe need one more preliminary lemma about topological groups before we really get started on the proof.", "\n\nLemma: If $H$ and $K$ are connected subgroups of some ambient topological group then $[H,K]$ is also connected.", "\n\nProof: Since $(h,k)\\mapsto [h,k]=h^{-1}k^{-1}hk$ is continuous certainly $C = \\{[h,k]:h\\in H,k\\in K\\}$ is connected, so $C^n = CC\\cdots C$ is also connected, so because $1\\in C^n$ for all $n$ we see that $[H,K]=\\bigcup_{n=1}^\\infty C^n$ is connected.$\\square$\n\nThus if $G$ is connected then every term $G_1,G_2,G_3,\\dots$ in the lower central series of $G$ is connected.", "\n\nProof of Leon Green's theorem: As noted it suffices to prove that $\\tau_g$ acts ergodically on $G/\\Gamma$ whenever it acts ergodically on $G/G_2\\Gamma$. By induction we may assume that $\\tau_g$ acts ergodically on $G/G_s\\Gamma$. So suppose that $f\\in L^2(G/\\Gamma)$ is $\\tau_g$-invariant. ", "By decomposing $L^2(G/\\Gamma)$ as a $\\overline{G_s\\Gamma}/\\Gamma$-space we may assume that $f$ obeys$$f(cx)=\\gamma(c)f(x)\\quad(c\\in G_s, x\\in G/\\Gamma)$$for some character $\\gamma:G_s\\Gamma/\\Gamma\\to S^1$. In particular $|f|$ is both $G_s$-invariant and $\\tau_g$-invariant, so it factors through a $\\tau_g$-invariant function $G/G_s\\Gamma\\to\\mathbf{R}$, so it must be constant, say $1$. Moreover for every $b\\in G_{s-1}$ the function$$\\Delta_bf(x) = f(bx)\\overline{f(x)}$$is $G_s$-invariant, and also a $\\tau_g$ eigenvector:$$\\Delta_bf(gx) = \\gamma([b,g])\\Delta_bf(x).$$By integrating this equation we find that either $\\gamma([b,g])=1$, so $\\Delta_bf$ is constant, or $\\int\\Delta_bf \\,d\\mu_{G/\\Gamma}= 0$, so either way we have$$\\int \\Delta_bf\\,d\\mu_{G/\\Gamma}\\in \\{0\\}\\cup S^1.$$But since $\\int\\Delta_bf\\,d\\mu_{G/\\Gamma}$ is a continuous function of $b$ and equal to $1$ when $b=1$ we must have $\\gamma([b,g])=1$ for all sufficiently small $b$, and thus for all $b$ by connectedness of $G_{s-1}$ and the identity$$[b_1b_2,g]=[b_1,g][b_2,g].$$Thus setting $\\gamma(b)=\\Delta_bf$ extends $\\gamma$ to a homomorphism $G_{s-1}\\to S^1$. In fact we can extend $\\gamma$ still further to a function $G\\to D_1$, where $D_1$ is the unit disc in $\\mathbf{C}$, by setting$$\\gamma(a) = \\int \\Delta_af\\,d\\mu_{G/\\Gamma}.$$Now if $a\\in G$ and $b\\in G_{s-1}$ then$$\\gamma(ba) = \\int f(bax) \\overline{f(x)}\\,d\\mu_{G/\\Gamma} = \\int \\gamma(b)f(ax)\\overline{f(x)}\\,d\\mu_{G/\\Gamma}=\\gamma(b)\\gamma(a),$$and$$\\gamma(ab) = \\int f(abx)\\overline{f(x)}\\,d\\mu_{G/\\Gamma} = \\int f(ax) \\overline{f(b^{-1}x)}\\,d\\mu_{G/\\Gamma} = \\int f(ax) \\overline{\\gamma(b^{-1})}\\overline{f(x)}\\,d\\mu_{G/\\Gamma} = \\gamma(b)\\gamma(a),$$so$$\\gamma(b)\\gamma(a)=\\gamma(ab)=\\gamma(ba[a,b]) = \\gamma(ba)\\gamma([a,b])=\\gamma(b)\\gamma(a)\\gamma([a,b]).$$Since $|\\gamma(b)|=1$ we can cancel $\\gamma(b)$, so$$\\gamma(a)(\\gamma([a,b])-1) = 0.$$Finally observe that $\\gamma(a)$ is a continuous function of $a$, and $\\gamma(1)=1$, so we must have $\\gamma([a,b])=1$ for all sufficiently small $a$, and thus by connectedness of $G$ and the identity$$[a_1a_2,b]=[a_1,b][a_2,b]$$we must have $\\gamma([a,b])=1$ identically. ", "But this implies that $\\gamma$ vanishes on all $s$-term commutators and thus on all of $G_s$, so in fact $f$ factors through $G/G_s\\Gamma$, so it must be constant.$\\square$\n\nA remark is in order about the possibility that some of the groups $G_i$ and $G_i\\Gamma$ are not closed. ", "This should not matter. ", "One could either read the above proof as it is written, noting carefully that I never said groups should be Hausdorff, or, what's similar, instead modify it so that whenever you quotient by a group $H$ you instead quotient by the group $\\overline{H}$.\n\nEmbarrassingly, it's difficult to come up with a non-Lie group to which this generalised Leon Green's theorem applies. ", "It seems that many natural candidates have the property that $G$ is not connected but $G/\\Gamma$ is: for example consider$$\\left(\\begin{array}{ccc}1&\\mathbf{R}\\times\\mathbf{Q}_2&\\mathbf{R}\\times\\mathbf{Q}_2\\\\0&1&\\mathbf{R}\\times\\mathbf{Q}_2\\\\0&0&1\\end{array}\\right)/\\left(\\begin{array}{ccc}1&\\mathbf{Z}[1/2]&\\mathbf{Z}[1/2]\\\\0&1&\\mathbf{Z}[1/2]\\\\0&0&1\\end{array}\\right).$$So it would be interesting to know whether the theorem extends to such a case. ", "Or perhaps there are no interesting non-Lie groups for this theorem, which would be a bit of a let down." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nkendo grid export gives Input string was not in a correct format error\n\nWhen im trying to export kendo resault into pdf i get this error \"Input string was not in a correct format.\"", "\nhere is my code : \n @(Html.", "Kendo().Grid((IEnumerable<A.Models.", "MyViewModel>)ViewBag.myviewmodelbag) //Bind the grid to ViewBag.", "Products\n .Name(\"List\")\n .Columns(columns =>\n {\n columns.", "Bound(myviewmodelbag => myviewmodelbag.", "BaseData.", "Type);\n\n columns.", "Bound(myviewmodelbag => myviewmodelbag.", "BaseData.", "Title);\n\n })\n\n .Pageable() // Enable paging\n .Sortable() // Enable sorting\n .Groupable()\n .Filterable()\n .Events(ev => ev.", "DataBound(\"onDataBound\"))\n .ToolBar(toolBar => \n toolBar.", "Custom()\n .Text(\"Export To PDF\")\n .HtmlAttributes(new { id = \"export\" })\n .Url(Url.", "Action(\"Export\", \"MyViewModel\", new { page = 1, pageSize = \"~\", filter = \"~\", sort = \"~\" }))\n )\n\n<script type=\"text/javascript\"> \n\n function onDataBound(e) {\n var grid = $('#List').data('kendoGrid');\n\n // ask the parameterMap to create the request object for you\n var requestObject = (new kendo.data.transports[\"aspnetmvc-server\"]({ prefix: \"\" }))\n .options.parameterMap({\n page: grid.dataSource.page(),\n sort: grid.dataSource.sort(),\n filter: grid.dataSource.filter()\n });\n\n // Get the export link as jQuery object\n var $exportLink = $('#export');\n\n // Get its 'href' attribute - the URL where it would navigate to\n var href = $exportLink.attr('href');\n\n // Update the 'page' parameter with the grid's current page\n href = href.replace(/page=([^&]*)/, 'page=' + requestObject.page || '~');\n\n // Update the 'sort' parameter with the grid's current sort descriptor\n href = href.replace(/sort=([^&]*)/, 'sort=' + requestObject.sort || '~');\n\n // Update the 'pageSize' parameter with the grid's current pageSize\n href = href.replace(/pageSize=([^&]*)/, 'pageSize=' + grid.dataSource._pageSize);\n\n //update filter descriptor with the filters applied\n\n href = href.replace(/filter=([^&]*)/, 'filter=' + (requestObject.filter || '~'));\n\n // Update the 'href' attribute\n $exportLink.attr('href', href);\n }\n\n</script>\n\nand my controller is like this : \npublic FileResult Export([DataSourceRequest]DataSourceRequest request)\n {\n IEnumerable products = db.", "AA.ToDataSourceResult(request).Data;\n\nnow the problem is if i use exatcly as above i get the error but if hardcode the value like this:\n.Url(Url.", "Action(\"Export\", \"MyViewModel\", new { page = 1, pageSize = \"\", filter = \"\", sort = \"\" }))\n\nit works without error but the controller only get the page an other value will be null.", "\nalso i tried to add \"grid_Page , ... \" to all of parameter but none works\n\nA:\n\nOk my bad , i fixed it ! ", "\nsince im using server side to populate the grid , the js event part cant be called :\nfunction onDataBound(e) {\n var grid = $('#List').data('kendoGrid');\n\nand after i changed to this :\n$(document).ready(function () {\n var grid = $('#List').data('kendoGrid');\n\nand removed this line :\n.Events(ev => ev.", "DataBound(\"onDataBound\"))\n\nnow it works fine.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Omeprazole and dietary nitrate independently affect levels of vitamin C and nitrite in gastric juice.", "\nHypochlorhydria is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. ", "We have studied the effect of pharmacologically induced hypochlorhydria on the gastric juice ascorbate/nitrite ratio, which regulates the synthesis of potentially carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds. ", "Saliva, gastric juice, and serum from 20 healthy volunteers (9 positive for Helicobacter pylori), with a mean age of 30 years (range, 20-47 years), were analyzed for nitrite, ascorbic acid, and total vitamin C before and for 2 hours after ingestion of 2 mmol [corrected] nitrate (nitrate content of a standard salad meal). ", "This was repeated after 4 weeks of treatment with omeprazole, 40 mg daily. ", "Before omeprazole treatment, the nitrate meal lowered gastric ascorbic acid levels from 3.8 to 0.9 microg/mL (P < 0.05) and increased median salivary nitrite levels from 44 to 262 micromol/L (P < 0.001); gastric nitrite concentration remained undetected in 10 subjects. ", "Omeprazole increased median fasting gastric nitrite levels from 0 to 13 micromol/L (P = 0.001) and decreased fasting gastric ascorbic acid levels from 3.8 to 0.7 microg/mL (P < 0.001). ", "With omeprazole treatment, gastric nitrite levels after the nitrate meal were markedly increased at 154 micromol/L (range, 49-384 micromol/L; P < 0.001). ", "In H. pylori-infected subjects, omeprazole also decreased total vitamin C levels in both gastric juice and serum. ", "Omeprazole and dietary nitrate independently decrease the ascorbate/nitrite ratio. ", "This may lead to an increased risk of gastric cancer." ]

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[ "[Syphilitic penile pseudotumor. ", "Report of a case].", "\nThe syphilis is a venereal disease of sexual transmission that incidence is increasing in several groups populations. ", "We report a case of a patient with secondary syphilis who consulted for an atypical solid mass to penile. ", "The clinical evolution, histological examination and analytical tests confirmed the diagnosis of genital syphilis having a satisfactory response to specific antibiotic treatment. ", "The epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic aspects and therapeutic of the genital ulcer disease are discussed." ]

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[ "A SCOTS shell firm was used to funnel thousands of pounds to the London-based daughter of a judge linked to one of the biggest money-laundering schemes ever revealed.", "\n\nInvestigators uncovered the payments as they dug deeper in to the scheme, the elaborate Russian Laundromat, which saw at least $20 billion of dirty money flushed out of the former Soviet Union.", "\n\nThe laundering was only made possible by alleged judicial corruption in Moldova and the ease at which its organisers could create ghost companies to receive payments, especially in Scotland.", "\n\nNow journalists from the Organised Crime and Corruption Reporting Project(OCCRP) have revealed that what they claim is money from the scheme ended up paying the rent or in the bank account of a Moldovan student Mihaela Muruianu. ", "Her father, Ion, once headed the judiciary in the former Soviet republic and has previously referred to journalists as “rabid dogs”.", "\n\nThe OCCRP and its sister organisation in Moldova, RISE Moldova, found two firms named in the Laundromat had paid for Ms Muruianu’s luxury flat in London.", "\n\nRent payments totalled $130,000 (£97,000 today).", "\n\nAnnual rents were bigger than the judge’s declared income.", "\n\nOCCRP and RISE Moldova also found that Ms Muruianu had received $28,000 (£21,000 today, from another firm, Edinburgh-based Carditeks Commerce for “audit consultancy” services.", "\n\nThe dollar payments were made before the pound’s collapse in 2016.", "\n\nThis business, now dissolved, is a Scottish limited partnership, or SLP, a kind of firm whose real owners can pay no taxes, file no accounts and, until recently, remain anonymous.", "\n\nEarlier this year The Herald, using raw data from the OCCRP, revealed that some £4 billion from the Laundromat was flushed through shell firms, both limited companies and limited partnerships, registered in Scotland.", "\n\nRise Moldova asked both the judge and his daughter about the payments. ", "Both said they knew nothing about the Russian Laundromat.", "\n\nMs Muruianu denied any knowledge of the firms used.", "\n\nShe told journalists: “I do not know the kind of activity these companies are involved in or who their founders are.”", "\n\nMs Muruianu said the money paid for the apartment was part of an agreement her father made with a mystery Moldovan businessman.", "\n\nShe said: “The essence of the deal, from my father’s words, is that my potential employer pays a part of [my] rent expenses … and after my studies, and three years of internship in a British company … which will be completed in 2019 … I agree to work in the Republic of Moldova for a period of five years, mainly in the banking sector,” she said.", "\n\n\"The deal was concluded in my absence and it was confidential, so I am not aware of the rest of the details, including the businessman’s identity.”", "\n\nMr Muruianu, initially claimed his daughter and her husband paid their own rent before clarifying there was indeed a deal with an unnamed entrepreneur.", "\n\nOne of the core firms used in the Laundromat was a Scottish shell company called Westburn Enterprises, according to OCCRP material. ", "It received some $500 million after Moldovan judges authorised Russian firms to hand over the money.", "\n\nWestburn was also named in a parallel investigation in to the Azerbaijani Laundromat.", "\n\nThe OCCRP/RISE Moldova investigation found some of the money was transferred to a bank account belonging to a firm in Birmingham which was then passed some $102,000 to a firm in London. ", "This cash then went to an estate agency which handled Ms Muruianu's rent." ]

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[ "Founded in 1994 by Hardy Blechman, Maharishi quickly became renowned for its fusion of urban influences with eastern philosophy and military design. ", "These navy woven cotton track pants are a relaxed example of the label's aesthetic. ", "They're shaped with an elasticated waistband and cuffs, and have a black embroidered logo and grey text print at one side. ", "Wear them with a relaxed sweater and trainers for a low-key look.", "\n\nFounded in 1994 by Hardy Blechman, Maharishi quickly became renowned for its fusion of urban influences with eastern philosophy and military design. ", "These navy woven cotton track pants are a relaxed example of the label's aesthetic. ", "They're shaped with an elasticated waistband and cuffs, and have a black embroidered logo and grey text print at one side. ", "Wear them with a relaxed sweater and trainers for a low-key look.", "\n\nYour style suggestion is on its way\n\nLove this? ", "Inspire your friends with your latest MATCHESFASHION find.", "\n\nCurrency\n\nYou will always be charged in either GBP (£), Euro (€),\n\nUSD ($), AUD ($) or HKD ($) depending on your selected purchase currency.", "\n\nYour Local currency is for display purposes only and is calculated based on exchange rates that are updated daily." ]

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[ "Speakout 5/16\n\nSunday, May 16, 2004\n\nI would like to SpeakOut about Sikeston Public Schools. ", "They waste too much money and in the Morehouse and Lee Hunter schools, the bathrooms stink because they never clean them. ", "I went into the gym at Morehouse School one day when it was still very cold outside and the smell of urine was so bad that it almost knocked me down. ", "They had both back doors open. ", "They don't know how to turn the thermostat down.", "\n\nTo the person on Missouri Street who called about the honking bus, if it's none of my business, why are you putting it in SpeakOut?", "\n\nI am calling about the Iraqi prisoners being beaten up. ", "I find it amusingly ironic that we can go over there and kill them, but we can't beat them up a little bit.", "\n\nThe President says everyone will be held accountable for every abuse made. ", "But what about him? ", "He has caused a lot of death and harm to many people. ", "I'm sure they have an off and on button and a mute button so we don't have to listen to his stuff. ", "All he does is repeat over and over one lie after another. ", "We need to get rid of Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld and Ashcroft. ", "I think we'd all be a lot better off. ", "It seems like nobody knows what's going on. ", "It makes you wonder who is running the country; I think it's running itself. ", "No wonder we had all that to happen on 9/11. ", "Nobody gives a big rip. ", "Let's get them out of office now.", "\n\nI read about \"Easy street\" about food stamps and stuff. ", "People need to just forget about it and go on. ", "If you don't get food stamps, you don't get food stamps. ", "But don't call the Standard Democrat with your complaints. ", "I work for $8.75 an hour and have three kids and a wife. ", "I get food stamps and I work my a-s-s off every day. ", "There are times that, after we pay our bills and everything, money is very, very short. ", "Not all food stamp recipients are lazy couch potatoes because I work my butt off. ", "So get a life instead of complaining about it. ", "I'm proud to walk in a store and use my food stamp card because it might be $95, but at least I can say I work for it. ", "If the government would raise minimum wage, more people would be off that and not get $400 a month (I get less than $100). ", "Some of your friends probably get food stamp cards, too. ", "Just drop it. ", "Some of us do work for a living.", "\n\nDid you ever stop to think the person you saw buying items with food stamps may have lost their job due to the closing of their employer? ", "Did you think that the person may have always been a hard worker and always had a job? ", "Also, this person may have forgotten his or her pin number because they had other things on their mind. ", "Why should we thank you? ", "I still pay my taxes just like you do. ", "I am a temporary fix for my family and I'm glad at this time in my life to have help. ", "I don't need commodities but if you do, you can get them at the corner of South Kingshighway and Murray Lane." ]

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[ "Aspects of the use and abuse of aesthetic restoratives: 1. ", "Composite materials.", "\nModern materials offer great promise in the aesthetic restoration of teeth. ", "However, their performance in practice may not fulfil this promise. ", "This is often because of inadequate understanding of the scientific principles behind the new materials, leading to misuse. ", "In this two-part article the author reviews some of the physical properties of the new materials, and explains both their proper use and their limitations. ", "Part 1 examines the composites, Part 2 will look at dentine adhesives and glass-ionomers." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRails 3.0 required javascript libraries for method delete\n\nI was wondering what are the specific javascript libraries required to get the method => delete to work. ", "Also, I'm having problems because I want to use the jquery library, and if I include :defaults it doesn't work. ", "Is there a way to integrate the two?", "\nThank you.", "\n\nA:\n\njQuery can run in Rails if you include the UJS script. ", "Your best option is to use the following:\nhttps://github.com/indirect/jquery-rails\n\n" ]

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[ "Nettie Tobin\n\nEsther \"Nettie\" Tobin (1863–1944), known as Nettie, was a widow and mother of two who worked as a seamstress in Chicago around the turn of the 20th century and became a member of the Baháʼí Community there. ", "Tobin, who wished to contribute to the \"Baháʼí Temple Unity\", a precursor for the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States, for the construction of the future Baháʼí House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois was not able to contribute monetarily. ", "Inspired by a letter that suggested even a \"stone\" to be a value, she went to a construction site nearby her home in Chicago and asked for a stone from the reject pile. ", "With the help of friends and neighbors she was able to move the stone via streetcar and wagon to Wilmette, where it was left on the Baháʼí property. ", "Although other stones had been sent for the dedication ceremony for the in 1912, none of them had arrived. ", "On May 1, 1912,ʻAbdu'l-Bahá directed that \"Nettie's stone\" used as the dedication stone of the future Baháʼí House of Worship. ", " The \"cornerstone\" was not used in the construction of the building, but instead is displayed in the visitor's center, where it remains today.", "\n\nTobin died on March 30, 1944.", "\n\nSee also\n ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's journeys to the West\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n History of the Cornerstone\n\nCategory:American Bahá'ís\nCategory:Place of birth missing\nCategory:20th-century Bahá'ís\nCategory:1863 births\nCategory:1944 deaths" ]

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[ "El 19 de Noviembre de 2014, la web del INTI anunció el desarrollo del LEA o Lector Electrónico Argentino informando “El objetivo es lograr un producto accesible, desde el punto de vista económico, que sea fabricado con componentes eléctricos y electrónicos nacionales… El centro del INTI que tiene un papel protagónico en esta iniciativa es el de Micro y Nano Electrónica del Bicentenario. ", "En sus dos sedes, ubicadas en Parque Tecnológico Miguelete y Bahía Blanca, reúne las capacidades técnicas, profesionales y de infraestructura necesarias para hacer frente al desafío planteado.”", "\n\nAunque los componentes nacionales referidos por el anuncio no existen, los mejores lectores de libros electrónicos se venden al costo y cualquier análisis determinaría la inconveniencia de fabricar electrónica de consumo fuera de China y alrededores, lo peor del caso es que el INTI presenta en la home layers de componentes electrónicos y un supuesto prototipo que es en realidad un Kindle Paperwhite fabricado por Amazon photoshopeado para pegarle una estampilla y agregarle el slogan “tenemos patria”.", "\n\nEl comunicado del INTI dice también “Con el apoyo financiero del Ministerio de Educación a través de la Secretaría de Políticas Universitarias, el proyecto prevé inicialmente tres etapas. ", "En la primera se trabajará en forma conjunta con la industria local a fin de recavar (sic) información sobre las capacidades de los proveedores para fabricar un dispositivo de estas características.”", "\n\nDe modo que las etapas no se llevaron a cabo y la primera de ellas consiste en recaBar información. ", "Cómo podrían saber por anticipado que las sedes del Parque Tecnológico reúnen “las capacidades técnicas, profesionales y de infraestructura necesarias para hacer frente al desafío planteado” si todavía no saben en qué consiste el procedimiento de fabricación. ", "De hecho, cuando recaBen la información, los proveedores locales les van a decir que el componente que se utiliza en las pantallas de tinta digital llamado electrophoretic requiere una fusión compleja de química, física y electrónica y que para poder fabricar a bajo costo deberían tener la máquina del tiempo, viajar a 1997, ser apoyados por el MIT y montar una fábrica de vanguardia en China. ", "También les van a decir que los eBook Readers como Kindle, Nook, Sony Reader y Kobo utilizan pantallas del mismo fabricante: eInk Corporation.", "\n\nEn este punto, el sector de Industrias Culturales de la Gerencia de Asistencia Tecnológica para la Demanda Social del INTI va a tener dos opciones:\n\n1. ", "utilizar pantallas LCD, lo cual va a resultar en la fabricación de unas minitablets ridículas que van a dejar a todos los estudiantes como Borges en términos oftalmológicos.", "\n\n2. ", "comprar las pantallas a eInk Corporation, en cuyo caso toda esa blableta de la soberanía tecnológica queda en la nada y los dispositivos van a resultar mucho más caros que importar Kindles.", "\n\nEn definitiva, lo único que existe en este punto sobre el Lector Electrónico Argentino es una reunión efectuada el 11 de Noviembre de 2014 entre la Universidad Nacional de José C. Paz y el INTI y una foto trucada. ", "No hay diseño, no hay prototipo, no hay siquiera información recabada.", "\n\nTras ser contactado en Twitter, el INTI primero intentó disfrazar la foto haciendo zoom y el 28/11/2014 – previo bloqueo de la cuenta @ronibandini – removió el fotomontaje de la home. ", "En cualquier caso, acá está la captura de pantalla de la home con el Kindle trucado\n\nVer también Leer en Kindle da cáncer - ¿Inventó una gallega el primer libro electrónico? - ", "Las siete pesadillas del eBook\n\nBajar el manual PDF gratis Kindle para viejos chotos v7" ]

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[ "The Art of Small Talk\n\nFebruary 02, 2017\n\nSmall talk by definition, is polite conversation about unimportant or uncontroversial matters. ", "In this crazy, hectic world we live, everyone approaches small talk differently, some may believe it’s a waste of time, while others simply aren’t sure how to go about it. ", "For those who know the art of small talk, it’s a way to be polite to a stranger in an elevator or to break the ice when meeting with someone new, personally or professionally. ", "You might be surprised what you gain from a few words.", "\n\nOne of the keys to small talk is listening. ", "Instead of using idle chatter just to fill silence, listen and learn from it, you can build better connections with those around you. ", "Use the information you learn to build better relationships.", "\n\nIf you’re in a leadership position, small talk is important for a couple of reasons. ", "It may feel awkward at first but with employees, it helps you establish trust, build rapport and allows you to find out what common interests you may have. ", "Taking note of interests and certain facts is the key to making small talk easier. ", "If you learn someone has a unique hobby or one of their children is on a traveling basketball team, it’s an easy way to connect with that person the next time you pass in the hall or have a meeting. ", "We don’t expect you to remember every child’s name and every employees’ hobby but if you learn it, write it down as a reference, you’ll be amazed at the endearing look on someone’s face when ask how “Joey’s” team did over the weekend.", "\n\nThe most common topic of small talk is usually the weather, depending where you live, you’re never at a loss, especially in the winter. ", "Small talk can also be as simple as “How’s your day going?”", "\n\nTake the challenge, whether it’s a social event, the person standing next to you in the checkout line or a team member at work, take the time to listen and learn, it just might translate into a new business deal, happier employees or making a new friend." ]

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[ "blocked\n\nWho loves a good niche? ", "We sure as hell do. ", "And we also love niche products that address those niches problems — especially tech niches. ", "So here we are, with Today in Good Niche Things. ", "This time it’s a small little thing on the Internet that sends you a rejection letter …" ]

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[ "On his way to winning a third term as the state's attorney general, Republican Greg Abbott hit the airwaves with a TV ad that made him sound like a round-'em-up sheriff.", "\n\n\"He’s arrested more criminals than any Texas attorney general, including thousands of child predators and sex offenders,\" the narrator says. ", "This claim wrested the attention of reader Joyce Lynch, who suggested that we look into whether Abbott has been 'cuffing suspects while working as the state's top lawyer.", "\n\nFirst, we asked Jason Johnson, Abbott's campaign consultant for back-up evidence. ", "He pointed to the office's criminal investigations division, \"staffed by commissioned peace officers and crime analysts who undertake a wide range of investigations and activities to support detection, prevention, and prosecution of crime,\" according to the attorney general's website.", "\n\nIn a document e-mailed to us, Johnson focused on two division units that Abbott created in 2003:\n\n* The Cyber Crimes Unit, which \"arrests child predators who commit sex crimes against children using technology and the Internet,\" according to the attorney general's website. ", "That includes people who contact youths online and try to set up a time, date and location to have sex with them. ", "In some cases, undercover officers identify suspects by posing as children in chat rooms and on websites. ", "The unit also makes child pornography arrests.", "\n\n* The Fugitive Unit, which seeks out and arrests people with histories of sex crimes who have violated their parole or sex offender registration requirements, the site says. ", "According to an overview provided by Abbott's office, the unit has also arrested other kinds of fugitives, including \"Louisiana criminals with outstanding warrants who fled to Texas during Hurricane Katrina,\" as well as gang members and other offenders rounded up under Falcon II, an initiative led by the U.S. Marshals Service that targeted sexual predators and violent offenders.", "\n\nThe units work in conjunction with other law enforcement agencies, including local police and the FBI, according to the attorney general's website and news releases. ", "However, Jerry Strickland, a spokesman for the office, told us that the peace officers employed by the attorney general's office consistently make arrests on their own. ", "Strickland also said that although Abbott is not a certified peace officer and cannot make arrests, he has been present during some apprehensions by his officers.", "\n\nAccording to information from Strickland, the cyber-crimes and fugitive units arrested 2,052 child predators and sex offenders from the teams' creation in 2003 through mid-October, when Abbott's TV ad began running. ", "Of those arrests:\n\n* 1,806 were by the fugitive unit; the majority were arrests of sex offenders who had violated their parole or failed to register.", "\n\n* 246 were by the cyber-crimes unit and were related to child pornography or online solicitation of a child. ", "Of those, 221 have led to convictions.", "\n\nNext, we wondered how Abbott's arrest record stacks up against those of his predecessors.", "\n\nAlthough Johnson didn't have data showing the number of arrests by the attorney general's office over the years, he said he was confident that the ad — claiming that Abbott has arrested more criminals than any Texas attorney general — was correct because of the surge in criminal division officers on Abbott's watch.", "\n\nBackground: The 1991 Legislature gave the attorney general's office permission to employ up to five peace officers. ", "Bill analyses from that time say that the office needed the extra staff to assist local prosecutors in investigations. ", "In 1999, lawmakers removed the hiring limit, partly because of an expansion of the Medicaid fraud program within the attorney general's office.", "\n\nAccording to the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement Officer Standards and Education, which tracks the number of peace officers in the state, the number of officers appointed by the attorney general's office rose each year between 1999 and 2010, from five to more than 150. (", "The growing number of peace officers of all kinds has been a trend statewide. ", "According to a 2009 Statesman story, there are three dozen types of agencies, institutions, boards, commissions and political subdivisions that can appoint their own law enforcement agents.)", "\n\nAccording to information from Johnson, in fiscal 2002, just before Abbott became attorney general, 36 peace officers were working for the attorney general's office and made 99 arrests. ", "That compares to fiscal 2010, when the agency employed 141 officers (as of Sept. 9) and arrested 795 people.", "\n\nSumming up: Abbott's campaign ad stated that he had made \"thousands\" of arrests. ", "Abbott hasn't personally arrested anyone, but he has put into place criminal investigation units that had taken into custody more than 2,000 \"child predators and sex offenders\" through mid-October. ", "Legislative actions during the past 20 years lend credence to the claim that the arrests outnumber those of his predecessors, though his campaign didn't have data to prove it. ", "By the same token, most earlier attorneys general didn't have the same manpower or authority to make arrests.", "\n\nHow to contact us\n\nWe want to hear your suggestions and comments. ", "Email the Texas Truth-O-Meter with feedback and with claims you'd like to see checked. ", "If you send us a comment, we'll assume you don't mind us publishing it unless you tell us otherwise." ]

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[ "Atlético Madrid battled their way back from a goal down to pull off a confidence-boosting 2-1 win at Monaco in Group A, a defiant response to their poor start to the domestic season.", "\n\nAtlético have won only one La Liga game and their problems at home looked to have followed them into Europe when some haphazard defending allowed Samuel Grandsir to score from close range in the 18th minute. ", "Diego Simeone’s side continued to struggle and it took a flying save from Jan Oblak to prevent Jean-Eudes Aholou from doubling Monaco’s lead with a venomous long-range strike.", "\n\nDiego Costa gave the visitors a lifeline just after the half-hour mark by controlling a clever through-ball from Antoine Griezmann and providing a cool finish. ", "The goal provided the encouragement Atlético needed and they responded by dominating the rest of the half, eventually clinching the winner on the stroke of half-time when the defender José Giménez headed home from a corner, helped by sloppy goalkeeping from Danijel Subasic.", "\n\nThe USA forward Christian Pulisic came off the bench on his 20th birthday to grab a late goal and seal a 1-0 win for Borussia Dortmund at Club Brugge.", "\n\nA game of few clear-cut chances looked to be heading for a stalemate before Brugge defender Matej Mitrovic’s clearance looped off the outstretched leg of Pulisic and into the net after 85 minutes. ", "Dortmund had dominated possession at the Jan Breydel Stadium, especially in the second half, and ended a run of eight games without a victory in the Champions League. ", "They handed a debut to 18-year-old Jadon Sancho, the youngest English player to make his bow in the Champions League for a team outside England.", "\n\nJadon Sancho is chased by Thibault Vlietinck during Borussia Dortmund’s narrow victory. ", "Photograph: Dean Mouhtaropoulos/Getty Images\n\nRed Star Belgrade ground out a 0-0 home draw against Napoli as Milan Borjan made a flurry of telling saves in a pulsating Group C encounter. ", "Napoli dominated the opening half and twice went close to taking the lead as Lorenzo Insigne struck the crossbar and Borjan denied Arkadiusz Milik from close range with a fine reflex save.", "\n\nSeveral last-gasp tackles early in the second half kept Red Star in the match and they threatened for the first time in the 58th minute when Napoli keeper David Ospina palmed away a fizzing low shot from the half-time substitute Dusan Jovancic.", "\n\nNapoli could not find a way through as Red Star closed ranks, drawing loud cheers from their fans after salvaging a point with a gritty performance.", "\n\nSchalke marked their return to the Champions League after a three-year absence with a 1-1 draw at home to Porto in their Group D opener to earn some respite after a poor start to the Bundesliga season.", "\n\nSchalke went into the game having lost all three domestic league matches but Breel Embolo put the home side ahead in the 64th minute before Otávio levelled with Porto’s second penalty 11 minutes later. ", "Porto got a 13th minute penalty when Alex Telles’ deep throw-in landed on Naldo’s arm. ", "But Ralf Fährmann picked the right corner and spectacularly palmed away Telles’ effort. ", "But another Naldo foul in the box gave the Portuguese side the chance to level from the penalty spot and Otávio this time sent Fährmann the wrong way to grab a point for the away side.", "\n\nIn the other Group D match Galatasaray cruised past Lokomotiv Moscow 3-0 with goals from Garry Rodrigues, Eren Derdiyok and a stoppage-time penalty from Selcuk Inan. ", "The hosts were rarely threatened by the Russian champions but ended the game with 10 men following the dismissal of Badou Ndiaye for a second booking three minutes from time." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nProve that there is a number $y$ for which $y^n+f(y) \\leq x^n+f(x)$\n\nSuppose $f$ is a continuous function over reals and $n$ is a positive integer, for which $\\displaystyle \\lim_{x \\to \\infty} \\dfrac{f(x)}{x^n} = \\displaystyle \\lim_{x \\to -\\infty} \\dfrac{f(x)}{x^n}= 0$. Prove that if $n$ is even, there is a number $y$ for which $y^n+f(y) \\leq x^n+f(x)$ for all $x \\in \\mathbb{R}$. \n\nThis is a follow up question to this question. ", "I am wondering if this would best be proved indirectly by assuming there doesn't exist such a $y$ as before. ", "I tried indirectly and said that either $y^n + f(y) = x^n+f(x)$ or $y^n+f(y) \\geq x^n+f(x)$ (by intermediate value theorem). ", "How do I show a contradiction here? ", " \n\nA:\n\n$g(x) := f(x) + x^n$ is continuous on $\\Bbb R$, and for $x \\ne 0$,\n$$\n g(x) = f(x) + x^n = \\bigl( \\frac {f(x)}{x^n} + 1 \\big) x^n \\, .", "\n$$\nSince $f(x)/x^n \\to 0$ for $x \\to \\pm \\infty$, and $n$ is even,\nit follows that\n$$\n \\lim_{x \\to - \\infty} g(x) = \\lim_{x \\to \\infty} g(x) = \\infty \\, .", "\n$$\nTherefore $g$ has a global minimum which is taken at some point $y \\in \\Bbb R$ (see e.g. If $f$ continuous and $\\lim_{x\\to-\\infty }f(x)=\\lim_{x\\to\\infty }f(x)=+\\infty $ then $f$ takes its minimum.):", "\n$$\n f(y) + y^n = g(y) \\le g(x) = f(x) + x^n \\text{ for all } x \\in \\Bbb R\n$$\n\n" ]

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[ "Digital Media\n\nDigital display is measurable in real-time. ", "As a campaign runs, we get precise data on:\n\nThis allows us to optimize campaigns while they run, moving our dollars to websites, dayparts and messages that are performing the best. ", "It’s a marketer’s dream.", "\n\nHow do we do it?", "\n\nHow do we do it? ", "Once we gather behavioral intelligence, we can deliver highly targeted messages to prospects. ", "We can target prospects who were interested enough to visit your website but who didn’t take any action. ", "We can serve targeted messages to remarket to prospects who searched for specific keywords. ", "We can test competing messages and designs against one another to see which performs best. ", "A/B testing lets us know how well an ad performs before we blow the entire media budget on it.", "\n\nRecent Work\n\nTrending Digital Media Blogs\n\nOver the past few months, I’ve read multiple articles and have actively participated in the buzz surrounding research, analytics and data-driven results regarding advertising and marketing campaigns. ", "As the digital realm of advertising and marketing continues to burgeon and advance, ad agencies, marketing firms and specialty shops are scrambling to find their place in a world historically known for its creative prowess.", "\n\n“Half of the money I spend on advertising is wasted; the trouble is I don’t know which half.” ", "John Wanamaker didn’t have big data and cloud storage to prove the worth of his advertising. ", "What’s your excuse?" ]

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[ "List of French directors\n\nA French Director is someone who directs films and was born in or is based in France.", "\n\nA-C\n Marcel Achard\n Marc Allégret\n Yves Allégret\n Jean-Jacques Annaud\n Alexandre Alexeieff\n Jacques Audiard\n Michel Audiard\n Claude Autant-Lara\n Jacques Becker\n Raymond Bernard\n Claude Berri\n Luc Besson\n Pierre Billon\n Yves Boisset\n Serge Bourguignon\n Jean Boyer\n Robert Bresson\n Marcel Carné\n Claude Chabrol\n René Clair\n René Clément\n Maurice Cloche\n Henri-Georges Clouzot\n Jean Cocteau\n Alain Corneau\n\nD-J\n Henri Decoin\n Jean Delannoy\n Jacques Demy\n Claire Denis\n Jacques Deray\n Julien Duvivier\n Jacques Feyder\n Georges Franju\n Abel Gance\n Jean Giono\n José Giovanni\n Jean-Luc Godard\n Michel Gondry\n Jean Grémillon\n Olivier Gruner\n Sacha Guitry\n René Le Hénaff\n Robert Hossein\n André Hunebelle\n Christian-Jaque\n Jean-Pierre Jeunet\n Léo Joannon\n\nK-Z\n Mathieu Kassovitz\n Philippe Labro\n Georges Lacombe\n Georges Lautner\n Patrice Leconte\n Claude Lelouche\n Marcel Lherbier\n Anatole Litvak\n Louis Malle\n André Malraux\n Chris Marker\n Jean-Pierre Melville\n Edouard Molinaro\n Gaspar Noé\n Marcel Pagnol\n Roman Polanski\n Maurice Pialat\n Jean Renoir\n Alain Resnais\n Eric Rohmer\n Jean Rollin\n Claude Sautet\n Coline Serreau\n Jacques Tati\n Bertrand Tavernier\n André Téchiné\n Maurice Tourneur\n Nadine Trintignant\n François Truffaut\n Roger Vadim\n Agnès Varda\n Francis Veber\n Henri Verneuil\n Jean Vigo\n Régis Wargnier\n Andrzej Zulawski\n\nSee also\nCinema of France\n\nDirectors\nDirectors" ]

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[ "Warning: this story contains graphic images that may distress readers\n\nThe first photographs have emerged of what appears to be a badger killed in the controversial culls taking place in England.", "\n\nA single high velocity bullet killed the animal, passing right through it, the vet who examined the carcass told the Guardian. ", "Most badgers she had seen shot before the cull had been peppered with gunshot, Dr Elizabeth Mullineaux said.", "\n\nSecret World Wildlife Rescue, the Somerset-based animal charity that released the photographs of the badger, said it had been delivered to them by people on an overnight 'badger patrol' who reported seeing marksmen searching for the badger's body in the early hours of Saturday morning.", "\n\n\"It had been shot in the way that Defra [the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs] recommends,\" said Pauline Kidner, the charity's founder. \"", "This is the third badger we've had in from the cull zone. ", "The other two were road traffic accidents, but this one had obviously been shot.\"", "\n\nDefra told the Guardian it was \"confident\" that the animal had not been killed as part of the cull because all the badgers killed so far had died \"instantly.\" \"", "All badgers killed as part of the pilot culls have been shot cleanly and killed instantly,\" a tweet by the department said.", "\n\nMullineaux, who is a consultant to the charity and has been a clinical vet for 17 years, said: \"A single shot has entered left-hand side of the chest, slightly behind the Defra target area. ", "Rather than going through perpendicular therefore to the heart and lungs, it went diagonally and out the side.\"", "\n\nX-rays of the animal showed fragments of the bullet, and what appeared to be \"one track\" between one entry and one exit point. ", "She was of the opinion just one bullet had been used, leaving the stomach and liver lobe coming out of the \"sizeable\" exit hole.", "\n\nThe animal's body was brought in by a group on night vigil in the cull zone. ", "Photograph: Pauline Kidner/Secret World Wildlife Rescue\n\nShe said it was hard to say how long the animal was alive for after being shot, apart from the fact it had time to take flight. ", "One of the key tests of the humaneness of the pilot culls, which are designed to see if badgers can be killed in a way that is safe, humane and effective to combat the spread of bovine TB to cattle, is 'time to death', Freedom of Information requests have revealed.", "\n\nKidner said she would have the badger's body post-mortemed and then DNA-checked to see if it matched DNA records of badgers within the zone, which were taken by Defra before the cull began. ", "She said she was taking the steps as she was certain it had been killed as part of the cull." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nconversion bigq to mpfr with Rmpfr package\n\nThe help documentation of the Rmpfr R package claims that the .bigq2mpfr() function uses the minimal precision necessary for correct representation when the precB argument is NULL :\nDescription:\n\n Coerce from and to big integers (‘bigz’) and ‘mpfr’ numbers.", "\n\n Further, coerce from big rationals (‘bigq’) to ‘mpfr’ numbers.", "\n\nUsage:\n\n .bigz2mpfr(x, precB = NULL)\n .bigq2mpfr(x, precB = NULL)\n .mpfr2bigz(x, mod = NA)\n\nArguments:\n\n x: an R object of class ‘bigz’, ‘bigq’ or ‘mpfr’ respectively.", "\n\n precB: precision in bits for the result. ", " The default, ‘NULL’, means\n to use the _minimal_ precision necessary for correct\n representation.", "\n\nHowever when converting 31/3 one gets a bad approximation:\n> x <- as.bigq(31,3)\n> .bigq2mpfr(x)\n1 'mpfr' number of precision 8 bits \n[1] 10.31 \n\nBy looking inside the .bigq2mpfr() function we see the detailed procedure:\nN <- numerator(x)\nD <- denominator(x)\nif (is.null(precB)) {\n eN <- frexpZ(N)$exp\n eD <- frexpZ(D)$exp\n precB <- eN + eD + 1L\n}\n.bigz2mpfr(N, precB)/.bigz2mpfr(D, precB)\n\nFirstly I do not understand why precB is taken as follows. ", "The exp output of the frexpZ() is the exponent in binary decomposition:\n> frexpZ(N)\n$d\n[1] 0.96875\n\n$exp\n[1] 5\n\n> 0.96875*2^5\n[1] 31\n\nHere we get precB=8 and the result is then identical to:\n> mpfr(31, precBits=8)/mpfr(3, precBits=8)\n1 'mpfr' number of precision 8 bits \n[1] 10.31\n\nI am under the impression one should rather replace precB with 2^precB but I'd like to get some advices about that:\n> mpfr(31, precBits=8)/mpfr(3, precBits=2^8)\n1 'mpfr' number of precision 256 bits \n[1] 10.33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333329\n> mpfr(31, precBits=8)/mpfr(3, precBits=2^9)\n1 'mpfr' number of precision 512 bits \n[1] 10.3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333329\n> mpfr(31, precBits=8)/mpfr(3, precBits=2^7)\n1 'mpfr' number of precision 128 bits \n[1] 10.33333333333333333333333333333333333332\n\nA:\n\nThis has been corrected in a newer version of the package:\n> x <- as.bigq(31,3)\n> .bigq2mpfr(x)\n1 'mpfr' number of precision 128 bits \n[1] 10.33333333333333333333333333333333333332\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to fastener assemblies for securing two structural members in place relative to one another and more particularly to an assembly wherein an anchor member may be press-fit into a slot within one of the structural members and a locking pin engages another of the structural members and locks to the anchor member.", "\n1. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nThere are numerous means for fastening two structural members together. ", "For example, nuts and bolts of numerous shapes, sizes and dimensions are well known in the prior art. ", "Also, it is known to use fastener assemblies wherein the anchor member is anchored to one of the structural members. ", "Such fasteners are avaiable for mounting structural members relative to one another and wherein the materials are of various different compositions, e.g., metal, plastic, etc.", "\nHowever, in the small business machine industries, for example, office machines such as typewriters, printers, dictating equipment, data processing equipment, etc., ", "there is a constant demand for improved fastner assemblies capable of securing chassis parts such that such office machines can be economically produced in large volumes. ", "Thus, it is desirable to have fastener assemblies which can be economically produced, are simple to apply, are removable, are reuseable, are self-retaining and which can be mounted preferably without the use of any special tools and without the need of any special skills.", "\nIn recent years there have been rapid advancements in electronics and data processing equipment. ", "Also, there is constant need and demand for more efficient operating office procedures and office equipment. ", "Thus, there is a constant demand in the mechanical arts for structures capable of housing the electronics and data processing equipment parts which structures lend themselves to economy so that the net costs for such equipment lends itself for wider use." ]

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[ "Four men were arrested in Sydney on Saturday evening, with security tightened across all major Australian domestic and worldwide airports as investigators search several homes across the city. \"", "Passengers are also asked to limit the amount of carry-on and checked baggage where possible as this will help to ensure security screening is efficie...\n\nThe jersey was handed over to Shahid Afridi after the two teams met in their group stage encounter of the recently concluded ICC Champions Trophy. ", "Kohli wrote: \"You re most welcome Shahid Bhai\". ", "Amir recently returned to the Pakistan team after a five-year suspension for spot-fixing, and Kohli's gift was a way of welcoming Amir back to the global...\n\nChronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), or myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) as many sufferers prefer it called, is still one of the more mysterious ailments physicians grapple with. ", "Antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs have, in the past, demonstrated sporadic effectiveness in managing ME/CFS, so the team turned to analyzing immune proteins and cell types...\n\nTo test aerosol transfer to cake, the researchers said that they spread icing evenly over foil then birthday candles were placed through the foil into a Styrofoam base. ", "Bacteria are everywhere and usually already present on the cake, but by blowing out the candles a person is able to contaminate the baked treat with illnesses that are transferred p...\n\nThe surprising results from Italian researchers showed that the benefits of consuming a balance of fruits, nuts, vegetables, and fish were strongly influenced by socioeconomic standing, with no actual gains observed for the less advantaged in life.", "\n\nIt's a hard time to be an oil giant: oil prices have been hovering around the $50 mark for months now, leaving oil companies (and the likes of Opec) looking for ways to cut costs, hence that Angolan write-off. ", "Underlying production for the quarter increased 7.0%, due to the ramp-up of major projects. ", "BP plans to start operating its Persephone p...\n\nLos Angeles will host the 2028 Summer Olympics and Paris will have 2024, the International Olympic Committee announced Monday. ", "Paris , the French capital , is set to stage the 2024 summer Olympic Games after rival candidate city Los Angeles accepted to host the 2028 Games.", "\n\nColleges have members suggested by both Delhi government and the university and after the committee is constituted, the government can raise concerns through its appointed members. ", "He said that DU had written to the government on Monday, assuring that governing bodies of all colleges funded by the government would be formed within two weeks.", "\n\nCory be alive, but this is the next best thing\". ", "Police believe he may still be in the Twin Cities area. ", "A statement from the Dakota County Sheriff's Office says 44-year-old Lucifer Vincent Nguyen of New Hope was taken into custody around 11:30pm Monday night in the north metro.", "\n\nTwo officers were shot during a struggle after the suspect grabbed one of their guns. ", "The injured officers, whose identities were not released, were being treated at a hospital, according to the Los Banos Police Department. ", "Deputy Darryl Allen of the Merced County Sheriff's Office says Reyes was listed as a transient. ", "An update on the suspect...\n\nEvery party has their own strength in Andhra Pradesh. ", "Without mentioning the name of Mudragada, the Jana Sena Party chief said it was not proper on the part of some leaders to use Kapu reservations issue for political gains. ", "Interacting with the medical team, which visited the region at the instance of Jana Sena, Pawan said his efforts would su...\n\nHis comments came after the US Senate voted overwhelmingly to impose new sanctions against Iran, Russia, and North Korea on Thursday. ", "White House spokeswoman Sarah Huckabee Sanders has said President Trump will sign the bill. \"", "What the Americans have so far done is definitely at odds with the letter and spirit of the JCPOA\", he said. ", "Iran and...\n\nA local who identified as Tunji told Punch there had been rumors \"that the hotel harbors homosexuals\" and \"about 40 of them were caught in the act\" in this mass arrest. ", "In April 53 young men who celebrating a gay wedding in the west country's northern city of Zaria were arrested and charged with \"belonging to a gang of unlawful society\".", "\n\nThe modest increase came on the back of dramatic share reductions last week however, AZ reported that Imfinzi (durvalumab) had failed to meet its objectives in the MYSTIC trial involving patients with more advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), denting its hopes of turning the drug into a $6.5bn blockbuster.", "\n\nResearch found only 34% of babies in the United Kingdom are receiving some breast milk at six months, compared with 49% in the USA and 71% in Norway. ", "As breastfeeding rates increase in the CSRA, the impact to our area's quality of life will be enormous and will extend to generations of children who will enjoy better health for a lifetime.", "\n\nMidland Odessa- $2.16/g, up 2.0 cents per gallon from last week's $2.14/g. \"Gas prices leveled out over the weekend, but should climb again this week\", Jenkins said on Monday. ", "Pensacola has the cheapest gas in Florida at $2.24 per gallon followed by Tallahassee at $2.25 and the Fort Myers-Cape Coral market at $2.27. ", "Nonetheless, the Chevron Sta...\n\nThat's based on forecasts using historical search trends. ", "Ayers made a decision to investigate the subject following the show's release when a debate began among its creators and educators and mental health professionals about its potential damage to children and teenagers.", "\n\nA few moments later, he made her wildest dreams come true. ", "The objective of the operation was to increase general girth and length. ", "Thirty minutes later he went into cardiac arrest. ", "Urologist Tobias Kohler, of the Mayo Clinic, who was not involved in this study, told BuzzFeed News that among the reasons surgeons advise against the \"completely use...\n\nTo measure price-variation, we found BMY's volatility during a week at 2.19% and during a month it has been found around 1.57%. ", "The stock is expected to report revenue as high as $5.27 Billion and as low as $4.84 Billion per share. ", "Therefore 53% are positive. ", "According to data released on July 28, 2017, Bristol-Myers's stock value has fallen ~2...\n\nHis 1979 play Buried Child , about the disappointment and disillusionment with the American Dream, won the Pulitzer for drama. ", "He also holds Golden Globe and Emmy nominations for his role on Dash and Lilly; his other notable work includes August: Osage County , Mud , Black Hawk Down , and Swordfish ." ]

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[ "Samsung Galaxy S5\n\nKids Mode begins as a widget and ultimately ends up a way to child-proof your Galaxy S5. ", "Samsung touts Kids Mode as offering \"fun and safe content for children.\" ", "It comes with a few preset options, and parents also have the ability to whitelist other apps. ", "Perhaps key here -- this is all PIN protected, which means you don't have to worry about your important files being moved and/or deleted.", "\n\nThe Samsung Galaxy S5 comes with an IP67 certification. ", "That means the handset is protected against dust and water. ", "Specifically, the 6 means a complete protection against dust and the 7 means the handset can handle being in up to 1 meter of water for 30 minutes. ", "We certainly aren't suggesting you put that to the test, however Samsung is showing this off in the latest Galaxy S5 promo video.", "\n\nThe Galaxy S5 from Samsung is ripe with features. ", "Some have been around for a while, and others are fairly new to the latest flagship from Samsung. ", "Private mode is one that lets you activate your device while tucking some features or files you may not want others to see. ", "If you’ve been wondering how to set it up and take advantage, we’ll give you the rundown.", "\n\nThe Galaxy S5 might be Samsung's latest high-end phone, but, according to the manufacturer, it is not one that is limited to a younger or more agile generation that has a penchant for such devices. ", "A slew of accessibility features on the device will allow even those with visual, hearing, or physical problems to still make use of and enjoy this smartphone.", "\n\nWorried about damaging your new Samsung Galaxy S5? ", "It’s not going to gather many scratches with that band-aid back, but drop it and you might be in trouble. ", "AT&T and Pelican have a lineup of cases that could prevent disaster from occuring, should you clumsily unhand your device.", "\n\nPlenty of people have been talking about the Samsung Galaxy S5, us included. ", "And while many are still digging their way through trying to find all the hidden gems -- Samsung has recently shared 10 hidden features. ", "Having looked through the list we aren't sure we can consider all of these to be hidden, but regardless, there are a few gems on the list.", "\n\nMetroPCS has become the latest US carrier to announce the arrival of the Samsung Galaxy S5. ", "They have the Galaxy S5 in black, and sitting priced at $649. ", "Purchases can be made online and in retail stores. ", "Customers can then pair the Galaxy S5 with the contract-free MetroPCS plans which begin at $40 per month.", "\n\nSimilar to what we did with the HTC One (M8), we are going to offer an out-of-the-box look at the Galaxy S5 camera setup. ", "This includes a tour of the camera interface and some of the available options and settings. ", "But while the different modes and settings can be helpful -- we feel there are plenty of users that simply take pictures and record video with little thought in regards to the settings.", "\n\nPutting smartphones through a physical stress test is sometimes fun and informative, except when they're not, giving users a glimpse of just how much punishment their expensive new device can take. ", "Warranty service provider SquareTrade has taken the Samsung Galaxy S5, along with the iPhone 5s, HTC One M8, and Nexus 5 in a stress test face off, and the results are a bit surprising." ]

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[ "In vitro cultivation of the exoerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium berghei in a hepatoma cell line.", "\nWhen inoculated with sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei, a line of hepatoma cells (HepG2-A16) derived from human liver supports the complete asexual developmental cycle of the exoerythrocytic stage. ", "Parasites were shown to resemble parasites in vivo in hepatocytes. ", "Subinoculation of merozoites into mice induced a red blood cell infection." ]

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[ "Alert area: Mountains Of San Benito County And Interior Monterey County Including Pinnacles National Monument; Northern Salinas Valley, Hollister Valley and Carmel Valley; Santa Lucia Mountains and Los Padres National Forest; Southern Monterey Bay and Big Sur Coast; Southern Salinas Valley, Arroyo Seco and Lake San Antonio\n\nIs this page useful for you?", "\n\nLet us know how it can be improved." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We consider the spin response within the five-orbital model for iron-based superconductors and study two cases: equal and unequal gaps in different bands. ", "In the first case, the spin resonance peak in the superconducting state appears below the characteristic energy scale determined by the gap magnitude, $2\\Delta_L$. In the second case, the energy scale corresponds to the sum of smaller and larger gap magnitudes, $\\Delta_L + \\Delta_S$. Increasing the values of the Hubbard interaction and the Hund’s exchange, we observe a shift of the spin resonance energy to lower frequencies.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Yu.", "N. Togushova'\n- 'M.M. Korshunov'\ntitle: 'Role of interactions in the energy of the spin resonance peak in Fe-based superconductors'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nOrigin of the unconventional superconducting state in iron pnictides and chalcogenides is still under debate [@Reviews]. ", "Fe-based superconductors (FeBS) have square lattice of iron as the basic element, though with orthorhombic distortions in lightly doped materials. ", "Iron is surrounded by As or P in pnictides or Se, Te, or S in chalcogenides. ", "Pnictides are represented by 1111 systems (LaFeAsO, LaFePO, Sr$_2$VO$_3$FeAs, etc.), ", "111 systems (LiFeAs, LiFeP, and others), and 122 systems (BaFe$_2$As$_2$, KFe$_2$As$_2$, and so on). ", "Chalcogenides can be of 11 type (Fe$_{1-\\delta}$Se, Fe$_{1+y}$Te$_{1-x}$Se$_x$, monolayers of FeSe) and of 122 type (KFe$_2$Se$_2$). ", "Fermi surface (FS) is formed by Fe $d$-orbitals. ", "Conductivity is provided by the iron layer, thus, the discussion of physics in terms of quasi two-dimensional system in most cases gives reasonable results [@ROPPreview2011]. ", "Excluding the cases of extreme hole and electron dopings, FS consists of two hole sheets around the $\\Gamma=(0,0)$ point and two electron sheets around the $(\\pi,0)$ and $(0,\\pi)$ points in the two-dimensional Brillouin zone (BZ) corresponding to one Fe per unit cell. ", "Nesting between these two groups of pockets leads to the enhanced antiferromagnetic fluctuations with the maximal scattering near the wave vector $\\Q=(\\pi,0)$ connecting hole and electron pockets.", "\n\nSince different mechanisms of Cooper pairing result in different gap symmetries and structures [@ROPPreview2011], one can elucidate the superconducting mechanism by determining the gap structure. ", "For example, the RPA-SF (random-phase approximation spin fluctuation) approach gives the extended $s$-wave gap that changes sign between hole and electron FS sheets ($s_{\\pm}$ state) as the main instability for the wide range of dopings [@Mazin_etal_splusminus; @Graser2009; @Kuroki2008; @MaitiPRB; @KorshunovUFN]. ", "On the other hand, orbital fluctuations results in the order parameter with the sign-preserving $s_{++}$ symmetry [@Kontani].", "\n\nOne of the specific features of the $s_\\pm$ state is the spin resonance peak in the dynamical spin susceptibility $\\chi(\\Q,\\omega)$. Since $\\Q$ connects Fermi sheets with different signs of $s_\\pm$ gaps, the resonance condition for the interband susceptibility is fulfilled and the spin resonance peak is formed at a frequency $\\omega_R$ below $2\\Delta$ with $\\Delta$ being the gap size [@Korshunov2008; @Maier; @Maier2]. ", "It was observed below $T_c$ at or around $\\q = \\Q$ in inelastic neutron scattering experiments on 1111, 122, and 11 systems [@ChristiansonBKFA; @Inosov2010; @Argyriou2010; @Lumsden2011; @Dai2015].", "\n\nAs is known from angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and recent measurements of gaps via Andreev spectroscopy, there are at least two distinct gaps present in 11, 122, and 1111 systems [@Daghero2009; @Tortello2010; @Ponomarev2013; @Abdel-Hafiez2014; @Kuzmichev2016] and even three gaps in LiFeAs [@Kuzmichev2012; @Kuzmichev2013]. ", "Larger gap ($\\Delta_L$) is located at electron FS sheets and at the inner hole sheet, and the smaller gap ($\\Delta_S$) is located at the outer hole FS [@Ding2008; @Evtushinsky2009]. ", "Previously, we have found that in the case of unequal gaps on hole and electron pockets, the spin resonance frequency should appear below the characteristic energy scale, $\\omega_R \\leq \\Delta_L+\\Delta_S$ [@KorshunovPRB2016]. ", "Comparison of experimental data on the peak frequency and gaps magnitudes leads to conclusion that in most cases the observed peak fulfills the condition and, therefore, indicates the $s_\\pm$ gap structure [@KorshunovPRB2016; @KorshunovJMMM2017]. ", "Here we study the how the changes in model parameters affect the spin resonance frequency $\\omega_R$. In particular, we show that the increase of local Coulomb interactions leads to the decrease of $\\omega_R$.\n\nModel and approach\n==================\n\n![", "Gaps at the Fermi surface for doping $x=0.05$ in the $s_\\pm$ state with $\\Delta_{\\alpha_{1,2}} = \\Delta_{\\beta_{1}} = \\Delta_L$ and $\\Delta_{\\beta_2} = \\Delta_S$, where $\\Delta_S = \\Delta_L / 3$. Scattering wave vector $\\Q$ entering the spin susceptibility is also shown. ", "\\[fig:Delta\\]](Delta){width=\"0.8\\linewidth\"}\n\nTo calculate spin susceptibility in normal and superconducting states, we use random phase approximation (RPA) with the local Coulomb interactions (Hubbard and Hund’s exchange). ", "In the multiorbital system, transverse dynamical spin susceptibility $\\hat\\chi_{+-}(\\q,\\omega)$ is the matrix in orbital indices. ", "It can be obtained in the RPA from the bare electron-hole matrix bubble $\\hat\\chi_{(0)+-}(\\q,\\omega)$ by summing up a series of ladder diagrams, $$\\hat\\chi_{+-}(\\q,\\omega) = \\left[\\hat{I} - \\hat{U}_s \\hat\\chi_{(0)+-}(\\q,\\omega)\\right]^{-1} \\hat\\chi_{(0)+-}(\\q,\\omega),\n \\label{eq:chi_s_sol}$$ where $\\q$ is the momentum, $\\omega$ is the frequency, $\\hat{U}_s$ and $\\hat{I}$ are interaction and unit matrices in orbital space, respectively. ", "Here we use the tight-binding model from Ref.", " [@Graser2009] based on the fit to the DFT (density functional theory) band structure for prototypical pnictide LaFeAsO [@Cao2008]. ", "The model includes all five Fe $d$-orbitals and is given by $$H_0 = \\sum_{\\k \\sigma} \\sum_{l l'} \\left[ t_{l l'}(\\k) + \\epsilon_{l} \\delta_{l l'} \\right] d_{l \\k \\sigma}^\\dagger d_{l' \\k \\sigma},\n \\label{eq:H0}$$ where $d_{l \\k \\sigma}^\\dagger$ is the annihilation operator of a particle with momentum $\\k$, spin $\\sigma$, and orbital index $l \\in (1,2,\\ldots,5)$ ($d_{xz}$, $d_{yz}$, $d_{xy}$, $d_{x^2-y^2}$, $d_{3z^2-r^2}$) . ", "Later we use numerical values of hopping matrix elements $t_{l l'}(\\k)$ and one-electron energies $\\epsilon_{l}$ from Ref.", " [@Graser2009]. ", "This model for the undoped and moderately electron doped materials gives FS composed of two hole pockets, $\\alpha_1$ and $\\alpha_2$, around the $(0,0)$ point and two electron pockets, $\\beta_1$ and $\\beta_2$, centered around $(\\pi,0)$ and $(0,\\pi)$ points of the Brillouin zone. ", "Total number of electrons is given by $n = n_0 \\pm x$, where electron filling $n_0 = 6$ corresponds to the fully occupied $d^6$-orbital and $x$ is the doping concentration. ", "Similar model for iron pnictides was proposed in Ref.", " [@Kuroki2008].", "\n\nThe general two-particle on-site Coulomb interaction is represented by the Hamiltonian [@Graser2009; @Kuroki2008; @Castallani1978; @Oles1983]: $$\\begin{aligned}\n H_{int} &=& U \\sum_{f, m} n_{f m {\\uparrow}} n_{f m {\\downarrow}} + U' \\sum_{f, m < l} n_{f l} n_{f m} {\\nonumber}\\\\\n &+& J \\sum_{f, m < l} \\sum_{\\sigma,\\sigma'} d_{f l \\sigma}^\\dag d_{f m \\sigma'}^\\dag d_{f l \\sigma'} d_{f m \\sigma} {\\nonumber}\\\\\n &+& J' \\sum_{f, m \\neq l} d_{f l {\\uparrow}}^\\dag d_{f l {\\downarrow}}^\\dag d_{f m {\\downarrow}} d_{f m {\\uparrow}}.", "\n\\label{eq:Hint}\\end{aligned}$$ where $n_{f m} = n_{f m {\\uparrow}} + n_{f m {\\downarrow}}$, $n_{f m \\sigma} = d_{f m \\sigma}^\\dag d_{f m \\sigma}$ is the number of particles operator at the site $f$, $U$ and $U'$ are the intra- and interorbital Hubbard repulsion, $J$ is the Hund’s exchange, and $J'$ is the so-called pair hopping.", "\n\nGreen’s functions are diagonal in the band basis, $G_{\\mu \\sigma}(\\k,{{\\mathrm{i}}}\\omega_n) = 1 / \\left( {{\\mathrm{i}}}\\omega_n - {\\varepsilon}_{\\k\\mu\\sigma} \\right)$ with $\\mu$ being the band index, but not in the orbital basis. ", "Transformation from the orbital to the band basis is done via the matrix elements $\\varphi^{\\mu}_{\\k m}$: ${\\left|{\\sigma m \\k}\\right>} = \\sum\\limits_{\\mu} \\varphi^{\\mu}_{\\k m} {\\left|{\\sigma \\mu \\k}\\right>}$. Then $d_{\\k m \\sigma} = \\sum\\limits_{\\mu} \\varphi^{\\mu}_{\\k m} b_{\\k \\mu \\sigma}$, where $b_{\\k \\mu \\sigma}$ is the annihilation operator of electron. ", "Transverse component of the bare spin susceptibility that is a tensor in orbital indices $l$, $l'$, $m$, and $m'$ takes the following form [@KorshunovUFN],\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:chipmmu}\n \\chi^{ll',mm'}_{(0)+-}(\\q,{{\\mathrm{i}}}\\Omega) &=& -T \\sum_{\\p,\\omega_n, \\mu,\\nu} \\left[ \\varphi^{\\mu}_{\\p m} {\\varphi^*}^{\\mu}_{\\p l} G_{\\mu {\\uparrow}}(p,{{\\mathrm{i}}}\\omega_n) G_{\\nu {\\downarrow}}(\\p+\\q,{{\\mathrm{i}}}\\Omega+{{\\mathrm{i}}}\\omega_n) \\varphi^{\\nu}_{\\p+\\q l'} {\\varphi^*}^{\\nu}_{\\p+\\q m'} \\right. {", "\\nonumber}\\\\\n &-& \\left.{\\varphi^*}^{\\mu}_{\\p l} {\\varphi^*}^{\\mu}_{-\\p m'} F^\\dag_{\\mu {\\uparrow}}(\\p,-{{\\mathrm{i}}}\\omega_n) F_{\\nu {\\downarrow}}(\\p+\\q,{{\\mathrm{i}}}\\Omega+{{\\mathrm{i}}}\\omega_n) \\varphi^{\\nu}_{\\p+\\q l'} \\varphi^{\\nu}_{-\\p-\\q m} \\right].\\end{aligned}$$\n\nHere $G_{\\mu {\\uparrow}}(p,{{\\mathrm{i}}}\\omega_n)$ and $F_{\\mu {\\uparrow}}(\\p,{{\\mathrm{i}}}\\omega_n)$ are normal and anomalous (Gor’kov) Green’s functions, ${{\\mathrm{i}}}\\Omega$ is the Matsubara frequency.", "\n\nComponents of the physical spin susceptibility, $\\chi_{+-}(\\q,{{\\mathrm{i}}}\\Omega) = \\frac{1}{2} \\sum_{l,m} \\chi^{ll,mm}_{+-}(\\q,{{\\mathrm{i}}}\\Omega)$, are calculated using Eq.", " (\\[eq:chi\\_s\\_sol\\]) with the interaction matrix $U_s$ from Ref.", " [@Graser2009]. ", "To use matrix notations in Eq.", " (\\[eq:chi\\_s\\_sol\\]), we introduce the correspondence between matrix ($\\imath$, $\\jmath$) and orbital indices: $\\imath = l + l' n_O$ and $\\jmath = m + m' n_O$, where $n_O$ is the number of orbitals.", "\n\nSince calculation of the Cooper pairing instability is not a topic of the present study, here we assume that the superconductivity is coming from some other theory and study the $s_\\pm$ state with $\\Delta_{\\k\\mu} = \\Delta_{\\mu} \\cos k_x \\cos k_y$, where $\\mu$ is the band index. ", "Two cases are considered below: equal gaps with $\\Delta_{\\mu'} = \\Delta_{\\mu}$ and unequal gaps with the smaller gap $\\Delta_{\\beta_2} = \\Delta_S$ on the outer hole FS and larger gaps $\\Delta_{\\alpha_{1,2}} = \\Delta_{\\beta_{1}} = \\Delta_L$ on inner hole and electron FSs. ", "To be consistent with the experimental data, we choose $\\Delta_S = \\Delta_L / 3$, see Fig.", " \\[fig:Delta\\].", "\n\nResults of calculations\n=======================\n\nIn Figs.", " \\[fig:5orbImChi\\_set1\\] and \\[fig:5orbImChi\\_set2\\], we present results for susceptibilities at the wave vector $\\q=\\Q$ with doping $x=0.05$ as functions of real frequency $\\omega$ obtained via the analytical continuation from Matsubara frequencies (${{\\mathrm{i}}}\\Omega \\to \\omega + {{\\mathrm{i}}}\\delta$ with $\\delta \\to 0+$). ", "Since $\\chi_{(0)+-}(\\q,\\omega)$ describes particle-hole excitations and in the superconducting state all excitations are gapped below approximately $2\\Delta_0$ (at $T=0$), then $\\mathrm{Im}\\chi_{(0)+-}(\\q,\\omega)$ becomes finite only after that frequency. ", "Due to the anomalous Green’s functions, the anomalous coherence factors appear in (\\[eq:chipmmu\\]), which are proportional to $\\left[1 - \\frac{\\Delta_{\\k \\mu} \\Delta_{\\k+\\q \\nu}}{E_{\\k \\mu} E_{\\k+\\q \\nu}}\\right]$ with $E_{\\k \\mu} \\equiv \\sqrt{{\\varepsilon}_{\\k \\mu}^2 + \\Delta_{\\k \\mu}^2} = |\\Delta_{\\k \\mu}|$ at the Fermi level. ", "For the $s_\\pm$ state, $\\Q$ connects FSs with different signs of gaps, ${\\mathrm{sgn}}\\Delta_{\\k \\mu} = - {\\mathrm{sgn}}\\Delta_{\\k+\\Q \\nu}$, thus coherence factors are finite and the imaginary part of $\\chi_{(0)}$ possesses a discontinuous jump at a finite frequency $\\omega_c$. Due to the Kramers-Kronig relations, the real part exhibits a logarithmic singularity. ", "Within RPA, Eq.", " (\\[eq:chi\\_s\\_sol\\]), this results in the spin resonance peak – divergence of $\\mathrm{Im}\\chi_{+-}(\\Q,\\omega)$ at a frequency $\\omega_R < \\omega_c$. Frequency $\\omega_c$ is determined by the two gaps, $\\Delta_{\\k \\mu}$ and $\\Delta_{\\k+\\Q \\nu}$, ‘connected’ by the wave vector $\\Q$. If the gaps are equal, say $\\Delta_L$, then the resonance peak appears at frequencies below $2\\Delta_L$. If gaps are different and equal to $\\Delta_L$ and $\\Delta_R$, then the peak appears at $\\omega_R \\leq \\Delta_L + \\Delta_S$. Both these cases are shown in Figs.", " \\[fig:5orbImChi\\_set1\\] and \\[fig:5orbImChi\\_set2\\].", "\n\nTo see the influence of the interaction parameters, we choose six sets of Hubbard $U$ and Hund’s $J$ values. ", "We also used the spin-rotational invariance constraint that minimizes the number of free parameters by setting $U'=U-2J$ and $J'=J$. For the first three sets, the value of $U$ is chosen so that the system is near the magnetic instability; slight increase of $U$ results in the divergency of $\\mathrm{Im}\\chi$ at the wave vector $\\Q$. Such choice is naturally related to the proximity of the system to the antiferromagnetic state at zero doping [@Reviews]. ", "The only parameter that we vary in this case is the Hund’s exchange $J$. The other three sets are chosen to demonstrate what happens for smaller values of $U$ and the similar values of $J$.\n\nIn Fig.", " \\[fig:5orbImChi\\_set1\\], results for $J=0$eV, $J=0.1$eV, and $J=0.15$eV with fixed $U=1.4$eV are shown. ", "Note the increase of the spin response in all cases, both in normal and superconducting states. ", "Spin resonance peak is shifted to lower frequencies. ", "The energy scale $\\omega_c$ stays the same because it is determined by the bare susceptibility, but the frequency at which $\\mathrm{Im}\\chi_{+-}(\\Q,\\omega)$ diverge changes and becomes smaller.", "\n\n![", "Physical spin susceptibility $\\mathrm{Im}\\chi_{+-}(\\Q,\\omega)$ with $\\Q=(\\pi,0)$ for the five-orbital model in the normal (non-SC) and $s_\\pm$ superconducting states. ", "Two cases of superconducting states are shown: equal gaps with $\\Delta_{\\alpha_{1,2}} = \\Delta_{\\beta_{1,2}} = \\Delta_L$, and unequal gaps with $\\Delta_{\\alpha_{1,2}} = \\Delta_{\\beta_{1}} = \\Delta_L$ and $\\Delta_{\\beta_2} = \\Delta_S$, where $\\Delta_S = \\Delta_L / 3$. All results are shown for the three sets of interaction parameters shown in figure (all values are in eV). ", "\\[fig:5orbImChi\\_set1\\]](sets_1_ImChiArrows){width=\"1.\\linewidth\"}\n\n![", "The same, as in Fig.", " \\[fig:5orbImChi\\_set1\\], but for different sets of interaction parameters. ", "\\[fig:5orbImChi\\_set2\\]](sets_2_ImChiArrows){width=\"1.\\linewidth\"}\n\nSimilar situation is observed for smaller values of interaction parameters, see Fig.", " \\[fig:5orbImChi\\_set2\\] where results for $U=1.2$eV, $J=0$eV, $U=1.3$eV, $J=0$eV, and $U=1.3$eV, $J=0.1$eV are shown. ", "For the smallest value of $U$, the resonance peak almost disappears, especially in the case of unequal gaps. ", "However, considering the fact that the slightly doped iron-based materials are antiferromagnets, the spin susceptibility should diverge at the nesting wave vector $\\Q$ in the itinerant scenario for the magnetism. ", "Therefore, one should expect the sizeable values of interaction parameters.", "\n\nSummary\n=======\n\nWe studied the spin susceptibility in FeBS in the superconducting state with equal and unequal gaps, $\\Delta_L$ and $\\Delta_S$. Spin resonance appears in the $s_\\pm$ state below the characteristic energy scale determined by the sum of gaps on two different Fermi surface sheets connected by the scattering wave vector $\\Q$. We varied the interaction parameters, in particular, Hubbard repulsion $U$ and Hund’s exchange $J$. With increase of interaction, we observe a total increase of the spin response both in normal and superconducting states. 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[ "James-Little Ecological Reserve\n\nJames-Little Ecological Reserve is an ecological reserve in Quebec, Canada. ", "It was established on May 8, 1991.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official website from Government of Québec\n\nCategory:Nature reserves in Outaouais\nCategory:Protected areas established in 1991\nCategory:1991 establishments in Quebec" ]

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[ "Christian Schneider\n\nMilwaukee-Wisconsin Journal Sentinel\n\nWe've all heard former Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan's admonition that \"Everyone is entitled to his own opinion, but not his own facts.\" ", "Yet the public debate about guns in America takes Moynihan's warning to the next level: Each side not only has its own facts, it has its own language.", "\n\nFor instance, take the rush after the recent Orlando shootings to ban \"assault\" or \"military-style\" weapons like the AR-15 rifle. ", "Gun control advocates immediately jumped to regulate sales of \"automatic weapons\" and \"assault rifles\" like the AR-15, which they deem too deadly for one individual to need. ", "Scary stories about the AR-15, which Hillary Clinton called \"weapons of war\" that can fire hundreds of rounds per minute, began circulating, further clouding the story.", "\n\nFor starters, an AR-15 wasn't used in the Orlando shooting. ", "Instead, the shooter used a Sig Sauer MCX semi-automatic rifle and a 9mm handgun. ", "Perhaps this is a distinction without much difference — the Sig Sauer is similar to an AR-15 — but it does demonstrate the rush to vilify the AR-15 by those seeking to regulate its sale.", "\n\nBut more important, neither the Sig Sauer nor the AR-15 is an \"assault rifle\" under any applicable definition. ", "They are both semi-automatic weapons, meaning every time the user pulls the trigger, the gun fires one bullet — just like any handgun or hunting rifle. ", "Sure, the AR-15 looks more like something out of the \"Die Hard\" movies, but it doesn't shoot any faster than many smaller guns. ", "Actual \"assault rifles\" — widely defined as automatic machine-gun style weapons, are essentially banned in America. (", "There are also roughly 8 million AR-15-style rifles in circulation in America right now, so best of luck confiscating those.)", "\n\nHillary Clinton has called for reinstatement of an \"assault weapons\" ban signed by her husband — but it's almost certain that ban would not have barred the Orlando shooter from owning his weapon. ", "Under the assault weapons ban signed by Bill Clinton in 1994 and which lasted through 2004, AR-15s were only prohibited if they featured multiple military-style upgrades, such as folding stocks and pistol grips, which made them easier to conceal and control. ", "But if the gun wasn't tricked out, it was completely legal to own.", "\n\nKirsten Powers: Omar Mateen's multiple motives\n\nFurther, a 2004 Department of Justice report found that the assault weapons ban caused no discernible change in gun deaths in America, and didn't keep people from getting access to guns that were just as powerful as the AR-15. ", "As Sean Davis at The Federalist has pointed out, between 2003 — the last full year of the assault weapons ban — and 2014, the number of murders committed with rifles dropped by nearly one-third.", "\n\n\"Aha,\" say gun control advocates — but what about the \"terror gap\" loophole that allows people on terror watch lists to purchase guns?", "\n\nWell, the Orlando shooter wasn't on any such list, even though he had been investigated and his cases dropped due to lack of evidence. ", "In fact, such a \"loophole\" actually is due process as protected by the U.S. Constitution. ", "Law enforcement shouldn't be able to take away one's constitutional rights simply because one is placed on a list — imagine President Donald Trump unilaterally fabricating a list of American citizens he would simply deport. ", "Or creating a list of journalists who were no longer granted freedom of speech because they didn't support him. ", "Constitutional rights aren't \"loopholes.\"", "\n\nOf course, pro-gun advocates want to keep firearms out of the hands of terrorists; they simply want the government to ask a judge first. ", "This is why the ACLU has opposed the opportunistic plan congressional Democrats fashioned to politically cash in on the tragedy.", "\n\n'Brexit' faction hasn't made its case: Column\n\nPOLICING THE USA: A look at race, justice, media\n\nThe panic after a terrorist shooting is typically the worst time to adjudicate U.S. gun laws; misinformation and demagoguery almost always drown out reason. ", "Following a vote earlier this week, Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) tweeted that Senate Republicans had \"decided to sell weapons to ISIS.\" ", "This is particularly rich, given that Warren's cohorts on the left spent much of the last decade accusing George W. Bush of \"stealing\" Americans' rights. ", "Now that Warren wants to be vice president, she's willing to hand over her due process rights in a gift bag.", "\n\nThe inability of both sides of the gun debate to even come to agreement on what certain words mean makes meaningful discussion impossible. ", "It's as if a French tourist is arguing with a Korean traffic cop using an interpreter who only understands German. ", "And until anti-gun forces learn to speak firearm, they'll only strengthen the resolve of those who are fluent.", "\n\nThis article was originally published in The Milwaukee-Wisconsin Journal Sentinel.", "\n\nChristian Schneider is a Journal Sentinel columnist and blogger. ", "Follow Christian Schneider on Twitter: @Schneider_CM This article was originally published in The Milwaukee-Wisconsin Journal Sentinel. ", "​\n\nIn addition to its own editorials, USA TODAY publishes diverse opinions from outside writers, including our Board of Contributors. ", "To read more columns, go to the Opinion front page, follow us on Twitter @USATOpinion and sign up for our daily Opinion newsletter." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPHP if $var null then return $var2\n\nI havent been able to find an answer to this:\nMy code works like this: \necho ' <p> '.$test2.'</p> ';\n\nI want to make $test2 change if it is null i have tried the following code and bunch of other and it just breaks the page\n$test2 = if(empty($price)){ return $pstatus};\n\nAny help would be apprteciated\nUPDATE I have modified my code, now it returns the price but if the price is empty its returning nothing when it should return the $pstatus\nso $price is say 625000 is that variable is empty it should return sold from the $pstatus variable\n$price = number_format($p->meta_box->REAL_HOMES_property_price);\n$fimage = $p->better_featured_image->media_details->sizes->medium->source_url;\n$ptitle = $p->title->rendered;\n$pdesc = $p->excerpt->rendered;\n$plink = $p->link;\n$pstatus = $p->pure_taxonomies->{\"property-status\"}[0]->name;\n$test2 = $pstatus ? ", "$price : $test2;\n\nA:\n\nYou can do it inline:\n$test2 = $price ? ", "$pstatus : $test2;\n\nIf you need to assign \"$price\" to \"$test2\" and if there is no price then assign \"$pstatus\":\n$test2 = $price ? ", "$price : $pstatus;\n\n" ]

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[ " 9*z**4 - 92 - z**2 - 14*z**2.", "\n-3*z**2*(z - 1)**2*(z + 5)\nSolve -85*c**3 + 156*c + 3*c**4 + 62 + 41*c**3 - 15*c**4 + 36*c**2 - 23 + 49 = 0 for c.\n-11/3, -1, 2\nDetermine r, given that 0*r + 2/5*r**3 + 0 + 154/5*r**2 = 0.", "\n-77, 0\nLet h = -34 + 30. ", "Let s be h/(6 + -2)*-1. ", "What is t in -3*t**2 + 2*t**3 - 3 - 3*t**2 + 3*t**4 - 10*t - s - t**4 = 0?", "\n-1, 2\nLet m(t) be the second derivative of 3/20*t**5 + 0 + 152*t - 1/2*t**3 - 12*t**2 + 2*t**4. ", "Factor m(v).", "\n3*(v - 1)*(v + 1)*(v + 8)\nLet u be (-13 - -5 - (-236)/30)/(-2). ", "Let g(l) be the third derivative of -1/24*l**4 + 0*l + 4*l**2 - u*l**3 - 1/600*l**6 - 1/75*l**5 + 0. ", "Factor g(j).", "\n-(j + 1)**2*(j + 2)/5\nSuppose w + 239 - 401 = 0. ", "Factor 151*g**4 - w*g**4 - 10*g**5 + 9*g**5 + 12*g**3.", "\n-g**3*(g - 1)*(g + 12)\nFactor -225/4 + 33/4*f**2 - 195/4*f + 3/4*f**3.", "\n3*(f - 5)*(f + 1)*(f + 15)/4\nSuppose 5*f - 29 - 16 = 0. ", "Suppose -f*r = -2*r - 14. ", "Factor -r*c**2 + 1 - 17*c - c**5 + 2*c**4 + 2*c**3 + 16*c - c**4.", "\n-(c - 1)**3*(c + 1)**2\nLet z(f) be the third derivative of f**9/5544 + f**8/770 - f**7/308 - 80*f**3/3 - 17*f**2 - 5. ", "Let i(h) be the first derivative of z(h). ", "Factor i(k).", "\n6*k**3*(k - 1)*(k + 5)/11\nSuppose 0 = -31*o + 10*o + 2415. ", "Suppose 21*l**4 - 32 - 48*l - 132*l**3 + 69*l**2 + 7*l**4 + o*l**2 = 0. ", "What is l?", "\n-2/7, 1, 2\nDetermine z so that -88*z + 1269 - 315 - 36*z + 2*z**2 = 0.", "\n9, 53\nLet y(l) be the first derivative of l**4/18 - 56*l**3/27 + 7*l**2/3 + 36*l - 7583. ", "Suppose y(u) = 0. ", "Calculate u.\n-2, 3, 27\nLet -4/9*d**5 - 64/9*d + 8/3*d**3 - 128/3 + 200/9*d**2 - 22/9*d**4 = 0. ", "Calculate d.\n-4, -3/2, 2\nFactor f**4 + 4*f**2 + 5*f**3 - 49*f**2 - 44*f**3 + 9*f**2 + 11*f**4.", "\n3*f**2*(f - 4)*(4*f + 3)\nLet d be ((-2)/(-2))/(((-10)/6)/((-335)/67)). ", "Let v(l) be the first derivative of 1/9*l**d + 7/6*l**2 - 4 + 2*l. ", "Factor v(q).", "\n(q + 1)*(q + 6)/3\nLet f(s) = 3*s**3 + 14*s**2 + 13*s - 34. ", "Let r(t) = -11 + t**2 + 4*t + 12 + 0*t - 5*t. ", "Let l(y) = f(y) + 4*r(y). ", "Factor l(a).", "\n3*(a - 1)*(a + 2)*(a + 5)\nLet j(g) be the third derivative of 0*g - 5/18*g**4 - 129*g**2 + 1/30*g**5 + 17/360*g**6 + 0 - 4/9*g**3 + 1/126*g**7. ", "What is v in j(v) = 0?", "\n-2, -2/5, 1\nLet p(n) = n**3 + 2*n**2 - n + 5. ", "Let h be p(0). ", "Suppose -l - 2*o = 4, h*o = -3*l + 6*l - 21. ", "Factor 10*b - 26*b**3 - l*b - 157*b**4 + 147*b**4 - 8*b**2.", "\n-2*b*(b + 1)*(b + 2)*(5*b - 2)\nSuppose 10155 + 2841 = 1444*k. ", "Factor -1/4 + k*p - 81*p**2.", "\n-(18*p - 1)**2/4\nLet d be (-180 - -194) + 40/(-4). ", "Let 0*f**2 - f**3 + 0 + 0*f - 1/5*f**d = 0. ", "What is f?", "\n-5, 0\nSuppose 837*h + 108 = 873*h. ", "Let v(g) be the first derivative of 245*g + 35*g**2 + 5/3*g**h - 13. ", "Suppose v(b) = 0. ", "What is b?", "\n-7\nLet y be 154/2541 + 90/330. ", "Factor 0*z + 0*z**3 + 0 - 1/3*z**4 + y*z**2.", "\n-z**2*(z - 1)*(z + 1)/3\nSuppose r - 2*l - 15 = 0, -35 = -3*r + l + 3*l. ", "Suppose 0 = -3*p - j + r, -3*p - 8 + 15 = -j. ", "Find s, given that 0*s**3 + 8/3*s**p - 2/3*s**4 + 0 + 0*s = 0.", "\n-2, 0, 2\nLet v(o) be the third derivative of -o**6/480 + 11*o**5/240 + 147*o**4/32 + 783*o**3/8 - 58*o**2 + 34*o. ", "Suppose v(r) = 0. ", "What is r?", "\n-9, 29\nSolve -13/8*t**4 + 71/2*t**3 + 0 - 21/4*t - 229/8*t**2 = 0.", "\n-2/13, 0, 1, 21\nLet m(j) be the third derivative of -j**6/60 + 14*j**5/45 - 47*j**4/36 + 22*j**3/9 + 1107*j**2. ", "What is g in m(g) = 0?", "\n1, 22/3\nLet 2*a + 22*a + a**3 + 20*a**2 + 12*a**3 - 9*a**3 = 0. ", "What is a?", "\n-3, -2, 0\nLet g = -8122/5 - -16319/10. ", "Factor 3*h**5 + 6*h**3 + 3/2*h**2 + 0*h + g*h**4 + 0.", "\n3*h**2*(h + 1)**2*(2*h + 1)/2\nLet q(n) be the third derivative of n**6/120 - 427*n**5/60 + 5777*n**4/3 - 22472*n**3 + 2*n**2 + 12*n + 121. ", "Find c, given that q(c) = 0.", "\n3, 212\nFactor 3*i**3 + 0 - 45/4*i**2 + 25/2*i - 1/4*i**4.", "\n-i*(i - 5)**2*(i - 2)/4\nLet p(m) = m - 15. ", "Let y be p(-9). ", "Let g be (4 - 4)*(-3)/(y/4). ", "Solve 1/3*b**4 + g*b**2 + 0*b + 2/3*b**3 + 0 = 0 for b.\n-2, 0\nSuppose 47*b - 51*b = 280. ", "Let d = b + 72. ", "Factor -1/5*m**d - 5 + 2*m.", "\n-(m - 5)**2/5\nLet s(y) be the third derivative of -1/630*y**7 + 0*y - 1/80*y**6 - 23*y**2 - 1/36*y**5 - 1/48*y**4 + 0*y**3 + 1. ", "Factor s(z).", "\n-z*(z + 1)*(z + 3)*(2*z + 1)/6\nLet k(n) = -n**2 + 19*n - 233. ", "Let g(l) = l + 21. ", "Let x(z) = -5*g(z) - k(z). ", "Factor x(h).", "\n(h - 16)*(h - 8)\nLet i(g) = -101*g**2 - 423*g - 1771. ", "Let o(n) = 728*n**2 + 2960*n + 12396. ", "Let c(b) = -36*i(b) - 5*o(b). ", "Let c(a) = 0. ", "What is a?", "\n-4, 111\nSuppose 106/11 - 2/11*b**2 - 104/11*b = 0. ", "What is b?", "\n-53, 1\nSuppose -6*j - 92 = -104. ", "Factor -62*p**j + 33*p**3 + 0*p**3 - 12*p**4 + 7*p**3 + 94*p**2.", "\n-4*p**2*(p - 4)*(3*p + 2)\nFactor 5321*s**2 + 127*s - 20*s - 5397*s**2 + 153*s + 4*s**4 - 20*s**3 + 600.", "\n4*(s - 5)**2*(s + 2)*(s + 3)\nFactor 20*t**3 + 69931566 - 1339*t**2 + 20*t**3 - 60*t**3 + 641574*t + 22*t**3 + 3301*t**2.", "\n2*(t + 327)**3\nLet x(d) be the third derivative of d**5/120 + 17*d**4/12 + 64*d**3/3 - 6*d**2 + 50*d + 5. ", "Factor x(s).", "\n(s + 4)*(s + 64)/2\nLet k(z) be the third derivative of -z**8/84 - 2*z**7/105 + z**6/5 - 2*z**5/15 - 5*z**4/6 + 2*z**3 - 970*z**2. ", "Factor k(q).", "\n-4*(q - 1)**3*(q + 1)*(q + 3)\nLet n(r) = 2*r + 1. ", "Let q(f) = -5*f**4 + 45*f**3 - 120*f**2 + 92*f + 6. ", "Let u be (24/(-30))/(-2 + 32/15). ", "Let g(v) = u*n(v) + q(v). ", "Let g(j) = 0. ", "What is j?", "\n0, 1, 4\nSuppose 52 + 58 = 1405*y - 1383*y. ", "Find o, given that -1/7*o**y + 2/7*o - 3/7*o**4 + 0 + 3/7*o**2 - 1/7*o**3 = 0.", "\n-2, -1, 0, 1\nLet j be ((-1836)/(-156) - 12)*832/(-96). ", "Solve -3/4*g + 3/4*g**j + 0 = 0 for g.\n0, 1\nSuppose 3*p - 126*p**3 - 208*p**2 + 122*p**3 - 3*p = 0. ", "What is p?", "\n-52, 0\nLet v = -1498326 + 1498328. ", "Factor 0 + 2/7*o - 2/7*o**4 + 2/7*o**v - 2/7*o**3.", "\n-2*o*(o - 1)*(o + 1)**2/7\nLet j(t) be the second derivative of 1/90*t**5 + 0*t**2 + 1/6*t**4 + 0 + 14/27*t**3 - 253*t. ", "Factor j(y).", "\n2*y*(y + 2)*(y + 7)/9\nLet j(h) be the second derivative of h**4/3 + 74*h**3/3 + 264*h**2 + 11*h + 31. ", "Factor j(n).", "\n4*(n + 4)*(n + 33)\nLet a(b) = b**4 + b**3 - b**2 + b + 1. ", "Let q(m) = 2*m**5 + 14*m**4 + 14*m**3 - 2*m**2 + 4*m + 22. ", "Let j = -4 + 2. ", "Let i(z) = j*q(z) + 36*a(z). ", "Factor i(v).", "\n-4*(v - 1)**4*(v + 2)\nLet b(a) be the first derivative of -a**4/26 + 82*a**3/3 + 3225*a**2/13 + 9702*a/13 + 8388. ", "Factor b(f).", "\n-2*(f - 539)*(f + 3)**2/13\nLet h = 7109/354 - 2055/118. ", "Let 0 + 1/3*s + h*s**2 - 19/3*s**3 + 10/3*s**4 = 0. ", "What is s?", "\n-1/10, 0, 1\nSuppose -554 = -157*j - 83. ", "Let b(q) be the first derivative of 22 - 2/27*q**6 + 1/3*q**2 + 0*q - 1/18*q**4 + 14/27*q**j - 14/45*q**5. ", "Solve b(x) = 0.", "\n-3, -1, -1/2, 0, 1\nSuppose 1539 = -3*k - 3*f, -f = -5*f. ", "Let r = 729 + k. What is u in -10*u - 48*u**5 + 6 - 242*u**3 + r*u**4 + 228*u**2 - 53*u - 97*u**3 = 0?", "\n1/4, 1, 2\nFind w such that 256/7 + 2/7*w**2 - 48/7*w = 0.", "\n8, 16\nLet u(h) be the third derivative of -11*h**7/70 + 171*h**6/40 + 43*h**5/10 - 12*h**4 - 33*h**2 + h + 3. ", "Find k such that u(k) = 0.", "\n-1, 0, 6/11, 16\nSuppose 13*m - 45 = 4*m. ", "Let -13*f**3 - 8 - 31 + 8*f**3 + 110*f + 25*f**4 - 1 - 5*f**m - 85*f**2 = 0. ", "Calculate f.\n-2, 1, 4\nLet a(v) be the first derivative of -v**8/840 + v**7/140 - 4*v**3/3 + 2*v + 20. ", "Let z(m) be the third derivative of a(m). ", "Factor z(j).", "\n-2*j**3*(j - 3)\nLet g be 1 + 0 - ((-2)/14)/(306/(-714)). ", "Let c(r) be the first derivative of -g*r + 2/15*r**5 - 1/3*r**4 + 2/3*r**2 - 16 + 0*r**3. ", "Solve c(x) = 0 for x.\n-1, 1\nLet l(o) = -33*o - 6068. ", "Let r be l(-184). ", "Let u(w) be the first derivative of -1/9*w**r - 4/3*w**2 - 20/27*w**3 + 46 + 0*w. ", "Let u(a) = 0. ", "What is a?", "\n-3, -2, 0\nSuppose -266*m - 73*m = -1695. ", "Let a(u) be the second derivative of 18*u + 4/15*u**3 + 0*u**2 + 0*u**4 - 1/50*u**m + 0. ", "Factor a(w).", "\n-2*w*(w - 2)*(w + 2)/5\nFactor 1/4*c**4 + 640 + 368*c + 78*c**2 + 29/4*c**3.", "\n(c + 5)*(c + 8)**3/4\nLet w(o) be the first derivative of -4*o**3/3 - 184*o**2 - 3162. ", "Factor w(l).", "\n-4*l*(l + 92)\nLet d = 660 - 656. ", "Suppose 4*q - 8 = 0, -21 = -d*v - 5*q - 3. ", "Factor 18/5*u**v + 0 + 3/5*u**3 + 24/5*u.", "\n3*u*(u + 2)*(u + 4)/5\nLet a = 6597/14462 - 57/2066. ", "Factor -a*b**2 - 84 + 12*b.", "\n-3*(b - 14)**2/7\nSuppose -3*q + 9*a - 12*a = -744, q + 3*a = 258. ", "Factor -3855*f + q + 13 + 68*f**2 + 4175*f + 4*f**3.", "\n4*(f + 1)*(f + 8)**2\nFactor -710 + 1390 - 4*y**3 + 4*y + 20*y**2 - 700.", "\n-4*(y - 5)*(y - 1)*(y + 1)\nLet z(n) be the third derivative of n**6/360 - 15*n**5/4 + 16875*n**4/8 - 1265625*n**3/2 + 868*n**2. ", "Factor z(l).", "\n(l - 225)**3/3\nLet j be (5 - 29)/4 - -9. ", "Factor -2 + 3 + 8 + 9 - 21*u**2 - j*u.", "\n-3*(u + 1)*(7*u - 6)\nLet p(k) be the third derivati" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Q:\n\nResizing animated GIF using GraphicsMagick\n\nI have an animated gif image with transparent frames.", "\nI need to resize it.", "\nBefore resizing, I use the Magick::coalesceImages function, after I resize the image I use the Magick::writeImages function to collect all the gif frames back into one single image.", "\nThe problem is that the output resized image file size is bigger than the original one, because the original animated gif had transparent frames, and the new resized gif does not have any transparent frames.", "\nI have read about frame optimization on www.imagemagick.org plus I can see on www.graphicsmagick.org the gifDisposeMethod function.", "\nMy question is, how can I cause the resized animated gif image to use transparency frames and avoid the increase on the image KBytes size? ", "\n\nA:\n\nWell, I found the way to go:\nWhen resizing an animated gif, using Magick::coalesceImages() is not the best way...\nInstead I am rezising according to percentage sizing and not absolute sizing, while skipping the Magick::coalesceImages() call.", "\nFor example, lets say my original animated gif is 300x300 and I want to resize it to be 150x150, I'll do the following:\n\nRead the image in a Magick::Blob\nCalculate the percentage numbers (50%x50% in my demo case)\nResize each and every frame of the image according to the percentage calculations.", "\n\nThis way we are not increasing each frame size because we are not using the Magick::coalesceImages() function and we are resizing each frame according to its original size, so we don't have any problem with the transparency of the frame.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Pre- and post-operative cerebral blood flow changes in subarachnoid haemorrhage.", "\nAssessment of cerebral perfusion on patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in the Neurologic Intensive Care Unit is difficult since nuclear medicine imaging modalities capable of measuring cerebral blood flow (CBF) are not generally available. ", "We performed 101 quantitative (ml 100g-min) bedside CBF measurements on 40 individual patients to correlate SAH grade with CBF and to assess the effect of surgical intervention on CBF. ", "Global CBF (G-CBF) and bihemispheric CBF (B-CBF) asymmetry were correlated with the grade of SAH pre- and post-operatively. ", "Data analysis showed that pre-operative patients with low grade SAH (Hunt and Hess grades 0 to 2) had higher mean G-CBF values [44.2 +/- 71] than those with high grade SAH (Hunt and Hess grades 3 to 4): [mean G-CBF = 34.1 +/- 1.7]. ", "Post-surgery there was a significant improvement in G-CBF; CBF increased [5.3 +/- 1.07] in the group of patients with low grade SAH. ", "Patients with high grade SAH showed no significant improvement in their G-CBF during the first week post-operatively compared to pre-operative values. ", "We conclude that portable units capable of measuring bedside CBF values are useful in monitoring CBF changes in patients with SAH. ", "Patients with low grade SAH have G-CBF within normal limits both pre-operatively and post-operatively, with a statistically significant increase in CBF during two weeks post-operatively. ", "Patients with high grade SAH show no significant increase in CBF one week post-operatively compared to their pre-operative measures." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "//----------------------------------------------------------------\n// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. ", " All rights reserved.", "\n//----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nnamespace Microsoft.", "ServiceBus.", "Messaging.", "Amqp.", "Encoding\n{\n sealed class ByteEncoding : EncodingBase\n {\n public ByteEncoding()\n : base(FormatCode.", "Byte)\n {\n }\n\n public static int GetEncodeSize(sbyte? ", "value)\n {\n return value.", "HasValue ? ", "FixedWidth.", "ByteEncoded : FixedWidth.", "NullEncoded;\n }\n\n public static void Encode(sbyte? ", "value, ByteBuffer buffer)\n {\n if (value.", "HasValue)\n {\n AmqpBitConverter.", "WriteUByte(buffer, (byte)FormatCode.", "Byte);\n AmqpBitConverter.", "WriteByte(buffer, value.", "Value);\n }\n else\n {\n AmqpEncoding.", "EncodeNull(buffer);\n }\n }\n\n public static sbyte? ", "Decode(ByteBuffer buffer, FormatCode formatCode)\n {\n if (formatCode == 0 && (formatCode = AmqpEncoding.", "ReadFormatCode(buffer)) == FormatCode.", "Null)\n {\n return null;\n }\n\n return AmqpBitConverter.", "ReadByte(buffer);\n }\n\n public override int GetObjectEncodeSize(object value, bool arrayEncoding)\n {\n if (arrayEncoding)\n {\n return FixedWidth.", "Byte;\n }\n else\n {\n return ByteEncoding.", "GetEncodeSize((sbyte)value);\n }\n }\n\n public override void EncodeObject(object value, bool arrayEncoding, ByteBuffer buffer)\n {\n if (arrayEncoding)\n {\n AmqpBitConverter.", "WriteByte(buffer, (sbyte)value);\n }\n else\n {\n ByteEncoding.", "Encode((sbyte)value, buffer);\n }\n }\n\n public override object DecodeObject(ByteBuffer buffer, FormatCode formatCode)\n {\n return ByteEncoding.", "Decode(buffer, formatCode);\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "millennials\n\nTelevision is no more the only go-to entertainment device. ", "According to a report[1], as viewers consume TV shows and movies in various devices on-the-go, television has lost 13 percent of its viewers in 2015.", "\n\nWith the millennials abandoning television faster than anybody else, broadcasters are aggressively exploring new ways to package content and share it across multiple platforms. ", "Consumers now want more variety and quality content to be delivered to the right device at the right price, which is why providers are looking beyond repackaging the same old content to make it available.", "\n\nAs content becomes the leading online commodity, broadcasters and media organizations are trying to monetize their content. ", "The need to create, convert, and manage digital content has brought forth new technologies, competitive paradigms, and business dynamics in the industry.", "\n\nConsumers now expect instant access of all content – news, entertainment, corporate, social, media or personal across devices. ", "This has resulted in companies innovating to create ways to monetize content. ", "The biggest challenge that organizations are facing is not technology but availability of content in the consumable format. ", "If monetization is the immediate priority, content owners need to focus on:\n\nDigitization of their historic analog content\n\nManagement and optimization of newly produced content\n\nA lot of content still lies in old format like video tapes or film. ", "Organizations need to convert these to digital files and create relevant metadata and support index to aid effective and seamless content retrieval. ", "To facilitate this, content curators need to assess the audio-visual assets to determine the appropriate platform to store, access and distribute the content. ", "Moreover, content, as an asset, needs to be managed well to ensure optimal distribution across channels to generate parallel revenue streams.", "\n\nOnce digitized and managed well, media asset managers not only undertake the effort to digitize and manage content to ensure easy search and availability, they also present an array of options to monetize the content.", "\n\nSubscription Plan\n\nCommon for all types of digital content, be it gaming, streaming content (like Hulu, Spotify, or Netflix), software, or magazine and newspapers, subscription model primarily use paywalls, through which users subscribe to content for a monthly or annual fee. ", "Broadcasters have the option of implementing paywall after a free trial, immediately on consuming the content, or pay-as-per-use. ", "Some content are also charged after a specific number of views, which allows broadcasters to generate revenue from ad.", "\n\nTransaction Plan\n\nConsumers have access to digital content after paying one-time transaction fee, where they pay-to-own the track, movie, image, or article, or pay multiple times as they use the content. ", "Multiple transactions allow users to have time limited access of content and applications. ", "iTunes and YouTube movies are examples of content being available in this model.", "\n\nFreemium Plan\n\nUnder this plan, content is offered for free, while the broadcasters charge premium for selective content. ", "For example, Angry Birds game is available for free, but users need to pay for an ad-free version or to purchase goods and levels within the game.", "\n\nAd-support Plan\n\nCommon across digital verticals, ad-supported free content earns revenue from ads, like banner or C. While content is provided free, advertisers use the platform to run ad campaigns and pays the content owner for using the platform.", "\n\nWhile organizations try different plans across different platforms to broadcast and monetize content, what needs to be kept in mind is one-size-fits-all doesn’t work for all content owners. ", "Media asset managers and broadcasters need to identify the ideal plan that suits the overall business objectives of the organization." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Bruno Heller, creator of FOX’s upcoming show Gotham, sat down with Entertainment Weekly for an exclusive interview. ", "Heller is very confident in what he created and makes some pretty bold comparisons. ", "He says that visually, Gotham exceeds all previous Batman movies and that David Mazouz is the best actor to ever play Bruce Wayne (yes, Heller claims he’s even better than Christian Bale). ", "Heller also talks about the characters we’ll see in the first season, the Joker, and much more. ", "Check out some interesting excerpts from the new interview below:\n\nWhen reading your script, I kept thinking how difficult this must have been to write — there’s so many tough decisions that need to be made, so many ways to do this idea wrong. ", "How did you decide the tone, how realistic vs. comic, which villains you would use? ", "Can you talk me through the creative process?", "\n\nThe first thing was starting with Jim Gordon, who is the most human and real and normal person in the DC pantheon. ", "What would the city of Gotham look like to a young rookie cop coming into this world? ", "And that’s where we calibrated. ", "This is a world that’s going to become that familiar world of Batman, but it’s not there yet. ", "It’s an embryo. ", "A lot of the work was reverse engineering the story to look at what these characters were like when younger. ", "Penguin, for instance, is not a powerful gang leader, he’s a gofer for a gangster. ", "It’s about giving the world room to grow, but at the same time giving the fun and pleasure and drama of that heightened world. ", "One of the great things about the Batman world is [the characters] have no super powers. ", "Nobody flies or leaps over buildings. ", "You start with psychology and that’s where we build from.", "\n\nWhich Batman characters are you likely to introduce this season?", "\n\nObviously, the Penguin, Riddler, young Catwoman, Alfred. ", "Possibly Harvey Dent. ", "Poison Ivy. ", "Um … and then there will be others, but I hate to — I’m so used to doing a police procedural, so I’m used to telling, “Next week he’s going to go there.” ", "With this, it’s very much storytelling. ", "So I would be remiss to tell you who will show up when. ", "I will say we’re not going to skimp on giving people the characters they want and expect from Gotham. ", "But when and how they’re going to show up is half the fun. ", "Penguin is one of those guys that, as soon as you see him, you go, “Oh, that’s the Penguin.” ", "It would be hard to disguise him as somebody else.", "\n\nYou mentioned The Killing Joke. ", "So you’ll bring in The Joker?", "\n\nHe’s the crown jewel of the Batman villains. ", "He will be brought in with great care and a lot of thought.", "\n\nSome feel Heath Ledger’s performance was so iconic it would be a mistake to try to do that character again so soon.", "\n\nI’ve written scenes for Julius Caesar and Marc Anthony and Cleopatra. ", "So while that is a serious and valid note, you can’t get into doing this without going there. ", "That was a wonderful performance and — apart from everything else — wonderful make-up. ", "And we should try to live up to that. ", "It will be a different character. ", "It’s certainly going to be more Heath Ledger than Cesar Romero. ", "But like I say, all of these people are real people with feelings and emotions and history and parents. ", "I just build from that.", "\n\nLikewise, some think the Nolan movies were the best version that we’ve had from the Batman universe. ", "With those having come out so recently, does that add some pressure — that people will make unfair comparisons, especially in terms of visual presentation?", "\n\nI’m not at all concerned. ", "Actually I would [pauses … considers] — yeah, in that area, I would say in terms of what [director and executive producer Danny Cannon and director of photography David Stockton] are doing — visually — Gotham will surpass the Batman movies. ", "The movies are a very rigorous, kind of Germanic take on that world. ", "They’re visually stunning, but not particularly visually pleasurable. ", "I would say this is much more on the street level of Gotham. ", "There’s more people, it’s a more colorful place, it’s a more vivid place, it’s more crowded. ", "The inspiration for me and Danny was New York in the ’70s, because we both remember that as a seminal moment, coming to the city for the first time. ", "This is very much that kind of Gotham — intensely visual and three-dimensional and layered and gritty and dirty and sexy and dangerous. ", "From that point of view — and it’s easy for me to say, I just have to write the thing, Danny and David have to visualize it — but I think you’ll see it’s fabulous.", "\n\nWith Bruce Wayne, in the pilot we see him as we’ve seen him before — as a victim of a tragedy. ", "And of course we know where he goes eventually. ", "What function he serves in the series is unclear.", "\n\nWell, I will say [actor] David Mazouz is, without doubt, the best actor ever to play the part of Bruce Wayne. ", "Without doubt — including the people who played Batman. ", "He is a genuine prodigy of an actor, as you will see on screen. ", "Frankly, before David was cast, I was ambivalent about how much we would use Bruce Wayne in the series.", "\n\nWell, yeah, what do you do with him?", "\n\nWhat do you do with a 12-year-old kid? ", "Like I say, he’s off-the-charts talented. ", "So I’m hoping to use him as much as his mum will allow us to, and in the kind of stories you’d imagine. ", "It’s not going to be young Bruce Wayne going out and saving the day, because that’s not what kids do. ", "It’s about the strange education of this young man. ", "He has a good idea of where he’s going early on. ", "But it’s about the growth of this young man.", "\n\nFox chief Kevin Reilly said the pitch version of the show was that the final scene of the series would be Bruce Wayne putting on the cowl. ", "Is that right?", "\n\nYes, whether metaphorically or literally — something like that. ", "But that’s six or seven years down the line. ", "Hopefully." ]

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[ "I let people copy my notes and homework so I can laugh when they fail the tests\n\n170 shares" ]

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[ "Passes finals and graduates college with big hopes for the future Mayans were right\n\n198 shares" ]

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[ "I have an older Moultrie Camera that uses the 35mm film and flash and uses several of the AA batteries and I think 1 or 2 of the small square batteries in it also,the flash scared some deer and the cost of batteries just about broke the Bank!That camera took some very very good and beautiful pictures but it can't use rechargeable batteries and it was expensive to run with lots of useless squirrel and racoon pictures.", "\n\nI ended up buying a Moultrie 4.0 digital camera that uses the larger square 6-volt battery,it takes fairly good pictures,has several settings for 1-2 or 3 pictures or even video setting that I haven't tried out yet,but it has a very slow trigger speed and keeps showing \"Locked SD Card\" on several of the SD cards I had to buy to get them to work properly,it can and uses the external solar charger which keeps battery life up a lot longer.", "\n\nI have read where several Hunters have bought the Moultrie I-40 trail camera and have really like the faster trigger speed and the over-all performance of them compared to any of the other new and old Moultrie's.", "\n\nI ordered a *New Cuddeback IR camera for $229.00 + tax from BassPro Shop and it is still on back-order and I'm waiting for it to arrive...when it does I will post how I feel about how it performs!", "\n\nThe Smart Scouter camera's charge over $500.00 for their camera's,you have to pay a monthly fee plus cost for every picture taken and you'll have to have a cell phone connection/agreement cost too.", "\n\nThe other wireless Game Camera (Buck Spy I believe?),is over a $1000.00 plus other cost of an external battery,longer antenna for better reception etc....!", "\n\nWe put a man on the moon but yet it seems that they can't make a decent working trail camera for a resonable price for us to use?Almost all the trail camera's on the market have some good features about them and flaws can be found in them all. [&:] [", "8|]\n\n[font=tahoma][color=#000000]Best brand for the $$$ - I have two Moultrie M40 cameras. ", "They were about $150 ea. ", "Got them on eBay. ", "Work great and didn't break the bank. ", "There are a lot of great cameras out there, but I couldn't justify spending $500 on one camera to take photos of deer...[/font][/color]\n[font=tahoma][/font]\n[font=tahoma][color=#000000]Flash or no flash? - ", "In my opinion, the only reasons to buy no-flash is longer battery life (since they use LED lights) and increased security (would be thiefs can't see the flash in the woods) So save your money and buy a flash camera.[/font][/color]\n[font=tahoma][/font]\n[font=tahoma][color=#000000]Battery Life - [/color]The batteries in my cameras last months before I need to replace them. ", "6 size D batteries. ", "A lot of factors affect battery life. ", "If it is very cold, if you are taking a lot of photos (especially night photos), or taking video, the batteries will drain faster. [", "/font]\n[font=tahoma][/font]\n[font=tahoma][color=#000000]Tips and Tricks - We stand on our ATV and mount our cameras high in the tree and aim them down. ", "This way it is harder to steal. [", "/font][/color]\n[font=tahoma][color=#0000ff]Try to place the camera facing north. ", "If not the rising and setting sun will wash out any pictures and the sun could trigger the camera.[/font][/color]\n[font=tahoma][color=#0000ff]Aim the camera up or down a trail not across. ", "Otherwise by the time the camera triggers, you will only get a photo of deer butt.[/font][/color]\n[color=#0000ff][font=tahoma][color=#000000][/font][/color][/color]\n[font=tahoma][color=#0000ff][color=#000000]Remote Cameras - [/color]wish I could afford one...[/font][/color]\n[font=tahoma]http://www.smartscouter.com/[/font]\n[font=tahoma][color=#800080]http://www.pixcontroller.com/Cellular-Scout/CellularEye-main.htm[/font]\n[font=tahoma]http://www.activehunting.com/products.asp[/font]\n[font=tahoma][/font]\n[font=tahoma]Ease of use -Get the biggest SD card your camera will hold and get 2 for each camera. ", "The big size lets you check it less often. (", "It won't fill up as fast) Using 2 cards lets you swap them out and save you time in the woods.[/font][/color]\n\nGreat, great input everyone! ", "Thanks. ", "Not too many comments about Cuddeback. ", "I figured there would be more with all the ads they have in D&DH. ", "Is it due to cost?", "\n\nAbsolutely, for me anyway. ", "I worry about my $150 camera being stolen. ", "I'd be nervous reck with an expensive cuddeback hanging out there. ", "If I owned my own property, I'd probably try something a little more expensive. ", "Like the Buckeye cam, cuddeback, etc.", "\n\nIMO buying multiple inexpensive cameras are probably better than getting that one expensive nice one for the following reasons:\n\n1.Theft. ", "You decide if being out 150 bucks or 300 bucks is worth it. (", "You have to account for a decent SD card and batteries in the talley). ", "I would rather not be out anything, but...\n2. ", "You will cover more territory with multiple cameras and you should have a backup in case of failure. ", "Even the nice ones break on occasion.", "\n3. ", "Pic quality is secondary to info provided that a deer was there and you can pattern even it looks like a disembodied alien deer.[:)]", "\na. This is my first camera. ", "In reading your posts thread someone said to point them north and down trail so you will not get \"wash out\" or \"butt shots\". ", "I'm learning. ", "The disembodied alien deer pic was from a south point postition. ", "A 300 dollar camera will take bad photos if used improperly and a 150 dollar camera will take good pictures if used properly and vice versa.", "\n4. ", "The buck pic I posted was flash and there was actually two of them that stayed in the camera area and milled around for a good 10 minutes. ", "Wildview flashing and snapping multiple pics the whole time. ", "Didn't seem to spook them.", "\n\nFrom a beginners point of view that is my opinion. ", "I'm sure I will add to my own list through experience, but I am just trying to do it without breaking the piggy bank.", "\n\nI have a cuddeback, I got it from my girlfriedn for an x-mas gift. (", "I know an amazing gf she is to put up with my hunting talk 24/7 and then buy a gift like that for me lol.) ", "Anyway you can find them on ebay for around 180-200. ", "You might be able to find them cheaper due to the new model cuddeback just put out.", "\n\n2. ", "Flash or no flash?", "\n\nI like that flash on mine, I havent had the no flash yet, but a friend has it on his cuddeback. ", "Its cool as everything comes on in night vision. ", "I guess this one really is up to you. ", "Every buck I have seen at night on there with the flash, I have seen in the day. ", "I dont believe it scares them.", "\n\n3. ", "How often do they need to be checked (ie. ", "how much battery life is there)?", "\n\nMine is great, I left my cuddeback out for 19 days and had over 300 pics. ", "The battery was still plenty good.", "\n\n4. ", "Tips and tricks (ie. ", "memory cards, settings)\nYou can use the memo card in a camera to view it in the feild. ", "You can also put your name on the Image so now one can say there cuddeback stole it. ", "If you look on ebay too you can find a great locking system for it as well.", "\n\n5. ", "Are there any out there that take the picture and download it online, so I can view from home without physically checking the device? ", "If not, I'm sure it's in development.", "\n\nYou can bring it home and view it then. ", "I know there is a trail camera out there that send's the pics right to your cell phone after its taken. ", "But I also know those trail cams are a pretty penny.", "\n\n6. ", "Ease of use comments\n\nAt first I had to figure it out but that's like anything. ", "After that it was very simple to use. ", "I think my problem was I set the camera to high and didnt catch anything the 1st time.", "\n\nAll in all I hope you like what you get and you get some great pics. ", "There is nothing like hunting a deer you have photo's of! ", "Good Luck!", "\n\n\"If I pull the hammer and shoot this young buck, he's dead. ", "But if I pass on him, the next hunter might not shoot so straight.\"", "\n\n5. ", "Are there any out there that take the picture and download it online, so I can view from home without physically checking the device? ", "If not, I'm sure it's in development.", "\n\nYou can bring it home and view it then. ", "I know there is a trail camera out there that send's the pics right to your cell phone after its taken. ", "But I also know those trail cams are a pretty penny.", "\n\nCheck out the link I posted earlier on the buckeye cam you can have up to 30 cameras and control them from your computer, check/download pictures, change any settings without entering the woods. ", "All sounds good until you get to the price. ", "To get started, 1 camera and the PC base kit your looking at $1800, then if you want more cameras you have the extra cost of each camera.", "\n\n[font=tahoma]Best brand for the $$$ - I have two Moultrie M40 cameras. ", "They were about $150 ea. ", "Got them on eBay. ", "Work great and didn't break the bank. ", "There are a lot of great cameras out there, but I couldn't justify spending $500 on one camera to take photos of deer...[/font] [font=tahoma][/font]\n[font=tahoma][color=#000000]Flash or no flash? - ", "In my opinion, the only reasons to buy no-flash is longer battery life (since they use LED lights) and increased security (would be thiefs can't see the flash in the woods) So save your money and buy a flash camera.[/font][/color]\n[font=tahoma][/font]\n[font=tahoma][color=#000000]Battery Life - [/color]The batteries in my cameras last months before I need to replace them. ", "6 size D batteries. ", "A lot of factors affect battery life. ", "If it is very cold, if you are taking a lot of photos (especially night photos), or taking video, the batteries will drain faster. [", "/font]\n[font=tahoma][/font]\n[font=tahoma][color=#000000]Tips and Tricks - We stand on our ATV and mount our cameras high in the tree and aim them down. ", "This way it is harder to steal. [", "/font][/color]\n[font=tahoma][color=#0000ff]Try to place the camera facing north. ", "If not the rising and setting sun will wash out any pictures and the sun could trigger the camera.[/font][/color]\n[font=tahoma][color=#0000ff]Aim the camera up or down a trail not across. ", "Otherwise by the time the camera triggers, you will only get a photo of deer butt.[/font][/color]\n[color=#0000ff][font=tahoma][color=#000000][/font][/color][/color]\n[font=tahoma][color=#0000ff][color=#000000]Remote Cameras - [/color]wish I could afford one...[/font][/color]\n[font=tahoma]http://www.smartscouter.com/[/font]\n[font=tahoma][color=#800080]http://www.pixcontroller.com/Cellular-Scout/CellularEye-main.htm[/font]\n[font=tahoma]http://www.activehunting.com/products.asp[/font]\n[font=tahoma][/font]\n[font=tahoma]Ease of use -Get the biggest SD card your camera will hold and get 2 for each camera. ", "The big size lets you check it less often. (", "It won't fill up as fast) Using 2 cards lets you swap them out and save you time in the woods.[/font][/color]\n\nHey everyone, I'm (finally) in a position to afford a scouting camera. ", "Lots of questions of course. ", "Please weigh in!", "\n\nWhat a better group of folks to get advice from!", "\n\n1. ", "What is the best brand for the money (include cost if known)? [", "color=\"#0033cc\"]Cuddeback without a doubt[/color] 2. ", "Flash or no flash? [", "color=\"#0033ff\"]Flash[/color] 3. ", "How often do they need to be checked (ie. ", "how much battery life is there)? [", "color=\"#0033cc\"]I got 51 days with Duracells or about 1079 images[/color]. [", "color=\"#0033cc\"]I check every week or so just cause I can't let them be. ( ", "this weekend i really could not stand it and checked a new set after only about 20 hours...70 pics including the big buck I was after who walked in 13 minutes after I left....talk about dumb luck[:)][/color] 4. ", "Tips and tricks (ie. ", "memory cards, settings) [color=\"#0033cc\"]Point it North so you never get the rising or setting sun, belt buckle high, don't use Lexar cards , Sam's Wholesale has awesome buys on 1 gig toshibas, Take a set of climbing sticks and place 10 ft up pointing down for really cool pics, if you are placing over corn don't use the burst mode unless you want a lot of pics the same deer, put on burst mode to get multi pics on a scrape....seeing dirt in the air is cool. ", "IMO you need to get one of the new Cuddebacks ...they are cheaper and use the SD cards you can check in the field with a regular digital camera.[/color] [color=\"#0033cc\"]also they are 3mp and take excellent quality pictures --- I have framed a couple of mine[/color] 5. ", "Are there any out there that take the picture and download it online, so I can view from home without physically checking the device? ", "If not, I'm sure it's in development. ", "Yes I've heard about a \"Smart Scouter\" they are new this year and about 500 in Cabellas or Bass Pro?....there was another out last year that was about 2100....both work on Cell Phone Service. ", "6. ", "Ease of use comments [color=\"#0033cc\"]Get one you pre set and turn on and walk away from once in the field preferably from an exterior switch...one of the things Cudde doesn't have per se but they do have a one step switch inside the new ones ...you just have to open the cover to get to it...[/color]\n\nThanks!!", "\n\nAll in all this will be a long time investment so don't hesitate to buy the best you can because you will kick your self later if you don't....... I did on my first one for sure\n\nThanks for the advice and follow up. ", "I went ahead and spent a chunk of money on some scent lok / scent blocker gear recently. ", "I am waiting for some after Christmas sales on the cameras. ", "I'm pumped to get into it!!" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSwitch can't connect more than 1 device to network. ", "1st device automatically disconnected when 2nd is connected\n\nI have this configuration on an interface of my CISCO switch (switch 1).", "\n switchport access vlan 52 \n switchport mode access \n switchport port-security \n switchport port-security aging time 5 \n switchport port-security violation restrict \n spanning-tree portfast \n\nNow when I connect another switch (switch 2) to this interface, then a PC (PC 1) to switch 2, all works fine. ", "But when I connect another PC (PC 2) to switch 2, PC 1 goes automatically out of network, leaving only PC 1.", "\nIn summary, only one device can be connected to switch 2.", "\nHere are the logs\nSecurity violation occurred, caused by MAC address a0b3.cc9c.796a on port GigabitEthernet2/26.", "\n2d02h: %PORT_SECURITY-2-PSECURE_VIOLATION: Security violation occurred, caused by MAC address a0b3.cc9c.796a on port GigabitEthernet2/26.", "\n2d02h: %PORT_SECURITY-2-PSECURE_VIOLATION: Security violation occurred, caused by MAC address a0b3.cc9c.796a on port GigabitEthernet2/26.", "\n2d02h: %PORT_SECURITY-2-PSECURE_VIOLATION: Security violation occurred, caused by MAC address a0b3.cc9c.796a on port GigabitEthernet2/26.", "\n\nWhat could be the problem? ", "How can I solve the problem?", "\nThanks in advance\nPS: I am new to Networking\n\nA:\n\nThe problem is, that by default, maximum number of secure mac address is 1. ", "So when the switch 1 learns about the first PC, it will save MAC of PC as secure MAC. ", "Second PC's MAC is not secure, therefore port-security violation occurs, restricting traffic. ", "\nYou can solve this by increasing maximum number of secure MAC adresses using command\nswitch1(config-if)#switchport port-security maximum 2\n\nEDIT: Fixed up the syntax\n\n" ]

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[ "M. Tamilkudimagan\n\nM. Tamilkudimagan was an Indian politician and Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. ", "He served as Speaker of the Assembly from 1989 to 1991. ", "His original name was Sathiah.", "\n\nHe was the DMK Minister for Tamil Language and Culture in the 1996 Cabinet. (", "1996-2001).", "\n\nNotes \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly\nCategory:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians\nCategory:Members of the 11th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly\nCategory:State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)" ]

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[ "If this is your first visit, be sure to\ncheck out the FAQ by clicking the\nlink above. ", "You may have to register\nbefore you can post: click the register link above to proceed. ", "To start viewing messages,\nselect the forum that you want to visit from the selection below.", "\n\nWinter manipulations, a couple questions?", "\n\nIt's been a busy fall and I didn't get the mouse guards on. ", "Very important out here, lots of mice.", "\nThe bees are clustered and haven't flown in probably a few weeks so I do hesitate disturbing them.", "\n\nIt's cold enough that if I pop the hives open, manipulate enough to know there aren't mice, then re-close- bees are going to fly out and not be able to get back in before they cool and fall to the ground.", "\n\nAny tips?", "\n\nAlso- the propolis between boxes will be cracked leaving little air spaces the bees worked hard to close up. ", "My boxes are old so this is significant in my opinion. ", "As we get some very windy conditions is it worth duct taping (or another tape?) ", "the seams between supers?", "\n\nRe: Winter manipulations, a couple questions?", "\n\nI would hesitate putting peanut butter in front of the hive for risk of attracting every mouse in the county to it. ", "If you are using Lang's, take a careful look into the hive through the entrance opening. ", "Look for evidence of a grass nest indicating the presence of a mouse. ", "Also, if you have a solid bottom board, look for mouse \"raisins\" on it. ", "Lastly, insert a wooden dowel into the entrance using a sweeping motion to clean out anything mouse related. ", "Once satisfied you have no mice, install your mouse guard and hope you did everything you can to get them through the winter.", "\n\nRe: Winter manipulations, a couple questions?", "\n\nAs others have said, don't disturb them too much at this point, all I would do is look with a flashlight into the entrance and see if there is any nesting material visible, if not you should be fine I would think. ", "John" ]

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[ "Sam Houston State Bearkats basketball\n\nSam Houston State Bearkats basketball may refer to either of the basketball teams that represent Sam Houston State University:\nSam Houston State Bearkats men's basketball\nSam Houston State Bearkats women's basketball" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCreating Independently-numbered section-like structures\n\nI'm writing a document with lots of chapters. ", "A typical chapter looks something like this:\n\nA Chapter\nSection 1\nLorem ipsum ...\nSection 2\nLorem ipsum ...\nTopic 1\nLorem ipsum ...\nSection 3\nLorem ipsum ...\nTopic 2\nLorem ipsum ...\nSection 4\nLorem ipsum ...\n\nSo there are a second class of headings, at the \"same level\" as sections, but numbered independently. ", "The question is, how to accomplish this kind of thing in TeX, specifically in ConTeXt.", "\n(I see that there is a very similar question here, but of course the LaTeX answers provided there are not what I'm looking for.)", "\nMWE for examples sake:\n\\definehead\n [topic]\n [section]\n\n% \\setuphead\n% [topic]\n% [???]", "\n\n\\starttext\n\n\\startchapter[title=A Chapter]\n \\startsection[title=Alpha] Lorem ipsum ... \\stopsection\n \\startsection[title=Beta] Lorem ipsum ... \\stopsection\n \\starttopic[title=One] Lorem ipsum ... \\stoptopic\n \\startsection[title=Gamma] Lorem ipsum ... \\stopsection\n \\starttopic[title=Two] Lorem ipsum ... \\stoptopic\n \\startsection[title=Delta] Lorem ipsum ... \\stopsection\n\\stopchapter\n\n\\stoptext\n\nA:\n\nIt is not clear from your question that you really need another head \nAnd I don't see how one should do that (probably one of the wizards will soon show you). ", "In the mean time:\nIf you could live with having the topics as enumerations, then you could do something like below. ", "Also, it is not clear from the question how you want your sections/topics to be numbered, but that is flexible with this solution. ", "I show also how you add your topics to the table of contents.", "\n% This is the essential part\n\\defineenumeration[topic]\n\\setupenumeration[topic][\nheadstyle=\\tfa,\ntext=,\ntitle=yes,\ntitleleft=,\ntitleright=,\ntitlestyle=\\tfa,\nprefix=yes,\nprefixsegments=chapter,\nway=bychapter,\nbefore={\\blank[big]},\n]\n\n% Just to have the same space in sections and topics\n\\setuphead[section][\nbefore={\\blank[big]},\n]\n\n% The three setups below are not necessary.", "\n% I only used them to get everything on one page\n\\setuppapersize[A5]\n\\setupbodyfont[10pt]\n\\setuphead[chapter][\npage=no\n]\n\n\\starttext\n\n\\placelist[chapter,section,topic][before=,after=]\n\n\\startchapter[title=A Chapter]\n \\startsection[title=Alpha] Lorem ipsum ... \\stopsection\n \\startsection[title=Beta] Lorem ipsum ... \\stopsection\n \\starttopic[title=One] Lorem ipsum ... \\stoptopic\n \\startsection[title=Gamma] Lorem ipsum ... \\stopsection\n \\starttopic[title=Two] Lorem ipsum ... \\stoptopic\n \\startsection[title=Delta] Lorem ipsum ... \\stopsection\n\\stopchapter\n\\stoptext\n\nA:\n\nThere is no such thing as independent sectioning structures. ", " The whole purpose of the sectioning structure is to define an ordered hierarchy of titles.", "\nIn ConTeXt the idiomatic way to achieve such a thing (usually needed for theorems) is to use enumeration. ", " An enumeration can be prefixed with the chapter and the title can be customized to “look like a section”. ", " Of course, it will not show up in the table of contents. ", " See also the other answer for more details.", "\nLeaving those drawbacks aside, I do not recommend such a thing anyway because it is very confusing for your readers if they encounter the same section number twice for no apparent reason. ", " If also makes referencing really awkward, e.g. does “see 1.2” refer to Section 1.2 or Topic 1.2? ", " The list of problems continues...\n\\defineenumeration\n [topic]\n [text=,\n title=yes,\n titleleft=,\n titleright=,\n titlestyle=\\tfa,\n numbercommand=\\groupedcommand{\\tfa}{},\n prefix=yes,\n prefixsegments=chapter]\n\n\\starttext\n\n\\startchapter[title=A Chapter]\n \\startsection[title=Alpha] Lorem ipsum ... \\stopsection\n \\startsection[title=Beta] Lorem ipsum ... \\stopsection\n \\starttopic[title=One] Lorem ipsum ... \\stoptopic\n \\startsection[title=Gamma] Lorem ipsum ... \\stopsection\n \\starttopic[title=Two] Lorem ipsum ... \\stoptopic\n \\startsection[title=Delta] Lorem ipsum ... \\stopsection\n\\stopchapter\n\n\\stoptext\n\n" ]

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[ "Bacterial reduction of N-oxides of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA).", "\n1. ", "Contrary to established metabolic pattern, a recent investigation of NNK metabolism produced in rat urine higher levels of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) than their N-oxides, suggesting that reconversion of N-oxides could occur after urine formation. ", "2. ", "To verify the possible role of bacteria in the reduction of NNK-N-oxide and NNAL-N-oxide to their respective parent compounds, NNK and NNAL, in smokers with urinary tract infection (UTI), the N-oxides were isolated from the urine of rats treated with [5-3H]NNK and individually incubated at 37 degrees C with ten bacterial species in sterile human urine under different pH regimens. ", "After incubation with the bacteria, aliquots of culture media were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with radiochemical detection. ", "3. ", "Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis possessed varying capacity to regenerate NNK and NNAL from their N-oxides while others showed no detectable reductive capability within 24 h. 4. ", "This result constitutes the first experimental evidence that in tobacco users with concomitant UTI, bacterial regeneration of the procarcinogenic NNK and NNAL from their N-oxides could occur in the bladder leading to increased carcinogen burden in these individuals." ]

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[ "Newtown Board of Education meets for second time since shooting\n\nSecurity will be the big topic discussion at the Newtown Board of Education meeting Wednesday after the shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School last month.", "\n\nMany parents around the country have been calling for increased police presence in our schools, but in Newtown, some parents told Eyewitness News that they want it engrained in the schools permanently.", "\n\nAdam Lanza had two pistols and an AR-15 when he entered Sandy Hook Elementary School on Dec. 14 and in just a matter of minutes, he fired multiple rounds, killing 20 children and six adults. ", "Before the school shooting, he shot his mother four times.", "\n\nIn the immediate aftermath of the Sandy Hook tragedy, police officers have been stationed at each school in Newtown.", "\n\nSuperintendent of Schools Janet Robinson said that measure would extend \"indefinitely.\" ", "However, parents know the board of education needs to decide on something permanent.", "\n\n\"Obviously, with what transpired here, it would be a very good idea,\" said Dan Mahany of Newtown.", "\n\nHowever, opinions on the topic vary.", "\n\n\"I don't think that would be a necessary requirement,\" said Ed Keough of Newtown. \"", "In towns like this, this was a very unusual act and horrible thing to happen. ", "But, I don't think you would be expected to prevent day in and day out.", "\n\nPolice officers at the school will be discussed at the meeting along with the issue of workmen's compensation for teachers, who lived through the tragedy.", "\n\n\"Those people should be covered,\" said Mike Dalbert of Newtown.", "\n\nDonations that have flooded town hall will soon have a home. ", "On Sunday, the victims' families will comb through the 125,000 cards and well-wishes sent from around the world.", "\n\nThey will choose which ones to take home. ", "Next week, members of the Sandy Hook Elementary family have second pick, and the week after that, these cards will be opened up to all Newtown residents.", "\n\nThe meeting, which is the second since the school shooting, will be at 7:30 p.m. at the Newtown Municipal Center. ", "The public is welcome to attend.", "\n\nHere in the city that's home to \"University-6,\" as the University of Louisville is identified in a federal criminal complaint filed by the Acting U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York, the feeling of devastation is exceeded only by anger and disbelief.", "\n\nHere in the city that's home to \"University-6,\" as the University of Louisville is identified in a federal criminal complaint filed by the Acting U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York, the feeling of devastation is exceeded only by anger and disbelief." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPHP code adding backslash before forward slash\n\nI have path stored in MySQL database.", "\nExample\ndir1/dir2/img1.jpg\n\nWhen I run this function\n$stmt = $this->con->prepare(\"SELECT path FROM walls WHERE category = ?\");", "\n $stmt->bind_param(\"s\", $cat);\n $stmt->execute();\n $stmt->bind_result($path);\n while($stmt->fetch()) { \n $url[] = $path;\n\n }\n echo json_encode($url);\n\nit returns,\n[[],\"dir1\\/dir2\\/img1.jpg\"]\n\nDon't know why backslashes are adding up before forward slash.", "\n\nA:\n\nJSON escapes all special characters by default. ", "When decoded, you will get original value dir1/dir2/img1.jpg\nYou can use JSON_UNESCAPED_SLASHES to skip escaping slashes and is available since PHP 5.4.0\necho json_encode($url, JSON_UNESCAPED_SLASHES);\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "/**\n * @fileoverview Disallows or enforces spaces inside of object literals.", "\n * @author Jamund Ferguson\n */\n\"use strict\";\n\nconst astUtils = require(\"./utils/ast-utils\");\n\n//------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// Rule Definition\n//------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nmodule.exports = {\n meta: {\n type: \"layout\",\n\n docs: {\n description: \"enforce consistent spacing inside braces\",\n category: \"Stylistic Issues\",\n recommended: false,\n url: \"https://eslint.org/docs/rules/object-curly-spacing\"\n },\n\n fixable: \"whitespace\",\n\n schema: [\n {\n enum: [\"always\", \"never\"]\n },\n {\n type: \"object\",\n properties: {\n arraysInObjects: {\n type: \"boolean\"\n },\n objectsInObjects: {\n type: \"boolean\"\n }\n },\n additionalProperties: false\n }\n ]\n },\n\n create(context) {\n const spaced = context.options[0] === \"always\",\n sourceCode = context.getSourceCode();\n\n /**\n * Determines whether an option is set, relative to the spacing option.", "\n * If spaced is \"always\", then check whether option is set to false.", "\n * If spaced is \"never\", then check whether option is set to true.", "\n * @param {Object} option The option to exclude.", "\n * @returns {boolean} Whether or not the property is excluded.", "\n */\n function isOptionSet(option) {\n return context.options[1] ? ", "context.options[1][option] === !", "spaced : false;\n }\n\n const options = {\n spaced,\n arraysInObjectsException: isOptionSet(\"arraysInObjects\"),\n objectsInObjectsException: isOptionSet(\"objectsInObjects\")\n };\n\n //--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n // Helpers\n //--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n /**\n * Reports that there shouldn't be a space after the first token\n * @param {ASTNode} node The node to report in the event of an error.", "\n * @param {Token} token The token to use for the report.", "\n * @returns {void}\n */\n function reportNoBeginningSpace(node, token) {\n const nextToken = context.getSourceCode().getTokenAfter(token, { includeComments: true });\n\n context.report({\n node,\n loc: { start: token.loc.end, end: nextToken.loc.start },\n message: \"There should be no space after '{{token}}'.\",", "\n data: {\n token: token.value\n },\n fix(fixer) {\n return fixer.removeRange([token.range[1], nextToken.range[0]]);\n }\n });\n }\n\n /**\n * Reports that there shouldn't be a space before the last token\n * @param {ASTNode} node The node to report in the event of an error.", "\n * @param {Token} token The token to use for the report.", "\n * @returns {void}\n */\n function reportNoEndingSpace(node, token) {\n const previousToken = context.getSourceCode().getTokenBefore(token, { includeComments: true });\n\n context.report({\n node,\n loc: { start: previousToken.loc.end, end: token.loc.start },\n message: \"There should be no space before '{{token}}'.\",", "\n data: {\n token: token.value\n },\n fix(fixer) {\n return fixer.removeRange([previousToken.range[1], token.range[0]]);\n }\n });\n }\n\n /**\n * Reports that there should be a space after the first token\n * @param {ASTNode} node The node to report in the event of an error.", "\n * @param {Token} token The token to use for the report.", "\n * @returns {void}\n */\n function reportRequiredBeginningSpace(node, token) {\n context.report({\n node,\n loc: token.loc,\n message: \"A space is required after '{{token}}'.\",", "\n data: {\n token: token.value\n },\n fix(fixer) {\n return fixer.insertTextAfter(token, \" \");\n }\n });\n }\n\n /**\n * Reports that there should be a space before the last token\n * @param {ASTNode} node The node to report in the event of an error.", "\n * @param {Token} token The token to use for the report.", "\n * @returns {void}\n */\n function reportRequiredEndingSpace(node, token) {\n context.report({\n node,\n loc: token.loc,\n message: \"A space is required before '{{token}}'.\",", "\n data: {\n token: token.value\n },\n fix(fixer) {\n return fixer.insertTextBefore(token, \" \");\n }\n });\n }\n\n /**\n * Determines if spacing in curly braces is valid.", "\n * @param {ASTNode} node The AST node to check.", "\n * @param {Token} first The first token to check (should be the opening brace)\n * @param {Token} second The second token to check (should be first after the opening brace)\n * @param {Token} penultimate The penultimate token to check (should be last before closing brace)\n * @param {Token} last The last token to check (should be closing brace)\n * @returns {void}\n */\n function validateBraceSpacing(node, first, second, penultimate, last) {\n if (astUtils.isTokenOnSameLine(first, second)) {\n const firstSpaced = sourceCode.isSpaceBetweenTokens(first, second);\n\n if (options.spaced && !", "firstSpaced) {\n reportRequiredBeginningSpace(node, first);\n }\n if (!", "options.spaced && firstSpaced && second.type !", "== \"Line\") {\n reportNoBeginningSpace(node, first);\n }\n }\n\n if (astUtils.isTokenOnSameLine(penultimate, last)) {\n const shouldCheckPenultimate = (\n options.arraysInObjectsException && astUtils.isClosingBracketToken(penultimate) ||\n options.objectsInObjectsException && astUtils.isClosingBraceToken(penultimate)\n );\n const penultimateType = shouldCheckPenultimate && sourceCode.getNodeByRangeIndex(penultimate.range[0]).type;\n\n const closingCurlyBraceMustBeSpaced = (\n options.arraysInObjectsException && penultimateType === \"ArrayExpression\" ||\n options.objectsInObjectsException && (penultimateType === \"ObjectExpression\" || penultimateType === \"ObjectPattern\")\n ) ? !", "options.spaced : options.spaced;\n\n const lastSpaced = sourceCode.isSpaceBetweenTokens(penultimate, last);\n\n if (closingCurlyBraceMustBeSpaced && !", "lastSpaced) {\n reportRequiredEndingSpace(node, last);\n }\n if (!", "closingCurlyBraceMustBeSpaced && lastSpaced) {\n reportNoEndingSpace(node, last);\n }\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Gets '}' token of an object node.", "\n *\n * Because the last token of object patterns might be a type annotation,\n * this traverses tokens preceded by the last property, then returns the\n * first '}' token.", "\n * @param {ASTNode} node The node to get. ", "This node is an\n * ObjectExpression or an ObjectPattern. ", "And this node has one or\n * more properties.", "\n * @returns {Token} '}' token.", "\n */\n function getClosingBraceOfObject(node) {\n const lastProperty = node.properties[node.properties.length - 1];\n\n return sourceCode.getTokenAfter(lastProperty, astUtils.isClosingBraceToken);\n }\n\n /**\n * Reports a given object node if spacing in curly braces is invalid.", "\n * @param {ASTNode} node An ObjectExpression or ObjectPattern node to check.", "\n * @returns {void}\n */\n function checkForObject(node) {\n if (node.properties.length === 0) {\n return;\n }\n\n const first = sourceCode.getFirstToken(node),\n last = getClosingBraceOfObject(node),\n second = sourceCode.getTokenAfter(first, { includeComments: true }),\n penultimate = sourceCode.getTokenBefore(last, { includeComments: true });\n\n validateBraceSpacing(node, first, second, penultimate, last);\n }\n\n /**\n * Reports a given import node if spacing in curly braces is invalid.", "\n * @param {ASTNode} node An ImportDeclaration node to check.", "\n * @returns {void}\n */\n function checkForImport(node) {\n if (node.specifiers.length === 0) {\n return;\n }\n\n let firstSpecifier = node.specifiers[0];\n const lastSpecifier = node.specifiers[node.specifiers.length - 1];\n\n if (lastSpecifier.type !", "== \"ImportSpecifier\") {\n return;\n }\n if (firstSpecifier.type !", "== \"ImportSpecifier\") {\n firstSpecifier = node.specifiers[1];\n }\n\n const first = sourceCode.getTokenBefore(firstSpecifier),\n last = sourceCode.getTokenAfter(lastSpecifier, astUtils.isNotCommaToken),\n second = sourceCode.getTokenAfter(first, { includeComments: true }),\n penultimate = sourceCode.getTokenBefore(last, { includeComments: true });\n\n validateBraceSpacing(node, first, second, penultimate, last);\n }\n\n /**\n * Reports a given export node if spacing in curly braces is invalid.", "\n * @param {ASTNode} node An ExportNamedDeclaration node to check.", "\n * @returns {void}\n */\n function checkForExport(node) {\n if (node.specifiers.length === 0) {\n return;\n }\n\n const firstSpecifier = node.specifiers[0],\n lastSpecifier = node.specifiers[node.specifiers.length - 1],\n first = sourceCode.getTokenBefore(firstSpecifier),\n last = sourceCode.getTokenAfter(lastSpecifier, astUtils.isNotCommaToken),\n second = sourceCode.getTokenAfter(first, { includeComments: true }),\n penultimate = sourceCode.getTokenBefore(last, { includeComments: true });\n\n validateBraceSpacing(node, first, second, penultimate, last);\n }\n\n //--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n // Public\n //--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n return {\n\n // var {x} = y;\n ObjectPattern: checkForObject,\n\n // var y = {x: 'y'}\n ObjectExpression: checkForObject,\n\n // import {y} from 'x';\n ImportDeclaration: checkForImport,\n\n // export {name} from 'yo';\n ExportNamedDeclaration: checkForExport\n };\n\n }\n};\n" ]

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[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nThe spin-boson model has been prominent for several decades in the study of open quantum systems^[@CR1],\\ [@CR2]^. It describes a two-state quantum system (spin), interacting with its environment. ", "The latter is modeled as a set of harmonic oscillators (bosons) constituting a so-called heat bath. ", "The dynamical regimes of the spin-boson model at a given finite temperature are essentially dictated by the coupling to the environment and by the low-frequency behavior of the bath spectrum. ", "In the strong coupling regime, this model provides an accurate representation of a variety of physical and chemical situations of broad interest, including incoherent tunneling of bistable defects in metals^[@CR3]^ and amorphous systems^[@CR4]^, macroscopic quantum tunneling in superconducting circuits^[@CR5]^, or electron and proton transfer in solvent environments^[@CR6]^. Moreover, the spin-boson model is relevant in describing exciton transport in biological complexes^[@CR7],\\ [@CR8]^. The weak coupling regime characterizes situations where preserving quantum coherence is crucial, such as in quantum computing, whereas strong coupling can give rise to novel entangled states of system and reservoir, for example, to polaron or Kondo clouds^[@CR2]^.\n\nIn the Ohmic spin-boson model, the environment has a linear spectrum at low frequencies which leads to various remarkable phenomena, such as bath-induced localization or a coherent-to-incoherent transition even at zero temperature for large enough coupling strengths^[@CR1]^.\n\nRecently, a new experimental setup was implemented^[@CR9]^ which realizes the Ohmic spin-boson model with an environmental coupling tunable from weak to ultrastrong^[@CR10]^. This particular implementation is formed from a superconducting flux qubit coupled to a transmission line, which play the role of the two-state system and environment, respectively. ", "The tunability of the interaction allows one to test the key predictions of the spin-boson model. ", "In^[@CR11]^, a qubit ultrastrongly coupled to a single oscillator mode was demonstrated.", "\n\nIn this article, we study the spin-boson setup from ref. ", "^[@CR9]^ under strong driving, which adds a new dimension of exploration for a spin-boson system^[@CR12]^. Previous experiments studying strongly driven systems have reported remarkable effects, such as the formation of dressed states^[@CR13]--[@CR15]^, Landau-Zener interference^[@CR16],\\ [@CR17]^, amplitude spectroscopy^[@CR18]^, and the observation of Floquet states^[@CR19]^. However, these experimental reports were restricted to weak or moderate coupling to the environment. ", "Here, we combine intense driving and diverse dissipation strengths in a superconducting qubit circuit, with the aim of tracing out the dynamical phase diagram of a driven spin-boson system in coupling regimes ranging form weak to ultrastrong.", "\n\nResults {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nRelation between experimental and theoretical observables {#Sec3}\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nA schematic representation of the experimental setup is shown in Fig.", " [1a](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The two-state system is a flux qubit, a superconducting circuit consisting of a loop interrupted by four Josephson junctions^[@CR20]^. The bosonic environment is formed from electromagnetic modes in the superconducting transmission line coupled to the qubit. ", "The qubit is pumped by a strong continuous-wave drive applied through the transmission line. ", "Both the amplitude and the frequency of the drive can be changed over a broad range. ", "The driven system is studied spectroscopically by additionally applying a weak probe field. ", "The measured transmission $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\cal T}$$\\end{document}$ at the probe frequency *ω*~p~ gives direct access to the linear response function associated to the weak probe signal, the so-called linear susceptibility *χ* via the relation$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\cal T}\\left( {\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}} \\right) = 1 - {\\mathrm{i}}{\\cal N}\\hbar \\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}\\chi \\left( {\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}} \\right),$$\\end{document}$$where $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\cal N}$$\\end{document}$ is a coupling constant (see Methods). ", "According to Kubo's linear response theory^[@CR21]^, *χ*(*ω*) carries information about the dispersive and absorptive properties of the qubit in the absence of the probe, and in turn, as discussed below, about the dynamical phases of the driven spin-boson system. ", "By measuring the transmission also when the drive is switched off, we get a reference for the effects of a coherent drive on quantum coherence and localization properties.", "Fig. ", "1Experimental setup and phase diagram of the symmetric spin-boson model. **", "a** Measurement, driving circuit schematic and optical micrograph of a device similar to the ones used in the experiment. ", "A coplanar waveguide running across the chip plays the role of the bath coupled to the qubit. ", "The inset is a scanning electron micrograph showing the qubit attached to the line. ", "The scale bar is 2 μm. ", "Here and in panel **b** the red (black) arrow indicates clockwise (anticlockwise) circulating persistent currents. **", "b** Schematics of the double-well potential associated to the flux threading the qubit. ", "In the absence of external driving sources the potential is symmetric and the forward and backward tunneling rates *k*^f/b^ are equal. ", "In the presence of a positive bias asymmetry *ε*, forward tunneling dominates over backward tunneling. **", "c** Dependence of the temperature *T*\\*(*α*) for the crossover from the coherent to the incoherent tunneling regime on the coupling *α*. ", "The red curve interpolates numerical results (asterisks) obtained within the nonperturbative NIBA. ", "The dots labeled I, II, and III mark the positions in parameter space of the three devices used in this work\n\nPhase diagram of the undriven spin-boson model {#Sec4}\n----------------------------------------------\n\nWe first introduce the spin-boson model and its dynamics without driving. ", "Historically, the Ohmic spin-boson model was first studied in the context of the tunneling of a quantum particle in a double-well potential^[@CR1]^. At low temperatures the dynamics are effectively restricted to the Hilbert space spanned by the states $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\left| L \\right\\rangle$$\\end{document}$ and $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\left| R \\right\\rangle$$\\end{document}$, localized in the left and right well, respectively (see Fig.", " [1b](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Transitions between the two localized configurations are possible due to quantum-mechanical tunneling and are recorded in the time evolution of the population difference $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$P(t) \\equiv \\left\\langle {\\sigma _z(t)} \\right\\rangle = P_R(t) - P_L(t)$$\\end{document}$ of the two localized eigenstates. ", "The coordinate associated with the double-well potential need not be geometrical, but it can represent other continuous variables. ", "For the superconducting flux qubit used in our experiment, this is the magnetic flux *Φ* in the loop. ", "The eigenstates $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\left| L \\right\\rangle$$\\end{document}$ and $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\left| R \\right\\rangle$$\\end{document}$ of the flux operator are related to the currents circulating clockwise/anticlockwise in the superconducting loop^[@CR20]^ (see red/black arrows in Fig.", " [1a, b](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In this basis, the qubit Hamiltonian is$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$H_{{\\mathrm{qb}}}(t) = - \\frac{\\hbar }{2}\\left[ {{\\Delta}\\sigma _x + \\varepsilon (t)\\sigma _z} \\right],$$\\end{document}$$where *σ*~*i*~ are the Pauli matrices. ", "The parameter *Δ* accounts for interwell tunneling and *ħε*(*t*) is the difference in energy between the two wells, which is controllable. ", "The electromagnetic field in the transmission line can be described as a continuously distributed set of propagating modes with a distribution in frequency given by the spectral density$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$G(\\omega ) = 2\\alpha \\omega e^{ - \\omega /\\omega _{\\mathrm{c}}},$$\\end{document}$$corresponding to Ohmic damping with the dimensionless coupling strength *α* and high frequency cutoff *ω*~c~.\n\nTheoretical work on the spin-boson model has primarily focused on the temporal dynamics of the spin. ", "Quite generally, independent of the initial state of the qubit and the form of the bath spectral density, energy exchange with the environment is responsible for equilibration of the qubit with the bath on a time scale given by the relaxation rate *γ*~r~. Furthermore, quantum fluctuations and energy exchange yield dephasing with rate *γ*. ", "In the Ohmic spin-boson model, low frequency environmental modes also lead to a strong renormalization of the bare qubit tunneling splitting *Δ*. ", "The renormalized qubit frequency *Ω* depends on the bath temperature and coupling strength *α*, and is always reduced with respect to *Δ*. ", "This leads to three distinct dynamical regimes. ", "Two of them, occurring for *α* \\< 1, are depicted in Fig.", " [1c](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} for the symmetric spin-boson model shown in the left drawing in Fig.", " [1b](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The coherent regime corresponds to *Ω* \\> *γ*. ", "This occurs for *α* \\< 1/2 and a temperature *T* \\< *T*\\*(*α*). ", "In this regime, for a spin initially localized in the right well (*P*(0) = 1), the qubit displays damped coherent oscillations of frequency *Ω*, specifically, *P*(*t*) = exp(−*γt*)cos(*Ωt*) (see insets of Fig.", " [2a, b](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "At the crossover temperature, the renormalized frequency *Ω* vanishes (see Methods and Eq. ([", "26](#Equ26){ref-type=\"\"})). ", "The incoherent regime corresponds to *α* \\< 1/2 and *T* \\> *T*\\*(*α*) or 1/2 \\< *α* \\< 1. ", "The dynamics are characterized by incoherent tunneling transitions with rates *k*^f/b^ defined in Section III of the Methods section (Fig.", " [2b](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Correspondingly, we have $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$P(t) = e^{ - \\gamma _{\\mathrm{r}}t}$$\\end{document}$, where *γ*~r~ = *k*^f^ + *k*^b^ (see inset in Fig.", " 2[c](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In the third regime, corresponding to *α* \\> 1, localization occurs. ", "Here, the backward and forward rates are renormalized to zero by the low-frequency bath modes. ", "As shown in Fig.", " [1c](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, in the Ohmic spin-boson model, the dynamics becomes fully incoherent above *α* = 0.5 for any value of the temperature. ", "As the coupling approaches this value, any perturbative approach in the coupling fails to describe the physics of the system. ", "Consistently with ref. ", "^[@CR9]^, we refer to the coupling regimes *α* \\> 0.5 as ultrastrong. ", "Primary scope of this work is to understand how the dynamical phase diagram in Fig.", " [1c](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} is modified by a periodic modulation of the detuning. ", "This is a formidable task, since the spin-boson problem with time-periodic detuning cannot be solved analytically in the whole parameter space. ", "Exact solutions exist for the particular value *α* = 1/2^[@CR22]^. Recently, an analytical solution was suggested for the case of a spin-boson system with time-periodic tunneling amplitude^[@CR23]^.Fig. ", "2Spin-boson dynamics and spectra at different coupling strengths in the absence of the drive. **", "a**--**c** Frequency dependence of the imaginary part *χ*″(*ω*~p~) of the linear susceptibility (a.u.) ", "and time evolution of the population difference *P*(*t*) (insets) for the three selected combinations of coupling and temperature shown in Fig.", " [1c](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The position *ω*\\* and FWHM 2*γ* of the linear susceptibility peak in the coherent regimes (*α* = 0.007, *α* = 0.21) provide a direct measure of the renormalized qubit frequency $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${{\\Omega }} = \\sqrt {\\left( {\\omega ^ \\ast } \\right)^2 - \\gamma ^2}$$\\end{document}$. In the incoherent regime (*α* = 0.8), the peak position yields the relaxation rate *γ*~r~. **d**--**f** Experimental transmission spectra of three flux qubit devices with different coupling junctions are compared with spectra calculated within the NIBA. ", "The characteristic hyperbolic spectrum of the flux qubit is evident in **d** and recognizable in **e**. ", "Its disappearance in **f** indicates the transition to the incoherent regime. ", "At $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\Phi }_\\varepsilon$$\\end{document}$ = *Φ*~0~/2 the spin-boson system is unbiased, which is the situation of panels **a**--**c**\n\nLinear susceptibility of the driven spin-boson model {#Sec5}\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nTo carry out our spectroscopic analysis, we describe the bias between the potential wells in our experimental setup by means of the time-dependent function$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\varepsilon (t) = \\varepsilon _0 + \\varepsilon _{\\mathrm{p}}{\\kern 1pt} {\\mathrm{cos}}\\left( {\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}t} \\right) + \\varepsilon _{\\mathrm{d}}{\\kern 1pt} {\\mathrm{cos}}\\left( {\\omega _{\\mathrm{d}}t} \\right).$$\\end{document}$$Here, the static component *ε*~0~ is related to the externally applied flux *Φ*~*ε*~ by *ε*~0~ ∝ (*Φ*~*ε*~ − *Φ*~0~/2), with *Φ*~0~ the magnetic flux quantum. ", "The remaining contributions account for the probe (p), with amplitude *ε*~p~ and frequency *ω*~p~, and the drive (d), with amplitude *ε*~d~ and frequency *ω*~d~. For details, see the Methods section. ", "The central quantity in this work is the linear susceptibility *χ*(*ω*~p~), which describes the qubit's response at the probe frequency *ω*~p~, see Eq. ([", "1](#Equ1){ref-type=\"\"}). ", "The susceptibility measures deviations of the asymptotic population difference, *P*^as^(*t*), from its value *P*~0~ in the absence of the weak probe according to^[@CR24]^$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$P^{{\\mathrm{as}}}(t) = P_0 + \\hbar \\varepsilon _{\\mathrm{p}}\\left[ {\\chi \\left( {\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}} \\right)e^{{\\mathrm{i}}\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}t} + \\chi \\left( { - \\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}} \\right)e^{ - {\\mathrm{i}}\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}t}} \\right].$$\\end{document}$$\n\nIn this work, the dynamical quantity *P*(*t*), and in turn the susceptibility *χ*(*ω*~p~), have been calculated within the so-called noninteracting-blip approximation (NIBA). ", "This approximation yields a generalized master equation for *P*(*t*) with kernels that are nonperturbative in *α*. ", "It becomes exact at large temperatures and/or coupling strengths^[@CR2]^. Under the assumption that *ω*~d~ is large compared to the (renormalized) frequency scales of the spin-boson particle, closed expressions for the transient evolution of *P*(*t*), as well as for the linear susceptibility of the driven spin-boson system, can be obtained (details in the Methods section).", "\n\nCharacterizing the dynamical regimes of the undriven devices {#Sec6}\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe first demonstrate in Fig.", " [2a--c](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} the connection between the imaginary part, *χ*″(*ω*~p~), of the susceptibility and *P*(*t*) for the symmetric spin-boson model in the presence of the probe only (*ε*~0~ = *ε*~d~ = 0). ", "We choose three distinct values of the coupling, namely *α* = 0.007, 0.21, situated in the coherent regime, and *α* = 0.8 in the incoherent regime (see the three dots indicated in Fig.", " [1c](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In the coherent regime, *χ*″(*ω*~p~) has a peak at *ω*^\\*^ = (*Ω*^2^ + *γ*^2^)^1/2^ with full width at half maximum (FWHM) given by 2*γ*. ", "In the incoherent regime, the peak is located near zero frequency, at the value of the relaxation rate *γ*~r~. According to Eq. ([", "1](#Equ1){ref-type=\"\"}), a maximum in *χ*″(*ω*~p~) corresponds to a minimum in the transmission $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\cal T}(\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}})$$\\end{document}$. By recording the evolution of the transmission as a function of *ω*~p~ and of another external parameter, e.g., the static asymmetry *ε*~0~, various dynamical regimes can be identified.", "\n\nThe theoretically calculated transmission is presented in Fig.", " [2d--f](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} as a function of the applied static bias *ε*~0~ for the three values of *α* discussed above. ", "As expected, the qubit dispersion relation can be traced back in the highly coherent and underdamped regimes corresponding to *α* = 0.007 and *α* = 0.21, respectively. ", "In the overdamped regime, with *α* = 0.8, the transmission is nearly independent of *ω*~p~. Finally, comparison with the measured transmission for three distinct tunable devices, named I, II, and III in the following, allows us to position the three devices as shown in the phase diagram in Fig.", " [1c](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Temperature, cutoff frequency, renormalized splitting *Ω*, and conversion factor $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\cal N}$$\\end{document}$ are estimated from the experiments. ", "Deviations in the choice of these parameters can yield variations in the estimate of the coupling strength *α*. ", "The close agreement between the calculated and measured qubit spectra gives a strong evidence that Device III, with an estimated coupling *α* = 0.8 ± 0.1 (see the Supplementary Note [7](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}), is in the nonperturbative ultrastrong coupling regime, buttressing the conclusion of ref. ", "^[@CR9],\\ [@CR25]^. In a recent work^[@CR26]^ a polaron approach, which is equivalent to the NIBA^[@CR2]^, has been used to provide approximate expressions for the response of an undriven qubit coupled to a transmission line.", "\n\nSpectroscopy of the driven spin-boson model {#Sec7}\n-------------------------------------------\n\nLet us now turn to the impact of a strong coherent drive on a spin-boson particle in the intermediate and ultrastrong coupling regimes captured by devices II and III, respectively. ", "The experimental spectra in Fig.", " [3a, e](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} show the probe transmission as a function of flux bias *ε*~0~ and drive power ($\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\propto \\varepsilon _{\\mathrm{d}}^2$$\\end{document}$) for these devices. ", "Probe and drive frequencies are respectively set to *ω*~p~/2*π* = 5.2 GHz and *ω*~d~/2*π* = 9 GHz for Device II. ", "For Device III we choose *ω*~p~/2*π* = 4 GHz and *ω*~d~/2*π* = 3 GHz. ", "For Device II, the probe is on-resonance with the undriven qubit at the symmetry point. ", "For Device III, the qualitative features of the driven spectra are largely insensitive to the choice of *ω*~p~ and *ω*~d~. The theoretical predictions, shown in Fig.", " [3b, f](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, agree well with the experimental observations. ", "Similar to the pump-only case, striking differences are observed in the transmission of the two devices. ", "Let us start discussing Device II. ", "Minima in the transmission are clearly seen in Fig.", " [3a, b](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} whenever the static bias matches a multiple of the pump frequency, *ε*~0~ = *nω*~d~, as indicated by the vertical lines drawn in Fig.", " [3b](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} for *n* = 0, 1. ", "Furthermore, the observed pattern with fixed bias at the *n*-th resonance results from a modulation by a prefactor proportional to *J*~*n*~(*ε*~d~/*ω*~d~), where *J*~*n*~ is a Bessel function of the first kind. ", "For example, the qubit response at the symmetry point is suppressed in correspondence with the first zero of the Bessel function *J*~0~(*ε*~d~/*ω*~d~) (indicated by a circle), where the incoming probing field is fully transmitted. ", "At larger power, as the zero order Bessel function increases again, the transmission diminishes. ", "Similar patterns have already been reported in driven qubit devices in the highly coherent regime^[@CR14],\\ [@CR17]^. Those results can be interpreted as a signature of entangled light-matter states known as dressed-states^[@CR13],\\ [@CR27],\\ [@CR28]^. Near the multiphoton resonance, *ε*~0~ = *nω*~d~, two of these dressed states form an effective two-level system with dressed tunneling splitting *Δ*~*n*~ = *ΔJ*~*n*~(*ε*~d~/*ω*~d~). ", "Near a zero of the *n*-th Bessel function, tunneling is strongly suppressed and hence the transmission is maximal. ", "This phenomenon has been dubbed coherent destruction of tunneling in the literature^[@CR29]^. Dissipation modifies this simple coherent picture, as demonstrated for Device III in Fig.", " [3e, f](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} where no Bessel pattern is present and a smooth \"V-shaped\" transmission is observed instead.", "Fig. ", "3Spectral response and dynamics of the driven spin-boson system. **", "a**, **b** Observed and calculated transmission at the probe frequency for the moderately coupled Device II (*α* = 0.21) as function of static bias and pump strength. ", "A clear structure of multi-photon resonances appears. ", "The dashed lines indicate cuts at fixed bias where the dynamics in panels **c**, **d** are calculated. **", "c**,**d** Predicted dynamics of *P*(*t*) with *P*(0) = 1. **", "e**, **f** Observed and calculated spectrum of the ultrastrongly coupled Device III (with *α* = 0.8). ", "The spectrum is smoothed, as compared to panels **a**, **b**, indicating fully incoherent dynamics. ", "The black dashed line in **f** corresponds to the condition *ε*~eff~ = 2*k*~B~*T*/*ħ* for the effective nonequilibrium bias (see Eq. ([", "7](#Equ7){ref-type=\"\"})) and the symbols \"×\" mark the first two zeroes of *J*~0~(*ε*~d~*τ*~env~). **", "g** Time evolution of *P*(*t*) calculated at the symmetry point, *ε*~0~ = 0, in the same range of pump strengths as in panel **f**\n\nDiscussion {#Sec8}\n==========\n\nTo understand to what extent dissipation modifies the dressed state picture, we have studied the transient dynamics of the population difference *P*(*t*) in the presence of drive only (*ε*~p~ = 0). ", "As discussed in the Methods, *P*(*t*) is governed by a generalized master equation featuring the two nonequilibrium kernels $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\cal K}^{ + / - }(t)$$\\end{document}$, which in the absence of probe field, are symmetric/antisymmetric in the static bias *ε*~0~. In Laplace space, by solving the pole equation *λ* + *K*^+^ (*λ*) = 0, where $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$K^ + (\\lambda ) = {\\int}_0^\\infty {\\kern 1pt} {\\mathrm{exp}}( - \\lambda t){\\cal K}^ + (t)$$\\end{document}$, the phase diagram of the driven spin-boson particle can in principle be found along the lines discussed in the Methods. ", "The kernel *K*^+^(*λ*) can be expressed as the sum *K*^f^(*λ*) + *K*^b^(*λ*) of the nonequilibrium forward and backward kernels$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$K^{{\\mathrm{f/b}}}(\\lambda ) = \\frac{{{\\Delta }^2}}{2}{\\int}_0^\\infty {\\kern 1pt} {\\mathrm{d}}t{\\kern 1pt} e^{ - Q{\\prime}(t) - \\lambda t}J_0\\left[ {{d}(t)} \\right]{\\mathrm{cos}}\\left[ {Q{\\prime\\prime}(t) \\mp \\varepsilon _0t} \\right],$$\\end{document}$$with $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$d(t) = 2\\varepsilon _{\\mathrm{d}}\\omega _{\\mathrm{d}}^{ - 1}{\\kern 1pt} {\\mathrm{sin}}\\left( {\\omega _{\\mathrm{d}}t{\\mathrm{/}}2} \\right)$$\\end{document}$. The correlation function *Q*(*t*) = *Q*′(*t*) + i*Q*″(*t*) describes the environmental influence and its explicit form is discussed in the Supplementary Note [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"} and in Eqs. ([", "15](#Equ15){ref-type=\"\"}) and ([16](#Equ16){ref-type=\"\"}) of the Methods. ", "For the present discussion, it is enough to observe that in the long-time limit $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$t \\gg \\tau _{{\\mathrm{env}}}$$\\end{document}$, where *τ*~env~ = (2*παk*~B~*T*/*ħ*)^−1^, the real part of *Q*(*t*) assumes the form *Q*′(*t*) \\~ *t*/*τ*~env~ + const. ", "appropriate to white noise. ", "Thus, *τ*~env~ yields an estimate of the memory time of the kernels entering Eq. ([", "6](#Equ6){ref-type=\"\"}). ", "The impact of the drive is encapsulated in the time-dependent argument of the Bessel function of first kind *J*~0~. Depending on whether *ω*~d~*τ*~env~ ≥ 1 (slow relaxation) or *ω*~d~*τ*~env~ ≤ 1 (fast relaxation), two distinct regimes corresponding to devices II and III are encountered, respectively.", "\n\nLet us focus on the first case, explored in Fig.", " [3a, b](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "In this regime, one full cycle of the drive field is possible before environmental effects induce a loss of coherence. ", "Thus, we expect that coherent absorption and emission processes from the drive field take place during a cycle. ", "An expansion of the Bessel function in Eq. ([", "6](#Equ6){ref-type=\"\"}) in a Fourier series, *J*~0~\\[*d*(*t*)\\] = $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\mathop {\\sum}\\nolimits_n {\\kern 1pt} J_n^2(\\varepsilon _{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathrm{/}}\\omega _{\\mathrm{d}}){\\mathrm{exp}}\\left( {{\\mathrm{i}}n\\omega _{\\mathrm{d}}} \\right)$$\\end{document}$, shows that the channel with *nω*~d~ = *ε*~0~, dominates the series^[@CR12]^, and hence an effective two-level description with renormalized tunneling splitting *Δ*~*n*~ applies. ", "A solution of the pole equation in this approximation yields a renormalization of the crossover temperature *T*\\*(*α*) → *T*\\*(*α*)\\[*J*~*n*~(*ε*~d~/*ω*~d~)\\]^1/(1−*α*)^. Because *J*~*n*~ \\< 1, the pump field always yields a reduction of quantum coherence. ", "Near the zeros of *J*~*n*~, quantum coherence is fully suppressed and an incoherent decay is expected. ", "This behavior is seen in Fig.", " [3c, d](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, where we show the simulated time evolution of *P*(*t*) as a function of pump power at *ε*~0~ = 0 and *ε*~0~ = *ω*~d~, respectively. ", "The color map of *P*(*t*) displays coherent oscillations at low to moderate pump amplitudes, where *J*~0~(*ε*~d~/*ω*~d~) is still of order one. ", "However, a full suppression of quantum coherence occurs near the first zero of *J*~0~, highlighted by a solid white circle. ", "We notice that the almost complete standstill predicted to occur at the zeros of *J*~0~ for a dissipation-free, symmetric two-level particle^[@CR29]^, is destroyed by environmental relaxation processes, albeit on a very slow time scale. ", "A similar suppression of coherence, together with a very slow incoherent decay, is observed at the first resonance, *ε*~0~ = *ω*~d~, shown in Fig.", " [3d](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, in correspondence with the first zero of *J*~1~. Independently of the initial preparation, the steady state population acquires the value *P*~0~ = (*K*^f^ − *K*^b^)/(*K*^f^ + *K*^b^), where *K*^f/*b*^ = *K*^f/*b*^(*λ* = 0) are the nonequilibrium backward and forward rates. ", "For the symmetric case shown in Fig.", " [3c](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the backward and forward rates are equal and hence *P*~0~ = 0. ", "A genuine nonequilibrium behavior is observed in Fig.", " [3d](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} in the region between the first zeros of *J*~0~ and *J*~1~, where the steady state qubit population *P*~0~ \\< 0, corresponding to a larger population of the left state despite *ε*~0~ \\> 0. ", "This phenomenon originates from the effective detailed balance relation$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$K^{\\mathrm{f}} = K^{\\mathrm{b}}e^{\\hbar \\varepsilon _{{\\mathrm{eff}}}{\\mathrm{/}}k_{\\mathrm{B}}T}$$\\end{document}$$between the nonequilibrium backward and forward rates *K*^f/b^. This equation implicitly defines the effective asymmetry *ε*~eff~. Only in the absence of the drive does *ε*~eff~ coincide with the static bias *ε*~0~. We note that the use of an external coherent drive to tune the direction of long-range electron chemical reactions via a drive-induced effective bias was originally proposed in refs. ", "^[@CR30],\\ [@CR31]^.\n\nLet us turn to the explanation of the results for Device III displayed in Fig.", " [3e--g](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, where $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\omega _{\\mathrm{d}}\\tau _{{\\mathrm{env}}} \\ll 1$$\\end{document}$ applies. ", "In this regime the approximate result$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\chi \\left( {\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}} \\right) = \\frac{1}{{4k_{\\mathrm{B}}T}}\\frac{{\\partial \\varepsilon _{{\\mathrm{eff}}}{\\mathrm{/}}\\partial \\varepsilon _0}}{{{\\mathrm{cosh}}^{\\mathrm{2}}\\left( {\\hbar \\varepsilon _{{\\mathrm{eff}}}{\\mathrm{/}}2k_{\\mathrm{B}}T} \\right)}}\\frac{{\\gamma _{\\mathrm{d}}}}{{\\gamma _{\\mathrm{d}} + {\\mathrm{i}}\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}}}$$\\end{document}$$can be obtained from the exact expression Eq. ([", "19](#Equ19){ref-type=\"\"}) of the Methods section. ", "This form is associated to the incoherent dynamics of the spin boson particle with nonequilibrium relaxation rate *γ*~d~ ≡ *K*^f^ + *K*^b^. At the symmetry point we have *ε*~eff~ = *ε*~0~ = 0, with $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\mathrm{lim}}_{\\varepsilon _0 \\to 0}\\partial \\varepsilon _{{\\mathrm{eff}}}{\\mathrm{/}}\\partial \\varepsilon _0 \\ne 0$$\\end{document}$. Correspondingly, the susceptibility *χ*″(*ω*~p~) has a peak at *ω*~p~ = *γ*~d~. An expansion in the small parameter *ω*~d~*τ*~env~ yields *J*~0~\\[*d*(*t*)\\] ≈ *J*~0~(*ε*~d~*t*) and hence a relaxation rate *γ*~d~ which is independent of the driving frequency *ω*~d~, consistent with the experimental observation that the spectra depend weakly on *ω*~d~. The dependence on the pump amplitude *ε*~d~ remains, as clearly seen in Fig.", " [3e--g](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} where the transmission at the symmetry point smoothly increases for increasing drive amplitude. ", "The transmission is almost complete for drive powers above the value (*ε*~d~/*Δ*)^2^ ≃ 16 dB roughly corresponding to the second zero of *J*~0~(*ε*~d~*τ*~env~) (see Fig.", " [3f](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, where the black crosses highlight the first two zeroes). ", "Regarding the transmission at finite static bias, we expect that no thermally assisted excitation is possible when $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\hbar \\varepsilon _{{\\mathrm{eff}}} \\gg k_{\\mathrm{B}}T$$\\end{document}$; correspondingly the susceptibility vanishes, as accounted by the term $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\mathrm{cosh}}^{ - 2}(\\hbar \\varepsilon _{{\\mathrm{eff}}}{\\mathrm{/}}2k_{\\mathrm{B}}T)$$\\end{document}$ in Eq. ([", "8](#Equ8){ref-type=\"\"}). ", "This behavior is clearly seen in Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}f, where the black dashed line corresponds to the condition *ħε*~eff~ = 2*k*~B~*T*. ", "Below the dashed line the effective bias is larger than the temperature and the signal is fully transmitted.", "\n\nIn conclusion, we have experimentally and theoretically explored the paradigmatic driven spin-boson model in the underdamped and ultrastrong dynamical regimes. ", "Quantum coherence is generally reduced or even destroyed by a drive field in a way which can be tuned by sweeping the drive amplitude and frequency. ", "The control of the dynamics is possible for a generic Ohmic spin-boson particle, independently of its microscopic details. ", "Localization and even population inversion can be attained by properly tuning the parameters of the coherent drive. ", "Our results might find application in various physical, chemical, and quantum biology realizations of the driven spin-boson model.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec9}\n=======\n\nExperimental fabrication and measurement setup {#Sec10}\n----------------------------------------------\n\nDevices were fabricated according to the procedure explained in ref. ", "^[@CR9]^. Our setup was designed in such a way that the reservoir (the photons in the transmission line) can still be considered in equilibrium despite the strong pumping applied to the qubit. ", "The response of the photons depends on the intensity of the drive and on the coupling mechanisms. ", "In our experiment, the degrees of freedom of the bath are very weakly coupled to the drive, compared to the qubit. ", "Hence, even though the qubit is strongly driven, the bath is not. ", "To be more quantitative, the most sensitive component of our bath is the 50 Ohm input of our amplifier. ", "From its data sheet, the amplifier starts to become nonlinear for an input power of −12 dBm (its 1 dB compression point), which is many orders of magnitude higher than what our pump power is. ", "The other components of our bath, which would be microwave attenuators (resistors), are linear up to energies a few orders of magnitude higher. ", "From the theoretical point of view, we expect that the transmission of the fully-driven spin-boson model would differ qualitatively from the one of the system-driven spin-boson model considered in this work. ", "No trivial mapping exists between the two models. ", "The very good agreement between theoretical predictions and the experiment validate our conclusion that merely the system is driven.", "\n\nRelation between theoretical and experimental observables {#Sec11}\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe flux operator in the qubit basis is identified with $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\hat{\\Phi }} = f\\sigma _z$$\\end{document}$. The proportionality constant *f* is a fitting parameter which, for low couplings, is estimated to be *f* = *MI*~pers~, with *M* the qubit-line mutual inductance and *I*~pers~ the persistent current in the superconducting loop. ", "This estimate provides values (see Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}) which are not far from those obtained from fit to data for devices I and II and from qualitative analysis for Device III. ", "The externally applied tunable flux *Φ*~*ε*~ is related to the static bias by *ħε*~0~ = 2*I*~pers~(*Φ*~*ε*~ − *Φ*~0~/2), with *Φ*~0~ the magnetic flux quantum. ", "The probe input voltage is connected to the angular frequency *ε*~p~ yielding the theoretical probe amplitude, see Eq. ([", "4](#Equ4){ref-type=\"\"}), through $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$V_{\\mathrm{p}}^{{\\mathrm{in}}}\\left( t \\right) = f_{Z}\\varepsilon _{\\mathrm{p}}{\\kern 1pt} {\\mathrm{cos}}\\left( {\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}t} \\right)$$\\end{document}$, where the proportionality constant is *f*~*Z*~ = *ħZ*/*f* and *Z* is the line impedance. ", "It follows that the constant $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\cal N}$$\\end{document}$ in Eq. ([", "1](#Equ1){ref-type=\"\"}) is given by the ratio *f*/*f*~*Z*~.Table 1Parameters used for simulationsFigures [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}Device IDevice IIDevice III*ω*~c~/2*π* (GHz)656565*I*~pers~ (nA)600280250*α*0.007 \\[fit\\]0.21 \\[fit\\]0.8^a^*Δ*/2*π* (GHz)4.04 \\[fit\\]7.23 \\[fit\\]8.0^a^**Figure** [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**Device IDevice IIDevice III***T* (mK)909090$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\cal N}$$\\end{document}$ (estimated)0.03 \\[fit\\] (0.02)1.1 \\[fit\\] (0.5)8.0^a^ (5--10)**Figure** [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}**Device IIDevice III***T* (mK)175^a^90^a^$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\cal N}$$\\end{document}$1.1^a^16.0^a^*ω*~p~/2*π* (GHz)5.24.0*ω*~d~/2*π* (GHz)9.03.0^a^Value yielding qualitative agreement with the experiment, see Supplementary Note [7](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}\n\nParameters used in the simulation {#Sec12}\n---------------------------------\n\nThe parameters used in the numerical simulations shown in Figs.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} are provided in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Coupling *α*, bare tunneling frequency *Δ*, and proportionality constant $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\cal N}$$\\end{document}$ are determined by fit to data of $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\left| {\\cal T} \\right|^2$$\\end{document}$ vs. *ω*~p~ performed for the nondriven devices I and II at the symmetry point *Φ*~*ε*~ = *Φ*~0~/2 (see Fig.", " [2d, e](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Such fits along with their accuracy are shown in Supplementary Fig.", " [4](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}. ", "In Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the measured value of 90 mK is used for the temperature. ", "Temperature values used in Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} account for a possibly higher effective temperature introduced by the drive at the qubit position. ", "Specifically, for Device II, in the presence of the pump drive, a better qualitative agreement between simulated and experimental transmission is obtained by assuming a higher temperature. ", "As the qualitative features of the simulated transmission for Device III, operating at ultrastrong coupling, are weakly sensitive to variations of the temperature, we used the same value of temperature for the pump-probe and the probe-only cases.", "\n\nDriven spin-boson dynamics within the NIBA {#Sec13}\n------------------------------------------\n\nThe spin-boson model describes the coupling of a two-level quantum system to a bath of harmonic oscillators^[@CR32]^. By assuming a coupling which linearly depends on the coordinates of the oscillators, one arrives at the famous spin-boson Hamiltonian$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$H(t) = H_{{\\mathrm{qb}}}(t) - \\frac{\\hbar }{2}\\sigma _z\\mathop {\\sum}\\limits_i {\\kern 1pt} c_i\\left( {a_i^\\dagger + a_i} \\right) + \\mathop {\\sum}\\limits_i {\\kern 1pt} \\hbar \\omega _ia_i^\\dagger a_i,$$\\end{document}$$where *a*~*i*~, $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$a_i^\\dagger$$\\end{document}$ are bosonic annihilation and creation operators and the coefficients *c*~*i*~ are the amplitude of the interaction strength of the two-level system with mode *i*. ", "The bosonic heat bath is fully characterized by the spectral function $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$G(\\omega ) = \\mathop {\\sum}\\nolimits_i {\\kern 1pt} c_i^2\\delta \\left( {\\omega - \\omega _i} \\right)$$\\end{document}$. For Ohmic damping, *G*(*ω*) ∝ *ω*, as assumed in Eq. ([", "3](#Equ3){ref-type=\"\"}).", "\n\nThe Ohmic spin-boson problem owes its popularity to its ubiquity and to the variety of parameter regimes it encompasses as the temperature *T* and the coupling strength *α* are varied. ", "We refer the readers to ref. ", "^[@CR2]^ for an exhaustive treatment. ", "The dynamical properties of a driven spin-boson system in the strongly damped and in the incoherent regimes, are well described within the so-called noninteracting-blip approximation (NIBA). ", "Furthermore, the NIBA captures well the dynamics of a symmetric (*ε*~0~ = 0) spin-boson system in the whole parameter regime. ", "The NIBA approximation provides a generalized master equation (GME) for the evolution of the population difference *P*(*t*) with rates in second order in the bare tunneling splitting *Δ* but nonperturbative in *α*. ", "Accounting for the presence of time dependent fields, the GME explicitly reads$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\dot P(t) = {\\int}_{t_0}^t {\\kern 1pt} {\\mathrm{d}}t^{\\prime}\\left[ {{\\cal K}^ - (t,t^{\\prime}) - {\\cal K}^ + (t,t^{\\prime})P(t^{\\prime})} \\right].$$\\end{document}$$\n\nThe NIBA kernels $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\cal K}^ \\pm$$\\end{document}$, averaged over a pump period, are given by$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\cal K}^ + (t,t^{\\prime}) = h^ + (t - t^{\\prime}){\\mathrm{cos}}\\left[ {\\zeta (t,t^{\\prime})} \\right],$$\\end{document}$$$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\cal K}^ - (t,t^{\\prime}) = h^ - (t - t^{\\prime}){\\mathrm{sin}}\\left[ {\\zeta (t,t^{\\prime})} \\right],$$\\end{document}$$with$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$h^ + (t) = {\\Delta }^2e^{ - Q{\\prime}(t)}{\\mathrm{cos}}\\left[ {Q{\"}(t)} \\right]J_0\\left[ {\\frac{{2\\varepsilon _{\\mathrm{d}}}}{{\\omega _{\\mathrm{d}}}}{\\mathrm{sin}}\\left( {\\frac{{\\omega _{\\mathrm{d}}t}}{2}} \\right)} \\right],$$\\end{document}$$$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$h^ - (t) = {\\Delta }^2e^{ - Q^{\\prime}(t)}{\\mathrm{sin}}\\left[ {Q^{\\prime\\prime}(t)} \\right]J_0\\left[ {\\frac{{2\\varepsilon _{\\mathrm{d}}}}{{\\omega _{\\mathrm{d}}}}{\\mathrm{sin}}\\left( {\\frac{{\\omega _{\\mathrm{d}}t}}{2}} \\right)} \\right].$$\\end{document}$$\n\nThe function *Q*(*t*) = *Q*′(*t*) + i*Q*″(*t*) is the environmental correlation function. ", "For the Ohmic spectral density function *G*(*ω*) = 2*αω* exp(−*ω*/*ω*~c~), *α* being the dimensionless coupling strength and *ω*~c~ a high frequency cutoff, and in the scaling limit $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\hbar \\omega _{\\mathrm{c}} \\gg \\beta ^{ - 1} = k_{\\mathrm{B}}T$$\\end{document}$, these functions have an explicit form^[@CR2]^$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$Q{\\prime}(t) = 2\\alpha {\\kern 1pt} {\\mathrm{ln}}\\left[ {\\sqrt {1 + \\omega _{\\mathrm{c}}^2t^2} \\frac{{{\\mathrm{sinh}}(\\pi t{\\mathrm{/}}{{\\hbar}} \\beta )}}{{\\pi t{\\mathrm{/}}\\hbar \\beta }}} \\right],$$\\end{document}$$$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$Q{\"}(t) = 2\\alpha {\\kern 1pt} {\\mathrm{arctan}}\\left( {\\omega _{\\mathrm{c}}t} \\right).$$\\end{document}$$\n\nThe above formulas are accurate in all coupling regimes, provided that the cutoff frequency is large with respect to the other frequency scales involved. ", "In the long-time limit ($\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$t{\\mathrm{/}}\\beta \\hbar \\gg 1$$\\end{document}$) the real part of *Q*(*t*) assumes the form *Q*′(*t*) \\~ *t*/*τ*~env~ + const., ", "where *τ*~env~ = (2*παk*~B~*T*/*ħ*)^−1^. Thus the latter quantity determines the memory time of the kernels $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\cal K}^ \\pm$$\\end{document}$ in Eqs. ([", "11](#Equ11){ref-type=\"\"}) and ([12](#Equ12){ref-type=\"\"}).", "\n\nThe dynamical phase entering the kernels reads$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\zeta (t,t^{\\prime}) = (t - t^{\\prime})\\varepsilon _0 + \\frac{{\\varepsilon _{\\mathrm{p}}}}{{\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}}}\\left\\{ {{\\mathrm{sin}}\\left( {\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}t} \\right) - {\\mathrm{sin}}\\left[ {\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}(t^{\\prime})} \\right]} \\right\\}.$$\\end{document}$$\n\nNote that in the absence of the probe field, *ε*~p~ = 0, the pump-averaged kernels depend only on the difference *t* − *t*′, i.e., $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\cal K}^ \\pm$$\\end{document}$(*t*, *t*′) = $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\cal K}^ \\pm$$\\end{document}$(*t* − *t*′), as in the static case. ", "The latter is then recovered by additionally setting *ε*~d~ = 0. ", "On the other hand, the probe-only setup is described by Eq. ([", "10](#Equ10){ref-type=\"\"}) upon setting *ε*~d~ = 0 in Eqs. ([", "13](#Equ13){ref-type=\"\"}) and ([14](#Equ14){ref-type=\"\"}). ", "The dynamics shown in the insets of Fig.", " [2a--c](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} are based on the numerical solution of the GME (10) for *ε*(*t*) = 0, whereas in the time evolution of *P*(*t*) vs. pump power shown in panels c, d, and g of Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, only the probe field is set to zero.", "\n\nThe linear susceptibility {#Sec14}\n-------------------------\n\nThe linear susceptibility is related to the asymptotic probability difference by$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$P^{{\\mathrm{as}}}(t) = P_0 + \\hbar \\varepsilon _{\\mathrm{p}}\\left[ {\\chi (\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}})e^{{\\mathrm{i}}\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}t} + \\chi \\left( { - \\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}} \\right)e^{ - {\\mathrm{i}}\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}t}} \\right],$$\\end{document}$$where, in the NIBA, *P*~0~ reduces to the equilibrium value *P*~eq~ = tanh(*ħε*~0~/2*k*~B~*T*) in the absence of pump driving. ", "The transmission $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\cal T}(\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}})$$\\end{document}$ and the susceptibility *χ*(*ω*~p~) shown in the theoretical plots of Figs.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} are calculated by means of the exact NIBA expression^[@CR12]^$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$P_0 = \\frac{{K^ - (0)}}{{K^ + (0)}},\\,\\chi (\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}) = \\frac{{H^ + \\left( {\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}} \\right) - H^ - \\left( {\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}} \\right)P_0}}{{{\\mathrm{i}}\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}} + K^ + \\left( {{\\mathrm{i}}\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}} \\right)}},$$\\end{document}$$with superscripts ± denoting symmetric/antisymmetric functions of *ε*~0~. For our pump-probe case we find$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$H^ + \\left( {\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}} \\right) = \\frac{1}{{\\hbar \\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}}}{\\int}_0^\\infty {\\kern 1pt} {\\mathrm{d}}t{\\kern 1pt} e^{ - {\\mathrm{i}}\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}t/2}{\\mathrm{sin}}\\left( {\\frac{{\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}t}}{2}} \\right)h^ - (t){\\mathrm{cos}}\\left( {\\varepsilon _0t} \\right),$$\\end{document}$$$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$H^ - \\left( {\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}} \\right) = \\frac{{ - 1}}{{\\hbar \\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}}}{\\int}_0^\\infty {\\kern 1pt} {\\mathrm{d}}t{\\kern 1pt} e^{ - {\\mathrm{i}}\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}t/2}{\\mathrm{sin}}\\left( {\\frac{{\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}t}}{2}} \\right)h^ + (t){\\mathrm{sin}}\\left( {\\varepsilon _0t} \\right),$$\\end{document}$$$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$K^ + (\\lambda ) = {\\int}_0^\\infty {\\kern 1pt} {\\mathrm{d}}t{\\kern 1pt} e^{ - \\lambda t}h^ + (t){\\mathrm{cos}}\\left( {\\varepsilon _0t} \\right),$$\\end{document}$$$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$K^ - (\\lambda ) = {\\int}_0^\\infty {\\kern 1pt} {\\mathrm{d}}t{\\kern 1pt} e^{ - \\lambda t}h^ - (t){\\mathrm{sin}}\\left( {\\varepsilon _0t} \\right).$$\\end{document}$$Here $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$K^ \\pm (\\lambda ) = {\\int}_0^\\infty {\\kern 1pt} {\\mathrm{d}}\\tau e^{ - \\lambda \\tau }{\\cal K}^ \\pm (\\tau )$$\\end{document}$ are the Laplace transforms of the pump-averaged kernels in Eqs. ([", "11](#Equ11){ref-type=\"\"}) and ([12](#Equ12){ref-type=\"\"}) with *ε*~p~ = 0. ", "The kernels *K*^*±*^(*λ*) are related to the forward and backward rates *K*^f*/*b^(*λ*), introduced in Eq. ([", "6](#Equ6){ref-type=\"\"}), by *K*^*±*^ = *K*^f^ ± *K*^b^. Also, the incoherent rates for the static case are defined as *k*^f/b^ = *K*^f*/*b^(*λ* = 0,*ε*~d~ = 0). ", "For devices I and II, in the absence of pump driving, we analytically evaluated the integrals in Eqs. ([", "20](#Equ20){ref-type=\"\"}), ([21](#Equ21){ref-type=\"\"}), ([22](#Equ22){ref-type=\"\"}), and ([23](#Equ23){ref-type=\"\"}) and used the resulting expressions in the susceptibility *χ*, Eq. ([", "19](#Equ19){ref-type=\"\"}), to perform fits to the data. ", "In the limit $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\omega _{\\mathrm{p}}\\tau _{{\\mathrm{env}}} \\ll 1$$\\end{document}$, Eq. ([", "19](#Equ19){ref-type=\"\"}) simplifies to Eq. ([", "8](#Equ8){ref-type=\"\"}) of the main text (see the Supplementary Note [4](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}).", "\n\nCoherent-to-incoherent transition {#Sec15}\n---------------------------------\n\nIn the absence of probe driving, *ε*~p~ = 0, the population difference *P*(*t*) is conveniently obtained by introducing the Laplace transform $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\hat P(\\lambda ) = {\\int}_0^\\infty {\\kern 1pt} {\\mathrm{d}}te^{ - \\lambda t}P(t)$$\\end{document}$. From Eq. ([", "10](#Equ10){ref-type=\"\"}) one finds$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\hat P(\\lambda ) = \\frac{{1 + K^ - (\\lambda ){\\mathrm{/}}\\lambda }}{{\\lambda + K^ + (\\lambda )}}.$$\\end{document}$$\n\nThe pole in *λ* = 0 determines the asymptotic value *P*~0~ = *K*^−^ (0)/*K*^+^ (0) reached at long times. ", "The solution of the equation *λ* + *K*^+^(*λ*) = 0 yields information on the transient dynamics. ", "In the underdamped regime, complex solutions yield the renormalized tunneling frequency with associated dephasing rate. ", "In the incoherent regime, the long-time dynamics is ruled by a single exponential decay with relaxation rate *γ*~d~ ≡ *K*^+^ (*λ* = 0), see Eq. ([", "22](#Equ22){ref-type=\"\"}).", "\n\nLet us focus exemplarily on the undriven spin-boson system at the symmetry point *ε*~0~ = 0. ", "Then, an expansion around *λ* = 0 yields a quadratic equation for the poles of $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\hat P(\\lambda )$$\\end{document}$^[@CR33]^. In the coherent regime the roots are complex conjugated, *λ*~1,2~ = −*γ* ± i*Ω*(*T*), while they are real in the incoherent regime (cf. ", "insets in Fig.", " [2a--c](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The temperature *T*\\* at which the oscillation frequency *Ω*(*T*) vanishes determines the transition between the coherent and incoherent regimes. ", "For weak coupling one finds for example *Ω* = *Δ*~r~(1 − *παħΔ*~r~/*k*~B~*T*) with$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\Delta }_{\\mathrm{r}} = {\\Delta }\\left( {{{\\Delta /}}\\omega _{\\mathrm{c}}} \\right)^{\\alpha /(1 - \\alpha )}g(\\alpha )$$\\end{document}$$and *g*(*α*) = \\[*Γ*(1 − 2*α*)cos(*πα*)\\]^1/2(1−*α*)^. This allows the estimate *T*\\*(*α*) ≈ *ħΔ*~r~(*k*~B~*α*)^−1^ when ɑ ≪ 1. ", "For general *α* \\< 1 it is given by$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$T^ \\ast (\\alpha ) \\approx \\frac{{\\hbar {{\\Delta }}_{\\mathrm{r}}}}{{k_{\\mathrm{B}}}}\\left[ {{{\\Gamma }}(\\alpha ){\\mathrm{/}}\\alpha {{\\Gamma }}(1 - \\alpha )} \\right]^{1/2(1 - \\alpha )},$$\\end{document}$$where *Γ*(*x*) is the Euler Gamma function. ", "This approximate expression matches well the numerically calculated crossover temperature shown in Fig.", " [1c](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The coherent-incoherent transition temperature *T*\\*(*α*) depicted there is established, for *α* \\< 0.5, by using Eq. ([", "19](#Equ19){ref-type=\"\"}), with numerically evaluated kernels, whereas the point at *α* = 0.5 is individuated by the exact result *k*~B~*T*\\*(*α* = 0.5)/*ħΔ* = *Δ*/2*ω*~c~^[@CR2]^. Further details are found in the Supplementary Note [9](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}.", "\n\nData availability {#Sec16}\n-----------------\n\nThe data that support the main findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.", "\n\nElectronic supplementary material\n=================================\n\n {#Sec17}\n\nSupplementary Information Peer Review File\n\nThese authors contributed equally: L. Magazzù, P. Forn-Díaz.", "\n\nA correction to this article is available online at <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04348-9>.", "\n\n**Electronic supplementary material**\n\n**Supplementary Information** accompanies this paper at 10.1038/s41467-018-03626-w.\n\n**Publisher\\'s note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\n**Change history**\n\n6/7/2018\n\nThe original PDF and HTML versions of this Article omitted the ORCID ID of the authors L. Magazzù and P. Forn-Díaz. (", "L. Magazzù: 0000-0002-4377-8387; P. Forn-Diaz: 0000-0003-4365-5157).", "\n\nThe original PDF version of this Article contained errors in Eqs. (", "2), (6), (13), (14), (25), (26). ", "These equations were missing all instances of '*Γ*' and '*Δ*', which are correctly displayed in the HTML version.", "\n\nSimilarly, the inline equation in the third sentence of the caption of Fig. ", "2 was missing the left hand term '*Ω*'.", "\n\nThe original HTML version of this Article contained errors in Table 1. ", "The correct version of the sixth row of the first column states 'Figure 2' instead of the original, incorrect 'Figure'. ", "And the correction version of the ninth row of the first column states 'Figure 3' instead of the original, incorrect 'Figure'.", "\n\nThis has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.", "\n\nThe authors acknowledge financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft via SFB 631, NSERC of Canada, the Canadian Foundation for Innovation, the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation, Industry Canada and Canadian Microelectronics Corporation. ", "L.M. gratefully acknowledges financial support by the Angelo Della Riccia Foundation and hospitality by the Regensburg University during the early stages of the project. ", "P.F.-D. is supported by the Beatriu de Pinós fellowship (2016BP00303). ", "The authors thank J.J. García-Ripoll, B. Peropadre, and P. Hänggi for fruitful discussions, and S. Chang, A. M., and C. Deng for help with device fabrication and with the measurement setups.", "\n\nL.M. and M.G. performed the theoretical analysis, with numerical simulations carried out by L.M. The experiments were designed and performed by P.F.-D., A.L., and C.M.W. The devices were fabricated by P.F.-D., J.-L.O., M.A.Y., and M.R.O. contributed to device design and fabrication. ", "R.B. assisted in numerical modeling of the device. ", "The manuscript was mainly written by M.G. with critical comments provided by all authors. ", "The supplementary information was mainly written by L.M.. The experimental work was a collaboration between the labs led by A.L. and C.M.W.\n\nCompeting interests {#FPar1}\n===================\n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Only been worn a few times, in perfect condition. ", "Size 12. ", "Were custom ordered on nike,com for over a 130$. One of a kind Nike shoes.", "\nLocation: Ahuntsic\nit's ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests" ]

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[ "List of Lafayette College people\n\nThis is a list of notable people affiliated with Lafayette College.", "\n\nNotable alumni and trustees\n\nAcademics and education\n George C. Heckman, class of 1845, president of Hanover College 1870–79\n Thomas Craig, class of 1875, early professor of mathematics at Johns Hopkins University\n James Bright, class of 1877, philologist, first person to receive a Ph.D. in English from Johns Hopkins\n James Cameron Mackenzie, class of 1878, educator\n James McKeen Cattell, class of 1880, the first professor of psychology in the United States\n Earl Gregg Swem, class of 1893, historian, bibliographer and librarian\n Joseph S. Illick, class of 1907, Dean of the New York State College of Forestry, 1944–51\n Ralph Cooper Hutchison, class of 1918, president of Washington & Jefferson College, 1931–45, and Lafayette College, 1945–57\n Frank Reed Horton, class of 1926, founder of the Alpha Phi Omega fraternity\n Nils Yngve Wessell, class of 1934, president of Tufts University, 1953–66\n Leonard Jeffries, class of 1959, Professor of Black Studies at the City College of New York (City)\n Martin Jezer, class of 1961, progressive activist in New York and Vermont; leader of stutterers' self-help movement\n Barry Wellman, class of 1963, Professor of Sociology,. ", "University of Toronto, 1967-2013; Co-Director, NetLab Network\n Joseph Rallo, class of 1971, Commissioner of Higher Education for the State of Louisiana.", "\n John Anderson Fry, class of 1982, former president of Franklin & Marshall College and current president of Drexel University\n\nBusiness\n Ario Pardee, trustee from 1865-1892, president of the trustees from 1881-1892. ", "Coal magnate and philanthropist who donated the funds to create the engineering and science departments at Lafayette, namesake of Pardee Hall which he also funded\n James Gayley, class of 1876, Managing Director Carnegie Steel Company and first vice president of U.S. Steel, 1901–09\n Torrence Huffman, class of 1878, Banker; loaned the Huffman Prairie to the Wright Brothers\n Charles Bergstresser, class of 1881, one of the three founders of Dow Jones & Company\n Harrison Woodhull Crosby, commercialized the canned tomato\n Leslie Freeman Gates, class of 1897, president of the Chicago Board of Trade, 1919–20\n George B. Walbridge, class of 1898, co-founder and chairman of Walbridge Aldinger (now known as simply Walbridge)\n T. Frank Soles, class of 1904, chairman of the board of Talon, Inc., zipper manufacturer; trustee and donor of Soles Hall\n Fred Morgan Kirby, trustee from 1916–40, helped found the Woolworth's five and dime store chain\n Thomas J. Watson, trustee; donor; first chairman and CEO of IBM, 1914–56; computing pioneer; namesake of the Watson Computer\n Edward Jesser, class of 1939, former president of the New Jersey Chamber of Commerce & New Jersey Bankers Association, chairman and CEO of Summit Bancorp\n Walter E. Hanson, class of 1949, chairman of KPMG.", "\n Sarkis Acopian, class of 1951, founded Acopian Technical Company, makers of the first solar radios.", "\n Arthur J. Rothkopf, class of 1955, retired senior vice president of U.S. Chamber of Commerce; president emeritus of Lafayette College\n Michael H. Moskow, class of 1959, CEO and president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago\n Stephen D. Pryor, class of 1971, president of ExxonMobil Chemical Company\n Neil Levin, class of 1976, former executive director of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, vice president of Goldman Sachs\n Chip Bergh, Class of 1979, CEO of Levi Strauss & Co.\n Angel L. Mendez, class of 1982, COO of HERE\n Fran Horowitz, class of 1985, president & chief merchandising officer of Abercrombie & Fitch Co.\n Alan Hoffman, class of 1988, senior vice president, PepsiCo.; ", "former deputy chief of staff to Vice President Joe Biden; Deputy Assistant to the U.S. President\n Hendrik J. Hartong III, class of 1989, CEO of Brynwood Partners \n William R. Wagner, class of 1989, CEO of LogMeIn\n Stephen Messer, class of 1993, founder of Rakuten Linkshare and angel investor\nIan Murray, class of 1997, cofounder of Vineyard Vines\n Carson Conant, class of 1998, founder and CEO of Mediafly\n\nEngineering\n William Ashburner Cattell, class of 1884, civil engineer and railroad company president\n James Madison Porter III, class of 1886, professor of civil engineering and designer of Northampton Street Bridge\n William F. Durand, class of 1888, mechanical engineer and first civilian chair of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics\n Edgar Jadwin, class of 1888, General, Chief of Engineers\n Don Lancaster, class of 1961, author, inventor, and microcomputer pioneer\n\nEntertainment\n Burr McIntosh, class of 1884, actor, author, and photographer.", "\n Joel Silver, head of Hollywood's Silver Pictures and producer of films including the Die Hard, Lethal Weapon, and The Matrix series\n Lorene Scafaria, screenwriter, playwright, actress and singer best known for her work on the 2008 film Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist\n Jim Rosenhaus, class of 1986, broadcaster for the Cleveland Indians\n Beth Mowins, class of 1989, ESPN announcer and one of the first women color analysts on the network\n\nGovernment\n Isaiah D. Clawson, class of 1833, represented New Jersey's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives, 1855-59\n James Morrison Harris, class of 1833, U.S. Representative from Maryland, 1855–1861; Lafayette College trustee, 1865–72\n Alexander Ramsey, class of 1836, Governor of Minnesota, US Senator, Congressman, Secretary of War\n Nathaniel B. Smithers, class of 1836, U.S. Representative from Delaware, 1863–65\n Philip Johnson, class of 1844, U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania, 1861–63, 1863–67\n Henry Clay Longnecker, class of 1845 (non-graduate), honorary degree in 1851, U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania 1859-61\n Henry Green, class of 1846, Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Pennsylvania\n Henry Martyn Hoyt, attended 1845–48, honorary law degree conferred in 1882, Governor of Pennsylvania, 1879–83\n Horatio Gates Fisher, class of 1855, US Representative from Pennsylvania, 1879–83\n Samuel McLean, non-graduate, received honorary degree in 1857, member of first Montana State Legislature, 1865–67\n Benjamin Franklin Junkin, entered 1837, A.M. in 1865, US Representative from Pennsylvania, 1859–1861\n Robert Porter Allen, class of 1855, Pennsylvania State Senator, 1875–78\n Allen Craig, class of 1855, Pennsylvania State Representative and Senator, 1865–67, 1879–82\n John W. Griggs, class of 1868, Governor of New Jersey, 1896–1898; US Attorney General, 1898–1901\n Frank J. Washabaugh, class of 1870, South Dakota jurist and legislator\n Laird Howard Barber, class of 1871, US Representative from Pennsylvania 1899–1901, lawyer\n Arthur Granville Dewalt, class of 1874, US Representative from Pennsylvania, 1915–21\n Isaac Barber, class of 1876, New Jersey State Senator 1896–99, 1902–05\n Russell Benjamin Harrison, class of 1877, Indiana legislator; consul to Portugal and Mexico; son of U.S. President Benjamin Harrison\n George Howell, class of 1880, US Representative from Pennsylvania, 1903–1904\n John R. Farr, class of 1885, U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania, 1911–19, and 1921\n Cyrus E. Woods, class of 1886, president pro tempore Pennsylvania State Senate 1901-07; U.S. Ambassador to Spain and Japan, 1921–24\n Wallace McCamant, class of 1888, Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, 1925–26\n Harry Arista Mackey, class of 1890, Mayor of Philadelphia 1928 - 31\n Frederic Antes Godcharles, class of 1893, Pennsylvania State Representative and Senator, 1900–08\n Isaac Clinton Kline, class of 1893, U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania from 1921–23, lawyer\n A. Mitchell Palmer, attended briefly and honorary degree conferred in 1919, 50th Attorney General of the United States, overseer of the Palmer Raids\n John D. Clarke, class of 1898, U.S. Congressman from New York\n William Huntington Kirkpatrick, class of 1905, U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania 1921-23\n Joseph F. Crater, class of 1910, Associate Justice of the New York Supreme Court\n Haydn Proctor, class of 1926, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey\n Wesley Lance, class of 1928, member of New Jersey General Assembly and New Jersey Senate; one of the drafters of the current, 1947 New Jersey State Constitution\n Robert B. Meyner, class of 1930, Governor of New Jersey 1954–62; competed against John F. Kennedy in the 1960 Democratic Party primary\n Winston L. Prouty, class of 1930, United States Representative and Senator from Vermont\n William H. Woodin, Trustee, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, 1933\n Wayne Dumont, class of 1935, former Acting Governor of New Jersey\n Wendell Good, class of 1935, Pennsylvania State Representative 1967-72\n Charles Timothy Slack, class of 1935, Pennsylvania State Representative 1961-70\n Arch A. Moore, Jr., attended in 1943, twice Governor of West Virginia\n Arthur Sohmer, class of 1948, Chief of Staff to former Vice President Spiro Agnew\n D. Bennett Mazur (c. 1925–1994), member of the New Jersey General Assembly\n Fred Ashton, class of 1952, Mayor of Easton from 1967–75.", "\n Dennis Kux, class of 1952, U.S. Ambassador to Côte d'Ivoire, 1986–89\n William E. Simon, class of 1952, 63rd Secretary of the Treasury, president of the United States Olympic Committee\n Bob Smith, class of 1952, former Senator of New Hampshire\n Garrett E. Brown, Jr., class of 1965, Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey\n George F. Pott, Jr., class of 1965, Pennsylvania State Representative 1977-86\n Robert Pastor, class of 1969, former member of the United States National Security Council\n Joel A. Pisano, class of 1971, Federal Judge for District Court of New Jersey\n Marcia Bernicat, class of 1975, United States Ambassador to Bangladesh\n Robin L. Wiessmann, class of 1975, former Pennsylvania State Treasurer\n Craig Dally, class of 1978, Pennsylvania State Representative, 1997–2010\n Bruce L. Castor, Jr., class of 1983, Attorney General (interim) and first Solicitor General of Pennsylvania, former district attorney and county commissioner in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania; lawyer\n Doug Reichley, class of 1983, Pennsylvania State Representative 2003-12\n Robert Spagnoletti, class of 1984, former Attorney General of the District of Columbia\n Michael A. Raynor, class of 1984, former United States Ambassador to Benin\n Anthony Palumbo, class of 1994, member New York State Assembly, 2013–present\n Aaron Kaufer, class of 2011, Pennsylvania State Representative, 2015–present\n Travis Hutson, class of 2007, Florida State Senator 2012-present\n\nArts and Humanities\n J. Elfreth Watkins Sr., ", "class of 1874, Curator United States National Museum\n Frederick Starr, class of 1882, anthropologist\n Edwin Atlee Barber, classes of 1887 and 1893, Director Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art\n Snowden Ashford, class of 1888, Washington D.C.'s first municipal architect\n Harold H. Bender, class of 1903, professor of philology at Princeton University\n Barry Wellman, class of 1963, sociologist; founder of International Network for Social Network Analysis\n Brent Glass, class of 1969, director of Smithsonian National Museum of American History\n\nLiterature and poetry\n John Martin Crawford, class of 1871, translated the Finnish epic Kalevala into English; Consul-general of the United States to Russia under President Benjamin Harrison\n Stephen Crane, author of The Red Badge of Courage; attended for one semester before leaving to focus exclusively on his writing\n Dominique Lapierre, class of 1952, author\n Martin Jezer, class of 1961, activist and author\n Jay Parini, class of 1970, poet and Middlebury College professor\n Ross Gay, class of 1996, poet\n M. K. Asante, Jr., class of 2004, professor, author, and filmmaker\n Michael S. Schmidt, class of 2005, author and two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning Washington correspondent for The New York Times\n\nMedicine\n Philip S. Hench, class of 1916, winner of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950\n Haldan K. Hartline, class of 1923, winner of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1967\n Orvan Hess, class of 1927, physician noted for his early use of penicillin and development of the fetal heart monitor\n C. Harmon Brown, class of 1952, pioneer in women's sports medicine; Olympic track and field coach\n\nMilitary\n Andrew Porter, class of 1838 (non-graduate), honorary degree in 1865, Brigadier General U.S. Army\n Theophilus Francis Rodenbough, class of 1854 (non-graduate), Brigadier General U.S. Army; Medal of Honor recipient\n Charles A. Wikoff, class of 1855, most senior ranking United States Army officer killed in the Spanish–American War\n Stephen Wilson Pomeroy, class of 1861, \"The Unknown Scout\" who alerted Governor Curtin of General Lee's amassing army at Gettysburg\n Duncan Stephen Walker, class of 1862 (non-graduate), Brigadier General U.S. Army, great-great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin\n Peyton C. March, class of 1884, Army Chief of Staff during World War I\n General George H. Decker, class of 1924, Chief of Staff of the United States Army, 1960–62\n David Showell, class of 1951, member of the Tuskegee Airmen; a football player while at Lafayette; his exclusion led to the 1949 Sun Bowl controversy\n\nReligion and theology\n William Henry Green, class of 1840, president of The College of New Jersey, professor of Biblical and Oriental Literature in Princeton Theological Seminary\n John Douglas Bemo (Husti-Coluc-Chee, later Tal-a-Mas-Mico), non-graduate 1843–46, nephew of Osceola Chief of the Seminoles; responsible for baptizing over 5,000 Native Americans in the Oklahoma Territory\n W.A.P. Martin, class of 1860, Presbyterian missionary and translator\n James Isaac Good, class of 1872, clergyman\n\nSciences\n James H. Coffin, Lafayette College vice president and treasurer 1846–73, pioneer in meteorology\n William Harkness, attended 1854–56, astronomer\n William McMurtrie, class of 1871 and first Ph.D. in chemistry awarded at Lafayette (1875); Chief Chemist for the United States Department of Agriculture, 1873–78; president of American Chemical Society in 1900\n Maynard Bixby, class of 1876, discoverer of bixbyite and explorer\n Eugene C. Bingham, Chemistry Professor 1916–39, pioneer in rheology; namesake of Bingham plastic, fluid, and stress, and the Bingham Medal\n S. Donald Stookey, class of 1938, inventor of Corningware earned his master's degree in chemistry in the 1930s\n Jay Weiss, class of 1962, professor of psychiatry Emory University School of Medicine, MacArthur Fellow\n\nSports\n Harry Hempstead, class of 1891, Owner of the New York Giants, National League baseball team.", "\n George Barclay, class of 1898, inventor of the football helmet, outfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals and the Boston Beaneaters\n Charles Rinehart, class of 1898, College Football Hall of Fame member\n Dick Wright, catcher for the Brooklyn Tip-Tops\n Fritz Scheeren, class of 1914, pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates\n Ty Helfrich, class of 1915, second baseman for the Brooklyn Tip-Tops\n Al Bedner, class of 1921, NFL player\n George Seasholtz, class of 1922, NFL player for the Milwaukee Badgers and the Kenosha Maroons\n Frank Schwab, class of 1923, College Football Hall of Fame member\n Al LeConey, class of 1923, 1924 Summer Olympics gold medalist in the 4 × 100 meter relay, later featured on a U.S. postal stamp\n Charlie Berry, Jr., class of 1924, College Football Hall of Fame member; the only man to officiate World Series, NFL Championship, and College All-Star game in the same year; catcher for the Boston Red Sox, Philadelphia Athletics, Chicago White Sox; NFL leading scorer in 1925 for the Pottsville Maroons\n Joe Marhefka, class of 1924, NFL player for Pottsville Maroons\n Matt Brennan, class of 1925, NFL player\n Frank Grube, class of 1926, catcher for the White Sox and St. Louis Browns\n Frank Kirkleski, class of 1927, NFL player for the Pottsville Maroons\n George Wilson, class of 1929, College Football Hall of Fame member and previous NCAA scoring record holder\n Adam J. Cirillo, class of 1933, head football coach of Brooklyn Technical High School, won 10 New York City Public School Athletic League championships\n Frank Hiller, class of 1942, pitcher for the New York Yankees, Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds\n Pete Carril, class of 1951, former Princeton University men's basketball head coach and Sacramento Kings assistant coach\n Alexander K. 'Whip' Buck, class of 1952, co-owner of the Philadelphia Phillies from 1981 until his death in 2010\n Pete Carril, Class of 1952, head coach of Princeton University; enshrined in both the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame and the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame\n Tracy Tripucka, class of 1972, three-time men's basketball All-American, New York Knicks draft selection, collegiate assistant coach\n Peter Simon, class of 1975, co-owner of the NHL's New Jersey Devils, name inscribed on the Stanley Cup\n Joe Maddon, class of 1976, two-time World Series Champion (2002, 2016); current manager of Major League Baseball's Chicago Cubs. ", "\n George Tiger, class of 1981, midfielder for Pittsburgh Spirit, 1984–1985\n Jeff Mutis, class of 1988, first-round draft pick in the 1988 Major League Baseball Draft by the Cleveland Indians; played for the Florida Marlins, pitcher\n Blake Costanzo, class of 2006, linebacker and special teams specialist for the NFL's Chicago Bears and formerly the San Francisco 49ers, Cleveland Browns, and Buffalo Bills\n Walt Zirinsky, American football player\n\nNotable faculty\n Jacob E. Cooke, Henry McCracken Professor of History, 1962-90, and editor of The Federalist\n Guy Consolmagno, assistant professor, physics and astronomy\n Tom Davis, college men's basketball coach, 1971–77\n Clement Eaton, chair of history department, 1931–42\n Terry Jonathan Hart, visiting lecturer of engineering\n George Junkin, first president of Lafayette College\n Chawne Kimber, mathematician and quilter\n John Kincaid, Robert B. & Helen S. Meyner Professor of Government and Public Service and Director of the Meyner Center for the Study of State and Local Government, 1994-present\n Butch van Breda Kolff, college men's basketball coach, 1952–56\n Francis March, first professor of English Literature at any American college or university\n Herb McCracken, head football coach\n Edward Mylin, head football coach\n Bruce Allen Murphy, Supreme Court Scholar\n Theodore Roethke, poet, served on faculty prior to his publication and fame\n Steve Spagnuolo, football coach, defensive line/special teams 1984–86\n Jock Sutherland, head football coach 1919–23\n Lee Upton, poet, writer in residence, professor of English\n Hal Wissel, college men's basketball coach, 1967–71\n Tim Lenahan, Men's Soccer Coach, 1998–2001\n Gary Williams, Men's Head Soccer Coach and Assistant Basketball Coach, 1972–77\n\nPresidents of Lafayette College\n George Junkin, 1832–1841, 1844–1848\n John William Yeomans, 1841–1844\n Charles William Nassau, 1849–1850\n Daniel V. McLean, 1850–1857\n George Wilson McPhail, 1857–1863\n William Cassady Cattell, 1863–1883\n James Hall Mason Knox, 1883–1890\n Traill Green, 1890–1891 (acting)\n Ethelbert Dudley Warfield, 1891–1914\n John Henry MacCracken, 1915–1926\n Donald B. Prentice, 1926–1927 (acting)\n William Mather Lewis, 1927–1945\n Ralph Cooper Hutchison, 1945–1957, class of 1918\n Guy Everett Snavely, 1957–1958 (interim)\n K. Roald Bergethon, 1958–1978\n David Ellis, 1978–1990\n Robert I. Rotberg, 1990–1993\n Arthur J. Rothkopf, 1993–2005, class of 1955\n Daniel Weiss, 2005–2013\n Alison Byerly, 2013–present\n\nWilliam Sebring Kirkpatrick served as acting president from 1902 to 1903 during the tenure of Warfield, who remained as president. ", "Warfield had suffered a nervous breakdown before commencement in 1902, and was granted one years absence to recuperate.", "\n\nReferences\n\nLafayette College people\n*" ]

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[ "Efforts to come up with a long term solution to resolve ongoing parking issues near two popular lakefront venues have derailed.", "\n\nDeveloper Gary Prewitt, who owns two venues on Bittersweet Road, proposed a solution to the problems. ", "The proposal was intended to ease the frustration and ongoing complaints of property owners living near Shady Gators, Lazy Gators and Camden on the Lake who are tired of dealing with the congestion. ", "All three venues draw large crowds during the summer season.", "\n\nEarlier this spring, Prewitt made a move to purchase property for a new parking lot. ", "Prewitt said his proposal was aimed at alleviating the parking problems.", "\n\nThe property, 32 acres near Shady Gators, is currently not zoned. ", "The property was somehow overlooked by the county during the zoning process. ", "After consulting with Camden County officials, Prewitt attempted to have the property zoned and planned to construct a parking lot for Shady Gators patrons use.", "\n\nOver the course of three meetings with Camden County commissioners and Planning and Zoning administrator Don Hathaway, the changing county position has made the construction of the parking lot impossible at this point.", "\n\nHathaway and Presiding Commissioner Kris Franken declined to discuss the parking lot proposal. ", "Franken said since the county was involved in ongoing litigation with Glacier Park/Gary Prewitt on a zoning issue at Lazy Gators, any discussions that \"we have had were done so in closed session because of the litigation and we are not able to discuss them outside of that venue.\"", "\n\nThe litigation Franken referred to involves Lazy Gators. ", "The venue opened in 2009 on Sweet William Road next door to Shady Gators. ", "Prewitt's parent company Glacier Park Investments, LLC owns the Gator properties. ", "Since its opening, Lazy Gators has operated using Shady Gators' catering license. ", "The county and Prewitt have been involved in a prolonged legal battle over the zoning of the property. ", "The pool, tiki bars, and cabanas are on property still zoned for residential use. ", "Legally speaking, Lazy Gators patrons are considered guests at private parties. ", "The lawsuit did not involve the parking issues.", "\n\nInitially, Prewitt said he was told that an ‘at-risk permit’ could be quickly issued, allowing him to construct the parking lot while zoning was completed. ", "That would have allowed the project to be completed by Memorial Day.", "\n\nPrewitt said in subsequent meetings, that offer was withdrawn and requirements for a historic-artifact study and other work on the property were then included in the county plan. ", "After Prewitt had spent thousands of dollars on engineering for the project, the county changed the terms of the ‘at-risk permit’ proposal and essentially blocked progress on the parking lot.", "\n\nWhile the 32 acres slated for the parking lot is not zoned, Prewitt had agreed to leave almost half of the property in its current state, creating a green space between his property and neighboring properties. ", "That portion of the property would have been zoned residential under the negotiated terms.", "\n\nPage 2 of 2 - In the final meeting with county officials concerning construction of the parking lot, Prewitt was told by Franken and Hathaway that he could build the parking lot but not use it.", "\n\n“The county has said all along that parking was the big issue. ", "I have tried to find a solution to the parking problem and all they have done is change the rules every time we meet,” Prewitt said.", "\n\nIn the meantime, Prewitt/Shady Gators has leased four houses and a 120-space parking lot adjacent to Camden on the Lake in an effort to address the parking situation.", "\n\n“It is good that the county and the road district have moved to prevent parking on the streets around Camden and Shady Gator as we had suggested all along. ", "That is a help to the homeowners and keeps congestion to a minimum,” Prewitt said. “", "However, the real solution lies with a realistic stance on zoning by the county and the completion of new parking areas.”", "\n\nSeveral years ago, the county instituted a no parking policy on Bittersweet Road near H. Toad's and Shady Gators to put a stop to cars lining the roadway in the residential area. ", "After passing the ordinance, the county installed 'no parking' signs. ", "The problem now is the signs are disappearing making it impossible to enforce the ordinance.", "\n\nAlthough there is a shuttle bus that serves Shady Gators and a parking lot at H. Toad's, the parking problem persists.", "\n\nAccording to the Camden County Sheriff's Department, during the summer season, deputies responded to numerous calls in areas that had been previously designated as no parking zones. ", "That was when they discovered many of the posted signs had been pulled from the ground. ", "Some of the signs were lying in the nearby wooded areas and others were missing completely. ", "Since the area wasn’t properly posted, per county ordinance, no enforcement could be taken. ", "Efforts were made to move cars but as soon as deputies would clear the area, other cars would show up and park in the same areas.", "\n\nThe missing sign problem has been solved. ", "The Horseshoe Bend Road District has painted no parking designations on the roadway and installed new signs. ", "That allows the county to enforce the no parking rule.", "\n\nOver the recent Memorial Day weekend, the sheriff's department reported one incident that resulted in a vehicle being towed." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to retrieve data from mysql php and show in table from dropdown\n\nHey guys i am a newbie to php.", "What problem i am facing is i have created a dropdown which is populated from the data from database using this code.", "This is working fine for me and it is populating dropdown too\n include('connect.php');\n $query=\"select * from faculty\";\n $result=mysql_query($query);\n while($row = mysql_fetch_assoc($result))\n {$dropdown.=\"\\r\\n<option value='{$row['Designation']}'>{$row['Designation']} </option>\";}\n echo \"<select>\".$dropdown.", "\"</select>\";\n\nSolution i want is,when a user selects a value from dropdown,result should be retrieved from database and should be displayed in table.", "Please help me guys\n\nA:\n\nYou have to basically :\n1) Perform a form sending to some server side script(PHP in your case) when there is a change in the dropdown selection (use onchange event for the dropdown) and fetch the values from the db , \n2) Tell the server side script to spit out an html string which contains the table containing the desired information.3) 3) Output the string on your page.", "\nThis will do a page refresh.", "\nIf you donot want to have a page refresh, resort to using Ajax. ", "\nP.S. I recommend using some framework such as jQuery in case you need to use Ajax\n\n" ]

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[ "The party spirit is in trouble\n\nThe party spirit is in trouble\n\nBy Simon Barrow\n\n28 Oct 2011\n\nThe Occupy protests, environmental movements and civic revolutions across the world are suggesting that there is a whole world of politics available outwith the narrow party perspectives that still dominate the electoral machinery of Western democracies, says Simon Barrow. ", "Party posturing is looking increasingly irrelevant. ", "A spirit of change is in the air.", "\n\nThe annual political party conference season in Britain, drawn to a conclusion in 2011 by the SNP in Perth and the Scottish Greens in Aberdeen, has always been a trade-off between public participation and public relations.", "\n\nThese days, the number of actual decisions taken by activists and representatives is minimal, while the amount of time spent on smooth-talking via television, radio, webcasting and blogging has risen exponentially – particularly as far as the ‘big three’ Westminster parties are concerned.", "\n\n(The Greens and Plaid Cymru are mostly ignored by the major media commentators. ", "But this year the SNP have been impossible to sideline, as they are in government in Scotland, and are leading the charge over a referendum on Scottish independence or ‘devo max’.)", "\n\nThe real aim of these yearly jamborees, one ‘big three’ organiser suggested in an unguarded, metaphorically mixed moment, is to “keep the troops’ chins up” while “not letting too many cats out of the bag”.", "\n\nSo bad vibes and dodgy felines are a definite no-no. ", "But unfortunately that advice appeared not quite to have reached Home Secretary Theresa May as she strode to the podium at the Conservative Party conference in Manchester.", "\n\n“I’m not making this up,” she declared, while suggesting that an illegal Bolivian immigrant had been allowed to stay in Britain, aided by the Human Rights Act, because he had a cat. ", "It turned out that he was an overstayer, not an illegal entrant, and that the moggy – though given a walk-on part by the judge in a jocular aside – was hardly decisive. ", "But the tale still went down well with the party faithful because it reinforced what they wanted to believe.", "\n\nFar from being upbraided for her creativity with la verité, it was Mrs May’s critic, Justice Secretary Ken Clarke, who found himself chided for not unreasonably suggesting that this attempt to rubbish legal process was unhelpful and artless.", "\n\nThen again, we should not forget that it is that nice Mr Clarke who has overseen massive cuts and wholesale restrictions to civil legal aid, following the precedent set by the previous Labour government. ", "These changes will very severely inhibit both the quantity and quality of justice available to poor and vulnerable people in England and Wales.", "\n\nSadly, this has not hit the headlines with anything like the force of the Home Secretary’s caricatured cat – illustrating the way in which the major party conference circuses have mostly become purveyors of smoke signals via the media, rather than bread and roses for the people.", "\n\nWhat is to be done? ", "Some have suggested abandoning these annual charades, others their radical resculpting. “", "Party conferences as we know them are completely broken and unless reform is kicked into gear straight away they are in serious risk of abolition,” declares elections expert Gareth Knight.", "\n\nFew are confident that party managers are really willing to let democracy flourish again in their theatres of power. ", "But the expansion of ‘grassroots zones’ on the fringes indicates paths by which ordinary members might attempt to wrest some control from the apparatchiks.", "\n\nThe problem, as Knight points out, is that the success of the fringe in grabbing attention depends upon the health of the core around which they are organised. ", "So maybe breakaway movements will be needed. ", "Or even attention to the inventive chaos of the Greens, whose leader Caroline Lucas made perhaps the most politically substantial speech of conference season – to an audience touchingly unmanicured for television.", "\n\nCertainly the Occupy protests, environmental movements and civic revolutions across the globe are suggesting that there is a whole world of politics available outwith the narrow party perspectives that still dominate the electoral machinery of Western democracies.", "\n\nParty posturing is looking increasingly irrelevant. ", "A spirit of change coming from a very different direction is in the air." ]

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[ "Cutting after grafting affects the growth and cadmium accumulation of Nasturtium officinale.", "\nThe growth and cadmium (Cd) accumulation of emergent plant Nasturtium officinale R. Br. ", "cuttings taken from plants grafted onto rootstocks of four terrestrial Cruciferae species were studied in a pot experiment. ", "Scions from N. officinale seedlings were grafted onto rootstocks of Brassica chinensis L., Raphanus sativus L., Brassica napus L., and Rorippa dubia (Pers.) ", "H. Hara. ", "Cuttings were taken after 1 month and grown in Cd-contaminated soil (10 mg Cd kg-1) for 60 days. ", "Compared with non-grafted N. officinale, grafting onto R. sativus and B. napus rootstocks increased the root, shoot, and whole plant biomasses of N. officinale cuttings. ", "Brassica napus rootstock was more effective than R. sativus rootstock for increasing the biomass of N. officinale cuttings. ", "The four rootstocks decreased or had no significant effect on photosynthetic pigment contents in N. officinale cuttings compared with non-grafted N. officinale. ", "Only grafting onto B. napus rootstock enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities. ", "Compared with non-grafted N. officinale, R. sativus and B. napus rootstocks decreased the Cd contents in roots and shoots of N. officinale cuttings, whereas the other rootstocks had no significant effect on the shoot Cd content. ", "The four rootstocks had no increase effects on Cd extraction by N. officinale cuttings. ", "Therefore, cutting after grafting did not enhance the phytoremediation ability of N. officinale for growth in Cd-contaminated soil. ", "However, R. sativus and B. napus rootstocks decreased the Cd content in N. officinale cuttings, which offers a potential approach for N. officinale safety production as a wild vegetable in Cd-contaminated soils." ]

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[ "Story highlights Russia's sports minister reportedly says Moscow will appeal the ban\n\nCommittee president: Russia's \"medals-over-morals mentality disgusts me\"\n\n(CNN) The International Paralympic Committee on Sunday banned Russia from participating in the upcoming 2016 Paralympic Games for allegedly violating international doping rules.", "\n\nDuring his announcement in Rio de Janeiro, International Paralympic Committee President Philip Craven put the blame squarely on Russia's government.", "\n\nRussia has \"catastrophically failed its para athletes,\" Craven said. \"", "Their medals-over-morals mentality disgusts me.\"", "\n\nRussian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko told Russia's news agency Tass he will appeal the decision and submit a claim to the Court of Arbitration for Sports in Lausanne, Switzerland.", "\n\n\"We will fight for our Paralympians,\" he told Tass." ]

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[ "Monday, November 23, 2009\n\nHey, Nice Lid!", "\n\nI drink a fair bit of coffee. ", "I do not attempt to buy, carry or consume coffee while I'm commuting on my bike like some do. ", "Nonetheless, I frequently buy coffee from Tim Horton's, Starbucks, etc. ", "when I'm in the car, and Mrs. Rantwick and I are more likely to go buy take-out coffee than to brew a pot at home. ", "How lame is that?", "\n\nAnyway, here in London Ontario, McDonald's has been giving away free coffee again. ", "I suppose the only way they can combat the popular notion that their coffee sucks is to give some of the new stuff away. ", "I had a free cup on Saturday morning, and that ridiculously iconic restaurant chain has really pulled out all the stops this time.", "\n\nThe coffee was fine, better than any I've had from McDonald's before. ", "It was as scorchingly hot as the last cup I had from there about 5 years ago. ", "Does anybody know if the old lady suing McDonald's for serving hot coffee story is true or urban legend? ", "I guess I could snopes it up, but I'm too lazy. ", "I believe it though... everybody expects coffee to be hot, but not leave-it-alone-for-half-an-hour-if-you-want-to-keep-your-tongue hot. ", "I'm not complaining; the stuff was good once it was down to a drinkable temperature.", "\n\nWhat really struck me about the free coffee was not the coffee, but the lid. ", "I am very interested in coffee lid design. ", "Remember the days before plastic lids with sippy holes, or the perforations to create them? ", "The first time I saw somebody manually create a sippy hole in a plastic coffee lid while riding in a work truck, it was a revelation. ", "These days, of course, most plastic coffee lids offer this option, but the McDonald's lid brought even more to the table. ", "Bear with me now, because without a review of the other offerings, this post would just be short and boring. ", "As any of my more regular readers can attest, long and boring is more my thing.", "\n\nFirst up, THE dominant Canadian coffee and donut chain, Tim Horton's:\n\nSippy hole perforation, works well most of the time, but sometimes I need to rip the tab right off because it won't stay locked down. ", "Branding on lid.", "\n\nNow, the US-based competition, Starbucks:\n\nStarbucks doesn't bother with custom-branded lids, or perforations and tabs. ", "They just assume that if you're using a lid, you want a sippy hole. ", "In terms of pure function, this is my favourite lid. ", "Aesthetically, though, they look kind of nasty when coffee dries on the lid after you use it. ", "I washed this one off before photographing it. ", "Dark brown like the other lids would be better.", "\n\nThe long-established chain Country Style Donuts:\n\nI don't know who designed their lid first, but as you can see, Country Style's is almost identical to Tim Horton's. ", "The sippy hole tab, however, stays down better.", "\n\nOK, so what about this free coffee from McDonald's? ", "Its lid was something else entirely:\n\nLeave it to McDonald's to design a lid that reaches deep into your mind with hypnotic voodoo eyes on a face straight out of some deep and ancient ancestral memory, with a sippy hole tab/nose that stays down better than any I've ever used before.", "\n\nSorry, all you other coffee lid contenders. ", "Only the McDonald's lid makes a face, and only a face can be crowned with some dinosaur head!", "\n\nThis reminds me of an ewok. ", "I'll bet McDonald's knew that some dude with a blog would put hair on a picture of their coffee lid, and they didn't want to miss the opportunity to cash in on some of the most pervasive pop-culture imagery ever. ", "Man, talk about market research...\n\nIn case that last theory got you wondering, yes, I did go to a bunch of coffee places to get comparison lids after seeing the freebie lid from McDonald's and conceiving of this post and yes, I bought and drank a large coffee from every one. ", "YeeeeeHaaaaa! ", "See you again after the inevitable crash.", "\n\nAm I Jittery? ", "No, not at all!... ", "now stop vibrating like that, you freaks!", "\n\nR A N T W I C K\n\nPS - A reader sent me a lid pic from a growing Ontario coffee chain, Coffee Culture. ", "As tempting as it is, no face, no dinosaur head; here it is:\n\nYou know what? ", "I will add a picture of any and all coffee lids (except repeats) that anyone cares to email me or link via comment. ", "This post could become a coffee lid dictionary!", "\n\nThe Starbucks and McDonald's design also retain the full rim \"grasp\" while the other tabbed designs interrupt it, making them far more likely to pop off when handling the cup.", "\n\nWhat is a blessing in all of this, is that no government agency has yet determined that they have to intervene and design a better sippy cup lid and then force us to use it. ", "Ain't the free market grand?", "\n\nFor some silly reason, I can never find coffee at my locally grown farmers market. ", "Or bananas either! ", "What's up with that?", "\n\nI'm with the reusable cup crowd whenever possible. ", "I have not attempted to carry a coffee on my bike.", "\n\nI think Steve A referred to the lack of a heat warning en Français on the Tim Horton's lid. ", "In fact, I see no warning at all. ", "Linguistically, Starbucks is the over-achiever, providing not only English and French but Spanish as well.", "\n\nFoam Aroma lids have just hit the market. ", "While they don't feature a dinosaur face, they are aesthetically pleasing. ", "They also help with the whole coffee burning your tongue off thing. ", "On their website, they actually have a PDF proving that their lid helps keep the coffee from burning your tongue! ", "Also, you can actually smell your coffee (taste is 75% smell) and they don't spill very easily! ", "Here is the website with a picture." ]

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[ "A two hour workshop by grower & Medical Herbalist Ross Hennessy on the opportunities that Irish farmers have in the cultivation of medicinal crops. ", "The workshop will be carried out on the farm where Ross and Marina grow over 160 different species of plants for their own clinic. ", "Ross will talk about the commercial crops that are being presently grown and the processing methods that are on site. ", "Ireland is the only country in the EU that has no herbal processing or cultivation of medicinal plants. ", "Here in Sligo we are at the forefront of this emerging industry.", "\n\nDuring the talk Ross will explain\n\nhow farmers can get involved,\n\nhow GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) are applied to herbal medicine\n\nwhat we can offer on the farm in terms of processing\n\ngrowing different plants for various soil types\n\nroot crops and their long term value in sustainable medicine production" ]

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[ "Rosalbino Santoro\n\nRosalbino Santoro (Fuscaldo, Calabria, May 15, 1858 - Brazil, circa 1920) was an Italian painter, mainly vedute with figures in native dress.", "\n\nHis parents wished him to become a priest, but he preferred to study painting, and by 1878, he was recommended for awards by Raffaele Postiglione, professor of Institute of Fine Arts of Naples. ", "The next year, the new president of the Institute, Filippo Palizzi, awarded him the first prize in medal for design. ", "Rosalbino donated to his hometown, pastel portraits of King Umberto and Queen Margherita, and of Bernardino Telesio. ", "In 1880, after two years of study, Rosalbino exhibited at the Promotrice of Naples then at the 1881 Exhibition of Milan with his paintings: Bagni di Guardia piemontese; Pagliaie di alloggio; Due amiche; Una marina. ", "At the exhibitions of Rome and Naples, he displayed il Fanfulla. ", "He contributed drawings to il Corriera del mattino, l' Italia artistica di Florence, and il Journal d'Italie. ", "In the late 1880s, he moved to Brazil and established a successful practice.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1858 births\nCategory:Neapolitan painters\nCategory:19th-century Italian painters\nCategory:Italian male painters\nCategory:20th-century Italian painters\nCategory:Brazilian painters\nCategory:Italian genre painters\nCategory:1920s deaths" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Lightening in a bottle: comparison of ultraviolet light to traditional sterilization in saline irrigations bottles.", "\nNasal saline irrigations (NSIs) are commonplace in treatment of patients with sinonasal disorders. ", "Contamination of both the water source and delivery bottle remains a challenge with this therapy. ", "The goal of this study was to optimize a disinfection technique with various methods of preparation, disinfection, and delivery of NSIs. ", "Distilled and tap water sources in NSI bottles were contaminated by 4 bacterial strains: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Legionella pneumophila. ", "Contaminated bottles were cleaned with tap water, tap water with detergent, or microwave and swabbed for culture. ", "Water-source disinfection was performed with reverse osmosis, distillation, activated carbon filtration, boiling, or ultraviolet (UV) light treatment. ", "Test samples from each experimental group (n = 3/group) were cultivated on the appropriate media with colony-forming units (CFUs) reported. ", "All methods of bottle cleaning with tap water with/without detergent and microwave significantly reduced bacterial load (CFUs) by >99% (p < 0.05). ", "Distillation and boiling of the contaminated water source eliminated 100% of bacteria, whereas reverse osmosis and activated carbon filtration did not. ", "A single UV treatment of contaminated water within a bottle eliminated 99% of bacteria within the water and 100% in the bottle. ", "Cleansing of NSI bottles with tap water with/without detergent or microwave produced robust bacterial disinfection. ", "Distillation and boiling of a contaminated water source completely eliminated all bacteria. ", "UV light treatment was capable of simultaneous disinfection of both the water source and bottle, suggesting this may be a convenient, 1-step method of preparing NSIs for patients." ]

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[ "Follow This Show\n\nRock DJ Rich Appel is our guest tonight. ", "We'll be talking about Adam Lambert's influences, Glam Nation, and new music videos. ", "Lively, unfettered conversations about all things that re-charge your engines, light up your soul, give you energy and make life worth living. ", "Inspired by our surprising muse, Adam Lambert (but you don't have to be a fan to participate or enjoy our show)." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIMapViewDelegate method not getting called \"UIView MarkerInfoWindow(MapView mv,Marker m)\"\n\nOn Xamarin iOS I have a map which has markers. ", "I want to have a custom Info View but the problem is that the delegate method \"UIView MarkerInfoWindow(MapView mv,Marker m)\" for the IMapViewDelegate doesn't get called somehow. ", "I have no idea whats the problem.", "\nI have uploaded one simple repo demonstrating this problem at\nhttps://github.com/aproram/Xamarin-GMapsDelegate-IssueDemo\nAny idea why this is happening and the method doesn't get called ?", "\nThank you :)\n\nA:\n\nTry to modify GoogleMapsDelegate\nclass GoogleMapsDelegate : MapViewDelegate\n{\n public override UIView MarkerInfoWindow(MapView mapView, Marker marker)\n {\n UIView toBeView = new UIView();\n //toBeView.", "AddSubview(iv);\n toBeView.", "BackgroundColor = UIColor.", "Blue;\n toBeView.", "Frame = new CoreGraphics.", "CGRect(0, 0, 100, 100);\n return toBeView;\n }\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Myocardial production of aldosterone and corticosterone in the rat. ", "Physiological regulation.", "\nIncreasing evidence suggests that mineralo- and glucocorticoids modulate cardiovascular homeostasis via the effects of circulating components generated within the adrenals but also through local synthesis. ", "The aim of this study was to assess the existence of such a steroidogenic system in heart. ", "Using the quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, the terminal enzymes of corticosterone and aldosterone synthesis (11beta-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase, respectively) were detected in the rat heart. ", "This pathway was shown to be physiologically active, since production of aldosterone, corticosterone, and their precursor, deoxycorticosterone, was detected in both the homogenate and perfusate of isolated rat hearts using radioimmunoassay after Celite column chromatography. ", "Perfusion of angiotensin II or adrenocorticotropin for 3 h increased aldosterone and corticosterone production and decreased deoxycorticosterone, suggesting that aldosterone and corticosterone are formed within the isolated heart from a locally present substrate. ", "Chronic regulation of this intracardiac system was then examined. ", "As in adrenals cardiac 11beta-hydroxylase and aldosterone-synthase mRNAs were independently regulated by 1 week's treatment with either low sodium and high potassium diet (which increased aldosterone synthase mRNA level only), angiotensin II (which raised level of both mRNAs), or adrenocorticotropin (which stimulated the 11beta-hydroxylase gene exclusively). ", "Changes in cardiac steroid levels during treatment were not directly related to their plasma levels suggesting independent regulating mechanisms. ", "This study, therefore, provides the first evidence for the existence of an endocrine cardiac steroidogenic system in rat heart and emphasizes its potential physiological and pathological relevance." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Indirect sympathomimetic agents and cerebral blood flow and metabolism.", "\nThe effects upon cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen consumption (CMRO2) of the infusion into the internal carotid artery of tyramine and amphetamine were investigated in 24 anaesthetized baboons. ", "The infusion of tyramine was without effect upon CBF and CMRO2 at normocapnia, even at concentrations which significantly raised arterial blood pressure. ", "However, marked reductions in cerebral blood flow were noted at hypercapnia during the infusion of tyramine (2.5 X 10(-7) moles/kg/min). ", "The infusion of amphetamine (7.5 X 10(-10) moles/kg/min) resulted in significant increases in CBF (32%) and CMRO2 (37%). ", "However, an increased concentration of amphetamine (2.5 X 10(-7) moles/kg/min) significantly reduced CBF (22%) and CMRO2 (20%). ", "It is suggested that amphetamine, by virtue of being able to cross the blood--brain barrier and interact with the cerebral monoamine systems, is able to influence cerebral blood flow by inducing changes in cerebral metabolism, and that the minimal reactivity of the cerebral circulation to the infusion of tyramine is the result of the inability of tyramine to cross the blood--brain barrier." ]

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[ "Microbacterium lindanitolerans sp. ", "nov., ", "isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane-contaminated soil.", "\nA Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, yellow actinobacterium, designated MNA2(T), was isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane-contaminated soil in North India. ", "Strain MNA2(T) showed 95 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Microbacterium halotolerans YIM 70130(T). ", "Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain MNA2(T) belonged to a clade represented by the genus Microbacterium of the family Microbacteriaceae. ", "Strain MNA2(T) contained anteiso-C(15 : 0), anteiso-C(17 : 0), iso-C(16 : 0) and iso-C(15 : 0) as the predominant fatty acids and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and two unknown polar lipids. ", "The menaquinones were MK-12, MK-11, MK-13 and MK-10, in an approximate molar ratio of 45 : 40 : 13 : 3, respectively. ", "The DNA G+C content was 65.3 mol%. ", "The peptidoglycan was of the B type of cross-linkage with ornithine as the diagnostic diamino acid. ", "The results of the phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analysis indicate that strain MNA2(T) belongs to a previously unrecognized species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium lindanitolerans sp. ", "nov. ", "is proposed. ", "The type strain is MNA2(T) (=DSM 22422(T) =CCM 7585(T))." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We develop general formalism of how to relate scattering amplitudes for exclusive processes to spatial image of target hadron. ", "More precisely we show how to determine the spatial distribution of outgoing particles in the space of so-called nearest approach parameter. ", "This parameter characterizes the position in the coordinate space the place where the final particle is produced.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'M. V. Polyakov'\n- 'O.N. Soldatenko, A.N.Vall'\n- 'A.A.Vladimirov'\ntitle: |\n Spatial image of reaction area from scattering. ", "I:\\\n [$SO_{\\mu}(2.1)$ algebra formalism.]{}", "\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nFamous experiment by Hofstadter et al. [", "@hofstadter] demonstrated that hadrons are not point-like particles and they have non-trivial spatial structure. ", "Recently interest to the spatial images of hadrons was revived with development of the theory of hard exclusive processes, which can be systematically studied using formalism of Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) (for reviews see [@reviewGPDs]). ", "It was demonstrated [@Budkard] that GPDs provide an information about spatial distribution of partons in the transverse plane.", "\n\nIn the present paper we develop general formalism of how to relate scattering amplitudes for exclusive processes to spatial image of target hadron. ", "More precisely we show how to determine the spatial distribution of outgoing particles in the space of so-called nearest approach parameter. ", "This parameter characterizes the position in the coordinate space the place where the final particle is produced.", "\n\nOne-particle states of a free relativistic particle are defined by the 10-parametric group of motion of Minkowski space, which is given by generators of the Poincare group: $ M_{\\mu \\nu}$ and $P_{\\nu}$. States can be specified by choosing one or another subgroup. ", "It was found that for description of deep inelastic processes it is useful to consider the “infinite momentum frame” [@Soper1; @Soper2]. ", "We remind briefly necessary for this paper ingredients.", "\n\nThe three following generators of the Poincare group: $$\\label{p1}\n B_{1}=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}(K_1 + J_2 )~ ,~ B_{2}=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}(K_2 - J_1 )~\n ,~ J_3~,$$ with $$K_{i}=M_{i0}~~ ,~~ \\epsilon _{ijk}J_{k}= M_{ij}~,$$ satisfy the system of commutation relations: $$\\label{p2}\n\\begin{split}\n&[B_1, B_2]=0~,\\\\\n&[J_3, B_1]=iB_2~,\\\\\n&[J_3, B_2]=-iB_1~, \\\\\n&[B^2 _{1}+B^2 _{2}, J_3]=0~, \\\\\n&[p_{i},B_{j}]=i\\delta _{ij}p^+~, \\\\\n&[p^+, B_{i}]=[p^+,J_3]=0~.\n\\end{split}$$ Here $p_i$ is the operator of 3-momentum, $p^+\n=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}(p_0 + p_3)$. The above commutation relations imply that generators $B_1$, $B_2$ and $J_3$ form the $E(2)$ algebra. ", "Casimir operator of this algebra is $B^2=B^2_1 + B^2_2 $ . ", "Because of the last commutation relation, this algebra can be realized in the three-dimension momentum space restricted by the condition $p^+ =const$ on states $|\\vec{\\lambda },p^+ \\rangle $. ", "These states satisfy equations: $$\\label{p3}\n\\begin{split}\n &B^2 |\\vec{\\lambda },p^+ \\rangle = \\lambda ^2 |\\vec{\\lambda },p^+ \\rangle ~,\\\\\n & B_1 |\\vec{\\lambda },p^+ \\rangle = \\lambda _1 |\\vec{\\lambda },p^+ \\rangle ~,\\\\\n & B_2 |\\vec{\\lambda },p^+ \\rangle = \\lambda _2 |\\vec{\\lambda },p^+ \\rangle ~,\\\\\n & \\lambda ^2 = \\lambda _1 ^2 + \\lambda _2 ^2~.\n\\end{split}$$\n\nOperators $B_1$  , $B_2\\ $, $ B^2 $  on the $p^+ =const$ surface have complicated expression. ", "However in the limiting case of $ p_{\\bot}/p \\ll 1 $ the corresponding operators are given by simple expression: $$\\label{p4}\n B_1=-ip^+ \\frac{\\partial }{\\partial p_1}~ ,~ B_2=-ip^+ \\frac{\\partial }{\\partial\n p_2}~.$$ Substituting these operators into equations (\\[p3\\]), we obtain the following expression for the corresponding wave function in momentum representation: $$\\label{p5}\n \\langle \\vec{p}_{\\bot},p^+ |\\vec{\\lambda },p^+ \\rangle =\\exp \\left( i \\frac{\\vec{p}_{\\bot}\\cdot \\vec{\\lambda\n }}{p^+}\\right)~.$$ Now if we introduce dimensional parameter $$\\vec{b}=\\frac{\\vec{\\lambda }}{p^+}~,$$ than the wave function (\\[p5\\]) has the form of the eikonal kernel in the plane of impact parameter $\\vec{b}$. It allows us to interpret in the infinite momentum frame the eigenstates of the algebra (\\[p2\\]) $|\\vec{\\lambda },p^+ \\rangle $, as the states with fixed spatial position in the transverse plane [@Andrianov; @Huszar]. ", "In the infinite momentum frame the transformation from the transverse momentum to the transverse position representation is reduced to simple two-dimensional Fourier transformation (see eq.", " (\\[p5\\])). ", "That is the transformation which relates the GPDs to the parton distributions in the spatial transverse plane [@Budkard]. ", "Note that such interpretation is possible only in the infinite momentum space, in order to ensure the condition $p_\\perp/p \\ll 1$. For the hard exclusive processes the latter condition corresponds to the condition $t/Q^2 \\ll 1$, here $t$ is the 4-momentum transfer squared and $Q^2$ is the hard scale for the process. ", "First, in experiments the ratio $t/Q^2$ can be not be not very small and corrections to the eikonal picture can be sizeable. ", "Secondly, the simple two-dimensional Fourier transform can not be used to obtain spatial distributions of partons for hard processes with large transverse momentum transfer (like hadron form factors, wide angle Compton scattering, etc. [", "@wide]) Therefore our aim here is to develop general formalism which would allow “spatial imaging” of hadrons in arbitrary reference frame.", "\n\nWe consider another subalgebra of Poincare group. ", "This is subalgebra of operators: $$\\label{p6}\nd_{i}=\\frac{1}{p^2}M_{ij}p_{j}~.$$ It is realized on the surface $p^2 = const$ . ", "Below we analyze in detail this algebra and use it for description and building one particle states with defined quantum numbers.", "\n\nOperator of the nearest approach\n================================\n\n\\[f:1\\] ![", "A classical trajectory $\\vec{X}(t)$ of an asymptotically free particle with momentum $\\vec{q}$ is proceeded into reaction area, is characterized by a vector of maximal approach $\\vec{d}$ to the select point “O”. ", "In the labor frame this point is a center of target, in the center mass frame it is a meeting point of beams.](Fig1.eps \"fig:\")\n\nLet us consider a trajectory of a free spinless particle, which moves with arbitrary initial conditions (Fig.1) [@Vall1]:\n\n$$\\label{x}\n X_{i}(t)=\\frac{q_{i}}{\\sqrt{\\vec{q}^2+m^2}}(t-t_0)+\\xi _{i} ~ ,~\n i=1,2,3~,$$\n\nwith $\\vec{q}$ - momentum of the particle , $m$ - mass of the particle. ", "A distance between the particle and the coordinate origin “O”  is $$D(t)=(\\vec{X}(t)\\vec{X}(t))^\\frac{1}{2}~.$$\n\nAt some moment of time $t=\\tau$ the distance $D(\\tau)$ has a minimal value. ", "The time $\\tau$ is defined by the extremum condition: $$\\label{4}\n\\frac{d}{dt}D(t)\\Big|_{t=\\tau}=\\frac{1}{D(t)}\\Big(X_{i}(t)\n\\frac{d}{dt}X_{i}(t)\\Big)\\Big|_{t=\\tau}=0~ .$$ Using (\\[x\\]) , we obtain: $$\\label{tau}\n\\begin{split}\n\\tau &=t_0-\\frac{(\\vec u \\vec \\xi)}{u^2}~, \\\\\nu_{i}&= \\frac{q_{i}}{\\sqrt{\\vec{q}^2+m^2}}~.\n\\end{split}$$ Substituting $t=\\tau $ into $D(t)$, we get the following expression for components of the vector of the nearest approach $d_i$: $$\\label{6}\nd_i=X_{i}(\\tau)=-\\frac{u_i}{u^2}(\\vec u \\vec\\xi)+\\xi_i ~.$$\n\nLet us introduce the operator of orbital momentum $L_k\\ ,\\\nk=1,2,3$, in usual way: $$\\label{L}\nL_k=\\varepsilon_{klm}\\xi_l q_m ~.$$ Then the expression (\\[6\\]) can be rewritten as: $$\\label{8}\nd_i=\\frac{1}{q^2}\\varepsilon_{ijk}q_j L_k\n=\\frac{1}{q^2}M_{ij}q_{j}~ .$$\n\nWe see that for each classical trajectory $\\vec{X}(t)$ of an asymptotically free particle, which moves out from the reaction area with momentum $\\vec{q}$, we can find the vector $\\vec{d}$ of the nearest approach of the trajectory to the point “O”. ", "We can interpret this vector as an effective coordinate of the particle creation region.", "\n\nNote that for the process reversed in time, the vector $\\vec{d}$ corresponds to the impact parameter. ", "The impact parameter is useful for geometrical interpretation of scattering which is based on the eikonal approximation for the scattering amplitude. ", "In the eikonal approximation the states with definite impact parameter of the initial particle are defined as semi-classical approximation of states with definite orbital momentum. ", "The impact parameter representation is a good toll for studying diffractive processes, see e.g [@Predazzi]. ", "However for the small value of impact parameter semi-classical approach is not valid. ", "It is especially clearly seen from the uncertainty principle: the states with finite momentum and infinitesimal impact parameter are forbidden. ", "So, there are significant quantum effects in the region of small impact parameters. ", "Also a calculation of matrix elements of $\\mathrm{S}$-matrix needs consistent quantum-mechanical definition of states. ", "In this case it is a state with a define value of the $\\vec{d}$.\n\nQuantum description of the nearest approach parameter. ", "\n=======================================================\n\nUsing a standard quantization procedure based on the canonical commutation relations: $$[\\xi _{i}\\ q_{j}]=\\imath \\delta _{ij} ,$$ we get a system of commutation relations: $$\\label{algebra1}\n\\begin{split}\nd_{i}&=\\frac{1}{q^{2}}(\\varepsilon_{ijk}q_{j}L_{k}-iq_{i})~,\\\\\nd_{i}&=(d_{i})^{+}\\ \\ ,\\ \\ [d_{i} q^2 ]=0~, \\\\\n [d_{i}L_{j}]&=-i \\varepsilon_{ijk}d_{k}~,\\\\\n[L_{i}L_{j}]&=i \\varepsilon_{ijk}L_{k}~,\\\\\n[d_{i}d_{j}]&=\\frac{-i }{q^{2}}\\varepsilon_{ijk}L_{k}~,\\\\\n[d_{i}q_{j}]&=i \\delta_{ij}-\\frac{i }{q^{2}}q_{i}q_{j}~,\\\\\n[d_{i},q_{j}q_{k}]&=i \\delta_{ij}q_{k}+i \\delta_{ik}q_{j}-\\frac{2i }{q^{2}}q_{i}q_{j}q_{k}~,\\\\\n.......&.............\\textrm{ etc.}", "\n \\end{split}$$ We see that operators $ d_{i}$ and $L_{j}$ form algebra of $SO(3,1)$ group on the sphere $q^2=const$. Corresponding Casimir operator of this algebra becomes a number: $$\\hat{C}=d^2 -\\frac{1}{q^2}L^2\\equiv \\frac{1}{q^2}~.$$\n\nOperators $d_{1}\\ ,\\ d_{2} \\ ,\\ L_{3}$ form a nontrivial subalgebra: $$\\label{algebra2}\n\\begin{split}\n[d_1 d_2]&=-\\frac{i}{q^2} L_3~, \\\\\n[d_1 L_3]&=-i d_2~, \\\\\n[d_2 L_3]&=i d_1~.\n \\end{split}$$ This is algebra of $SO(2,1)$ group. ", "Its properties are investigated and presented in details in monograph [@Vilenkin2]. ", "This group is non compact and it has three series of unitary representations in space of quadratically integrated functions: general, non compact and discreet. ", "Casimir operator of this algebra is: $$\\label{algebra3}\n\\hat{K}=d^{2}_{\\perp}-\\frac{1}{q^2}L_3^2 \\ \\ ,\\ \\\nd^{2}_{\\perp}=d_1^2+d_2^2\\ \\ ,\\ [d_{1,2}\\hat{K}]=0\\ ,\\\n[d_{3}\\hat{K}]\\neq 0~.$$\n\nWe interpret the eigenvalue of this operator $\\hat{K}$ in the continuous spectrum as a quantum-mechanic generalization of a squared effective distance of the created particle, as it was defined above. ", "Here we note, that relations (\\[algebra2\\]) suppose a definite choice of the $z$ direction. ", "We link this direction with direction of the momentum of projectile particle $\\vec{p}_{A}$ .", "\n\nA realization of the algebra (\\[algebra2\\]) is connected closely to the geometrical properties of the transverse momentum space - the space on which this algebra is realized. ", "Let us consider unitary transformations of the momentum space generated by the generators $d_1$ and $d_2$ [@Vall2]:\n\n$$\\label{algebra4}\n\\begin{split}\nq_{i}'&=e^{-i\\vec{p}\\cdot \\vec{d}}q_{i}e^{i\\vec{p}\\cdot \\vec{d}}\\ \\ ,\\ \\ i=1,2~, \\\\\n\\vec{p}=p\\vec{n}\\ ,\\ \\vec{n}&=(\\cos\\varphi \\ ,\\ \\sin\\varphi )\\ ,\\\n\\vec{n}\\cdot \\vec{d}=n_1 d_1 +n_2 d_2\\ \\ ,\\ -\\infty <p<+\\infty~.\n\\end{split}$$\n\nIf we differentiate this relations in respect to $p$, we get the following Lee equation for $q_{i}'$: $$\\label{algebra5}\n\\begin{split}\n\\frac{dq_{i}^{'}}{dp}&=n_{i}-\\frac{\\vec{n}\\cdot\n\\vec{q}_{\\bot}^{'}}{q^2}q_{i}^{'}\\ \\ ,\\ \\ i=1,2~,\n\\\\ & q_{i}^{'}(p=0)=q_{i}~.\n\\end{split}$$ This equation can be easily integrated: $$\\label{algebra6}\nq_{i}^{'}=\\frac{q_{i}+ \\left( q \\sinh(\\frac{p}{q}) + \\vec{n}\\cdot\n\\vec{q}_{\\bot}\\cosh(\\frac{p}{q}) -\\vec{n}\\cdot \\vec{q}_{\\bot}\n\\right )n_{i} }{\\cosh(\\frac{p}{q})+ \\frac{(\\vec{n}\\cdot\n\\vec{q}_{\\bot})}{q}\\sinh(\\frac{p}{q}) }\\ \\ ,\\ \\ i=1,2 ~.$$ It is convenient to introduce new parameter $\\vec{\\kappa }$ related to the parameter $\\vec{p}$ by: $$\\label{algebra7}\n\\vec{\\kappa }=q\\vec{n}\\ \\tanh\\left(\\frac{p}{q}\\right) ~,$$ then we have: $$\\label{q+x}\nq'_i=\\Big(\\big[1+\\frac{(\\vec{\\kappa}\\vec{q})(1-B)}{\\kappa^2}\\big]\\\n\\kappa_i+B\\,q_i\\Big)\n\\Big(1+\\frac{(\\vec{\\kappa}\\vec{q})}{q^2}\\Big)^{-1}\\ \\equiv\n\\vec{q}\\oplus\\vec{\\kappa}~,$$ with $$B=\\sqrt{1-\\frac{\\kappa^2}{q^2}} ~.$$ We can see from (\\[q+x\\]) , that the $SO(2,1)$ motion of the transverse momentum space is the nonlinear transformation. ", "The operation $\\oplus$ is not a group operation. ", "Because of a product of two such operations contains not only the resulting operation $\\oplus $, but also a rotation. ", "But the operation $\\oplus $ has a set of group properties. ", "In particular, transformations (\\[q+x\\]) posses the invariant interval $ds$ : $$\\label{algebra8}\n\\begin{split}\nds^2 &=G_{ik}\\ dq_{i}dq_{k}~,\\\\\nG_{ik}&=\\frac{q^2}{q_3 ^2}\\left ( \\delta_{ik} +\\frac{q_{i}q_{k}}{q_3 ^2} \\right )\\ \\ ,\\ \\ i,k=1,2~, \\\\\nq_3 ^2 &=q^2-q_{\\bot}^2~.\n\\end{split}$$ Ricci tensor corresponding to the metric tensor $G_{ik}$ has the form: $$\\label{algebra9}\nR_{ik}=- \\frac{1}{q_3 ^2} \\left ( \\delta_{ik}\n+\\frac{q_{i}q_{k}}{q_3 ^2} \\right )~.$$ The corresponding scalar curvature is: $$\\label{algebra10}\n R=-\\frac{2}{q^2}~.$$ We see that the transverse momentum plane which is obtaine by transformations (\\[q+x\\]) from fixed $\\vec{q}_{\\bot}$ by changing parameter $\\vec{\\kappa}$ in the region $|\\vec{\\kappa}|^2\n\\leq q^2 $, is the space with constant negative curvature.", "\n\nLet us now show that transformations (\\[q+x\\]) does not change the sign of $q_3$, i.e. forward ($q_3 >0$) and backward ($q_3 <0$) semi-spheres are invariant subspaces. ", "Applying the transformation (\\[algebra4\\]) to $q_{3}$ we get another Lee equation: $$\\label{algebra11}\n \\frac{dq_{3}^{'}}{dp}=-\\frac{\\vec{n}\\cdot \\vec{q}_{\\bot}^{'}}{q^2}\\ q_{3}^{'}\\ \\ ,\\\n \\ q_{3}^{'}(p=0)=q_3~.$$ Integrating it we obtain: $$\\label{algebra12}\nq_{3}^{'}=q_{3} \\ \\exp \\left \\{ -\\int \\frac{\\vec{n}\\cdot\n\\vec{q}_{\\bot}^{'}}{q^2}dp \\right \\}~.$$ On the other hand, from (\\[algebra6\\]) we can conclude that: $$\\label{algebra13}\n\\vec{n}\\cdot \\vec{q}_{\\bot}^{'}=\\frac{ q \\sinh(\\frac{p}{q}) +\n\\vec{n}\\cdot \\vec{q}_{\\bot}\\cosh(\\frac{p}{q})\n}{\\cosh(\\frac{p}{q})+ \\frac{\\vec{n}\\cdot\n\\vec{q}_{\\bot}}{q}\\sinh(\\frac{p}{q}) }~.$$ Substituting this expression to (\\[algebra12\\]) and integrating it we arrive at: $$\\label{algebra14}\nq_{3}^{'}=q_{3}\\ \\left (1+\\frac{\\vec{\\kappa }\\cdot\n\\vec{q}_{\\bot}}{q^2}\\right )^{-1}\\left(1-\\frac{\\kappa\n^2}{q^2}\\right)^\\frac{1}{2}~.$$ Combining this expression and relation (\\[q+x\\]), finally we get: $$\\label{algebra15}\n \\frac{q_{3}^{'}}{\\sqrt{q^2 -q_{\\bot}^{'2}}}=\\frac{q_{3}}{\\sqrt{q^2\n -q_{\\bot}^{2}}}=\\frac{q_3}{|q_3|}=\\textrm{inv}~.$$ The consequence of this invariance is appearance of the signature in amplitudes (cross-sections) which corresponds to creating of the particle $C$ to the forward or backward semi-sphere.", "\n\nAt the end of this section we note that nonlinear transformations (\\[q+x\\]) can be linearized in the three-dimension space on hyperboloid. ", "Indeed, if we introduce new variables $u_0 ,u_1,\nu_2$: $$\\label{algebra16}\n u=(u_0 ,u_1 ,u_2)\\ \\ ,\\ u_0 =\\frac{q}{q_3} \\ ,\\ \\vec{u} =\\frac{\\vec{q}_{\\bot}}{q_3}\\ \\ ,\\ \\ u^2=u_0 ^2-u_1 ^2-u_2\n ^2=1~,$$ than the transformations (\\[q+x\\]) can be written in these variables as: $$\\label{algebra17}\n u^{'}=\\Lambda (\\vec{\\kappa })u~,$$ with the transformation matrix $\\Lambda (\\vec{\\kappa })$: $$\\label{Lambda_d}\n\\Lambda (\\vec{\\kappa})=\\frac{1}{B} \\left(\\begin{array}{ccc}\n 1 & \\displaystyle\\frac{\\kappa_1}{q} & \\displaystyle\\frac{\\kappa_2}{q}\n \\\\ \\\\\n \\displaystyle\\frac{\\kappa_1}{q} & B+\\displaystyle\\frac{1-B}{\\kappa^2}\\kappa_1^2 & \\displaystyle\\frac{1-B}{\\kappa^2}\\kappa_1\\kappa_2\n \\\\ \\\\\n \\displaystyle\\frac{\\kappa_2}{q} & \\displaystyle\\frac{1-B}{\\kappa^2}\\kappa_1\\kappa_2 & B+\\displaystyle\\frac{1-B}{\\kappa^2}\\kappa_2^2\n\\end{array} \\right)$$\n\n$${\\rm Det}(\\Lambda (\\vec{\\kappa})) =1\\ \\ ,\\ \\ B=\\left ( 1-\\frac{\\kappa ^2}{q^2} \\right )^{\\frac{1}{2}}~.$$\n\nRepresentation of $SO_{\\mu}(2,1)$ algebra in the transverse momentum space\n==========================================================================\n\nLet us obtain group basic functions, which realize states with a define value of the Casimir operator (\\[algebra3\\]) and definite value of the third projection of orbital momentum $L_3$. For that we introduce spherical coordinates in the momentum space: $$q_1=q\\sin\\theta\\cos\\varphi~,$$ $$q_2=q\\sin\\theta\\sin\\varphi~,$$ $$q_3=q\\cos\\theta~.$$ Using an explicit expression for operators $d_i\\ ,\\ L_3 $, we obtain: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{oper_sphere}\nd_1 &=&\n\\frac{i}{q}\\Big(\\cos\\varphi\\cos\\theta\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\theta}\n-\\frac{\\sin\\varphi}{\\sin\\theta}\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\varphi} -\\sin\\theta\\cos\\varphi\\Big)~,\\\\\n\\nonumber d_2 &=&\n\\frac{i}{q}\\Big(\\sin\\varphi\\cos\\theta\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\theta}+\n\\frac{\\cos\\varphi}{\\sin\\theta}\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\varphi} -\\sin\\theta\\sin\\varphi\\Big)~,\\\\\n\\nonumber L_3 &=& -i\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\varphi}~.\\end{aligned}$$ The Casimir operator is: $$\\label{Ksphere}\n \\hat{K}=\\frac{-1}{q^2}\\Bigg(\\cos^2\\theta\\frac{\\partial^2}{\\partial\\theta^2}\n +\\Big(\\frac{\\cos\\theta}{\\sin\\theta}-3\\cos\\theta\\sin\\theta\\Big)\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\theta}\n +\\frac{\\cos^2\\theta}{\\sin^2\\theta}\\frac{\\partial^2}{\\partial\\varphi^2}-2\\cos^2\\theta\\Bigg)~.$$ Let us consider a system of equations: $$\\label{algebra18}\n\\hat{K}\\Psi = b^2 \\Psi \\ \\ ,\\ \\ L_3 \\Psi = m \\Psi~.$$ To make analysis simpler we consider first special case of $m=0$. For this case we have only one ordinary differential equation: $$\\label{algebra19}\n (1-x^2)^2 \\ \\frac{d^2 f}{d x^2}+ \\frac{(1-x^2)^2 }{x}\\frac{d f}{d x}+ 4 q^2 b^2 f\n =0~,$$ with $$\\label{20}\n \\Psi (\\theta )=\\frac{1}{\\cos \\theta }f(\\theta ) ,\\ \\ x=\\tan \\frac{\\theta\n }{2}~.$$ This equation can be reduced to the Riemann equation. ", "The point $\\theta = \\pi /2 $ is the singular point of equation (\\[algebra19\\]). ", "Regular and continuous solution for the region $ 0\\leq \\theta < \\pi /2 $ is the so called cones function: $$\\label{algebra21}\n\\begin{split}\n\\Psi (\\theta )=& \\frac{1}{\\cos \\theta}P_{-1/2+i\\mu }\\left (\n\\frac{1}{\\cos \\theta} \\right )\\ \\ ,\\\n\\ 0\\leq \\theta < \\pi /2 \\\\\n& \\mu =\\left ( q^2 b^2 -1/4 \\right )^{1/2} \\ \\ ,\\ \\ q^2 b^2 \\geq\n1/4~,\n\\end{split}$$ with $P_{\\nu }(z)$ – the Legendre functions.", "\n\nTo find the solution in the backward semi-sphere $ \\pi/2 \\leq\n\\theta < \\pi $, we note that equation (\\[algebra19\\]) is invariant under the transformation $x \\rightarrow 1/x $, which corresponds to transformation $\\cos \\theta \\rightarrow - \\cos\n\\theta $. ", "So, regular and continuous solution in the region $\\frac{\\pi }{2} < \\theta \\leq \\pi $ has the following form: $$\\label{algebra22}\n \\Psi (\\theta )= -\\frac{1}{\\cos \\theta}P_{-1/2+i\\mu }\\left ( -\\frac{1}{\\cos \\theta} \\right )\\ \\ ,\\\n\\ \\frac{\\pi }{2} < \\theta \\leq \\pi~.$$ Finally, combining (\\[algebra21\\]) and (\\[algebra22\\]) we obtain: $$\\label{algebra23}\n \\Psi (\\vec{q}_{\\bot} )= \\frac{q}{\\sqrt{q^2 -q_{\\bot}^2}}P_{-1/2+i\\mu }\\left ( \\frac{q}{\\sqrt{q^2 -q_{\\bot}^2}} \\right )\\ \\ ,\\\n\\ q_{\\bot}=q \\sin \\theta \\ \\ , 0 \\leq \\theta \\leq \\pi~.$$\n\nThere is an important physical constraint on the spectrum of the operator $\\hat{K} $:\n\n$$\\label{algebra24}\n b^2 \\geq \\frac{1}{4 q^2}~.$$\n\nThis constraint follows from the Heisenberg uncertainty principle – a particle with fixed fixed energy can not be created in the region of the coordinate transverse plane of arbitrary small radius.", "\n\nThe generalization for case $m\\neq 0$ is simple, the solution of Eqs.", " (\\[algebra18\\]) has the form: $$\\label{algebra25}\n\\begin{split}\n\\Psi (\\theta , \\varphi )=& \\frac{1}{|\\cos \\theta |}P_{-1/2+i\\mu\n}^{|m|}\\left ( \\frac{1}{|\\cos \\theta |} \\right ) e^{im\\varphi }\\ \\\n,\\\n\\ 0\\leq \\theta \\leq \\pi \\ \\ ,\\ \\ 0\\leq \\varphi \\leq 2 \\pi~, \\\\\n& \\mu =\\left ( q^2 b^2 -1/4 \\right )^{1/2} \\ \\ ,\\ \\ q^2 b^2 \\geq\n1/4\\ \\ ,\\ \\ m=0,\\pm 1,\\pm 2,...~.\n\\end{split}$$ The set of functions (\\[algebra25\\]) forms complete and normalizable basis. ", "The decomposition of functions in this basis is known as Fock-Meller expansion and for case $ m=0 $ it was investigated by V.A.Fock [@Fok].", "\n\nFor the scattering problem, we are interested in, only the plane wave on $SO_\\mu(2,1)$ group are relevant. ", "These plane waves correspond to the main series of irreducible representations on the group function space, this series is generated by $ \\oplus $ operation (\\[q+x\\]). ", "The situation is similar to a problem of building of a relativistic configurational space on Lorentz group $SO(3,1)$. In our case the role of coordinate operators is played by motion generators in the momentum space. ", "The momentum space is represented on positive part of the two-sheet hyperboloid $E^2\n-q^2 =m^2$. This problem was solved in Refs.", " [@Kadyshevskii; @Vilenkin1]. ", "It was shown, that the relativistic configurational space conjugate to the momentum space in Fourie-transformation mean. ", "In our case the role of the unitary transformation kernel from $x$ to $q$ -space is played by the plain waves on hyperboloid, so called Shapiro’s functions [@Shapiro]. ", "These functions implements the main series of unitary representation $SO(3,1)$ group.", "\n\nWe do not give detailed calculations, we just discuss main step. ", "Let the state $\\psi (\\vec{q}_{\\bot})$ diagonalizes an operator $(\\vec{n}\\vec{d}_{\\bot})$ , with $\\vec{n} $ is a vector perpendicular to the momentum $\\vec{p}_{A}$: $$\\label{algebra26}\n ( \\vec{n}\\vec{d}_{\\bot}) \\ \\psi (\\vec{q}_{\\bot}) = \\textrm{const} \\ \\psi\n (\\vec{q}_{\\bot})~.$$ Now, using the transformation (\\[q+x\\]) we obtain that function $$\\label{algebra27}\n f(\\vec{q}_{\\bot})=\\sqrt{1-\\frac{q^2_ {\\bot}}{q^2}}\\ \\psi (\\vec{q}_{\\bot})$$ satisfies the following functional equation: $$\\label{algebra28}\n f(\\vec{q}_{\\bot}\\oplus \\vec{\\kappa})\\ =f(\\vec{q}_{\\bot})\\cdot\n f(\\vec{\\kappa})~.$$ Usual plain waves $\\exp \\left( i\\vec{q}_{\\bot}\\cdot \\vec{b}\n\\right) $ correspond to translations of the Euclidean plain for the case when $ \\oplus $ operation is just a sum operation.", "\n\nObviously, the relation (\\[algebra28\\]) is not satisfied for arbitrary $\\vec{\\kappa}$ , but only for lines of a coordinate grid in the momentum space. ", "Let $\\kappa _{i}=\\kappa _{i} (t) $ be a parametric representation of those lines. ", "We can assume without loss of generality that: $$\\label{algebra29}\n \\kappa _{i} (t=0)=0 \\ \\ ,\\ \\ \\left ( \\frac{d\\kappa _{i}}{dt} \\right )_{t=0} =n_{i}\\ \\ ,\\ \\ n^2=1\\ \\ ,\\ \\\n i=1,2~.$$ Expanding the equation (\\[algebra28\\]) in the vicinity of the point $\\kappa _{i}=0 $ and using that: $$\\label{algebra30}\n \\left ( \\frac{dq_{i}^{'}}{d\\kappa _{k}} \\right )_{\\vec{\\kappa }=0} =\\delta\n _{ik}-\\frac{q_{i}q_{k}}{q^2}~,$$ we obtain the following equation for $f(\\vec{q}_{\\bot})$: $$\\label{algebra31}\n (\\delta _{ik} -x_{i}x_{k} )n_{k} \\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial x_{i}}=2i\\beta\n f~,$$ with $$x_{i}=\\frac{q_{i}}{q} \\ \\ ,\\ \\ \\left ( \\frac{\\partial\nf}{x_{k}} \\right )_{\\vec{x}=0}=-i\\alpha _{k}\\ \\ ,\\ \\ \\beta\n=\\frac{1}{2}(\\vec{\\alpha }\\cdot \\vec{n} )\\ \\ ,\\ \\ i,k=1,2~.$$ It is a differential equation in partial derivative of the first order. ", "Its solution is determined up to arbitrary function of the scalar $\\zeta $ defined as: $$\\zeta =\\frac{1-x^2}{(1-z)^2} \\ \\ ,\\ z=\\frac{\\vec{n}\\cdot \\vec{q}_{\\bot}}{q}~.$$ The constant $\\beta$ is arbitrary as well. ", "This arbitrariness is fixed by the condition that the function $\\psi (\\vec{q}_{\\bot})$ must be the eigenfunction of the Casimir operator $\\hat{K}$: $$\\label{algebra32}\n \\hat{K}\\psi (\\vec{q}_{\\bot})=b^2 \\psi (\\vec{q}_{\\bot})~.$$ Eventually this gives the corresponding equation for the function $f$: $$\\label{algebra33}\n (x_{i}x_{k}-\\delta _{ik} )\\frac{\\partial ^2 f}{\\partial x_{i} \\partial x_{k}} +\n 2\\vec{x}\\cdot \\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial \\vec{x}} - \\frac{b^2 q^2 }{1-x^2} f\n =0~.$$ The system of equations (\\[algebra31\\]) and (\\[algebra33\\]) is equivalent to the system (\\[algebra26\\]) and (\\[algebra32\\]). ", "Its solution gives us the basis functions of plane waves type. ", "Let us introduce the notation: $$\\psi (\\vec{q}_{\\bot}) \\equiv \\xi\n(\\vec{q_\\bot} ,\\vec \\mu)~,$$ with $\\vec{n}$ - the two-dimension elementary vector, introduced in equation (\\[algebra26\\]), $\\vec{\\mu} = \\vec{n} \\mu $. ", "  $\\mu $ was defined in (\\[algebra21\\]). ", "The final result is the following: $$\\label{algebra34}\n\\begin{split}\n \\xi (\\vec{q_\\bot} ,\\vec \\mu) &= \\frac{q}{\\sqrt{q^2-q^2_\\bot\n}}\\left(\\frac{q-\\vec n \\cdot \\vec{q_\\bot }}{\\sqrt{q^2-q^2_\\bot }}\\right)^{-\\frac{1}{2}+i\\mu}\\\\\n&=u_0(u\\cdot n)^{-\\frac{1}{2}+i\\mu }\\ \\ ;\\ \\ (u\\cdot n)=u_0 - \\vec{u}\\cdot \\vec{n}\\\\\n&=u_{0}\\left [ u_0 -\\sqrt{u_0 ^2 -1}\\cos (\\varphi -\\theta ) \\right ]^{-\\frac{1}{2}+i\\mu }~,\\\\\n & \\vec{q_\\bot}=(q_{\\bot}\\cos \\varphi \\ , \\ q_{\\bot}\\sin \\varphi )\\ \\ ,\\ \\ \\vec{n}=(\\cos \\theta , \\sin \\theta\n )~,\\\\\n & n=(1,\\vec{n})\\ \\ ,\\ \\ n^2=n_{0}^2- \\vec{n}^{\\ 2}=0~,\n \\end{split}$$ with $n$ - a three dimensional light-like vector on hyperboloid.", "\n\nFrom the relation (\\[algebra27\\]) between $f$ and $\\psi$ it follows that: $$\\label{35}\n f\\equiv f(\\vec{q_\\bot} ,\\vec \\mu)=(u\\cdot n)^{-\\frac{1}{2}+i\\mu\n }~.$$ This is the two dimensional Shapiro function [@Shapiro]. ", "Its form has universal form, because the irreducible representation of $SO(m,1)$ group is realized by the same function only with a dimension of hyperboloid vectors $n$ and $u$ equals to $m+1$.\n\nThe function $f(\\vec{q_\\bot} ,\\vec \\mu)$ has simple asymptotic expansion for $ (q_{\\bot}/q ) \\ll 1 \\ \\ , \\ (1/q^2 b^2)\\ll 1 $: $$\\label{36}\n f(\\vec{q_\\bot} ,\\vec \\mu)=e^{i\\vec{b}\\cdot \\vec{q}_{\\bot}} \\left ( 1 +\n O\\left(\\frac{q_{\\bot}}{q}\\right) + O\\left(\\frac{1}{q^2 b^2}\\right) \\right )\n \\ \\ ,\\ \\ \\vec{b}=\\vec{n}b~.$$ It shows us a link between plain waves on $SO_\\mu(2,1)$ group and its analogon on $E(2)$ group. ", "We see that the parameter $\\vec b$ corresponds to the “impact parameter” in the infinite momentum frame, e.g. [@Budkard; @Diehl]. ", "The formulae we derive generalize the “impact parameter” to arbitrary frame and can be used in whole range $q^2 b^2 \\geq 1/4$. Generically, the equations for arbitrary frame can be obtain from the equations in the infinite momentum frame by the change the transformation kernel: $$\\exp(i \\vec{q}_{\\bot} \\cdot \\vec{b})\\ \\rightarrow \\xi (\\vec{q}_{\\bot} , \\vec{\\mu })~,$$ and one has to introduce $|\\vec{\\mu},q \\rangle _{SO_{\\mu}(2.1)}$ state instead $|\\vec{b},q^+ \\rangle _{E(2)}$. Also these changes solve the problem of direct and reverse transformations $(\\vec{q}_{\\bot})\\rightleftarrows (\\vec{b}) $, which is connected with a finiteness of the range for $q_{\\bot}$ at fixed $E_{q}$ or $p^+ $.", "\n\nHere we show one more relation, usual for plane waves on the Euclidean plane and on the surface defined by (\\[q+x\\]). ", "As it is shown in [@Beitman]: $$\\label{algebra39}\n \\int \\limits _{0}^{2\\pi} d \\theta \\ f(\\vec{q_\\bot} ,\\vec \\mu)=2\\pi P_{-1/2\n + \\mathrm{i}\\mu}(\\frac{q}{\\sqrt{q^2-q^2_\\bot }})~,$$ with $\\theta $ - direction angle of vector $\\vec{n}$. Now we use Fock expansion [@Fok]: $$\\label{algebra40}\n P_{-1/2 + \\mathrm{i}\\mu}(\\cosh \\alpha )= \\sqrt{\\frac{\\alpha }{\\sinh \\alpha}}\\left \\{ J_{0}(\\mu \\alpha\n )+\\frac{1}{8 \\mu }\\left ( \\coth \\alpha - \\frac{1}{\\alpha } \\right )J_{1}(\\mu \\alpha )+ ......\n \\right \\}~.$$ Substituting (\\[36\\]) and (\\[algebra40\\]) to equality (\\[algebra39\\]) and taking limit $(q_{\\bot}/q ) \\ll 1 \\ \\ , \\\n(1/q^2 b^2)\\ll 1 $, we get a relation well-known from the eikonal formalism $$\\label{algebra41}\n \\int \\limits _{0}^{2\\pi} d \\theta \\ e^{i\\vec{b}\\cdot \\vec{q}_{\\bot} }= 2\\pi J_{0}(b\n q_{\\bot})~.$$\n\nA system of functions $\\xi (\\vec{q_\\bot} ,\\vec \\mu) $ form a complete orthogonal system independently on the forward and the backward semi-spheres ($q_3 = \\pm\\sqrt{q^2 - q_{\\bot }^{2}}$): $$\\label{algebra37}\n \\frac{1}{(2\\pi)^2} \\int\\xi (\\vec{q_\\bot} ,\\vec \\mu)\\ \\bar{\\xi }(\\vec{q_\\bot} ,\\vec { \\mu\n }')\\ \\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{q}}=\\frac{1}{\\tanh(\\pi\\mu)}\\ \\delta^{(2)}(\\vec{\\mu}-\\vec{\\mu\n }')\\quad\\textrm{--orthogonality}~,$$\n\n$$\\label{algebra338}\n \\frac{1}{(2\\pi)^2} \\int\\xi (\\vec{q_\\bot} ,\\vec \\mu)\\ \\bar{\\xi }(\\vec{q_\\bot}' ,\\vec \\mu\n )\\ \\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{\\mu}}=q(q^2-q^2_\\bot )^\\frac{1}{2}\\\n \\delta^{(2)}(\\vec{q_\\bot}-\\vec{q_\\bot}')\\quad\\textrm{--compliteness}~,$$\n\nwith: $$\\label{7}\n \\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{q}}=\\frac{1}{q\\sqrt{q^2-q^2_\\bot }}\\ \\mathrm{d}\\vec{q_\\bot}\\ ,\\quad\n \\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{\\mu}}=\\tanh (\\pi\\mu)\\ \\mathrm{d}\\vec{\\mu}~,$$ $$\\quad\\vec{\\mu}=(\\mu \\cos\\theta ,\\mu \\sin\\theta )\\ ,\\ \\\n \\delta^{2}(\\vec{\\mu}-\\vec{\\mu}')=\\frac{1}{\\mu}\\ \\delta(\\mu-\\mu')\\ \\delta(\\theta-\\theta')~.$$ Any function $F(\\vec{q})$ can be decomposed unambiguously in the $\\xi (\\vec{q_\\bot} ,\\vec \\mu)$ basis for forward semi-sphere $q_3\n> 0 $, as a $SO_{\\mu}(2,1)$ group function (or independently for $ q_3 < 0 $): $$\\label{algebra42}\n\\begin{split}\n F(\\vec{q})=\\int \\xi (\\vec{q_\\bot} ,\\vec \\mu) \\ C(\\vec{\\mu})\\ \\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{\\mu}}~,\\\\\nC(\\vec{\\mu})=\\frac{1}{(2\\pi)^2} \\int\\bar{\\xi} (\\vec{q_\\bot} ,\\vec\n\\mu) F(\\vec{q})\\ \\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{q}}~.\n \\end{split}$$ These relations allow us to build N-particles Fock space, where one particle in state with the fixed spatial parameter $\\vec{\\mu}$.\n\nFock space on $SO_{\\mu}(2.1)$ group\n===================================\n\nNow let us consider the process, where one of the created particles is in the state with a definite spatial parameter $\\vec{\\mu}$ and with a definite value of energy $\\mathrm{E_{q}}$ and with a definite sign of projection of $z$-momentum. ", "We denote it as: $$\\label{Foc2}\n |\\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon\\rangle \\ ;\\ \\quad \\epsilon=\\pm 1\\ \\textrm{--sign of\nprojection}~.$$\n\nIn the same way we write state with a definite value of the transverse momentum $\\vec{q}_{\\bot}$, with a definite value of energy $\\mathrm{E_{q}}$, with a definite sign of projection of the $z$-momentum. ", "We denote it as : $$\\label{Foc3}\n |\\vec{q}\\rangle ^{\\pm }= |\\vec{q}_{\\bot},q_{3}=\\pm \\sqrt{q^2-q_{\\bot}^2}\\rangle$$ with $$\\label{Foc5}\n |\\vec{q}\\rangle = a^{+}(\\vec{q}) |0\\rangle \\ \\ ,\\ \\ [ a(\\vec{q}) \\ a^{+}(\\vec{p}) ]= \\delta (\n\\vec{q}-\\vec{p} )~.$$\n\nThese two types of states are related to each other by the following transformation on the sphere $q^2=\\mathrm{const}$, see eqs.", " (\\[Foc2\\]) and (\\[Foc3\\]): $$\\label{Foc4}\n \\langle \\vec{q}_{\\bot},\\epsilon \\sqrt{q^2-q_{\\bot}^2}|=\\int \\xi (\\vec{q_\\bot} ,\\vec \\mu)\n \\langle \\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon|\\ \\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{\\mu}}~,$$ $$\\langle \\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon|=\\frac{1}{(2\\pi)^2}\n\\int\\bar{\\xi} (\\vec{q_\\bot} ,\\vec \\mu)\\langle\n\\vec{q}_{\\bot},\\epsilon \\sqrt{q^2-q_{\\bot}^2}|\\\n\\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{q}}~.$$ It is consequence of completeness and orthogonal properties of functions $\\xi (\\vec{q_\\bot} ,\\vec \\mu)$.\n\nThe integral relation is correct for a arbitrary function $F(\\vec{q})$: $$\\label{Foc1}\n \\int F(\\vec{q})\\ \\mathrm{d}\\vec{q}= \\int q^2 dq \\\n \\mathrm{d}\\Omega \\ F(\\vec{q})=\\sum\\limits _{\\epsilon=\\pm 1}\\int q^2 dq \\\n \\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{q}}\\ F(\\vec{q}_{\\bot},\\epsilon\n \\sqrt{q^2-q_{\\bot}^2})~,$$ $$\\mathrm{d}\\Omega =sin \\theta d \\theta d\\varphi \\ \\ , \\ \\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{q}} = \\frac{1}{q\\sqrt{q^2-q^2_\\bot }}\\ \\mathrm{d}\\vec{q_\\bot}~.$$ Using this relation and representation (\\[Foc4\\]) we obtain for the unit operator in the one- particle Fock space: $$\\label{Foc6}\n \\begin{split}\n \\hat{\\mathrm{I}}&=\\int|\\vec{q}\\rangle \\langle \\vec{q}|\\ \\mathrm{d}\\vec{q} =\\\\\n &=\\sum \\limits_{\\epsilon=\\pm 1}\\int q^2 dq \\ \\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{q}}\\ |\\vec{q}_{\\bot},\\epsilon \\sqrt{q^2-q_{\\bot}^2}\\rangle \\langle \\vec{q}_{\\bot},\\epsilon \\sqrt{q^2-q_{\\bot}^2}| =\\\\\n &=(2\\pi)^2 \\sum \\limits_{\\epsilon=\\pm 1}\\int q^2 dq \\ \\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{\\mu}}\\\n |\\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon\\rangle \\langle \\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon|~.\n \\end{split}$$ The last relation defines the matrix element $\\langle\n\\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon|\\vec{\\nu},k,\\eta\\rangle $ unambiguously. ", "Indeed we obtain: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{Foc7}\n|\\vec{\\nu},k,\\eta\\rangle\n&=&\\hat{\\mathrm{I}}|\\vec{\\nu},k,\\eta\\rangle = (2\\pi)^2 \\sum\n\\limits_{\\epsilon=\\pm 1}\\int q^2 dq \\ \\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{\\mu}}\n |\\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon\\rangle \\langle \\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon|\\vec{\\nu},k,\\eta\\rangle\n \\\\\\nonumber\n &=&\\sum \\limits_{\\epsilon=\\pm 1} \\int \\left \\{(2\\pi)^2 q^2 \\tanh (\\pi\\mu)\\\n \\langle \\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon|\\vec{\\nu},k,\\eta\\rangle \\right\\}|\\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon\\rangle dq\\\n \\mathrm{d}\\vec{\\mu}~.\\end{aligned}$$ It follows that $$\\label{Foc8}\n(2\\pi)^2 q^2 \\tanh (\\pi\\mu)\n \\langle \\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon|\\vec{\\nu},k,\\eta\\rangle =\\delta ^{(2)}(\\vec{\\mu}-\\vec{\\nu})\\ \\delta (q-k) \\ \\delta _{\\epsilon \\eta}$$ and the expression for matrix element of conversion is: $$\\label{Foc9}\n \\begin{split}\n & \\langle \\vec{q_{\\bot}},\\epsilon\\sqrt{q^2-q^2_{\\bot}}\\ |\\vec{\\nu}\n ,k,\\eta \\ \\rangle = \\\\\n &=\\int\\xi(\\vec{q}_{\\bot}, \\vec{\\mu})\\ \\langle \\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon \\\n |\\vec{\\nu},k,\\eta\\rangle \\ \\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{\\mu}}=\\\\\n &=\\xi(\\vec{q}_{\\bot},\\vec{\\nu})\\frac{1}{(2\\pi)^{2}}\\ \\delta_{\\epsilon \\eta}\\ \\frac{1}{q^{2}}\\\n \\delta(k-q)~.\n \\end{split}$$ Here we used eq.", " (\\[Foc4\\]). ", "We obtain from the condition $\\langle \\vec{q}|\\vec{k}\\rangle =\\delta^{(3)}(\\vec{q}-\\vec{k})$ that: $$\\label{Foc10}\n \\begin{split}\n &\\langle \\vec{q}_{\\bot} ,\\epsilon\\sqrt{q^2-q_{\\bot}^2}|\\vec{k}_{\\bot} ,\\eta\\sqrt{k^2-k_{\\bot}^2}\\rangle =\\\\\n &=\\delta ^{(2)}(\\vec{q}_{\\bot}-\\vec{k}_{\\bot})\\ \\delta\n (\\epsilon\\sqrt{q^2-q^2_{\\bot}}-\\eta\\sqrt{k^2-k^2_{\\bot}})=\\\\\n &=\\delta _{\\epsilon \\eta}\\ \\delta ^{(2)}(\\vec{q}_{\\bot}-\\vec{k}_{\\bot})\\ \\delta\n (q-k)\\frac{\\sqrt{k^2-k_{\\bot}^2}}{k}~.\n \\end{split}$$ To calculate matrix elements (\\[Foc8\\]), (\\[Foc9\\]) and ( \\[Foc10\\]) on the plane $q=k$ it is necessary to define the expression for $\\delta (q-k)$. Let us use the well-known relation: $$\\label{Foc11}\n \\delta (q-k)=\\frac{k}{E_{k}}\\delta (E_{q}-E_{k})~.$$ This implies: $$\\label{Foc12}\n \\delta (q-k)=\\frac{k}{E_{k}}\\delta (E_{q}-E_{k})=\\frac{k}{E_{k}}\\frac{T}{2\\pi}=\\frac{|\\vec{V}|\\cdot\n T}{2\\pi}~,$$ $$\\label{Foc13}\n \\frac{\\sqrt{k^2-k_{\\bot}^2}}{k}\\cdot\\delta (q-k)=\\frac{|k_3|}{E_{k}}\\delta (E_{q}-E_{k})=\\frac{|V_{3}|\\cdot\n T}{2\\pi}~,$$ with $\\vec{V}=\\frac{\\vec{k}}{E_{k}}$ – a velocity of particle with momentum $\\vec{k}$ , and $T$ - the infinite interval of time.", "\n\nLet us consider the process with $s$ different particles in the finite state with momenta $\\vec{q_1},\\vec{q_2},\\ldots \\vec{q_s}$ and one particle in the state $|\\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon\\rangle $. ", "The basis of vectors in $(s+1)$ -particles Fock space are the direct product of one-particle basic vectors: $$\\label{Foc14}\n |\\{ q_s \\} ; \\vec{q}\\rangle \\equiv |\\vec{q_1},\\vec{q_2},\\ldots \\vec{q_s} ;\\vec{q}\n \\rangle ~,$$ $$\\label{Foc15}\n |\\{ q_s \\} ;\\vec{q}_{\\bot},\\epsilon \\sqrt{q^2-q_{\\bot}^2}\\rangle \\equiv |\\vec{q_1},\\vec{q_2},\\ldots \\vec{q_s};\\vec{q}_{\\bot},\\epsilon\n \\sqrt{q^2-q_{\\bot}^2}\\rangle ~,$$ $$\\label{Foc16}\n |\\{ q_s \\};\\vec{\\mu},q, \\epsilon\\rangle \\equiv |\\vec{q_1},\\vec{q_2},\\ldots\n \\vec{q_s};\\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon\\rangle ~.$$ These are equivalent complete sets of basic vectors in the $(s+1)$ -particles Fock space, with $s=0,1,....$ . ", "Hence there are three representation of the unit operator in the Fock space. ", "$$\\label{Foc17}\n \\begin{split}\n \\hat{\\mathrm{I}}&= \\sum \\limits_{s}\\int (\\prod \\limits^{s}_{i=1}\\mathrm{d}\\vec{q_i})\\ \\mathrm{d}\\vec{q}\\ |\\{ q_s \\};\\vec{q}\\rangle \\langle \\{ q_s \\};\\vec{q}|\\\\\n&=\\sum \\limits_{s}\\sum \\limits_{\\epsilon=\\pm 1}\\int (\\prod\n\\limits^{s}_{i=1}\\mathrm{d}\\vec{q_i})\\ q^2 dq\\\n\\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{q}}\\ |\\{ q_s \\};\\vec{q}_{\\bot},\\epsilon \\sqrt{q^2-q_{\\bot}^2}\\rangle \\langle \\{ q_s \\};\\vec{q}_{\\bot},\\epsilon \\sqrt{q^2-q_{\\bot}^2}| \\\\\n &=(2\\pi)^2\\sum \\limits_{s}\\sum \\limits_{\\epsilon=\\pm 1}\\int (\\prod \\limits^{s}_{i=1}\\mathrm{d}\\vec{q_i})\\ q^2 dq \\\n \\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{\\mu}}\\ |\\{ q_s \\};\\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon\\rangle \\langle \\{ q_s\n \\};\\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon|~.\n \\end{split}$$ From last expression it is follows that $$\\langle \\{ k_s\n\\};\\vec{\\nu},k,\\eta|\\{ q_s \\};\\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon\\rangle =$$ $$\\label{Foc18}\n(2\\pi)^2 q^2 \\tanh (\\pi\\mu)\n \\langle \\{ q_s \\};\\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon|\\{ k_s \\};\\vec{\\nu},k,\\eta\\rangle =\\delta ^{(2)}(\\vec{\\mu}-\\vec{\\nu})\n \\ \\delta (q-k) \\ \\delta _{\\epsilon \\eta}\\ \\prod \\limits^{s}_{i=1}\\ \\delta ^{(3)}(\\vec{q}_i -\n \\vec{k}_i)~.$$\n\nThis matrix element appears in a calculation of a cross section and will be used in next section.", "\n\nCross sections with creation of particle in a state from $SO_{\\mu}(2.1)$ \n=========================================================================\n\nLet us obtain a expression for cross-section through matrix elements of S-matrix, with final state defines by a vector of Fock space $\\langle \\{ q_s \\};\\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon|$ , i.e. with $s+1$ created particles, and one of them has a state from $SO_{\\mu}(2,1)$. Formalism of such procedure describes in details in [@Shirkov]. ", "We note only some important points. ", "Basics of formalism is a quantum-mechanic interpretation of norm one-particle state $|\\psi \\rangle $. ", "This state can be represented as wave packet: $$\\label{s1}\n |\\Psi \\rangle =\\int f(\\vec{k})\\ a^+(\\vec{k})\\ \\mathrm{d}\\vec{k}|0\\rangle \\ ,\\quad [a(\\vec{k})\\ a^+(\\vec{q})] =\n \\delta ^{(3)}(\\vec{k}-\\vec{q})$$ with $f(\\vec{k})$ - wave function, which gives a quantum-mechanic description of state $|\\Psi\\rangle $. ", "Here, if the norm of that state $$||\\Psi \\rangle |^2 =\\langle \\Psi|\\Psi \\rangle =\\int |f(\\vec{k})|^2\\\n\\mathrm{d}\\vec{k}$$ equals to one, then $|f(\\vec{k})|^2$ is interpreted as corresponding probability density (Born interpretation). ", "If the norm is equal to $N>1$, then $ f(\\vec{k})$ is interpreted as an one-particle distribution function of particles in statistical assembly with N particles.", "\n\nA different type particles state is constructed as direct product of corresponding set of states. ", "A norm of that state equals to product of a number of particles in the set: $$||\\Psi \\rangle |^2=N_1\\cdot N_2 \\cdot \\cdots N_s$$\n\nAs an example, let us consider a set of particles with fixed momentum $\\vec{k}$: $$|1\\rangle =(2\\pi)^{3/2}n^{1/2}\\ a^+(\\vec{k})|0\\rangle$$ A sense of parameter $n$ follows from a definition of norm: $$||1 \\rangle |^2=(2\\pi)^{3}n\\ \\delta (0)=n\\cdot V =N$$ So, $n=\\frac{N}{V}, $ i.e. it is a density of particles.", "\n\nThe wave function $f(\\vec{k})$ defined in (\\[s1\\]) for such flux is $$f(\\vec{k})=(2\\pi)^{3/2}n^{1/2}\\ \\delta(\\vec{k}-\\vec{k}_0)$$ So the state $|1\\rangle $ is the state with infinite norm and describes flux of particles with fixed momentum $\\vec{k}$ and density of particles in the flux $n$. If we have $s$ particle fluxes with different momenta $\\vec{q}_1,\\vec{q}_2,\\cdots,\\vec{q}_s$, then corresponding state is defined as direct product of states for every flux: $$\\label{s2}\n |s\\rangle =\\prod \\limits^{s}_{i=1}\\left \\{(2\\pi)^{3/2}n_{i}^{1/2}\\ a^+(\\vec{q}_{i}) \\right\\}|0\\rangle$$ A norm of such state is $$\\label{s3}\n ||s \\rangle |^2=N_1\\cdot N_2 \\cdot \\cdots N_s$$ with $$N_i=n_iV\\ ,\\ i=1,2,\\ldots s$$\n\nWhen we consider a collision of two beams with defined momenta and density, we build an initial state $|in\\rangle $ as (\\[s2\\]) state with $s=2$: $$\\label{s4}\n |in\\rangle =|s=2\\rangle ~.$$ We may interpret such product at $s=2$ in context of a dynamical chaos hypothesis, as an average collisions number of particles from different beams. “", "Star” of finite state particles appears in every such collision. ", "By virtue of the unitary relation $SS^+ = I$ we have: $$\\label{unit}\n \\left | |out \\rangle \\right |^2 = \\left | |in \\rangle \\right |^2$$ with $|\\ out\\rangle =\\mathrm{\\hat{S}}|\\ in\\rangle $ . ", "So, the norm of $|out \\rangle $ state defines a number of “stars” burned during infinity time $T$ and in infinity volume $V$.\n\nWe are interested in process $2\\rightarrow s+1 \\ \\ ,\\ s=0 ,1,...$, so let us decompose $|\\ out\\rangle $ state on (\\[Foc15\\] , \\[Foc16\\]) basis. ", "We have: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{s5}\n|out\\rangle &=&~\\\\\\nonumber\n &=&(2\\pi)^2\\sum \\limits_{\\epsilon=\\pm 1}\\int\n(\\prod \\limits^{s}_{i=0}\\mathrm{d}\\vec{q_i})\\ q^2 dq \\\n \\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{\\mu}}|\\{ q_s \\};\\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon\\rangle \\langle \\{ q_s\n \\};\\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon|\\hat{S}|in\\rangle \\\\ \\nonumber\n &=&\\sum \\limits_{\\epsilon=\\pm 1}\\int (\\prod \\limits^{s}_{i=0}\\mathrm{d}\\vec{q_i})\\ q^2 dq\n \\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{q}}|\\{ q_s \\};\\vec{q_{\\bot}},\\epsilon\\sqrt{q^2-q^2_{\\bot}}\\ \\rangle \\langle \\{ q_s\n \\};\\vec{q_{\\bot}},\\epsilon\\sqrt{q^2-q^2_{\\bot}}\\\n |\\hat{S}|in\\rangle .\\end{aligned}$$ Total numbers of events of $(s+1)$-particles creation during infinity time and in the whole space are defined by the $|out\\rangle $-state norm: $$\\label{s6}\n\\begin{split}\n N&=||out\\rangle |^2=|\\hat{S}-\\hat{I}|in\\rangle |^2=\\\\\n &=(2\\pi)^2\\sum \\limits_{\\epsilon=\\pm 1}\\int (\\prod \\limits^{s}_{i=1}\\mathrm{d}\\vec{q_i})\\ q^2\ndq \\\n \\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{\\mu}} \\ |\\langle \\{ q_s\n \\};\\vec{\\mu},q,\\epsilon|(\\hat{S}-\\hat{I})|in\\rangle |^2 \\\\\n &=\\sum \\limits_{\\epsilon=\\pm 1}\\int (\\prod \\limits^{s}_{i=1}\\mathrm{d}\\vec{q_i})\\ q^2\ndq \\\n \\mathrm{d}\\Omega_{\\vec{q}} \\ |\\langle \\{ q_s\n \\};\\vec{q_{\\bot}},\\epsilon\\sqrt{q^2-q^2_{\\bot}}\\\n |(\\hat{S}-\\hat{I})|in\\rangle |^2~.\n \\end{split}$$ Here we have used an assumption that all $s+1$ particles are different. ", "So their operators of creation and annihilation do not correlate between each other. ", "Also we have used expression (\\[Foc18\\]) for the matrix element.", "\n\nRelations (\\[s6\\]) are initial for obtaining differential cross sections on corresponding variables (part II). ", "Also they give a general norm on a total events $A+B \\rightarrow C + \\{ s \\}$, without any corresponding to a finite states.", "\n\nCross section for a process $\\sigma(1\\rightarrow f)$ (a constant external field) and a process $\\sigma(2\\rightarrow f)$ follow from (\\[s6\\]). ", "After extracting kinematic factors we have: $$\\label{s7}\n \\sigma(1\\rightarrow f)=\\frac{E_p}{p n T}|(S-I)|in\\rangle |^2 \\ , \\\n |in\\rangle =(2\\pi)^{3/2}n^{1/2}a^{+}(\\vec{p})|0\\rangle ~,$$ $$\\sigma(2 \\rightarrow f)= \\frac{1}{n_1 n_2 T V |\\vec{u}|}| (S-I)|in\\rangle |^2 \\ ,\\\n|in\\rangle =(2\\pi)^{3}n^{1/2}_1\nn^{1/2}_2a^{+}_{A}(\\vec{p}_1)a^{+}_{B}(\\vec{p}_2)|0\\rangle ~,$$ with $\\vec{u}$ – relative velocity of two particles.", "\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nWe have shown that algebra of Poincare group generators contains subalgebra, which represents $SO(2,1)$ algebra on the $q^2=const$ sphere. ", "The generators of this algebra $d_1\\ ,\\ d_2\\ \\ ,\\ L_3 $ have exact physical interpretation. ", "The quantum numbers of state, built with help if this algebra, define the coordinates of particle creation effective area. ", "They form a complete system of states in the one-particle Fock space. ", "It allows us to unambiguously connect a total cross section with a corresponded $S$-matrix element. ", "That allows one to analyze a spatial structure of hadrons using various processes experimental data. ", "The application of the developed formalism to various processes will be presented elsewhere.", "\n\nAcknowledgements\n================\n\nThis work was supported in part by grant of the President of Russian Federation for support of leading scientific schools NSh -5362.2006.2 (O.N.S & A.N.V), by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Heisenberg–Landau Programme grant 2007, and the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research grants No.", " 06-02-16215 and 07-02-91557 (A.A.V)\n\n[99]{} R. Hofstadter and R. W. McAllister, Phys.", " Rev.  [**98**]{} (1955) 217.", "\n\nK. Goeke, M. V. Polyakov and M. Vanderhaeghen, Prog.", " Part.", "Nucl.", " Phys.", "  [**47**]{} (2001) 401 \\[arXiv:hep-ph/0106012\\];\\\nM. Diehl, Phys.", " Rept.", "  [**388**]{} (2003) 41 \\[arXiv:hep-ph/0307382\\];\\\nA. V. Belitsky and A. V. Radyushkin, Phys.", " Rept.", "  [**418**]{} (2005) 1 \\[arXiv:hep-ph/0504030\\].", "\n\nM. Burkardt, Phys. ", "Rev. D62, 071503 (2000), hep-ph/0005108.", "\n\nJ.B.Kogut and D.E.Soper,Phys.", "Rev.D1 2901 (1970).", "\n\nJ.D. Bjorken, J.B. Kogut, D.E. Soper, Phys.", "Rev.D (1972)\n\nA.A. Andrianov, Teor.", "Mat.", "Fiz.17:407-421,1973\\[In Russian\\],\\\nTheor.", "Math.", "Phys.17:1234-1249,1973.", "\n\nM.Huszar, KFKI 76.30:1976.", "\n\nA. V. Radyushkin,  Phys.", " Rev. D [**58**]{} 114008 (1998);\\\nM. Diehl,  T. Feldmann, R. Jakob and P.Kroll , Eur.", " Phys. ", "J.  C [**8**]{}, 409 (1999).", "\n\nA.N. Vall, N.A. Makeev Yad.", "Fiz.27:558-564,1978.\\[In Russian\\]\n\nV.Barone,M.Predazzi ,Phys.", "Rept.359 1 (2002),\n\nN. Vilenkin *Special Functions and the Theory of Group Representations.* ", "Amer Mathematical Society; Revised edition (June 1983)\n\nA.N. Vall Yad.", "Fiz.28:1091-1097,1978. ", "\\[In Russian\\]\n\nV.A.Fock DAN USSR.39, N7:279-283,1943.\\[In Russian\\]\n\nV.G.Kadyshevsky, R.M.Mir-Kasimov, N.B.Skatchkov. ", "Phys.", "Elem.", "Part.", "Atom.", "Nucl. ", "2,3: 1972.\\[In Russian\\]\n\nN.Ya.", "Vilenkin,Ya.", "A.Smorodinskii Jour.", "Exp.", "Theor.", "Phys.46, 5:1964.", "\n\nI.S.Shapiro, DAN USSR.106, N4 647-649, 1956.\\[In Russian\\]\n\nM.Diehl,Eur.", "Phys.", "J.C25 223 (2002),hep ph/0205208,Erratum ibid.to appear.", "\n\nH.Bateman *Higher Transcendental Functions* vol.1:McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New York, Toronto, and London (1953)\n\nN.N. Bogolyubov, D.V.Shirkov, *Introduction to the Theory of Quantized Fields* Chichester: Wiley-Interscience, 3rd edn, 1980\n" ]

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[ "This invention relates to steam generators used in nuclear reactor power plants. ", "It relates particularly to the means used to introduce the feedwater into the steam generator.", "\nSteam generators used in nuclear reactor power plants are very large heat exchangers where heat from a primary fluid heated by the nuclear reactor is transferred to a secondary fluid (water) which is converted into steam and used to drive a turbine generator. ", "Steam generators are housed inside a tall, generally cylindrical steel shell. ", "A large number of U-shaped heat exchanger tubes are enclosed in the shell and have their ends inserted in holes formed in a horizontal tube sheet or plate near the bottom of the steel shell. ", "The tubes are used to convey the primary fluid which has been heated in the nuclear reactor. ", "The secondary fluid or feedwater used to generate the steam is introduced into steam generator in such a manner that the secondary fluid flows around the outside of the heated tubes thereby converting much of the secondary fluid into steam which is allowed to exit the steam generator through an outlet nozzle at the top of the steel shell.", "\nMany early model steam generators (often called preheat SGs or SGS with economizers) were designed to introduce the secondary fluid or feedwater through a feedwater inlet nozzle positioned near the bottom of the steam generator where it was introduced directly to the tube bundle. ", "The incoming secondary fluid then rose upwardly around the tubes where it was heated and converted into steam. ", "The secondary fluid that was not yet converted into steam was captured by the moisture separators and redirected into the steam generator recirculating pool. ", "Recirculating water from this pool flowed down between the tube bundle wrapper and the inside wall of the steel shell to the bottom of the steam generator where it was directed back into the tube bundle where it then was mixed with additional incoming secondary fluid or feedwater.", "\nOther designs of steam generators (often called feedring SGs or non-preheat SGs) have been designed with the feedwater inlet nozzle positioned in the upper part of the steam generator to introduce the secondary fluid or feedwater into the recirculation pool where it mixes with the recirculating water before flowing down between the tube bundle wrapper and the inside wall of the steel shell to the bottom of the steam generator where it is directed back into the tube bundle and then flows upwardly around the heated tubes.", "\nNuclear power plants that wish to convert from the style of steam generator having a bottom secondary fluid or feedwater inlet flow introduced directly to the tube bundles (preheat SGs) to the design of steam generator having the secondary fluid or feedwater inlet at the top (feedring SGs) have had to incur great expense and difficulty to convert all the power plant secondary fluid piping, pumping, and control systems to accommodate the design change of steam generator." ]

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[ "Judge Orders Cruelty Trial\n\nTeens Accused Of Killing Cat\n\nOctober 26, 2002|By BILL LEUKHARDT; Courant Staff Writer\n\nNEW BRITAIN — A Newington teenager deemed most responsible for the torture-death of her roommate's cat lost her bid Friday for a special form of probation to avoid trial, and possibly jail time and a criminal record.", "\n\nInstead, Jill Mazurek, 19, and her co-defendants, Michael Oziomek and Michael Pajak, both 20, must stand trial for the death of Adonis, an 11-month-old cat that was shaved, painted, tossed into a Berlin lake and battered. ", "Its body was never found.", "\n\nAlexander said that state lawmakers never intended to extend the special probation to people accused of such violent acts as this. ", "She said that all three co-defendants must be ready to start trial within a day's notice.", "\n\nEach teenager has pleaded not guilty to cruelty to animals, a felony charge. ", "All three are out on bond.", "\n\nAlexander's ruling prompted Oziomek to withdraw his application for accelerated rehabilitation. ", "Pajak was not eligible because of a prior criminal record.", "\n\nPolice say that Mazurek became angry in February with her roommate and took out her frustration on the woman's cat. ", "Pajak and Mazurek are accused of repeatedly throwing the animal into Silver Lake in Berlin as Oziomek watched. ", "Mazurek also allegedly struck the creature with a bottle and smashed it into a concrete block.", "\n\nOutside of court Friday, a small, vocal group of animal lovers applauded the judge's ruling.", "\n\n``We're so happy,'' said animal rights activist Lidy Woickelman of Southington. ", "She was wearing cloth cat's ears and leading chants of ``Jail for Jill'' and ``Justice for Adonis.''", "\n\nShe said the 15 protesters on hand included members of Friends of Animals and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.", "\n\n``This was almost like a methodical killing of a helpless animal,'' Woickelman said.", "\n\nCatherine Towle, the woman who owned Adonis, was in court to watch the proceedings. ", "Afterward, she said she supported the judge's decision. ", "Towle said the incident apparently was sparked by her decision to evict Mazurek and Pajak from Towle's apartment.", "\n\nThe ``only thing that would please me is if she [Mazurek] gets the help she needs,'' Towle said.", "\n\nMazurek's attorney, Douglas Pelletier, said later that his client is receiving psychiatric treatment for several problems and will continue to do so." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRun a local script on a remote server using ssh with out having to worry about quotes\n\nSo I have been running local scripts fine on a remote server:\nssh user@server \"`cat local-script.sh`\"\n\nHowever, today I have a script that has both single and double quotes in it. ", "Which causes the script to fail because the output of cat local-script.sh is wrapped in quotes. ", "With out modifying the script itself, is there a better way to handle this?", "\nI thought this may work:\nssh user@server $(<local-script.sh)\n\nBut is does not seem to do anything...\n\nA:\n\ncat local-script.sh | ssh user@server bash\n\nor whatever shell you want to use instead of bash\n\nA:\n\nWith the following test script:\n#!", "/bin/bash\nuname -n\na=(b c 'd e' f)\necho \"${#a[@]}\"\nb=(1 \"2 3\" 4)\necho \"${#b[@]}\"\n\nThe output should be the remote host name followed by 4 and 3 when executed using:\nssh user@server \"$(<scriptname)\"\n\nThis shows that the quotes inside the script are being handled correctly. ", "If the quotes weren't being handled correctly, the numbers output would be 5 and 4 due to word splitting. ", "Note the quotes around the command substitution.", "\nBy the way, the first command you posted doesn't work. ", "The single quotes prevent the backticks from being evaluated locally.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Pokémon Topaz - Starlight Cave\n\nThis is the cave where you will be able to find Jirachi. ", "It is a long and deep cave with over 10 floors. ", "Your Pokémon will need to be well prepared for the journey, and you as well - Jirachi won't be easy to capture! ", "Unless you have the all-exclusive Master Ball, that is..." ]

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[ "Matthew Bohrer\n\nMatthew Bohrer is an American actor and writer who is known for his work in television, theater, and film.", "\n\nEarly Life \n\nWhile growing up in San Diego, Matthew Bohrer performed in multiple plays with the Playwrights Project at the Tony Award-Winning Old Globe Theatre. ", "\n\nBohrer graduated from Harvard University with a B.A. in English and a minor in Dramatic Arts. ", "While at Harvard, he was a member of the Hasty Pudding Theatricals and sang with the Krokodiloes, Harvard’s oldest a cappella group.", "\n\nCareer \n\nAfter college, Bohrer began his acting career on stage, appearing as “Eddie” in Center Theatre Group's production of The Sunshine Boys at the Ahmanson Theater, opposite Danny DeVito and Judd Hirsch. ", "He returned to Center Theatre Group in the world premiere of Marjorie Prime at the Mark Taper Forum.", "\n\nOn screen, Bohrer has recurred opposite Billy Bob Thornton in David E. Kelley's Amazon series Goliath, in addition to guest starring in two different roles on the award-winning Showtime drama, Masters of Sex.", "\n\nHe has also appeared on Lucifer, Grown-ish, Modern Family, Grey's Anatomy, Scandal, House of Lies, and I Didn't Do It, and has recurred as \"Henry Sullivan\" on General Hospital. ", "He made his feature film debut in the Universal release, Unfriended.", "\n\nFilmography \nSelected Filmography\n\nExternal Links \nOfficial WebsiteMatthew Bohrer on IMDbMatthew Bohrer on BroadwayWorld\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Harvard College alumni" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "IRUN, Spain (Reuters) - A decade has passed since her daughter was beaten and strangled to death at Pamplona’s annual bull-running festival, but Asuncion Casasola says there is still no justice for women affected by violence in Spain.", "\n\nSlideshow ( 4 images )\n\nThe man who beat her daughter Nagore 36 times and broke her skull was later convicted of manslaughter, an example of what campaigners say is excessive leniency towards perpetrators of sex crimes and deep-rooted gender inequality in the Spanish judicial system.", "\n\nThis year’s festival kicks off with fireworks on Friday under the shadow of another controversial ruling in a case of assault on another woman.", "\n\nCasasola had hoped justice had toughened up in the decade since Nagore’s death, but received a blow this year when five men who called themselves “The Wolf Pack” were cleared of raping an 18-year-old woman at the festival in 2016.", "\n\n“I needed to believe in justice, I needed to think that things had changed,” Casasola said. “", "I heard all that nonsense and I was shocked. ", "I don’t think there is any justice.”", "\n\nThe Wolf Pack were found guilty of the lesser crime of sexual abuse, prompting mass protests. ", "It also shone an uncomfortable spotlight on Pamplona’s alcohol-fueled week-long festivities.", "\n\nThe men’s release on bail last month sparked renewed outrage, putting pressure on the new Socialist government of Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez to back up his appointment of a female-dominated cabinet with concrete measures like reviewing the definition of sex crimes in the penal code, and training judges in gender issues.", "\n\n“I don’t care who is in government, they need to get their act together. ", "They cannot leave women defenseless,” Casasola said, speaking in Nagore’s bedroom in Irun, near Pamplona, which is still as the student nurse left it.", "\n\nJurors in the trial of Nagore’s killer asked whether the young woman was a flirt, and Casasola saw the Wolf Pack trial as similarly looking to judge the behavior of the victim.", "\n\nPamplona has been cracking down for several years on sexual abuse at the festival, and now offers specialized support teams and an app with a localization tool to report assaults.", "\n\nFewer incidents of sexual violence are reported in Spain than in many other European countries, but the number has risen in recent years, and cases of domestic violence hit a five-year high in 2017.", "\n\nSome activists have suggested commemorating the Wolf Pack case by wearing black for Friday’s opening ceremony in place of the traditional white with a red neckerchief, but local feminist groups oppose this, as does Casasola:\n\n“Women need to go to Pamplona, have fun and wear the same outfit as always.”" ]

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[ "Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I stimulate expression of the primary response gene cMG1/TIS11b by a wortmannin-sensitive pathway in RIE-1 cells.", "\nThe addition of insulin or insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) to RIE-1 cells increased the expression of the primary response gene cMG1; dose-response analysis suggested that this effect was mediated largely through type 1 IGF receptors. ", "Insulin/IGF-I did not affect the expression of the cMG1-related genes TIS11 and TIS11d, whereas epidermal growth factor, angiotensin II or 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate stimulated the expression of all three genes. ", "Incubation with wortmannin (WM) prevented the insulin/IGF-I-induced elevation of cMG1 mRNA, but not that induced by the other mitogens or the stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by insulin. ", "We conclude that WM-sensitive phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase may be involved in the specific stimulation of cMG1 expression by insulin/IGF-I." ]

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[ "Get the Apps!", "\n\nYour Home For …\n\n$338-Million Powerball Ticket Sold In New Jersey\n\nLottery officials say there was one ticket sold for Saturday night’s Powerball Lottery drawing which contained all five numbers drawn Saturday PLUS the “Powerball” number.", "\n\nThe ticket has an annuity value of about $338.3-million, and was sold somewhere in New Jersey. ", "If the ticket-holder requests a lump-sum payment, the ticket would be worth about $221-million. ", "The jackpot was the fourth-largest in Powerball Lottery history.", "\n\nThe annuity value for the jackpot for the next Powerball drawing, scheduled for Wednesday, has been reset at $40-million.", "\n\nPennsylvania Lottery officials say two tickets sold in this state contained the first five numbers drawn, but not the “Powerball” number. ", "Those tickets are both worth $1-million. ", "One ticket sold in Pennsylvania contained 4 of 5 numbers, plus the “Powerball” number, and was purchased with the extra one-dollar Powerplay option. ", "That ticket is worth $40,000." ]

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[ "We read the comments made by Cavalcante et al related to our article[^1^](#jso26156-bib-0001){ref-type=\"ref\"} titled \"Discordance of COVID‐19 guidelines for patients with cancer: A systematic review\" with great interest. ", "We are pleased to note that Cavalcante et al share our concerns that the majority of the cancer treatment guidelines that were proposed in the early phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic are based on a low level of evidence and need to be updated as the oncologists gain experience in the management of patients with cancer in a pandemic scenario across the centers globally.", "\n\nThe initial response to the COVID‐19 pandemic was to delay almost all surgeries for patients with breast cancer. ", "Locally advanced breast cancer did not pose much dilemma as it is already treated with systemic chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant setting. ", "However, almost all the initial guidelines suggested that surgery for early breast cancer (EBC), which is the standard of care in almost all centers, should also be delayed by a varying period of time (6‐12 weeks). ", "The fear of unknown prevailed in context to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐19 infection during the perioperative period---the risk was both for the patient and the surgical team. ", "Patients with triple‐negative or Her‐2 positive EBC were advised systemic chemotherapy while patients with luminal type EBC were prescribed neoadjuvant hormonal therapy. ", "Surgeons anticipated that they would be able to plan surgery in due course of time as the various facets of COVID‐19 were gradually understood---preventive measures, clinical features, treatment modalities---and there was a hope that disease would be contained or a miraculous vaccine would be available soon. ", "However, as time passed, those patients who were initially advised nonsurgical treatment began approaching surgeons for undergoing a surgical procedure following completion of neoadjuvant therapy---how long an inevitable can be delayed!", "\n\nThough COVID‐19 pandemic continues to grapple world with an unclear trajectory, and the hope for a vaccine is still a far‐fetched dream, a plethora of literature has been published in the last 6 months to understand the COVID‐19 disease, its epidemiology, and impact on cancer patients. ", "The initial fear of unknowns during the COVID‐19 pandemic is gradually waning off; oncologists are also learning to live with a new *normal*. ", "Moreover, they have also realized that inadequate treatment of cancer or deviation in the management policies from the well‐established standard guidelines results in considerable mayhem and collateral damage in terms of poor treatment outcomes. ", "An analysis of prospectively collected national data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results‐Medicare‐linked database and the National Cancer Database highlighted that overall survival decreases with every 30‐day incremental delay in the surgery following diagnosis of breast cancer (hazard ratio: 1.09; 95% confidence interval: 1.06‐1.13; *P* \\< .001).[^2^](#jso26156-bib-0002){ref-type=\"ref\"} Two modeling studies from England provided a glimpse of how COVID‐19 results into additional breast cancer‐related deaths and loss of attributable life‐years.[^3^](#jso26156-bib-0003){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [^4^](#jso26156-bib-0004){ref-type=\"ref\"} A 3‐month delay of the 2‐week‐wait cancer referral pathway during the COVID‐19 pandemic was estimated to cause a loss of 734 additional lives and 15 339 attributable life‐years.[^3^](#jso26156-bib-0003){ref-type=\"ref\"} Another study to assess the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic due to delays in diagnosis based on data for 32 583 patients with breast cancer, the authors estimated a 7.9% to 9.6% increase in the number of additional deaths compared to prepandemic figures.[^4^](#jso26156-bib-0004){ref-type=\"ref\"}\n\nUndeniably, surgery for breast cancer brings the most significant benefits for patients, especially in the curative setting leading to significant gains in survival.[^5^](#jso26156-bib-0005){ref-type=\"ref\"} Though the many initial guidelines prohibited performing surgery for breast cancer, it was soon realized that surgery cannot be postponed indefinitely.[^6^](#jso26156-bib-0006){ref-type=\"ref\"} Patients with breast cancer who have completed neoadjuvant chemotherapy or have salvageable progression on chemotherapy or patients with malignant breast sarcomas cannot be denied surgery for long as we grdually learn to coexist with COVID‐19.[^7^](#jso26156-bib-0007){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [^8^](#jso26156-bib-0008){ref-type=\"ref\"} With the COVID‐19 pandemic still on run, many modifications are being made in the patient management strategies in the hospital so as to minimize the effect of COVID‐19 on the perioperative outcomes. ", "Table [1](#jso26156-tbl-0001){ref-type=\"table\"} displays the suggested measures to reduce the impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on the perioperative outcomes in patients with breast cancer undergoing surgery.", "\n\n###### \n\nSuggested strategies to plan breast cancer surgery during COVID‐19 pandemic\n\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Minimize in‐person hospital visits of the patients with breast cancer; promote telemedicine\n Plan clinical assessment and investigations in a single visit\n Mandatory multidisciplinary discussion of all patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer via the virtual tumor boards\n Plan surgery for all patients who have completed neoadjuvant therapy; consider surgery (with caution) for patients who progress on neoadjuvant therapy for locoregional control; plan upfront surgery for early breast cancer if the MDT decides\n Diligent preoperative assessment of the patient including routine COVID‐19 testing\n Documenting the informed surgical consent with the additional perioperative risk of COVID‐19‐associated complications---both known and unknown\n Initial admission of the patient in an isolation ward until COVID‐19 testing and its report is pending\n Separate hospital for the COVID‐19 positive patients or an isolated block for them in a hospital\n Religious adoption of all preventive measures to contain the spread of SARS‐CoV‐19 infection--- wearing face masks, maintianing physical distancing, frequent hand washing, and using PPE as and when required\n Consider surgery with minimal expected postoperative complications; avoid complex breast reconstructions\n Consider daycare surgeries if feasible\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAbbreviations: COVID‐19, coronavirus disease 2019; MDT, multidisciplinary tumor board; PPE, personal protective equipments; SARS‐CoV‐19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐19.", "\n\nJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd.\n\nThis article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. ", "It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.", "\n\nThough the COVID‐19 pandemic continues to create mayhem around the world, its various facets are being better understood over time. ", "Various guidelines to manage the patient with breast cancer would require frequent revision to avoid the collateral damage caused by the delay in the cancer treatment due to the current pandemic in terms of lives and life‐years lost. ", "Surgical oncologists need to use their clinical acumen, knowledge of tumor biology, and experience to schedule the surgery cases. ", "They should have a flexible approach to adopt the dynamically evolving strategies and recommendations to deal with the current crisis for the best interest of cancer patients.", "\n" ]

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[ "RSS News Feeds\n\nCLASSICAL MUSIC\n\nMonday, February 21, 2005; Page C04\n\nSt. Petersburg String Quartet\n\nThe St. Petersburg String Quartet played two recent works by Shanghai-born composer Bright Sheng at the Freer Gallery Saturday: the String Quartet No. ", "4, \"Silent Temple,\" and his Four Movements for Piano Trio, with Sheng at the keyboard. ", "Though falling a bit short of its organizers' intent, the concert was aimed to musically match the gallery's exhibition \"Iraq and China: Ceramics, Trade, and Innovation.\" ", "China was well represented, yet anything of substance sounding Middle Eastern -- not to mention musical equivalents of pottery or commerce -- was not apparent.", "\n\nAllied with violinist Alla Aranovskaya and cellist Leonid Shukaev, Sheng gave a telling account of his tonally rooted Trio, a multi-hued outpouring of folk song and dance elements from four Chinese regions. ", "The players were most moving in the gently mesmerizing finale, \"Nostalgia.\"", "\n\nThe St. Petersburg String Quartet performed two recent works by Shanghai-born Bright Sheng on Saturday at the Freer Gallery. ", "Sheng joined the group on piano.", "\n(Freer And Sackler Galleries)\n\nWhile ably performed in detail, Sheng's quartet still sounded like a throwback to the ping-pong extremes of Western music's electronic-serialist era, as in the cello's endless wide vibratos and glissandos. ", "The performers were equally if too consistently robust in Alexander Glazunov's Caucasus-inspired \"Orientale\"; Oliver Hunt's \"The Barber of Baghdad,\" moored in imagined Iraqi musical idioms; and Prokofiev's lackluster Quartet No. ", "2.", "\n\nAt the Barns at Wolf Trap on Friday, the Cypress String Quartet presented two American works along with traditional repertoire, demonstrating a flair for subtle playing and a penchant for educating audiences.", "\n\nHad Charles Tomlinson Griffes lived beyond his 35 years, we might recognize his name as quickly as we do Aaron Copland's or John Philip Sousa's. ", "Shortly after being hailed as American music's new voice, the New York-born composer died in 1920. ", "His \"Two Sketches for String Quartet Based on Indian Themes\" inspired the evening's most emotional playing from violinists Cecily Ward and Tom Stone, violist Ethan Filner and cellist Jennifer Kloetzel.", "\n\nIn the East Coast premiere of Dan Coleman's String Quartet No. ", "2, the violinists produced pianolike timbres while cellist and violist bowed on the bridge to create tinny, buzzy sounds. ", "Much of the four-movement work sounded cinematic. ", "Indeed, the opening \"Chorale Variations\" could have depicted a scenic travel montage, and the concluding \"Echoes\" could have accompanied scenes from an Alfred Hitchcock film.", "\n\nOddly, the San Francisco-based quartet encountered trouble in the classical works that bookended the program. ", "Marred by intonation problems and anemic tone, Haydn's String Quartet in G, Op. ", "33, No. ", "5, often sounded tentative, as though the group hadn't agreed upon its musical execution. ", "Beethoven's String Quartet in C, Op. ", "59, No. ", "3, had more cohesion. ", "The Cypress excelled in the inner movements' lyrical moments.", "\n\n-- Grace Jean\n\nJohn Feeley\n\nMembers of the classical guitar community share a love of musical intimacy, a delight in subtle details, pleasure in a specialized repertoire and the ability to pay close and rapt attention. ", "On Saturday evening, the object of their attention was Irish guitarist John Feeley, who brought a nice collection of familiar pieces and the premiere of a concerto for guitar and strings to Westmoreland Congregational Church.", "\n\nThere were delicate songs by Dowland, some exuberant and colorful pieces by Albeniz, arrangements of a lovely set of Irish folk songs and of one of Bach's intricate cello suites on the program, all played with careful attention to nuances of tone and texture. ", "If the readings seemed a little dry and occasionally out of focus (some of which may have been the fault of the arrangements), this did not seem to bother a devoted audience that rose to its collective feet at both intermission and concert's end.", "\n\nThe concerto, by Irish composer Eric Sweeney, who spoke briefly about the piece, is in three movements that, he explained, are based on traditional Irish tunes, although on first hearing its repetitive, minimalist idiom made that connection seem remote. ", "The Sunrise String Quartet and Feeley handled their assignments with poise and confidence. ", "But even with only a single stringed instrument on each line, the guitar seemed more a part of the ensemble than the leading voice, and the driving and unchanging metrical impulse seemed an ungraceful context for the lilt of Irish melody." ]

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[ "Neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation in the conductive PEDOT-HA/Cs/Gel scaffold for neural tissue engineering.", "\nEngineering scaffolds with excellent electro-activity is increasingly important in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. ", "Herein, conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with hyaluronic acid (PEDOT-HA) nanoparticles were firstly synthesized via chemical oxidant polymerization. ", "A three-dimensional (3D) PEDOT-HA/Cs/Gel scaffold was then developed by introducing PEDOT-HA nanoparticles into a chitosan/gelatin (Cs/Gel) matrix. ", "HA, as a bridge, not only was used as a dopant, but also combined PEDOT into the Cs/Gel via chemical crosslinking. ", "The PEDOT-HA/Cs/Gel scaffold was used as a conductive substrate for neural stem cell (NSC) culture in vitro. ", "The results demonstrated that the PEDOT-HA/Cs/Gel scaffold had excellent biocompatibility for NSC proliferation and differentiation. ", "3D confocal fluorescence images showed cells attached on the channel surface of Cs/Gel and PEDOT-HA/Cs/Gel scaffolds with a normal neuronal morphology. ", "Compared to the Cs/Gel scaffold, the PEDOT-HA/Cs/Gel scaffold not only promoted NSC proliferation with up-regulated expression of Ki67, but also enhanced NSC differentiation into neurons and astrocytes with up-regulated expression of β tubulin-III and GFAP, respectively. ", "It is expected that this electro-active and bio-active PEDOT-HA/Cs/Gel scaffold will be used as a conductive platform to regulate NSC behavior for neural tissue engineering." ]

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[ "The item cannot be added to your registry. ", "Please select alternate item(s) or consider purchasing the item(s) now!The item(s) you want to add may not be available for purchase from your registry in the future. ", "Consider purchasing the item(s) now, and check your local store if we are out of stock online.", "Please make a selection to add to registry.", "\n\nThe item cannot be added to your wish list. ", "Please select alternate item(s) or consider purchasing the item(s) now!The item(s) you want to add may not be available for purchase from your Wish List in the future. ", "Consider purchasing the item(s) now, and check your local store if we are out of stock online.", "Please make a selection to add to wish list.", "\n\nProduct Description\n\nThis Little Tikes Playground Ball - Red is great for playing Kick Ball, Four Square, Dodge Ball and much more! ", "Its durable textured outside makes it easy to grip. ", "The 8.5 inch diameter is the perfect size for beginners to pro. ", "Cleans easily with mild soap and water. ", "Inflation pin NOT included.", "\n\nThe Little Tikes Company, founded in 1970, is a multi-national manufacturer and marketer of high-quality, innovative children's products. ", "Little Tikes products are known for providing durable, imaginative and active fun. ", "Products are manufactured in a wide variety of categories for young children, including infant toys, popular sports, play trucks, ride-on toys, sandboxes, activity gyms and climbers, slides, pre-school development, role-play toys, creative arts and juvenile furniture.", "\n\nAdditional Info\n\n“R”Web#:597641\n\nSKU:BDD35C28\n\nUPC/EAN/ISBN:820016096008\n\nManufacturer #: 9600\n\nProduct Weight:0.8 pounds\n\nProduct Dimensions (in inches):8.4 x 8.4 x 8.3\n\nHow to Get It\n\nShipping Info:\n\nThis item can be shipped to the entire United States including Alaska, Hawaii, and all U.S. territories including Puerto Rico\n\nThis item can also be shipped to APO/FPO addresses and to P.O. Boxes in all 50 states\n\nShipping Methods:\n\nThis item may be shipped via Standard Shipping, Expedited Shipping or Express Shipping\n\nPlease Note: Some addresses are eligible for Standard Shipping only (APO/FPO, P.O. Boxes, U.S. Territories and Puerto Rico)" ]

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[ "/*\n * Copyright 2008 The Closure Compiler Authors.", "\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\n\npackage com.google.javascript.jscomp.deps;\n\nimport com.google.common.base.", "Function;\nimport com.google.common.base.", "Joiner;\nimport com.google.common.collect.", "Lists;\nimport com.google.common.collect.", "Maps;\nimport com.google.common.collect.", "Multimap;\nimport com.google.common.collect.", "Multimaps;\nimport com.google.common.collect.", "Sets;\nimport com.google.javascript.jscomp.", "CheckLevel;\nimport com.google.javascript.jscomp.", "DiagnosticType;\nimport com.google.javascript.jscomp.", "ErrorManager;\nimport com.google.javascript.jscomp.", "JSError;\nimport com.google.javascript.jscomp.", "SourceFile;\n\nimport java.io.", "ByteArrayOutputStream;\nimport java.io.", "File;\nimport java.io.", "IOException;\nimport java.io.", "PrintStream;\nimport java.util.", "Arrays;\nimport java.util.", "Collection;\nimport java.util.", "List;\nimport java.util.", "Map;\nimport java.util.", "Set;\nimport java.util.logging.", "Logger;\n\n/**\n * Generates deps.js files by scanning javascript files for\n * calls to goog.provide(), goog.require() and goog.addDependency().", "\n *\n * @author agrieve@google.com (Andrew Grieve)\n */\npublic class DepsGenerator {\n\n enum InclusionStrategy {\n ALWAYS,\n WHEN_IN_SRCS,\n DO_NOT_DUPLICATE\n }\n\n private static Logger logger =\n Logger.getLogger(DepsGenerator.class.getName());\n\n // See the Flags in MakeJsDeps for descriptions of these.", "\n private final Collection<SourceFile> srcs;\n private final Collection<SourceFile> deps;\n private final String closurePathAbs;\n private final InclusionStrategy mergeStrategy;\n final ErrorManager errorManager;\n\n static final DiagnosticType SAME_FILE_WARNING = DiagnosticType.warning(\n \"DEPS_SAME_FILE\",\n \"Namespace \\\"{0}\\\" is both required and provided in the same file.\");", "\n\n static final DiagnosticType NEVER_PROVIDED_ERROR = DiagnosticType.error(\n \"DEPS_NEVER_PROVIDED\",\n \"Namespace \\\"{0}\\\" is required but never provided.\");", "\n\n static final DiagnosticType DUPE_PROVIDES_WARNING = DiagnosticType.warning(\n \"DEPS_DUPE_PROVIDES\",\n \"Multiple calls to goog.provide(\\\"{0}\\\")\");\n\n static final DiagnosticType MULTIPLE_PROVIDES_ERROR = DiagnosticType.error(\n \"DEPS_DUPE_PROVIDES\",\n \"Namespace \\\"{0}\\\" is already provided in other file {1}\");\n\n static final DiagnosticType DUPE_REQUIRE_WARNING = DiagnosticType.warning(\n \"DEPS_DUPE_REQUIRES\",\n \"Namespace \\\"{0}\\\" is required multiple times\");\n\n static final DiagnosticType NO_DEPS_WARNING = DiagnosticType.warning(\n \"DEPS_NO_DEPS\",\n \"No dependencies found in file\");\n\n /**\n * Creates a new DepsGenerator.", "\n */\n public DepsGenerator(\n Collection<SourceFile> deps,\n Collection<SourceFile> srcs,\n InclusionStrategy mergeStrategy,\n String closurePathAbs,\n ErrorManager errorManager) {\n this.deps = deps;\n this.srcs = srcs;\n this.mergeStrategy = mergeStrategy;\n this.closurePathAbs = closurePathAbs;\n this.errorManager = errorManager;\n }\n\n /**\n * Performs the parsing inputs and writing of outputs.", "\n * @throws IOException Occurs upon an IO error.", "\n * @return Returns a String of goog.addDependency calls that will build\n * the dependency graph. ", "Returns null if there was an error.", "\n */\n public String computeDependencyCalls() throws IOException {\n // Build a map of closure-relative path -> DepInfo.", "\n Map<String, DependencyInfo> depsFiles = parseDepsFiles();\n logger.fine(\"preparsedFiles: \" + depsFiles);\n\n // Find all goog.provides & goog.requires in src files\n Map<String, DependencyInfo> jsFiles = parseSources(depsFiles.keySet());\n\n // Check if there were any parse errors.", "\n if (errorManager.getErrorCount() > 0) {\n return null;\n }\n\n cleanUpDuplicatedFiles(depsFiles, jsFiles);\n\n // Check for missing provides or other semantic inconsistencies.", "\n validateDependencies(depsFiles.values(), jsFiles.values());\n\n if (errorManager.getErrorCount() > 0) {\n return null;\n }\n\n ByteArrayOutputStream output = new ByteArrayOutputStream();\n writeDepsContent(depsFiles, jsFiles, new PrintStream(output));\n return new String(output.toByteArray());\n }\n\n /**\n * Removes duplicated depsInfo from jsFiles if this info already present in\n * some of the parsed deps.js\n *\n * @param depsFiles DepsInfo from deps.js dependencies\n * @param jsFiles DepsInfo from some of jsSources\n */\n protected void cleanUpDuplicatedFiles(Map<String, DependencyInfo> depsFiles,\n Map<String, DependencyInfo> jsFiles) {\n Set<String> depsPathsCopy = Sets.newHashSet(depsFiles.keySet());\n for (String path : depsPathsCopy) {\n if (mergeStrategy !", "= InclusionStrategy.", "WHEN_IN_SRCS) {\n jsFiles.remove(path);\n }\n }\n\n for (String path : jsFiles.keySet()) {\n // If a generated file appears in both the jsFiles and in depsFiles, then\n // remove it from depsFiles in order to get the full path the generated\n // file.", "\n depsFiles.remove(path);\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Reports if there are any dependency problems with the given dependency\n * information. ", "Reported problems include:\n * - A namespace being provided more than once\n * - A namespace being required multiple times from within one file\n * - A namespace being provided and required in the same file\n * - A namespace being required that is never provided\n * @param preparsedFileDepedencies Dependency information from existing\n * deps.js files.", "\n * @param parsedFileDependencies Dependency information from parsed .js files.", "\n */\n private void validateDependencies(Iterable<DependencyInfo> preparsedFileDepedencies,\n Iterable<DependencyInfo> parsedFileDependencies) {\n // Create a map of namespace -> file providing it.", "\n // Also report any duplicate provides.", "\n Map<String, DependencyInfo> providesMap = Maps.newHashMap();\n addToProvideMap(preparsedFileDepedencies, providesMap);\n addToProvideMap(parsedFileDependencies, providesMap);\n // For each require in the parsed sources:\n for (DependencyInfo depInfo : parsedFileDependencies) {\n List<String> requires = Lists.newArrayList(depInfo.getRequires());\n for (int i = 0, l = requires.size(); i < l; ++i) {\n String namespace = requires.get(i);\n // Check for multiple requires.", "\n if (requires.subList(i + 1, l).contains(namespace)) {\n reportDuplicateRequire(namespace, depInfo);\n }\n // Check for missing provides.", "\n DependencyInfo provider = providesMap.get(namespace);\n if (provider == null) {\n reportUndefinedNamespace(namespace, depInfo);\n } else if (provider == depInfo) {\n reportSameFile(namespace, depInfo);\n }\n }\n }\n }\n\n private void reportSameFile(String namespace, DependencyInfo depInfo) {\n errorManager.report(CheckLevel.", "WARNING,\n JSError.make(depInfo.getName(), -1, -1,\n SAME_FILE_WARNING, namespace));\n }\n\n private void reportUndefinedNamespace(\n String namespace, DependencyInfo depInfo) {\n errorManager.report(CheckLevel.", "ERROR,\n JSError.make(depInfo.getName(), -1, -1,\n NEVER_PROVIDED_ERROR, namespace));\n }\n\n private void reportDuplicateProvide(String namespace, DependencyInfo firstDep,\n DependencyInfo secondDep) {\n if (firstDep == secondDep) {\n errorManager.report(CheckLevel.", "WARNING,\n JSError.make(firstDep.getName(), -1, -1,\n DUPE_PROVIDES_WARNING, namespace));\n } else {\n errorManager.report(CheckLevel.", "ERROR,\n JSError.make(secondDep.getName(), -1, -1,\n MULTIPLE_PROVIDES_ERROR, namespace, firstDep.getName()));\n }\n }\n\n private void reportDuplicateRequire(\n String namespace, DependencyInfo depInfo) {\n errorManager.report(CheckLevel.", "WARNING,\n JSError.make(depInfo.getName(), -1, -1,\n DUPE_REQUIRE_WARNING, namespace));\n }\n\n private void reportNoDepsInDepsFile(String filePath) {\n errorManager.report(CheckLevel.", "WARNING,\n JSError.make(filePath, -1, -1, NO_DEPS_WARNING));\n }\n\n /**\n * Adds the given DependencyInfos to the given providesMap. ", "Also checks for\n * and reports duplicate provides.", "\n */\n private void addToProvideMap(Iterable<DependencyInfo> depInfos,\n Map<String, DependencyInfo> providesMap) {\n for (DependencyInfo depInfo : depInfos) {\n for (String provide : depInfo.getProvides()) {\n DependencyInfo prevValue = providesMap.put(provide, depInfo);\n // Check for duplicate provides.", "\n if (prevValue !", "= null) {\n reportDuplicateProvide(provide, prevValue, depInfo);\n }\n }\n }\n }\n\n protected DepsFileParser createDepsFileParser() {\n DepsFileParser depsParser = new DepsFileParser(errorManager);\n depsParser.setShortcutMode(true);\n return depsParser;\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns whether we should ignore dependency info in the given deps file.", "\n */\n protected boolean shouldSkipDepsFile(SourceFile file) {\n return false;\n }\n\n /**\n * Parses all deps.js files in the deps list and creates a map of\n * closure-relative path -> DependencyInfo.", "\n */\n private Map<String, DependencyInfo> parseDepsFiles() throws IOException {\n DepsFileParser depsParser = createDepsFileParser();\n Map<String, DependencyInfo> depsFiles = Maps.newHashMap();\n for (SourceFile file : deps) {\n if (!", "shouldSkipDepsFile(file)) {\n List<DependencyInfo>\n depInfos = depsParser.parseFileReader(\n file.getName(), file.getCodeReader());\n if (depInfos.isEmpty()) {\n reportNoDepsInDepsFile(file.getName());\n } else {\n for (DependencyInfo info : depInfos) {\n depsFiles.put(info.getPathRelativeToClosureBase(), info);\n }\n }\n }\n }\n\n // If a deps file also appears in srcs, our build tools will move it\n // into srcs. ", " So we need to scan all the src files for addDependency\n // calls as well.", "\n for (SourceFile src : srcs) {\n if ((new File(src.getName())).exists() &&\n !", "shouldSkipDepsFile(src)) {\n List<DependencyInfo> srcInfos =\n depsParser.parseFileReader(src.getName(), src.getCodeReader());\n for (DependencyInfo info : srcInfos) {\n depsFiles.put(info.getPathRelativeToClosureBase(), info);\n }\n }\n }\n\n return depsFiles;\n }\n\n /**\n * Parses all source files for dependency information.", "\n * @param preparsedFiles A set of closure-relative paths.", "\n * Files in this set are not parsed if they are encountered in srcs.", "\n * @return Returns a map of closure-relative paths -> DependencyInfo for the\n * newly parsed files.", "\n * @throws IOException Occurs upon an IO error.", "\n */\n private Map<String, DependencyInfo> parseSources(\n Set<String> preparsedFiles) throws IOException {\n Map<String, DependencyInfo> parsedFiles = Maps.newHashMap();\n JsFileParser jsParser = new JsFileParser(errorManager);\n\n for (SourceFile file : srcs) {\n String closureRelativePath =\n PathUtil.makeRelative(\n closurePathAbs, PathUtil.makeAbsolute(file.getName()));\n logger.fine(\"Closure-relative path: \" + closureRelativePath);\n\n if (InclusionStrategy.", "WHEN_IN_SRCS == mergeStrategy ||\n !", "preparsedFiles.contains(closureRelativePath)) {\n DependencyInfo depInfo =\n jsParser.parseFile(\n file.getName(), closureRelativePath,\n file.getCode());\n\n // Kick the source out of memory.", "\n file.clearCachedSource();\n parsedFiles.put(closureRelativePath, depInfo);\n }\n }\n\n return parsedFiles;\n }\n\n /**\n * Creates the content to put into the output deps.js file. ", "If mergeDeps is\n * true, then all of the dependency information in the providedDeps will be\n * included in the output.", "\n * @throws IOException Occurs upon an IO error.", "\n */\n private void writeDepsContent(Map<String, DependencyInfo> depsFiles,\n Map<String, DependencyInfo> jsFiles, PrintStream out)\n throws IOException {\n // Print all dependencies extracted from srcs.", "\n writeDepInfos(out, jsFiles.values());\n\n // Print all dependencies extracted from deps.", "\n if (mergeStrategy == InclusionStrategy.", "ALWAYS) {\n // This multimap is just for splitting DepsInfo objects by\n // it's definition deps.js file\n Multimap<String, DependencyInfo> infosIndex = Multimaps.index(\n depsFiles.values(),\n new Function<DependencyInfo, String>() {\n @Override\n public String apply(DependencyInfo from) {\n return from.getName();\n }\n });\n\n for (String depsPath : infosIndex.keySet()) {\n String path = formatPathToDepsFile(depsPath);\n out.println(\"\\n// Included from: \" + path);\n writeDepInfos(out, infosIndex.get(depsPath));\n }\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Format the deps file path so that it can be included in the output file.", "\n */\n protected String formatPathToDepsFile(String path) {\n return path;\n }\n\n /**\n * Writes goog.addDependency() lines for each DependencyInfo in depInfos.", "\n * @throws IOException Occurs upon an IO error.", "\n */\n private void writeDepInfos(PrintStream out,\n Collection<DependencyInfo> depInfos\n ) throws IOException {\n // Print dependencies.", "\n // Lines look like this:\n // goog.addDependency('../../path/to/file.js', ['goog.", "Delay'],\n // ['goog.", "Disposable', 'goog.", "Timer']);\n for (DependencyInfo depInfo : depInfos) {\n Collection<String> provides = depInfo.getProvides();\n Collection<String> requires = depInfo.getRequires();\n\n out.print(\"goog.addDependency('\" +\n depInfo.getPathRelativeToClosureBase() + \"', \");\n writeJsArray(out, provides);\n out.print(\", \");\n writeJsArray(out, requires);\n out.println(\");\");\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Prints a list of strings formatted as a Javascript array of string\n * literals.", "\n */\n private static void writeJsArray(PrintStream out, Collection<String> values) {\n if (values.isEmpty()) {\n out.print(\"[]\");\n } else {\n out.print(\"['\");\n out.print(Joiner.on(\"', '\").join(values));\n out.print(\"']\");\n }\n }\n\n static List<SourceFile> createSourceFilesFromPaths(\n Collection<String> paths) {\n List<SourceFile> files = Lists.newArrayList();\n for (String path : paths) {\n files.add(SourceFile.fromFile(path));\n }\n return files;\n }\n\n static List<SourceFile> createSourceFilesFromPaths(\n String ... paths) {\n return createSourceFilesFromPaths(Arrays.asList(paths));\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Description\n\nThis is now a legacy place! ", "Egg hats will no longer be awarded as the Egg Hunt 2017 event is now officially closed! ", "The place will remain open for visitors. ", "Parzi. ", "Original description: Welcome to Egg Hunt 2017! ", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unVTNIfU8g8 The legendary FabergEgg is missing! ", "The menacing Dr. Deville d'Egg stole it and plans to use its infinite power to wreak complete and utter havoc across the Eggverse. ", "It's up to you to find enough eggs to locate the mystery realm that holds the FabergEgg and overthrow Dr. Deville d'Egg's evil machinations. ", "Join your friends and find at least 40 eggs to access the final realm. ", "This area will contain the final Fabergé Egg. ", "There's also 2 bonus eggs to collect by completing optional missions! ", "Good luck, Egg Protectors! ", "Available on: PC, Mac, Xbox One, VR, Tablet, Mobile (Android and iOS). ", "Developed by the EBR Team: DieSoft, Ravenshield, Fractality, BAUER102, Sofloann, Wuttah3ll, StuntDesigner, Resonating" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "---\nauthor:\n- Chong Sun\n- Ushnish Ray\n- 'Zhi-Hao Cui'\n- Miles Stoudenmire\n- Michel Ferrero\n- 'Garnet Kin-Lic Chan'\nbibliography:\n- 'reference.bib'\ntitle: Finite temperature density matrix embedding theory\n---\n\n\\[sec:intro\\]Introduction\n=========================\n\n\\[sec:theory\\]Theory\n====================\n\nGround state DMET {#sec:gsdmet}\n-----------------\n\nFinite temperature DMET {#sec:ftdmet}\n-----------------------\n\n\\[sec:results\\]Results\n======================\n\nComputational details\n---------------------\n\n1D Hubbard model {#sec:1dhub}\n----------------\n\n2D Hubbard model {#sec:2dhub}\n----------------\n\n\\[sec:conclusions\\]Conclusions\n==============================\n\nThis work was supported by the US Department of Energy via Award No. ", "SC0018140. ", "Additional support for GKC was provided by the Simons Foundation via the Simons Collaboration on the Many-Electron Problem, and via the Simons Investigator program. ", "DCA(2x2) calculations were performed using HPC resources from GENCI (Grant No. ", "A0070510609).", "\n\nProof of the finite temperature bath formula\n============================================\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "pH-Responsive Nanovesicles with Enhanced Emission Co-Assembled by Ag(I) Nanoclusters and Polyethyleneimine as a Superior Sensor for Al3.", "\nMetal nanoclusters (NCs) have been engineered as a new kind of luminescent material, whereas the application of metal NCs in aqueous solution was subjected to great limitations owing to their poor solubility, stability, and strong luminescence quenching in a single-molecule state. ", "Herein, facile supramolecular self-assembly strategy was carried out to enhance the luminescence of Ag(I) NCs (Ag6-NCs) through multiple electrostatic interactions with polyethyleneimine (PEI). ", "Functional colloid aggregates of Ag6-NCs such as nanospheres and nanovesicles were formed along with the enhanced emission because of the formation of compact-ordered self-assemblies, which effectively restricted intramolecular vibration of the capping ligands on Ag6-NCs to diminish the nonradiative decay. ", "All those could block energy loss and facilitated the radiative relaxation of excited states which ultimately induced an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomenon. ", "Furthermore, the luminescent Ag6-NCs/PEI nanovesicles are pH-responsive and show a superior fluorescent sensing behavior for the detection of Al3+ with a limit of detection low to 3 μM. This is the first report about AIE of silver NCs with polymers in aqueous solution. ", "This work sheds light on the controlled NCs-based supramolecular self-assembly and the NCs-based functional materials, which will be well-established candidates in controllable drug delivery, biomarkers, and sensors in aqueous solution." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "The present invention relates to collapsible bags for dispensing liquid products, and more particularly to collapsible bags having a surface that provides guiding or capillary paths for dispensing liquid products.", "\nVarious collapsible bags or containers are known in the prior art which are adapted to be filled with liquid contents and sealed and which allow their liquid contents to be suction withdrawn through their annular spouts or fitments. ", "The walls of the bag are typically sheets of plastic, which are typically formed of polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, or polyester. ", "The liquid contents can be juices, milk, drink syrups or other liquids such as photoprocessing solutions, cleaning chemicals, or cocktail mixes. ", "An example of these collapsible bags is the so-called xe2x80x9cbag-in-boxxe2x80x9d commonly used in the soft drink industry to deliver the drink syrup to the dispensing machine. ", "The bags are fed into filling machines which uncap them, fill them with the syrup (or other liquid), recap them and box them. ", "The boxes structurally support the bags during storage, shipment, and as they are being emptied. ", "The bags are emptied through a spout in the bag accessible through a hole in the box and using a pump.", "\nA plastic dip tube or dip strip disposed in the bag and secured therein so as to pass over the spout opening or to be secured to the spout opening assists in the withdrawal of the syrup from the bag. ", "The strip prevents the bag from collapsing on the opening and closing it, and also guides the remaining quantities of syrup in the bag to the opening as the syrup continues to be withdrawn. ", "The strip can be attached to the spout and/or to the inside wall of the plastic bag. ", "Alternatively, the dip tube or dip strip can be attached to the perimeter seal of the bag. ", "Examples of dip tubes or dip strips and their collapsible bags are shown in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,286,636 (Credle), U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,601,410 (Bond), U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,647,511 (Bond), U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,915,596 (Credle), and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,941,421 (Overman et al.) ", "and in WO 99/46169 (Coca-Cola Company). (", "All of the patents and other publications mentioned anywhere in this disclosure are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.)", "\nIn addition to the separate manufacturing step required to make the dip tube or dip strip and the attendant material required to make the dip tube or dip strip, the application to the bag of a dip tube or dip strip requires yet another separate manufacturing step. ", "Generally, after the spout is secured to the bag, the dip tube or dip strip is disposed in the bag by attachment to the spout, the inside wall of the bag or to the perimeter seal of the bag, or a combination of the above. ", "This adds to the manufacturing time and expense. ", "A further disadvantage of the strips, in addition to the cost of manufacturing them, is that they may become dislodged when the bag is filled at high pressure. ", "A still further disadvantage of the strips is that they may create a back pressure and reduce fill rates.", "\nAccordingly, disclosed herein is an improved collapsible bag which does not have a dip strip or dip tube and the problems associated therewith. ", "Rather, the bag sheets have a unique construction which aids in the complete or near complete withdrawal of the syrup or other contained liquid. ", "The sheets themselves have a surface xe2x80x9ctexture,xe2x80x9d which provides a guiding or capillary path for draining the liquid out the spout and which also prevents the sheets from closing off the flow to the spout during the suction of the pump.", "\nOne example of the textured surface is an embossed sheet of film with raised work in multiple designs and which can be mechanically embossed or ultrasonically embossed. ", "Ultrasonic welding displaces a pattern into the surface of the film, thereby replicating a mechanically embossed (xe2x80x9cwaffle-likexe2x80x9d or other) pattern. ", "The plastic sheets which comprise the walls of the bag can both be embossed or just one can be embossed. ", "The sheets may be comprised of more than one layer of film, manufactured through co-extrusion or lamination. ", "Other examples of xe2x80x9ctexturedxe2x80x9d surfaces which can be used are bubble wraps (cushion packaging), sealed pleats and folded constructions which run towards the spout. ", "Further examples are disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,964,540 (Katz), U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,549,944 (Abate) and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,554,423 (Abate).", "\nAlso disclosed herein is an improved collapsible bag fitment. ", "The bottom surface of the lower seal flange of the fitment preferably has seven concentric ridges or rings, twelve evenly spaced radial channels or grooves, and twelve gussets at the edge of the spout opening. ", "An advantage to having radial grooves in conjunction with the concentric rings is the additional capillary or flow channel capacity created by using the full surface area of the flange.", "\nAn alternative embodiment changes the concentric rings to one or more spiral grooves to increase the flow to the spout bore using the same principle. ", "In conjunction either with the radial grooves, concentric rings and gussets or with the spiral groove design or with the waffle pattern design, other features may be incorporated to enhance evacuation, including grooves on the inside bore of the spout and cross-bars spanning the spout opening.", "\nOther objects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent to those persons having ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains from the foregoing description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Thursday, 29 November 2012\n\nAvast me hearties, we are finally, finally at the end of the Harlequin road. ", "These bad boys were in the same box as the griffon so they had hit the same brakes as the pidgeon of death.", "\n\nI've never made any secret of how hard I have found painting these. ", "It isn't just a matter of fiddly paint jobs or motivation. ", "Those I can handle. ", "It was, bizarrely, the bright colours. ", "I just don't normally paint in a vibrant, cartoony style. ", "Mine is a much darker more \"realistic\" (yeah right, that space goblin with a hamster cannon is really realistic Jeff...) and grungy. ", "As a result I had to practically teach myself how to paint again. ", "White undercoat helps though...\n\nI was able to deliver these to the client in person so live feedback is nice. ", "The comment \"It's like a 70's disco\" pretty much sums these lads up for me! ", "I would be curious to paint a set designed to go with a Dark Eldar army some time. ", "All deep tones and sinister details, hmmm....\n\nGiven that overall there are 20 or so of these guys (click the harlequin tag at the bottom of the post to see the others) I painted one of them as a spare troupe leader. ", "Annoyingly the lamps cut through the layers again making it look scrappy. ", "Grump. ", "Mercifully lightbox v.2.0 should solve this, I'm doing a collaborative construction with my dad (well, I say collaborative, he's the one with the knowledge and manufacturing skills). ", "I'll take some shots when it's finished. ", "Well, that's it for now so until next time.", "\n\nWednesday, 28 November 2012\n\nArrr me hearties, welcome to the bicentenial post of Pirate Viking Painting! ", "I was casting around for an appropriately celebratory model to paint for the occasion my gaze was drawn to the work in progress Dwarfs on my shelf...\n\nPaaaarty!", "\n\nJoseph Bugman is going to be the champion of my rangers and represents the perfect party paint job. ", "What's better than a heavily armed drunkard with bonus barrels? ", "Speaking of those barrels, I've really fallen in love with the new woodgrain I'm using. ", "Basecoat in Steel Legion Drab. ", "Streak woodgrain on in Rakarth Flesh. ", "If necessary use Steel Legion Drab mised with a little black to seperate the planks. ", "Finally give the whole thing a generous wash of Agrax Earthshade.", "\n\nWhile we are on new techniques, thanks to a reccomendation from Crazybaldhead I picked up some of the Vallejo liquid gold range (from Jackson Arts, my usual brush supplier). ", "Wow. ", "Fantastic doesn't begin to cover it. ", "One coat gold with the most authentic metallic shine I have ever seen. ", "You can even use regular washes over it without hurting the shine too much (I would rehighlight though, well worth it). ", "There are a few things to consider when using this range though:\n\nIt is alcohol based so in addition to the paints you'll need some 97%+ Isopropyl Alcohol to wash the brush in. ", "This can be picked up from Amazon or chemists. ", "This is not a product for the kids.", "\n\nStir... the... paint. ", "No really, grab a cocktail stick and really mix up the sedimented metallic flakes at the bottom of the pot. ", "Otherwise it will be too thin, shaking doesn't really cut it.", "\n\nYou can mix the alcohol based paints together but you really shouldn't mix them with water based acrylics. ", "Apparantly only a drop of water will start to corrode the metals and discolour the product.", "\n\nYou can use them any way you would use a normal acrylic paint, it is worth picking up a synthetic brush though as the IsoProp really rips the moisture out of natural brushes.", "\n\nSo with that I shall leave you to your evenings with a heartfelt thanks for sticking with a random bloke in Cardiff painting models for fun and profit over 200 posts. ", "Here's to the 500th!", "\n\nMonday, 26 November 2012\n\nGreetings all, today I can combine a couple of elements into something deeply nifty. ", "The groundwork I showed last time is the foundation for this:\n\nThis is a diorama commission intended for display (although I have also made a more normal base so that the Griffon can be used by the client). ", "Quite a lot of the elements have been seen before - the Griffon for example - so I shall focus on the newer elements of the paint job.", "\n\nOne of the questions some may have is why has this taken so long? ", "It was started in February. ", "Truthfully it is this: Two house moves, sourcing the cover (see below) for a sensible price and then solving the logistical problems of fitting the Griffon into the cover using the base. ", "The house moves were the biggest problem as everything has to go in boxes and the Griffon always seemed to be the last to be unpacked. ", "Thankfully it is finished now and ready to go! ", "My client has been very patient and for that I thank him warmly! ", "Now, painting! ", "Check out the wings, these were almost my undoing! ", "The pattern is a modification of the natural Peregrine Falcon colouring and was achieved with an excellent brush, a magnifier and steady hands. ", "Take lots of breaks when doing long duration, close work as the eye and brain get very tired and there is a temptation to rush.", "\n\nThe colours of the rider - he's a roleplay character - were a dark blue and black with a unicorn as his sigil. ", "Try as I might I could not get a unicorn on the cloak so the pennant got a pair of them instead. ", "The very bright silver is made by painting pure Mithril Silver - I still keep a pot - and then shading with very thin blue and black inks mixed with thinner medium.", "\n\nI toyed with adding another colour with the gemstones, perhaps a red? ", "But I was worried that the sheer size of the gems and their placement would make them a dominant colour. ", "Instead I decided that a nice blue surrounded by pale gold would do just nicely.", "\n\nAnd there you have it! ", "A lovely display piece and hopefully an appreciated present for its ultimate recipient. ", "If anyone is curious the cover is a classic cloche, a sort of mini-greenhouse. ", "They can often be a little easier to get hold of - unless American, you guys have all the covers ever! - ", "and have that pretty handle to pick them up by. ", "Well, until next time folks, oh and next time is my 200th post. ", "Good lord, I'll have to think of something nifty for it.", "\n\nThursday, 22 November 2012\n\nGreetings one and all and welcome to another one of my workbench articles. ", "Today the theme is groundwork. ", "Groundwork is essentially basing writ large for dioramas or terrain bases and needs a litte more effort than normal basing. ", "First though, I ought to mention that this was something that I spontaneously decided to turn into a workbench article later in the process than normal. ", "As a result we start in media res so to speak. ", "I'll try to explain the early stages as best as I can!", "\n\nRighto, to give a sense of scale this base is 15cm across and that is one of GW's plastic trees in the middle. ", "Firstly - as this diorama is going under glass and is really a complicated way of suspending a Griffon - I needed to position the tree so that the model would fit in the dome. ", "This done I started supergluing some slabs of slate around the tree to give the groundwork a bit of height and interest. ", "Incidently we use slate a lot in modelling because it is \"scale ambiguous\". ", "It looks the same whether it is massive or tiny, same layers and texture. ", "As a result we can paint a small lump of slate and make it appear massive in scale. ", "Not all rocks do this and you can really kill the look of a diorama with a rock that looks out of scale. ", "I also glued a dried root to the base - a roughly circular disc of thick plasticard - to help the tree look more in place. ", "Then it was sand time. ", "Lots of it.", "\n\nI have a trick for sanding large areas like this that helps to build up layers and height quickly: Use cheap pound-store superglue. ", "The reason for this is that it is simultaneously dirt cheap (2 10g bottles for £1) and thin as water. ", "Useless for glueing figures together but awesome for flowing around a base. ", "I worked in patches, pouring superglue on then sanding the pool. ", "This stuff is so thin that you can even just dump dry sand where you want it and then use capillary action to draw the superglue through the pile of sand. ", "I finished the whole thing off with a wash of diluted PVA to help seal the surface as otherwise you might strip the sand off with drybrushing. ", "With the groundwork solid as concrete (as let's face it, that's what we've made) I moved on to painting. ", "It's all fairly basic so instead of taking you through each individual colour I'll tell you some principles. ", "First, make the top highlight of your soil and rocks the same colour. ", "Soil is made of the broken up local rocks mixed with organic matter and thus looks better if there is some of the rock colour in it. ", "Trees are more grey than brown so use greys as your highlight colours and then give it a very thin wash of Athonian Camoshade - khaki/brown/green - to give it a mossy feel. ", "It was around this point I decided to turn this into a workbench so... picture!", "\n\nGlue isn't dry in any of these shots so ignore any white bits.", "\n\nThough the tree is autmnal it won't be completely dead. ", "I used canopy glue (a very thick, clear-drying PVA) to attach strands of ivy basing material up one side of the tree.", "\n\nEven the rocks aren't dead, these are little moss tufts, essentially very, very short cropped static grass blobs that I PVA'd onto the stone to be lichen/moss.", "\n\nNext came grass, now normally I would recommend only about 1/3 of a miniature's base to be covered in static grass. ", "When doing groundwork it is pretty much the other way around! ", "The base isthe model and needs to have impact. ", "Care needs to be taken with placement. ", "If you just do blobs of grass it will look like a fresian cow. ", "Think about where the grass will be growing most healthily and apply your glue there. ", "Also, when flocking (I said flock) a larger area work in smaller patches - I worked on about a sixth at a time - and overload it with grass. ", "Really tip it on, press it down and leave it a while before you tip it off and blow off the excess. ", "This gives the grass time to adhere and create that clumpiness (totally a word) that we are after.", "\n\nWe could have left it there, it looked fine, but like most jobs in modelling it can be taken another step forward. ", "In this case I used tufts of clump foliage (check out Tooltime - part III for a roundup of these products) to create... a shrubbery! ", "Sorry, couldn't help it! ", "When using this stuff, it helps to soak some dilute PVA into it (I use a glass eye-dropper) and squeeze it through the material. ", "This stops it from falling apart. ", "Now, this is almost finished but looks a little neat and tidy. ", "Is there a gardener that is raking this forest?", "\n\nDing! ", "There you go. ", "Leaf litter simply glued down with dilute PVA. ", "Now, there will be some of you who are currently yelling \"BASIC groundwork?\" ", "at the screen. ", "Let me assure you, none of this is difficult. ", "It's just involved and needs some practice and reference (oh no, don't make me walk out in the countryside where the pretty scenery is...) to get right. ", "Believe me, the groundwork experts are astonishing. ", "I have seen dioramas where I had to be convinced that it wasn't a 1:1 photograph. ", "Stunning. ", "I'm happy with this sort of level though! ", "Well, next time you see this it will have a griffon mounted on that tree and under glass so until then.", "\n\nTuesday, 20 November 2012\n\nWell, thanks to Andy over at Lair of the Breviks (check it out, he's a top bloke and a great painter) I've been nominated for a Liebster Blog Award. ", "Essentially these are sort of benign blog chain letters helping people find all sorts of awesome stuff that they might have missed.", "\n\nAs a kind of paying it forward, when you get one of these you nominate five blogs that you think your readership might get a kick out of and why!", "\n\nSproket's Small World: This is the blog of a stunning painter, Dave Soper, if you were ever curious what it takes to be a top level competition painter then read this!", "\n\nTabletop Fix: As far as I am concerned this is THE news blog, a wide variety of sources and genres of wargaming without any obvious commercial connections unlike some we could mention...\n\nFrom the Warp: A mix of great tutorials and connections across the wargaming community and solid hobby content.", "\n\nDave Taylor Miniatures: Dave Taylor represents the sort of hobby output I would like to be doing. ", "The speed and quality of his painting - especially his Armies on Parade - is an inspiration.", "The Beard BunkerThe Beard Bunker: Now those who know the Beard Bunker might see this as a little self promoting as I am involved with it. ", "However I am nominating this blog for the other members of the Beard Bunker, they don't get anywhere near enough exposure!", "\n\nThese five represent a decent cross section of my regular reading and as far as I am concerned some of the best on the web. ", "There are hundreds more out there and hopefully these awards will help people expand their hobby reading horizons!", "\n\nThese are the renegade space marines belonging to the Emperor's Children legion. ", "Devoted to Slaanesh, their quest to feel every sensation and emotion in the universe led them to adjust their senses and use sonic weaponry to fully experience the music of battle. ", "The client had already done all the assembly, including some marines that were starting to take on the aspect of Slaanesh's handmaidens. ", "The Daemonettes.", "\n\nFollowing the positive response that TwiddlyBits (TM) on the Daemon Prince recieved from the client, I decided to reprise TwiddlyBits on these chaps too. ", "Most only have a spare shoulder pad to decorate but the Aspiring Champion gets a stripe of them across the entire model.", "\n\nThe Purple is a simple basecoat of Naggaroth Night, highlighted with Xerus Purple. ", "The gold is the four step process necessitated by the new paints. ", "Unfortunately, in contrast to the other new metallic paints the gold only works one way and it includes a drybrush step. ", "I am thus commencing gold-quest to find a new basic gold colour to work on details rather than the broad strokes that you have to use with the new ones. ", "Its fine if you have a whole model that you want gold but small bits are just a nightmare.", "\n\nLove that head, the glee with which this mutant maniac is shooting is quite charming. ", "Using bone as a contrast for the Emperor's Children shoulder pad icons works nicely against the purple and complements the gold.", "\n\nThe sonic weaponry, indeed all the weaponry, is gloss black. ", "Slaanesh has a sense of style after all and glossy black looks great. ", "There is a temptation when using gloss black to just paint it black and allow the light glinting off the gloss varnished edges to do the rest for you. ", "Resist this temptation and edge highlight the black with a nice bright grey. ", "This means that even in low light conditions the weapon is still defined.", "\n\nThere are another ten marines and a pile of armoured vehicles to go with these noise marines so plenty more purple in our future folks. ", "Until then...\n\nSunday, 18 November 2012\n\nFor those who do not follow the glorious Beard Bunker you may be wondering where all the pretty painted models are this week! ", "Well, I have been over in Oxford at our sort-of gaming club taking a holiday - when you are self employed you do have to remember to take them! ", "Weirdly, we decided to do a busman's holiday as far as I was concerned as we all took the week off and decided to do a group paint for the campaign that we will be running in January. ", "The pictures below are the results, I'll leave the Beard Bunker Geek Week posts to explain them but the captions will explain what they are!", "\n\nFriday, 16 November 2012\n\nGreetings all, I thought I would talk about a subject I consider essential. ", "Making The Hobby into Your Hobby and getting the most fun out of it as a result. ", "This might seem to be fairly basic stuff but it is amazing how often you hear people talking about elements of their hobby as a chore or seeing a proscribed view - often I'm afraid from the internet - as being the one true shining way that they must follow. ", "I'm here to tell you different. ", "First, some definitions:\n\nThe Hobby: The entire spectrum of activities relating to Wargaming that exist regardless of whether you like them or not.", "\n\nYour Hobby: The elements of that vast spectrum that give you pleasure and thus form the activities in which you most often partake.", "\n\nSo straight off the bat we see that there is a need to identify what the elements of our wonderful hobby are. ", "To help with this, I've made diagrams (get me with the technology):\n\nIn its simplist form the hobby exists in three parts: Collecting miniatures; Painting & Modelling them and then Gaming with them. ", "Now straight away we can recognise different sorts of hobbyists, the fellow with boxes and boxes of unpainted figures might emphasise the Collecting element. ", "The chap - or indeed chapette - with lots of individual painted figures but no recognisable army falls more firmly into the Painting & Modelling section. ", "Most of us are somewhere in the middle. ", "Now this is as far as most people take thinking about their interaction with The Hobby, but in order to take that next step of truly making it Your Hobby we need to go a little complex. ", "Lets take Gaming for example:\n\nMost games played fall into one of three catagories: Casual - or Garage - Gaming is where you have a circle of friends who play, you meet up semi regularly and have a game. ", "No more organisation than that. ", "Club Gaming by contrast starts with strangers meeting in a venue provided for the purpose to play games. ", "Tournament gaming is where you actually journey to a place where a competative gaming event has been organised. ", "Now notice that I have not talked about competative vs. so-called \"fluffy\" gaming. ", "That is a whole other thing and is spread across all of the different elements of gaming. ", "It is though essential to your creating Your Hobby that you understand what sort of gamer you are and find people to play who share your views on what makes a good game. ", "But I digress, we are still defining the elements of The Hobby, not yet crafting Your Hobby.", "\n\nCollecting is one of those weirder elements of The Hobby, we all do it to a greater or lesser extent. ", "Some people write army lists, only buy what they need from that list and therefore have a very tightly controlled Collecting element. ", "These people also have more money than me because their discipline avoids the Shiny Model Syndrome that causes people like me to buy something on impulse. ", "Then there are the completionists who like to own an entire range. ", "The \"Gotta catch them all\" mindset. ", "Nothing wrong with this - your bank manager may disagree - I've done it with Dwarfs. ", "Then there are those who chase the rare and limited editions, essentially a more classic form of collecting that is in essence the same as the antique hunter. ", "Most of us do a bit of everything, some do almost none of it and just wind up with the models that they thought were cool at the time. ", "All valid options.", "\n\nNow the section I know most about, Painting & Modelling. ", "This splits down further into Painting, Modelling and Scenery Building. ", "Modelling also has its subdivisions but they are mostly small, Kitbashing vs. Conversion and Sculpting and so on. ", "Essentially for me, modelling is working with the construction of a model to make it suit your needs. ", "How you do so is largely a matter of skill, imagination and practice. ", "Likewise Scenery Building has it's distinctions, scratch builds vs. working with kits and the like but you tend to either like it or not! ", "Painting though, oh, Painting can be the very devil of this hobby and splits down as follows:\n\nThere is Batch Painting where you are content to churn out larger groups of figures. ", "This is closely linked to Army Building in Collecting and tends to be how people with fully painted armies wound up with the whole thing finished. ", "Character Painting - for my definition - is where you lavish attention on single figures or small groups. ", "Competition painting deserves its own catagory because although it is a facet of Character Painting, the time investment for competative painting is ridiculous. ", "Check out Sproket's Small World if you doubt me!", "\n\nSo now we have defined the elements of The Hobby, how do you make The Hobby work for you. ", "First, decide which of the many and varied elements of the hobby appeal to you. ", "For example, this is mine (debated whether or not to do this as it feels like I am proscribing a hobby, ignore that! ", "Hobby for yourselves):\n\nSo looking at the image above. ", "I now think about what I am actually DOING with my hobby right now. ", "Unfortunately, being that I have thought about this process I have sort of optomised my hobby experiance over the last 23 years so instead, I shall use my wife as an example of there being a difference between what you like and what you are doing. ", "Lucy - Mrs PVP - loves lavishing attention on a single model at a time. ", "She's good at it and likes the results. ", "Batch painting has almost a physical repellance for her. ", "Just does not enjoy it. ", "However, she was designing a Skaven army. ", "Now this straight away sets up an area of conflict within Your Hobby. ", "In order to ever, ever finish a Skaven army you will need to chunk out some serious piles of Clanrats and that just isn't Mrs PVP's bag. ", "Instead, we took a look at why she likes the Skaven - bestial, mostly - and found an elite army that would meet those likes, in this case Ogres. ", "So now she has an army to work on that has less models that one unit in her Skaven plan. ", "Now this isn't to say that she shouldn't paint Skaven, far, far from it. ", "Just don't expect to enjoy grunting out 3000 points of them if there isn't the enjoyment of the process.", "\n\nOther solutions to that same problem might be to shift to a skirmish style game, Mordheim for example, that encourages the style of painting that you want to do. ", "If big fantasy gaming is your bag then look for an option that allows you to do it while enjoying the entire process. ", "In my case, at one time I was doing most of my gaming in a club environment. ", "Now I know lots of people love gaming clubs but I am not one of them. ", "I prefer to know my opponant before the game starts as that means that the social experiance will be good as well as having a compatable gaming mindset. ", "It had gotten to the point that I thought I didn't like gaming so much. ", "It wasn't that, I just didn't like playing total strangers. ", "Once I shifted all my gaming to Casual style I was in hog heaven once more.", "\n\nEssentially what I am trying to say is that if there is an element of Your Hobby that you are not enjoying examine it. ", "Find out the root cause of your lack of enjoyment. ", "This is Your Hobby for heaven's sake, if you aren't enjoying it then there is nothing in it for you! ", "Seek the root cause of the problem and then make changes to accomodate it. ", "This might mean some dramatic changes, different games, different opponants, abandoning projects but ultimately you will have a happier and healthier hobby. ", "I finish by including one of those compiled Your Hobby images that I used to show what I did just in case it helps. ", "Let me know what you think in the comments and share this as much as you like. ", "Lets get everyone thinking about their hobby, not The Hobby.", "\n\nSunday, 11 November 2012\n\nThe daemon prince is for a Slaanesh chaos space marine army I am painting for a client. ", "Now I am going to be up front here. ", "This model and I are not friends. ", "I've painted four of them over the years for different stores or clients and we still haven't made up. ", "For some reason it is fiddly and some of the details merge together making it hard to figure where colours will look best. ", "But enough grumping Jeff, you're paid for this!", "\n\nStarting with the purple. ", "Naggroth Night forms the basecoat. ", "I then built up the highlights through Xerus Purple all the way to Lucius Lilac. ", "I then shaded it back down with Druchii Violet. ", "Finally I went back in and did some twiddly bits (technical term there) with reconstituted Lucius Lilac. ", "I am starting to use dry pigments with added water to create a thin layer paint. ", "Perfect? ", "No, but it works well enough.", "\n\nI wanted the sword to really stand out so went for something completely different to the rest of the pallete. ", "I loved the hot swords that the Bloodletters wield in the Space Marine computer game so I thought I'd go with that. ", "Now I can't go into every stage as I used about twenty different layers. ", "Mephiston Red formed the basecoat, highlighted with drybrushes of Kindleflame and Hexos Palesun. ", "I then layered Nuln Oil onto the red to make that hot iron look. ", "I glazed the whole thing in red ink and then ran thinned Ceremite White mixed with a little yellow into the runes. ", "A glaze of Lamenter's Yellow made them hot and a coat of Water Effects finished the sword off. ", "Gloss black is also going to be a feature of the army so it'll sort of tie in visually.", "\n\nFor the flesh I just used Daemonette Hide highlighted up with Slaanesh Grey, bone areas used the same mix but I added bone to change the texture without adding another tone to the colours. ", "It also allowed the skulls to stand out from the daemonbone. ", "You can also see more TwiddlyBits (TM) on the other shoulder pad.", "\n\nAs you can see from the back view, the overriding feeling is purple despite there being flesh, bone and armour in the same shot. ", "The gold and yellow cabling balance each other and the green gems are tiny spot colours to add interest.", "\n\nFriday, 9 November 2012\n\nGreetings folks, today is one of those \"finishing off\" days. ", "I had a couple of figures that had been half finished and then hung around for a bit. ", "One of my failings as a painter is that I like to finish what I start in one hit (however many sessions it takes), if I have to stop and come back much later I struggle to get motivated again. ", "The longer it goes on, the worse it gets. ", "However, knowing this about myself I tend to grab a day or so a month to finish off half-done projects. ", "Today is one of those days!", "\n\nRemember that flag from the NMM tutorial? ", "Well, until recently, that was all there was! ", "I finished off chappy holding the flag and added the Imperium Victrix motto to the flag. ", "Not much more to say about him really!", "\n\nI started the seeker when I painted the daemonettes the other day. ", "Due to some heinous casting problems (so glad they've been replaced with the plastic ones, they always had problems) the detail on the face is a little soft but I did the best I could to merge the colours of the bony ridges and the purple flesh.", "\n\nThe steed of slaanesh she is mounted on needed to fit in with the daemonettes without merging with the rider. ", "To achieve this I used the pale purple tone of the daemonettes on the underbelly and a stronger purple using Naggroth Night as the base.", "\n\nThe model is sculpted with irritating grassy bits attached to the feet. ", "These are fine - sort of - on a grassy base, but on the grey rubble that my client likes they look ridiculous! ", "Cue some thinking, in the end I decided that the speed of the daemon steed would be causing flames to spring from the ground. ", "As a result I used some yellow drybrushing and glazing of the basing material to add a fiery glow to the feet.", "\n\nHi all, quick post today to show you what I am up to with an imperial guard commission:\n\nRemember these lads?:", "\n\nWell the two at the top will be leading them. ", "For those unfamiliar with the originals, here they are:\n\nImage from Games Workshop, used for illustrative purposes only.", "\n\nSo, taking the chap on the left first. ", "This was my first experience with heavily converting Finecast and I have to say, it is a delight. ", "The dremel just tore through the head and left me with a nice smooth neck joint and an empty collar. ", "Mercifully his head is massive and as a result fits the supplied helmeted head nicely. ", "Unfortunately the mask with the cigar looked wierd. ", "Instead I dremelled it out and replaced it with a grenade holding fist to make him look tough.", "\n\nNow, Kell, the chap on the right was more of a problem. ", "Public service announcement. ", "That image is NOT what is in the packet, that is the old metal one. ", "The finecast one has the flag much lower and wrapped around the left shoulder. ", "As a result there was a lot of carving away to get him sorted. ", "My advice in this case is a dremel (or as I have its cheaper cousin) with one of those brass wheel brushes attached. ", "This just eats the resin and leaves a smooth finish behind. ", "Oh, and a heap of dust. ", "Masks on people. ", "As I had to destroy the sword to remove the flag (it is moulded into the fabric) I added a new one made of a hybrid of a guard chainsword and a space wolf power sword. ", "Job done.", "\n\nBloggers Groups\n\nReproduction without permission of any part of this website is prohibited. ", "This restriction does not apply to links in to the site.", "\n\nDisclaimer\n\nPirate Viking Painting collects no tracking cookie information for its own use. ", "Google's Blogger system undoubtably uses them but I am not under control of this in any way. ", "Please contact Google directly if you are concerned about cookie usage from this Blogger site.", "\n\nThis web site is completely unofficial and in no way endorsed by Games Workshop Limited, or indeed any company other than Pirate Viking Painting.", "\n\nAll original work is the property of Pirate Viking Painting. ", "All cast miniatures are the copyright property of their manufacturers. ", "No challenge is intended nor should be inferred to this status. ", "Pirate Viking Painting considers original work to be: conversions, sculpted alterations and paint schemes. ", "Please link to this site rather than re-posting images without context." ]

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[ "Endothelial monolayers on collagen-coated nanofibrous membranes: cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions.", "\nEndothelial cells (ECs) form a monolayer lining over the entire vascular wall and play an important role in maintaining vascular homeostasis and cancer metastasis. ", "Loss of proper endothelial function can lead to vascular diseases. ", "Therefore, the endothelial monolayer is particularly important in tissue regeneration and mimicking vascular tissue in vitro. ", "Numerous studies have described the effects of ECs on nanofibers made from a variety of synthetic polymer materials designed to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM). ", "However, little is known about maintaining the integrity of ECs in in vitro systems. ", "Here we describe polycaprolactone nanofibrous membranes coated with collagen gel that overcome many limitations of conventional nanofibers used for engineering endothelia. ", "We investigated cell-cell and cell-ECM junctional complexes using collagen-coated and conventional nanofibrous membranes. ", "Conventional nanofibrous membranes alone did not form a monolayer with ECs, whereas collagen-coated nanofibrous membranes did. ", "Several concentrations of collagen in the gel coating promoted the formation of cell-cell junctional complexes, facilitated the deposition of laminin, and increased the focal contact organization of ECs. ", "These results suggest the possible use of collagen-coated nanofibrous membranes for vascular tissue engineering applications and a vascular platform for organ-on-a-chip systems." ]

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[ "Dietary intake of Brazilian adolescents.", "\nTo analyse the dietary intake of Brazilian adolescents and investigate its association with sociodemographic factors as well as health-risk and health-protective behaviours. ", "Cross-sectional study. ", "The study was based on data supplied by the National Survey of Schoolchildren's Health (2012) on sociodemographic factors, dietary intake and health-risk and health-protective behaviours of schoolchildren in Brazil. ", "A nutritional scale was elaborated combining markers of healthy and unhealthy diets. ", "Poisson regression analysis was applied to investigate the association between the sociodemographic factors and regular intake (≥5 times/week) of selected foods; linear regression analysis was applied to investigate the association of sociodemographic and behavioural factors with nutritional scale score. ", "A total of 109 104 adolescents attending the ninth year of education at 2842 schools in Brazil. ", "Fewer than 30 % of the adolescents consumed raw or cooked vegetables on a regular basis, whereas more than one-third reported regular intake of sweets, soft drinks and sweet biscuits. ", "Adolescents from the southern area and the oldest ones were those most exposed to inadequate dietary intake. ", "The nutritional scale average score was higher in the students attending public school and exhibited a positive correlation with protective behaviours, such as being physically active, having meals with parents and eating breakfast, and a negative correlation with risk behaviours such as eating while studying or watching television and having smoked, drunk alcohol or used other drugs in the previous 30 d. The results indicate an association between undesirable nutritional habits and other risk behaviours among Brazilian adolescents." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a fabrication method of CMOS device, and more particularly, to a method for fabricating a CMOS device having BILLI (buried implanted layers for lateral isolation) structure capable of effectively preventing latch-up.", "\n2. ", "Description of Related Art\nA complementary MOS (CMOS) device consists of an N channel MOS (NMOS) transistor and a P channel MOS (PMOS) transistor. ", "The drains of the NMOS transistor and of PMOS transistor are connected to each other, and the transistors selectively operate according to the voltage applied to each gate. ", "The CMOS device has advantages of lower power consumption than a single device such as NMOS or PMOS transistor because of the small DC voltage existing between power supply terminals. ", "Therefore, the CMOS device is applied to a low power devices as well as to high speed and high integration devices.", "\nIn the CMOS device, however, NMOS and PMOS transistor are formed on a semiconductor substrate thereby forming parasitic bipolar transistors. ", "These parasitic bipolar transistors cause a latch-up phenomenon to occur when the CMOS device is operated, and in the worst case, latch-up results in permanent damage or operational failure.", "\nConsequently, a BILLI (buried implanted layers for lateral isolation) structure is disclosed for the purpose of preventing the latch-up caused in the conventional CMOS device.", "\nA method for manufacturing CMOS device with BILLI structure will be described with reference to FIGS. ", "1A to 1C.\nAs illustrated in FIG. ", "1A, a first mask pattern 2 is formed on a P-type semiconductor substrate 1 to expose an area where a PMOS will be later formed. ", "A N-well impurity region 3 is then formed in the form of an island in the substrate 1 by ion-implanting using the first mask pattern 2. ", "A punch-stop impurity region 4 for use in PMOS is formed in the form of an island in the substrate 1 wherein its depth is shallower than that of the N-well impurity region 3. ", "A threshold voltage adjust impurity region 5 for use in PMOS is formed near the form of island in the surface of the substrate 1 wherein its depth is shallower than that of the punch stop impurity region 4 for use in PMOS.", "\nAs illustrated in FIG. ", "1B, a P-type buried layer 6 of a high concentration is formed in the form of an island deep in the substrate 1 by ion-implanting at a relatively high energy level. ", "Here, the P-type buried layer 6 has portions, 6a and 6b, wherein the second portion of the P-type buried layer 6b has a step difference from the first portion 6a equal to the thickness of the first mask pattern 2, the step difference in the P-type buried layer 6 being a result of using the first mask pattern 2 during ion-implantation. ", "The P-type buried layer 6 functions as P-well during the device's operation, and the N-well is separated from the P well, thereby preventing the latch-up in the CMOS device.", "\nAs illustrated in FIG. ", "1C, the first mask pattern 2 is removed. ", "A second mask pattern 7 is then formed on the substrate 1 to expose the region where NMOS will be later formed. ", "A punch-stop impurity region 8 and a threshold adjust impurity region 9 for use in NMOS are sequentially formed in the form of islands in the substrate 1 by ion-implanting using the second mask pattern 7. ", "The second mask pattern 7 is then removed (not shown), and the CMOS device is manufactured with a conventional follow-up processes.", "\nIn the above-described CMOS device with BILLI structure, however, the first mask pattern 2 has a steep vertical boundary face aligned perpendicular to the substrate. ", "There is a short coming in that the boundary face of the first mask pattern negatively affects the formation of the P-type buried layer 6 wherein during ion-implanting using the above first mask pattern 2, the P-type buried layer 6 is divided and formed separately as two separate islands as shown in FIGS. ", "1B & 1C, as opposed to a desired continuous formation as indicated by the dotted lines. ", "As a result, because a continuous formation is not achieved, it is difficult to prevent the latch-up in this case." ]

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[ "[The stream is scheduled to start at 1:45 p.m. ET. ", "Please refresh the page if you do not see a player above at that time.]", "\n\nPresident Donald Trump on Tuesday was slated to sign an executive order creating a \"national roadmap to empower veterans and end veteran suicide,\" according to the White House.", "\n\nVeteran Affairs Secretary Robert Wilkie will lead a \"cabinet-level task force\" to combat veteran suicide with state and federal resources, The Wall Street Journal reported, citing a senior administration official.", "\n\nThe signing is set to take place in the Roosevelt Room of the White House.", "\n\nSubscribe to CNBC on YouTube." ]

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